diff --git a/inferredbugs-0113/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0113/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..118ee60c43ba290e17afddd1064134e38700ff6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0113/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** slskd
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// <copyright file="Program.cs" company="slskd Team">
+//     Copyright (c) slskd Team. All rights reserved.
+//
+//     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//     it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+//     by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//     (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//     GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+//     You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+//     along with this program.  If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
+// </copyright>
+
+namespace slskd
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net;
+    using System.Reflection;
+    using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+    using Microsoft.AspNetCore;
+    using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+    using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+    using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders;
+    using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.Physical;
+    using Prometheus.DotNetRuntime;
+    using Serilog;
+    using Serilog.Events;
+    using Serilog.Sinks.Grafana.Loki;
+    using slskd.Common.Cryptography;
+    using slskd.Configuration;
+    using slskd.Validation;
+    using Utility.CommandLine;
+    using Utility.EnvironmentVariables;
+
+    public static class Program
+    {
+        public static readonly string AppName = "slskd";
+        public static readonly string DefaultConfigurationFile = $"{AppName}.yml";
+        public static readonly string EnvironmentVariablePrefix = $"{AppName.ToUpperInvariant()}_";
+
+        public static Version AssemblyVersion { get; } = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetName().Version;
+        public static string InformationalVersion { get; } = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetCustomAttribute<AssemblyInformationalVersionAttribute>().InformationalVersion;
+        public static Guid InvocationId { get; } = Guid.NewGuid();
+        public static int ProcessId { get; } = Environment.ProcessId;
+        public static string Version { get; } = $"{AssemblyVersion} ({InformationalVersion})";
+
+        private static IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get; set; }
+        private static Options Options { get; } = new Options();
+
+        [EnvironmentVariable("CONFIG")]
+        [Argument('c', "config", "path to configuration file")]
+        private static string ConfigurationFile { get; set; } = DefaultConfigurationFile;
+
+        [Argument('g', "generate-cert", "generate X509 certificate and password for HTTPs")]
+        private static bool GenerateCertificate { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('n', "no-logo", "suppress logo on startup")]
+        private static bool NoLogo { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('e', "envars", "display environment variables")]
+        private static bool ShowEnvironmentVariables { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('h', "help", "display command line usage")]
+        private static bool ShowHelp { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('v', "version", "display version information")]
+        private static bool ShowVersion { get; set; }
+
+        public static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            EnvironmentVariables.Populate(prefix: EnvironmentVariablePrefix);
+            Arguments.Populate(clearExistingValues: false);
+
+            if (ShowVersion)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(Version);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (ShowHelp || ShowEnvironmentVariables)
+            {
+                if (!NoLogo)
+                {
+                    PrintLogo(Version);
+                }
+
+                if (ShowHelp)
+                {
+                    PrintCommandLineArguments(Options.Map);
+                }
+
+                if (ShowEnvironmentVariables)
+                {
+                    PrintEnvironmentVariables(Options.Map, EnvironmentVariablePrefix);
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (GenerateCertificate)
+            {
+                GenerateX509Certificate(password: Guid.NewGuid().ToString(), filename: $"{AppName}.pfx");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                Configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+                    .AddConfigurationProviders(EnvironmentVariablePrefix, ConfigurationFile)
+                    .Build();
+
+                Configuration.GetSection("slskd")
+                    .Bind(Options, (o) => { o.BindNonPublicProperties = true; });
+
+                if (!Options.TryValidate(out var result))
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine(result.GetResultView("Invalid configuration:"));
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                var cert = Options.Web.Https.Certificate;
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(cert.Pfx) && !X509.TryValidate(cert.Pfx, cert.Password, out var certResult))
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine($"Invalid HTTPs certificate: {certResult}");
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Invalid configuration: {(Options.Debug ? ex : ex.Message)}");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!Options.NoLogo)
+            {
+                PrintLogo(Version);
+            }
+
+            if (Options.Debug)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Configuration:");
+                Console.WriteLine(Configuration.GetDebugView());
+
+                Log.Logger = new LoggerConfiguration()
+                    .MinimumLevel.Debug()
+                    .MinimumLevel.Override("Microsoft", LogEventLevel.Information)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("Version", Version)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("InstanceName", Options.InstanceName)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("InvocationId", InvocationId)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("ProcessId", ProcessId)
+                    .Enrich.FromLogContext()
+                    .WriteTo.Console(
+                        outputTemplate: "[{SourceContext}] [{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}")
+                    .WriteTo.Async(config =>
+                        config.File(
+                            $"logs/{AppName}-.log",
+                            outputTemplate: "[{SourceContext}] [{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}",
+                            rollingInterval: RollingInterval.Day))
+                    .WriteTo.Conditional(
+                        e => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Options.Logger.Loki),
+                        config => config.GrafanaLoki(
+                            Options.Logger.Loki ?? string.Empty,
+                            outputTemplate: "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}"))
+                    .CreateLogger();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Log.Logger = new LoggerConfiguration()
+                    .MinimumLevel.Information()
+                    .MinimumLevel.Override("Microsoft", LogEventLevel.Warning)
+                    .MinimumLevel.Override("slskd.Security.PassthroughAuthenticationHandler", LogEventLevel.Information)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("Version", Version)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("InstanceName", Options.InstanceName)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("InvocationId", InvocationId)
+                    .Enrich.WithProperty("ProcessId", ProcessId)
+                    .Enrich.FromLogContext()
+                    .WriteTo.Console(
+                        outputTemplate: "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}")
+                    .WriteTo.Async(config =>
+                        config.File(
+                            $"logs/{AppName}-.log",
+                            outputTemplate: "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}",
+                            rollingInterval: RollingInterval.Day))
+                    .WriteTo.Conditional(
+                        e => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Options.Logger.Loki),
+                        config => config.GrafanaLoki(
+                            Options.Logger.Loki ?? string.Empty,
+                            outputTemplate: "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}"))
+                    .CreateLogger();
+            }
+
+            var logger = Log.ForContext(typeof(Program));
+
+            if (ConfigurationFile != DefaultConfigurationFile && !File.Exists(ConfigurationFile))
+            {
+                logger.Warning($"Specified configuration file '{ConfigurationFile}' could not be found and was not loaded.");
+            }
+
+            logger.Information("Version: {Version}", Version);
+            logger.Information("Instance Name: {InstanceName}", Options.InstanceName);
+            logger.Information("Invocation ID: {InvocationId}", InvocationId);
+            logger.Information("Process ID: {ProcessId}", ProcessId);
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Options.Logger.Loki))
+            {
+                logger.Information("Forwarding logs to Grafana Loki instance at {LoggerLokiUrl}", Options.Logger.Loki);
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (Options.Feature.Prometheus)
+                {
+                    using var runtimeMetrics = DotNetRuntimeStatsBuilder.Default().StartCollecting();
+                }
+
+                WebHost.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
+                    .SuppressStatusMessages(true)
+                    .ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, builder) =>
+                    {
+                        builder.Sources.Clear();
+                        builder.AddConfigurationProviders(EnvironmentVariablePrefix, ConfigurationFile);
+                    })
+                    .UseSerilog()
+                    .UseUrls()
+                    .UseKestrel(options =>
+                    {
+                        logger.Information($"Listening for HTTP requests at http://{IPAddress.Any}:{Options.Web.Port}/");
+                        options.Listen(IPAddress.Any, Options.Web.Port);
+
+                        logger.Information($"Listening for HTTPS requests at https://{IPAddress.Any}:{Options.Web.Https.Port}/");
+                        options.Listen(IPAddress.Any, Options.Web.Https.Port, listenOptions =>
+                        {
+                            var cert = Options.Web.Https.Certificate;
+
+                            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(cert.Pfx))
+                            {
+                                logger.Information($"Using certificate from {cert.Pfx}");
+                                listenOptions.UseHttps(cert.Pfx, cert.Password);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                logger.Information($"Using randomly generated self-signed certificate");
+                                listenOptions.UseHttps(X509.Generate(subject: AppName));
+                            }
+                        });
+                    })
+                    .UseStartup<Startup>()
+                    .Build()
+                    .Run();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                logger.Fatal(ex, "Application terminated unexpectedly");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                Log.CloseAndFlush();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static IConfigurationBuilder AddConfigurationProviders(this IConfigurationBuilder builder, string environmentVariablePrefix, string configurationFile)
+        {
+            configurationFile = Path.GetFullPath(configurationFile);
+
+            return builder
+                .AddDefaultValues(
+                    map: Options.Map)
+                .AddEnvironmentVariables(
+                    prefix: environmentVariablePrefix,
+                    map: Options.Map)
+                .AddYamlFile(
+                    path: Path.GetFileName(configurationFile),
+                    optional: true,
+                    reloadOnChange: false,
+                    provider: new PhysicalFileProvider(Path.GetDirectoryName(configurationFile), ExclusionFilters.None))
+                .AddCommandLine(
+                    commandLine: Environment.CommandLine,
+                    map: Options.Map);
+        }
+
+        private static void GenerateX509Certificate(string password, string filename)
+        {
+            Console.WriteLine("Generating X509 certificate...");
+            filename = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, filename);
+
+            var cert = X509.Generate(subject: AppName, password, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
+            File.WriteAllBytes(filename, cert.Export(X509ContentType.Pkcs12, password));
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"Password: {password}");
+            Console.WriteLine($"Certificate exported to {filename}");
+        }
+
+        private static void PrintCommandLineArguments(IEnumerable<Option> map)
+        {
+            static string GetLongName(string longName, Type type)
+                => type == typeof(bool) ? longName : $"{longName} <{type.Name.ToLowerInvariant()}>";
+
+            var longestName = map.Where(a => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(a.LongName)).Select(a => GetLongName(a.LongName, a.Type)).Max(n => n.Length);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\nusage: slskd [arguments]\n");
+            Console.WriteLine("arguments:\n");
+
+            foreach (Option item in map)
+            {
+                var (shortName, longName, _, key, type, defaultValue, description) = item;
+
+                if (shortName == default && string.IsNullOrEmpty(longName))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var suffix = type == typeof(bool) ? string.Empty : $" (default: {defaultValue ?? "<null>"})";
+                var result = $"  {shortName}{(shortName == default ? " " : "|")}--{GetLongName(longName, type).PadRight(longestName + 3)}{description}{suffix}";
+                Console.WriteLine(result);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void PrintEnvironmentVariables(IEnumerable<Option> map, string prefix)
+        {
+            static string GetName(string name, Type type) => $"{name} <{type.Name.ToLowerInvariant()}>";
+
+            var longestName = map.Select(a => GetName(a.EnvironmentVariable, a.Type)).Max(n => n.Length);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\nenvironment variables (arguments and config file have precedence):\n");
+
+            foreach (Option item in map)
+            {
+                var (_, _, environmentVariable, key, type, defaultValue, description) = item;
+
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(environmentVariable))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var suffix = type == typeof(bool) ? string.Empty : $" (default: {defaultValue ?? "<null>"})";
+                var result = $"  {prefix}{GetName(environmentVariable, type).PadRight(longestName + 3)}{description}{suffix}";
+                Console.WriteLine(result);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void PrintLogo(string version)
+        {
+            var padding = 56 - version.Length;
+            var paddingLeft = padding / 2;
+            var paddingRight = paddingLeft + (padding % 2);
+
+            var centeredVersion = new string(' ', paddingLeft) + version + new string(' ', paddingRight);
+
+            var banner = @$"
+                ▄▄▄▄               ▄▄▄▄          ▄▄▄▄
+     ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄    █  █    ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄    █  █▄▄▄    ▄▄▄█  █
+     █__ --█    █  █    █__ --█    █    ◄█    █  -  █
+     █▄▄▄▄▄█    █▄▄█    █▄▄▄▄▄█    █▄▄█▄▄█    █▄▄▄▄▄█
+╒════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
+│           GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE            │
+│                   https://slskd.org                    │
+│                                                        │
+│{centeredVersion}│
+└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘";
+
+            Console.WriteLine(banner);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider::.ctor() at Line 273) of type Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider in method "IConfigurationBuilder Program.AddConfigurationProviders(IConfigurationBuilder,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IConfigurationBuilder Program.AddConfigurationProviders(IConfigurationBuilder,String,String)
+
+### File:
+src/slskd/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|AddConfigurationProviders|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1d20a2d9f3523699c5bc39cf539c56e5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0114/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0114/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8455bd27ef50f9293cbb780b27e1b0015a0efebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0114/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** slskd
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// <copyright file="Program.cs" company="slskd Team">
+//     Copyright (c) slskd Team. All rights reserved.
+//
+//     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//     it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+//     by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//     (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//     GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+//     You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+//     along with this program.  If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
+// </copyright>
+
+namespace slskd
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.ComponentModel;
+    using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net;
+    using System.Reflection;
+    using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+    using Microsoft.AspNetCore;
+    using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+    using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+    using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+    using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders;
+    using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.Physical;
+    using Prometheus.DotNetRuntime;
+    using Serilog;
+    using Serilog.Events;
+    using Serilog.Sinks.Grafana.Loki;
+    using slskd.Configuration;
+    using slskd.Cryptography;
+    using slskd.Validation;
+    using Utility.CommandLine;
+    using Utility.EnvironmentVariables;
+    using IOFile = System.IO.File;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Bootstraps configuration and handles primitive command-line instructions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class Program
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The name of the application.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string AppName = "slskd";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The default application data directory.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string DefaultAppDirectory = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.LocalApplicationData, Environment.SpecialFolderOption.DoNotVerify), AppName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The default configuration filename.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string DefaultConfigurationFile = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "config", $"{AppName}.yml");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The default incomplete download directory.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string DefaultIncompleteDirectory = Path.Combine(DefaultAppDirectory, "incomplete");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The default downloads directory.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string DefaultDownloadsDirectory = Path.Combine(DefaultAppDirectory, "downloads");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The default shared directory.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string DefaultSharedDirectory = Path.Combine(DefaultAppDirectory, "shared");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The global prefix for environment variables.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string EnvironmentVariablePrefix = $"{AppName.ToUpperInvariant()}_";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     The default XML documentation filename.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static readonly string XmlDocumentationFile = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "etc", $"{AppName}.xml");
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Gets the assembly version of the application.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        ///     Inaccurate when running locally.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static Version AssemblyVersion { get; } = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetName().Version;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Gets the informational version of the application, including the git sha at the latest commit.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        ///     Inaccurate when running locally.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public static string InformationalVersion { get; } = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetCustomAttribute<AssemblyInformationalVersionAttribute>().InformationalVersion;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Gets the unique Id of this application invocation.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Guid InvocationId { get; } = Guid.NewGuid();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Gets the Id of the current application process.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static int ProcessId { get; } = Environment.ProcessId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Gets the full application version, including both assembly and informational versions.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string Version { get; } = $"{AssemblyVersion} ({InformationalVersion})";
+
+        private static IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get; set; }
+        private static OptionsAtStartup OptionsAtStartup { get; } = new OptionsAtStartup();
+
+        [EnvironmentVariable("CONFIG")]
+        [Argument('c', "config", "path to configuration file")]
+        private static string ConfigurationFile { get; set; } = DefaultConfigurationFile;
+
+        [Argument('g', "generate-cert", "generate X509 certificate and password for HTTPs")]
+        private static bool GenerateCertificate { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('n', "no-logo", "suppress logo on startup")]
+        private static bool NoLogo { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('e', "envars", "display environment variables")]
+        private static bool ShowEnvironmentVariables { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('h', "help", "display command line usage")]
+        private static bool ShowHelp { get; set; }
+
+        [Argument('v', "version", "display version information")]
+        private static bool ShowVersion { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Entrypoint.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="args">Command line arguments.</param>
+        public static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            // populate the properties above so that we can override the default config file if needed, and to
+            // check if the application is being run in command mode (run task and quit).
+            EnvironmentVariables.Populate(prefix: EnvironmentVariablePrefix);
+            Arguments.Populate(clearExistingValues: false);
+
+            if (ShowVersion)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(Version);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (ShowHelp || ShowEnvironmentVariables)
+            {
+                if (!NoLogo)
+                {
+                    PrintLogo(Version);
+                }
+
+                if (ShowHelp)
+                {
+                    PrintCommandLineArguments(typeof(Options));
+                }
+
+                if (ShowEnvironmentVariables)
+                {
+                    PrintEnvironmentVariables(typeof(Options), EnvironmentVariablePrefix);
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (GenerateCertificate)
+            {
+                GenerateX509Certificate(password: Guid.NewGuid().ToString(), filename: $"{AppName}.pfx");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // the application isn't being run in command mode. load all configuration values and proceed
+            // with bootstrapping.
+            try
+            {
+                Configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
+                    .AddConfigurationProviders(EnvironmentVariablePrefix, ConfigurationFile)
+                    .Build();
+
+                Configuration.GetSection(AppName)
+                    .Bind(OptionsAtStartup, (o) => { o.BindNonPublicProperties = true; });
+
+                if (OptionsAtStartup.Debug)
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine($"Configuration:\n{Configuration.GetDebugView()}");
+                }
+
+                if (!OptionsAtStartup.TryValidate(out var result))
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine(result.GetResultView());
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Invalid configuration: {(!OptionsAtStartup.Debug ? ex : ex.Message)}");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine(OptionsAtStartup.List.ToJson());
+            Console.WriteLine(OptionsAtStartup.ListOfInts.ToJson());
+
+            try
+            {
+                VerifyOrCreateDirectory(OptionsAtStartup.Directories.App);
+                VerifyOrCreateDirectory(OptionsAtStartup.Directories.Incomplete);
+                VerifyOrCreateDirectory(OptionsAtStartup.Directories.Downloads);
+                VerifyOrCreateDirectory(OptionsAtStartup.Directories.Shared, verifyWriteable: false);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Filesystem exception: {ex.Message}");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Log.Logger = (OptionsAtStartup.Debug ? new LoggerConfiguration().MinimumLevel.Debug() : new LoggerConfiguration().MinimumLevel.Information())
+                .MinimumLevel.Override("Microsoft", LogEventLevel.Warning)
+                .MinimumLevel.Override("slskd.API.Authentication.PassthroughAuthenticationHandler", LogEventLevel.Information)
+                .Enrich.WithProperty("Version", Version)
+                .Enrich.WithProperty("InstanceName", OptionsAtStartup.InstanceName)
+                .Enrich.WithProperty("InvocationId", InvocationId)
+                .Enrich.WithProperty("ProcessId", ProcessId)
+                .Enrich.FromLogContext()
+                .WriteTo.Console(
+                    outputTemplate: (OptionsAtStartup.Debug ? "[{SourceContext}] [{SoulseekContext}] " : string.Empty) + "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}")
+                .WriteTo.Async(config =>
+                    config.File(
+                        Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "logs", $"{AppName}-.log"),
+                        outputTemplate: (OptionsAtStartup.Debug ? "[{SourceContext}] " : string.Empty) + "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}",
+                        rollingInterval: RollingInterval.Day))
+                .WriteTo.Conditional(
+                    e => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(OptionsAtStartup.Logger.Loki),
+                    config => config.GrafanaLoki(
+                        OptionsAtStartup.Logger.Loki ?? string.Empty,
+                        outputTemplate: "[{Timestamp:HH:mm:ss} {Level:u3}] {Message:lj}{NewLine}{Exception}"))
+                .CreateLogger();
+
+            var logger = Log.ForContext(typeof(Program));
+
+            if (!OptionsAtStartup.NoLogo)
+            {
+                PrintLogo(Version);
+            }
+
+            if (ConfigurationFile != DefaultConfigurationFile && !IOFile.Exists(ConfigurationFile))
+            {
+                logger.Warning($"Specified configuration file '{ConfigurationFile}' could not be found and was not loaded.");
+            }
+
+            logger.Information("Version: {Version}", Version);
+            logger.Information("Instance Name: {InstanceName}", OptionsAtStartup.InstanceName);
+            logger.Information("Invocation ID: {InvocationId}", InvocationId);
+            logger.Information("Process ID: {ProcessId}", ProcessId);
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(OptionsAtStartup.Logger.Loki))
+            {
+                logger.Information("Forwarding logs to Grafana Loki instance at {LoggerLokiUrl}", OptionsAtStartup.Logger.Loki);
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (OptionsAtStartup.Feature.Prometheus)
+                {
+                    using var runtimeMetrics = DotNetRuntimeStatsBuilder.Default().StartCollecting();
+                }
+
+                var webHost = WebHost.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
+                    .SuppressStatusMessages(true)
+                    .ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, builder) =>
+                    {
+                        builder.Sources.Clear();
+                        builder.AddConfigurationProviders(EnvironmentVariablePrefix, ConfigurationFile);
+                    })
+                    .UseSerilog()
+                    .UseUrls()
+                    .UseKestrel(options =>
+                    {
+                        logger.Information($"Listening for HTTP requests at http://{IPAddress.Any}:{OptionsAtStartup.Web.Port}/");
+                        options.Listen(IPAddress.Any, OptionsAtStartup.Web.Port);
+
+                        logger.Information($"Listening for HTTPS requests at https://{IPAddress.Any}:{OptionsAtStartup.Web.Https.Port}/");
+                        options.Listen(IPAddress.Any, OptionsAtStartup.Web.Https.Port, listenOptions =>
+                        {
+                            var cert = OptionsAtStartup.Web.Https.Certificate;
+
+                            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(cert.Pfx))
+                            {
+                                logger.Information($"Using certificate from {cert.Pfx}");
+                                listenOptions.UseHttps(cert.Pfx, cert.Password);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                logger.Information($"Using randomly generated self-signed certificate");
+                                listenOptions.UseHttps(X509.Generate(subject: AppName));
+                            }
+                        });
+                    })
+                    .UseStartup<Startup>()
+                    .Build();
+
+                if (OptionsAtStartup.NoStart)
+                {
+                    logger.Information("Qutting because 'no-start' option is enabled");
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                webHost.Run();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                logger.Fatal(ex, "Application terminated unexpectedly");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                Log.CloseAndFlush();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static IConfigurationBuilder AddConfigurationProviders(this IConfigurationBuilder builder, string environmentVariablePrefix, string configurationFile)
+        {
+            configurationFile = Path.GetFullPath(configurationFile);
+
+            return builder
+                .AddDefaultValues(
+                    targetType: typeof(Options))
+                .AddEnvironmentVariables(
+                    targetType: typeof(Options),
+                    prefix: environmentVariablePrefix)
+                .AddYamlFile(
+                    path: Path.GetFileName(configurationFile),
+                    targetType: typeof(Options),
+                    optional: true,
+                    reloadOnChange: true,
+                    provider: new PhysicalFileProvider(Path.GetDirectoryName(configurationFile), ExclusionFilters.None)) // required for locations outside of the app directory
+                .AddCommandLine(
+                    targetType: typeof(Options),
+                    commandLine: Environment.CommandLine);
+        }
+
+        private static void GenerateX509Certificate(string password, string filename)
+        {
+            Console.WriteLine("Generating X509 certificate...");
+            filename = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, filename);
+
+            var cert = X509.Generate(subject: AppName, password, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
+            IOFile.WriteAllBytes(filename, cert.Export(X509ContentType.Pkcs12, password));
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"Password: {password}");
+            Console.WriteLine($"Certificate exported to {filename}");
+        }
+
+        private static void PrintCommandLineArguments(Type targetType)
+        {
+            static string GetLongName(string longName, Type type)
+                => type == typeof(bool) ? longName : $"{longName} <{type.ToColloquialString().ToLowerInvariant()}>";
+
+            var lines = new List<(string Item, string Description)>();
+
+            void Map(Type type)
+            {
+                var defaults = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
+                var props = type.GetProperties(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
+
+                foreach (PropertyInfo property in props)
+                {
+                    var attribute = property.CustomAttributes.FirstOrDefault(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(ArgumentAttribute));
+                    var descriptionAttribute = property.CustomAttributes.FirstOrDefault(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(DescriptionAttribute));
+                    var isRequired = property.CustomAttributes.Any(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(RequiredAttribute));
+
+                    if (attribute != default)
+                    {
+                        var shortName = (char)attribute.ConstructorArguments[0].Value;
+                        var longName = (string)attribute.ConstructorArguments[1].Value;
+                        var description = descriptionAttribute?.ConstructorArguments[0].Value;
+
+                        var suffix = isRequired ? " (required)" : $" (default: {property.GetValue(defaults) ?? "<null>"})";
+                        var item = $"{(shortName == default ? "  " : $"{shortName}|")}--{GetLongName(longName, property.PropertyType)}";
+                        var desc = $"{description}{(property.PropertyType == typeof(bool) ? string.Empty : suffix)}";
+                        lines.Add(new(item, desc));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Map(property.PropertyType);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Map(targetType);
+
+            var longestItem = lines.Max(l => l.Item.Length);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\nusage: slskd [arguments]\n");
+            Console.WriteLine("arguments:\n");
+
+            foreach (var line in lines)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"  {line.Item.PadRight(longestItem)}   {line.Description}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void PrintEnvironmentVariables(Type targetType, string prefix)
+        {
+            static string GetName(string name, Type type) => $"{name} <{type.ToColloquialString().ToLowerInvariant()}>";
+
+            var lines = new List<(string Item, string Description)>();
+
+            void Map(Type type)
+            {
+                var defaults = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
+                var props = type.GetProperties(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
+
+                foreach (PropertyInfo property in props)
+                {
+                    var attribute = property.CustomAttributes.FirstOrDefault(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(EnvironmentVariableAttribute));
+                    var descriptionAttribute = property.CustomAttributes.FirstOrDefault(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(DescriptionAttribute));
+                    var isRequired = property.CustomAttributes.Any(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(RequiredAttribute));
+
+                    if (attribute != default)
+                    {
+                        var name = (string)attribute.ConstructorArguments[0].Value;
+                        var description = descriptionAttribute?.ConstructorArguments[0].Value;
+
+                        var suffix = isRequired ? " (required)" : $" (default: {property.GetValue(defaults) ?? "<null>"})";
+                        var item = $"{prefix}{GetName(name, property.PropertyType)}";
+                        var desc = $"{description}{(type == typeof(bool) ? string.Empty : suffix)}";
+                        lines.Add(new(item, desc));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Map(property.PropertyType);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Map(targetType);
+
+            var longestItem = lines.Max(l => l.Item.Length);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\nenvironment variables (arguments and config file have precedence):\n");
+
+            foreach (var line in lines)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"  {line.Item.PadRight(longestItem)}   {line.Description}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void PrintLogo(string version)
+        {
+            var padding = 56 - version.Length;
+            var paddingLeft = padding / 2;
+            var paddingRight = paddingLeft + (padding % 2);
+
+            var centeredVersion = new string(' ', paddingLeft) + version + new string(' ', paddingRight);
+
+            var logos = new[]
+            {
+                $@"
+                ▄▄▄▄               ▄▄▄▄          ▄▄▄▄
+     ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄    █  █    ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄    █  █▄▄▄    ▄▄▄█  █
+     █__ --█    █  █    █__ --█    █    ◄█    █  -  █
+     █▄▄▄▄▄█    █▄▄█    █▄▄▄▄▄█    █▄▄█▄▄█    █▄▄▄▄▄█",
+                @$"
+                     ▄▄▄▄     ▄▄▄▄     ▄▄▄▄
+               ▄▄▄▄▄▄█  █▄▄▄▄▄█  █▄▄▄▄▄█  █
+               █__ --█  █__ --█    ◄█  -  █
+               █▄▄▄▄▄█▄▄█▄▄▄▄▄█▄▄█▄▄█▄▄▄▄▄█",
+            };
+
+            var logo = logos[new Random().Next(0, logos.Length)];
+
+            var banner = @$"
+{logo}
+╒════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
+│           GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE            │
+│                   https://slskd.org                    │
+│                                                        │
+│{centeredVersion}│
+└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘";
+
+            Console.WriteLine(banner);
+        }
+
+        private static void VerifyOrCreateDirectory(string directory, bool verifyWriteable = true)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!Directory.Exists(directory))
+                {
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                throw new IOException($"Directory {directory} does not exist, and could not be created: {ex.Message}", ex);
+            }
+
+            if (verifyWriteable)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var file = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
+                    var probe = Path.Combine(directory, file);
+                    IOFile.WriteAllText(probe, string.Empty);
+                    IOFile.Delete(probe);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    throw new IOException($"Directory {directory} is not writeable: {ex.Message}", ex);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider::.ctor() at Line 338) of type Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider in method "IConfigurationBuilder Program.AddConfigurationProviders(IConfigurationBuilder,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IConfigurationBuilder Program.AddConfigurationProviders(IConfigurationBuilder,String,String)
+
+### File:
+src/slskd/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|AddConfigurationProviders|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+5a5a8e7efeb1ef80450245c271bf80b8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0122/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0122/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af3f856f820ecfd8552ac8a259db452e1b2e92b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0122/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FreeSql
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;
+using System.Linq;
+using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
+using BenchmarkDotNet.Running;
+using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using SqlSugar;
+
+namespace FreeSql.Bechmarker
+{
+
+    public class Program
+    {
+        public static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            //var summaryInsert = BenchmarkRunner.Run<OrmVsInsert>();
+            var summarySelect = BenchmarkRunner.Run<OrmVsSelect>();
+            //var summaryUpdate = BenchmarkRunner.Run<OrmVsUpdate>();
+
+            Console.ReadKey();
+            Console.ReadKey();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class Orm
+    {
+        public static IFreeSql fsql = new FreeSql.FreeSqlBuilder()
+                .UseConnectionString(FreeSql.DataType.SqlServer,
+                    "Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Max Pool Size=20",
+                    typeof(FreeSql.SqlServer.SqlServerProvider<>))
+                //.UseConnectionString(FreeSql.DataType.MySql, "Data Source=127.0.0.1;Port=3306;User ID=root;Password=root;Initial Catalog=cccddd;Charset=utf8;SslMode=none;Max pool size=20")
+                .UseAutoSyncStructure(false)
+                .UseNoneCommandParameter(true)
+                //.UseConfigEntityFromDbFirst(true)
+                .Build();
+
+        public static SqlSugarClient sugar
+        {
+            get => new SqlSugarClient(new ConnectionConfig()
+            {
+                ConnectionString = "Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Min Pool Size=20;Max Pool Size=20",
+                DbType = DbType.SqlServer,
+                //ConnectionString = "Data Source=127.0.0.1;Port=3306;User ID=root;Password=root;Initial Catalog=cccddd;Charset=utf8;SslMode=none;Min Pool Size=20;Max Pool Size=20",
+                //DbType = DbType.MySql,
+                IsAutoCloseConnection = true,
+                InitKeyType = InitKeyType.Attribute
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    class SongContext : DbContext
+    {
+        public DbSet<Song> Songs { get; set; }
+        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
+        {
+            optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(@"Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Min Pool Size=21;Max Pool Size=21");
+            //optionsBuilder.UseMySql("Data Source=127.0.0.1;Port=3306;User ID=root;Password=root;Initial Catalog=cccddd;Charset=utf8;SslMode=none;Min Pool Size=21;Max Pool Size=21");
+        }
+    }
+
+    [RPlotExporter, RankColumn]
+    public class OrmVsInsert
+    {
+        public IEnumerable<Song> songs;
+
+        [Params(1, 500)]
+        public int size;
+
+        [GlobalSetup]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "freesql_song");
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "sugar_song");
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "efcore_song");
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "dapper_song");
+
+            //测试前清空数据
+            Orm.fsql.Delete<Song>().Where(a => a.Id > 0).ExecuteAffrows();
+            Orm.sugar.Deleteable<Song>().Where(a => a.Id > 0).ExecuteCommand();
+            Orm.fsql.Ado.ExecuteNonQuery("delete from efcore_song");
+
+            songs = Enumerable.Range(0, size).Select(a => new Song
+            {
+                Create_time = DateTime.Now,
+                Is_deleted = false,
+                Title = $"Insert_{a}",
+                Url = $"Url_{a}"
+            });
+
+            //预热
+            Orm.fsql.Insert(songs.First()).ExecuteAffrows();
+            Orm.sugar.Insertable(songs.First()).ExecuteCommand();
+            using (var db = new SongContext())
+            {
+                //db.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;
+                db.Songs.AddRange(songs.First());
+                db.SaveChanges();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int FreeSqlInsert() => Orm.fsql.Insert(songs).ExecuteAffrows();
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int SqlSugarInsert() => Orm.sugar.Insertable(songs.ToArray()).ExecuteCommand();
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int EfCoreInsert()
+        {
+            using (var db = new SongContext())
+            {
+                //db.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;
+                db.Songs.AddRange(songs.ToArray());
+                return db.SaveChanges();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int DapperInsert()
+        {
+            using (var conn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Min Pool Size=21;Max Pool Size=31"))
+            {
+                foreach (var song in songs)
+                {
+                    Dapper.SqlMapper.Execute(conn, @$"insert into dapper_song(Create_time,Is_deleted,Title,Url) 
+values('{song.Create_time.Value.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}',{(song.Is_deleted == true ? 1 : 0)},'{song.Title}','{song.Url}')");
+                }
+            }
+            return songs.Count();
+        }
+    }
+
+    [RPlotExporter, RankColumn]
+    public class OrmVsUpdate
+    {
+        public List<Song> songs;
+
+        [Params(1, 500)]
+        public int size;
+
+        [GlobalSetup]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            songs = Orm.fsql.Select<Song>().Limit(size).ToList();
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int FreeSqlUpdate() => Orm.fsql.Update<Song>().SetSource(songs).ExecuteAffrows();
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int SqlSugarUpdate() => Orm.sugar.Updateable(songs).ExecuteCommand();
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int EfCoreUpdate()
+        {
+            using (var db = new SongContext())
+            {
+                //db.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;
+                db.Songs.UpdateRange(songs.ToArray());
+                return db.SaveChanges();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public int DapperUpdate()
+        {
+            using (var conn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Min Pool Size=21;Max Pool Size=31"))
+            {
+                foreach (var song in songs)
+                {
+                    Dapper.SqlMapper.Execute(conn, @$"update dapper_song set
+Create_time = '{song.Create_time.Value.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}',
+Is_deleted = {(song.Is_deleted == true ? 1 : 0)},
+Title = '{song.Title}',
+Url = '{song.Url}'
+where id = {song.Id}");
+                }
+            }
+            return songs.Count();
+        }
+    }
+
+    [RPlotExporter, RankColumn]
+    public class OrmVsSelect
+    {
+
+        [Params(1, 500)]
+        public int size;
+
+        [IterationSetup]
+        public void Setup2()
+        {
+            Orm.fsql.Select<Song>().Limit(1).ToList();
+            Orm.sugar.Queryable<Song>().Take(1).ToList();
+            using (var db = new SongContext())
+            {
+                db.Songs.Take(1).AsNoTracking().ToList();
+            }
+            using (var conn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Min Pool Size=21;Max Pool Size=31"))
+            {
+                Dapper.SqlMapper.Query<Song>(conn, $"select top {1} Id,Create_time,Is_deleted,Title,Url from dapper_song").ToList();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [GlobalSetup]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "freesql_song");
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "sugar_song");
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "efcore_song");
+            Orm.fsql.CodeFirst.SyncStructure(typeof(Song), "dapper_song");
+
+            //测试前清空数据
+            Orm.fsql.Delete<Song>().Where(a => a.Id > 0).ExecuteAffrows();
+            Orm.sugar.Deleteable<Song>().Where(a => a.Id > 0).ExecuteCommand();
+            Orm.fsql.Ado.ExecuteNonQuery("delete from efcore_song");
+            Orm.fsql.Ado.ExecuteNonQuery("delete from dapper_song");
+
+            var songs = Enumerable.Range(0, size).Select(a => new Song
+            {
+                Create_time = DateTime.Now,
+                Is_deleted = false,
+                Title = $"Insert_{a}",
+                Url = $"Url_{a}"
+            });
+
+            //预热
+            Orm.fsql.Insert(songs).ExecuteAffrows();
+            Orm.sugar.Insertable(songs.ToArray()).ExecuteCommand();
+            using (var db = new SongContext())
+            {
+                //db.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;
+                db.Songs.AddRange(songs);
+                db.SaveChanges();
+            }
+            using (var conn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Min Pool Size=21;Max Pool Size=31"))
+            {
+                foreach (var song in songs)
+                {
+                    Dapper.SqlMapper.Execute(conn, @$"insert into dapper_song(Create_time,Is_deleted,Title,Url) 
+values('{song.Create_time.Value.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")}',{(song.Is_deleted == true ? 1 : 0)},'{song.Title}','{song.Url}')");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public List<Song> FreeSqlSelect() => Orm.fsql.Select<Song>().Limit(size).ToList();
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public List<Song> SqlSugarSelect() => Orm.sugar.Queryable<Song>().Take(size).ToList();
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public List<Song> EfCoreSelect()
+        {
+            using (var db = new SongContext())
+            {
+                return db.Songs.Take(size).AsNoTracking().ToList();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public List<Song> DapperSelete()
+        {
+            using (var conn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=.;Integrated Security=True;Initial Catalog=freesqlTest;Pooling=true;Min Pool Size=21;Max Pool Size=31"))
+            {
+                return Dapper.SqlMapper.Query<Song>(conn, $"select top {size} Id,Create_time,Is_deleted,Title,Url from dapper_song").ToList();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [FreeSql.DataAnnotations.Table(Name = "freesql_song")]
+    [SugarTable("sugar_song")]
+    [Table("efcore_song")]
+    public class Song
+    {
+        [FreeSql.DataAnnotations.Column(IsIdentity = true)]
+        [SugarColumn(IsPrimaryKey = true, IsIdentity = true)]
+        [Key]
+        [DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity)]
+        public int Id { get; set; }
+        public DateTime? Create_time { get; set; }
+        public bool? Is_deleted { get; set; }
+        public string Title { get; set; }
+        public string Url { get; set; }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from SqlSugar.SqlSugarClient FreeSql.Bechmarker.Orm::get_sugar() at Line 196) of type SqlSugar.SqlSugarClient in method "Void OrmVsSelect.Setup2()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void OrmVsSelect.Setup2()
+
+### File:
+Examples/benchmarker/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Setup2|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b74ad19ea4631dca5bbc6e66dc587324
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0125/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0125/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef76b993270cb13f0257b0915c097311e5e3b0a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0125/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1470 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** flashdevelop
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Windows.Forms;
+using System.Drawing.Drawing2D;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Xml.Serialization;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using AppMan.Utilities;
+
+namespace AppMan
+{
+    public partial class MainForm : Form, IMessageFilter
+    {
+        private String curFile;
+        private String tempFile;
+        private String localeId;
+        private Boolean isLoading;
+        private DepEntry curEntry;
+        private String entriesFile;
+        private WebClient webClient;
+        private DepEntries depEntries;
+        private DepEntries instEntries;
+        private BackgroundWorker bgWorker;
+        private Dictionary<String, String> entryStates;
+        private Dictionary<String, ListViewGroup> appGroups;
+        private Queue<DepEntry> downloadQueue;
+        private Queue<String> fileQueue;
+        private LocaleData localeData;
+        private Boolean localeOverride;
+        private String[] notifyPaths;
+        private Boolean shouldNotify;
+        private Boolean haveUpdates;
+        private Boolean checkOnly;
+
+        public MainForm(String[] args)
+        {
+            this.CheckArgs(args);
+            this.isLoading = false;
+            this.haveUpdates = false;
+            this.shouldNotify = false;
+            this.InitializeSettings();
+            this.InitializeLocalization();
+            this.InitializeComponent();
+            this.InitializeGraphics();
+            this.InitializeContextMenu();
+            this.InitializeFormScaling();
+            this.ApplyLocalizationStrings();
+            this.Font = SystemFonts.MenuFont;
+            Application.AddMessageFilter(this);
+        }
+
+        #region WIN32 Stuff
+
+        #if WIN32
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        public static extern IntPtr WindowFromPoint(Point pt);
+
+        [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+        public static extern IntPtr SendMessage(IntPtr hWnd, Int32 msg, IntPtr wp, IntPtr lp);
+        #endif
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Initialization
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Processes command line args.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void CheckArgs(String[] args)
+        {
+            this.checkOnly = false;
+            this.localeId = "en_US";
+            this.localeOverride = false;
+            foreach (String arg in args)
+            {
+                // Handle minimized mode
+                if (arg.Trim() == "-minimized")
+                {
+                    this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Minimized;
+                    this.checkOnly = true;
+                }
+                // Handle locale id values
+                if (arg.Trim().Contains("-locale="))
+                {
+                    this.localeId = arg.Trim().Substring("-locale=".Length);
+                    this.localeOverride = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize the scaling of the form.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InitializeFormScaling()
+        {
+            if (this.GetScale() > 1)
+            {
+                this.descHeader.Width = this.ScaleValue(265);
+                this.nameHeader.Width = this.ScaleValue(160);
+                this.versionHeader.Width = this.ScaleValue(100);
+                this.statusHeader.Width = this.ScaleValue(70);
+                this.typeHeader.Width = this.ScaleValue(75);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes the graphics of the app.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InitializeGraphics()
+        {
+            ImageList imageList = new ImageList();
+            Assembly assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+            imageList.ColorDepth = ColorDepth.Depth32Bit;
+            imageList.ImageSize = new Size(this.ScaleValue(24), this.ScaleValue(24));
+            imageList.Images.Add(Image.FromStream(assembly.GetManifestResourceStream("AppMan.Resources.Cancel.png")));
+            this.Icon = new Icon(assembly.GetManifestResourceStream("AppMan.Resources.AppMan.ico"));
+            this.cancelButton.ImageList = imageList;
+            this.cancelButton.ImageIndex = 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes the web client used for item downloads.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InitializeWebClient()
+        {
+            this.webClient = new WebClient();
+            this.webClient.DownloadProgressChanged += new DownloadProgressChangedEventHandler(this.DownloadProgressChanged);
+            this.webClient.DownloadFileCompleted += new AsyncCompletedEventHandler(this.DownloadFileCompleted);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes the localization of the app.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InitializeLocalization()
+        {
+            this.localeData = new LocaleData();
+            String localeDir = Path.Combine(PathHelper.GetExeDirectory(), "Locales");
+            String localeFile = Path.Combine(localeDir, this.localeId + ".xml");
+            if (File.Exists(localeFile))
+            {
+                this.localeData = ObjectSerializer.Deserialize(localeFile, this.localeData) as LocaleData;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Applies the localization string to controls.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ApplyLocalizationStrings()
+        {
+            this.Text = this.localeData.MainFormTitle;
+            this.exploreButton.Text = this.localeData.ExploreLabel;
+            this.nameHeader.Text = this.localeData.NameHeader;
+            this.descHeader.Text = this.localeData.DescHeader;
+            this.statusHeader.Text = this.localeData.StatusHeader;
+            this.versionHeader.Text = this.localeData.VersionHeader;
+            this.typeHeader.Text = this.localeData.TypeHeader;
+            this.allLinkLabel.Text = this.localeData.LinkAll;
+            this.newLinkLabel.Text = this.localeData.LinkNew;
+            this.noneLinkLabel.Text = this.localeData.LinkNone;
+            this.instLinkLabel.Text = this.localeData.LinkInstalled;
+            this.updateLinkLabel.Text = this.localeData.LinkUpdates;
+            this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.NoItemsSelected;
+            this.pathLabel.Text = this.localeData.InstallPathLabel;
+            this.selectLabel.Text = this.localeData.SelectLabel;
+            this.installButton.Text = String.Format(this.localeData.InstallSelectedLabel, "0");
+            this.deleteButton.Text = String.Format(this.localeData.DeleteSelectedLabel, "0");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes the settings of the app.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InitializeSettings()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Settings settings = new Settings();
+                String file = Path.Combine(PathHelper.GetExeDirectory(), "Config.xml");
+                if (File.Exists(file))
+                {
+                    settings = ObjectSerializer.Deserialize(file, settings) as Settings;
+                    PathHelper.APPS_DIR = ArgProcessor.ProcessArguments(settings.Archive);
+                    PathHelper.CONFIG_ADR = ArgProcessor.ProcessArguments(settings.Config);
+                    PathHelper.HELP_ADR = ArgProcessor.ProcessArguments(settings.Help);
+                    if (!this.localeOverride) this.localeId = settings.Locale;
+                    this.notifyPaths = settings.Paths;
+                }
+                #if FLASHDEVELOP
+                else /* Defaults for FlashDevelop */
+                {
+                    PathHelper.HELP_ADR = "http://www.flashdevelop.org/wikidocs/";
+                    PathHelper.CONFIG_ADR = "http://www.flashdevelop.org/appman.xml";    
+                    String local = Path.Combine(PathHelper.GetExeDirectory(), @"..\..\.local");
+                    local = Path.GetFullPath(local); /* Fix weird path */
+                    if (!File.Exists(local))
+                    {
+                        String userAppDir = Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.LocalApplicationData);
+                        String fdUserPath = Path.Combine(userAppDir, "FlashDevelop");
+                        String appManDataDir = Path.Combine(fdUserPath, @"Data\AppMan");
+                        this.notifyPaths = new String[1] { fdUserPath };
+                        PathHelper.APPS_DIR = Path.Combine(fdUserPath, "Apps");
+                        PathHelper.LOG_DIR = appManDataDir;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        String fdPath = Path.Combine(PathHelper.GetExeDirectory(), @"..\..\");
+                        fdPath = Path.GetFullPath(fdPath); /* Fix weird path */
+                        PathHelper.APPS_DIR = Path.Combine(fdPath, "Apps");
+                        PathHelper.LOG_DIR = Path.Combine(fdPath, @"Data\AppMan");
+                        this.notifyPaths = new String[1] { fdPath };
+                    }
+                }
+                #endif
+                if (!Directory.Exists(PathHelper.LOG_DIR))
+                {
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory(PathHelper.LOG_DIR);
+                }
+                if (!Directory.Exists(PathHelper.APPS_DIR))
+                {
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory(PathHelper.APPS_DIR);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes the list view context menu.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InitializeContextMenu()
+        {
+            ContextMenuStrip cms = new ContextMenuStrip();
+            cms.Items.Add(this.localeData.ShowInfoLabel, null, new EventHandler(this.OnViewInfoClick));
+            cms.Items.Add(this.localeData.ToggleCheckedLabel, null, new EventHandler(this.OnCheckToggleClick));
+            this.listView.ContextMenuStrip = cms;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Key Handling
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Closes the application when pressing Escape.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected override Boolean ProcessCmdKey(ref Message msg, Keys k)
+        {
+            if (k == Keys.Escape)
+            {
+                this.Close();
+                return true;
+            }
+            return base.ProcessCmdKey(ref msg, k);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Event Handlers
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// On MainForm show, initializes the UI and the props.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void MainFormLoad(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            this.InitializeWebClient();
+            this.depEntries = new DepEntries();
+            this.entryStates = new Dictionary<String, String>();
+            this.appGroups = new Dictionary<String, ListViewGroup>();
+            this.downloadQueue = new Queue<DepEntry>();
+            this.TryDeleteOldTempFiles();
+            this.listView.Items.Clear();
+            this.LoadInstalledEntries();
+            this.LoadEntriesFile();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Opens the help when pressing help button or F1.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void MainFormHelpRequested(Object sender, HelpEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try 
+            { 
+                Process.Start(PathHelper.HELP_ADR); 
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex) 
+            { 
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString()); 
+            }
+        }
+        private void MainFormHelpButtonClicked(Object sender, CancelEventArgs e)
+        {
+            e.Cancel = true;
+            this.MainFormHelpRequested(null, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Save notification files to the notify paths
+        /// </summary>
+        private void MainFormClosed(Object sender, FormClosedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!this.shouldNotify || this.notifyPaths == null) return;
+                foreach (String nPath in this.notifyPaths)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        String path = Path.GetFullPath(ArgProcessor.ProcessArguments(nPath));
+                        if (Directory.Exists(path))
+                        {
+                            String amFile = Path.Combine(path, ".appman");
+                            File.WriteAllText(amFile, "");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch { /* NO ERRORS */ }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Open info file or url when clicked.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void OnViewInfoClick(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (this.listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
+            {
+                ListViewItem item = this.listView.SelectedItems[0];
+                if (item != null)
+                {
+                    DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                    if (entry != null && !String.IsNullOrEmpty(entry.Info))
+                    {
+                        this.RunExecutableProcess(entry.Info);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Toggles the check state of the item.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void OnCheckToggleClick(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (this.listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
+            {
+                ListViewItem item = this.listView.SelectedItems[0];
+                if (item != null) item.Checked = !item.Checked;
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Cancels the item download process.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void CancelButtonClick(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.webClient.CancelAsync();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the download queue based on the user selections.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InstallButtonClick(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            this.isLoading = true;
+            this.cancelButton.Enabled = true;
+            this.installButton.Enabled = false;
+            this.deleteButton.Enabled = false;
+            this.AddEntriesToQueue();
+            this.DownloadNextFromQueue();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes the selected items from the archive.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void DeleteButtonClick(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.shouldNotify = true;
+                String title = this.localeData.ConfirmTitle;
+                String message = this.localeData.DeleteSelectedConfirm;
+                if (MessageBox.Show(message, title, MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Question) == DialogResult.Yes)
+                {
+                    foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.CheckedItems)
+                    {
+                        DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                        String state = this.entryStates[entry.Id];
+                        if (state == this.localeData.StateInstalled || state == this.localeData.StateUpdate)
+                        {
+                            #if FLASHDEVELOP
+                            if (entry.Urls[0].ToLower().EndsWith(".fdz"))
+                            {
+                                String fileName = Path.GetFileName(entry.Urls[0]);
+                                String delFile = Path.ChangeExtension(fileName, ".delete.fdz");
+                                String tempFile = this.GetTempFileName(delFile, true);
+                                String entryDir = Path.Combine(PathHelper.APPS_DIR, entry.Id);
+                                String versionDir = Path.Combine(entryDir, entry.Version.ToLower());
+                                String entryFile = Path.Combine(versionDir, fileName);
+                                File.Copy(entryFile, tempFile, true);
+                                this.RunExecutableProcess(tempFile);
+                            }
+                            #endif
+                            String folder = Path.Combine(PathHelper.APPS_DIR, entry.Id);
+                            // Sometimes we might get "dir not empty" error, try 10 times...
+                            for (Int32 attempts = 0; attempts < 10; attempts++)
+                            {
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    if (Directory.Exists(folder)) Directory.Delete(folder, true);
+                                    return;
+                                }
+                                catch (IOException) { Thread.Sleep(50); }
+                            }
+                            throw new Exception("Could not delete the directory:\n" +  folder);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                Thread.Sleep(100); // Wait for files...
+                this.NoneLinkLabelLinkClicked(null, null);
+                this.LoadInstalledEntries();
+                this.UpdateEntryStates();
+                this.UpdateButtonLabels();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Browses the archive with windows explorer.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ExploreButtonClick(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Process.Start("explorer.exe", PathHelper.APPS_DIR);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// On All link click, selects the all items.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void AllLinkLabelLinkClicked(Object sender, LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (this.isLoading) return;
+            this.listView.BeginUpdate();
+            foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.Items)
+            {
+                item.Checked = true;
+            }
+            this.listView.EndUpdate();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// On None link click, deselects all items.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void NoneLinkLabelLinkClicked(Object sender, LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (this.isLoading) return;
+            this.listView.BeginUpdate();
+            foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.Items)
+            {
+                item.Checked = false;
+            }
+            this.listView.EndUpdate();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// On New link click, selects all new items.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void NewLinkLabelLinkClicked(Object sender, LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (this.isLoading) return;
+                this.listView.BeginUpdate();
+                foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.Items)
+                {
+                    DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                    String state = this.entryStates[entry.Id];
+                    if (state == this.localeData.StateNew) item.Checked = true;
+                    else item.Checked = false;
+                }
+                this.listView.EndUpdate();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// On Installed link click, selects all installed items.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void InstLinkLabelLinkClicked(Object sender, LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (this.isLoading) return;
+                this.listView.BeginUpdate();
+                foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.Items)
+                {
+                    DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                    String state = this.entryStates[entry.Id];
+                    if (state == this.localeData.StateInstalled) item.Checked = true;
+                    else item.Checked = false;
+                }
+                this.listView.EndUpdate();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// On Updates link click, selects all updatable items.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdatesLinkLabelLinkClicked(Object sender, LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (this.isLoading) return;
+                this.listView.BeginUpdate();
+                foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.Items)
+                {
+                    DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                    String state = this.entryStates[entry.Id];
+                    if (state == this.localeData.StateUpdate) item.Checked = true;
+                    else item.Checked = false;
+                }
+                this.listView.EndUpdate();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Disables the item checking when downloading.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ListViewItemCheck(Object sender, ItemCheckEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (this.isLoading) e.NewValue = e.CurrentValue;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the button labels when item is checked.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ListViewItemChecked(Object sender, ItemCheckedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (this.isLoading) return;
+            this.UpdateButtonLabels();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Handles the mouse wheel on hover
+        /// </summary>
+        public Boolean PreFilterMessage(ref Message m)
+        {
+            #if WIN32
+            if (m.Msg == 0x20a) // WM_MOUSEWHEEL
+            {
+                Point pos = new Point(m.LParam.ToInt32() & 0xffff, m.LParam.ToInt32() >> 16);
+                IntPtr hWnd = WindowFromPoint(pos);
+                if (hWnd != IntPtr.Zero)
+                {
+                    if (Control.FromHandle(hWnd) != null)
+                    {
+                        SendMessage(hWnd, m.Msg, m.WParam, m.LParam);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    else if (this.listView != null && hWnd == this.listView.Handle)
+                    {
+                        SendMessage(hWnd, m.Msg, m.WParam, m.LParam);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            #endif
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Utility Methods
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Completes the minimized update process.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void CompleteMinimizedProcess()
+        {
+            if (this.checkOnly)
+            {
+                if (this.haveUpdates)
+                {
+                    this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Normal;
+                    this.Activate();
+                }
+                else Application.Exit();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the buttons labels.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdateButtonLabels()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Int32 inst = 0;
+                Int32 dele = 0;
+                if (this.isLoading) return;
+                foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.CheckedItems)
+                {
+                    DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                    if (this.entryStates.ContainsKey(entry.Id))
+                    {
+                        String state = this.entryStates[entry.Id];
+                        if (state == this.localeData.StateInstalled || state == this.localeData.StateUpdate) dele++;
+                        if (state == this.localeData.StateNew || state == this.localeData.StateUpdate) inst++;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.installButton.Text = String.Format(this.localeData.InstallSelectedLabel, inst);
+                this.deleteButton.Text = String.Format(this.localeData.DeleteSelectedLabel, dele);
+                this.deleteButton.Enabled = dele > 0;
+                this.installButton.Enabled = inst > 0;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Populates the list view with current entries.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void PopulateListView()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.listView.BeginUpdate();
+                this.pathTextBox.Text = PathHelper.APPS_DIR;
+                foreach (DepEntry entry in this.depEntries)
+                {
+                    ListViewItem item = new ListViewItem(entry.Name);
+                    item.Tag = entry; /* Store for later */
+                    item.SubItems.Add(entry.Version);
+                    item.SubItems.Add(entry.Desc);
+                    item.SubItems.Add(this.localeData.StateNew);
+                    item.SubItems.Add(this.IsExecutable(entry) ? this.localeData.ExecutableType : this.localeData.ArchiveType);
+                    this.listView.Items.Add(item);
+                    this.AddToGroup(item);
+                }
+                if (this.appGroups.Count > 1) this.listView.ShowGroups = true;
+                else this.listView.ShowGroups = false;
+                this.UpdateEntryStates();
+                this.listView.EndUpdate();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds the entry into a new or existing group.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void AddToGroup(ListViewItem item)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                if (this.appGroups.ContainsKey(entry.Group))
+                {
+                    ListViewGroup lvg = this.appGroups[entry.Group];
+                    item.Group = lvg;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ListViewGroup lvg = new ListViewGroup(entry.Group);
+                    this.appGroups[entry.Group] = lvg;
+                    this.listView.Groups.Add(lvg);
+                    item.Group = lvg;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a temporary file with the given extension.
+        /// </summary>
+        private String GetTempFileName(String file, Boolean unique)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Int32 counter = 0;
+                String tempDir = Path.GetTempPath();
+                String fileName = Path.GetFileName(file);
+                String tempFile = Path.Combine(tempDir, "appman_" + fileName);
+                if (!unique) return tempFile;
+                while (File.Exists(tempFile))
+                {
+                    counter++;
+                    tempFile = Path.Combine(tempDir, "appman_" + counter + "_" + fileName);
+                }
+                return tempFile;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tries to delete old temp files.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void TryDeleteOldTempFiles()
+        {
+            String path = Path.GetTempPath();
+            String[] oldFiles = Directory.GetFiles(path, "appman_*.*");
+            foreach (String file in oldFiles)
+            {
+                try { File.Delete(file); }
+                catch { /* NO ERRORS */ }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Runs an executable process.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RunExecutableProcess(String file)
+        {
+            try 
+            {
+                #if FLASHDEVELOP
+                if (file.ToLower().EndsWith(".fdz"))
+                {
+                    String fd = Path.Combine(PathHelper.GetExeDirectory(), @"..\..\FlashDevelop.exe");
+                    Process.Start(Path.GetFullPath(fd), file + " -silent -reuse");
+                    return;
+                }
+                #endif
+                Process.Start(file);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if entry is an executable.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Boolean IsExecutable(DepEntry entry)
+        {
+            return entry.Type == this.localeData.ExecutableType;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Entry Management
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Downloads the entry config file.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void LoadEntriesFile()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (PathHelper.CONFIG_ADR.StartsWith("http"))
+                {
+                    WebClient client = new WebClient();
+                    this.entriesFile = Path.GetTempFileName();
+                    client.DownloadFileCompleted += new AsyncCompletedEventHandler(this.EntriesDownloadCompleted);
+                    client.DownloadProgressChanged += new DownloadProgressChangedEventHandler(this.DownloadProgressChanged);
+                    client.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(PathHelper.CONFIG_ADR), this.entriesFile);
+                    this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.DownloadingItemList;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    this.entriesFile = PathHelper.CONFIG_ADR;
+                    Object data = ObjectSerializer.Deserialize(this.entriesFile, this.depEntries);
+                    this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.ItemListOpened;
+                    this.depEntries = data as DepEntries;
+                    this.PopulateListView();
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                this.CompleteMinimizedProcess();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// When entry config is loaded, populates the list view.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void EntriesDownloadCompleted(Object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Boolean fileExists = File.Exists(this.entriesFile);
+                Boolean fileIsValid = File.ReadAllText(this.entriesFile).Length > 0;
+                if (e.Error == null && fileExists && fileIsValid)
+                {
+                    this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.DownloadedItemList;
+                    Object data = ObjectSerializer.Deserialize(this.entriesFile, this.depEntries);
+                    this.depEntries = data as DepEntries;
+                    this.PopulateListView();
+                }
+                else this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.ItemListDownloadFailed;
+                this.progressBar.Value = 0;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            { 
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                this.CompleteMinimizedProcess();
+                try { File.Delete(this.entriesFile); }
+                catch { /* NO ERRORS*/ }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds the currently selected entries to download queue.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void AddEntriesToQueue()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.downloadQueue.Clear();
+                foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.CheckedItems)
+                {
+                    DepEntry entry = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                    String state = this.entryStates[entry.Id];
+                    if (state == this.localeData.StateNew || state == this.localeData.StateUpdate)
+                    {
+                        this.downloadQueue.Enqueue(entry);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Downloads next item from the queue.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void DownloadNextFromQueue()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.fileQueue = new Queue<String>();
+                this.curEntry = this.downloadQueue.Dequeue();
+                foreach (String file in this.curEntry.Urls)
+                {
+                    this.fileQueue.Enqueue(file);
+                }
+                this.curFile = this.fileQueue.Dequeue();
+                this.tempFile = this.GetTempFileName(this.curFile, false);
+                this.curEntry.Temps[this.curFile] = this.tempFile; // Save for cmd
+                if (File.Exists(this.tempFile)) // Use already downloaded temp...
+                {
+                    String idPath = Path.Combine(PathHelper.APPS_DIR, this.curEntry.Id);
+                    String vnPath = Path.Combine(idPath, this.curEntry.Version.ToLower());
+                    this.ExtractFile(this.tempFile, vnPath);
+                    return;
+                }
+                this.tempFile = this.GetTempFileName(this.curFile, true);
+                this.curEntry.Temps[this.curFile] = this.tempFile; // Save for cmd
+                this.webClient.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(this.curFile), this.tempFile);
+                this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.DownloadingFile + this.curFile;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the progress bar for individual downloads.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void DownloadProgressChanged(Object sender, DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            this.progressBar.Value = e.ProgressPercentage;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// When file is downloaded, check for errors and extract the file.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void DownloadFileCompleted(Object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (e.Cancelled)
+                {
+                    this.isLoading = false;
+                    this.cancelButton.Enabled = false;
+                    this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.ItemListDownloadCancelled;
+                    this.TryDeleteOldTempFiles();
+                    this.progressBar.Value = 0;
+                    this.UpdateButtonLabels();
+                }
+                else if (e.Error == null)
+                {
+                    String idPath = Path.Combine(PathHelper.APPS_DIR, this.curEntry.Id);
+                    String vnPath = Path.Combine(idPath, this.curEntry.Version.ToLower());
+                    this.ExtractFile(this.tempFile, vnPath);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    String message = this.localeData.DownloadingError + this.curFile + ".\n";
+                    if (this.downloadQueue.Count > 1) message += this.localeData.ContinueWithNextItem;
+                    DialogHelper.ShowError(message); // Show message first...
+                    if (this.downloadQueue.Count > 1) this.DownloadNextFromQueue();
+                    else
+                    {
+                        this.isLoading = false;
+                        this.cancelButton.Enabled = false;
+                        this.TryDeleteOldTempFiles();
+                        this.progressBar.Value = 0;
+                        this.UpdateButtonLabels();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the extraction work in a background thread.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ExtractFile(String file, String path)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.bgWorker = new BackgroundWorker();
+                this.bgWorker.DoWork += new DoWorkEventHandler(this.WorkerDoWork);
+                this.bgWorker.RunWorkerCompleted += new RunWorkerCompletedEventHandler(this.WorkerDoCompleted);
+                this.bgWorker.RunWorkerAsync(new BgArg(file, path));
+                this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.ExtractingFile + this.curFile;
+                this.progressBar.Style = ProgressBarStyle.Marquee;
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                String message = this.localeData.ExtractingError + this.curFile + ".\n";
+                if (this.downloadQueue.Count > 1) message += this.localeData.ContinueWithNextItem;
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(message);
+                this.DownloadNextFromQueue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Completes the actual extraction or file manipulation.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void WorkerDoWork(Object sender, DoWorkEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                BgArg args = e.Argument as BgArg;
+                String url = new Uri(this.curFile).LocalPath;
+                Boolean shouldExecute = this.IsExecutable(this.curEntry);
+                if (!Directory.Exists(args.Path) && !shouldExecute) Directory.CreateDirectory(args.Path);
+                if (Path.GetExtension(url) == ".zip") ZipHelper.ExtractZip(args.File, args.Path);
+                else if (!shouldExecute)
+                {
+                    String fileName = Path.GetFileName(url);
+                    File.Copy(this.tempFile, Path.Combine(args.Path, fileName), true);
+                }
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(this.localeData.ExtractingError + this.curFile + ".\n" + this.localeData.ContinueWithNextItem);
+                this.DownloadNextFromQueue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// When file hasd been handled, continues to next file or download next item.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void WorkerDoCompleted(Object sender, RunWorkerCompletedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.progressBar.Style = ProgressBarStyle.Continuous;
+                if (this.fileQueue.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    this.curFile = this.fileQueue.Dequeue();
+                    this.tempFile = this.GetTempFileName(this.curFile, false);
+                    this.curEntry.Temps[this.curFile] = this.tempFile; // Save for cmd
+                    if (File.Exists(this.tempFile)) // Use downloaded temp...
+                    {
+                        String idPath = Path.Combine(PathHelper.APPS_DIR, this.curEntry.Id);
+                        String vnPath = Path.Combine(idPath, this.curEntry.Version.ToLower());
+                        this.ExtractFile(this.tempFile, vnPath);
+                        this.bgWorker.Dispose();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    this.tempFile = this.GetTempFileName(this.curFile, true);
+                    this.curEntry.Temps[this.curFile] = this.tempFile; // Save for cmd
+                    this.webClient.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(this.curFile), this.tempFile);
+                    this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.DownloadingFile + this.curFile;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (!this.IsExecutable(this.curEntry))
+                    {
+                        String idPath = Path.Combine(PathHelper.APPS_DIR, this.curEntry.Id);
+                        this.RunEntrySetup(idPath, this.curEntry);
+                        this.SaveEntryInfo(idPath, this.curEntry);
+                        #if FLASHDEVELOP
+                        if (this.curEntry.Urls[0].ToLower().EndsWith(".fdz"))
+                        {
+                            String vnPath = Path.Combine(idPath, this.curEntry.Version.ToLower());
+                            String fileName = Path.GetFileName(this.curEntry.Urls[0]);
+                            this.RunExecutableProcess(Path.Combine(vnPath, fileName));
+                        }
+                        #endif
+                        Thread.Sleep(100); // Wait for files...
+                        this.LoadInstalledEntries();
+                        this.shouldNotify = true;
+                        this.UpdateEntryStates();
+                    }
+                    else this.RunExecutableProcess(this.tempFile);
+                    if (this.downloadQueue.Count > 0) this.DownloadNextFromQueue();
+                    else
+                    {
+                        this.isLoading = false;
+                        this.progressBar.Value = 0;
+                        this.cancelButton.Enabled = false;
+                        this.statusLabel.Text = this.localeData.AllItemsCompleted;
+                        this.NoneLinkLabelLinkClicked(null, null);
+                        this.UpdateButtonLabels();
+                    }
+                }
+                this.bgWorker.Dispose();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves the entry info into a xml file.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void SaveEntryInfo(String path, DepEntry entry)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!Directory.Exists(path)) Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+                ObjectSerializer.Serialize(Path.Combine(path, entry.Version + ".xml"), entry);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads the xml entry files from the archive.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void LoadInstalledEntries()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.instEntries = new DepEntries();
+                List<String> entryFiles = new List<string>();
+                String[] entryDirs = Directory.GetDirectories(PathHelper.APPS_DIR);
+                foreach (String dir in entryDirs)
+                {
+                    entryFiles.AddRange(Directory.GetFiles(dir, "*.xml"));
+                }
+                foreach (String file in entryFiles)
+                {
+                    Object data = ObjectSerializer.Deserialize(file, new DepEntry());
+                    this.instEntries.Add(data as DepEntry);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the entry states of the all items.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdateEntryStates()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.listView.BeginUpdate();
+                foreach (ListViewItem item in this.listView.Items)
+                {
+                    DepEntry dep = item.Tag as DepEntry;
+                    item.SubItems[3].ForeColor = SystemColors.ControlText;
+                    this.entryStates[dep.Id] = this.localeData.StateNew;
+                    item.SubItems[3].Text = this.localeData.StateNew;
+                    foreach (DepEntry inst in this.instEntries)
+                    {
+                        item.UseItemStyleForSubItems = false;
+                        if (dep.Id == inst.Id)
+                        {
+                            Color color = Color.Green;
+                            String text = this.localeData.StateInstalled;
+                            if (this.CustomCompare(dep, inst) > 0 || (dep.Version == inst.Version && dep.Build != inst.Build))
+                            {
+                                this.haveUpdates = true;
+                                text = this.localeData.StateUpdate;
+                                color = Color.Orange;
+                            }
+                            this.entryStates[inst.Id] = text;
+                            item.SubItems[3].ForeColor = color;
+                            item.SubItems[3].Text = text;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                this.listView.EndUpdate();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compare version numbers
+        /// </summary>
+        private Int32 CustomCompare(DepEntry dep, DepEntry inst)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                String[] v1 = dep.Version.Replace("+", ".").Split('.');
+                String[] v2 = inst.Version.Replace("+", ".").Split('.');
+                for (Int32 i = 0; i < v1.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        Int32 t1 = Convert.ToInt32(v1[i]);
+                        Int32 t2 = Convert.ToInt32(v2[i]);
+                        Int32 comp = t1.CompareTo(t2);
+                        if (comp > 0) return 1;
+                        else if (comp < 0) return -1;
+                    }
+                    catch {};
+                }
+                return 0;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Executes the next setup command from queue.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RunEntrySetup(String path, DepEntry entry)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(entry.Cmd))
+                {
+                    if (!Directory.Exists(path)) Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+                    String data = ArgProcessor.ProcessArguments(entry.Cmd);
+                    for (var i = 0; i < entry.Urls.Length; i++)
+                    {
+                        String url = entry.Urls[i];
+                        if (entry.Temps.ContainsKey(url))
+                        {
+                            String index = i.ToString();
+                            String temp = entry.Temps[url];
+                            data = data.Replace("$URL{" + index + "}", url);
+                            data = data.Replace("$TMP{" + index + "}", temp);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    String cmd = Path.Combine(path, entry.Version + ".cmd");
+                    File.WriteAllText(cmd, data);
+                    Process process = new Process();
+                    process.StartInfo.FileName = cmd;
+                    process.EnableRaisingEvents = true;
+                    process.StartInfo.WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden;
+                    process.StartInfo.WorkingDirectory = Path.GetDirectoryName(cmd);
+                    process.Exited += delegate(Object sender, EventArgs e)
+                    {
+                        try { File.Delete(cmd); }
+                        catch { /* NO ERRORS */ };
+                    };
+                    process.Start();
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                DialogHelper.ShowError(ex.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Scaling Helpers
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Current scale of the form.
+        /// </summary>
+        private double curScale = double.MinValue;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Resizes based on display scale.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int ScaleValue(Int32 value)
+        {
+            return (int)(value * GetScale());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the current display scale.
+        /// </summary>
+        public double GetScale()
+        {
+            if (curScale != double.MinValue) return curScale;
+            using (var g = Graphics.FromHwnd(this.Handle))
+            {
+                curScale = g.DpiX / 96f;
+            }
+            return curScale;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+    }
+
+    #region Data Items
+
+    public class BgArg
+    {
+        public String File = "";
+        public String Path = "";
+
+        public BgArg(String file, String path)
+        {
+            this.File = file;
+            this.Path = path;
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Serializable]
+    [XmlType("Entry")]
+    public class DepEntry
+    {
+        public String Id = "";
+        public String Name = "";
+        public String Desc = "";
+        public String Group = "";
+        public String Version = "";
+        public String Build = "";
+        public String Type = "";
+        public String Info = "";
+        public String Cmd = "";
+
+        [XmlArrayItem("Url")]
+        public String[] Urls = new String[0];
+
+        [XmlIgnore]
+        public Dictionary<String, String> Temps;
+
+        public DepEntry()
+        {
+            this.Type = "Archive";
+            this.Temps = new Dictionary<String, String>();
+        }
+        public DepEntry(String id, String name, String desc, String group, String version, String build, String type, String info, String cmd, String[] urls)
+        {
+            this.Id = id;
+            this.Name = name;
+            this.Desc = desc;
+            this.Group = group;
+            this.Build = build;
+            this.Version = version;
+            this.Temps = new Dictionary<String, String>();
+            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(type)) this.Type = type;
+            else this.Type = "Archive";
+            this.Info = info;
+            this.Urls = urls;
+            this.Cmd = cmd;
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Serializable]
+    [XmlRoot("Entries")]
+    public class DepEntries : List<DepEntry>
+    {
+        public DepEntries() {}
+    }
+
+    [Serializable]
+    public class Settings
+    {
+        public String Help = "";
+        public String Config = "";
+        public String Archive = "";
+        public String Locale = "en_US";
+
+        [XmlArrayItem("Path")]
+        public String[] Paths = new String[0];
+
+        public Settings() {}
+        public Settings(String config, String archive, String[] paths, String locale, String help)
+        {
+            this.Paths = paths;
+            this.Config = config;
+            this.Archive = archive;
+            this.Locale = locale;
+            this.Help = help;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    [Serializable]
+    [XmlRoot("Locale")]
+    public class LocaleData
+    {
+        public LocaleData() {}
+        public String NameHeader = "Name";
+        public String VersionHeader = "Version";
+        public String DescHeader = "Description";
+        public String StatusHeader = "Status";
+        public String TypeHeader = "Type";
+        public String StateNew = "New";
+        public String StateUpdate = "Update";
+        public String StateInstalled = "Installed";
+        public String ExtractingFile = "Extracting: ";
+        public String DownloadingFile = "Downloading: ";
+        public String DownloadingItemList = "Downloading item list...";
+        public String NoItemsSelected = "No items selected.";
+        public String ItemListOpened = "Item list read from file.";
+        public String DownloadedItemList = "Item list downloaded.";
+        public String AllItemsCompleted = "All selected items completed.";
+        public String ItemListDownloadCancelled = "Item list download cancelled.";
+        public String ItemListDownloadFailed = "Item list could not be downloaded.";
+        public String DeleteSelectedConfirm = "Are you sure to delete all versions of the selected items?";
+        public String ContinueWithNextItem = "Trying to continue with the next item.";
+        public String DownloadingError = "Error while downloading file: ";
+        public String ExtractingError = "Error while extracting file: ";
+        public String MainFormTitle = "AppMan";
+        public String ConfirmTitle = "Confirm";
+        public String LinkAll = "All";
+        public String LinkNone = "None";
+        public String LinkInstalled = "Installed";
+        public String LinkUpdates = "Updates";
+        public String LinkNew = "New";
+        public String SelectLabel = "Select:";
+        public String ExploreLabel = "Explore...";
+        public String InstallPathLabel = "Install path:";
+        public String DeleteSelectedLabel = "Delete {0} items.";
+        public String InstallSelectedLabel = "Install {0} items.";
+        public String ToggleCheckedLabel = "Toggle Checked";
+        public String ShowInfoLabel = "Show Info...";
+        public String ExecutableType = "Executable";
+        public String ArchiveType = "Archive";
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `args` last assigned on line 1001 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1004, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MainForm.WorkerDoWork(Object,DoWorkEventArgs)
+
+### File:
+External/Tools/AppMan/MainForm.cs
+
+### Key:
+MainForm.cs|WorkerDoWork|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9311a839d14646d8b26b5968210cac2e
+
+### Hash:
+39c8dfe5fc800de5c332c02d60b0813f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0140/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0140/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7404f551396879124ee00955ed2d03356096729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0140/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Repository
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Repository.Serialization;
+
+namespace Repository.FileSystem
+{
+    public class FileSystemOptions<T>
+    {
+        //===============================================================
+        public FileSystemOptions()
+        {
+            Serializer = new JsonSerializer<IEnumerable<T>>();
+            FolderPath = "";
+            FileExtension = ".txt";
+            StreamGenerator = new StandardStreamGenerator();
+        }
+        //===============================================================
+        public ISerializer<IEnumerable<T>> Serializer { get; set; }
+        //===============================================================
+        public String FolderPath { get; set; }
+        //===============================================================
+        public String FileExtension { get; set; }
+        //===============================================================
+        public StreamGenerator StreamGenerator { get; set; }
+        //===============================================================
+    }
+
+    public abstract class StreamGenerator
+    {
+        //================================================================================
+        public abstract Stream GetReadStream(String filePath);
+        //================================================================================
+        public abstract Stream GetWriteStream(String filePath);
+        //================================================================================
+    }
+
+    public class StandardStreamGenerator : StreamGenerator
+    {
+        //================================================================================
+        public override Stream GetReadStream(string filePath)
+        {
+            return new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open);
+        }
+        //================================================================================
+        public override Stream GetWriteStream(string filePath)
+        {
+            return new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create);
+        }
+        //================================================================================
+    }
+
+    public class GZipStreamGenerator : StreamGenerator
+    {
+        //================================================================================
+        public override Stream GetReadStream(string filePath)
+        {
+            return new GZipStream(new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open), CompressionMode.Decompress);
+        }
+        //================================================================================
+        public override Stream GetWriteStream(string filePath)
+        {
+            return new GZipStream(new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create), CompressionMode.Compress);
+        }
+        //================================================================================
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type System.IO.Compression.GZipStream, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.FileStream::.ctor() at Line 67) of type System.IO.FileStream in method "Stream GZipStreamGenerator.GetWriteStream(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Stream GZipStreamGenerator.GetWriteStream(String)
+
+### File:
+Repository.FileSystem/FileSystemOptions.cs
+
+### Key:
+FileSystemOptions.cs|GetWriteStream|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c91bc086ee5bbe06e664e5d364f266ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0146/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0146/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f9ec092f8a07219654991a243ee5e681b3a9b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0146/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.IO;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg.Test
+{
+    public class VideoInfoTests
+
+    {
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideoWithAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "input.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "audio.mp3"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "mute.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleMkvVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "sampleMkv.mkv"));
+
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToTs()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".ts");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToTs(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToWebM()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".webm");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToWebM(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToOGV()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".ogv");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToOgv(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToMp4()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleMkvVideo;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".mp4");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToMp4(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddAudio()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideo);
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.AddAudio(SampleAudio, output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+            Assert.Equal(videoInfo.Duration, new VideoInfo(output).Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractAudio()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".mp3");
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractAudio(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractVideo()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), fileInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractVideo(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void JoinWith()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.JoinWith(output, new VideoInfo(SampleVideo));
+
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void MkvPropertiesTest()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleMkvVideo);
+
+            Assert.Equal("none", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mkv", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(29.97, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(1080, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(1920, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("sampleMkv.mkv", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("16:9", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void PropertiesTest()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+
+            Assert.Equal("aac", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mp4", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(25, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(720, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(1280, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("input.mp4", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("16:9", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Snapshot()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot();
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void SnapshotWithOutput()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            var output = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid() + Extensions.Png); 
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot(output);
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(output));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::.ctor() at Line 79) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo in method "Void VideoInfoTests.ExtractAudio()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void VideoInfoTests.ExtractAudio()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg.Test/VideoInfoTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfoTests.cs|ExtractAudio|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f0c09d8abeea86e9df12bb17df6ce3c9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0147/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0147/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..008c5b78bc4e76cb0c358bbe3858ee0bb6eee7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0147/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Drawing.Imaging;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo" />
+    public class VideoInfo: IDisposable, IVideoInfo
+    {
+        private FFMpeg _ffmpeg;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo): this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">FilePath to file</param>
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public VideoInfo(string filePath)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(filePath))
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {filePath} doesn't exists.");
+            FilePath = filePath;
+            new FFProbe().ProbeDetails(this);
+        }
+
+        private FFMpeg FFmpeg
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(_ffmpeg != null &&
+                   _ffmpeg.IsRunning)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Operation on this file is in progress.");
+
+                return _ffmpeg ?? (_ffmpeg = new FFMpeg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.Dispose" />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            FFmpeg.Stop();
+            _ffmpeg?.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string FilePath { get; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public ConversionHandler OnConversionProgress { get; set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FilePath);
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public TimeSpan Duration { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string AudioFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string VideoFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Ratio { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double FrameRate { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Height { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Width { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double Size { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool IsRunning => FFmpeg.IsRunning;
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.ToString" />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Video FilePath : " + FilePath + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Root : " + Path.GetDirectoryName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Name: " + Path.GetFileName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Extension : " + Extension + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video duration : " + Duration + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Audio format : " + AudioFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video format : " + VideoFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Aspect Ratio : " + Ratio + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Framerate : " + FrameRate + "fps" + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Resolution : " + Width + "x" + Height + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Size : " + Size + " MB";
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToTs(string outputPath)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Video, Filter.H264_Mp4ToAnnexB)
+                .SetCodec(VideoCodec.MpegTs)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToWebM(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibVpx, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToOgv(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibTheora, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToMp4(string outputPath, Speed speed = Speed.SuperFast,
+            string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .UseMultiThread(multithread)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibX264, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(speed)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ExtractVideo(string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(FilePath)
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                                     .DisableChannel(Channel.Audio)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ExtractAudio(string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(FilePath)
+                                                     .DisableChannel(Channel.Video)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool AddAudio(FileInfo audio, string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(new FileInfo(FilePath), audio)
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Video)
+                                                     .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, AudioQuality.Hd)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            string output = $"{Environment.TickCount}.png";
+
+            bool success = Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(output))
+            {
+                using(var ms = new MemoryStream())
+                {
+                    bmp.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
+
+                    result = new Bitmap(ms);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(File.Exists(output))
+                File.Delete(output);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(string output, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            bool success = Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(Path.ChangeExtension(output, ".png")))
+            {
+                result = (Bitmap) bmp.Clone();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool Snapshot(VideoInfo source, string outputPath, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            if(captureTime == null)
+                captureTime = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(source.Duration.TotalSeconds / 3);
+
+            size = GetSize(source, size);
+
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(source.FilePath)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.Png)
+                .SetOutputFramesCount(1)
+                .SetSeek(captureTime)
+                .SetSize(size)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool PosterWithAudio(FileInfo image, FileInfo audio, string outputPath)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(image, audio)
+                .SetLoop(1)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibX264, 2400)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, AudioQuality.Normal)
+                .UseShortest(true)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool SaveM3U8Stream(Uri uri, string outputPath)
+        {
+            if(uri.Scheme != "http" ||
+               uri.Scheme != "https")
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid uri {uri.AbsolutePath}");
+
+            return new Conversion().SetInput(uri)
+                                   .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                                   .Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool JoinWith(string output, params VideoInfo[] videos)
+        {
+            List<VideoInfo> queuedVideos = videos.ToList();
+
+            queuedVideos.Insert(0, this);
+
+            var pathList = new List<string>();
+
+            foreach(VideoInfo video in videos)
+            {
+                string tempFileName = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), Extensions.Ts);
+                pathList.Add(tempFileName);
+                video.ToTs(tempFileName);
+            }
+
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().
+                Concat(pathList.ToArray())
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                                     .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Audio, Filter.Aac_AdtstoAsc)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        private static Size? GetSize(VideoInfo source, Size? size)
+        {
+            if(size == null ||
+               size.Value.Height == 0 && size.Value.Width == 0)
+                size = new Size(source.Width, source.Height);
+
+            if(size.Value.Width != size.Value.Height)
+            {
+                if(size.Value.Width == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Width / (double) size.Value.Width;
+
+                    size = new Size((int) (source.Width * ratio), (int) (source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+
+                if(size.Value.Height == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Height / (double) size.Value.Height;
+
+                    size = new Size((int) (source.Width * ratio), (int) (source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return size;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 52) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg in method "Void VideoInfo.Dispose()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void VideoInfo.Dispose()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|Dispose|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+df7bfc3d6e4757e7ce793ff7d79a843f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0149/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0149/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee7950308517b824bf518efb0322add3f7121415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0149/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.IO;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg.Test
+{
+    public class VideoInfoTests
+
+    {
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideoWithAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "input.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "audio.mp3"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "mute.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleMkvVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "SampleVideo_360x240_1mb.mkv"));
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddAudio()
+        {
+            IVideoInfo videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideo);
+            string output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.AddAudio(SampleAudio, output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+            Assert.Equal(videoInfo.Duration, new VideoInfo(output).Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractAudio()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            string output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".mp3");
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractAudio(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractVideo()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            string output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), fileInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractVideo(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void JoinWith()
+        {
+            IVideoInfo videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            string output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.JoinWith(output, new VideoInfo(SampleVideo));
+
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void MkvPropertiesTest()
+        {
+            IVideoInfo videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleMkvVideo);
+
+            Assert.Equal("aac", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(9), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mkv", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(25, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(240, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(320, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("SampleVideo_360x240_1mb.mkv", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("4:3", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void PropertiesTest()
+        {
+            IVideoInfo videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+
+            Assert.Equal("aac", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mp4", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(25, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(720, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(1280, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("input.mp4", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("16:9", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Snapshot()
+        {
+            IVideoInfo videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot();
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void SnapshotWithOutput()
+        {
+            IVideoInfo videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            string output = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid() + Extensions.Png);
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot(output);
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(output));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::.ctor() at Line 34) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo in method "Void VideoInfoTests.ExtractAudio()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void VideoInfoTests.ExtractAudio()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg.Test/VideoInfoTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfoTests.cs|ExtractAudio|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c61c0fb56f078e2090a610a0f32cd4b4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0153/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0153/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffe6281ba7950a19c2a3144b1159f757d2a0b833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0153/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.IO;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg.Test
+{
+    public class VideoInfoTests
+
+    {
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideoWithAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "input.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "audio.mp3"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "mute.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleMkvVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "sampleMkv.mkv"));
+
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToTs()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".ts");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToTs(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToWebM()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".webm");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToWebM(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToOGV()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".ogv");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToOgv(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToMp4()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleMkvVideo;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".mp4");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToMp4(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddAudio()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideo);
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.AddAudio(SampleAudio, output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+            Assert.Equal(videoInfo.Duration, new VideoInfo(output).Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractAudio()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".mp3");
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractAudio(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractVideo()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), fileInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractVideo(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void JoinWith()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.JoinWith(output, new VideoInfo(SampleVideo));
+
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void MkvPropertiesTest()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleMkvVideo);
+
+            Assert.Equal("none", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mkv", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(29.97, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(1080, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(1920, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("sampleMkv.mkv", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("16:9", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void PropertiesTest()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+
+            Assert.Equal("aac", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mp4", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(25, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(720, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(1280, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("input.mp4", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("16:9", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Snapshot()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot();
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void SnapshotWithOutput()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            var output = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid() + Extensions.Png); 
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot(output);
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(output));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource videoInfo of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo, Leaked resource (output of Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::.ctor() at Line 70) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo in method "Void VideoInfoTests.AddAudio()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void VideoInfoTests.AddAudio()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg.Test/VideoInfoTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfoTests.cs|AddAudio|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+aa3bd837ad8424005cb3c2a1925b5e46
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0154/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0154/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c8734787145b6ed06139bece035d3ad7f00a0e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0154/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Drawing.Imaging;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo" />
+    public class VideoInfo: IDisposable, IVideoInfo
+    {
+        private FFMpeg _ffmpeg;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo): this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">FilePath to file</param>
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public VideoInfo(string filePath)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(filePath))
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {filePath} doesn't exists.");
+            FilePath = filePath;
+            new FFProbe().ProbeDetails(this);
+        }
+
+        private FFMpeg FFmpeg
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(_ffmpeg != null &&
+                   _ffmpeg.IsRunning)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Operation on this file is in progress.");
+
+                return _ffmpeg ?? (_ffmpeg = new FFMpeg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.Dispose" />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            FFmpeg.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string FilePath { get; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public ConversionHandler OnConversionProgress { get; set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FilePath);
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public TimeSpan Duration { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string AudioFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string VideoFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Ratio { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double FrameRate { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Height { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Width { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double Size { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool IsRunning => FFmpeg.IsRunning;
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.ToString" />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Video FilePath : " + FilePath + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Root : " + Path.GetDirectoryName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Name: " + Path.GetFileName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Extension : " + Extension + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video duration : " + Duration + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Audio format : " + AudioFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video format : " + VideoFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Aspect Ratio : " + Ratio + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Framerate : " + FrameRate + "fps" + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Resolution : " + Width + "x" + Height + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Size : " + Size + " MB";
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToTs(string outputPath)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Video, Filter.H264_Mp4ToAnnexB)
+                .SetCodec(VideoCodec.MpegTs)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToWebM(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibVpx, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToOgv(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibTheora, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToMp4(string outputPath, Speed speed = Speed.SuperFast,
+            string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .UseMultiThread(multithread)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibX264, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(speed)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ExtractVideo(string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(FilePath)
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                                     .DisableChannel(Channel.Audio)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ExtractAudio(string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(FilePath)
+                                                     .DisableChannel(Channel.Video)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool AddAudio(FileInfo audio, string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(new FileInfo(FilePath), audio)
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Video)
+                                                     .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, AudioQuality.Hd)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            string output = $"{Environment.TickCount}.png";
+
+            bool success = Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(output))
+            {
+                using(var ms = new MemoryStream())
+                {
+                    bmp.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
+
+                    result = new Bitmap(ms);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(File.Exists(output))
+                File.Delete(output);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(string output, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            bool success = Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(Path.ChangeExtension(output, ".png")))
+            {
+                result = (Bitmap) bmp.Clone();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool Snapshot(VideoInfo source, string outputPath, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            if(captureTime == null)
+                captureTime = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(source.Duration.TotalSeconds / 3);
+
+            size = GetSize(source, size);
+
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(source.FilePath)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.Png)
+                .SetOutputFramesCount(1)
+                .SetSeek(captureTime)
+                .SetSize(size)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool SaveM3U8Stream(Uri uri, string outputPath)
+        {
+            if(uri.Scheme != "http" ||
+               uri.Scheme != "https")
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid uri {uri.AbsolutePath}");
+
+            return new Conversion().SetInput(uri)
+                                   .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                                   .Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool JoinWith(string output, params IVideoInfo[] videos)
+        {
+            List<IVideoInfo> queuedVideos = videos.ToList();
+
+            queuedVideos.Insert(0, this);
+
+            var pathList = new List<string>();
+
+            foreach(VideoInfo video in videos)
+            {
+                string tempFileName = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), Extensions.Ts);
+                pathList.Add(tempFileName);
+                video.ToTs(tempFileName);
+            }
+
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().
+                Concat(pathList.ToArray())
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                                     .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Audio, Filter.Aac_AdtstoAsc)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        private static Size? GetSize(VideoInfo source, Size? size)
+        {
+            if(size == null ||
+               size.Value.Height == 0 && size.Value.Width == 0)
+                size = new Size(source.Width, source.Height);
+
+            if(size.Value.Width != size.Value.Height)
+            {
+                if(size.Value.Width == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Width / (double) size.Value.Width;
+
+                    size = new Size((int) (source.Width * ratio), (int) (source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+
+                if(size.Value.Height == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Height / (double) size.Value.Height;
+
+                    size = new Size((int) (source.Width * ratio), (int) (source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return size;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.IConversion Xabe.FFMpeg.Conversion::SetInput(System.String) at Line 169).Xabe.FFMpeg.Conversion._inputFiles.[_] of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo in method "Boolean VideoInfo.ToMp4(String,Speed,String,AudioQuality,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean VideoInfo.ToMp4(String,Speed,String,AudioQuality,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|ToMp4|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+51136b05790815520a6433e3d559ed3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0162/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0162/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b76269058be740eb8cf0df2cc90644066eb06cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0162/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    public class Conversion: IConversion
+    {
+        private string _audio;
+        private string _codec;
+        private string _copy;
+        private string _disabled;
+        private string _filter;
+        private string _frameCount;
+        private string _input;
+        private string _loop;
+        private string _output;
+        private string _scale;
+        private string _seek;
+        private string _shortestInput;
+        private string _size;
+        private string _speed;
+        private string _threads;
+        private string _video;
+        private string _reverse;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Build()
+        {
+            var builder = new StringBuilder();
+            builder.Append(_input);
+            builder.Append(_scale);
+            builder.Append(_video);
+            builder.Append(_speed);
+            builder.Append(_audio);
+            builder.Append(_threads);
+            builder.Append(_disabled);
+            builder.Append(_size);
+            builder.Append(_codec);
+            builder.Append(_filter);
+            builder.Append(_copy);
+            builder.Append(_seek);
+            builder.Append(_frameCount);
+            builder.Append(_loop);
+            builder.Append(_reverse);
+            builder.Append(_shortestInput);
+            builder.Append(_output);
+
+            return builder.ToString();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool Start()
+        {
+            return new FFMpeg().StartConversion(Build());
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetSpeed(Speed speed)
+        {
+            _speed = $"-preset {speed.ToString() .ToLower()} ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetSpeed(int cpu)
+        {
+            _speed = $"-quality good -cpu-used {cpu} -deadline realtime ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetAudio(AudioCodec codec, AudioQuality bitrate)
+        {
+            return SetAudio(codec.ToString(), bitrate);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetAudio(string codec, AudioQuality bitrate)
+        {
+            _audio = $"-codec:a {codec.ToLower()} -b:a {(int) bitrate}k -strict experimental ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetVideo(VideoCodec codec, int bitrate = 0)
+        {
+            return SetVideo(codec.ToString(), bitrate);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetVideo(string codec, int bitrate = 0)
+        {
+            _video = $"-codec:v {codec.ToLower()} ";
+
+            if(bitrate > 0)
+                _video += $"-b:v {bitrate}k ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion UseMultiThread(bool multiThread)
+        {
+            string threadCount = multiThread
+                ? Environment.ProcessorCount.ToString()
+                : "1";
+
+            _threads = $"-threads {threadCount} ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetInput(Uri uri)
+        {
+            _input = $"-i \"{uri.AbsoluteUri}\" ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion DisableChannel(Channel type)
+        {
+            switch(type)
+            {
+                case Channel.Video:
+                    _disabled = "-vn ";
+                    break;
+                case Channel.Audio:
+                    _disabled = "-an ";
+                    break;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetInput(VideoInfo input)
+        {
+            _input = $"-i \"{input.FilePath}\" ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetInput(params FileInfo[] inputs)
+        {
+            _input = "";
+            foreach(FileInfo file in inputs)
+                _input += $"-i \"{file.FullName}\" ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetOutput(string outputPath)
+        {
+            _output = $"\"{outputPath}\"";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetScale(VideoSize size)
+        {
+            if(VideoSize.Original == size)
+                return this;
+            _scale = $"-vf scale={(int) size} ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetSize(Size? size)
+        {
+            if(size.HasValue)
+                _size = $"-s {size.Value.Width}x{size.Value.Height} ";
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetCodec(VideoCodec codec)
+        {
+            return SetCodec(codec.ToString());
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetCodec(string codec)
+        {
+            _codec = $"-f {codec.ToLower()} ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetFilter(Channel type, Filter filter)
+        {
+            return SetFilter(type, filter.ToString());
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetFilter(Channel type, string filter)
+        {
+            switch(type)
+            {
+                case Channel.Audio:
+                    _filter = $"-bsf:a {filter.ToLower()} ";
+                    break;
+                case Channel.Video:
+                    _filter = $"-bsf:v {filter.ToLower()} ";
+                    break;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetChannels(Channel type)
+        {
+            switch(type)
+            {
+                case Channel.Audio:
+                    _copy = "-c:a copy ";
+                    break;
+                case Channel.Video:
+                    _copy = "-c:v copy ";
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    _copy = "-c copy ";
+                    break;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion Reverse(Channel type)
+        {
+            switch (type)
+            {
+                case Channel.Audio:
+                    _reverse = "-af areverse ";
+                    break;
+                case Channel.Video:
+                    _reverse = "-vf reverse ";
+                    break;
+                case Channel.Both:
+                    _reverse = "-vf reverse -af areverse ";
+                    break;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetSeek(TimeSpan? seek)
+        {
+            if(seek.HasValue)
+                _seek = $"-ss {seek} ";
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetOutputFramesCount(int number)
+        {
+            _frameCount = $"-vframes {number} ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion SetLoop(int count)
+        {
+            _loop = $"-loop {count} ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion UseShortest(bool useShortest)
+        {
+            if(!useShortest)
+                return this;
+            _shortestInput = "-shortest ";
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public IConversion Concat(IEnumerable<string> paths)
+        {
+            _input = $"-i \"concat:{string.Join(@"|", paths)}\" ";
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg::.ctor() at Line 59) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg in method "Boolean Conversion.Start()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean Conversion.Start()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/Conversion.cs
+
+### Key:
+Conversion.cs|Start|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0a488a81097303b7d941a6312d51bb70
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0165/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0165/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23454215d8d50962e4118ffdbed4aab2146e196c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0165/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Drawing.Imaging;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo" />
+    public class VideoInfo: IDisposable, IVideoInfo
+    {
+        private FFMpeg _ffmpeg;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo): this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">FilePath to file</param>
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public VideoInfo(string filePath)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(filePath))
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {filePath} doesn't exists.");
+            FilePath = filePath;
+            new FFProbe().ProbeDetails(this);
+        }
+
+        private FFMpeg FFmpeg
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(_ffmpeg != null &&
+                   _ffmpeg.IsRunning)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Operation on this file is in progress.");
+
+                return _ffmpeg ?? (_ffmpeg = new FFMpeg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.Dispose" />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            FFmpeg.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string FilePath { get; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public ConversionHandler OnConversionProgress { get; set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FilePath);
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public TimeSpan Duration { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string AudioFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string VideoFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Ratio { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double FrameRate { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Height { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Width { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double Size { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool IsRunning => FFmpeg.IsRunning;
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.ToString" />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Video FilePath : " + FilePath + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Root : " + Path.GetDirectoryName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Name: " + Path.GetFileName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Extension : " + Extension + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video duration : " + Duration + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Audio format : " + AudioFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video format : " + VideoFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Aspect Ratio : " + Ratio + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Framerate : " + FrameRate + "fps" + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Resolution : " + Width + "x" + Height + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Size : " + Size + " MB";
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToTs(string outputPath)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Video, Filter.H264_Mp4ToAnnexB)
+                .SetCodec(VideoCodec.MpegTs)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToWebM(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibVpx, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToOgv(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibTheora, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ToMp4(string outputPath, Speed speed = Speed.SuperFast,
+            string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .UseMultiThread(multithread)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibX264, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(speed)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ExtractVideo(string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(FilePath)
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                                     .DisableChannel(Channel.Audio)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool ExtractAudio(string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(FilePath)
+                                                     .DisableChannel(Channel.Video)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool AddAudio(FileInfo audio, string output)
+        {
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().SetInput(new FileInfo(FilePath), audio)
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Video)
+                                                     .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, AudioQuality.Hd)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            string output = $"{Environment.TickCount}.png";
+
+            bool success = Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(output))
+            {
+                using(var ms = new MemoryStream())
+                {
+                    bmp.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
+
+                    result = new Bitmap(ms);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(File.Exists(output))
+                File.Delete(output);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(string output, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            bool success = Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(Path.ChangeExtension(output, ".png")))
+            {
+                result = (Bitmap) bmp.Clone();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool Snapshot(VideoInfo source, string outputPath, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            if(captureTime == null)
+                captureTime = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(source.Duration.TotalSeconds / 3);
+
+            size = GetSize(source, size);
+
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(source.FilePath)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.Png)
+                .SetOutputFramesCount(1)
+                .SetSeek(captureTime)
+                .SetSize(size)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool SaveM3U8Stream(Uri uri, string outputPath)
+        {
+            if(uri.Scheme != "http" ||
+               uri.Scheme != "https")
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid uri {uri.AbsolutePath}");
+
+            return new Conversion().SetInput(uri)
+                                   .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                                   .Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool JoinWith(string output, params IVideoInfo[] videos)
+        {
+            List<IVideoInfo> queuedVideos = videos.ToList();
+
+            queuedVideos.Insert(0, this);
+
+            var pathList = new List<string>();
+
+            foreach(VideoInfo video in videos)
+            {
+                string tempFileName = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), Extensions.Ts);
+                pathList.Add(tempFileName);
+                video.ToTs(tempFileName);
+            }
+
+            IConversion conversion = new Conversion().
+                Concat(pathList.ToArray())
+                                                     .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                                     .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Audio, Filter.Aac_AdtstoAsc)
+                                                     .SetOutput(output);
+
+            conversion.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            return conversion.Start();
+        }
+
+        private static Size? GetSize(VideoInfo source, Size? size)
+        {
+            if(size == null ||
+               size.Value.Height == 0 && size.Value.Width == 0)
+                size = new Size(source.Width, source.Height);
+
+            if(size.Value.Width != size.Value.Height)
+            {
+                if(size.Value.Width == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Width / (double) size.Value.Width;
+
+                    size = new Size((int) (source.Width * ratio), (int) (source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+
+                if(size.Value.Height == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Height / (double) size.Value.Height;
+
+                    size = new Size((int) (source.Width * ratio), (int) (source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return size;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.IConversion Xabe.FFMpeg.Conversion::SetInput(System.String) at Line 151).Xabe.FFMpeg.Conversion._inputFiles.[_] of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo in method "Boolean VideoInfo.ToOgv(String,String,AudioQuality,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean VideoInfo.ToOgv(String,String,AudioQuality,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|ToOgv|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+03cc1b8fd81511cdc78051b28f07c016
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0176/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0176/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b1ca570ff1650139fc9effe80d15cbaf8ac9ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0176/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** attributed
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright 2015 Destructurama Contributors, Serilog Contributors
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// 
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Destructurama.Util;
+using Serilog.Core;
+using Serilog.Debugging;
+using Serilog.Events;
+
+namespace Destructurama.Attributed
+{
+    class AttributedDestructuringPolicy : IDestructuringPolicy
+    {
+        readonly object _cacheLock = new object();
+        readonly HashSet<Type> _ignored = new HashSet<Type>();
+        readonly Dictionary<Type, Func<object, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory, LogEventPropertyValue>> _cache = new Dictionary<Type, Func<object, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory, LogEventPropertyValue>>(); 
+
+        public bool TryDestructure(object value, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory propertyValueFactory, out LogEventPropertyValue result)
+        {
+            var t = value.GetType();
+            lock (_cacheLock)
+            {
+                if (_ignored.Contains(t))
+                {
+                    result = null;
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                Func<object, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory, LogEventPropertyValue> cached;
+                if (_cache.TryGetValue(t, out cached))
+                {
+                    result = cached(value, propertyValueFactory);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var ti = t.GetTypeInfo();
+
+            var logAsScalar = ti.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>();
+            if (logAsScalar != null)
+            {
+                lock (_cacheLock)
+                    _cache[t] = (o, f) => MakeScalar(o, logAsScalar.IsMutable);
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var properties = t.GetPropertiesRecursive()
+                    .ToList();
+                if (properties.Any(pi =>
+                    pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>() != null 
+                    || pi.GetCustomAttribute<NotLoggedAttribute>() != null
+                    || pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogMaskedAttribute>() != null))
+                {
+                    var loggedProperties = properties
+                        .Where(pi => pi.GetCustomAttribute<NotLoggedAttribute>() == null)
+                        .ToList();
+
+                    var scalars = loggedProperties
+                        .Where(pi => pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>() != null)
+                        .ToDictionary(pi => pi, pi => pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>().IsMutable);
+
+                    lock (_cacheLock)
+                        _cache[t] = (o, f) => MakeStructure(o, loggedProperties, scalars, f, t);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    lock(_cacheLock)
+                        _ignored.Add(t);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return TryDestructure(value, propertyValueFactory, out result);
+        }
+
+        static LogEventPropertyValue MakeStructure(object value, IEnumerable<PropertyInfo> loggedProperties, Dictionary<PropertyInfo, bool> scalars, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory propertyValueFactory, Type type)
+        {
+            var structureProperties = new List<LogEventProperty>();
+            foreach (var pi in loggedProperties)
+            {
+                object propValue;
+                try
+                {
+                    propValue = pi.GetValue(value);
+                }
+                catch (TargetInvocationException ex)
+                {
+                    SelfLog.WriteLine("The property accessor {0} threw exception {1}", pi, ex);
+                    propValue = "The property accessor threw an exception: " + ex.InnerException.GetType().Name;
+                }
+
+                var maskedAttribute = pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogMaskedAttribute>();
+                if (maskedAttribute != null)
+                {
+                    // Only for string values
+                    if (propValue is string)
+                    {
+                        FormatMaskedValue(ref propValue, maskedAttribute);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                LogEventPropertyValue pv;
+                bool stringify;
+
+                if (propValue == null)
+                {
+                    pv = new ScalarValue(null);
+                }
+                else if (scalars.TryGetValue(pi, out stringify))
+                {
+                    pv = MakeScalar(propValue, stringify);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    pv = propertyValueFactory.CreatePropertyValue(propValue, true);
+                }
+
+                structureProperties.Add(new LogEventProperty(pi.Name, pv));
+            }
+            return new StructureValue(structureProperties, type.Name);
+        }
+
+        static ScalarValue MakeScalar(object value, bool stringify)
+        {
+            return new ScalarValue(stringify ? value.ToString() : value);
+        }
+
+        private static void FormatMaskedValue(ref object propValue, LogMaskedAttribute attribute)
+        {
+            var val = propValue as string;
+
+            if (attribute.ShowFirst == 0 && attribute.ShowLast == 0)
+            {
+                propValue = new String(attribute.Mask, val.Length);
+            }
+            else if (attribute.ShowFirst > 0 && attribute.ShowLast == 0)
+            {
+                var first = val.Substring(0, attribute.ShowFirst);
+                var mask = new String(attribute.Mask, val.Length - attribute.ShowFirst);
+
+                propValue = first + mask;
+            }
+            else if (attribute.ShowFirst == 0 && attribute.ShowLast > 0)
+            {
+                var last = val.Substring(val.Length - attribute.ShowLast);
+                var mask = new String(attribute.Mask, val.Length - attribute.ShowLast);
+
+                propValue = mask + last;
+            }
+            else if (attribute.ShowFirst > 0 && attribute.ShowLast > 0)
+            {
+                var first = val.Substring(0, attribute.ShowFirst);
+                var last = val.Substring(val.Length - attribute.ShowLast);
+                var mask = new String(attribute.Mask, val.Length - attribute.ShowFirst - attribute.ShowLast);
+
+                propValue = first + mask + last;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `val` last assigned on line 144 could be null and is dereferenced at line 152, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AttributedDestructuringPolicy.FormatMaskedValue(Object&,LogMaskedAttribute)
+
+### File:
+src/Destructurama.Attributed/Attributed/AttributedDestructuringPolicy.cs
+
+### Key:
+AttributedDestructuringPolicy.cs|FormatMaskedValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0dbf5684efe265620927619a483448bc
+
+### Hash:
+7f5a95012966493700ea2fe42f0a96f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0178/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0178/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cecf673360cabd6be44dbfbbfe66c90928134524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0178/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** attributed
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright 2015 Destructurama Contributors, Serilog Contributors
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// 
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Destructurama.Util;
+using Serilog.Core;
+using Serilog.Debugging;
+using Serilog.Events;
+
+namespace Destructurama.Attributed
+{
+    class AttributedDestructuringPolicy : IDestructuringPolicy
+    {
+        readonly object _cacheLock = new object();
+        readonly HashSet<Type> _ignored = new HashSet<Type>();
+        readonly Dictionary<Type, Func<object, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory, LogEventPropertyValue>> _cache = new Dictionary<Type, Func<object, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory, LogEventPropertyValue>>();
+
+        public bool TryDestructure(object value, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory propertyValueFactory, out LogEventPropertyValue result)
+        {
+            var t = value.GetType();
+            lock (_cacheLock)
+            {
+                if (_ignored.Contains(t))
+                {
+                    result = null;
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                Func<object, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory, LogEventPropertyValue> cached;
+                if (_cache.TryGetValue(t, out cached))
+                {
+                    result = cached(value, propertyValueFactory);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var ti = t.GetTypeInfo();
+
+            var logAsScalar = ti.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>();
+            if (logAsScalar != null)
+            {
+                lock (_cacheLock)
+                    _cache[t] = (o, f) => MakeScalar(o, logAsScalar.IsMutable);
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var properties = t.GetPropertiesRecursive()
+                    .ToList();
+                if (properties.Any(pi =>
+                    pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>() != null
+                    || pi.GetCustomAttribute<NotLoggedAttribute>() != null
+                    || pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogMaskedAttribute>() != null))
+                {
+                    var loggedProperties = properties
+                        .Where(pi => pi.GetCustomAttribute<NotLoggedAttribute>() == null)
+                        .ToList();
+
+                    var scalars = loggedProperties
+                        .Where(pi => pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>() != null)
+                        .ToDictionary(pi => pi, pi => pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogAsScalarAttribute>().IsMutable);
+
+                    lock (_cacheLock)
+                        _cache[t] = (o, f) => MakeStructure(o, loggedProperties, scalars, f, t);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    lock (_cacheLock)
+                        _ignored.Add(t);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return TryDestructure(value, propertyValueFactory, out result);
+        }
+
+        static LogEventPropertyValue MakeStructure(object value, IEnumerable<PropertyInfo> loggedProperties, Dictionary<PropertyInfo, bool> scalars, ILogEventPropertyValueFactory propertyValueFactory, Type type)
+        {
+            var structureProperties = new List<LogEventProperty>();
+            foreach (var pi in loggedProperties)
+            {
+                object propValue;
+                try
+                {
+                    propValue = pi.GetValue(value);
+                }
+                catch (TargetInvocationException ex)
+                {
+                    SelfLog.WriteLine("The property accessor {0} threw exception {1}", pi, ex);
+                    propValue = "The property accessor threw an exception: " + ex.InnerException.GetType().Name;
+                }
+
+                var maskedAttribute = pi.GetCustomAttribute<LogMaskedAttribute>();
+                if (maskedAttribute != null)
+                {
+                    // Only for string values
+                    if (propValue is string)
+                    {
+                        FormatMaskedValue(ref propValue, maskedAttribute);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                LogEventPropertyValue pv;
+                bool stringify;
+
+                if (propValue == null)
+                {
+                    pv = new ScalarValue(null);
+                }
+                else if (scalars.TryGetValue(pi, out stringify))
+                {
+                    pv = MakeScalar(propValue, stringify);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    pv = propertyValueFactory.CreatePropertyValue(propValue, true);
+                }
+
+                structureProperties.Add(new LogEventProperty(pi.Name, pv));
+            }
+            return new StructureValue(structureProperties, type.Name);
+        }
+
+        static ScalarValue MakeScalar(object value, bool stringify)
+        {
+            return new ScalarValue(stringify ? value.ToString() : value);
+        }
+
+        private static void FormatMaskedValue(ref object propValue, LogMaskedAttribute attribute)
+        {
+            var val = propValue as string;
+
+            if (attribute.ShowFirst == 0 && attribute.ShowLast == 0)
+            {
+                if (attribute.PreserveLength)
+                {
+                    propValue = new String(attribute.Text[0], val.Length);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    propValue = attribute.Text;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (attribute.ShowFirst > 0 && attribute.ShowLast == 0)
+            {
+                var first = val.Substring(0, attribute.ShowFirst);
+
+                if (attribute.PreserveLength && attribute.IsDefaultMask())
+                {
+                    var mask = new String(attribute.Text[0], val.Length - attribute.ShowFirst);
+                    propValue = first + mask;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    propValue = first + attribute.Text;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (attribute.ShowFirst == 0 && attribute.ShowLast > 0)
+            {
+                var last = val.Substring(val.Length - attribute.ShowLast);
+                if (attribute.PreserveLength && attribute.IsDefaultMask())
+                {
+                    var mask = new String(attribute.Text[0], val.Length - attribute.ShowLast);
+                    propValue = mask + last;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    propValue = attribute.Text + last;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (attribute.ShowFirst > 0 && attribute.ShowLast > 0)
+            {
+                var first = val.Substring(0, attribute.ShowFirst);
+                var last = val.Substring(val.Length - attribute.ShowLast);
+
+                propValue = first + attribute.Text + last;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `val` last assigned on line 144 could be null and is dereferenced at line 173, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AttributedDestructuringPolicy.FormatMaskedValue(Object&,LogMaskedAttribute)
+
+### File:
+src/Destructurama.Attributed/Attributed/AttributedDestructuringPolicy.cs
+
+### Key:
+AttributedDestructuringPolicy.cs|FormatMaskedValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2c647a0196865da95c1c8eadf480f0ad
+
+### Hash:
+7f5a95012966493700ea2fe42f0a96f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0179/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0179/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6283d242f04134a53c71d60f180e4316f4de3cfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0179/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ExploitRemotingService
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+// General Information about an assembly is controlled through the following 
+// set of attributes. Change these attribute values to modify the information
+// associated with an assembly.
+[assembly: AssemblyTitle("FakeAsm")]
+[assembly: AssemblyDescription("")]
+[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCompany("")]
+[assembly: AssemblyProduct("FakeAsm")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("Copyright")]
+[assembly: AssemblyTrademark("")]
+[assembly: AssemblyCulture("")]
+
+// Setting ComVisible to false makes the types in this assembly not visible 
+// to COM components.  If you need to access a type in this assembly from 
+// COM, set the ComVisible attribute to true on that type.
+[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
+
+// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
+[assembly: Guid("297cbca1-efa3-4f2a-8d5f-e1faf02ba587")]
+
+// Version information for an assembly consists of the following four values:
+//
+//      Major Version
+//      Minor Version 
+//      Build Number
+//      Revision
+//
+// You can specify all the values or you can default the Build and Revision Numbers 
+// by using the '*' as shown below:
+// [assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.0.*")]
+[assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.0.0.0")]
+[assembly: AssemblyFileVersion("1.0.0.0")]
+
+namespace FakeAsm
+{
+    [Guid("62A9EA9C-434D-4145-B84A-A8FF3092D212")]
+    public class RemoteClass : MarshalByRefObject, IRemoteClass
+    {
+        public Process RunProcess(string process, string args)
+        {
+            return Process.Start(process, args);
+        }
+
+        public string RunCommand(string cmd)
+        {
+            Process p = new Process();
+            ProcessStartInfo si = new ProcessStartInfo("cmd.exe", "/c " + cmd);
+            Process proc = new Process();
+            ProcessStartInfo info = new ProcessStartInfo("cmd.exe",  "/c " + cmd);
+                
+            info.UseShellExecute = false;
+            info.CreateNoWindow = true;
+            info.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
+            proc.StartInfo = info;
+
+            proc.Start();
+
+            string strOutput = proc.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd();
+            proc.WaitForExit();
+
+            return strOutput;
+        }
+
+        public int ExecuteAssembly(byte[] asm, string[] args)
+        {
+            Assembly a = Assembly.Load(asm);
+
+            MethodInfo mi = a.EntryPoint;
+
+            if (mi == null)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParameterInfo[] pis = mi.GetParameters();
+                object[] newargs;
+
+                if (pis.Length > 0)
+                {
+                    newargs = new object[] { args };
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newargs = new object[0];
+                }
+
+                object ret = mi.Invoke(null, newargs);
+
+                if ((mi.ReturnType == typeof(int)) && (ret is int))
+                {
+                    return (int)ret;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public DirectoryInfo GetDirectory(string path)
+        {
+            return new DirectoryInfo(path);
+        }
+
+        public void WriteFile(string path, byte[] contents)
+        {
+            File.WriteAllBytes(path, contents);
+        }
+
+        public byte[] ReadFile(string path)
+        {
+            return File.ReadAllBytes(path);
+        }
+
+        public string GetUsername()
+        {
+            return Environment.UserName;
+        }
+
+        public OperatingSystem GetOSVersion()
+        {
+            return Environment.OSVersion;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource p of type System.Diagnostics.Process, Leaked resource proc of type System.Diagnostics.Process in method "String RemoteClass.RunCommand(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String RemoteClass.RunCommand(String)
+
+### File:
+Installer/RemoteClass.cs
+
+### Key:
+RemoteClass.cs|RunCommand|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d2cc09b759ccb4fbece573887c4bcebf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0182/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0182/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93a9a1fc1de6019c5c27d9fb15410222422d14fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0182/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pinvoke-interop-assistant
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.CodeDom;
+using System.IO;
+using PInvoke;
+using PInvoke.Parser;
+using PInvoke.Transform;
+
+internal static class Program
+{
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Dll's which are somewhat more troublesome and should not be loaded by default
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <value></value>
+    /// <returns></returns>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    public static IEnumerable<string> FullDllList
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            List<string> list = new List<string>(ProcedureFinder.DefaultDllList);
+            list.Add("oleaut32.dll");
+            list.Add("ole32.dll");
+            list.Add("ole2.dll");
+            list.Add("ole2disp.dll");
+            list.Add("ole2nls.dll");
+            list.Add("msvcr80.dll");
+            list.Add("nt64.dll");
+            list.Add("msimg32.dll");
+            list.Add("winscard.dll");
+            list.Add("winspool.dll");
+            list.Add("comctl32.dll");
+            return list;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static NativeStorage CreateInitialNativeStorage()
+    {
+        NativeStorage ns = new NativeStorage();
+
+        // Add in the basic type defs
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("SIZE_T", new NativeBuiltinType(BuiltinType.NativeInt32, true)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("DWORD64", new NativeBuiltinType(BuiltinType.NativeInt64, true)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("HWND", new NativePointer(BuiltinType.NativeVoid)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("HMENU", new NativePointer(BuiltinType.NativeVoid)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("HACCEL", new NativePointer(BuiltinType.NativeVoid)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("HBRUSH", new NativePointer(BuiltinType.NativeVoid)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("HFONT", new NativePointer(BuiltinType.NativeVoid)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("HDC", new NativePointer(BuiltinType.NativeVoid)));
+        ns.AddTypedef(new NativeTypeDef("HICON", new NativePointer(BuiltinType.NativeVoid)));
+
+        return ns;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Verification of the generated code
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="ns"></param>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+
+    private static void VerifyGeneratedStorage(NativeStorage ns)
+    {
+        NativeProcedure proc = null;
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadProcedure("SendMessageA", out proc));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadProcedure("SendMessageW", out proc));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadProcedure("GetForegroundWindow", out proc));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadProcedure("CreateWellKnownSid", out proc));
+
+        NativeTypeDef typedef = null;
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadTypedef("LPCSTR", out typedef));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadTypedef("LPWSTR", out typedef));
+
+        NativeType defined = null;
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadByName("WNDPROC", out defined));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadByName("HOOKPROC", out defined));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadByName("tagPOINT", out defined));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadByName("_SYSTEM_INFO", out defined));
+
+        NativeConstant c = null;
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadConstant("WM_PAINT", out c));
+        VerifyTrue(ns.TryLoadConstant("WM_LBUTTONDOWN", out c));
+
+    }
+
+    private static void VerifyTrue(bool value)
+    {
+        if (!value)
+        {
+            throw new Exception();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static NativeStorage Generate(TextWriter writer)
+    {
+        NativeCodeAnalyzer analyzer = NativeCodeAnalyzerFactory.Create(OsVersion.WindowsVista);
+        analyzer.IncludePathList.AddRange(NativeCodeAnalyzerFactory.GetCommonSdkPaths());
+
+        // Run the preprocessor
+        analyzer.Trace = true;
+        string winPath = Path.Combine(PInvoke.Parser.NativeCodeAnalyzerFactory.GetPlatformSdkIncludePath(), "windows.h");
+        TextReaderBag tr = analyzer.RunPreProcessor(winPath);
+        File.WriteAllText("d:\\temp\\windows.out.h", tr.TextReader.ReadToEnd());
+        analyzer.Trace = false;
+
+        NativeCodeAnalyzerResult result = analyzer.Analyze(winPath);
+        ErrorProvider ep = result.ErrorProvider;
+        if (ep.Errors.Count > 0)
+        {
+            Debug.Fail("Encountered an error during the parse");
+        }
+        NativeSymbolBag bag = NativeSymbolBag.CreateFrom(result, CreateInitialNativeStorage(), ep);
+
+        // Resolve with the full dll list
+        using (ProcedureFinder finder = new ProcedureFinder(FullDllList))
+        {
+            bag.TryResolveSymbolsAndValues(finder, ep);
+        }
+
+        foreach (string msg in ep.AllMessages)
+        {
+            writer.WriteLine("' " + msg);
+        }
+
+        // GenerateCode(writer, bag)
+
+        // Now write out the file
+        NativeStorage ns = bag.SaveToNativeStorage();
+        VerifyGeneratedStorage(ns);
+        ns.WriteXml("windows.xml");
+
+        // Copy the file to the various applications
+        File.Copy("windows.xml", "..\\..\\..\\ConsoleTool\\bin\\Debug\\windows.xml", true);
+        File.Copy("windows.xml", "..\\..\\Data\\windows.xml", true);
+
+        string fullInstallTarget = Path.Combine(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ProgramFiles"), Path.Combine(PInvoke.Constants.ProductName, "Data\\windows.xml"));
+        if (File.Exists(fullInstallTarget))
+        {
+            File.Copy("windows.xml", fullInstallTarget, true);
+        }
+
+        return ns;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void Main()
+    {
+        using (StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter("d:\\temp\\windows.vb"))
+        {
+            Generate(sw);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from PInvoke.NativeStorage Program::CreateInitialNativeStorage() at Line 117) of type PInvoke.NativeStorage in method "NativeStorage Program.Generate(TextWriter)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+NativeStorage Program.Generate(TextWriter)
+
+### File:
+StorageGenerator/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Generate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8f4fe61f6fc88a3d3652d576f98c5e23
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0185/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0185/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f2ee407becbd310cea5a5d75e2ef67b27091258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0185/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2766 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pinvoke-interop-assistant
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.CodeDom;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using CodeParam = System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression;
+using CodeParamCollection = System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpressionCollection;
+using CodeParamPair = System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair<System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression, System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression>;
+using static PInvoke.Contract;
+using static PInvoke.Transform.CodeDomUtil;
+using static PInvoke.Transform.MarshalAttributeFactory;
+
+namespace PInvoke.Transform
+{
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// What kind of transformations does this plugin support
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    [Flags()]
+    public enum TransformKindFlags
+    {
+        Signature = 0x1,
+        StructMembers = 0x2,
+        UnionMembers = 0x4,
+        EnumMembers = 0x8,
+        WrapperMethods = 0x10,
+
+        All = TransformKindFlags.Signature | TransformKindFlags.StructMembers | TransformKindFlags.UnionMembers | TransformKindFlags.EnumMembers | TransformKindFlags.WrapperMethods
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Base class for transformation classes that run on the CodeDom 
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    public abstract class TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        private const string s_processedParamKey = "158d1b71-b224-4637-bd73-4f7f83b6777c";
+        private const string s_processedReturnKey = "fd83becd-ba9f-4c08-9e79-c3285b74c8cb";
+
+        private const string s_processedMemberKey = "a12fe995-7b38-4b84-82d5-38e315499806";
+
+        private LanguageType _lang;
+        public LanguageType LanguageType
+        {
+            get { return _lang; }
+            set { _lang = value; }
+        }
+
+        public abstract TransformKindFlags TransformKind { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Process the parameters of the method or delegate
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        public void ProcessParameters(CodeMemberMethod method)
+        {
+            ThrowIfFalse(0 != (TransformKind & TransformKindFlags.Signature));
+
+            ProcessParametersImpl(method.Parameters, false);
+        }
+
+        public void ProcessParameters(CodeTypeDelegate del)
+        {
+            ThrowIfFalse(0 != (TransformKind & TransformKindFlags.Signature));
+
+            ProcessParametersImpl(del.Parameters, true);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Process the return type of a method
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        public void ProcessReturnType(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            ThrowIfFalse(0 != (TransformKind & TransformKindFlags.Signature));
+
+            if (IsReturnProcessed(codeMethod))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ProcessReturnTypeImpl(codeMethod, GetNativeReturnType(codeMethod), GetNativeReturnTypeSal(codeMethod));
+        }
+
+        public void ProcessStructMembers(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd)
+        {
+            ThrowIfFalse(0 != (TransformKind & TransformKindFlags.StructMembers));
+            ProcessStructMembersImpl(ctd);
+        }
+
+        public void ProcessUnionMembers(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd)
+        {
+            ThrowIfFalse(0 != (TransformKind & TransformKindFlags.UnionMembers));
+            ProcessUnionMembersImpl(ctd);
+        }
+
+        public List<CodeMemberMethod> ProcessWrapperMethods(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            ThrowIfFalse(0 != (TransformKind & TransformKindFlags.WrapperMethods));
+            return ProcessWrapperMethodsImpl(codeMethod);
+        }
+
+        #region "Overridable"
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Process the return type of a method
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="codeMethod"></param>
+        /// <param name="ntType"></param>
+        /// <param name="ntSal"></param>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+
+        protected virtual void ProcessReturnTypeImpl(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, NativeType ntType, NativeSalAttribute ntSal)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Override to process the parameters as a whole
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="col"></param>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        protected virtual void ProcessParametersImpl(CodeParameterDeclarationExpressionCollection col, bool isDelegate)
+        {
+            foreach (CodeParameterDeclarationExpression cur in col)
+            {
+                if (IsParamProcessed(cur))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ProcessSingleParameter(cur, GetNativeParameter(cur), isDelegate);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Process an individual parameter
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="codeParam"></param>
+        /// <param name="ntParam"></param>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+
+        protected virtual void ProcessSingleParameter(CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void ProcessStructMembersImpl(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd)
+        {
+            foreach (CodeTypeMember mem in ctd.Members)
+            {
+                if (IsMemberProcessed(mem))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                CodeMemberField field = mem as CodeMemberField;
+                if (field != null)
+                {
+                    NativeMember ntMem = GetNativeMember(field);
+                    if (ntMem != null)
+                    {
+                        ProcessSingleStructField(ctd, field, ntMem);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        protected virtual void ProcessSingleStructField(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, CodeMemberField field, NativeMember ntMem)
+        {
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void ProcessUnionMembersImpl(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd)
+        {
+            foreach (CodeTypeMember mem in ctd.Members)
+            {
+                if (IsMemberProcessed(mem))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                CodeMemberField field = mem as CodeMemberField;
+                if (field != null)
+                {
+                    NativeMember ntMem = GetNativeMember(field);
+                    if (ntMem != null)
+                    {
+                        ProcessSingleUnionField(ctd, field, ntMem);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        protected virtual void ProcessSingleUnionField(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, CodeMemberField field, NativeMember ntMem)
+        {
+        }
+
+        protected virtual List<CodeMemberMethod> ProcessWrapperMethodsImpl(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            CodeMemberMethod ret = ProcessSingleWrapperMethod(codeMethod);
+            List<CodeMemberMethod> list = new List<CodeMemberMethod>();
+            if (ret != null)
+            {
+                list.Add(ret);
+            }
+
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual CodeMemberMethod ProcessSingleWrapperMethod(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region "Helpers"
+
+        static internal NativeDefinedType GetDefinedType(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd)
+        {
+            object obj = ctd.UserData[TransformConstants.DefinedType];
+            return obj as NativeDefinedType;
+        }
+
+        static internal NativeParameter GetNativeParameter(CodeParameterDeclarationExpression param)
+        {
+            object obj = param.UserData[TransformConstants.Param];
+            return obj as NativeParameter;
+        }
+
+        static internal NativeType GetNativeReturnType(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            object obj = codeMethod.UserData[TransformConstants.ReturnType];
+            return obj as NativeType;
+        }
+
+        static internal NativeSalAttribute GetNativeReturnTypeSal(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            object obj = codeMethod.UserData[TransformConstants.ReturnTypeSal];
+            return obj as NativeSalAttribute;
+        }
+
+        static internal NativeType GetNativeReturnType(CodeTypeDelegate del)
+        {
+            object obj = del.UserData[TransformConstants.ReturnType];
+            return obj as NativeType;
+        }
+
+        static internal NativeMember GetNativeMember(CodeMemberField mem)
+        {
+            if (mem.UserData.Contains(TransformConstants.Member))
+            {
+                return mem.UserData[TransformConstants.Member] as NativeMember;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsCharsetSpecified(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, ref CharSet charset)
+        {
+            foreach (CodeAttributeDeclaration attrib in ctd.CustomAttributes)
+            {
+                if (IsType(attrib.AttributeType, typeof(StructLayoutAttribute)))
+                {
+                    foreach (CodeAttributeArgument arg in attrib.Arguments)
+                    {
+                        if (0 == string.CompareOrdinal(arg.Name, "CharSet"))
+                        {
+                            CodeFieldReferenceExpression pValue = arg.Value as CodeFieldReferenceExpression;
+                            if (pValue != null)
+                            {
+                                charset = (CharSet)Enum.Parse(typeof(CharSet), pValue.FieldName);
+                                return true;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected void AddCharSet(CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, CharSet charSet)
+        {
+            CodeAttributeDeclaration attrib = null;
+            foreach (CodeAttributeDeclaration cur in ctd.CustomAttributes)
+            {
+                if (IsType(cur.AttributeType, typeof(StructLayoutAttribute)))
+                {
+                    attrib = cur;
+                    break; // TODO: might not be correct. Was : Exit For
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (attrib == null)
+            {
+                attrib = MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateStructLayoutAttribute(LayoutKind.Auto);
+            }
+
+            attrib.Arguments.Add(new CodeAttributeArgument("CharSet", new CodeFieldReferenceExpression(new CodeTypeReferenceExpression(typeof(CharSet)), charSet.ToString())));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Is this one of the recognized boolean types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="nt"></param>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        protected bool IsBooleanType(NativeType nt, ref BooleanType type)
+        {
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("BOOL") != null)
+            {
+                type = BooleanType.Windows;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            nt = nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (nt.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.BuiltinType && ((NativeBuiltinType)nt).BuiltinType == BuiltinType.NativeBoolean)
+            {
+                type = BooleanType.CStyle;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsSystemIntType(NativeParameter ntParam)
+        {
+            return IsSystemIntType(ntParam.NativeType);
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsSystemIntType(NativeType nt)
+        {
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("UINT_PTR") != null || nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LONG_PTR") != null || nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("size_t") != null)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsCharType(NativeType nt, ref CharSet charSet)
+        {
+            ThrowIfNull(nt);
+
+            // BYTE is commonly typedef'd out to char however it is not a char
+            // type persay.  Essentially BYTE[] should not convert into String or
+            // StringBuilder
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("BYTE") != null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("TCHAR") != null)
+            {
+                charSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Auto;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("WCHAR") != null || nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("wchar_t") != null)
+            {
+                charSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Unicode;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            NativeType digged = nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (digged != null && digged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.BuiltinType)
+            {
+                NativeBuiltinType bt = (NativeBuiltinType)digged;
+                if (bt.BuiltinType == BuiltinType.NativeChar)
+                {
+                    charSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Ansi;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else if (bt.BuiltinType == BuiltinType.NativeWChar)
+                {
+                    charSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Unicode;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsArrayOfCharType(NativeType nt)
+        {
+            CharSet kind = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.None;
+            return IsArrayOfCharType(nt, ref kind);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Is this an array of char's
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="nt"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        protected bool IsArrayOfCharType(NativeType nt, ref CharSet charSet)
+        {
+            ThrowIfNull(nt);
+
+            nt = nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (nt.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.ArrayType)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return IsCharType(((NativeArray)nt).RealType, ref charSet);
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsArrayOfBuiltin(NativeType nt, ref NativeBuiltinType bt)
+        {
+            ThrowIfNull(nt);
+
+            nt = nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (nt.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.ArrayType)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            NativeType realNt = ((NativeArray)nt).RealTypeDigged;
+            if (realNt == null || realNt.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.BuiltinType)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            bt = (NativeBuiltinType)realNt;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsPointerToBuiltin(NativeType nt, ref NativeBuiltinType bt)
+        {
+            ThrowIfNull(nt);
+
+            nt = nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (nt.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            NativeType realNt = ((NativePointer)nt).RealTypeDigged;
+            if (realNt.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.BuiltinType)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            bt = (NativeBuiltinType)realNt;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        protected bool GetPointerTarget<T>(NativeType nt, ref T targetType) where T : NativeType
+        {
+            ThrowIfNull(nt);
+
+            nt = nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (nt.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            NativePointer pointer = (NativePointer)nt;
+            NativeType target = pointer.RealTypeDigged;
+            if (target == null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            targetType = target as T;
+            return targetType != null;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsPointerToCharType(NativeParameter param)
+        {
+            CharSet kind = CharSet.None;
+            return IsPointerToCharType(param, ref kind);
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsPointerToCharType(NativeParameter param, ref CharSet kind)
+        {
+            return IsPointerToCharType(param.NativeType, ref kind);
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsPointerToCharType(NativeMember mem, ref CharSet kind)
+        {
+            return IsPointerToCharType(mem.NativeType, ref kind);
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsPointerToCharType(NativeType type)
+        {
+            CharSet kind = CharSet.None;
+            return IsPointerToCharType(type, ref kind);
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsPointerToCharType(NativeType type, ref CharSet kind)
+        {
+            NativeType digged = type.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+
+            if (digged != null && digged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                // Depending on the settings, LPTSTR and LPCTSTR are commonly going to be defined as pointing
+                // to a CHAR instead of a TCHAR
+                if (type.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPCTSTR") != null || type.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPTSTR") != null)
+                {
+                    kind = CharSet.Auto;
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                // WCHAR is commonly typedef'd into "unsigned short".  We need to manually dig through the typedefs
+                // and named types looking for WCHAR
+                NativePointer pt = (NativePointer)digged;
+                return IsCharType(pt.RealType, ref kind);
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsPointerToNumber(NativeParameter param, ref BuiltinType bt)
+        {
+            NativeType paramType = param.NativeTypeDigged;
+            if (paramType.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                NativePointer pointerNt = (NativePointer)paramType;
+                if (pointerNt.RealTypeDigged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.BuiltinType)
+                {
+                    bt = ((NativeBuiltinType)pointerNt.RealTypeDigged).BuiltinType;
+                    if (NativeBuiltinType.IsNumberType(bt))
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Is this a pointer to a constant type.  IsConst can only be applied to named types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        protected bool IsPointerToConst(NativeType type)
+        {
+            type = type.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (type.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            NativePointer ptr = (NativePointer)type;
+            NativeNamedType named = ptr.RealType as NativeNamedType;
+            if (named != null && named.IsConst)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsReturnProcessed(CodeMemberMethod co)
+        {
+            return co.UserData.Contains(s_processedReturnKey);
+        }
+
+        protected void SetReturnProcessed(CodeMemberMethod co)
+        {
+            ThrowIfTrue(IsReturnProcessed(co));
+            co.UserData[s_processedReturnKey] = true;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsParamProcessed(CodeParam co)
+        {
+            return co.UserData.Contains(s_processedParamKey);
+        }
+
+        protected void SetParamProcessed(CodeParam co)
+        {
+            ThrowIfTrue(IsParamProcessed(co));
+            co.UserData[s_processedParamKey] = true;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsMemberProcessed(CodeTypeMember co)
+        {
+            return co.UserData.Contains(s_processedMemberKey);
+        }
+
+        protected void SetMemberProcessed(CodeTypeMember co)
+        {
+            ThrowIfTrue(IsMemberProcessed(co));
+            co.UserData[s_processedMemberKey] = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Is this a HANDLE type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="nt"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        protected bool IsHandleType(NativeType nt)
+        {
+            nt = nt.DigThroughNamedTypes();
+            if (nt.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.TypedefType && 0 == string.CompareOrdinal(nt.Name, "HANDLE"))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            nt = nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (nt.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                NativeType realType = ((NativePointer)nt).RealTypeDigged;
+                if (realType.Name.StartsWith("H") && realType.Name.EndsWith("__"))
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsVoidPointerType(NativeType nt)
+        {
+            NativeBuiltinType bt = null;
+            if (IsPointerToBuiltin(nt, ref bt) && bt.BuiltinType == BuiltinType.NativeVoid)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+
+        protected bool IsWin32String(NativeType nt, ref CharSet kind)
+        {
+            bool notUsed = false;
+            return IsWin32String(nt, ref kind, ref notUsed);
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsWin32String(NativeType nt, ref CharSet kind, ref bool isConst)
+        {
+            if (nt == null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPWSTR") != null)
+            {
+                kind = CharSet.Unicode;
+                isConst = false;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPCWSTR") != null)
+            {
+                kind = CharSet.Unicode;
+                isConst = true;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPTSTR") != null)
+            {
+                kind = CharSet.Auto;
+                isConst = false;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPCTSTR") != null)
+            {
+                kind = CharSet.Auto;
+                isConst = true;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPSTR") != null)
+            {
+                kind = CharSet.Ansi;
+                isConst = false;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("LPCSTR") != null)
+            {
+                kind = CharSet.Ansi;
+                isConst = true;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public bool IsBstr(NativeType nt)
+        {
+            if (nt == null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (nt.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypesFor("BSTR") != null)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+    }
+
+
+    #region "Signature Transforms"
+
+    #region "BooleanTypesTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Look for any boolean types and mark them appropriately.  
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class BooleanTypesTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        protected override void ProcessReturnTypeImpl(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, NativeType retNt, NativeSalAttribute retNtSal)
+        {
+            BooleanType bType = BooleanType.CStyle;
+            if (retNt != null && IsBooleanType(retNt, ref bType))
+            {
+                codeMethod.ReturnType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(bool));
+                codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateBooleanMarshalAttribute(bType));
+                SetReturnProcessed(codeMethod);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            BooleanType bType = BooleanType.CStyle;
+            if (IsBooleanType(ntParam.NativeType, ref bType))
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(bool));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateBooleanMarshalAttribute(bType));
+                SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "MutableStringBufferTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whenever there is a char/wchar* that is not an In only parameter then it should be marshaled as 
+    /// a StringBuilder.  This allows the CLR to copy data back into it
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class MutableStringBufferTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            // Make sure it's a string pointer
+            CharSet kind = CharSet.None;
+            if (!IsPointerToCharType(ntParam, ref kind))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+
+            if (analyzer.IsOutElementBuffer() || analyzer.IsOutElementBufferOptional() || analyzer.IsOutPartElementBuffer() || analyzer.IsOutPartElementBufferOptional() || analyzer.IsInOutElementBuffer())
+            {
+                // Switch the parameter to be a StringBuilder 
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+
+                // If this is an __out buffer then we should make sure to at the OutAttribute
+                // so that marshalling is more efficient
+                if (analyzer.IsValidOutOnly())
+                {
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(CreateOutAttribute());
+                }
+
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(CreateStringMarshalAttribute(kind));
+                SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "ConstantStringTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// If there is a char/wchar pointer which is In only then we should marshal it as a String with
+    /// an In Marshal attribute
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class ConstantStringTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            NativeType paramType = ntParam.NativeTypeDigged;
+
+            // If this isn't a string pointer then we don't want to process it 
+            CharSet kind = CharSet.None;
+            if (!IsPointerToCharType(ntParam, ref kind))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Now determine if this is a constant param
+            bool isConst = false;
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            if (analyzer.IsIn() || analyzer.IsInOptional())
+            {
+                isConst = true;
+            }
+            else if (IsPointerToConst(paramType))
+            {
+                isConst = true;
+            }
+
+            // If it's a constant pointer to a string so add the information
+            if (isConst)
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateInAttribute());
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(CreateStringMarshalAttribute(kind));
+                SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "SystemIntTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// There are several types in the system that are sized differently depending on the platform (x86,amd64) and
+    /// we need to marshal these types appropriately 
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class SystemIntTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature | TransformKindFlags.WrapperMethods; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessReturnTypeImpl(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, NativeType ntType, NativeSalAttribute ntSal)
+        {
+            if (ntType == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!IsSystemIntType(ntType))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // It's already an IntPtr so just return
+            CodeTypeReference returnType = codeMethod.ReturnType;
+            if (CodeDomUtil.IsIntPtrType(returnType))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (IsType(returnType, typeof(UInt32)))
+            {
+                codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.SysUInt));
+            }
+            else if (IsType(returnType, typeof(Int32)))
+            {
+                codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.SysInt));
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            if (!IsSystemIntType(ntParam))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Whenever we have a delegate with a SysInt param we should marshal it as an IntPtr.  Trying to Marshal an Integer as 
+            // SysInt causes a lot of exceptions no matter what the combination is.  
+            if (isDelegateParam)
+            {
+                if (this.IsSystemIntType(ntParam))
+                {
+                    codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If it's already an IntPtr we don't need to add any information
+            if (CodeDomUtil.IsIntPtrType(codeParam.Type))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            else if (CodeDomUtil.IsType(codeParam.Type, typeof(UInt32)))
+            {
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.SysUInt));
+                SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+            }
+            else if (CodeDomUtil.IsType(codeParam.Type, typeof(Int32)))
+            {
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.SysInt));
+                SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override System.Collections.Generic.List<System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod> ProcessWrapperMethodsImpl(System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            List<CodeMemberMethod> list = new List<CodeMemberMethod>();
+            CodeMemberMethod clone = default(CodeMemberMethod);
+
+            clone = CloneWithPointer(codeMethod);
+            if (clone != null)
+            {
+                list.Add(clone);
+            }
+
+            clone = CloneWithNonPointer(codeMethod);
+            if (clone != null)
+            {
+                list.Add(clone);
+            }
+
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        private CodeMemberMethod CloneWithPointer(CodeMemberMethod origMethod)
+        {
+            bool anyChanged = false;
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = clone.CloneMethodSignature(origMethod);
+            for (int i = 0; i <= origMethod.Parameters.Count - 1; i++)
+            {
+                CodeParam origParam = origMethod.Parameters[i];
+                CodeParam newParam = newMethod.Parameters[i];
+                NativeParameter ntParam = GetNativeParameter(origParam);
+                if (ntParam == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!IsSystemIntType(ntParam))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (IsType(newParam.Type, typeof(UInt32)) || IsType(newParam.Type, typeof(Int32)))
+                {
+                    newParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                    newParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+                    anyChanged = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Check the return type
+            NativeType ret = GetNativeReturnType(origMethod);
+            if (ret != null && IsSystemIntType(ret))
+            {
+                if (IsType(newMethod.ReturnType, typeof(Int32)) || IsType(newMethod.ReturnType, typeof(UInt32)))
+                {
+                    newMethod.ReturnType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+                    newMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Clear();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (anyChanged)
+            {
+                return newMethod;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private CodeMemberMethod CloneWithNonPointer(CodeMemberMethod origMethod)
+        {
+            bool anyChanged = false;
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = clone.CloneMethodSignature(origMethod);
+            for (int i = 0; i <= origMethod.Parameters.Count - 1; i++)
+            {
+                CodeParam origParam = origMethod.Parameters[i];
+                CodeParam newParam = newMethod.Parameters[i];
+                NativeParameter ntParam = GetNativeParameter(origParam);
+                if (ntParam == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!IsSystemIntType(ntParam))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (IsType(newParam.Type, typeof(IntPtr)))
+                {
+                    newParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                    newParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(UInt32));
+                    newParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.SysUInt));
+                    anyChanged = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Check the return type
+            NativeType ret = GetNativeReturnType(origMethod);
+            if (ret != null && IsSystemIntType(ret))
+            {
+                if (IsType(origMethod.ReturnType, typeof(IntPtr)))
+                {
+                    newMethod.ReturnType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(UInt32));
+                    newMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.SysUInt));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (anyChanged)
+            {
+                return newMethod;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "ArrayParameterTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Turn IntPtr into Type[] where appropriate.  
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class ArrayParameterTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+
+        private CodeTransform _trans;
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        internal ArrayParameterTransformPlugin(CodeTransform trans)
+        {
+            _trans = trans;
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessParametersImpl(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpressionCollection col, bool isDelegate)
+        {
+            if (isDelegate)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            foreach (CodeParam p in col)
+            {
+                if (!IsParamProcessed(p))
+                {
+                    NativeParameter ntParam = GetNativeParameter(p);
+                    if (ntParam == null)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    ProcessParam(col, p, ntParam);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+
+        private void ProcessParam(CodeParamCollection col, System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam)
+        {
+            // If this is not an array or it's an array of characters then return.  Array's of characters should 
+            // be marshaled as StringBuilders and is handled elsewhere
+            CodeTypeReference ct = null;
+            UnmanagedType ut = UnmanagedType.AnsiBStr;
+            NativeType nt = ntParam.NativeTypeDigged;
+            if (nt.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.ArrayType)
+            {
+                if (!ProcessArray((NativeArray)nt, ref ct, ref ut))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (nt.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                if (!ProcessPointer((NativePointer)nt, ref ct, ref ut))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            string size = null;
+            if (!analyzer.IsInElementBuffer(out size))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Make sure this is not a void* element buffer.  We can't generated void[] into managed code
+            // so ignore it here and let it process as a normal array
+            if (CodeDomUtil.AreEqual(typeof(void), ct))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CodeAttributeArgument sizeArg = null;
+            if (!TryGenerateSizeArgument(col, size, ref sizeArg))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Finally, generate the attribute
+            codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.In;
+            codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(ct, 1);
+            codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+            codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateArrayParamTypeAttribute(ut, sizeArg));
+            SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+        }
+
+        private bool TryGenerateSizeArgument(CodeParamCollection col, string size, ref CodeAttributeArgument arg)
+        {
+
+            // Easy on is just a count
+            Int32 count = 0;
+
+            if (Int32.TryParse(size, out count))
+            {
+                // Don't process a size 1 element buffer.  That is not an array and will be handled by a 
+                // different plugin.  It will be converted to a ByRef
+                if (count == 1)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                arg = new CodeAttributeArgument("SizeConst", new CodePrimitiveExpression(count));
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // Now look for a named parameter
+            for (int i = 0; i <= col.Count - 1; i++)
+            {
+                CodeParam cur = col[i];
+                if (0 == string.CompareOrdinal(size, cur.Name))
+                {
+                    arg = new CodeAttributeArgument("SizeParamIndex", new CodePrimitiveExpression(i));
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private bool ProcessArray(NativeArray arr, ref CodeTypeReference elemType, ref UnmanagedType unmanagedType)
+        {
+            ThrowIfNull(arr);
+
+            // Don't process a char[]
+            if (IsArrayOfCharType(arr))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            NativeBuiltinType bt = null;
+            if (IsArrayOfBuiltin(arr, ref bt))
+            {
+                elemType = new CodeTypeReference(bt.ManagedType);
+                unmanagedType = bt.UnmanagedType;
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (arr.RealTypeDigged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                elemType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+                unmanagedType = System.Runtime.InteropServices.UnmanagedType.SysInt;
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (arr.RealTypeDigged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.StructType || arr.RealTypeDigged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.UnionType)
+            {
+                elemType = _trans.GenerateTypeReference(arr.RealTypeDigged);
+                unmanagedType = System.Runtime.InteropServices.UnmanagedType.Struct;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private bool ProcessPointer(NativePointer ptr, ref CodeTypeReference elemType, ref UnmanagedType unmanagedType)
+        {
+            ThrowIfNull(ptr);
+
+            // Don't process a char*
+            if (IsPointerToCharType(ptr))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            NativeBuiltinType bt = null;
+            if (IsPointerToBuiltin(ptr, ref bt))
+            {
+                elemType = new CodeTypeReference(bt.ManagedType);
+                unmanagedType = bt.UnmanagedType;
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (ptr.RealTypeDigged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                elemType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+                unmanagedType = System.Runtime.InteropServices.UnmanagedType.SysInt;
+                return true;
+
+            }
+            else if (ptr.RealTypeDigged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.StructType || ptr.RealTypeDigged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.UnionType)
+            {
+                elemType = _trans.GenerateTypeReference(ptr.RealTypeDigged);
+                unmanagedType = System.Runtime.InteropServices.UnmanagedType.Struct;
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+    }
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "BetterManagedTypesTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Occassionally we built a better Managed type that will Marshal exactly as the underlying Native
+    /// type would.  In those cases we should use the Managed type 
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class BetterManagedTypesTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessReturnTypeImpl(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, NativeType ntType, NativeSalAttribute ntSal)
+        {
+            CodeTypeReference codeType = null;
+            CodeAttributeDeclarationCollection codeAttrib = new CodeAttributeDeclarationCollection();
+            if (HasBetterManagedType(ntType, ref codeType, codeAttrib, false))
+            {
+                codeMethod.ReturnType = codeType;
+                codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.AddRange(codeAttrib);
+                SetReturnProcessed(codeMethod);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            if (ntParam == null || ntParam.NativeType == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CodeTypeReference codeType = null;
+            CodeAttributeDeclarationCollection codeAttrib = new CodeAttributeDeclarationCollection();
+            if (HasBetterManagedType(ntParam.NativeType, ref codeType, codeAttrib, false))
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = codeType;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.AddRange(codeAttrib);
+                SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If this is a pointer type, see if the target type is a known structure
+            NativeType digged = ntParam.NativeTypeDigged;
+            if (digged == null || digged.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            NativePointer ptr = (NativePointer)digged;
+
+            if (ptr.RealType != null && HasBetterManagedType(ptr.RealType, ref codeType, codeAttrib, true))
+            {
+                bool isValid = true;
+                SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+                if (analyzer.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                }
+                else if (analyzer.IsIn())
+                {
+                    codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                    codeAttrib.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateInAttribute());
+                }
+                else if (analyzer.IsOut())
+                {
+                    codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    isValid = false;
+                }
+
+                if (isValid)
+                {
+                    codeParam.Type = codeType;
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.AddRange(codeAttrib);
+                    SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool HasBetterManagedType(NativeType ntType, ref CodeTypeReference codeType, CodeAttributeDeclarationCollection codeAttrib, bool isPointer)
+        {
+            NativeType digged = ntType.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+
+            // DECIMAL Structure.  There are no additional attributes necessary to Marshal this dataStructure
+
+            if (digged != null && 0 == string.CompareOrdinal("tagDEC", digged.Name) && digged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.StructType)
+            {
+                codeType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(decimal));
+                codeAttrib.Clear();
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // CURRENCY Structure.  Use the decimal type and Marshal it as a UnmanagedType.Currency.  
+
+            if (digged != null && 0 == string.CompareOrdinal("tagCY", digged.Name) && digged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.UnionType)
+            {
+                codeType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(decimal));
+                codeAttrib.Clear();
+                codeAttrib.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.Currency));
+                return true;
+            }
+
+
+            if (digged != null && 0 == string.CompareOrdinal("GUID", digged.Name) && digged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.StructType)
+            {
+                codeType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(Guid));
+                codeAttrib.Clear();
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // WCHAR is best as a Char structure.  Don't ever Marshal this as a CHAR* though, all of the String
+            // logic code will do that
+            CharSet kind = CharSet.None;
+            if (!isPointer && IsCharType(ntType, ref kind) && CharSet.Unicode == kind)
+            {
+                codeType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(char));
+                codeAttrib.Clear();
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "PointerToKnownTypes"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// In cases where we have a single pointer to a known type (say Int32) we want to generate
+    /// a ByRef param to the strong type rather than an IntPtr
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class PointerToKnownTypeTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+
+        private CodeTransform _trans;
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        internal PointerToKnownTypeTransformPlugin(CodeTransform trans)
+        {
+            _trans = trans;
+        }
+
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            // There are several kinds of structures where we don't want to do this optimization.  The
+            // most pertinent being handle types.  They have an ugly structure definition and 
+            // everyone would just rather use the IntPtr version
+            if (IsHandleType(ntParam.NativeType) || IsVoidPointerType(ntParam.NativeType))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If this is a pointer to a char type then don't convert it 
+            if (IsPointerToCharType(ntParam))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Filter for Pointer types
+            NativeType paramType = ntParam.NativeTypeDigged;
+            if (paramType.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            NativeType realNt = ((NativePointer)paramType).RealTypeDigged;
+            if (!(realNt.Category == NativeSymbolCategory.Defined || realNt.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.BuiltinType))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Look at the SAL attribute and make sure this is just a single element pointer
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            bool isSingle = false;
+            FieldDirection direction = default(FieldDirection);
+
+            if (analyzer.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                // If there are no SAL attributes then assume this is a simple out pointer
+                isSingle = true;
+                direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (analyzer.IsIn())
+                {
+                    isSingle = true;
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateInAttribute());
+                    direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                }
+                else if (analyzer.IsOut())
+                {
+                    isSingle = true;
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateOutAttribute());
+                    direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+                }
+                else if (analyzer.IsInOut())
+                {
+                    isSingle = true;
+                    codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                    direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isSingle)
+            {
+                // Found one
+                codeParam.Type = _trans.GenerateTypeReference(realNt);
+                codeParam.Direction = direction;
+                SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "BStrTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whenever a BSTR is used then change it to a String type
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class BstrTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessReturnTypeImpl(System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, NativeType ntType, NativeSalAttribute ntSal)
+        {
+            if (!IsBstr(ntType))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            codeMethod.ReturnType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+            codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Clear();
+            codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.BStr));
+            SetReturnProcessed(codeMethod);
+        }
+
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            if (IsBstr(ntParam.NativeType))
+            {
+                ProcessBstrParam(codeParam, ntParam, isDelegateParam);
+            }
+
+            NativeType digged = ntParam.NativeTypeDigged;
+
+            if (digged != null && digged.Kind == NativeSymbolKind.PointerType && IsBstr(((NativePointer)digged).RealType))
+            {
+                ProcessBstrPointerParam(codeParam, ntParam, isDelegateParam);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+
+        private void ProcessBstrParam(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            if (analyzer.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.In;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.BStr));
+            }
+            else if (analyzer.IsIn())
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.In;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.BStr));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateInAttribute());
+            }
+            else if (analyzer.IsOut())
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.BStr));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateOutAttribute());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // We don't understand how to Marshal a BSTR that is not __in, default or __out therefore use
+                // an IntPtr.  Don't leave it as is or else it will get picked up as a normal String
+                // and be Marshalled incorrectly
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+                codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.In;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+            }
+
+            SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+        }
+
+
+
+        private void ProcessBstrPointerParam(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            if (analyzer.IsIn())
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.BStr));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateInAttribute());
+            }
+            else if (analyzer.IsOut())
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.BStr));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateOutAttribute());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateUnmanagedTypeAttribute(UnmanagedType.BStr));
+            }
+
+            SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "RawStringTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// When there is a LP*STR member with no SAL annotations.  Go ahead and make it a StringBuilder parameter.  If it's const then
+    /// just make it a String param.  If there is a SAL attribute thet it will be handled by one of the plugin designed to handle 
+    /// SAL transforms
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class RawStringTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessReturnTypeImpl(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, NativeType ntType, NativeSalAttribute ntSal)
+        {
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntSal);
+            if (!analyzer.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CharSet kind = CharSet.None;
+            if (!IsWin32String(ntType, ref kind))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            codeMethod.ReturnType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+            codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Clear();
+            codeMethod.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateStringMarshalAttribute(kind));
+            SetReturnProcessed(codeMethod);
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            if (!analyzer.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CharSet kind = CharSet.None;
+            bool isConst = false;
+            if (!IsWin32String(ntParam.NativeType, ref kind, ref isConst))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (isConst)
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateInAttribute());
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateStringMarshalAttribute(kind));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder));
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateStringMarshalAttribute(kind));
+            }
+
+            this.SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+        }
+
+    }
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "DoublePointerOutTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// If we have a __deref_out parameter then go ahead and wrap it into an
+    /// Out IntPtr parameter.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class DoublePointerOutTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            if (ntParam == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            NativeType type = ntParam.NativeType.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (type.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            NativeType target = ((NativePointer)type).RealType.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (target.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            if (!analyzer.IsDerefOut())
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+            codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+            SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "PointerPointerTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Convert Pointer Pointers (**) into Out/Ref/In IntPtr
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class PointerPointerTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            if (ntParam == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            NativeType type = ntParam.NativeType.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (type.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            NativeType target = ((NativePointer)type).RealType.DigThroughTypedefAndNamedTypes();
+            if (target.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            if (analyzer.IsIn())
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            codeParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(IntPtr));
+            codeParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+            SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "DirectionalModifiersTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// As a last effort, if the parameter has SAL information and doesn't meet any other transformation
+    /// then we will add the directional modifiers to the signature
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class DirectionalModifiersTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.Signature; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleParameter(System.CodeDom.CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam, NativeParameter ntParam, bool isDelegateParam)
+        {
+            if (ntParam == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Only apply directional attributes to pointers
+            if (!AreEqual(typeof(IntPtr), codeParam.Type) && !AreEqual(typeof(UIntPtr), codeParam.Type))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+            if (analyzer.IsValidInOnly())
+            {
+                codeParam.CustomAttributes.Add(CreateInAttribute());
+            }
+
+            SetParamProcessed(codeParam);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "Wrapper Methods"
+
+    #region "OneWayStringBufferTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Whenever we see a String paramater that is out only tied to an in size parameter
+    /// we should generate a wrapper allows the user to just deal with a single String value 
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class OneWayStringBufferTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.WrapperMethods; }
+        }
+
+        protected override System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod ProcessSingleWrapperMethod(System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            CodeParam bufParam = null;
+            CodeParam sizeParam = null;
+
+            if (!FindBufferAndSizeParam(codeMethod, ref bufParam, ref sizeParam))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = GenerateWrapperSignature(codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam);
+            GenerateWrapperCode(newMethod, codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam);
+            return newMethod;
+        }
+
+        private bool FindBufferAndSizeParam(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, ref CodeParam bufParam, ref CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            sizeParam = null;
+            bufParam = null;
+
+
+            foreach (CodeParam param in codeMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                if (!IsStringBuilderType(param.Type))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Check for a string pointer
+                NativeParameter ntParam = GetNativeParameter(param);
+                if (!IsPointerToCharType(ntParam))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // See if this is an out element buffer
+                SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+                string sizeParamName = null;
+                if (!analyzer.IsOutElementBuffer(out sizeParamName) && !analyzer.IsOutElementBufferOptional(out sizeParamName))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Now look for the size parameter
+                foreach (CodeParam cur in codeMethod.Parameters)
+                {
+                    if (!object.ReferenceEquals(cur, param) && 0 == string.CompareOrdinal(sizeParamName, cur.Name))
+                    {
+                        bufParam = param;
+                        sizeParam = cur;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used to generate the wrapper method
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="origMethod"></param>
+        /// <param name="bufParam"></param>
+        /// <param name="sizeParam"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        /// <remarks></remarks>
+        private CodeMemberMethod GenerateWrapperSignature(CodeMemberMethod origMethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = new CodeMemberMethod();
+            newMethod.Name = origMethod.Name;
+            newMethod.ReturnType = clone.CloneTypeReference(origMethod.ReturnType);
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateDebuggerStepThroughAttribute());
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateGeneratedCodeAttribute());
+            newMethod.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public | MemberAttributes.Static;
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    CodeParam newParam = new CodeParam();
+                    newParam.Name = origParam.Name;
+                    newParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+                    newParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(newParam);
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    // Don't need the size param in the new signature
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(clone.CloneParamNoAttributes(origParam));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return newMethod;
+        }
+
+        private void GenerateWrapperCode(CodeMemberMethod newMethod, CodeMemberMethod origMethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            // Create the variables
+            int sizeConst = 1024;
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement bufVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder)), "var" + bufParam.Name);
+            bufVar.InitExpression = new CodeObjectCreateExpression(new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder)), new CodePrimitiveExpression(sizeConst));
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(bufVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement retVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(newMethod.ReturnType, "methodRetVar");
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(retVar);
+
+            // Call the method 
+            List<CodeExpression> args = new List<CodeExpression>();
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    CodeExpression varRef = CodeDirectionalSymbolExpression.Create(this.LanguageType, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), origParam.Direction);
+                    args.Add(varRef);
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    args.Add(new CodePrimitiveExpression(sizeConst));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    CodeExpression varRef = CodeDirectionalSymbolExpression.Create(this.LanguageType, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(origParam.Name), origParam.Direction);
+                    args.Add(varRef);
+                }
+            }
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name), new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeMethodReferenceExpression(new CodeTypeReferenceExpression(TransformConstants.NativeMethodsName), origMethod.Name), args.ToArray())));
+
+            // Assign the out string parameter
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufParam.Name), new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), "ToString")));
+
+            // Return the value
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeMethodReturnStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name)));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "TwoWayStringBufferTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// When we find a two way string buffer parameter this will generate the code to test the error
+    /// correction and recall the method.  Also it will generate a method with only a String parameter 
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class TwoWayStringBufferTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.WrapperMethods; }
+        }
+
+        protected override System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod ProcessSingleWrapperMethod(System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            CodeParam bufParam = null;
+            CodeParam sizeParam = null;
+
+            if (!FindParams(codeMethod, ref bufParam, ref sizeParam))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = GenerateWrapperSignature(codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam);
+            GenerateWrapperCode(newMethod, codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam);
+            return newMethod;
+        }
+
+        private bool FindParams(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, ref CodeParam bufParam, ref CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            bufParam = null;
+            sizeParam = null;
+            foreach (CodeParam codeParam in codeMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                NativeParameter ntParam = GetNativeParameter(codeParam);
+                if (ntParam == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!IsPointerToCharType(ntParam) || !IsStringBuilderType(codeParam.Type))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+                string size = null;
+                string readable = null;
+                if (!analyzer.IsOutPartElementBuffer(out size, out readable) && !analyzer.IsOutPartElementBufferOptional(out size, out readable))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Look for the popular pattern
+                //  -> __out_ecount_part(*size,*size+1)
+                Match match = Regex.Match(readable, "\\*(\\w+)\\s*\\+\\s*\\d+");
+                if (!match.Success || !size.StartsWith("*"))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                string str1 = size.Substring(1);
+                string str2 = match.Groups[1].Value;
+                if (0 != string.CompareOrdinal(str1, str2))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Now we just have to find the parameter
+                foreach (CodeParam codeParam2 in codeMethod.Parameters)
+                {
+                    if (0 == string.CompareOrdinal(codeParam2.Name, str1))
+                    {
+                        sizeParam = codeParam2;
+                        bufParam = codeParam;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private CodeMemberMethod GenerateWrapperSignature(CodeMemberMethod origMethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = new CodeMemberMethod();
+            newMethod.Name = origMethod.Name;
+            newMethod.ReturnType = clone.CloneTypeReference(origMethod.ReturnType);
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateDebuggerStepThroughAttribute());
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateGeneratedCodeAttribute());
+            newMethod.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public | MemberAttributes.Static;
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    CodeParam newParam = new CodeParam();
+                    newParam.Name = origParam.Name;
+                    newParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Ref;
+                    newParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(newParam);
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    // Don't need the size param in the new signature
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(clone.CloneParamNoAttributes(origParam));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return newMethod;
+
+        }
+
+        private void GenerateWrapperCode(CodeMemberMethod newMethod, CodeMemberMethod origMethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            // Create the variables
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            string jumpLabelName = "PerformCall";
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement bufVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder)), "var" + bufParam.Name);
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(bufVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement retVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(origMethod.ReturnType), "retVar_");
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(retVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement sizeVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(sizeParam.Type), "sizeVar", new CodePrimitiveExpression(TransformConstants.DefaultBufferSize));
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(sizeVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement oldSizeVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(sizeParam.Type), "oldSizeVar_");
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(oldSizeVar);
+
+            // Create the jump label
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeLabeledStatement(jumpLabelName));
+
+            // Save the old size
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(oldSizeVar.Name), new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name)));
+
+            // Create the buffer
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), new CodeObjectCreateExpression(new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder)), CodeDomUtil.ReferenceVarAsType(sizeVar, typeof(Int32)))));
+
+            // Perform the method call
+            List<CodeExpression> args = new List<CodeExpression>();
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                string variableName = null;
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    variableName = bufVar.Name;
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    variableName = sizeVar.Name;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    variableName = origParam.Name;
+                }
+
+                args.Add(CodeDirectionalSymbolExpression.Create(this.LanguageType, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(variableName), origParam.Direction));
+            }
+
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name), new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeMethodReferenceExpression(new CodeTypeReferenceExpression(TransformConstants.NativeMethodsName), origMethod.Name), args.ToArray())));
+
+            // Check the return of the call 
+            CodeConditionStatement recallCheck = new CodeConditionStatement();
+            recallCheck.Condition = new CodeBinaryOperatorExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(oldSizeVar.Name), CodeBinaryOperatorType.LessThanOrEqual, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name));
+
+            // Double the buffer
+            recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), new CodeBinaryOperatorExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), CodeBinaryOperatorType.Multiply, CodeDomUtil.CreatePrimitiveAsType(2, sizeVar.Type))));
+
+            // Jump to the label
+            recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeGotoStatement(jumpLabelName));
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(recallCheck);
+
+            // Save the return value
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufParam.Name), new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeMethodReferenceExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), "ToString"))));
+
+            // Return the value
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeMethodReturnStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name)));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "TwoWayViaReturnStringBufferTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// When we find a two way string buffer parameter this will generate the code to test the error
+    /// correction and recall the method.  Also it will generate a method with only a String parameter 
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class TwoWayViaReturnStringBufferTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.WrapperMethods; }
+        }
+
+        protected override System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod ProcessSingleWrapperMethod(System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            CodeParam bufParam = null;
+            CodeParam sizeParam = null;
+            bool isPlusOne = false;
+
+            if (!FindParams(codeMethod, ref bufParam, ref sizeParam, ref isPlusOne))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = GenerateWrapperSignature(codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam);
+            GenerateWrapperCode(newMethod, codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam, isPlusOne);
+            return newMethod;
+        }
+
+        private bool FindParams(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, ref CodeParam bufParam, ref CodeParam sizeParam, ref bool isPlusOne)
+        {
+            bufParam = null;
+            sizeParam = null;
+            foreach (CodeParam codeParam in codeMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                NativeParameter ntParam = GetNativeParameter(codeParam);
+                if (ntParam == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!IsPointerToCharType(ntParam) || !IsStringBuilderType(codeParam.Type))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+                string size = null;
+                string readable = null;
+                if (!analyzer.IsOutPartElementBuffer(out size, out readable) && !analyzer.IsOutPartElementBufferOptional(out size, out readable))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Look for the popular pattern
+                //  -> __out_ecount_part(*size,return+1)
+                if (!readable.StartsWith("return"))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                else if (Regex.IsMatch(readable, "return\\s*\\+\\s*1"))
+                {
+                    isPlusOne = true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    isPlusOne = false;
+                }
+
+                if (size.StartsWith("*"))
+                {
+                    size = size.Substring(1);
+                }
+
+                // Now we just have to find the parameter
+                foreach (CodeParam codeParam2 in codeMethod.Parameters)
+                {
+                    if (0 == string.CompareOrdinal(codeParam2.Name, size))
+                    {
+                        sizeParam = codeParam2;
+                        bufParam = codeParam;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private CodeMemberMethod GenerateWrapperSignature(CodeMemberMethod origMethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = new CodeMemberMethod();
+            newMethod.Name = origMethod.Name;
+            newMethod.ReturnType = clone.CloneTypeReference(origMethod.ReturnType);
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateDebuggerStepThroughAttribute());
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateGeneratedCodeAttribute());
+            newMethod.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public | MemberAttributes.Static;
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    CodeParam newParam = new CodeParam();
+                    newParam.Name = origParam.Name;
+                    newParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+                    newParam.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(newParam);
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    // Don't need the size param in the new signature
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(clone.CloneParamNoAttributes(origParam));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return newMethod;
+        }
+
+        private void GenerateWrapperCode(CodeMemberMethod newMethod, CodeMemberMethod origMethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam, bool isPlusOne)
+        {
+            // Create the variables
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            string jumpLabelName = "PerformCall";
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement bufVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder)), "var" + bufParam.Name);
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(bufVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement retVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(origMethod.ReturnType), "retVar_");
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(retVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement sizeVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(origMethod.ReturnType), "sizeVar", new CodePrimitiveExpression(TransformConstants.DefaultBufferSize));
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(sizeVar);
+
+            // Create the jump label
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeLabeledStatement(jumpLabelName));
+
+            // Create the buffer
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), new CodeObjectCreateExpression(new CodeTypeReference(typeof(StringBuilder)), CodeDomUtil.ReferenceVarAsType(sizeVar, typeof(Int32)))));
+
+            // Perform the method call
+            List<CodeExpression> args = new List<CodeExpression>();
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                string variableName = null;
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    variableName = bufVar.Name;
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    variableName = sizeVar.Name;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    variableName = origParam.Name;
+                }
+
+                args.Add(CodeDirectionalSymbolExpression.Create(this.LanguageType, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(variableName), origParam.Direction));
+            }
+
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name), new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeMethodReferenceExpression(new CodeTypeReferenceExpression(TransformConstants.NativeMethodsName), origMethod.Name), args.ToArray())));
+
+            // Check the return of the call 
+            CodeConditionStatement recallCheck = new CodeConditionStatement();
+            recallCheck.Condition = new CodeBinaryOperatorExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name), CodeBinaryOperatorType.GreaterThanOrEqual, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name));
+
+            // Assign the new buffer value 
+            if (isPlusOne)
+            {
+                recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), new CodeBinaryOperatorExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name), CodeBinaryOperatorType.Add, CodeDomUtil.CreatePrimitiveAsType(1, retVar.Type))));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name)));
+            }
+
+            // Jump to the label
+            recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeGotoStatement(jumpLabelName));
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(recallCheck);
+
+            // Save the return value
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufParam.Name), new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeMethodReferenceExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), "ToString"))));
+
+            // Return the value
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeMethodReturnStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name)));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "PInvokePointerTransformPlugin"
+
+    internal class PInvokePointerTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.WrapperMethods; }
+        }
+
+        protected override System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod ProcessSingleWrapperMethod(System.CodeDom.CodeMemberMethod codeMethod)
+        {
+            CodeParam bufParam = null;
+            CodeParam sizeParam = null;
+            if (!FindParams(codeMethod, ref bufParam, ref sizeParam))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = GenerateWrapperSignature(codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam);
+            GenerateWrapperCode(newMethod, codeMethod, bufParam, sizeParam);
+            return newMethod;
+        }
+
+        private bool FindParams(CodeMemberMethod codeMethod, ref CodeParam bufParam, ref CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            bufParam = null;
+            sizeParam = null;
+
+            foreach (CodeParam codeParam in codeMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                NativeParameter ntParam = GetNativeParameter(codeParam);
+                if (ntParam == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                NativeType ntType = ntParam.NativeTypeDigged;
+                if (ntType.Kind != NativeSymbolKind.PointerType || !IsIntPtrType(codeParam.Type))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                SalAnalyzer analyzer = new SalAnalyzer(ntParam.SalAttribute);
+                string str1 = null;
+                string str2 = null;
+                if (!analyzer.IsOutPartByteBuffer(out str1, out str2))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Look for the popular pattern
+                //  -> __out_ecount_part(*size,*size)
+                if (!str1.StartsWith("*") || 0 != string.CompareOrdinal(str1, str2))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                str1 = str1.Substring(1);
+
+                // Now we just have to find the parameter
+                foreach (CodeParameterDeclarationExpression codeParam2 in codeMethod.Parameters)
+                {
+                    if (0 == string.CompareOrdinal(codeParam2.Name, str1))
+                    {
+                        bufParam = codeParam;
+                        sizeParam = codeParam2;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private CodeMemberMethod GenerateWrapperSignature(CodeMemberMethod origMethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            CodeMemberMethod newMethod = new CodeMemberMethod();
+            newMethod.Name = origMethod.Name;
+            newMethod.ReturnType = clone.CloneTypeReference(origMethod.ReturnType);
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateDebuggerStepThroughAttribute());
+            newMethod.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateGeneratedCodeAttribute());
+            newMethod.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public | MemberAttributes.Static;
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origMethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    CodeParam newParam = new CodeParam();
+                    newParam.Name = origParam.Name;
+                    newParam.Direction = FieldDirection.Out;
+                    newParam.Type = MarshalTypeFactory.CreatePInvokePointerCodeTypeReference();
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(newParam);
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    // Don't need the size param in the new signature
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newMethod.Parameters.Add(clone.CloneParamNoAttributes(origParam));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return newMethod;
+        }
+
+        private void GenerateWrapperCode(CodeMemberMethod newMethod, CodeMemberMethod origmethod, CodeParam bufParam, CodeParam sizeParam)
+        {
+            // Generate the variables
+            CodeDomCloner clone = new CodeDomCloner();
+            string jumpLabelName = "PerformCall";
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement bufVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(MarshalTypeFactory.CreatePInvokePointerCodeTypeReference(), "var" + bufParam.Name);
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(bufVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement retVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(origmethod.ReturnType), "retVar_");
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(retVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement sizeVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(sizeParam.Type), "sizeVar", new CodePrimitiveExpression(TransformConstants.DefaultBufferSize));
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(sizeVar);
+            CodeVariableDeclarationStatement oldSizeVar = new CodeVariableDeclarationStatement(clone.CloneTypeReference(sizeParam.Type), "oldSizeVar_");
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(oldSizeVar);
+
+            // Create the jump label
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeLabeledStatement(jumpLabelName));
+
+            // Save the old size
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(oldSizeVar.Name), new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name)));
+
+            // Create the pointer
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), new CodeObjectCreateExpression(MarshalTypeFactory.CreatePInvokePointerCodeTypeReference(), CodeDomUtil.ReferenceVarAsType(sizeVar, typeof(Int32)))));
+
+            // Perform the method call
+            List<CodeExpression> args = new List<CodeExpression>();
+            foreach (CodeParam origParam in origmethod.Parameters)
+            {
+                if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, bufParam))
+                {
+                    CodeFieldReferenceExpression memberRef = new CodeFieldReferenceExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), "IntPtr");
+                    args.Add(CodeDirectionalSymbolExpression.Create(this.LanguageType, memberRef, origParam.Direction));
+                }
+                else if (object.ReferenceEquals(origParam, sizeParam))
+                {
+                    args.Add(CodeDirectionalSymbolExpression.Create(this.LanguageType, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), origParam.Direction));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    args.Add(CodeDirectionalSymbolExpression.Create(this.LanguageType, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(origParam.Name), origParam.Direction));
+                }
+            }
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name), new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeMethodReferenceExpression(new CodeTypeReferenceExpression(TransformConstants.NativeMethodsName), origmethod.Name), args.ToArray())));
+
+            // Check the return of the call 
+            CodeConditionStatement recallCheck = new CodeConditionStatement();
+            recallCheck.Condition = new CodeBinaryOperatorExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), CodeBinaryOperatorType.LessThanOrEqual, new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(oldSizeVar.Name));
+
+            // Free the buffer
+            recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name), "Free"));
+
+            // Double the size 
+            recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), new CodeBinaryOperatorExpression(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(sizeVar.Name), CodeBinaryOperatorType.Multiply, CodeDomUtil.CreatePrimitiveAsType(2, sizeVar.Type))));
+
+            // Jump to the label
+            recallCheck.TrueStatements.Add(new CodeGotoStatement(jumpLabelName));
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(recallCheck);
+
+            // Save the pointer
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufParam.Name), new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(bufVar.Name)));
+
+            // Return the value
+            newMethod.Statements.Add(new CodeMethodReturnStatement(new CodeVariableReferenceExpression(retVar.Name)));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "Struct Members"
+
+    #region "StringBufferStructMemberTransformPlugin"
+
+    internal class StringBufferStructMemberTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.StructMembers; }
+        }
+
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleStructField(System.CodeDom.CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, System.CodeDom.CodeMemberField codeField, NativeMember ntMem)
+        {
+            // Analyze the type and look for a string buffer
+            CharSet foundCharSet = CharSet.None;
+            if (!IsArrayOfCharType(ntMem.NativeType, ref foundCharSet))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Look at the existing charset.  If it's different than the one we found then we can't do anything
+            // and should just bail out
+            CharSet existingCharset = CharSet.Ansi;
+            if (base.IsCharsetSpecified(ctd, ref existingCharset))
+            {
+                if (existingCharset != foundCharSet)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                AddCharSet(ctd, foundCharSet);
+            }
+
+            // Convert the types
+            NativeArray arrayNt = (NativeArray)ntMem.NativeTypeDigged;
+            codeField.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+            codeField.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+
+            CodeAttributeDeclaration attr = new CodeAttributeDeclaration(new CodeTypeReference(typeof(MarshalAsAttribute)));
+            attr.Arguments.Add(new CodeAttributeArgument(new CodeFieldReferenceExpression(new CodeTypeReferenceExpression(typeof(UnmanagedType)), "ByValTStr")));
+            attr.Arguments.Add(new CodeAttributeArgument("SizeConst", new CodePrimitiveExpression(arrayNt.ElementCount)));
+            codeField.CustomAttributes.Add(attr);
+            SetMemberProcessed(codeField);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "StringPointerStructMemberTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// If there is an IntPtr member of a structure to a String then marshal it as such
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class StringPointerStructMemberTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.StructMembers; }
+        }
+
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleStructField(System.CodeDom.CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, System.CodeDom.CodeMemberField field, NativeMember ntMem)
+        {
+            CharSet foundCharSet = default(CharSet);
+            if (!IsPointerToCharType(ntMem, ref foundCharSet))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            field.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(string));
+            field.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+            field.CustomAttributes.Add(CreateStringMarshalAttribute(foundCharSet));
+            SetMemberProcessed(field);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "BoolStructMemberTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Look for boolean types that are members of structures
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class BoolStructMemberTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.StructMembers; }
+        }
+
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleStructField(System.CodeDom.CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, System.CodeDom.CodeMemberField field, NativeMember ntMem)
+        {
+            NativeType retNt = ntMem.NativeType;
+            BooleanType bType = BooleanType.CStyle;
+            if (retNt != null && IsBooleanType(retNt, ref bType))
+            {
+                field.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(bool));
+                field.CustomAttributes.Clear();
+                field.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateBooleanMarshalAttribute(bType));
+                SetMemberProcessed(field);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #region "Union Members"
+
+    #region "BoolUnionMemberTransformPlugin"
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Look for boolean types that are members of a union
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks></remarks>
+    internal class BoolUnionMemberTransformPlugin : TransformPlugin
+    {
+
+
+        public override TransformKindFlags TransformKind
+        {
+            get { return TransformKindFlags.UnionMembers; }
+        }
+
+        protected override void ProcessSingleUnionField(System.CodeDom.CodeTypeDeclaration ctd, System.CodeDom.CodeMemberField field, NativeMember ntMem)
+        {
+            NativeType nt = ntMem.NativeType;
+            BooleanType bType = BooleanType.CStyle;
+            if (nt != null && IsBooleanType(nt, ref bType))
+            {
+                field.CustomAttributes.Add(MarshalAttributeFactory.CreateBooleanMarshalAttribute(BooleanType.CStyle));
+                field.Type = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(bool));
+                SetMemberProcessed(field);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    #endregion
+
+    #endregion
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `realNt` last assigned on line 1446 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1447, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PointerToKnownTypeTransformPlugin.ProcessSingleParameter(CodeParameterDeclarationExpression,NativeParameter,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+PInvoke.Core/Transform/TransformPlugin.cs
+
+### Key:
+TransformPlugin.cs|ProcessSingleParameter|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56203f4e21ecf9e860f6a12dc3683775
+
+### Hash:
+8fcab7895922c15adb649df760cd2f9b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0191/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0191/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b8800f0cbff5140d561f3699e9da09330510a6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0191/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NEventStore
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace EventStore
+{
+	using System;
+	using System.Collections.Generic;
+	using Dispatcher;
+	using Persistence;
+
+	public class OptimisticEventStore : IStoreEvents, ICommitEvents
+	{
+		private readonly CommitTracker tracker = new CommitTracker();
+		private readonly IPersistStreams persistence;
+		private readonly IDispatchCommits dispatcher;
+		private bool disposed;
+
+		public OptimisticEventStore(IPersistStreams persistence, IDispatchCommits dispatcher)
+		{
+			this.persistence = persistence;
+			this.dispatcher = dispatcher;
+		}
+
+		public void Dispose()
+		{
+			this.Dispose(true);
+			GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+		}
+		protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+		{
+			if (!disposing || this.disposed)
+				return;
+
+			this.disposed = true;
+			this.dispatcher.Dispose();
+			this.persistence.Dispose();
+		}
+
+		public virtual IEventStream CreateStream(Guid streamId)
+		{
+			return new OptimisticEventStream(streamId, this);
+		}
+		public virtual IEventStream OpenStream(Guid streamId, int minRevision, int maxRevision)
+		{
+			maxRevision = maxRevision <= 0 ? int.MaxValue : maxRevision;
+			var stream = new OptimisticEventStream(streamId, this, minRevision, maxRevision);
+			return stream.CommitSequence == 0 ? null : stream;
+		}
+		public virtual IEventStream OpenStream(Snapshot snapshot, int maxRevision)
+		{
+			maxRevision = maxRevision <= 0 ? int.MaxValue : maxRevision;
+			return new OptimisticEventStream(snapshot, this, maxRevision);
+		}
+
+		IEnumerable<Commit> ICommitEvents.GetFrom(Guid streamId, int minRevision, int maxRevision)
+		{
+			var commits = this.persistence.GetFrom(streamId, minRevision, maxRevision);
+			foreach (var commit in commits)
+			{
+				this.tracker.Track(commit);
+				yield return commit;
+			}
+		}
+
+		void ICommitEvents.Commit(Commit attempt)
+		{
+			if (!attempt.IsValid() || attempt.IsEmpty())
+				return;
+
+			this.ThrowOnDuplicateOrConcurrentWrites(attempt);
+			this.PersistAndDispatch(attempt);
+		}
+		protected virtual void ThrowOnDuplicateOrConcurrentWrites(Commit attempt)
+		{
+			if (this.tracker.Contains(attempt))
+				throw new DuplicateCommitException();
+
+			var head = this.tracker.GetStreamHead(attempt.StreamId);
+			if (head == null)
+				return;
+
+			if (head.CommitSequence >= attempt.CommitSequence)
+				throw new ConcurrencyException();
+
+			if (head.StreamRevision >= attempt.StreamRevision)
+				throw new ConcurrencyException();
+
+			if (head.CommitSequence < attempt.CommitSequence - 1)
+				throw new StorageException(); // beyond the end of the stream
+
+			if (head.StreamRevision < attempt.StreamRevision - attempt.Events.Count)
+				throw new StorageException(); // beyond the end of the stream
+		}
+		protected virtual void PersistAndDispatch(Commit attempt)
+		{
+			this.persistence.Commit(attempt);
+			this.tracker.Track(attempt);
+			this.dispatcher.Dispatch(attempt);
+		}
+
+		public virtual Snapshot GetSnapshot(Guid streamId, int maxRevision)
+		{
+			// TODO: add to some kind of cache
+			return this.persistence.GetSnapshot(streamId, maxRevision);
+		}
+		public virtual bool AddSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
+		{
+			// TODO: update the cache here
+			return this.persistence.AddSnapshot(snapshot);
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type EventStore.OptimisticEventStream, Leaked resource stream of type EventStore.OptimisticEventStream in method "IEventStream OptimisticEventStore.OpenStream(Guid,Int32,Int32)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEventStream OptimisticEventStore.OpenStream(Guid,Int32,Int32)
+
+### File:
+src/proj/EventStore.Core/OptimisticEventStore.cs
+
+### Key:
+OptimisticEventStore.cs|OpenStream|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7662e6ac925bdc48f65917a14cae4b94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0196/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0196/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68869a4cec47531690539e15a1ce55d6d92607bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0196/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cowboy
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Security.Principal;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Cowboy.Utilities;
+
+namespace Cowboy.Hosting.Self
+{
+    public class SelfHost
+    {
+        private IList<Uri> _baseUriList;
+        private HttpListener _listener;
+        private bool _keepGoing = false;
+        private Engine _engine;
+        private Semaphore _counter = new Semaphore(8, 8);
+
+        public SelfHost(Engine engine, params Uri[] baseUris)
+        {
+            if (engine == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("engine");
+
+            _engine = engine;
+            _baseUriList = baseUris;
+        }
+
+        public void Start()
+        {
+            StartListener();
+
+            _keepGoing = true;
+            Task.Run(async () =>
+                {
+                    await StartProcess();
+                })
+                .Forget();
+        }
+
+        public void Stop()
+        {
+            _keepGoing = false;
+            if (_listener != null && _listener.IsListening)
+            {
+                _listener.Stop();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private async Task StartProcess()
+        {
+            while (_keepGoing)
+            {
+                _counter.WaitOne();
+
+                var context = await _listener.GetContextAsync();
+                Task.Run(async () =>
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            await Process(context);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception)
+                        {
+                            throw;
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .Forget();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private async Task Process(HttpListenerContext httpContext)
+        {
+            var cancellationToken = new CancellationToken();
+            var request = ConvertRequest(httpContext.Request);
+            var context = await _engine.HandleRequest(request, cancellationToken);
+            ConvertResponse(context.Response, httpContext.Response);
+            _counter.Release();
+        }
+
+        private void StartListener()
+        {
+            if (TryStartListener())
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!TryAddUrlReservations())
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Unable to configure namespace reservation.");
+            }
+
+            if (!TryStartListener())
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Unable to start listener.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool TryStartListener()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                // if the listener fails to start, it gets disposed;
+                // so we need a new one, each time.
+                _listener = new HttpListener();
+                foreach (var prefix in GetPrefixes())
+                {
+                    _listener.Prefixes.Add(prefix);
+                }
+
+                _listener.Start();
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch (HttpListenerException e)
+            {
+                int ACCESS_DENIED = 5;
+                if (e.ErrorCode == ACCESS_DENIED)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool TryAddUrlReservations()
+        {
+            var user = WindowsIdentity.GetCurrent().Name;
+
+            foreach (var prefix in GetPrefixes())
+            {
+                if (!NetSh.AddUrlAcl(prefix, user))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<string> GetPrefixes()
+        {
+            foreach (var baseUri in _baseUriList)
+            {
+                var prefix = new UriBuilder(baseUri).ToString();
+
+                bool rewriteLocalhost = true;
+                if (rewriteLocalhost && !baseUri.Host.Contains("."))
+                {
+                    prefix = prefix.Replace("localhost", "+");
+                }
+
+                yield return prefix;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Uri GetBaseUri(HttpListenerRequest request)
+        {
+            var result = _baseUriList.FirstOrDefault(uri => uri.IsCaseInsensitiveBaseOf(request.Url));
+
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            return new Uri(request.Url.GetLeftPart(UriPartial.Authority));
+        }
+
+        private Request ConvertRequest(HttpListenerRequest httpRequest)
+        {
+            var baseUri = GetBaseUri(httpRequest);
+
+            if (baseUri == null)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format("Unable to locate base URI for request: {0}", httpRequest.Url));
+            }
+
+            var expectedRequestLength = GetExpectedRequestLength(httpRequest.Headers.ToDictionary());
+
+            var relativeUrl = baseUri.MakeAppLocalPath(httpRequest.Url);
+
+            var url = new Url
+            {
+                Scheme = httpRequest.Url.Scheme,
+                HostName = httpRequest.Url.Host,
+                Port = httpRequest.Url.IsDefaultPort ? null : (int?)httpRequest.Url.Port,
+                BasePath = baseUri.AbsolutePath.TrimEnd('/'),
+                Path = HttpUtility.UrlDecode(relativeUrl),
+                Query = httpRequest.Url.Query,
+            };
+
+            byte[] certificate = null;
+
+            //if (this.configuration.EnableClientCertificates)
+            //{
+            //    var x509Certificate = request.GetClientCertificate();
+
+            //    if (x509Certificate != null)
+            //    {
+            //        certificate = x509Certificate.RawData;
+            //    }
+            //}
+
+            // NOTE: For HTTP/2 we want fieldCount = 1,
+            // otherwise (HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1) we want fieldCount = 2
+            var fieldCount = httpRequest.ProtocolVersion.Major == 2 ? 1 : 2;
+
+            var protocolVersion = string.Format("HTTP/{0}", httpRequest.ProtocolVersion.ToString(fieldCount));
+
+            return new Request(
+                httpRequest.HttpMethod,
+                url,
+                RequestStream.FromStream(httpRequest.InputStream, expectedRequestLength, false),
+                httpRequest.Headers.ToDictionary(),
+                (httpRequest.RemoteEndPoint != null) ? httpRequest.RemoteEndPoint.Address.ToString() : null,
+                certificate,
+                protocolVersion);
+        }
+
+        private void ConvertResponse(Response response, HttpListenerResponse httpResponse)
+        {
+            foreach (var header in response.Headers)
+            {
+                if (!IgnoredHeaders.IsIgnored(header.Key))
+                {
+                    httpResponse.AddHeader(header.Key, header.Value);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (response.ReasonPhrase != null)
+            {
+                httpResponse.StatusDescription = response.ReasonPhrase;
+            }
+
+            if (response.ContentType != null)
+            {
+                httpResponse.ContentType = response.ContentType;
+            }
+
+            httpResponse.StatusCode = (int)response.StatusCode;
+
+            using (var output = httpResponse.OutputStream)
+            {
+                response.Contents.Invoke(output);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static long GetExpectedRequestLength(IDictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>> incomingHeaders)
+        {
+            if (incomingHeaders == null)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            if (!incomingHeaders.ContainsKey("Content-Length"))
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            var headerValue =
+                incomingHeaders["Content-Length"].SingleOrDefault();
+
+            if (headerValue == null)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            long contentLength;
+
+            return !long.TryParse(headerValue, NumberStyles.Any, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out contentLength) ?
+                0 :
+                contentLength;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Cowboy.Request, Leaked resource (returned from Cowboy.RequestStream Cowboy.RequestStream::FromStream(System.IO.Stream,System.Int64,System.Boolean) at Line 212) of type Cowboy.RequestStream in method "Request SelfHost.ConvertRequest(HttpListenerRequest)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Request SelfHost.ConvertRequest(HttpListenerRequest)
+
+### File:
+Cowboy.Hosting.Self/SelfHost.cs
+
+### Key:
+SelfHost.cs|ConvertRequest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+019fc622bd1a39761371d9f442f1a615
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0198/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0198/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae3b404127c078cae1069fa982e0732f2304b5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0198/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cowboy
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Cowboy.Buffer;
+using Cowboy.Logging;
+
+namespace Cowboy.Sockets
+{
+    public class TcpSocketSaeaServer
+    {
+        #region Fields
+
+        private static readonly ILog _log = Logger.Get<TcpSocketSaeaServer>();
+        private IBufferManager _bufferManager;
+        //private TcpListener _listener;
+        //private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, TcpSocketSession> _sessions = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, TcpSocketSession>();
+        private readonly object _opsLock = new object();
+        private readonly TcpSocketSaeaServerConfiguration _configuration;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private Socket _listener;
+        private SaeaPool _sessionAcceptSaeaPool;
+        private SaeaPool _sessionHandleSaeaPool;
+
+        private int _state;
+        private const int _none = 0;
+        private const int _listening = 1;
+        private const int _disposed = 5;
+
+        #region Constructors
+
+        public TcpSocketSaeaServer(int listenedPort, TcpSocketSaeaServerConfiguration configuration = null)
+            : this(IPAddress.Any, listenedPort, configuration)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public TcpSocketSaeaServer(IPAddress listenedAddress, int listenedPort, TcpSocketSaeaServerConfiguration configuration = null)
+            : this(new IPEndPoint(listenedAddress, listenedPort), configuration)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public TcpSocketSaeaServer(IPEndPoint listenedEndPoint, TcpSocketSaeaServerConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            if (listenedEndPoint == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("listenedEndPoint");
+
+            this.ListenedEndPoint = listenedEndPoint;
+            _configuration = configuration ?? new TcpSocketSaeaServerConfiguration();
+
+            if (_configuration.FrameBuilder == null)
+                throw new InvalidProgramException("The frame handler in configuration cannot be null.");
+
+            Initialize();
+        }
+
+        private void Initialize()
+        {
+            _bufferManager = new GrowingByteBufferManager(_configuration.InitialBufferAllocationCount, _configuration.ReceiveBufferSize);
+
+            _sessionAcceptSaeaPool = new SaeaPool();
+            _sessionHandleSaeaPool = new SaeaPool();
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            {
+                _sessionAcceptSaeaPool.Push(CreateSaeaForSessionAccept());
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+            {
+                _sessionHandleSaeaPool.Push(CreateSaeaForSessionHandle());
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Properties
+
+        public IPEndPoint ListenedEndPoint { get; private set; }
+        public bool Active { get { return _state == _listening; } }
+        //public int SessionCount { get { return _sessions.Count; } }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        public void Start()
+        {
+            _listener = new Socket(this.ListenedEndPoint.AddressFamily, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp);
+            _listener.Bind(this.ListenedEndPoint);
+
+            ConfigureListener();
+
+            _listener.Listen(_configuration.PendingConnectionBacklog);
+
+            StartAccept();
+        }
+
+        public void Stop()
+        {
+
+        }
+
+        private void ConfigureListener()
+        {
+            AllowNatTraversal(_configuration.AllowNatTraversal);
+        }
+
+        private void AllowNatTraversal(bool allowed)
+        {
+            if (allowed)
+            {
+                _listener.SetIPProtectionLevel(IPProtectionLevel.Unrestricted);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _listener.SetIPProtectionLevel(IPProtectionLevel.EdgeRestricted);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private SocketAsyncEventArgs CreateSaeaForSessionAccept()
+        {
+            var saea = new SocketAsyncEventArgs();
+
+            saea.Completed += OnSessionAcceptSaeaCompleted;
+
+            return saea;
+        }
+
+        private void OnSessionAcceptSaeaCompleted(object sender, SocketAsyncEventArgs e)
+        {
+            ProcessAccept(e);
+        }
+
+        private void StartAccept()
+        {
+            SocketAsyncEventArgs sessionAcceptSaea = null;
+            if (!_sessionAcceptSaeaPool.TryPop(out sessionAcceptSaea))
+            {
+                throw new Exception();
+            }
+
+            bool isIoOperationPending = _listener.AcceptAsync(sessionAcceptSaea);
+            if (!isIoOperationPending)
+            {
+                ProcessAccept(sessionAcceptSaea);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ProcessAccept(SocketAsyncEventArgs saea)
+        {
+            if (saea.SocketError != SocketError.Success)
+            {
+                StartAccept();
+
+                saea.AcceptSocket.Close();
+                saea.AcceptSocket = null;
+                _sessionAcceptSaeaPool.Push(saea);
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            SocketAsyncEventArgs sessionHandleSaea = null;
+            if (!_sessionHandleSaeaPool.TryPop(out sessionHandleSaea))
+            {
+                throw new Exception();
+            }
+
+            sessionHandleSaea.AcceptSocket = saea.AcceptSocket;
+
+            saea.AcceptSocket = null;
+            _sessionAcceptSaeaPool.Push(saea);
+
+            StartReceive(sessionHandleSaea);
+
+            StartAccept();
+        }
+
+        private SocketAsyncEventArgs CreateSaeaForSessionHandle()
+        {
+            var saea = new SocketAsyncEventArgs();
+
+            saea.Completed += OnSessionHandleSaeaCompleted;
+
+            return saea;
+        }
+
+        private void OnSessionHandleSaeaCompleted(object sender, SocketAsyncEventArgs e)
+        {
+            switch (e.LastOperation)
+            {
+                case SocketAsyncOperation.Receive:
+                    ProcessReceive(e);
+                    break;
+                case SocketAsyncOperation.Send:
+                    ProcessSend(e);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException("The last operation completed on the socket was not a receive or send");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void StartReceive(SocketAsyncEventArgs saea)
+        {
+            //saea.SetBuffer(receiveSendToken.bufferOffsetReceive, this.socketListenerSettings.BufferSize);
+
+            bool isIoOperationPending = saea.AcceptSocket.ReceiveAsync(saea);
+            if (!isIoOperationPending)
+            {
+                ProcessReceive(saea);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ProcessReceive(SocketAsyncEventArgs saea)
+        {
+            if (saea.SocketError != SocketError.Success)
+            {
+                CloseClientSocket(saea);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (saea.BytesTransferred == 0)
+            {
+                CloseClientSocket(saea);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            //int remainingBytesToProcess = saea.BytesTransferred;
+
+            //if (receiveSendToken.receivedPrefixBytesDoneCount < this.socketListenerSettings.ReceivePrefixLength)
+            //{
+            //    remainingBytesToProcess = prefixHandler.HandlePrefix(saea, receiveSendToken, remainingBytesToProcess);
+
+            //    if (remainingBytesToProcess == 0)
+            //    {
+            //        StartReceive(saea);
+            //        return;
+            //    }
+            //}
+
+            //bool incomingTcpMessageIsReady = messageHandler.HandleMessage(saea, receiveSendToken, remainingBytesToProcess);
+
+            //if (incomingTcpMessageIsReady == true)
+            //{
+            //    receiveSendToken.theMediator.HandleData(receiveSendToken.theDataHolder);
+            //    receiveSendToken.CreateNewDataHolder();
+            //    receiveSendToken.Reset();
+
+            //    receiveSendToken.theMediator.PrepareOutgoingData();
+            //    StartSend(receiveSendToken.theMediator.GiveBack());
+            //}
+            //else
+            //{
+            //    receiveSendToken.receiveMessageOffset = receiveSendToken.bufferOffsetReceive;
+
+            //    receiveSendToken.recPrefixBytesDoneThisOp = 0;
+
+            //    StartReceive(saea);
+            //}
+        }
+
+        private void CloseClientSocket(SocketAsyncEventArgs saea)
+        {
+            //var receiveSendToken = (saea.UserToken as DataHoldingUserToken);
+
+            //try
+            //{
+            //    saea.AcceptSocket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both);
+            //}
+            //catch (Exception)
+            //{
+            //}
+
+            //saea.AcceptSocket.Close();
+
+            //if (receiveSendToken.theDataHolder.dataMessageReceived != null)
+            //{
+            //    receiveSendToken.CreateNewDataHolder();
+            //}
+
+            //this.poolOfRecSendEventArgs.Push(saea);
+
+            //Interlocked.Decrement(ref this.numberOfAcceptedSockets);
+
+            //this.theMaxConnectionsEnforcer.Release();
+        }
+
+        private void StartSend(SocketAsyncEventArgs receiveSendEventArgs)
+        {
+            //DataHoldingUserToken receiveSendToken = (DataHoldingUserToken)receiveSendEventArgs.UserToken;
+
+            //if (receiveSendToken.sendBytesRemainingCount <= this.socketListenerSettings.BufferSize)
+            //{
+            //    receiveSendEventArgs.SetBuffer(receiveSendToken.bufferOffsetSend, receiveSendToken.sendBytesRemainingCount);
+            //    Buffer.BlockCopy(receiveSendToken.dataToSend, receiveSendToken.bytesSentAlreadyCount, receiveSendEventArgs.Buffer, receiveSendToken.bufferOffsetSend, receiveSendToken.sendBytesRemainingCount);
+            //}
+            //else
+            //{
+            //    receiveSendEventArgs.SetBuffer(receiveSendToken.bufferOffsetSend, this.socketListenerSettings.BufferSize);
+            //    Buffer.BlockCopy(receiveSendToken.dataToSend, receiveSendToken.bytesSentAlreadyCount, receiveSendEventArgs.Buffer, receiveSendToken.bufferOffsetSend, this.socketListenerSettings.BufferSize);
+            //}
+
+            //bool willRaiseEvent = receiveSendEventArgs.AcceptSocket.SendAsync(receiveSendEventArgs);
+
+            //if (!willRaiseEvent)
+            //{
+            //    ProcessSend(receiveSendEventArgs);
+            //}
+        }
+
+        private void ProcessSend(SocketAsyncEventArgs receiveSendEventArgs)
+        {
+            //DataHoldingUserToken receiveSendToken = (DataHoldingUserToken)receiveSendEventArgs.UserToken;
+
+            //if (receiveSendEventArgs.SocketError == SocketError.Success)
+            //{
+            //    receiveSendToken.sendBytesRemainingCount = receiveSendToken.sendBytesRemainingCount - receiveSendEventArgs.BytesTransferred;
+
+            //    if (receiveSendToken.sendBytesRemainingCount == 0)
+            //    {
+            //        StartReceive(receiveSendEventArgs);
+            //    }
+            //    else
+            //    {                   
+            //        receiveSendToken.bytesSentAlreadyCount += receiveSendEventArgs.BytesTransferred;
+            //        StartSend(receiveSendEventArgs);
+            //    }
+            //}
+            //else
+            //{
+            //    receiveSendToken.Reset();
+            //    CloseClientSocket(receiveSendEventArgs);
+            //}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `sessionHandleSaea` last assigned on line 164 could be null and is dereferenced at line 170, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TcpSocketSaeaServer.ProcessAccept(SocketAsyncEventArgs)
+
+### File:
+Cowboy.Sockets/TcpSocketSaeaServer.cs
+
+### Key:
+TcpSocketSaeaServer.cs|ProcessAccept|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fed63043a57b15ee86a51c8f4210d5cd
+
+### Hash:
+6996eeb511e0a078d8699693a2979dec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0310/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0310/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..469f235faa4737a32ea24a5371a64a9159a5eab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0310/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiota
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Linq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Kiota.Builder.Refiners.Tests {
+    public class RubyLanguageRefinerTests {
+
+        private readonly CodeNamespace graphNS;
+        private readonly CodeClass parentClass;
+        private readonly CodeNamespace root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+        public RubyLanguageRefinerTests() {
+            root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+            graphNS = root.AddNamespace("graph");
+            parentClass = new (graphNS) {
+                Name = "parentClass"
+            };
+            graphNS.AddClass(parentClass);
+        }
+        #region CommonLanguageRefinerTests
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddsDefaultImports() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "model",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var requestBuilder = root.AddClass(new CodeClass(root) {
+                Name = "rb",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.RequestBuilder,
+            }).First();
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.NotEmpty(model.StartBlock.Usings);
+            Assert.NotEmpty(requestBuilder.StartBlock.Usings);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsSubNamespace() {
+            var rootNS = parentClass.Parent as CodeNamespace;
+            rootNS.RemoveChildElement(parentClass);
+            graphNS.AddClass(parentClass);
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = graphNS.AddNamespace($"{graphNS.Name}.messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "graph",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsParentNamespace() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = root.AddNamespace("messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            subNS.AddClass(messageClassDef);
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "messages",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("../messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsSameNamespace() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(graphNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "graph",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        #endregion
+        #region RubyLanguageRefinerTests
+        [Fact]
+        public void EscapesReservedKeywords() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "break",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.NotEqual("break", model.Name);
+            Assert.Contains("escaped", model.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddInheritedAndMethodTypesImports() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "model",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var declaration = model.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.Inherits = new (parentClass){
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            };
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./someInterface", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void FixInheritedEntityType() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "model",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var entity = graphNS.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "entity",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var declaration = model.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.Inherits = new (entity){
+                Name = "entity"
+            };
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("Graph::Entity", declaration.Inherits.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddNamespaceModuleImports() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = graphNS.AddNamespace("messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            subNS.AddClass(messageClassDef);
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "messages",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("../messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+            Assert.Equal("./graph", declaration.Usings.Last().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `declaration` last assigned on line 55 could be null and is dereferenced at line 61, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RubyLanguageRefinerTests.ReplacesImportsParentNamespace()
+
+### File:
+tests/Kiota.Builder.Tests/Refiners/RubyLanguageRefinerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+RubyLanguageRefinerTests.cs|ReplacesImportsParentNamespace|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ef91c4941a914fb0bf4a21cb3664ec51
+
+### Hash:
+c9f33e4c77385b32cb5ca24a03d04ef2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0319/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0319/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70fae79f7fc56545c604daa244732ba54e0f7610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0319/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiota
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Kiota.Builder.Writers.TypeScript.Tests {
+    public class CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests : IDisposable
+    {
+        private const string DefaultPath = "./";
+        private const string DefaultName = "name";
+        private readonly StringWriter tw;
+        private readonly LanguageWriter writer;
+        private readonly CodeClassDeclarationWriter codeElementWriter;
+        private readonly CodeClass parentClass;
+
+        public CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests() {
+            writer = LanguageWriter.GetLanguageWriter(GenerationLanguage.TypeScript, DefaultPath, DefaultName);
+            codeElementWriter = new CodeClassDeclarationWriter(new TypeScriptConventionService(writer), "graphtests");
+            tw = new StringWriter();
+            writer.SetTextWriter(tw);
+            var root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+            var ns = root.AddNamespace("graphtests.models");
+            parentClass = new () {
+                Name = "parentClass"
+            };
+            ns.AddClass(parentClass);
+        }
+        public void Dispose() {
+            tw?.Dispose();
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesSimpleDeclaration() {
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("export class", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesImplementation() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.AddImplements(new CodeType {
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("implements", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesInheritance() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.Inherits = new () {
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            };
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("extends", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesImports() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.AddUsings(new CodeUsing {
+                Name = "Objects",
+                Declaration = new () {
+                    Name = "util",
+                    IsExternal = true,
+                }
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("import", result);
+            Assert.Contains("from", result);
+            Assert.Contains("'util'", result);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `declaration` last assigned on line 59 could be null and is dereferenced at line 60, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.WritesImports()
+
+### File:
+tests/Kiota.Builder.Tests/Writers/TypeScript/CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.cs|WritesImports|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9ff6f66912dc2a3a36e0c52dc18cdd65
+
+### Hash:
+a58f6ff4f4bc231f4ba8104081a263c9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0321/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0321/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d80515197a7a1fe0c807e53d5ed55cc7c2ea178d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0321/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiota
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using Kiota.Builder.Extensions;
+
+namespace Kiota.Builder.Writers.CSharp {
+    public class CodeIndexerWriter : BaseElementWriter<CodeIndexer, CSharpConventionService>
+    {
+        public CodeIndexerWriter(CSharpConventionService conventionService) : base(conventionService) {}
+        private const string TempDictionaryVarName = "urlTplParams";
+        public override void WriteCodeElement(CodeIndexer codeElement, LanguageWriter writer)
+        {
+            var parentClass = codeElement.Parent as CodeClass;
+            var urlTemplateParametersProp = parentClass.GetPropertyOfKind(CodePropertyKind.UrlTemplateParameters);
+            var returnType = conventions.GetTypeString(codeElement.ReturnType, codeElement);
+            conventions.WriteShortDescription(codeElement.Description, writer);
+            writer.WriteLine($"public {returnType} this[{conventions.GetTypeString(codeElement.IndexType, codeElement)} position] {{ get {{");
+            writer.IncreaseIndent();
+            var stringSuffix = codeElement.IndexType.Name.Equals("string", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? string.Empty : ".ToString()";
+            writer.WriteLines($"var {TempDictionaryVarName} = new {urlTemplateParametersProp.Type.Name}({urlTemplateParametersProp.Name.ToFirstCharacterUpperCase()});",
+                                $"{TempDictionaryVarName}.Add(\"{codeElement.ParameterName}\", position{stringSuffix});");
+            conventions.AddRequestBuilderBody(parentClass, returnType, writer, TempDictionaryVarName, "return ");
+            writer.DecreaseIndent();
+            writer.WriteLine("} }");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `parentClass` last assigned on line 12 could be null and is dereferenced at line 13, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CodeIndexerWriter.WriteCodeElement(CodeIndexer,LanguageWriter)
+
+### File:
+src/Kiota.Builder/Writers/CSharp/CodeIndexerWriter.cs
+
+### Key:
+CodeIndexerWriter.cs|WriteCodeElement|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5e8bbdafffeadf136c5ecbcca23e74a5
+
+### Hash:
+bff7827071c4dd853b8c063cefa833e2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0326/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0326/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee65bde6a5bc6d05150e4320512789e6c9394d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0326/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiota
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Kiota.Builder.Writers.Java.Tests {
+    public class CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests : IDisposable
+    {
+        private const string DefaultPath = "./";
+        private const string DefaultName = "name";
+        private readonly StringWriter tw;
+        private readonly LanguageWriter writer;
+        private readonly CodeClassDeclarationWriter codeElementWriter;
+        private readonly CodeClass parentClass;
+
+        public CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests() {
+            codeElementWriter = new CodeClassDeclarationWriter(new JavaConventionService());
+            writer = LanguageWriter.GetLanguageWriter(GenerationLanguage.Java, DefaultPath, DefaultName);
+            tw = new StringWriter();
+            writer.SetTextWriter(tw);
+            var root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+            parentClass = new () {
+                Name = "parentClass"
+            };
+            root.AddClass(parentClass);
+        }
+        public void Dispose() {
+            tw?.Dispose();
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesSimpleDeclaration() {
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("public class", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesImplementation() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.AddImplements(new CodeType {
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("implements", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesInheritance() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.Inherits = new (){
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            };
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("extends", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesImports() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.AddUsings(new () {
+                Name = "Objects",
+                Declaration = new() {
+                    Name = "java.util",
+                    IsExternal = true,
+                }
+            },
+            new () {
+                Name = "project.graph",
+                Declaration = new() {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                }
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("import project.graph.Message", result);
+            Assert.Contains("import java.util.Objects", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void RemovesImportWithClassName() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.AddUsings(new CodeUsing {
+                Name = "project.graph",
+                Declaration = new() {
+                    Name = "parentClass",
+                }
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.DoesNotContain("project.graph.parentClass", result);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `declaration` last assigned on line 38 could be null and is dereferenced at line 39, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.WritesImplementation()
+
+### File:
+tests/Kiota.Builder.Tests/Writers/Java/CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.cs|WritesImplementation|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9ff6f66912dc2a3a36e0c52dc18cdd65
+
+### Hash:
+20b53f0b500a6194dfb0213cd135f282
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0343/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0343/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c755139fee82d9f6163f04c89bd735aa1cac087d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0343/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** platyPS
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Markdown.MAML.Model;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Markdown.MAML.Model.Markdown;
+
+namespace Markdown.MAML.Parser
+{
+    public class MarkdownParser
+    {
+        #region Private Fields
+
+        DocumentNode _currentDocument;
+        private string _remainingText;
+        MarkdownPatternList _markdownPatterns;
+        List<ParagraphSpan> _currentParagraphSpans;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Methods
+
+        public DocumentNode ParseString(string markdownString)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(markdownString))
+            {
+                // TODO: Throw ArgumentException instead?
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // Initialize the pattern list
+            this.InitializePatternList();
+
+            // Trim the leading whitespace off of the string
+            _remainingText = this.PrepareDocumentString(markdownString);
+
+            _currentDocument = new DocumentNode();
+            this.ParseDocument();
+
+            return _currentDocument;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Initialization
+
+        private void InitializePatternList()
+        {
+            _markdownPatterns =
+                new MarkdownPatternList
+                {
+                    // Headers
+                    {   "hash_header", 
+                        @"(\#+)[ ]*(.+?)[ ]*\#*(\r\n)+", 
+                        this.CreateHashHeader },
+
+                    {   "underline_header", 
+                        @"(.+?)[ ]*\r\n(==+|--+)[ ]*(\r\n)+", 
+                        this.CreateUnderlineHeader },
+
+                    // Code blocks
+                    {   "tick_codeblock",
+                        @"```(\r\n)*((.|\r\n)+?)```(\r\n)*",
+                        this.CreateTickCodeBlock },
+
+                    // Paragraph spans
+                    {   "hardbreak",
+                        @"[ ]{2}\r\n",
+                        this.CreateHardBreakSpan },
+
+                    {   "softbreak",
+                        @"(\r\n){{1}}",
+                        this.CreateSoftBreakSpan },
+
+                    {   "new_paragraph",
+                        @"(\r\n){{2,}}",
+                        this.CreateParagraph },
+
+                    {   "hyperlink",
+                        @"\[(.+?)\]\((https?://[^'\"">\s]+)?\)",
+                        this.CreateHyperlinkSpan },
+
+                    {   "bold",
+                        @"\*\*(.+?)\*\*",
+                        this.CreateBoldSpan },
+
+                    {   "italic",
+                        @"\*(.+?)\*",
+                        this.CreateItalicSpan }
+                };
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Parsing Methods
+
+        private void ParseDocument()
+        {
+            // This algorithm works by taking the current document string
+            // and using a regex to pull the first recognized substring beginning
+            // at character 0.  Once a substring has been matched, that substring
+            // is removed from the string and the loop starts over.
+            while (_remainingText.Length > 0)
+            {
+                // Try each of the patterns to find a match
+                Match firstMatch = null;
+                MarkdownPattern firstMatchedPattern = null;
+                foreach (MarkdownPattern markdownPattern in _markdownPatterns)
+                {
+                    Match regexMatch = null;
+                    if (markdownPattern.TryMatchString(_remainingText, out regexMatch))
+                    {
+                        if (firstMatch == null || firstMatch.Index > regexMatch.Index)
+                        {
+                            firstMatch = regexMatch;
+                            firstMatchedPattern = markdownPattern;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                int newStartingPosition = -1;
+                if (firstMatch != null)
+                {
+                    // Gather all text before this point into a paragraph
+                    if (firstMatch.Index > 0)
+                    {
+                        this.StartParagraph();
+
+                        this.CreateNormalSpan(
+                            _remainingText.Substring(
+                                0,
+                                firstMatch.Index));
+                    }
+
+                    // Run the match action for the pattern
+                    firstMatchedPattern.MatchAction(firstMatch);
+
+                    // Execute the action for the match
+                    newStartingPosition = firstMatch.Index + firstMatch.Length;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // If no match found, treat the rest of the text as a span
+                    this.CreateNormalSpan(_remainingText);
+                    newStartingPosition = _remainingText.Length;
+                }
+
+                // Trim the head of the string
+                _remainingText = 
+                    _remainingText.Substring(
+                        newStartingPosition);
+            }
+
+            // Finish any remaining paragraph
+            this.FinishParagraph();
+        }
+
+        private void CreateHashHeader(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            this.FinishParagraph();
+
+            _currentDocument.AddChildNode(
+                new HeadingNode(
+                    regexMatch.Groups[2].Value,
+                    regexMatch.Groups[1].Value.Length));
+        }
+
+        private void CreateUnderlineHeader(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            this.FinishParagraph();
+
+            int headerLevel =
+                regexMatch.Groups[2].Value[0] == '=' ?
+                    1 : 2;
+
+            _currentDocument.AddChildNode(
+                new HeadingNode(
+                    regexMatch.Groups[1].Value,
+                    headerLevel));
+        }
+
+        private void CreateTickCodeBlock(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+                this.FinishParagraph();
+
+                _currentDocument.AddChildNode(
+                    new CodeBlockNode(
+                        regexMatch.Groups[2].Value));
+        }
+
+        private void CreateNormalSpan(string spanText)
+        {
+            this.StartParagraph();
+
+            // TODO: Replace all newlines with spaces?  We
+            // might want to add line breaks only when the
+            // user has intentionally typed a hard break string
+            // (  \r\n)
+
+            // If the span is merely whitespace, don't add it
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(spanText))
+            {
+                _currentParagraphSpans.Add(new TextSpan(spanText));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateItalicSpan(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            this.StartParagraph();
+
+            _currentParagraphSpans.Add(
+                new TextSpan(
+                    regexMatch.Groups[1].Value,
+                    TextSpanStyle.Italic));
+        }
+
+        private void CreateBoldSpan(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            this.StartParagraph();
+
+            _currentParagraphSpans.Add(
+                new TextSpan(
+                    regexMatch.Groups[1].Value,
+                    TextSpanStyle.Bold));
+        }
+
+        private void CreateHyperlinkSpan(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            this.StartParagraph();
+
+            _currentParagraphSpans.Add(
+                new HyperlinkSpan(
+                    regexMatch.Groups[1].Value,
+                    regexMatch.Groups[2].Value));
+        }
+
+        private void CreateSoftBreakSpan(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            // Don't create a span?
+        }
+
+        private void CreateHardBreakSpan(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            this.StartParagraph();
+
+            _currentParagraphSpans.Add(new HardBreakSpan());
+        }
+
+        private void CreateParagraph(Match regexMatch)
+        {
+            this.FinishParagraph();
+            this.StartParagraph();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Parser State Management
+
+        private void StartParagraph()
+        {
+            if (_currentParagraphSpans == null)
+            {
+                _currentParagraphSpans = new List<ParagraphSpan>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void FinishParagraph()
+        {
+            if (_currentParagraphSpans != null && 
+                _currentParagraphSpans.Count > 0)
+            {
+                _currentDocument.AddChildNode(
+                    new ParagraphNode(
+                        _currentParagraphSpans));
+
+                _currentParagraphSpans = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Helper Methods
+
+        private string PrepareDocumentString(string documentString)
+        {
+            // Trim any leading whitespace off of the string
+            documentString = documentString.TrimStart();
+
+            // Replace any invalid characters
+            // TODO: Find a better way to deal with this problem in a general way
+            documentString = documentString.Replace('–', '-');
+
+            // Make sure all newlines are \r\n.  In some environments,
+            // verbatim string literals have \r instead of \r\n.
+            return Regex.Replace(documentString, "[^\r]\n", "\r\n");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `regexMatch` last assigned on line 110 could be null and is dereferenced at line 113, column 25.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MarkdownParser.ParseDocument()
+
+### File:
+src/Markdown.MAML/Parser/MarkdownParser.cs
+
+### Key:
+MarkdownParser.cs|ParseDocument|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e9a8b75584d28bef4ee9ed2cb34c3377
+
+### Hash:
+a1499515e99650accf6e52daf2e50c81
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0344/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0344/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55b2dc1f27b1a0f01115fd002fcb07dff3997d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0344/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** platyPS
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Markdown.MAML.Model;
+
+namespace Markdown.MAML.Transformer
+{
+    public class ModelTransformer
+    {
+        private DocumentNode _root;
+        private IEnumerator<MarkdownNode> _rootEnumerator;
+
+        private const int COMMAND_NAME_HEADING_LEVEL = 2;
+        private const int COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL = 3;
+
+        private MarkdownNode GetCurrentNode()
+        {
+            return _rootEnumerator.Current;
+        }
+
+        private MarkdownNode GetNextNode()
+        {
+            if (_rootEnumerator.MoveNext())
+            {
+                return _rootEnumerator.Current;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private string GetSynopsis()
+        {
+            var node = GetNextNode();
+
+            // check for appropriate header
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Heading)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            var headingNode = node as HeadingNode;
+            if (headingNode.HeadingLevel != COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            if (StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase.Compare(headingNode.Text, "SYNOPSIS") != 0)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            node = GetNextNode();
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Paragraph)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect SYNOPSIS text");
+            }
+
+            return (node as ParagraphNode).Text;
+        }
+
+        private string GetDescription()
+        {
+            var node = GetNextNode();
+
+            if (node == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // check for appropriate header
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Heading)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###DESCRIPTION");
+            }
+
+            var headingNode = node as HeadingNode;
+            if (headingNode.HeadingLevel != COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            if (StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase.Compare(headingNode.Text, "SYNOPSIS") != 0)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            node = GetNextNode();
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Paragraph)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect SYNOPSIS text");
+            }
+
+            return ((node as ParagraphNode).Text);
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<MamlCommand> NodeModelToMamlModel(DocumentNode node)
+        {
+            _root = node;
+            if (_root.Children == null)
+            {
+                // HACK:
+                _rootEnumerator = (new LinkedList<MarkdownNode>()).GetEnumerator();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _rootEnumerator = _root.Children.GetEnumerator();
+            }
+
+            List<MamlCommand> commands = new List<MamlCommand>();
+            MarkdownNode markdownNode;
+            while ((markdownNode = GetNextNode()) != null)
+            {
+                if (markdownNode is HeadingNode)
+                {
+                    var headingNode = markdownNode as HeadingNode;
+                    switch (headingNode.HeadingLevel)
+                    {
+                        case COMMAND_NAME_HEADING_LEVEL:
+                            {
+                                MamlCommand command = new MamlCommand()
+                                {
+                                    Name = headingNode.Text,
+                                    Synopsis = GetSynopsis(),
+                                    Description = GetDescription()
+                                };
+                                commands.Add(command);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        default: throw new HelpSchemaException("Booo, I don't know what is the heading level " + headingNode.HeadingLevel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return commands;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `headingNode` last assigned on line 40 could be null and is dereferenced at line 41, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String ModelTransformer.GetSynopsis()
+
+### File:
+src/Markdown.MAML/Transformer/ModelTransformer.cs
+
+### Key:
+ModelTransformer.cs|GetSynopsis|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+271f81f1f9128c705ca1645eb2cfd66b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0350/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0350/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8182d2c64433714df26c0dcd72746aef6e47a578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0350/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** platyPS
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Markdown.MAML.Model;
+
+namespace Markdown.MAML.Parser
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This class contain logic to render maml from the Model.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class MamlRenderer
+    {
+        private enum State
+        {
+            None,
+            Command,
+            
+        }
+
+        private StringBuilder _stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        private DocumentNode _root;
+        private State _state;
+        private Stack<string> _tagStack;
+        private IEnumerator<MarkdownNode> _rootEnumerator;
+
+        public const string XML_PREAMBULA = @"<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""utf-8""?>
+<helpItems schema=""maml"">
+";
+        public const string COMMAND_PREAMBULA = @"<command:command xmlns:maml=""http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/2004/10"" xmlns:command=""http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/command/2004/10"" xmlns:dev=""http://schemas.microsoft.com/maml/dev/2004/10"" xmlns:MSHelp=""http://msdn.microsoft.com/mshelp"">";
+
+        private const int COMMAND_NAME_HEADING_LEVEL = 2;
+        private const int COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL = 3;
+
+        public MamlRenderer(DocumentNode root)
+        {
+            _root = root;
+            _tagStack = new Stack<string>();
+            if (_root.Children == null)
+            {
+                // HACK:
+                _rootEnumerator = (new LinkedList<MarkdownNode>()).GetEnumerator();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _rootEnumerator = _root.Children.GetEnumerator();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void PushTag(string tag)
+        {
+            _stringBuilder.AppendFormat("<{0}>\n", tag);
+            _tagStack.Push(tag);
+        }
+
+        private void PopTag(string tag)
+        {
+            string poped = _tagStack.Pop();
+            if (poped != tag)
+            {
+                throw new FormatException("Expecting pop " + tag + ", but got " + poped);
+            }
+            _stringBuilder.AppendFormat("</{0}>\n", tag);
+        }
+
+        private void PopAllTags()
+        {
+            PopTag(_tagStack.Count);
+        }
+
+        private void PopTag(int count)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) 
+            { 
+                _stringBuilder.AppendFormat("</{0}>\n", _tagStack.Pop());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string ToMamlString()
+        {
+            _stringBuilder.Clear();
+            _state = State.None;
+            _stringBuilder.AppendLine(XML_PREAMBULA);
+             
+            AddCommands();
+
+            _stringBuilder.AppendLine("</helpItems>");
+            return _stringBuilder.ToString();
+        }
+
+        private MarkdownNode GetCurrentNode()
+        {
+            return _rootEnumerator.Current;
+        }
+
+        private MarkdownNode GetNextNode()
+        {
+            if (_rootEnumerator.MoveNext())
+            {
+                return _rootEnumerator.Current;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void AddCommands()
+        {
+            MarkdownNode markdownNode;
+            _stringBuilder.AppendLine(COMMAND_PREAMBULA);
+            while ((markdownNode = GetNextNode()) != null)
+            {
+                if (markdownNode is HeadingNode)
+                {
+                    var headingNode = markdownNode as HeadingNode;
+                    switch (headingNode.HeadingLevel)
+                    {
+                        case COMMAND_NAME_HEADING_LEVEL :
+                        {
+                            PopAllTags();
+                            _state = State.Command;
+
+                            PushTag("command:details");
+                            _stringBuilder.AppendFormat("<command:name>{0}</command:name>", headingNode.Text);
+                            AddDescription();
+                            PopTag("command:details");
+                            
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        default: throw new HelpSchemaException("Booo, I don't know what is the heading level " + headingNode.HeadingLevel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            //PopAllTags();
+
+            _stringBuilder.AppendLine("</command:command>");
+        }
+
+        private void AddDescription()
+        {
+            var node = GetNextNode();
+
+            // check for appropriate header
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Heading)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###DESCRIPTION");
+            }
+
+            var headingNode = node as HeadingNode;
+            if (headingNode.HeadingLevel != COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###DESCRIPTION");
+            }
+
+            if (StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase.Compare(headingNode.Text, "DESCRIPTION") != 0)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###DESCRIPTION");
+            }
+
+            node = GetNextNode();
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Paragraph)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect DESCRIPTION text");
+            }
+
+            PushTag("maml:description");
+            PushTag("maml:para");
+            _stringBuilder.AppendLine((node as ParagraphNode).Text);
+            PopTag(2);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `node` last assigned on line 141 could be null and is dereferenced at line 144, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MamlRenderer.AddDescription()
+
+### File:
+src/Markdown.MAML/Parser/MamlRenderer.cs
+
+### Key:
+MamlRenderer.cs|AddDescription|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+aec1dc1affe555bbcc0ab78b683e5995
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0357/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0357/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efccce1a3aeb3a1f7b6d67d8ca72e559986f6656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0357/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-streams-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Confluent.Kafka;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Kafka;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Pipes;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.Internal;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.SerDes;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock
+{
+    internal sealed class TaskSynchronousTopologyDriver : IBehaviorTopologyTestDriver
+    {
+        private readonly IStreamConfig configuration;
+        private readonly IStreamConfig topicConfiguration;
+        private readonly InternalTopologyBuilder builder;
+        private readonly CancellationToken token;
+        private readonly IKafkaSupplier supplier;
+        private readonly IDictionary<TaskId, StreamTask> tasks = new Dictionary<TaskId, StreamTask>();
+        private readonly IDictionary<TaskId, IList<TopicPartition>> partitionsByTaskId = new Dictionary<TaskId, IList<TopicPartition>>();
+        private readonly SyncProducer producer = null;
+        private ITopicManager internalTopicManager;
+
+        public bool IsRunning { get; private set; }
+
+        public bool IsStopped => !IsRunning;
+
+        public bool IsError { get; private set; } = false;
+
+        public TaskSynchronousTopologyDriver(string clientId, InternalTopologyBuilder topologyBuilder, IStreamConfig configuration, IStreamConfig topicConfiguration, CancellationToken token)
+            : this(clientId, topologyBuilder, configuration, topicConfiguration, null, token)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public TaskSynchronousTopologyDriver(string clientId, InternalTopologyBuilder topologyBuilder, IStreamConfig configuration, IStreamConfig topicConfiguration, IKafkaSupplier supplier, CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            this.configuration = configuration;
+            this.configuration.ClientId = clientId;
+            this.topicConfiguration = topicConfiguration;
+
+            this.token = token;
+            builder = topologyBuilder;
+            this.supplier = supplier ?? new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            producer = this.supplier.GetProducer(configuration.ToProducerConfig()) as SyncProducer;
+
+            foreach (var sourceTopic in builder.GetSourceTopics().Union(builder.GetGlobalTopics()))
+            {
+                var part = new TopicPartition(sourceTopic, 0);
+                var taskId = builder.GetTaskIdFromPartition(part);
+                if (partitionsByTaskId.ContainsKey(taskId))
+                    partitionsByTaskId[taskId].Add(part);
+                else
+                    partitionsByTaskId.Add(taskId, new List<TopicPartition> { part });
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal StreamTask GetTask(string topicName)
+        {
+            StreamTask task;
+            var id = builder.GetTaskIdFromPartition(new Confluent.Kafka.TopicPartition(topicName, 0));
+            if (tasks.ContainsKey(id))
+                task = tasks[id];
+            else
+            {
+                task = new StreamTask("thread-0",
+                    id,
+                    partitionsByTaskId[id],
+                    builder.BuildTopology(id),
+                    supplier.GetConsumer(configuration.ToConsumerConfig(), null),
+                    configuration,
+                    supplier,
+                    producer,
+                    new MockChangelogRegister());
+                task.InitializeStateStores();
+                task.InitializeTopology();
+                task.RestorationIfNeeded();
+                task.CompleteRestoration();
+                tasks.Add(id, task);
+            }
+            return task;
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeInternalTopicManager()
+        {
+            // Create internal topics (changelogs & repartition) if need
+            var adminClientInternalTopicManager = supplier.GetAdmin(configuration.ToAdminConfig(StreamThread.GetSharedAdminClientId($"{configuration.ApplicationId.ToLower()}-admin-internal-topic-manager")));
+            internalTopicManager = new DefaultTopicManager(configuration, adminClientInternalTopicManager);
+
+            InternalTopicManagerUtils
+                .New()
+                .CreateSourceTopics(builder, supplier)
+                .CreateInternalTopicsAsync(internalTopicManager, builder)
+                .GetAwaiter()
+                .GetResult();
+        }
+
+        #region IBehaviorTopologyTestDriver
+
+        public TestMultiInputTopic<K, V> CreateMultiInputTopic<K, V>(string[] topics, ISerDes<K> keySerdes = null, ISerDes<V> valueSerdes = null)
+        {
+            Dictionary<string, IPipeInput> pipes = new Dictionary<string, IPipeInput>();
+            
+            foreach(var t in topics)
+            {
+                var task = GetTask(t);
+                var builder = new SyncPipeBuilder(task);
+                pipes.Add(t, builder.Input(t, configuration));
+            }
+
+            return new TestMultiInputTopic<K, V>(pipes, configuration, keySerdes, valueSerdes);
+        }
+
+        public TestInputTopic<K, V> CreateInputTopic<K, V>(string topicName, ISerDes<K> keySerdes, ISerDes<V> valueSerdes)
+        {
+            var pipeBuilder = new SyncPipeBuilder(GetTask(topicName));
+            var pipeInput = pipeBuilder.Input(topicName, configuration);
+            return new TestInputTopic<K, V>(pipeInput, configuration, keySerdes, valueSerdes);
+        }
+
+        public TestOutputTopic<K, V> CreateOutputTopic<K, V>(string topicName, TimeSpan consumeTimeout, ISerDes<K> keySerdes = null, ISerDes<V> valueSerdes = null)
+        {
+            var pipeBuilder = new SyncPipeBuilder(null, producer);
+            var pipeOutput = pipeBuilder.Output(topicName, consumeTimeout, configuration, token);
+            return new TestOutputTopic<K, V>(pipeOutput, topicConfiguration, keySerdes, valueSerdes);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            internalTopicManager?.Dispose();
+
+            foreach (var t in tasks.Values)
+            {
+                t.Close();
+
+                // Remove local state store for this task
+                if (t.IsPersistent)
+                    Directory.Delete(t.Context.StateDir, true);
+            }
+            
+            IsRunning = false;
+        }
+
+        public void StartDriver()
+        {
+            InitializeInternalTopicManager();
+
+            IsRunning = true;
+        }
+
+        public IStateStore GetStateStore<K, V>(string name)
+        {
+            var task = tasks.Values.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Context.GetStateStore(name) != null);
+            return task != null ? task.Context.GetStateStore(name) : null;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource pipeInput of type Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Pipes.SyncPipeInput in method "TestInputTopic`2<K,V> TaskSynchronousTopologyDriver.CreateInputTopic(String,ISerDes`1<T>,ISerDes`1<T>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+TestInputTopic`2<K,V> TaskSynchronousTopologyDriver.CreateInputTopic(String,ISerDes`1<T>,ISerDes`1<T>)
+
+### File:
+core/Mock/TaskSynchronousTopologyDriver.cs
+
+### Key:
+TaskSynchronousTopologyDriver.cs|CreateInputTopic|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1e4078ea6973265260a0810f9b76b261
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0359/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0359/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90c239697febd9405522c15051f9eafd6202bdde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0359/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-streams-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Confluent.Kafka;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Errors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.Internal;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.State;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Stream.Internal;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync;
+
+namespace Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests.Private
+{
+    public class GlobalStateManagerTests
+    {
+        private GlobalStateManager stateManager;
+        private Mock<IKeyValueStore<object, object>> kvStoreMock;
+        private Mock<IKeyValueStore<object, object>> otherStoreMock;
+        private Mock<IAdminClient> adminClientMock;
+        private ProcessorTopology topology;
+        private Mock<IStreamConfig> streamConfigMock;
+        private ProcessorContext context;
+
+        private readonly string kvStoreName = "kv-store";
+        private readonly string kvStoreTopic = "kv-store-topic";
+        private readonly string otherStoreName = "other-store";
+        private readonly string otherStoreTopic = "other-store-topic";
+
+        [SetUp]
+        public void SetUp()
+        {
+            var mockSupplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var consumerConfig = new ConsumerConfig();
+            consumerConfig.GroupId = "global-consulmer";
+            var globalConsumer = mockSupplier.GetConsumer(consumerConfig, null);
+            
+            streamConfigMock = new Mock<IStreamConfig>();
+            streamConfigMock.Setup(c => c.StateDir).Returns(".");
+            streamConfigMock.Setup(c => c.ApplicationId).Returns("app");
+
+            kvStoreMock = CreateMockStore<IKeyValueStore<object, object>>(kvStoreName);
+            otherStoreMock = CreateMockStore<IKeyValueStore<object, object>>(otherStoreName);
+            var globalStateStores = new Dictionary<string, IStateStore>() {
+                { kvStoreMock.Object.Name, kvStoreMock.Object },
+                { otherStoreMock.Object.Name, otherStoreMock.Object }
+            };
+            var storesToTopics = new Dictionary<string, string>() {
+                { kvStoreMock.Object.Name, kvStoreTopic },
+                { otherStoreMock.Object.Name, otherStoreTopic }
+            };
+
+            topology = new ProcessorTopology(
+                    null,
+                    new Dictionary<string, IProcessor>(),
+                    new Dictionary<string, IProcessor>(),
+                    new Dictionary<string, IProcessor>(),
+                    new Dictionary<string, IStateStore>(),
+                    globalStateStores,
+                    storesToTopics);
+
+            adminClientMock = new Mock<IAdminClient>();
+            RegisterPartitionInAdminClient(kvStoreTopic);
+            RegisterPartitionInAdminClient(otherStoreTopic);
+
+            stateManager = new GlobalStateManager(globalConsumer, topology,
+                    adminClientMock.Object,
+                    streamConfigMock.Object
+                );
+
+            context = new GlobalProcessorContext(
+                streamConfigMock.Object,
+                stateManager);
+            
+            stateManager.SetGlobalProcessorContext(context);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldInitializeStateStores()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(store => store.Init(It.IsAny<ProcessorContext>(), It.IsAny<IStateStore>()), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldInitializeWithGlobalContext()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(store => store.Init(context, It.IsAny<IStateStore>()), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldReturnInitializedStoreNames()
+        {
+            ISet<string> storeNames = stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<string>() { kvStoreName, otherStoreName }, storeNames);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldThrowIfSameStoreTwiceTwiceInTopology()
+        {
+            // this was already registered once
+            topology.GlobalStateStores.Add($"kvStoreMock.Object.Name{1}", kvStoreMock.Object);
+
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => stateManager.Initialize());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldThrowIfNoPartitionsFoundForStore()
+        {
+            kvStoreMock
+                .Setup(s => s.Init(context, It.IsAny<IStateStore>()))
+                .Callback((ProcessorContext c, IStateStore store) =>
+                {
+                    stateManager.Register(store, (k, v) => { });
+                });
+            
+            adminClientMock.Setup(client => client.GetMetadata(kvStoreTopic, It.IsAny<TimeSpan>())).Returns((Metadata)null);
+            Assert.Throws<StreamsException>(() => stateManager.Initialize());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldSetChangelogOffsetToZero()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(-2, stateManager.ChangelogOffsets.Single(x => x.Key.Topic == kvStoreTopic).Value);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldReturnStore()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            var result = stateManager.GetStore(kvStoreName);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(kvStoreMock.Object, result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldReturnNullIfNoStore()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            var result = stateManager.GetStore("some-store-name");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldFlushStateStores()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            stateManager.Register(otherStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            stateManager.Flush();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Flush(), Times.Once);
+            otherStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Flush(), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldCloseStateStores()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            stateManager.Register(otherStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            stateManager.Close();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+            otherStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldThrowIfStoreCloseFailed()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            kvStoreMock.Setup(x => x.Close()).Throws(new ProcessorStateException("boom!"));
+
+            Assert.Throws<ProcessorStateException>(() => stateManager.Close());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldAttemptToCloseAllStoresEvenWhenSomeException()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            stateManager.Register(otherStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            kvStoreMock.Setup(x => x.Close()).Throws(new ProcessorStateException("boom!"));
+
+            try
+            {
+                stateManager.Close();
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+            otherStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        private Mock<T> CreateMockStore<T>(string name, bool isOpen = true) where T : class, IStateStore
+        {
+            var store = new Mock<T>();
+            store.Setup(kvStore => kvStore.Name).Returns(name);
+            store.Setup(kvStore => kvStore.IsOpen).Returns(isOpen);
+            return store;
+        }
+
+        private void RegisterPartitionInAdminClient(string topic)
+        {
+            adminClientMock.Setup(client => client.GetMetadata(topic, It.IsAny<TimeSpan>())).Returns(
+                new Metadata(
+                    null,
+                    new List<TopicMetadata>() {
+                        new TopicMetadata(
+                            topic,
+                            new List<PartitionMetadata>() { new PartitionMetadata(0, 0, new int[] { }, new int[] { }, null) },
+                            null)
+                    }, 0, "")
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`this->Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests.Private.GlobalStateManagerTests.context->Streamiz.Kafka.Net.ProcessorContext.<Task>k__BackingField` could be null (from the call to `GlobalProcessorContext(...)` on line 72) and is dereferenced in call to `GlobalStateManager.SetGlobalProcessorContext(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GlobalStateManagerTests.SetUp()
+
+### File:
+test/Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests/Private/GlobalStateManagerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+GlobalStateManagerTests.cs|SetUp|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+1f5eb3ba3974bfad250ddaf173334a57
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0361/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0361/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b88eab2b757262f35a2ea6f51d9f98a44c1c548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0361/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-streams-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using kafka_stream_core;
+using kafka_stream_core.SerDes;
+using kafka_stream_core.Stream;
+using kafka_stream_core.Table;
+using System;
+
+namespace sample_stream
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            StreamConfig config = new StreamConfig();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test-app";
+            config.Add("bootstrap.servers", "192.168.56.1:9092");
+            config.Add("sasl.mechanism", "SCRAM-SHA-512");
+            config.Add("sasl.username", "admin");
+            config.Add("sasl.password", "admin");
+            config.Add("security.protocol", "SaslPlaintext");
+            config.NumStreamThreads = 2;
+
+            StreamBuilder builder = new StreamBuilder();
+            // builder.stream("test").filterNot((k, v) => v.Contains("test")).to("test-output");
+            var ktable = builder.table("test-ktable", Consumed<string, string>.with(new StringSerDes(), new StringSerDes()), InMemory<string, string>.As("test-ktable-store"));
+             
+            Topology t = builder.build();
+            KafkaStream stream = new KafkaStream(t, config);
+
+            try
+            {
+                stream.Start();
+                Console.ReadKey();
+                stream.Stop();
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(e.Message + ":" + e.StackTrace);
+                stream.Kill();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource stream.kafka_stream_core.KafkaStream.threads.[_] of type kafka_stream_core.Processors.StreamThread in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+sample/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+dbbc7723f93fc91dab8865e858e9698e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0366/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0366/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1bf548259ebb19bdfb6b6c73aa234b2ceaf8251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0366/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-streams-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using Confluent.Kafka;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Crosscutting;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Errors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.Internal;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.SerDes;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.State;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.State.InMemory;
+using static Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.Internal.StoreChangelogReader;
+
+namespace Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests.Private
+{
+    // TODO : 1.2.0, restore from recovery, restore from scratch, restore from offset invalid ...
+    public class StoreChangelogReaderTests
+    {
+        private string stateDir;
+        private string changelogTopic;
+        private IStreamConfig config;
+        private SyncKafkaSupplier supplier;
+        private InMemoryKeyValueStore store;
+        private StoreChangelogReader storeChangelogReader;
+        private ProcessorStateManager stateMgr;
+
+        [SetUp]
+        public void Init()
+        {
+            stateDir = Path.Combine(".", Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
+            config = new StreamConfig<StringSerDes, StringSerDes>();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test-storechangelog-app";
+            config.StateDir = stateDir;
+
+            supplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var producer = supplier.GetProducer(config.ToProducerConfig());
+            var consumer = supplier.GetConsumer(config.ToConsumerConfig(), null);
+            var restoreConsumer = supplier.GetRestoreConsumer(config.ToConsumerConfig());
+
+            var topicPart = new TopicPartition("topic", 0);
+            changelogTopic = "store-changelog-topic";
+            var changelogsTopics = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            changelogsTopics.Add("store", changelogTopic);
+            var id = new TaskId
+            {
+                Id = 0,
+                Partition = 0
+            };
+
+            store = new InMemoryKeyValueStore("store");
+            storeChangelogReader = new StoreChangelogReader(config, restoreConsumer);
+            stateMgr = new ProcessorStateManager(
+                id,
+                topicPart.ToSingle(),
+                changelogsTopics,
+                storeChangelogReader,
+                new OffsetCheckpointFile(Path.Combine(config.StateDir, config.ApplicationId, $"{id.Id}-{id.Partition}"))
+            );
+
+            stateMgr.Register(store, (k, v) => store.Put(k, v));
+
+
+            Message<byte[], byte[]> CreateMessage(string topic, string key, string value)
+            {
+                StringSerDes stringSerDes = new StringSerDes();
+                return new Message<byte[], byte[]>
+                {
+                    Key = stringSerDes.Serialize(key, new SerializationContext(MessageComponentType.Key, topic)),
+                    Value = stringSerDes.Serialize(value, new SerializationContext(MessageComponentType.Key, topic))
+                };
+            }
+
+            producer.Produce(changelogTopic, CreateMessage(changelogTopic, "key1", "value1"));
+            producer.Produce(changelogTopic, CreateMessage(changelogTopic, "key2", "value2"));
+        }
+
+        [TearDown]
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            stateMgr.Close();
+            storeChangelogReader.Clear();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RestoreComplete()
+        {
+            storeChangelogReader.Restore();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, store.ApproximateNumEntries());
+
+            var metadata = storeChangelogReader.GetMetadata(new TopicPartition(changelogTopic, 0));
+            Assert.IsNotNull(metadata);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ChangelogState.COMPLETED, metadata.ChangelogState);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, metadata.RestoreEndOffset);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, metadata.TotalRestored);
+        }
+
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RegisterFailed()
+        {
+            Assert.Throws<StreamsException>(() => storeChangelogReader.Register(new TopicPartition("test", 0), stateMgr));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `metadata` last assigned on line 92 could be null and is dereferenced at line 94, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void StoreChangelogReaderTests.RestoreComplete()
+
+### File:
+test/Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests/Private/StoreChangelogReaderTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+StoreChangelogReaderTests.cs|RestoreComplete|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c6749c0eea2f60af0918298ee5b3577c
+
+### Hash:
+c541346c087ce3a0ad81b876221c4ca3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0372/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0372/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76a583bb97cf0e760440b287b8a003d236fbf437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0372/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TerminalGuiDesigner
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// <auto-generated>
+//     This code was generated by a tool.
+//
+//     Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if
+//     the code is regenerated.
+// </auto-generated>
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace YourNamespace {
+    using System;
+    using Terminal.Gui;
+    
+    
+    public partial class MyWindow {
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.TabView tabview1;
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.Label label1;
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.Label label2;
+        
+        private void InitializeComponent() {
+            this.tabview1 = new Terminal.Gui.TabView();
+            this.tabview1.Data = "tabview1";
+            this.tabview1.Text = "";
+            this.tabview1.Width = 50;
+            this.tabview1.Height = Dim.Fill(0);
+            this.tabview1.X = 0;
+            this.tabview1.Y = 0;
+            this.tabview1.MaxTabTextWidth = 30u;
+            this.tabview1.Style.ShowBorder = true;
+            this.tabview1.Style.ShowTopLine = true;
+            this.tabview1.Style.TabsOnBottom = false;
+            Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab tabview1Tab1;
+            tabview1Tab1 = new Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab("Tab1", new View());
+            tabview1Tab1.View.Width = Dim.Fill();
+            tabview1Tab1.View.Height = Dim.Fill();
+            this.label1 = new Terminal.Gui.Label();
+            this.label1.Data = "label1";
+            this.label1.Text = "Heya";
+            this.label1.Width = 4;
+            this.label1.Height = 1;
+            this.label1.X = 0;
+            this.label1.Y = 0;
+            tabview1Tab1.View.Add(this.label1);
+            tabview1.AddTab(tabview1Tab1, false);
+            Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab tabview1Tab2;
+            tabview1Tab2 = new Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab("Tab2", new View());
+            tabview1Tab2.View.Width = Dim.Fill();
+            tabview1Tab2.View.Height = Dim.Fill();
+            this.label2 = new Terminal.Gui.Label();
+            this.label2.Data = "label2";
+            this.label2.Text = "Heya";
+            this.label2.Width = 4;
+            this.label2.Height = 1;
+            this.label2.X = 0;
+            this.label2.Y = 0;
+            tabview1Tab2.View.Add(this.label2);
+            tabview1.AddTab(tabview1Tab2, false);
+            this.Add(this.tabview1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.YourNamespace.MyWindow.tabview1 of type Terminal.Gui.TabView, Leaked resource this.YourNamespace.MyWindow.label2 of type Terminal.Gui.Label, Leaked resource this.YourNamespace.MyWindow.label1 of type Terminal.Gui.Label, Leaked resource (output of Terminal.Gui.View::.ctor() at Line 49) of type Terminal.Gui.View, Leaked resource (output of Terminal.Gui.View::.ctor() at Line 36) of type Terminal.Gui.View in method "Void MyWindow.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MyWindow.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/MyWindow.Designer.cs
+
+### Key:
+MyWindow.Designer.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1d9bd742168ab0360dd6ba0f3a86a8ed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0374/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0374/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6323de19cbb75bb65e2000f5140d4eed52d2c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0374/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TerminalGuiDesigner
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using TerminalGuiDesigner.UI;
+
+namespace TerminalGuiDesigner;
+
+
+public partial class Program
+{
+    public static void Main(string[] args)
+    {
+        var editor = new Editor();
+        editor.Run();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource editor of type Terminal.Gui.Toplevel in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+src/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9e18a74b9074998df149fa3c7876277a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0375/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0375/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f461f44a9368c69317871fbeb08fab0a384d10d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0375/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,850 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TerminalGuiDesigner
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Terminal.Gui;
+using TerminalGuiDesigner.Operations;
+using TerminalGuiDesigner.UI.Windows;
+using TerminalGuiDesigner.FromCode;
+using TerminalGuiDesigner.ToCode;
+using Attribute = Terminal.Gui.Attribute;
+using YamlDotNet.Serialization;
+
+namespace TerminalGuiDesigner.UI;
+
+public class Editor : Toplevel
+{
+    Design? _viewBeingEdited;
+    private SourceCodeFile? _currentDesignerFile;
+    private bool enableDrag = true;
+    private bool enableShowFocused = true;
+    DragOperation? dragOperation = null;
+    ResizeOperation? resizeOperation = null;
+
+    bool _editting = false;
+
+    readonly KeyMap _keyMap;
+
+    KeyboardManager _keyboardManager = new ();
+
+    private string GetHelpWithNothingLoaded()
+    {
+        return @$"{_keyMap.ShowHelp} - Show Help
+{_keyMap.New} - New Window/Class
+{_keyMap.Open} - Open a .Designer.cs file";
+    }
+    private string GetHelpWithEmptyFormLoaded()
+    {
+        return @$"{_keyMap.AddView} to Add a View";
+    }
+    private string GetHelp()
+    {
+
+        return GetHelpWithNothingLoaded() + @$"
+{_keyMap.Save} - Save an opened .Designer.cs file
+{_keyMap.AddView} - Add View
+{_keyMap.ToggleDragging} - Toggle mouse dragging on/off
+{_keyMap.ToggleShowFocused} - Toggle show focused view field name
+{_keyMap.EditProperties} - Edit View Properties
+{_keyMap.ViewSpecificOperations} - View Specific Operations
+{_keyMap.EditRootProperties} - Edit Root Properties
+{_keyMap.Delete} - Delete selected View
+Shift+Cursor - Move focused View
+Ctrl+Cursor - Move focused View quickly
+Ctrl+Q - Quit
+{_keyMap.Undo} - Undo
+{_keyMap.Redo} - Redo";
+
+    }
+
+    public Editor()
+    {
+        CanFocus = true;
+
+        // If there are custom keybindings read those
+        if(File.Exists("Keys.yaml"))
+        {
+            var d = new Deserializer();
+            try
+            {
+                _keyMap = d.Deserialize<KeyMap>(File.ReadAllText("Keys.yaml"));
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                // if there is bad yaml use the defaults
+                ExceptionViewer.ShowException("Failed to read keybindings",ex);
+                _keyMap = new KeyMap();
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // otherwise use the defaults
+            _keyMap = new KeyMap();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void Run(Options options)
+    {
+        if(!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.Path))
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var toLoadOrCreate = new FileInfo(options.Path);
+
+                if (toLoadOrCreate.Exists)
+                {
+                    Open(toLoadOrCreate);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Type toCreate = typeof(Window);
+
+                    if(!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(options.ViewType))
+                    {
+                        toCreate = GetSupportedRootViews().FirstOrDefault(v => v.Name.Equals(options.ViewType))??toCreate;
+                    }
+
+                    New(toLoadOrCreate, toCreate, options.Namespace);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                MessageBox.ErrorQuery("Error Loading Designer", ex.Message, "Ok");
+                Application.Shutdown();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Application.RootKeyEvent += (k) =>
+        {
+            if (_editting)
+                return false;
+
+            try
+            {
+                return HandleKey(k);
+            }
+            catch (System.Exception ex)
+            {
+                ExceptionViewer.ShowException("Error processing keystroke", ex);
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+
+        Application.RootMouseEvent += (m) =>
+        {
+            if(_editting)
+                return;
+
+            try
+            {
+                HandleMouse(m);
+            }
+            catch (System.Exception ex)
+            {
+                ExceptionViewer.ShowException("Error processing mouse",ex);
+            }            
+        };
+
+        Application.Run(this);
+        Application.Shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private void HandleMouse(MouseEvent m)
+    {
+        if (!enableDrag || _viewBeingEdited == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // start dragging
+        if (m.Flags.HasFlag(MouseFlags.Button1Pressed) && dragOperation == null)
+        {
+            var drag = HitTest(_viewBeingEdited.View, m, out bool isLowerRight);
+
+
+            // if nothing is going on yet
+            if (drag != null && drag.Data is Design design && resizeOperation == null && dragOperation == null)
+            {
+                var dest = ScreenToClient(_viewBeingEdited.View, m.X, m.Y);
+                
+                if (isLowerRight)
+                {
+                    resizeOperation = new ResizeOperation(design, dest.X, dest.Y);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    dragOperation = new DragOperation(design, dest.X, dest.Y);
+                }
+                
+            }
+        }
+
+        // continue dragging
+        if (m.Flags.HasFlag(MouseFlags.Button1Pressed) && dragOperation != null)
+        {
+            var dest = ScreenToClient(_viewBeingEdited.View, m.X, m.Y);
+
+            dragOperation.ContinueDrag(dest);
+
+            _viewBeingEdited.View.SetNeedsDisplay();
+            Application.DoEvents();
+        }
+
+        // continue resizing
+        if (m.Flags.HasFlag(MouseFlags.Button1Pressed) && resizeOperation != null)
+        {
+            var dest = ScreenToClient(_viewBeingEdited.View, m.X, m.Y);
+
+            resizeOperation.ContinueResize(dest);
+
+            _viewBeingEdited.View.SetNeedsDisplay();
+            Application.DoEvents();
+        }
+
+        // end dragging
+        if (!m.Flags.HasFlag(MouseFlags.Button1Pressed))
+        {
+            if ( dragOperation != null)
+            {
+                // end drag
+                OperationManager.Instance.Do(dragOperation);
+                dragOperation = null;
+            }
+
+            if (resizeOperation != null)
+            {
+                // end resize
+                OperationManager.Instance.Do(resizeOperation);
+                resizeOperation = null;
+            }
+
+        }
+        
+        //right click
+        if(m.Flags.HasFlag(_keyMap.RightClick))
+        {
+            var hit = HitTest(_viewBeingEdited.View, m, out _);
+            
+            if(hit != null)
+            {
+                var d = hit.GetNearestDesign() ?? _viewBeingEdited;
+                if(d != null)
+                    CreateAndShowContextMenu(m,d);
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void CreateAndShowContextMenu(MouseEvent m, Design d)
+    {
+        // things we can do/change
+        var options = d.GetExtraOperations(ScreenToClient(d.View, m.X, m.Y)).Where(c=>!c.IsImpossible);
+        var properties = d.GetDesignableProperties().OrderBy(p=>p.GetHumanReadableName());
+
+        // menu items to click to make them happen/change
+        var setPropertyMenuItems = properties.Select(p => new MenuItem(p.GetHumanReadableName(), null,
+            () => Try(()=>EditDialog.SetPropertyToNewValue(d, p, p.GetValue())))).ToArray();
+        
+        var extraOptionsMenuItems = options.Select(o => new MenuItem(o.ToString(), "", ()=>Try(()=>OperationManager.Instance.Do(o)))).ToArray();
+
+        MenuBarItem allItems;
+
+        // if exra options
+        if (options.Any())
+        {
+            var propertiesCategory = new MenuBarItem("Properties", setPropertyMenuItems);
+            propertiesCategory.Action = ()=>{
+                ShowEditProperties(d);
+            };
+
+            var items = new List<MenuItem>();
+            items.Add(propertiesCategory);
+            items.AddRange(extraOptionsMenuItems);
+
+            allItems = new MenuBarItem(items.ToArray());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // no operations so just add the properties directly
+            allItems = new MenuBarItem(setPropertyMenuItems);
+        }
+
+        var menu = new ContextMenu();
+        menu.MenuItens = allItems;
+        menu.Position = new Point(m.X,m.Y);
+        menu.Show();
+    }
+
+    private void Try(Action action)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            action();
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            ExceptionViewer.ShowException("Operation failed",ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public override void Redraw(Rect bounds)
+    {
+        base.Redraw(bounds);
+
+        // if we are editing a view
+        if(_viewBeingEdited != null)
+        {
+            if(enableShowFocused)
+            {
+                string? toDisplay = GetLowerRightTextIfAny();
+
+                // and have a designable view focused
+                if(toDisplay != null)
+                {
+                    // write its name in the lower right
+                    int y = Bounds.Height -1;
+                    int right = bounds.Width -1;
+                    var len = toDisplay.Length;
+                    
+                    for(int i=0;i<len;i++)
+                    {
+                        AddRune(right -len +i,y,toDisplay[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // we are not editing a view (nothing is loaded)
+        // so show the generic help (open, new etc)
+        // in the center of the screen
+
+        var lines = GetHelpWithNothingLoaded().Split('\n');
+
+        Driver.SetAttribute(new Attribute(Color.DarkGray, Color.Black));
+
+        int midX = Bounds.Width / 2;
+        int midY = Math.Max(0,(Bounds.Height / 2) - (lines.Length/2)) -1;
+
+        for (int y = 0 ; y < lines.Length ; y++)
+        {
+            var line = lines[y].TrimEnd();
+
+            int startFromX = midX - line.Length / 2;
+
+            for (int x = 0; x < line.Length; x++)
+            {
+                AddRune(startFromX + x, midY + y, line[x]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private string? GetLowerRightTextIfAny()
+    {
+        var design = GetMostFocused(this).GetNearestDesign();
+
+        if(design != null)
+        {
+            return $"Selected: {design.FieldName} ({_keyMap.EditProperties} to Edit, {_keyMap.ShowHelp} for Help)";
+        }
+
+        return  GetHelpWithEmptyFormLoaded();
+    }
+
+    public bool HandleKey(KeyEvent keyEvent)
+    {
+        // if another window is showing don't respond to hotkeys
+        if (!IsCurrentTop)
+            return false;
+
+        if(_editting)
+            return false;
+
+
+        // Give the keyboard manager first shot at consuming
+        // this key e.g. for typing into menus / reordering menus
+        // etc
+        if(_keyboardManager.HandleKey(GetMostFocused(this),keyEvent))
+            return true;
+
+        try
+        {
+            _editting = true;
+
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.EditProperties)
+            {
+                ShowEditProperties();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.ViewSpecificOperations)
+            {
+                ShowViewSpecificOperations();
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.EditRootProperties)
+            {
+                if (_viewBeingEdited == null)
+                    return false;
+                ShowEditProperties(_viewBeingEdited);
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.Open)
+            {
+                Open();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.Save)
+            {
+                Save();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.New)
+            {
+                New();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.ShowHelp)
+            {
+                ShowHelp();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.AddView)
+            {
+                ShowAddViewWindow();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.ToggleDragging)
+            {
+                enableDrag = !enableDrag;
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.Undo)
+            {
+                OperationManager.Instance.Undo();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.Redo)
+            {
+                OperationManager.Instance.Redo();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.Delete)
+            {
+                Delete();
+                return true;
+            }
+            if(keyEvent.Key == _keyMap.ToggleShowFocused)
+            {
+                enableShowFocused = !enableShowFocused;
+                SetNeedsDisplay();
+            }
+
+            switch (keyEvent.Key)
+            {
+                // Cursor keys
+                case Key.CursorUp | Key.ShiftMask:
+                    MoveControl(0, -1);
+                    return true;
+                case Key.CursorUp | Key.CtrlMask:
+                    MoveControl(0, -3);
+                    return true;
+                case Key.CursorDown | Key.ShiftMask:
+                    MoveControl(0, 1);
+                    return true;
+                case Key.CursorDown | Key.CtrlMask:
+                    MoveControl(0, 3);
+                    return true;
+                case Key.CursorLeft | Key.ShiftMask:
+                    MoveControl(-1, 0);
+                    return true;
+                case Key.CursorLeft | Key.CtrlMask:
+                    MoveControl(-5, 0);
+                    return true;
+                case Key.CursorRight | Key.ShiftMask:
+                    MoveControl(1, 0);
+                    return true;
+                case Key.CursorRight | Key.CtrlMask:
+                    MoveControl(5, 0);
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (System.Exception ex)
+        {
+            ExceptionViewer.ShowException("Error",ex);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _editting = false;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void ShowViewSpecificOperations()
+    {
+        var d = GetMostFocused(this)?.GetNearestDesign();
+
+        if (d != null)
+        {
+            var options = d.GetExtraOperations().Where(o=>!o.IsImpossible).ToArray();
+
+            if(options.Any() && Modals.Get("Operations","Ok",options, out var selected) && selected != null)
+            {
+                OperationManager.Instance.Do(selected);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ShowHelp()
+    {
+        MessageBox.Query("Help", GetHelp(), "Ok");
+    }
+
+    private void MoveControl(int deltaX, int deltaY)
+    {
+        var view = GetMostFocused(this);
+
+        if (view.Data is Design d)
+        {
+            d.View.X = Math.Min(Math.Max(d.View.Frame.Left + deltaX, 0), view.SuperView.Bounds.Width - 1);
+            d.View.Y = Math.Min(Math.Max(d.View.Frame.Top + deltaY, 0), view.SuperView.Bounds.Height - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void Delete()
+    {
+        if (_viewBeingEdited == null)
+            return;
+
+        var viewToDelete = GetMostFocused(_viewBeingEdited.View);
+        var viewDesign = viewToDelete?.GetNearestDesign();
+
+        // don't delete the root view
+        if(viewDesign != null && viewDesign != _viewBeingEdited)
+        {
+            OperationManager.Instance.Do(
+                new DeleteViewOperation(viewDesign.View)
+            );
+        }
+
+    }
+    private void Open()
+    {
+        var ofd = new OpenDialog("Open", $"Select {SourceCodeFile.ExpectedExtension} file",
+            new List<string>(new[] { SourceCodeFile.ExpectedExtension }));
+        
+        Application.Run(ofd);
+
+        if (!ofd.Canceled)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var path = ofd.FilePath.ToString();
+
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path))
+                    return;
+
+                Open(new FileInfo(path));
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                ExceptionViewer.ShowException($"Failed to open '{ofd.FilePath}'", ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    private void Open(FileInfo toOpen)
+    {
+        var open = new LoadingDialog(toOpen);
+
+        // since we are opening a new view we should
+        // clear the history
+        OperationManager.Instance.ClearUndoRedo();
+        Design? instance = null;
+       
+        Task.Run(()=>{
+            
+            var decompiler = new CodeToView(new SourceCodeFile(toOpen));
+            _currentDesignerFile = decompiler.SourceFile;
+            instance = decompiler.CreateInstance();
+
+        }).ContinueWith((t,o)=>{
+
+            // no longer loading
+            Application.MainLoop.Invoke(()=>Application.RequestStop());
+
+            if (t.Exception != null)
+            {
+                Application.MainLoop.Invoke(() =>
+                    ExceptionViewer.ShowException($"Failed to open '{toOpen.Name}'", t.Exception));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // if loaded correctly then 
+            if (instance != null)
+                ReplaceViewBeingEdited(instance);
+
+        },TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext());
+
+        Application.Run(open);
+    }
+
+    private void New()
+    {
+
+        if(!Modals.Get("Create New View","Ok",GetSupportedRootViews(),out var selected))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var ofd = new SaveDialog("New", $"Class file",
+            new List<string>(new[] { ".cs" }))
+        {
+            NameDirLabel = "Directory",
+            NameFieldLabel = "Class",
+            FilePath = "MyView.cs",
+            AllowsOtherFileTypes = false,
+        };
+
+        Application.Run(ofd);
+
+        if (!ofd.Canceled)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var path = ofd.FilePath.ToString();
+
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(path) || selected == null)
+                    return;
+
+                New(new FileInfo(path),selected,null);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                ExceptionViewer.ShowException($"Failed to create '{ofd.FilePath}'", ex);
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Type[] GetSupportedRootViews()
+    {
+        return new Type[] { typeof(Window), typeof(Dialog) };
+    }
+
+    private void New(FileInfo toOpen, Type typeToCreate, string? explicitNamespace)
+    {
+        var viewToCode = new ViewToCode();
+        string? ns = explicitNamespace;
+
+        // if no explicit one
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ns))
+        {
+            // prompt user for namespace
+            if (!Modals.GetString("Namespace", "Enter the namespace for your class", "YourNamespace", out ns))
+            {
+                //user cancelled typing a namespace
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Validate the namespace
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ns) || ns.Contains(" ") || char.IsDigit(ns.First()))
+        {
+            MessageBox.ErrorQuery("Invalid Namespace","Namespace must not contain spaces, be empty or begin with a number","Ok");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // since we are creating a new view we should
+        // clear the history
+        OperationManager.Instance.ClearUndoRedo();
+        Design? instance = null;
+
+        var open = new LoadingDialog(toOpen);
+
+        Task.Run(() => {
+
+            // Create the view files and compile
+            instance = viewToCode.GenerateNewView(toOpen, ns ?? "YourNamespace", typeToCreate, out _currentDesignerFile);
+
+        }).ContinueWith((t, o) => {
+
+            // no longer loading
+            Application.MainLoop.Invoke(() => Application.RequestStop());
+
+            if (t.Exception != null)
+            {
+                Application.MainLoop.Invoke(() =>
+                    ExceptionViewer.ShowException($"Failed to create '{toOpen.Name}'", t.Exception));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // if loaded correctly then 
+            if (instance != null)
+                ReplaceViewBeingEdited(instance);
+
+        }, TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext());
+
+
+        Application.Run(open);
+    }
+
+    private void ReplaceViewBeingEdited(Design design)
+    {
+        Application.MainLoop.Invoke(() =>
+        {
+            // remove the old view
+            if (_viewBeingEdited != null)
+            {
+                // and dispose it
+                Remove(_viewBeingEdited.View);
+                _viewBeingEdited.View.Dispose();
+            }
+
+            // Load new instance
+            _viewBeingEdited = design;
+
+            // And add it to the editing window
+            Add(_viewBeingEdited.View);
+        });
+    }
+    private void Save()
+    {
+        if (_viewBeingEdited == null || _currentDesignerFile == null)
+            return;
+
+        var viewToCode = new ViewToCode();
+
+        viewToCode.GenerateDesignerCs(
+            _viewBeingEdited, _currentDesignerFile,
+            _viewBeingEdited.View.GetType().BaseType ?? throw new Exception("View being edited had no base class"));
+    }
+    private void ShowAddViewWindow()
+    {
+        if (_viewBeingEdited == null || _currentDesignerFile == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // what is the currently selected design
+        var toAddTo = GetMostFocused(_viewBeingEdited.View)?.GetNearestContainerDesign() ?? _viewBeingEdited;
+
+        OperationManager.Instance.Do(
+            new AddViewOperation(_currentDesignerFile,toAddTo)
+        );
+    }
+
+
+    private void ShowEditProperties()
+    {
+        var d = GetMostFocused(this).GetNearestDesign();
+        if (d != null)
+        {
+            ShowEditProperties(d);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ShowEditProperties(Design d)
+    {
+        var edit = new EditDialog(d);
+        Application.Run(edit);
+    }
+
+    private View? HitTest(View w, MouseEvent m, out bool isLowerRight)
+    {
+
+        var point = ScreenToClient(w, m.X, m.Y);
+        var hit = ApplicationExtensions.FindDeepestView(w, m.X, m.Y);
+
+        int resizeBoxArea = 2;
+        
+        if (hit != null)
+        {
+            hit.ViewToScreen(hit.Bounds.Right, hit.Bounds.Bottom,out int screenX, out int screenY,true);
+            isLowerRight = Math.Abs(screenX - point.X) <= resizeBoxArea && Math.Abs(screenY - point.Y) <= resizeBoxArea;
+        }
+        else
+            isLowerRight = false;
+
+        return hit;
+    }
+
+    private View GetMostFocused(View view)
+    {
+        if (view.Focused == null)
+        {
+            return view;
+        }
+
+        return GetMostFocused(view.Focused);
+    }
+
+
+    private Point ScreenToClient(View view, int x, int y)
+    {
+        if (view is Window w)
+        {
+            // has invisible ContentView pane
+            return w.Subviews[0].ScreenToView(x, y);
+        }
+
+        return view.ScreenToView(x, y);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource ofd of type Terminal.Gui.OpenDialog in method "Void Editor.Open()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Editor.Open()
+
+### File:
+src/UI/Editor.cs
+
+### Key:
+Editor.cs|Open|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4e749a662e89de163ae82c8fbac71775
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0380/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0380/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e990325db736d3a2be5bcc255386c984b479f2ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0380/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TerminalGuiDesigner
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//  <auto-generated>
+//      This code was generated by:
+//        TerminalGuiDesigner v1.0.15.0
+//      Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if
+//      the code is regenerated.
+//  </auto-generated>
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+namespace TerminalGuiDesigner.UI.Windows {
+    using System;
+    using Terminal.Gui;
+    
+    
+    public partial class ColorSchemesUI : Terminal.Gui.Window {
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.TableView tvColorSchemes;
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.Label lblHelp;
+        
+        private void InitializeComponent() {
+            this.Width = Dim.Fill(0);
+            this.Height = Dim.Fill(0);
+            this.X = 0;
+            this.Y = 0;
+            this.Modal = false;
+            this.Text = "";
+            this.Border.BorderStyle = Terminal.Gui.BorderStyle.Single;
+            this.Border.BorderBrush = Terminal.Gui.Color.Blue;
+            this.Border.Effect3D = false;
+            this.TextAlignment = Terminal.Gui.TextAlignment.Left;
+            this.Title = "Color Schemes (Ctrl+Q to exit)";
+            this.tvColorSchemes = new Terminal.Gui.TableView();
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Width = Dim.Fill(0);
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Height = Dim.Fill(1);
+            this.tvColorSchemes.X = 0;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Y = 0;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Data = "tvColorSchemes";
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Text = "";
+            this.tvColorSchemes.TextAlignment = Terminal.Gui.TextAlignment.Left;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.FullRowSelect = false;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Style.AlwaysShowHeaders = false;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Style.ExpandLastColumn = false;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Style.InvertSelectedCellFirstCharacter = false;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Style.ShowHorizontalHeaderOverline = true;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Style.ShowHorizontalHeaderUnderline = true;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Style.ShowVerticalCellLines = true;
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Style.ShowVerticalHeaderLines = true;
+            System.Data.DataTable tvColorSchemesTable;
+            tvColorSchemesTable = new System.Data.DataTable();
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTableName;
+            tvColorSchemesTableName = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTableName.ColumnName = "Name";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTableName);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable2;
+            tvColorSchemesTable2 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable2.ColumnName = " ";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable2);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable3;
+            tvColorSchemesTable3 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable3.ColumnName = "  ";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable3);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable0;
+            tvColorSchemesTable0 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable0.ColumnName = "0";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable0);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable1;
+            tvColorSchemesTable1 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable1.ColumnName = "1";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable1);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable22;
+            tvColorSchemesTable22 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable22.ColumnName = "2";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable22);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable32;
+            tvColorSchemesTable32 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable32.ColumnName = "3";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable32);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable4;
+            tvColorSchemesTable4 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable4.ColumnName = "4";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable4);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable5;
+            tvColorSchemesTable5 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable5.ColumnName = "5";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable5);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable6;
+            tvColorSchemesTable6 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable6.ColumnName = "6";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable6);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable7;
+            tvColorSchemesTable7 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable7.ColumnName = "7";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable7);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable8;
+            tvColorSchemesTable8 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable8.ColumnName = "8";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable8);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTable9;
+            tvColorSchemesTable9 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTable9.ColumnName = "9";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTable9);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTableA;
+            tvColorSchemesTableA = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTableA.ColumnName = "A";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTableA);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tvColorSchemesTableB;
+            tvColorSchemesTableB = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tvColorSchemesTableB.ColumnName = "B";
+            tvColorSchemesTable.Columns.Add(tvColorSchemesTableB);
+            this.tvColorSchemes.Table = tvColorSchemesTable;
+            this.Add(this.tvColorSchemes);
+            this.lblHelp = new Terminal.Gui.Label();
+            this.lblHelp.Width = 5;
+            this.lblHelp.Height = 1;
+            this.lblHelp.X = 0;
+            this.lblHelp.Y = Pos.Percent(100f) - 1;
+            this.lblHelp.Data = "lblHelp";
+            this.lblHelp.Text = "Help:";
+            this.lblHelp.TextAlignment = Terminal.Gui.TextAlignment.Left;
+            this.Add(this.lblHelp);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTableB of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable of type System.Data.DataTable, Leaked resource this.TerminalGuiDesigner.UI.Windows.ColorSchemesUI.tvColorSchemes of type Terminal.Gui.TableView, Leaked resource this.TerminalGuiDesigner.UI.Windows.ColorSchemesUI.lblHelp of type Terminal.Gui.Label, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTableA of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable1 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable32 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable6 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTableName of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable3 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable2 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable9 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable0 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable4 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable5 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable22 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable8 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tvColorSchemesTable7 of type System.Data.DataColumn in method "Void ColorSchemesUI.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ColorSchemesUI.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/UI/Windows/ColorSchemesUI.Designer.cs
+
+### Key:
+ColorSchemesUI.Designer.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+317c9d63162f5ab907ca3b687dae0dbe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0381/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0381/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cf46fe75ae4673f353115708802a78e635b6b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0381/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TerminalGuiDesigner
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// <auto-generated>
+//     This code was generated by a tool.
+//
+//     Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if
+//     the code is regenerated.
+// </auto-generated>
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace YourNamespace {
+    using System;
+    using Terminal.Gui;
+    
+    
+    public partial class MyWindow {
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.TabView tabview1;
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.Label lblTitle;
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.Label label2;
+        
+        private Terminal.Gui.TableView tableview1;
+        
+        private void InitializeComponent() {
+            this.tabview1 = new Terminal.Gui.TabView();
+            this.tabview1.Data = "tabview1";
+            this.tabview1.Text = "";
+            this.tabview1.Width = 50;
+            this.tabview1.Height = 5;
+            this.tabview1.X = 0;
+            this.tabview1.Y = 0;
+            Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab tabview1Tab1;
+            tabview1Tab1 = new Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab();
+            tabview1Tab1.Text = "Tab1";
+            tabview1.AddTab(tabview1Tab1, false);
+            Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab tabview1Tab2;
+            tabview1Tab2 = new Terminal.Gui.TabView.Tab();
+            tabview1Tab2.Text = "Tab2";
+            tabview1.AddTab(tabview1Tab2, false);
+            this.Add(this.tabview1);
+            this.lblTitle = new Terminal.Gui.Label();
+            this.lblTitle.Data = "lblTitle";
+            this.lblTitle.Text = "Welcome to Demo";
+            this.lblTitle.Width = 15;
+            this.lblTitle.Height = 1;
+            this.lblTitle.X = 22;
+            this.lblTitle.Y = 4;
+            this.Add(this.lblTitle);
+            this.label2 = new Terminal.Gui.Label();
+            this.label2.Data = "label2";
+            this.label2.Text = "Heya";
+            this.label2.Width = 4;
+            this.label2.Height = 1;
+            this.label2.X = 22;
+            this.label2.Y = Pos.Bottom(lblTitle) + 1;
+            this.Add(this.label2);
+            this.tableview1 = new Terminal.Gui.TableView();
+            this.tableview1.Data = "tableview1";
+            this.tableview1.Text = "";
+            this.tableview1.Width = Dim.Fill(0);
+            this.tableview1.Height = 5;
+            this.tableview1.X = 0;
+            this.tableview1.Y = 9;
+            this.tableview1.Style.AlwaysShowHeaders = false;
+            this.tableview1.Style.ExpandLastColumn = true;
+            this.tableview1.Style.InvertSelectedCellFirstCharacter = false;
+            this.tableview1.Style.ShowHorizontalHeaderOverline = true;
+            this.tableview1.Style.ShowHorizontalHeaderUnderline = false;
+            this.tableview1.Style.ShowVerticalCellLines = true;
+            this.tableview1.Style.ShowVerticalHeaderLines = true;
+            System.Data.DataTable tableview1Table;
+            tableview1Table = new System.Data.DataTable();
+            System.Data.DataColumn tableview1TableCol0;
+            tableview1TableCol0 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tableview1TableCol0.ColumnName = "Column 0";
+            tableview1Table.Columns.Add(tableview1TableCol0);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tableview1TableCol1;
+            tableview1TableCol1 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tableview1TableCol1.ColumnName = "Column 1";
+            tableview1Table.Columns.Add(tableview1TableCol1);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tableview1TableCol2;
+            tableview1TableCol2 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tableview1TableCol2.ColumnName = "Column 2";
+            tableview1Table.Columns.Add(tableview1TableCol2);
+            System.Data.DataColumn tableview1TableCol3;
+            tableview1TableCol3 = new System.Data.DataColumn();
+            tableview1TableCol3.ColumnName = "Column 3";
+            tableview1Table.Columns.Add(tableview1TableCol3);
+            this.tableview1.Table = tableview1Table;
+            this.Add(this.tableview1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource tableview1TableCol1 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tableview1TableCol3 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource this.YourNamespace.MyWindow.tabview1 of type Terminal.Gui.TabView, Leaked resource this.YourNamespace.MyWindow.tableview1 of type Terminal.Gui.TableView, Leaked resource this.YourNamespace.MyWindow.lblTitle of type Terminal.Gui.Label, Leaked resource this.YourNamespace.MyWindow.label2 of type Terminal.Gui.Label, Leaked resource tableview1TableCol2 of type System.Data.DataColumn, Leaked resource tableview1Table of type System.Data.DataTable, Leaked resource tableview1TableCol0 of type System.Data.DataColumn in method "Void MyWindow.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MyWindow.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/MyWindow.Designer.cs
+
+### Key:
+MyWindow.Designer.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2b72053a499e99d208f7b655584a265d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0386/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0386/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d4b190663f9ec51a256aa212e6a79da990d2396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0386/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TerminalGuiDesigner
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Reflection;
+using Terminal.Gui;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace TerminalGuiDesigner;
+
+internal class Editor : Toplevel
+{
+    Design? viewBeingEdited;
+
+    const string Help = @"F1 - Show this help
+F2 - Add Control
+F4 - Edit Selected Control Properties
+Del - Delete selected View";
+
+    public Editor()
+    {
+        CanFocus = true;
+    }
+
+    public void Run()
+    {
+        Application.Init();
+
+
+        try
+        {
+            var programDir = Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()?.Location ?? throw new Exception("Could not determine the current executables present directory");
+
+            var classFile = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(programDir, "../../../../MyWindow.cs"));
+            var designerFile = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(programDir, "../../../../MyWindow.Designer.cs"));
+
+            var viewToCode = new ViewToCode();
+            viewBeingEdited = viewToCode.GenerateNewWindow(classFile, "TerminalGuiDesigner");
+
+            var decompiler = new CodeToView(designerFile);
+            viewBeingEdited = decompiler.CreateInstance();
+
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            MessageBox.ErrorQuery("Error Loading Designer", ex.Message, "Ok");
+            Application.Shutdown();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        View? dragging = null;
+        
+        Application.RootMouseEvent += (m) => {
+
+            // start dragging
+            if (m.Flags.HasFlag(MouseFlags.Button1Pressed) && dragging == null)
+            {
+                dragging = HitTest(viewBeingEdited.View, m);
+            }
+
+            // continue dragging
+            if (m.Flags.HasFlag(MouseFlags.Button1Pressed) && dragging != null)
+            {
+                var dest = ScreenToClient(viewBeingEdited.View, m.X, m.Y);
+                dragging.X = dest.X;
+                dragging.Y = dest.Y;
+
+                viewBeingEdited.View.SetNeedsDisplay();
+                Application.DoEvents();
+            }
+
+            // end dragging
+            if (!m.Flags.HasFlag(MouseFlags.Button1Pressed) && dragging != null)
+            {
+                dragging = null;
+            }
+        };
+
+        this.Add(viewBeingEdited.View);
+
+        Application.Run(this);
+        Application.Shutdown();
+
+    }
+
+    public override bool ProcessHotKey(KeyEvent keyEvent)
+    {
+        switch(keyEvent.Key)
+        {
+            case Key.F1: MessageBox.Query("Help", Help, "Ok");
+                return true;
+            case Key.F2:
+                ShowAddViewWindow();
+                return true;
+            case Key.F4:
+                ShowEditPropertiesWindow();
+                return true;
+            case Key.DeleteChar:
+                Delete();
+                return true;
+        }
+
+        return base.ProcessHotKey(keyEvent);
+    }
+    private void Delete()
+    {
+        if (viewBeingEdited == null)
+            return;
+
+        var viewToDelete = GetMostFocused(viewBeingEdited.View);
+        viewBeingEdited.RemoveDesign(viewToDelete);
+    }
+    private void ShowAddViewWindow()
+    {
+        if(viewBeingEdited == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        var lbl = new Label("yay!");
+        viewBeingEdited.AddDesign("label1", lbl);
+    }
+
+    private void ShowEditPropertiesWindow()
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        var view = GetMostFocused(this);
+        foreach (var prop in view.GetType().GetProperties())
+        {
+            sb.AppendLine($"{prop.Name}:{prop.GetValue(view)}");
+        }
+
+        MessageBox.Query(10, 10, "Properties", sb.ToString(), "Ok");
+    }
+
+    private View? HitTest(View w, MouseEvent m)
+    {
+        var point = ScreenToClient(w, m.X, m.Y);
+        return w.GetActualSubviews().FirstOrDefault(v => v.Frame.Contains(point));
+    }
+
+    private View GetMostFocused(View view)
+    {
+        if (view.Focused == null)
+        {
+            return view;
+        }
+
+        return GetMostFocused(view.Focused);
+    }
+
+    private Point ScreenToClient(View view, int x, int y)
+    {
+        if (view is Window w)
+        {
+            // has invisible ContentView pane
+            return w.Subviews[0].ScreenToView(x, y);
+        }
+
+        return view.ScreenToView(x, y);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource lbl of type Terminal.Gui.Label in method "Void Editor.ShowAddViewWindow()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Editor.ShowAddViewWindow()
+
+### File:
+src/Editor.cs
+
+### Key:
+Editor.cs|ShowAddViewWindow|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8b45ce643843f57a92cdbda640edc0a7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0388/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0388/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b6aad1b5ebda077111e72c3c8d56be1be1657b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0388/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TerminalGuiDesigner
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.CodeDom;
+using System.CodeDom.Compiler;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Microsoft.CSharp;
+using Terminal.Gui;
+
+namespace TerminalGuiDesigner
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Converts a <see cref="View"/> in memory into code in a '.Designer.cs' class file
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ViewToCode
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new class file and accompanying '.Designer.cs' file based on
+        /// <see cref="Window"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="csFilePath"></param>
+        /// <param name="namespaceName"></param>
+        /// <param name="designerFile">Designer.cs file that will be created along side the <paramref name="csFilePath"/></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException"></exception>
+        /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException"></exception>
+        public Design GenerateNewWindow(FileInfo csFilePath, string namespaceName, out SourceCodeFile sourceFile)
+        {
+            if(csFilePath.Name.EndsWith(SourceCodeFile.ExpectedExtension))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException($@"{nameof(csFilePath)} should be a class file not the designer file e.g. c:\MyProj\MyWindow1.cs");
+            }
+
+
+            var className = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(csFilePath.Name);
+            sourceFile = new SourceCodeFile(csFilePath);
+
+            string indent = "    ";
+
+            var ns = new CodeNamespace(namespaceName);
+            ns.Imports.Add(new CodeNamespaceImport("Terminal.Gui"));
+
+            CodeCompileUnit compileUnit = new CodeCompileUnit();
+            compileUnit.Namespaces.Add(ns);
+
+            CodeTypeDeclaration class1 = new CodeTypeDeclaration(className);
+            class1.IsPartial = true;
+            class1.BaseTypes.Add(new CodeTypeReference("Window")); //TODO: let user create things that aren't windows
+
+            ns.Types.Add(class1);
+
+            var constructor = new CodeConstructor();
+            constructor.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public;
+            constructor.Statements.Add(new CodeSnippetStatement($"{indent}{indent}{indent}{SourceCodeFile.InitializeComponentMethodName}();"));
+
+            class1.Members.Add(constructor);
+
+            CSharpCodeProvider provider = new CSharpCodeProvider();
+
+            using (var sw = new StringWriter())
+            {
+                IndentedTextWriter tw = new IndentedTextWriter(sw, indent);
+
+                // Generate source code using the code provider.
+                provider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(compileUnit, tw,
+                    new CodeGeneratorOptions());
+
+                tw.Close();
+
+                File.WriteAllText(sourceFile.CsFile.FullName, sw.ToString());
+            }
+
+            var w = new Window();
+            var lbl = new Label("Hello World");
+            lbl.Data = "label1"; // field name in the class
+            w.Add(lbl);
+
+            var design = new Design(sourceFile,"root", w);
+            design.CreateSubControlDesigns();
+
+            GenerateDesignerCs(w, sourceFile);
+
+            return design;
+        }
+        public void GenerateDesignerCs(View forView, SourceCodeFile file)
+        {
+            var rosylyn = new RoslynCodeToView(file);
+
+            var ns = new CodeNamespace(rosylyn.Namespace);
+            ns.Imports.Add(new CodeNamespaceImport("System"));
+            ns.Imports.Add(new CodeNamespaceImport("Terminal.Gui"));
+
+
+            CodeCompileUnit compileUnit = new CodeCompileUnit();
+            compileUnit.Namespaces.Add(ns);
+
+            CodeTypeDeclaration class1 = new CodeTypeDeclaration(rosylyn.ClassName);
+            class1.IsPartial = true;
+
+            var initMethod = new CodeMemberMethod();
+            initMethod.Name = SourceCodeFile.InitializeComponentMethodName;
+
+            AddSubViewsToDesignerCs(forView,class1, initMethod);
+                                    
+            class1.Members.Add(initMethod);
+            ns.Types.Add(class1);
+
+            CSharpCodeProvider provider = new CSharpCodeProvider();
+
+            using (var sw = new StringWriter())
+            {
+                IndentedTextWriter tw = new IndentedTextWriter(sw, "    ");
+
+                // Generate source code using the code provider.
+                provider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(compileUnit, tw,
+                    new CodeGeneratorOptions());
+
+                tw.Close();
+
+                File.WriteAllText(file.DesignerFile.FullName,sw.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void AddSubViewsToDesignerCs(View forView, CodeTypeDeclaration class1, CodeMemberMethod initMethod)
+        {
+            foreach (var sub in forView.Subviews)
+            {
+                // If the sub child has a Design (and is not an internal part of another control,
+                // For example Contentview subview of Window
+                if(sub.Data is Design d)
+                {
+                    // The user is designing this view so it needs to be persisted
+                    d.ToCode(class1, initMethod);
+                }
+
+                // now recurse down the view hierarchy
+                AddSubViewsToDesignerCs(sub, class1, initMethod);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource lbl of type Terminal.Gui.Label, Leaked resource provider of type Microsoft.CSharp.CSharpCodeProvider, Leaked resource w of type Terminal.Gui.Window in method "Design ViewToCode.GenerateNewWindow(FileInfo,String,SourceCodeFile&)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Design ViewToCode.GenerateNewWindow(FileInfo,String,SourceCodeFile&)
+
+### File:
+src/ViewToCode.cs
+
+### Key:
+ViewToCode.cs|GenerateNewWindow|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+89f8050777dae7cfb396dd80e85925ca
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0392/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0392/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0db51c29d536dda804c960ad9ef69d6f1c8978d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0392/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opengl4csharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+
+namespace OpenGL.Constructs
+{
+    public class Geometry
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a basic quad by storing two triangles into a VAO.
+        /// This quad includes UV co-ordinates from 0,0 to 1,1.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="program">The ShaderProgram assigned to this quad.</param>
+        /// <param name="location">The location of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <param name="size">The size of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <returns>The VAO object representing this quad.</returns>
+        public static VAO CreateQuad(ShaderProgram program, Vector2 location, Vector2 size)
+        {
+            Vector3[] vertices = new Vector3[] { new Vector3(location.x, location.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y, 0), 
+                new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y + size.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x, location.y + size.y, 0) };
+            Vector2[] uvs = new Vector2[] { new Vector2(0, 0), new Vector2(1, 0), new Vector2(1, 1), new Vector2(0, 1) };
+            int[] indices = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 };
+
+            return new VAO(program, new VBO<Vector3>(vertices), new VBO<Vector2>(uvs), new VBO<int>(indices, BufferTarget.ElementArrayBuffer, BufferUsageHint.StaticRead));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a basic quad by storing two triangles into a VAO.
+        /// This quad includes UV co-ordinates from uvloc to uvloc+uvsize.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="program">The ShaderProgram assigned to this quad.</param>
+        /// <param name="location">The location of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <param name="size">The size of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <param name="uvloc">The origin of the UV co-ordinates.</param>
+        /// <param name="uvsize">The size of the UV co-ordinates.</param>
+        /// <returns>The VAO object representing this quad.</returns>
+        public static VAO CreateQuad(ShaderProgram program, Vector2 location, Vector2 size, Vector2 uvloc, Vector2 uvsize)
+        {
+            Vector3[] vertices = new Vector3[] { new Vector3(location.x, location.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y, 0), 
+                new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y + size.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x, location.y + size.y, 0) };
+            Vector2[] uvs = new Vector2[] { uvloc, new Vector2(uvloc.x + uvsize.x, uvloc.y), new Vector2(uvloc.x + uvsize.x, uvloc.y + uvsize.y), new Vector2(uvloc.x, uvloc.y + uvsize.y) };
+            int[] indices = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 };
+
+            return new VAO(program, new VBO<Vector3>(vertices), new VBO<Vector2>(uvs), new VBO<int>(indices, BufferTarget.ElementArrayBuffer, BufferUsageHint.StaticRead));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a basic cube and store into a VAO.
+        /// This cube consists of 12 triangles and 6 faces.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="program">The ShaderProgram assigned to this cube.</param>
+        /// <param name="min">The 3 minimum values of the cube (lower left back corner).</param>
+        /// <param name="max">The 3 maximum values of the cube (top right front corner).</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static VAO CreateCube(ShaderProgram program, Vector3 min, Vector3 max)
+        {
+            Vector3[] vertex = new Vector3[] {
+                new Vector3(min.x, min.y, max.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, min.y, max.z),
+                new Vector3(min.x, max.y, max.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, max.y, max.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, min.y, min.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, max.y, min.z),
+                new Vector3(min.x, max.y, min.z),
+                new Vector3(min.x, min.y, min.z)
+            };
+
+            int[] element = new int[] {
+                0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2,
+                1, 4, 3, 4, 5, 3,
+                4, 7, 5, 7, 6, 5,
+                7, 0, 6, 0, 2, 6,
+                7, 4, 0, 4, 1, 0,
+                2, 3, 6, 3, 5, 6
+            };
+
+            return new VAO(program, new VBO<Vector3>(vertex), new VBO<int>(element));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type OpenGL.VAO, Leaked resource (output of OpenGL.VBO`1<T>::.ctor() at Line 75) of type OpenGL.VBO`1<T>, Leaked resource (output of OpenGL.VBO`1<T>::.ctor() at Line 75) of type OpenGL.VBO`1<T> in method "VAO Geometry.CreateCube(ShaderProgram,Vector3,Vector3)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+VAO Geometry.CreateCube(ShaderProgram,Vector3,Vector3)
+
+### File:
+OpenGL/Constructs/Geometry.cs
+
+### Key:
+Geometry.cs|CreateCube|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+5c892fa4d7c3cfaacd7a0d497b2730f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0395/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0395/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..794833ee4cdd8a2f58a65931f5b45f18a7dff9ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0395/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ConsoleTableExt
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using ConsoleTableExt;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Data;
+
+namespace ConsoleTableApp
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            DataTable table = new DataTable();
+            table.Columns.Add(null, typeof(int));
+            table.Columns.Add("Drug", typeof(string));
+            table.Columns.Add("Patient", typeof(string));
+            table.Columns.Add("Date", typeof(string));
+
+            DataRow row = table.NewRow();
+            row[0] = 999;
+            row[1] = "y";
+            row[2] = "str";
+            row[3] = "x";
+
+            ConsoleTableBuilder
+                .From(GetTable())
+                .WithColumn(new List<string> {"1", null, null})
+                .AddRow(null, null, "3", null, "5", "6", "7")
+                .AddRow(new List<object>{ null, 1, "2" })
+                .AddRow(row)
+                .AddRow(new List<List<object>>
+                {
+                    new List<object>{"1",2,3,4},
+                    new List<object>{"x", "y", 999}
+                })
+                .WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Alternative)
+                .WithOptions(new ConsoleTableBuilderOption {TrimColumn = false})
+                .ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+            ConsoleTableBuilder.From(new List<object[]>
+                {
+                    new object[] {"1", "2", 3, null},
+                    new object[] {"1", null, 2},
+                    new object[] {"122"}
+                })
+                .WithColumn(new List<string> {null, "1", null})
+                .AddColumn("helo")
+                .AddColumn("helo 1")
+                .AddColumn("helo 2")
+                .AddColumn("1","2","3","4","5")
+                .WithColumn("hello", "co", "ba")
+                .WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Alternative)
+                .WithOptions(new ConsoleTableBuilderOption{TrimColumn = false })
+                .ExportAndWrite();
+
+            Console.WriteLine();
+
+            ConsoleTableBuilder.From(new List<List<object>>
+                {
+                    new List<object> {"1", 2, null, 4},
+                    new List<object> {null, "luong son ba chuc", "anh dai"},
+                    new List<object> {"133 f afa faf as",}
+                })
+                .WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Minimal)
+                .ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+            ConsoleTableBuilder
+                .From(new List<object[]> {new[] {"1", null}, new[] {null, "4"}})
+                .WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Alternative)
+                .ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+            ConsoleTableBuilder
+                .From(new List<object[]> { new object[] { null, null }, new object[] { null, null } })
+                .WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Default)
+                .WithOptions(new ConsoleTableBuilderOption { TrimColumn = true })
+                .ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+            ConsoleTableBuilder
+                .From(new List<object[]> { new object[] { null, null }, new object[] { null, null } })
+                .WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Default)
+                .ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+            var builder = ConsoleTableBuilder.From(GetTable());
+            builder.Export().ToString();
+            builder.WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Default).ExportAndWriteLine();
+            builder.WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Alternative).ExportAndWriteLine();
+            builder.WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.MarkDown).ExportAndWriteLine();
+            builder.WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Minimal).ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+            Console.ReadKey();
+        }
+
+        static DataTable GetTable()
+        {
+            // Here we create a DataTable with four columns.
+            DataTable table = new DataTable();
+            table.Columns.Add(null, typeof(int));
+            table.Columns.Add("Drug", typeof(string));
+            table.Columns.Add("Patient", typeof(string));
+            table.Columns.Add("Date", typeof(DateTime));
+
+            // Here we add five DataRows.
+            table.Rows.Add(null, "Indocin", "David", DateTime.Now);
+            table.Rows.Add(50, null, "Sam", DateTime.Now);
+            table.Rows.Add(10, "Hydralazine", null, DateTime.Now);
+            table.Rows.Add(21, "Combivent", "Janet", DateTime.Now);
+            table.Rows.Add(100, "Dilantin", "Melanie", null);
+            return table;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource table of type System.Data.DataTable, Leaked resource (returned from System.Data.DataTable ConsoleTableApp.Program::GetTable() at Line 82) of type System.Data.DataTable, Leaked resource (returned from System.Data.DataTable ConsoleTableApp.Program::GetTable() at Line 24) of type System.Data.DataTable in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Src/ConsoleTableApp/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b5f8e5172fef958be425395213fa9457
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0501/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0501/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6f13f6557bcf5b7a50f2177bc9332a6e77efe94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0501/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** R2API
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Mono.Cecil.Cil;
+using MonoMod.Utils;
+
+namespace R2API.Utils {
+    public static class Reflection {
+
+        private const BindingFlags AllFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static |
+                                              BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegate<out T>(object instance);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegate<in T>(object instance, T value);
+
+        //private delegate object CallDelegate(object instance, object[] arguments);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegateRef<TInstance, in TValue>(ref TInstance instance, TValue value) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegateRef<TInstance, out T>(ref TInstance instance) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        #region Caches
+
+        // Field
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo> FieldCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldSetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Property
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo> PropertyCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertyGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertySetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Method
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo> MethodCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>
+            OverloadedMethodCache =
+                new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate> DelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate>();
+
+
+        // Class
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo> ConstructorCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type> NestedTypeCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type>();
+
+
+        // Helper methods
+        private static TValue GetOrAddOnNull<TKey, TValue>(this ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, TKey key,
+            Func<TKey, TValue> factory) {
+            if (dict.TryGetValue(key, out var val) && val != null)
+                return val;
+
+            return dict[key] = factory(key);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Field
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetFieldCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo" /> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            FieldCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetFieldFull(x.name)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(FieldInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the field on the object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the field's value from</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string fieldName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to get the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string fieldName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="SetStructFieldValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this object instance, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the field to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructFieldValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string fieldName, TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> on the specified <see cref="Type"/> and searches base types if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The <see cref="Type"/> to search and get base types from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to search for.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private static FieldInfo GetFieldFull(this Type T, string name) {
+            while (T != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = T.GetField(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return fieldInfo;
+                }
+
+                T = T.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static T GetMemberFull<T>(this Type type, string name) where T : MemberInfo {
+            while (type != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = type.GetMember(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return (T)fieldInfo.First();
+                }
+
+                type = type.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Property
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type on which to find the property</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetPropertyCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to get the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            PropertyCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetProperty(x.name, AllFlags));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the property on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="GetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string)"></see> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the property's value from</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string propName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the static property on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to get the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string propName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the property on the specified class; if you're setting the property on a
+        /// struct use <see cref="SetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this object instance, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the static property on the specified static class
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType.GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName,
+            TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TValue GetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance);
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(
+            this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Method
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            MethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name, argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            OverloadedMethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name, argumentTypes),
+                x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags, null, x.argumentTypes, null)
+                     ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name} and arguments: " +
+                                            $"{string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                    ? instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                    : instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                ) ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {instance.GetType()} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(instance, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams">The method parameters</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                ? staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                : staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray()))
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {staticType} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(null, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+
+        private static FastReflectionDelegate GetMethodDelegateCached(this MethodInfo methodInfo) =>
+            DelegateCache.GetOrAdd(methodInfo, method => method.CreateFastDelegate());
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Class
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached<T>(Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            GetConstructorCached(typeof(T), argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified static type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached(this Type T, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            ConstructorCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, argumentTypes), x => x.T.GetConstructor(x.argumentTypes)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(ConstructorInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the arguments {string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedType<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            NestedTypeCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetNestedType(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find nested {nameof(Type)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type) =>
+            Activator.CreateInstance(type, true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type with specified constructor arguments
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <param name="constructorArguments">The constructor arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type, params object[] constructorArguments) =>
+            type.GetConstructorCached(constructorArguments.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                .Invoke(constructorArguments);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The type of the generic type argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The types of the generic type arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type[] typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates a list of the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static IList InstantiateList(this Type type) =>
+            (IList)typeof(List<>).MakeGenericType(type).Instantiate();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Fast Reflection
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(field.FieldType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {field.FieldType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+                if (field.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, field.DeclaringType);
+                }
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Ldfld : OpCodes.Ldsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!field.FieldType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (field.FieldType != typeof(TValue)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType() });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            // Cache this as well?
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>));
+        }
+
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        // Partial hack from https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        // to get fast call delegates
+        //private static CallDelegate GenerateCallDelegate(this MethodInfo method) {
+        //    if (method == null) {
+        //        throw new ArgumentException("Method cannot be null.", nameof(method));
+        //    }
+
+        //    var dmd = new DynamicMethodDefinition(
+        //        $"CallDelegate<{method.Name}>", typeof(object), new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object[]) });
+        //    var il = dmd.GetILProcessor();
+
+        //    var args = method.GetParameters();
+
+        //    if (!method.IsStatic) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+        //        if (method.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, method.DeclaringType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) {
+        //        var argType = args[i].ParameterType;
+        //        var argIsByRef = argType.IsByRef;
+        //        if (argIsByRef)
+        //            argType = argType.GetElementType();
+        //        var argIsValueType = argType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType;
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && argIsValueType) {
+        //            // Used later when storing back the reference to the new box in the array.
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //            il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+        //        }
+
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //        il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && !argIsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelema, typeof(object));
+        //        }
+        //        else {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem_Ref);
+        //            if (!argIsValueType) continue;
+        //            il.Emit(!argIsByRef ? OpCodes.Unbox_Any : OpCodes.Unbox, argType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    if (method.IsFinal || !method.IsVirtual) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, method);
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, method);
+        //    }
+
+        //    var returnType = method.IsConstructor ? method.DeclaringType : method.ReturnType;
+        //    if (returnType != typeof(void)) {
+        //        if (returnType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, returnType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull);
+        //    }
+
+        //    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+        //    return (CallDelegate) dmd.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(CallDelegate));
+        //}
+
+        // https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        public static void EmitFast_Ldc_I4(this ILProcessor il, int value) {
+            switch (value) {
+                case -1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1);
+                    return;
+                case 0:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+                    return;
+                case 1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+                    return;
+                case 2:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2);
+                    return;
+                case 3:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3);
+                    return;
+                case 4:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4);
+                    return;
+                case 5:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5);
+                    return;
+                case 6:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6);
+                    return;
+                case 7:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7);
+                    return;
+                case 8:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8);
+                    return;
+            }
+
+            if (value > -129 && value < 128)
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte)value);
+            else
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4, value);
+        }
+
+        public static byte ReadLocalIndex(OpCode opCode, object operand) {
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_0 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_1 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_1) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_2 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_2) {
+                return 2;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_3 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_3) {
+                return 3;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_S || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_S) {
+                return (byte)operand;
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception($"Could not read index for opcode and operand: {opCode} - {operand}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource method of type MonoMod.Utils.DynamicMethodDefinition in method "Reflection$GetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateGetDelegate(FieldInfo)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Reflection$GetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateGetDelegate(FieldInfo)
+
+### File:
+R2API/Utils/Reflection.cs
+
+### Key:
+Reflection.cs|CreateGetDelegate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+48c4606f815e9a87da9487a4aa93058f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0506/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0506/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfbc657984696fe7c0d74286b8e269fd65c085f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0506/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** R2API
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Mono.Cecil.Cil;
+using MonoMod.Utils;
+
+namespace R2API.Utils {
+    public static class Reflection {
+
+        private const BindingFlags AllFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static |
+                                              BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegate<out T>(object instance);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegate<in T>(object instance, T value);
+
+        //private delegate object CallDelegate(object instance, object[] arguments);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegateRef<TInstance, in TValue>(ref TInstance instance, TValue value) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegateRef<TInstance, out T>(ref TInstance instance) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        #region Caches
+
+        // Field
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo> FieldCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldSetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Property
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo> PropertyCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertyGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertySetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Method
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo> MethodCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>
+            OverloadedMethodCache =
+                new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate> DelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate>();
+
+
+        // Class
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo> ConstructorCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type> NestedTypeCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type>();
+
+
+        // Helper methods
+        private static TValue GetOrAddOnNull<TKey, TValue>(this ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, TKey key,
+            Func<TKey, TValue> factory) {
+            if (dict.TryGetValue(key, out var val) && val != null)
+                return val;
+
+            return dict[key] = factory(key);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Field
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetFieldCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo" /> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            FieldCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetFieldFull(x.name)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(FieldInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the field on the object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the field's value from</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string fieldName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to get the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string fieldName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="SetStructFieldValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this object instance, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the field to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructFieldValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string fieldName, TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> on the specified <see cref="Type"/> and searches base types if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The <see cref="Type"/> to search and get base types from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to search for.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private static FieldInfo GetFieldFull(this Type T, string name) {
+            while (T != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = T.GetField(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return fieldInfo;
+                }
+
+                T = T.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static T GetMemberFull<T>(this Type type, string name) where T : MemberInfo {
+            while (type != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = type.GetMember(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return (T)fieldInfo.First();
+                }
+
+                type = type.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Property
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type on which to find the property</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetPropertyCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to get the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            PropertyCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetProperty(x.name, AllFlags));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the property on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="GetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string)"></see> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the property's value from</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string propName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the static property on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to get the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string propName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the property on the specified class; if you're setting the property on a
+        /// struct use <see cref="SetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this object instance, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the static property on the specified static class
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType.GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName,
+            TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TValue GetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance);
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(
+            this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Method
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            MethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name, argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            OverloadedMethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name, argumentTypes),
+                x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags, null, x.argumentTypes, null)
+                     ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name} and arguments: " +
+                                            $"{string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                    ? instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                    : instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                ) ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {instance.GetType()} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(instance, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams">The method parameters</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                ? staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                : staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray()))
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {staticType} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(null, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+
+        private static FastReflectionDelegate GetMethodDelegateCached(this MethodInfo methodInfo) =>
+            DelegateCache.GetOrAdd(methodInfo, method => method.CreateFastDelegate());
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Class
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached<T>(Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            GetConstructorCached(typeof(T), argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified static type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached(this Type T, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            ConstructorCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, argumentTypes), x => x.T.GetConstructor(x.argumentTypes)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(ConstructorInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the arguments {string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedType<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            NestedTypeCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetNestedType(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find nested {nameof(Type)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type) =>
+            Activator.CreateInstance(type, true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type with specified constructor arguments
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <param name="constructorArguments">The constructor arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type, params object[] constructorArguments) =>
+            type.GetConstructorCached(constructorArguments.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                .Invoke(constructorArguments);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The type of the generic type argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The types of the generic type arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type[] typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates a list of the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static IList InstantiateList(this Type type) =>
+            (IList)typeof(List<>).MakeGenericType(type).Instantiate();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Fast Reflection
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(field.FieldType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {field.FieldType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+                if (field.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, field.DeclaringType);
+                }
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Ldfld : OpCodes.Ldsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!field.FieldType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (field.FieldType != typeof(TValue)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType() });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            // Cache this as well?
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>));
+        }
+
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        // Partial hack from https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        // to get fast call delegates
+        //private static CallDelegate GenerateCallDelegate(this MethodInfo method) {
+        //    if (method == null) {
+        //        throw new ArgumentException("Method cannot be null.", nameof(method));
+        //    }
+
+        //    var dmd = new DynamicMethodDefinition(
+        //        $"CallDelegate<{method.Name}>", typeof(object), new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object[]) });
+        //    var il = dmd.GetILProcessor();
+
+        //    var args = method.GetParameters();
+
+        //    if (!method.IsStatic) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+        //        if (method.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, method.DeclaringType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) {
+        //        var argType = args[i].ParameterType;
+        //        var argIsByRef = argType.IsByRef;
+        //        if (argIsByRef)
+        //            argType = argType.GetElementType();
+        //        var argIsValueType = argType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType;
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && argIsValueType) {
+        //            // Used later when storing back the reference to the new box in the array.
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //            il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+        //        }
+
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //        il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && !argIsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelema, typeof(object));
+        //        }
+        //        else {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem_Ref);
+        //            if (!argIsValueType) continue;
+        //            il.Emit(!argIsByRef ? OpCodes.Unbox_Any : OpCodes.Unbox, argType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    if (method.IsFinal || !method.IsVirtual) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, method);
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, method);
+        //    }
+
+        //    var returnType = method.IsConstructor ? method.DeclaringType : method.ReturnType;
+        //    if (returnType != typeof(void)) {
+        //        if (returnType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, returnType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull);
+        //    }
+
+        //    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+        //    return (CallDelegate) dmd.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(CallDelegate));
+        //}
+
+        // https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        public static void EmitFast_Ldc_I4(this ILProcessor il, int value) {
+            switch (value) {
+                case -1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1);
+                    return;
+                case 0:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+                    return;
+                case 1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+                    return;
+                case 2:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2);
+                    return;
+                case 3:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3);
+                    return;
+                case 4:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4);
+                    return;
+                case 5:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5);
+                    return;
+                case 6:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6);
+                    return;
+                case 7:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7);
+                    return;
+                case 8:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8);
+                    return;
+            }
+
+            if (value > -129 && value < 128)
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte)value);
+            else
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4, value);
+        }
+
+        public static byte ReadLocalIndex(OpCode opCode, object operand) {
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_0 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_1 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_1) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_2 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_2) {
+                return 2;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_3 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_3) {
+                return 3;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_S || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_S) {
+                return (byte)operand;
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception($"Could not read index for opcode and operand: {opCode} - {operand}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource method of type MonoMod.Utils.DynamicMethodDefinition in method "Reflection$SetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateSetDelegate(PropertyInfo)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Reflection$SetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateSetDelegate(PropertyInfo)
+
+### File:
+R2API/Utils/Reflection.cs
+
+### Key:
+Reflection.cs|CreateSetDelegate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+65619f401381fb9f3ffd083484158b0d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0508/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0508/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f829768333b00e5bf903a7aa0bb2acd683a3b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0508/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mongo2Go
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Mongo2Go.Helper
+{
+    public class MongoDbProcess : IMongoDbProcess
+    {
+        private const string ProcessReadyIdentifier = "waiting for connections";
+        private Process _process;
+
+        internal MongoDbProcess(Process process)
+        {
+            _process = process;
+        }
+
+        public IMongoDbProcess Start(string binariesFolder)
+        {
+            string fileName = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, @"{0}\{1}", binariesFolder, MongoDbDefaults.ProcessName);
+            string arguments = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, @"--dbpath ""{0}"" --port {1} --nohttpinterface --nojournal", MongoDbDefaults.DataFolder, MongoDbDefaults.Port);
+
+            ProcessStartInfo startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
+                {
+                    FileName = fileName,
+                    Arguments = arguments,
+                    //CreateNoWindow = true,
+                    UseShellExecute = false,
+                    RedirectStandardOutput = true,
+                };
+
+            Process process = new Process { StartInfo = startInfo };
+
+            BlockUntilStarted(process);
+
+            return new MongoDbProcess(process);
+        }
+
+        private static void BlockUntilStarted(Process process)
+        {
+            bool processReady = false;
+            process.OutputDataReceived += (sender, args) =>
+                {
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(args.Data) &&
+                        args.Data.Contains(ProcessReadyIdentifier))
+                    {
+                        processReady = true;
+                    }
+                };
+
+            process.Start();
+            process.BeginOutputReadLine();
+
+            while (!processReady)
+            {
+                Thread.Sleep(100);
+            }
+
+            process.CancelOutputRead();
+        }
+
+        public void Kill()
+        {
+            if (_process == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!_process.HasExited)
+            {
+                _process.Kill();
+            }
+
+            _process.Dispose();
+            _process = null;
+        }
+
+        ~MongoDbProcess()
+        {
+           Kill(); 
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource process of type System.Diagnostics.Process in method "IMongoDbProcess MongoDbProcess.Start(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IMongoDbProcess MongoDbProcess.Start(String)
+
+### File:
+Mongo2Go/Mongo2Go/Helper/MongoDbProcess.cs
+
+### Key:
+MongoDbProcess.cs|Start|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3f6f8b58adcf5ec2779a0383afac641d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0512/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0512/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e11eebdcc78f0194142fd1826b2c23957d35a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0512/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FastExcel
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+
+namespace FastExcel
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Fast Excel
+    /// </summary>
+    public partial class FastExcel: IDisposable
+    {
+        
+        private Stream ExcelFileStream { get; set; }
+        private Stream TemplateFileStream { get; set; }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Is the excel file read only
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool ReadOnly { get; private set; }
+        
+        internal SharedStrings SharedStrings { get; set; }
+        internal ZipArchive Archive { get; set; }
+        private bool UpdateExisting { get; set; }
+        private bool _filesChecked;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maximum sheet number, obtained when a sheet is added
+        /// </summary>
+        internal int MaxSheetNumber { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A list of worksheet indexs to delete
+        /// </summary>
+        private List<int> DeleteWorksheets { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A list of worksheet indexs to insert
+        /// </summary>
+        private List<WorksheetAddSettings> AddWorksheets { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update an existing excel file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="excelFile">location of an existing excel file</param>
+        /// <param name="readOnly">is the file read only</param>
+        public FastExcel(FileInfo excelFile, bool readOnly = false) : this(null, excelFile, true, readOnly) {}
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new excel file from a template
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="templateFile">template location</param>
+        /// <param name="excelFile">location of where a new excel file will be saved to</param>
+        public FastExcel(FileInfo templateFile, FileInfo excelFile) :this(templateFile, excelFile, false, false) {}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="templateFile"></param>
+        /// <param name="excelFile"></param>
+        /// <param name="updateExisting"></param>
+        /// <param name="readOnly"></param>
+        private FastExcel(FileInfo templateFile, FileInfo excelFile, bool updateExisting, bool readOnly = false)
+        {
+            TemplateFileStream = new FileStream(templateFile.FullName,FileMode.Open,FileAccess.Read);
+            ExcelFileStream = updateExisting 
+                ? new FileStream(excelFile.FullName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.ReadWrite) 
+                : new FileStream(excelFile.FullName, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.ReadWrite);
+            UpdateExisting = updateExisting;
+            ReadOnly = readOnly;
+
+            CheckFiles();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update an existing excel file stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="excelStream"></param>
+        public FastExcel(Stream excelStream) : this(null, excelStream, true) {}
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new excel file from a template
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="templateStream">Input Template Stream</param>
+        /// <param name="excelStream">Output Excel Stream</param>
+        /// <param name="updateExisting"></param>
+        /// <param name="readOnly"></param>
+        public FastExcel(Stream templateStream, Stream excelStream, bool updateExisting = false, bool readOnly = false) {
+            TemplateFileStream = templateStream;
+            ExcelFileStream = excelStream;
+            UpdateExisting = updateExisting;
+            ReadOnly = readOnly;
+            CheckFiles();
+        }
+
+        internal void PrepareArchive(bool openSharedStrings = true)
+        {
+            if (Archive == null)
+            {
+                if (ReadOnly)
+                {
+                    Archive= new ZipArchive(ExcelFileStream, ZipArchiveMode.Read);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Archive = new ZipArchive(ExcelFileStream, ZipArchiveMode.Update);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Get Strings file
+            if (SharedStrings == null && openSharedStrings)
+            {
+                SharedStrings = new SharedStrings(Archive);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ensure files are ready for use
+        /// </summary>
+        internal void CheckFiles()
+        {
+            if (_filesChecked)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (UpdateExisting)
+            {
+                if (ExcelFileStream?.Length == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception("No input file name was supplied");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (TemplateFileStream == null)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception("No Template file was supplied");
+                }
+
+                if (ExcelFileStream == null)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception("No Ouput file name was supplied");
+                }
+                else if (ExcelFileStream.Length > 0)
+                {
+                    var exceptionMessage = $"Output file  already exists";
+                    throw new Exception(exceptionMessage);
+                }
+            }
+            _filesChecked = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update xl/_rels/workbook.xml.rels file
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdateRelations(bool ensureStrings)
+        {
+            if (!(ensureStrings || 
+                (DeleteWorksheets != null && DeleteWorksheets.Any()) || 
+                (AddWorksheets != null && AddWorksheets.Any())))
+            {
+                // Nothing to update
+                return;
+            }
+
+            using (Stream stream = Archive.GetEntry("xl/_rels/workbook.xml.rels").Open())
+            {
+                XDocument document = XDocument.Load(stream);
+
+                if (document == null)
+                {
+                    //TODO error
+                }
+                bool update = false;
+
+                List<XElement> relationshipElements = document.Descendants().Where(d => d.Name.LocalName == "Relationship").ToList();
+                int id = relationshipElements.Count;
+                if (ensureStrings)
+                {
+                    //Ensure SharedStrings
+                    XElement relationshipElement = (from element in relationshipElements
+                                                    from attribute in element.Attributes()
+                                                    where attribute.Name == "Target" && attribute.Value.Equals("sharedStrings.xml", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                                                    select element).FirstOrDefault();
+
+                    if (relationshipElement == null)
+                    {
+                        relationshipElement = new XElement(document.Root.GetDefaultNamespace() + "Relationship");
+                        relationshipElement.Add(new XAttribute("Target", "sharedStrings.xml"));
+                        relationshipElement.Add(new XAttribute("Type", "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships/sharedStrings"));
+                        relationshipElement.Add(new XAttribute("Id", string.Format("rId{0}", ++id)));
+
+                        document.Root.Add(relationshipElement);
+                        update = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Remove all references to sheets from this file as they are not requried
+                if ((DeleteWorksheets != null && DeleteWorksheets.Any()) ||
+                (AddWorksheets != null && AddWorksheets.Any()))
+                {
+                    XElement[] worksheetElements = (from element in relationshipElements
+                                                    from attribute in element.Attributes()
+                                                    where attribute.Name == "Type" && attribute.Value == "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships/worksheet"
+                                                    select element).ToArray();
+                    for (int i = worksheetElements.Length -1; i > 0; i--)
+                    {
+                        worksheetElements[i].Remove();
+                        update = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (update)
+                {
+                    // Set the stream to the start
+                    stream.Position = 0;
+                    // Clear the stream
+                    stream.SetLength(0);
+
+                    // Open the stream so we can override all content of the sheet
+                    StreamWriter streamWriter = new StreamWriter(stream, Encoding.UTF8);
+                    document.Save(streamWriter);
+                    streamWriter.Flush();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update xl/workbook.xml file
+        /// </summary>
+        private string[] UpdateWorkbook()
+        {
+            if (!(DeleteWorksheets != null && DeleteWorksheets.Any() ||
+                (AddWorksheets != null && AddWorksheets.Any())))
+            {
+                // Nothing to update
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<string> sheetNames = new List<string>();
+            using (Stream stream = Archive.GetEntry("xl/workbook.xml").Open())
+            {
+                XDocument document = XDocument.Load(stream);
+
+                if (document == null)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception("Unable to load workbook.xml");
+                }
+
+                bool update = false;
+
+                RenameAndRebildWorksheetProperties((from sheet in document.Descendants()
+                                              where sheet.Name.LocalName == "sheet"
+                                              select sheet).ToArray());
+                
+                if (update)
+                {
+                    // Re number sheet ids
+                    XNamespace r = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships";
+                    int id = 1;
+                    foreach (XElement sheetElement in (from sheet in document.Descendants()
+                                                       where sheet.Name.LocalName == "sheet"
+                                                       select sheet))
+                    {
+                        sheetElement.SetAttributeValue(r + "id", string.Format("rId{0}", id++));
+                        sheetNames.Add(sheetElement.Attribute("name").Value);
+                    }
+
+                    //Set the stream to the start
+                    stream.Position = 0;
+                    // Clear the stream
+                    stream.SetLength(0);
+
+                    // Open the stream so we can override all content of the sheet
+                    StreamWriter streamWriter = new StreamWriter(stream);
+                    document.Save(streamWriter);
+                    streamWriter.Flush();
+                }
+            }
+            return sheetNames.ToArray();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// If sheets have been added or deleted, sheets need to be renamed
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RenameAndRebildWorksheetProperties(XElement[] sheets)
+        {
+            if (!((DeleteWorksheets != null && DeleteWorksheets.Any()) ||
+                (AddWorksheets != null && AddWorksheets.Any())))
+            {
+                // Nothing to update
+                return;
+            }
+            XNamespace r = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships";
+
+            List<WorksheetProperties> sheetProperties = (from sheet in sheets
+                                                         select new WorksheetProperties
+                                                         ()
+                                                         {
+                                                             SheetId = int.Parse(sheet.Attribute("sheetId").Value),
+                                                             Name = sheet.Attribute("name").Value,
+                                                             CurrentIndex = int.Parse(sheet.Attribute(r + "id").Value)
+                                                         }).ToList();
+
+            // Remove deleted worksheets to sheetProperties
+            if (DeleteWorksheets != null && DeleteWorksheets.Any())
+            {
+                foreach (var item in DeleteWorksheets)
+                {
+                    WorksheetProperties sheetToDelete = (from sp in sheetProperties
+                                        where sp.SheetId == item
+                                        select sp).FirstOrDefault();
+
+                    if (sheetToDelete != null)
+                    {
+                        sheetProperties.Remove(sheetToDelete);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Add new worksheets to sheetProperties
+            if (AddWorksheets != null && AddWorksheets.Any())
+            {
+                // Add the sheets in reverse, this will add them correctly with less work
+                foreach (var item in AddWorksheets.Reverse<WorksheetAddSettings>())
+                {
+                    WorksheetProperties previousSheet = (from sp in sheetProperties
+                                                where sp.SheetId == item.InsertAfterSheetId
+                                        select sp).FirstOrDefault();
+                    
+                    if (previousSheet == null)
+                    {
+                        throw new Exception(string.Format("Sheet name {0} cannot be added because the insertAfterSheetNumber or insertAfterSheetName is now invalid", item.Name));
+                    }
+
+                    WorksheetProperties newWorksheet = new WorksheetProperties()
+                    {
+                        SheetId = item.SheetId,
+                        Name = item.Name,
+                        CurrentIndex = 0// TODO Something??
+                    };
+                    sheetProperties.Insert(sheetProperties.IndexOf(previousSheet), newWorksheet);
+                }
+            }
+
+            int index = 1;
+            foreach (WorksheetProperties worksheet in sheetProperties)
+            {
+                if (worksheet.CurrentIndex != index)
+                {
+                    ZipArchiveEntry entry = Archive.GetEntry(Worksheet.GetFileName(worksheet.CurrentIndex));
+                    if (entry == null)
+                    {
+                        // TODO better message
+                        throw new Exception("Worksheets could not be rebuilt");
+                    }
+
+
+                }
+                index++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update [Content_Types].xml file
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdateContentTypes(bool ensureStrings)
+        {
+            if (!(ensureStrings ||
+                (DeleteWorksheets != null && DeleteWorksheets.Any()) ||
+                (AddWorksheets != null && AddWorksheets.Any())))
+            {
+                // Nothing to update
+                return;
+            }
+
+            using (Stream stream = Archive.GetEntry("[Content_Types].xml").Open())
+            {
+                XDocument document = XDocument.Load(stream);
+
+                if (document == null)
+                {
+                    //TODO error
+                }
+                bool update = false;
+                List<XElement> overrideElements = document.Descendants().Where(d => d.Name.LocalName == "Override").ToList();
+
+                //Ensure SharedStrings
+                if (ensureStrings)
+                {
+                    XElement overrideElement = (from element in overrideElements
+                                                from attribute in element.Attributes()
+                                                where attribute.Name == "PartName" && attribute.Value.Equals("/xl/sharedStrings.xml", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                                                select element).FirstOrDefault();
+
+                    if (overrideElement == null)
+                    {
+                        overrideElement = new XElement(document.Root.GetDefaultNamespace() + "Override");
+                        overrideElement.Add(new XAttribute("ContentType", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sharedStrings+xml"));
+                        overrideElement.Add(new XAttribute("PartName", "/xl/sharedStrings.xml"));
+
+                        document.Root.Add(overrideElement);
+                        update = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (DeleteWorksheets != null && DeleteWorksheets.Any())
+                {
+                    foreach (var item in DeleteWorksheets)
+                    {
+                        // the file name is different for each xml file
+                        string fileName = string.Format("/xl/worksheets/sheet{0}.xml", item);
+
+                        XElement overrideElement = (from element in overrideElements
+                                                    from attribute in element.Attributes()
+                                                    where attribute.Name == "PartName" && attribute.Value == fileName
+                                                    select element).FirstOrDefault();
+                        if (overrideElement != null)
+                        {
+                            overrideElement.Remove();
+                            update = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (AddWorksheets != null && AddWorksheets.Any())
+                {
+                    foreach (var item in AddWorksheets)
+                    {
+                        // the file name is different for each xml file
+                        string fileName = string.Format("/xl/worksheets/sheet{0}.xml", item.SheetId);
+
+                        XElement overrideElement = new XElement(document.Root.GetDefaultNamespace() + "Override");
+                        overrideElement.Add(new XAttribute("ContentType", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.worksheet+xml"));
+                        overrideElement.Add(new XAttribute("PartName", fileName));
+
+                        document.Root.Add(overrideElement);
+                        update = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (update)
+                {
+                    // Set the stream to the start
+                    stream.Position = 0;
+                    // Clear the stream
+                    stream.SetLength(0);
+                    
+                    // Open the stream so we can override all content of the sheet
+                    StreamWriter streamWriter = new StreamWriter(stream, Encoding.UTF8);
+                    document.Save(streamWriter);
+                    streamWriter.Flush();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Retrieves the index for given worksheet name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name"></param>
+        /// <returns>1 based index of sheet or 0 if not found</returns>
+        public int GetWorksheetIndexFromName(string name)
+        {
+            return (from worksheet in Worksheets where worksheet.Name == name select worksheet.Index).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update docProps/app.xml file
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdateDocPropsApp(string[] sheetNames)
+        {
+           /* if (sheetNames == null || !sheetNames.Any())
+            {
+                // Nothing to update
+                return;
+            }
+
+            using (Stream stream = this.Archive.GetEntry("docProps/app.xml ").Open())
+            {
+                XDocument document = XDocument.Load(stream);
+
+                if (document == null)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception("Unable to load app.xml");
+                }
+                
+                // Update TilesOfParts
+
+
+
+                // Update HeadingPairs
+
+                if (this.AddWorksheets != null && this.AddWorksheets.Any())
+                {
+                    // Add the sheets in reverse, this will add them correctly with less work
+                    foreach (var item in this.AddWorksheets.Reverse<WorksheetAddSettings>())
+                    {
+                        XElement previousSheetElement = (from sheet in document.Descendants()
+                                                         where sheet.Name.LocalName == "sheet"
+                                                         from attribute in sheet.Attributes()
+                                                         where attribute.Name == "sheetId" && attribute.Value == item.InsertAfterIndex.ToString()
+                                                         select sheet).FirstOrDefault();
+
+                        if (previousSheetElement == null)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(string.Format("Sheet name {0} cannot be added because the insertAfterSheetNumber or insertAfterSheetName is now invalid", item.Name));
+                        }
+
+                        XElement newSheetElement = new XElement(document.Root.GetDefaultNamespace() + "sheet");
+                        newSheetElement.Add(new XAttribute("name", item.Name));
+                        newSheetElement.Add(new XAttribute("sheetId", item.Index));
+
+                        previousSheetElement.AddAfterSelf(newSheetElement);
+                        update = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (update)
+                {
+                    // Re number sheet ids
+                    XNamespace r = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships";
+                    int id = 1;
+                    foreach (XElement sheetElement in (from sheet in document.Descendants()
+                                                       where sheet.Name.LocalName == "sheet"
+                                                       select sheet))
+                    {
+                        sheetElement.SetAttributeValue(r + "id", string.Format("rId{0}", id++));
+                    }
+
+                    //Set the stream to the start
+                    stream.Position = 0;
+                    // Clear the stream
+                    stream.SetLength(0);
+
+                    // Open the stream so we can override all content of the sheet
+                    StreamWriter streamWriter = new StreamWriter(stream);
+                    document.Save(streamWriter);
+                    streamWriter.Flush();
+                }
+            }*/
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves any pending changes to the Excel stream and adds/updates associated files if needed
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Main disposal function
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (Archive == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (Archive.Mode != ZipArchiveMode.Read)
+            {
+                bool ensureSharedStrings = false;
+
+                // Update or create xl/sharedStrings.xml file
+                if (SharedStrings != null)
+                {
+                    ensureSharedStrings = SharedStrings.PendingChanges;
+                    SharedStrings.Write();
+                }
+
+                // Update xl/_rels/workbook.xml.rels file
+                UpdateRelations(ensureSharedStrings);
+
+                // Update xl/workbook.xml file
+                string[] sheetNames = UpdateWorkbook();
+
+                // Update [Content_Types].xml file
+                UpdateContentTypes(ensureSharedStrings);
+
+                // Update docProps/app.xml file
+                UpdateDocPropsApp(sheetNames);
+            }
+
+            Archive.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.Compression.ZipArchive::.ctor() at Line 109) of type System.IO.Compression.ZipArchive, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.Compression.ZipArchive::.ctor() at Line 105) of type System.IO.Compression.ZipArchive in method "Void FastExcel.PrepareArchive(Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void FastExcel.PrepareArchive(Boolean)
+
+### File:
+FastExcel/FastExcel.cs
+
+### Key:
+FastExcel.cs|PrepareArchive|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+03f9d0b7204c1a6482b5a2ec715c0c0e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0515/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0515/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0161536e59e49dd77adf43bab96b0ecab96cfc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0515/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** EasyData
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+
+using Xunit;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient.Server;
+
+namespace EasyData.EntityFrameworkCore.Relational.Tests
+{
+    public class DbContextMetaDataLoaderTests
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Test getting all entities.
+        /// </summary>
+        [Fact]
+        public void LoadFromDbContextTest()
+        {
+            var dbContext = TestDbContext.Create();
+            var meta = new MetaData();
+
+            meta.LoadFromDbContext(dbContext);
+
+            meta.EntityRoot.SubEntities.Should().HaveCount(8);
+
+            var entityAttrCount = new Dictionary<string, int>()
+            {
+                ["Category"] = 4,
+                ["Customer"] = 11,
+                ["Employee"] = 19,
+                ["Order"] = 16,
+                ["Order Detail"] = 7,
+                ["Product"] = 12,
+                ["Shipper"] = 3,
+                ["Supplier"] = 12
+            };
+
+            foreach (var entity in meta.EntityRoot.SubEntities) {
+                entity.Attributes.Should().HaveCount(entityAttrCount[entity.Name]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource dbContext of type Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext in method "Void DbContextMetaDataLoaderTests.LoadFromDbContextTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DbContextMetaDataLoaderTests.LoadFromDbContextTest()
+
+### File:
+easydata.net/test/EasyData.EntityFrameworkCore.Relational.Tests/DbContextMetaDataLoaderTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+DbContextMetaDataLoaderTests.cs|LoadFromDbContextTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ce94626cbb7713e1eac033be20aa141e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0522/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0522/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6e9f747742e190c5399c9ede14f33207d51e80c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0522/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Blog.IdentityServer
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using IdentityModel;
+using IdentityServer4.EntityFramework.DbContexts;
+using IdentityServer4.EntityFramework.Mappers;
+using Blog.IdentityServer;
+using Blog.IdentityServer.Data;
+using Blog.IdentityServer.Models;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
+namespace Blog.IdentityServer
+{
+    public class SeedData
+    {
+        public static void EnsureSeedData(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
+        {
+            Console.WriteLine("Seeding database...");
+
+            using (var scope = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>().CreateScope())
+            {
+                scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<PersistedGrantDbContext>().Database.Migrate();
+
+                {
+                    var context = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ConfigurationDbContext>();
+                    context.Database.Migrate();
+                    EnsureSeedData(context);
+                }
+
+                {
+                    var context = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<ApplicationDbContext>();
+                    context.Database.Migrate();
+
+                    var userMgr = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<UserManager<ApplicationUser>>();
+                    var alice = userMgr.FindByNameAsync("alice").Result;
+                    if (alice == null)
+                    {
+                        alice = new ApplicationUser
+                        {
+                            UserName = "alice"
+                        };
+                        var result = userMgr.CreateAsync(alice, "Pass123$").Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+
+                        result = userMgr.AddClaimsAsync(alice, new Claim[]{
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Name, "Alice Smith"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.GivenName, "Alice"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.FamilyName, "Smith"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Email, "AliceSmith@email.com"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.EmailVerified, "true", ClaimValueTypes.Boolean),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.WebSite, "http://alice.com"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Address, @"{ 'street_address': 'One Hacker Way', 'locality': 'Heidelberg', 'postal_code': 69118, 'country': 'Germany' }", IdentityServer4.IdentityServerConstants.ClaimValueTypes.Json),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Role, "Admin")
+                        }).Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+                        Console.WriteLine("alice created");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine("alice already exists");
+                    }
+
+                    var bob = userMgr.FindByNameAsync("bob").Result;
+                    if (bob == null)
+                    {
+                        bob = new ApplicationUser
+                        {
+                            UserName = "bob"
+                        };
+                        var result = userMgr.CreateAsync(bob, "Pass123$").Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+
+                        result = userMgr.AddClaimsAsync(bob, new Claim[]{
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Name, "Bob Smith"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.GivenName, "Bob"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.FamilyName, "Smith"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Email, "BobSmith@email.com"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.EmailVerified, "true", ClaimValueTypes.Boolean),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.WebSite, "http://bob.com"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Address, @"{ 'street_address': 'One Hacker Way', 'locality': 'Heidelberg', 'postal_code': 69118, 'country': 'Germany' }", IdentityServer4.IdentityServerConstants.ClaimValueTypes.Json),
+                        new Claim("location", "somewhere"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Role, "System")
+                    }).Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+                        Console.WriteLine("bob created");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine("bob already exists");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Done seeding database.");
+            Console.WriteLine();
+        }
+
+        private static void EnsureSeedData(ConfigurationDbContext context)
+        {
+            if (!context.Clients.Any())
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Clients being populated");
+                foreach (var client in Config.GetClients().ToList())
+                {
+                    context.Clients.Add(client.ToEntity());
+                }
+                context.SaveChanges();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Clients already populated");
+            }
+
+            if (!context.IdentityResources.Any())
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("IdentityResources being populated");
+                foreach (var resource in Config.GetIdentityResources().ToList())
+                {
+                    context.IdentityResources.Add(resource.ToEntity());
+                }
+                context.SaveChanges();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("IdentityResources already populated");
+            }
+
+            if (!context.ApiResources.Any())
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("ApiResources being populated");
+                foreach (var resource in Config.GetApiResources().ToList())
+                {
+                    context.ApiResources.Add(resource.ToEntity());
+                }
+                context.SaveChanges();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("ApiResources already populated");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `result` last assigned on line 44 could be null and is dereferenced at line 45, column 25.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SeedData.EnsureSeedData(IServiceProvider)
+
+### File:
+Blog.IdentityServer/SeedData.cs
+
+### Key:
+SeedData.cs|EnsureSeedData|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+6f8203070d06450087ce6a477911dba2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0523/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0523/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03b339e8d20750f400b64c1239bdc45d48215670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0523/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Blog.IdentityServer
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using IdentityModel;
+using IdentityServer4.EntityFramework.DbContexts;
+using IdentityServer4.EntityFramework.Mappers;
+using Blog.IdentityServer;
+using Blog.IdentityServer.Data;
+using Blog.IdentityServer.Models;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
+namespace Blog.IdentityServer
+{
+    public class SeedData
+    {
+        public static void EnsureSeedData(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
+        {
+            //1.dotnet ef migrations add InitialIdentityServerPersistedGrantDbMigration -c PersistedGrantDbContext -o Data/Migrations/IdentityServer/PersistedGrantDb
+            //2.dotnet ef migrations add InitialIdentityServerConfigurationDbMigration -c ConfigurationDbContext -o Data/Migrations/IdentityServer/ConfigurationDb
+            //3.dotnet ef migrations add AppDbMigration -c ApplicationDbContext -o Data
+            //4.dotnet run /seed
+            Console.WriteLine("Seeding database...");
+
+            using (var scope = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>().CreateScope())
+            {
+                scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<PersistedGrantDbContext>().Database.Migrate();
+
+                {
+                    var context = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ConfigurationDbContext>();
+                    context.Database.Migrate();
+                    EnsureSeedData(context);
+                }
+
+                {
+                    var context = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<ApplicationDbContext>();
+                    context.Database.Migrate();
+
+                    var userMgr = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<UserManager<ApplicationUser>>();
+                    var alice = userMgr.FindByNameAsync("alice").Result;
+                    if (alice == null)
+                    {
+                        alice = new ApplicationUser
+                        {
+                            UserName = "alice"
+                        };
+                        var result = userMgr.CreateAsync(alice, "Pass123$").Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+
+                        result = userMgr.AddClaimsAsync(alice, new Claim[]{
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Name, "Alice Smith"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.GivenName, "Alice"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.FamilyName, "Smith"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Email, "AliceSmith@email.com"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.EmailVerified, "true", ClaimValueTypes.Boolean),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.WebSite, "http://alice.com"),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Address, @"{ 'street_address': 'One Hacker Way', 'locality': 'Heidelberg', 'postal_code': 69118, 'country': 'Germany' }", IdentityServer4.IdentityServerConstants.ClaimValueTypes.Json),
+                            new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Role, "Admin")
+                        }).Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+                        Console.WriteLine("alice created");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine("alice already exists");
+                    }
+
+                    var bob = userMgr.FindByNameAsync("bob").Result;
+                    if (bob == null)
+                    {
+                        bob = new ApplicationUser
+                        {
+                            UserName = "bob"
+                        };
+                        var result = userMgr.CreateAsync(bob, "Pass123$").Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+
+                        result = userMgr.AddClaimsAsync(bob, new Claim[]{
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Name, "Bob Smith"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.GivenName, "Bob"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.FamilyName, "Smith"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Email, "BobSmith@email.com"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.EmailVerified, "true", ClaimValueTypes.Boolean),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.WebSite, "http://bob.com"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Address, @"{ 'street_address': 'One Hacker Way', 'locality': 'Heidelberg', 'postal_code': 69118, 'country': 'Germany' }", IdentityServer4.IdentityServerConstants.ClaimValueTypes.Json),
+                        new Claim("location", "somewhere"),
+                        new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Role, "System")
+                    }).Result;
+                        if (!result.Succeeded)
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception(result.Errors.First().Description);
+                        }
+                        Console.WriteLine("bob created");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine("bob already exists");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Done seeding database.");
+            Console.WriteLine();
+        }
+
+        private static void EnsureSeedData(ConfigurationDbContext context)
+        {
+            if (!context.Clients.Any())
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Clients being populated");
+                foreach (var client in Config.GetClients().ToList())
+                {
+                    context.Clients.Add(client.ToEntity());
+                }
+                context.SaveChanges();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Clients already populated");
+            }
+
+            if (!context.IdentityResources.Any())
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("IdentityResources being populated");
+                foreach (var resource in Config.GetIdentityResources().ToList())
+                {
+                    context.IdentityResources.Add(resource.ToEntity());
+                }
+                context.SaveChanges();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("IdentityResources already populated");
+            }
+
+            if (!context.ApiResources.Any())
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("ApiResources being populated");
+                foreach (var resource in Config.GetApiResources().ToList())
+                {
+                    context.ApiResources.Add(resource.ToEntity());
+                }
+                context.SaveChanges();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("ApiResources already populated");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `result` last assigned on line 48 could be null and is dereferenced at line 49, column 25.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SeedData.EnsureSeedData(IServiceProvider)
+
+### File:
+Blog.IdentityServer/SeedData.cs
+
+### Key:
+SeedData.cs|EnsureSeedData|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+6f8203070d06450087ce6a477911dba2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0524/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0524/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7d26b53a5ecd39aaebe846319dd705443e85781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0524/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1026 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NLua
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+** $Id: lstrlib.c,v 1.132.1.4 2008/07/11 17:27:21 roberto Exp $
+** Standard library for string operations and pattern-matching
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace KopiLua
+{
+	using ptrdiff_t = System.Int32;
+	using lua_Integer = System.Int32;
+	using LUA_INTFRM_T = System.Int64;
+	using UNSIGNED_LUA_INTFRM_T = System.UInt64;
+
+	public partial class Lua
+	{
+		private static int str_len (lua_State L) {
+		  uint l;
+		  luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l);
+		  lua_pushinteger(L, (int)l);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static ptrdiff_t posrelat (ptrdiff_t pos, uint len) {
+		  /* relative string position: negative means back from end */
+		  if (pos < 0) pos += (ptrdiff_t)len + 1;
+		  return (pos >= 0) ? pos : 0;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_sub (lua_State L) {
+		  uint l;
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l);
+		  ptrdiff_t start = posrelat(luaL_checkinteger(L, 2), l);
+		  ptrdiff_t end = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, -1), l);
+		  if (start < 1) start = 1;
+		  if (end > (ptrdiff_t)l) end = (ptrdiff_t)l;
+		  if (start <= end)
+			lua_pushlstring(L, s+start-1, (uint)(end-start+1));
+		  else lua_pushliteral(L, "");
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_reverse (lua_State L) {
+		  uint l;
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l);
+		  luaL_buffinit(L, b);
+		  while ((l--) != 0) luaL_addchar(b, s[l]);
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_lower (lua_State L) {
+		  uint l;
+		  uint i;
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l);
+		  luaL_buffinit(L, b);
+		  for (i=0; i<l; i++)
+			  luaL_addchar(b, tolower(s[i]));
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_upper (lua_State L) {
+		  uint l;
+		  uint i;
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l);
+		  luaL_buffinit(L, b);
+		  for (i=0; i<l; i++)
+			  luaL_addchar(b, toupper(s[i]));
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+		private static int str_rep (lua_State L) {
+		  uint l;
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l);
+		  int n = luaL_checkint(L, 2);
+		  luaL_buffinit(L, b);
+		  while (n-- > 0)
+			luaL_addlstring(b, s, l);
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_byte (lua_State L) {
+		  uint l;
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l);
+		  ptrdiff_t posi = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1), l);
+		  ptrdiff_t pose = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, posi), l);
+		  int n, i;
+		  if (posi <= 0) posi = 1;
+		  if ((uint)pose > l) pose = (int)l;
+		  if (posi > pose) return 0;  /* empty interval; return no values */
+		  n = (int)(pose -  posi + 1);
+		  if (posi + n <= pose)  /* overflow? */
+			luaL_error(L, "string slice too long");
+		  luaL_checkstack(L, n, "string slice too long");
+		  for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+			  lua_pushinteger(L, (byte)(s[posi + i - 1]));
+		  return n;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_char (lua_State L) {
+		  int n = lua_gettop(L);  /* number of arguments */
+		  int i;
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  luaL_buffinit(L, b);
+		  for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
+			int c = luaL_checkint(L, i);
+			luaL_argcheck(L, (byte)(c) == c, i, "invalid value");
+			luaL_addchar(b, (char)(byte)c);
+		  }
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int writer (lua_State L, object b, uint size, object B)
+		{
+			if (b.GetType() != typeof(CharPtr))
+			{
+				using (MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream())
+				{
+					// todo: figure out a way to do this
+					/*
+					BinaryFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
+					formatter.Serialize(stream, b);
+					stream.Flush();
+					byte[] bytes = stream.GetBuffer();
+					char[] chars = new char[bytes.Length];
+					for (int i = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++)
+						chars[i] = (char)bytes[i];
+					b = new CharPtr(chars);
+					 * */
+				}
+			}
+			luaL_addlstring((luaL_Buffer)B, (CharPtr)b, size);
+		  return 0;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_dump (lua_State L) {
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+		  lua_settop(L, 1);
+		  luaL_buffinit(L,b);
+		  if (lua_dump(L, writer, b) != 0)
+			luaL_error(L, "unable to dump given function");
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+
+		/*
+		** {======================================================
+		** PATTERN MATCHING
+		** =======================================================
+		*/
+
+
+		public const int CAP_UNFINISHED	= (-1);
+		public const int CAP_POSITION	= (-2);
+
+		public class MatchState {
+
+		  public MatchState()
+		  {
+			  for (int i = 0; i < LUA_MAXCAPTURES; i++)
+				  capture[i] = new capture_();
+		  }
+
+		  public CharPtr src_init;  /* init of source string */
+		  public CharPtr src_end;  /* end (`\0') of source string */
+		  public lua_State L;
+		  public int level;  /* total number of captures (finished or unfinished) */
+
+		  public class capture_{
+			public CharPtr init;
+			public ptrdiff_t len;
+		  };
+		  public capture_[] capture = new capture_[LUA_MAXCAPTURES];
+		};
+
+
+		public const char L_ESC		= '%';
+		public const string SPECIALS = "^$*+?.([%-";
+
+
+		private static int check_capture (MatchState ms, int l) {
+		  l -= '1';
+		  if (l < 0 || l >= ms.level || ms.capture[l].len == CAP_UNFINISHED)
+			return luaL_error(ms.L, "invalid capture index");
+		  return l;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int capture_to_close (MatchState ms) {
+		  int level = ms.level;
+		  for (level--; level>=0; level--)
+			if (ms.capture[level].len == CAP_UNFINISHED) return level;
+		  return luaL_error(ms.L, "invalid pattern capture");
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr classend (MatchState ms, CharPtr p) {
+		  p = new CharPtr(p);
+		  char c = p[0];
+		  p = p.next();
+		  switch (c) {
+			case L_ESC: {
+			  if (p[0] == '\0')
+				luaL_error(ms.L, "malformed pattern (ends with " + LUA_QL("%%") + ")");
+			  return p+1;
+			}
+			case '[': {
+			  if (p[0] == '^') p = p.next();
+			  do {  /* look for a `]' */
+				if (p[0] == '\0')
+				  luaL_error(ms.L, "malformed pattern (missing " + LUA_QL("]") + ")");
+				c = p[0];
+				p = p.next();
+				if (c == L_ESC && p[0] != '\0')
+				  p = p.next();  /* skip escapes (e.g. `%]') */
+			  } while (p[0] != ']');
+			  return p+1;
+			}
+			default: {
+			  return p;
+			}
+		  }
+		}
+
+
+		private static int match_class (int c, int cl) {
+		  bool res;
+		  switch (tolower(cl)) {
+			case 'a' : res = isalpha(c); break;
+			case 'c' : res = iscntrl(c); break;
+			case 'd' : res = isdigit(c); break;
+			case 'l' : res = islower(c); break;
+			case 'p' : res = ispunct(c); break;
+			case 's' : res = isspace(c); break;
+			case 'u' : res = isupper(c); break;
+			case 'w' : res = isalnum(c); break;
+			case 'x' : res = isxdigit((char)c); break;
+			case 'z' : res = (c == 0); break;
+			default: return (cl == c) ? 1 : 0;
+		  }
+		  return (islower(cl) ? (res ? 1 : 0) : ((!res) ? 1 : 0));
+		}
+
+
+		private static int matchbracketclass (int c, CharPtr p, CharPtr ec) {
+		  int sig = 1;
+		  if (p[1] == '^') {
+			sig = 0;
+			p = p.next();  /* skip the `^' */
+		  }
+		  while ((p=p.next()) < ec) {
+			if (p == L_ESC) {
+			  p = p.next();
+			  if (match_class(c, (byte)(p[0])) != 0)
+				return sig;
+			}
+			else if ((p[1] == '-') && (p + 2 < ec)) {
+			  p+=2;
+			  if ((byte)((p[-2])) <= c && (c <= (byte)p[0]))
+				return sig;
+			}
+			else if ((byte)(p[0]) == c) return sig;
+		  }
+		  return (sig == 0) ? 1 : 0;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int singlematch (int c, CharPtr p, CharPtr ep) {
+		  switch (p[0]) {
+			case '.': return 1;  /* matches any char */
+			case L_ESC: return match_class(c, (byte)(p[1]));
+			case '[': return matchbracketclass(c, p, ep-1);
+		    default: return ((byte)(p[0]) == c) ? 1 : 0;
+		  }
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr matchbalance (MatchState ms, CharPtr s,
+										   CharPtr p) {
+		  if ((p[0] == 0) || (p[1] == 0))
+			luaL_error(ms.L, "unbalanced pattern");
+		  if (s[0] != p[0]) return null;
+		  else {
+			int b = p[0];
+			int e = p[1];
+			int cont = 1;
+			while ((s=s.next()) < ms.src_end) {
+			  if (s[0] == e) {
+				if (--cont == 0) return s+1;
+			  }
+			  else if (s[0] == b) cont++;
+			}
+		  }
+		  return null;  /* string ends out of balance */
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr max_expand (MatchState ms, CharPtr s,
+										 CharPtr p, CharPtr ep) {
+		  ptrdiff_t i = 0;  /* counts maximum expand for item */
+		  while ( (s+i < ms.src_end) && (singlematch((byte)(s[i]), p, ep) != 0) )
+			i++;
+		  /* keeps trying to match with the maximum repetitions */
+		  while (i>=0) {
+			CharPtr res = match(ms, (s+i), ep+1);
+			if (res != null) return res;
+			i--;  /* else didn't match; reduce 1 repetition to try again */
+		  }
+		  return null;
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr min_expand (MatchState ms, CharPtr s,
+										 CharPtr p, CharPtr ep) {
+		  for (;;) {
+			CharPtr res = match(ms, s, ep+1);
+			if (res != null)
+			  return res;
+		  else if ( (s < ms.src_end) && (singlematch((byte)(s[0]), p, ep) != 0) )
+			  s = s.next();  /* try with one more repetition */
+			else return null;
+		  }
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr start_capture (MatchState ms, CharPtr s,
+											CharPtr p, int what) {
+		  CharPtr res;
+		  int level = ms.level;
+		  if (level >= LUA_MAXCAPTURES) luaL_error(ms.L, "too many captures");
+		  ms.capture[level].init = s;
+		  ms.capture[level].len = what;
+		  ms.level = level+1;
+		  if ((res=match(ms, s, p)) == null)  /* match failed? */
+			ms.level--;  /* undo capture */
+		  return res;
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr end_capture(MatchState ms, CharPtr s,
+										  CharPtr p) {
+		  int l = capture_to_close(ms);
+		  CharPtr res;
+		  ms.capture[l].len = s - ms.capture[l].init;  /* close capture */
+		  if ((res = match(ms, s, p)) == null)  /* match failed? */
+			ms.capture[l].len = CAP_UNFINISHED;  /* undo capture */
+		  return res;
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr match_capture(MatchState ms, CharPtr s, int l)
+		{
+		  uint len;
+		  l = check_capture(ms, l);
+		  len = (uint)ms.capture[l].len;
+		  if ((uint)(ms.src_end-s) >= len &&
+			  memcmp(ms.capture[l].init, s, len) == 0)
+			return s+len;
+		  else return null;
+		}
+
+
+		private static CharPtr match (MatchState ms, CharPtr s, CharPtr p) {
+		  s = new CharPtr(s);
+		  p = new CharPtr(p);
+		  init: /* using goto's to optimize tail recursion */
+		  switch (p[0]) {
+			case '(': {  /* start capture */
+			  if (p[1] == ')')  /* position capture? */
+				return start_capture(ms, s, p+2, CAP_POSITION);
+			  else
+				return start_capture(ms, s, p+1, CAP_UNFINISHED);
+			}
+			case ')': {  /* end capture */
+			  return end_capture(ms, s, p+1);
+			}
+			case L_ESC: {
+			  switch (p[1]) {
+				case 'b': {  /* balanced string? */
+				  s = matchbalance(ms, s, p+2);
+				  if (s == null) return null;
+				  p+=4; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, p+4); */
+				}
+				case 'f': {  /* frontier? */
+				  CharPtr ep; char previous;
+				  p += 2;
+				  if (p[0] != '[')
+					luaL_error(ms.L, "missing " + LUA_QL("[") + " after " +
+									   LUA_QL("%%f") + " in pattern");
+				  ep = classend(ms, p);  /* points to what is next */
+				  previous = (s == ms.src_init) ? '\0' : s[-1];
+				  if ((matchbracketclass((byte)(previous), p, ep-1)!=0) ||
+					 (matchbracketclass((byte)(s[0]), p, ep-1)==0)) return null;
+				  p=ep; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, ep); */
+				}
+				default: {
+				  if (isdigit((byte)(p[1]))) {  /* capture results (%0-%9)? */
+					s = match_capture(ms, s, (byte)(p[1]));
+					if (s == null) return null;
+					p+=2; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, p+2) */
+				  }
+					//ismeretlen hiba miatt lett ide átmásolva
+				{  /* it is a pattern item */
+			  CharPtr ep = classend(ms, p);  /* points to what is next */
+			  int m = (s<ms.src_end) && (singlematch((byte)(s[0]), p, ep)!=0) ? 1 : 0;
+			  switch (ep[0]) {
+				case '?': {  /* optional */
+				  CharPtr res;
+				  if ((m!=0) && ((res=match(ms, s+1, ep+1)) != null))
+					return res;
+				  p=ep+1; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, ep+1); */
+				}
+				case '*': {  /* 0 or more repetitions */
+				  return max_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
+				}
+				case '+': {  /* 1 or more repetitions */
+				  return ((m!=0) ? max_expand(ms, s+1, p, ep) : null);
+				}
+				case '-': {  /* 0 or more repetitions (minimum) */
+				  return min_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
+				}
+				default: {
+				  if (m==0) return null;
+				  s = s.next(); p=ep; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s+1, ep); */
+				}
+			  }
+			}
+				  //goto dflt;  /* case default */
+				}
+			  }
+			}
+			case '\0': {  /* end of pattern */
+			  return s;  /* match succeeded */
+			}
+			case '$': {
+			  if (p[1] == '\0')  /* is the `$' the last char in pattern? */
+				return (s == ms.src_end) ? s : null;  /* check end of string */
+			  else goto dflt;
+			}
+			default: dflt: {  /* it is a pattern item */
+			  CharPtr ep = classend(ms, p);  /* points to what is next */
+			  int m = (s<ms.src_end) && (singlematch((byte)(s[0]), p, ep)!=0) ? 1 : 0;
+			  switch (ep[0]) {
+				case '?': {  /* optional */
+				  CharPtr res;
+				  if ((m!=0) && ((res=match(ms, s+1, ep+1)) != null))
+					return res;
+				  p=ep+1; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s, ep+1); */
+				}
+				case '*': {  /* 0 or more repetitions */
+				  return max_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
+				}
+				case '+': {  /* 1 or more repetitions */
+				  return ((m!=0) ? max_expand(ms, s+1, p, ep) : null);
+				}
+				case '-': {  /* 0 or more repetitions (minimum) */
+				  return min_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
+				}
+				default: {
+				  if (m==0) return null;
+				  s = s.next(); p=ep; goto init;  /* else return match(ms, s+1, ep); */
+				}
+			  }
+			}
+		  }
+		}
+
+
+
+		private static CharPtr lmemfind (CharPtr s1, uint l1,
+									   CharPtr s2, uint l2) {
+		  if (l2 == 0) return s1;  /* empty strings are everywhere */
+		  else if (l2 > l1) return null;  /* avoids a negative `l1' */
+		  else {
+			CharPtr init;  /* to search for a `*s2' inside `s1' */
+			l2--;  /* 1st char will be checked by `memchr' */
+			l1 = l1-l2;  /* `s2' cannot be found after that */
+			while (l1 > 0 && (init = memchr(s1, s2[0], l1)) != null) {
+			  init = init.next();   /* 1st char is already checked */
+			  if (memcmp(init, s2+1, l2) == 0)
+				return init-1;
+			  else {  /* correct `l1' and `s1' to try again */
+				l1 -= (uint)(init-s1);
+				s1 = init;
+			  }
+			}
+			return null;  /* not found */
+		  }
+		}
+
+
+		private static void push_onecapture (MatchState ms, int i, CharPtr s,
+															CharPtr e) {
+		  if (i >= ms.level) {
+			if (i == 0)  /* ms.level == 0, too */
+			  lua_pushlstring(ms.L, s, (uint)(e - s));  /* add whole match */
+			else
+			  luaL_error(ms.L, "invalid capture index");
+		  }
+		  else {
+			ptrdiff_t l = ms.capture[i].len;
+			if (l == CAP_UNFINISHED) luaL_error(ms.L, "unfinished capture");
+			if (l == CAP_POSITION)
+			  lua_pushinteger(ms.L, ms.capture[i].init - ms.src_init + 1);
+			else
+			  lua_pushlstring(ms.L, ms.capture[i].init, (uint)l);
+		  }
+		}
+
+
+		private static int push_captures (MatchState ms, CharPtr s, CharPtr e) {
+		  int i;
+		  int nlevels = ((ms.level == 0) && (s!=null)) ? 1 : ms.level;
+		  luaL_checkstack(ms.L, nlevels, "too many captures");
+		  for (i = 0; i < nlevels; i++)
+			push_onecapture(ms, i, s, e);
+		  return nlevels;  /* number of strings pushed */
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_find_aux (lua_State L, int find) {
+		  uint l1, l2;
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out l1);
+		  CharPtr p = luaL_checklstring(L, 2, out l2);
+		  ptrdiff_t init = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1), l1) - 1;
+		  if (init < 0) init = 0;
+		  else if ((uint)(init) > l1) init = (ptrdiff_t)l1;
+		  if ((find!=0) && ((lua_toboolean(L, 4)!=0) ||  /* explicit request? */
+			  strpbrk(p, SPECIALS) == null)) {  /* or no special characters? */
+			/* do a plain search */
+			CharPtr s2 = lmemfind(s+init, (uint)(l1-init), p, (uint)(l2));
+			if (s2 != null) {
+			  lua_pushinteger(L, s2-s+1);
+			  lua_pushinteger(L, (int)(s2-s+l2));
+			  return 2;
+			}
+		  }
+		  else {
+			MatchState ms = new MatchState();
+			int anchor = 0;
+			if (p[0] == '^')
+			{
+				p = p.next();
+				anchor = 1;
+			}
+			CharPtr s1=s+init;
+			ms.L = L;
+			ms.src_init = s;
+			ms.src_end = s+l1;
+			do {
+			  CharPtr res;
+			  ms.level = 0;
+			  if ((res=match(ms, s1, p)) != null) {
+				if (find != 0) {
+				  lua_pushinteger(L, s1-s+1);  /* start */
+				  lua_pushinteger(L, res-s);   /* end */
+				  return push_captures(ms, null, null) + 2;
+				}
+				else
+				  return push_captures(ms, s1, res);
+			  }
+			} while (((s1=s1.next()) <= ms.src_end) && (anchor==0));
+		  }
+		  lua_pushnil(L);  /* not found */
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_find (lua_State L) {
+		  return str_find_aux(L, 1);
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_match (lua_State L) {
+		  return str_find_aux(L, 0);
+		}
+
+
+		private static int gmatch_aux (lua_State L) {
+		  MatchState ms = new MatchState();
+		  uint ls;
+		  CharPtr s = lua_tolstring(L, lua_upvalueindex(1), out ls);
+		  CharPtr p = lua_tostring(L, lua_upvalueindex(2));
+		  CharPtr src;
+		  ms.L = L;
+		  ms.src_init = s;
+		  ms.src_end = s+ls;
+		  for (src = s + (uint)lua_tointeger(L, lua_upvalueindex(3));
+			   src <= ms.src_end;
+			   src = src.next()) {
+			CharPtr e;
+			ms.level = 0;
+			if ((e = match(ms, src, p)) != null) {
+			  lua_Integer newstart = e-s;
+			  if (e == src) newstart++;  /* empty match? go at least one position */
+			  lua_pushinteger(L, newstart);
+			  lua_replace(L, lua_upvalueindex(3));
+			  return push_captures(ms, src, e);
+			}
+		  }
+		  return 0;  /* not found */
+		}
+
+
+		private static int gmatch (lua_State L) {
+		  luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+		  luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+		  lua_settop(L, 2);
+		  lua_pushinteger(L, 0);
+		  lua_pushcclosure(L, gmatch_aux, 3);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private static int gfind_nodef (lua_State L) {
+		  return luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("string.gfind") + " was renamed to " +
+							   LUA_QL("string.gmatch"));
+		}
+
+
+		private static void add_s (MatchState ms, luaL_Buffer b, CharPtr s,
+														   CharPtr e) {
+		  uint l, i;
+		  CharPtr news = lua_tolstring(ms.L, 3, out l);
+		  for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+			if (news[i] != L_ESC)
+			  luaL_addchar(b, news[i]);
+			else {
+			  i++;  /* skip ESC */
+			  if (!isdigit((byte)(news[i])))
+				luaL_addchar(b, news[i]);
+			  else if (news[i] == '0')
+				  luaL_addlstring(b, s, (uint)(e - s));
+			  else {
+				push_onecapture(ms, news[i] - '1', s, e);
+				luaL_addvalue(b);  /* add capture to accumulated result */
+			  }
+			}
+		  }
+		}
+
+
+		private static void add_value (MatchState ms, luaL_Buffer b, CharPtr s,
+															   CharPtr e) {
+		  lua_State L = ms.L;
+		  switch (lua_type(L, 3)) {
+			case LUA_TNUMBER:
+			case LUA_TSTRING: {
+			  add_s(ms, b, s, e);
+			  return;
+			}
+			case LUA_TFUNCTION: {
+			  int n;
+			  lua_pushvalue(L, 3);
+			  n = push_captures(ms, s, e);
+			  lua_call(L, n, 1);
+			  break;
+			}
+			case LUA_TTABLE: {
+			  push_onecapture(ms, 0, s, e);
+			  lua_gettable(L, 3);
+			  break;
+			}
+		  }
+		  if (lua_toboolean(L, -1)==0) {  /* nil or false? */
+			lua_pop(L, 1);
+			lua_pushlstring(L, s, (uint)(e - s));  /* keep original text */
+		  }
+		  else if (lua_isstring(L, -1)==0)
+			luaL_error(L, "invalid replacement value (a %s)", luaL_typename(L, -1)); 
+		  luaL_addvalue(b);  /* add result to accumulator */
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_gsub (lua_State L) {
+		  uint srcl;
+		  CharPtr src = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, out srcl);
+		  CharPtr p = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+		  int  tr = lua_type(L, 3);
+		  int max_s = luaL_optint(L, 4, (int)(srcl+1));
+		  int anchor = 0;
+		  if (p[0] == '^')
+		  {
+			  p = p.next();
+			  anchor = 1;
+		  }
+		  int n = 0;
+		  MatchState ms = new MatchState();
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  luaL_argcheck(L, tr == LUA_TNUMBER || tr == LUA_TSTRING ||
+						   tr == LUA_TFUNCTION || tr == LUA_TTABLE, 3,
+							  "string/function/table expected");
+		  luaL_buffinit(L, b);
+		  ms.L = L;
+		  ms.src_init = src;
+		  ms.src_end = src+srcl;
+		  while (n < max_s) {
+			CharPtr e;
+			ms.level = 0;
+			e = match(ms, src, p);
+			if (e != null) {
+			  n++;
+			  add_value(ms, b, src, e);
+			}
+			if ((e!=null) && e>src) /* non empty match? */
+			  src = e;  /* skip it */
+			else if (src < ms.src_end)
+			{
+				char c = src[0];
+				src = src.next();
+				luaL_addchar(b, c);
+			}
+			else break;
+			if (anchor != 0) break;
+		  }
+		  luaL_addlstring(b, src, (uint)(ms.src_end-src));
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  lua_pushinteger(L, n);  /* number of substitutions */
+		  return 2;
+		}
+
+		/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+		/* maximum size of each formatted item (> len(format('%99.99f', -1e308))) */
+		public const int MAX_ITEM	= 512;
+		/* valid flags in a format specification */
+		public const string FLAGS = "-+ #0";
+		/*
+		** maximum size of each format specification (such as '%-099.99d')
+		** (+10 accounts for %99.99x plus margin of error)
+		*/
+		public static readonly int MAX_FORMAT = (FLAGS.Length+1) + (LUA_INTFRMLEN.Length+1) + 10;
+
+
+		private static void addquoted (lua_State L, luaL_Buffer b, int arg) {
+		  uint l;
+		  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, out l);
+		  luaL_addchar(b, '"');
+		  while ((l--) != 0) {
+			switch (s[0]) {
+			  case '"': case '\\': case '\n': {
+				luaL_addchar(b, '\\');
+				luaL_addchar(b, s[0]);
+				break;
+			  }
+			  case '\r': {
+				luaL_addlstring(b, "\\r", 2);
+				break;
+			  }
+			  case '\0': {
+				luaL_addlstring(b, "\\000", 4);
+				break;
+			  }
+			  default: {
+				luaL_addchar(b, s[0]);
+				break;
+			  }
+			}
+			s = s.next();
+		  }
+		  luaL_addchar(b, '"');
+		}
+
+		private static CharPtr scanformat (lua_State L, CharPtr strfrmt, CharPtr form) {
+		  CharPtr p = strfrmt;
+		  while (p[0] != '\0' && strchr(FLAGS, p[0]) != null) p = p.next();  /* skip flags */
+		  if ((uint)(p - strfrmt) >= (FLAGS.Length+1))
+			luaL_error(L, "invalid format (repeated flags)");
+		  if (isdigit((byte)(p[0]))) p = p.next();  /* skip width */
+		  if (isdigit((byte)(p[0]))) p = p.next();  /* (2 digits at most) */
+		  if (p[0] == '.') {
+			p = p.next();
+			if (isdigit((byte)(p[0]))) p = p.next();  /* skip precision */
+			if (isdigit((byte)(p[0]))) p = p.next();  /* (2 digits at most) */
+		  }
+		  if (isdigit((byte)(p[0])))
+			luaL_error(L, "invalid format (width or precision too long)");
+		  form[0] = '%';
+		  form = form.next();
+		  strncpy(form, strfrmt, p - strfrmt + 1);
+		  form += p - strfrmt + 1;
+		  form[0] = '\0';
+		  return p;
+		}
+
+
+		private static void addintlen (CharPtr form) {
+		  uint l = (uint)strlen(form);
+		  char spec = form[l - 1];
+		  strcpy(form + l - 1, LUA_INTFRMLEN);
+		  form[l + (LUA_INTFRMLEN.Length + 1) - 2] = spec;
+		  form[l + (LUA_INTFRMLEN.Length + 1) - 1] = '\0';
+		}
+
+
+		private static int str_format (lua_State L) {
+		  int arg = 1;
+		  uint sfl;
+		  CharPtr strfrmt = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, out sfl);
+		  CharPtr strfrmt_end = strfrmt+sfl;
+		  luaL_Buffer b = new luaL_Buffer();
+		  luaL_buffinit(L, b);
+		  while (strfrmt < strfrmt_end) {
+			  if (strfrmt[0] != L_ESC)
+			  {
+				  luaL_addchar(b, strfrmt[0]);
+				  strfrmt = strfrmt.next();
+			  }
+			  else if (strfrmt[1] == L_ESC)
+			  {
+				  luaL_addchar(b, strfrmt[0]);  /* %% */
+				  strfrmt = strfrmt + 2;
+			  }
+			  else
+			  { /* format item */
+				  strfrmt = strfrmt.next();
+				  CharPtr form = new char[MAX_FORMAT];  /* to store the format (`%...') */
+				  CharPtr buff = new char[MAX_ITEM];  /* to store the formatted item */
+				  arg++;
+				  strfrmt = scanformat(L, strfrmt, form);
+				  char ch = strfrmt[0];
+				  strfrmt = strfrmt.next();
+				  switch (ch)
+				  {
+					  case 'c':
+						  {
+							  sprintf(buff, form, (int)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+							  break;
+						  }
+					  case 'd':
+					  case 'i':
+						  {
+							  addintlen(form);
+							  sprintf(buff, form, (LUA_INTFRM_T)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+							  break;
+						  }
+					  case 'o':
+					  case 'u':
+					  case 'x':
+					  case 'X':
+						  {
+							  addintlen(form);
+							  sprintf(buff, form, (UNSIGNED_LUA_INTFRM_T)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+							  break;
+						  }
+					  case 'e':
+					  case 'E':
+					  case 'f':
+					  case 'g':
+					  case 'G':
+						  {
+							  sprintf(buff, form, (double)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+							  break;
+						  }
+					  case 'q':
+						  {
+							  addquoted(L, b, arg);
+							  continue;  /* skip the 'addsize' at the end */
+						  }
+					  case 's':
+						  {
+							  uint l;
+							  CharPtr s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, out l);
+							  if ((strchr(form, '.') == null) && l >= 100)
+							  {
+								  /* no precision and string is too long to be formatted;
+									 keep original string */
+								  lua_pushvalue(L, arg);
+								  luaL_addvalue(b);
+								  continue;  /* skip the `addsize' at the end */
+							  }
+							  else
+							  {
+								  sprintf(buff, form, s);
+								  break;
+							  }
+						  }
+					  default:
+						  {  /* also treat cases `pnLlh' */
+							  return luaL_error(L, "invalid option " + LUA_QL("%%%c") + " to " +
+												   LUA_QL("format"), strfrmt[-1]);
+						  }
+				  }
+				  luaL_addlstring(b, buff, (uint)strlen(buff));
+			  }
+		  }
+		  luaL_pushresult(b);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+
+		private readonly static luaL_Reg[] strlib = {
+		  new luaL_Reg("byte", str_byte),
+		  new luaL_Reg("char", str_char),
+		  new luaL_Reg("dump", str_dump),
+		  new luaL_Reg("find", str_find),
+		  new luaL_Reg("format", str_format),
+		  new luaL_Reg("gfind", gfind_nodef),
+		  new luaL_Reg("gmatch", gmatch),
+		  new luaL_Reg("gsub", str_gsub),
+		  new luaL_Reg("len", str_len),
+		  new luaL_Reg("lower", str_lower),
+		  new luaL_Reg("match", str_match),
+		  new luaL_Reg("rep", str_rep),
+		  new luaL_Reg("reverse", str_reverse),
+		  new luaL_Reg("sub", str_sub),
+		  new luaL_Reg("upper", str_upper),
+		  new luaL_Reg(null, null)
+		};
+
+
+		private static void createmetatable (lua_State L) {
+		  lua_createtable(L, 0, 1);  /* create metatable for strings */
+		  lua_pushliteral(L, "");  /* dummy string */
+		  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+		  lua_setmetatable(L, -2);  /* set string metatable */
+		  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop dummy string */
+		  lua_pushvalue(L, -2);  /* string library... */
+		  lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index");  /* ...is the __index metamethod */
+		  lua_pop(L, 1);  /* pop metatable */
+		}
+
+
+		/*
+		** Open string library
+		*/
+		public static int luaopen_string (lua_State L) {
+		  luaL_register(L, LUA_STRLIBNAME, strlib);
+		#if LUA_COMPAT_GFIND
+		  lua_getfield(L, -1, "gmatch");
+		  lua_setfield(L, -2, "gfind");
+		#endif
+		  createmetatable(L);
+		  return 1;
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `p` last assigned on line 703 could be null and is dereferenced at line 707, column 5.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Int32 Lua.str_gsub(Lua$lua_State)
+
+### File:
+Core/KopiLua/lstrlib.cs
+
+### Key:
+lstrlib.cs|str_gsub|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+1acc6c744f13f3fa3d465bd6939c61f9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0530/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0530/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f60fcfdbbed2befff14f0df7961fdbeaa074c26d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0530/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MIMS
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Configuration;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Data.SqlClient;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Dapper;
+using MIMS.Entity.Model;
+
+namespace MIMS.Service
+{
+    public class PHA_BaseInfoDAL
+    {
+        #region init dbconnection
+        private static readonly string connString = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["PharmacySystem"].ConnectionString;
+        private IDbConnection _conn;
+        public IDbConnection Conn
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                _conn = new SqlConnection(connString);
+                _conn.Open();
+                return _conn;
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+
+        public IList<PHA_BaseInfo> GetList()
+        {
+            using (Conn)
+            {
+                string query = "SELECT top 100 * FROM PHA_BaseInfo";
+                return Conn.Query<PHA_BaseInfo>(query).ToList();
+            }
+
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 分页获取数据列表(带条件)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="where">条件</param>
+        /// <param name="orderField">排序字段</param>
+        /// <param name="prams">参数</param>
+        /// <param name="orderType">排序类型</param>
+        /// <param name="pageIndex">当前页</param>
+        /// <param name="pageSize">页大小</param>
+        /// <param name="count">总条数</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public IList GetPageListWhere(StringBuilder where, Dictionary<string, object> prams, string orderField, string orderType, int pageIndex, int pageSize, ref int count)
+        {
+            int num = (pageIndex - 1) * pageSize;
+            int num1 = pageIndex * pageSize;
+            using (Conn)
+            {
+                StringBuilder strSql = new StringBuilder();
+                StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
+                sql.Append(@"SELECT * FROM (SELECT  B.PhaCode,
+                                                    B.PhaName,
+                                                    B.Spec,
+                                                    B.Unit,
+                                                    D.DosageName,
+                                                    B.IsSpecial,
+                                                    R.RepoName,
+                                                    P.PhaAttrName,
+                                                    B.PinyinCode,
+                                                    B.WubiCode
+                                                FROM PHA_BaseInfo B 
+                                                    LEFT JOIN PHA_DosageForm D  ON B.DosageForm = D.DosageID 
+                                                    LEFT JOIN PHA_Repository R ON B.Repo = R.RepoID
+                                                    LEFT JOIN PHA_PhaAttr P ON B.PhaAttr = P.PhaAttrID) A WHERE 1=1 ");
+                sql.Append(where);
+                strSql.Append("Select * From (Select ROW_NUMBER() Over (Order By " + orderField + " " + orderType + "");
+                strSql.Append(") As rowNum, * From (" + sql + ") As T ) As N Where rowNum > " + num + " And rowNum <= " + num1 + "");
+                count = Conn.Query<int>("Select Count(1) From (" + sql + ") As t", prams).Single();
+                return Conn.Query<PHA_BaseInfo>(strSql.ToString(), prams).ToList();
+            }
+
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 根据主键值获得一个对象
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public PHA_BaseInfo GetEntity(string id)
+        {
+            using (Conn)
+            {
+                string query = @"SELECT B.*,
+                                        D.DosageName,
+                                        R.RepoName,
+                                        DW.DispenseWayName,
+                                        P.PhaAttrName,
+                                        S.StorageConditionName
+                                         FROM PHA_BaseInfo B
+                                        LEFT JOIN PHA_DosageForm D ON B.DosageForm = D.DosageID
+                                        LEFT JOIN PHA_Repository R ON B.Repo = R.RepoID
+                                        LEFT JOIN PHA_DispenseWay DW ON B.DispenseWay = DW.DispenseWayID
+                                        LEFT JOIN PHA_PhaAttr P ON B.PhaAttr = P.PhaAttrID
+                                        LEFT JOIN PHA_StorageCondition S ON B.StorageCondition = S.StorageConditionId
+                                        WHERE PhaCode = @PhaCode";
+                return Conn.Query<PHA_BaseInfo>(query, new { PhaCode = id }).SingleOrDefault();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int Update(PHA_BaseInfo obj)
+        {
+            using (Conn)
+            {
+                string query = @"UPDATE PHA_BaseInfo 
+                                    SET  OrginName=@OrginName,PinyinCode=@PinyinCode,Manufacturer=@Manufacturer
+                                       WHERE OrginID =@OrginID";
+                return Conn.Execute(query, obj);
+            }
+        }
+        public int Insert(PHA_BaseInfo obj)
+        {
+            using (Conn)
+            {
+                string query = @"INSERT INTO PHA_BaseInfo 
+                                    VALUES(@OrginName,@PinyinCode,@Manufacturer)";
+                return Conn.Execute(query, obj);
+            }
+        }
+        public int Delete(PHA_BaseInfo obj)
+        {
+            using (Conn)
+            {
+                string query = @"DELETE FROM PHA_BaseInfo WHERE OrginID = @OrginID";
+                return Conn.Execute(query, obj);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.Data.IDbConnection MIMS.Service.PHA_BaseInfoDAL::get_Conn() at Line 132) of type System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection in method "Int32 PHA_BaseInfoDAL.Delete(PHA_BaseInfo)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Int32 PHA_BaseInfoDAL.Delete(PHA_BaseInfo)
+
+### File:
+MIMS.Service/PHA_BaseInfoDAL.cs
+
+### Key:
+PHA_BaseInfoDAL.cs|Delete|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+aa843d3f295c3511ea74eea60aebbc28
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0537/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0537/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b755b8f9af33f0a6784d92b1fb5d1a177b1de0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0537/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** USharp
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace UnrealEngine.Runtime
+{
+    public partial class CodeGenerator
+    {
+        private void AppendAttribute(CSharpTextBuilder builder, UField field, UnrealModuleInfo module, StructInfo structInfo)
+        {
+            AppendAttribute(builder, field, module);
+            //if (field.IsA<UScriptStruct>() && structInfo.StructAsClass)
+            //{
+            //    builder.AppendLine("[" + Names.UStructAsClassAttributeShort + "]");
+            //}
+        }
+
+        private void AppendAttribute(CSharpTextBuilder builder, UField field, UnrealModuleInfo module)
+        {
+            AppendAttribute(builder, field, module, false);
+        }
+
+        private void AppendAttribute(CSharpTextBuilder builder, UField field, UnrealModuleInfo module, bool isCollapsedMember)
+        {
+			UnrealModuleType moduleType;
+			UnrealModuleType moduleAssetType;
+			string moduleName = GetModuleName(field, out moduleType, out moduleAssetType);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(moduleName))
+            {
+				moduleName = module.Name;
+            }
+
+            List<string> attributes = new List<string>();
+
+            // TODO: Combine all of this into EPropertyType (add some TypeCode into UField?)
+            bool isInterface = false;
+			UEnum unrealEnum = field as UEnum;
+			UClass unrealClass = field as UClass;            
+            UScriptStruct unrealStruct = field as UScriptStruct;
+
+            UFunction unrealFunction = field as UFunction;
+            if (unrealFunction != null)
+            {
+                if (unrealFunction.HasAnyFunctionFlags(EFunctionFlags.Delegate))
+                {
+                    attributes.Add("UDelegate");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    string additionalFunctionInfo = string.Empty;
+                    if (unrealFunction.GetName().StartsWith("K2_") && unrealFunction.GetOwnerClass().HasAnyClassFlags(EClassFlags.Native))
+                    {
+                        additionalFunctionInfo = ", K2=true";
+                    }
+
+                    if (isCollapsedMember)
+                    {
+                        // The Flags here might not contain too useful information if there is both a get/set function.
+                        // Maybe include a second flags var?
+                        attributes.Add("UFunctionAsProp(Flags=0x" + ((uint)unrealFunction.FunctionFlags).ToString("X8") + additionalFunctionInfo + ")");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        attributes.Add("UFunction(Flags=0x" + ((uint)unrealFunction.FunctionFlags).ToString("X8") + additionalFunctionInfo + ")");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            UProperty unrealProperty = field as UProperty;
+            if (unrealProperty != null)
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UProperty(Flags=(PropFlags)0x" + ((ulong)unrealProperty.PropertyFlags).ToString("X16") + ")");
+            }
+
+            if (unrealStruct != null)
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UStruct(Flags=0x" + ((uint)unrealStruct.StructFlags).ToString("X8") + ")");
+            }
+            else if (unrealClass != null)
+            {
+                // Abstract isn't really required but might help with code browsing to know what is abstract
+                // and what isn't. Therefore put it at the start of the attributes list.
+                if (unrealClass.HasAnyClassFlags(EClassFlags.Abstract))
+                {
+                    attributes.Add("Abstract");
+                }
+
+                isInterface = unrealClass.IsChildOf<UInterface>();
+                if (isInterface)
+                {
+                    attributes.Add("UInterface(Flags=0x" + ((uint)unrealClass.ClassFlags).ToString("X8") + ")");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Should we skip "inherit" config name?
+                    string configNameStr = string.Empty;
+                    if (unrealClass.ClassConfigName != FName.None &&
+                        !unrealClass.ClassConfigName.ToString().Equals("inherit", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
+                    {
+                        configNameStr = ", Config=\"" + unrealClass.ClassConfigName + "\"";
+                    }
+
+                    attributes.Add("UClass(Flags=(ClassFlags)0x" + ((uint)unrealClass.ClassFlags).ToString("X8") +
+                        configNameStr + ")");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (unrealEnum != null)
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UEnum");
+            }
+
+            if (unrealEnum != null || unrealClass != null || unrealStruct != null)
+            {
+                bool blueprintType = false;
+                bool blueprintable = false;
+                if (unrealEnum != null)
+                {
+                    blueprintType = field.GetBoolMetaData(MDClass.BlueprintType);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GetBlueprintability(field as UStruct, out blueprintType, out blueprintable);
+                }
+                if (blueprintType)
+                {
+                    attributes.Add(UMeta.GetKey(MDClass.BlueprintType));
+                }
+                if (unrealClass != null && blueprintable)
+                {
+                    attributes.Add(UMeta.GetKey(MDClass.Blueprintable));
+                }
+
+                if (isInterface)
+                {
+                }
+
+                attributes.Add("UMetaPath(\"" + field.GetPathName() + "\", \"" + moduleName +
+                    "\", UnrealModuleType." + GetUnrealModuleTypeString(moduleType, moduleAssetType) + 
+                    (isInterface ? ", InterfaceImpl=typeof(" + GetTypeName(unrealClass, null) + "Impl" + ")" : string.Empty) + ")");
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UMetaPath(\"" + field.GetPathName() + "\")");
+            }
+
+            if (attributes.Count > 0)
+            {
+                builder.AppendLine("[" + string.Join(", ", attributes) + "]");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `null` is dereferenced by call to `GetPathName(...)` at line 136, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CodeGenerator.AppendAttribute(CSharpTextBuilder,UField,CodeGenerator$UnrealModuleInfo,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Managed/UnrealEngine.Runtime/UnrealEngine.Runtime/Internal/CodeGenerator/CodeGenerator.Attributes.cs
+
+### Key:
+CodeGenerator.Attributes.cs|AppendAttribute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a3c356fd9293cbe0aa600beb1ca2d657
+
+### Hash:
+c698cc1f6c94a76b74ab8dfce284dd93
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0539/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0539/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2106d4e45839d19a93664a1ce9b38d01ba4cfc96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0539/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** USharp
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using UnrealEngine.Runtime.Native;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace UnrealEngine.Runtime
+{
+    // Temporary VTable hacks until GetLifetimeReplicatedProps can be handled by UClass
+    public static partial class ManagedUnrealTypes
+    {
+        delegate void OnGetLifetimeReplicatedPropsDel(IntPtr objPtr, IntPtr arrayPtr);
+        private static OnGetLifetimeReplicatedPropsDel onGetLifetimeReplicatedProps = OnGetLifetimeReplicatedProps;
+        private static int lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex;
+        private static IntPtr redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps;
+
+        [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+        static extern bool VirtualProtect(IntPtr address, uint size, uint newProtect, out uint oldProtect);
+
+        private static unsafe void LoadVTableHacks()
+        {
+            // We have three classes UDummyObject3 : UDummyObject2 : UDummyObject1 : UObject
+            //
+            // UDummyObject1 overrides GetLifetimeReplicatedProps
+            // UDummyObject2 doesn't override GetLifetimeReplicatedProps
+            // UDummyObject3 overrides GetLifetimeReplicatedProps
+            //
+            // Scan the vtable for each dummy object, search for an entry where vtable entry 1==2 && 1!=3
+            // - We can assume this entry is our desired vtable index
+            // - This may break down in situations where there is multiple inheritance
+			// - If this fails to complete properly this will result in a crash (or worse)
+
+            IntPtr dummyObject1, dummyObject2, dummyObject3;
+            Native_USharpClass.GetDummyObjects(out dummyObject1, out dummyObject2, out dummyObject3);
+
+            IntPtr* dummyVTable1 = *(IntPtr**)dummyObject1;
+            IntPtr* dummyVTable2 = *(IntPtr**)dummyObject2;
+            IntPtr* dummyVTable3 = *(IntPtr**)dummyObject3;
+
+            int index = 0;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                IntPtr dummyFunc1 = dummyVTable1[index];
+                IntPtr dummyFunc2 = dummyVTable2[index];
+                IntPtr dummyFunc3 = dummyVTable3[index];
+
+                if (dummyFunc1 == dummyFunc2 && dummyFunc1 != dummyFunc3)
+                {
+                    // The first dummy object has a function implementation which will redirect the call to our callback
+                    redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps = dummyFunc1;
+
+                    lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex = index;
+                    Native_USharpClass.Set_GetLifetimeReplicatedPropsCallback(Marshal.GetFunctionPointerForDelegate(onGetLifetimeReplicatedProps));
+                    break;
+                }
+                index++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static unsafe void UnloadVTableHacks()
+        {
+            Native_USharpClass.Set_GetLifetimeReplicatedPropsCallback(IntPtr.Zero);
+            
+            // Restore the old vtable entry on hotreload. This is important as otherwise we would lose the original function address
+            // which is stored in the managed UClass (which gets destroyed on hotreload)
+            foreach (IntPtr objAddress in new NativeReflection.NativeObjectIterator(Runtime.Classes.UObject, EObjectFlags.NoFlags))
+            {
+                IntPtr* vtable = *(IntPtr**)objAddress;
+                if (vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex] == redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps)
+                {
+                    UObject obj = GCHelper.Find(objAddress);
+                    Debug.Assert(obj != null);
+
+                    UClass unrealClass = obj.GetClass();
+                    Debug.Assert(unrealClass != null);
+
+                    if (unrealClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps != IntPtr.Zero)
+                    {
+                        uint oldProtect;
+                        VirtualProtect((IntPtr)(&vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex]), (uint)IntPtr.Size, 0x40, out oldProtect);
+
+                        *(&vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex]) = unrealClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // TODO: We need to exclude UFakeObject1/2/3 here as thats what redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps points to
+            // There shouldn't be any more objects with the redirected vtable
+            //foreach (IntPtr objAddress in new NativeReflection.NativeObjectIterator(Runtime.Classes.UObject, EObjectFlags.NoFlags))
+            //{
+            //    IntPtr* vtable = *(IntPtr**)objAddress;
+            //    Debug.Assert(vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex] != redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps);
+            //}
+        }
+
+        private static unsafe void HackVTable(UObject obj)
+        {
+            // This will swap out the vtable entry and store the old one in our managed UClass
+
+            if (!Native_UObjectBaseUtility.IsA(obj.Address, Runtime.Classes.UClass))
+            {
+                UClass unrealClass = obj.GetClass();
+                if (unrealClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps == IntPtr.Zero)
+                {
+                    IntPtr* vtable = *(IntPtr**)obj.Address;
+                    IntPtr originalFunctionAddress = vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex];
+                    
+                    if (originalFunctionAddress != redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps)
+                    {
+                        IntPtr originalOwnerClassAddress = FindOriginalVTableOwner(unrealClass.Address, originalFunctionAddress);
+                        if (originalOwnerClassAddress != unrealClass.Address)
+                        {
+                            UClass originalOwnerClass = GCHelper.Find<UClass>(originalOwnerClassAddress);
+
+                            if (originalOwnerClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps == IntPtr.Zero)
+                            {
+                                originalOwnerClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps = originalFunctionAddress;
+
+                                // Might be a different vtable pointing to the same address. Also update the original if so.
+                                IntPtr* originalVTable = *(IntPtr**)Native_UClass.GetDefaultObject(originalOwnerClassAddress, true);
+                                if (originalVTable != vtable)
+                                {
+                                    FMemory.PageProtect((IntPtr)(&originalVTable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex]), (IntPtr)IntPtr.Size, true, true);
+                                    *(&originalVTable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex]) = redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        
+                        FMemory.PageProtect((IntPtr)(&vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex]), (IntPtr)IntPtr.Size, true, true);
+                        *(&vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex]) = redirectedGetLifetimeReplicatedProps;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // The VTable has already been swapped out. Find the original function address.
+                        UClass superClass = unrealClass;
+                        while ((superClass = superClass.GetSuperClass()) != null && superClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps == IntPtr.Zero)
+                        {
+                        }
+                        Debug.Assert(superClass != null && superClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps != IntPtr.Zero);
+                        originalFunctionAddress = superClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps;
+                    }
+
+                    unrealClass.OriginalGetLifetimeReplicatedProps = originalFunctionAddress;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static unsafe IntPtr FindOriginalVTableOwner(IntPtr ownerClass, IntPtr functionAddress)
+        {
+            IntPtr originalOwner = ownerClass;
+            while ((ownerClass = Native_UClass.GetSuperClass(ownerClass)) != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                IntPtr obj = Native_UClass.GetDefaultObject(ownerClass, true);
+                IntPtr* vtable = *(IntPtr**)obj;
+                if (vtable[lifetimeReplicatedPropsVTableIndex] == functionAddress)
+                {
+                    originalOwner = ownerClass;
+                }
+            }
+            return originalOwner;
+        }
+
+        private static void OnGetLifetimeReplicatedProps(IntPtr objPtr, IntPtr arrayPtr)
+        {
+            UObject obj = GCHelper.Find(objPtr);
+
+            List<FLifetimeProperty> props = new List<FLifetimeProperty>();
+            obj.GetLifetimeReplicatedProps(props);
+            
+            TArrayUnsafeRef<FLifetimeProperty> array = new TArrayUnsafeRef<FLifetimeProperty>(arrayPtr);
+            array.AddRange(props);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource array of type UnrealEngine.Runtime.TArrayUnsafeRef`1<T> in method "Void ManagedUnrealTypes.OnGetLifetimeReplicatedProps(IntPtr,IntPtr)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ManagedUnrealTypes.OnGetLifetimeReplicatedProps(IntPtr,IntPtr)
+
+### File:
+Managed/UnrealEngine.Runtime/UnrealEngine.Runtime/Internal/ManagedUnrealTypes.VTableHacks.cs
+
+### Key:
+ManagedUnrealTypes.VTableHacks.cs|OnGetLifetimeReplicatedProps|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+10f3097dd0bdad1dd132a6fb893b6b3b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0541/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0541/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecaa4ce7bd8b89dea6caf4199931409d9d4d6480
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0541/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** EntityFrameworkCoreForTheEnterprise
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Store.Common;
+using Store.Core;
+using Store.Core.BusinessLayer;
+using Store.Core.BusinessLayer.Contracts;
+using Store.Core.DataLayer;
+
+namespace Store.API.UnitTests
+{
+    public static class ServiceMocker
+    {
+        private static string ConnectionString
+            => "server=(local);database=Store;integrated security=yes;MultipleActiveResultSets=True;";
+
+        public static IHumanResourcesService GetHumanResourcesService()
+        {
+            var options = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<StoreDbContext>()
+                .UseSqlServer(ConnectionString)
+                .Options;
+
+            return new HumanResourcesService(LogHelper.GetLogger<HumanResourcesService>(), new UserInfo { Name = "qa" }, new StoreDbContext(options));
+        }
+
+        public static IProductionService GetProductionService()
+        {
+            var options = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<StoreDbContext>()
+                .UseSqlServer(ConnectionString)
+                .Options;
+
+            return new ProductionService(LogHelper.GetLogger<ProductionService>(), new UserInfo { Name = "qa" }, new StoreDbContext(options));
+        }
+
+        public static ISalesService GetSalesService()
+        {
+            var options = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<StoreDbContext>()
+                .UseSqlServer(ConnectionString)
+                .Options;
+
+            return new SalesService(LogHelper.GetLogger<SalesService>(), new UserInfo { Name = "qa" }, new StoreDbContext(options));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Store.Core.BusinessLayer.SalesService, Leaked resource (output of Store.Core.DataLayer.StoreDbContext::.ctor() at Line 39) of type Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext in method "ISalesService ServiceMocker.GetSalesService()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ISalesService ServiceMocker.GetSalesService()
+
+### File:
+Code/Store/Store.API.UnitTests/ServiceMocker.cs
+
+### Key:
+ServiceMocker.cs|GetSalesService|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1c60d2c4329d8328251bc63b6bf31381
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0546/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0546/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e94bfaebfaf9e14c6c501ebf0a54149e95aa94b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0546/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Microcharts
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Platform;
+using Avalonia.Rendering.SceneGraph;
+using Avalonia.Skia;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace Microcharts.Avalonia
+{
+    public class ChartDrawOperation : ICustomDrawOperation
+    {
+        readonly Func<Chart?> chartGetter;
+        readonly Func<Rect> boundsGetter;
+
+        public ChartDrawOperation(Func<Chart?> chartGetter, Func<Rect> boundsGetter)
+        {
+            this.chartGetter = chartGetter;
+            this.boundsGetter = boundsGetter;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose() { }
+        public bool HitTest(Point p) => boundsGetter().Contains(p);
+        public bool Equals(ICustomDrawOperation other) => this == other;
+
+        public void Render(IDrawingContextImpl context)
+        {
+            var bounds = boundsGetter();
+            var chart = chartGetter();
+            var width = (int)bounds.Width;
+            var height = (int)bounds.Height;
+
+            var bitmap = new SKBitmap(width, height, false);
+            var canvas = new SKCanvas(bitmap);
+            canvas.Save();
+
+            chart?.Draw(canvas, width, height);
+
+            if (context is ISkiaDrawingContextImpl skia)
+            {
+                skia.SkCanvas.DrawBitmap(bitmap, (int)bounds.X, (int)bounds.Y);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Rect Bounds => boundsGetter();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource canvas of type SkiaSharp.SKCanvas, Leaked resource bitmap of type SkiaSharp.SKBitmap in method "Void ChartDrawOperation.Render(IDrawingContextImpl)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChartDrawOperation.Render(IDrawingContextImpl)
+
+### File:
+Sources/Microcharts.Avalonia/ChartDrawOperation.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChartDrawOperation.cs|Render|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ef6edaecda4af82e57697dd3b5b387cb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0548/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0548/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87baa00497d74214057cd1a8be675e4cf8cb78af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0548/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace Riz.XFramework.Data.SqlClient
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// <see cref="SQLiteMethodCallExressionVisitor"/> 表达式访问器
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class SQLiteMethodCallExressionVisitor : MethodCallExpressionVisitor
+    {
+        private ISqlBuilder _builder = null;
+        private DbConstor _constor = null;
+        private DbExpressionVisitor _visitor = null;
+        private MemberVisitedStack _visitedMark = null;
+        private static TypeRuntimeInfo _typeRuntime = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 运行时类成员
+        /// </summary>
+        protected override TypeRuntimeInfo TypeRuntime
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (_typeRuntime == null)
+                    _typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(this.GetType(), true);
+                return _typeRuntime;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 实例化 <see cref="SQLiteMethodCallExressionVisitor"/> 类的新实例
+        /// </summary>
+        public SQLiteMethodCallExressionVisitor(DbExpressionVisitor visitor)
+            : base(visitor)
+        {
+            _visitor = visitor;
+            _builder = visitor.SqlBuilder;
+            _visitedMark = _visitor.VisitedStack;
+            _constor = ((DbQueryProvider)_builder.Provider).Constor;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问表示 null 合并运算的节点 a ?? b
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="b">二元表达式节点</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitCoalesce(BinaryExpression b)
+        {
+            // 例： a.Name ?? "TAN" => ISNULL(a.Name,'TAN')
+
+            _builder.Append("IFNULL(");
+            _visitor.Visit(b.Left is ConstantExpression ? b.Right : b.Left);
+            _builder.Append(',');
+            _visitor.Visit(b.Left is ConstantExpression ? b.Left : b.Right);
+            _builder.Append(')');
+
+
+            return b;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 ToString 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">即将访问的表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitToStringImpl(Expression node)
+        {
+            // => a.ID.ToString()
+            // 字符串不进行转换
+            if (node == null || node.Type == typeof(string)) return _visitor.Visit(node);
+
+            _builder.Append("CAST(");
+            _visitor.Visit(node);
+            _builder.Append(" AS TEXT)");
+
+            //// 其它类型转字符串
+            //bool isDate =
+            //    node.Type == typeof(TimeSpan) ||
+            //    node.Type == typeof(TimeSpan?) ||
+            //    node.Type == typeof(DateTime) ||
+            //    node.Type == typeof(DateTime?) ||
+            //    node.Type == typeof(DateTimeOffset) ||
+            //    node.Type == typeof(DateTimeOffset?);
+            //if (isDate)
+            //{
+            //    _builder.Append("TO_CHAR(");
+            //    _visitor.Visit(node);
+
+            //    string format = string.Empty;
+            //    ColumnAttribute c = _provider.DbValue.GetColumnAttribute(_visitedMark.Current);
+            //    if (c != null && DbTypeUtils.IsTime(c.DbType))
+            //        format = "hh24:mi:ss.us";
+            //    else if (c != null && DbTypeUtils.IsDate(c.DbType))
+            //        format = "yyyy-mm-dd";
+            //    else if (c != null && (DbTypeUtils.IsDateTime(c.DbType) || DbTypeUtils.IsDateTime2(c.DbType)))
+            //        format = "yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss.us";
+            //    else if (c != null && DbTypeUtils.IsDateTimeOffset(c.DbType))
+            //        format = "yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss.us TZH:TZM";
+
+            //    // 没有显式指定数据类型，则根据表达式的类型来判断
+            //    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(format))
+            //    {
+            //        if (node.Type == typeof(TimeSpan) || node.Type == typeof(TimeSpan?))
+            //            format = "hh24:mi:ss.us";
+            //        else if (node.Type == typeof(DateTime) || node.Type == typeof(DateTime?))
+            //            format = "yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss.us";
+            //        else if (node.Type == typeof(DateTimeOffset) || node.Type == typeof(DateTimeOffset?))
+            //            format = "yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss.us TZH:TZM";
+            //    }
+
+            //    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(format))
+            //    {
+            //        _builder.Append(",'");
+            //        _builder.Append(format);
+            //        _builder.Append("'");
+            //    }
+            //    _builder.Append(')');
+            //}
+            //else if (node.Type == typeof(byte[]))
+            //{
+            //    _builder.Append("ENCODE(");
+            //    _visitor.Visit(node);
+            //    _builder.Append(",'hex')");
+            //}
+            //else
+            //{
+            //    _builder.Append("CAST(");
+            //    _visitor.Visit(node);
+            //    _builder.Append(" AS TEXT)");
+            //}
+
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 Contains 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitStringContains(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Object);
+            if (this.NotOperands != null && this.NotOperands.Contains(m)) _builder.Append(" NOT");
+            _builder.Append(" LIKE ");
+            if (m.Arguments[0].CanEvaluate())
+            {
+                ColumnAttribute column = null;
+                bool isUnicode = SQLiteUtils.IsUnicode(_visitedMark.Current, out column);
+                string value = _constor.GetSqlValue(m.Arguments[0].Evaluate().Value, _builder.TranslateContext, column);
+                if (!_builder.Parameterized && value != null) value = value.TrimStart('N').Trim('\'');
+
+                if (_builder.Parameterized)
+                {
+                    _builder.Append("'%' || ");
+                    _builder.Append(value);
+                    _builder.Append(" || '%'");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (isUnicode) _builder.Append('N');
+                    _builder.Append("'%");
+                    _builder.Append(value);
+                    _builder.Append("%'");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _builder.Append("('%' || ");
+                _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[0]);
+                _builder.Append(" || '%')");
+            }
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 StartWidth 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitStartsWith(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Object);
+            if (this.NotOperands != null && this.NotOperands.Contains(m)) _builder.Append(" NOT");
+            _builder.Append(" LIKE ");
+            if (m.Arguments[0].CanEvaluate())
+            {
+                ColumnAttribute column = null;
+                bool isUnicode = SQLiteUtils.IsUnicode(_visitedMark.Current, out column);
+                string value = _constor.GetSqlValue(m.Arguments[0].Evaluate().Value, _builder.TranslateContext, column);
+                if (!_builder.Parameterized && value != null) value = value.TrimStart('N').Trim('\'');
+
+                if (_builder.Parameterized)
+                {
+                    _builder.Append(value);
+                    _builder.Append(" || '%'");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (isUnicode) _builder.Append('N');
+                    _builder.Append("'");
+                    _builder.Append(value);
+                    _builder.Append("%'");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _builder.Append("(");
+                _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[0]);
+                _builder.Append(" || '%')");
+            }
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 EndWidth 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitEndsWith(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Object);
+            if (this.NotOperands != null && this.NotOperands.Contains(m)) _builder.Append(" NOT");
+            _builder.Append(" LIKE ");
+            if (m.Arguments[0].CanEvaluate())
+            {
+                ColumnAttribute column = null;
+                bool isUnicode = SQLiteUtils.IsUnicode(_visitedMark.Current, out column);
+                string value = _constor.GetSqlValue(m.Arguments[0].Evaluate().Value, _builder.TranslateContext, column);
+                if (!_builder.Parameterized && value != null) value = value.TrimStart('N').Trim('\'');
+
+                if (_builder.Parameterized)
+                {
+                    _builder.Append("'%' || ");
+                    _builder.Append(value);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (isUnicode) _builder.Append('N');
+                    _builder.Append("'%");
+                    _builder.Append(value);
+                    _builder.Append("'");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _builder.Append("('%' || ");
+                _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[0]);
+                _builder.Append(")");
+            }
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 TrimStart 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitSubstring(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            List<Expression> args = new List<Expression>(m.Arguments);
+            if (m.Object != null) args.Insert(0, m.Object);
+
+            _builder.Append("SUBSTR(");
+            _visitor.Visit(args[0]);
+            _builder.Append(",");
+
+            if (args[1].CanEvaluate())
+            {
+                ConstantExpression c = args[1].Evaluate();
+                int index = Convert.ToInt32(c.Value);
+                index += 1;
+                string value = _constor.GetSqlValue(index, _builder.TranslateContext);
+                _builder.Append(value);
+                _builder.Append(',');
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _visitor.Visit(args[1]);
+                _builder.Append(" + 1,");
+            }
+
+            if (args.Count == 3) _visitor.Visit(args[2]);
+            else
+            {
+                _builder.Append("LENGTH(");
+                _visitor.Visit(args[0]);
+                _builder.Append(')');
+            }
+            _builder.Append(')');
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 Concat 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="b">二元表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitConcat(BinaryExpression b)
+        {
+            _builder.Append("(");
+            _visitor.Visit(b.Left);
+            _builder.Append(" || ");
+            _visitor.Visit(b.Right);
+            _builder.Append(")");
+            return b;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 Concat 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitConcat(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            IList<Expression> expressions = null;
+            if (m.Arguments.Count > 1) expressions = m.Arguments;
+            else if (m.Arguments.Count == 1 && m.Arguments[0].NodeType == ExpressionType.NewArrayInit)
+            {
+                expressions = (m.Arguments[0] as NewArrayExpression).Expressions;
+            }
+
+            if (expressions == null) _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[0]);
+            else
+            {
+                _builder.Append("(");
+                for (int i = 0; i < expressions.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    _visitor.VisitWithoutRemark(_ => this.VisitToStringImpl(expressions[i]));
+                    if (i < expressions.Count - 1) _builder.Append(" || ");
+                }
+                _builder.Append(")");
+            }
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 IsNullOrEmpty 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitIsNullOrEmpty(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            _builder.Append("IFNULL(");
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[0]);
+            _builder.Append(",'') = ''");
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 IndexOf 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitIndexOf(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            _builder.Append("(INSTR(");
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Object);
+            _builder.Append(',');
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[0]);
+            _builder.Append(") - 1)");
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 TrimEnd 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitLength(MemberExpression m)
+        {
+            _builder.Append("LENGTH(");
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Expression);
+            _builder.Append(")");
+
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 Math.Truncate 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitTruncate(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            if (m != null)
+            {
+                _builder.Append("TRUNC(");
+                _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[0]);
+                _builder.Append(",0)");
+            }
+
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 DateTime.Now 属性
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">字段或属性表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitNow(MemberExpression m)
+        {
+            _builder.Append("STRFTIME('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%f',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'LOCALTIME')");
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 DateTime.Today 属性
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">字段或属性表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitToday(MemberExpression m)
+        {
+            _builder.Append("DATE('NOW','LOCALTIME')");
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 DateTime.Now 属性
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">字段或属性表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitUtcNow(MemberExpression m)
+        {
+            _builder.Append("STRFTIME('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%f',CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)");
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 new Guid 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">方法表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitNewGuid(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            System.Guid guid = System.Guid.NewGuid();
+            _builder.Append(guid, null);
+            return m;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问 IDbQueryable.Contains 方法
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="m">字段或属性表达式</param>
+        protected override Expression VisitQueryableContains(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            ITranslateContext context = _builder.TranslateContext;
+            DbQueryable subquery = m.Arguments[0].Evaluate().Value as DbQueryable;
+            subquery.Parameterized = _builder.Parameterized;
+
+            var clone = context != null ? context.Clone("s") : null;
+            bool isDelete = context != null && ((SQLiteTranslateContext)context).IsDelete;
+            var cmd = subquery.Translate(_builder.Indent + 1, false, clone) as DbSelectCommand;
+
+            if (this.NotOperands != null && this.NotOperands.Contains(m)) _builder.Append("NOT ");
+            _builder.Append("EXISTS(");
+            _builder.Append(cmd.CommandText);
+
+            if (((DbSelectCommand)cmd).WhereFragment.Length > 0)
+                _builder.Append(" AND ");
+            else
+                _builder.Append("WHERE ");
+            _builder.Append(cmd.PickColumnText);
+            _builder.Append(" = ");
+
+            // exists 不能用别名
+            if (isDelete)
+            {
+                var typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(((MemberExpression)m.Arguments[1]).Expression.Type);
+                _builder.AppendMember(typeRuntime.TableName);
+                _builder.Append('.');
+            }
+
+            _visitor.Visit(m.Arguments[1]);
+            _builder.Append(")");
+
+            return m;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `subquery` last assigned on line 434 could be null and is dereferenced at line 435, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression SQLiteMethodCallExressionVisitor.VisitQueryableContains(MethodCallExpression)
+
+### File:
+src/Riz.XFramework.SQLite/Data/SqlClient/SQLiteMethodCallExressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+SQLiteMethodCallExressionVisitor.cs|VisitQueryableContains|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fed63043a57b15ee86a51c8f4210d5cd
+
+### Hash:
+d8aeacb27c331b232a126ee62ddc1d32
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0577/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0577/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00bbc1df524e0beb0fbb5b29202311628506f800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0577/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace Riz.XFramework.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Postgre 删除/更新中的关联语法
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class NpgJoinExpressionVisitor : JoinExpressionVisitor
+    {
+        private string _pad = "";
+        private bool usedKeyword = false;
+        private readonly string _keywordName = string.Empty;
+
+        private AliasGenerator _ag = null;
+        private NpgDbSelectCommand _cmd = null;
+        private DbExpressionType _dbExpressionType = DbExpressionType.None;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 初始化 <see cref="NpgJoinExpressionVisitor"/> 类的新实例
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ag">表别名解析器</param>
+        /// <param name="builder">SQL 语句生成器</param>
+        /// <param name="dbExpressionType">表达式类型</param>
+        /// <param name="cmd">SQL 命令</param>
+        public NpgJoinExpressionVisitor(AliasGenerator ag, ISqlBuilder builder, DbExpressionType dbExpressionType, NpgDbSelectCommand cmd)
+            : base(ag, builder)
+        {
+            _ag = ag;
+            _dbExpressionType = dbExpressionType;
+            _cmd = cmd;
+
+            if (_dbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Delete) _keywordName = "USING ";
+            else if (_dbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Update) _keywordName = "FROM ";
+            _pad = "".PadLeft(_keywordName.Length, ' ');
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问表达式节点
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="joins">关联表达式</param>
+        public override Expression Visit(List<DbExpression> joins)
+        {
+            ISqlBuilder jf = _cmd.JoinFragment;
+            ISqlBuilder on = _cmd.OnPhrase;
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < (joins != null ? joins.Count : -1); index++)
+            {
+                DbExpression d = joins[index];
+                if (d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.LeftOuterJoin || d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Join || d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.RightOuterJoin)
+                    this.AppendLfInJoin(jf, on, d);
+                else if (d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.SelectMany)
+                    this.AppendCrossJoin(jf, d);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // LEFT OR INNER JOIN
+        private void AppendLfInJoin(ISqlBuilder jf, ISqlBuilder on, DbExpression dbExpression)
+        {
+            DbQueryable dbQuery = (DbQueryable)((dbExpression.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value);
+            dbQuery.Parameterized = jf.Parameterized;
+
+            if (!usedKeyword)
+            {
+                jf.AppendNewLine();
+                jf.Append(_keywordName);
+                usedKeyword = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                jf.Append(',');
+                jf.AppendNewLine();
+                jf.Append(_pad);
+            }
+
+            if (dbQuery.DbExpressions.Count == 1 && dbQuery.DbExpressions[0].DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.GetTable)
+            {
+                Type type = dbExpression.Expressions[0].Type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
+                var typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(type);
+                jf.AppendTable(typeRuntime.TableSchema, typeRuntime.TableName, typeRuntime.IsTemporary);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // 嵌套
+                var cmd = dbQuery.Translate(jf.Indent + _dbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Delete ? 2 : 1, false, jf.TranslateContext);
+                jf.Append("( ");
+                jf.Append(_dbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Delete ? cmd.CommandText.TrimStart() : cmd.CommandText);
+                jf.Append(')');
+            }
+
+            LambdaExpression left = dbExpression.Expressions[1] as LambdaExpression;
+            LambdaExpression right = dbExpression.Expressions[2] as LambdaExpression;
+
+            // t0(t1)
+            string alias = !(left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.New || left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberInit)
+                ? _ag.GetAlias(dbExpression.Expressions[2])
+                : _ag.GetAlias(right.Parameters[0]);
+            jf.Append(' ');
+            jf.Append(alias);
+
+            if (on.Length > 0) on.Append(" AND ");
+
+            if (left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.New)
+            {
+
+                NewExpression body1 = left.Body as NewExpression;
+                NewExpression body2 = right.Body as NewExpression;
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < body1.Arguments.Count; ++index)
+                {
+                    on.AppendMember(_ag, body1.Arguments[index]);
+                    on.Append(" = ");
+                    on.AppendMember(_ag, body2.Arguments[index]);
+                    if (index < body1.Arguments.Count - 1) on.Append(" AND ");
+                }
+            }
+            else if (left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberInit)
+            {
+                MemberInitExpression body1 = left.Body as MemberInitExpression;
+                MemberInitExpression body2 = right.Body as MemberInitExpression;
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < body1.Bindings.Count; ++index)
+                {
+                    on.AppendMember(_ag, (body1.Bindings[index] as MemberAssignment).Expression);
+                    on.Append(" = ");
+                    on.AppendMember(_ag, (body2.Bindings[index] as MemberAssignment).Expression);
+                    if (index < body1.Bindings.Count - 1) on.Append(" AND ");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                on.AppendMember(_ag, left.Body.ReduceUnary());
+                on.Append(" = ");
+                on.AppendMember(_ag, right.Body.ReduceUnary());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Cross Join
+        private void AppendCrossJoin(ISqlBuilder jf, DbExpression dbExpression)
+        {
+            if (!usedKeyword)
+            {
+                jf.AppendNewLine();
+                jf.Append(_keywordName);
+                usedKeyword = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                jf.Append(',');
+                jf.AppendNewLine();
+                jf.Append(_pad);
+            }
+
+            LambdaExpression lambda = dbExpression.Expressions[1] as LambdaExpression;
+            Type type = lambda.Parameters[1].Type;
+            var typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(type);
+            jf.AppendTable(typeRuntime.TableSchema, typeRuntime.TableName, typeRuntime.IsTemporary);
+
+            string alias = _ag.GetAlias(lambda.Parameters[1]);
+            jf.Append(' ');
+            jf.Append(alias);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `lambda` last assigned on line 157 could be null and is dereferenced at line 158, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NpgJoinExpressionVisitor.AppendCrossJoin(ISqlBuilder,DbExpression)
+
+### File:
+src/Riz.XFramework.Postgre/Data/ExpressionVisitor/NpgJoinExpressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+NpgJoinExpressionVisitor.cs|AppendCrossJoin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+928e072aa9e6d16a7d92db9492bfafd9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0579/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0579/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6ef79724cd84a2c7ca0e929a99a15e26c808723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0579/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace TZM.XFramework.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// UPDATE 表达式解析器
+    /// </summary>
+    public class UpdateExpressionVisitor : ExpressionVisitorBase
+    {
+        private IDbQueryProvider _provider = null;
+        private TableAliasCache _aliases = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 初始化 <see cref="UpdateExpressionVisitor"/> 类的新实例
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="provider">查询语义提供者</param>
+        /// <param name="aliases">表别名集合</param>
+        /// <param name="expression">要访问的表达式</param>
+        public UpdateExpressionVisitor(IDbQueryProvider provider, TableAliasCache aliases, Expression expression)
+            : base(provider, aliases, expression)
+        {
+            _provider = provider;
+            _aliases = aliases;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问成员初始化表达式，如 => new App() {Id = p.Id}
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">要访问的成员初始化表达式</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        protected override Expression VisitMemberInit(MemberInitExpression node)
+        {
+            if (node.Bindings == null || node.Bindings.Count == 0)
+                throw new XFrameworkException("Update<T> at least update one member.");
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < node.Bindings.Count; ++index)
+            {
+                MemberAssignment member = node.Bindings[index] as MemberAssignment;
+                _builder.AppendMember("t0", member.Member.Name);
+                _builder.Append(" = ");
+
+                if (member.Expression.CanEvaluate())
+                    _builder.Append(member.Expression.Evaluate().Value, member.Member, node.Type);
+                else
+                    this.VisitWithoutRemark(x => base.Visit(member.Expression));
+
+                if (index < node.Bindings.Count - 1)
+                {
+                    _builder.Append(",");
+                    _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                }
+            }
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问构造函数表达式，如 =>new  {Id = p.Id}}
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">构造函数调用的表达式</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        protected override Expression VisitNew(NewExpression node)
+        {
+            // 匿名类的New
+            if (node == null) return node;
+            if (node.Arguments == null || node.Arguments.Count == 0)
+                throw new XFrameworkException("Update<T> at least update one member.");
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < node.Arguments.Count; index++)
+            {
+                var member = node.Members[index];
+                _builder.AppendMember("t0", member.Name);
+                _builder.Append(" = ");
+
+                if (node.Arguments[index].CanEvaluate())
+                    _builder.Append(node.Arguments[index].Evaluate().Value, member, node.Type);
+                else
+                    base.Visit(node.Arguments[index]);
+
+                if (index < node.Arguments.Count - 1)
+                {
+                    _builder.Append(',');
+                    _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `member` last assigned on line 32 could be null and is dereferenced at line 33, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression UpdateExpressionVisitor.VisitMemberInit(MemberInitExpression)
+
+### File:
+net45/TZM.XFramework/Data/ExpressionVisitor/UpdateExpressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+UpdateExpressionVisitor.cs|VisitMemberInit|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+91b8c216590cdce695b1f86e7c48e6c5
+
+### Hash:
+ca68bae44360dc2f736535b6624c50e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0583/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0583/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35f64afd7e4aa0444de07d72e437832871c4ead3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0583/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace TZM.XFramework.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 查询语义转换
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class DbQueryParser
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 解析查询语义
+        /// </summary>
+        internal static IDbQueryableInfo<TElement> Parse<TElement>(IDbQueryable<TElement> dbQuery)
+        {
+            return DbQueryParser.Parse(dbQuery, 0);
+        }
+
+        // 解析查询语义
+        static IDbQueryableInfo<TElement> Parse<TElement>(IDbQueryable<TElement> dbQuery, int startIndex)
+        {
+            // 目的：将query 转换成增/删/改/查
+            // 1、from a in context.GetTable<T>() select a 此时query里面可能没有SELECT 表达式
+            // 2、Take 视为一个查询的结束位，如有更多查询，应使用嵌套查询
+            // 3、Uion 分页查询也使嵌套语义
+
+            Type type = null;
+            bool isDistinct = false;
+            bool isAny = false;
+            bool subQuery = false;
+            int? skip = null;
+            int? take = null;
+            int? outerIndex = null;
+            var where = new List<Expression>();     // WHERE
+            var having = new List<Expression>();    // HAVING
+            var join = new List<DbExpression>();    // JOIN
+            var orderBy = new List<DbExpression>(); // ORDER BY
+            var include = new List<DbExpression>(); // ORDER BY
+            var union = new List<IDbQueryableInfo<TElement>>();
+
+            Expression select = null;               // SELECT #
+            DbExpression insert = null;             // INSERT #
+            DbExpression update = null;             // UPDATE #
+            DbExpression delete = null;             // DELETE #
+            DbExpression groupBy = null;            // GROUP BY #
+            DbExpression statis = null;             // SUM/MAX  #
+
+            for (int index = startIndex; index < dbQuery.DbExpressions.Count; ++index)
+            {
+                DbExpression curExpr = dbQuery.DbExpressions[index];
+
+                // Take(n)
+                if (take != null || (skip != null && curExpr.DbExpressionType != DbExpressionType.Take) || isDistinct || subQuery)
+                {
+                    outerIndex = index;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                #region 分析语义
+
+                switch (curExpr.DbExpressionType)
+                {
+                    case DbExpressionType.None:
+                    case DbExpressionType.All:
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Any:
+                        isAny = true;
+                        if (curExpr.Expressions != null) where.Add(curExpr.Expressions[0]);
+                        break;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.AsSubQuery:
+                        subQuery = true;
+                        break;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Union:
+                        var uQuery = (curExpr.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value as IDbQueryable<TElement>;
+                        var u = DbQueryParser.Parse(uQuery);
+                        union.Add(u);
+                        continue;
+                    case DbExpressionType.Include:
+                        include.Add(curExpr);
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.GroupBy:
+                        groupBy = curExpr;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.GetTable:
+                        type = (curExpr.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value as Type;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Average:
+                    case DbExpressionType.Min:
+                    case DbExpressionType.Sum:
+                    case DbExpressionType.Max:
+                        statis = curExpr;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Count:
+                        statis = curExpr;
+                        if (curExpr.Expressions != null) where.Add(curExpr.Expressions[0]);
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Distinct:
+                        isDistinct = true;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.First:
+                    case DbExpressionType.FirstOrDefault:
+                        take = 1;
+                        if (curExpr.Expressions != null) where.Add(curExpr.Expressions[0]);
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Join:
+                    case DbExpressionType.GroupJoin:
+                    case DbExpressionType.GroupRightJoin:
+                        select = curExpr.Expressions[3];
+                        join.Add(curExpr);
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.OrderBy:
+                    case DbExpressionType.OrderByDescending:
+                        orderBy.Add(curExpr);
+                        continue;
+                    case DbExpressionType.Select:
+                        select = curExpr.Expressions != null ? curExpr.Expressions[0] : null;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.SelectMany:
+                        select = curExpr.Expressions[1];
+                        if (CheckSelectMany(dbQuery.DbExpressions, curExpr, startIndex)) join.Add(curExpr);
+
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Single:
+                    case DbExpressionType.SingleOrDefault:
+                        take = 1;
+                        if (curExpr.Expressions != null) where.Add(curExpr.Expressions[0]);
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Skip:
+                        skip = (int)(curExpr.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Take:
+                        take = (int)(curExpr.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.ThenBy:
+                    case DbExpressionType.ThenByDescending:
+                        orderBy.Add(curExpr);
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Where:
+                        var predicate = groupBy == null ? where : having;
+                        if (curExpr.Expressions != null) predicate.Add(curExpr.Expressions[0]);
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Insert:
+                        insert = curExpr;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Update:
+                        update = curExpr;
+                        continue;
+
+                    case DbExpressionType.Delete:
+                        delete = curExpr;
+                        continue;
+
+                    default:
+                        throw new NotSupportedException(string.Format("{0} is not support.", curExpr.DbExpressionType));
+                }
+
+                #endregion
+            }
+
+            // 没有解析到INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/SELECT表达式，并且没有相关统计函数，则默认选择FromType的所有字段
+            bool useFullColumns = insert == null && delete == null && update == null && select == null && statis == null;
+            if (useFullColumns) select = Expression.Constant(type ?? typeof(TElement));
+
+            var sQuery = new DbQueryableInfo_Select<TElement>();
+            sQuery.FromType = type;
+            sQuery.HaveDistinct = isDistinct;
+            sQuery.HaveAny = isAny;
+            sQuery.Join = join;
+            sQuery.OrderBy = orderBy;
+            sQuery.GroupBy = groupBy;
+            sQuery.Statis = statis;
+            sQuery.Union = union;
+            sQuery.Include = include;
+            sQuery.Skip = skip != null ? skip.Value : 0;
+            sQuery.Take = take != null ? take.Value : 0;
+            sQuery.Select = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.Select, select);
+            sQuery.Where = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.Where, DbQueryParser.CombineWhere(where));
+            sQuery.Having = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.None, DbQueryParser.CombineWhere(having));
+            sQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+
+            // 更新
+            if (update != null)
+            {
+                var uQuery = new DbQueryableInfo_Update<TElement>();
+                ConstantExpression constantExpression = update.Expressions != null ? update.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression : null;
+                if (constantExpression != null)
+                    uQuery.Entity = constantExpression.Value;
+                else
+                    uQuery.Expression = update.Expressions[0];
+                uQuery.SelectInfo = sQuery;
+                uQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+                return uQuery;
+            }
+
+            // 删除
+            if (delete != null)
+            {
+                var dQuery = new DbQueryableInfo_Delete<TElement>();
+                ConstantExpression constantExpression = delete.Expressions != null ? delete.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression : null;
+                if (constantExpression != null)
+                    dQuery.Entity = constantExpression.Value;
+                dQuery.SelectInfo = sQuery;
+                dQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+                return dQuery;
+            }
+
+            // 新增
+            if (insert != null)
+            {
+                var nQuery = new DbQueryableInfo_Insert<TElement>();
+                if (insert.Expressions != null)
+                {
+                    nQuery.Entity = (insert.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value;
+                    if (insert.Expressions.Length > 1) nQuery.EntityColumns = (insert.Expressions[1] as ConstantExpression).Value as IList<Expression>;
+                }
+                nQuery.SelectInfo = sQuery;
+                nQuery.Bulk = dbQuery.Bulk;
+                nQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+                dbQuery.DbQueryInfo = nQuery;
+                return nQuery;
+            }
+
+            // 如果有一对多的导航关系，则产生嵌套语义的查询
+            if (select != null)
+            {
+                // 如果有uion但是没分页，应去掉orderby子句
+                if (sQuery.Union.Count > 0 && !(sQuery.Take > 0 || sQuery.Skip > 0)) sQuery.OrderBy = new List<DbExpression>();
+                // 检查嵌套查询语义
+                sQuery = DbQueryParser.TryBuildOutQuery(sQuery);
+                sQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+            }
+
+            // 解析嵌套查询
+            if (outerIndex != null)
+            {
+                var outQuery = DbQueryParser.Parse<TElement>(dbQuery, outerIndex.Value);
+                var nQuery = outQuery as DbQueryableInfo_Insert<TElement>;
+                var uQuery = outQuery as DbQueryableInfo_Update<TElement>;
+                if (nQuery != null)
+                {
+                    if (nQuery.SelectInfo != null)
+                        nQuery.SelectInfo.SubQueryInfo = sQuery;
+                    else
+                        nQuery.SelectInfo = sQuery;
+                    nQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+                    return nQuery;
+                }
+                else if (uQuery != null)
+                {
+                    if (uQuery.SelectInfo != null)
+                        uQuery.SelectInfo.SubQueryInfo = sQuery;
+                    else
+                        uQuery.SelectInfo = sQuery;
+                    uQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+                    return uQuery;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var rootQuery = outQuery;
+                    while (rootQuery.SubQueryInfo != null) rootQuery = rootQuery.SubQueryInfo;
+                    rootQuery.SubQueryInfo = sQuery;
+                    outQuery.SourceQuery = dbQuery;
+                    return outQuery;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 查询表达式
+            return sQuery;
+        }
+
+        // 构造由一对多关系产生的嵌套查询
+        static DbQueryableInfo_Select<TElement> TryBuildOutQuery<TElement>(DbQueryableInfo_Select<TElement> sQuery)
+        {
+            if (sQuery == null || sQuery.Select == null) return sQuery;
+
+            Expression select = sQuery.Select.Expressions[0];
+            List<DbExpression> include = sQuery.Include;
+            Type type = sQuery.FromType;
+
+            // 解析导航属性 如果有 一对多 的导航属性，那么查询的结果集的主记录将会有重复记录，这时就需要使用嵌套语义，先查主记录，再关联导航记录
+            bool hasManyNavgation = false;
+            Expression expression = select;
+            LambdaExpression lambdaExpression = expression as LambdaExpression;
+            if (lambdaExpression != null) expression = lambdaExpression.Body;
+            MemberInitExpression initExpression = expression as MemberInitExpression;
+            NewExpression newExpression = expression as NewExpression;
+
+            foreach (DbExpression d in include)
+            {
+                Expression exp = d.Expressions[0];
+                if (exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda) exp = (exp as LambdaExpression).Body;
+                else if (exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call) exp = (exp as MethodCallExpression).Object;
+
+                // Include 如果包含List<>泛型导航，则可以判定整个查询包含一对多的导航
+                if (TypeUtils.IsCollectionType(exp.Type)) hasManyNavgation = true;
+                if (hasManyNavgation) break;
+            }
+            if (!hasManyNavgation) hasManyNavgation = initExpression != null && CheckManyNavigation<TElement>(initExpression);
+
+            if (hasManyNavgation)
+            {
+                newExpression = initExpression != null ? initExpression.NewExpression : newExpression;
+                List<MemberBinding> bindings = new List<MemberBinding>();
+                if (initExpression != null)
+                    bindings = initExpression.Bindings.ToList(x => x, x => TypeUtils.IsPrimitiveType((x.Member as System.Reflection.PropertyInfo).PropertyType));
+
+                if (newExpression != null || bindings.Count() > 0)
+                {
+                    // 简化内层选择器，只选择最小字段，不选择导航字段，导航字段在外层加进去
+                    initExpression = Expression.MemberInit(newExpression, bindings);
+                    lambdaExpression = Expression.Lambda(initExpression, lambdaExpression.Parameters);
+                    sQuery.Select = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.Select, lambdaExpression);
+                }
+                sQuery.ResultByManyNavigation = true;
+                sQuery.Include = new List<DbExpression>();
+
+                var outQuery = new DbQueryableInfo_Select<TElement>();
+                outQuery.FromType = type;
+                outQuery.SubQueryInfo = sQuery;
+                outQuery.Join = new List<DbExpression>();
+                outQuery.OrderBy = new List<DbExpression>();
+                outQuery.Include = include;
+                outQuery.HasManyNavigation = true;
+                outQuery.Select = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.Select, select);
+                if (sQuery.GroupBy != null)
+                {
+                    // 查看外层是否需要重新构造选择器。如果有分组并且有聚合函数，则需要重新构造选择器。否则外层解析不了聚合函数
+                    // demo=> line 640
+                    bool newSelector = bindings.Any(x => ((MemberAssignment)x).Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call) || newExpression.Arguments.Any(x => x.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call);
+                    if (newSelector)
+                    {
+                        // 1对多导航嵌套查询外层的的第一个表别名固定t0，参数名可随意
+                        ParameterExpression p = Expression.Parameter(newExpression.Type, "__g");
+                        bindings = bindings.ToList(x => (MemberBinding)Expression.Bind(x.Member, Expression.MakeMemberAccess(p, x.Member)));
+                        List<Expression> arguments = null;
+                        if (newExpression.Members != null)
+                        {
+                            arguments = new List<Expression>(newExpression.Arguments.Count);
+                            for (int i = 0; i < newExpression.Arguments.Count; i++)
+                            {
+                                var member = newExpression.Members[i];
+                                var arg = Expression.MakeMemberAccess(p, member);
+                                arguments.Add(arg);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        newExpression = Expression.New(newExpression.Constructor, arguments, newExpression.Members);
+                        initExpression = Expression.MemberInit(newExpression, bindings);
+                        lambdaExpression = Expression.Lambda(initExpression, lambdaExpression.Parameters);
+                        outQuery.Select = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.Select, lambdaExpression);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                sQuery = outQuery;
+            }
+            else if (sQuery.Union.Count > 0 && (sQuery.Take > 0 || sQuery.Skip > 0))
+            {
+                var outQuery = new DbQueryableInfo_Select<TElement>();
+                outQuery.FromType = type;
+                outQuery.Select = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.Select, select);
+                outQuery.SubQueryInfo = sQuery;
+                outQuery.Skip = sQuery.Skip;
+                outQuery.Take = sQuery.Take;
+                outQuery.Join = new List<DbExpression>();
+                outQuery.OrderBy = new List<DbExpression>();
+                outQuery.OrderBy.AddRange(sQuery.OrderBy);
+
+                sQuery.OrderBy = new List<DbExpression>();
+                sQuery.Skip = 0;
+                sQuery.Take = 0;
+
+                sQuery = outQuery;
+            }
+
+            return sQuery;
+        }
+
+        // 判定 MemberInit 绑定是否声明了一对多关系的导航
+        static bool CheckManyNavigation<T>(MemberInitExpression node)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < node.Bindings.Count; i++)
+            {
+                // primitive 类型
+                Type type = (node.Bindings[i].Member as System.Reflection.PropertyInfo).PropertyType;
+                if (TypeUtils.IsPrimitiveType(type)) continue;
+
+                // complex 类型
+                if (TypeUtils.IsCollectionType(type)) return true;
+
+                MemberAssignment memberAssignment = node.Bindings[i] as MemberAssignment;
+                if (memberAssignment != null && memberAssignment.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberInit)
+                {
+                    MemberInitExpression initExpression = memberAssignment.Expression as MemberInitExpression;
+                    bool hasManyNavgation = CheckManyNavigation<T>(initExpression);
+                    if (hasManyNavgation) return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // 合并 'Where' 表达式语义
+        static Expression CombineWhere(IList<Expression> predicates)
+        {
+            if (predicates.Count == 0) return null;
+
+            Expression body = ((LambdaExpression)predicates[0].ReduceUnary()).Body;
+            for (int i = 1; i < predicates.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Expression expression = predicates[i];
+                if (expression != null) body = Expression.And(body, ((LambdaExpression)expression.ReduceUnary()).Body);
+            }
+            return body;
+
+        }
+
+        // 判断表达式是否是 CROSS JOIN
+        static bool CheckSelectMany(IList<DbExpression> collection, DbExpression expr, int start = 0)
+        {
+            Expression node = expr.Expressions[0];
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda)
+            {
+                LambdaExpression lambda = node as LambdaExpression;
+                node = lambda.Body;
+            }
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call)
+            {
+                // 如果是 DefaultIfEmpty，则不是 CROSS JOIN
+                MethodCallExpression call = node as MethodCallExpression;
+                if (call.Method.Name == "DefaultIfEmpty")
+                {
+                    // 右关联
+                    if (call.Arguments != null && call.Arguments.Count == 2 && (bool)(((ConstantExpression)call.Arguments[1]).Value))
+                    {
+                        string name = ((MemberExpression)call.Arguments[0]).Member.Name;
+                        for (int i = start; i < collection.Count; i++)
+                        {
+                            var curExpr = collection[i];
+                            if (curExpr.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.GroupJoin)
+                            {
+                                LambdaExpression lambda = curExpr.Expressions[3] as LambdaExpression;
+                                NewExpression new0 = lambda.Body as NewExpression;
+                                string pName = (new0.Arguments[1] as ParameterExpression).Name;
+                                if (name == pName)
+                                {
+                                    curExpr.DbExpressionType = DbExpressionType.GroupRightJoin;
+                                    //curExpr = new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.GroupRightJoin, curExpr.Expressions);
+                                    //collection[i] = curExpr;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 根据系统生成的变量名判断 
+            return !expr.Expressions[0].IsAnonymous();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `call` last assigned on line 450 could be null and is dereferenced at line 451, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean DbQueryParser.CheckSelectMany(IList`1<!0>,DbExpression,Int32)
+
+### File:
+net45/TZM.XFramework/Data/Genaration/DbQueryParser.cs
+
+### Key:
+DbQueryParser.cs|CheckSelectMany|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+630e10d5f7e06bf9cc87b96bc2d380ce
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0584/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0584/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9cb07c0e83f8530d4d4fd148b857dd073df66bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0584/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 40
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace Riz.XFramework.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 关联表达式解析器
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class JoinExpressionVisitor : DbExpressionVisitor
+    {
+        private AliasGenerator _ag = null;
+        private ISqlBuilder _builder = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 初始化 <see cref="JoinExpressionVisitor"/> 类的新实例
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ag">表别名解析器</param>
+        /// <param name="builder">SQL 语句生成器</param>
+        public JoinExpressionVisitor(AliasGenerator ag, ISqlBuilder builder)
+            : base(ag, builder)
+        {
+            _ag = ag;
+            _builder = builder;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 访问表达式节点
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="joins">关联表达式</param>
+        public override Expression Visit(List<DbExpression> joins)
+        {
+            for (int index = 0; index < (joins != null ? joins.Count : -1); index++)
+            {
+                DbExpression d = joins[index];
+                _builder.AppendNewLine();
+
+                if (d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.LeftOuterJoin || d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Join ||
+                    d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.RightOuterJoin)
+                {
+                    // INNER/LEFT JOIN
+                    JoinType joinType = JoinType.InnerJoin;
+                    if (d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.LeftOuterJoin) joinType = JoinType.LeftJoin;
+                    else if (d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.RightOuterJoin) joinType = JoinType.RightJoin;
+                    this.AppendJoinType(_builder, joinType);
+                    this.AppendLfInJoin(d);
+                }
+                else if (d.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.SelectMany)
+                {
+                    // CROSS JOIN
+                    this.AppendJoinType(_builder, JoinType.CrossJoin);
+                    this.AppendCrossJoin(d);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 解析左关联
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual void AppendLfInJoin(DbExpression dbExpression)
+        {
+            _builder.Append(' ');
+            DbQueryable dbQuery = (DbQueryable)((dbExpression.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value);
+            dbQuery.Parameterized = _builder.Parameterized;
+
+            if (dbQuery.DbExpressions.Count == 1 && dbQuery.DbExpressions[0].DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.GetTable)
+            {
+                Type type = dbExpression.Expressions[0].Type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
+                var typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(type);
+                _builder.AppendTable(typeRuntime.TableSchema, typeRuntime.TableName, typeRuntime.IsTemporary);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // 嵌套
+                var cmd = dbQuery.Translate(_builder.Indent + 1, false, _builder.TranslateContext);
+                _builder.Append("(");
+                _builder.Append(cmd.CommandText);
+                _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                _builder.Append(')');
+            }
+
+
+            var left = dbExpression.Expressions[1] as LambdaExpression;
+            var right = dbExpression.Expressions[2] as LambdaExpression;
+
+            // t0(t1)
+            string alias = !(left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.New || left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberInit)
+                ? _ag.GetAlias(dbExpression.Expressions[2])
+                : _ag.GetAlias(right.Parameters[0]);
+            _builder.Append(' ');
+            _builder.Append(alias);
+            _builder.Append(' ');
+
+            // ON a.Name = b.Name AND a.Id = b.Id
+            _builder.Append("ON ");
+
+            if (left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.New)
+            {
+
+                var body1 = left.Body as NewExpression;
+                var body2 = right.Body as NewExpression;
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < body1.Arguments.Count; ++index)
+                {
+                    _builder.AppendMember(_ag, body1.Arguments[index]);
+                    _builder.Append(" = ");
+                    _builder.AppendMember(_ag, body2.Arguments[index]);
+                    if (index < body1.Arguments.Count - 1) _builder.Append(" AND ");
+                }
+            }
+            else if (left.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberInit)
+            {
+                var body1 = left.Body as MemberInitExpression;
+                var body2 = right.Body as MemberInitExpression;
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < body1.Bindings.Count; ++index)
+                {
+                    _builder.AppendMember(_ag, (body1.Bindings[index] as MemberAssignment).Expression);
+                    _builder.Append(" = ");
+                    _builder.AppendMember(_ag, (body2.Bindings[index] as MemberAssignment).Expression);
+                    if (index < body1.Bindings.Count - 1) _builder.Append(" AND ");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _builder.AppendMember(_ag, left.Body.ReduceUnary());
+                _builder.Append(" = ");
+                _builder.AppendMember(_ag, right.Body.ReduceUnary());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 解析全关联
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual void AppendCrossJoin(DbExpression dbExpression)
+        {
+            var lambdaExp = dbExpression.Expressions[1] as LambdaExpression;
+            Type type = lambdaExp.Parameters[1].Type;
+            var typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(type);
+            _builder.Append(' ');
+            _builder.AppendTable(typeRuntime.TableSchema, typeRuntime.TableName, typeRuntime.IsTemporary);
+
+            string alias = _ag.GetAlias(lambdaExp.Parameters[1]);
+            _builder.Append(' ');
+            _builder.Append(alias);
+            _builder.Append(' ');
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 写入关联类型
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="builder">SQL 语句生成器</param>
+        /// <param name="joinType">关联类型</param>
+        protected void AppendJoinType(ISqlBuilder builder, JoinType joinType)
+        {
+            switch (joinType)
+            {
+                case JoinType.InnerJoin:
+                    builder.Append("INNER JOIN");
+                    break;
+                case JoinType.LeftJoin:
+                    builder.Append("LEFT JOIN");
+                    break;
+                case JoinType.RightJoin:
+                    builder.Append("RIGHT JOIN");
+                    break;
+                case JoinType.CrossJoin:
+                    builder.Append("CROSS JOIN");
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 关联类型
+        /// </summary>
+        protected enum JoinType
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// 内关联
+            /// </summary>
+            InnerJoin,
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// 左关联
+            /// </summary>
+            LeftJoin,
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// 右关联
+            /// </summary>
+            RightJoin,
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// 全关联
+            /// </summary>
+            CrossJoin,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `lambdaExp` last assigned on line 139 could be null and is dereferenced at line 140, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void JoinExpressionVisitor.AppendCrossJoin(DbExpression)
+
+### File:
+src/Riz.XFramework/Data/ExpressionVisitor/JoinExpressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+JoinExpressionVisitor.cs|AppendCrossJoin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+350c820013c52fed9769ebe5451e3fba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0702/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0702/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0212697d334436af67230b7b23cd35d83c58ade3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0702/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Documents;
+using Microsoft.Python.Core.Text;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Tests {
+    [TestClass]
+    public class DocumentBufferTests {
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void BasicDocumentBuffer() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, @"def f(x):
+    return
+
+def g(y):
+    return y * 2
+");
+
+            doc.Update(new List<DocumentChange> {
+                // We *should* batch adjacent insertions, but we should also
+                // work fine even if we don't. Note that the insertion point
+                // tracks backwards with previous insertions in the same version.
+                // If each of these were in its own array, the location would
+                // have to change for each.
+                DocumentChange.Insert(")", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("x", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("(", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("g", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert(" ", new SourceLocation(2, 11))
+            });
+
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("return g(x)");
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceLocation(2, 14), new SourceLocation(2, 15)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("x * 2", new SourceLocation(2, 14))
+            });
+
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("return g(x * 2)");
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Replace(new SourceLocation(2, 18), new SourceLocation(2, 19), "300")
+            });
+
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("return g(x * 300)");
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                // Changes are out of order, but we should fix that automatically
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceLocation(2, 13), new SourceLocation(2, 22)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("#", new SourceLocation(2, 7))
+            });
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("re#turn g");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void ResetDocumentBuffer() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+
+            doc.Reset(0, string.Empty);
+            Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, doc.Text);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] { 
+                DocumentChange.Insert("text", SourceLocation.MinValue)
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("text", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Reset(0, @"abcdef");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"abcdef", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, doc.Version);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void ReplaceAllDocumentBuffer() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+
+            doc.Reset(0, string.Empty);
+            Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, doc.Text);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("text")
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("text", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("abcdef")
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"abcdef", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Insert("text", SourceLocation.MinValue),
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("1234")
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"1234", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("1234"),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("text", SourceLocation.MinValue)
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"text1234", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, doc.Version);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `doc->Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Documents.DocumentBuffer._sb` last assigned on line 77 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `get_Text()` at line 78, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DocumentBufferTests.ResetDocumentBuffer()
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Ast/Test/DocumentBufferTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+DocumentBufferTests.cs|ResetDocumentBuffer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+2cfd5c9e62c2c9eb7803eba5d28905dd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0705/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0705/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44e6d2c7ad949282a4be6aa0b6bcd365e017c6f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0705/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Documents;
+using Microsoft.Python.Core.Text;
+using Microsoft.Python.Parsing;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Tests {
+    [TestClass]
+    public class DocumentBufferTests {
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void BasicDocumentBuffer() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, @"def f(x):
+    return
+
+def g(y):
+    return y * 2
+");
+
+            doc.Update(new List<DocumentChange> {
+                // We *should* batch adjacent insertions, but we should also
+                // work fine even if we don't. Note that the insertion point
+                // tracks backwards with previous insertions in the same version.
+                // If each of these were in its own array, the location would
+                // have to change for each.
+                DocumentChange.Insert(")", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("x", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("(", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("g", new SourceLocation(2, 11)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert(" ", new SourceLocation(2, 11))
+            });
+
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("return g(x)");
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceLocation(2, 14), new SourceLocation(2, 15)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("x * 2", new SourceLocation(2, 14))
+            });
+
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("return g(x * 2)");
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Replace(new SourceLocation(2, 18), new SourceLocation(2, 19), "300")
+            });
+
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("return g(x * 300)");
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                // Changes are out of order, but we should fix that automatically
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceLocation(2, 13), new SourceLocation(2, 22)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("#", new SourceLocation(2, 7))
+            });
+            doc.Text.Should().Contain("re#turn g");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void ResetDocumentBuffer() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+
+            doc.Reset(0, string.Empty);
+            Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, doc.Text);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Insert("text", SourceLocation.MinValue)
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("text", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Reset(0, @"abcdef");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"abcdef", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, doc.Version);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void ReplaceAllDocumentBuffer() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+
+            doc.Reset(0, string.Empty);
+            Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, doc.Text);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("text")
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("text", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("abcdef")
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"abcdef", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Insert("text", SourceLocation.MinValue),
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("1234")
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"1234", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, doc.Version);
+
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.ReplaceAll("1234"),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("text", SourceLocation.MinValue)
+            });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"text1234", doc.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, doc.Version);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void DeleteMultipleDisjoint() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, @"
+line1
+line2
+line3
+line4
+");
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(5, 5, 5, 6)),
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(4, 5, 4, 6)),
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(3, 5, 3, 6)),
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(2, 5, 2, 6))
+            });
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"
+line
+line
+line
+line
+", doc.Text);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void InsertMultipleDisjoint() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, @"
+line
+line
+line
+line
+");
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Insert("4", new SourceLocation(5, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("3", new SourceLocation(4, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("2", new SourceLocation(3, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("1", new SourceLocation(2, 5)),
+            });
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"
+line1
+line2
+line3
+line4
+", doc.Text);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void DeleteAcrossLines() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, @"
+line1
+line2
+line3
+line4
+");
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(4, 5, 5, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(2, 5, 3, 5)),
+            });
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"
+line2
+line4
+", doc.Text);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void SequentialChanges() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, @"
+line1
+line2
+line3
+line4
+");
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(2, 5, 3, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Delete(new SourceSpan(3, 5, 4, 5))
+            });
+            Assert.AreEqual(@"
+line2
+line4
+", doc.Text);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void InsertTopToBottom() {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, @"linelinelineline");
+            doc.Update(new[] {
+                DocumentChange.Insert("\n", new SourceLocation(1, 1)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("1\n", new SourceLocation(2, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("2\r", new SourceLocation(3, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("3\r\n", new SourceLocation(4, 5)),
+                DocumentChange.Insert("4\r\n", new SourceLocation(5, 5)),
+            });
+            Assert.AreEqual("\nline1\nline2\rline3\r\nline4\r\n", doc.Text);
+        }
+
+        [NewLineTestData]
+        [DataTestMethod, Priority(0)]
+        public void NewLines(string s, NewLineLocation[] expected) {
+            var doc = new DocumentBuffer();
+            doc.Reset(0, s);
+            var nls = doc.GetNewLineLocations().ToArray();
+            for (var i = 0; i < nls.Length; i++) {
+                Assert.AreEqual(nls[i].Kind, expected[i].Kind);
+                Assert.AreEqual(nls[i].EndIndex, expected[i].EndIndex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private sealed class NewLineTestDataAttribute : Attribute, ITestDataSource {
+            public IEnumerable<object[]> GetData(MethodInfo methodInfo) =>
+                new List<object[]> {
+                    new object[] {
+                        string.Empty,
+                        new NewLineLocation[] {
+                            new NewLineLocation(0, NewLineKind.None),
+                        }
+                    },
+                    new object[] {
+                        "\r\r",
+                        new NewLineLocation[] {
+                            new NewLineLocation(1, NewLineKind.CarriageReturn),
+                            new NewLineLocation(2, NewLineKind.CarriageReturn)
+                        }
+                    },
+                    new object[] {
+                        "\n\n",
+                        new NewLineLocation[] {
+                            new NewLineLocation(1, NewLineKind.LineFeed),
+                            new NewLineLocation(2, NewLineKind.LineFeed)
+                        }
+                    },
+                    new object[] {
+                        "\r\n\n\r",
+                        new NewLineLocation[] {
+                            new NewLineLocation(2, NewLineKind.CarriageReturnLineFeed),
+                            new NewLineLocation(3, NewLineKind.LineFeed),
+                            new NewLineLocation(4, NewLineKind.CarriageReturn)
+                        }
+                    },
+                    new object[] {
+                        "a\r\nb\r\n c\r d\ne",
+                        new NewLineLocation[] {
+                            new NewLineLocation(3, NewLineKind.CarriageReturnLineFeed),
+                            new NewLineLocation(6, NewLineKind.CarriageReturnLineFeed),
+                            new NewLineLocation(9, NewLineKind.CarriageReturn),
+                            new NewLineLocation(12, NewLineKind.LineFeed),
+                            new NewLineLocation(13, NewLineKind.None)
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+            public string GetDisplayName(MethodInfo methodInfo, object[] data)
+                => data != null ? $"{methodInfo.Name} ({FormatName((string)data[0])})" : null;
+
+            private static string FormatName(string s) => s.Replace("\n", "\\n").Replace("\r", "\\r");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `doc->Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Documents.DocumentBuffer._sb` last assigned on line 100 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `get_Text()` at line 101, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DocumentBufferTests.ReplaceAllDocumentBuffer()
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Ast/Test/DocumentBufferTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+DocumentBufferTests.cs|ReplaceAllDocumentBuffer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+65700c99d708eb0e44e028d9df59519b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0710/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0710/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4da6014050102d8785311d5956b436ca44d63b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0710/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Modules;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Types;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Types.Collections;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Values;
+using Microsoft.Python.Parsing;
+using Microsoft.Python.Parsing.Ast;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Analyzer.Evaluation {
+    internal sealed partial class ExpressionEval {
+        private IMember GetValueFromUnaryOp(UnaryExpression expr) {
+            switch (expr.Op) {
+                case PythonOperator.Not:
+                case PythonOperator.Is:
+                case PythonOperator.IsNot:
+                    // Assume all of these return True/False
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+
+                case PythonOperator.Invert:
+                    return GetValueFromUnaryOp(expr, "__invert__");
+                case PythonOperator.Negate:
+                    return GetValueFromUnaryOp(expr, "__neg__");
+                case PythonOperator.Pos:
+                    return GetValueFromUnaryOp(expr, "__pos__");
+            }
+            return UnknownType;
+        }
+
+        private IMember GetValueFromUnaryOp(UnaryExpression expr, string op) {
+            var target = GetValueFromExpression(expr.Expression);
+            if (target is IPythonInstance instance) {
+                var fn = instance.GetPythonType()?.GetMember<IPythonFunctionType>(op);
+                // Process functions declared in code modules. Scraped/compiled/stub modules do not actually perform any operations.
+                if (fn?.DeclaringModule != null && (fn.DeclaringModule.ModuleType == ModuleType.User || fn.DeclaringModule.ModuleType == ModuleType.Library)) {
+                    var result = fn.Call(instance, op, ArgumentSet.Empty);
+                    if (!result.IsUnknown()) {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+                return instance is IPythonConstant c && instance.TryGetConstant<int>(out var value)
+                    ? new PythonConstant(-value, c.Type)
+                    : instance;
+            }
+            return UnknownType;
+        }
+
+        private IMember GetValueFromBinaryOp(Expression expr) {
+            if (expr is AndExpression a) {
+                GetValueFromExpression(a.Left);
+                GetValueFromExpression(a.Right);
+                return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+            }
+
+            if (expr is OrExpression orexp) {
+                // Consider 'self.__params = types.MappingProxyType(params or {})'
+                var leftSide = GetValueFromExpression(orexp.Left);
+                if (!leftSide.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return leftSide;
+                }
+                var rightSide = GetValueFromExpression(orexp.Right);
+                return rightSide.IsUnknown() ? Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool) : rightSide;
+            }
+
+            if (!(expr is BinaryExpression binop) || binop.Left == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var op = binop.Operator;
+
+            var left = GetValueFromExpression(binop.Left) ?? UnknownType;
+            var right = GetValueFromExpression(binop.Right) ?? UnknownType;
+
+            if (left.IsUnknown() && right.IsUnknown()) {
+                // Fast path for when nothing below will give any results.
+                if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+                }
+
+                return UnknownType;
+            }
+
+            var leftType = left.GetPythonType();
+            var rightType = right.GetPythonType();
+
+            var leftTypeId = leftType.TypeId;
+            var rightTypeId = rightType.TypeId;
+
+            if (op == PythonOperator.Add
+                && leftTypeId == rightTypeId
+                && left is IPythonCollection lc && right is IPythonCollection rc) {
+
+                switch (leftTypeId) {
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.List:
+                        return PythonCollectionType.CreateConcatenatedList(Module.Interpreter, lc, rc);
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Tuple:
+                        return PythonCollectionType.CreateConcatenatedTuple(Module.Interpreter, lc, rc);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Mod-style string formatting; don't bother looking at the right side.
+            if (op == PythonOperator.Mod && (leftTypeId == BuiltinTypeId.Str || leftTypeId == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode)) {
+                return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(leftTypeId);
+            }
+
+            var leftIsSupported = IsSupportedBinopBuiltin(leftTypeId);
+            var rightIsSupported = IsSupportedBinopBuiltin(rightTypeId);
+
+            if (leftIsSupported && rightIsSupported) {
+                if (TryGetValueFromBuiltinBinaryOp(op, leftTypeId, rightTypeId, Interpreter.LanguageVersion.Is3x(), out var member)) {
+                    return member;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (leftIsSupported) {
+                IMember ret;
+
+                if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                    // If the op is a comparison, and the thing on the left is the builtin,
+                    // flip the operation and call it instead.
+                    ret = CallOperator(op.InvertComparison(), right, rightType, left, leftType, tryRight: false);
+                } else {
+                    ret = CallOperator(op, left, leftType, right, rightType, tryLeft: false);
+                }
+
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                return op.IsComparison() ? Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool) : left;
+            }
+
+            if (rightIsSupported) {
+                // Try calling the function on the left side, otherwise just return right.
+                var ret = CallOperator(op, left, leftType, right, rightType, tryRight: false);
+
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                return op.IsComparison() ? Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool) : right;
+            }
+
+            var callRet = CallOperator(op, left, leftType, right, rightType);
+            if (!callRet.IsUnknown()) {
+                return callRet;
+            }
+
+            if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                callRet = CallOperator(op.InvertComparison(), right, rightType, left, leftType);
+
+                if (!callRet.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return callRet;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Specific parsing
+            // TODO: warn about incompatible types like 'str' + 1
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.Equal:
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThan:
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual:
+                case PythonOperator.In:
+                case PythonOperator.Is:
+                case PythonOperator.IsNot:
+                case PythonOperator.LessThan:
+                case PythonOperator.LessThanOrEqual:
+                case PythonOperator.Not:
+                case PythonOperator.NotEqual:
+                case PythonOperator.NotIn:
+                    // Assume all of these return True/False
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+
+                case PythonOperator.Divide:
+                case PythonOperator.TrueDivide:
+                    if (Interpreter.LanguageVersion.Is3x()) {
+                        return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Float);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return left.IsUnknown() ? right : left;
+        }
+
+        private IMember CallOperator(PythonOperator op, IMember left, IPythonType leftType, IMember right, IPythonType rightType, bool tryLeft = true, bool tryRight = true) {
+            var (funcName, swappedFuncName) = OpMethodName(op);
+
+            if (tryLeft && funcName != null && left is IPythonInstance lpi) {
+                var ret = leftType.Call(lpi, funcName, new ArgumentSet(new[] { right }));
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (tryRight && swappedFuncName != null && right is IPythonInstance rpi) {
+                var ret = rightType.Call(rpi, swappedFuncName, new ArgumentSet(new[] { left }));
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Try to get the result of a binary operation on builtin types. This does not actually do the operation, but maybe should.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="op">The operation being done.</param>
+        /// <param name="left">The left side's type ID.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The right side's type ID.</param>
+        /// <param name="is3x">True if the Python version is 3.x.</param>
+        /// <param name="member">The resulting member.</param>
+        /// <returns>True, if member is correct and no further checks should be done.</returns>
+        private bool TryGetValueFromBuiltinBinaryOp(PythonOperator op, BuiltinTypeId left, BuiltinTypeId right, bool is3x, out IMember member) {
+            if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                // All builtins compare to bool.
+                member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            member = UnknownType;
+
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.MatMultiply:
+                    // No builtins implement this operator.
+                    return true;
+
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseAnd:
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseOr:
+                case PythonOperator.Xor:
+                    switch (left) {
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Bool when right == BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+                            return true;
+
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Bool when right == BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Int when right == BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Int when right == BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Int);
+                            return true;
+
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Long when right == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Long when right == BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Long when right == BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Bool when right == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Int when right == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Long);
+                            return true;
+                    }
+
+                    // All other combinations of these bitwise operaton on builtin types fail.
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            // At this point, @ & | ^ are all handled and do not need to be considered.
+
+            if (CoalesceComplex(left, right)) {
+                switch (op) {
+                    case PythonOperator.Add:
+                    case PythonOperator.Multiply:
+                    case PythonOperator.Power:
+                    case PythonOperator.Subtract:
+                    case PythonOperator.Divide:
+                    case PythonOperator.TrueDivide:
+                    case PythonOperator.FloorDivide when !is3x:
+                        member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Complex);
+                        return true;
+
+                    case PythonOperator.FloorDivide when is3x:
+                        // Complex numbers cannot be floordiv'd in Python 3.
+                        return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (IsStringLike(left)) {
+                member = HandleStringLike(op, left, right);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (IsStringLike(right)) {
+                member = HandleStringLike(op, right, left);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // All string-like cases have been handled.
+
+            // If a complex value made it to here, then it wasn't coalesced or used in a string format; bail.
+            if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Complex || right == BuiltinTypeId.Complex) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.TrueDivide:
+                    member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Float);
+                    return true;
+
+                case PythonOperator.LeftShift:
+                case PythonOperator.RightShift:
+                    if (IsIntegerLike(left) && IsIntegerLike(right)) {
+                        if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Long || right == BuiltinTypeId.Long) {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Long);
+                        } else {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Int);
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    // If they aren't integer-like, then they can't be shifted.
+                    return true;
+
+                case PythonOperator.Add:
+                case PythonOperator.Divide:
+                case PythonOperator.FloorDivide:
+                case PythonOperator.Mod:
+                case PythonOperator.Power:
+                case PythonOperator.Subtract:
+                    if (IsIntegerLike(left) && IsIntegerLike(right)) {
+                        if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Long || right == BuiltinTypeId.Long) {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Long);
+                        } else {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Int);
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    } else if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Float || right == BuiltinTypeId.Float) {
+                        member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Float);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsSupportedBinopBuiltin(BuiltinTypeId id) {
+            switch (id) {
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Float:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Complex:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Str:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Bytes:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Unicode:
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsIntegerLike(BuiltinTypeId id) => id == BuiltinTypeId.Bool || id == BuiltinTypeId.Int || id == BuiltinTypeId.Long;
+
+        private bool CoalesceComplex(BuiltinTypeId a, BuiltinTypeId b) {
+            if (a != BuiltinTypeId.Complex && b == BuiltinTypeId.Complex) {
+                var tmp = a;
+                a = b;
+                b = tmp;
+            }
+
+            if (a == BuiltinTypeId.Complex) {
+                switch (b) {
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Float:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Complex:
+                        return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private bool IsStringLike(BuiltinTypeId id) => id == BuiltinTypeId.Str || id == BuiltinTypeId.Bytes || id == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode;
+
+        private IMember HandleStringLike(PythonOperator op, BuiltinTypeId str, BuiltinTypeId other) {
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.Multiply when other == BuiltinTypeId.Bool || other == BuiltinTypeId.Int || other == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                case PythonOperator.Add when str == other:
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(str);
+
+                case PythonOperator.Add when str == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode || other == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode:
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Unicode);
+            }
+
+            return UnknownType;
+        }
+
+        private static (string name, string swappedName) OpMethodName(PythonOperator op) {
+            switch (op) {
+                // Unary operators
+                // Not cannot be overridden, there is no method for it.
+                case PythonOperator.Pos: return ("__pos__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.Invert: return ("__invert__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.Negate: return ("__neg__", null);
+
+                // Numeric operators, can be swapped
+                case PythonOperator.Add: return ("__add__", "__radd__");
+                case PythonOperator.Subtract: return ("__sub__", "__rsub__");
+                case PythonOperator.Multiply: return ("__mul__", "__rmul__");
+                case PythonOperator.MatMultiply: return ("__matmul__", "__rmatmul__");
+                case PythonOperator.Divide: return ("__div__", "__rdiv__"); // The parser has already chosen the correct operator here; no need to check versions.
+                case PythonOperator.TrueDivide: return ("__truediv__", "__rtruediv__");
+                case PythonOperator.Mod: return ("__mod__", "__rmod__");
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseAnd: return ("__and__", "__rand__");
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseOr: return ("__or__", "__ror__");
+                case PythonOperator.Xor: return ("__xor__", "__rxor__");
+                case PythonOperator.LeftShift: return ("__lshift__", "__rlshift__");
+                case PythonOperator.RightShift: return ("__rshift__", "__rrshift__");
+                case PythonOperator.Power: return ("__pow__", "__rpow__");
+                case PythonOperator.FloorDivide: return ("__floordiv__", "__rfloordiv__");
+
+                // Comparison operators
+                case PythonOperator.LessThan: return ("__lt__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.LessThanOrEqual: return ("__le__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThan: return ("__gt__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual: return ("__ge__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.Equal: return ("__eq__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.NotEqual: return ("__ne__", null);
+            }
+
+            return (null, null);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `leftType` last assigned on line 97 could be null and is dereferenced at line 100, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IMember ExpressionEval.GetValueFromBinaryOp(Expression)
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Ast/Impl/Analyzer/Evaluation/ExpressionEval.Operators.cs
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionEval.Operators.cs|GetValueFromBinaryOp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+a91d212d61bd2e17c474c8a9ade00351
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0711/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0711/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..986d5edbb04c1847387a0c516708f377fcd2ffa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0711/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Python Tools for Visual Studio
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Python.LanguageServer;
+using Microsoft.Python.LanguageServer.Implementation;
+using Microsoft.PythonTools.Interpreter;
+using Microsoft.PythonTools.Interpreter.Ast;
+using TestUtilities;
+
+namespace Microsoft.PythonTools.Analysis {
+    internal static class ServerExtensions {
+        public static async Task<Server> InitializeAsync(this Server server, InterpreterConfiguration configuration, Uri rootUri = null, IEnumerable<string> searchPaths = null) {
+            configuration.AssertInstalled();
+
+            server.OnLogMessage += Server_OnLogMessage;
+            var properties = new InterpreterFactoryCreationOptions {
+                TraceLevel = System.Diagnostics.TraceLevel.Verbose,
+                DatabasePath = TestData.GetAstAnalysisCachePath(configuration.Version)
+            }.ToDictionary();
+
+            configuration.WriteToDictionary(properties);
+
+            await server.Initialize(new InitializeParams {
+                rootUri = rootUri,
+                initializationOptions = new PythonInitializationOptions {
+                    interpreter = new PythonInitializationOptions.Interpreter {
+                        assembly = typeof(AstPythonInterpreterFactory).Assembly.Location,
+                        typeName = typeof(AstPythonInterpreterFactory).FullName,
+                        properties = properties
+                    },
+                    analysisUpdates = true,
+                    searchPaths = searchPaths?.ToArray() ?? Array.Empty<string>(),
+                    traceLogging = true,
+                },
+                capabilities = new ClientCapabilities {
+                    python = new PythonClientCapabilities {
+                        liveLinting = true,
+                    }
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+            
+            return server;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IModuleAnalysis> GetAnalysisAsync(this Server server, Uri uri, int waitingTimeout = -1, int failAfter = 30000)
+            => ((ProjectEntry)server.ProjectFiles.GetEntry(uri)).GetAnalysisAsync(waitingTimeout, new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token);
+
+        public static Task EnqueueItemAsync(this Server server, Uri uri) 
+            => server.EnqueueItemAsync((IDocument)server.ProjectFiles.GetEntry(uri));
+
+        public static async Task EnqueueItemsAsync(this Server server, CancellationToken cancellationToken, params IDocument[] projectEntries) {
+            foreach (var document in projectEntries) {
+                await server.EnqueueItemAsync(document);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Replace usages of AddModuleWithContent with OpenDefaultDocumentAndGetUriAsync
+        public static async Task<ProjectEntry> AddModuleWithContentAsync(this Server server, string moduleName, string relativePath, string content) {
+            var entry = (ProjectEntry)server.Analyzer.AddModule(moduleName, TestData.GetTestSpecificPath(relativePath));
+            entry.ResetDocument(0, content);
+            await server.EnqueueItemAsync(entry);
+            return entry;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<CompletionList> SendCompletion(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character) {
+            return server.Completion(new CompletionParams {
+                textDocument = new TextDocumentIdentifier {
+                    uri = uri
+                },
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Hover> SendHover(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character) {
+            return server.Hover(new TextDocumentPositionParams() {
+                textDocument = new TextDocumentIdentifier {
+                    uri = uri
+                },
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<SignatureHelp> SendSignatureHelp(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character) {
+            return server.SignatureHelp(new TextDocumentPositionParams {
+                textDocument = uri,
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Reference[]> SendFindReferences(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character, bool includeDeclaration = true) {
+            return server.FindReferences(new ReferencesParams {
+                textDocument = uri,
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                },
+                context = new ReferenceContext {
+                    includeDeclaration = includeDeclaration,
+                    _includeValues = true // For compatibility with PTVS
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Uri> OpenDefaultDocumentAndGetUriAsync(this Server server, string content) {
+            var uri = TestData.GetDefaultModuleUri();
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(uri, content);
+            return uri;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Uri> OpenNextDocumentAndGetUriAsync(this Server server, string content) {
+            var uri = TestData.GetNextModuleUri();
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(uri, content);
+            return uri;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Uri> OpenDocumentAndGetUriAsync(this Server server, string relativePath, string content) {
+            var uri = TestData.GetTestSpecificUri(relativePath);
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(uri, content);
+            return uri;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task SendDidOpenTextDocument(this Server server, Uri uri, string content, string languageId = null) {
+            await server.DidOpenTextDocument(new DidOpenTextDocumentParams {
+                textDocument = new TextDocumentItem {
+                    uri = uri,
+                    text = content,
+                    languageId = languageId ?? "python"
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<IModuleAnalysis> OpenDefaultDocumentAndGetAnalysisAsync(this Server server, string content, int failAfter = 30000, string languageId = null) {
+            var cancellationToken = new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token;
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(TestData.GetDefaultModuleUri(), content, languageId);
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            var projectEntry = (ProjectEntry) server.ProjectFiles.Single();
+            return await projectEntry.GetAnalysisAsync(cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task SendDidChangeTextDocumentAsync(this Server server, Uri uri, string text) {
+            return server.DidChangeTextDocument(new DidChangeTextDocumentParams {
+                textDocument = new VersionedTextDocumentIdentifier {
+                    uri = uri
+                }, 
+                contentChanges = new [] {
+                    new TextDocumentContentChangedEvent {
+                        text = text,
+                    }, 
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TextEdit[]> SendDocumentOnTypeFormatting(this Server server, TextDocumentIdentifier textDocument, Position position, string ch) {
+            return server.DocumentOnTypeFormatting(new DocumentOnTypeFormattingParams {
+                textDocument = textDocument,
+                position = position,
+                ch = ch,
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task SendDidChangeConfiguration(this Server server, ServerSettings.PythonCompletionOptions pythonCompletionOptions, int failAfter = 30000) {
+            var currentSettings = server.Settings;
+            var settings = new LanguageServerSettings();
+
+            settings.completion.showAdvancedMembers = pythonCompletionOptions.showAdvancedMembers;
+            settings.completion.addBrackets = pythonCompletionOptions.addBrackets;
+
+            settings.analysis.openFilesOnly = currentSettings.analysis.openFilesOnly;
+            if (currentSettings is LanguageServerSettings languageServerSettings) {
+                settings.diagnosticPublishDelay = languageServerSettings.diagnosticPublishDelay;
+                settings.symbolsHierarchyDepthLimit = languageServerSettings.symbolsHierarchyDepthLimit;
+            }
+
+            var errors = currentSettings.analysis.errors;
+            var warnings = currentSettings.analysis.warnings;
+            var information = currentSettings.analysis.information;
+            var disabled = currentSettings.analysis.disabled;
+            settings.analysis.SetErrorSeverityOptions(errors, warnings, information, disabled);
+
+            return server.SendDidChangeConfiguration(settings, failAfter);
+        }
+
+        public static Task SendDidChangeConfiguration(this Server server, ServerSettings settings, int failAfter = 30000) 
+            => server.DidChangeConfiguration(new DidChangeConfigurationParams { settings = settings }, new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token);
+
+        public static async Task<IModuleAnalysis> ChangeDefaultDocumentAndGetAnalysisAsync(this Server server, string text, int failAfter = 30000) {
+            var projectEntry = (ProjectEntry) server.ProjectFiles.Single();
+            await server.SendDidChangeTextDocumentAsync(projectEntry.DocumentUri, text);
+            return await projectEntry.GetAnalysisAsync(cancellationToken: new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token);
+        }
+
+        public static string[] GetBuiltinTypeMemberNames(this Server server, BuiltinTypeId typeId) 
+            => server.Analyzer.Types[typeId].GetMemberNames((IModuleContext)server.Analyzer.Interpreter).ToArray();
+
+        private static void Server_OnLogMessage(object sender, LogMessageEventArgs e) {
+            switch (e.type) {
+                case MessageType.Error: Trace.TraceError($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}]: {e.message}"); break;
+                case MessageType.Warning: Trace.TraceWarning($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}]: {e.message}"); break;
+                case MessageType.Info: Trace.TraceInformation($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}]: {e.message}"); break;
+                case MessageType.Log: Trace.TraceInformation($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}] LOG: {e.message}"); break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource::.ctor() at Line 212) of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "Task ServerExtensions.SendDidChangeConfiguration(Server,ServerSettings,Int32)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task ServerExtensions.SendDidChangeConfiguration(Server,ServerSettings,Int32)
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Engine/Test/ServerExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+ServerExtensions.cs|SendDidChangeConfiguration|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+714afc66d0eae5e2aa8b77a17a6c66fb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0716/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0716/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fac10d852213041eb44a336d3c4a5f276ac3821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0716/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SharpYaml
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using YamlDotNet.RepresentationModel.Serialization;
+
+namespace YamlDotNet.Samples
+{
+	public class DeserializeObjectGraph
+	{
+		public void Run(string[] args)
+		{
+			// Setup the input
+			var input = new StringReader(_document);
+
+			var yamlSerializer = new YamlSerializer<Order>();
+			var order = yamlSerializer.Deserialize(input);
+
+			Console.WriteLine("Receipt: {0}", order.Receipt);
+			Console.WriteLine("Customer: {0} {1}", order.Customer.Given, order.Customer.Family);
+		}
+
+		private class Order
+		{
+			public string Receipt { get; set; }
+			public DateTime Date { get; set; }
+			public Customer Customer { get; set; }
+			public Item[] Items { get; set; }
+			public Address BillTo { get; set; }
+			public Address ShipTo { get; set; }
+			public string SpecialDelivery { get; set; }
+		}
+
+		private class Customer
+		{
+			public string Given { get; set; }
+			public string Family { get; set; }
+		}
+
+		public class Item
+		{
+			public string PartNo { get; set; }
+			public decimal Price { get; set; }
+			public int Quantity { get; set; }
+			
+
+			[YamlAlias("descrip")]
+			public string Description { get; set; }
+		}
+
+		public class Address
+		{
+			public string Street { get; set; }
+			public string City { get; set; }
+			public string State { get; set; }
+		}
+
+		private const string _document = @"---
+            receipt:    Oz-Ware Purchase Invoice
+            date:        2007-08-06
+            customer:
+                given:   Dorothy
+                family:  Gale
+
+            items:
+                - part_no:   A4786
+                  descrip:   Water Bucket (Filled)
+                  price:     1.47
+                  quantity:  4
+
+                - part_no:   E1628
+                  descrip:   High Heeled ""Ruby"" Slippers
+                  price:     100.27
+                  quantity:  1
+
+            bill-to:  &id001
+                street: |
+                        123 Tornado Alley
+                        Suite 16
+                city:   East Westville
+                state:  KS
+
+            ship-to:  *id001
+
+            specialDelivery:  >
+                Follow the Yellow Brick
+                Road to the Emerald City.
+                Pay no attention to the
+                man behind the curtain.
+...";
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource input of type System.IO.StringReader in method "Void DeserializeObjectGraph.Run(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DeserializeObjectGraph.Run(String[])
+
+### File:
+YamlDotNet.Samples/DeserializeObjectGraph.cs
+
+### Key:
+DeserializeObjectGraph.cs|Run|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9735e58f045df62a1a313d375212b197
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0718/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0718/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97749dbb5bf7377cc99256ffd67df3f36b271453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0718/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MasterChief
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace MasterChief.DotNet4.Utilities.Common
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Diagnostics;
+    using System.IO;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Debug 帮助类
+    /// </summary>
+    public class DebugHelper
+    {
+        #region Methods
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 输出到控制台
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void ConsoleOutput()
+        {
+            TextWriterTraceListener _listener = new TextWriterTraceListener(Console.Out);
+            Debug.Listeners.Add(_listener);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 输出到文件
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">路径</param>
+        public static void FileOutput(string path)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path))
+            {
+                path = DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyyMMdd") + ".log";
+            }
+
+            TextWriterTraceListener _listener = new TextWriterTraceListener(File.CreateText(path));
+            Debug.Listeners.Add(_listener);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 输出到文件【文件名称：yyyyMMdd】
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void FileOutput()
+        {
+            FileOutput(string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        #endregion Methods
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource _listener of type System.Diagnostics.TextWriterTraceListener in method "Void DebugHelper.FileOutput(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DebugHelper.FileOutput(String)
+
+### File:
+MasterChief.DotNet4.Utilities/Common/DebugHelper.cs
+
+### Key:
+DebugHelper.cs|FileOutput|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+323d1ca334c851bf6b148067561f66b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0720/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0720/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..065a9be2b6e8ea4e62bc8accbb0c858f033b6c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0720/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MasterChief
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace MasterChief.DotNet4.Utilities.Common
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Diagnostics;
+    using System.IO;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Debug 帮助类
+    /// </summary>
+    public class DebugHelper
+    {
+        #region Methods
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 输出到控制台
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void ConsoleOutput()
+        {
+            TextWriterTraceListener _listener = new TextWriterTraceListener(Console.Out);
+            Debug.Listeners.Add(_listener);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 输出到文件
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">路径</param>
+        public static void FileOutput(string path)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path))
+            {
+                path = DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyyMMdd") + ".log";
+            }
+
+            TextWriterTraceListener _listener = new TextWriterTraceListener(File.CreateText(path));
+            Debug.Listeners.Add(_listener);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 输出到文件【文件名称：yyyyMMdd】
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void FileOutput()
+        {
+            FileOutput(string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        #endregion Methods
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource _listener of type System.Diagnostics.TextWriterTraceListener in method "Void DebugHelper.ConsoleOutput()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DebugHelper.ConsoleOutput()
+
+### File:
+MasterChief.DotNet4.Utilities/Common/DebugHelper.cs
+
+### Key:
+DebugHelper.cs|ConsoleOutput|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4a40d9b6155a94dfbb54aa0d4d2580e7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0727/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0727/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8320c3ed2f51f8dc7cf64b434d52205ed48210b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0727/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** runner
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using GitHub.DistributedTask.WebApi;
+using GitHub.Runner.Worker.Container;
+using GitHub.Runner.Common;
+using GitHub.Runner.Sdk;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace GitHub.Runner.Worker
+{
+    [ServiceLocator(Default = typeof(FileCommandManager))]
+    public interface IFileCommandManager : IRunnerService
+    {
+        void InitializeFiles(IExecutionContext context, ContainerInfo container);
+        void ProcessFiles(IExecutionContext context, ContainerInfo container);
+    
+    }
+
+    public sealed class FileCommandManager : RunnerService, IFileCommandManager
+    {
+        private const string _folderName = "_runner_file_commands";
+        private List<IFileCommandExtension> _commandExtensions;
+        private string _fileSuffix = String.Empty;
+        private string _fileCommandDirectory;
+        private Tracing _trace;
+
+        public override void Initialize(IHostContext hostContext)
+        {
+            base.Initialize(hostContext);
+            _trace = HostContext.GetTrace(nameof(FileCommandManager));
+
+            _fileCommandDirectory = Path.Combine(HostContext.GetDirectory(WellKnownDirectory.Temp), _folderName);
+            if (!Directory.Exists(_fileCommandDirectory))
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(_fileCommandDirectory);
+            }
+
+            var extensionManager = hostContext.GetService<IExtensionManager>();
+            _commandExtensions = extensionManager.GetExtensions<IFileCommandExtension>() ?? new List<IFileCommandExtension>();
+        }
+
+        public void InitializeFiles(IExecutionContext context, ContainerInfo container)
+        {
+            var oldSuffix = _fileSuffix;
+            _fileSuffix = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
+            foreach (var fileCommand in _commandExtensions)
+            {
+                var oldPath = Path.Combine(_fileCommandDirectory, fileCommand.FilePrefix + oldSuffix);
+                if (oldSuffix != String.Empty && File.Exists(oldPath))
+                {
+                    TryDeleteFile(oldPath);
+                }
+
+                var newPath = Path.Combine(_fileCommandDirectory, fileCommand.FilePrefix + _fileSuffix);
+                TryDeleteFile(newPath);
+                File.Create(newPath).Dispose();
+
+                var pathToSet = container != null ? container.TranslateToContainerPath(newPath) : newPath; 
+                context.SetGitHubContext(fileCommand.ContextName, pathToSet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void ProcessFiles(IExecutionContext context, ContainerInfo container)
+        {
+            foreach (var fileCommand in _commandExtensions)
+            {
+                try 
+                {
+                    fileCommand.ProcessCommand(context, Path.Combine(_fileCommandDirectory, fileCommand.FilePrefix + _fileSuffix),container);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    context.Error($"Unable to process file command '{fileCommand.ContextName}' successfully.");
+                    context.Error(ex);
+                    context.CommandResult = TaskResult.Failed;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool TryDeleteFile(string path)
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(path))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            try
+            {
+                File.Delete(path);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                _trace.Warning($"Unable to delete file {path} for reason: {e.ToString()}");
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public interface IFileCommandExtension : IExtension
+    {
+        string ContextName { get; }
+        string FilePrefix { get; }
+
+        void ProcessCommand(IExecutionContext context, string filePath, ContainerInfo container);
+    }
+
+    public sealed class AddPathFileCommand : RunnerService, IFileCommandExtension
+    {
+        public string ContextName => "path";
+        public string FilePrefix => "add_path_";
+
+        public Type ExtensionType => typeof(IFileCommandExtension);
+
+        public void ProcessCommand(IExecutionContext context, string filePath, ContainerInfo container)
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                var lines = File.ReadAllLines(filePath, Encoding.UTF8);
+                foreach(var line in lines)
+                {
+                    if (line == string.Empty)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    context.Global.PrependPath.RemoveAll(x => string.Equals(x, line, StringComparison.CurrentCulture));
+                    context.Global.PrependPath.Add(line);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public sealed class SetEnvFileCommand : RunnerService, IFileCommandExtension
+    {
+        public string ContextName => "env";
+        public string FilePrefix => "set_env_";
+
+        public Type ExtensionType => typeof(IFileCommandExtension);
+
+        public void ProcessCommand(IExecutionContext context, string filePath, ContainerInfo container)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var text = File.ReadAllText(filePath) ?? string.Empty;
+                var index = 0;
+                var line = ReadLine(text, ref index);
+                while (line != null)
+                {
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(line))
+                    {
+                        var equalsIndex = line.IndexOf("=", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+                        var heredocIndex = line.IndexOf("<<", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+                        // Normal style NAME=VALUE
+                        if (equalsIndex >= 0 && (heredocIndex < 0 || equalsIndex < heredocIndex))
+                        {
+                            var split = line.Split(new[] { '=' }, 2, StringSplitOptions.None);
+                            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(line))
+                            {
+                                throw new Exception($"Invalid environment variable format '{line}'. Environment variable name must not be empty");
+                            }
+                            SetEnvironmentVariable(context, split[0], split[1]);
+                        }
+                        // Heredoc style NAME<<EOF
+                        else if (heredocIndex >= 0 && (equalsIndex < 0 || heredocIndex < equalsIndex))
+                        {
+                            var split = line.Split(new[] { "<<" }, 2, StringSplitOptions.None);
+                            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(split[0]) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(split[1]))
+                            {
+                                throw new Exception($"Invalid environment variable format '{line}'. Environment variable name must not be empty and delimiter must not be empty");
+                            }
+                            var name = split[0];
+                            var delimiter = split[1];
+                            var startIndex = index; // Start index of the value (inclusive)
+                            var endIndex = index;   // End index of the value (exclusive)
+                            var tempLine = ReadLine(text, ref index, out var newline);
+                            while (!string.Equals(tempLine, delimiter, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+                            {
+                                if (tempLine == null)
+                                {
+                                    throw new Exception($"Invalid environment variable value. Matching delimiter not found '{delimiter}'");
+                                }
+                                endIndex = index - newline.Length;
+                                tempLine = ReadLine(text, ref index, out newline);
+                            }
+
+                            var value = endIndex > startIndex ? text.Substring(startIndex, endIndex - startIndex) : string.Empty;
+                            SetEnvironmentVariable(context, name, value);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            throw new Exception($"Invalid environment variable format '{line}'");
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    line = ReadLine(text, ref index);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (DirectoryNotFoundException)
+            {
+                context.Debug($"Environment variables file does not exist '{filePath}'");
+            }
+            catch (FileNotFoundException)
+            {
+                context.Debug($"Environment variables file does not exist '{filePath}'");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void SetEnvironmentVariable(
+            IExecutionContext context,
+            string name,
+            string value)
+        {
+            context.Global.EnvironmentVariables[name] = value;
+            context.SetEnvContext(name, value);
+            context.Debug($"{name}='{value}'");
+        }
+
+        private static string ReadLine(
+            string text,
+            ref int index)
+        {
+            return ReadLine(text, ref index, out _);
+        }
+
+        private static string ReadLine(
+            string text,
+            ref int index,
+            out string newline)
+        {
+            if (index >= text.Length)
+            {
+                newline = null;
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var originalIndex = index;
+            var lfIndex = text.IndexOf("\n", index, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            if (lfIndex < 0)
+            {
+                index = text.Length;
+                newline = null;
+                return text.Substring(originalIndex);
+            }
+
+#if OS_WINDOWS
+            var crLFIndex = text.IndexOf("\r\n", index, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            if (crLFIndex >= 0 && crLFIndex < lfIndex)
+            {
+                index = crLFIndex + 2; // Skip over CRLF
+                newline = "\r\n";
+                return text.Substring(originalIndex, crLFIndex - originalIndex);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            index = lfIndex + 1; // Skip over LF
+            newline = "\n";
+            return text.Substring(originalIndex, lfIndex - originalIndex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public sealed class CreateStepSummaryCommand : RunnerService, IFileCommandExtension
+    {
+        private const int _attachmentSizeLimit = 128 * 1024;
+
+        public string ContextName => "step_summary";
+        public string FilePrefix => "step_summary_";
+
+        public Type ExtensionType => typeof(IFileCommandExtension);
+
+        public void ProcessCommand(IExecutionContext context, string filePath, ContainerInfo container)
+        {
+            if (!context.Global.Variables.GetBoolean("DistributedTask.UploadStepSummary") ?? true)
+            {
+                Trace.Info("Step Summary is disabled; skipping attachment upload");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(filePath) || !File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                Trace.Info($"Step Summary file ({filePath}) does not exist; skipping attachment upload");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                var fileSize = new FileInfo(filePath).Length;
+                if (fileSize == 0)
+                {
+                    Trace.Info($"Step Summary file ({filePath}) is empty; skipping attachment upload");
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (fileSize > _attachmentSizeLimit)
+                {
+                    context.Error($"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY supports content up a size of {_attachmentSizeLimit / 1024}k got {fileSize / 1024}k");
+                    Trace.Info($"Step Summary file ({filePath}) is too large ({fileSize} bytes); skipping attachment upload");
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                Trace.Verbose($"Step Summary file exists: {filePath} and has a file size of {fileSize} bytes");
+                var scrubbedFilePath = filePath + "-scrubbed";
+
+                using (var streamReader = new StreamReader(filePath))
+                using (var streamWriter = new StreamWriter(scrubbedFilePath))
+                {
+                    string line;
+                    while ((line = streamReader.ReadLine()) != null)
+                    {
+                        var maskedLine = HostContext.SecretMasker.MaskSecrets(line);
+                        streamWriter.WriteLine(maskedLine);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var attachmentName = context.Id.ToString();
+
+                Trace.Info($"Queueing file ({filePath}) for attachment upload ({attachmentName})");
+                // Attachments must be added to the parent context (job), not the current context (step)
+                context.Root.QueueAttachFile(ChecksAttachmentType.StepSummary, attachmentName, scrubbedFilePath);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Trace.Error($"Error while processing file ({filePath}): {e}");
+                context.Error($"Failed to create step summary using 'GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY': {e.Message}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`newline` could be null (from the call to `SetEnvFileCommand.ReadLine(...)` on line 177) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SetEnvFileCommand.ProcessCommand(IExecutionContext,String,ContainerInfo)
+
+### File:
+src/Runner.Worker/FileCommandManager.cs
+
+### Key:
+FileCommandManager.cs|ProcessCommand|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+e061e5406e9c67497f19003d018aa3dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0729/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0729/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..355f8aa7792e5a8d4049c61c2b27a96b21479d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0729/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** lightlib-lms
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Library.Data;
+using Library.Data.Models;
+using Library.Web.Controllers;
+using Library.Web.Models.Patron;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+
+namespace Library.Tests.Controllers
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class PatronControllerShould
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_Patron_Index_View()
+        {
+            var mockPatronService= new Mock<IPatronService>();
+            mockPatronService.Setup(r => r.GetAll()).Returns(GetAllPatrons());
+            var controller = new PatronController(mockPatronService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Index();
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<PatronIndexModel>();
+            viewModel.Subject.Patrons.Count().Should().Be(2);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_PatronIndexModel()
+        {
+            var mockPatronService = new Mock<IPatronService>();
+            mockPatronService.Setup(r => r.GetAll()).Returns(GetAllPatrons());
+            var controller = new PatronController(mockPatronService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Index();
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<PatronIndexModel>();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_Patron_Detail_View()
+        {
+            var mockPatronService= new Mock<IPatronService>();
+            mockPatronService.Setup(r => r.Get(1)).Returns(GetPatron());
+            var controller = new PatronController(mockPatronService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(1);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<PatronDetailModel>();
+            viewModel.Subject.FirstName.Should().Be("Abc Def");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_Default_Message_For_Patrons_With_No_Name()
+        {
+            var mockPatronService= new Mock<IPatronService>();
+            mockPatronService.Setup(r => r.Get(1)).Returns(GetPatron());
+            var controller = new PatronController(mockPatronService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(1);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<PatronDetailModel>();
+            viewModel.Subject.LastName.Should().Be("No Last Name Provided");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_PatronDetailModel()
+        {
+            var mockPatronService = new Mock<IPatronService>();
+            mockPatronService.Setup(r => r.Get(888)).Returns(GetPatron());
+            var controller = new PatronController(mockPatronService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(888);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<PatronDetailModel>();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<Patron> GetAllPatrons()
+        {
+            return new List<Patron>
+            {
+                new Patron
+                {
+                    Id = 888,
+                    FirstName = "Abc Def",
+                    Address = "3 Commerce St",
+                    Telephone = "123"
+                },
+
+                new Patron
+                {
+                    Id = 213,
+                    FirstName = "Zxy Def",
+                    Address = "2 Commerce St",
+                    Telephone = "23421"
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static Patron GetPatron()
+        {
+            return new Patron 
+            {
+                Id = 888,
+                FirstName = "Abc Def",
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource controller of type Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Controller in method "Void PatronControllerShould.Return_Patron_Detail_View()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PatronControllerShould.Return_Patron_Detail_View()
+
+### File:
+Library.Tests/Controllers/PatronControllerShould.cs
+
+### Key:
+PatronControllerShould.cs|Return_Patron_Detail_View|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+556de6cf0fc5702c91b9df72f6198bc5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0733/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0733/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c426b87e6910a5a1f531b8a8da50aa1b45ada7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0733/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Shielded
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Shielded
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A transactional dictionary - adding, removing, replacing items are transactional,
+    /// but anything done to the items is not unless they are Shielded themselves. The 'Nc' stands
+    /// for 'no count' - you cannot find out how many items it has, unless you enumerate.
+    /// WARNING: Enumerating transactions will not conflict with parallel transactions which
+    /// add new items to the dictionary. This is OK for read-only transactions, but writers
+    /// might successfully commit some result even though they did not see all items.
+    /// For fully safe enumerating, please use <see cref="ShieldedDict&lt;TKey, TItem&gt;"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ShieldedDictNc<TKey, TItem> : IShielded, IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>
+    {
+        private class ItemKeeper
+        {
+            public long Version;
+            public TItem Value;
+            public bool Empty;
+            public ItemKeeper Older;
+        }
+
+        private class LocalDict
+        {
+            public Dictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper> Items = new Dictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper>();
+            public bool HasChanges;
+            public bool Locked;
+        }
+
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper> _dict;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, WriteStamp> _writeStamps =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, WriteStamp>();
+        private readonly TransactionalStorage<LocalDict> _localDict = new TransactionalStorage<LocalDict>();
+        private readonly object _owner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance with the given initial contents.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="items">Initial items.</param>
+        /// <param name="owner">If this is given, then in WhenCommitting subscriptions
+        /// this shielded will report its owner instead of itself.</param>
+        public ShieldedDictNc(IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>> items, object owner = null)
+        {
+            _dict = new ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper>(items
+                .Select(kvp =>
+                    new KeyValuePair<TKey, ItemKeeper>(kvp.Key, new ItemKeeper() { Value = kvp.Value })));
+            _owner = owner ?? this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="owner">If this is given, then in WhenCommitting subscriptions
+        /// this shielded will report its owner instead of itself.</param>
+        public ShieldedDictNc(object owner = null)
+        {
+            _dict = new ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper>();
+            _owner = owner ?? this;
+        }
+
+        private void CheckLockAndEnlist(TKey key, bool write)
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.HasValue ? _localDict.Value : null;
+            if (locals != null && locals.Locked)
+            {
+                CheckLockedAccess(key, write);
+                return; // because the check above is much stricter than anything
+            }
+            if (!Shield.Enlist(this, locals != null, write) && locals.Items.ContainsKey(key))
+                return;
+
+            WriteStamp w;
+            if (_writeStamps.TryGetValue(key, out w) && !w.Released) w.Wait();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Since the dictionary is just one field to the Shield class, we internally check, if
+        /// the access is happening while locked, whether the access is safe.
+        /// </summary>
+        void CheckLockedAccess(TKey key, bool write)
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            ItemKeeper item;
+            if (!locals.Items.TryGetValue(key, out item))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("No new key access in this context.");
+            if (item == null && write)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("No new writes in this context.");
+        }
+
+        private ItemKeeper CurrentTransactionOldValue(TKey key)
+        {
+            ItemKeeper point;
+            _dict.TryGetValue(key, out point);
+            while (point != null && point.Version > Shield.ReadStamp)
+                point = point.Older;
+            return point;
+        }
+
+        private LocalDict PrepareLocals()
+        {
+            LocalDict locals;
+            if (_localDict.HasValue)
+                locals = _localDict.Value;
+            else
+                _localDict.Value = locals = new LocalDict();
+            return locals;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an existing local entry, if any.
+        /// </summary>
+        private ItemKeeper PrepareWrite(TKey key)
+        {
+            CheckLockAndEnlist(key, true);
+            var locals = PrepareLocals();
+            ItemKeeper existing;
+            if (locals.Items.TryGetValue(key, out existing))
+                return existing;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private ItemKeeper Read(TKey key)
+        {
+            CheckLockAndEnlist(key, false);
+            ItemKeeper v, curr;
+            var locals = PrepareLocals();
+            bool hasLocal;
+            if (!(hasLocal = locals.Items.TryGetValue(key, out v)) || v == null)
+            {
+                if (!hasLocal)
+                    locals.Items.Add(key, null);
+                v = CurrentTransactionOldValue(key);
+            }
+            else if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out curr) && curr.Version > Shield.ReadStamp)
+                throw new TransException("Writable read collision.");
+            return v;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the value under the specified key.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TItem this [TKey key]
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                ItemKeeper v;
+                if (!Shield.IsInTransaction)
+                {
+                    if (!_dict.TryGetValue(key, out v) || v.Empty)
+                        throw new KeyNotFoundException();
+                    return v.Value;
+                }
+
+                v = Read(key);
+                if (v == null || v.Empty)
+                    throw new KeyNotFoundException();
+                return v.Value;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                ItemKeeper local = PrepareWrite(key);
+                ItemKeeper curr;
+                if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out curr) && curr.Version > Shield.ReadStamp)
+                    throw new TransException("Write collision.");
+
+                if (local == null)
+                {
+                    var locals = _localDict.Value;
+                    locals.Items[key] = new ItemKeeper() { Value = value };
+                    locals.HasChanges = true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    local.Empty = false;
+                    local.Value = value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An enumerable of keys for which the current transaction made changes in the dictionary.
+        /// Safely accessible from <see cref="Shield.WhenCommitting"/> subscriptions. NB that
+        /// this also includes keys which were removed from the dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IEnumerable<TKey> Changes
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Shield.IsInTransaction && _localDict.HasValue && _localDict.Value.HasChanges)
+                {
+                    return _localDict.Value.Items
+                        .Where(kvp => kvp.Value != null)
+                        .Select(kvp => kvp.Key);
+                }
+                return Enumerable.Empty<TKey>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An enumerable of keys which the current transaction read or wrote into.
+        /// Safely accessible from <see cref="Shield.WhenCommitting"/> subscriptions. NB that
+        /// this also includes keys which were removed from the dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IEnumerable<TKey> Reads
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Shield.IsInTransaction && _localDict.HasValue)
+                    return _localDict.Value.Items.Keys;
+                return Enumerable.Empty<TKey>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        bool IShielded.HasChanges
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _localDict.HasValue && _localDict.Value.HasChanges;
+            }
+        }
+
+        object IShielded.Owner
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _owner;
+            }
+        }
+
+        bool IShielded.CanCommit(WriteStamp writeStamp)
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            locals.Locked = true;
+            // locals were prepared when we enlisted.
+            if (locals.Items.Any(kvp =>
+                    {
+                        ItemKeeper v;
+                        return _writeStamps.ContainsKey(kvp.Key) ||
+                            (_dict.TryGetValue(kvp.Key, out v) && v.Version > Shield.ReadStamp);
+                    }))
+                return false;
+            else
+            {
+                // touch only the ones we plan to change
+                if (locals.HasChanges)
+                    foreach (var kvp in locals.Items)
+                        if (kvp.Value != null)
+                            _writeStamps[kvp.Key] = writeStamp;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private ConcurrentQueue<Tuple<long, List<TKey>>> _copies =
+            new ConcurrentQueue<Tuple<long, List<TKey>>>();
+
+        void IShielded.Commit()
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            if (locals.HasChanges)
+            {
+                long? version = null;
+                var copyList = new List<TKey>();
+                foreach (var kvp in _localDict.Value.Items)
+                {
+                    if (kvp.Value == null)
+                        continue;
+                    if (version == null)
+                        version = _writeStamps[kvp.Key].Version;
+
+                    ItemKeeper v = null;
+                    if (_dict.TryGetValue(kvp.Key, out v))
+                        copyList.Add(kvp.Key);
+
+                    var newCurrent = kvp.Value;
+                    newCurrent.Version = (long)version;
+                    newCurrent.Older = v;
+                    lock (_dict)
+                        _dict[kvp.Key] = newCurrent;
+
+                    WriteStamp ws;
+                    _writeStamps.TryRemove(kvp.Key, out ws);
+                }
+                if (version.HasValue)
+                    _copies.Enqueue(Tuple.Create((long)version, copyList));
+            }
+            _localDict.Release();
+        }
+
+        void IShielded.Rollback()
+        {
+            if (!_localDict.HasValue)
+                return;
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            if (locals.HasChanges)
+            {
+                WriteStamp ws;
+                var ctx = Shield.Context;
+                foreach (var kvp in locals.Items)
+                {
+                    if (kvp.Value != null &&
+                        _writeStamps.TryGetValue(kvp.Key, out ws) && ws.Locker == ctx)
+                    {
+                        _writeStamps.TryRemove(kvp.Key, out ws);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _localDict.Release();
+        }
+
+        void IShielded.TrimCopies(long smallestOpenTransactionId)
+        {
+            // NB the "smallest transaction" and others can freely read while
+            // we're doing this.
+            Tuple<long, List<TKey>> item;
+            while (_copies.TryPeek(out item) && item.Item1 < smallestOpenTransactionId)
+            {
+                _copies.TryDequeue(out item);
+                foreach (var key in item.Item2)
+                {
+                    ItemKeeper point;
+                    if (!_dict.TryGetValue(key, out point))
+                        continue;
+                    ItemKeeper pointNewer = null;
+                    while (point != null && point.Version > smallestOpenTransactionId)
+                    {
+                        pointNewer = point;
+                        point = point.Older;
+                    }
+                    if (point != null)
+                    {
+                        // point is the last accessible - his Older is not needed.
+                        point.Older = null;
+                        if (point.Empty)
+                        {
+                            if (pointNewer != null)
+                                pointNewer.Older = null;
+                            else
+                            {
+                                //((ICollection<KeyValuePair<TKey, ItemKeeper>>)_dict)
+                                //    .Remove(new KeyValuePair<TKey, ItemKeeper>(key, point));
+                                lock (_dict)
+                                {
+                                    ItemKeeper k;
+                                    if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out k) && k == point)
+                                        _dict.TryRemove(key, out k);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+        {
+            return ((IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>)this).GetEnumerator();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get an enumerator for the dictionary contents. Iterating over this dictionary
+        /// does not conflict with other transactions that are adding new items, so it
+        /// is not fully safe. For read-only transactions, however, no problem.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>> GetEnumerator()
+        {
+            Shield.AssertInTransaction();
+            var keys = _localDict.HasValue ?
+                _dict.Keys.Union(_localDict.Value.Items.Keys) : _dict.Keys;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                var v = Read(key);
+                if (v == null || v.Empty) continue;
+                yield return new KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>(key, v.Value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all items, but one by one.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            foreach (var key in Keys)
+                Remove(key);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Copy the dictionary contents to an array. Involves enumerating, might not get all
+        /// items which should have been visible at the time of your commit. This does not
+        /// affect read-only transactions, or those writers that do not logically depend on
+        /// seeing all items.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void CopyTo(KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>[] array, int arrayIndex)
+        {
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem> kvp in this)
+                    array[arrayIndex++] = kvp;
+            });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add the specified key and value to the dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">Thrown if the key is already present in the dictionary.</exception>
+        public void Add(TKey key, TItem value)
+        {
+            Shield.AssertInTransaction();
+            if (ContainsKey(key))
+                throw new ArgumentException("The given key is already present in the dictionary.");
+            this[key] = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the dictionary contains the given key.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool ContainsKey(TKey key)
+        {
+            ItemKeeper v;
+            if (!Shield.IsInTransaction)
+                return _dict.TryGetValue(key, out v) && v != null && !v.Empty;
+
+            v = Read(key);
+            return v != null && !v.Empty;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the specified key from the collection.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool Remove(TKey key)
+        {
+            Shield.AssertInTransaction();
+            var keeper = PrepareWrite(key);
+            if (keeper != null)
+            {
+                var res = !keeper.Empty;
+                keeper.Empty = true;
+                return res;
+            }
+            var old = CurrentTransactionOldValue(key);
+            if (old == null || old.Empty)
+                return false;
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            locals.Items[key] = new ItemKeeper { Empty = true };
+            locals.HasChanges = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Safe read based on the key - returns true if the key is present, and
+        /// then also returns the value stored under that key through the out parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool TryGetValue(TKey key, out TItem value)
+        {
+            ItemKeeper v;
+            if (!Shield.IsInTransaction)
+            {
+                if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out v) && !v.Empty)
+                {
+                    value = v.Value;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                value = default(TItem);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            v = Read(key);
+            if (v != null && !v.Empty)
+            {
+                value = v.Value;
+                return true;
+            }
+            value = default(TItem);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a collection of all the keys in the dictionary. Can be used out of transactions.
+        /// The result is a copy, it will not be updated if the dictionary is later changed.
+        /// Like all enumerating operations on this type, it is not completely safe, unless
+        /// your transaction is read-only.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ICollection<TKey> Keys
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Shield.InTransaction(
+                    () => ((IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>)this)
+                        .Select(kvp => kvp.Key)
+                        .ToList());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a collection of all the values in the dictionary. Can be used out of transactions.
+        /// The result is a copy, it will not be updated if the dictionary is later changed.
+        /// Like all enumerating operations on this type, it is not completely safe, unless
+        /// your transaction is read-only.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ICollection<TItem> Values
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Shield.InTransaction(
+                    () => ((IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>)this)
+                        .Select(kvp => kvp.Value)
+                        .ToList());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `locals` last assigned on line 78 could be null and is dereferenced at line 79, column 9.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ShieldedDictNc`2<TKey,TItem>.CheckLockAndEnlist(TKey,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Shielded/ShieldedDictNc.cs
+
+### Key:
+ShieldedDictNc.cs|CheckLockAndEnlist|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cff514ccb90de40f899d1a804c0d1f8c
+
+### Hash:
+e03a9634a87a6f635c3f2b1ffb9df529
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0734/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0734/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f79937b3cc9b9adfe690b56234c4f848c8dc25b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0734/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Shielded
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Shielded;
+using Shielded.ProxyGen;
+
+namespace ConsoleTests
+{
+    public class SimpleEntity
+    {
+        public virtual int Id { get; set; }
+        public virtual void Commute(Action a) { a(); }
+    }
+
+    public class SmallEntity
+    {
+        public virtual int Id { get; set; }
+        public virtual int Value { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class MainClass
+    {
+        private static Stopwatch _timer;
+
+        public static long mtTest(string name, int taskCount, Func<int, Task> task)
+        {
+            if (_timer == null)
+                _timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            long time;
+            Console.Write("Test - {0}...", name);
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Task.WaitAll(
+                Enumerable.Range(0, taskCount)
+                    .Select(task)
+                    .ToArray());
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            return time;
+        }
+
+        public static void TimeTests()
+        {
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            int transactionCounter;
+            int sleepTime = 1;
+            int taskCount = 10000;
+
+            // a little warm up for Shielded
+            var warmUp = new Shielded<int>();
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => warmUp.Value = warmUp + 1);
+
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 5))
+            {
+                var x = new int[100];
+                transactionCounter = 0;
+                var time = mtTest("dirty write", taskCount, _ =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(100);
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                        int v = x[rnd];
+                        if (sleepTime > 0) Thread.Sleep(sleepTime);
+                        x[rnd] = v + 1;
+                    },
+                    sleepTime > 0 ? TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning : TaskCreationOptions.None
+                    );
+                });
+                var correct = x.Sum() == taskCount;
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    time, transactionCounter, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+
+            var lockCount = 100;
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 5))
+            {
+                var x = new int[100];
+                transactionCounter = 0;
+                var l = Enumerable.Repeat(0, lockCount).Select(_ => new object()).ToArray();
+                var time = mtTest(string.Format("{0} lock write", lockCount), taskCount, _ =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(100);
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        lock (l[rnd % lockCount])
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                            int v = x[rnd];
+                            if (sleepTime > 0) Thread.Sleep(sleepTime);
+                            x[rnd] = v + 1;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    sleepTime > 0 ? TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning : TaskCreationOptions.None
+                    );
+                });
+                var correct = x.Sum() == taskCount;
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    time, transactionCounter, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 5))
+            {
+                var shx = Enumerable.Repeat(0, 100).Select(n => new Shielded<int>(n)).ToArray();
+                transactionCounter = 0;
+                var time = mtTest("shielded2 write", taskCount, _ =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(100);
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                            int v = shx[rnd];
+                            if (sleepTime > 0) Thread.Sleep(sleepTime);
+                            shx[rnd].Value = v + 1;
+                        });
+                    },
+                    sleepTime > 0 ? TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning : TaskCreationOptions.None
+                    );
+                });
+                var correct = shx.Sum(s => s.Value) == taskCount;
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    time, transactionCounter, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void ParallelAddWithSaving()
+        {
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            int transactionCounter;
+            int taskCount = 1000;
+            int sleepTime = 1;
+            int commitEventHit = 0;
+            SmallEntity[] shx = null;
+            int[] shxClone = null;
+
+            using (Shield.WhenCommitting<SmallEntity>(ents => {
+                foreach (var ent in ents)
+                {
+                    Thread.Sleep((ent.Value * Interlocked.Increment(ref commitEventHit) * 31) & 0x3F);
+                    shxClone[ent.Id] = ent.Value;
+                }
+            }))
+            {
+                foreach (var i in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 10))
+                {
+                    shxClone = new int[100];
+                    shx = Enumerable.Repeat(0, 100)
+                        .Select((n, ind) => {
+                        var ent = Factory.NewShielded<SmallEntity>();
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                            ent.Id = ind;
+                        });
+                        return ent;
+                    }).ToArray();
+                    transactionCounter = 0;
+                    commitEventHit = 0;
+                    var time = mtTest("write with saving", taskCount, _ => {
+                        var rnd = randomizr.Next(100);
+                        return Task.Factory.StartNew(() => Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                            int v = shx[rnd].Value;
+                            if (sleepTime > 0)
+                                Thread.Sleep(sleepTime);
+                            shx[rnd].Value = v + 1;
+                        }), TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);
+                    });
+                    var correct = shx.Sum(s => s.Value) == taskCount &&
+                                  shx.All(s => s.Value == 0 || shxClone[s.Id] == s.Value);
+                    Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms - {1} reps, {2} commits, {3}.",
+                        time, transactionCounter, commitEventHit, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void OneTransaction()
+        {
+            Shielded<int> sh = new Shielded<int>();
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                int x = sh;
+                Console.WriteLine("Value: {0}", x);
+                sh.Modify((ref int a) => a = x + 1);
+                Console.WriteLine("Value after increment: {0}", sh.Value);
+            });
+        }
+
+
+        struct Account
+        {
+            public int Id;
+            public decimal Balance;
+            // beware - copies of this struct share this reference!
+            public List<Transfer> Transfers;
+        }
+
+        struct Transfer
+        {
+            public int OtherId;
+            public decimal AmountReceived;
+        }
+
+        static void ControlledRace()
+        {
+            var acc1 = new Shielded<Account>(new Account()
+            {
+                Id = 1,
+                Balance = 1000M,
+                Transfers = new List<Transfer>()
+            });
+            var acc2 = new Shielded<Account>(new Account()
+            {
+                Id = 2,
+                Balance = 1000M,
+                Transfers = new List<Transfer>()
+            });
+            int transactionCount = 0;
+
+            mtTest("controlled race", 20, n =>
+            {
+                if (n % 2 == 0)
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            Shield.SideEffect(() => Console.WriteLine("Transferred 100.00 .. acc1 -> acc2"),
+                                () => Console.WriteLine("Task 1 rollback!"));
+                            acc1.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance - 100M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc2.Value.Id, AmountReceived = -100M }));
+                            });
+                            Thread.Sleep(100);
+                            acc2.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance + 100M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc1.Value.Id, AmountReceived = 100M }));
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);
+                else
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            Shield.SideEffect(() => Console.WriteLine("Transferred 200.00 .. acc1 <- acc2"),
+                                () => Console.WriteLine("Task 2 rollback!"));
+                            acc2.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance - 200M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc1.Value.Id, AmountReceived = -200M }));
+                            });
+                            Thread.Sleep(250);
+                            acc1.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance + 200M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc2.Value.Id, AmountReceived = 200M }));
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);
+            });
+            Console.WriteLine("\nCompleted 20 transactions in {0} total attempts.", transactionCount);
+            Console.WriteLine("Account 1 balance: {0}", acc1.Value.Balance);
+            foreach (var t in acc1.Value.Transfers)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("  {0:####,00}", t.AmountReceived);
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine("\nAccount 2 balance: {0}", acc2.Value.Balance);
+            foreach (var t in acc2.Value.Transfers)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("  {0:####,00}", t.AmountReceived);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void DictionaryTest()
+        {
+            var dict = new ShieldedDictNc<int, Shielded<int>>();
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            while (true)
+            {
+                var transactionCounter = 0;
+                var time = mtTest("dictionary", 10000, i =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(10);
+                    if (i % 2 == 0)
+                        // adder task - 500 of these
+                        return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                        {
+                            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                            {
+                                Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                                var v = dict.ContainsKey(rnd) ? dict[rnd] : null;
+                                int? num = v != null ? (int?)v.Value : null;
+                                Thread.Sleep(1);
+                                if (v == null)
+                                    dict[rnd] = new Shielded<int>(1);
+                                else if (v.Value == -1)
+                                    dict.Remove(rnd);
+                                else
+                                    v.Modify((ref int a) => a = num.Value + 1);
+                            }
+                            );
+                        },
+                        TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning
+                        );
+                    else
+                        // subtractor task - 500 of these
+                        return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                        {
+                            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                            {
+                                Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                                var v = dict.ContainsKey(rnd) ? dict[rnd] : null;
+                                int? num = v != null ? (int?)v.Value : null;
+                                Thread.Sleep(1);
+                                if (v == null)
+                                    dict[rnd] = new Shielded<int>(-1);
+                                else if (v.Value == 1)
+                                    dict.Remove(rnd);
+                                else
+                                    v.Modify((ref int a) => a = num.Value - 1);
+                            }
+                            );
+                        },
+                        TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning
+                        );
+                });
+                var sum = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Sum(n => dict.ContainsKey(n) ? dict[n] : 0);
+                var zeroes = Shield.InTransaction(() => dict.Any(kvp => kvp.Value == 0));
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and sum {2}, {3}",
+                    time, transactionCounter, sum, zeroes ? "with zeroes!" : "no zeroes.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a BetShop, and tries to buy a large number of random tickets. Afterwards it
+        /// checks that the rule limiting same ticket winnings is not violated.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void BetShopTest()
+        {
+            int numEvents = 100;
+            var betShop = new BetShop(numEvents);
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            int reportEvery = 1000;
+            var lastReport = new Shielded<int>(0);
+            var lastTime = new Shielded<DateTime>(DateTime.UtcNow);
+            long time;
+
+            using (var reportingCond = Shield.Conditional(
+                () => betShop.Tickets.Count >= lastReport + reportEvery,
+                () => {
+                    DateTime newNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                    int count = betShop.Tickets.Count;
+                    int speed = (count - lastReport) * 1000 / (int)newNow.Subtract(lastTime).TotalMilliseconds;
+                    lastTime.Value = newNow;
+                    lastReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+                    Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+                    {
+                        Console.Write("\n{0} at {1} item/s", count, speed);
+                    });
+                }))
+            {
+                time = mtTest("bet shop w/ " + numEvents, 50000, i =>
+                {
+                    decimal payIn = (randomizr.Next(10) + 1m) * 1;
+                    int event1Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                    int event2Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                    int event3Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                    int offer1Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                    int offer2Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                    int offer3Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() => Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                    {
+                        var offer1 = betShop.Events[event1Id].BetOffers[offer1Ind];
+                        var offer2 = betShop.Events[event2Id].BetOffers[offer2Ind];
+                        var offer3 = betShop.Events[event3Id].BetOffers[offer3Ind];
+                        betShop.BuyTicket(payIn, offer1, offer2, offer3);
+                    }));
+                });
+            }
+            //}
+
+            var totalCorrect = betShop.VerifyTickets();
+            Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} tickets paid in and is {2}.",
+                time, betShop.Tickets.Count, totalCorrect ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+        }
+
+        public static void BetShopPoolTest()
+        {
+            int numThreads = 3;
+            int numTickets = 200000;
+            int numEvents = 100;
+            var barrier = new Barrier(2);
+            var betShop = new BetShop(numEvents);
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+
+            var bags = new List<Action>[numThreads];
+            var threads = new Thread[numThreads];
+            for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+            {
+                var bag = bags[i] = new List<Action>();
+                threads[i] = new Thread(() => {
+                    foreach (var a in bag)
+                        a();
+                });
+            }
+
+            var complete = new Shielded<int>();
+            IDisposable completeCond = null;
+            completeCond = Shield.Conditional(() => complete == numTickets, () => {
+                barrier.SignalAndWait();
+                completeCond.Dispose();
+            });
+
+            var reportEvery = 10000;
+            Shielded<int> lastReport = new Shielded<int>(0);
+            Shielded<DateTime> lastTime = new Shielded<DateTime>(DateTime.UtcNow);
+            using (Shield.Conditional(
+                () => betShop.Tickets.Count >= lastReport + reportEvery,
+                () => {
+                    DateTime newNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                    int count = betShop.Tickets.Count;
+                    int speed = (count - lastReport) * 1000 / (int)newNow.Subtract(lastTime).TotalMilliseconds;
+                    lastTime.Value = newNow;
+                    lastReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+                    Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+                            Console.Write("\n{0} at {1} item/s", count, speed));
+                }))
+            {
+                foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(0, numTickets))
+                {
+                    decimal payIn = (randomizr.Next(10) + 1m) * 1;
+                    int event1Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                    int event2Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                    int event3Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                    int offer1Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                    int offer2Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                    int offer3Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                    bags[i % numThreads].Add(() => Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        var offer1 = betShop.Events[event1Id].BetOffers[offer1Ind];
+                        var offer2 = betShop.Events[event2Id].BetOffers[offer2Ind];
+                        var offer3 = betShop.Events[event3Id].BetOffers[offer3Ind];
+                        betShop.BuyTicket(payIn, offer1, offer2, offer3);
+                        complete.Commute((ref int n) => n++);
+                    }));
+                }
+                _timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+                for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+                    threads[i].Start();
+                barrier.SignalAndWait();
+            }
+
+            var time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            var totalCorrect = betShop.VerifyTickets();
+            Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} tickets paid in and is {2}.",
+                time, betShop.Tickets.Count, totalCorrect ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+        }
+
+        class TreeItem
+        {
+            public Guid Id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        }
+
+        public static void TreePoolTest()
+        {
+            int numThreads = Environment.ProcessorCount;
+            int numItems = 500000;
+            var tree = new ShieldedTreeNc<Guid, TreeItem>();
+            var barrier = new Barrier(numThreads + 1);
+            var counter = 0;
+            int reportEvery = 10000;
+            var lastReport = 0;
+            long time;
+
+            TreeItem x = new TreeItem();
+
+            _timer = new Stopwatch();
+            _timer.Start();
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    var a = x.Id;
+                });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Empty transactions in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            var bags = new List<Action>[numThreads];
+            var threads = new Thread[numThreads];
+            for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+            {
+                var bag = bags[i] = new List<Action>();
+                threads[i] = new Thread(() => {
+                    foreach (var a in bag)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            a();
+                        }
+                        catch
+                        {
+                            Console.Write(" * ");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    barrier.SignalAndWait();
+                });
+            }
+
+            var lastTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(0, numItems))
+            {
+                var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                bags[i % numThreads].Add(() => Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    tree.Add(item1.Id, item1);
+                    Shield.SideEffect(() => {
+                        var last = lastReport;
+                        var count = Interlocked.Increment(ref counter);
+                        var newNow = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+                        if (count > last + reportEvery &&
+                            Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref lastReport, last + reportEvery, last) == last)
+                        {
+                            var speed = reportEvery * 1000 / (newNow - lastTime);
+                            lastTime = newNow; // risky, but safe ;)
+                            Console.Write("\n{0} at {1} item/s", last + reportEvery, speed);
+                        }
+                    });
+                }));
+            }
+            lastTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+                threads[i].Start();
+
+            barrier.SignalAndWait();
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms.", time);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\nReading sequentially...");
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            var keys = Shield.InTransaction(() => tree.Keys);
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Keys read in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                foreach (var kvp in tree)
+                    x = kvp.Value;
+            });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by enumerator in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                foreach (var kvp in tree.OrderBy(kvp => kvp.Key))
+                    x = kvp.Value;
+            });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by sorted enumerator in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                foreach (var k in keys)
+                    x = tree[k];
+            });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by key in one trans in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in keys)
+                x = tree[k];
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by key separately in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            keys.AsParallel().ForAll(k => x = tree[k]);
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by key in parallel in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => { var a = x.Id; });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Empty transactions in {0} ms.", time);
+        }
+
+        static long Timed(string name, int numRepeats, Action act)
+        {
+            var time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            act();
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            var front = string.Format("{0} in {1} ms, ", name, time);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0}{2}cost {1} us per rep.", front, time * 1000.0 / numRepeats,
+                string.Join(string.Empty, Enumerable.Repeat("\t", Math.Max(0, 5 - (front.Length / 8)))));
+            return time;
+        }
+
+        static void SimpleOps()
+        {
+            long time;
+            _timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            var numItems = 200000;
+            var repeatsPerTrans = 100;
+
+            Console.WriteLine(
+                "Testing simple ops with {0} iterations, and repeats per trans (N) = {1}",
+                numItems, repeatsPerTrans);
+
+            var accessTest = new Shielded<int>();
+
+            Timed("WARM UP", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        accessTest.Value = 3;
+                        var a = accessTest.Value;
+                        accessTest.Modify((ref int n) => n = 5);
+                        a = accessTest.Value;
+                    });
+            });
+
+            var emptyTime = Timed("empty transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => { });
+            });
+
+            var emptyReturningTime = Timed("1 out-of-t. read w/ result", numItems, () => {
+                // this version uses the generic, result-returning InTransaction, which involves creation
+                // of a closure, i.e. an allocation.
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => 5);
+            });
+
+
+            // the purpose here is to get a better picture of the expense of using Shielded. a more
+            // complex project would probably, during one transaction, repeatedly access the same
+            // field. does this cost much more than a single-access transaction? if it is the same
+            // field, then any significant extra expense is unacceptable.
+
+            var oneReadTime = Timed("1-read transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        var a = accessTest.Value;
+                    });
+            });
+
+            var nReadTime = Timed("N-reads transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        int a;
+                        for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                            a = accessTest.Value;
+                    });
+            });
+
+            var oneReadModifyTime = Timed("1-read-1-modify tr.", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        var a = accessTest.Value;
+                        accessTest.Modify((ref int n) => n = 1);
+                    });
+            });
+
+            // Assign is no longer commutable, for performance reasons. It is faster,
+            // particularly when repeated (almost 10 times), and you can see the difference
+            // that not reading the old value does.
+            var oneReadAssignTime = Timed("1-read-1-assign tr.", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        var a = accessTest.Value;
+                        accessTest.Value = 1;
+                    });
+            });
+
+
+            var oneModifyTime = Timed("1-modify transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => accessTest.Modify((ref int n) => n = 1));
+            });
+
+            var nModifyTime = Timed("N-modify transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                            accessTest.Modify((ref int n) => n = 1);
+                    });
+            });
+
+            var accessTest2 = new Shielded<int>();
+            var modifyModifyTime = Timed("modify-modify transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        accessTest.Modify((ref int n) => n = 1);
+                        accessTest2.Modify((ref int n) => n = 2);
+                    });
+            });
+
+            // here Modify is the first call, making all Reads as fast as can be,
+            // reading direct from local storage.
+            var oneModifyNReadTime = Timed("1-modify-N-reads tr.", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        accessTest.Modify((ref int n) => n = 1);
+                        int a;
+                        for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                            a = accessTest.Value;
+                    });
+            });
+
+
+            var oneAssignTime = Timed("1-assign transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => accessTest.Value = 1);
+            });
+
+            var nAssignTime = Timed("N-assigns transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                            accessTest.Value = 1;
+                    });
+            });
+
+
+            var oneCommuteTime = Timed("1-commute transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => accessTest.Commute((ref int n) => n = 1));
+            });
+
+            var nCommuteTime = Timed("N-commute transactions", numItems, () => {
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                            accessTest.Commute((ref int n) => n = 1);
+                    });
+            });
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\ncost of empty transaction = {0:0.000} us", emptyTime / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the closure in InTransaction<T> = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (emptyReturningTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the first read = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneReadTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of an additional read = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (nReadTime - oneReadTime) / ((repeatsPerTrans - 1) * numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of Modify after read = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneReadModifyTime - oneReadTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of Assign after read = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneReadAssignTime - oneReadTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the first Modify = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneModifyTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of an additional Modify = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (nModifyTime - oneModifyTime) / ((repeatsPerTrans - 1) * numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of a second, different Modify = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (modifyModifyTime - oneModifyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of a Value after Modify = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneModifyNReadTime - oneModifyTime) / (repeatsPerTrans * numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the first Assign = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneAssignTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of an additional Assign = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (nAssignTime - oneAssignTime) / ((repeatsPerTrans - 1) * numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the first commute = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneCommuteTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of an additional commute = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (nCommuteTime - oneCommuteTime) / ((repeatsPerTrans - 1) * numItems / 1000.0));
+        }
+
+        public static void SimpleProxyOps()
+        {
+            var entity = Factory.NewShielded<SimpleEntity>();
+
+            long time;
+            _timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            var numItems = 200000;
+            var repeatsPerTrans = 100;
+
+            Console.WriteLine(
+                "Testing simple proxy ops with {0} iterations, and repeats per trans (N) = {1}",
+                numItems, repeatsPerTrans);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    var a = entity.Id;
+                    entity.Id = 3;
+                });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("WARM UP in {0} ms.", time);
+
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => { });
+            var emptyTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("empty transactions in {0} ms.", emptyTime);
+
+            // this version uses the generic, result-returning InTransaction, which involves creation
+            // of a closure, i.e. an allocation.
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => 5);
+            var emptyReturningTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("1 non-transactional read w/ returning result in {0} ms.", emptyReturningTime);
+
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => { var a = entity.Id; });
+            var oneReadTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("1-read transactions in {0} ms.", oneReadTime);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    int a;
+                    for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                        a = entity.Id;
+                });
+            var nReadTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("N-reads transactions in {0} ms.", nReadTime);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    var a = entity.Id;
+                    entity.Id = 1;
+                });
+            var oneReadWriteTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("1-read-1-write transactions in {0} ms.", oneReadWriteTime);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => entity.Id = 1);
+            var oneWriteTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("1-write transactions in {0} ms.", oneWriteTime);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                        entity.Id = 1;
+                });
+            var nWriteTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("N-write transactions in {0} ms.", nWriteTime);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    entity.Id = 2;
+                    int a;
+                    for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                        a = entity.Id;
+                });
+            var oneWriteNReadTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("1-write-N-reads transactions in {0} ms.", oneWriteNReadTime);
+
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => entity.Commute(() => entity.Id = 1));
+            var oneCommuteTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("1-commute transactions in {0} ms.", oneCommuteTime);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < repeatsPerTrans; i++)
+                        entity.Commute(() => entity.Id = 1);
+                });
+            var nCommuteTime = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("N-commute transactions in {0} ms.", nCommuteTime);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\ncost of empty transaction = {0:0.000} us", emptyTime / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the closure in InTransaction<T> = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (emptyReturningTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the first read = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneReadTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of an additional read = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (nReadTime - oneReadTime) / ((repeatsPerTrans - 1) * numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of write after read = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneReadWriteTime - oneReadTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the first write = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneWriteTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of an additional write = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (nWriteTime - oneWriteTime) / ((repeatsPerTrans - 1) * numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of a read after write = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneWriteNReadTime - oneWriteTime) / (repeatsPerTrans * numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of the first commute = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (oneCommuteTime - emptyTime) / (numItems / 1000.0));
+            Console.WriteLine("cost of an additional commute = {0:0.000} us",
+                              (nCommuteTime - oneCommuteTime) / ((repeatsPerTrans - 1) * numItems / 1000.0));
+        }
+
+        public static void MultiFieldOps()
+        {
+            long time;
+            _timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            var numTrans = 100000;
+            var fields = 20;
+
+            Console.WriteLine(
+                "Testing multi-field ops with {0} iterations, and nuber of fields (N) = {1}",
+                numTrans, fields);
+
+            var accessTest = new Shielded<int>[fields];
+            for (int i = 0; i < fields; i++)
+                accessTest[i] = new Shielded<int>();
+            var dummy = new Shielded<int>();
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numTrans))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                    dummy.Value = 3;
+                    var a = dummy.Value;
+                    dummy.Modify((ref int n) => n = 5);
+                    a = dummy.Value;
+                });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("WARM UP in {0} ms.", time);
+
+
+            var results = new long[fields];
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(0, fields))
+            {
+                time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+                foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numTrans))
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                        for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++)
+                            accessTest[j].Modify((ref int n) => n = 1);
+                    });
+                results[i] = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+                Console.WriteLine("{0} field modifiers in {1} ms.", i + 1, results[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void TreeTest()
+        {
+            int numTasks = 100000;
+
+            var tree = new ShieldedTreeNc<Guid, TreeItem>();
+            int transactionCount = 0;
+            Shielded<int> lastReport = new Shielded<int>(0);
+            Shielded<int> countComplete = new Shielded<int>(0);
+
+            if (true)
+            {
+                var treeTime = mtTest("tree", numTasks, i =>
+                {
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            //Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            tree.Add(item1.Id, item1);
+//                            countComplete.Commute((ref int c) => c++);
+                        }
+                        );
+                    }
+                    );
+                }
+                );
+                Guid? previous = null;
+                bool correct = true;
+                Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                {
+                    int count = 0;
+                    foreach (var item in tree)
+                    {
+                        count++;
+                        if (previous != null && previous.Value.CompareTo(item.Key) > 0)
+                        {
+                            correct = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        previous = item.Key;
+                    }
+                    correct = correct && (count == numTasks);
+                }
+                );
+                Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    treeTime, transactionCount, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+
+            if (true)
+            {
+                var dict = new ShieldedDictNc<Guid, TreeItem>();
+                transactionCount = 0;
+                Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                {
+                    countComplete.Value = 0;
+                    lastReport.Value = 0;
+                }
+                );
+
+                var time = mtTest("dictionary", numTasks, i =>
+                {
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            //Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            dict[item1.Id] = item1;
+//                            countComplete.Commute((ref int c) => c++);
+                        }
+                        );
+                    }
+                    );
+                }
+                );
+                Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations. Not sorted.",
+                time, transactionCount);
+            }
+
+            if (true)
+            {
+                ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, TreeItem> dict = new ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, TreeItem>();
+
+                var time = mtTest("ConcurrentDictionary", numTasks, i =>
+                {
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                        dict[item1.Id] = item1;
+                    }
+                    );
+                }
+                );
+                Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations. Not sorted.",
+                time, numTasks);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void SkewTest()
+        {
+            var numTasks = 1000;
+            var numFields = 10;
+            var transactionCount = 0;
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            var shA = Enumerable.Repeat(0, numFields).Select(_ => new Shielded<int>(100)).ToArray();
+            var shB = Enumerable.Repeat(0, numFields).Select(_ => new Shielded<int>(100)).ToArray();
+
+            var time = mtTest("skew write", numTasks, i =>
+            {
+                int index = randomizr.Next(numFields << 1);
+                int amount = randomizr.Next(10) + 1;
+                return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                {
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                    {
+                        Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                        // take one from one of the arrays, but only if it does not take sum under 100
+                        var sum = shA[index >> 1] + shB[index >> 1];
+                        if (sum - amount >= 100)
+                        {
+                            //Thread.Sleep(10);
+                            if ((index & 1) == 0)
+                                shA[index >> 1].Modify((ref int n) => n = n - amount);
+                            else
+                                shB[index >> 1].Modify((ref int n) => n = n - amount);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    );
+                },
+                TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning
+                );
+            }
+            );
+            // it's correct if no sum is smaller than 100
+            var correct = true;
+            for (int j = 0; j < numFields; j++)
+                if (shA[j] + shB[j] < 100)
+                {
+                    correct = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                time, transactionCount, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+        }
+
+        private class Dummy
+        {
+            public int Value;
+        }
+
+        public static void SimpleTreeTest()
+        {
+            ShieldedTree<int, Dummy> tree = new ShieldedTree<int, Dummy>();
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(1, 2000))
+                {
+                    tree.Add(1000 - i, new Dummy() { Value = 1000 - i });
+                    tree.Add(1000 - i, new Dummy() { Value = 1000 - i });
+                }
+            });
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(1, 1000).Select(x => x << 1))
+                {
+                    tree.Remove(1000 - i);
+                }
+            });
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                foreach (var kvp in tree.Range(505, 525))
+                    Console.WriteLine("Item: {0}", kvp.Key);
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static void SimpleCommuteTest()
+        {
+            var a = new Shielded<int>();
+
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => a.Commute((ref int n) => n++));
+            Console.WriteLine(a);
+
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(a);
+                a.Commute((ref int n) => n++);
+                Console.WriteLine(a);
+            });
+            Console.WriteLine(a);
+
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                a.Commute((ref int n) => n++);
+                Console.WriteLine(a);
+            });
+            Console.WriteLine(a);
+        }
+
+        public static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            //TimeTests();
+
+            //ParallelAddWithSaving();
+
+            //OneTransaction();
+
+            //ControlledRace();
+
+            //DictionaryTest();
+
+            //BetShopTest();
+
+            //BetShopPoolTest();
+
+            //TreeTest();
+
+            //TreePoolTest();
+
+            //SimpleOps();
+
+            //MultiFieldOps();
+
+            //SimpleProxyOps();
+
+            //SkewTest();
+
+            //SimpleTreeTest();
+
+            //SimpleCommuteTest();
+
+            new Queue().Run();
+
+            //SequentialTests.Run();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of ConsoleTests.Queue::.ctor() at Line 1179).ConsoleTests.Queue._barrier of type System.Threading.Barrier in method "Void MainClass.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MainClass.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+ConsoleTests/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+82f9ea87deb5f68012c38e845c9ee96a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0742/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0742/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7032adb199e0aa4ad15a590b32ce5fef55a1899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0742/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DemoCode
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright 2016 Jon Skeet. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache License 2.0, as found in the LICENSE.txt file.
+using System;
+
+namespace CSharp7
+{
+    class RefReturn
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            var rng = new Random();
+            int a = 0, b = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
+            {
+                GetRandomVariable(rng, ref a, ref b)++;
+                Console.WriteLine($"a={a}, b={b}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        static ref int GetRandomVariable(Random rng, ref int x, ref int y)
+        {
+            if (rng.NextDouble() >= 0.5)
+            {
+                return ref x;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return ref y;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+STACK_VARIABLE_ADDRESS_ESCAPE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Address of stack variable `x` is returned by the function.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Int32& RefReturn.GetRandomVariable(Random,Int32&,Int32&)
+
+### File:
+CSharp7/CSharp7/RefReturn.cs
+
+### Key:
+RefReturn.cs|GetRandomVariable|STACK_VARIABLE_ADDRESS_ESCAPE
+
+### Hash:
+457dacc9540bac12cb21ec7b525833ab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Stack Variable Address Escape
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0745/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0745/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da24bd9ebed44ab63027ab02940e7c049b59dbcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0745/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ClashRoyale
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Timers;
+using ClashRoyale.Battles.Logic.Session;
+using SharpRaven.Data;
+
+namespace ClashRoyale.Battles.Core
+{
+    public class Sessions : Dictionary<long, Session>
+    {
+        private readonly object _syncObject = new object();
+        private readonly Timer _timer = new Timer(10000);
+
+        public Sessions()
+        {
+            _timer.Elapsed += TimerCallback;
+            _timer.Start();
+        }
+
+        public void Add(SessionContext ctx, long sessionId)
+        {
+            lock (_syncObject)
+            {
+                if (!ContainsKey(sessionId))
+                {
+                    var session = new Session
+                    {
+                        Id = sessionId
+                    };
+
+                    session.Add(ctx);
+                    ctx.Session = session;
+
+                    Add(sessionId, session);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var session = Get(sessionId);
+                    session.Add(ctx);
+                    ctx.Session = session;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public new void Remove(long sessionId)
+        {
+            lock (_syncObject)
+            {
+                if (ContainsKey(sessionId))
+                {
+                    base.Remove(sessionId);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Session Get(long sessionId)
+        {
+            lock (_syncObject)
+            {
+                return ContainsKey(sessionId) ? this[sessionId] : null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void TimerCallback(object state, ElapsedEventArgs args)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                lock (_syncObject)
+                {
+                    foreach (var session in Values.ToArray())
+                    {
+                        foreach (var ctx in session.ToArray())
+                        {
+                            if (ctx.Active) continue;
+                            session.Remove(ctx);
+                        }
+
+                        if (session.Count == 0)
+                        {
+                            Remove(session.Id);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception exception)
+            {
+                Logger.Log(exception, null, ErrorLevel.Debug);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `session` last assigned on line 39 could be null and is dereferenced at line 40, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Sessions.Add(SessionContext,Int64)
+
+### File:
+src/ClashRoyale.Battles/Core/Sessions.cs
+
+### Key:
+Sessions.cs|Add|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f12004af86bc692e0983547f0c7b710
+
+### Hash:
+237bd2382ebecbef52cd5b1eaf424f3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0773/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0773/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..157f7da2c94d204484d497ce320d381110af64ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0773/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bzTorrent
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Demo
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Net.Torrent;
+    using System.Net.Torrent.Data;
+    using System.Net.Torrent.IO;
+    using System.Text;
+    using System.Threading;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            Encoding.RegisterProvider(CodePagesEncodingProvider.Instance);
+
+            DecodeTorrentToMeta();
+
+            TestMagnetLink();
+
+            TestMagnetLinkUDP();
+
+            TestAsyncMagnetLinkUDP();
+
+            TestAsyncMagnetLink();
+
+            AnnounceTorrentUDP();
+            AnnounceTorrentUDP();
+
+            AnnounceTorrent();
+
+            ScrapeTorrent();
+
+            TestPeerWireClient();
+        }
+
+        static void DecodeTorrentToMeta()
+        {
+            var meta = Metadata.FromFile("TestTorrents\\ubuntu-18.04-desktop-amd64.iso.torrent");
+        }
+
+        static void TestMagnetLink()
+        {
+            var ubuntuMagnetLink = "magnet:?xt=urn:btih:e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe&dn=ubuntu-18.04-desktop-amd64.iso&tr=http://torrent.ubuntu.com:6969/announce";
+
+            var magnetLink = MagnetLink.Resolve(ubuntuMagnetLink);
+        }
+        static void TestMagnetLinkUDP()
+        {
+            var ubuntuMagnetLink = "magnet:?xt=urn:btih:e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe&dn=ubuntu-18.04-desktop-amd64.iso&tr=udp://tracker.opentrackr.org:1337/announce";
+
+            var magnetLink = MagnetLink.Resolve(ubuntuMagnetLink);
+        }
+
+        static void TestAsyncMagnetLinkUDP()
+        {
+            var ubuntuMagnetLink = "magnet:?xt=urn:btih:e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe&dn=ubuntu-18.04-desktop-amd64.iso&tr=udp://tracker.opentrackr.org:1337/announce";
+
+            var magnetMetadata = MagnetLink.ResolveToMetadata(ubuntuMagnetLink);
+
+            foreach (var item in magnetMetadata.AnnounceList)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(item);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestAsyncMagnetLink()
+        {
+            var ubuntuMagnetLink = "magnet:?xt=urn:btih:e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe&dn=ubuntu-18.04-desktop-amd64.iso&tr=http://torrent.ubuntu.com:6969/announce";
+
+            var magnetMetadata = MagnetLink.ResolveToMetadata(ubuntuMagnetLink);
+
+            foreach (var item in magnetMetadata.AnnounceList)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(item);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void AnnounceTorrentUDP()
+        {
+            var scraper = new UDPTrackerClient(15);
+            var peers = scraper.Announce("udp://tracker.opentrackr.org:1337/announce", "e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe", "-LW2222-011345223110");
+        }
+
+        static void AnnounceTorrent()
+        {
+            var scraper = new HTTPTrackerClient(15);
+            var peers = scraper.Announce("http://torrent.ubuntu.com:6969/announce", "e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe", "-LW2222-011345223110");
+        }
+
+        static void ScrapeTorrent()
+        {
+            var scraper = new HTTPTrackerClient(15);
+            var announce = scraper.Scrape("http://torrent.ubuntu.com:6969/announce", new string[] { "e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe" });
+        }
+
+        static void TestPeerWireClient()
+        {
+            //create a socket with chosen protocol
+            var socket = new WireIO.Tcp();
+
+            //create a client with that socket
+            var client = new PeerWireClient(socket);
+
+            //connect to the remote host
+            client.Connect("127.0.0.1", 63516);
+
+            //perform handshake
+            client.Handshake("e4be9e4db876e3e3179778b03e906297be5c8dbe", "-ST2222-011345223110");
+
+            //implement events
+
+            //process until return false
+            while(client.Process())
+            {
+                Thread.Sleep(10);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource socket.System.Net.Torrent.IO.WireIO$Tcp._socket of type System.Net.Sockets.Socket in method "Void Program.TestPeerWireClient()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.TestPeerWireClient()
+
+### File:
+Demo/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|TestPeerWireClient|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+6de02d3ef460473e2cdeff084eb03d3b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0774/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0774/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..195f0b35ef043bea014047e22309d00efef54777
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0774/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bzTorrent
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Net.Torrent.Data;
+using System.Net.Torrent.Helpers;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace System.Net.Torrent.IO
+{
+	public class PeerWireTCPConnection : IPeerConnection
+	{
+		private readonly Socket socket;
+		private bool receiving = false;
+		private byte[] currentPacketBuffer = null;
+		private const int socketBufferSize = 16 * 1024;
+		private readonly byte[] socketBuffer = new byte[socketBufferSize];
+		private readonly Queue<PeerWirePacket> receiveQueue = new();
+		private readonly Queue<PeerWirePacket> sendQueue = new();
+		private PeerClientHandshake incomingHandshake = null;
+
+		public int Timeout
+		{
+			get => socket.ReceiveTimeout / 1000;
+			set {
+				socket.ReceiveTimeout = value * 1000;
+				socket.SendTimeout = value * 1000;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool Connected
+		{
+			get => socket.Connected && incomingHandshake != null;
+		}
+
+		public PeerClientHandshake RemoteHandshake { get => incomingHandshake; }
+
+		public PeerWireTCPConnection()
+		{
+			socket = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp);
+			socket.NoDelay = true;
+		}
+
+		public PeerWireTCPConnection(Socket socket)
+		{
+			this.socket = socket;
+
+			if (socket.AddressFamily != AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentException("AddressFamily of socket must be InterNetwork");
+			}
+
+			if (socket.SocketType != SocketType.Stream)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentException("SocketType of socket must be Stream");
+			}
+
+			if (socket.ProtocolType != ProtocolType.Tcp)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentException("ProtocolType of socket must be Tcp");
+			}
+
+			socket.NoDelay = true;
+		}
+
+		public void Connect(IPEndPoint endPoint)
+		{
+			socket.Connect(endPoint);
+		}
+
+		public void Disconnect()
+		{
+			if (socket.Connected)
+			{
+				socket.Disconnect(true);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool Process()
+		{
+			if (receiving == false)
+			{
+				receiving = true;
+				socket.BeginReceive(socketBuffer, 0, socketBufferSize, SocketFlags.None, ReceiveCallback, this);
+			}
+
+			foreach (var packet in sendQueue)
+			{
+				
+			}
+
+			return Connected;
+		}
+
+		public void Send(PeerWirePacket packet)
+		{
+			sendQueue.Enqueue(packet);
+		}
+
+		public PeerWirePacket Receive()
+		{
+			if (receiveQueue.TryDequeue(out var packet))
+			{
+				return packet;
+			}
+
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		public void Handshake(PeerClientHandshake handshake)
+		{
+			var infoHashBytes = PackHelper.Hex(handshake.InfoHash);
+			var protocolHeaderBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(handshake.ProtocolHeader);
+			var peerIdBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(handshake.PeerId);
+
+			var sendBuf = (new byte[] { (byte)protocolHeaderBytes.Length }).Cat(protocolHeaderBytes).Cat(handshake.ReservedBytes).Cat(infoHashBytes).Cat(peerIdBytes);
+			socket.Send(sendBuf);
+		}
+
+		private void ReceiveCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
+		{
+			var dataLength = socket.EndReceive(asyncResult);
+
+			if(incomingHandshake == null)
+			{
+				if (dataLength == 0)
+				{
+					receiving = false;
+					return;
+				}
+
+				var protocolStrLen = socketBuffer[0];
+				var protocolStrBytes = socketBuffer.GetBytes(1, protocolStrLen);
+				var reservedBytes = socketBuffer.GetBytes(1 + protocolStrLen, 8);
+				var infoHashBytes = socketBuffer.GetBytes(1 + protocolStrLen + 8, 20);
+				var peerIdBytes = socketBuffer.GetBytes(1 + protocolStrLen + 28, 20);
+
+				var protocolStr = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(protocolStrBytes);
+
+				if(protocolStr != "BitTorrent protocol")
+				{
+					//throw exception
+				}
+
+				incomingHandshake = new PeerClientHandshake
+				{
+					ReservedBytes = reservedBytes,
+					ProtocolHeader = protocolStr,
+					InfoHash = UnpackHelper.Hex(infoHashBytes),
+					PeerId = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(peerIdBytes)
+				};
+
+				receiving = false;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (currentPacketBuffer == null)
+			{
+				currentPacketBuffer = new byte[0];
+			}
+
+			currentPacketBuffer = currentPacketBuffer.Cat(socketBuffer.GetBytes(0, dataLength));
+
+			var advanceBytes = ParsePackets(currentPacketBuffer);
+
+			currentPacketBuffer = currentPacketBuffer.GetBytes(advanceBytes);
+
+			receiving = false;
+		}
+
+		private int ParsePackets(byte[] currentPacketBuffer)
+		{
+			var parsedBytes = 0;
+			PeerWirePacket packet;
+
+			do
+			{
+				packet = ParsePacket(currentPacketBuffer);
+
+				parsedBytes += packet.PacketByteLength;
+
+				receiveQueue.Enqueue(packet);
+			} while (packet != null);
+
+			return parsedBytes;
+		}
+
+		private PeerWirePacket ParsePacket(byte[] currentPacketBuffer)
+		{
+			var newPacket = new PeerWirePacket();
+
+			if (newPacket.Parse(currentPacketBuffer))
+			{
+				return newPacket;
+			}
+
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`packet` could be null (from the call to `PeerWireTCPConnection.ParsePacket(...)` on line 177) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Int32 PeerWireTCPConnection.ParsePackets(Byte[])
+
+### File:
+System.Net.Torrent/IO/PeerWireTCPConnection.cs
+
+### Key:
+PeerWireTCPConnection.cs|ParsePackets|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+2f3bb8ed08477395da240e752d89fcd1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0787/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0787/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86a5609d83dbfdad7541cde3b5ea3f65d545fe48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0787/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hass-workstation-service
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using hass_workstation_service.Communication;
+using Microsoft.Win32;
+using OpenCvSharp;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace hass_workstation_service.Domain.Sensors
+{
+    public enum DetectionMode
+    {
+        Registry,
+        OpenCV
+    }
+    public class WebcamActiveSensor : AbstractSensor
+    {
+        public DetectionMode DetectionMode { get; private set; }
+        public WebcamActiveSensor(MqttPublisher publisher, int? updateInterval = null, string name = "WebcamActive", DetectionMode detectionMode = DetectionMode.Registry,  Guid id = default(Guid)) : base(publisher, name, updateInterval ?? 10, id)
+        {
+            this.DetectionMode = detectionMode;
+        }
+        public override string GetState()
+        {
+            switch (this.DetectionMode)
+            {
+                case DetectionMode.Registry:
+                    return IsWebCamInUseRegistry() ? "True" : "False";
+                case DetectionMode.OpenCV:
+                    return IsWebCamInUseOpenCV() ? "True" : "False";
+                default:
+                    return "Error";
+            }
+            
+        }
+        public override AutoDiscoveryConfigModel GetAutoDiscoveryConfig()
+        {
+            return this._autoDiscoveryConfigModel ?? SetAutoDiscoveryConfigModel(new AutoDiscoveryConfigModel()
+            {
+                Name = this.Name,
+                Unique_id = this.Id.ToString(),
+                Device = this.Publisher.DeviceConfigModel,
+                State_topic = $"homeassistant/sensor/{Publisher.DeviceConfigModel.Name}/{this.Name}/state",
+                Icon = "mdi:webcam",
+            });
+        }
+
+        private bool IsWebCamInUseOpenCV()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                VideoCapture capture = new VideoCapture(0);
+                OutputArray image = OutputArray.Create(new Mat());
+
+                // capture.Read() return false if it doesn't succeed in capturing
+                if (capture.Read(image))
+                {
+                    capture.Release();
+                    capture.Dispose();
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    capture.Release();
+                    capture.Dispose();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool IsWebCamInUseRegistry()
+        {
+            using (var key = Registry.LocalMachine.OpenSubKey(@"SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\CapabilityAccessManager\ConsentStore\webcam\NonPackaged"))
+            {
+                foreach (var subKeyName in key.GetSubKeyNames())
+                {
+                    using (var subKey = key.OpenSubKey(subKeyName))
+                    {
+                        if (subKey.GetValueNames().Contains("LastUsedTimeStop"))
+                        {
+                            var endTime = subKey.GetValue("LastUsedTimeStop") is long ? (long)subKey.GetValue("LastUsedTimeStop") : -1;
+                            if (endTime <= 0)
+                            {
+                                return true;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of OpenCvSharp.Mat::.ctor() at Line 51) of type OpenCvSharp.Mat in method "Boolean WebcamActiveSensor.IsWebCamInUseOpenCV()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean WebcamActiveSensor.IsWebCamInUseOpenCV()
+
+### File:
+hass-workstation-service/Domain/Sensors/WebcamActiveSensor.cs
+
+### Key:
+WebcamActiveSensor.cs|IsWebCamInUseOpenCV|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+56b799a944322661957d44d02d86dbfa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0910/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0910/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eddf02d737283715fd72c51f22a3624642a7959d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0910/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pusher-http-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using PusherServer.Exceptions;
+using PusherServer.Tests.Helpers;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace PusherServer.Tests.AcceptanceTests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_an_Event_on_a_single_Channel
+    {
+        IPusher _pusher;
+
+        [OneTimeSetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            PusherClient.Pusher.Trace.Listeners.Add(new ConsoleTraceListener(true));
+            _pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response_async()
+        {
+            ITriggerResult asyncResult = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, asyncResult.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [Ignore("This test requires a node that support batch triggers, which isn't available on the default")]
+        public async Task it_should_expose_the_event_id_async()
+        {
+            var waiting = new AutoResetEvent(false);
+
+            ITriggerResult asyncResult = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+
+            waiting.Set();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(string.IsNullOrEmpty(asyncResult.EventIds["my-channel"]));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_be_received_by_a_client_async()
+        {
+            string channelName = "my_channel";
+            string eventName = "my_event";
+
+            bool eventReceived = false;
+            AutoResetEvent reset = new AutoResetEvent(false);
+
+            var client = new PusherClient.Pusher(Config.AppKey)
+            {
+                Host = Config.WebSocketHost,
+            };
+            client.Connected += new PusherClient.ConnectedEventHandler(delegate (object sender)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine("connected");
+                reset.Set();
+            });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("connecting");
+            client.Connect();
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("waiting to connect");
+            reset.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("subscribing");
+            var channel = client.Subscribe(channelName);
+            channel.Subscribed += new PusherClient.SubscriptionEventHandler(delegate (object s)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine("subscribed");
+                reset.Set();
+            });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("waiting for Subscribed");
+            reset.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("binding");
+            channel.Bind(eventName, delegate (dynamic data)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine("event received");
+                eventReceived = true;
+                reset.Set();
+            });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("Bound. Triggering");
+            await _pusher.TriggerAsync(channelName, eventName, new { hello = "world" });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("waiting for event to be received");
+            reset.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(eventReceived);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task it_can_trigger_an_event_with_a_percent_in_the_message_async()
+        {
+            string fileName = Path.Combine(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location, @"../../../../AcceptanceTests/percent-message.json");
+            var eventJSON = File.ReadAllText(fileName);
+            var message = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(eventJSON);
+
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", message);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(EventDataSizeExceededException))]
+        public async Task It_should_fail_for_an_event_data_size_greater_than_10KB_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+            int size = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT + 1;
+            List<Event> largeEvent = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 1, eventSizeInBytes: size);
+            try
+            {
+                await pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", largeEvent[0]);
+            }
+            catch(EventDataSizeExceededException e)
+            {
+                Assert.AreEqual("my-channel", e.ChannelName, nameof(e.ChannelName));
+                Assert.AreEqual("my_event", e.EventName, nameof(e.EventName));
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_an_Event_on_a_multiple_Channels
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost
+            });
+
+            ITriggerResult asyncResult = await pusher.TriggerAsync(new string[] { "my-channel-1", "my-channel-2" }, "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, asyncResult.StatusCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_a_Batch_of_Events
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+
+            List<Event> events = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 9, eventSizeInBytes: 84);
+            int size = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT;
+            List<Event> largeEvent = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 1, eventSizeInBytes: size);
+            events.AddRange(largeEvent);
+
+            var result = await pusher.TriggerAsync(events.ToArray());
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(EventDataSizeExceededException))]
+        public async Task It_should_fail_for_an_event_data_size_greater_than_10KB_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+
+            List<Event> events = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 9, eventSizeInBytes: 84);
+            int size = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT + 1;
+            List<Event> largeEvent = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 1, eventSizeInBytes: size);
+            events.AddRange(largeEvent);
+
+            try
+            {
+                await pusher.TriggerAsync(events.ToArray());
+            }
+            catch (EventDataSizeExceededException e)
+            {
+                Assert.AreEqual("testChannel", e.ChannelName, nameof(e.ChannelName));
+                Assert.AreEqual("testEvent", e.EventName, nameof(e.EventName));
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(EventBatchSizeExceededException))]
+        public async Task It_should_fail_for_a_batch_size_greater_than_10_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+
+            List<Event> events = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 11, eventSizeInBytes: 92);
+            await pusher.TriggerAsync(events.ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_an_Event_over_HTTPS
+    {
+        IPusher _pusher = null;
+
+        [OneTimeSetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            PusherClient.Pusher.Trace.Listeners.Add(new ConsoleTraceListener(true));
+
+            _pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                Encrypted = true,
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response()
+        {
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [Ignore("This test requires a node that support batch triggers, which isn't available on the default")]
+        public async Task It_should_expose_a_single_event_id_when_publishing_to_a_single_channel()
+        {
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("ch1", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch1"));
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, result.EventIds.Count);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [Ignore("This test requires a node that support batch triggers, which isn't available on the default")]
+        public async Task It_should_expose_a_multiple_event_ids_when_publishing_to_multiple_channels()
+        {
+            var channels = new string[] { "ch1", "ch2", "ch3" };
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync(channels, "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch1"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch2"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch3"));
+            Assert.AreEqual(channels.Length, result.EventIds.Count);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener::.ctor() at Line 229) of type System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener in method "Void When_Triggering_an_Event_over_HTTPS.Setup()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void When_Triggering_an_Event_over_HTTPS.Setup()
+
+### File:
+PusherServer.Tests/AcceptanceTests/Trigger.cs
+
+### Key:
+Trigger.cs|Setup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4cb894351c292638587235dfc40e957a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0917/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0917/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79afce63ddb8dda4e06300ea6c32d5b7c2b5a76e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0917/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sendgrid-csharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SendGridMail;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class TestHeader
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void TestAddTo()
+        {
+            var foo = new Mock<IHeader>();
+            foo.Setup(m => m.Enable("foo"));
+
+            var bar = new SendGrid(foo.Object);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, 2, "I suck");
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource bar.SendGridMail.SendGrid.message of type System.Net.Mail.MailMessage in method "Void TestHeader.TestAddTo()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TestHeader.TestAddTo()
+
+### File:
+SendGrid/Tests/TestHeader.cs
+
+### Key:
+TestHeader.cs|TestAddTo|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+16959e545f5a6c06f5ca36c611cbdf0c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0919/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0919/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc9c89de6fbaea8e73b5f649daf3f77e09e7e9af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0919/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1039 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jitterphysics
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/* Copyright (C) <2009-2011> <Thorben Linneweber, Jitter Physics>
+* 
+*  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+*  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+*  arising from the use of this software.
+*
+*  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+*  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+*  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+*
+*  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+*      claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+*      in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+*      appreciated but is not required.
+*  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+*      misrepresented as being the original software.
+*  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. 
+*/
+
+#region Using Statements
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+using Jitter.Dynamics;
+using Jitter.LinearMath;
+using Jitter.Collision.Shapes;
+using Jitter.Collision;
+using Jitter.Dynamics.Constraints;
+using Jitter.DataStructures;
+#endregion
+
+namespace Jitter
+{
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This class brings 'dynamics' and 'collisions' together. It handles
+    /// all bodies and constraints.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class World
+    {
+        public delegate void WorldStep(float timestep);
+
+        public class WorldEvents
+        {
+            // Post&Prestep
+            public event WorldStep PreStep;
+            public event WorldStep PostStep;
+
+            // Add&Remove
+            public event Action<RigidBody> AddedRigidBody;
+            public event Action<RigidBody> RemovedRigidBody;
+            public event Action<Constraint> AddedConstraint;
+            public event Action<Constraint> RemovedConstraint;
+            public event Action<SoftBody> AddedSoftBody;
+            public event Action<SoftBody> RemovedSoftBody;
+
+            // Collision
+            public event Action<RigidBody, RigidBody> BodiesBeginCollide;
+            public event Action<RigidBody, RigidBody> BodiesEndCollide;
+            public event Action<Contact> ContactCreated;
+
+            // Deactivation
+            public event Action<RigidBody> DeactivatedBody;
+            public event Action<RigidBody> ActivatedBody;
+
+            internal WorldEvents() { }
+
+            #region Raise Events
+            internal void RaiseWorldPreStep(float timestep)
+            {
+                if (PreStep != null) PreStep(timestep);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseWorldPostStep(float timestep)
+            {
+                if (PostStep != null) PostStep(timestep);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedRigidBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (AddedRigidBody != null) AddedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedRigidBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (RemovedRigidBody != null) RemovedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+            {
+                if (AddedConstraint != null) AddedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+            {
+                if (RemovedConstraint != null) RemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedSoftBody(SoftBody body)
+            {
+                if (AddedSoftBody != null) AddedSoftBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedSoftBody(SoftBody body)
+            {
+                if (RemovedSoftBody != null) RemovedSoftBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseBodiesBeginCollide(RigidBody body1,RigidBody body2)
+            {
+                if (BodiesBeginCollide != null) BodiesBeginCollide(body1,body2);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseBodiesEndCollide(RigidBody body1, RigidBody body2)
+            {
+                if (BodiesEndCollide != null) BodiesEndCollide(body1,body2);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseActivatedBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (ActivatedBody != null) ActivatedBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseDeactivatedBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (DeactivatedBody != null) DeactivatedBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseContactCreated(Contact contact)
+            {
+                if (ContactCreated != null) ContactCreated(contact);
+            }
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private ContactSettings contactSettings = new ContactSettings();
+
+        private float inactiveAngularThresholdSq = 0.1f;
+        private float inactiveLinearThresholdSq = 0.1f;
+        private float deactivationTime = 2f;
+
+        private float angularDamping = 0.85f;
+        private float linearDamping = 0.85f;
+
+        private int contactIterations = 10;
+        private int smallIterations = 4;
+        private float timestep = 0.0f;
+
+        private Jitter.Collision.IslandManager islands = new IslandManager();
+
+        private HashSet<RigidBody> rigidBodies = new HashSet<RigidBody>();
+        private HashSet<Constraint> constraints = new HashSet<Constraint>();
+        private HashSet<SoftBody> softbodies = new HashSet<SoftBody>();
+
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<RigidBody> RigidBodies { get; private set; }
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<Constraint> Constraints { get; private set; }
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<SoftBody> SoftBodies { get; private set; }
+
+        private WorldEvents events = new WorldEvents();
+        public WorldEvents Events { get { return events; } }
+
+        private ThreadManager threadManager = ThreadManager.Instance;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Holds a list of <see cref="Arbiter"/>. All currently
+        /// active arbiter in the <see cref="World"/> are stored in this map.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ArbiterMap ArbiterMap { get { return arbiterMap; } }
+        private ArbiterMap arbiterMap;
+
+        private Queue<Arbiter> removedArbiterQueue = new Queue<Arbiter>();
+        private Queue<Arbiter> addedArbiterQueue = new Queue<Arbiter>();
+
+        private JVector gravity = new JVector(0, -9.81f, 0);
+
+        public ContactSettings ContactSettings { get { return contactSettings; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a read only collection of the <see cref="Jitter.Collision.CollisionIsland"/> objects managed by
+        /// this class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ReadOnlyCollection<CollisionIsland> Islands { get { return islands; } }
+
+        private Action<object> arbiterCallback;
+        private Action<object> integrateCallback;
+
+        private CollisionDetectedHandler collisionDetectionHandler;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new instance of the <see cref="World"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="collision">The collisionSystem which is used to detect
+        /// collisions. See for example: <see cref="CollisionSystemSAP"/>
+        /// or <see cref="CollisionSystemBrute"/>.
+        /// </param>
+        public World(CollisionSystem collision)
+        {
+            if (collision == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("The CollisionSystem can't be null.", "collision");
+
+            arbiterCallback = new Action<object>(ArbiterCallback);
+            integrateCallback = new Action<object>(IntegrateCallback);
+
+            // Create the readonly wrappers
+            this.RigidBodies = new ReadOnlyHashset<RigidBody>(rigidBodies);
+            this.Constraints = new ReadOnlyHashset<Constraint>(constraints);
+            this.SoftBodies = new ReadOnlyHashset<SoftBody>(softbodies);
+
+            this.CollisionSystem = collision;
+
+            collisionDetectionHandler = new CollisionDetectedHandler(CollisionDetected);
+
+            this.CollisionSystem.CollisionDetected += collisionDetectionHandler;
+
+            this.arbiterMap = new ArbiterMap();
+
+
+            AllowDeactivation = true;
+        }
+
+        public void AddBody(SoftBody body)
+        {
+            if (body == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("body", "body can't be null.");
+            if (softbodies.Contains(body)) throw new ArgumentException("The body was already added to the world.", "body");
+
+            this.softbodies.Add(body);
+            this.CollisionSystem.AddEntity(body);
+
+            events.RaiseAddedSoftBody(body);
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.springs)
+                AddConstraint(constraint);
+
+            foreach (SoftBody.MassPoint massPoint in body.points)
+            {
+                events.RaiseAddedRigidBody(massPoint);
+                rigidBodies.Add(massPoint);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool RemoveBody(SoftBody body)
+        {
+            if (!this.softbodies.Remove(body)) return false;
+
+            this.CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+            events.RaiseRemovedSoftBody(body);
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.springs)
+                RemoveConstraint(constraint);
+
+            foreach (SoftBody.MassPoint massPoint in body.points)
+                RemoveBody(massPoint, true);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="CollisionSystem"/> used
+        /// to detect collisions.
+        /// </summary>
+        public CollisionSystem CollisionSystem { set; get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// In Jitter many objects get added to stacks after they were used.
+        /// If a new object is needed the old object gets removed from the stack
+        /// and is reused. This saves some time and also garbage collections.
+        /// Calling this method removes all cached objects from all
+        /// stacks.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ResetResourcePools()
+        {
+            IslandManager.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+            Arbiter.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+            Contact.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all objects from the world and removes all memory cached objects.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            // remove bodies from collision system
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+            {
+                CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+                if (body.island != null)
+                {
+                    body.island.ClearLists();
+                    body.island = null;
+                }
+
+                body.connections.Clear();
+                body.arbiters.Clear();
+                body.constraints.Clear();
+
+                events.RaiseRemovedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+            }
+
+            // remove bodies from the world
+            rigidBodies.Clear();
+
+            // remove constraints
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in constraints)
+            {
+                events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+            constraints.Clear();
+
+            softbodies.Clear();
+
+            // remove all islands
+            islands.RemoveAll();
+
+            // delete the arbiters
+            arbiterMap.Clear();
+
+            ResetResourcePools();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the gravity in this <see cref="World"/>. The default gravity
+        /// is (0,-9.81,0)
+        /// </summary>
+        public JVector Gravity { get { return gravity; } set { gravity = value; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Global sets or gets if a body is able to be temporarily deactivated by the engine to
+        /// safe computation time. Use <see cref="SetInactivityThreshold"/> to set parameters
+        /// of the deactivation process.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool AllowDeactivation { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Every computation <see cref="Step"/> the angular and linear velocity 
+        /// of a <see cref="RigidBody"/> gets multiplied by this value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="angularDamping">The factor multiplied with the angular velocity.
+        /// The default value is 0.85.</param>
+        /// <param name="linearDamping">The factor multiplied with the linear velocity.
+        /// The default value is 0.85</param>
+        public void SetDampingFactors(float angularDamping, float linearDamping)
+        {
+            if (angularDamping < 0.0f || angularDamping > 1.0f)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Angular damping factor has to be between 0.0 and 1.0", "angularDamping");
+
+            if (linearDamping < 0.0f || linearDamping > 1.0f)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Linear damping factor has to be between 0.0 and 1.0", "linearDamping");
+
+            this.angularDamping = angularDamping;
+            this.linearDamping = linearDamping;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets parameters for the <see cref="RigidBody"/> deactivation process.
+        /// If the bodies angular velocity is less than the angular velocity threshold
+        /// and its linear velocity is lower then the linear velocity threshold for a 
+        /// specific time the body gets deactivated. A body can be reactivated by setting
+        /// <see cref="RigidBody.IsActive"/> to true. A body gets also automatically
+        /// reactivated if another moving object hits it or the <see cref="CollisionIsland"/>
+        /// the object is in gets activated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="angularVelocity">The threshold value for the angular velocity. The default value
+        /// is 0.1.</param>
+        /// <param name="linearVelocity">The threshold value for the linear velocity. The default value
+        /// is 0.1</param>
+        /// <param name="time">The threshold value for the time in seconds. The default value is 2.</param>
+        public void SetInactivityThreshold(float angularVelocity, float linearVelocity, float time)
+        {
+            if (angularVelocity < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Angular velocity threshold has to " +
+                 "be larger than zero", "angularVelocity");
+
+            if (linearVelocity < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Linear velocity threshold has to " +
+                "be larger than zero", "linearVelocity");
+
+            if (time < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Deactivation time threshold has to " +
+                "be larger than zero", "time");
+
+            this.inactiveAngularThresholdSq = angularVelocity * angularVelocity;
+            this.inactiveLinearThresholdSq = linearVelocity * linearVelocity;
+            this.deactivationTime = time;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Jitter uses an iterativ approach to solve collisions and contacts. You can set the number of
+        /// iterations Jitter should do. In general the more iterations the more stable a simulation gets
+        /// but also costs computation time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="iterations">The number of contact iterations. Default value 10.</param>
+        /// <param name="smallIterations">The number of contact iteration used for smaller (two and three constraint) systems. Default value 4.</param>
+        /// <remarks>The number of iterations for collision and contact should be between 3 - 30.
+        /// More iterations means more stability and also a longer calculation time.</remarks>
+        public void SetIterations(int iterations, int smallIterations)
+        {
+            if (iterations < 1) throw new ArgumentException("The number of collision " +
+                 "iterations has to be larger than zero", "iterations");
+
+            if (smallIterations < 1) throw new ArgumentException("The number of collision " +
+                "iterations has to be larger than zero", "smallIterations");
+
+            this.contactIterations = iterations;
+            this.smallIterations = smallIterations;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes a <see cref="RigidBody"/> from the world.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="body">The body which should be removed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns false if the body could not be removed from the world.</returns>
+        public bool RemoveBody(RigidBody body)
+        {
+            return RemoveBody(body, false);
+        }
+
+        private bool RemoveBody(RigidBody body, bool removeMassPoints)
+        {
+            // Its very important to clean up, after removing a body
+            if (!removeMassPoints && body.IsParticle) return false;
+
+            // remove the body from the world list
+            if (!rigidBodies.Remove(body)) return false;
+
+            // Remove all connected constraints and arbiters
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in body.arbiters)
+            {
+                arbiterMap.Remove(arbiter);
+                events.RaiseBodiesEndCollide(arbiter.body1, arbiter.body2);
+            }
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.constraints)
+            {
+                constraints.Remove(constraint);
+                events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            // remove the body from the collision system
+            CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+            // remove the body from the island manager
+            islands.RemoveBody(body);
+
+            events.RaiseRemovedRigidBody(body);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds a <see cref="RigidBody"/> to the world.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="body">The body which should be added.</param>
+        public void AddBody(RigidBody body)
+        {
+            if (body == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("body", "body can't be null.");
+            if(rigidBodies.Contains(body)) throw new ArgumentException("The body was already added to the world.", "body");
+
+            events.RaiseAddedRigidBody(body);
+
+            this.CollisionSystem.AddEntity(body);
+
+            rigidBodies.Add(body);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a <see cref="Constraint"/> to the world. Fast, O(1).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="constraint">The constraint which should be added.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the constraint was successfully removed.</returns>
+        public bool RemoveConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+        {
+            if (!constraints.Remove(constraint)) return false;
+            events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+
+            islands.ConstraintRemoved(constraint);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a <see cref="Constraint"/> to the world.  Fast, O(1).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="constraint">The constraint which should be removed.</param>
+        public void AddConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+        {
+            if(constraints.Contains(constraint)) 
+                throw new ArgumentException("The constraint was already added to the world.", "constraint");
+
+            constraints.Add(constraint);
+
+            islands.ConstraintCreated(constraint);
+
+            events.RaiseAddedConstraint(constraint);
+        }
+
+        private float currentLinearDampFactor = 1.0f;
+        private float currentAngularDampFactor = 1.0f;
+
+#if(!WINDOWS_PHONE)
+        Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
+
+        public enum DebugType
+        {
+            CollisionDetect, BuildIslands, HandleArbiter, UpdateContacts,
+            PreStep, DeactivateBodies, IntegrateForces, Integrate, PostStep, ClothUpdate, Num
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Time in ms for every part of the <see cref="Step"/> method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <example>int time = DebugTimes[(int)DebugType.CollisionDetect] gives
+        /// the amount of time spent on collision detection during the last <see cref="Step"/>.
+        /// </example>
+        private double[] debugTimes = new double[(int)DebugType.Num];
+        public double[] DebugTimes { get { return debugTimes; } }
+#endif
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Integrates the whole world a timestep further in time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timestep">The timestep in seconds. 
+        /// It should be small as possible to keep the simulation stable.
+        /// The physics simulation shouldn't run slower than 60fps.
+        /// (timestep=1/60).</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">If true the engine uses several threads to
+        /// integrate the world. This is faster on multicore CPUs.</param>
+        public void Step(float timestep, bool multithread)
+        {
+            this.timestep = timestep;
+
+            // yeah! nothing to do!
+            if (timestep == 0.0f) return;
+
+            // throw exception if the timestep is smaller zero.
+            if (timestep < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("The timestep can't be negative.", "timestep");
+
+            // Calculate this
+            currentAngularDampFactor = (float)Math.Pow(angularDamping, timestep);
+            currentLinearDampFactor = (float)Math.Pow(linearDamping, timestep);
+
+#if(WINDOWS_PHONE)
+            events.RaiseWorldPreStep(timestep);
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PreStep();
+            UpdateContacts();
+
+            while (removedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterRemoved(removedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                body.Update(timestep);
+                body.AddPressureForces(timestep);
+                body.DoSelfCollision(collisionDetectionHandler);
+            }
+
+            CollisionSystem.Detect(multithread);
+           
+            while (addedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterCreated(addedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+
+            CheckDeactivation();
+
+            IntegrateForces();
+            HandleArbiter(contactIterations, multithread);
+            Integrate(multithread);
+
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PostStep();
+            events.RaiseWorldPostStep(timestep);
+#else
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            events.RaiseWorldPreStep(timestep);
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PreStep();
+
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.PreStep] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            UpdateContacts();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.UpdateContacts] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            double ms = 0;
+            while (removedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterRemoved(removedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+            sw.Stop(); ms = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                body.Update(timestep);
+                body.AddPressureForces(timestep);
+                body.DoSelfCollision(collisionDetectionHandler);
+            }
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.ClothUpdate] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            CollisionSystem.Detect(multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.CollisionDetect] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+
+            while (addedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterCreated(addedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.BuildIslands] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds + ms;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            CheckDeactivation();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.DeactivateBodies] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            IntegrateForces();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.IntegrateForces] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            HandleArbiter(contactIterations, multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.HandleArbiter] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            Integrate(multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.Integrate] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PostStep();
+            events.RaiseWorldPostStep(timestep);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.PostStep] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+#endif
+        }
+
+        private float accumulatedTime = 0.0f;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Integrates the whole world several fixed timestep further in time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="totalTime">The time to integrate.</param>
+        /// <param name="timestep">The timestep in seconds. 
+        /// It should be small as possible to keep the simulation stable.
+        /// The physics simulation shouldn't run slower than 60fps.
+        /// (timestep=1/60).</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">If true the engine uses several threads to
+        /// integrate the world. This is faster on multicore CPUs.</param>
+        /// <param name="maxSteps">The maximum number of substeps. After that Jitter gives up
+        /// to keep up with the given totalTime.</param>
+        public void Step(float totalTime, bool multithread, float timestep, int maxSteps)
+        {
+            int counter = 0;
+            accumulatedTime += totalTime;
+
+            while (accumulatedTime > timestep)
+            {
+                Step(timestep, multithread);
+
+                accumulatedTime -= timestep;
+                counter++;
+
+                if (counter > maxSteps)
+                {
+                    // okay, okay... we can't keep up
+                    accumulatedTime = 0.0f;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateArbiterContacts(Arbiter arbiter)
+        {
+            if (arbiter.contactList.Count == 0)
+            {
+                lock (removedArbiterStack) { removedArbiterStack.Push(arbiter); }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = arbiter.contactList.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            {
+                Contact c = arbiter.contactList[i];
+                c.UpdatePosition();
+
+                if (c.penetration < -contactSettings.breakThreshold)
+                {
+                    Contact.Pool.GiveBack(c);
+                    arbiter.contactList.RemoveAt(i);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    JVector diff; JVector.Subtract(ref c.p1, ref c.p2, out diff);
+                    float distance = JVector.Dot(ref diff, ref c.normal);
+
+                    diff = diff - distance * c.normal;
+                    distance = diff.LengthSquared();
+
+                    // hack (multiplication by factor 100) in the
+                    // following line.
+                    if (distance > contactSettings.breakThreshold * contactSettings.breakThreshold * 100)
+                    {
+                        Contact.Pool.GiveBack(c);
+                        arbiter.contactList.RemoveAt(i);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Stack<Arbiter> removedArbiterStack = new Stack<Arbiter>();
+
+        private void UpdateContacts()
+        {
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in arbiterMap.Arbiters)
+            {
+                UpdateArbiterContacts(arbiter);
+            }
+
+            while (removedArbiterStack.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Arbiter arbiter = removedArbiterStack.Pop();
+                Arbiter.Pool.GiveBack(arbiter);
+                arbiterMap.Remove(arbiter);
+
+                removedArbiterQueue.Enqueue(arbiter);
+                events.RaiseBodiesEndCollide(arbiter.body1, arbiter.body2);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        #region private void ArbiterCallback(object obj)
+        private void ArbiterCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            CollisionIsland island = obj as CollisionIsland;
+
+            int thisIterations;
+            if (island.Bodies.Count + island.Constraints.Count > 3) thisIterations = contactIterations;
+            else thisIterations = smallIterations;
+
+            for (int i = -1; i < thisIterations; i++)
+            {
+                // Contact and Collision
+                foreach (Arbiter arbiter in island.arbiter)
+                {
+                    int contactCount = arbiter.contactList.Count;
+                    for (int e = 0; e < contactCount; e++)
+                    {
+                        if (i == -1) arbiter.contactList[e].PrepareForIteration(timestep);
+                        else arbiter.contactList[e].Iterate();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                //  Constraints
+                foreach (Constraint c in island.constraints)
+                {
+                    if (c.body1 != null && !c.body1.IsActive && c.body2 != null && !c.body2.IsActive)
+                        continue;
+
+                    if (i == -1) c.PrepareForIteration(timestep);
+                    else c.Iterate();
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private void HandleArbiter(int iterations, bool multiThreaded)
+        {
+            if (multiThreaded)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < islands.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if(islands[i].IsActive()) threadManager.AddTask(arbiterCallback, islands[i]);
+                }
+
+                threadManager.Execute();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < islands.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if (islands[i].IsActive()) arbiterCallback(islands[i]);
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void IntegrateForces()
+        {
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+            {
+                if (!body.isStatic && body.IsActive)
+                {
+                    JVector temp;
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.force, body.inverseMass * timestep, out temp);
+                    JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.linearVelocity, out body.linearVelocity);
+
+                    if (!(body.isParticle))
+                    {
+                        JVector.Multiply(ref body.torque, timestep, out temp);
+                        JVector.Transform(ref temp, ref body.invInertiaWorld, out temp);
+                        JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.angularVelocity, out body.angularVelocity);
+                    }
+
+                    if (body.affectedByGravity)
+                    {
+                        JVector.Multiply(ref gravity, timestep, out temp);
+                        JVector.Add(ref body.linearVelocity, ref temp, out body.linearVelocity);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                body.force.MakeZero();
+                body.torque.MakeZero();
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        #region private void IntegrateCallback(object obj)
+        private void IntegrateCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            RigidBody body = obj as RigidBody;
+
+            JVector temp;
+            JVector.Multiply(ref body.linearVelocity, timestep, out temp);
+            JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.position, out body.position);
+
+            if (!(body.isParticle))
+            {
+
+                //exponential map
+                JVector axis;
+                float angle = body.angularVelocity.Length();
+
+                if (angle < 0.001f)
+                {
+                    // use Taylor's expansions of sync function
+                    // axis = body.angularVelocity * (0.5f * timestep - (timestep * timestep * timestep) * (0.020833333333f) * angle * angle);
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, (0.5f * timestep - (timestep * timestep * timestep) * (0.020833333333f) * angle * angle), out axis);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // sync(fAngle) = sin(c*fAngle)/t
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, ((float)Math.Sin(0.5f * angle * timestep) / angle), out axis);
+                }
+
+                JQuaternion dorn = new JQuaternion(axis.X, axis.Y, axis.Z, (float)Math.Cos(angle * timestep * 0.5f));
+                JQuaternion ornA; JQuaternion.CreateFromMatrix(ref body.orientation, out ornA);
+
+                JQuaternion.Multiply(ref dorn, ref ornA, out dorn);
+
+                dorn.Normalize(); JMatrix.CreateFromQuaternion(ref dorn, out body.orientation);
+            }
+
+            if ((body.Damping & RigidBody.DampingType.Linear) != 0)
+                JVector.Multiply(ref body.linearVelocity, currentLinearDampFactor, out body.linearVelocity);
+
+            if ((body.Damping & RigidBody.DampingType.Angular) != 0)
+                JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, currentAngularDampFactor, out body.angularVelocity);
+
+            body.Update();
+
+            if (CollisionSystem.EnableSpeculativeContacts) body.SweptExpandBoundingBox(timestep);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+
+        private void Integrate(bool multithread)
+        {
+            if (multithread)
+            {
+                foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isStatic || !body.IsActive) continue;
+                    threadManager.AddTask(integrateCallback, body);
+                }
+
+                threadManager.Execute();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isStatic || !body.IsActive) continue;
+                    integrateCallback(body);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CollisionDetected(RigidBody body1, RigidBody body2, JVector point1, JVector point2, JVector normal, float penetration)
+        {
+            Arbiter arbiter = null;
+
+            lock (arbiterMap)
+            {
+                arbiterMap.LookUpArbiter(body1, body2, out arbiter);
+                if (arbiter == null)
+                {
+                    arbiter = Arbiter.Pool.GetNew();
+                    arbiter.body1 = body1; arbiter.body2 = body2;
+                    arbiterMap.Add(new ArbiterKey(body1, body2), arbiter);
+
+                    addedArbiterQueue.Enqueue(arbiter);
+
+                    events.RaiseBodiesBeginCollide(body1, body2);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Contact contact = null;
+
+            if (arbiter.body1 == body1)
+            {
+                JVector.Negate(ref normal, out normal);
+                contact = arbiter.AddContact(point1, point2, normal, penetration, contactSettings);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                contact = arbiter.AddContact(point2, point1, normal, penetration, contactSettings);
+            }
+
+            if (contact != null) events.RaiseContactCreated(contact);
+
+        }
+
+        private void CheckDeactivation()
+        {
+            // A body deactivation DOESN'T kill the contacts - they are stored in
+            // the arbitermap within the arbiters. So, waking up ist STABLE - old
+            // contacts are reused. Also the collisionislands build every frame (based 
+            // on the contacts) keep the same.
+
+            foreach (CollisionIsland island in islands)
+            {
+                bool deactivateIsland = true;
+
+                // global allowdeactivation
+                if (!this.AllowDeactivation) deactivateIsland = false;
+                else
+                {
+                    foreach (RigidBody body in island.bodies)
+                    {
+                        // body allowdeactivation
+                        if (body.AllowDeactivation && (body.angularVelocity.LengthSquared() < inactiveAngularThresholdSq &&
+                        (body.linearVelocity.LengthSquared() < inactiveLinearThresholdSq)))
+                        {
+                            body.inactiveTime += timestep;
+                            if (body.inactiveTime < deactivationTime)
+                                deactivateIsland = false;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            body.inactiveTime = 0.0f;
+                            deactivateIsland = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                foreach (RigidBody body in island.bodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isActive == deactivateIsland)
+                    {
+                        if (body.isActive)
+                        {
+                            body.IsActive = false;
+                            events.RaiseDeactivatedBody(body);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            body.IsActive = true;
+                            events.RaiseActivatedBody(body);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `body` last assigned on line 820 could be null and is dereferenced at line 826, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void World.IntegrateCallback(Object)
+
+### File:
+Jitter/World.cs
+
+### Key:
+World.cs|IntegrateCallback|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56f404dd93e540c1b5a4451b62cb2816
+
+### Hash:
+bbb65f69e6d31d5f051f22457860f0b9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0921/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0921/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95a6c13ff944e5b3f017845ce0d17722ac83e65f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0921/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jitterphysics
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/* Copyright (C) <2009-2011> <Thorben Linneweber, Jitter Physics>
+* 
+*  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+*  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+*  arising from the use of this software.
+*
+*  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+*  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+*  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+*
+*  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+*      claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+*      in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+*      appreciated but is not required.
+*  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+*      misrepresented as being the original software.
+*  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. 
+*/
+
+#region Using Statements
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+using Jitter.Dynamics;
+using Jitter.LinearMath;
+using Jitter.Collision.Shapes;
+using Jitter.Collision;
+using Jitter.Dynamics.Constraints;
+using Jitter.DataStructures;
+#endregion
+
+namespace Jitter
+{
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This class brings 'dynamics' and 'collisions' together. It handles
+    /// all bodies and constraints.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class World
+    {
+        public delegate void WorldStep(float timestep);
+
+        public class WorldEvents
+        {
+            // Post&Prestep
+            public event WorldStep PreStep;
+            public event WorldStep PostStep;
+
+            // Add&Remove
+            public event Action<RigidBody> AddedRigidBody;
+            public event Action<RigidBody> RemovedRigidBody;
+            public event Action<Constraint> AddedConstraint;
+            public event Action<Constraint> RemovedConstraint;
+            public event Action<SoftBody> AddedSoftBody;
+            public event Action<SoftBody> RemovedSoftBody;
+
+            // Collision
+            public event Action<RigidBody, RigidBody> BodiesBeginCollide;
+            public event Action<RigidBody, RigidBody> BodiesEndCollide;
+            public event Action<Contact> ContactCreated;
+
+            // Deactivation
+            public event Action<RigidBody> DeactivatedBody;
+            public event Action<RigidBody> ActivatedBody;
+
+            internal WorldEvents() { }
+
+            #region Raise Events
+            internal void RaiseWorldPreStep(float timestep)
+            {
+                if (PreStep != null) PreStep(timestep);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseWorldPostStep(float timestep)
+            {
+                if (PostStep != null) PostStep(timestep);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedRigidBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (AddedRigidBody != null) AddedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedRigidBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (RemovedRigidBody != null) RemovedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+            {
+                if (AddedConstraint != null) AddedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+            {
+                if (RemovedConstraint != null) RemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedSoftBody(SoftBody body)
+            {
+                if (AddedSoftBody != null) AddedSoftBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedSoftBody(SoftBody body)
+            {
+                if (RemovedSoftBody != null) RemovedSoftBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseBodiesBeginCollide(RigidBody body1,RigidBody body2)
+            {
+                if (BodiesBeginCollide != null) BodiesBeginCollide(body1,body2);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseBodiesEndCollide(RigidBody body1, RigidBody body2)
+            {
+                if (BodiesEndCollide != null) BodiesEndCollide(body1,body2);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseActivatedBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (ActivatedBody != null) ActivatedBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseDeactivatedBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (DeactivatedBody != null) DeactivatedBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseContactCreated(Contact contact)
+            {
+                if (ContactCreated != null) ContactCreated(contact);
+            }
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private ContactSettings contactSettings = new ContactSettings();
+
+        private float inactiveAngularThresholdSq = 0.1f;
+        private float inactiveLinearThresholdSq = 0.1f;
+        private float deactivationTime = 2f;
+
+        private float angularDamping = 0.85f;
+        private float linearDamping = 0.85f;
+
+        private int contactIterations = 10;
+        private int smallIterations = 4;
+        private float timestep = 0.0f;
+
+        private Jitter.Collision.IslandManager islands = new IslandManager();
+
+        private HashSet<RigidBody> rigidBodies = new HashSet<RigidBody>();
+        private HashSet<Constraint> constraints = new HashSet<Constraint>();
+        private HashSet<SoftBody> softbodies = new HashSet<SoftBody>();
+
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<RigidBody> RigidBodies { get; private set; }
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<Constraint> Constraints { get; private set; }
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<SoftBody> SoftBodies { get; private set; }
+
+        private WorldEvents events = new WorldEvents();
+        public WorldEvents Events { get { return events; } }
+
+        public void AddBody(SoftBody body)
+        {
+            if (body == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("body", "body can't be null.");
+            if (softbodies.Contains(body)) throw new ArgumentException("The body was already added to the world.", "body");
+
+            this.softbodies.Add(body);
+            this.CollisionSystem.AddEntity(body);
+
+            events.RaiseAddedSoftBody(body);
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.springs)
+                AddConstraint(constraint);
+
+            foreach (SoftBody.MassPoint massPoint in body.points)
+                AddBody(massPoint);
+        }
+
+        public bool RemoveBody(SoftBody body)
+        {
+            if(!this.softbodies.Remove(body)) return false;
+
+            this.CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+            events.RaiseRemovedSoftBody(body);
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.springs)
+                RemoveConstraint(constraint);
+
+            foreach (SoftBody.MassPoint massPoint in body.points)
+                RemoveBody(massPoint,true);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="CollisionSystem"/> used
+        /// to detect collisions.
+        /// </summary>
+        public CollisionSystem CollisionSystem {  set; get; }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Holds a list of <see cref="Arbiter"/>. All currently
+        /// active arbiter in the <see cref="World"/> are stored in this map.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ArbiterMap ArbiterMap { get { return arbiterMap; } }
+        private ArbiterMap arbiterMap;
+
+        private Queue<Arbiter> removedArbiterQueue = new Queue<Arbiter>();
+        private Queue<Arbiter> addedArbiterQueue = new Queue<Arbiter>();
+
+        private JVector gravity = new JVector(0, -9.81f, 0);
+
+        public ContactSettings ContactSettings { get { return contactSettings; } }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a read only collection of the <see cref="Jitter.Collision.CollisionIsland"/> objects managed by
+        /// this class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ReadOnlyCollection<CollisionIsland> Islands { get { return islands; } }
+
+        private Action<object> arbiterCallback;
+        private Action<object> integrateCallback;
+
+        private CollisionDetectedHandler collisionDetectionHandler;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new instance of the <see cref="World"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="collision">The collisionSystem which is used to detect
+        /// collisions. See for example: <see cref="CollisionSystemSAP"/>
+        /// or <see cref="CollisionSystemBrute"/>.
+        /// </param>
+        public World(CollisionSystem collision)
+        {
+            if (collision == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("The CollisionSystem can't be null.", "collision");
+
+            ThreadManager.InitializeInstance();
+
+            arbiterCallback = new Action<object>(ArbiterCallback);
+            integrateCallback = new Action<object>(IntegrateCallback);
+
+            // Create the readonly wrappers
+            this.RigidBodies = new ReadOnlyHashset<RigidBody>(rigidBodies);
+            this.Constraints = new ReadOnlyHashset<Constraint>(constraints);
+            this.SoftBodies = new ReadOnlyHashset<SoftBody>(softbodies);
+
+            this.CollisionSystem = collision;
+
+            collisionDetectionHandler = new CollisionDetectedHandler(CollisionDetected);
+
+            this.CollisionSystem.CollisionDetected += collisionDetectionHandler;
+
+            this.arbiterMap = new ArbiterMap();
+
+
+            AllowDeactivation = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// In Jitter many objects get added to stacks after they were used.
+        /// If a new object is needed the old object gets removed from the stack
+        /// and is reused. This saves some time and also garbage collections.
+        /// Calling this method removes all cached objects from all
+        /// stacks.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ResetResourcePools()
+        {
+            IslandManager.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+            Arbiter.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+            Contact.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all objects from the world and removes all memory cached objects.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            // remove bodies from collision system
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+            {
+                CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+                if (body.island != null)
+                {
+                    body.island.ClearLists();
+                    body.island = null;
+                }
+
+                body.connections.Clear();
+                body.arbiters.Clear();
+                body.constraints.Clear();
+
+                events.RaiseRemovedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+            }
+
+            // remove bodies from the world
+            rigidBodies.Clear();
+
+            // remove constraints
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in constraints)
+            {
+                events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+            constraints.Clear();
+
+            softbodies.Clear();
+
+            // remove all islands
+            islands.RemoveAll();
+
+            // delete the arbiters
+            arbiterMap.Clear();
+
+            ResetResourcePools();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the gravity in this <see cref="World"/>. The default gravity
+        /// is (0,-9.81,0)
+        /// </summary>
+        public JVector Gravity { get { return gravity; } set { gravity = value; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Global sets or gets if a body is able to be temporarily deactivated by the engine to
+        /// safe computation time. Use <see cref="SetInactivityThreshold"/> to set parameters
+        /// of the deactivation process.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool AllowDeactivation { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Every computation <see cref="Step"/> the angular and linear velocity 
+        /// of a <see cref="RigidBody"/> gets multiplied by this value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="angularDamping">The factor multiplied with the angular velocity.
+        /// The default value is 0.85.</param>
+        /// <param name="linearDamping">The factor multiplied with the linear velocity.
+        /// The default value is 0.85</param>
+        public void SetDampingFactors(float angularDamping, float linearDamping)
+        {
+            if (angularDamping < 0.0f || angularDamping > 1.0f)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Angular damping factor has to be between 0.0 and 1.0", "angularDamping");
+
+            if (linearDamping < 0.0f || linearDamping > 1.0f)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Linear damping factor has to be between 0.0 and 1.0", "linearDamping");
+
+            this.angularDamping = angularDamping;
+            this.linearDamping = linearDamping;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets parameters for the <see cref="RigidBody"/> deactivation process.
+        /// If the bodies angular velocity is less than the angular velocity threshold
+        /// and its linear velocity is lower then the linear velocity threshold for a 
+        /// specific time the body gets deactivated. A body can be reactivated by setting
+        /// <see cref="RigidBody.IsActive"/> to true. A body gets also automatically
+        /// reactivated if another moving object hits it or the <see cref="CollisionIsland"/>
+        /// the object is in gets activated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="angularVelocity">The threshold value for the angular velocity. The default value
+        /// is 0.1.</param>
+        /// <param name="linearVelocity">The threshold value for the linear velocity. The default value
+        /// is 0.1</param>
+        /// <param name="time">The threshold value for the time in seconds. The default value is 2.</param>
+        public void SetInactivityThreshold(float angularVelocity, float linearVelocity, float time)
+        {
+            if (angularVelocity < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Angular velocity threshold has to " +
+                 "be larger than zero", "angularVelocity");
+
+            if (linearVelocity < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Linear velocity threshold has to " +
+                "be larger than zero", "linearVelocity");
+
+            if (time < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Deactivation time threshold has to " +
+                "be larger than zero", "time");
+
+            this.inactiveAngularThresholdSq = angularVelocity * angularVelocity;
+            this.inactiveLinearThresholdSq = linearVelocity * linearVelocity;
+            this.deactivationTime = time;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Jitter uses an iterativ approach to solve collisions and contacts. You can set the number of
+        /// iterations Jitter should do. In general the more iterations the more stable a simulation gets
+        /// but also costs computation time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="iterations">The number of contact iterations. Default value 10.</param>
+        /// <param name="smallIterations">The number of contact iteration used for smaller (two and three constraint) systems. Default value 4.</param>
+        /// <remarks>The number of iterations for collision and contact should be between 3 - 30.
+        /// More iterations means more stability and also a longer calculation time.</remarks>
+        public void SetIterations(int iterations, int smallIterations)
+        {
+            if (iterations < 1) throw new ArgumentException("The number of collision " +
+                 "iterations has to be larger than zero", "iterations");
+
+            if (smallIterations < 1) throw new ArgumentException("The number of collision " +
+                "iterations has to be larger than zero", "smallIterations");
+
+            this.contactIterations = iterations;
+            this.smallIterations = smallIterations;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes a <see cref="RigidBody"/> from the world.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="body">The body which should be removed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns false if the body could not be removed from the world.</returns>
+        public bool RemoveBody(RigidBody body)
+        {
+            return RemoveBody(body, false);
+        }
+
+        private bool RemoveBody(RigidBody body, bool removeMassPoints)
+        {
+            // Its very important to clean up, after removing a body
+            if (!removeMassPoints && body.IsMassPoint) return false;
+
+            // remove the body from the world list
+            if (!rigidBodies.Remove(body)) return false;
+
+            // Remove all connected constraints and arbiters
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in body.arbiters)
+            {
+                arbiterMap.Remove(arbiter);
+                events.RaiseBodiesEndCollide(arbiter.body1, arbiter.body2);
+            }
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.constraints)
+            {
+                constraints.Remove(constraint);
+                events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            // remove the body from the collision system
+            CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+            // remove the body from the island manager
+            islands.RemoveBody(body);
+
+            events.RaiseRemovedRigidBody(body);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds a <see cref="RigidBody"/> to the world.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="body">The body which should be added.</param>
+        public void AddBody(RigidBody body)
+        {
+            if (body == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("body", "body can't be null.");
+            if(rigidBodies.Contains(body)) throw new ArgumentException("The body was already added to the world.", "body");
+
+            events.RaiseAddedRigidBody(body);
+
+            if(!(body.isMassPoint)) this.CollisionSystem.AddEntity(body);
+
+            rigidBodies.Add(body);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a <see cref="Constraint"/> to the world. Fast, O(1).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="constraint">The constraint which should be added.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the constraint was successfully removed.</returns>
+        public bool RemoveConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+        {
+            if (!constraints.Remove(constraint)) return false;
+            events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+
+            islands.ConstraintRemoved(constraint);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a <see cref="Constraint"/> to the world.  Fast, O(1).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="constraint">The constraint which should be removed.</param>
+        public void AddConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+        {
+            if(constraints.Contains(constraint)) 
+                throw new ArgumentException("The constraint was already added to the world.", "constraint");
+
+            constraints.Add(constraint);
+
+            islands.ConstraintCreated(constraint);
+
+            events.RaiseAddedConstraint(constraint);
+        }
+
+        private float currentLinearDampFactor = 1.0f;
+        private float currentAngularDampFactor = 1.0f;
+
+#if(!WINDOWS_PHONE)
+        Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
+
+        public enum DebugType
+        {
+            CollisionDetect, BuildIslands, HandleArbiter, UpdateContacts,
+            PreStep, DeactivateBodies, IntegrateForces, Integrate, PostStep, ClothUpdate, Num
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Time in ms for every part of the <see cref="Step"/> method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <example>int time = DebugTimes[(int)DebugType.CollisionDetect] gives
+        /// the amount of time spent on collision detection during the last <see cref="Step"/>.
+        /// </example>
+        private double[] debugTimes = new double[(int)DebugType.Num];
+        public double[] DebugTimes { get { return debugTimes; } }
+#endif
+
+        float stupidCalculus = 0.0f;
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Integrates the whole world a timestep further in time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timestep">The timestep in seconds. 
+        /// It should be small as possible to keep the simulation stable.
+        /// The physics simulation shouldn't run slower than 60fps.
+        /// (timestep=1/60).</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">If true the engine uses several threads to
+        /// integrate the world. This is faster on multicore CPUs.</param>
+        public void Step(float timestep, bool multithread)
+        {
+            this.timestep = timestep;
+
+            // yeah! nothing to do!
+            if (timestep == 0.0f) return;
+
+            // throw exception if the timestep is smaller zero.
+            if (timestep < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("The timestep can't be negative.", "timestep");
+
+            // Calculate this
+            currentAngularDampFactor = (float)Math.Pow(angularDamping, timestep);
+            currentLinearDampFactor = (float)Math.Pow(linearDamping, timestep);
+
+#if(WINDOWS_PHONE)
+            events.RaiseWorldPreStep(timestep);
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PreStep();
+            UpdateContacts();
+
+            while (removedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterRemoved(removedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                body.Update(timestep);
+                body.AddPressureForces(timestep);
+                body.DoSelfCollision(collisionDetectionHandler);
+            }
+
+            CollisionSystem.Detect(multithread);
+           
+            while (addedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterCreated(addedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+
+            CheckDeactivation();
+
+            IntegrateForces();
+            HandleArbiter(contactIterations, multithread);
+            Integrate(multithread);
+
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PostStep();
+            events.RaiseWorldPostStep(timestep);
+#else
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            events.RaiseWorldPreStep(timestep);
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PreStep();
+
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.PreStep] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            UpdateContacts();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.UpdateContacts] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            double ms = 0;
+            while (removedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterRemoved(removedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+            sw.Stop(); ms = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                body.Update(timestep);
+                body.AddPressureForces(timestep);
+                body.DoSelfCollision(collisionDetectionHandler);
+            }
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.ClothUpdate] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            CollisionSystem.Detect(multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.CollisionDetect] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+
+            while (addedArbiterQueue.Count > 0) islands.ArbiterCreated(addedArbiterQueue.Dequeue());
+
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.BuildIslands] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds + ms;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            CheckDeactivation();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.DeactivateBodies] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            IntegrateForces();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.IntegrateForces] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            HandleArbiter(contactIterations, multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.HandleArbiter] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            Integrate(multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.Integrate] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PostStep();
+            events.RaiseWorldPostStep(timestep);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.PostStep] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+#endif
+        }
+
+        private float accumulatedTime = 0.0f;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Integrates the whole world several fixed timestep further in time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="totalTime">The time to integrate.</param>
+        /// <param name="timestep">The timestep in seconds. 
+        /// It should be small as possible to keep the simulation stable.
+        /// The physics simulation shouldn't run slower than 60fps.
+        /// (timestep=1/60).</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">If true the engine uses several threads to
+        /// integrate the world. This is faster on multicore CPUs.</param>
+        /// <param name="maxSteps">The maximum number of substeps. After that Jitter gives up
+        /// to keep up with the given totalTime.</param>
+        public void Step(float totalTime, bool multithread, float timestep, int maxSteps)
+        {
+            int counter = 0;
+            accumulatedTime += totalTime;
+
+            while (accumulatedTime > timestep)
+            {
+                Step(timestep, multithread);
+
+                accumulatedTime -= timestep;
+                counter++;
+
+                if (counter > maxSteps)
+                {
+                    // okay, okay... we can't keep up
+                    accumulatedTime = 0.0f;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateArbiterContacts(Arbiter arbiter)
+        {
+            if (arbiter.contactList.Count == 0)
+            {
+                lock (removedArbiterStack) { removedArbiterStack.Push(arbiter); }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = arbiter.contactList.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            {
+                Contact c = arbiter.contactList[i];
+                c.UpdatePosition();
+
+                if (c.penetration < -contactSettings.breakThreshold)
+                {
+                    Contact.Pool.GiveBack(c);
+                    arbiter.contactList.RemoveAt(i);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    JVector diff; JVector.Subtract(ref c.p1, ref c.p2, out diff);
+                    float distance = JVector.Dot(ref diff, ref c.normal);
+
+                    diff = diff - distance * c.normal;
+                    distance = diff.LengthSquared();
+
+                    // Removed a hack (multiplication by factor 100) in the
+                    // following line.
+                    if (distance > contactSettings.breakThreshold * contactSettings.breakThreshold)
+                    {
+                        Contact.Pool.GiveBack(c);
+                        arbiter.contactList.RemoveAt(i);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Stack<Arbiter> removedArbiterStack = new Stack<Arbiter>();
+
+        private void UpdateContacts()
+        {
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in arbiterMap.Arbiters)
+            {
+                UpdateArbiterContacts(arbiter);
+            }
+
+            while (removedArbiterStack.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Arbiter arbiter = removedArbiterStack.Pop();
+                Arbiter.Pool.GiveBack(arbiter);
+                arbiterMap.Remove(arbiter);
+
+                removedArbiterQueue.Enqueue(arbiter);
+                events.RaiseBodiesEndCollide(arbiter.body1, arbiter.body2);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        #region private void ArbiterCallback(object obj)
+        private void ArbiterCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            CollisionIsland island = obj as CollisionIsland;
+
+            int thisIterations;
+            if (island.Bodies.Count + island.Constraints.Count > 3) thisIterations = contactIterations;
+            else thisIterations = smallIterations;
+
+            for (int i = -1; i < thisIterations; i++)
+            {
+                // Contact and Collision
+                foreach (Arbiter arbiter in island.arbiter)
+                {
+                    int contactCount = arbiter.contactList.Count;
+                    for (int e = 0; e < contactCount; e++)
+                    {
+                        if (i == -1) arbiter.contactList[e].PrepareForIteration(timestep);
+                        else arbiter.contactList[e].Iterate();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                //  Constraints
+                foreach (Constraint c in island.constraints)
+                {
+                    if (c.body1 != null && !c.body1.IsActive && c.body2 != null && !c.body2.IsActive)
+                        continue;
+
+                    if (i == -1) c.PrepareForIteration(timestep);
+                    else c.Iterate();
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private void HandleArbiter(int iterations, bool multiThreaded)
+        {
+            if (multiThreaded)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < islands.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if(islands[i].IsActive()) ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(arbiterCallback, islands[i]);
+                }
+
+                ThreadManager.internalInstance.Execute();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < islands.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if (islands[i].IsActive()) arbiterCallback(islands[i]);
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void IntegrateForces()
+        {
+            foreach(RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+            {
+                if (!body.isStatic && body.IsActive)
+                {
+                    JVector temp;
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.force, body.inverseMass * timestep, out temp);
+                    JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.linearVelocity, out body.linearVelocity);
+
+                    if (!(body.isMassPoint))
+                    {
+                        JVector.Multiply(ref body.torque, timestep, out temp);
+                        JVector.Transform(ref temp, ref body.invInertiaWorld, out temp);
+                        JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.angularVelocity, out body.angularVelocity);
+                    }
+
+                    if (body.affectedByGravity)
+                    {
+                        JVector.Multiply(ref gravity, timestep, out temp);
+                        JVector.Add(ref body.linearVelocity, ref temp, out body.linearVelocity);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                body.force.MakeZero();
+                body.torque.MakeZero();
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        #region private void IntegrateCallback(object obj)
+        private void IntegrateCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            RigidBody body = obj as RigidBody;
+
+            JVector temp;
+            JVector.Multiply(ref body.linearVelocity, timestep, out temp);
+            JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.position, out body.position);
+
+            if (!(body.isMassPoint))
+            {
+
+                //exponential map
+                JVector axis;
+                float angle = body.angularVelocity.Length();
+
+                if (angle < 0.001f)
+                {
+                    // use Taylor's expansions of sync function
+                    // axis = body.angularVelocity * (0.5f * timestep - (timestep * timestep * timestep) * (0.020833333333f) * angle * angle);
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, (0.5f * timestep - (timestep * timestep * timestep) * (0.020833333333f) * angle * angle), out axis);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // sync(fAngle) = sin(c*fAngle)/t
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, ((float)Math.Sin(0.5f * angle * timestep) / angle), out axis);
+                }
+
+                JQuaternion dorn = new JQuaternion(axis.X, axis.Y, axis.Z, (float)Math.Cos(angle * timestep * 0.5f));
+                JQuaternion ornA; JQuaternion.CreateFromMatrix(ref body.orientation, out ornA);
+
+                JQuaternion.Multiply(ref dorn, ref ornA, out dorn);
+
+                dorn.Normalize(); JMatrix.CreateFromQuaternion(ref dorn, out body.orientation);
+            }
+
+            if ((body.Damping & RigidBody.DampingType.Linear) != 0)
+                JVector.Multiply(ref body.linearVelocity, currentLinearDampFactor, out body.linearVelocity);
+
+            if ((body.Damping & RigidBody.DampingType.Angular) != 0)
+                JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, currentAngularDampFactor, out body.angularVelocity);
+
+            body.Update();
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private void Integrate(bool multithread)
+        {
+            if (multithread)
+            {
+                foreach(RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isStatic || !body.IsActive) continue;
+                    ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(integrateCallback, body);
+                }
+
+                ThreadManager.internalInstance.Execute();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isStatic || !body.IsActive) continue;
+                    integrateCallback(body);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CollisionDetected(RigidBody body1, RigidBody body2, JVector point1, JVector point2, JVector normal, float penetration)
+        {
+            Arbiter arbiter = null;
+
+            lock (arbiterMap)
+            {
+                arbiterMap.LookUpArbiter(body1, body2, out arbiter);
+                if (arbiter == null)
+                {
+                    arbiter = Arbiter.Pool.GetNew();
+                    arbiter.body1 = body1; arbiter.body2 = body2;
+                    arbiterMap.Add(new ArbiterKey(body1, body2), arbiter);
+
+                    addedArbiterQueue.Enqueue(arbiter);
+
+                    events.RaiseBodiesBeginCollide(body1, body2);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Contact contact = null;
+
+            if (arbiter.body1 == body1)
+            {
+                JVector.Negate(ref normal, out normal);
+                contact = arbiter.AddContact(point1, point2, normal, penetration, contactSettings);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                contact = arbiter.AddContact(point2, point1, normal, penetration, contactSettings);
+            }
+
+            if (contact != null) events.RaiseContactCreated(contact);
+
+        }
+
+        private void CheckDeactivation()
+        {
+            // A body deactivation DOESN'T kill the contacts - they are stored in
+            // the arbitermap within the arbiters. So, waking up ist STABLE - old
+            // contacts are reused. Also the collisionislands build every frame (based 
+            // on the contacts) keep the same.
+
+            foreach (CollisionIsland island in islands)
+            {
+                bool deactivateIsland = true;
+
+                // global allowdeactivation
+                if (!this.AllowDeactivation) deactivateIsland = false;
+                else
+                {
+                    foreach (RigidBody body in island.bodies)
+                    {
+                        // body allowdeactivation
+                        if (body.AllowDeactivation && (body.angularVelocity.LengthSquared() < inactiveAngularThresholdSq &&
+                        (body.linearVelocity.LengthSquared() < inactiveLinearThresholdSq)))
+                        {
+                            body.inactiveTime += timestep;
+                            if (body.inactiveTime < deactivationTime)
+                                deactivateIsland = false;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            body.inactiveTime = 0.0f;
+                            deactivateIsland = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                foreach (RigidBody body in island.bodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isActive == deactivateIsland)
+                    {
+                        if (body.isActive)
+                        {
+                            body.IsActive = false;
+                            events.RaiseDeactivatedBody(body);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            body.IsActive = true;
+                            events.RaiseActivatedBody(body);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `body` last assigned on line 822 could be null and is dereferenced at line 828, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void World.IntegrateCallback(Object)
+
+### File:
+Jitter/World.cs
+
+### Key:
+World.cs|IntegrateCallback|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56f404dd93e540c1b5a4451b62cb2816
+
+### Hash:
+bbb65f69e6d31d5f051f22457860f0b9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0926/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0926/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b45bf46afe81c0c99aa60be16b9cf44a75af5a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0926/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,669 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jitterphysics
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/* Copyright (C) <2009-2011> <Thorben Linneweber, Jitter Physics>
+* 
+*  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+*  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+*  arising from the use of this software.
+*
+*  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+*  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+*  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+*
+*  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+*      claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+*      in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+*      appreciated but is not required.
+*  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+*      misrepresented as being the original software.
+*  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. 
+*/
+
+#region Using Statements
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+using Jitter.Dynamics;
+using Jitter.LinearMath;
+using Jitter.Collision.Shapes;
+using System.Collections;
+#endregion
+
+namespace Jitter.Collision
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// EXPERIMENTAL: FULL SAP WITH COHERENT UPDATES
+    /// </summary>
+    public class CollisionSystemPersistentSAP : CollisionSystem
+    {
+        private const int MatrixGrowFactor = 500;
+        private const int AddedObjectsBruteForceIsUsed = 250;
+
+        #region private class Triangular2BitMatrix
+        private class Triangular2BitMatrix
+        {
+            private BitArray bitMatrix0 = new BitArray(0);
+            private BitArray bitMatrix1 = new BitArray(0);
+
+            public Triangular2BitMatrix()
+            {
+                Size = 0;
+            }
+
+            public void ZeroAll()
+            {
+                bitMatrix0.SetAll(false);
+                bitMatrix1.SetAll(false);
+            }
+
+            public int Size
+            {
+                set
+                {
+                    int length = (int)((double)(value - 1.0d) * ((double)value / 2.0d)) + value;
+                    bitMatrix0.Length = length;
+                    bitMatrix1.Length = length;
+                }
+                get
+                {
+                    int maxIndex = bitMatrix0.Length - 1;
+                    return (int)(Math.Sqrt(2.25d + 2.0d * (double)maxIndex) - 0.5d);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public int GetValue(int row, int column)
+            {
+                if (column > row) { int temp = column; column = row; row = temp; }
+                int index = (int)((float)(row - 1) * ((float)row / 2.0f)) + column;
+
+                return (bitMatrix1[index] ? 1 : 0) * 2 + (bitMatrix0[index] ? 1 : 0);
+            }
+
+            public void SetValue(int row, int column, int value)
+            {
+                if (column > row) { int temp = column; column = row; row = temp; }
+                int index = (int)((float)(row - 1) * ((float)row / 2.0f)) + column;
+
+                bitMatrix0[index] = !(value % 2 == 0);
+                bitMatrix1[index] = !(value / 2 == 0);
+            }
+
+            public int IncrementCounter(int row, int column)
+            {
+                if (column > row) { int temp = column; column = row; row = temp; }
+                int index = (int)((float)(row - 1) * ((float)row / 2.0f)) + column;
+
+                bool b0 = bitMatrix0[index];
+                bool b1 = bitMatrix1[index];
+
+                if (b0 && b1) return 3;
+
+                b1 = b0 ^ b1;
+                b0 = !b0;
+
+                bitMatrix0[index] = b0;
+                bitMatrix1[index] = b1;
+
+                return (b1 ? 1 : 0) * 2 + (b0 ? 1 : 0);
+            }
+
+            public int DecrementCounter(int row, int column)
+            {
+                if (column > row) { int temp = column; column = row; row = temp; }
+                int index = (int)((float)(row - 1) * ((float)row / 2.0f)) + column;
+
+                bool b0 = bitMatrix0[index];
+                bool b1 = bitMatrix1[index];
+
+                if (!b0 && !b1) return 0;
+
+                b1 = !(b0 ^ b1);
+                b0 = !b0;
+
+                bitMatrix0[index] = b0;
+                bitMatrix1[index] = b1;
+
+                return (b1 ? 1 : 0) * 2 + (b0 ? 1 : 0);
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region private class SweepPoint
+        private class SweepPoint
+        {
+            public IBroadphaseEntity Body;
+            public bool Begin;
+            public int Axis;
+
+            public SweepPoint(IBroadphaseEntity body, bool begin, int axis)
+            {
+                this.Body = body;
+                this.Begin = begin;
+                this.Axis = axis;
+            }
+
+            public float GetValue()
+            {
+                 if (Begin)
+                {
+                    if (Axis == 0) return Body.BoundingBox.Min.X;
+                    else if (Axis == 1) return Body.BoundingBox.Min.Y;
+                    else return Body.BoundingBox.Min.Z;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (Axis == 0) return Body.BoundingBox.Max.X;
+                    else if (Axis == 1) return Body.BoundingBox.Max.Y;
+                    else return Body.BoundingBox.Max.Z;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region private struct BodyPair
+        private struct BodyPair
+        {
+            // internal values for faster access within the engine
+            internal IBroadphaseEntity body1, body2;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Initializes a new instance of the BodyPair class.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="body1"></param>
+            /// <param name="body2"></param>
+            public BodyPair(IBroadphaseEntity body1, IBroadphaseEntity body2)
+            {
+                this.body1 = body1;
+                this.body2 = body2;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Don't call this, while the key is used in the arbitermap.
+            /// It changes the hashcode of this object.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="body1">The first body.</param>
+            /// <param name="body2">The second body.</param>
+            internal void SetBodies(RigidBody body1, RigidBody body2)
+            {
+                this.body1 = body1;
+                this.body2 = body2;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if two objects are equal.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="obj">The object to check against.</param>
+            /// <returns>Returns true if they are equal, otherwise false.</returns>
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                BodyPair other = (BodyPair)obj;
+                return (other.body1.Equals(body1) && other.body2.Equals(body2) ||
+                    other.body1.Equals(body2) && other.body2.Equals(body1));
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns the hashcode of the BodyPair.
+            /// The hashcode is the same if an BodyPair contains the same bodies.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns></returns>
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return body1.GetHashCode() + body2.GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private List<IBroadphaseEntity> bodyList = new List<IBroadphaseEntity>();
+        private List<SweepPoint> axis1 = new List<SweepPoint>();
+        private List<SweepPoint> axis2 = new List<SweepPoint>();
+        private List<SweepPoint> axis3 = new List<SweepPoint>();
+
+        private Triangular2BitMatrix t2bM;
+
+
+        private HashSet<BodyPair> fullOverlaps = new HashSet<BodyPair>();
+
+        Action<object> detectCallback, sortCallback;
+
+        public CollisionSystemPersistentSAP()
+        {
+            detectCallback = new Action<object>(DetectCallback);
+            sortCallback = new Action<object>(SortCallback);
+
+            t2bM = new Triangular2BitMatrix();
+        }
+
+        #region Incoherent Update - Quicksort
+
+        private int QuickSort(SweepPoint sweepPoint1, SweepPoint sweepPoint2)
+        {
+            float val1 = sweepPoint1.GetValue();
+            float val2 = sweepPoint2.GetValue();
+
+            if (val1 > val2) return 1;
+            else if (val2 > val1) return -1;
+            else return 0;
+        }
+
+        List<IBroadphaseEntity> activeList = new List<IBroadphaseEntity>();
+
+        private void DirtySortAxis(List<SweepPoint> axis)
+        {
+            axis.Sort(QuickSort);
+            activeList.Clear();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < axis.Count; i++)
+            {
+                SweepPoint keyelement = axis[i];
+
+                if (keyelement.Begin)
+                {
+                    foreach (IBroadphaseEntity body in activeList)
+                    {
+                        int count = t2bM.IncrementCounter(body.BroadphaseTag, keyelement.Body.BroadphaseTag);
+                        if (count == 3) fullOverlaps.Add(new BodyPair(body, keyelement.Body));
+                    }
+
+                    activeList.Add(keyelement.Body);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    activeList.Remove(keyelement.Body);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Coherent Update - Insertionsort
+
+        private void SortAxis(List<SweepPoint> axis)
+        {
+            for (int j = 1; j < axis.Count; j++)
+            {
+                SweepPoint keyelement = axis[j];
+                float key = keyelement.GetValue();
+
+                int i = j - 1;
+
+                while (i >= 0 && axis[i].GetValue() > key)
+                {
+                    SweepPoint swapper = axis[i];
+
+                    if (keyelement.Begin && !swapper.Begin)
+                    {
+                        lock (t2bM)
+                        {
+                            int count = t2bM.IncrementCounter(keyelement.Body.BroadphaseTag,
+                                swapper.Body.BroadphaseTag);
+
+                            if (count == 3)
+                            {
+                                BodyPair pair = new BodyPair(keyelement.Body, swapper.Body);
+                                fullOverlaps.Add(pair);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (!keyelement.Begin && swapper.Begin)
+                    {
+                        lock (t2bM)
+                        {
+                            int count = t2bM.DecrementCounter(keyelement.Body.BroadphaseTag,
+                                swapper.Body.BroadphaseTag);
+
+                            if (count == 2)
+                            {
+                                BodyPair pair = new BodyPair(keyelement.Body, swapper.Body);
+                                fullOverlaps.Remove(pair);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    axis[i + 1] = swapper;
+                    i = i - 1;
+                }
+                axis[i + 1] = keyelement;
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private void ResizeMatrix(int growValue)
+        {
+            if (bodyList.Count > t2bM.Size)
+            {
+                t2bM.Size += growValue;
+            }
+            else if (t2bM.Size - bodyList.Count > growValue)
+            {
+                t2bM.Size -= growValue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int addCounter = 0;
+        public override void AddBody(IBroadphaseEntity body)
+        {
+            if (body.BroadphaseTag < bodyList.Count && bodyList[body.BroadphaseTag] == body) return;
+
+            body.BroadphaseTag = bodyList.Count;
+
+            bodyList.Add(body);
+
+            axis1.Add(new SweepPoint(body, true, 0)); axis1.Add(new SweepPoint(body, false, 0));
+            axis2.Add(new SweepPoint(body, true, 1)); axis2.Add(new SweepPoint(body, false, 1));
+            axis3.Add(new SweepPoint(body, true, 2)); axis3.Add(new SweepPoint(body, false, 2));
+
+            ResizeMatrix(MatrixGrowFactor);
+
+            addCounter++;
+        }
+
+        Stack<BodyPair> depricated = new Stack<BodyPair>();
+        public override bool RemoveBody(IBroadphaseEntity body)
+        {
+            if (body.BroadphaseTag > bodyList.Count || bodyList[body.BroadphaseTag] != body) return false;
+
+            int count;
+
+            count = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < axis1.Count; i++)
+            { if (axis1[i].Body == body) { count++; axis1.RemoveAt(i); if (count == 2) break; i--; } }
+
+            count = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < axis2.Count; i++)
+            { if (axis2[i].Body == body) { count++; axis2.RemoveAt(i); if (count == 2) break; i--; } }
+
+            count = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < axis3.Count; i++)
+            { if (axis3[i].Body == body) { count++; axis3.RemoveAt(i); if (count == 2) break; i--; } }
+
+            foreach (var pair in fullOverlaps) if (pair.body1 == body || pair.body2 == body) depricated.Push(pair);
+            while (depricated.Count > 0) fullOverlaps.Remove(depricated.Pop());
+
+            IBroadphaseEntity lastBody = bodyList[bodyList.Count - 1];
+
+            if (body == lastBody)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < bodyList.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    t2bM.SetValue(body.BroadphaseTag, i, 0);
+                }
+
+                bodyList.RemoveAt(body.BroadphaseTag);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < bodyList.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    int value = t2bM.GetValue(lastBody.BroadphaseTag, i);
+                    t2bM.SetValue(body.BroadphaseTag, i, value);
+                }
+
+                bodyList.RemoveAt(lastBody.BroadphaseTag);
+                bodyList[body.BroadphaseTag] = lastBody;
+
+                lastBody.BroadphaseTag = body.BroadphaseTag;
+            }
+
+            ResizeMatrix(MatrixGrowFactor);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        bool swapOrder = false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tells the collisionsystem to check all bodies for collisions. Hook into the
+        /// <see cref="CollisionSystem.PassedBroadphase"/>
+        /// and <see cref="CollisionSystem.CollisionDetected"/> events to get the results.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="multiThreaded">If true internal multithreading is used.</param>
+        public override void Detect(bool multiThreaded)
+        {
+            if (addCounter > AddedObjectsBruteForceIsUsed)
+            {
+                t2bM.ZeroAll();
+                fullOverlaps.Clear();
+
+                DirtySortAxis(axis1);
+                DirtySortAxis(axis2);
+                DirtySortAxis(axis3);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (multiThreaded)
+                {
+                    ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(sortCallback, axis1);
+                    ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(sortCallback, axis2);
+                    ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(sortCallback, axis3);
+
+                    ThreadManager.internalInstance.Execute();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    SortAxis(axis1);
+                    SortAxis(axis2);
+                    SortAxis(axis3);
+                }
+            }
+
+            addCounter = 0;
+
+            if (multiThreaded)
+            {
+                foreach (BodyPair key in fullOverlaps)
+                {
+                    if (this.CheckBothStaticOrInactive(key.body1, key.body2)) continue;
+
+                    if (base.RaisePassedBroadphase(key.body1, key.body2))
+                    {
+                        Pair pair = Pair.Pool.GetNew();
+
+                        if (swapOrder) { pair.body1 = key.body1; pair.body2 = key.body2; }
+                        else { pair.body2 = key.body2; pair.body1 = key.body1; }
+                        swapOrder = !swapOrder;
+
+                        ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(detectCallback, pair);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ThreadManager.internalInstance.Execute();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (BodyPair key in fullOverlaps)
+                {
+                    if (this.CheckBothStaticOrInactive(key.body1, key.body2)) continue;
+
+                    if (base.RaisePassedBroadphase(key.body1, key.body2))
+                    {
+
+                        if (swapOrder) { Detect(key.body1, key.body2); }
+                        else Detect(key.body2, key.body1);
+                        swapOrder = !swapOrder;
+
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void SortCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            SortAxis(obj as List<SweepPoint>);
+        }
+
+        private void DetectCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            Pair pair = obj as Pair;
+            base.Detect(pair.body1, pair.body2);
+            Pair.Pool.GiveBack(pair);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sends a ray (definied by start and direction) through the scene (all bodies added).
+        /// NOTE: For performance reasons terrain and trianglemeshshape aren't checked
+        /// against rays (rays are of infinite length). They are checked against segments
+        /// which start at rayOrigin and end in rayOrigin + rayDirection.
+        /// </summary>
+        #region public override bool Raycast(JVector rayOrigin, JVector rayDirection, out JVector normal,out float fraction)
+        public override bool Raycast(JVector rayOrigin, JVector rayDirection, RaycastCallback raycast, out RigidBody body, out JVector normal, out float fraction)
+        {
+            body = null; normal = JVector.Zero; fraction = float.MaxValue;
+
+            JVector tempNormal;float tempFraction;
+            bool result = false;
+
+            // TODO: This can be done better in CollisionSystemPersistenSAP
+            foreach (IBroadphaseEntity e in bodyList)
+            {
+                if (!(e is RigidBody)) continue;
+
+                RigidBody b = e as RigidBody;
+
+                if (this.Raycast(b, rayOrigin, rayDirection, out tempNormal, out tempFraction))
+                {
+                    if (tempFraction < fraction && (raycast == null || raycast(b,tempNormal,tempFraction)))
+                    {
+                        body = b;
+                        normal = tempNormal;
+                        fraction = tempFraction;
+                        result = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raycasts a single body. NOTE: For performance reasons terrain and trianglemeshshape aren't checked
+        /// against rays (rays are of infinite length). They are checked against segments
+        /// which start at rayOrigin and end in rayOrigin + rayDirection.
+        /// </summary>
+        #region public override bool Raycast(RigidBody body, JVector rayOrigin, JVector rayDirection, out JVector normal, out float fraction)
+        public override bool Raycast(RigidBody body, JVector rayOrigin, JVector rayDirection, out JVector normal, out float fraction)
+        {
+            fraction = float.MaxValue; normal = JVector.Zero;
+
+            if (!body.BoundingBox.RayIntersect(ref rayOrigin, ref rayDirection)) return false;
+
+            if (body.Shape is Multishape)
+            {
+                Multishape ms = (body.Shape as Multishape).RequestWorkingClone();
+                
+                JVector tempNormal;float tempFraction;
+                bool multiShapeCollides = false;
+
+                JVector transformedOrigin; JVector.Subtract(ref rayOrigin, ref body.position, out transformedOrigin);
+                JVector.Transform(ref transformedOrigin, ref body.invOrientation, out transformedOrigin);
+                JVector transformedDirection; JVector.Transform(ref rayDirection, ref body.invOrientation, out transformedDirection);
+
+                int msLength = ms.Prepare(ref transformedOrigin, ref transformedDirection);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < msLength; i++)
+                {
+                    ms.SetCurrentShape(i);
+
+                    if (GJKCollide.Raycast(ms, ref body.orientation, ref body.invOrientation, ref body.position,
+                        ref rayOrigin, ref rayDirection, out tempFraction, out tempNormal))
+                    {
+                        if (tempFraction < fraction)
+                        {
+                            if (useTerrainNormal && ms is TerrainShape)
+                            {
+                                (ms as TerrainShape).CollisionNormal(out tempNormal);
+                                JVector.Transform(ref tempNormal, ref body.orientation, out tempNormal);
+                                tempNormal.Negate();
+                            }
+                            else if (useTriangleMeshNormal && ms is TriangleMeshShape)
+                            {
+                                (ms as TriangleMeshShape).CollisionNormal(out tempNormal);
+                                JVector.Transform(ref tempNormal, ref body.orientation, out tempNormal);
+                                tempNormal.Negate();
+                            }
+
+                            normal = tempNormal;
+                            fraction = tempFraction;
+                            multiShapeCollides = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ms.ReturnWorkingClone();
+                return multiShapeCollides;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return (GJKCollide.Raycast(body.Shape, ref body.orientation, ref body.invOrientation, ref body.position,
+                    ref rayOrigin, ref rayDirection, out fraction, out normal));
+            }
+
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `pair` last assigned on line 494 could be null and is dereferenced at line 495, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CollisionSystemPersistentSAP.DetectCallback(Object)
+
+### File:
+Jitter/Collision/CollisionSystemPersistentSAP.cs
+
+### Key:
+CollisionSystemPersistentSAP.cs|DetectCallback|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6927c4641ed427b9eec68cde586baadc
+
+### Hash:
+cb1b8544c53ed1d7539698c6f027d3e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0928/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0928/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba619309502795f799f66d7e9d6abe3c02de2b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0928/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1190 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jitterphysics
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/* Copyright (C) <2009-2011> <Thorben Linneweber, Jitter Physics>
+* 
+*  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+*  warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+*  arising from the use of this software.
+*
+*  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+*  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
+*  freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+*
+*  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+*      claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+*      in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+*      appreciated but is not required.
+*  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
+*      misrepresented as being the original software.
+*  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution. 
+*/
+
+#region Using Statements
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+using Jitter.Dynamics;
+using Jitter.LinearMath;
+using Jitter.Collision.Shapes;
+using Jitter.Collision;
+using Jitter.Dynamics.Constraints;
+using Jitter.DataStructures;
+#endregion
+
+namespace Jitter
+{
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This class brings 'dynamics' and 'collisions' together. It handles
+    /// all bodies and constraints.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class World
+    {
+        public delegate void WorldStep(float timestep);
+
+        public class WorldEvents
+        {
+            // Post&Prestep
+            public event WorldStep PreStep;
+            public event WorldStep PostStep;
+
+            // Add&Remove
+            public event Action<RigidBody> AddedRigidBody;
+            public event Action<RigidBody> RemovedRigidBody;
+            public event Action<Constraint> AddedConstraint;
+            public event Action<Constraint> RemovedConstraint;
+            public event Action<SoftBody> AddedSoftBody;
+            public event Action<SoftBody> RemovedSoftBody;
+
+            // Collision
+            public event Action<RigidBody, RigidBody> BodiesBeginCollide;
+            public event Action<RigidBody, RigidBody> BodiesEndCollide;
+            public event Action<Contact> ContactCreated;
+
+            // Deactivation
+            public event Action<RigidBody> DeactivatedBody;
+            public event Action<RigidBody> ActivatedBody;
+
+            internal WorldEvents() { }
+
+            #region Raise Events
+            internal void RaiseWorldPreStep(float timestep)
+            {
+                if (PreStep != null) PreStep(timestep);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseWorldPostStep(float timestep)
+            {
+                if (PostStep != null) PostStep(timestep);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedRigidBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (AddedRigidBody != null) AddedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedRigidBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (RemovedRigidBody != null) RemovedRigidBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+            {
+                if (AddedConstraint != null) AddedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+            {
+                if (RemovedConstraint != null) RemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseAddedSoftBody(SoftBody body)
+            {
+                if (AddedSoftBody != null) AddedSoftBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseRemovedSoftBody(SoftBody body)
+            {
+                if (RemovedSoftBody != null) RemovedSoftBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseBodiesBeginCollide(RigidBody body1,RigidBody body2)
+            {
+                if (BodiesBeginCollide != null) BodiesBeginCollide(body1,body2);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseBodiesEndCollide(RigidBody body1, RigidBody body2)
+            {
+                if (BodiesEndCollide != null) BodiesEndCollide(body1,body2);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseActivatedBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (ActivatedBody != null) ActivatedBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseDeactivatedBody(RigidBody body)
+            {
+                if (DeactivatedBody != null) DeactivatedBody(body);
+            }
+
+            internal void RaiseContactCreated(Contact contact)
+            {
+                if (ContactCreated != null) ContactCreated(contact);
+            }
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private ContactSettings contactSettings = new ContactSettings();
+
+        private float inactiveAngularThresholdSq = 0.1f;
+        private float inactiveLinearThresholdSq = 0.1f;
+        private float deactivationTime = 2f;
+
+        private float angularDamping = 0.85f;
+        private float linearDamping = 0.85f;
+
+        private int contactIterations = 10;
+        private int smallIterations = 4;
+        private float timestep = 0.0f;
+
+        private List<CollisionIsland> islands = new List<CollisionIsland>();
+
+        private HashSet<RigidBody> rigidBodies = new HashSet<RigidBody>();
+        private HashSet<Constraint> constraints = new HashSet<Constraint>();
+        private HashSet<SoftBody> softbodies = new HashSet<SoftBody>();
+
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<RigidBody> RigidBodies { get; private set; }
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<Constraint> Constraints { get; private set; }
+        public ReadOnlyHashset<SoftBody> SoftBodies { get; private set; }
+
+        private WorldEvents events = new WorldEvents();
+        public WorldEvents Events { get { return events; } }
+
+        public void AddBody(SoftBody body)
+        {
+            if (body == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("body", "body can't be null.");
+            if (softbodies.Contains(body)) throw new ArgumentException("The body was already added to the world.", "body");
+
+            this.softbodies.Add(body);
+            this.CollisionSystem.AddEntity(body);
+
+            events.RaiseAddedSoftBody(body);
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.springs)
+                AddConstraint(constraint);
+
+            foreach (SoftBody.MassPoint massPoint in body.points)
+                AddBody(massPoint);
+        }
+
+        public bool RemoveBody(SoftBody body)
+        {
+            if(!this.softbodies.Remove(body)) return false;
+
+            this.CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+            events.RaiseRemovedSoftBody(body);
+
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in body.springs)
+                RemoveConstraint(constraint);
+
+            foreach (SoftBody.MassPoint massPoint in body.points)
+                RemoveBody(massPoint,true);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="CollisionSystem"/> used
+        /// to detect collisions.
+        /// </summary>
+        public CollisionSystem CollisionSystem {  set; get; }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Holds a list of <see cref="Arbiter"/>. All currently
+        /// active arbiter in the <see cref="World"/> are stored in this map.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ArbiterMap ArbiterMap { get { return arbiterMap; } }
+        private ArbiterMap arbiterMap;
+
+        private Stack<Arbiter> garbageArbiterStack = new Stack<Arbiter>();
+
+        private JVector gravity = new JVector(0, -9.81f, 0);
+
+        public ContactSettings ContactSettings { get { return contactSettings; } }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a read only collection of the <see cref="Jitter.Collision.CollisionIsland"/> objects managed by
+        /// this class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ReadOnlyCollection<CollisionIsland> Islands { get { return readOnlyIslands; } }
+        private ReadOnlyCollection<CollisionIsland> readOnlyIslands;
+
+        private Action<object> arbiterCallback;
+        private Action<object> integrateCallback;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new instance of the <see cref="World"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="collision">The collisionSystem which is used to detect
+        /// collisions. See for example: <see cref="CollisionSystemSAP"/>
+        /// or <see cref="CollisionSystemBrute"/>.
+        /// </param>
+        public World(CollisionSystem collision)
+        {
+            if (collision == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("The CollisionSystem can't be null.", "collision");
+
+            ThreadManager.InitializeInstance();
+
+            arbiterCallback = new Action<object>(ArbiterCallback);
+            integrateCallback = new Action<object>(IntegrateCallback);
+
+            // Create the readonly wrappers
+            this.RigidBodies = new ReadOnlyHashset<RigidBody>(rigidBodies);
+            this.Constraints = new ReadOnlyHashset<Constraint>(constraints);
+            this.SoftBodies = new ReadOnlyHashset<SoftBody>(softbodies);
+
+            this.readOnlyIslands = islands.AsReadOnly();
+
+            this.CollisionSystem = collision;
+            this.CollisionSystem.CollisionDetected += new CollisionDetectedHandler(CollisionDetected);
+
+            this.arbiterMap = new ArbiterMap();
+
+
+            AllowDeactivation = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// In Jitter many objects get added to stacks after they were used.
+        /// If a new object is needed the old object gets removed from the stack
+        /// and is reused. This saves some time and also garbage collections.
+        /// Calling this method removes all cached objects from all
+        /// stacks.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ResetResourcePools()
+        {
+            CollisionIsland.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+            Arbiter.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+            Contact.Pool.ResetResourcePool();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all objects from the world and removes all memory cached objects.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            // remove bodies from collision system
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+            {
+                CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+                body.island = null;
+            }
+
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+            }
+
+            // remove bodies from the world
+            rigidBodies.Clear();
+
+            // remove constraints
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in constraints)
+            {
+                events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            }
+            constraints.Clear();
+
+            softbodies.Clear();
+
+            // remove all islands
+            islands.Clear();
+
+            // delete the arbiters
+            arbiterMap.Clear();
+
+            ResetResourcePools();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the gravity in this <see cref="World"/>. The default gravity
+        /// is (0,-9.81,0)
+        /// </summary>
+        public JVector Gravity { get { return gravity; } set { gravity = value; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Global sets or gets if a body is able to be temporarily deactivated by the engine to
+        /// safe computation time. Use <see cref="SetInactivityThreshold"/> to set parameters
+        /// of the deactivation process.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool AllowDeactivation { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Every computation <see cref="Step"/> the angular and linear velocity 
+        /// of a <see cref="RigidBody"/> gets multiplied by this value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="angularDamping">The factor multiplied with the angular velocity.
+        /// The default value is 0.85.</param>
+        /// <param name="linearDamping">The factor multiplied with the linear velocity.
+        /// The default value is 0.85</param>
+        public void SetDampingFactors(float angularDamping, float linearDamping)
+        {
+            if (angularDamping < 0.0f || angularDamping > 1.0f)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Angular damping factor has to be between 0.0 and 1.0", "angularDamping");
+
+            if (linearDamping < 0.0f || linearDamping > 1.0f)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Linear damping factor has to be between 0.0 and 1.0", "linearDamping");
+
+            this.angularDamping = angularDamping;
+            this.linearDamping = linearDamping;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets parameters for the <see cref="RigidBody"/> deactivation process.
+        /// If the bodies angular velocity is less than the angular velocity threshold
+        /// and its linear velocity is lower then the linear velocity threshold for a 
+        /// specific time the body gets deactivated. A body can be reactivated by setting
+        /// <see cref="RigidBody.IsActive"/> to true. A body gets also automatically
+        /// reactivated if another moving object hits it or the <see cref="CollisionIsland"/>
+        /// the object is in gets activated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="angularVelocity">The threshold value for the angular velocity. The default value
+        /// is 0.1.</param>
+        /// <param name="linearVelocity">The threshold value for the linear velocity. The default value
+        /// is 0.1</param>
+        /// <param name="time">The threshold value for the time in seconds. The default value is 2.</param>
+        public void SetInactivityThreshold(float angularVelocity, float linearVelocity, float time)
+        {
+            if (angularVelocity < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Angular velocity threshold has to " +
+                 "be larger than zero", "angularVelocity");
+
+            if (linearVelocity < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Linear velocity threshold has to " +
+                "be larger than zero", "linearVelocity");
+
+            if (time < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("Deactivation time threshold has to " +
+                "be larger than zero", "time");
+
+            this.inactiveAngularThresholdSq = angularVelocity * angularVelocity;
+            this.inactiveLinearThresholdSq = linearVelocity * linearVelocity;
+            this.deactivationTime = time;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Jitter uses an iterativ approach to solve collisions and contacts. You can set the number of
+        /// iterations Jitter should do. In general the more iterations the more stable a simulation gets
+        /// but also costs computation time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="iterations">The number of contact iterations. Default value 10.</param>
+        /// <param name="smallIterations">The number of contact iteration used for smaller (two and three constraint) systems. Default value 4.</param>
+        /// <remarks>The number of iterations for collision and contact should be between 3 - 30.
+        /// More iterations means more stability and also a longer calculation time.</remarks>
+        public void SetIterations(int iterations, int smallIterations)
+        {
+            if (iterations < 1) throw new ArgumentException("The number of collision " +
+                 "iterations has to be larger than zero", "iterations");
+
+            if (smallIterations < 1) throw new ArgumentException("The number of collision " +
+                "iterations has to be larger than zero", "smallIterations");
+
+            this.contactIterations = iterations;
+            this.smallIterations = smallIterations;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes a <see cref="RigidBody"/> from the world.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="body">The body which should be removed.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns false if the body could not be removed from the world.</returns>
+        public bool RemoveBody(RigidBody body)
+        {
+            return RemoveBody(body, false);
+        }
+
+        private bool RemoveBody(RigidBody body, bool removeMassPoints)
+        {
+            // Its very important to clean up, after removing a body
+
+            if (!removeMassPoints && body.IsMassPoint) return false;
+
+            // remove the body from the world list
+            if (!rigidBodies.Remove(body)) return false;
+
+            // remove the body from the collision system
+            CollisionSystem.RemoveEntity(body);
+
+            // remove the island
+            if (body.island != null && body.island.bodies.Count == 1)
+            {
+                islands.Remove(body.island);
+                CollisionIsland.Pool.GiveBack(body.island);
+            }
+
+            body.island = null;
+
+            // remove all arbiters and contacts connected with this body
+            Stack<Arbiter> orphanArbiters = new Stack<Arbiter>();
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in arbiterMap.Values)
+            {
+                if (arbiter.body1 == body || arbiter.body2 == body)
+                    orphanArbiters.Push(arbiter);
+            }
+
+            while (orphanArbiters.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Arbiter arbiter = orphanArbiters.Pop();
+
+                int contactCount = arbiter.contactList.Count;
+                for (int e = 0; e < contactCount; e++)
+                {
+                    Contact.Pool.GiveBack(arbiter.contactList[e]);
+                }
+
+                arbiter.contactList.Clear();
+
+                // Give the arbiter back
+                Arbiter.Pool.GiveBack(arbiter);
+                arbiterMap.Remove(arbiter);
+            }
+
+            // remove all constraints connected with this body
+            Stack<Constraint> orphanConstraints = new Stack<Constraint>();
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in constraints)
+            {
+                if (constraint.body1 == body || constraint.body2 == body)
+                    orphanConstraints.Push(constraint);
+            }
+
+            while (orphanConstraints.Count > 0)
+            {
+                constraints.Remove(orphanConstraints.Pop());
+            }
+
+            events.RaiseRemovedRigidBody(body);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds a <see cref="RigidBody"/> to the world.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="body">The body which should be added.</param>
+        public void AddBody(RigidBody body)
+        {
+            if (body == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("body", "body can't be null.");
+            if(rigidBodies.Contains(body)) throw new ArgumentException("The body was already added to the world.", "body");
+
+            events.RaiseAddedRigidBody(body);
+
+            if(!(body.isMassPoint)) this.CollisionSystem.AddEntity(body);
+
+            rigidBodies.Add(body);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a <see cref="Constraint"/> to the world. Fast, O(1).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="constraint">The constraint which should be added.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the constraint was successfully removed.</returns>
+        public bool RemoveConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+        {
+            if (!constraints.Remove(constraint)) return false;
+            events.RaiseRemovedConstraint(constraint);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a <see cref="Constraint"/> to the world.  Fast, O(1).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="constraint">The constraint which should be removed.</param>
+        public void AddConstraint(Constraint constraint)
+        {
+            if(constraints.Contains(constraint)) 
+                throw new ArgumentException("The constraint was already added to the world.", "constraint");
+
+            constraints.Add(constraint);
+
+            events.RaiseAddedConstraint(constraint);
+        }
+
+        private float currentLinearDampFactor = 1.0f;
+        private float currentAngularDampFactor = 1.0f;
+
+#if(!WINDOWS_PHONE)
+        Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();
+
+        public enum DebugType
+        {
+            CollisionDetect, BuildIslands, HandleArbiter, UpdateContacts,
+            PreStep, DeactivateBodies, IntegrateForces, Integrate, PostStep, ClothUpdate, Num
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Time in ms for every part of the <see cref="Step"/> method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <example>int time = DebugTimes[(int)DebugType.CollisionDetect] gives
+        /// the amount of time spent on collision detection during the last <see cref="Step"/>.
+        /// </example>
+        private double[] debugTimes = new double[(int)DebugType.Num];
+        public double[] DebugTimes { get { return debugTimes; } }
+#endif
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Integrates the whole world a timestep further in time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timestep">The timestep in seconds. 
+        /// It should be small as possible to keep the simulation stable.
+        /// The physics simulation shouldn't run slower than 60fps.
+        /// (timestep=1/60).</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">If true the engine uses several threads to
+        /// integrate the world. This is faster on multicore CPUs.</param>
+        public void Step(float timestep, bool multithread)
+        {
+            this.timestep = timestep;
+
+            // yeah! nothing to do!
+            if (timestep == 0.0f) return;
+
+            // throw exception if the timestep is smaller zero.
+            if (timestep < 0.0f) throw new ArgumentException("The timestep can't be negative.", "timestep");
+
+            // Calculate this
+            currentAngularDampFactor = (float)Math.Pow(angularDamping, timestep);
+            currentLinearDampFactor = (float)Math.Pow(linearDamping, timestep);
+
+#if(WINDOWS_PHONE)
+            events.RaiseWorldPreStep(timestep);
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PreStep();
+            UpdateContacts();
+            CollisionSystem.Detect(multithread);
+            BuildIslands();
+            CheckDeactivation();
+
+            foreach (SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                body.Update(timestep);
+                body.AddPressureForces(timestep);
+            }
+
+            IntegrateForces();
+            HandleArbiter(contactIterations, multithread);
+            Integrate(multithread);
+
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PostStep();
+            events.RaiseWorldPostStep(timestep);
+#else
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            events.RaiseWorldPreStep(timestep);
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PreStep();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.PreStep] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            UpdateContacts();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.UpdateContacts] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            CollisionSystem.Detect(multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.CollisionDetect] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            BuildIslands();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.BuildIslands] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            CheckDeactivation();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.DeactivateBodies] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            foreach(SoftBody body in softbodies)
+            {
+                body.Update(timestep);
+                body.AddPressureForces(timestep);
+            }
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.ClothUpdate] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            IntegrateForces();
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.IntegrateForces] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            HandleArbiter(contactIterations, multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.HandleArbiter] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            Integrate(multithread);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.Integrate] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+
+
+            sw.Reset(); sw.Start();
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies) body.PostStep();
+            events.RaiseWorldPostStep(timestep);
+            sw.Stop(); debugTimes[(int)DebugType.PostStep] = sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds;
+#endif
+        }
+
+        private float accumulatedTime = 0.0f;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Integrates the whole world several fixed timestep further in time.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="totalTime">The time to integrate.</param>
+        /// <param name="timestep">The timestep in seconds. 
+        /// It should be small as possible to keep the simulation stable.
+        /// The physics simulation shouldn't run slower than 60fps.
+        /// (timestep=1/60).</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">If true the engine uses several threads to
+        /// integrate the world. This is faster on multicore CPUs.</param>
+        /// <param name="maxSteps">The maximum number of substeps. After that Jitter gives up
+        /// to keep up with the given totalTime.</param>
+        public void Step(float totalTime, bool multithread, float timestep, int maxSteps)
+        {
+            int counter = 0;
+            accumulatedTime += totalTime;
+
+            while (accumulatedTime > timestep)
+            {
+                Step(timestep, multithread);
+
+                accumulatedTime -= timestep;
+                counter++;
+
+                if (counter > maxSteps)
+                {
+                    // okay, okay... we can't keep up
+                    accumulatedTime = 0.0f;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateArbiterContacts(Arbiter arbiter)
+        {
+            if (arbiter.contactList.Count == 0)
+            {
+                lock (garbageArbiterStack) { garbageArbiterStack.Push(arbiter); }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = arbiter.contactList.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            {
+                Contact c = arbiter.contactList[i];
+                c.UpdatePosition();
+
+                if (c.penetration < -contactSettings.breakThreshold)
+                {
+                    Contact.Pool.GiveBack(c);
+                    arbiter.contactList.RemoveAt(i);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    JVector diff; JVector.Subtract(ref c.p1, ref c.p2, out diff);
+                    float distance = JVector.Dot(ref diff, ref c.normal);
+
+                    diff = diff - distance * c.normal;
+                    distance = diff.LengthSquared();
+
+                    //HACK!! * 100
+                    if (distance > contactSettings.breakThreshold * contactSettings.breakThreshold * 100.0f)
+                    {
+                        Contact.Pool.GiveBack(c);
+                        arbiter.contactList.RemoveAt(i);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateContacts()
+        {
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in arbiterMap.Values)
+            {
+                UpdateArbiterContacts(arbiter);
+            }
+
+            while (garbageArbiterStack.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Arbiter arbiter = garbageArbiterStack.Pop();
+                Arbiter.Pool.GiveBack(arbiter);
+                arbiterMap.Remove(arbiter);
+
+                events.RaiseBodiesEndCollide(arbiter.body1, arbiter.body2);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        #region private void ArbiterCallback(object obj)
+        private void ArbiterCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            CollisionIsland island = obj as CollisionIsland;
+
+            int thisIterations;
+            if (island.bodies.Count + island.constraints.Count > 3) thisIterations = contactIterations;
+            else thisIterations = smallIterations;
+
+            for (int i = -1; i < thisIterations; i++)
+            {
+                // Contact and Collision
+                foreach (Arbiter arbiter in island.arbiter)
+                {
+                    int contactCount = arbiter.contactList.Count;
+                    for (int e = 0; e < contactCount; e++)
+                    {
+                        if (i == -1) arbiter.contactList[e].PrepareForIteration(timestep);
+                        else arbiter.contactList[e].Iterate();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Constraints
+                foreach (Constraint c in island.constraints)
+                {
+                    if (c.body1 != null && !c.body1.IsActive && c.body2 != null && !c.body2.IsActive)
+                        continue;
+
+                    if (i == -1) c.PrepareForIteration(timestep);
+                    else c.Iterate();
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private void HandleArbiter(int iterations, bool multiThreaded)
+        {
+            if (multiThreaded)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < islands.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if(islands[i].IsActive()) ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(arbiterCallback, islands[i]);
+                }
+
+                ThreadManager.internalInstance.Execute();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < islands.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if (islands[i].IsActive()) arbiterCallback(islands[i]);
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void IntegrateForces()
+        {
+            foreach(RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+            {
+                if (!body.isStatic && body.IsActive)
+                {
+                    JVector temp;
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.force, body.inverseMass * timestep, out temp);
+                    JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.linearVelocity, out body.linearVelocity);
+
+                    if (!(body.isMassPoint))
+                    {
+                        JVector.Multiply(ref body.torque, timestep, out temp);
+                        JVector.Transform(ref temp, ref body.invInertiaWorld, out temp);
+                        JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.angularVelocity, out body.angularVelocity);
+                    }
+
+                    if (body.affectedByGravity)
+                    {
+                        JVector.Multiply(ref gravity, timestep, out temp);
+                        JVector.Add(ref body.linearVelocity, ref temp, out body.linearVelocity);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                body.force.MakeZero();
+                body.torque.MakeZero();
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        #region private void IntegrateCallback(object obj)
+        private void IntegrateCallback(object obj)
+        {
+            RigidBody body = obj as RigidBody;
+
+            JVector temp;
+            JVector.Multiply(ref body.linearVelocity, timestep, out temp);
+            JVector.Add(ref temp, ref body.position, out body.position);
+
+            if (!(body.isMassPoint))
+            {
+
+                //exponential map
+                JVector axis;
+                float angle = body.angularVelocity.Length();
+
+                if (angle < 0.001f)
+                {
+                    // use Taylor's expansions of sync function
+                    axis = body.angularVelocity * (0.5f * timestep - (timestep * timestep * timestep) * (0.020833333333f) * angle * angle);
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, (0.5f * timestep - (timestep * timestep * timestep) * (0.020833333333f) * angle * angle), out axis);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // sync(fAngle) = sin(c*fAngle)/t
+                    JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, ((float)Math.Sin(0.5f * angle * timestep) / angle), out axis);
+                }
+
+                JQuaternion dorn = new JQuaternion(axis.X, axis.Y, axis.Z, (float)Math.Cos(angle * timestep * 0.5f));
+                JQuaternion ornA; JQuaternion.CreateFromMatrix(ref body.orientation, out ornA);
+
+                JQuaternion.Multiply(ref dorn, ref ornA, out dorn);
+
+                dorn.Normalize(); JMatrix.CreateFromQuaternion(ref dorn, out body.orientation);
+            }
+
+            if ((body.Damping & RigidBody.DampingType.Linear) != 0)
+                JVector.Multiply(ref body.linearVelocity, currentLinearDampFactor, out body.linearVelocity);
+
+            if ((body.Damping & RigidBody.DampingType.Angular) != 0)
+                JVector.Multiply(ref body.angularVelocity, currentAngularDampFactor, out body.angularVelocity);
+
+            body.Update();
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        private void Integrate(bool multithread)
+        {
+            if (multithread)
+            {
+                foreach(RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isStatic || !body.IsActive) continue;
+                    ThreadManager.internalInstance.AddTask(integrateCallback, body);
+                }
+
+                ThreadManager.internalInstance.Execute();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isStatic || !body.IsActive) continue;
+                    integrateCallback(body);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CollisionDetected(RigidBody body1, RigidBody body2, JVector point1, JVector point2, JVector normal, float penetration)
+        {
+            Arbiter arbiter;
+
+            lock (arbiterMap)
+            {
+                if (!arbiterMap.LookUpArbiter(body1, body2, out arbiter))
+                {
+                    arbiter = Arbiter.Pool.GetNew();
+                    arbiter.body1 = body1; arbiter.body2 = body2;
+                    arbiterMap.Add(new ArbiterKey(body1, body2), arbiter);
+
+                    events.RaiseBodiesBeginCollide(body1, body2);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Contact contact = null;
+
+            if (arbiter.body1 == body1)
+            {
+                JVector.Negate(ref normal, out normal);
+                contact = arbiter.AddContact(point1, point2, normal, penetration, contactSettings);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                contact = arbiter.AddContact(point2, point1, normal, penetration, contactSettings);
+            }
+
+            if (contact != null) events.RaiseContactCreated(contact);
+
+        }
+
+        private void MergeIslands(RigidBody body0, RigidBody body1)
+        {
+            if (body0.island != body1.island)
+            {
+                // both bodies are in different islands
+                // so we can merge them
+                if (body0.island == null)
+                {
+                    // one island is null
+                    body0.island = body1.island;
+                    body0.island.bodies.Add(body0);
+                }
+                else if (body1.island == null)
+                {
+                    // one island is null
+                    body1.island = body0.island;
+                    body1.island.bodies.Add(body1);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // both islands are different,
+                    // merge smaller into larger
+
+                    RigidBody smallIslandOwner, largeIslandOwner;
+
+                    if (body0.island.bodies.Count > body1.island.bodies.Count)
+                    {
+                        smallIslandOwner = body1;
+                        largeIslandOwner = body0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        smallIslandOwner = body0;
+                        largeIslandOwner = body1;
+                    }
+
+                    CollisionIsland giveBackIsland = smallIslandOwner.island;
+
+                    CollisionIsland.Pool.GiveBack(giveBackIsland);
+                    islands.Remove(giveBackIsland);
+
+                    int count = giveBackIsland.bodies.Count;
+                    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                    {
+                        giveBackIsland.bodies[i].island = largeIslandOwner.island;
+                        largeIslandOwner.island.bodies.Add(giveBackIsland.bodies[i]);
+                    }
+
+                    giveBackIsland.ClearLists();
+                }
+
+            }
+            else if (body0.island == null)
+            {
+                // both are null
+                CollisionIsland island = CollisionIsland.Pool.GetNew();
+                body0.island = body1.island = island;
+
+                body0.island.bodies.Add(body0);
+                body0.island.bodies.Add(body1);
+
+                islands.Add(island);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        private void BuildIslands()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < islands.Count; i++)
+            {
+                if (islands[i].bodies.Count == 1 && !islands[i].bodies[0].isStatic)
+                {
+                    // keep islands which contain only one body.
+                    islands[i].constraints.Clear();
+                    islands[i].arbiter.Clear();
+                }
+                else if (!islands[i].IsActive())
+                {
+                    // keep islands which are inactive
+                    islands[i].constraints.Clear();
+                    islands[i].arbiter.Clear();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // remove all others
+                    foreach (RigidBody body in islands[i].bodies) body.island = null;
+
+                    islands[i].constraints.Clear();
+                    islands[i].arbiter.Clear();
+                    islands[i].bodies.Clear();
+
+                    CollisionIsland.Pool.GiveBack(islands[i]);
+
+                    islands.RemoveAt(i); i--;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Connect islands by arbiters
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in arbiterMap.Values)
+            {
+                RigidBody body0 = arbiter.body1;
+                RigidBody body1 = arbiter.body2;
+
+                if (body0.isStatic || body1.isStatic) continue;
+
+                MergeIslands(body0, body1);
+            }
+
+            // Connect islands by constraints
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in constraints)
+            {
+                RigidBody body0 = constraint.body1;
+                RigidBody body1 = constraint.body2;
+
+                if (body0 == null || body1 == null) continue;
+
+                if (body0.isStatic && body1.isStatic) continue;
+
+                MergeIslands(body0, body1);
+            }
+
+            // every single body gets an island
+            foreach (RigidBody body in rigidBodies)
+            {
+                if (body.isStatic) continue;
+
+                if (body.island == null)
+                {
+                    body.island = CollisionIsland.Pool.GetNew();
+                    body.island.bodies.Add(body);
+
+                    islands.Add(body.island);
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            #region Add Constraints to Collision Islands
+            foreach (Constraint constraint in constraints)
+            {
+                if (constraint.body1 != null && constraint.body1.CollisionIsland != null)
+                    constraint.body1.island.constraints.Add(constraint);
+            }
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Add Arbiters to Collision Islands
+            foreach (Arbiter arbiter in arbiterMap.Values)
+            {
+                // that must be the same islands OR one or both are null
+                CollisionIsland island1 = arbiter.body1.island;
+                CollisionIsland island2 = arbiter.body2.island;
+
+                if (island1 != null)
+                {
+                    island1.arbiter.Add(arbiter);
+                }
+                else if (island2 != null)
+                {
+                    island2.arbiter.Add(arbiter);
+                }
+            }
+            #endregion
+
+        }
+
+        private void CheckDeactivation()
+        {
+            // A body deactivation DOESN'T kill the contacts - they are stored in
+            // the arbitermap within the arbiters. So, waking up ist STABLE - old
+            // contacts are reused. Also the collisionislands build every frame (based 
+            // on the contacts) keep the same.
+
+            foreach (CollisionIsland island in islands)
+            {
+                bool deactivateIsland = true;
+
+                // global allowdeactivation
+                if (!this.AllowDeactivation) deactivateIsland = false;
+                else
+                {
+                    foreach (RigidBody body in island.bodies)
+                    {
+                        // body allowdeactivation
+                        if (body.AllowDeactivation && (body.angularVelocity.LengthSquared() < inactiveAngularThresholdSq &&
+                        (body.linearVelocity.LengthSquared() < inactiveLinearThresholdSq)))
+                        {
+                            body.inactiveTime += timestep;
+                            if (body.inactiveTime < deactivationTime)
+                                deactivateIsland = false;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            body.inactiveTime = 0.0f;
+                            deactivateIsland = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                foreach (RigidBody body in island.bodies)
+                {
+                    if (body.isActive == deactivateIsland)
+                    {
+                        if (body.isActive)
+                        {
+                            body.IsActive = false;
+                            events.RaiseDeactivatedBody(body);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            body.IsActive = true;
+                            events.RaiseActivatedBody(body);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `body` last assigned on line 813 could be null and is dereferenced at line 819, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void World.IntegrateCallback(Object)
+
+### File:
+Jitter/World.cs
+
+### Key:
+World.cs|IntegrateCallback|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56f404dd93e540c1b5a4451b62cb2816
+
+### Hash:
+bbb65f69e6d31d5f051f22457860f0b9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0943/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0943/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12e686c9495e4a3287bdfe7615d1176bf562e877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0943/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GeneticSharp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Chromosomes;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Fitnesses;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Populations;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Terminations;
+using GeneticSharp.Infrastructure.Framework.Threading;
+
+namespace GeneticSharp.Extensions.AutoConfig
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A fitness function to auto config another genetic algorithm.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class AutoConfigFitness : IFitness
+    {
+        #region Fields
+        private IFitness m_targetFitness;
+        private IChromosome m_targetChromosome;
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Constructor               
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AutoConfigFitness"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="targetFitness">The target fitness.</param>
+        /// <param name="targetChromosome">The target chromosome.</param>
+        public AutoConfigFitness(IFitness targetFitness, IChromosome targetChromosome)
+        {
+            m_targetFitness = targetFitness;
+            m_targetChromosome = targetChromosome;
+            PopulationMinSize = 100;
+            PopulationMaxSize = 100;
+            Termination = new TimeEvolvingTermination(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30));
+            TaskExecutor = new LinearTaskExecutor();
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Properties        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the minimum size of the population.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>
+        /// The minimum size of the population.
+        /// </value>
+        public int PopulationMinSize { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the maximum size of the population.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>
+        /// The maximum size of the population.
+        /// </value>
+        public int PopulationMaxSize { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the termination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>
+        /// The termination.
+        /// </value>
+        public ITermination Termination { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the task executor which will be used to execute fitness evaluation.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ITaskExecutor TaskExecutor { get; set; }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Methods        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluates the specified chromosome.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="chromosome">The chromosome.</param>
+        /// <returns>The chromosome fitness.</returns>
+        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1031:DoNotCatchGeneralExceptionTypes")]
+        public double Evaluate(IChromosome chromosome)
+        {
+            var autoConfigChromosome = chromosome as AutoConfigChromosome;
+            var selection = autoConfigChromosome.Selection;
+            var crossover = autoConfigChromosome.Crossover;
+            var mutation = autoConfigChromosome.Mutation;
+            var population = new Population(PopulationMinSize, PopulationMaxSize, m_targetChromosome);
+
+            var ga = new GeneticAlgorithm(population, m_targetFitness, selection, crossover, mutation);
+            ga.Termination = Termination;
+            ga.TaskExecutor = TaskExecutor;
+
+            try
+            {
+                ga.Start();
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
+            return ga.BestChromosome.Fitness.Value;
+        }
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `autoConfigChromosome` last assigned on line 78 could be null and is dereferenced at line 79, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Double AutoConfigFitness.Evaluate(IChromosome)
+
+### File:
+src/GeneticSharp.Extensions/AutoConfig/AutoConfigFitness.cs
+
+### Key:
+AutoConfigFitness.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+c9068644788b63a7520dbd0f3f5a01bd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0944/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0944/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b845ba39ed9cff739b1139777531832cecc9fdc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0944/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GeneticSharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Chromosomes;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Crossovers;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Fitnesses;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Mutations;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Selections;
+using GeneticSharp.Domain.Terminations;
+using GeneticSharp.Extensions.AutoConfig;
+using GeneticSharp.Extensions.Tsp;
+using GeneticSharp.Infrastructure.Threading;
+
+namespace GeneticSharp.Runner.ConsoleApp.Samples
+{
+    [DisplayName("AutoConfig")]
+    public class AutoConfigSampleController : SampleControllerBase
+    {
+        public override IChromosome CreateChromosome()
+        {
+            return new AutoConfigChromosome();
+        }
+
+        public override ISelection CreateSelection()
+        {
+            return new EliteSelection();
+        }
+
+        public override ICrossover CreateCrossover()
+        {
+            return new UniformCrossover();
+        }
+
+        public override IMutation CreateMutation()
+        {
+            return new UniformMutation();
+        }
+
+        public override IFitness CreateFitness()
+        {
+            var targetChromosome = new TspChromosome(10);
+            var targetFitness = new TspFitness(10, 0, 100, 0, 100);
+
+            var fitness = new AutoConfigFitness(targetFitness, targetChromosome);
+            fitness.Termination = new FitnessStagnationTermination(500);
+            fitness.PopulationMinSize = 20;
+            fitness.PopulationMaxSize = 20;
+
+            return fitness;
+        }
+
+        public override void ConfigGA(GeneticAlgorithm ga)
+        {
+            base.ConfigGA(ga);
+            ga.TaskExecutor = new SmartThreadPoolTaskExecutor()
+            {
+                MinThreads = 25,
+                MaxThreads = 50
+            };
+        }
+
+        public override void Draw(IChromosome bestChromosome)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `c` last assigned on line 69 could be null and is dereferenced at line 70, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AutoConfigSampleController.Draw(IChromosome)
+
+### File:
+src/GeneticSharp.Runner.ConsoleApp/Samples/AutoConfigSampleController.cs
+
+### Key:
+AutoConfigSampleController.cs|Draw|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+da302538d730c243f29c6f5744c7658a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0945/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0945/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b984e60d84ef32781c31fc1b19d5eac4830f781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0945/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** docusign-esign-csharp-client
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/* 
+ * DocuSign REST API
+ *
+ * The DocuSign REST API provides you with a powerful, convenient, and simple Web services API for interacting with DocuSign.
+ *
+ * OpenAPI spec version: v2
+ * Contact: devcenter@docusign.com
+ * Generated by: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
+ */
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+#if NETSTANDARD2_0
+using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Protocols;
+using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
+using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
+#else 
+using System.IdentityModel.Protocols.WSTrust;
+using System.IdentityModel.Tokens;
+#endif
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Security.Claims;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto;
+using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Parameters;
+using Org.BouncyCastle.OpenSsl;
+using Org.BouncyCastle.Security;
+using RestSharp;
+using DocuSign.eSign.Client.Auth;
+
+namespace DocuSign.eSign.Client
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// API client is mainly responsible for making the HTTP call to the API backend.
+    /// </summary>
+    public partial class ApiClient
+    {
+        private string basePath = "https://www.docusign.net/restapi";
+
+        private JsonSerializerSettings serializerSettings = new JsonSerializerSettings
+        {
+            ConstructorHandling = ConstructorHandling.AllowNonPublicDefaultConstructor
+        };
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Allows for extending request processing for <see cref="ApiClient"/> generated code.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="request">The RestSharp request object</param>
+        partial void InterceptRequest(IRestRequest request);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Allows for extending response processing for <see cref="ApiClient"/> generated code.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="request">The RestSharp request object</param>
+        /// <param name="response">The RestSharp response object</param>
+        partial void InterceptResponse(IRestRequest request, IRestResponse response);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ApiClient" /> class
+        /// with default configuration and base path (https://www.docusign.net/restapi).
+        /// </summary>
+        public ApiClient()
+        {
+            this.InitializeTLSProtocol();
+            Configuration = Configuration.Default;
+            RestClient = new RestClient("https://www.docusign.net/restapi");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ApiClient" /> class
+        /// with default base path (https://www.docusign.net/restapi).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="config">An instance of Configuration.</param>
+        public ApiClient(Configuration config = null)
+        {
+            this.InitializeTLSProtocol();
+
+            if (config == null)
+                Configuration = Configuration.Default;
+            else
+                Configuration = config;
+
+            RestClient = new RestClient("https://www.docusign.net/restapi");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ApiClient" /> class
+        /// with default configuration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="basePath">The base path.</param>
+        public ApiClient(String basePath = "https://www.docusign.net/restapi")
+        {
+            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(basePath))
+                throw new ArgumentException("basePath cannot be empty");
+
+            this.InitializeTLSProtocol();
+
+            this.basePath = basePath;
+            RestClient = new RestClient(basePath);
+            Configuration = Configuration.Default;
+            Configuration.ApiClient = this;
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeTLSProtocol()
+        {
+            ServicePointManager.SecurityProtocol = SecurityProtocolType.Tls12 | SecurityProtocolType.Tls11;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the default API client for making HTTP calls.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>The default API client.</value>
+        [Obsolete("ApiClient.Default is deprecated, please use 'Configuration.Default.ApiClient' instead.")]
+        public static ApiClient Default;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the Configuration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>An instance of the Configuration.</value>
+        public Configuration Configuration { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the RestClient.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>An instance of the RestClient</value>
+        public RestClient RestClient { get; set; }
+
+        // Creates and sets up a RestRequest prior to a call.
+        private RestRequest PrepareRequest(
+            String path, RestSharp.Method method, Dictionary<String, String> queryParams, Object postBody,
+            Dictionary<String, String> headerParams, Dictionary<String, String> formParams,
+            Dictionary<String, FileParameter> fileParams, Dictionary<String, String> pathParams,
+            String contentType)
+        {
+            var request = new RestRequest(path, method);
+
+            // add path parameter, if any
+            foreach (var param in pathParams)
+                request.AddParameter(param.Key, param.Value, ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+
+            // DocuSign: Add DocuSign tracking headers
+            request.AddHeader("X-DocuSign-SDK", "C#");
+
+            // add header parameter, if any
+            foreach (var param in headerParams)
+                request.AddHeader(param.Key, param.Value);
+
+            // add query parameter, if any
+            foreach (var param in queryParams)
+                request.AddQueryParameter(param.Key, param.Value);
+
+            // add form parameter, if any
+            foreach (var param in formParams)
+                request.AddParameter(param.Key, param.Value);
+
+            // add file parameter, if any
+            foreach (var param in fileParams)
+            {
+#if NETSTANDARD2_0
+                request.AddFile(param.Value.Name, param.Value.Writer, param.Value.FileName, param.Value.ContentLength, param.Value.ContentType);
+#else
+                request.AddFile(param.Value.Name, param.Value.Writer, param.Value.FileName);
+#endif
+            }
+
+            if (postBody != null) // http body (model or byte[]) parameter
+            {
+                if (postBody.GetType() == typeof(String))
+                {
+                    request.AddParameter("application/json", postBody, ParameterType.RequestBody);
+                }
+                else if (postBody.GetType() == typeof(byte[]))
+                {
+                    request.AddParameter(contentType, postBody, ParameterType.RequestBody);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return request;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Makes the HTTP request (Sync).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">URL path.</param>
+        /// <param name="method">HTTP method.</param>
+        /// <param name="queryParams">Query parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="postBody">HTTP body (POST request).</param>
+        /// <param name="headerParams">Header parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="formParams">Form parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="fileParams">File parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="pathParams">Path parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="contentType">Content Type of the request</param>
+        /// <returns>Object</returns>
+        public Object CallApi(
+            String path, RestSharp.Method method, Dictionary<String, String> queryParams, Object postBody,
+            Dictionary<String, String> headerParams, Dictionary<String, String> formParams,
+            Dictionary<String, FileParameter> fileParams, Dictionary<String, String> pathParams,
+            String contentType)
+        {
+            var request = PrepareRequest(
+                path, method, queryParams, postBody, headerParams, formParams, fileParams,
+                pathParams, contentType);
+
+            // set timeout
+            RestClient.Timeout = Configuration.Timeout;
+            // set user agent
+            RestClient.UserAgent = Configuration.UserAgent;
+
+            InterceptRequest(request);
+            var response = RestClient.Execute(request);
+            InterceptResponse(request, response);
+
+            return (Object)response;
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Makes the asynchronous HTTP request.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">URL path.</param>
+        /// <param name="method">HTTP method.</param>
+        /// <param name="queryParams">Query parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="postBody">HTTP body (POST request).</param>
+        /// <param name="headerParams">Header parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="formParams">Form parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="fileParams">File parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="pathParams">Path parameters.</param>
+        /// <param name="contentType">Content type.</param>
+        /// <returns>The Task instance.</returns>
+        public async System.Threading.Tasks.Task<Object> CallApiAsync(
+            String path, RestSharp.Method method, Dictionary<String, String> queryParams, Object postBody,
+            Dictionary<String, String> headerParams, Dictionary<String, String> formParams,
+            Dictionary<String, FileParameter> fileParams, Dictionary<String, String> pathParams,
+            String contentType)
+        {
+            var request = PrepareRequest(
+                path, method, queryParams, postBody, headerParams, formParams, fileParams,
+                pathParams, contentType);
+            InterceptRequest(request);
+            var response = await RestClient.ExecuteTaskAsync(request);
+            InterceptResponse(request, response);
+            return (Object)response;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Escape string (url-encoded).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="str">String to be escaped.</param>
+        /// <returns>Escaped string.</returns>
+        public string EscapeString(string str)
+        {
+            return UrlEncode(str);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create FileParameter based on Stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">Parameter name.</param>
+        /// <param name="stream">Input stream.</param>
+        /// <returns>FileParameter.</returns>
+        public FileParameter ParameterToFile(string name, Stream stream)
+        {
+            if (stream is FileStream)
+                return FileParameter.Create(name, ReadAsBytes(stream), Path.GetFileName(((FileStream)stream).Name));
+            else
+                return FileParameter.Create(name, ReadAsBytes(stream), "no_file_name_provided");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// If parameter is DateTime, output in a formatted string (default ISO 8601), customizable with Configuration.DateTime.
+        /// If parameter is a list, join the list with ",".
+        /// Otherwise just return the string.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">The parameter (header, path, query, form).</param>
+        /// <returns>Formatted string.</returns>
+        public string ParameterToString(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is DateTime)
+                // Return a formatted date string - Can be customized with Configuration.DateTimeFormat
+                // Defaults to an ISO 8601, using the known as a Round-trip date/time pattern ("o")
+                // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/az4se3k1(v=vs.110).aspx#Anchor_8
+                // For example: 2009-06-15T13:45:30.0000000
+                return ((DateTime)obj).ToString(Configuration.DateTimeFormat);
+            else if (obj is DateTimeOffset)
+                // Return a formatted date string - Can be customized with Configuration.DateTimeFormat
+                // Defaults to an ISO 8601, using the known as a Round-trip date/time pattern ("o")
+                // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/az4se3k1(v=vs.110).aspx#Anchor_8
+                // For example: 2009-06-15T13:45:30.0000000
+                return ((DateTimeOffset)obj).ToString(Configuration.DateTimeFormat);
+            else if (obj is IList)
+            {
+                var flattenedString = new StringBuilder();
+                foreach (var param in (IList)obj)
+                {
+                    if (flattenedString.Length > 0)
+                        flattenedString.Append(",");
+                    flattenedString.Append(param);
+                }
+                return flattenedString.ToString();
+            }
+            else
+                return Convert.ToString(obj);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deserialize the JSON string into a proper object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="response">The HTTP response.</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Object type.</param>
+        /// <returns>Object representation of the JSON string.</returns>
+        public object Deserialize(IRestResponse response, Type type)
+        {
+            IList<Parameter> headers = response.Headers;
+            if (type == typeof(byte[])) // return byte array
+            {
+                return response.RawBytes;
+            }
+
+            if (type == typeof(Stream))
+            {
+                if (headers != null)
+                {
+                    var filePath = String.IsNullOrEmpty(Configuration.TempFolderPath)
+                        ? Path.GetTempPath()
+                        : Configuration.TempFolderPath;
+                    var regex = new Regex(@"Content-Disposition=.*filename=['""]?([^'""\s]+)['""]?$");
+                    foreach (var header in headers)
+                    {
+                        var match = regex.Match(header.ToString());
+                        if (match.Success)
+                        {
+                            string fileName = filePath + SanitizeFilename(match.Groups[1].Value.Replace("\"", "").Replace("'", ""));
+                            File.WriteAllBytes(fileName, response.RawBytes);
+                            return new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                var stream = new MemoryStream(response.RawBytes);
+                return stream;
+            }
+
+            if (type.Name.StartsWith("System.Nullable`1[[System.DateTime")) // return a datetime object
+            {
+                return DateTime.Parse(response.Content, null, System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles.RoundtripKind);
+            }
+
+            if (type == typeof(String) || type.Name.StartsWith("System.Nullable")) // return primitive type
+            {
+                return ConvertType(response.Content, type);
+            }
+
+            // at this point, it must be a model (json)
+            try
+            {
+                return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(response.Content, type, serializerSettings);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                throw new ApiException(500, e.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// DocuSign: Deserialize the byte array into a proper object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="content">Byte Araay (e.g. PDF bytes).</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Object type.</param>
+        /// <param name="headers"></param>
+        /// <returns>Object representation of the JSON string.</returns>
+        public object Deserialize(byte[] content, Type type, IList<Parameter> headers = null)
+        {
+            if (type == typeof(Stream))
+            {
+                MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(content);
+                return ms;
+            }
+
+            throw new ApiException(500, "Unhandled response type.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Serialize an input (model) into JSON string
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="obj">Object.</param>
+        /// <returns>JSON string.</returns>
+        public String Serialize(object obj)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                return obj != null ? JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj) : null;
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                throw new ApiException(500, e.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Select the Content-Type header's value from the given content-type array:
+        /// if JSON exists in the given array, use it;
+        /// otherwise use the first one defined in 'consumes'
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="contentTypes">The Content-Type array to select from.</param>
+        /// <returns>The Content-Type header to use.</returns>
+        public String SelectHeaderContentType(String[] contentTypes)
+        {
+            if (contentTypes.Length == 0)
+                return null;
+
+            if (contentTypes.Contains("application/json", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                return "application/json";
+
+            return contentTypes[0]; // use the first content type specified in 'consumes'
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Select the Accept header's value from the given accepts array:
+        /// if JSON exists in the given array, use it;
+        /// otherwise use all of them (joining into a string)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="accepts">The accepts array to select from.</param>
+        /// <returns>The Accept header to use.</returns>
+        public String SelectHeaderAccept(String[] accepts)
+        {
+            if (accepts.Length == 0)
+                return null;
+
+            if (accepts.Contains("application/json", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                return "application/json";
+
+            return String.Join(",", accepts);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Encode string in base64 format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="text">String to be encoded.</param>
+        /// <returns>Encoded string.</returns>
+        public static string Base64Encode(string text)
+        {
+            return System.Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(text));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dynamically cast the object into target type.
+        /// Ref: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4925718/c-dynamic-runtime-cast
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Object to be casted</param>
+        /// <param name="dest">Target type</param>
+        /// <returns>Casted object</returns>
+        public static dynamic ConvertType(dynamic source, Type dest)
+        {
+            return Convert.ChangeType(source, dest);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Convert stream to byte array
+        /// Credit/Ref: http://stackoverflow.com/a/221941/677735
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">Input stream to be converted</param>
+        /// <returns>Byte array</returns>
+        public static byte[] ReadAsBytes(Stream input)
+        {
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[16 * 1024];
+            using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                int read;
+                while ((read = input.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length)) > 0)
+                {
+                    ms.Write(buffer, 0, read);
+                }
+                return ms.ToArray();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// URL encode a string
+        /// Credit/Ref: https://github.com/restsharp/RestSharp/blob/master/RestSharp/Extensions/StringExtensions.cs#L50
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">String to be URL encoded</param>
+        /// <returns>Byte array</returns>
+        public static string UrlEncode(string input)
+        {
+            const int maxLength = 32766;
+
+            if (input == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("input");
+            }
+
+            if (input.Length <= maxLength)
+            {
+                return Uri.EscapeDataString(input);
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(input.Length * 2);
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < input.Length)
+            {
+                int length = Math.Min(input.Length - index, maxLength);
+                string subString = input.Substring(index, length);
+
+                sb.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(subString));
+                index += subString.Length;
+            }
+
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sanitize filename by removing the path
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filename">Filename</param>
+        /// <returns>Filename</returns>
+        public static string SanitizeFilename(string filename)
+        {
+            Match match = Regex.Match(filename, @".*[/\\](.*)$");
+
+            if (match.Success)
+            {
+                return match.Groups[1].Value;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return filename;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Obsolete("This method signature is deprecated. Please use 'GetAuthorizationUri' which returns an Uri instead.", false)]
+        public string GetAuthorizationUri(string clientId, string redirectURI, Boolean isSandbox)
+        {
+            return this.GetAuthorizationUri(clientId, redirectURI, isSandbox, null);
+        }
+
+        [Obsolete("This method signature is deprecated. Please use 'GetAuthorizationUri' which returns an Uri instead.", false)]
+        public string GetAuthorizationUri(string clientId, string redirectURI, Boolean isSandbox, string state)
+        {
+            string DocuSignOAuthHost = isSandbox ? "account-d.docusign.com" : "account.docusign.com";
+            string format = "https://{0}/oauth/auth?response_type=code&scope=all&client_id={1}&redirect_uri={2}";
+            if (state != null)
+            {
+                format += "&state ={3}";
+            }
+            return string.Format(format, DocuSignOAuthHost, clientId, redirectURI, state);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper method to configure the OAuth accessCode/implicit flow parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="clientId">OAuth2 client ID: Identifies the client making the request.</param>
+        /// <param name="scopes">the list of requested scopes.  Client applications may be scoped to a limited set of system access.</param>
+        /// <param name="redirectUri">this determines where to deliver the response containing the authorization code or access token.</param>
+        /// <param name="responseType">determines the response type of the authorization request.
+        /// <br><i>Note</i>: these response types are mutually exclusive for a client application.
+        /// A public/native client application may only request a response type of "token";
+        /// a private/trusted client application may only request a response type of "code".</br></param>
+        /// <param name="state">Allows for arbitrary state that may be useful to your application.
+        /// The value in this parameter will be round-tripped along with the response so you can make sure it didn't change.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Uri GetAuthorizationUri(string clientId, List<string> scopes, string redirectUri, string responseType, string state = null)
+        {
+            string formattedScopes = (scopes == null || scopes.Count < 1) ? "" : scopes[0];
+            StringBuilder scopesSb = new StringBuilder(formattedScopes);
+            for (int i = 1; i < scopes.Count; i++)
+            {
+                scopesSb.Append("%20" + scopes[i]);
+            }
+
+            UriBuilder builder = new UriBuilder(GetOAuthBasePath())
+            {
+                Scheme = "https",
+                Path = "/oauth/auth",
+                Port = 443,
+                Query = BuildQueryString(clientId, scopesSb.ToString(), redirectUri, responseType, state)
+            };
+            return builder.Uri;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Builds a QueryString with the given parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="clientId"></param>
+        /// <param name="scopes"></param>
+        /// <param name="redirectUri"></param>
+        /// <param name="responseType"></param>
+        /// <param name="state"></param>
+        /// <returns>Formatted Query String</returns>
+        private string BuildQueryString(string clientId, string scopes, string redirectUri, string responseType, string state)
+        {
+            StringBuilder queryParams = new StringBuilder();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(responseType) || responseType != null)
+            {
+                queryParams.Append("response_type=" + responseType);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(scopes) || scopes != null)
+            {
+                queryParams.Append("&scope=" + scopes);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientId) || clientId != null)
+            {
+                queryParams.Append("&client_id=" + clientId);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(redirectUri) || redirectUri != null)
+            {
+                queryParams.Append("&redirect_uri=" + redirectUri);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(state) || state != null)
+            {
+                queryParams.Append("&state=" + state);
+            }
+
+            return queryParams.ToString();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GetOAuthBasePath sets the basePath for the user account.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>If the current base path is demo then it sets the demo account as the basePath, else it sets the Production account as the basePath.</returns>
+        private string GetOAuthBasePath()
+        {
+            return (this.basePath == null || this.basePath.StartsWith("https://demo") || this.basePath.StartsWith("http://demo")) ? "account-d.docusign.com" : "account.docusign.com";
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Use this methods to Set Base Path
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="basePath"></param>
+        public void SetBasePath(string basePath)
+        {
+            this.basePath = basePath;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GenerateAccessToken will exchange the authorization code for an access token and refresh tokens.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="clientId">OAuth2 client ID: Identifies the client making the request.</param>
+        /// <param name="clientSecret">the secret key you generated when you set up the integration in DocuSign Admin console.</param>
+        /// <param name="code">The authorization code that you received from the <i> GetAuthorizationUri </i> callback.</param>
+        /// <returns> OAuth.OAuthToken object.
+        /// ApiException if the HTTP call status is different than 2xx.
+        /// IOException  if there is a problem while parsing the reponse object.
+        /// </returns>
+        public OAuth.OAuthToken GenerateAccessToken(string clientId, string clientSecret, string code)
+        {
+            string baseUri = string.Format("https://{0}/", GetOAuthBasePath());
+
+            string codeAuth = (clientId ?? "") + ":" + (clientSecret ?? "");
+            byte[] codeAuthBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(codeAuth);
+            string codeAuthBase64 = Convert.ToBase64String(codeAuthBytes);
+
+            RestClient restClient = new RestClient(baseUri);
+            RestRequest request = new RestRequest("oauth/token", Method.POST);
+
+            request.AddHeader("Authorization", "Basic " + codeAuthBase64);
+            request.AddHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
+
+            Dictionary<string, string> formParams = new Dictionary<string, string>
+            {
+                { "grant_type", "authorization_code" },
+                { "code", code }
+            };
+
+            foreach (var item in formParams)
+                request.AddParameter(item.Key, item.Value);
+
+            try
+            {
+                IRestResponse restResponse = restClient.Execute(request);
+                OAuth.OAuthToken tokenObj = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<OAuth.OAuthToken>(((RestResponse)restResponse).Content);
+
+                // Add the token to this ApiClient
+                string authHeader = "Bearer " + tokenObj.access_token;
+                this.Configuration.AddDefaultHeader("Authorization", authHeader);
+
+                return tokenObj;
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                throw new Exception("Error: " + e.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get User Info method takes the accessToken to retrieve User Account Data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="accessToken"></param>
+        /// <returns>The User Info model.</returns>
+        public OAuth.UserInfo GetUserInfo(string accessToken)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(accessToken))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Cannot find a valid access token. Make sure OAuth is configured before you try again.");
+            }
+
+            string baseUri = string.Format("https://{0}/", GetOAuthBasePath());
+
+            RestClient restClient = new RestClient(baseUri);
+            RestRequest request = new RestRequest("oauth/userinfo", Method.GET);
+            request.AddHeader("Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+
+            try
+            {
+                IRestResponse response = restClient.Execute(request);
+                if (response.StatusCode != HttpStatusCode.OK)
+                {
+                    throw new ApiException(int.Parse(response.StatusCode.ToString()),
+                            "Error while requesting server, received a non successful HTTP code "
+                            + response.ResponseStatus + " with response Body: '" + response.Content + "'"
+                            + response.Headers, response.Content);
+                }
+                OAuth.UserInfo userInfo = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<OAuth.UserInfo>(response.Content);
+                return userInfo;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                throw new Exception("Error while fecthing user info: " + ex.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Obsolete("This method is deprecated. Please use 'GenerateAccessToken' instead.", false)]
+        public string GetOAuthToken(string clientId, string clientSecret, Boolean isSandbox, string accessCode)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(accessCode))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Cannot find a valid access code.");
+            }
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientId))
+                throw new ArgumentNullException();
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientSecret))
+                throw new ArgumentNullException();
+
+            return this.GenerateAccessToken(clientId, clientSecret, accessCode).access_token;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlow
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="clientId"></param>
+        /// <param name="userId"></param>
+        /// <param name="oauthBasePath"></param>
+        /// <param name="privateKeyFilename"></param>
+        /// <param name="expiresInHours"></param>
+        /// <param name="scopes"></param>
+        [Obsolete("This method is deprecated. Please use 'ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlowByKey' instead.", false)]
+        public void ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlow(string clientId, string userId, string oauthBasePath, string privateKeyFilename, int expiresInHours, List<string> scopes = null)
+        {
+            string privateKey = string.Empty;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(privateKeyFilename))
+            {
+                privateKey = File.ReadAllText(privateKeyFilename);
+            }
+
+            ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlowByKey(clientId, userId, oauthBasePath, privateKey, expiresInHours, scopes);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlowByKey which performs JWT authentication using the private key. 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="clientId"></param>
+        /// <param name="userId"></param>
+        /// <param name="oauthBasePath"></param>
+        /// <param name="privateKey"></param>
+        /// <param name="expiresInHours"></param>
+        /// <param name="scopes"></param>
+        /// <returns>If Successful, returns the OAuthToken object model which consist of an access token and expiration time.</returns>
+        public OAuth.OAuthToken ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlowByKey(string clientId, string userId, string oauthBasePath, string privateKey, int expiresInHours, List<string> scopes = null)
+        {
+            JwtSecurityTokenHandler handler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
+
+            SecurityTokenDescriptor descriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor()
+            {
+#if NETSTANDARD2_0
+                Expires = DateTime.UtcNow.AddHours(expiresInHours),
+#else
+                Lifetime = new Lifetime(DateTime.UtcNow, DateTime.UtcNow.AddHours(expiresInHours)),
+#endif
+            };
+
+            if (scopes == null)
+            {
+                scopes = new List<string>
+                {
+                    OAuth.Scope_SIGNATURE
+                };
+            }
+
+            descriptor.Subject = new ClaimsIdentity();
+            descriptor.Subject.AddClaim(new Claim("scope", String.Join(" ", scopes)));
+            descriptor.Subject.AddClaim(new Claim("aud", oauthBasePath));
+            descriptor.Subject.AddClaim(new Claim("iss", clientId));
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(userId))
+            {
+                descriptor.Subject.AddClaim(new Claim("sub", userId));
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(privateKey))
+            {
+                var rsa = CreateRSAKeyFromPem(privateKey);
+                RsaSecurityKey rsaKey = new RsaSecurityKey(rsa);
+                descriptor.SigningCredentials = new SigningCredentials(rsaKey, SecurityAlgorithms.RsaSha256Signature, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256Signature);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new ApiException(400, "Private key not supplied or is invalid!");
+            }
+
+            var token = handler.CreateToken(descriptor);
+            string jwtToken = handler.WriteToken(token);
+
+            Uri baseUrl = this.RestClient.BaseUrl;
+            this.RestClient.BaseUrl = new Uri(string.Format("https://{0}", oauthBasePath));
+
+            string path = "oauth/token";
+            string contentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
+
+            Dictionary<string, string> formParams = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            formParams.Add("grant_type", "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer");
+            formParams.Add("assertion", jwtToken);
+
+            Dictionary<string, string> queryParams = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+
+            Dictionary<string, string> headerParams = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            headerParams.Add("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
+
+            Dictionary<string, FileParameter> fileParams = new Dictionary<string, FileParameter>();
+            Dictionary<string, string> pathParams = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+
+            object postBody = null;
+
+            try
+            {
+                var response = CallApi(path, Method.POST, queryParams, postBody, headerParams, formParams, fileParams, pathParams, contentType);
+                OAuth.OAuthToken tokenInfo = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<OAuth.OAuthToken>(((RestResponse)response).Content);
+
+                var config = Configuration.Default;
+                config.AddDefaultHeader("Authorization", string.Format("{0} {1}", tokenInfo.token_type, tokenInfo.access_token));
+
+                this.RestClient.BaseUrl = baseUrl;
+
+                return tokenInfo;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                throw new Exception(ex.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an RSA Key from the given PEM key.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="key"></param>
+        /// <returns>RSACryptoServiceProvider using the "key"</returns>
+        private static RSA CreateRSAKeyFromPem(string key)
+        {
+            TextReader reader = new StringReader(key);
+            PemReader pemReader = new PemReader(reader);
+
+            object result = pemReader.ReadObject();
+
+            var cspParameters = new CspParameters
+            {
+                Flags = CspProviderFlags.UseMachineKeyStore,
+            };
+
+            var provider = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(cspParameters);
+
+            if (result is AsymmetricCipherKeyPair keyPair)
+            {
+                var rsaParams = DotNetUtilities.ToRSAParameters((RsaPrivateCrtKeyParameters)keyPair.Private);
+                provider.ImportParameters(rsaParams);
+                return provider;
+            }
+            else if (result is RsaKeyParameters keyParameters)
+            {
+                var rsaParams = DotNetUtilities.ToRSAParameters(keyParameters);
+                provider.ImportParameters(rsaParams);
+                return provider;
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception("Unexpected PEM type");
+        }
+}
+
+    // response object from the OAuth token endpoint. This is used
+    // to obtain access_tokens for making API calls and refresh_tokens for getting a new
+    // access token after a token expires.
+    public class TokenResponse
+    {
+        public string access_token { get; set; }
+
+        public string token_type { get; set; }
+
+        public string refresh_token { get; set; }
+
+        public int? expires_in { get; set; }
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource rsa of type System.Security.Cryptography.RSACryptoServiceProvider in method "OAuth$OAuthToken ApiClient.ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlowByKey(String,String,String,String,Int32,List`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+OAuth$OAuthToken ApiClient.ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlowByKey(String,String,String,String,Int32,List`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+sdk/src/DocuSign.eSign/Client/ApiClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+ApiClient.cs|ConfigureJwtAuthorizationFlowByKey|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+82804e02b95fe4f1f28e63851c67ff97
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0950/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0950/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..649b086ce90618c998ee3adabb51beac3ed4c99d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0950/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** StronglyTypedId
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using StronglyTypedIds.IntegrationTests.Types;
+using Xunit;
+using NewtonsoftJsonSerializer = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert;
+using SystemTextJsonSerializer = System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer;
+
+namespace StronglyTypedIds.IntegrationTests
+{
+    public class StringIdTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void SameValuesAreEqual()
+        {
+            var id = "some-value";
+            var foo1 = new StringId(id);
+            var foo2 = new StringId(id);
+
+            Assert.Equal(foo1, foo2);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void EmptyValueIsEmpty()
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(StringId.Empty.Value, string.Empty);
+        }
+
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DifferentValuesAreUnequal()
+        {
+            var foo1 = new StringId("value1");
+            var foo2 = new StringId("value2");
+
+            Assert.NotEqual(foo1, foo2);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void OverloadsWorkCorrectly()
+        {
+            var id = "some-value";
+            var same1 = new StringId(id);
+            var same2 = new StringId(id);
+            var different = new StringId("other value");
+
+            Assert.True(same1 == same2);
+            Assert.False(same1 == different);
+            Assert.False(same1 != same2);
+            Assert.True(same1 != different);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DifferentTypesAreUnequal()
+        {
+            var bar = GuidId2.New();
+            var foo = new StringId("Value");
+
+            //Assert.NotEqual(bar, foo); // does not compile
+            Assert.NotEqual((object)bar, (object)foo);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CanSerializeToString_WithNewtonsoftJsonProvider()
+        {
+            var foo = new NewtonsoftJsonStringId("123");
+
+            var serializedFoo = NewtonsoftJsonSerializer.SerializeObject(foo);
+            var serializedString = NewtonsoftJsonSerializer.SerializeObject(foo.Value);
+
+            Assert.Equal(serializedFoo, serializedString);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CanSerializeToString_WithSystemTextJsonProvider()
+        {
+            var foo = new SystemTextJsonStringId("123");
+
+            var serializedFoo = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(foo);
+            var serializedString = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(foo.Value);
+
+            Assert.Equal(serializedFoo, serializedString);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CanDeserializeFromString_WithNewtonsoftJsonProvider()
+        {
+            var value = "123";
+            var foo = new NewtonsoftJsonStringId(value);
+            var serializedString = NewtonsoftJsonSerializer.SerializeObject(value);
+
+            var deserializedFoo = NewtonsoftJsonSerializer.DeserializeObject<NewtonsoftJsonStringId>(serializedString);
+
+            Assert.Equal(foo, deserializedFoo);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CanDeserializeFromString_WithSystemTextJsonProvider()
+        {
+            var value = "123";
+            var foo = new SystemTextJsonStringId(value);
+            var serializedString = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(value);
+
+            var deserializedFoo = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Deserialize<SystemTextJsonStringId>(serializedString);
+
+            Assert.Equal(foo, deserializedFoo);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CanSerializeToString_WithBothJsonConverters()
+        {
+            var foo = new BothJsonStringId("123");
+
+            var serializedFoo1 = NewtonsoftJsonSerializer.SerializeObject(foo);
+            var serializedString1 = NewtonsoftJsonSerializer.SerializeObject(foo.Value);
+
+            var serializedFoo2 = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(foo);
+            var serializedString2 = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(foo.Value);
+
+            Assert.Equal(serializedFoo1, serializedString1);
+            Assert.Equal(serializedFoo2, serializedString2);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WhenNoJsonConverter_SystemTextJsonSerializesWithValueProperty()
+        {
+            var foo = new NoJsonStringId("123");
+
+            var serialized = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(foo);
+
+            var expected = "{\"Value\":\"" + foo.Value + "\"}";
+
+            Assert.Equal(expected, serialized);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WhenNoJsonConverter_NewtonsoftSerializesWithoutValueProperty()
+        {
+            var foo = new NoJsonStringId("123");
+
+            var serialized = NewtonsoftJsonSerializer.SerializeObject(foo);
+
+            var expected = "\"" + foo.Value + "\"";
+
+            Assert.Equal(expected, serialized);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WhenNoTypeConverter_SerializesWithValueProperty()
+        {
+            var foo = new NoConvertersStringId("123");
+
+            var newtonsoft = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(foo);
+            var systemText = SystemTextJsonSerializer.Serialize(foo);
+
+            var expected = "{\"Value\":\"" + foo.Value + "\"}";
+
+            Assert.Equal(expected, newtonsoft);
+            Assert.Equal(expected, systemText);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WhenEfCoreValueConverterUsesValueConverter()
+        {
+            var connection = new SqliteConnection("DataSource=:memory:");
+            connection.Open();
+
+            var options = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<TestDbContext>()
+                .UseSqlite(connection)
+                .Options;
+
+            var original = new TestEntity { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Name = new EfCoreStringId("some name") };
+            using (var context = new TestDbContext(options))
+            {
+                context.Database.EnsureCreated();
+                context.Entities.Add(original);
+                context.SaveChanges();
+            }
+
+            using (var context = new TestDbContext(options))
+            {
+                var all = context.Entities.ToList();
+                var retrieved = Assert.Single(all);
+                Assert.Equal(original.Id, retrieved.Id);
+                Assert.Equal(original.Name, retrieved.Name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("")]
+        [InlineData("some value")]
+        public void TypeConverter_CanConvertToAndFrom(object value)
+        {
+            var converter = TypeDescriptor.GetConverter(typeof(NoJsonStringId));
+            var id = converter.ConvertFrom(value);
+            Assert.IsType<NoJsonStringId>(id);
+            Assert.Equal(new NoJsonStringId(value?.ToString()), id);
+
+            var reconverted = converter.ConvertTo(id, value.GetType());
+            Assert.Equal(value, reconverted);
+        }
+
+        public class TestDbContext : DbContext
+        {
+            public DbSet<TestEntity> Entities { get; set; }
+
+            public TestDbContext(DbContextOptions options) : base(options)
+            {
+            }
+
+            protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
+            {
+                modelBuilder
+                    .Entity<TestEntity>(builder =>
+                    {
+                        builder
+                            .Property(x => x.Name)
+                            .HasConversion(EfCoreStringId.EfCoreValueConverter)
+                            .ValueGeneratedNever();
+                    });
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class TestEntity
+        {
+            public Guid Id { get; set; }
+            public EfCoreStringId Name { get; set; }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource connection of type Microsoft.Data.Sqlite.SqliteConnection in method "Void StringIdTests.WhenEfCoreValueConverterUsesValueConverter()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void StringIdTests.WhenEfCoreValueConverterUsesValueConverter()
+
+### File:
+test/StronglyTypedIds.IntegrationTests/StringIdTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+StringIdTests.cs|WhenEfCoreValueConverterUsesValueConverter|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+5888a26738a19df477502ab2f63eee3e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0957/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0957/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4425ca2c8af0dcce7743d2ec9dbcf0ce54c37834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0957/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SampSharp
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// SampSharp
+// Copyright 2017 Tim Potze
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// 
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text;
+using SampSharp.Core.CodePages;
+using SampSharp.Core.Communication.Clients;
+using SampSharp.Core.Logging;
+
+namespace SampSharp.Core
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Represents a configuration build for running a SampSharp game mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class GameModeBuilder
+    {
+        private Func<ICommunicationClient, GameModeStartBehaviour, IGameModeProvider, IGameModeRunner> _builder;
+        private ICommunicationClient _communicationClient;
+        private GameModeExitBehaviour _exitBehaviour = GameModeExitBehaviour.ShutDown;
+        private IGameModeProvider _gameModeProvider;
+        private bool _redirectConsoleOutput;
+        private GameModeStartBehaviour _startBehaviour = GameModeStartBehaviour.Gmx;
+        private Encoding _encoding;
+        private bool _hosted;
+        private TextWriter _logWriter;
+        private bool _logWriterSet;
+        
+        private const string DefaultUnixDomainSocketPath = "/tmp/SampSharp";
+        private const string DefaultPipeName = "SampSharp";
+        private const string DefaultTcpIp = "127.0.0.1";
+        private const int DefaultTcpPort = 8888;
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GameModeBuilder"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public GameModeBuilder()
+        {
+            ParseArguments();
+        }
+
+        #region Communication
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified communication client to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="communicationClient">The communication client.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseCommunicationClient(ICommunicationClient communicationClient)
+        {
+            _communicationClient = communicationClient ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(communicationClient));
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a named pipe with the specified <paramref name="pipeName" /> to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pipeName">Name of the pipe.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UsePipe(string pipeName)
+        {
+            if (pipeName == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(pipeName));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new NamedPipeClient(pipeName));
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use an unix domain socket with a file at the specified <paramref name="path" /> to communicate with the SampSharp
+        ///     server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to the domain socket file.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseUnixDomainSocket(string path)
+        {
+            if (path == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(path));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new UnixDomainSocketCommunicationClient(path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a TCP client to communicate with the SampSharp server on localhost.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="port">The port on which to connect.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseTcpClient(int port)
+        {
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new TcpCommunicationClient(DefaultTcpIp, port));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a TCP client to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="host">The host to which to connect.</param>
+        /// <param name="port">The port on which to connect.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseTcpClient(string host, int port)
+        {
+            if (host == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(host));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new TcpCommunicationClient(host, port));
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Encoding
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified <paramref name="encoding"/> when en/decoding text messages sent to/from the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="encoding">The encoding to use when en/decoding text messages send to/from the server.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseEncoding(Encoding encoding)
+        {
+            _encoding = encoding ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(encoding));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the code page described by the file at the specified <paramref name="path"/> when en/decoding text messages sent to/from the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to the code page file.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseEncoding(string path)
+        {
+            if (path == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(path));
+            return UseEncoding(CodePageEncoding.Load(path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the code page described by the specified <paramref name="stream"/> when en/decoding text messages sent to/from the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">The stream containing the code page definition.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseEncoding(Stream stream)
+        {
+            return UseEncoding(CodePageEncoding.Load(stream));
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region Game Mode Provider
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified game mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="gameMode">The game mode to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder Use(IGameModeProvider gameMode)
+        {
+            _gameModeProvider = gameMode ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(gameMode));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the gamemode of the specified <typeparamref name="TGameMode" /> type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TGameMode">The type of the game mode to use.</typeparam>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder Use<TGameMode>() where TGameMode : IGameModeProvider
+        {
+            return Use(Activator.CreateInstance<TGameMode>());
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Redirect the console output to the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder RedirectConsoleOutput()
+        {
+            _redirectConsoleOutput = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        #region Logging
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Uses the specified log level as the maximum level which is written to the log by SampSharp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="logLevel">The log level.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseLogLevel(CoreLogLevel logLevel)
+        {
+            CoreLog.LogLevel = logLevel;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Uses the specified text writer to log SampSharp log messages to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="textWriter">The text writer to log SampSharp log messages to.</param>
+        /// <remarks>If a null value is specified as text writer, no log messages will appear.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseLogWriter(TextWriter textWriter)
+        {
+            _logWriter = textWriter;
+            _logWriterSet = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Indicate the game mode will be hosted in the SA-MP server process.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseHosted()
+        {
+            _hosted = true;
+            return RedirectConsoleOutput();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Sets the behaviour used once a OnGameModeExit call has been received.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="exitBehaviour">The exit behaviour.</param>
+        /// <remarks>The exit behaviour is ignored when using a hosted game mode environment.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseExitBehaviour(GameModeExitBehaviour exitBehaviour)
+        {
+            _exitBehaviour = exitBehaviour;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified start method when attaching to the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startBehaviour">The start behaviour.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseStartBehaviour(GameModeStartBehaviour startBehaviour)
+        {
+            _startBehaviour = startBehaviour;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a custom build procedure to load a custom game mode client.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="builder">The building function.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder BuildWith(Func<ICommunicationClient, GameModeStartBehaviour, IGameModeProvider, IGameModeRunner> builder)
+        {
+            _builder = builder;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Run the game mode using the build configuration stored in this instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Run()
+        {
+            ApplyDefaults();
+
+            if (!_hosted && _communicationClient == null)
+                throw new GameModeBuilderException("No communication client has been specified");
+            if (_gameModeProvider == null)
+                throw new GameModeBuilderException("No game mode provider has been specified");
+
+            var redirect = _redirectConsoleOutput;
+
+            // Build the game mode runner
+            var runner = Build();
+
+            if (runner == null)
+                return;
+
+            // Redirect console output
+            ServerLogWriter redirectWriter = null;
+            
+            if (redirect)
+            {
+                redirectWriter = new ServerLogWriter(runner.Client);
+                Console.SetOut(redirectWriter);
+            }
+
+            // Set framework log writer
+            var logStream = _logWriter;
+
+            if (!_logWriterSet)
+                logStream = (TextWriter) redirectWriter ?? new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput());
+
+            CoreLog.TextWriter = logStream;
+
+            // Run game mode runner
+            if (_hosted)
+            {
+                // Ignore exit behaviours for hosted environments.
+                runner.Run();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                do
+                {
+                    // If true is returned, the runner wants to shut down.
+                    if (runner.Run())
+                        break;
+                } while (_exitBehaviour == GameModeExitBehaviour.Restart);
+
+                if (redirect)
+                    Console.SetOut(new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ParseArguments()
+        {
+            var args = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
+
+            if (args == null || args.Length == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string option = null;
+                string value;
+                if (args[i].Length < 2 || !args[i].StartsWith("-"))
+                    continue;
+
+                if (args[i].StartsWith("--"))
+                {
+                    option = args[i];
+                    value = args.Length > i + 1
+                        ? args[i + 1]
+                        : null;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    option = args[i].Substring(0, 2);
+                    value = args[i].Length > 2
+                        ? args[i].Substring(2)
+                        : args.Length > i + 1
+                            ? args[i + 1]
+                            : null;
+                }
+
+                switch (option)
+                {
+                    case "--hosted":
+                    case "-h":
+                        UseHosted();
+                        break;
+                    case "--redirect-console-output":
+                    case "-r":
+                        RedirectConsoleOutput();
+                        break;
+                    case "--pipe":
+                    case "-p":
+                        if (value != null && !value.StartsWith("-"))
+                        {
+                            UsePipe(value);
+                            i++;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            UsePipe(DefaultPipeName);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "--unix":
+                    case "-u":
+                        if (value != null && !value.StartsWith("-"))
+                        {
+                            UseUnixDomainSocket(value);
+                            i++;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            UseUnixDomainSocket(DefaultUnixDomainSocketPath);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "--tcp":
+                        var ip = DefaultTcpIp;
+                        var port = DefaultTcpPort;
+
+                        if (value != null && !value.StartsWith("-"))
+                        {
+                            var colon = value.IndexOf(":", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+                            if (colon < 0)
+                            {
+                                if (IPAddress.TryParse(value.Substring(0, colon), out var addr) && addr.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
+                                    ip = value.Substring(0, colon);
+                                int.TryParse(value.Substring(colon + 1), out port);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                int.TryParse(value, out port);
+                            }
+
+                            i++;
+                        }
+
+                        UseTcpClient(ip, port);
+                        break;
+                    case "--log-level":
+                    case "-l":
+                        if (value == null)
+                            break;
+
+                        if (Enum.TryParse<CoreLogLevel>(value, out var level))
+                            UseLogLevel(level);
+
+                        i++;
+                        break;
+                    case "--start-behaviour":
+                    case "-s":
+                        if (value == null)
+                            break;
+
+                        if (Enum.TryParse<GameModeStartBehaviour>(value, out var startBehaviour))
+                            UseStartBehaviour(startBehaviour);
+
+                        i++;
+                        break;
+                    case "--exit-behaviour":
+                    case "-e":
+                        if (value == null)
+                            break;
+
+                        if (Enum.TryParse<GameModeExitBehaviour>(value, out var exitBehaviour))
+                            UseExitBehaviour(exitBehaviour);
+
+                        i++;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ApplyDefaults()
+        {
+            if (_communicationClient == null && !_hosted)
+            {
+                if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux))
+                    _communicationClient = new UnixDomainSocketCommunicationClient(DefaultUnixDomainSocketPath);
+                else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows))
+                    _communicationClient = new NamedPipeClient(DefaultPipeName);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private IGameModeRunner Build()
+        {
+            if (_builder != null)
+            {
+                return _builder(_communicationClient, _startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider);
+            }
+
+            if (_hosted)
+            {
+                return new HostedGameModeClient(_startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider, _encoding);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return new MultiProcessGameModeClient(_communicationClient, _startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider, _encoding);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource runner.SampSharp.Core.MultiProcessGameModeClient._commandWaitQueue.SampSharp.Core.Threading.CommandWaitQueue._semaphore of type System.Threading.SemaphoreSlim, Leaked resource redirectWriter of type SampSharp.Core.ServerLogWriter, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamWriter::.ctor() at Line 318) of type System.IO.StreamWriter in method "Void GameModeBuilder.Run()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GameModeBuilder.Run()
+
+### File:
+src/SampSharp.Core/GameModeBuilder.cs
+
+### Key:
+GameModeBuilder.cs|Run|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c329254be459c8d5f9efe9ddc81dce0b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0959/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0959/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b40d47c7438bc59484fb9f6146a45997f38b17a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0959/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SampSharp
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using RiverShell.World;
+using SampSharp.GameMode;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Controllers;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Definitions;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Natives;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.SAMP;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.World;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Events;
+
+namespace RiverShell.Controllers
+{
+    public class ObjectiveController : IEventListener, IController
+    {
+        public void RegisterEvents(BaseMode gameMode)
+        {
+            gameMode.PlayerEnterCheckpoint += gameMode_PlayerEnterCheckpoint;
+            gameMode.PlayerStateChanged += gameMode_PlayerStateChanged;
+        }
+
+        private void gameMode_PlayerStateChanged(object sender, PlayerStateEventArgs e)
+        {
+            var player = e.Player as RPlayer;
+
+            switch (e.NewState)
+            {
+                case PlayerState.Driving:
+                    if (player.Vehicle == player.Team.TargetVehicle)
+                    {
+                        // It's the objective vehicle
+                        player.Color = 0xE2C063FF;
+                        player.GameText("~w~Take the ~y~boat ~w~back to the ~r~spawn!", 3000, 5);
+                        player.SetCheckpoint(player.Team.Target, 10.0f);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PlayerState.OnFoot:
+                    player.Color = player.Team.Color;
+                    player.DisableCheckpoint();
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void gameMode_PlayerEnterCheckpoint(object sender, PlayerEventArgs e)
+        {
+            var player = e.Player as RPlayer;
+
+            var vehicle = player.Vehicle;
+
+            //Check if game's already over
+            if (GameMode.ObjectiveReached)
+                return;
+
+            //Check if we're in target vehicle
+            if (vehicle != player.Team.TargetVehicle) return;
+
+            // objective reached.
+            player.Team.TimesCaptured++;
+            player.Score += 5;
+
+            if (player.Team.TimesCaptured == Config.CapturesToWin)
+            {
+                RPlayer.GameTextForAll(string.Format("{0} wins!", player.Team.GameTextTeamName), 3000, 5);
+                GameMode.ObjectiveReached = true;
+                foreach (var p in RPlayer.All)
+                    p.PlaySound(1185);
+
+                var exitTimer = new Timer(6000, false);
+                exitTimer.Tick += (tsender, args) =>
+                {
+                    foreach (var p in RPlayer.All)
+                        p.PlaySound(1186);
+                    Native.GameModeExit();
+                };
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                RPlayer.GameTextForAll(string.Format("{0} captured the ~y~boat!", player.Team.GameTextTeamName), 3000, 5);
+                vehicle.Respawn();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `player` last assigned on line 22 could be null and is dereferenced at line 36, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ObjectiveController.gameMode_PlayerStateChanged(Object,PlayerStateEventArgs)
+
+### File:
+source/RiverShell/Controllers/ObjectiveController.cs
+
+### Key:
+ObjectiveController.cs|gameMode_PlayerStateChanged|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18c00322eb7006423176408542ace89c
+
+### Hash:
+1974753c34df4dee7c499f66d15fce6e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0961/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0961/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf4ff5fb5290bf143b59b374702b78e19c519cf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0961/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SampSharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using RiverShell.Controllers;
+using RiverShell.World;
+using SampSharp.GameMode;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Controllers;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Definitions;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.World;
+
+namespace RiverShell
+{
+    public class GameMode : BaseMode
+    {
+        public static Team BlueTeam;
+        public static Team GreenTeam;
+        public static bool ObjectiveReached;
+
+        public override bool OnGameModeInit()
+        {
+            BlueTeam = new Team(1, 0x7777DDFF);
+            GreenTeam = new Team(2, 0x77CC77FF);
+
+            SetGameModeText("Rivershell");
+            ShowPlayerMarkers(0);
+            ShowNameTags(true);
+            SetWorldTime(17);
+            SetWeather(11);
+            UsePlayerPedAnims();
+            EnableVehicleFriendlyFire();
+            SetNameTagDrawDistance(110.0f);
+            DisableInteriorEnterExits();
+
+            // Green classes
+            AddPlayerClass(162, new Vector(2117.0129, -224.4389, 8.15), 0, Weapon.M4, 100, Weapon.MP5, 200, Weapon.Sniper, 10);
+            AddPlayerClass(157, new Vector(2148.6606, -224.3336, 8.15), 347.1396f, Weapon.M4, 100, Weapon.MP5, 200, Weapon.Sniper, 10);
+
+            // Blue classes
+            AddPlayerClass(154, new Vector(2352.9873, 580.3051, 7.7813), 178.1424f, Weapon.M4, 100, Weapon.MP5, 200, Weapon.Sniper, 10);
+            AddPlayerClass(138, new Vector(2281.1504, 567.6248, 7.7813), 163.7289f, Weapon.M4, 100, Weapon.MP5, 200, Weapon.Sniper, 10);
+
+            // Objective vehicles
+            BlueTeam.Vehicle = Vehicle.Create(453, new Vector(2184.7156, -188.5401, -0.0239), 0.0000f, 114, 1, 100); // gr reefer
+            GreenTeam.Vehicle = Vehicle.Create(453, new Vector(2380.0542, 535.2582, -0.0272), 178.4999f, 79, 7, 100);// bl reefer
+
+            // Green Dhingys
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2096.0833, -168.7771, 0.3528), 4.5000f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2103.2510, -168.7598, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2099.4966, -168.8216, 0.3528), 2.8200f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2107.1143, -168.7798, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2111.0674, -168.7609, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2114.8933, -168.7898, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2167.2217, -169.0570, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2170.4294, -168.9724, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2173.7952, -168.9217, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2177.0386, -168.9767, 0.3528), 3.1800f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2161.5786, -191.9538, 0.3528), 89.1000f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2161.6394, -187.2925, 0.3528), 89.1000f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2161.7610, -183.0225, 0.3528), 89.1000f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2162.0283, -178.5106, 0.3528), 89.1000f, 114, 1, 100);
+
+            // Green Mavericks
+            Vehicle.Create(487, new Vector(2088.7905, -227.9593, 8.3662), 0.0000f, 114, 1, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(487, new Vector(2204.5991, -225.3703, 8.2400), 0.0000f, 114, 1, 100);
+
+            // Blue Dhingys
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2370.3198, 518.3151, 0.1240), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2362.6484, 518.3978, 0.0598), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2358.6550, 518.2167, 0.2730), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2366.5544, 518.2680, 0.1080), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2354.6321, 518.1960, 0.3597), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2350.7449, 518.1929, 0.3597), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2298.8977, 518.4470, 0.3597), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2295.6118, 518.3963, 0.3597), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2292.3237, 518.4249, 0.3597), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2289.0901, 518.4363, 0.3597), 180.3600f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2304.8232, 539.7859, 0.3597), 270.5998f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2304.6936, 535.0454, 0.3597), 270.5998f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2304.8245, 530.3308, 0.3597), 270.5998f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(473, new Vector(2304.8142, 525.7471, 0.3597), 270.5998f, 79, 7, 100);
+
+            // Blue Mavericks
+            Vehicle.Create(487, new Vector(2260.2637, 578.5220, 8.1223), 182.3401f, 79, 7, 100);
+            Vehicle.Create(487, new Vector(2379.9792, 580.0323, 8.0178), 177.9601f, 79, 7, 100);
+
+            // Green Base Section
+            new GlobalObject(9090, new Vector(2148.64, -222.88, -20.60), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 179.70));
+            // Green resupply hut
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2140.83, -235.13, 7.13), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -89.94));
+
+            // Blue Base Section
+            new GlobalObject(9090, new Vector(2317.09, 572.27, -20.97), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 0.00));
+            // Blue resupply hut
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2318.73, 590.96, 6.75), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 89.88));
+
+            // General mapping
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2140.83, -235.13, 7.13), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -89.94));
+            new GlobalObject(19300, new Vector(2137.33, -237.17, 46.61), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 180.00));
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2318.73, 590.96, 6.75), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 89.88));
+            new GlobalObject(19300, new Vector(2325.41, 587.93, 47.37), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 180.00));
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2140.83, -235.13, 7.13), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -89.94));
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2318.73, 590.96, 6.75), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 89.88));
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2140.83, -235.13, 7.13), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -89.94));
+            new GlobalObject(12991, new Vector(2318.73, 590.96, 6.75), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 89.88));
+            new GlobalObject(18228, new Vector(1887.93, -59.78, -2.14), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 20.34));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(1990.19, 541.37, -22.32), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 0.00));
+            new GlobalObject(18227, new Vector(2000.82, 494.15, -7.53), new Vector(11.70, -25.74, 154.38));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(1992.35, 539.80, -2.97), new Vector(9.12, 30.66, 0.00));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(1991.88, 483.77, -0.66), new Vector(-2.94, -5.22, 12.78));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2070.57, -235.87, -6.05), new Vector(-7.20, 4.08, 114.30));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2056.50, -228.77, -19.67), new Vector(14.16, 19.68, 106.56));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2074.00, -205.33, -18.60), new Vector(16.02, 60.60, 118.86));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2230.39, -242.59, -11.41), new Vector(5.94, 7.56, 471.24));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2252.53, -213.17, -20.81), new Vector(18.90, -6.30, -202.38));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2233.04, -234.08, -19.00), new Vector(21.84, -8.88, -252.06));
+            new GlobalObject(17027, new Vector(2235.05, -201.49, -11.90), new Vector(-11.94, -4.08, 136.32));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2226.11, -237.07, -2.45), new Vector(8.46, 2.10, 471.24));
+            new GlobalObject(4368, new Vector(2433.79, 446.26, 4.67), new Vector(-8.04, -9.30, 61.02));
+            new GlobalObject(4368, new Vector(2031.23, 489.92, -13.20), new Vector(-8.04, -9.30, -108.18));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2458.36, 551.10, -6.95), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 0.00));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2465.37, 511.35, -7.70), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 0.00));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2474.80, 457.71, -5.17), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 172.74));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2466.03, 426.28, -5.17), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 0.00));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2310.45, -229.38, 7.41), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 0.00));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2294.00, -180.15, 7.41), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 60.90));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2017.50, -305.30, 7.29), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 60.90));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2106.45, -279.86, 20.05), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 60.90));
+            new GlobalObject(706, new Vector(2159.13, -263.71, 19.22), new Vector(356.86, 0.00, -17.18));
+            new GlobalObject(706, new Vector(2055.75, -291.53, 13.98), new Vector(356.86, 0.00, -66.50));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(1932.65, -315.88, 6.77), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -35.76));
+            new GlobalObject(790, new Vector(2429.40, 575.79, 10.42), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 3.14));
+            new GlobalObject(790, new Vector(2403.40, 581.56, 10.42), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 29.48));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2083.44, 365.48, 13.19), new Vector(356.86, 0.00, -1.95));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2040.15, 406.02, 13.33), new Vector(356.86, 0.00, -1.95));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(1995.36, 588.10, 7.50), new Vector(356.86, 0.00, -1.95));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2126.11, 595.15, 5.99), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -35.82));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2188.35, 588.90, 6.04), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 0.00));
+            new GlobalObject(791, new Vector(2068.56, 595.58, 5.99), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 52.62));
+            new GlobalObject(698, new Vector(2385.32, 606.16, 9.79), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 34.62));
+            new GlobalObject(698, new Vector(2309.29, 606.92, 9.79), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -54.54));
+            new GlobalObject(790, new Vector(2347.14, 619.77, 9.94), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 3.14));
+            new GlobalObject(698, new Vector(2255.28, 606.94, 9.79), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -92.76));
+            new GlobalObject(4298, new Vector(2121.37, 544.12, -5.74), new Vector(-10.86, 6.66, 3.90));
+            new GlobalObject(4368, new Vector(2273.18, 475.02, -15.30), new Vector(4.80, 8.10, 266.34));
+            new GlobalObject(18227, new Vector(2232.38, 451.61, -30.71), new Vector(-18.54, -6.06, 154.38));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2228.15, 518.87, -16.51), new Vector(13.14, -1.32, -20.10));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2230.42, 558.52, -18.38), new Vector(-2.94, -5.22, 12.78));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2228.97, 573.62, 5.17), new Vector(17.94, -15.60, -4.08));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2116.67, -87.71, -2.31), new Vector(5.94, 7.56, 215.22));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2078.66, -83.87, -27.30), new Vector(13.02, -53.94, -0.30));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2044.80, -36.91, -9.26), new Vector(-13.74, 27.90, 293.76));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2242.41, 426.16, -15.43), new Vector(-21.54, 22.26, 154.80));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2220.06, 450.07, -34.78), new Vector(-1.32, 10.20, -45.84));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2252.49, 439.08, -19.47), new Vector(-41.40, 20.16, 331.86));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2241.41, 431.93, -5.62), new Vector(-2.22, -4.80, 53.64));
+            new GlobalObject(17029, new Vector(2141.10, -81.30, -2.41), new Vector(5.94, 7.56, 39.54));
+            new GlobalObject(17031, new Vector(2277.07, 399.31, -1.65), new Vector(-2.22, -4.80, -121.74));
+            new GlobalObject(17026, new Vector(2072.75, -224.40, -5.25), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, -41.22));
+            
+            // Ramps
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2131.97, 110.24, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 153.72));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2124.59, 113.69, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 157.56));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2116.31, 116.44, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 160.08));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2113.22, 108.48, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 340.20));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2121.21, 105.21, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 340.20));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2127.84, 102.06, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 334.68));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2090.09, 40.90, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 348.36));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2098.73, 39.12, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 348.36));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2107.17, 37.94, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 348.36));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2115.88, 36.47, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 348.36));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2117.46, 45.86, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 529.20));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2108.98, 46.95, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 529.20));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2100.42, 48.11, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 526.68));
+            new GlobalObject(1632, new Vector(2091.63, 50.02, 0.00), new Vector(0.00, 0.00, 526.80));
+
+            Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------");
+            Console.WriteLine("  Rivershell by Kye 2006-2013");
+            Console.WriteLine("  SAMPSHARP PORT");
+            Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------");
+
+            return base.OnGameModeInit();
+        }
+
+        protected override void LoadControllers(ControllerCollection controllers)
+        {
+            controllers.Remove<PlayerController>();
+            controllers.Add(new RPlayerController());
+
+            controllers.Remove<VehicleController>();
+            controllers.Add(new RVehicleController());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 172) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 171) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 170) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 169) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 168) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 167) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 166) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 165) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 164) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 163) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 162) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 161) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 160) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 159) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 156) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 155) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 154) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 153) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 152) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 151) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 150) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 149) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 148) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 147) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 146) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 145) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 144) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 143) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 142) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 141) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 140) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 139) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 138) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 137) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 136) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 135) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 134) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 133) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 132) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 131) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 130) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 129) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 128) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 127) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 126) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 125) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 124) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 123) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 122) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 121) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 120) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 119) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 118) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 117) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 116) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 115) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 114) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 113) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 112) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 111) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 110) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 109) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 108) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 107) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 106) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 105) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 104) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 103) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 102) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 101) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 100) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 99) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 98) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 97) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 96) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 95) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 92) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 90) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 87) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject::.ctor() at Line 85) of type SampSharp.GameMode.World.GlobalObject in method "Boolean GameMode.OnGameModeInit()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean GameMode.OnGameModeInit()
+
+### File:
+source/RiverShell/GameMode.cs
+
+### Key:
+GameMode.cs|OnGameModeInit|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d8fa6ee2abc620fa8ce4878d99bd3d48
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0966/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0966/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..321efaa823023cffac6753063290ab2df44d6193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0966/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** aliyun-openapi-net-sdk
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+
+using Aliyun.Acs.Core.Http;
+
+namespace Aliyun.Acs.Core.Utils
+{
+    public class ParameterHelper
+    {
+        private const string ISO8601_DATE_FORMAT = "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'";
+
+        public static string FormatIso8601Date(DateTime date)
+        {
+            return date.ToUniversalTime().ToString(ISO8601_DATE_FORMAT, CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture("en-US"));
+        }
+
+        public static string GetRFC2616Date(DateTime datetime)
+        {
+            if (null == datetime)
+            {
+                datetime = DateTime.Now;
+            }
+            return datetime.ToUniversalTime().GetDateTimeFormats('r') [0].ToString();
+        }
+
+        public static string Md5Sum(byte[] buff)
+        {
+            MD5 md5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
+            byte[] output = md5.ComputeHash(buff);
+            return BitConverter.ToString(output).Replace("-", "");
+        }
+
+        public static string Md5SumAndBase64(byte[] buff)
+        {
+            MD5 md5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
+            byte[] output = md5.ComputeHash(buff);
+            //string md5Str = BitConverter.ToString(output).Replace("-", "");
+
+            //System.Text.Encoding encode = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII;
+            //byte[] bytedata = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(md5Str);
+            return Convert.ToBase64String(output, 0, output.Length);
+        }
+
+        public static string FormatTypeToString(FormatType? formatType)
+        {
+            if (FormatType.XML == formatType)
+            {
+                return "application/xml";
+            }
+            if (FormatType.JSON == formatType)
+            {
+                return "application/json";
+            }
+            if (FormatType.FORM == formatType)
+            {
+                return "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
+            }
+            return "application/octet-stream";
+        }
+
+        public static FormatType? StingToFormatType(string format)
+        {
+            if (format.ToLower().Equals("application/xml") || format.ToLower().Equals("text/xml"))
+            {
+                return FormatType.XML;
+            }
+            if (format.ToLower().Equals("application/json"))
+            {
+                return FormatType.JSON;
+            }
+            if (format.ToLower().Equals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded"))
+            {
+                return FormatType.FORM;
+            }
+            return FormatType.RAW;
+        }
+
+        public static MethodType? StringToMethodType(string method)
+        {
+            method = (method.ToUpper());
+            switch (method)
+            {
+                case "GET":
+                    {
+                        return MethodType.GET;
+                    }
+                case "PUT":
+                    {
+                        return MethodType.PUT;
+                    }
+                case "POST":
+                    {
+                        return MethodType.POST;
+                    }
+                case "DELETE":
+                    {
+                        return MethodType.DELETE;
+                    }
+                case "HEAD":
+                    {
+                        return MethodType.HEAD;
+                    }
+                case "OPTIONS":
+                    {
+                        return MethodType.OPTIONS;
+                    }
+                default:
+                    {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource md5 of type System.Security.Cryptography.MD5CryptoServiceProvider in method "String ParameterHelper.Md5Sum(Byte[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String ParameterHelper.Md5Sum(Byte[])
+
+### File:
+aliyun-net-sdk-core/Utils/ParameterHelper.cs
+
+### Key:
+ParameterHelper.cs|Md5Sum|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3a9f72bc8221c333fc2794ca47bbb404
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0968/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0968/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21212f806c1df8e4112d180ff264e460f00d486a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0968/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** aliyun-openapi-net-sdk
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+using System;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+
+using Aliyun.Acs.Core.Auth;
+
+namespace Aliyun.Acs.Core
+{
+    public class SHA256withRSASigner : Signer
+    {
+        private const String ALGORITHM_NAME = "SHA256withRSA";
+        public const String ENCODING = "UTF-8";
+
+        public override String SignString(String stringToSign, String accessKeySecret)
+        {
+            RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
+            SHA256 sha256 = SHA256.Create();
+            byte[] hashValue = sha256.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(stringToSign));
+            RSAPKCS1SignatureFormatter RSAFormatter = new RSAPKCS1SignatureFormatter(rsa);
+            RSAFormatter.SetHashAlgorithm("SHA256");
+            byte[] signedHash = RSAFormatter.CreateSignature(hashValue);
+            return Convert.ToBase64String(signedHash);
+        }
+
+        public override String SignString(String stringToSign, AlibabaCloudCredentials credentials)
+        {
+            return SignString(stringToSign, credentials.GetAccessKeySecret());
+        }
+
+        public override String GetSignerName()
+        {
+            return ALGORITHM_NAME;
+        }
+
+        public override String GetSignerVersion()
+        {
+            return "1.0";
+        }
+
+        public override String GetSignerType()
+        {
+            return "PRIVATEKEY";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource rsa of type System.Security.Cryptography.RSACryptoServiceProvider in method "String SHA256withRSASigner.SignString(String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String SHA256withRSASigner.SignString(String,String)
+
+### File:
+aliyun-net-sdk-core/Auth/SHA256withRSASigner.cs
+
+### Key:
+SHA256withRSASigner.cs|SignString|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+42135dfa0ddf3b8617f77fd10b8723e1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0972/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0972/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b519ca253b245b5f0587966a30182744233642d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0972/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Library
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#pragma warning disable CA1822
+using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace Runner;
+
+[
+    SimpleJob(launchCount: 1, warmupCount: 1, targetCount: 10, invocationCount: 10000),
+    MemoryDiagnoser
+]
+public class Benchmarks
+{
+    private static HttpClient FastEndpointClient { get; } = new WebApplicationFactory<FastEndpointsBench.Program>().CreateClient();
+    private static HttpClient FEThrottleClient { get; } = new WebApplicationFactory<FastEndpointsBench.Program>().CreateClient();
+    private static HttpClient MinimalClient { get; } = new WebApplicationFactory<MinimalApi.Program>().CreateClient();
+    private static HttpClient MvcClient { get; } = new WebApplicationFactory<MvcControllers.Program>().CreateClient();
+    private static HttpClient CarterClient { get; } = new WebApplicationFactory<CarterModules.Program>().CreateClient();
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public Task MinimalApi()
+    {
+        var msg = new HttpRequestMessage()
+        {
+            Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+            RequestUri = new Uri($"{MinimalClient.BaseAddress}benchmark/ok/123"),
+            Content = new StringContent(
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(
+                    new MinimalApi.Request()
+                    {
+                        FirstName = "xxx",
+                        LastName = "yyy",
+                        Age = 23,
+                        PhoneNumbers = new[] {
+                            "1111111111",
+                            "2222222222",
+                            "3333333333",
+                            "4444444444",
+                            "5555555555"
+                        }
+                    }), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")
+        };
+
+        return MinimalClient.SendAsync(msg);
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
+    public Task FastEndpoints()
+    {
+        var msg = new HttpRequestMessage()
+        {
+            Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+            RequestUri = new Uri($"{FastEndpointClient.BaseAddress}benchmark/ok/123"),
+            Content = new StringContent(
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(
+                    new FastEndpointsBench.Request()
+                    {
+                        FirstName = "xxx",
+                        LastName = "yyy",
+                        Age = 23,
+                        PhoneNumbers = new[] {
+                            "1111111111",
+                            "2222222222",
+                            "3333333333",
+                            "4444444444",
+                            "5555555555"
+                        }
+                    }), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")
+        };
+
+        return FastEndpointClient.SendAsync(msg);
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public Task FastEndpointsThrottling()
+    {
+        var msg = new HttpRequestMessage()
+        {
+            Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+            RequestUri = new Uri($"{FEThrottleClient.BaseAddress}benchmark/throttle/123"),
+            Content = new StringContent(
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(
+                    new FastEndpointsBench.ThrottleRequest()
+                    {
+                        FirstName = "xxx",
+                        LastName = "yyy",
+                        Age = 23,
+                        PhoneNumbers = new[] {
+                            "1111111111",
+                            "2222222222",
+                            "3333333333",
+                            "4444444444",
+                            "5555555555"
+                        }
+                    }), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")
+        };
+        msg.Headers.Add("X-Forwarded-For", $"000.000.000.{Random.Shared.NextInt64(100, 200)}");
+
+        return FEThrottleClient.SendAsync(msg);
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public Task AspNetCoreMVC()
+    {
+        var msg = new HttpRequestMessage()
+        {
+            Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+            RequestUri = new Uri($"{MvcClient.BaseAddress}benchmark/ok/123"),
+            Content = new StringContent(
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(
+                    new MvcControllers.Request()
+                    {
+                        FirstName = "xxx",
+                        LastName = "yyy",
+                        Age = 23,
+                        PhoneNumbers = new[] {
+                            "1111111111",
+                            "2222222222",
+                            "3333333333",
+                            "4444444444",
+                            "5555555555"
+                        }
+                    }), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")
+        };
+
+        return MvcClient.SendAsync(msg);
+    }
+
+    [Benchmark]
+    public Task CarterModule()
+    {
+        var msg = new HttpRequestMessage()
+        {
+            Method = HttpMethod.Post,
+            RequestUri = new Uri($"{CarterClient.BaseAddress}benchmark/ok/123"),
+            Content = new StringContent(
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(
+                    new CarterModules.Request()
+                    {
+                        FirstName = "xxx",
+                        LastName = "yyy",
+                        Age = 23,
+                        PhoneNumbers = new[] {
+                            "1111111111",
+                            "2222222222",
+                            "3333333333",
+                            "4444444444",
+                            "5555555555"
+                        }
+                    }), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")
+        };
+
+        return CarterClient.SendAsync(msg);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource msg of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage, Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.StringContent::.ctor() at Line 106) of type System.Net.Http.StringContent in method "Task Benchmarks.AspNetCoreMVC()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task Benchmarks.AspNetCoreMVC()
+
+### File:
+Benchmark/Runner/Benchmarks.cs
+
+### Key:
+Benchmarks.cs|AspNetCoreMVC|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4355bb84c1702cf5ce1a19399bf83d1a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0975/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0975/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45e96651db34f5b9e1bb77ee0f9664d4f4257961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0975/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size), 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+            var dummyData = DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size);
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(dummyData, 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 7, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 10, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) { Position = 0, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SerializeChunkWhenHasFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+            settings.Converters.Add(new StorageConverter());
+            var data = DummyData.GenerateOrderedBytes(1024);
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + data.Length) {
+                Position = 1, 
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = new FileStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            var serializedChunk = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(chunk);
+            chunk.Storage.Close();
+            var deserializedChunk = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Chunk>(serializedChunk, settings);
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsNotNull(deserializedChunk);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Id, deserializedChunk.Id);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Start, deserializedChunk.Start);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.End, deserializedChunk.End);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Length, deserializedChunk.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Position, deserializedChunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Timeout, deserializedChunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover, deserializedChunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Storage.GetLength(), deserializedChunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.FileStorage::.ctor() at Line 131) of type Downloader.FileStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+17905268406320dfe8040ba828231e9d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0981/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0981/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26ae3d2e47564eb154eaa473885b340f1605dd6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0981/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size), 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+            var dummyData = DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size);
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(dummyData, 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 7, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 10, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) { Position = 0, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SerializeChunkWhenHasFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+            settings.Converters.Add(new StorageConverter());
+            var data = DummyData.GenerateOrderedBytes(1024);
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + data.Length) {
+                Position = 1, 
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = new FileStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            var serializedChunk = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(chunk);
+            chunk.Storage.Close();
+            var deserializedChunk = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Chunk>(serializedChunk, settings);
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsNotNull(deserializedChunk);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Id, deserializedChunk.Id);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Start, deserializedChunk.Start);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.End, deserializedChunk.End);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Length, deserializedChunk.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Position, deserializedChunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Timeout, deserializedChunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover, deserializedChunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Storage.GetLength(), deserializedChunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.MemoryStorage::.ctor() at Line 253) of type Downloader.MemoryStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ac2038c963b21d2b6de5df2228baf1ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0986/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0986/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e06620c30ec15c5702c4a90aa5b01deeb7d6fd3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0986/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage("")
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage(""),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size), 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage(""),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+            var dummyData = DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size);
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(dummyData, 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage("")
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 7
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] {0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7}, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 10
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.FileStorage::.ctor() at Line 145) of type Downloader.FileStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4cb900d97b1b37413c1026cff72ce3c9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0988/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0988/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54725e3e421649bc34e6b6ca8e5a7c599abd207a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0988/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size), 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+            var dummyData = DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size);
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(dummyData, 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 7, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 10, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) { Position = 0, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SerializeChunkWhenHasFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+            settings.Converters.Add(new StorageConverter());
+            var data = DummyData.GenerateOrderedBytes(1024);
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + data.Length) {
+                Position = 1, 
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = new FileStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            var serializedChunk = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(chunk);
+            chunk.Storage.Close();
+            var deserializedChunk = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Chunk>(serializedChunk, settings);
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsNotNull(deserializedChunk);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Id, deserializedChunk.Id);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Start, deserializedChunk.Start);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.End, deserializedChunk.End);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Length, deserializedChunk.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Position, deserializedChunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Timeout, deserializedChunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover, deserializedChunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Storage.GetLength(), deserializedChunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.MemoryStorage::.ctor() at Line 192) of type Downloader.MemoryStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0b622b74e67886302ce8f09f9c719072
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0992/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0992/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcac2ce2e4364dc89bf3b0e310396d3f7d723ea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0992/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage("")
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage(""),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size), 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage(""),
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+            var dummyData = DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size);
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(dummyData, 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new FileStorage("")
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 7
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] {0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7}, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 10
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size-1) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = size // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage(),
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.FileStorage::.ctor() at Line 93) of type Downloader.FileStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+e1070c46862d5fd6ab1f03f6b8a1dff5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10000/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10000/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..582029777dcef79048fbd398a92b1a406b4cd158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10000/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dd-plist
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * plist - An open source library to parse and generate property lists
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Daniel Dreibrodt
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.dd.plist;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Parses any given property list
+ * @author Daniel Dreibrodt
+ */
+public class PropertyListParser {
+
+    /**
+     * Reads all bytes from an InputStream and stores them in an array, up to
+     * a maximum count.
+     * @param in The InputStream
+     * @param max The maximum number of bytes to read.
+     **/
+    static byte[] readAll(InputStream in, int max) throws IOException {
+	ByteArrayOutputStream buf = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+	while (max > 0) {
+	    int n = in.read();
+	    if (n == -1) break; // EOF
+	    buf.write(n);
+	    max--;
+	}
+	return buf.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a property list from a file. It can either be in XML or binary format.
+     * @param f The property list file
+     * @return The root object in the property list
+     * @throws Exception If an error occurred while parsing
+     */
+    public static NSObject parse(File f) throws Exception {
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(f);
+        return parse(fis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a property list from a byte array. It can either be in XML or binary format.
+     * @param bytes The property list data
+     * @return The root object in the property list
+     * @throws Exception If an error occurred while parsing.
+     */
+    public static NSObject parse(byte[] bytes) throws Exception {
+        String magic_string = new String(bytes, 0, 8);
+        if (magic_string.startsWith("bplist00")) {
+            return BinaryPropertyListParser.parse(bytes);
+        } else if (magic_string.startsWith("<?xml")) {
+            return XMLPropertyListParser.parse(bytes);
+        } else {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("The given data is neither a binary nor a XML property list. ASCII property lists are not supported.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a property list from an InputStream. It can either be in XML or binary format.
+     * @param is The InputStream delivering the property list data
+     * @return The root object of the property list
+     * @throws Exception If an error occurred while parsing.
+     */
+    public static NSObject parse(InputStream is) throws Exception {
+        return parse(readAll(is, Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves a property list with the given object as root into a XML file
+     * @param root the root object
+     * @param out the output file
+     * @throws IOException if an error occurs during writing
+     */
+    public static void saveAsXML(NSObject root, File out) throws IOException {
+	OutputStreamWriter w = new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(out), "UTF-8");
+        w.write(root.toXMLPropertyList());
+        w.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a given property list file into the xml format
+     * @param in the source file
+     * @param out the target file
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs during parsing
+     * @throws IOException if an error occurs during writing
+     */
+    public static void convertToXml(File in, File out) throws Exception {
+        NSObject root = parse(in);
+        saveAsXML(root, out);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Saves a property list with the given object as root into a binary file
+     * @param root the root object
+     * @param out the output file
+     * @throws IOException if an error occurs during writing
+     */
+    public static void saveAsBinary(NSObject root, File out) throws IOException {
+	BinaryPropertyListWriter.write(out, root);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Converts a given property list file into the binary format
+     * @param in the source file
+     * @param out the target file
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs during parsing
+     * @throws IOException if an error occurs during writing
+     */
+    public static void convertToBinary(File in, File out) throws Exception {
+	NSObject root = parse(in);
+	saveAsBinary(root, out);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `fis` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 63 is not released after line 64.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+NSObject PropertyListParser.parse(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.dd.plist.PropertyListParser.parse(java.io.File):com.dd.plist.NSObject.dde3e702ae693aa4866798ee98edcb3a
+
+### File:
+src/com/dd/plist/PropertyListParser.java
+
+### Key:
+PropertyListParser.java|parse|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8268b871e46a685172ca651b0023a4f1
+
+### Hash:
+32ae493d8446cf87dfc1696bebf38196
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10007/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10007/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b3bde021eaafb706525fadf83477d5232a2d75d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10007/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 57
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.turn.ttorrent.common;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.Constants;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.bcodec.BDecoder;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.bcodec.BEValue;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.bcodec.BEncoder;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.bcodec.InvalidBEncodingException;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static com.turn.ttorrent.common.TorrentMetadataKeys.*;
+
+public class TorrentParser {
+
+  public TorrentMultiFileMetadata parseFromFile(File torrentFile) throws IOException {
+    byte[] fileContent = FileUtils.readFileToByteArray(torrentFile);
+    return parse(fileContent);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param metadata binary .torrent content
+   * @return parsed metadata object. This parser also wraps single torrent as multi torrent with one file
+   * @throws InvalidBEncodingException if metadata has incorrect BEP format or missing required fields
+   * @throws RuntimeException          It's wrapped io exception from bep decoder.
+   *                                   This exception doesn't must to throw io exception because reading from
+   *                                   byte array input stream cannot throw the exception
+   */
+  public TorrentMultiFileMetadata parse(byte[] metadata) throws InvalidBEncodingException, RuntimeException {
+    final Map<String, BEValue> dictionaryMetadata;
+    try {
+      dictionaryMetadata = BDecoder.bdecode(new ByteArrayInputStream(metadata)).getMap();
+    } catch (InvalidBEncodingException e) {
+      throw e;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    final Map<String, BEValue> infoTable = getRequiredValueOrThrowException(dictionaryMetadata, INFO_TABLE).getMap();
+
+    final BEValue creationDateValue = dictionaryMetadata.get(CREATION_DATE_SEC);
+    final long creationDate = creationDateValue == null ? -1 : creationDateValue.getLong();
+
+    final String comment = getStringOrNull(dictionaryMetadata, COMMENT);
+    final String createdBy = getStringOrNull(dictionaryMetadata, CREATED_BY);
+    final String announceUrl = getRequiredValueOrThrowException(dictionaryMetadata, ANNOUNCE).getString();
+    final List<List<String>> trackers = getTrackers(dictionaryMetadata);
+    final int pieceLength = getRequiredValueOrThrowException(infoTable, PIECE_LENGTH).getInt();
+    final byte[] piecesHashes = getRequiredValueOrThrowException(infoTable, PIECES).getBytes();
+
+    final boolean torrentContainsManyFiles = infoTable.get(FILES) != null;
+
+    final String dirName = getRequiredValueOrThrowException(infoTable, NAME).getString();
+
+    final List<TorrentFile> files = parseFiles(infoTable, torrentContainsManyFiles, dirName);
+
+    if (piecesHashes.length % Constants.PIECE_HASH_SIZE != 0)
+      throw new InvalidBEncodingException("Incorrect size of pieces hashes");
+
+    final int piecesCount = piecesHashes.length / Constants.PIECE_HASH_SIZE;
+
+    byte[] infoTableBytes;
+    try {
+      infoTableBytes = BEncoder.bencode(infoTable).array();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    return new TorrentMetadata(
+            TorrentUtils.calculateSha1Hash(infoTableBytes),
+            trackers,
+            announceUrl,
+            creationDate,
+            comment,
+            createdBy,
+            dirName,
+            files,
+            piecesCount,
+            pieceLength,
+            piecesHashes
+    );
+  }
+
+  private List<TorrentFile> parseFiles(Map<String, BEValue> infoTable, boolean torrentContainsManyFiles, String name) throws InvalidBEncodingException {
+    if (!torrentContainsManyFiles) {
+      final BEValue md5Sum = infoTable.get(MD5_SUM);
+      return Collections.singletonList(new TorrentFile(
+              Collections.singletonList(name),
+              getRequiredValueOrThrowException(infoTable, FILE_LENGTH).getLong(),
+              md5Sum == null ? null : md5Sum.getString()
+      ));
+    }
+
+    List<TorrentFile> result = new ArrayList<TorrentFile>();
+    for (BEValue file : infoTable.get(FILES).getList()) {
+      Map<String, BEValue> fileInfo = file.getMap();
+      List<String> path = new ArrayList<String>();
+      for (BEValue pathElement : fileInfo.get(FILE_PATH).getList()) {
+        path.add(pathElement.getString());
+      }
+      final BEValue md5Sum = infoTable.get(MD5_SUM);
+      result.add(new TorrentFile(
+              path,
+              fileInfo.get(FILE_LENGTH).getLong(),
+              md5Sum == null ? null : md5Sum.getString()));
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @Nullable
+  private String getStringOrNull(Map<String, BEValue> dictionaryMetadata, String key) throws InvalidBEncodingException {
+    final BEValue value = dictionaryMetadata.get(key);
+    if (value == null) return null;
+    return value.getString();
+  }
+
+  @Nullable
+  private List<List<String>> getTrackers(Map<String, BEValue> dictionaryMetadata) throws InvalidBEncodingException {
+    final BEValue announceListValue = dictionaryMetadata.get(ANNOUNCE_LIST);
+    if (announceListValue == null) return null;
+    List<BEValue> announceList = announceListValue.getList();
+    List<List<String>> result = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
+    Set<String> allTrackers = new HashSet<String>();
+    for (BEValue tv : announceList) {
+      List<BEValue> trackers = tv.getList();
+      if (trackers.isEmpty()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      List<String> tier = new ArrayList<String>();
+      for (BEValue tracker : trackers) {
+        final String url = tracker.getString();
+        if (!allTrackers.contains(url)) {
+          tier.add(url);
+          allTrackers.add(url);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!tier.isEmpty()) {
+        result.add(tier);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @NotNull
+  private BEValue getRequiredValueOrThrowException(Map<String, BEValue> map, String key) throws InvalidBEncodingException {
+    final BEValue value = map.get(key);
+    if (value == null)
+      throw new InvalidBEncodingException("Invalid metadata format. Map doesn't contain required field " + key);
+    return value;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `fileInfo.get("path")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List TorrentParser.parseFiles(HashMap,boolean,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.common.TorrentParser.parseFiles(java.util.HashMap,boolean,java.lang.String):java.u.2dfa86ef50717e22e3928ee7ec825248
+
+### File:
+common/src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/common/TorrentParser.java
+
+### Key:
+TorrentParser.java|parseFiles|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+ec5057702f2a1eaa5a2f69676019bed4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10009/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10009/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46d07812e16890351702a3919394a081ace830e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10009/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,999 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.Client;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.Piece;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.SharedTorrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.ConnectionManager;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.WriteListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.WriteTask;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.LoggerUtils;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Peer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.TorrentHash;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.PeerMessage;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ByteChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+
+
+/**
+ * A peer exchanging on a torrent with the BitTorrent client.
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * A SharingPeer extends the base Peer class with all the data and logic needed
+ * by the BitTorrent client to interact with a peer exchanging on the same
+ * torrent.
+ * </p>
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * Peers are defined by their peer ID, IP address and port number, just like
+ * base peers. Peers we exchange with also contain four crucial attributes:
+ * </p>
+ * <p/>
+ * <ul>
+ * <li><code>choking</code>, which means we are choking this peer and we're
+ * not willing to send him anything for now;</li>
+ * <li><code>interesting</code>, which means we are interested in a piece
+ * this peer has;</li>
+ * <li><code>choked</code>, if this peer is choking and won't send us
+ * anything right now;</li>
+ * <li><code>interested</code>, if this peer is interested in something we
+ * have.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * Peers start choked and uninterested.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class SharingPeer extends Peer implements MessageListener, SharingPeerInfo {
+
+  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SharingPeer.class);
+  private static final int MAX_PIPELINED_REQUESTS = 100;
+  private static final long MAX_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 20*1000;
+
+  private final Object availablePiecesLock;
+  private volatile boolean choking;
+  private volatile boolean interesting;
+  private volatile boolean choked;
+  private volatile boolean interested;
+  private SharedTorrent torrent;
+  private BitSet availablePieces;
+  private BitSet poorlyAvailablePieces;
+  private final ConcurrentMap<Piece, Integer> myRequestedPieces;
+//  private int lastRequestedOffset;
+
+  private final BlockingQueue<PeerMessage.RequestMessage> myRequests;
+  private volatile boolean downloading;
+
+  private Rate download;
+  private Rate upload;
+  private Set<PeerActivityListener> listeners;
+
+  private final Object requestsLock, exchangeLock;
+
+  private volatile Future connectTask;
+  private volatile boolean isStopped = false;
+
+  private final ConnectionManager connectionManager;
+  private ByteChannel socketChannel;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new sharing peer on a given torrent.
+   *
+   * @param ip      The peer's IP address.
+   * @param port    The peer's port.
+   * @param peerId  The byte-encoded peer ID.
+   * @param torrent The torrent this peer exchanges with us on.
+   */
+  public SharingPeer(String ip, int port, ByteBuffer peerId, SharedTorrent torrent, ConnectionManager connectionManager) {
+    super(ip, port, peerId);
+
+    this.torrent = torrent;
+    this.listeners = new HashSet<PeerActivityListener>();
+    this.availablePieces = new BitSet(torrent.getPieceCount());
+    this.poorlyAvailablePieces = new BitSet(torrent.getPieceCount());
+
+    this.requestsLock = new Object();
+    this.exchangeLock = new Object();
+    this.availablePiecesLock = new Object();
+    this.myRequestedPieces = new ConcurrentHashMap<Piece, Integer>();
+    myRequests = new LinkedBlockingQueue<PeerMessage.RequestMessage>(SharingPeer.MAX_PIPELINED_REQUESTS);
+    this.connectionManager = connectionManager;
+    this.reset();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a new peer activity listener.
+   *
+   * @param listener The activity listener that wants to receive events from
+   *                 this peer's activity.
+   */
+  public void register(PeerActivityListener listener) {
+    this.listeners.add(listener);
+  }
+
+  public Rate getDLRate() {
+    return this.download;
+  }
+
+  public Rate getULRate() {
+    return this.upload;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reset the peer state.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Initially, peers are considered choked, choking, and neither interested
+   * nor interesting.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public void reset() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      this.choking = true;
+      this.interesting = false;
+      this.choked = true;
+      this.interested = false;
+      this.myRequestedPieces.clear();
+      this.myRequests.clear();
+      this.downloading = false;
+    }
+
+    synchronized (this.exchangeLock) {
+      this.socketChannel = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Choke this peer.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * We don't want to upload to this peer anymore, so mark that we're choking
+   * from this peer.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public void choke() {
+    if (!this.choking) {
+      logger.trace("Choking {}", this);
+      this.send(PeerMessage.ChokeMessage.craft());
+      this.choking = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void registerListenersAndBindChannel(ByteChannel channel,
+                                              SharedTorrent torrent,
+                                              PeerActivityListener peerActivityListener) throws SocketException{
+    this.setTorrentHash(torrent.getHexInfoHash());
+
+    this.register(torrent);
+    this.register(peerActivityListener);
+    this.bind(channel);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unchoke this peer.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Mark that we are no longer choking from this peer and can resume
+   * uploading to it.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public void unchoke() {
+    if (this.choking) {
+      logger.trace("Unchoking {}", this);
+      this.send(PeerMessage.UnchokeMessage.craft());
+      this.choking = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean isChoking() {
+    return this.choking;
+  }
+
+  public void interesting() {
+    if (!this.interesting) {
+      logger.trace("Telling {} we're interested.", this);
+      this.send(PeerMessage.InterestedMessage.craft());
+      this.interesting = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notInteresting() {
+    if (this.interesting) {
+      logger.trace("Telling {} we're no longer interested.", this);
+      this.send(PeerMessage.NotInterestedMessage.craft());
+      this.interesting = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean isInteresting() {
+    return this.interesting;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isChoked() {
+    return this.choked;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isInterested() {
+    return this.interested;
+  }
+
+  public BitSet getPoorlyAvailablePieces(){
+    return poorlyAvailablePieces;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the available pieces from this peer.
+   *
+   * @return A clone of the available pieces bit field from this peer.
+   */
+  public BitSet getAvailablePieces() {
+    synchronized (this.availablePiecesLock) {
+      return (BitSet) this.availablePieces.clone();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the currently requested piece, if any.
+   */
+  public Set<Piece> getRequestedPieces() {
+    return myRequestedPieces.keySet();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tells whether this peer is a seed.
+   *
+   * @return Returns <em>true</em> if the peer has all of the torrent's pieces
+   * available.
+   */
+  public synchronized boolean isSeed() {
+    return this.torrent.getPieceCount() > 0 &&
+      this.getAvailablePieces().cardinality() ==
+        this.torrent.getPieceCount();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bind a connected socket to this peer.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This will create a new peer exchange with this peer using the given
+   * socket, and register the peer as a message listener.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param channel The connected socket channel for this peer.
+   */
+  public synchronized void bind(ByteChannel channel) throws SocketException {
+    firePeerConnected();
+    synchronized (this.exchangeLock) {
+      this.socketChannel = channel;
+      BitSet pieces = this.torrent.getCompletedPieces();
+      if (pieces.cardinality() > 0) {
+        this.send(PeerMessage.BitfieldMessage.craft(pieces));
+      }
+    }
+    resetRates();
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void resetRates() {
+    this.download = new Rate();
+    this.download.reset();
+
+    this.upload = new Rate();
+    this.upload.reset();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tells whether this peer as an active connection through a peer exchange.
+   */
+  public boolean isConnected() {
+    synchronized (this.exchangeLock) {
+      return this.socketChannel != null && this.socketChannel.isOpen();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unbind and disconnect this peer.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This terminates the eventually present and/or connected peer exchange
+   * with the peer and fires the peer disconnected event to any peer activity
+   * listeners registered on this peer.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param force Force unbind without sending cancel requests.
+   */
+  public void unbind(boolean force) {
+    if (isStopped)
+      return;
+    isStopped = true;
+    if (!force) {
+      // Cancel all outgoing requests, and send a NOT_INTERESTED message to
+      // the peer.
+      try {
+        this.send(PeerMessage.NotInterestedMessage.craft());
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+      }
+    }
+    this.downloading = myRequests.size() > 0;
+    myRequests.clear();
+
+    synchronized (this.exchangeLock) {
+      try {
+        connectionManager.closeChannel(socketChannel);
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        e.printStackTrace();
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.firePeerDisconnected();
+    reset();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Send a message to the peer.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Delivery of the message can only happen if the peer is connected.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param message The message to send to the remote peer through our peer
+   *                exchange.
+   */
+  public void send(PeerMessage message) throws IllegalStateException {
+    logger.trace("Sending msg {} to {}", message.getType(), this);
+    if (this.isConnected()) {
+      ByteBuffer data = message.getData();
+      data.rewind();
+      boolean writeTaskAdded = connectionManager.offerWrite(new WriteTask(socketChannel, data, new WriteListener() {
+        @Override
+        public void onWriteFailed(String message, Throwable e) {
+          logger.debug(message, e);
+          unbind(true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onWriteDone() {
+        }
+      }), 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+      if (!writeTaskAdded) {
+        unbind(true);
+      }
+    } else {
+      logger.info("Attempting to send a message to non-connected peer {}!", this);
+      unbind(true);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Download the given piece from this peer.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Starts a block request queue and pre-fill it with MAX_PIPELINED_REQUESTS
+   * block requests.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Further requests will be added, one by one, every time a block is
+   * returned.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param piece The piece chosen to be downloaded from this peer.
+   */
+  public synchronized void downloadPiece(final Piece piece){
+    downloadPiece(piece, false);
+  }
+
+  public void downloadPiece(final Piece piece, boolean force)
+    throws IllegalStateException {
+    synchronized (this.requestsLock) {
+      if (!myRequestedPieces.containsKey(piece) || force) {
+        myRequestedPieces.put(piece, 0);
+      }
+    }
+    this.requestNextBlocksForPiece(piece);
+  }
+
+  public boolean isPieceDownloading(final Piece piece){
+    return myRequestedPieces.get(piece) != null;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized boolean isDownloading() {
+    return this.downloading;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Request some more blocks from this peer.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Re-fill the pipeline to get download the next blocks from the peer.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private void requestNextBlocksForPiece(final Piece piece) {
+    synchronized (this.requestsLock) {
+      while ( myRequestedPieces.get(piece) < piece.size()) {
+        final int lastRequestedOffset = myRequestedPieces.get(piece);
+        PeerMessage.RequestMessage request = PeerMessage.RequestMessage
+          .craft(piece.getIndex(),lastRequestedOffset,
+            Math.min((int) (piece.size() - lastRequestedOffset),
+              PeerMessage.RequestMessage.DEFAULT_REQUEST_SIZE));
+        removeBlockRequest(piece.getIndex(), lastRequestedOffset);
+        try {
+          boolean addedCorrectly = myRequests.offer(request, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+          if (!addedCorrectly) {
+            logger.warn("unable to add message {} to my requests queue in specified timeout. Try unbind from peer {}", request, this);
+            unbind(true);
+            return;
+          }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          unbind(false);
+          return;
+        }
+//        logger.debug("---------Queue size: " + myRequests.size());
+        this.send(request);
+        myRequestedPieces.put(piece, request.getLength() + lastRequestedOffset);
+      }
+      this.downloading = myRequests.size() > 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Remove the REQUEST message from the request pipeline matching this
+   * PIECE message.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Upon reception of a piece block with a PIECE message, remove the
+   * corresponding request from the pipeline to make room for the next block
+   * requests.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param pieceIdx The piece index of PIECE message received.
+   * @param offset The offset of PIECE message received.
+   */
+  private void removeBlockRequest(final int pieceIdx, final int offset) {
+    synchronized (this.requestsLock) {
+      for (PeerMessage.RequestMessage request : myRequests) {
+        if (request.getPiece() == pieceIdx && request.getOffset() == offset) {
+          myRequests.remove(request);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      this.downloading = myRequests.size() > 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancel all pending requests.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This queues CANCEL messages for all the requests in the queue, and
+   * returns the list of requests that were in the queue.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * If no request queue existed, or if it was empty, an empty set of request
+   * messages is returned.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public Set<PeerMessage.RequestMessage> cancelPendingRequests() {
+    return cancelPendingRequests(null);
+  }
+
+  public Set<PeerMessage.RequestMessage> cancelPendingRequests(final Piece piece) {
+    synchronized (this.requestsLock) {
+      Set<PeerMessage.RequestMessage> cancelled =
+        new HashSet<PeerMessage.RequestMessage>();
+
+      for (PeerMessage.RequestMessage request : myRequests) {
+        if (piece == null || piece.getIndex() == request.getPiece()) {
+          this.send(PeerMessage.CancelMessage.craft(request.getPiece(),
+                  request.getOffset(), request.getLength()));
+          cancelled.add(request);
+        }
+      }
+
+      myRequests.removeAll(cancelled);
+      this.downloading = myRequests.size() > 0;
+
+      return cancelled;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Set<PeerMessage.RequestMessage> getRemainingRequestedPieces(final Piece piece){
+    synchronized (this.requestsLock) {
+      Set<PeerMessage.RequestMessage> pieceParts =
+              new HashSet<PeerMessage.RequestMessage>();
+
+      for (PeerMessage.RequestMessage request : myRequests) {
+        if (piece.getIndex() == request.getPiece()) {
+          pieceParts.add(request);
+        }
+      }
+
+      return pieceParts;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle an incoming message from this peer.
+   *
+   * @param msg The incoming, parsed message.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handleMessage(PeerMessage msg) {
+//    logger.trace("Received msg {} from {}", msg.getType(), this);
+    if (isStopped)
+      return;
+    switch (msg.getType()) {
+      case KEEP_ALIVE:
+        // Nothing to do, we're keeping the connection open anyways.
+        break;
+      case CHOKE:
+        this.choked = true;
+        this.firePeerChoked();
+        this.cancelPendingRequests();
+        break;
+      case UNCHOKE:
+        this.choked = false;
+        logger.trace("Peer {} is now accepting requests.", this);
+        this.firePeerReady();
+        break;
+      case INTERESTED:
+        this.interested = true;
+        break;
+      case NOT_INTERESTED:
+        this.interested = false;
+        break;
+      case HAVE:
+        // Record this peer has the given piece
+        PeerMessage.HaveMessage have = (PeerMessage.HaveMessage) msg;
+        Piece havePiece = this.torrent.getPiece(have.getPieceIndex());
+
+        synchronized (this.availablePiecesLock) {
+          this.availablePieces.set(havePiece.getIndex());
+          logger.trace("Peer {} now has {} [{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+              this,
+              havePiece,
+              this.availablePieces.cardinality(),
+              this.torrent.getPieceCount()
+            });
+        }
+
+        this.firePieceAvailabity(havePiece);
+        break;
+      case BITFIELD:
+        // Augment the hasPiece bit field from this BITFIELD message
+        PeerMessage.BitfieldMessage bitfield =
+          (PeerMessage.BitfieldMessage) msg;
+
+        synchronized (this.availablePiecesLock) {
+          this.availablePieces.or(bitfield.getBitfield());
+          logger.trace("Recorded bitfield from {} with {} " +
+            "pieces(s) [{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+              this,
+              bitfield.getBitfield().cardinality(),
+              this.availablePieces.cardinality(),
+              this.torrent.getPieceCount()
+            });
+        }
+
+        this.fireBitfieldAvailabity();
+        break;
+      case REQUEST:
+        PeerMessage.RequestMessage request =
+          (PeerMessage.RequestMessage) msg;
+        logger.trace("Got request message for {} ({} {}@{}) from {}", new Object[]{
+          Arrays.toString(torrent.getFilenames().toArray()),
+          request.getPiece(),
+          request.getLength(),
+          request.getOffset(),
+          this
+        });
+        Piece rp = this.torrent.getPiece(request.getPiece());
+
+        // If we are choking from this peer and it still sends us
+        // requests, it is a violation of the BitTorrent protocol.
+        // Similarly, if the peer requests a piece we don't have, it
+        // is a violation of the BitTorrent protocol. In these
+        // situation, terminate the connection.
+        if (!rp.isValid()) {
+          logger.warn("Peer {} violated protocol, terminating exchange: " + this.isChoking() + " " + rp.isValid(), this);
+          this.unbind(true);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (request.getLength() >
+          PeerMessage.RequestMessage.MAX_REQUEST_SIZE) {
+          logger.warn("Peer {} requested a block too big, terminating exchange.", this);
+          this.unbind(true);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // At this point we agree to send the requested piece block to
+        // the remote peer, so let's queue a message with that block
+        try {
+          ByteBuffer block = rp.read(request.getOffset(),
+            request.getLength());
+          this.send(PeerMessage.PieceMessage.craft(request.getPiece(),
+            request.getOffset(), block));
+          this.upload.add(block.capacity());
+
+          if (request.getOffset() + request.getLength() == rp.size()) {
+            this.firePieceSent(rp);
+          }
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+          logger.error("error", ioe);
+          this.fireIOException(new IOException(
+            "Error while sending piece block request!", ioe));
+        }
+
+        break;
+      case PIECE:
+        // Record the incoming piece block.
+
+        // Should we keep track of the requested pieces and act when we
+        // get a piece we didn't ask for, or should we just stay
+        // greedy?
+        PeerMessage.PieceMessage piece = (PeerMessage.PieceMessage) msg;
+        Piece p = this.torrent.getPiece(piece.getPiece());
+
+        logger.trace("Got piece for {} ({} {}@{}) from {}", new Object[]{
+          Arrays.toString(torrent.getFilenames().toArray()),
+          p.getIndex(),
+          p.size(),
+          piece.getOffset(),
+          this
+        });
+
+
+        // Remove the corresponding request from the request queue to
+        //  make room for next block requests.
+        this.removeBlockRequest(piece.getPiece(), piece.getOffset());
+        this.download.add(piece.getBlock().capacity());
+
+        try {
+          synchronized (p) {
+            if (p.isValid()) {
+              this.cancelPendingRequests(p);
+              this.firePeerReady();
+              logger.debug("Discarding block for already completed " + p);
+              break;
+            }
+            //TODO add proper catch for IOException
+            p.record(piece.getBlock(), piece.getOffset());
+
+            // If the block offset equals the piece size and the block
+            // length is 0, it means the piece has been entirely
+            // downloaded. In this case, we have nothing to save, but
+            // we should validate the piece.
+            if (getRemainingRequestedPieces(p).size() == 0) {
+              p.finish();
+              p.validate(torrent, p);
+              this.firePieceCompleted(p);
+              myRequestedPieces.remove(p);
+              this.firePeerReady();
+            } else {
+              if (piece.getOffset() + piece.getBlock().capacity()
+                == p.size()) { // final request reached
+                for (PeerMessage.RequestMessage requestMessage : getRemainingRequestedPieces(p)) {
+                  send(requestMessage);
+                }
+              } else {
+                this.requestNextBlocksForPiece(p);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+          logger.error(ioe.getMessage(), ioe);
+          this.fireIOException(new IOException(
+            "Error while storing received piece block!", ioe));
+          break;
+        }
+        break;
+      case CANCEL:
+        // No need to support
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the peer choked event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The event contains the peer that chocked.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private void firePeerChoked() {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handlePeerChoked(this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the peer ready event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The event contains the peer that unchoked or became ready.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private void firePeerReady() {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handlePeerReady(this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the piece availability event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The event contains the peer (this), and the piece that became available.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private void firePieceAvailabity(Piece piece) {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handlePieceAvailability(this, piece);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the bit field availability event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * The event contains the peer (this), and the bit field of available pieces
+   * from this peer.
+   */
+  private void fireBitfieldAvailabity() {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handleBitfieldAvailability(this,
+              this.getAvailablePieces());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the piece sent event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The event contains the peer (this), and the piece number that was
+   * sent to the peer.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param piece The completed piece.
+   */
+  private void firePieceSent(Piece piece) {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handlePieceSent(this, piece);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the piece completion event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The event contains the peer (this), and the piece number that was
+   * completed.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param piece The completed piece.
+   */
+  private void firePieceCompleted(Piece piece) throws IOException {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handlePieceCompleted(this, piece);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the peer disconnected event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The event contains the peer that disconnected (this).
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private void firePeerDisconnected() {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handlePeerDisconnected(this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void firePeerConnected(){
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handleNewPeerConnected(this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire the IOException event to all registered listeners.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The event contains the peer that triggered the problem, and the
+   * exception object.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private void fireIOException(IOException ioe) {
+    for (PeerActivityListener listener : this.listeners) {
+      listener.handleIOException(this, ioe);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Future getConnectTask() {
+    return this.connectTask;
+  }
+
+  public void setConnectTask(Future connectTask) {
+    Future old = this.connectTask;
+    if (old != null) old.cancel(true);
+    this.connectTask = connectTask;
+  }
+
+  public String toString() {
+    return new StringBuilder(super.toString())
+      .append(" [")
+      .append((this.choked ? "C" : "c"))
+      .append((this.interested ? "I" : "i"))
+      .append("|")
+      .append((this.choking ? "C" : "c"))
+      .append((this.interesting ? "I" : "i"))
+      .append("|")
+      .append(this.availablePieces.cardinality())
+      .append("]")
+      .toString();
+  }
+
+  public String getTorrentHexInfoHash() {
+    return this.torrent.getHexInfoHash();
+  }
+
+  public SharedTorrent getTorrent() {
+    return this.torrent;
+  }
+
+  public ByteChannel getSocketChannel() {
+    return this.socketChannel;
+  }
+
+  public int getDownloadingPiecesCount(){
+    return myRequestedPieces.size();
+  }
+  @Override
+  public TorrentHash getTorrentHash() {
+    return torrent;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Download rate comparator.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Compares sharing peers based on their current download rate.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @author mpetazzoni
+   * @see Rate.RateComparator
+   */
+  public static class DLRateComparator
+    implements Comparator<SharingPeer>, Serializable {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 96307229964730L;
+
+    public int compare(SharingPeer a, SharingPeer b) {
+      return Rate.RATE_COMPARATOR.compare(a.getDLRate(), b.getDLRate());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Upload rate comparator.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Compares sharing peers based on their current upload rate.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @author mpetazzoni
+   * @see Rate.RateComparator
+   */
+  public static class ULRateComparator
+    implements Comparator<SharingPeer>, Serializable {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 38794949747717L;
+
+    public int compare(SharingPeer a, SharingPeer b) {
+      return Rate.RATE_COMPARATOR.compare(a.getULRate(), b.getULRate());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer.send` reads without synchronization from `this.com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer.socketChannel`. Potentially races with write in method `SharingPeer.unbind(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SharingPeer.send(PeerMessage)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer.send(com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.PeerMessage):void.0aa5a1525292f9cb0f38fde13b874b16
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/peer/SharingPeer.java
+
+### Key:
+SharingPeer.java|send|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c4aacf5aeddfa0995d254e6ea8dd2a08
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1003/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1003/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08423839cf649e19afc0b7a9a87b49d328eaaa45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1003/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using ShellProgressBar;
+
+namespace Downloader.Sample
+{
+    internal static class Program
+    {
+        private static ProgressBar ConsoleProgress { get; set; }
+        private static ConcurrentDictionary<string, ChildProgressBar> ChildConsoleProgresses { get; set; }
+        private static ProgressBarOptions ChildOption { get; set; }
+        private static ProgressBarOptions ProcessBarOption { get; set; }
+        private static string DownloadListFile { get; } = "DownloadList.json";
+        private static ConcurrentBag<long> AverageSpeed { get; } = new ConcurrentBag<long>();
+        private static long LastTick { get; set; }
+        private static DownloadService _currentDownloadService;
+
+        private static async Task Main()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                new Thread(AddEscapeHandler) { IsBackground = true }.Start();
+                Initial();
+                List<DownloadItem> downloadList = await GetDownloadItems();
+                await DownloadAll(downloadList);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(e);
+                Debugger.Break();
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine("END");
+            Console.Read();
+        }
+
+        private static void Initial()
+        {
+            ProcessBarOption = new ProgressBarOptions {
+                ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green,
+                ForegroundColorDone = ConsoleColor.DarkGreen,
+                BackgroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkGray,
+                BackgroundCharacter = '\u2593'
+            };
+            ChildOption = new ProgressBarOptions {
+                ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow,
+                BackgroundColor = ConsoleColor.DarkGray,
+                ProgressCharacter = '─'
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static void AddEscapeHandler()
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                while (!(Console.KeyAvailable && Console.ReadKey(true).Key == ConsoleKey.Escape))
+                {
+                    Thread.Sleep(100);
+                }
+
+                _currentDownloadService?.CancelAsync();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static DownloadConfiguration GetDownloadConfiguration()
+        {
+            string version = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetName().Version?.ToString(3) ?? "1";
+            return new DownloadConfiguration {
+                ParallelDownload = true, // download parts of file as parallel or not
+                BufferBlockSize = 1024, // usually, hosts support max to 8000 bytes
+                ChunkCount = 8, // file parts to download
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = int.MaxValue, // the maximum number of times to fail.
+                OnTheFlyDownload = false, // caching in-memory or not?
+                Timeout = 100, // timeout (millisecond) per stream block reader
+                MaximumBytesPerSecond = 1 * 1024 * 1024, // speed limited to 1MB/s
+                TempDirectory = "C:\\temp", // Set the temp path for buffering chunk files, the default path is Path.GetTempPath().
+                RequestConfiguration = {
+                    // config and customize request headers
+                    Accept = "*/*",
+                    UserAgent = $"DownloaderSample/{version}",
+                    ProtocolVersion = HttpVersion.Version11,
+                    KeepAlive = true,
+                    UseDefaultCredentials = false
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static async Task<List<DownloadItem>> GetDownloadItems()
+        {
+            List<DownloadItem> downloadList = File.Exists(DownloadListFile)
+                ? JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<DownloadItem>>(await File.ReadAllTextAsync(DownloadListFile))
+                : null;
+
+            downloadList ??= new List<DownloadItem> {
+                new DownloadItem {
+                    FolderPath = Path.GetTempPath(), Url = "http://ipv4.download.thinkbroadband.com/100MB.zip"
+                }
+            };
+
+            return downloadList;
+        }
+
+        private static async Task DownloadAll(IEnumerable<DownloadItem> downloadList)
+        {
+            foreach (DownloadItem downloadItem in downloadList)
+            {
+                // begin download from url
+                DownloadService ds = await DownloadFile(downloadItem);
+
+                // clear download to order new of one
+                ds.Clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static async Task<DownloadService> DownloadFile(DownloadItem downloadItem)
+        {
+            _currentDownloadService = new DownloadService(GetDownloadConfiguration());
+            _currentDownloadService.ChunkDownloadProgressChanged += OnChunkDownloadProgressChanged;
+            _currentDownloadService.DownloadProgressChanged += OnDownloadProgressChanged;
+            _currentDownloadService.DownloadFileCompleted += OnDownloadFileCompleted;
+            _currentDownloadService.DownloadStarted += OnDownloadStarted;
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(downloadItem.FileName))
+            {
+                await _currentDownloadService.DownloadFileAsync(downloadItem.Url, new DirectoryInfo(downloadItem.FolderPath))
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                await _currentDownloadService.DownloadFileAsync(downloadItem.Url, downloadItem.FileName).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+
+            return _currentDownloadService;
+        }
+
+        private static void OnDownloadStarted(object sender, DownloadStartedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            AverageSpeed?.Clear();
+            ConsoleProgress =
+                new ProgressBar(10000, $"Downloading {Path.GetFileName(e.FileName)} ...", ProcessBarOption);
+            ChildConsoleProgresses = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, ChildProgressBar>();
+        }
+
+        private static void OnDownloadFileCompleted(object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            ConsoleProgress?.Tick(10000);
+            Console.WriteLine();
+            Console.WriteLine();
+
+            if (e.Cancelled)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Download canceled!");
+            }
+            else if (e.Error != null)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(e.Error);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Download completed successfully.");
+                Console.Title = "100%";
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void OnChunkDownloadProgressChanged(object sender, DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            ChildProgressBar progress = ChildConsoleProgresses.GetOrAdd(e.ProgressId, id =>
+                ConsoleProgress?.Spawn(10000, $"chunk {id}", ChildOption));
+            progress.Tick((int)(e.ProgressPercentage * 100));
+        }
+
+        private static void OnDownloadProgressChanged(object sender, DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            double nonZeroSpeed = e.BytesPerSecondSpeed + 0.0001;
+            int estimateTime = (int)((e.TotalBytesToReceive - e.ReceivedBytesSize) / nonZeroSpeed);
+            bool isMinutes = estimateTime >= 60;
+            string timeLeftUnit = "seconds";
+            bool isElapsedTimeMoreThanOneSecond = Environment.TickCount - LastTick >= 1000;
+            ConsoleProgress.Tick((int)(e.ProgressPercentage * 100));
+
+            if (isMinutes)
+            {
+                timeLeftUnit = "minutes";
+                estimateTime /= 60;
+            }
+
+            if (isElapsedTimeMoreThanOneSecond)
+            {
+                AverageSpeed.Add(e.BytesPerSecondSpeed);
+                LastTick = Environment.TickCount;
+            }
+
+            string avgSpeed = CalcMemoryMensurableUnit((long)AverageSpeed.Average());
+            string speed = CalcMemoryMensurableUnit(e.BytesPerSecondSpeed);
+            string bytesReceived = CalcMemoryMensurableUnit(e.ReceivedBytesSize);
+            string totalBytesToReceive = CalcMemoryMensurableUnit(e.TotalBytesToReceive);
+            string progressPercentage = $"{e.ProgressPercentage:F3}".Replace("/", ".");
+
+            Console.Title = $"{progressPercentage}%  -  " +
+                            $"{speed}/s (avg: {avgSpeed}/s)  -  " +
+                            $"[{bytesReceived} of {totalBytesToReceive}], " +
+                            $"{estimateTime} {timeLeftUnit} left";
+        }
+
+        private static string CalcMemoryMensurableUnit(double bytes)
+        {
+            double kb = bytes / 1024; // · 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte 
+            double mb = kb / 1024; // · 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte 
+            double gb = mb / 1024; // · 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte 
+            double tb = gb / 1024; // · 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte 
+
+            string result =
+                tb > 1 ? $"{tb:0.##}TB" :
+                gb > 1 ? $"{gb:0.##}GB" :
+                mb > 1 ? $"{mb:0.##}MB" :
+                kb > 1 ? $"{kb:0.##}KB" :
+                $"{bytes:0.##}B";
+
+            result = result.Replace("/", ".");
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of ShellProgressBar.ProgressBar::.ctor() at Line 149) of type ShellProgressBar.ProgressBar in method "Void Program.OnDownloadStarted(Object,DownloadStartedEventArgs)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.OnDownloadStarted(Object,DownloadStartedEventArgs)
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Sample/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|OnDownloadStarted|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3fb095309281849726a4d896a2bd73a3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10031/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10031/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a10ea3f5455fd0257b57fdfd840e4073b03be76f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10031/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Single-file torrent byte data storage.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This implementation of TorrentByteStorageFile provides a torrent byte data
+ * storage relying on a single underlying file and uses a RandomAccessFile
+ * FileChannel to expose thread-safe read/write methods.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class FileStorage implements TorrentByteStorage {
+
+	private static final Logger logger =
+		LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileStorage.class);
+
+	private final File target;
+	private File partial;
+	private final long offset;
+	private final long size;
+
+	private RandomAccessFile raf;
+  private FileChannel channel;
+	private File current;
+
+  public FileStorage(File file, long offset, long size)
+		throws IOException {
+		this.target = file;
+		this.offset = offset;
+		this.size = size;
+
+	}
+
+  public void open() throws IOException {
+    this.partial = new File(this.target.getAbsolutePath() +
+      TorrentByteStorage.PARTIAL_FILE_NAME_SUFFIX);
+
+    if (this.partial.exists()) {
+      logger.debug("Partial download found at {}. Continuing...",
+        this.partial.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.partial;
+    } else if (!this.target.exists()) {
+      logger.debug("Downloading new file to {}...",
+        this.partial.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.partial;
+    } else {
+      logger.debug("Using existing file {}.",
+        this.target.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.target;
+    }
+
+    this.raf = new RandomAccessFile(this.current, "rw");
+
+    // Set the file length to the appropriate size, eventually truncating
+    // or extending the file if it already exists with a different size.
+    this.raf.setLength(this.size);
+
+    this.channel = raf.getChannel();
+
+    logger.debug("Opened byte storage file at {} " +
+      "({}+{} byte(s)).",
+      new Object[] {
+        this.current.getAbsolutePath(),
+        this.offset,
+        this.size,
+      });
+  }
+
+	protected long offset() {
+		return this.offset;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long size() {
+		return this.size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int read(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset) throws IOException {
+		int requested = buffer.remaining();
+
+		if (offset + requested > this.size) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid storage read request!");
+		}
+
+		int bytes = this.channel.read(buffer, offset);
+		if (bytes < requested) {
+			throw new IOException("Storage underrun!");
+		}
+
+		return bytes;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int write(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset) throws IOException {
+		int requested = buffer.remaining();
+
+		if (offset + requested > this.size) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid storage write request!");
+		}
+
+		return this.channel.write(buffer, offset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
+		logger.debug("Closing file channel to {}. Channel open: {}", current.getName(), channel.isOpen());
+		if (this.channel.isOpen()) {
+			this.channel.force(true);
+		}
+		this.raf.close();
+	}
+
+	/** Move the partial file to its final location.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void finish() throws IOException {
+		logger.debug("Closing file channel to " + this.current.getName() +
+			" (download complete).");
+		if (this.channel.isOpen()) {
+			this.channel.force(true);
+		}
+
+		// Nothing more to do if we're already on the target file.
+		if (this.isFinished()) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		this.raf.close();
+		FileUtils.deleteQuietly(this.target);
+		FileUtils.moveFile(this.current, this.target);
+
+		logger.debug("Re-opening torrent byte storage at {}.",
+				this.target.getAbsolutePath());
+
+		this.raf = new RandomAccessFile(this.target, "rw");
+		this.raf.setLength(this.size);
+		this.channel = this.raf.getChannel();
+		this.current = this.target;
+
+		FileUtils.deleteQuietly(this.partial);
+		logger.info("Moved torrent data from {} to {}.",
+			this.partial.getName(),
+			this.target.getName());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isFinished() {
+		return this.current.equals(this.target);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.read` reads without synchronization from `this.com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.channel`. Potentially races with write in method `FileStorage.finish()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int FileStorage.read(ByteBuffer,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.read(java.nio.ByteBuffer,long):int.95c7ae177227de637bd5bf9f12e0e486
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/storage/FileStorage.java
+
+### Key:
+FileStorage.java|read|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fd2ae64fb39545aaeaf6b3219aec41f1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10036/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10036/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c16aa54d5d229d3f540e90d03dfb98edfe7a2b6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10036/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 43
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.tracker;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.bcodec.BEValue;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.LoggerUtils;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Peer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.PeerUID;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Torrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage.AnnounceRequestMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage.ErrorMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage.MessageValidationException;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.http.HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.http.HTTPAnnounceResponseMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.http.HTTPTrackerErrorMessage;
+import org.simpleframework.http.Status;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.URLDecoder;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+
+
+/**
+ * Tracker service to serve the tracker's announce requests.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * It only serves announce requests on /announce, and only serves torrents the
+ * {@link Tracker} it serves knows about.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * The list of torrents {@see #requestHandler.getTorrentsMap()} is a map of torrent hashes to their
+ * corresponding Torrent objects, and is maintained by the {@link Tracker} this
+ * service is part of. The TrackerRequestProcessor only has a reference to this map, and
+ * does not modify it.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ * @see <a href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentSpecification">BitTorrent protocol specification</a>
+ */
+public class TrackerRequestProcessor {
+
+	private static final Logger logger =
+		LoggerFactory.getLogger(TrackerRequestProcessor.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * The list of announce request URL fields that need to be interpreted as
+	 * numeric and thus converted as such in the request message parsing.
+	 */
+	private static final String[] NUMERIC_REQUEST_FIELDS =
+		new String[] {
+			"port", "uploaded", "downloaded", "left",
+			"compact", "no_peer_id", "numwant"
+		};
+  private static final int SEEDER_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL = 150;
+
+  private boolean myAcceptForeignTorrents=true; //default to true
+  private int myAnnounceInterval = 60; //default value
+	private final AddressChecker myAddressChecker;
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a new TrackerRequestProcessor serving the given torrents.
+	 *
+	 */
+	public TrackerRequestProcessor() {
+		this(new AddressChecker() {
+			@Override
+			public boolean isBadAddress(String ip) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		});
+	}
+
+	public TrackerRequestProcessor(AddressChecker addressChecker) {
+		myAddressChecker = addressChecker;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Process the announce request.
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 * This method attemps to read and parse the incoming announce request into
+	 * an announce request message, then creates the appropriate announce
+	 * response message and sends it back to the client.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 */
+	public void process(final String uri, final String hostAddress, RequestHandler requestHandler)
+          throws IOException {
+		// Prepare the response headers.
+
+		/**
+		 * Parse the query parameters into an announce request message.
+		 *
+		 * We need to rely on our own query parsing function because
+		 * SimpleHTTP's Query map will contain UTF-8 decoded parameters, which
+		 * doesn't work well for the byte-encoded strings we expect.
+		 */
+		HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage announceRequest = null;
+		try {
+			announceRequest = this.parseQuery(uri, hostAddress);
+		} catch (MessageValidationException mve) {
+			LoggerUtils.warnAndDebugDetails(logger, "Unable to parse request message. Request url is {}", uri, mve);
+      serveError(Status.BAD_REQUEST, mve.getMessage(), requestHandler);
+			return;
+		}
+
+    // The requested torrent must be announced by the tracker if and only if myAcceptForeignTorrents is false
+    final ConcurrentMap<String, TrackedTorrent> torrentsMap = requestHandler.getTorrentsMap();
+    TrackedTorrent torrent = torrentsMap.get(announceRequest.getHexInfoHash());
+    if (!this.myAcceptForeignTorrents && torrent == null) {
+      logger.warn("Requested torrent hash was: {}", announceRequest.getHexInfoHash());
+      serveError(Status.BAD_REQUEST, ErrorMessage.FailureReason.UNKNOWN_TORRENT, requestHandler);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (torrent == null) {
+      torrent = new TrackedTorrent(announceRequest.getInfoHash());
+      TrackedTorrent oldTorrent = requestHandler.getTorrentsMap().putIfAbsent(torrent.getHexInfoHash(), torrent);
+      if (oldTorrent != null) {
+        torrent = oldTorrent;
+      }
+    }
+
+		AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent event = announceRequest.getEvent();
+		PeerUID peerUID = new PeerUID(new InetSocketAddress(announceRequest.getIp(), announceRequest.getPort()), announceRequest.getHexInfoHash());
+
+		// When no event is specified, it's a periodic update while the client
+		// is operating. If we don't have a peer for this announce, it means
+		// the tracker restarted while the client was running. Consider this
+		// announce request as a 'started' event.
+		if ((event == null ||
+				AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent.NONE.equals(event)) &&
+			torrent.getPeer(peerUID) == null) {
+			event = AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent.STARTED;
+		}
+
+		if (myAddressChecker.isBadAddress(announceRequest.getIp())) {
+			writeAnnounceResponse(torrent, null, requestHandler);
+			return;
+		}
+
+    if (event != null && torrent.getPeer(peerUID) == null &&
+  			AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent.STOPPED.equals(event)) {
+      writeAnnounceResponse(torrent, null, requestHandler);
+      return;
+    }
+
+		// If an event other than 'started' is specified and we also haven't
+		// seen the peer on this torrent before, something went wrong. A
+		// previous 'started' announce request should have been made by the
+		// client that would have had us register that peer on the torrent this
+		// request refers to.
+		if (event != null && torrent.getPeer(peerUID) == null &&
+			!(AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent.STARTED.equals(event) ||
+        AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent.COMPLETED.equals(event))) {
+      serveError(Status.BAD_REQUEST, ErrorMessage.FailureReason.INVALID_EVENT, requestHandler);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Update the torrent according to the announce event
+		TrackedPeer peer = null;
+		try {
+			peer = torrent.update(event,
+				ByteBuffer.wrap(announceRequest.getPeerId()),
+				announceRequest.getHexPeerId(),
+				announceRequest.getIp(),
+				announceRequest.getPort(),
+				announceRequest.getUploaded(),
+				announceRequest.getDownloaded(),
+				announceRequest.getLeft());
+		} catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+			LoggerUtils.warnAndDebugDetails(logger, "Unable to update peer torrent. Request url is {}", uri, iae);
+      serveError(Status.BAD_REQUEST, ErrorMessage.FailureReason.INVALID_EVENT, requestHandler);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Craft and output the answer
+    writeAnnounceResponse(torrent, peer, requestHandler);
+	}
+
+	public void setAnnounceInterval(int announceInterval) {
+    myAnnounceInterval = announceInterval;
+  }
+
+  public int getAnnounceInterval() {
+    return myAnnounceInterval;
+  }
+
+  private void writeAnnounceResponse(TrackedTorrent torrent, TrackedPeer peer, RequestHandler requestHandler) throws IOException {
+		HTTPAnnounceResponseMessage announceResponse = null;
+		try {
+      final boolean isSeeder = peer != null && peer.isCompleted();
+			announceResponse = HTTPAnnounceResponseMessage.craft(
+				isSeeder ? SEEDER_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL : myAnnounceInterval,
+        torrent.seeders(),
+				torrent.leechers(),
+        isSeeder ? Collections.<Peer>emptyList() : torrent.getSomePeers(peer),
+        torrent.getHexInfoHash());
+      requestHandler.serveResponse(Status.OK.getCode(), Status.OK.getDescription(), announceResponse.getData());
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			serveError(Status.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, e.getMessage(), requestHandler);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Parse the query parameters using our defined BYTE_ENCODING.
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 * Because we're expecting byte-encoded strings as query parameters, we
+	 * can't rely on SimpleHTTP's QueryParser which uses the wrong encoding for
+	 * the job and returns us unparsable byte data. We thus have to implement
+	 * our own little parsing method that uses BYTE_ENCODING to decode
+	 * parameters from the URI.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 * <b>Note:</b> array parameters are not supported. If a key is present
+	 * multiple times in the URI, the latest value prevails. We don't really
+	 * need to implement this functionality as this never happens in the
+	 * Tracker HTTP protocol.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 *
+   *
+   * @param uri
+   * @param hostAddress
+   * @return The {@link AnnounceRequestMessage} representing the client's
+	 * announce request.
+	 */
+	private HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage parseQuery(final String uri, final String hostAddress)
+		throws IOException, MessageValidationException {
+		Map<String, BEValue> params = new HashMap<String, BEValue>();
+
+		try {
+//			String uri = request.getAddress().toString();
+			for (String pair : uri.split("[?]")[1].split("&")) {
+				String[] keyval = pair.split("[=]", 2);
+				if (keyval.length == 1) {
+					this.recordParam(params, keyval[0], null);
+				} else {
+					this.recordParam(params, keyval[0], keyval[1]);
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+			params.clear();
+		}
+
+		// Make sure we have the peer IP, fallbacking on the request's source
+		// address if the peer didn't provide it.
+		if (params.get("ip") == null) {
+			params.put("ip", new BEValue(
+				hostAddress,
+//				request.getClientAddress().getAddress().getHostAddress(),
+				Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING));
+		}
+
+		return HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage.parse(new BEValue(params));
+	}
+
+	private void recordParam(Map<String, BEValue> params, String key, String value) {
+		try {
+			value = URLDecoder.decode(value, Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING);
+
+			for (String f : NUMERIC_REQUEST_FIELDS) {
+				if (f.equals(key)) {
+					params.put(key, new BEValue(Long.valueOf(value)));
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			params.put(key, new BEValue(value, Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING));
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
+			// Ignore, act like parameter was not there
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write a {@link HTTPTrackerErrorMessage} to the response with the given
+	 * HTTP status code.
+	 *
+	 * @param status The HTTP status code to return.
+	 * @param error The error reported by the tracker.
+	 */
+	private void serveError(Status status, HTTPTrackerErrorMessage error, RequestHandler requestHandler) throws IOException {
+    requestHandler.serveResponse(status.getCode(), status.getDescription(), error.getData());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write an error message to the response with the given HTTP status code.
+	 *
+	 * @param status The HTTP status code to return.
+	 * @param error The error message reported by the tracker.
+	 */
+	private void serveError(Status status, String error, RequestHandler requestHandler) throws IOException {
+		try {
+			this.serveError(status, HTTPTrackerErrorMessage.craft(error), requestHandler);
+		} catch (MessageValidationException mve) {
+			logger.warn("Could not craft tracker error message!", mve);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write a tracker failure reason code to the response with the given HTTP
+	 * status code.
+	 *
+	 * @param status The HTTP status code to return.
+	 * @param reason The failure reason reported by the tracker.
+	 */
+	private void serveError(Status status, ErrorMessage.FailureReason reason, RequestHandler requestHandler) throws IOException {
+		this.serveError(status, reason.getMessage(), requestHandler);
+	}
+
+  public void setAcceptForeignTorrents(boolean acceptForeignTorrents) {
+    this.myAcceptForeignTorrents = acceptForeignTorrents;
+  }
+
+  public interface RequestHandler {
+    void serveResponse(int code, String description, ByteBuffer responseData);
+
+    ConcurrentMap<String, TrackedTorrent> getTorrentsMap();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `event` last assigned on line 149 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `update(...)` at line 188.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TrackerRequestProcessor.process(String,String,TrackerRequestProcessor$RequestHandler)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.tracker.TrackerRequestProcessor.process(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,com.turn.4cc13d98584f89934a676505e9532da0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/tracker/TrackerRequestProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+TrackerRequestProcessor.java|process|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+00ad8ed3440a0fb6571c4ed39bccdc1d
+
+### Hash:
+6c0635bb22bd7146b6c5a5a4081454f5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10038/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10038/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..179fa652215729bcb6652ded21df89b972683490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10038/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Peer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.TorrentInfo;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.http.*;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.output.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Announcer for HTTP trackers.
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ * @see <a href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentSpecification#Tracker_Request_Parameters">BitTorrent tracker request specification</a>
+ */
+public class HTTPTrackerClient extends TrackerClient {
+
+	protected static final Logger logger =
+		LoggerFactory.getLogger(HTTPTrackerClient.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a new HTTP announcer for the given torrent.
+	 *
+	 * @param peers Our own peer specification.
+	 */
+  public HTTPTrackerClient(List<Peer> peers, URI tracker) {
+    super(peers, tracker);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Build, send and process a tracker announce request.
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 * This function first builds an announce request for the specified event
+	 * with all the required parameters. Then, the request is made to the
+	 * tracker and the response analyzed.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 * All registered {@link AnnounceResponseListener} objects are then fired
+	 * with the decoded payload.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+     * @param event The announce event type (can be AnnounceEvent.NONE for
+     * periodic updates).
+     * @param inhibitEvents Prevent event listeners from being notified.
+     * @param torrentInfo
+     */
+	public void announce(final AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent event,
+                       boolean inhibitEvents, final TorrentInfo torrentInfo, final List<Peer> peers) throws AnnounceException {
+    logAnnounceRequest(event, torrentInfo);
+
+    List<HTTPTrackerMessage> trackerResponses = new ArrayList<HTTPTrackerMessage>();
+    for (final Peer peer : peers) {
+      try {
+        HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage request = this.buildAnnounceRequest(event, torrentInfo, peer);
+        URL target = request.buildAnnounceURL(this.tracker.toURL());
+        trackerResponses.add(sendAnnounce(target));
+      } catch (MalformedURLException mue) {
+        throw new AnnounceException("Invalid announce URL (" +
+                mue.getMessage() + ")", mue);
+      } catch (MessageValidationException mve) {
+        throw new AnnounceException("Announce request creation violated " +
+                "expected protocol (" + mve.getMessage() + ")", mve);
+      } catch (IOException ioe) {
+        throw new AnnounceException("Error building announce request (" +
+                ioe.getMessage() + ")", ioe);
+      }
+    }
+    // we process only first request:
+    if (trackerResponses.size() > 0) {
+      final HTTPTrackerMessage message = trackerResponses.get(0);
+      this.handleTrackerAnnounceResponse(message, inhibitEvents, torrentInfo.getHexInfoHash());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private HTTPTrackerMessage sendAnnounce(final URL url) throws AnnounceException {
+    HttpURLConnection conn = null;
+    InputStream in = null;
+    try {
+      conn = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
+      conn.setConnectTimeout(10000);
+      conn.setReadTimeout(10000);
+      in = conn.getInputStream();
+    } catch (IOException ioe) {
+      if (conn != null) {
+        in = conn.getErrorStream();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // At this point if the input stream is null it means we have neither a
+    // response body nor an error stream from the server. No point in going
+    // any further.
+    if (in == null) {
+      throw new AnnounceException("No response or unreachable tracker!");
+    }
+
+    try {
+      ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+      byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+      int len;
+      while ((len=in.read(buf)) > 0){
+        baos.write(buf, 0, len);
+      }
+
+      // Parse and handle the response
+      return HTTPTrackerMessage.parse(ByteBuffer.wrap(baos.toByteArray()));
+    } catch (IOException ioe) {
+      throw new AnnounceException("Error reading tracker response!", ioe);
+    } catch (MessageValidationException mve) {
+      throw new AnnounceException("Tracker message violates expected " +
+              "protocol (" + mve.getMessage() + ")", mve);
+    } finally {
+      // Make sure we close everything down at the end to avoid resource
+      // leaks.
+      try {
+        in.close();
+      } catch (IOException ioe) {
+        logger.info("Problem ensuring error stream closed!");
+        logger.debug("Problem ensuring error stream closed!", ioe);
+      }
+
+      // This means trying to close the error stream as well.
+      InputStream err = conn.getErrorStream();
+      if (err != null) {
+        try {
+          err.close();
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+          logger.info("Problem ensuring error stream closed!");
+          logger.debug("Problem ensuring error stream closed!", ioe);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+	/**
+	 * Build the announce request tracker message.
+	 *
+	 * @param event The announce event (can be <tt>NONE</tt> or <em>null</em>)
+	 * @return Returns an instance of a {@link HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage}
+	 * that can be used to generate the fully qualified announce URL, with
+	 * parameters, to make the announce request.
+	 * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws MessageValidationException
+	 */
+	private HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage buildAnnounceRequest(
+    AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent event, TorrentInfo torrentInfo, Peer peer)
+		throws IOException,
+			MessageValidationException {
+		// Build announce request message
+      final long uploaded = torrentInfo.getUploaded();
+      final long downloaded = torrentInfo.getDownloaded();
+      final long left = torrentInfo.getLeft();
+      return HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage.craft(
+      torrentInfo.getInfoHash(),
+          peer.getPeerIdArray(),
+          peer.getPort(),
+          uploaded,
+          downloaded,
+          left,
+          true, false, event,
+          peer.getIp(),
+          AnnounceRequestMessage.DEFAULT_NUM_WANT);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.io.output.ByteArrayOutputStream` acquired to `baos` by call to `new()` at line 129 is not released after line 138.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HTTPTrackerMessage HTTPTrackerClient.sendAnnounce(URL)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.HTTPTrackerClient.sendAnnounce(java.net.URL):com.turn.ttorrent.com.1ba1aad425b77c5305395d83fdb195e9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/announce/HTTPTrackerClient.java
+
+### Key:
+HTTPTrackerClient.java|sendAnnounce|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+eb8dc6a9d15b5d9ef43c733543a2ca6c
+
+### Hash:
+be2a6a0030a04ba67c841d079ac61769
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1004/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1004/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06d08723d4854e6850b4b1a73f7f8e79437261af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1004/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Downloader
+{
+    public class DownloadService : IDownloadService
+    {
+        public DownloadService(DownloadConfiguration options = null)
+        {
+            Package = new DownloadPackage()
+            {
+                Options = options ?? new DownloadConfiguration()
+            };
+
+            ServicePointManager.SecurityProtocol = SecurityProtocolType.Tls | SecurityProtocolType.Tls11 | SecurityProtocolType.Tls12;
+            ServicePointManager.Expect100Continue = false; // accept the request for POST, PUT and PATCH verbs
+            ServicePointManager.DefaultConnectionLimit = 1000;
+            ServicePointManager.MaxServicePointIdleTime = 1000;
+        }
+
+
+        
+        protected long BytesReceivedCheckPoint { get; set; }
+        protected long LastDownloadCheckpoint { get; set; }
+        protected CancellationTokenSource GlobalCancellationTokenSource { get; set; }
+        protected Request RequestInstance { get; set; }
+
+        public bool IsBusy { get; protected set; }
+        public long DownloadSpeed { get; set; }
+        public DownloadPackage Package { get; set; }
+        public event EventHandler<AsyncCompletedEventArgs> DownloadFileCompleted;
+        public event EventHandler<DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs> DownloadProgressChanged;
+        public event EventHandler<DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs> ChunkDownloadProgressChanged;
+
+        public async Task DownloadFileAsync(DownloadPackage package)
+        {
+            IsBusy = true;
+            GlobalCancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            Package = package;
+            Package.Options.Validate();
+
+            CheckSizes();
+
+            if (File.Exists(Package.FileName))
+                File.Delete(Package.FileName);
+
+            await StartDownload();
+        }
+        public async Task DownloadFileAsync(string address, string fileName)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                IsBusy = true;
+                GlobalCancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
+                RequestInstance = new Request(address, Package.Options.RequestConfiguration);
+                Package.FileName = fileName;
+                Package.Address = RequestInstance.Address; 
+                Package.TotalFileSize = Package.Options.AllowedHeadRequest 
+                    ? await RequestInstance.GetFileSize()
+                    : await RequestInstance.GetFileSizeWithGetRequest();
+                Package.Options.Validate();
+
+                CheckSizes();
+
+                var neededParts = (int)Math.Ceiling((double)Package.TotalFileSize / int.MaxValue); // for files as larger than 2GB
+
+                // Handle number of parallel downloads  
+                var parts = Package.Options.ChunkCount < neededParts
+                    ? neededParts
+                    : Package.Options.ChunkCount;
+
+                Package.Chunks = ChunkFile(Package.TotalFileSize, parts);
+
+                if (File.Exists(Package.FileName))
+                    File.Delete(Package.FileName);
+
+                await StartDownload();
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                OnDownloadFileCompleted(new AsyncCompletedEventArgs(e, false, Package));
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+        public void CancelAsync()
+        {
+            GlobalCancellationTokenSource?.Cancel(false);
+        }
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            GlobalCancellationTokenSource?.Dispose();
+            GlobalCancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            ClearTemps();
+
+            Package.FileName = null;
+            Package.TotalFileSize = 0;
+            Package.BytesReceived = 0;
+            Package.Chunks = null;
+        }
+        protected void ClearTemps()
+        {
+            if (Package.Options.ClearPackageAfterDownloadCompleted && Package.Chunks != null)
+            {
+                Package.BytesReceived = 0;
+                foreach (var chunk in Package.Chunks)
+                {
+                    if (Package.Options.OnTheFlyDownload)
+                        chunk.Data = null;
+                    else if (File.Exists(chunk.FileName))
+                        File.Delete(chunk.FileName);
+
+                    chunk.Position = 0; // reset position for again download
+                    BytesReceivedCheckPoint = 0;
+                }
+                GC.Collect();
+            }
+        }
+        protected Chunk[] ChunkFile(long fileSize, int parts)
+        {
+            if (parts < 1)
+                parts = 1;
+
+            var chunkSize = fileSize / parts;
+
+            if (chunkSize < 1)
+            {
+                chunkSize = 1;
+                parts = (int)fileSize;
+            }
+
+            var chunks = new Chunk[parts];
+            for (var chunk = 0; chunk < parts; chunk++)
+            {
+                chunks[chunk] =
+                    (chunk == parts - 1)
+                        ? new Chunk(chunk * chunkSize, fileSize - 1) // last chunk
+                        : new Chunk(chunk * chunkSize, (chunk + 1) * chunkSize - 1);
+            }
+
+            return chunks;
+        }
+        protected async Task StartDownload()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var cancellationToken = GlobalCancellationTokenSource.Token;
+                var tasks = new List<Task>();
+                foreach (var chunk in Package.Chunks)
+                {
+                    if (Package.Options.ParallelDownload)
+                    {   // download as parallel
+                        var task = DownloadChunk(Package.Address, chunk, cancellationToken);
+                        tasks.Add(task);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {   // download as async and serial
+                        await DownloadChunk(Package.Address, chunk, cancellationToken);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (Package.Options.ParallelDownload && cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested == false) // is parallel
+                    Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray(), cancellationToken);
+
+                if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    OnDownloadFileCompleted(new AsyncCompletedEventArgs(null, true, Package));
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // Merge data to single file
+                await MergeChunks(Package.Chunks);
+
+                OnDownloadFileCompleted(new AsyncCompletedEventArgs(null, false, Package));
+            }
+            catch (OperationCanceledException e)
+            {
+                OnDownloadFileCompleted(new AsyncCompletedEventArgs(e, true, Package));
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (GlobalCancellationTokenSource.Token.IsCancellationRequested == false)
+                {
+                    // remove temp files
+                    ClearTemps();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        protected async Task<Chunk> DownloadChunk(Uri address, Chunk chunk, CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
+                    return chunk;
+
+                var request = RequestInstance.GetRequest();
+                if (chunk.Start + chunk.Position >= chunk.End && chunk.Data?.LongLength == chunk.Length)
+                    return chunk; // downloaded completely before
+
+                if (chunk.Position >= chunk.Length && chunk.Data == null)
+                    chunk.Position = 0; // downloaded again and reset chunk position
+
+                request.AddRange(chunk.Start + chunk.Position, chunk.End);
+
+                using var httpWebResponse = request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse;
+                if (httpWebResponse == null)
+                    return chunk;
+
+                var stream = httpWebResponse.GetResponseStream();
+                var destinationStream = new ThrottledStream(stream,
+                    Package.Options.ParallelDownload
+                    ? Package.Options.MaximumBytesPerSecond / Package.Options.ChunkCount
+                    : Package.Options.MaximumBytesPerSecond);
+                using (stream)
+                {
+                    if (stream == null)
+                        return chunk;
+
+                    if (Package.Options.OnTheFlyDownload)
+                        await ReadStreamOnTheFly(destinationStream, chunk, token);
+                    else
+                        await ReadStreamOnTheFile(destinationStream, chunk, token);
+                }
+
+                return chunk;
+            }
+            catch (TaskCanceledException) // when stream reader timeout occurred 
+            {
+                // re-request
+                if (token.IsCancellationRequested == false)
+                    await DownloadChunk(address, chunk, token);
+            }
+            catch (WebException) when (token.IsCancellationRequested == false &&
+                                       chunk.FailoverCount++ <= Package.Options.MaxTryAgainOnFailover)
+            {
+                // when the host forcibly closed the connection.
+                await Task.Delay(Package.Options.Timeout, token);
+                chunk.Checkpoint();
+                // re-request
+                await DownloadChunk(address, chunk, token);
+            }
+            catch (Exception error) when (token.IsCancellationRequested == false &&
+                                     chunk.FailoverCount++ <= Package.Options.MaxTryAgainOnFailover &&
+                                     (HasSource(error, "System.Net.Http") ||
+                                      HasSource(error, "System.Net.Sockets") ||
+                                      HasSource(error, "System.Net.Security") ||
+                                      error.InnerException is SocketException))
+            {
+                // wait and decrease speed to low pressure on host
+                Package.Options.Timeout += chunk.CanContinue() ? 0 : 500;
+                chunk.Checkpoint();
+                await Task.Delay(Package.Options.Timeout, token);
+                // re-request
+                await DownloadChunk(address, chunk, token);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) // Maybe no internet!
+            {
+                OnDownloadFileCompleted(new AsyncCompletedEventArgs(e, false, Package));
+                Debugger.Break();
+            }
+
+            return chunk;
+        }
+
+        protected async Task ReadStreamOnTheFly(Stream stream, Chunk chunk, CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            var bytesToReceiveCount = chunk.Length - chunk.Position;
+            chunk.Data ??= new byte[chunk.Length];
+            while (bytesToReceiveCount > 0)
+            {
+                if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
+                    return;
+
+                using var innerCts = new CancellationTokenSource(Package.Options.Timeout);
+                var count = bytesToReceiveCount > Package.Options.BufferBlockSize
+                    ? Package.Options.BufferBlockSize
+                    : (int)bytesToReceiveCount;
+                var readSize = await stream.ReadAsync(chunk.Data, chunk.Position, count, innerCts.Token);
+                Package.BytesReceived += readSize;
+                chunk.Position += readSize;
+                bytesToReceiveCount = chunk.Length - chunk.Position;
+
+                OnChunkDownloadProgressChanged(new DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs(chunk.Id, chunk.Length, chunk.Position, DownloadSpeed));
+                OnDownloadProgressChanged(new DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs(null, Package.TotalFileSize, Package.BytesReceived, DownloadSpeed));
+            }
+        }
+        protected async Task ReadStreamOnTheFile(Stream stream, Chunk chunk, CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            var bytesToReceiveCount = chunk.Length - chunk.Position;
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(chunk.FileName) || File.Exists(chunk.FileName) == false)
+                chunk.FileName = GetTempFile(Package.Options.TempDirectory, Package.Options.TempFilesExtension);
+
+            using var writer = new FileStream(chunk.FileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Delete);
+            while (bytesToReceiveCount > 0)
+            {
+                if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
+                    return;
+
+                using var innerCts = new CancellationTokenSource(Package.Options.Timeout);
+                var count = bytesToReceiveCount > Package.Options.BufferBlockSize
+                    ? Package.Options.BufferBlockSize
+                    : (int)bytesToReceiveCount;
+                var buffer = new byte[count];
+                var readSize = await stream.ReadAsync(buffer, 0, count, innerCts.Token);
+                // ReSharper disable once MethodSupportsCancellation
+                await writer.WriteAsync(buffer, 0, readSize);
+                Package.BytesReceived += readSize;
+                chunk.Position += readSize;
+                bytesToReceiveCount = chunk.Length - chunk.Position;
+
+                OnChunkDownloadProgressChanged(new DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs(chunk.Id, chunk.Length, chunk.Position, DownloadSpeed));
+                OnDownloadProgressChanged(new DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs(null, Package.TotalFileSize, Package.BytesReceived, DownloadSpeed));
+            }
+        }
+        protected async Task MergeChunks(Chunk[] chunks)
+        {
+            var directory = Path.GetDirectoryName(Package.FileName);
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(directory))
+                return;
+
+            if (Directory.Exists(directory) == false)
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
+
+            using var destinationStream = new FileStream(Package.FileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write);
+            foreach (var chunk in chunks.OrderBy(c => c.Start))
+            {
+                if (Package.Options.OnTheFlyDownload)
+                {
+                    await destinationStream.WriteAsync(chunk.Data, 0, (int)chunk.Length);
+                }
+                else if (File.Exists(chunk.FileName))
+                {
+                    using var reader = File.OpenRead(chunk.FileName);
+                    await reader.CopyToAsync(destinationStream);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected void CheckSizes()
+        {
+            if (Package.TotalFileSize <= 0)
+                throw new InvalidDataException("File size is invalid!");
+
+            CheckDiskSize(Package.FileName, Package.TotalFileSize);
+            if (Package.Options.OnTheFlyDownload == false) // store temp files on disk, so check disk size
+            {
+                var doubleFileSpaceNeeded = Directory.GetDirectoryRoot(Package.FileName) ==
+                                            Directory.GetDirectoryRoot(Package.Options.TempDirectory);
+
+                CheckDiskSize(Package.Options.TempDirectory, Package.TotalFileSize * (doubleFileSpaceNeeded ? 2 : 1));
+            }
+        }
+        protected void CheckDiskSize(string directory, long actualSize)
+        {
+            var drive = new DriveInfo(Directory.GetDirectoryRoot(directory));
+            if (drive.IsReady && actualSize >= drive.AvailableFreeSpace)
+                throw new IOException($"There is not enough space on the disk `{drive.Name}`");
+        }
+        public bool HasSource(Exception exp, string source)
+        {
+            var e = exp;
+            while (e != null)
+            {
+                if (string.Equals(e.Source, source, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    return true;
+
+                e = e.InnerException;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void OnDownloadFileCompleted(AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            IsBusy = false;
+            DownloadFileCompleted?.Invoke(this, e);
+        }
+        protected virtual void OnDownloadProgressChanged(DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            OnDownloadSpeedCalculator();
+            DownloadProgressChanged?.Invoke(this, e);
+        }
+        protected virtual void OnChunkDownloadProgressChanged(DownloadProgressChangedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            ChunkDownloadProgressChanged?.Invoke(this, e);
+        }
+        protected virtual void OnDownloadSpeedCalculator()
+        {
+            // calc download speed
+            var timeDiff = Environment.TickCount - LastDownloadCheckpoint + 1;
+            if (timeDiff < 1000) return;
+            var bytesDiff = Package.BytesReceived - BytesReceivedCheckPoint;
+            DownloadSpeed = bytesDiff * 1000 / timeDiff;
+            LastDownloadCheckpoint = Environment.TickCount;
+            BytesReceivedCheckPoint = Package.BytesReceived;
+        }
+        public static string GetTempFile(string baseDirectory, string fileExtension = "")
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(baseDirectory))
+                return Path.GetTempFileName();
+
+            if (!Directory.Exists(baseDirectory))
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(baseDirectory);
+
+            var filename = Path.Combine(baseDirectory, Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N") + fileExtension);
+            File.Create(filename).Close();
+
+            return filename;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource::.ctor() at Line 100) of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "Void DownloadService.Clear()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DownloadService.Clear()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader/DownloadService.cs
+
+### Key:
+DownloadService.cs|Clear|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+915decc25729a1ba63f2d97647757121
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10040/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10040/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..036a7e73fddca739cb3030e2c03807dfd7f901f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10040/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 54
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.ClientFactory;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.TempFiles;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.Utils;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.WaitFor;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.PeerMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.tracker.TrackedPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.tracker.TrackedTorrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.tracker.Tracker;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.BasicConfigurator;
+import org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.*;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ByteChannel;
+import java.security.DigestInputStream;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.zip.CRC32;
+import java.util.zip.Checksum;
+
+import static com.turn.ttorrent.ClientFactory.DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE;
+import static org.testng.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author Sergey.Pak
+ * Date: 7/26/13
+ * Time: 2:32 PM
+ */
+@Test(timeOut = 600000)
+public class ClientTest {
+
+  private ClientFactory clientFactory;
+
+  private List<Client> clientList;
+  private static final String TEST_RESOURCES = "src/test/resources";
+  private Tracker tracker;
+  private TempFiles tempFiles;
+
+  public ClientTest() {
+    clientFactory = new ClientFactory();
+    if (Logger.getRootLogger().getAllAppenders().hasMoreElements())
+      return;
+    BasicConfigurator.configure(new ConsoleAppender(new PatternLayout("[%d{MMdd HH:mm:ss,SSS} %t] %6p - %20.20c - %m %n")));
+    TorrentCreator.setHashingThreadsCount(1);
+  }
+
+  @BeforeMethod
+  public void setUp() throws IOException {
+    tempFiles = new TempFiles();
+    clientList = new ArrayList<Client>();
+    Logger.getRootLogger().setLevel(Utils.getLogLevel());
+    startTracker();
+  }
+
+  private void saveTorrent(Torrent torrent, File file) throws IOException {
+    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
+    fos.write(new TorrentSerializer().serialize(torrent));
+    fos.close();
+  }
+
+  public void testThatSeederIsNotReceivedHaveMessages() throws Exception {
+    final ExecutorService workerES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+    final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+    final AtomicBoolean isSeederReceivedHaveMessage = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    Client seeder = new Client(workerES, validatorES) {
+
+      @Override
+      public SharingPeer createSharingPeer(String host, int port, ByteBuffer peerId, SharedTorrent torrent, ByteChannel channel) {
+        return new SharingPeer(host, port, peerId, torrent, getConnectionManager(), this, channel) {
+          @Override
+          public synchronized void handleMessage(PeerMessage msg) {
+            if (msg instanceof PeerMessage.HaveMessage) {
+              isSeederReceivedHaveMessage.set(true);
+            }
+            super.handleMessage(msg);
+          }
+        };
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void stop() {
+        super.stop();
+        workerES.shutdown();
+        validatorES.shutdown();
+      }
+    };
+    clientList.add(seeder);
+
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(100 * 1025 * 1024);
+    URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+    URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, announceURI, "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    seeder.seedTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParent());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    waitForSeederIsAnnounsedOnTracker(torrent.getHexInfoHash());
+
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 10);
+    assertFalse(isSeederReceivedHaveMessage.get());
+  }
+
+  private void waitForSeederIsAnnounsedOnTracker(final String hexInfoHash) {
+    final WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return tracker.getTrackedTorrent(hexInfoHash) != null;
+      }
+    };
+    assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult());
+  }
+
+
+  //  @Test(invocationCount = 50)
+  public void download_multiple_files() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException {
+    int numFiles = 50;
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final File srcDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    final File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+
+    Client seeder = createClient("seeder");
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    Client leech = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+      URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+      final Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
+      List<File> filesToShare = new ArrayList<File>();
+      for (int i = 0; i < numFiles; i++) {
+        File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024);
+        File srcFile = new File(srcDir, tempFile.getName());
+        assertTrue(tempFile.renameTo(srcFile));
+
+        Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(srcFile, announceURI, "Test");
+        File torrentFile = new File(srcFile.getParentFile(), srcFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+        saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+        filesToShare.add(srcFile);
+        names.add(srcFile.getName());
+      }
+
+      for (File f : filesToShare) {
+        File torrentFile = new File(f.getParentFile(), f.getName() + ".torrent");
+        seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), f.getParent());
+      }
+      leech = createClient("leecher");
+      leech.start(new InetAddress[]{InetAddress.getLocalHost()}, 5, null);
+      for (File f : filesToShare) {
+        File torrentFile = new File(f.getParentFile(), f.getName() + ".torrent");
+        leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+      }
+
+      new WaitFor(60 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+
+          final Set<String> strings = listFileNames(downloadDir);
+          int count = 0;
+          final List<String> partItems = new ArrayList<String>();
+          for (String s : strings) {
+            if (s.endsWith(".part")) {
+              count++;
+              partItems.add(s);
+            }
+          }
+          if (count < 5) {
+
+            System.err.printf("Count: %d. Items: %s%n", count, Arrays.toString(partItems.toArray()));
+          }
+          return strings.containsAll(names);
+        }
+      };
+
+      assertEquals(listFileNames(downloadDir), names);
+    } finally {
+      leech.stop();
+      seeder.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Set<String> listFileNames(File downloadDir) {
+    if (downloadDir == null) return Collections.emptySet();
+    Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
+    File[] files = downloadDir.listFiles();
+    if (files == null) return Collections.emptySet();
+    for (File f : files) {
+      names.add(f.getName());
+    }
+    return names;
+  }
+
+  //  @Test(invocationCount = 50)
+  public void large_file_download() throws IOException, URISyntaxException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(201 * 1025 * 1024);
+    URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+    URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, announceURI, "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParent());
+
+    final File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    Client leech = createClient();
+    leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+
+    try {
+      seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      leech.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+      waitForFileInDir(downloadDir, tempFile.getName());
+      assertFilesEqual(tempFile, new File(downloadDir, tempFile.getName()));
+    } finally {
+      seeder.stop();
+      leech.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test(enabled = false)
+  public void endgameModeTest() throws Exception {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    final int numSeeders = 2;
+    List<Client> seeders = new ArrayList<Client>();
+    final AtomicInteger skipPiecesCount = new AtomicInteger(1);
+    for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+      final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+      final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+      final Client seeder = new Client(es, validatorES) {
+        @Override
+        public void stop() {
+          super.stop();
+          es.shutdownNow();
+          validatorES.shutdownNow();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public SharingPeer createSharingPeer(String host, int port, ByteBuffer peerId, SharedTorrent torrent, ByteChannel channel) {
+          return new SharingPeer(host, port, peerId, torrent, getConnectionManager(), this, channel) {
+            @Override
+            public void send(PeerMessage message) throws IllegalStateException {
+              if (message instanceof PeerMessage.PieceMessage) {
+                if (skipPiecesCount.getAndDecrement() > 0) {
+                  return;
+                }
+              }
+              super.send(message);
+            }
+          };
+        }
+      };
+      seeders.add(seeder);
+      clientList.add(seeder);
+    }
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(1024 * 20 * 1024);
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+      Client client = seeders.get(i);
+      client.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParent(), true, false);
+      client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    }
+
+    final File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    Client leech = createClient();
+    leech.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    leech.downloadUninterruptibly(
+            torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+            downloadDir.getParent(),
+            20);
+
+    waitForFileInDir(downloadDir, tempFile.getName());
+
+  }
+
+
+  public void more_than_one_seeder_for_same_torrent() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    assertEquals(0, this.tracker.getTrackedTorrents().size());
+
+    final int numSeeders = 5;
+    List<Client> seeders = new ArrayList<Client>();
+    for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+      seeders.add(createClient());
+    }
+
+    try {
+      File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(100 * 1024);
+
+      Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+      File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+      saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+        Client client = seeders.get(i);
+        client.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParent(), true, false);
+        client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      }
+
+      new WaitFor() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          for (TrackedTorrent tt : tracker.getTrackedTorrents()) {
+            if (tt.getPeers().size() == numSeeders) return true;
+          }
+
+          return false;
+        }
+      };
+
+      Collection<TrackedTorrent> torrents = this.tracker.getTrackedTorrents();
+      assertEquals(torrents.size(), 1);
+      assertEquals(numSeeders, torrents.iterator().next().seeders());
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : seeders) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public void testThatDownloadStatisticProvidedToTracker() throws Exception {
+    final ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(8);
+    final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+    final AtomicInteger countOfTrackerResponses = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    Client leecher = new Client(executorService, validatorES) {
+      @Override
+      public void handleDiscoveredPeers(List<Peer> peers, String hexInfoHash) {
+        super.handleDiscoveredPeers(peers, hexInfoHash);
+        countOfTrackerResponses.incrementAndGet();
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void stop() {
+        super.stop();
+        executorService.shutdownNow();
+        validatorES.shutdownNow();
+      }
+    };
+
+    clientList.add(leecher);
+
+    final int fileSize = 2 * 1025 * 1024;
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(fileSize);
+    URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+    URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, announceURI, "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), false, false);
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final AnnounceableFileTorrent announceableTorrent = (AnnounceableFileTorrent)
+            leecher.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().iterator().next();
+
+    final SharedTorrent sharedTorrent = leecher.getTorrentsStorage().putIfAbsentActiveTorrent(announceableTorrent.getHexInfoHash(),
+            leecher.getTorrentLoader().loadTorrent(announceableTorrent));
+
+    sharedTorrent.init();
+
+    new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return countOfTrackerResponses.get() == 1;
+      }
+    };
+
+    final TrackedTorrent trackedTorrent = tracker.getTrackedTorrent(announceableTorrent.getHexInfoHash());
+
+    assertEquals(trackedTorrent.getPeers().size(), 1);
+
+    final TrackedPeer trackedPeer = trackedTorrent.getPeers().values().iterator().next();
+
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getUploaded(), 0);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getDownloaded(), 0);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getLeft(), fileSize);
+
+    Piece piece = sharedTorrent.getPiece(1);
+    sharedTorrent.handlePieceCompleted(null, piece);
+    sharedTorrent.markCompleted(piece);
+
+    new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return countOfTrackerResponses.get() >= 2;
+      }
+    };
+    int downloaded = 512 * 1024;//one piece
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getUploaded(), 0);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getDownloaded(), downloaded);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getLeft(), fileSize - downloaded);
+  }
+
+  public void no_full_seeder_test() throws IOException, URISyntaxException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final int pieceSize = 48 * 1024; // lower piece size to reduce disk usage
+    final int numSeeders = 6;
+    final int piecesCount = numSeeders * 3 + 15;
+
+    final List<Client> clientsList;
+    clientsList = new ArrayList<Client>(piecesCount);
+
+    final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+    try {
+      File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+
+      createMultipleSeedersWithDifferentPieces(tempFile, piecesCount, pieceSize, numSeeders, clientsList);
+      String baseMD5 = getFileMD5(tempFile, md5);
+
+      validateMultipleClientsResults(clientsList, md5, tempFile, baseMD5);
+
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : clientsList) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test(enabled = false)
+  public void corrupted_seeder_repair() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException, URISyntaxException, InterruptedException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final int pieceSize = 48 * 1024; // lower piece size to reduce disk usage
+    final int numSeeders = 6;
+    final int piecesCount = numSeeders + 7;
+
+    final List<Client> clientsList;
+    clientsList = new ArrayList<Client>(piecesCount);
+
+    final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+    try {
+      File baseFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+
+      createMultipleSeedersWithDifferentPieces(baseFile, piecesCount, pieceSize, numSeeders, clientsList);
+      String baseMD5 = getFileMD5(baseFile, md5);
+      final Client firstClient = clientsList.get(0);
+
+      new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          return firstClient.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() >= 1;
+        }
+      };
+
+      final SharedTorrent torrent = firstClient.getTorrents().iterator().next();
+      final File file = new File(torrent.getParentFile(), TorrentUtils.getTorrentFileNames(torrent).get(0));
+      final int oldByte;
+      {
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw");
+        raf.seek(0);
+        oldByte = raf.read();
+        raf.seek(0);
+        // replacing the byte
+        if (oldByte != 35) {
+          raf.write(35);
+        } else {
+          raf.write(45);
+        }
+        raf.close();
+      }
+      final WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(60 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          for (Client client : clientsList) {
+            final SharedTorrent next = client.getTorrents().iterator().next();
+            if (next.getCompletedPieces().cardinality() < next.getPieceCount() - 1) {
+              return false;
+            }
+          }
+          return true;
+        }
+      };
+
+      if (!waitFor.isMyResult()) {
+        fail("All seeders didn't get their files");
+      }
+      Thread.sleep(10 * 1000);
+      {
+        byte[] piece = new byte[pieceSize];
+        FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(baseFile);
+        fin.read(piece);
+        fin.close();
+        RandomAccessFile raf;
+        try {
+          raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw");
+          raf.seek(0);
+          raf.write(oldByte);
+          raf.close();
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+      }
+      validateMultipleClientsResults(clientsList, md5, baseFile, baseMD5);
+
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : clientsList) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testThatTorrentsHaveLazyInitAndRemovingAfterDownload()
+          throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, URISyntaxException {
+    final Client seeder = createClient();
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(100 * 1025 * 1024);
+    URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+    URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, announceURI, "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath(),
+            true, false);
+
+    final Client leecher = createClient();
+    File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    assertEquals(1, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(0, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(0, leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 1 &&
+                leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 1;
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult(), "Torrent was not successfully initialized");
+
+    assertEquals(1, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(1, leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+
+    waitForFileInDir(downloadDir, tempFile.getName());
+    assertFilesEqual(tempFile, new File(downloadDir, tempFile.getName()));
+
+    waitFor = new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 0 &&
+                leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 0;
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult(), "Torrent was not successfully removed");
+
+    assertEquals(0, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(0, leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+
+  }
+
+  public void corrupted_seeder() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException, URISyntaxException, InterruptedException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final int pieceSize = 48 * 1024; // lower piece size to reduce disk usage
+    final int piecesCount = 35;
+
+    final List<Client> clientsList;
+    clientsList = new ArrayList<Client>(piecesCount);
+
+    final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+    try {
+      final File baseFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+      final File badFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+
+      final Client client2 = createAndStartClient();
+      final File client2Dir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+      final File client2File = new File(client2Dir, baseFile.getName());
+      FileUtils.copyFile(badFile, client2File);
+
+      final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(baseFile, null, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), null, "Test", pieceSize);
+      final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+      saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+      client2.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), client2Dir.getAbsolutePath());
+
+      final String baseMD5 = getFileMD5(baseFile, md5);
+
+      final Client leech = createAndStartClient();
+      final File leechDestDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+      final AtomicReference<Exception> thrownException = new AtomicReference<Exception>();
+      final Thread th = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+          try {
+            leech.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), leechDestDir.getAbsolutePath(), 7);
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            thrownException.set(e);
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      th.start();
+      final WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(30 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          return th.getState() == Thread.State.TERMINATED;
+        }
+      };
+
+      final Map<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> allStackTraces = Thread.getAllStackTraces();
+      for (Map.Entry<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> entry : allStackTraces.entrySet()) {
+        System.out.printf("%s:%n", entry.getKey().getName());
+        for (StackTraceElement elem : entry.getValue()) {
+          System.out.println(elem.toString());
+        }
+      }
+
+      assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult());
+      assertNotNull(thrownException.get());
+      assertTrue(thrownException.get().getMessage().contains("Unable to download torrent completely"));
+
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : clientsList) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void unlock_file_when_no_leechers() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 7);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    downloadAndStop(torrent, 15 * 1000, createClient());
+    Thread.sleep(2 * 1000);
+    assertTrue(dwnlFile.exists() && dwnlFile.isFile());
+    final boolean delete = dwnlFile.delete();
+    assertTrue(delete && !dwnlFile.exists());
+  }
+
+  public void download_many_times() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 7);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      downloadAndStop(torrent, 250 * 1000, createClient());
+      Thread.sleep(3 * 1000);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testConnectToAllDiscoveredPeers() throws Exception {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(8);
+    final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+    Client leecher = new Client(executorService, validatorES) {
+      @Override
+      public void stop() {
+        super.stop();
+        executorService.shutdownNow();
+        validatorES.shutdownNow();
+      }
+    };
+    leecher.setMaxInConnectionsCount(10);
+    leecher.setMaxOutConnectionsCount(10);
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 34);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    final String hexInfoHash = leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath());
+    final List<ServerSocket> serverSockets = new ArrayList<ServerSocket>();
+
+    final int startPort = 6885;
+    int port = startPort;
+    PeerUID[] peerUids = new PeerUID[]{
+            new PeerUID(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", port++), hexInfoHash),
+            new PeerUID(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", port++), hexInfoHash),
+            new PeerUID(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", port), hexInfoHash)
+    };
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    try {
+      leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+      WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(5000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          return tracker.getTrackedTorrent(hexInfoHash) != null;
+        }
+      };
+
+      assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult());
+
+      final TrackedTorrent trackedTorrent = tracker.getTrackedTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+      Map<PeerUID, TrackedPeer> trackedPeerMap = new HashMap<PeerUID, TrackedPeer>();
+
+      port = startPort;
+      for (PeerUID uid : peerUids) {
+        trackedPeerMap.put(uid, new TrackedPeer(trackedTorrent, "127.0.0.1", port, ByteBuffer.wrap("id".getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING))));
+        serverSockets.add(new ServerSocket(port));
+        port++;
+      }
+
+      trackedTorrent.getPeers().putAll(trackedPeerMap);
+
+      //wait until all server sockets accept connection from leecher
+      for (final ServerSocket ss : serverSockets) {
+        final Future<?> future = es.submit(new Runnable() {
+          @Override
+          public void run() {
+            try {
+              final Socket socket = ss.accept();
+              socket.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+              throw new RuntimeException("can not accept connection");
+            }
+          }
+        });
+        try {
+          future.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+          fail("get execution exception on accept connection", e);
+        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+          fail("not received connection from leecher in specified timeout", e);
+        }
+      }
+
+    } finally {
+      for (ServerSocket ss : serverSockets) {
+        try {
+          ss.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          fail("can not close server socket", e);
+        }
+      }
+      es.shutdown();
+      leecher.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void download_io_error() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 34);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    final AtomicInteger interrupts = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+    final Client leech = new Client(es, validatorES) {
+      @Override
+      public void handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer peer, Piece piece) throws IOException {
+        super.handlePieceCompleted(peer, piece);
+        if (piece.getIndex() % 4 == 0 && interrupts.incrementAndGet() <= 2) {
+          peer.unbind(true);
+        }
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+        super.stop(timeout, timeUnit);
+        es.shutdown();
+        validatorES.shutdown();
+      }
+    };
+    //manually add leech here for graceful shutdown.
+    clientList.add(leech);
+    downloadAndStop(torrent, 45 * 1000, leech);
+    Thread.sleep(2 * 1000);
+  }
+
+  public void download_uninterruptibly_positive() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 10);
+  }
+
+  public void download_uninterruptibly_negative() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    final AtomicInteger downloadedPiecesCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    final Client seeder = createClient();
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+    final Client leecher = new Client(es, validatorES) {
+      @Override
+      public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+        super.stop(timeout, timeUnit);
+        es.shutdown();
+        validatorES.shutdown();
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer peer, Piece piece) throws IOException {
+        super.handlePieceCompleted(peer, piece);
+        if (downloadedPiecesCount.incrementAndGet() > 10) {
+          seeder.stop();
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    clientList.add(leecher);
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final File destDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    try {
+      leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), destDir.getAbsolutePath(), 5);
+      fail("Must fail, because file wasn't downloaded completely");
+    } catch (IOException ex) {
+      // ensure .part was deleted:
+      assertEquals(0, destDir.list().length);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public void download_uninterruptibly_timeout() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    final AtomicInteger piecesDownloaded = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+    Client leecher = new Client(es, validatorES) {
+      @Override
+      public void handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer peer, Piece piece) throws IOException {
+        piecesDownloaded.incrementAndGet();
+        try {
+          Thread.sleep(piecesDownloaded.get() * 500);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+
+        }
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+        super.stop(timeout, timeUnit);
+        es.shutdown();
+        validatorES.shutdown();
+      }
+    };
+    clientList.add(leecher);
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    try {
+      leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 5);
+      fail("Must fail, because file wasn't downloaded completely");
+    } catch (IOException ex) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void canStartAndStopClientTwice() throws Exception {
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    final ExecutorService validatorES = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
+    final Client client = new Client(es, validatorES);
+    clientList.add(client);
+    try {
+      client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      client.stop();
+      client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      client.stop();
+    } finally {
+      es.shutdown();
+      validatorES.shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void peer_dies_during_download() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    final Client seed1 = createClient();
+    final Client seed2 = createClient();
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 240);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seed1.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seed1.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seed1.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    seed2.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seed2.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seed2.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    leecher.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    final ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
+    final Future<?> future = service.submit(new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+          Thread.sleep(5 * 1000);
+          seed1.removeTorrent(torrent);
+          Thread.sleep(3 * 1000);
+          seed1.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+          seed2.removeTorrent(torrent);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    try {
+      leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 60,
+              0, new AtomicBoolean(), 10);
+    } finally {
+      future.cancel(true);
+      service.shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testThatProgressListenerInvoked() throws Exception {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final AtomicInteger pieceLoadedInvocationCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(),
+            10, 1, new AtomicBoolean(false), 5000,
+            new DownloadProgressListener() {
+              @Override
+              public void pieceLoaded(int pieceIndex, int pieceSize) {
+                pieceLoadedInvocationCount.incrementAndGet();
+              }
+            });
+    assertEquals(pieceLoadedInvocationCount.get(), torrent.getPieceCount());
+  }
+
+  public void interrupt_download() throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    final Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 60);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    final Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final AtomicBoolean interrupted = new AtomicBoolean();
+    final Thread th = new Thread() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+          leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 30);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          interrupted.set(true);
+          return;
+        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    th.start();
+    Thread.sleep(100);
+    th.interrupt();
+    new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return !th.isAlive();
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(interrupted.get());
+  }
+
+  public void test_connect_to_unknown_host() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    final File torrent = new File("src/test/resources/torrents/file1.jar.torrent");
+    final TrackedTorrent tt = TrackedTorrent.load(torrent);
+    final Client seeder = createAndStartClient();
+    final Client leecher = createAndStartClient();
+    final TrackedTorrent announce = tracker.announce(tt);
+    final Random random = new Random();
+    final File leechFolder = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      byte[] data = new byte[20];
+      random.nextBytes(data);
+      announce.addPeer(new TrackedPeer(tt, "my_unknown_and_unreachablehost" + i, 6881, ByteBuffer.wrap(data)));
+    }
+    File torrentFile = new File(TEST_RESOURCES + "/torrents", "file1.jar.torrent");
+    File parentFiles = new File(TEST_RESOURCES + "/parentFiles");
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), parentFiles.getAbsolutePath(), true, false);
+    leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), leechFolder.getAbsolutePath());
+    waitForFileInDir(leechFolder, "file1.jar");
+  }
+
+  public void test_seeding_does_not_change_file_modification_date() throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    File srcFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(1024);
+    long time = srcFile.lastModified();
+
+    Thread.sleep(1000);
+
+    Client seeder = createAndStartClient();
+
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(srcFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), srcFile.getParent(), true, false);
+
+    final File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    Client leech = createClient();
+    leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+
+    leech.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    waitForFileInDir(downloadDir, srcFile.getName());
+
+    assertEquals(time, srcFile.lastModified());
+  }
+
+  private void downloadAndStop(Torrent torrent, long timeout, final Client leech) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    final File tempDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempDir.getAbsolutePath());
+    leech.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    waitForFileInDir(tempDir, torrent.getFilenames().get(0));
+
+    leech.stop();
+  }
+
+  private void validateMultipleClientsResults(final List<Client> clientsList, MessageDigest md5, final File baseFile, String baseMD5) throws IOException {
+    final WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(75 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        boolean retval = true;
+        for (Client client : clientsList) {
+          if (!retval) return false;
+          final AnnounceableFileTorrent torrent = (AnnounceableFileTorrent) client.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().iterator().next();
+          File downloadedFile = new File(torrent.getDownloadDirPath(), baseFile.getName());
+          retval = downloadedFile.isFile();
+        }
+        return retval;
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult(), "All seeders didn't get their files");
+    // check file contents here:
+    for (Client client : clientsList) {
+      final AnnounceableFileTorrent torrent = (AnnounceableFileTorrent) client.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().iterator().next();
+      final File file = new File(torrent.getDownloadDirPath(), baseFile.getName());
+      assertEquals(baseMD5, getFileMD5(file, md5), String.format("MD5 hash is invalid. C:%s, O:%s ",
+              file.getAbsolutePath(), baseFile.getAbsolutePath()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testManySeeders() throws Exception {
+    File artifact = tempFiles.createTempFile(300 * 1024 * 1024);
+    int seedersCount = 4;
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(artifact, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "test");
+    File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    for (int i = 0; i < seedersCount; i++) {
+      Client seeder = createClient();
+      seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), artifact.getParent(), true, false);
+      seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    }
+
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 10);
+  }
+
+  private void createMultipleSeedersWithDifferentPieces(File baseFile, int piecesCount, int pieceSize, int numSeeders,
+                                                        List<Client> clientList) throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, URISyntaxException {
+
+    List<byte[]> piecesList = new ArrayList<byte[]>(piecesCount);
+    FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(baseFile);
+    for (int i = 0; i < piecesCount; i++) {
+      byte[] piece = new byte[pieceSize];
+      fin.read(piece);
+      piecesList.add(piece);
+    }
+    fin.close();
+
+    final long torrentFileLength = baseFile.length();
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(baseFile, null, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), null, "Test", pieceSize);
+    File torrentFile = new File(baseFile.getParentFile(), baseFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+      final File baseDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+      final File seederPiecesFile = new File(baseDir, baseFile.getName());
+      RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(seederPiecesFile, "rw");
+      raf.setLength(torrentFileLength);
+      for (int pieceIdx = i; pieceIdx < piecesCount; pieceIdx += numSeeders) {
+        raf.seek(pieceIdx * pieceSize);
+        raf.write(piecesList.get(pieceIdx));
+      }
+      Client client = createClient(" client idx " + i);
+      clientList.add(client);
+      client.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
+      client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String getFileMD5(File file, MessageDigest digest) throws IOException {
+    DigestInputStream dIn = new DigestInputStream(new FileInputStream(file), digest);
+    while (dIn.read() >= 0) ;
+    return dIn.getMessageDigest().toString();
+  }
+
+  private void waitForFileInDir(final File downloadDir, final String fileName) {
+    new WaitFor() {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return new File(downloadDir, fileName).isFile();
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(new File(downloadDir, fileName).isFile());
+  }
+
+
+  @AfterMethod
+  protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
+    for (Client client : clientList) {
+      client.stop();
+    }
+    stopTracker();
+    tempFiles.cleanup();
+  }
+
+  private void startTracker() throws IOException {
+    this.tracker = new Tracker(6969);
+    tracker.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    this.tracker.start(true);
+  }
+
+  private Client createAndStartClient() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    Client client = createClient();
+    client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  private Client createClient(String name) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    final Client client = clientFactory.getClient(name);
+    clientList.add(client);
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  private Client createClient() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    return createClient("");
+  }
+
+  private void stopTracker() {
+    this.tracker.stop();
+  }
+
+  private void assertFilesEqual(File f1, File f2) throws IOException {
+    assertEquals(f1.length(), f2.length(), "Files sizes differ");
+    Checksum c1 = FileUtils.checksum(f1, new CRC32());
+    Checksum c2 = FileUtils.checksum(f2, new CRC32());
+    assertEquals(c1.getValue(), c2.getValue());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `start(...)` at line 170.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClientTest.download_multiple_files()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.ClientTest.download_multiple_files():void.7c0ee9e3a9676ea0f309119d4203c22c
+
+### File:
+tests/src/test/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/ClientTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClientTest.java|download_multiple_files|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bd7b95f5526fdaa682156ffc4e18c2cd
+
+### Hash:
+768caa947500b9e48bfe250c061b3b7d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10047/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10047/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67265abc67e9c01a763c985bed0187a0e3388542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10047/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1055 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.bcodec.BEValue;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.bcodec.InvalidBEncodingException;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.PeerActivityListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileCollectionStorage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.TorrentByteStorage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.strategy.RequestStrategy;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.strategy.RequestStrategyImplAnyInteresting;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Peer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Torrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.TorrentFile;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+
+
+/**
+ * A torrent shared by the BitTorrent client.
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * The {@link SharedTorrent} class extends the Torrent class with all the data
+ * and logic required by the BitTorrent client implementation.
+ * </p>
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * <em>Note:</em> this implementation currently only supports single-file
+ * torrents.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class SharedTorrent extends Torrent implements PeerActivityListener {
+
+  private static final Logger logger =
+          LoggerFactory.getLogger(SharedTorrent.class);
+
+  private final static RequestStrategy DEFAULT_REQUEST_STRATEGY = new RequestStrategyImplAnyInteresting();
+
+  /**
+   * End-game trigger ratio.
+   *
+   * <p>
+   * Eng-game behavior (requesting already requested pieces from available
+   * and ready peers to try to speed-up the end of the transfer) will only be
+   * enabled when the ratio of completed pieces over total pieces in the
+   * torrent is over this value.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private static final float ENG_GAME_COMPLETION_RATIO = 0.95f;
+
+  private boolean stop;
+
+  private long uploaded;
+  private long downloaded;
+  private long left;
+
+  private long myLastAnnounceTime = -1;
+  private int mySeedersCount = 0;
+
+  private TorrentByteStorage bucket;
+
+  private final int pieceLength;
+  private final ByteBuffer piecesHashes;
+
+  private boolean initialized;
+  private Piece[] pieces;
+  private SortedSet<Piece> rarest;
+  private BitSet completedPieces;
+  private final BitSet requestedPieces;
+  private final RequestStrategy myRequestStrategy;
+
+  private List<Peer> myDownloaders = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<Peer>();
+
+  private volatile ClientState clientState = ClientState.WAITING;
+
+  private boolean multiThreadHash;
+
+  private File parentFile;
+  private final boolean isLeecher;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new shared torrent from a base Torrent object.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This will recreate a SharedTorrent object from the provided Torrent
+   * object's encoded meta-info data.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param torrent The Torrent object.
+   * @param destDir The destination directory or location of the torrent
+   *                files.
+   * @throws FileNotFoundException    If the torrent file location or
+   *                                  destination directory does not exist and can't be created.
+   * @throws IOException              If the torrent file cannot be read or decoded.
+   * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
+   */
+  public SharedTorrent(Torrent torrent, File destDir, boolean multiThreadHash)
+          throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    this(torrent, destDir, multiThreadHash, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new shared torrent from a base Torrent object.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This will recreate a SharedTorrent object from the provided Torrent
+   * object's encoded meta-info data.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param torrent The Torrent object.
+   * @param destDir The destination directory or location of the torrent
+   *                files.
+   * @param seeder  Whether we're a seeder for this torrent or not (disables
+   *                validation).
+   * @throws FileNotFoundException    If the torrent file location or
+   *                                  destination directory does not exist and can't be created.
+   * @throws IOException              If the torrent file cannot be read or decoded.
+   * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
+   */
+  public SharedTorrent(Torrent torrent, File destDir, boolean multiThreadHash, boolean seeder)
+          throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    this(torrent.getEncoded(), destDir, multiThreadHash, seeder, false, DEFAULT_REQUEST_STRATEGY);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new shared torrent from meta-info binary data.
+   *
+   * @param torrent The meta-info byte data.
+   * @param destDir The destination directory or location of the torrent
+   *                files.
+   * @throws FileNotFoundException If the torrent file location or
+   *                               destination directory does not exist and can't be created.
+   * @throws IOException           If the torrent file cannot be read or decoded.
+   */
+  public SharedTorrent(byte[] torrent, File destDir, boolean multiThreadHash)
+          throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    this(torrent, destDir, multiThreadHash, false, false, DEFAULT_REQUEST_STRATEGY);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new shared torrent from meta-info binary data.
+   *
+   * @param torrent The meta-info byte data.
+   * @param parent  The parent directory or location the torrent files.
+   * @param seeder  Whether we're a seeder for this torrent or not (disables
+   *                validation).
+   * @throws IOException              If the torrent file cannot be read or decoded.
+   * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
+   */
+  public SharedTorrent(byte[] torrent, File parent, boolean multiThreadHash, boolean seeder, boolean leecher, RequestStrategy requestStrategy)
+          throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    super(torrent, seeder);
+
+    this.isLeecher = leecher;
+    this.parentFile = parent;
+    this.myRequestStrategy = requestStrategy;
+
+    this.multiThreadHash = multiThreadHash;
+
+    if (parent == null || !parent.isDirectory()) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid parent directory!");
+    }
+
+    String parentPath = parent.getCanonicalPath();
+
+    try {
+      final Map<String, BEValue> decodedInfo = getDecodedInfo();
+      this.pieceLength = decodedInfo.get("piece length").getInt();
+      this.piecesHashes = ByteBuffer.wrap(decodedInfo.get("pieces")
+              .getBytes());
+
+      if (this.piecesHashes.capacity() / Torrent.PIECE_HASH_SIZE *
+              (long) this.pieceLength < this.getSize()) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Torrent size does not " +
+                "match the number of pieces and the piece size!");
+      }
+    } catch (InvalidBEncodingException ibee) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+              "Error reading torrent meta-info fields!");
+    }
+
+    List<FileStorage> files = new LinkedList<FileStorage>();
+    long offset = 0L;
+    for (TorrentFile file : this.files) {
+      File actual = new File(parent, file.getRelativePathAsString());
+
+      if (!actual.getCanonicalPath().startsWith(parentPath)) {
+        throw new SecurityException("Torrent file path attempted " +
+                "to break directory jail!");
+      }
+
+      actual.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+      files.add(new FileStorage(actual, offset, file.size));
+      offset += file.size;
+    }
+    this.bucket = new FileCollectionStorage(files, this.getSize());
+
+    this.stop = false;
+
+    this.uploaded = 0;
+    this.downloaded = 0;
+    this.left = this.getSize();
+
+    this.initialized = false;
+    this.pieces = new Piece[0];
+    this.rarest = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new TreeSet<Piece>());
+    this.completedPieces = new BitSet();
+    this.requestedPieces = new BitSet();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new shared torrent from the given torrent file.
+   *
+   * @param source The <code>.torrent</code> file to read the torrent
+   *               meta-info from.
+   * @param parent The parent directory or location of the torrent files.
+   * @throws IOException              When the torrent file cannot be read or decoded.
+   * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
+   */
+  public static SharedTorrent fromFile(File source, File parent, boolean multiThreadHash)
+          throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    return fromFile(source, parent, multiThreadHash, false);
+  }
+
+  public static SharedTorrent fromFile(File source, File parent, boolean multiThreadHash, boolean seeder)
+          throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    return fromFile(source, parent, multiThreadHash, seeder, false);
+  }
+
+  public static SharedTorrent fromFile(File source, File parent, boolean multiThreadHash, boolean seeder, boolean leecher)
+          throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(source);
+    byte[] data = new byte[(int) source.length()];
+    fis.read(data);
+    fis.close();
+    return new SharedTorrent(data, parent, multiThreadHash, seeder, leecher, DEFAULT_REQUEST_STRATEGY);
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void openFileChannelIfNecessary() {
+    logger.debug("Opening file channel for {}. Downloaders: {}", getParentFile().getAbsolutePath() + "/" + getName(), myDownloaders.size());
+    try {
+      if (myDownloaders.size() == 0) {
+        this.bucket.open(clientState == ClientState.SEEDING || isSeeder());
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      logger.error("IO error when opening channel to torrent data", e);
+      setClientState(ClientState.ERROR);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void closeFileChannelIfNecessary() throws IOException {
+    logger.debug("Closing file  channel for {} if necessary. Downloaders: {}", getParentFile().getAbsolutePath() + "/" + getName(), myDownloaders.size());
+    if (this.myDownloaders.size() == 0) {
+      this.bucket.close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the number of bytes uploaded for this torrent.
+   */
+  public long getUploaded() {
+    return this.uploaded;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the number of bytes downloaded for this torrent.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * <b>Note:</b> this could be more than the torrent's length, and should
+   * not be used to determine a completion percentage.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public long getDownloaded() {
+    return this.downloaded;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the number of bytes left to download for this torrent.
+   */
+  public long getLeft() {
+    return this.left;
+  }
+
+  public int getSeedersCount() {
+    return mySeedersCount;
+  }
+
+  public void setSeedersCount(int seedersCount) {
+    mySeedersCount = seedersCount;
+  }
+
+  public long getLastAnnounceTime() {
+    return myLastAnnounceTime;
+  }
+
+  public void setLastAnnounceTime(long lastAnnounceTime) {
+    myLastAnnounceTime = lastAnnounceTime;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tells whether this torrent has been fully initialized yet.
+   */
+  public boolean isInitialized() {
+    return this.initialized;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stop the torrent initialization as soon as possible.
+   */
+  public void stop() {
+    this.stop = true;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void unloadPieces() {
+    // do this only for completed torrents
+    if (clientState != ClientState.SEEDING || myDownloaders.size() > 0 && !bucket.isClosed()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    initialized = false;
+    this.pieces = new Piece[0];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Build this torrent's pieces array.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Hash and verify any potentially present local data and create this
+   * torrent's pieces array from their respective hash provided in the
+   * torrent meta-info.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This function should be called soon after the constructor to initialize
+   * the pieces array.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public synchronized void init() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+    setClientState(ClientState.VALIDATING);
+
+    if (this.isInitialized()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Torrent was already initialized!");
+    }
+
+    try {
+      openFileChannelIfNecessary();
+      if (multiThreadHash) {
+        hashMultiThread();
+      } else {
+        hashSingleThread();
+      }
+    } finally {
+      closeFileChannelIfNecessary();
+    }
+
+    logger.debug("{}: {}/{} bytes [{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+                    this.getName(),
+                    (this.getSize() - this.left),
+                    this.getSize(),
+                    this.completedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.pieces.length
+            });
+
+//    Client.cleanupProcessor().registerCleanable(this);
+    this.initialized = true;
+  }
+
+  private void initPieces() {
+    int nPieces = (int) (Math.ceil(
+            (double) this.getSize() / this.pieceLength));
+    this.pieces = new Piece[nPieces];
+    this.completedPieces = new BitSet(nPieces);
+    this.piecesHashes.clear();
+  }
+
+  private void hashMultiThread() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+    initPieces();
+
+    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(
+            HASHING_THREADS_COUNT);
+    List<Future<Piece>> results = new LinkedList<Future<Piece>>();
+
+    logger.debug("Analyzing local data for {} with {} threads...",
+            this.getName(), HASHING_THREADS_COUNT);
+    for (int idx = 0; idx < this.pieces.length; idx++) {
+      byte[] hash = new byte[Torrent.PIECE_HASH_SIZE];
+      this.piecesHashes.get(hash);
+
+      // The last piece may be shorter than the torrent's global piece
+      // length. Let's make sure we get the right piece length in any
+      // situation.
+      long off = ((long) idx) * this.pieceLength;
+      long len = Math.min(
+              this.bucket.size() - off,
+              this.pieceLength);
+
+      this.pieces[idx] = new Piece(this.bucket, idx, off, len, hash,
+              this.isSeeder(), isLeecher);
+
+      Callable<Piece> hasher = new Piece.CallableHasher(this.pieces[idx]);
+      results.add(executor.submit(hasher));
+    }
+
+    // Request orderly executor shutdown and wait for hashing tasks to
+    // complete.
+    executor.shutdown();
+    while (!executor.isTerminated()) {
+      if (this.stop) {
+        throw new InterruptedException("Torrent data analysis interrupted.");
+      }
+
+      Thread.sleep(10);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      for (Future<Piece> task : results) {
+        Piece piece = task.get();
+        if (this.pieces[piece.getIndex()].isValid()) {
+          this.completedPieces.set(piece.getIndex());
+          this.left -= piece.size();
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      throw new IOException("Error while hashing a torrent piece!", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void hashSingleThread() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+    initPieces();
+
+    List<Piece> results = new LinkedList<Piece>();
+
+    logger.debug("Analyzing local data for {} with {} threads...",
+            this.getName(), HASHING_THREADS_COUNT);
+    for (int idx = 0; idx < this.pieces.length; idx++) {
+      byte[] hash = new byte[Torrent.PIECE_HASH_SIZE];
+      this.piecesHashes.get(hash);
+
+      // The last piece may be shorter than the torrent's global piece
+      // length. Let's make sure we get the right piece length in any
+      // situation.
+      long off = ((long) idx) * this.pieceLength;
+      long len = Math.min(
+              this.bucket.size() - off,
+              this.pieceLength);
+
+      this.pieces[idx] = new Piece(this.bucket, idx, off, len, hash,
+              this.isSeeder(), isLeecher);
+
+      Callable<Piece> hasher = new Piece.CallableHasher(this.pieces[idx]);
+      try {
+        results.add(hasher.call());
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) break;
+        logger.error("There was a problem initializing piece " + idx);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (Piece piece : results) {
+      if (this.pieces[piece.getIndex()].isValid()) {
+        this.completedPieces.set(piece.getIndex());
+        this.left -= piece.size();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void close() {
+    logger.trace("Closing torrent", getName());
+//    Client.cleanupProcessor().unregisterCleanable(this);
+    try {
+      this.bucket.close();
+    } catch (IOException ioe) {
+      logger.error("Error closing torrent byte storage: {}",
+              ioe.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void delete() {
+    logger.trace("Closing and deleting torrent data", getName());
+    try {
+      close();
+      this.bucket.delete();
+    } catch (IOException ioe) {
+      logger.error("Error deleting torrent byte storage: {}",
+              ioe.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve a piece object by index.
+   *
+   * @param index The index of the piece in this torrent.
+   */
+  public Piece getPiece(int index) {
+    if (this.pieces == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Torrent not initialized yet.");
+    }
+
+    if (index >= this.pieces.length) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid piece index!");
+    }
+
+    return this.pieces[index];
+  }
+
+
+  public File getParentFile() {
+    return parentFile;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return a copy of the bit field of available pieces for this torrent.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Available pieces are pieces available in the swarm, and it does not
+   * include our own pieces.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public BitSet getAvailablePieces() {
+    if (!this.isInitialized()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Torrent not yet initialized!");
+    }
+
+    BitSet availablePieces = new BitSet(this.pieces.length);
+
+    synchronized (this.pieces) {
+      for (Piece piece : this.pieces) {
+        if (piece.available()) {
+          availablePieces.set(piece.getIndex());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return availablePieces;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return a copy of the completed pieces bitset.
+   */
+  public BitSet getCompletedPieces() {
+    if (!this.isInitialized()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Torrent not yet initialized!");
+    }
+
+    synchronized (this.completedPieces) {
+      return (BitSet) this.completedPieces.clone();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return a copy of the requested pieces bitset.
+   */
+  public BitSet getRequestedPieces() {
+    if (!this.isInitialized()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Torrent not yet initialized!");
+    }
+
+    synchronized (this.requestedPieces) {
+      return (BitSet) this.requestedPieces.clone();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tells whether this torrent has been fully downloaded, or is fully
+   * available locally.
+   */
+  public synchronized boolean isComplete() {
+    return this.pieces.length > 0 &&
+            this.completedPieces.cardinality() == this.pieces.length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Finalize the download of this torrent.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This realizes the final, pre-seeding phase actions on this torrent,
+   * which usually consists in putting the torrent data in their final form
+   * and at their target location.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @see TorrentByteStorage#finish
+   */
+  public synchronized void finish() throws IOException {
+    if (!this.isInitialized()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Torrent not yet initialized!");
+    }
+
+    if (!this.isComplete()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Torrent download is not complete!");
+    }
+
+    try {
+      this.bucket.finish();
+    } catch (IOException ex) {
+      setClientState(ClientState.ERROR);
+      throw ex;
+    }
+
+    setClientState(ClientState.SEEDING);
+  }
+
+  public synchronized boolean isFinished() {
+    return this.isComplete() && this.bucket.isFinished();
+  }
+
+  public ClientState getClientState() {
+    return this.clientState;
+  }
+
+  public void setClientState(ClientState clientState) {
+    this.clientState = clientState;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Mark a piece as completed, decrementing the piece size in bytes from our
+   * left bytes to download counter.
+   */
+  public synchronized void markCompleted(Piece piece) {
+    if (this.completedPieces.get(piece.getIndex())) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // A completed piece means that's that much data left to download for
+    // this torrent.
+    this.left -= piece.size();
+    this.completedPieces.set(piece.getIndex());
+  }
+
+  /** PeerActivityListener handler(s). *************************************/
+
+  /**
+   * Peer choked handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * When a peer chokes, the requests made to it are canceled and we need to
+   * mark the eventually piece we requested from it as available again for
+   * download tentative from another peer.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer The peer that choked.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handlePeerChoked(SharingPeer peer) {
+    Set<Piece> pieces = peer.getRequestedPieces();
+
+    if (pieces.size() > 0) {
+      for (Piece piece : pieces) {
+        this.requestedPieces.set(piece.getIndex(), false);
+      }
+    }
+
+    logger.trace("Peer {} choked, we now have {} outstanding " +
+                    "request(s): {}.",
+            new Object[]{
+                    peer,
+                    this.requestedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.requestedPieces
+            });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Peer ready handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * When a peer becomes ready to accept piece block requests, select a piece
+   * to download and go for it.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer The peer that became ready.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handlePeerReady(SharingPeer peer) {
+    initIfNecessary(peer);
+    boolean endGameMode = false;
+    int requestedPiecesCount = 0;
+    final BitSet interesting = peer.getAvailablePieces();
+    interesting.andNot(this.completedPieces);
+    interesting.andNot(this.requestedPieces);
+//    interesting.andNot(peer.getPoorlyAvailablePieces());
+
+    while (peer.getDownloadingPiecesCount() < Math.min(10, interesting.cardinality())) {
+      if (!peer.isConnected()) {
+        break;
+      }
+      logger.trace("Peer {} is ready and has {} interesting piece(s).",
+              peer, interesting.cardinality());
+
+      logger.trace("Currently requested pieces from {} : {}", peer, requestedPieces);
+
+      // If we didn't find interesting pieces, we need to check if we're in
+      // an end-game situation. If yes, we request an already requested piece
+      // to try to speed up the end.
+      if (interesting.cardinality() == 0) {
+        interesting.or(this.requestedPieces);
+        if (interesting.cardinality() == 0) {
+          logger.trace("No interesting piece from {}!", peer);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (this.completedPieces.cardinality() <
+                ENG_GAME_COMPLETION_RATIO * this.pieces.length) {
+          logger.trace("Not far along enough to warrant end-game mode.");
+          return;
+        }
+        endGameMode = true;
+        logger.trace("Possible end-game, we're about to request a piece " +
+                "that was already requested from another peer.");
+      }
+
+      Piece chosen = myRequestStrategy.choosePiece(rarest, interesting, pieces);
+      if (chosen == null) {
+        logger.info("chosen piece is null");
+        continue;
+      }
+      this.requestedPieces.set(chosen.getIndex());
+      logger.trace("Requesting {} from {}, we now have {} " +
+                      " outstanding request(s): {}.",
+              new Object[]{chosen, peer,
+                      this.requestedPieces.cardinality(),
+                      this.requestedPieces
+              });
+      peer.downloadPiece(chosen, endGameMode);
+      interesting.clear(chosen.getIndex());
+      //stop requesting if in endGameMode
+      if (endGameMode) return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void initIfNecessary(SharingPeer peer) {
+    if (!isInitialized()) {
+      try {
+        init();
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        logger.info("Interrupted init", e);
+        peer.unbind(true);
+        return;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        logger.info("IOE during init", e);
+        peer.unbind(true);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Piece availability handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Handle updates in piece availability from a peer's HAVE message. When
+   * this happens, we need to mark that piece as available from the peer.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer  The peer we got the update from.
+   * @param piece The piece that became available.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handlePieceAvailability(SharingPeer peer,
+                                                   Piece piece) {
+    // If we don't have this piece, tell the peer we're interested in
+    // getting it from him.
+    if (!this.completedPieces.get(piece.getIndex()) &&
+            !this.requestedPieces.get(piece.getIndex())) {
+      peer.interesting();
+    }
+
+    piece.seenAt(peer);
+    this.rarest.add(piece);
+
+    logger.trace("Peer {} contributes {} piece(s) [{}/{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+                    peer,
+                    peer.getAvailablePieces().cardinality(),
+                    this.completedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.getAvailablePieces().cardinality(),
+                    this.pieces.length
+            });
+
+    if (!peer.isChoked() &&
+            peer.isInteresting() &&
+            !peer.isDownloading()) {
+      this.handlePeerReady(peer);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bit field availability handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Handle updates in piece availability from a peer's BITFIELD message.
+   * When this happens, we need to mark in all the pieces the peer has that
+   * they can be reached through this peer, thus augmenting the global
+   * availability of pieces.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer            The peer we got the update from.
+   * @param availablePieces The pieces availability bit field of the peer.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handleBitfieldAvailability(SharingPeer peer,
+                                                      BitSet availablePieces) {
+    // Determine if the peer is interesting for us or not, and notify it.
+    BitSet interesting = (BitSet) availablePieces.clone();
+    interesting.andNot(this.completedPieces);
+    interesting.andNot(this.requestedPieces);
+
+    if (interesting.cardinality() == 0) {
+      peer.notInteresting();
+    } else {
+      peer.interesting();
+    }
+
+    // Record the peer has all the pieces it told us it had.
+    for (int i = availablePieces.nextSetBit(0); i >= 0;
+         i = availablePieces.nextSetBit(i + 1)) {
+      this.pieces[i].seenAt(peer);
+      this.rarest.add(this.pieces[i]);
+    }
+
+    logger.trace("Peer {} contributes {} piece(s) [{}/{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+                    peer,
+                    availablePieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.completedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.getAvailablePieces().cardinality(),
+                    this.pieces.length
+            });
+  }
+
+  public int getDownloadersCount() {
+    return myDownloaders.size();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void afterPeerRemoved(SharingPeer peer) {
+
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Piece upload completion handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * When a piece has been sent to a peer, we just record that we sent that
+   * many bytes. If the piece is valid on the peer's side, it will send us a
+   * HAVE message and we'll record that the piece is available on the peer at
+   * that moment (see <code>handlePieceAvailability()</code>).
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer  The peer we got this piece from.
+   * @param piece The piece in question.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handlePieceSent(SharingPeer peer, Piece piece) {
+    logger.trace("Completed upload of {} to {}.", piece, peer);
+    this.uploaded += piece.size();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Piece download completion handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * If the complete piece downloaded is valid, we can record in the torrent
+   * completedPieces bit field that we know have this piece.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer  The peer we got this piece from.
+   * @param piece The piece in question.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer peer,
+                                                Piece piece) throws IOException {
+    // Regardless of validity, record the number of bytes downloaded and
+    // mark the piece as not requested anymore
+    this.downloaded += piece.size();
+    this.requestedPieces.set(piece.getIndex(), false);
+
+    logger.trace("We now have {} piece(s) and {} outstanding request(s): {}",
+            new Object[]{
+                    this.completedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.requestedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.requestedPieces
+            });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Peer disconnection handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * When a peer disconnects, we need to mark in all of the pieces it had
+   * available that they can't be reached through this peer anymore.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer The peer we got this piece from.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handlePeerDisconnected(SharingPeer peer) {
+    BitSet availablePieces = peer.getAvailablePieces();
+
+    for (int i = availablePieces.nextSetBit(0); i >= 0;
+         i = availablePieces.nextSetBit(i + 1)) {
+      this.pieces[i].noLongerAt(peer);
+      this.rarest.add(this.pieces[i]);
+    }
+
+    Set<Piece> requested = peer.getRequestedPieces();
+    if (requested != null) {
+      for (Piece piece : requested) {
+        this.requestedPieces.set(piece.getIndex(), false);
+      }
+    }
+
+    myDownloaders.remove(peer);
+
+    try {
+      closeFileChannelIfNecessary();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      logger.info("I/O error on attempt to close file storage: " + e.toString());
+    }
+
+    logger.debug("Peer {} went away with {} piece(s) [{}/{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+                    peer,
+                    availablePieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.completedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.getAvailablePieces().cardinality(),
+                    this.pieces.length
+            });
+    logger.trace("We now have {} piece(s) and {} outstanding request(s): {}",
+            new Object[]{
+                    this.completedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.requestedPieces.cardinality(),
+                    this.requestedPieces
+            });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handleIOException(SharingPeer peer,
+                                             IOException ioe) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void handleNewPeerConnected(SharingPeer peer) {
+    initIfNecessary(peer);
+    openFileChannelIfNecessary();
+    if (clientState != ClientState.ERROR) {
+      myDownloaders.add(peer);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return "SharedTorrent{" +
+            Arrays.toString(getFilenames().toArray()) +
+            "}";
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.turn.ttorrent.client.SharedTorrent.getDownloaded` reads without synchronization from `this.com.turn.ttorrent.client.SharedTorrent.downloaded`. Potentially races with write in method `SharedTorrent.handlePieceCompleted(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long SharedTorrent.getDownloaded()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.SharedTorrent.getDownloaded():long.8e3ea71554ef62db9e829d3769d07192
+
+### File:
+ttorrent-client/src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/SharedTorrent.java
+
+### Key:
+SharedTorrent.java|getDownloaded|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f3c0a8ac6fa75254919a7a8bd8c3432b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10049/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10049/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6ad9970417ea1786b9120c738fa50df2bae183a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10049/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1168 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 48
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.ClientFactory;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.TempFiles;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.Utils;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.WaitFor;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.tracker.TrackedPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.tracker.TrackedTorrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.tracker.Tracker;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.*;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.*;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.security.DigestInputStream;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.zip.CRC32;
+import java.util.zip.Checksum;
+
+import static com.turn.ttorrent.ClientFactory.DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE;
+import static org.testng.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author Sergey.Pak
+ * Date: 7/26/13
+ * Time: 2:32 PM
+ */
+@Test(timeOut = 600000)
+public class ClientTest {
+
+  private ClientFactory clientFactory;
+
+  private List<Client> clientList;
+  private static final String TEST_RESOURCES = "src/test/resources";
+  private Tracker tracker;
+  private TempFiles tempFiles;
+
+  public ClientTest() {
+    clientFactory = new ClientFactory();
+    if (Logger.getRootLogger().getAllAppenders().hasMoreElements())
+      return;
+    BasicConfigurator.configure(new ConsoleAppender(new PatternLayout("[%d{MMdd HH:mm:ss,SSS} %t] %6p - %20.20c - %m %n")));
+    TorrentCreator.setHashingThreadsCount(1);
+  }
+
+  @BeforeMethod
+  public void setUp() throws IOException {
+    tempFiles = new TempFiles();
+    clientList = new ArrayList<Client>();
+    Logger.getRootLogger().setLevel(Utils.getLogLevel());
+    startTracker();
+  }
+
+  private void saveTorrent(Torrent torrent, File file) throws IOException {
+    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
+    fos.write(new TorrentSerializer().serialize(torrent));
+    fos.close();
+  }
+
+
+  //  @Test(invocationCount = 50)
+  public void download_multiple_files() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException {
+    int numFiles = 50;
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final File srcDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    final File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+
+    Client seeder = createClient("seeder");
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    Client leech = null;
+
+
+    try {
+      URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+      URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+      final Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
+      List<File> filesToShare = new ArrayList<File>();
+      for (int i = 0; i < numFiles; i++) {
+        File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024);
+        File srcFile = new File(srcDir, tempFile.getName());
+        assertTrue(tempFile.renameTo(srcFile));
+
+        Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(srcFile, announceURI, "Test");
+        File torrentFile = new File(srcFile.getParentFile(), srcFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+        saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+        filesToShare.add(srcFile);
+        names.add(srcFile.getName());
+      }
+
+      for (File f : filesToShare) {
+        File torrentFile = new File(f.getParentFile(), f.getName() + ".torrent");
+        seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), f.getParent());
+      }
+      leech = createClient("leecher");
+      leech.start(new InetAddress[]{InetAddress.getLocalHost()}, 5, null);
+      for (File f : filesToShare) {
+        File torrentFile = new File(f.getParentFile(), f.getName() + ".torrent");
+        leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+      }
+
+      new WaitFor(60 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+
+          final Set<String> strings = listFileNames(downloadDir);
+          int count = 0;
+          final List<String> partItems = new ArrayList<String>();
+          for (String s : strings) {
+            if (s.endsWith(".part")) {
+              count++;
+              partItems.add(s);
+            }
+          }
+          if (count < 5) {
+
+            System.err.printf("Count: %d. Items: %s%n", count, Arrays.toString(partItems.toArray()));
+          }
+          return strings.containsAll(names);
+        }
+      };
+
+      assertEquals(listFileNames(downloadDir), names);
+    } finally {
+      leech.stop();
+      seeder.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Set<String> listFileNames(File downloadDir) {
+    if (downloadDir == null) return Collections.emptySet();
+    Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
+    File[] files = downloadDir.listFiles();
+    if (files == null) return Collections.emptySet();
+    for (File f : files) {
+      names.add(f.getName());
+    }
+    return names;
+  }
+
+  //  @Test(invocationCount = 50)
+  public void large_file_download() throws IOException, URISyntaxException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(201 * 1025 * 1024);
+    URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+    URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, announceURI, "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParent());
+
+    final File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    Client leech = createClient();
+    leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+
+    try {
+      seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      leech.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+      waitForFileInDir(downloadDir, tempFile.getName());
+      assertFilesEqual(tempFile, new File(downloadDir, tempFile.getName()));
+    } finally {
+      seeder.stop();
+      leech.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  public void more_than_one_seeder_for_same_torrent() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    assertEquals(0, this.tracker.getTrackedTorrents().size());
+
+    final int numSeeders = 5;
+    List<Client> seeders = new ArrayList<Client>();
+    for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+      seeders.add(createClient());
+    }
+
+    try {
+      File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(100 * 1024);
+
+      Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+      File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+      saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+        Client client = seeders.get(i);
+        client.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParent(), true, false);
+        client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      }
+
+      new WaitFor() {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          for (TrackedTorrent tt : tracker.getTrackedTorrents()) {
+            if (tt.getPeers().size() == numSeeders) return true;
+          }
+
+          return false;
+        }
+      };
+
+      Collection<TrackedTorrent> torrents = this.tracker.getTrackedTorrents();
+      assertEquals(torrents.size(), 1);
+      assertEquals(numSeeders, torrents.iterator().next().seeders());
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : seeders) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public void testThatDownloadStatisticProvidedToTracker() throws Exception {
+    final ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(8);
+    final AtomicInteger countOfTrackerResponses = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    Client leecher = new Client(executorService) {
+      @Override
+      public void handleDiscoveredPeers(List<Peer> peers, String hexInfoHash) {
+        super.handleDiscoveredPeers(peers, hexInfoHash);
+        countOfTrackerResponses.incrementAndGet();
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void stop() {
+        super.stop();
+        executorService.shutdown();
+      }
+    };
+
+    clientList.add(leecher);
+
+    final int fileSize = 2 * 1025 * 1024;
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(fileSize);
+    URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+    URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, announceURI, "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), false, false);
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final AnnounceableFileTorrent announceableTorrent = (AnnounceableFileTorrent)
+            leecher.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().iterator().next();
+
+    final SharedTorrent sharedTorrent = leecher.getTorrentsStorage().putIfAbsentActiveTorrent(announceableTorrent.getHexInfoHash(),
+            leecher.getTorrentLoader().loadTorrent(announceableTorrent));
+
+    sharedTorrent.init();
+
+    new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return countOfTrackerResponses.get() == 1;
+      }
+    };
+
+    final TrackedTorrent trackedTorrent = tracker.getTrackedTorrent(announceableTorrent.getHexInfoHash());
+
+    assertEquals(trackedTorrent.getPeers().size(), 1);
+
+    final TrackedPeer trackedPeer = trackedTorrent.getPeers().values().iterator().next();
+
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getUploaded(), 0);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getDownloaded(), 0);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getLeft(), fileSize);
+
+    Piece piece = sharedTorrent.getPiece(1);
+    sharedTorrent.handlePieceCompleted(null, piece);
+    sharedTorrent.markCompleted(piece);
+
+    new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return countOfTrackerResponses.get() >= 2;
+      }
+    };
+    int downloaded = 512 * 1024;//one piece
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getUploaded(), 0);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getDownloaded(), downloaded);
+    assertEquals(trackedPeer.getLeft(), fileSize - downloaded);
+  }
+
+  public void no_full_seeder_test() throws IOException, URISyntaxException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final int pieceSize = 48 * 1024; // lower piece size to reduce disk usage
+    final int numSeeders = 6;
+    final int piecesCount = numSeeders * 3 + 15;
+
+    final List<Client> clientsList;
+    clientsList = new ArrayList<Client>(piecesCount);
+
+    final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+    try {
+      File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+
+      createMultipleSeedersWithDifferentPieces(tempFile, piecesCount, pieceSize, numSeeders, clientsList);
+      String baseMD5 = getFileMD5(tempFile, md5);
+
+      validateMultipleClientsResults(clientsList, md5, tempFile, baseMD5);
+
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : clientsList) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  //  @Test(invocationCount = 50)
+  public void corrupted_seeder_repair() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException, URISyntaxException, InterruptedException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final int pieceSize = 48 * 1024; // lower piece size to reduce disk usage
+    final int numSeeders = 6;
+    final int piecesCount = numSeeders + 7;
+
+    final List<Client> clientsList;
+    clientsList = new ArrayList<Client>(piecesCount);
+
+    final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+    try {
+      File baseFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+
+      createMultipleSeedersWithDifferentPieces(baseFile, piecesCount, pieceSize, numSeeders, clientsList);
+      String baseMD5 = getFileMD5(baseFile, md5);
+      final Client firstClient = clientsList.get(0);
+
+      new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          return firstClient.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() >= 1;
+        }
+      };
+
+      final SharedTorrent torrent = firstClient.getTorrents().iterator().next();
+      final File file = new File(torrent.getParentFile(), torrent.getFilenames().get(0));
+      final int oldByte;
+      {
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw");
+        raf.seek(0);
+        oldByte = raf.read();
+        raf.seek(0);
+        // replacing the byte
+        if (oldByte != 35) {
+          raf.write(35);
+        } else {
+          raf.write(45);
+        }
+        raf.close();
+      }
+      final WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(60 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          for (Client client : clientsList) {
+            final SharedTorrent next = client.getTorrents().iterator().next();
+            if (next.getCompletedPieces().cardinality() < next.getPieceCount() - 1) {
+              return false;
+            }
+          }
+          return true;
+        }
+      };
+
+      if (!waitFor.isMyResult()) {
+        fail("All seeders didn't get their files");
+      }
+      Thread.sleep(10 * 1000);
+      {
+        byte[] piece = new byte[pieceSize];
+        FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(baseFile);
+        fin.read(piece);
+        fin.close();
+        RandomAccessFile raf;
+        try {
+          raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw");
+          raf.seek(0);
+          raf.write(oldByte);
+          raf.close();
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+      }
+      validateMultipleClientsResults(clientsList, md5, baseFile, baseMD5);
+
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : clientsList) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testThatTorrentsHaveLazyInitAndRemovingAfterDownload()
+          throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, URISyntaxException {
+    final Client seeder = createClient();
+    File tempFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(100 * 1025 * 1024);
+    URL announce = new URL("http://127.0.0.1:6969/announce");
+    URI announceURI = announce.toURI();
+
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(tempFile, announceURI, "Test");
+    File torrentFile = new File(tempFile.getParentFile(), tempFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFile.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath(),
+            true, false);
+
+    final Client leecher = createClient();
+    File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    assertEquals(1, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(0, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(0, leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 1 &&
+                leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 1;
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult(), "Torrent was not successfully initialized");
+
+    assertEquals(1, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(1, leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+
+    waitForFileInDir(downloadDir, tempFile.getName());
+    assertFilesEqual(tempFile, new File(downloadDir, tempFile.getName()));
+
+    waitFor = new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 0 &&
+                leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size() == 0;
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult(), "Torrent was not successfully removed");
+
+    assertEquals(0, seeder.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+    assertEquals(0, leecher.getTorrentsStorage().activeTorrents().size());
+
+  }
+
+  public void corrupted_seeder() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException, URISyntaxException, InterruptedException {
+    this.tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final int pieceSize = 48 * 1024; // lower piece size to reduce disk usage
+    final int piecesCount = 35;
+
+    final List<Client> clientsList;
+    clientsList = new ArrayList<Client>(piecesCount);
+
+    final MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+    try {
+      final File baseFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+      final File badFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(piecesCount * pieceSize);
+
+      final Client client2 = createAndStartClient();
+      final File client2Dir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+      final File client2File = new File(client2Dir, baseFile.getName());
+      FileUtils.copyFile(badFile, client2File);
+
+      final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(baseFile, null, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), null, "Test", pieceSize);
+      final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+      saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+      client2.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), client2Dir.getAbsolutePath());
+
+      final String baseMD5 = getFileMD5(baseFile, md5);
+
+      final Client leech = createAndStartClient();
+      final File leechDestDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+      final AtomicReference<Exception> thrownException = new AtomicReference<Exception>();
+      final Thread th = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+          try {
+            leech.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), leechDestDir.getAbsolutePath(), 7);
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            thrownException.set(e);
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      th.start();
+      final WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(30 * 1000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          return th.getState() == Thread.State.TERMINATED;
+        }
+      };
+
+      final Map<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> allStackTraces = Thread.getAllStackTraces();
+      for (Map.Entry<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> entry : allStackTraces.entrySet()) {
+        System.out.printf("%s:%n", entry.getKey().getName());
+        for (StackTraceElement elem : entry.getValue()) {
+          System.out.println(elem.toString());
+        }
+      }
+
+      assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult());
+      assertNotNull(thrownException.get());
+      assertTrue(thrownException.get().getMessage().contains("Unable to download torrent completely"));
+
+    } finally {
+      for (Client client : clientsList) {
+        client.stop();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void unlock_file_when_no_leechers() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 7);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    downloadAndStop(torrent, 15 * 1000, createClient());
+    Thread.sleep(2 * 1000);
+    assertTrue(dwnlFile.exists() && dwnlFile.isFile());
+    final boolean delete = dwnlFile.delete();
+    assertTrue(delete && !dwnlFile.exists());
+  }
+
+  public void download_many_times() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 7);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      downloadAndStop(torrent, 250 * 1000, createClient());
+      Thread.sleep(3 * 1000);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testConnectToAllDiscoveredPeers() throws Exception {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+
+    final ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(8);
+    Client leecher = new Client(executorService);
+    leecher.setMaxInConnectionsCount(10);
+    leecher.setMaxOutConnectionsCount(10);
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 34);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    final String hexInfoHash = leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath());
+    final List<ServerSocket> serverSockets = new ArrayList<ServerSocket>();
+
+    final int startPort = 6885;
+    int port = startPort;
+    PeerUID[] peerUids = new PeerUID[]{
+            new PeerUID(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", port++), hexInfoHash),
+            new PeerUID(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", port++), hexInfoHash),
+            new PeerUID(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", port), hexInfoHash)
+    };
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    try {
+      leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+      WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(5000) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean condition() {
+          return tracker.getTrackedTorrent(hexInfoHash) != null;
+        }
+      };
+
+      assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult());
+
+      final TrackedTorrent trackedTorrent = tracker.getTrackedTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+      Map<PeerUID, TrackedPeer> trackedPeerMap = new HashMap<PeerUID, TrackedPeer>();
+
+      port = startPort;
+      for (PeerUID uid : peerUids) {
+        trackedPeerMap.put(uid, new TrackedPeer(trackedTorrent, "127.0.0.1", port, ByteBuffer.wrap("id".getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING))));
+        serverSockets.add(new ServerSocket(port));
+        port++;
+      }
+
+      trackedTorrent.getPeers().putAll(trackedPeerMap);
+
+      //wait until all server sockets accept connection from leecher
+      for (final ServerSocket ss : serverSockets) {
+        final Future<?> future = es.submit(new Runnable() {
+          @Override
+          public void run() {
+            try {
+              final Socket socket = ss.accept();
+              socket.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+              throw new RuntimeException("can not accept connection");
+            }
+          }
+        });
+        try {
+          future.get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+          fail("get execution exception on accept connection", e);
+        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+          fail("not received connection from leecher in specified timeout", e);
+        }
+      }
+
+    } finally {
+      for (ServerSocket ss : serverSockets) {
+        try {
+          ss.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          fail("can not close server socket", e);
+        }
+      }
+      es.shutdown();
+      leecher.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void download_io_error() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 34);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    final AtomicInteger interrupts = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    final Client leech = new Client(es) {
+      @Override
+      public void handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer peer, Piece piece) throws IOException {
+        super.handlePieceCompleted(peer, piece);
+        if (piece.getIndex() % 4 == 0 && interrupts.incrementAndGet() <= 2) {
+          peer.unbind(true);
+        }
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+        super.stop(timeout, timeUnit);
+        es.shutdown();
+      }
+    };
+    //manually add leech here for graceful shutdown.
+    clientList.add(leech);
+    downloadAndStop(torrent, 45 * 1000, leech);
+    Thread.sleep(2 * 1000);
+  }
+
+  public void download_uninterruptibly_positive() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 10);
+  }
+
+  public void download_uninterruptibly_negative() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    final AtomicInteger downloadedPiecesCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    final Client seeder = createClient();
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    final Client leecher = new Client(es) {
+      @Override
+      public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+        super.stop(timeout, timeUnit);
+        es.shutdown();
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer peer, Piece piece) throws IOException {
+        super.handlePieceCompleted(peer, piece);
+        if (downloadedPiecesCount.incrementAndGet() > 10) {
+          seeder.stop();
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    clientList.add(leecher);
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final File destDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    try {
+      leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), destDir.getAbsolutePath(), 5);
+      fail("Must fail, because file wasn't downloaded completely");
+    } catch (IOException ex) {
+      // ensure .part was deleted:
+      assertEquals(0, destDir.list().length);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public void download_uninterruptibly_timeout() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    final AtomicInteger piecesDownloaded = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    final ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    Client leecher = new Client(es) {
+      @Override
+      public void handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer peer, Piece piece) throws IOException {
+        piecesDownloaded.incrementAndGet();
+        try {
+          Thread.sleep(piecesDownloaded.get() * 500);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+
+        }
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+        super.stop(timeout, timeUnit);
+        es.shutdown();
+      }
+    };
+    clientList.add(leecher);
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    try {
+      leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 5);
+      fail("Must fail, because file wasn't downloaded completely");
+    } catch (IOException ex) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void canStartAndStopClientTwice() throws Exception {
+    ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE);
+    final Client client = new Client(es);
+    clientList.add(client);
+    try {
+      client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      client.stop();
+      client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+      client.stop();
+    } finally {
+      es.shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void peer_dies_during_download() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    tracker.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    final Client seed1 = createClient();
+    final Client seed2 = createClient();
+
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 240);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seed1.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seed1.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seed1.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    seed2.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+    seed2.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seed2.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    leecher.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    final ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
+    final Future<?> future = service.submit(new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+          Thread.sleep(5 * 1000);
+          seed1.removeTorrent(torrent);
+          Thread.sleep(3 * 1000);
+          seed1.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent());
+          seed2.removeTorrent(torrent);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    try {
+      leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 60,
+              0, new AtomicBoolean(), 10);
+    } finally {
+      future.cancel(true);
+      service.shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testThatProgressListenerInvoked() throws Exception {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 24);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final AtomicInteger pieceLoadedInvocationCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(),
+            10, 1, new AtomicBoolean(false), 5000,
+            new DownloadProgressListener() {
+              @Override
+              public void pieceLoaded(int pieceIndex, int pieceSize) {
+                pieceLoadedInvocationCount.incrementAndGet();
+              }
+            });
+    assertEquals(pieceLoadedInvocationCount.get(), torrent.getPieceCount());
+  }
+
+  public void interrupt_download() throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    tracker.setAcceptForeignTorrents(true);
+    final Client seeder = createClient();
+    final File dwnlFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(513 * 1024 * 60);
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(dwnlFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    final File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), dwnlFile.getParent(), true, false);
+    final Client leecher = createClient();
+    leecher.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    final AtomicBoolean interrupted = new AtomicBoolean();
+    final Thread th = new Thread() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+          leecher.downloadUninterruptibly(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempFiles.createTempDir().getAbsolutePath(), 30);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          interrupted.set(true);
+          return;
+        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    th.start();
+    Thread.sleep(400);
+    th.interrupt();
+    new WaitFor(10 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return !th.isAlive();
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(interrupted.get());
+  }
+
+  public void test_connect_to_unknown_host() throws InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+    final File torrent = new File("src/test/resources/torrents/file1.jar.torrent");
+    final TrackedTorrent tt = TrackedTorrent.load(torrent);
+    final Client seeder = createAndStartClient();
+    final Client leecher = createAndStartClient();
+    final TrackedTorrent announce = tracker.announce(tt);
+    final Random random = new Random();
+    final File leechFolder = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      byte[] data = new byte[20];
+      random.nextBytes(data);
+      announce.addPeer(new TrackedPeer(tt, "my_unknown_and_unreachablehost" + i, 6881, ByteBuffer.wrap(data)));
+    }
+    File torrentFile = new File(TEST_RESOURCES + "/torrents", "file1.jar.torrent");
+    File parentFiles = new File(TEST_RESOURCES + "/parentFiles");
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), parentFiles.getAbsolutePath());
+    leecher.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), leechFolder.getAbsolutePath());
+    waitForFileInDir(leechFolder, "file1.jar");
+  }
+
+  public void test_seeding_does_not_change_file_modification_date() throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    File srcFile = tempFiles.createTempFile(1024);
+    long time = srcFile.lastModified();
+
+    Thread.sleep(1000);
+
+    Client seeder = createAndStartClient();
+
+    final Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(srcFile, null, tracker.getAnnounceURI(), "Test");
+
+    File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    seeder.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), srcFile.getParent(), true, false);
+
+    final File downloadDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    Client leech = createClient();
+    leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), downloadDir.getAbsolutePath());
+
+    leech.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    waitForFileInDir(downloadDir, srcFile.getName());
+
+    assertEquals(time, srcFile.lastModified());
+  }
+
+  private void downloadAndStop(Torrent torrent, long timeout, final Client leech) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    final File tempDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+    File torrentFile = tempFiles.createTempFile();
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+    leech.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), tempDir.getAbsolutePath());
+    leech.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+
+    waitForFileInDir(tempDir, torrent.getFilenames().get(0));
+
+    leech.stop();
+  }
+
+  private void validateMultipleClientsResults(final List<Client> clientsList, MessageDigest md5, final File baseFile, String baseMD5) throws IOException {
+    final WaitFor waitFor = new WaitFor(75 * 1000) {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        boolean retval = true;
+        for (Client client : clientsList) {
+          if (!retval) return false;
+          final AnnounceableFileTorrent torrent = (AnnounceableFileTorrent)client.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().iterator().next();
+          File downloadedFile = new File(torrent.getDownloadDirPath(), baseFile.getName());
+          retval = downloadedFile.isFile();
+        }
+        return retval;
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(waitFor.isMyResult(), "All seeders didn't get their files");
+    // check file contents here:
+    for (Client client : clientsList) {
+      final AnnounceableFileTorrent torrent = (AnnounceableFileTorrent)client.getTorrentsStorage().announceableTorrents().iterator().next();
+      final File file = new File(torrent.getDownloadDirPath(), baseFile.getName());
+      assertEquals(baseMD5, getFileMD5(file, md5), String.format("MD5 hash is invalid. C:%s, O:%s ",
+              file.getAbsolutePath(), baseFile.getAbsolutePath()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void createMultipleSeedersWithDifferentPieces(File baseFile, int piecesCount, int pieceSize, int numSeeders,
+                                                        List<Client> clientList) throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, URISyntaxException {
+
+    List<byte[]> piecesList = new ArrayList<byte[]>(piecesCount);
+    FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(baseFile);
+    for (int i = 0; i < piecesCount; i++) {
+      byte[] piece = new byte[pieceSize];
+      fin.read(piece);
+      piecesList.add(piece);
+    }
+    fin.close();
+
+    final long torrentFileLength = baseFile.length();
+    Torrent torrent = TorrentCreator.create(baseFile, null, this.tracker.getAnnounceURI(), null, "Test", pieceSize);
+    File torrentFile = new File(baseFile.getParentFile(), baseFile.getName() + ".torrent");
+    saveTorrent(torrent, torrentFile);
+
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < numSeeders; i++) {
+      final File baseDir = tempFiles.createTempDir();
+      final File seederPiecesFile = new File(baseDir, baseFile.getName());
+      RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(seederPiecesFile, "rw");
+      raf.setLength(torrentFileLength);
+      for (int pieceIdx = i; pieceIdx < piecesCount; pieceIdx += numSeeders) {
+        raf.seek(pieceIdx * pieceSize);
+        raf.write(piecesList.get(pieceIdx));
+      }
+      Client client = createClient(" client idx " + i);
+      clientList.add(client);
+      client.addTorrent(torrentFile.getAbsolutePath(), baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
+      client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String getFileMD5(File file, MessageDigest digest) throws IOException {
+    DigestInputStream dIn = new DigestInputStream(new FileInputStream(file), digest);
+    while (dIn.read() >= 0) ;
+    return dIn.getMessageDigest().toString();
+  }
+
+  private void waitForFileInDir(final File downloadDir, final String fileName) {
+    new WaitFor() {
+      @Override
+      protected boolean condition() {
+        return new File(downloadDir, fileName).isFile();
+      }
+    };
+
+    assertTrue(new File(downloadDir, fileName).isFile());
+  }
+
+
+  @AfterMethod
+  protected void tearDown() throws Exception {
+    for (Client client : clientList) {
+      client.stop();
+    }
+    stopTracker();
+    tempFiles.cleanup();
+  }
+
+  private void startTracker() throws IOException {
+    this.tracker = new Tracker(6969);
+    tracker.setAnnounceInterval(5);
+    this.tracker.start(true);
+  }
+
+  private Client createAndStartClient() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    Client client = createClient();
+    client.start(InetAddress.getLocalHost());
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  private Client createClient(String name) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    final Client client = clientFactory.getClient(name);
+    clientList.add(client);
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  private Client createClient() throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InterruptedException {
+    return createClient("");
+  }
+
+  private void stopTracker() {
+    this.tracker.stop();
+  }
+
+  private void assertFilesEqual(File f1, File f2) throws IOException {
+    assertEquals(f1.length(), f2.length(), "Files sizes differ");
+    Checksum c1 = FileUtils.checksum(f1, new CRC32());
+    Checksum c2 = FileUtils.checksum(f2, new CRC32());
+    assertEquals(c1.getValue(), c2.getValue());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired to `raf` by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 395 is not released after line 399.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 396
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClientTest.corrupted_seeder_repair()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.ClientTest.corrupted_seeder_repair():void.2822df970e42263e60a80f770748994c
+
+### File:
+tests/src/test/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/ClientTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClientTest.java|corrupted_seeder_repair|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+37bd5903a85ae73b3b7b7c67ac678dfa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10052/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10052/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7de5f085754d09ee302ca0d8c2effcf8953fdbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10052/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/** Copyright (C) 2011 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Torrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+/** Incoming peer connections service.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Every BitTorrent client, BitTorrent being a peer-to-peer protocol, listens
+ * on a port for incoming connections from other peers sharing the same
+ * torrent.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This ConnectionHandler implements this service and starts a listening socket
+ * in the first available port in the default BitTorrent client port range
+ * 6881-6889. When a peer connects to it, it expects the BitTorrent handshake
+ * message, parses it and replies with our own handshake.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Outgoing connections to other peers are also made through this service,
+ * which handles the handshake procedure with the remote peer. Regardless of
+ * the direction of the connection, once this handshake is successfull, all
+ * {@link IncomingConnectionListener}s are notified and passed the connected
+ * socket and the remote peer ID.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This class does nothing more. All further peer-to-peer communication happens
+ * in the {@link com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.PeerExchange PeerExchange}
+ * class.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ * @see <a href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentSpecification#Handshake">BitTorrent handshake specification</a>
+ */
+public class ConnectionHandler implements Runnable {
+
+	private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ConnectionHandler.class);
+
+	public static final int PORT_RANGE_START = 6881;
+	public static final int PORT_RANGE_END = 6889;
+
+	private SharedTorrent torrent;
+	private String id;
+	private ServerSocket socket;
+	private InetSocketAddress address;
+
+	private Set<IncomingConnectionListener> listeners;
+
+	private Thread thread;
+	private boolean stop;
+
+	/** Create and start a new listening service for out torrent, reporting
+	 * with our peer ID on the given address.
+	 *
+	 * This binds to the first available port in the client port range
+	 * PORT_RANGE_START to PORT_RANGE_END.
+	 *
+	 * @param torrent The torrent shared by this client.
+	 * @param id This client's peer ID.
+	 * @param address The address to bind to.
+	 * @throws IOException When the service can't be started because no port in
+	 * the defined range is available or usable.
+	 */
+	ConnectionHandler(SharedTorrent torrent, String id, InetAddress address)
+		throws IOException {
+		this.torrent = torrent;
+		this.id = id;
+
+		this.socket = new ServerSocket();
+
+		// Bind to the first available port in the range
+		// [PORT_RANGE_START; PORT_RANGE_END].
+		for (int port = ConnectionHandler.PORT_RANGE_START;
+				port <= ConnectionHandler.PORT_RANGE_END;
+				port++) {
+			InetSocketAddress tryAddress =
+				new InetSocketAddress(address, port);
+
+			try {
+				this.socket.bind(tryAddress);
+				this.address = tryAddress;
+				break;
+			} catch (IOException ioe) {
+				// Ignore, try next port
+				logger.info("Could not bind to " + tryAddress + "!");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!this.socket.isBound()) {
+			throw new IOException("No available port for BitTorrent client!");
+		}
+
+		this.listeners = new HashSet<IncomingConnectionListener>();
+		this.thread = null;
+	}
+
+	/** Return the full socket address this service is bound to.
+	 */
+	public InetSocketAddress getSocketAddress() {
+		return this.address;
+	}
+
+	/** Register a new incoming connection listener.
+	 *
+	 * @param listener The listener who wants to receive connection
+	 * notifications.
+	 */
+	public void register(IncomingConnectionListener listener) {
+		this.listeners.add(listener);
+	}
+
+	/** Start accepting new connections in a background thread.
+	 */
+	public void start() {
+		if (!this.socket.isBound()) {
+			throw new IllegalStateException("Can't start ConnectionHandler " +
+					"without a bound socket!");
+		}
+
+		this.stop = false;
+
+		if (this.thread == null || !this.thread.isAlive()) {
+			this.thread = new Thread(this);
+			this.thread.setName("bt-serve");
+			this.thread.start();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Stop accepting connections.
+	 *
+	 * <b>Note:</b> the underlying socket remains open and bound.
+	 */
+	public void stop() {
+		this.stop = true;
+
+		if (this.thread != null && this.thread.isAlive()) {
+			this.thread.interrupt();
+		}
+
+		this.thread = null;
+	}
+
+	/** The main service loop.
+	 *
+	 * The service waits for new connections for 250ms, then waits 750ms so it
+	 * can be interrupted.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public void run() {
+		try {
+			this.socket.setSoTimeout(250);
+		} catch (SocketException se) {
+			logger.warn(se);
+			this.stop();
+		}
+
+		while (!this.stop) {
+			try {
+				this.accept();
+			} catch (SocketTimeoutException ste) {
+				// Ignore and go back to sleep
+			} catch (IOException ioe) {
+				logger.warn(ioe);
+				this.stop();
+			}
+
+			try {
+				Thread.sleep(750);
+			} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+				// Ignore
+			}
+		}
+
+		try {
+			this.socket.close();
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			// Ignore
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Return a human-readable representation of a connected socket.
+	 *
+	 * This returns a <em>host:port</em> string representing the given socket.
+	 *
+	 * @param s The socket to represent.
+	 */
+	private String socketRepr(Socket s) {
+		return new StringBuilder(s.getInetAddress().getHostName())
+			.append(":").append(s.getPort()).toString();
+	}
+
+	/** Accept the next incoming connection.
+	 *
+	 * When a new peer connects to this service, wait for it to send its
+	 * handshake. We then parse and check that the handshake advertises the
+	 * torrent hash we expect, then reply with our own handshake.
+	 *
+	 * If everything goes according to plan, notify the
+	 * <code>IncomingConnectionListener</code>s with the connected socket and
+	 * the parsed peer ID.
+	 */
+	private void accept() throws IOException, SocketTimeoutException {
+		Socket socket = this.socket.accept();
+
+		try {
+			logger.debug("New incoming connection ...");
+			Handshake hs = this.validateHandshake(socket, null);
+			this.sendHandshake(socket);
+			this.fireNewPeerConnection(socket, hs.getPeerId());
+		} catch (ParseException pe) {
+			logger.info("Invalid handshake from " + this.socketRepr(socket) +
+					": " + pe.getMessage());
+			try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { }
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			logger.info("An error occured while reading an incoming " +
+					"handshake: " + ioe.getMessage());
+			try {
+				if (!socket.isClosed()) {
+					socket.close();
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				// Ignore
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Connect to the given peer and perform the BitTorrent handshake.
+	 *
+	 * Connect to the peer using its defined IP address and port, then execute
+	 * the handshake process to validate the remote peer Id.
+	 *
+	 * If everything goes according to plan, notify the
+	 * <code>IncomingConnectionListener</code>s with the connected socket and
+	 * the parsed peer ID.
+	 *
+	 * @param peer The peer to connect to.
+	 */
+	public boolean connect(SharingPeer peer) {
+		Socket socket = new Socket();
+		InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(peer.getIp(),
+				peer.getPort());
+
+		logger.info("Connecting to " + peer + "...");
+		try {
+			socket.connect(address, 3*1000);
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			// Could not connect to peer, abort
+			logger.warn("Could not connect to " + peer + ": " +
+					ioe.getMessage());
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		try {
+			this.sendHandshake(socket);
+			Handshake hs = this.validateHandshake(socket,
+					(peer.hasPeerId() ? peer.getPeerId().array() : null));
+			this.fireNewPeerConnection(socket, hs.getPeerId());
+			return true;
+		} catch (ParseException pe) {
+			logger.info("Invalid handshake from " + this.socketRepr(socket) +
+					": " + pe.getMessage());
+			try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { }
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			logger.info("An error occured while reading an incoming " +
+					"handshake: " + ioe.getMessage());
+			try {
+				if (!socket.isClosed()) {
+					socket.close();
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				// Ignore
+			}
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/** Validate an expected handshake on a connection.
+	 *
+	 * Reads an expected handshake message from the given connected socket,
+	 * parses it and validates that the torrent hash_info corresponds to the
+	 * torrent we're sharing, and that the peerId matches the peer ID we expect
+	 * to see coming from the remote peer.
+	 *
+	 * @param socket The connected socket to the remote peer.
+	 * @param peerId The peer ID we expect in the handshake. If <em>null</em>,
+	 * any peer ID is accepted (this is the case for incoming connections).
+	 * @return The validated handshake message object.
+	 */
+	private Handshake validateHandshake(Socket socket, byte[] peerId)
+		throws IOException, ParseException {
+		InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
+
+		// Read the handshake from the wire
+		int pstrlen = is.read();
+		byte[] data = new byte[Handshake.BASE_HANDSHAKE_LENGTH + pstrlen];
+		data[0] = (byte)pstrlen;
+		is.read(data, 1, data.length-1);
+
+		// Parse and check the handshake
+		Handshake hs = Handshake.parse(ByteBuffer.wrap(data));
+		if (!Arrays.equals(hs.getInfoHash(), this.torrent.getInfoHash())) {
+			throw new ParseException("Handshake for unknow torrent " +
+					Torrent.byteArrayToHexString(hs.getInfoHash()) +
+					" from " + this.socketRepr(socket) + ".", pstrlen + 9);
+		}
+
+		if (peerId != null && !Arrays.equals(hs.getPeerId(), peerId)) {
+			throw new ParseException("Announced peer ID " +
+					Torrent.byteArrayToHexString(hs.getPeerId()) +
+					" did not match expected peer ID " +
+					Torrent.byteArrayToHexString(peerId) + ".", pstrlen + 29);
+		}
+
+		return hs;
+	}
+
+	/** Send our handshake message to the socket.
+	 *
+	 * @param socket The socket to the remote peer.
+	 */
+	private void sendHandshake(Socket socket) throws IOException {
+		OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
+		os.write(Handshake.craft(this.torrent.getInfoHash(),
+					this.id.getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING)).getBytes());
+	}
+
+	/** Trigger the new peer connection event on all registered listeners.
+	 *
+	 * @param socket The socket to the newly connected peer.
+	 * @param peerId The peer ID of the connected peer.
+	 */
+	private void fireNewPeerConnection(Socket socket, byte[] peerId) {
+		for (IncomingConnectionListener listener : this.listeners) {
+			listener.handleNewPeerConnection(socket, peerId);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.Socket` acquired to `socket` by call to `Socket()` at line 274 is not released after line 302.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 289
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ConnectionHandler.connect(SharingPeer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.ConnectionHandler.connect(com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer):boolea.2871a318e48b0aa8aa5295911c566c56
+
+### File:
+src/com/turn/ttorrent/client/ConnectionHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+ConnectionHandler.java|connect|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+64cc49836ac5be0b62700969b00f4e06
+
+### Hash:
+fca9b33c0af3923f84965ba96d1eda89
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10054/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10054/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f85112b6a2d856c738026e34d4f495f73d86142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10054/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/** Copyright (C) 2011 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Torrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+/** Incoming peer connections service.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Every BitTorrent client, BitTorrent being a peer-to-peer protocol, listens
+ * on a port for incoming connections from other peers sharing the same
+ * torrent.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This ConnectionHandler implements this service and starts a listening socket
+ * in the first available port in the default BitTorrent client port range
+ * 6881-6889. When a peer connects to it, it expects the BitTorrent handshake
+ * message, parses it and replies with our own handshake.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * Outgoing connections to other peers are also made through this service,
+ * which handles the handshake procedure with the remote peer. Regardless of
+ * the direction of the connection, once this handshake is successfull, all
+ * {@link IncomingConnectionListener}s are notified and passed the connected
+ * socket and the remote peer ID.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This class does nothing more. All further peer-to-peer communication happens
+ * in the {@link com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.PeerExchange PeerExchange}
+ * class.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ * @see <a href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentSpecification#Handshake">BitTorrent handshake specification</a>
+ */
+public class ConnectionHandler implements Runnable {
+
+	private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ConnectionHandler.class);
+
+	public static final int PORT_RANGE_START = 6881;
+	public static final int PORT_RANGE_END = 6889;
+
+	private SharedTorrent torrent;
+	private String id;
+	private ServerSocket socket;
+	private InetSocketAddress address;
+
+	private Set<IncomingConnectionListener> listeners;
+
+	private Thread thread;
+	private boolean stop;
+
+	/** Create and start a new listening service for out torrent, reporting
+	 * with our peer ID on the given address.
+	 *
+	 * This binds to the first available port in the client port range
+	 * PORT_RANGE_START to PORT_RANGE_END.
+	 *
+	 * @param torrent The torrent shared by this client.
+	 * @param id This client's peer ID.
+	 * @param address The address to bind to.
+	 * @throws IOException When the service can't be started because no port in
+	 * the defined range is available or usable.
+	 */
+	ConnectionHandler(SharedTorrent torrent, String id, InetAddress address)
+		throws IOException {
+		this.torrent = torrent;
+		this.id = id;
+
+		this.socket = new ServerSocket();
+
+		// Bind to the first available port in the range
+		// [PORT_RANGE_START; PORT_RANGE_END].
+		for (int port = ConnectionHandler.PORT_RANGE_START;
+				port <= ConnectionHandler.PORT_RANGE_END;
+				port++) {
+			InetSocketAddress tryAddress =
+				new InetSocketAddress(address, port);
+
+			try {
+				this.socket.bind(tryAddress);
+				this.address = tryAddress;
+				break;
+			} catch (IOException ioe) {
+				// Ignore, try next port
+				logger.info("Could not bind to " + tryAddress + "!");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!this.socket.isBound()) {
+			throw new IOException("No available port for BitTorrent client!");
+		}
+
+		this.listeners = new HashSet<IncomingConnectionListener>();
+		this.thread = null;
+	}
+
+	/** Return the full socket address this service is bound to.
+	 */
+	public InetSocketAddress getSocketAddress() {
+		return this.address;
+	}
+
+	/** Register a new incoming connection listener.
+	 *
+	 * @param listener The listener who wants to receive connection
+	 * notifications.
+	 */
+	public void register(IncomingConnectionListener listener) {
+		this.listeners.add(listener);
+	}
+
+	/** Start accepting new connections in a background thread.
+	 */
+	public void start() {
+		if (!this.socket.isBound()) {
+			throw new IllegalStateException("Can't start ConnectionHandler " +
+					"without a bound socket!");
+		}
+
+		this.stop = false;
+
+		if (this.thread == null || !this.thread.isAlive()) {
+			this.thread = new Thread(this);
+			this.thread.setName("bt-serve");
+			this.thread.start();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Stop accepting connections.
+	 *
+	 * <b>Note:</b> the underlying socket remains open and bound.
+	 */
+	public void stop() {
+		this.stop = true;
+
+		if (this.thread != null && this.thread.isAlive()) {
+			this.thread.interrupt();
+		}
+
+		this.thread = null;
+	}
+
+	/** The main service loop.
+	 *
+	 * The service waits for new connections for 250ms, then waits 750ms so it
+	 * can be interrupted.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public void run() {
+		try {
+			this.socket.setSoTimeout(250);
+		} catch (SocketException se) {
+			logger.warn(se);
+			this.stop();
+		}
+
+		while (!this.stop) {
+			try {
+				this.accept();
+			} catch (SocketTimeoutException ste) {
+				// Ignore and go back to sleep
+			} catch (IOException ioe) {
+				logger.warn(ioe);
+				this.stop();
+			}
+
+			try {
+				Thread.sleep(750);
+			} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+				// Ignore
+			}
+		}
+
+		try {
+			this.socket.close();
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			// Ignore
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Return a human-readable representation of a connected socket.
+	 *
+	 * This returns a <em>host:port</em> string representing the given socket.
+	 *
+	 * @param s The socket to represent.
+	 */
+	private String socketRepr(Socket s) {
+		return new StringBuilder(s.getInetAddress().getHostName())
+			.append(":").append(s.getPort()).toString();
+	}
+
+	/** Accept the next incoming connection.
+	 *
+	 * When a new peer connects to this service, wait for it to send its
+	 * handshake. We then parse and check that the handshake advertises the
+	 * torrent hash we expect, then reply with our own handshake.
+	 *
+	 * If everything goes according to plan, notify the
+	 * <code>IncomingConnectionListener</code>s with the connected socket and
+	 * the parsed peer ID.
+	 */
+	private void accept() throws IOException, SocketTimeoutException {
+		Socket socket = this.socket.accept();
+
+		try {
+			logger.debug("New incoming connection ...");
+			Handshake hs = this.validateHandshake(socket, null);
+			this.sendHandshake(socket);
+			this.fireNewPeerConnection(socket, hs.getPeerId());
+		} catch (ParseException pe) {
+			logger.info("Invalid handshake from " + this.socketRepr(socket) +
+					": " + pe.getMessage());
+			try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { }
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			logger.info("An error occured while reading an incoming " +
+					"handshake: " + ioe.getMessage());
+			try {
+				if (!socket.isClosed()) {
+					socket.close();
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				// Ignore
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Connect to the given peer and perform the BitTorrent handshake.
+	 *
+	 * Connect to the peer using its defined IP address and port, then execute
+	 * the handshake process to validate the remote peer Id.
+	 *
+	 * If everything goes according to plan, notify the
+	 * <code>IncomingConnectionListener</code>s with the connected socket and
+	 * the parsed peer ID.
+	 *
+	 * @param peer The peer to connect to.
+	 */
+	public boolean connect(SharingPeer peer) {
+		Socket socket = new Socket();
+		InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(peer.getIp(),
+				peer.getPort());
+
+		logger.info("Connecting to " + peer + "...");
+		try {
+			socket.connect(address, 3*1000);
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			// Could not connect to peer, abort
+			logger.warn("Could not connect to " + peer + ": " +
+					ioe.getMessage());
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		try {
+			this.sendHandshake(socket);
+			Handshake hs = this.validateHandshake(socket,
+					(peer.hasPeerId() ? peer.getPeerId().array() : null));
+			this.fireNewPeerConnection(socket, hs.getPeerId());
+			return true;
+		} catch (ParseException pe) {
+			logger.info("Invalid handshake from " + this.socketRepr(socket) +
+					": " + pe.getMessage());
+			try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { }
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			logger.info("An error occured while reading an incoming " +
+					"handshake: " + ioe.getMessage());
+			try {
+				if (!socket.isClosed()) {
+					socket.close();
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				// Ignore
+			}
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/** Validate an expected handshake on a connection.
+	 *
+	 * Reads an expected handshake message from the given connected socket,
+	 * parses it and validates that the torrent hash_info corresponds to the
+	 * torrent we're sharing, and that the peerId matches the peer ID we expect
+	 * to see coming from the remote peer.
+	 *
+	 * @param socket The connected socket to the remote peer.
+	 * @param peerId The peer ID we expect in the handshake. If <em>null</em>,
+	 * any peer ID is accepted (this is the case for incoming connections).
+	 * @return The validated handshake message object.
+	 */
+	private Handshake validateHandshake(Socket socket, byte[] peerId)
+		throws IOException, ParseException {
+		InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
+
+		// Read the handshake from the wire
+		int pstrlen = is.read();
+		byte[] data = new byte[Handshake.BASE_HANDSHAKE_LENGTH + pstrlen];
+		data[0] = (byte)pstrlen;
+		is.read(data, 1, data.length-1);
+
+		// Parse and check the handshake
+		Handshake hs = Handshake.parse(ByteBuffer.wrap(data));
+		if (!Arrays.equals(hs.getInfoHash(), this.torrent.getInfoHash())) {
+			throw new ParseException("Handshake for unknow torrent " +
+					Torrent.byteArrayToHexString(hs.getInfoHash()) +
+					" from " + this.socketRepr(socket) + ".", pstrlen + 9);
+		}
+
+		if (peerId != null && !Arrays.equals(hs.getPeerId(), peerId)) {
+			throw new ParseException("Announced peer ID " +
+					Torrent.byteArrayToHexString(hs.getPeerId()) +
+					" did not match expected peer ID " +
+					Torrent.byteArrayToHexString(peerId) + ".", pstrlen + 29);
+		}
+
+		return hs;
+	}
+
+	/** Send our handshake message to the socket.
+	 *
+	 * @param socket The socket to the remote peer.
+	 */
+	private void sendHandshake(Socket socket) throws IOException {
+		OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
+		os.write(Handshake.craft(this.torrent.getInfoHash(),
+					this.id.getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING)).getBytes());
+	}
+
+	/** Trigger the new peer connection event on all registered listeners.
+	 *
+	 * @param socket The socket to the newly connected peer.
+	 * @param peerId The peer ID of the connected peer.
+	 */
+	private void fireNewPeerConnection(Socket socket, byte[] peerId) {
+		for (IncomingConnectionListener listener : this.listeners) {
+			listener.handleNewPeerConnection(socket, peerId);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.Socket` acquired to `socket` by call to `Socket()` at line 274 is not released after line 293.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ConnectionHandler.connect(SharingPeer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.ConnectionHandler.connect(com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer):boolea.2871a318e48b0aa8aa5295911c566c56
+
+### File:
+src/com/turn/ttorrent/client/ConnectionHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+ConnectionHandler.java|connect|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+1341c4c317e3e0c974a042d076ef1426
+
+### Hash:
+24f7ea15db529ebe132991847fef66bd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10062/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10062/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..365daa8028ac29017e4764ea0e6bbeb5ca28b93a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10062/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Single-file torrent byte data storage.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This implementation of TorrentByteStorageFile provides a torrent byte data
+ * storage relying on a single underlying file and uses a RandomAccessFile
+ * FileChannel to expose thread-safe read/write methods.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class FileStorage implements TorrentByteStorage {
+
+	private static final Logger logger =
+		LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileStorage.class);
+
+	private final File target;
+	private File partial;
+	private final long offset;
+	private final long size;
+
+	private RandomAccessFile raf;
+  private FileChannel channel;
+	private File current;
+
+  public FileStorage(File file, long offset, long size)
+		throws IOException {
+		this.target = file;
+		this.offset = offset;
+		this.size = size;
+
+	}
+
+  public void open() throws IOException {
+    this.partial = new File(this.target.getAbsolutePath() +
+      TorrentByteStorage.PARTIAL_FILE_NAME_SUFFIX);
+
+    if (this.partial.exists()) {
+      logger.debug("Partial download found at {}. Continuing...",
+        this.partial.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.partial;
+    } else if (!this.target.exists()) {
+      logger.debug("Downloading new file to {}...",
+        this.partial.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.partial;
+    } else {
+      logger.debug("Using existing file {}.",
+        this.target.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.target;
+    }
+
+    this.raf = new RandomAccessFile(this.current, "rw");
+
+    // Set the file length to the appropriate size, eventually truncating
+    // or extending the file if it already exists with a different size.
+    this.raf.setLength(this.size);
+
+    this.channel = raf.getChannel();
+
+    logger.debug("Opened byte storage file at {} " +
+      "({}+{} byte(s)).",
+      new Object[] {
+        this.current.getAbsolutePath(),
+        this.offset,
+        this.size,
+      });
+  }
+
+	protected long offset() {
+		return this.offset;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long size() {
+		return this.size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int read(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset) throws IOException {
+		int requested = buffer.remaining();
+
+		if (offset + requested > this.size) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid storage read request!");
+		}
+
+		int bytes = this.channel.read(buffer, offset);
+		if (bytes < requested) {
+			throw new IOException("Storage underrun!");
+		}
+
+		return bytes;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int write(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset) throws IOException {
+		int requested = buffer.remaining();
+
+		if (offset + requested > this.size) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid storage write request!");
+		}
+
+		return this.channel.write(buffer, offset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
+		logger.debug("Closing file channel to {}. Channel open: {}", current.getName(), channel.isOpen());
+		if (this.channel.isOpen()) {
+			this.channel.force(true);
+		}
+		this.raf.close();
+	}
+
+	/** Move the partial file to its final location.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void finish() throws IOException {
+		logger.debug("Closing file channel to " + this.current.getName() +
+			" (download complete).");
+		if (this.channel.isOpen()) {
+			this.channel.force(true);
+		}
+
+		// Nothing more to do if we're already on the target file.
+		if (this.isFinished()) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		this.raf.close();
+		FileUtils.deleteQuietly(this.target);
+		FileUtils.moveFile(this.current, this.target);
+
+		logger.debug("Re-opening torrent byte storage at {}.",
+				this.target.getAbsolutePath());
+
+		this.raf = new RandomAccessFile(this.target, "rw");
+		this.raf.setLength(this.size);
+		this.channel = this.raf.getChannel();
+		this.current = this.target;
+
+		FileUtils.deleteQuietly(this.partial);
+		logger.info("Moved torrent data from {} to {}.",
+			this.partial.getName(),
+			this.target.getName());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isFinished() {
+		return this.current.equals(this.target);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.open` writes to field `this.com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.current` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileStorage.open()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.open():void.667c698f5c0ea9886878304fa0a379f5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/storage/FileStorage.java
+
+### Key:
+FileStorage.java|open|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+219171942b22b068d4cea5e2128e916d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10076/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10076/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fa4389a0b8360936778d3375691440b5e59336a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10076/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** quickml
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package quickdt.predictiveModels.calibratedPredictiveModel;
+
+
+import org.testng.Assert;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+import quickdt.data.Instance;
+import quickdt.predictiveModels.TreeBuilderTestUtils;
+import quickdt.predictiveModels.decisionTree.Tree;
+import quickdt.predictiveModels.decisionTree.TreeBuilder;
+import quickdt.predictiveModels.decisionTree.scorers.SplitDiffScorer;
+import quickdt.predictiveModels.randomForest.RandomForest;
+import quickdt.predictiveModels.randomForest.RandomForestBuilder;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Created by Chris on 5/14/2014.
+ */
+public class UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilderTest {
+    @Test
+    public void simpleBmiTestSplit() throws Exception {
+        final List<Instance> instances = TreeBuilderTestUtils.getIntegerInstances(1000);
+        final TreeBuilder tb = new TreeBuilder(new SplitDiffScorer());
+        final RandomForestBuilder rfb = new RandomForestBuilder(tb);
+        final PAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder cpmb = new PAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder(rfb);
+        final UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder ucpmb = new UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder(cpmb, null, 1);
+        final long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        final CalibratedPredictiveModel calibratedPredictiveModel = ucpmb.buildPredictiveModel(instances);
+        final RandomForest randomForest = (RandomForest) calibratedPredictiveModel.predictiveModel;
+
+        TreeBuilderTestUtils.serializeDeserialize(randomForest);
+
+        final List<Tree> trees = randomForest.trees;
+        final int treeSize = trees.size();
+        final int firstTreeNodeSize = trees.get(0).node.size();
+        Assert.assertTrue(treeSize < 400, "Forest size should be less than 400");
+        Assert.assertTrue((System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) < 20000,"Building this node should take far less than 20 seconds");
+
+        final List<Instance> newInstances = TreeBuilderTestUtils.getIntegerInstances(1000);
+        final CalibratedPredictiveModel newCalibratedPredictiveModel = ucpmb.buildPredictiveModel(newInstances);
+        final RandomForest newRandomForest = (RandomForest) newCalibratedPredictiveModel.predictiveModel;
+        Assert.assertTrue(calibratedPredictiveModel == newCalibratedPredictiveModel, "Expect same tree to be updated");
+        Assert.assertEquals(treeSize, newRandomForest.trees.size(), "Expected same number of trees");
+        Assert.assertNotEquals(firstTreeNodeSize, newRandomForest.trees.get(0).node.size(), "Expected new nodes");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void simpleBmiTestNoSplit() throws Exception {
+        final List<Instance> instances = TreeBuilderTestUtils.getIntegerInstances(1000);
+        final TreeBuilder tb = new TreeBuilder(new SplitDiffScorer());
+        final RandomForestBuilder rfb = new RandomForestBuilder(tb);
+        final PAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder cpmb = new PAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder(rfb);
+        final UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder ucpmb = new UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilder(cpmb);
+        final long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        final CalibratedPredictiveModel calibratedPredictiveModel = ucpmb.buildPredictiveModel(instances);
+        final RandomForest randomForest = (RandomForest) calibratedPredictiveModel.predictiveModel;
+
+        TreeBuilderTestUtils.serializeDeserialize(randomForest);
+
+        final List<Tree> trees = randomForest.trees;
+        final int treeSize = trees.size();
+        final int firstTreeNodeSize = trees.get(0).node.size();
+        Assert.assertTrue(treeSize < 400, "Forest size should be less than 400");
+        Assert.assertTrue((System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) < 20000,"Building this node should take far less than 20 seconds");
+
+        final List<Instance> newInstances = TreeBuilderTestUtils.getIntegerInstances(1000);
+        final CalibratedPredictiveModel newCalibratedPredictiveModel = ucpmb.buildPredictiveModel(newInstances);
+        final RandomForest newRandomForest = (RandomForest) newCalibratedPredictiveModel.predictiveModel;
+        Assert.assertTrue(calibratedPredictiveModel == newCalibratedPredictiveModel, "Expect same tree to be updated");
+        Assert.assertEquals(treeSize, newRandomForest.trees.size(), "Expected same number of trees");
+        Assert.assertEquals(firstTreeNodeSize, newRandomForest.trees.get(0).node.size(), "Expected same nodes");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `ucpmb.rebuildThreshold` last assigned on line 26 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `buildPredictiveModel(...)` at line 28.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilderTest.simpleBmiTestSplit()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+quickdt.predictiveModels.calibratedPredictiveModel.UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilderTest..7bbc5825b412bf78fab53bd1968fef8f
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/quickdt/predictiveModels/calibratedPredictiveModel/UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UpdatablePAVCalibratedPredictiveModelBuilderTest.java|simpleBmiTestSplit|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+08038b5f1153a3f1e72ab3f29b05862b
+
+### Hash:
+300c91bc4d064b4d1aab727c856bde79
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10078/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10078/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f62074d25f58900a85536edd5de2700c3a1f3f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10078/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** quickml
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package quickml.supervised.crossValidation;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import quickml.data.instances.Instance;
+import quickml.data.instances.RegressionInstance;
+import quickml.supervised.PredictiveModel;
+import quickml.supervised.PredictiveModelBuilder;
+import quickml.supervised.crossValidation.data.TrainingDataCycler;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static quickml.supervised.Utils.getInstanceWeights;
+
+public class SimpleCrossValidator<PM extends PredictiveModel, T extends Instance> implements CrossValidator {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SimpleCrossValidator.class);
+
+
+    private LossChecker<PM, T> lossChecker;
+    private TrainingDataCycler<T> dataCycler;
+    private final PredictiveModelBuilder<PM, T> modelBuilder;
+
+    public SimpleCrossValidator(PredictiveModelBuilder<PM, T> modelBuilder, LossChecker<PM, T> lossChecker, TrainingDataCycler<T> dataCycler) {
+        this.lossChecker = lossChecker;
+        this.dataCycler = dataCycler;
+        this.modelBuilder = modelBuilder;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get the loss for a model without updating the model config
+     */
+    public double getLossForModel() {
+        return getLossForModel(new HashMap<String, Serializable>());
+    }
+
+    public double getLossForModel(Map<String, Serializable> config) {
+        dataCycler.reset();
+        if (config.size()!=0) {
+            modelBuilder.updateBuilderConfig(config);
+        }
+        double loss = testModel();
+        logger.info("Loss {} for config {}", loss, config.toString());
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * We keep cycling through the test data, updating the running losses for each run.
+     */
+
+    private double testModel() {
+        try  {
+
+            double runningLoss = 0;
+            double runningWeightOfValidationSet = 0;
+            boolean gotNextCycle = false;
+            int cycle = 0;
+            while (dataCycler.hasMore() || gotNextCycle) {
+                BufferedWriter trainingWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("training" + cycle));
+                trainingWriter.write("FileNo");
+
+                for (T instance : dataCycler.getValidationSet()) {
+                    trainingWriter.write("" + ((RegressionInstance) instance).id + "\n");
+                }
+                BufferedWriter testWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("test" + cycle));
+                testWriter.write("FileNo,actual,predicted\n");
+                testWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("validation" + cycle));
+                List<T> validationSet = dataCycler.getValidationSet();
+                double validationSetWeight = getInstanceWeights(validationSet);
+                PM predictiveModel = modelBuilder.buildPredictiveModel(dataCycler.getTrainingSet());
+                runningLoss += ((RegressionLossChecker) lossChecker).calculateLoss(predictiveModel, validationSet, testWriter) * validationSetWeight;
+                runningWeightOfValidationSet += validationSetWeight;
+                gotNextCycle = dataCycler.nextCycle();
+                cycle++;
+
+                testWriter.flush();
+                trainingWriter.flush();
+                testWriter.close();
+                trainingWriter.close();
+            }
+            return runningLoss / runningWeightOfValidationSet;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.error("couldn't write");
+        }
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired to `testWriter` by call to `new()` at line 72 is not released after line 73.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+double SimpleCrossValidator.testModel()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+quickml.supervised.crossValidation.SimpleCrossValidator.testModel():double.9081b25aeb7f68d284c3602485fc223c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/quickml/supervised/crossValidation/SimpleCrossValidator.java
+
+### Key:
+SimpleCrossValidator.java|testModel|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7a575144ce3ca82992a17012b43fde96
+
+### Hash:
+85ca9d34db32a8f65596511c94733c4d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10082/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10082/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8338ef9265f8b238dda3c8a8480f2c78a7a2f0eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10082/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-wkhtmltopdf-wrapper
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper.options.GlobalOption;
+import lombok.Data;
+
+@Data
+public class Pdf implements PdfService {
+
+	private String command;
+	private List<Param> params;
+	private String htmlInput = null;
+    private boolean htmlFromString = false;
+
+	public Pdf(String wkhtmltopdf, List<Param> params) {
+		this.command = wkhtmltopdf;
+		this.params = params;
+	}
+
+	public Pdf(List<Param> params) {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", params);
+	}
+
+	public Pdf(Param... params) {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", Arrays.asList(params));
+	}
+
+	public Pdf() {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", new ArrayList<Param>());
+	}
+
+	public void addHtmlInput(String input) {
+        this.htmlFromString = true;
+        this.htmlInput = input;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO Add a HTML file, a HTML string or a page from a URL
+	 */
+	public void addCover(String cover) {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO just the TOC option from wkhtmltopdf
+	 */
+	public void addToc() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(Param param) {
+		params.add(param);
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(Param... params) {
+		for (Param param : params) {
+			addParam(param);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO save file and returns
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 */
+	public File saveAs(String path) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+		Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
+        String command = this.commandWithParameters() + Symbol.separator + path;
+        Process proc = rt.exec(command);
+        if(htmlFromString) {
+            OutputStream stdin = proc.getOutputStream();
+            stdin.write(htmlInput.getBytes());
+            stdin.close();
+        }
+
+		proc.waitFor();
+        if(proc.exitValue() != 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Process (" + command + ") exited with status code " + proc.exitValue());
+        }
+
+		return new File(path);
+	}
+
+	public String commandWithParameters() {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		for (Param param : params) {
+			sb.append(param);
+		}
+
+		return command + sb.toString();
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(GlobalOption option) {
+		addParam(new Param(option.toString()));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired by call to `exec(...)` at line 76 is not released after line 88.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+File Pdf.saveAs(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper.Pdf.saveAs(java.lang.String):java.io.File.bb18462cfae09748bd14d6051b8e8547
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/br/eti/mertz/wkhtmltopdf/wrapper/Pdf.java
+
+### Key:
+Pdf.java|saveAs|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5063998cfe9b05506ca33bbb14b6ac18
+
+### Hash:
+7410a7a483a24e5792e09bed0e03d5a0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10091/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10091/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1568ebbb17865281bafc4847880f4d1fe8577ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10091/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1603 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** lizzie
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package featurecat.lizzie.rules;
+
+import static java.lang.Math.min;
+import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
+
+import featurecat.lizzie.Lizzie;
+import featurecat.lizzie.analysis.Leelaz;
+import featurecat.lizzie.analysis.LeelazListener;
+import featurecat.lizzie.analysis.MoveData;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+
+public class Board implements LeelazListener {
+  public static int boardSize0 =
+      (Lizzie.config != null
+              && Lizzie.config.config != null
+              && Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("ui") != null)
+          ? Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("ui").optInt("board-size", 19)
+          : 19;
+  public static int boardWidth =
+      (Lizzie.config != null
+              && Lizzie.config.config != null
+              && Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("ui") != null)
+          ? Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("ui").optInt("board-width", boardSize0)
+          : boardSize0;
+  public static int boardHeight =
+      (Lizzie.config != null
+              && Lizzie.config.config != null
+              && Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("ui") != null)
+          ? Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("ui").optInt("board-height", boardSize0)
+          : boardSize0;
+  private static final String alphabet = "ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
+
+  private BoardHistoryList history;
+  private Stone[] capturedStones;
+  private boolean scoreMode;
+  private boolean analysisMode;
+  private int playoutsAnalysis;
+
+  // Save the node for restore move when in the branch
+  private Optional<BoardHistoryNode> saveNode;
+
+  public Board() {
+    initialize();
+  }
+
+  /** Initialize the board completely */
+  private void initialize() {
+    capturedStones = new Stone[] {};
+    scoreMode = false;
+    analysisMode = false;
+    playoutsAnalysis = 100;
+    saveNode = Optional.empty();
+    Lizzie.frame.setForceRefresh(false);
+    history = new BoardHistoryList(BoardData.empty(boardWidth, boardHeight));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculates the array index of a stone stored at (x, y)
+   *
+   * @param x the x coordinate
+   * @param y the y coordinate
+   * @return the array index
+   */
+  public static int getIndex(int x, int y) {
+    return x * Board.boardHeight + y;
+  }
+
+  public static int[] getCoord(int index) {
+    int y = index % Board.boardHeight;
+    int x = (index - y) / Board.boardHeight;
+    return new int[] {x, y};
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a named coordinate eg C16, T5, K10, etc to an x and y coordinate
+   *
+   * @param namedCoordinate a capitalized version of the named coordinate. Must be a valid 19x19 Go
+   *     coordinate, without I
+   * @return an optional array of coordinates, empty for pass and resign
+   */
+  public static Optional<int[]> asCoordinates(String namedCoordinate) {
+    namedCoordinate = namedCoordinate.trim();
+    if (namedCoordinate.equalsIgnoreCase("pass") || namedCoordinate.equalsIgnoreCase("resign")) {
+      return Optional.empty();
+    }
+    // coordinates take the form C16 A19 Q5 K10 etc. I is not used.
+    String reg = "([A-HJ-Z]+)(\\d+)";
+    Pattern p = Pattern.compile(reg);
+    Matcher m = p.matcher(namedCoordinate);
+    if (m.find() && m.groupCount() == 2) {
+      int x = asDigit(m.group(1));
+      int y = boardHeight - Integer.parseInt(m.group(2));
+      return Optional.of(new int[] {x, y});
+    } else {
+      reg = "\\(([\\d]+),([\\d]+)\\)";
+      p = Pattern.compile(reg);
+      m = p.matcher(namedCoordinate);
+      if (m.find() && m.groupCount() == 2) {
+        int x = Integer.parseInt(m.group(1));
+        int y = Integer.parseInt(m.group(2)); // boardHeight - Integer.parseInt(m.group(2)) - 1;
+        return Optional.of(new int[] {x, y});
+      } else {
+        return Optional.empty();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static int asDigit(String name) {
+    // coordinates take the form C16 A19 Q5 K10 etc. I is not used.
+    int base = alphabet.length();
+    char names[] = name.toCharArray();
+    int length = names.length;
+    if (length > 0) {
+      int x = 0;
+      for (int i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        int index = alphabet.indexOf(names[i]);
+        if (index == -1) {
+          return index;
+        }
+        x += index * Math.pow(base, length - i - 1);
+      }
+      return x;
+    } else {
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static String asName(int c) {
+    return asName(c, true);
+  }
+
+  public static String asName(int c, boolean isName) {
+    if (boardWidth > 25 && isName) {
+      return String.valueOf(c + 1);
+    }
+    StringBuilder name = new StringBuilder();
+    int base = alphabet.length();
+    int n = c;
+    ArrayDeque<Integer> ad = new ArrayDeque<Integer>();
+    if (n > 0) {
+      while (n > 0) {
+        ad.addFirst(n < 25 && c >= 25 ? n % base - 1 : n % base);
+        n /= base;
+      }
+    } else {
+      ad.addFirst(n);
+    }
+    ad.forEach(i -> name.append(alphabet.charAt(i)));
+    return name.toString();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a x and y coordinate to a named coordinate eg C16, T5, K10, etc
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate -- must be valid
+   * @param y y coordinate -- must be valid
+   * @return a string representing the coordinate
+   */
+  public static String convertCoordinatesToName(int x, int y) {
+    // coordinates take the form C16 A19 Q5 K10 etc. I is not used.
+    if (boardWidth > 25 || boardHeight > 25) {
+      return String.format("(%d,%d)", x, y); // boardHeight - y - 1);
+    } else {
+      return asName(x, false) + (boardHeight - y);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if a coordinate is valid
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate
+   * @param y y coordinate
+   * @return whether or not this coordinate is part of the board
+   */
+  public static boolean isValid(int x, int y) {
+    return x >= 0 && x < boardWidth && y >= 0 && y < boardHeight;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean isValid(int[] c) {
+    return c != null && c.length == 2 && isValid(c[0], c[1]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open board again when the SZ property is setup by sgf
+   *
+   * @param size
+   */
+  public void reopen(int width, int height) {
+    width = (width >= 2) ? width : 19;
+    height = (height >= 2) ? height : 19;
+    if (width != boardWidth || height != boardHeight) {
+      boardWidth = width;
+      boardHeight = height;
+      Zobrist.init();
+      clear();
+      Lizzie.leelaz.boardSize(boardWidth, boardHeight);
+      Lizzie.frame.setForceRefresh(true);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The comment. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param comment the comment of stone
+   */
+  public void comment(String comment) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      history.getData().comment = comment;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update the move number. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param moveNumber the move number of stone
+   */
+  public void moveNumber(int moveNumber) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      BoardData data = history.getData();
+      if (data.lastMove.isPresent()) {
+        int[] moveNumberList = history.getMoveNumberList();
+        moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(data.lastMove.get()[0], data.lastMove.get()[1])] = moveNumber;
+        Optional<BoardHistoryNode> node = history.getCurrentHistoryNode().previous();
+        while (node.isPresent() && node.get().numberOfChildren() <= 1) {
+          BoardData nodeData = node.get().getData();
+          if (nodeData.lastMove.isPresent() && nodeData.moveNumber >= moveNumber) {
+            moveNumber = (moveNumber > 1) ? moveNumber - 1 : 0;
+            moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(nodeData.lastMove.get()[0], nodeData.lastMove.get()[1])] =
+                moveNumber;
+          }
+          node = node.get().previous();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public int moveNumberByCoord(int[] coord) {
+    int moveNumber = 0;
+    if (Lizzie.board.isValid(coord)) {
+      int index = Lizzie.board.getIndex(coord[0], coord[1]);
+      if (Lizzie.board.getHistory().getStones()[index] != Stone.EMPTY) {
+        BoardHistoryNode cur = Lizzie.board.getHistory().getCurrentHistoryNode();
+        moveNumber = cur.getData().moveNumberList[index];
+        if (!cur.isMainTrunk()) {
+          if (moveNumber > 0) {
+            moveNumber = cur.getData().moveNumber - cur.getData().moveMNNumber + moveNumber;
+          } else {
+            BoardHistoryNode p = cur.firstParentWithVariations().orElse(cur);
+            while (p != cur && moveNumber == 0) {
+              moveNumber = p.getData().moveNumberList[index];
+              if (moveNumber > 0) {
+                BoardHistoryNode topOfTop = p.firstParentWithVariations().orElse(p);
+                if (topOfTop != p) {
+                  moveNumber = p.getData().moveNumber - p.getData().moveMNNumber + moveNumber;
+                }
+              } else {
+                cur = p;
+                p = cur.firstParentWithVariations().orElse(cur);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return moveNumber;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a stone to the board representation. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate
+   * @param y y coordinate
+   * @param color the type of stone to place
+   */
+  public void addStone(int x, int y, Stone color) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (!isValid(x, y) || history.getStones()[getIndex(x, y)] != Stone.EMPTY) return;
+
+      Stone[] stones = history.getData().stones;
+      Zobrist zobrist = history.getData().zobrist;
+
+      // set the stone at (x, y) to color
+      stones[getIndex(x, y)] = color;
+      zobrist.toggleStone(x, y, color);
+
+      Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Remove a stone from the board representation. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate
+   * @param y y coordinate
+   * @param color the type of stone to place
+   */
+  public void removeStone(int x, int y, Stone color) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (!isValid(x, y) || history.getStones()[getIndex(x, y)] == Stone.EMPTY) return;
+
+      BoardData data = history.getData();
+      Stone[] stones = data.stones;
+      Zobrist zobrist = data.zobrist;
+
+      // set the stone at (x, y) to empty
+      Stone oriColor = stones[getIndex(x, y)];
+      stones[getIndex(x, y)] = Stone.EMPTY;
+      zobrist.toggleStone(x, y, oriColor);
+      data.moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(x, y)] = 0;
+
+      Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a key and value to node
+   *
+   * @param key
+   * @param value
+   */
+  public void addNodeProperty(String key, String value) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      history.getData().addProperty(key, value);
+      if ("MN".equals(key)) {
+        moveNumber(Integer.parseInt(value));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a keys and values to node
+   *
+   * @param properties
+   */
+  public void addNodeProperties(Map<String, String> properties) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      history.getData().addProperties(properties);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The pass. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param color the type of pass
+   */
+  public void pass(Stone color) {
+    pass(color, false, false, false);
+  }
+
+  public void pass(Stone color, boolean newBranch) {
+    pass(color, newBranch, false, false);
+  }
+
+  public void pass(Stone color, boolean newBranch, boolean dummy) {
+    pass(color, newBranch, dummy, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The pass. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param color the type of pass
+   * @param newBranch add a new branch
+   */
+  public void pass(Stone color, boolean newBranch, boolean dummy, boolean changeMove) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+
+      // check to see if this move is being replayed in history
+      if (history.getNext().map(n -> !n.lastMove.isPresent()).orElse(false) && !newBranch) {
+        // this is the next move in history. Just increment history so that we don't erase the
+        // redo's
+        history.next();
+        Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(color, "pass");
+        if (Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz)
+          Lizzie.leelaz.genmove((history.isBlacksTurn() ? "B" : "W"));
+
+        return;
+      }
+
+      Stone[] stones = history.getStones().clone();
+      Zobrist zobrist = history.getZobrist();
+      int moveNumber = history.getMoveNumber() + 1;
+      int[] moveNumberList =
+          newBranch && history.getNext(true).isPresent()
+              ? new int[Board.boardWidth * Board.boardHeight]
+              : history.getMoveNumberList().clone();
+
+      // build the new game state
+      BoardData newState =
+          new BoardData(
+              stones,
+              Optional.empty(),
+              color,
+              color.equals(Stone.WHITE),
+              zobrist,
+              moveNumber,
+              moveNumberList,
+              history.getData().blackCaptures,
+              history.getData().whiteCaptures,
+              0,
+              0);
+      newState.dummy = dummy;
+
+      // update leelaz with pass
+      if (!Lizzie.leelaz.isInputCommand) Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(color, "pass");
+      if (Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz)
+        Lizzie.leelaz.genmove((history.isBlacksTurn() ? "W" : "B"));
+
+      // update history with pass
+      history.addOrGoto(newState, newBranch, changeMove);
+
+      Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** overloaded method for pass(), chooses color in an alternating pattern */
+  public void pass() {
+    pass(history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Places a stone onto the board representation. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate
+   * @param y y coordinate
+   * @param color the type of stone to place
+   */
+  public void place(int x, int y, Stone color) {
+    place(x, y, color, false);
+  }
+
+  public void place(int x, int y, Stone color, boolean newBranch) {
+    place(x, y, color, newBranch, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Places a stone onto the board representation. Thread safe
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate
+   * @param y y coordinate
+   * @param color the type of stone to place
+   * @param newBranch add a new branch
+   */
+  public void place(int x, int y, Stone color, boolean newBranch, boolean changeMove) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (scoreMode) {
+        // Mark clicked stone as dead
+        Stone[] stones = history.getStones();
+        toggleLiveStatus(capturedStones, x, y);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (!isValid(x, y) || (history.getStones()[getIndex(x, y)] != Stone.EMPTY && !newBranch))
+        return;
+
+      updateWinrate();
+      double nextWinrate = -100;
+      if (history.getData().winrate >= 0) nextWinrate = 100 - history.getData().winrate;
+
+      // check to see if this coordinate is being replayed in history
+      Optional<int[]> nextLast = history.getNext().flatMap(n -> n.lastMove);
+      if (nextLast.isPresent()
+          && nextLast.get()[0] == x
+          && nextLast.get()[1] == y
+          && !newBranch
+          && !changeMove) {
+        // this is the next coordinate in history. Just increment history so that we don't erase the
+        // redo's
+        history.next();
+        // should be opposite from the bottom case
+        if (Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz
+            && Lizzie.frame.playerIsBlack != getData().blackToPlay) {
+          Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(color, convertCoordinatesToName(x, y));
+          Lizzie.leelaz.genmove((Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay ? "W" : "B"));
+        } else if (!Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz) {
+          Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(color, convertCoordinatesToName(x, y));
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // load a copy of the data at the current node of history
+      Stone[] stones = history.getStones().clone();
+      Zobrist zobrist = history.getZobrist();
+      Optional<int[]> lastMove = Optional.of(new int[] {x, y});
+      int moveNumber = history.getMoveNumber() + 1;
+      int moveMNNumber =
+          history.getMoveMNNumber() > -1 && !newBranch ? history.getMoveMNNumber() + 1 : -1;
+      int[] moveNumberList =
+          newBranch && history.getNext(true).isPresent()
+              ? new int[Board.boardWidth * Board.boardHeight]
+              : history.getMoveNumberList().clone();
+
+      moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(x, y)] = moveMNNumber > -1 ? moveMNNumber : moveNumber;
+
+      // set the stone at (x, y) to color
+      stones[getIndex(x, y)] = color;
+      zobrist.toggleStone(x, y, color);
+
+      // remove enemy stones
+      int capturedStones = 0;
+      capturedStones += removeDeadChain(x + 1, y, color.opposite(), stones, zobrist);
+      capturedStones += removeDeadChain(x, y + 1, color.opposite(), stones, zobrist);
+      capturedStones += removeDeadChain(x - 1, y, color.opposite(), stones, zobrist);
+      capturedStones += removeDeadChain(x, y - 1, color.opposite(), stones, zobrist);
+
+      // check to see if the player made a suicidal coordinate
+      int isSuicidal = removeDeadChain(x, y, color, stones, zobrist);
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < boardWidth * boardHeight; i++) {
+        if (stones[i].equals(Stone.EMPTY)) {
+          moveNumberList[i] = 0;
+        }
+      }
+
+      int bc = history.getData().blackCaptures;
+      int wc = history.getData().whiteCaptures;
+      if (color.isBlack()) bc += capturedStones;
+      else wc += capturedStones;
+      BoardData newState =
+          new BoardData(
+              stones,
+              lastMove,
+              color,
+              color.equals(Stone.WHITE),
+              zobrist,
+              moveNumber,
+              moveNumberList,
+              bc,
+              wc,
+              nextWinrate,
+              0);
+      newState.moveMNNumber = moveMNNumber;
+      newState.dummy = false;
+
+      // don't make this coordinate if it is suicidal or violates superko
+      if (isSuicidal > 0 || history.violatesKoRule(newState)) return;
+
+      // update leelaz with board position
+      if (Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz
+          && Lizzie.frame.playerIsBlack == getData().blackToPlay) {
+        Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(color, convertCoordinatesToName(x, y));
+        Lizzie.leelaz.genmove((Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay ? "W" : "B"));
+      } else if (!Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz && !Lizzie.leelaz.isInputCommand) {
+        Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(color, convertCoordinatesToName(x, y));
+      }
+
+      // update history with this coordinate
+      history.addOrGoto(newState, newBranch, changeMove);
+
+      Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * overloaded method for place(), chooses color in an alternating pattern
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate
+   * @param y y coordinate
+   */
+  public void place(int x, int y) {
+    place(x, y, history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * overloaded method for place. To be used by the LeelaZ engine. Color is then assumed to be
+   * alternating
+   *
+   * @param namedCoordinate the coordinate to place a stone,
+   */
+  public void place(String namedCoordinate) {
+    Optional<int[]> coords = asCoordinates(namedCoordinate);
+    if (coords.isPresent()) {
+      place(coords.get()[0], coords.get()[1]);
+    } else {
+      pass(history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** for handicap */
+  public void flatten() {
+    Stone[] stones = history.getStones();
+    boolean blackToPlay = history.isBlacksTurn();
+    Zobrist zobrist = history.getZobrist().clone();
+    BoardHistoryList oldHistory = history;
+    history =
+        new BoardHistoryList(
+            new BoardData(
+                stones,
+                Optional.empty(),
+                Stone.EMPTY,
+                blackToPlay,
+                zobrist,
+                0,
+                new int[boardWidth * boardHeight],
+                0,
+                0,
+                0.0,
+                0));
+    history.setGameInfo(oldHistory.getGameInfo());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes a chain if it has no liberties
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate -- needn't be valid
+   * @param y y coordinate -- needn't be valid
+   * @param color the color of the chain to remove
+   * @param stones the stones array to modify
+   * @param zobrist the zobrist object to modify
+   * @return number of removed stones
+   */
+  public static int removeDeadChain(int x, int y, Stone color, Stone[] stones, Zobrist zobrist) {
+    if (!isValid(x, y) || stones[getIndex(x, y)] != color) return 0;
+
+    boolean hasLiberties = hasLibertiesHelper(x, y, color, stones);
+
+    // either remove stones or reset what hasLibertiesHelper does to the board
+    return cleanupHasLibertiesHelper(x, y, color.recursed(), stones, zobrist, !hasLiberties);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively determines if a chain has liberties. Alters the state of stones, so it must be
+   * counteracted
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate -- needn't be valid
+   * @param y y coordinate -- needn't be valid
+   * @param color the color of the chain to be investigated
+   * @param stones the stones array to modify
+   * @return whether or not this chain has liberties
+   */
+  private static boolean hasLibertiesHelper(int x, int y, Stone color, Stone[] stones) {
+    if (!isValid(x, y)) return false;
+
+    if (stones[getIndex(x, y)] == Stone.EMPTY) return true; // a liberty was found
+    else if (stones[getIndex(x, y)] != color)
+      return false; // we are either neighboring an enemy stone, or one we've already recursed on
+
+    // set this index to be the recursed color to keep track of where we've already searched
+    stones[getIndex(x, y)] = color.recursed();
+
+    // set removeDeadChain to true if any recursive calls return true. Recurse in all 4 directions
+    boolean hasLiberties =
+        hasLibertiesHelper(x + 1, y, color, stones)
+            || hasLibertiesHelper(x, y + 1, color, stones)
+            || hasLibertiesHelper(x - 1, y, color, stones)
+            || hasLibertiesHelper(x, y - 1, color, stones);
+
+    return hasLiberties;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * cleans up what hasLibertyHelper does to the board state
+   *
+   * @param x x coordinate -- needn't be valid
+   * @param y y coordinate -- needn't be valid
+   * @param color color to clean up. Must be a recursed stone type
+   * @param stones the stones array to modify
+   * @param zobrist the zobrist object to modify
+   * @param removeStones if true, we will remove all these stones. otherwise, we will set them to
+   *     their unrecursed version
+   * @return number of removed stones
+   */
+  private static int cleanupHasLibertiesHelper(
+      int x, int y, Stone color, Stone[] stones, Zobrist zobrist, boolean removeStones) {
+    int removed = 0;
+    if (!isValid(x, y) || stones[getIndex(x, y)] != color) return 0;
+
+    stones[getIndex(x, y)] = removeStones ? Stone.EMPTY : color.unrecursed();
+    if (removeStones) {
+      zobrist.toggleStone(x, y, color.unrecursed());
+      removed = 1;
+    }
+
+    // use the flood fill algorithm to replace all adjacent recursed stones
+    removed += cleanupHasLibertiesHelper(x + 1, y, color, stones, zobrist, removeStones);
+    removed += cleanupHasLibertiesHelper(x, y + 1, color, stones, zobrist, removeStones);
+    removed += cleanupHasLibertiesHelper(x - 1, y, color, stones, zobrist, removeStones);
+    removed += cleanupHasLibertiesHelper(x, y - 1, color, stones, zobrist, removeStones);
+    return removed;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get current board state
+   *
+   * @return the stones array corresponding to the current board state
+   */
+  public Stone[] getStones() {
+    return history.getStones();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Shows where to mark the last coordinate
+   *
+   * @return the last played stone, if any, Optional.empty otherwise
+   */
+  public Optional<int[]> getLastMove() {
+    return history.getLastMove();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the move played in this position
+   *
+   * @return the next move, if any, Optional.empty otherwise
+   */
+  public Optional<int[]> getNextMove() {
+    return history.getNextMove();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets current board move number
+   *
+   * @return the int array corresponding to the current board move number
+   */
+  public int[] getMoveNumberList() {
+    return history.getMoveNumberList();
+  }
+
+  /** Goes to the next coordinate, thread safe */
+  public boolean nextMove() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      updateWinrate();
+      if (history.next().isPresent()) {
+        // update leelaz board position, before updating to next node
+        Optional<int[]> lastMoveOpt = history.getData().lastMove;
+        if (lastMoveOpt.isPresent()) {
+          int[] lastMove = lastMoveOpt.get();
+          String name = convertCoordinatesToName(lastMove[0], lastMove[1]);
+          Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(history.getLastMoveColor(), name);
+        } else {
+          Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(history.getLastMoveColor(), "pass");
+        }
+        Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Goes to the next coordinate, thread safe
+   *
+   * @param fromBackChildren by back children branch
+   * @return true when has next variation
+   */
+  public boolean nextMove(int fromBackChildren) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      updateWinrate();
+      return nextVariation(fromBackChildren);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Save the move number for restore If in the branch, save the back routing from children */
+  public void saveMoveNumber() {
+    BoardHistoryNode currentNode = history.getCurrentHistoryNode();
+    int curMoveNum = currentNode.getData().moveNumber;
+    if (curMoveNum > 0) {
+      if (!currentNode.isMainTrunk()) {
+        // If in branch, save the back routing from children
+        saveBackRouting(currentNode);
+      }
+      goToMoveNumber(0);
+    }
+    saveNode = Optional.of(currentNode);
+  }
+
+  /** Save the back routing from children */
+  public void saveBackRouting(BoardHistoryNode node) {
+    Optional<BoardHistoryNode> prev = node.previous();
+    prev.ifPresent(n -> n.setFromBackChildren(n.getVariations().indexOf(node)));
+    prev.ifPresent(n -> n.previous().ifPresent(p -> saveBackRouting(p)));
+  }
+
+  /** Restore move number by saved node */
+  public void restoreMoveNumber() {
+    saveNode.ifPresent(n -> restoreMoveNumber(n));
+  }
+
+  /** Restore move number by node */
+  public void restoreMoveNumber(BoardHistoryNode node) {
+    Stone[] stones = history.getStones();
+    for (int i = 0; i < stones.length; i++) {
+      Stone stone = stones[i];
+      if (stone.isBlack() || stone.isWhite()) {
+        int y = i % Board.boardWidth;
+        int x = (i - y) / Board.boardHeight;
+        Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(stone, convertCoordinatesToName(x, y));
+      }
+    }
+    int moveNumber = node.getData().moveNumber;
+    if (moveNumber > 0) {
+      if (node.isMainTrunk()) {
+        goToMoveNumber(moveNumber);
+      } else {
+        // If in Branch, restore by the back routing
+        goToMoveNumberByBackChildren(moveNumber);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Go to move number by back routing from children when in branch */
+  public void goToMoveNumberByBackChildren(int moveNumber) {
+    int delta = moveNumber - history.getMoveNumber();
+    for (int i = 0; i < Math.abs(delta); i++) {
+      BoardHistoryNode currentNode = history.getCurrentHistoryNode();
+      if (currentNode.hasVariations() && delta > 0) {
+        nextMove(currentNode.getFromBackChildren());
+      } else {
+        if (!(delta > 0 ? nextMove() : previousMove())) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean goToMoveNumber(int moveNumber) {
+    return goToMoveNumberHelper(moveNumber, false);
+  }
+
+  public boolean goToMoveNumberWithinBranch(int moveNumber) {
+    return goToMoveNumberHelper(moveNumber, true);
+  }
+
+  public boolean goToMoveNumberBeyondBranch(int moveNumber) {
+    // Go to main trunk if current branch is shorter than moveNumber.
+    if (moveNumber > history.currentBranchLength() && moveNumber <= history.mainTrunkLength()) {
+      goToMoveNumber(0);
+    }
+    return goToMoveNumber(moveNumber);
+  }
+
+  public boolean goToMoveNumberHelper(int moveNumber, boolean withinBranch) {
+    int delta = moveNumber - history.getMoveNumber();
+    boolean moved = false;
+    for (int i = 0; i < Math.abs(delta); i++) {
+      if (withinBranch && delta < 0) {
+        BoardHistoryNode currentNode = history.getCurrentHistoryNode();
+        if (!currentNode.isFirstChild()) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!(delta > 0 ? nextMove() : previousMove())) {
+        break;
+      }
+      moved = true;
+    }
+    return moved;
+  }
+
+  /** Goes to the next variation, thread safe */
+  public boolean nextVariation(int idx) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      // Don't update winrate here as this is usually called when jumping between variations
+      if (history.nextVariation(idx).isPresent()) {
+        // Update leelaz board position, before updating to next node
+        Optional<int[]> lastMoveOpt = history.getData().lastMove;
+        if (lastMoveOpt.isPresent()) {
+          int[] lastMove = lastMoveOpt.get();
+          String name = convertCoordinatesToName(lastMove[0], lastMove[1]);
+          Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(history.getLastMoveColor(), name);
+        } else {
+          Lizzie.leelaz.playMove(history.getLastMoveColor(), "pass");
+        }
+        Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns all the nodes at the given depth in the history tree, always including a node from the
+   * main variation (possibly less deep that the given depth).
+   *
+   * @return the list of candidate nodes
+   */
+  private List<BoardHistoryNode> branchCandidates(BoardHistoryNode node) {
+    int targetDepth = node.getData().moveNumber;
+    Stream<BoardHistoryNode> nodes = singletonList(history.root()).stream();
+    for (int i = 0; i < targetDepth; i++) {
+      nodes = nodes.flatMap(n -> n.getVariations().stream());
+    }
+    LinkedList<BoardHistoryNode> result = nodes.collect(Collectors.toCollection(LinkedList::new));
+
+    if (result.isEmpty() || !result.get(0).isMainTrunk()) {
+      BoardHistoryNode endOfMainTrunk = history.root();
+      while (endOfMainTrunk.next().isPresent()) {
+        endOfMainTrunk = endOfMainTrunk.next().get();
+      }
+      result.addFirst(endOfMainTrunk);
+      return result;
+    } else {
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moves to next variation (variation to the right) if possible. The variation must have a move
+   * with the same move number as the current move in it.
+   *
+   * @return true if there exist a target variation
+   */
+  public boolean nextBranch() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      BoardHistoryNode currentNode = history.getCurrentHistoryNode();
+      Optional<BoardHistoryNode> targetNode = Optional.empty();
+      boolean foundIt = false;
+      for (BoardHistoryNode candidate : branchCandidates(currentNode)) {
+        if (foundIt) {
+          targetNode = Optional.of(candidate);
+          break;
+        } else if (candidate == currentNode) {
+          foundIt = true;
+        }
+      }
+      if (targetNode.isPresent()) {
+        moveToAnyPosition(targetNode.get());
+      }
+      return targetNode.isPresent();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moves to previous variation (variation to the left) if possible, or back to main trunk To move
+   * to another variation, the variation must have the same number of moves in it.
+   *
+   * <p>Note: This method will always move back to main trunk, even if variation has more moves than
+   * main trunk (if this case it will move to the last move in the trunk).
+   *
+   * @return true if there exist a target variation
+   */
+  public boolean previousBranch() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      BoardHistoryNode currentNode = history.getCurrentHistoryNode();
+      Optional<BoardHistoryNode> targetNode = Optional.empty();
+      for (BoardHistoryNode candidate : branchCandidates(currentNode)) {
+        if (candidate == currentNode) {
+          break;
+        } else {
+          targetNode = Optional.of(candidate);
+        }
+      }
+      if (targetNode.isPresent()) {
+        moveToAnyPosition(targetNode.get());
+      }
+      return targetNode.isPresent();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Jump anywhere in the board history tree.
+   *
+   * @param targetNode history node to be located
+   * @return void
+   */
+  public void moveToAnyPosition(BoardHistoryNode targetNode) {
+    List<Integer> targetParents = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+    List<Integer> sourceParents = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+
+    BiConsumer<BoardHistoryNode, List<Integer>> populateParent =
+        (node, parentList) -> {
+          Optional<BoardHistoryNode> prevNode = node.previous();
+          while (prevNode.isPresent()) {
+            BoardHistoryNode p = prevNode.get();
+            for (int m = 0; m < p.numberOfChildren(); m++) {
+              if (p.getVariation(m).get() == node) {
+                parentList.add(m);
+              }
+            }
+            node = p;
+            prevNode = p.previous();
+          }
+        };
+
+    // Compute the path from the current node to the root
+    populateParent.accept(history.getCurrentHistoryNode(), sourceParents);
+
+    // Compute the path from the target node to the root
+    populateParent.accept(targetNode, targetParents);
+
+    // Compute the distance from source to the deepest common answer
+    int targetDepth = targetParents.size();
+    int sourceDepth = sourceParents.size();
+    int maxDepth = min(targetParents.size(), sourceParents.size());
+    int depth;
+    for (depth = 0; depth < maxDepth; depth++) {
+      int sourceParent = sourceParents.get(sourceDepth - depth - 1);
+      int targetParent = targetParents.get(targetDepth - depth - 1);
+      if (sourceParent != targetParent) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Move all the way up to the deepest common ansestor
+    for (int m = 0; m < sourceDepth - depth; m++) {
+      previousMove();
+    }
+
+    // Then all the way down to the target
+    for (int m = targetDepth - depth; m > 0; m--) {
+      nextVariation(targetParents.get(m - 1));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void moveBranchUp() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      history.getCurrentHistoryNode().topOfBranch().moveUp();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void moveBranchDown() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      history.getCurrentHistoryNode().topOfBranch().moveDown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void deleteMove() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      BoardHistoryNode currentNode = history.getCurrentHistoryNode();
+      if (currentNode.next(true).isPresent()) {
+        // Will delete more than one move, ask for confirmation
+        int ret =
+            JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(
+                null,
+                "This will delete all moves and branches after this move",
+                "Delete",
+                JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION);
+        if (ret != JOptionPane.OK_OPTION) {
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      if (currentNode.previous().isPresent()) {
+        BoardHistoryNode pre = currentNode.previous().get();
+        previousMove();
+        int idx = pre.indexOfNode(currentNode);
+        pre.deleteChild(idx);
+      } else {
+        clear(); // Clear the board if we're at the top
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void deleteBranch() {
+    int originalMoveNumber = history.getMoveNumber();
+    undoToChildOfPreviousWithVariation();
+    int moveNumberBeforeOperation = history.getMoveNumber();
+    deleteMove();
+    boolean canceled = (history.getMoveNumber() == moveNumberBeforeOperation);
+    if (canceled) {
+      goToMoveNumber(originalMoveNumber);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public BoardData getData() {
+    return history.getData();
+  }
+
+  public BoardHistoryList getHistory() {
+    return history;
+  }
+
+  /** Clears all history and starts over from empty board. */
+  public void clear() {
+    Lizzie.leelaz.clear();
+    Lizzie.frame.resetTitle();
+    Lizzie.frame.clear();
+    initialize();
+  }
+
+  /** Goes to the previous coordinate, thread safe */
+  public boolean previousMove() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (inScoreMode()) setScoreMode(false);
+      updateWinrate();
+      if (history.previous().isPresent()) {
+        Lizzie.leelaz.undo();
+        Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean undoToChildOfPreviousWithVariation() {
+    BoardHistoryNode start = history.getCurrentHistoryNode();
+    Optional<BoardHistoryNode> goal = start.findChildOfPreviousWithVariation();
+    if (!goal.isPresent() || start == goal.get()) return false;
+    while (history.getCurrentHistoryNode() != goal.get() && previousMove()) ;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public void setScoreMode(boolean on) {
+    if (on) {
+      // load a copy of the data at the current node of history
+      capturedStones = history.getStones().clone();
+    } else {
+      capturedStones = new Stone[] {};
+    }
+    scoreMode = on;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Starting at position stonex, stoney, remove all stones with same color within an area bordered by stones
+   * of opposite color (AKA captured stones)
+   */
+  private void toggleLiveStatus(Stone[] stones, int stonex, int stoney) {
+    Stone[] shdwstones = stones.clone();
+    Stone toggle = stones[getIndex(stonex, stoney)];
+    Stone toggleToo;
+    switch (toggle) {
+      case BLACK:
+        toggleToo = Stone.BLACK_CAPTURED;
+        break;
+      case BLACK_CAPTURED:
+        toggleToo = Stone.BLACK;
+        break;
+      case WHITE:
+        toggleToo = Stone.WHITE_CAPTURED;
+        break;
+      case WHITE_CAPTURED:
+        toggleToo = Stone.WHITE;
+        break;
+      default:
+        return;
+    }
+    boolean lastup, lastdown;
+    // This is using a flood fill algorithm that uses a Q instead of being recursive
+    Queue<int[]> visitQ = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    visitQ.add(new int[] {stonex, stoney});
+    while (!visitQ.isEmpty()) {
+      int[] curpos = visitQ.remove();
+      int x = curpos[0];
+      int y = curpos[1];
+
+      // Move all the way left
+      while (x > 0
+          && (stones[getIndex(x - 1, y)] == Stone.EMPTY || stones[getIndex(x - 1, y)] == toggle)) {
+        x--;
+      }
+
+      lastup = lastdown = false;
+      // Find all stones within empty area line by line (new lines added to Q)
+      while (x < boardWidth) {
+        if (shdwstones[getIndex(x, y)] == Stone.EMPTY) {
+          shdwstones[getIndex(x, y)] = Stone.DAME; // Too mark that it has been visited
+        } else if (stones[getIndex(x, y)] == toggle) {
+          stones[getIndex(x, y)] = toggleToo;
+        } else {
+          break;
+        }
+        // Check above
+        if (y - 1 >= 0
+            && (shdwstones[getIndex(x, y - 1)] == Stone.EMPTY
+                || stones[getIndex(x, y - 1)] == toggle)) {
+          if (!lastup) visitQ.add(new int[] {x, y - 1});
+          lastup = true;
+        } else {
+          lastup = false;
+        }
+        // Check below
+        if (y + 1 < boardHeight
+            && (shdwstones[getIndex(x, y + 1)] == Stone.EMPTY
+                || stones[getIndex(x, y + 1)] == toggle)) {
+          if (!lastdown) visitQ.add(new int[] {x, y + 1});
+          lastdown = true;
+        } else {
+          lastdown = false;
+        }
+        x++;
+      }
+    }
+    Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Check if a point on the board is empty or contains a captured stone
+   */
+  private boolean emptyOrCaptured(Stone[] stones, int x, int y) {
+    int curidx = getIndex(x, y);
+    if (stones[curidx] == Stone.EMPTY
+        || stones[curidx] == Stone.BLACK_CAPTURED
+        || stones[curidx] == Stone.WHITE_CAPTURED) return true;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Starting from startx, starty, mark all empty points within area as either white, black or dame.
+   * If two stones of opposite color (neither marked as captured) is encountered, the area is dame.
+   *
+   * @return A stone with color white, black or dame
+   */
+  private Stone markEmptyArea(Stone[] stones, int startx, int starty) {
+    Stone[] shdwstones = stones.clone();
+    // Found will either be black or white, or dame if both are found in area
+    Stone found = Stone.EMPTY;
+    boolean lastup, lastdown;
+    Queue<int[]> visitQ = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    visitQ.add(new int[] {startx, starty});
+    Deque<Integer> allPoints = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    // Check one line at the time, new lines added to visitQ
+    while (!visitQ.isEmpty()) {
+      int[] curpos = visitQ.remove();
+      int x = curpos[0];
+      int y = curpos[1];
+      if (!emptyOrCaptured(shdwstones, x, y)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Move all the way left
+      while (x > 0 && emptyOrCaptured(shdwstones, x - 1, y)) {
+        x--;
+      }
+      // Are we on the border, or do we have a stone to the left?
+      if (x > 0 && shdwstones[getIndex(x - 1, y)] != found) {
+        if (found == Stone.EMPTY) found = shdwstones[getIndex(x - 1, y)];
+        else found = Stone.DAME;
+      }
+
+      lastup = lastdown = false;
+      while (x < boardWidth && emptyOrCaptured(shdwstones, x, y)) {
+        // Check above
+        if (y - 1 >= 0 && shdwstones[getIndex(x, y - 1)] != Stone.DAME) {
+          if (emptyOrCaptured(shdwstones, x, y - 1)) {
+            if (!lastup) visitQ.add(new int[] {x, y - 1});
+            lastup = true;
+          } else {
+            lastup = false;
+            if (found != shdwstones[getIndex(x, y - 1)]) {
+              if (found == Stone.EMPTY) {
+                found = shdwstones[getIndex(x, y - 1)];
+              } else {
+                found = Stone.DAME;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        // Check below
+        if (y + 1 < boardHeight && shdwstones[getIndex(x, y + 1)] != Stone.DAME) {
+          if (emptyOrCaptured(shdwstones, x, y + 1)) {
+            if (!lastdown) {
+              visitQ.add(new int[] {x, y + 1});
+            }
+            lastdown = true;
+          } else {
+            lastdown = false;
+            if (found != shdwstones[getIndex(x, y + 1)]) {
+              if (found == Stone.EMPTY) {
+                found = shdwstones[getIndex(x, y + 1)];
+              } else {
+                found = Stone.DAME;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        // Add current stone to empty area and mark as visited
+        if (shdwstones[getIndex(x, y)] == Stone.EMPTY) allPoints.add(getIndex(x, y));
+
+        // Use dame stone to mark as visited
+        shdwstones[getIndex(x, y)] = Stone.DAME;
+        x++;
+      }
+      // At this point x is at the edge of the board or on a stone
+      if (x < boardWidth && shdwstones[getIndex(x, y)] != found) {
+        if (found == Stone.EMPTY) found = shdwstones[getIndex(x, y)];
+        else found = Stone.DAME;
+      }
+    }
+    // Finally mark all points as black or white captured if they were surronded by white or black
+    if (found == Stone.WHITE) found = Stone.WHITE_POINT;
+    else if (found == Stone.BLACK) found = Stone.BLACK_POINT;
+    // else found == DAME and will be set as this.
+    while (!allPoints.isEmpty()) {
+      int idx = allPoints.remove();
+      stones[idx] = found;
+    }
+    return found;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Mark all empty points on board as black point, white point or dame
+   */
+  public Stone[] scoreStones() {
+
+    Stone[] scoreStones = capturedStones.clone();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < boardWidth; i++) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < boardHeight; j++) {
+        if (scoreStones[getIndex(i, j)] == Stone.EMPTY) {
+          markEmptyArea(scoreStones, i, j);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return scoreStones;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Count score for whole board, including komi and captured stones
+   */
+  public double[] getScore(Stone[] scoreStones) {
+    double score[] =
+        new double[] {
+          getData().blackCaptures, getData().whiteCaptures + getHistory().getGameInfo().getKomi()
+        };
+    for (int i = 0; i < boardWidth; i++) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < boardHeight; j++) {
+        switch (scoreStones[getIndex(i, j)]) {
+          case BLACK_POINT:
+            score[0]++;
+            break;
+          case BLACK_CAPTURED:
+            score[1] += 2;
+            break;
+
+          case WHITE_POINT:
+            score[1]++;
+            break;
+          case WHITE_CAPTURED:
+            score[0] += 2;
+            break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return score;
+  }
+
+  public boolean inAnalysisMode() {
+    return analysisMode;
+  }
+
+  public boolean inScoreMode() {
+    return scoreMode;
+  }
+
+  public void toggleAnalysis() {
+    if (analysisMode) {
+      Lizzie.leelaz.removeListener(this);
+      analysisMode = false;
+    } else {
+      if (!getNextMove().isPresent()) return;
+      String answer =
+          JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
+              "# playouts for analysis (e.g. 100 (fast) or 50000 (slow)): ");
+      try {
+        playoutsAnalysis = Integer.parseInt(answer);
+      } catch (NumberFormatException err) {
+        System.out.println("Not a valid number");
+        return;
+      }
+      Lizzie.leelaz.addListener(this);
+      analysisMode = true;
+      if (!Lizzie.leelaz.isPondering()) Lizzie.leelaz.togglePonder();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void bestMoveNotification(List<MoveData> bestMoves) {
+    if (analysisMode) {
+      boolean isSuccessivePass =
+          (history.getPrevious().isPresent()
+              && !history.getPrevious().get().lastMove.isPresent()
+              && !getLastMove().isPresent());
+      // Note: We cannot replace this history.getNext() with getNextMove()
+      // because the latter returns null if the next move is "pass".
+      if (!history.getNext().isPresent() || isSuccessivePass) {
+        // Reached the end...
+        toggleAnalysis();
+      } else if (bestMoves.isEmpty()) {
+        // If we get empty list, something strange happened, ignore notification
+      } else {
+        // sum the playouts to proceed like leelaz's --visits option.
+        int sum = 0;
+        for (MoveData move : bestMoves) {
+          sum += move.playouts;
+        }
+        if (sum >= playoutsAnalysis) {
+          nextMove();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void autosave() {
+    if (autosaveToMemory()) {
+      try {
+        Lizzie.config.persist();
+      } catch (IOException err) {
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean autosaveToMemory() {
+    try {
+      String sgf = SGFParser.saveToString();
+      if (sgf.equals(Lizzie.config.persisted.getString("autosave"))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      Lizzie.config.persisted.put("autosave", sgf);
+    } catch (Exception err) { // IOException or JSONException
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public void resumePreviousGame() {
+    try {
+      SGFParser.loadFromString(Lizzie.config.persisted.getString("autosave"));
+      while (nextMove()) ;
+    } catch (JSONException err) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void updateWinrate() {
+    Leelaz.WinrateStats stats = Lizzie.leelaz.getWinrateStats();
+    if (stats.maxWinrate >= 0 && stats.totalPlayouts > history.getData().getPlayouts()) {
+      history.getData().winrate = stats.maxWinrate;
+      // we won't set playouts here. but setting winrate is ok... it shows the user that we are
+      // computing. i think its fine.
+      if (!Lizzie.config.holdWinrateToMove) {
+        history.getData().setPlayouts(stats.totalPlayouts);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean changeMove(int moveNumber, String changeMove) {
+    Optional<int[]> changeCoord = asCoordinates(changeMove);
+    if ("pass".equalsIgnoreCase(changeMove)) {
+      changeMove(moveNumber, (int[]) null);
+      return true;
+    } else if ("swap".equalsIgnoreCase(changeMove)) {
+      changeMove(moveNumber, null, true);
+      return true;
+    } else if (changeCoord.isPresent()
+        && Board.isValid(changeCoord.get()[0], changeCoord.get()[1])) {
+      changeCoord.map(c -> changeMove(moveNumber, c, false));
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean changeMove(int moveNumber, int[] coords) {
+    return changeMove(moveNumber, coords, false);
+  }
+
+  public boolean changeMove(int moveNumber, int[] coords, boolean swapColorOnly) {
+    if (moveNumber <= 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    int endMoveNumber = history.getEnd().moveNumberOfNode();
+    if (moveNumber > endMoveNumber) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    int currentMoveNumber = history.getMoveNumber();
+
+    goToMoveNumber(moveNumber - 1);
+
+    Optional<BoardHistoryNode> changeNode = history.getCurrentHistoryNode().next();
+    Optional<BoardHistoryNode> relink = changeNode.flatMap(n -> n.next());
+
+    // Change Move
+    if (swapColorOnly) {
+      if (changeNode.isPresent()) {
+        Optional<int[]> c = changeNode.get().getData().lastMove;
+        if (c.isPresent() && isValid(c.get())) {
+          changeNode
+              .map(n -> n.getData())
+              .map(d -> d.lastMoveColor)
+              .ifPresent(s -> place(c.get()[0], c.get()[1], s.opposite(), false, true));
+        } else {
+          pass(history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE, false, false, true);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (coords != null && Board.isValid(coords[0], coords[1])) {
+        place(
+            coords[0], coords[1], history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE, false, true);
+      } else {
+        pass(history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE, false, false, true);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Optional<BoardHistoryNode> node = relink;
+    while (node.isPresent()) {
+      Optional<int[]> lastMove = node.get().getData().lastMove;
+      if (lastMove.isPresent()) {
+        int[] m = lastMove.get();
+        if (Board.isValid(m[0], m[1])) {
+          place(
+              m[0],
+              m[1],
+              swapColorOnly
+                  ? node.get().getData().lastMoveColor
+                  : history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE,
+              false,
+              true);
+        } else {
+          pass(
+              swapColorOnly
+                  ? node.get().getData().lastMoveColor
+                  : history.isBlacksTurn() ? Stone.BLACK : Stone.WHITE,
+              false,
+              false,
+              true);
+        }
+        node = node.get().next();
+      }
+    }
+
+    goToMoveNumber(currentMoveNumber);
+
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `featurecat.lizzie.rules.Board.updateWinrate` writes to field `n$19.featurecat.lizzie.rules.BoardData.winrate` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$19 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$19.featurecat.lizzie.rules.BoardData.winrate might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Board.updateWinrate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+featurecat.lizzie.rules.Board.updateWinrate():void.107dd9b653149b604851bb701a93da13
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/featurecat/lizzie/rules/Board.java
+
+### Key:
+Board.java|updateWinrate|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c6cce058383bd60ce278c84cebc3ceb9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10096/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10096/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20c4161fd7cbd3af3a08abb7e830768e1db74e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10096/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1139 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** lizzie
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package featurecat.lizzie.gui;
+
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import featurecat.lizzie.Lizzie;
+import featurecat.lizzie.analysis.Branch;
+import featurecat.lizzie.analysis.MoveData;
+import featurecat.lizzie.rules.Board;
+import featurecat.lizzie.rules.BoardHistoryNode;
+import featurecat.lizzie.rules.Stone;
+import featurecat.lizzie.rules.Zobrist;
+import featurecat.lizzie.theme.DefaultTheme;
+import featurecat.lizzie.theme.ITheme;
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.font.TextAttribute;
+import java.awt.geom.Point2D;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.ImageObserver;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class BoardRenderer {
+    private static final double MARGIN = 0.03; // percentage of the boardLength to offset before drawing black lines
+    private static final double MARGIN_WITH_COORDINATES = 0.06;
+    private static final double STARPOINT_DIAMETER = 0.015;
+
+    private int x, y;
+    private int boardLength;
+
+    private JSONObject uiConfig, uiPersist;
+
+    private int scaledMargin, availableLength, squareLength, stoneRadius;
+    private Branch branch;
+    private List<MoveData> bestMoves;
+
+    private BufferedImage cachedBackgroundImage = null;
+    private boolean cachedBackgroundImageHasCoordinatesEnabled = false;
+    private int cachedX, cachedY;
+
+    private BufferedImage cachedStonesImage = null;
+    private BufferedImage cachedStonesShadowImage = null;
+    private Zobrist cachedZhash = new Zobrist(); // defaults to an empty board
+
+    private BufferedImage cachedBlackStoneImage = null;
+    private BufferedImage cachedWhiteStoneImage = null;
+
+    private BufferedImage branchStonesImage = null;
+    private BufferedImage branchStonesShadowImage = null;
+
+    private boolean lastInScoreMode = false;
+
+    public ITheme theme;
+    public List<String> variation;
+
+    // special values of displayedBranchLength
+    public static final int SHOW_RAW_BOARD = -1;
+    public static final int SHOW_NORMAL_BOARD = -2;
+
+    private int displayedBranchLength = SHOW_NORMAL_BOARD;
+    private int cachedDisplayedBranchLength = SHOW_RAW_BOARD;
+    private boolean showingBranch = false;
+    private boolean isMainBoard = false;
+
+    private int maxAlpha = 240;
+
+    public BoardRenderer(boolean isMainBoard) {
+        uiConfig = Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("ui");
+        theme = ITheme.loadTheme(uiConfig.getString("theme"));
+        if (theme == null) {
+            theme = new DefaultTheme();
+        }
+        uiPersist = Lizzie.config.persisted.getJSONObject("ui-persist");
+        try {
+            maxAlpha = uiPersist.getInt("max-alpha");
+        } catch (JSONException e) {}
+        this.isMainBoard = isMainBoard;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw a go board
+     */
+    public void draw(Graphics2D g) {
+        if (Lizzie.frame == null || Lizzie.board == null)
+            return;
+
+        setupSizeParameters();
+
+//        Stopwatch timer = new Stopwatch();
+        drawBackground(g);
+//        timer.lap("background");
+        drawStones();
+//        timer.lap("stones");
+        if (Lizzie.board.inScoreMode() && isMainBoard) {
+            drawScore(g);
+        } else {
+            drawBranch();
+        }
+//        timer.lap("branch");
+
+        renderImages(g);
+//        timer.lap("rendering images");
+
+        if (!isMainBoard) {
+            drawMoveNumbers(g);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!isShowingRawBoard()) {
+            drawMoveNumbers(g);
+//        timer.lap("movenumbers");
+            if (!Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz && Lizzie.config.showBestMoves)
+                drawLeelazSuggestions(g);
+
+            if (Lizzie.config.showNextMoves) {
+                drawNextMoves(g);
+            }
+        }
+
+//        timer.lap("leelaz");
+
+//        timer.print();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the best move of Leelaz's suggestions
+     *
+     * @return the coordinate name of the best move
+     */
+    public String bestMoveCoordinateName() {
+        if (bestMoves == null || bestMoves.size() == 0) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return bestMoves.get(0).coordinate;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate good values for boardLength, scaledMargin, availableLength, and squareLength
+     */
+    private void setupSizeParameters() {
+        int originalBoardLength = boardLength;
+
+        int[] calculatedPixelMargins = calculatePixelMargins();
+        boardLength = calculatedPixelMargins[0];
+        scaledMargin = calculatedPixelMargins[1];
+        availableLength = calculatedPixelMargins[2];
+
+        squareLength = calculateSquareLength(availableLength);
+        stoneRadius = squareLength / 2 - 1;
+
+        // re-center board
+        setLocation(x + (originalBoardLength - boardLength) / 2, y + (originalBoardLength - boardLength) / 2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw the green background and go board with lines. We cache the image for a performance boost.
+     */
+    private void drawBackground(Graphics2D g0) {
+        // draw the cached background image if frame size changes
+        if (cachedBackgroundImage == null || cachedBackgroundImage.getWidth() != Lizzie.frame.getWidth() ||
+                cachedBackgroundImage.getHeight() != Lizzie.frame.getHeight() ||
+                cachedX != x || cachedY != y ||
+                cachedBackgroundImageHasCoordinatesEnabled != showCoordinates()) {
+
+            cachedBackgroundImage = new BufferedImage(Lizzie.frame.getWidth(), Lizzie.frame.getHeight(),
+                    BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+            Graphics2D g = cachedBackgroundImage.createGraphics();
+
+            // draw the wooden background
+            drawWoodenBoard(g);
+
+            // draw the lines
+            g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
+            for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+                g.drawLine(x + scaledMargin, y + scaledMargin + squareLength * i,
+                        x + scaledMargin + availableLength - 1, y + scaledMargin + squareLength * i);
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+                g.drawLine(x + scaledMargin + squareLength * i, y + scaledMargin,
+                        x + scaledMargin + squareLength * i, y + scaledMargin + availableLength - 1);
+            }
+
+            // draw the star points
+            drawStarPoints(g);
+
+            // draw coordinates if enabled
+            if (showCoordinates()) {
+                g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
+                String alphabet = "ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRST";
+                for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+                    drawString(g, x + scaledMargin + squareLength * i, y + scaledMargin / 2, LizzieFrame.OpenSansRegularBase, "" + alphabet.charAt(i), stoneRadius * 4 / 5, stoneRadius);
+                    drawString(g, x + scaledMargin + squareLength * i, y - scaledMargin / 2 + boardLength, LizzieFrame.OpenSansRegularBase, "" + alphabet.charAt(i), stoneRadius * 4 / 5, stoneRadius);
+                }
+                for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+                    drawString(g, x + scaledMargin / 2, y + scaledMargin + squareLength * i, LizzieFrame.OpenSansRegularBase, "" + (Board.BOARD_SIZE - i), stoneRadius * 4 / 5, stoneRadius);
+                    drawString(g, x - scaledMargin / 2 + +boardLength, y + scaledMargin + squareLength * i, LizzieFrame.OpenSansRegularBase, "" + (Board.BOARD_SIZE - i), stoneRadius * 4 / 5, stoneRadius);
+                }
+            }
+            cachedBackgroundImageHasCoordinatesEnabled = showCoordinates();
+            g.dispose();
+        }
+
+        g0.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_OFF);
+        g0.drawImage(cachedBackgroundImage, 0, 0, null);
+        cachedX = x;
+        cachedY = y;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw the star points on the board, according to board size
+     *
+     * @param g graphics2d object to draw
+     */
+    private void drawStarPoints(Graphics2D g) {
+        if (Board.BOARD_SIZE == 9) {
+            drawStarPoints9x9(g);
+        } else if (Board.BOARD_SIZE == 13) {
+            drawStarPoints13x13(g);
+        } else {
+            drawStarPoints19x19(g);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void drawStarPoints19x19(Graphics2D g) {
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+        int starPointRadius = (int) (STARPOINT_DIAMETER * boardLength) / 2;
+        final int NUM_STARPOINTS = 3;
+        final int STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET = 3;
+        final int STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE = 6;
+        for (int i = 0; i < NUM_STARPOINTS; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < NUM_STARPOINTS; j++) {
+                int centerX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * (STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET + STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE * i);
+                int centerY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * (STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET + STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE * j);
+                fillCircle(g, centerX, centerY, starPointRadius);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void drawStarPoints13x13(Graphics2D g) {
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+        int starPointRadius = (int) (STARPOINT_DIAMETER * boardLength) / 2;
+        final int NUM_STARPOINTS = 2;
+        final int STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET = 3;
+        final int STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE = 6;
+        for (int i = 0; i < NUM_STARPOINTS; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < NUM_STARPOINTS; j++) {
+                int centerX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * (STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET + STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE * i);
+                int centerY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * (STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET + STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE * j);
+                fillCircle(g, centerX, centerY, starPointRadius);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Draw center
+        int centerX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE;
+        int centerY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE;
+        fillCircle(g, centerX, centerY, starPointRadius);
+    }
+
+    private void drawStarPoints9x9(Graphics2D g) {
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+        int starPointRadius = (int) (STARPOINT_DIAMETER * boardLength) / 2;
+        final int NUM_STARPOINTS = 2;
+        final int STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET = 2;
+        final int STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE = 4;
+        for (int i = 0; i < NUM_STARPOINTS; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < NUM_STARPOINTS; j++) {
+                int centerX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * (STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET + STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE * i);
+                int centerY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * (STARPOINT_EDGE_OFFSET + STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE * j);
+                fillCircle(g, centerX, centerY, starPointRadius);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Draw center
+        int centerX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE;
+        int centerY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * STARPOINT_GRID_DISTANCE;
+        fillCircle(g, centerX, centerY, starPointRadius);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw the stones. We cache the image for a performance boost.
+     */
+    private void drawStones() {
+        // draw a new image if frame size changes or board state changes
+        if (cachedStonesImage == null || cachedStonesImage.getWidth() != boardLength ||
+                cachedStonesImage.getHeight() != boardLength ||
+                cachedDisplayedBranchLength != displayedBranchLength ||
+                !cachedZhash.equals(Lizzie.board.getData().zobrist)
+                || Lizzie.board.inScoreMode() || lastInScoreMode) {
+
+            cachedStonesImage = new BufferedImage(boardLength, boardLength, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+            cachedStonesShadowImage = new BufferedImage(boardLength, boardLength, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+            Graphics2D g = cachedStonesImage.createGraphics();
+            Graphics2D gShadow = cachedStonesShadowImage.createGraphics();
+
+            // we need antialiasing to make the stones pretty. Java is a bit slow at antialiasing; that's why we want the cache
+            g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+            gShadow.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+                for (int j = 0; j < Board.BOARD_SIZE; j++) {
+                    int stoneX = scaledMargin + squareLength * i;
+                    int stoneY = scaledMargin + squareLength * j;
+                    drawStone(g, gShadow, stoneX, stoneY, Lizzie.board.getStones()[Board.getIndex(i, j)], i, j);
+                }
+            }
+
+            cachedZhash = Lizzie.board.getData().zobrist.clone();
+            cachedDisplayedBranchLength = displayedBranchLength;
+            g.dispose();
+            gShadow.dispose();
+            lastInScoreMode = false;
+        }
+        if (Lizzie.board.inScoreMode()) lastInScoreMode = true;
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Draw a white/black dot on territory and captured stones. Dame is drawn as red dot.
+     */
+    private void drawScore(Graphics2D go) {
+        Graphics2D g = cachedStonesImage.createGraphics();
+        Stone scorestones[] = Lizzie.board.scoreStones();
+        int scoreRadius = stoneRadius / 4;
+        for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < Board.BOARD_SIZE; j++) {
+                int stoneX = scaledMargin + squareLength * i;
+                int stoneY = scaledMargin + squareLength * j;
+                switch (scorestones[Board.getIndex(i, j)]) {
+                    case WHITE_POINT:
+                    case BLACK_CAPTURED:
+                        g.setColor(Color.white);
+                        fillCircle(g,  stoneX, stoneY, scoreRadius);
+                        break;
+                    case BLACK_POINT:
+                    case WHITE_CAPTURED:
+                        g.setColor(Color.black);
+                        fillCircle(g,  stoneX, stoneY, scoreRadius);
+                        break;
+                    case DAME:
+                        g.setColor(Color.red);
+                        fillCircle(g,  stoneX, stoneY, scoreRadius);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        g.dispose();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw the 'ghost stones' which show a variation Leelaz is thinking about
+     */
+    private void drawBranch() {
+        showingBranch = false;
+        branchStonesImage = new BufferedImage(boardLength, boardLength, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+        branchStonesShadowImage = new BufferedImage(boardLength, boardLength, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+        branch = null;
+
+        if (Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz || Lizzie.leelaz == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // calculate best moves and branch
+        bestMoves = Lizzie.leelaz.getBestMoves();
+        branch = null;
+        variation = null;
+
+        if (isMainBoard && (isShowingRawBoard() || !Lizzie.config.showBranch)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) branchStonesImage.getGraphics();
+        Graphics2D gShadow = (Graphics2D) branchStonesShadowImage.getGraphics();
+
+        MoveData suggestedMove = (isMainBoard ? mouseHoveredMove() : getBestMove());
+        if (suggestedMove == null)
+            return;
+        variation = suggestedMove.variation;
+        branch = new Branch(Lizzie.board, variation);
+
+        if (branch == null)
+            return;
+        showingBranch = true;
+
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < Board.BOARD_SIZE; j++) {
+                if (Lizzie.board.getData().stones[Board.getIndex(i,j)] != Stone.EMPTY)
+                    continue;
+                if (branch.data.moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(i,j)] > maxBranchMoves())
+                    continue;
+
+                int stoneX = scaledMargin + squareLength * i;
+                int stoneY = scaledMargin + squareLength * j;
+
+                drawStone(g, gShadow, stoneX, stoneY, branch.data.stones[Board.getIndex(i, j)].unGhosted(), i, j);
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        g.dispose();
+        gShadow.dispose();
+    }
+
+    private MoveData mouseHoveredMove() {
+        if (Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < bestMoves.size(); i++) {
+                MoveData move = bestMoves.get(i);
+                int[] coord = Board.convertNameToCoordinates(move.coordinate);
+                if (coord == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (coord[0] == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[0] && coord[1] == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[1]) {
+                    return move;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private MoveData getBestMove() {
+        return bestMoves.isEmpty() ? null : bestMoves.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * render the shadows and stones in correct background-foreground order
+     */
+    private void renderImages(Graphics2D g) {
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_OFF);
+        g.drawImage(cachedStonesShadowImage, x, y, null);
+        if (Lizzie.config.showBranch) {
+            g.drawImage(branchStonesShadowImage, x, y, null);
+        }
+        g.drawImage(cachedStonesImage, x, y, null);
+        if (Lizzie.config.showBranch) {
+            g.drawImage(branchStonesImage, x, y, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw move numbers and/or mark the last played move
+     */
+    private void drawMoveNumbers(Graphics2D g) {
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+
+        int[] lastMove = branch == null ? Lizzie.board.getLastMove() : branch.data.lastMove;
+        if (!Lizzie.config.showMoveNumber && branch == null) {
+            if (lastMove != null) {
+                // mark the last coordinate
+                int lastMoveMarkerRadius = stoneRadius / 2;
+                int stoneX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * lastMove[0];
+                int stoneY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * lastMove[1];
+
+                // set color to the opposite color of whatever is on the board
+                g.setColor(Lizzie.board.getStones()[Board.getIndex(lastMove[0], lastMove[1])].isWhite() ?
+                        Color.BLACK : Color.WHITE);
+                drawCircle(g, stoneX, stoneY, lastMoveMarkerRadius);
+            } else if (lastMove == null && Lizzie.board.getData().moveNumber != 0 && !Lizzie.board.inScoreMode()) {
+                g.setColor(Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay ? new Color(255, 255, 255, 150) : new Color(0, 0, 0, 150));
+                g.fillOval(x + boardLength / 2 - 4 * stoneRadius, y + boardLength / 2 - 4 * stoneRadius, stoneRadius * 8, stoneRadius * 8);
+                g.setColor(Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay ? new Color(0, 0, 0, 255) : new Color(255, 255, 255, 255));
+                drawString(g, x + boardLength / 2, y + boardLength / 2, LizzieFrame.OpenSansRegularBase, "pass", stoneRadius * 4, stoneRadius * 6);
+            }
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int[] moveNumberList = branch == null ? Lizzie.board.getMoveNumberList() : branch.data.moveNumberList;
+
+        // Allow to display only last move number
+        int lastMoveNumber = branch == null ? Lizzie.board.getData().moveNumber : branch.data.moveNumber;
+        int onlyLastMoveNumber = Lizzie.config.uiConfig.optInt("only-last-move-number", 9999);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < Board.BOARD_SIZE; j++) {
+                int stoneX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * i;
+                int stoneY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * j;
+
+                // Allow to display only last move number
+                if (lastMoveNumber - moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(i, j)] >= onlyLastMoveNumber) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Stone stoneAtThisPoint = branch == null ? Lizzie.board.getStones()[Board.getIndex(i, j)] :
+                        branch.data.stones[Board.getIndex(i, j)];
+
+                // don't write the move number if either: the move number is 0, or there will already be playout information written
+                if (moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(i, j)] > 0 && !(branch != null && Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate != null && i == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[0] && j == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[1])) {
+                    if (lastMove != null && i == lastMove[0] && j == lastMove[1])
+                        g.setColor(Color.RED.brighter());//stoneAtThisPoint.isBlack() ? Color.RED.brighter() : Color.BLUE.brighter());
+                    else {
+                        // Draw white letters on black stones nomally.
+                        // But use black letters for showing black moves without stones.
+                        boolean reverse = (moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(i, j)] > maxBranchMoves());
+                        g.setColor(stoneAtThisPoint.isBlack() ^ reverse ? Color.WHITE : Color.BLACK);
+                    }
+
+                    String moveNumberString = moveNumberList[Board.getIndex(i, j)] + "";
+                    drawString(g, stoneX, stoneY, LizzieFrame.OpenSansRegularBase, moveNumberString, (float) (stoneRadius * 1.4), (int) (stoneRadius * 1.4));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw all of Leelaz's suggestions as colored stones with winrate/playout statistics overlayed
+     */
+    private void drawLeelazSuggestions(Graphics2D g) {
+        if (Lizzie.leelaz == null)
+            return;
+
+        final int MIN_ALPHA = 32;
+        final double HUE_SCALING_FACTOR = 3.0;
+        final double ALPHA_SCALING_FACTOR = 5.0;
+        final float GREEN_HUE = Color.RGBtoHSB(0, 1, 0, null)[0];
+        final float CYAN_HUE = Color.RGBtoHSB(0, 1, 1, null)[0];
+
+        if (!bestMoves.isEmpty()) {
+
+            int maxPlayouts = 0;
+            double maxWinrate = 0;
+            for (MoveData move : bestMoves) {
+                if (move.playouts > maxPlayouts)
+                    maxPlayouts = move.playouts;
+                if (move.winrate > maxWinrate)
+                    maxWinrate = move.winrate;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < Board.BOARD_SIZE; i++) {
+                for (int j = 0; j < Board.BOARD_SIZE; j++) {
+                    MoveData move = null;
+
+                    // this is inefficient but it looks better with shadows
+                    for (MoveData m : bestMoves) {
+                        int[] coord = Board.convertNameToCoordinates(m.coordinate);
+                        // Handle passes
+                        if (coord == null) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if (coord[0] == i && coord[1] == j) {
+                            move = m;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (move == null)
+                        continue;
+
+                    boolean isBestMove = bestMoves.get(0) == move;
+                    boolean hasMaxWinrate = move.winrate == maxWinrate;
+
+                    if (move.playouts == 0) // this actually can happen
+                        continue;
+
+                    double percentPlayouts = (double) move.playouts / maxPlayouts;
+
+                    int[] coordinates = Board.convertNameToCoordinates(move.coordinate);
+                    int suggestionX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * coordinates[0];
+                    int suggestionY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * coordinates[1];
+
+
+                    // 0 = Reddest hue
+                    float hue = isBestMove ? CYAN_HUE : (float) (-GREEN_HUE * Math.max(0, Math.log(percentPlayouts) / HUE_SCALING_FACTOR + 1));
+                    float saturation = 0.75f; //saturation
+                    float brightness = 0.85f; //brightness
+                    int alpha = (int) (MIN_ALPHA + (maxAlpha - MIN_ALPHA) * Math.max(0, Math.log(percentPlayouts) /
+                            ALPHA_SCALING_FACTOR + 1));
+//                    if (uiConfig.getBoolean("shadows-enabled"))
+//                        alpha = 255;
+
+                    Color hsbColor = Color.getHSBColor(hue, saturation, brightness);
+                    Color color = new Color(hsbColor.getRed(), hsbColor.getBlue(), hsbColor.getGreen(), alpha);
+
+                    if (branch == null) {
+                        drawShadow(g, suggestionX, suggestionY, true, (float) alpha / 255);
+                        g.setColor(color);
+                        fillCircle(g, suggestionX, suggestionY, stoneRadius);
+                    }
+
+                    if (branch == null || (isBestMove && Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate != null && coordinates[0] == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[0] && coordinates[1] == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[1])) {
+                        int strokeWidth = 1;
+                        if (isBestMove != hasMaxWinrate) {
+                            strokeWidth = 2;
+                            g.setColor(isBestMove ? Color.RED : Color.BLUE);
+                            g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(strokeWidth));
+                        } else {
+                            g.setColor(color.darker());
+                        }
+                        drawCircle(g, suggestionX, suggestionY, stoneRadius - strokeWidth / 2);
+                        g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(1));
+                    }
+
+
+                    if ((branch == null && (hasMaxWinrate || percentPlayouts >= uiConfig.getDouble("min-playout-ratio-for-stats"))) ||
+                        (Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate != null && coordinates[0] == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[0] && coordinates[1] == Lizzie.frame.mouseHoverCoordinate[1])) {
+                        double roundedWinrate = Math.round(move.winrate * 10) / 10.0;
+                        if (uiConfig.getBoolean("win-rate-always-black") && !Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay) {
+                           roundedWinrate = 100.0 - roundedWinrate;
+                        }
+                        g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
+                        if (branch != null && Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay)
+                            g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
+
+                        String text;
+                        if (Lizzie.config.handicapInsteadOfWinrate) {
+                            text=String.format("%.2f", Lizzie.leelaz.winrateToHandicap(move.winrate));
+                        } else {
+                            text=String.format("%.1f", roundedWinrate);
+                        }
+
+                        drawString(g, suggestionX, suggestionY, LizzieFrame.OpenSansSemiboldBase, Font.PLAIN, text, stoneRadius, stoneRadius * 1.5, 1);
+                        drawString(g, suggestionX, suggestionY + stoneRadius * 2 / 5, LizzieFrame.OpenSansRegularBase, getPlayoutsString(move.playouts), (float) (stoneRadius * 0.8), stoneRadius * 1.4);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void drawNextMoves(Graphics2D g) {
+
+        List<BoardHistoryNode> nexts = Lizzie.board.getHistory().getNexts();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nexts.size(); i++) {
+            int[] nextMove = nexts.get(i).getData().lastMove;
+            if (nextMove == null) continue;
+            if (Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay) {
+                g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
+            } else {
+                g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
+            }
+            int moveX = x + scaledMargin + squareLength * nextMove[0];
+            int moveY = y + scaledMargin + squareLength * nextMove[1];
+            if (i == 0) {
+                g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(3.0f));
+            }
+            drawCircle(g, moveX, moveY, stoneRadius + 1); // slightly outside best move circle
+            if (i == 0) {
+                g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(1.0f));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void drawWoodenBoard(Graphics2D g) {
+        if (uiConfig.getBoolean("fancy-board")) {
+            // fancy version
+            int shadowRadius = (int) (boardLength * MARGIN / 6);
+            BufferedImage boardImage = theme.getBoard();
+            // Support seamless texture
+            drawTextureImage(g, boardImage == null ? theme.getBoard() : boardImage, x - 2 * shadowRadius, y - 2 * shadowRadius, boardLength + 4 * shadowRadius, boardLength + 4 * shadowRadius);
+
+            g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(shadowRadius * 2));
+            // draw border
+            g.setColor(new Color(0, 0, 0, 50));
+            g.drawRect(x - shadowRadius, y - shadowRadius, boardLength + 2 * shadowRadius, boardLength + 2 * shadowRadius);
+            g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(1));
+
+        } else {
+            // simple version
+            JSONArray boardColor = uiConfig.getJSONArray("board-color");
+            g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_OFF);
+            g.setColor(new Color(boardColor.getInt(0), boardColor.getInt(1), boardColor.getInt(2)));
+            g.fillRect(x, y, boardLength, boardLength);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the lengths and pixel margins from a given boardLength.
+     *
+     * @param boardLength go board's length in pixels; must be boardLength >= BOARD_SIZE - 1
+     * @return an array containing the three outputs: new boardLength, scaledMargin, availableLength
+     */
+    private int[] calculatePixelMargins(int boardLength) {
+        //boardLength -= boardLength*MARGIN/3; // account for the shadows we will draw around the edge of the board
+//        if (boardLength < Board.BOARD_SIZE - 1)
+//            throw new IllegalArgumentException("boardLength may not be less than " + (Board.BOARD_SIZE - 1) + ", but was " + boardLength);
+
+        int scaledMargin;
+        int availableLength;
+
+        // decrease boardLength until the availableLength will result in square board intersections
+        double margin = showCoordinates() ? MARGIN_WITH_COORDINATES : MARGIN;
+        boardLength++;
+        do {
+            boardLength--;
+            scaledMargin = (int) (margin * boardLength);
+            availableLength = boardLength - 2 * scaledMargin;
+        }
+        while (!((availableLength - 1) % (Board.BOARD_SIZE - 1) == 0));
+        // this will be true if BOARD_SIZE - 1 square intersections, plus one line, will fit
+
+        return new int[]{boardLength, scaledMargin, availableLength};
+    }
+
+    private void drawShadow(Graphics2D g, int centerX, int centerY, boolean isGhost) {
+        drawShadow(g, centerX, centerY, isGhost, 1);
+    }
+
+    private void drawShadow(Graphics2D g, int centerX, int centerY, boolean isGhost, float shadowStrength) {
+        if (!uiConfig.getBoolean("shadows-enabled"))
+            return;
+
+        final int shadowSize = (int) (stoneRadius * 0.3 * uiConfig.getInt("shadow-size") / 100);
+        final int fartherShadowSize = (int) (stoneRadius * 0.17 * uiConfig.getInt("shadow-size") / 100);
+
+
+        final Paint TOP_GRADIENT_PAINT;
+        final Paint LOWER_RIGHT_GRADIENT_PAINT;
+
+        if (isGhost) {
+            TOP_GRADIENT_PAINT = new RadialGradientPaint(new Point2D.Float(centerX, centerY),
+                    stoneRadius + shadowSize, new float[]{((float) stoneRadius / (stoneRadius + shadowSize)) - 0.0001f, ((float) stoneRadius / (stoneRadius + shadowSize)), 1.0f}, new Color[]{
+                    new Color(0, 0, 0, 0), new Color(50, 50, 50, (int) (120 * shadowStrength)), new Color(0, 0, 0, 0)
+            });
+
+            LOWER_RIGHT_GRADIENT_PAINT = new RadialGradientPaint(new Point2D.Float(centerX + shadowSize * 2 / 3, centerY + shadowSize * 2 / 3),
+                    stoneRadius + fartherShadowSize, new float[]{0.6f, 1.0f}, new Color[]{
+                    new Color(0, 0, 0, 180), new Color(0, 0, 0, 0)
+            });
+        } else {
+            TOP_GRADIENT_PAINT = new RadialGradientPaint(new Point2D.Float(centerX, centerY),
+                    stoneRadius + shadowSize, new float[]{0.3f, 1.0f}, new Color[]{
+                    new Color(50, 50, 50, 150), new Color(0, 0, 0, 0)
+            });
+            LOWER_RIGHT_GRADIENT_PAINT = new RadialGradientPaint(new Point2D.Float(centerX + shadowSize, centerY + shadowSize),
+                    stoneRadius + fartherShadowSize, new float[]{0.6f, 1.0f}, new Color[]{
+                    new Color(0, 0, 0, 140), new Color(0, 0, 0, 0)
+            });
+        }
+
+        final Paint originalPaint = g.getPaint();
+
+        g.setPaint(TOP_GRADIENT_PAINT);
+        fillCircle(g, centerX, centerY, stoneRadius + shadowSize);
+        if (!isGhost) {
+            g.setPaint(LOWER_RIGHT_GRADIENT_PAINT);
+            fillCircle(g, centerX + shadowSize, centerY + shadowSize, stoneRadius + fartherShadowSize);
+        }
+        g.setPaint(originalPaint);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draws a stone centered at (centerX, centerY)
+     */
+    private void drawStone(Graphics2D g, Graphics2D gShadow, int centerX, int centerY, Stone color, int x, int y) {
+//        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ALPHA_INTERPOLATION,
+//                RenderingHints.VALUE_ALPHA_INTERPOLATION_QUALITY);
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_INTERPOLATION,
+                RenderingHints.VALUE_INTERPOLATION_BILINEAR);
+        g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
+                RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
+
+        // if no shadow graphics is supplied, just draw onto the same graphics
+        if (gShadow == null)
+            gShadow = g;
+
+        if (color.isBlack() || color.isWhite()) {
+            boolean isBlack = color.isBlack();
+            boolean isGhost = (color == Stone.BLACK_GHOST || color == Stone.WHITE_GHOST);
+            if (uiConfig.getBoolean("fancy-stones")) {
+                drawShadow(gShadow, centerX, centerY, isGhost);
+                Image stone = isBlack ? theme.getBlackStone(new int[]{x, y}) : theme.getWhiteStone(new int[]{x, y});
+                int size = stoneRadius * 2 + 1;
+                g.drawImage(getScaleStone(stone, isBlack, size, size), centerX - stoneRadius, centerY - stoneRadius, size, size, null);
+            } else {
+                drawShadow(gShadow, centerX, centerY, true);
+                g.setColor(isBlack ? (isGhost ? new Color(0, 0, 0) : Color.BLACK) : (isGhost ? new Color(255, 255, 255) : Color.WHITE));
+                fillCircle(g, centerX, centerY, stoneRadius);
+                if (!isBlack) {
+                   g.setColor(isGhost ? new Color(0, 0, 0) : Color.BLACK);
+                   drawCircle(g, centerX, centerY, stoneRadius);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get scaled stone, if cached then return cached
+     */
+    public BufferedImage getScaleStone(Image img, boolean isBlack, int width, int height) {
+        BufferedImage stone = isBlack ? cachedBlackStoneImage : cachedWhiteStoneImage;
+        if (stone == null || stone.getWidth() != width || stone.getHeight() != height) {
+            stone = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+            Graphics2D g2 = stone.createGraphics();
+            g2.drawImage(img.getScaledInstance(width, height, java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH), 0, 0, null);
+            g2.dispose();
+            if (isBlack) {
+                cachedBlackStoneImage = stone;
+            } else {
+                cachedWhiteStoneImage = stone;
+            }
+        }
+        return stone;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw scale smooth image, enhanced display quality (Not use, for future)
+     * This function use the traditional Image.getScaledInstance() method
+     * to provide the nice quality, but the performance is poor.
+     * Recommended for use in a few drawings
+     */
+//    public void drawScaleSmoothImage(Graphics2D g, BufferedImage img, int x, int y, int width, int height, ImageObserver observer) {
+//        BufferedImage newstone = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+//        Graphics2D g2 = newstone.createGraphics();
+//        g2.drawImage(img.getScaledInstance(width, height, java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH), 0, 0, observer);
+//        g2.dispose();
+//        g.drawImage(newstone, x, y, width, height, observer);
+//    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw scale smooth image, enhanced display quality (Not use, for future)
+     * This functions use a multi-step approach to prevent the information loss
+     * and produces a much higher quality that is close to the Image.getScaledInstance()
+     * and faster than Image.getScaledInstance() method.
+     */
+//    public void drawScaleImage(Graphics2D g, BufferedImage img, int x, int y, int width, int height, ImageObserver observer) {
+//        BufferedImage newstone = (BufferedImage)img;
+//        int w = img.getWidth();
+//        int h = img.getHeight();
+//        do {
+//            if (w > width) {
+//                w /= 2;
+//                if (w < width) {
+//                    w = width;
+//                }
+//            }
+//            if (h > height) {
+//                h /= 2;
+//                if (h < height) {
+//                    h = height;
+//                }
+//            }
+//            BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(w, h, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+//            Graphics2D g2 = tmp.createGraphics();
+//            g2.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_INTERPOLATION, RenderingHints.VALUE_INTERPOLATION_BICUBIC);
+//            g2.drawImage(newstone, 0, 0, w, h, null);
+//            g2.dispose();
+//            newstone = tmp;
+//        }
+//        while (w != width || h != height);
+//        g.drawImage(newstone, x, y, width, height, observer);
+//    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draw texture image
+     */
+    public void drawTextureImage(Graphics2D g, BufferedImage img, int x, int y, int width, int height) {
+        TexturePaint paint = new TexturePaint(img, new Rectangle(0, 0, img.getWidth(), img.getHeight()));
+        g.setPaint(paint);
+        g.fill(new Rectangle(x, y, width, height));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fills in a circle centered at (centerX, centerY) with radius $radius$
+     */
+    private void fillCircle(Graphics2D g, int centerX, int centerY, int radius) {
+        g.fillOval(centerX - radius, centerY - radius, 2 * radius + 1, 2 * radius + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draws the outline of a circle centered at (centerX, centerY) with radius $radius$
+     */
+    private void drawCircle(Graphics2D g, int centerX, int centerY, int radius) {
+        g.drawOval(centerX - radius, centerY - radius, 2 * radius + 1, 2 * radius + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Draws a string centered at (x, y) of font $fontString$, whose contents are $string$.
+     * The maximum/default fontsize will be $maximumFontHeight$, and the length of the drawn string will be at most maximumFontWidth.
+     * The resulting actual size depends on the length of $string$.
+     * aboveOrBelow is a param that lets you set:
+     * aboveOrBelow = -1 -> y is the top of the string
+     * aboveOrBelow = 0  -> y is the vertical center of the string
+     * aboveOrBelow = 1  -> y is the bottom of the string
+     */
+    private void drawString(Graphics2D g, int x, int y, Font fontBase, int style, String string, float maximumFontHeight, double maximumFontWidth, int aboveOrBelow) {
+
+        Font font = makeFont(fontBase, style);
+
+        // set maximum size of font
+        font = font.deriveFont((float) (font.getSize2D() * maximumFontWidth / g.getFontMetrics(font).stringWidth(string)));
+        font = font.deriveFont(Math.min(maximumFontHeight, font.getSize()));
+        g.setFont(font);
+
+        FontMetrics metrics = g.getFontMetrics(font);
+
+        int height = metrics.getAscent() - metrics.getDescent();
+        int verticalOffset;
+        switch (aboveOrBelow) {
+            case -1:
+                verticalOffset = height / 2;
+                break;
+
+            case 1:
+                verticalOffset = -height / 2;
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                verticalOffset = 0;
+        }
+        // bounding box for debugging
+        // g.drawRect(x-(int)maximumFontWidth/2, y - height/2 + verticalOffset, (int)maximumFontWidth, height+verticalOffset );
+        g.drawString(string, x - metrics.stringWidth(string) / 2, y + height / 2 + verticalOffset);
+    }
+
+    private void drawString(Graphics2D g, int x, int y, Font fontBase, String string, float maximumFontHeight, double maximumFontWidth) {
+        drawString(g, x, y, fontBase, Font.PLAIN, string, maximumFontHeight, maximumFontWidth, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return a font with kerning enabled
+     */
+    private Font makeFont(Font fontBase, int style) {
+        Font font = fontBase.deriveFont(style, 100);
+        Map<TextAttribute, Object> atts = new HashMap<>();
+        atts.put(TextAttribute.KERNING, TextAttribute.KERNING_ON);
+        return font.deriveFont(atts);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @return a shorter, rounded string version of playouts. e.g. 345 -> 345, 1265 -> 1.3k, 44556 -> 45k, 133523 -> 134k, 1234567 -> 1.2m
+     */
+    private String getPlayoutsString(int playouts) {
+        if (playouts >= 1_000_000) {
+            double playoutsDouble = (double) playouts / 100_000; // 1234567 -> 12.34567
+            return Math.round(playoutsDouble) / 10.0 + "m";
+        } else if (playouts >= 10_000) {
+            double playoutsDouble = (double) playouts / 1_000; // 13265 -> 13.265
+            return Math.round(playoutsDouble) + "k";
+        } else if (playouts >= 1_000) {
+            double playoutsDouble = (double) playouts / 100; // 1265 -> 12.65
+            return Math.round(playoutsDouble) / 10.0 + "k";
+        } else {
+            return String.valueOf(playouts);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private int[] calculatePixelMargins() {
+        return calculatePixelMargins(boardLength);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the location to render the board
+     *
+     * @param x x coordinate
+     * @param y y coordinate
+     */
+    public void setLocation(int x, int y) {
+        this.x = x;
+        this.y = y;
+    }
+
+    public Point getLocation() {
+        return new Point(x, y);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the maximum boardLength to render the board
+     *
+     * @param boardLength the boardLength of the board
+     */
+    public void setBoardLength(int boardLength) {
+        this.boardLength = boardLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the actual board length, including the shadows drawn at the edge of the wooden board
+     */
+    public int getActualBoardLength() {
+        return (int) (boardLength * (1 + MARGIN / 3));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a location on the screen to a location on the board
+     *
+     * @param x x pixel coordinate
+     * @param y y pixel coordinate
+     * @return if there is a valid coordinate, an array (x, y) where x and y are between 0 and BOARD_SIZE - 1. Otherwise, returns null
+     */
+    public int[] convertScreenToCoordinates(int x, int y) {
+        int marginLength; // the pixel width of the margins
+        int boardLengthWithoutMargins; // the pixel width of the game board without margins
+
+        // calculate a good set of boardLength, scaledMargin, and boardLengthWithoutMargins to use
+        int[] calculatedPixelMargins = calculatePixelMargins();
+        setBoardLength(calculatedPixelMargins[0]);
+        marginLength = calculatedPixelMargins[1];
+        boardLengthWithoutMargins = calculatedPixelMargins[2];
+
+        int squareSize = calculateSquareLength(boardLengthWithoutMargins);
+
+        // transform the pixel coordinates to board coordinates
+        x = (x - this.x - marginLength + squareSize / 2) / squareSize;
+        y = (y - this.y - marginLength + squareSize / 2) / squareSize;
+
+        // return these values if they are valid board coordinates
+        if (Board.isValid(x, y))
+            return new int[]{x, y};
+        else
+            return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculate the boardLength of each intersection square
+     *
+     * @param availableLength the pixel board length of the game board without margins
+     * @return the board length of each intersection square
+     */
+    private int calculateSquareLength(int availableLength) {
+        return availableLength / (Board.BOARD_SIZE - 1);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isShowingRawBoard() {
+        return (displayedBranchLength == SHOW_RAW_BOARD || displayedBranchLength == 0);
+    }
+
+    private int maxBranchMoves() {
+        switch (displayedBranchLength) {
+        case SHOW_NORMAL_BOARD:
+            return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        case SHOW_RAW_BOARD:
+            return -1;
+        default:
+            return displayedBranchLength;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isShowingBranch() {
+        return showingBranch;
+    }
+
+    public void setDisplayedBranchLength(int n) {
+        displayedBranchLength = n;
+    }
+
+    public boolean incrementDisplayedBranchLength(int n) {
+        switch (displayedBranchLength) {
+        case SHOW_NORMAL_BOARD:
+        case SHOW_RAW_BOARD:
+            return false;
+        default:
+            // force nonnegative
+            displayedBranchLength = Math.max(0, displayedBranchLength + n);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isInside(int x1, int y1) {
+        return (x <= x1 && x1 < x + boardLength && y <= y1 && y1 < y + boardLength);
+    }
+
+    private boolean showCoordinates() {
+        return isMainBoard && Lizzie.frame.showCoordinates;
+    }
+
+    public void increaseMaxAlpha(int k) {
+        maxAlpha = Math.min(maxAlpha + k, 255);
+        uiPersist.put("max-alpha", maxAlpha);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `$T0_56` last assigned on line 653 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `drawTextureImage(...)` at line 653.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoardRenderer.drawWoodenBoard(Graphics2D)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+featurecat.lizzie.gui.BoardRenderer.drawWoodenBoard(java.awt.Graphics2D):void.55604a097b780fcfce5cafbd7a6a5dd9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/featurecat/lizzie/gui/BoardRenderer.java
+
+### Key:
+BoardRenderer.java|drawWoodenBoard|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c9ca8d520876d5bb5e99c0eb0093b56b
+
+### Hash:
+50c732c340b2d6d34631b651232bec6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10098/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10098/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18c42d4c84bbc3ac22edb9f7dd0babc1183022c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10098/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,726 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** launch4j-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Maven Launch4j Plugin
+ * Copyright (c) 2006 Paul Jungwirth
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+package com.akathist.maven.plugins.launch4j;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+
+import net.sf.launch4j.Builder;
+import net.sf.launch4j.BuilderException;
+import net.sf.launch4j.config.Config;
+import net.sf.launch4j.config.ConfigPersister;
+
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.factory.ArtifactFactory;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.metadata.ArtifactMetadataSource;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.repository.ArtifactRepository;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactResolutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactResolver;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.AbstractMojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Component;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.LifecyclePhase;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Mojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Parameter;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.ResolutionScope;
+import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;
+
+/**
+ * Wraps a jar in a Windows executable.
+ */
+@Mojo(name = "launch4j", defaultPhase = LifecyclePhase.PACKAGE, requiresDependencyResolution = ResolutionScope.RUNTIME)
+public class Launch4jMojo extends AbstractMojo {
+
+    private static final String LAUNCH4J_ARTIFACT_ID = "launch4j";
+
+    private static final String LAUNCH4J_GROUP_ID = "net.sf.launch4j";
+
+    /**
+     * The dependencies required by the project.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.artifacts}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private Set<Artifact> dependencies;
+
+    /**
+     * The user's current project.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private MavenProject project;
+
+    /**
+     * The user's plugins (including, I hope, this one).
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.build.plugins}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private List<Artifact> plugins;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to look up Artifacts in the remote repository.
+     */
+    @Component(role = ArtifactFactory.class)
+    private ArtifactFactory factory;
+
+    /**
+     * The user's local repository.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${localRepository}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private ArtifactRepository localRepository;
+
+    /**
+     * The artifact resolver used to grab the binary bits that launch4j needs.
+     */
+    @Component(role = ArtifactResolver.class)
+    private ArtifactResolver resolver;
+
+    /**
+     * The dependencies of this plugin.
+     * Used to get the Launch4j artifact version.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${plugin.artifacts}")
+    private java.util.List<Artifact> pluginArtifacts;
+
+    /**
+     * The base of the current project.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.basedir}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private File basedir;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether you want a gui or console app.
+     * Valid values are "gui" and "console."
+     * If you say gui, then launch4j will run your app from javaw instead of java
+     * in order to avoid opening a DOS window.
+     * Choosing gui also enables other options like taskbar icon and a splash screen.
+     */
+    @Parameter(required = true)
+    private String headerType;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the executable you want launch4j to produce.
+     * The path, if relative, is relative to the pom.xml.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.build.directory}/${project.artifactId}.exe")
+    private File outfile;
+
+    /**
+     * The jar to bundle inside the executable.
+     * The path, if relative, is relative to the pom.xml.
+     * <p>
+     * If you don't want to wrap the jar, then this value should be the runtime path
+     * to the jar relative to the executable. You should also set dontWrapJar to true.
+     * <p>
+     * You can only bundle a single jar. Therefore, you should either create a jar that contains
+     * your own code plus all your dependencies, or you should distribute your dependencies alongside
+     * the executable.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.build.directory}/${project.build.finalName}.jar")
+    private String jar;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the executable should wrap the jar or not.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean dontWrapJar;
+
+    /**
+     * The title of the error popup if something goes wrong trying to run your program,
+     * like if java can't be found. If this is a console app and not a gui, then this value
+     * is used to prefix any error messages, as in ${errTitle}: ${errorMessage}.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String errTitle;
+
+    /**
+     * downloadUrl (?).
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String downloadUrl;
+
+    /**
+     * supportUrl (?).
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String supportUrl;
+
+    /**
+     * Constant command line arguments to pass to your program's main method.
+     * Actual command line arguments entered by the user will appear after these.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String cmdLine;
+
+    /**
+     * Changes to the given directory, relative to the executable, before running your jar.
+     * If set to <code>.</code> the current directory will be where the executable is.
+     * If omitted, the directory will not be changed.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String chdir;
+
+    /**
+     * Priority class of windows process.
+     * Valid values are "normal" (default), "idle" and "high".
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms685100(v=vs.85).aspx">MSDN: Scheduling Priorities</a>
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "normal")
+    private String priority;
+
+
+    /**
+     * If true, the executable waits for the java application to finish before returning its exit code.
+     * Defaults to false for gui applications. Has no effect for console applications, which always wait.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean stayAlive;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, when the application exits, any exit code other than 0 is considered a crash and
+     * the application will be started again.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean restartOnCrash;
+
+    /**
+     * The icon to use in the taskbar. Must be in ico format.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private File icon;
+
+    /**
+     * Object files to include. Used for custom headers only.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private List<String> objs;
+
+    /**
+     * Win32 libraries to include. Used for custom headers only.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private List<String> libs;
+
+    /**
+     * Variables to set.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private List<String> vars;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about the supported jres.
+     */
+    @Parameter(required = true)
+    private Jre jre;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about the classpath your application should have.
+     * This is required if you are not wrapping a jar.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private ClassPath classPath;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about whether to run as a single instance.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private SingleInstance singleInstance;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about the splash screen.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private Splash splash;
+
+    /**
+     * Lots of information you can attach to the windows process.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private VersionInfo versionInfo;
+
+    /**
+     * Various messages you can display.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private Messages messages;
+
+    /**
+     * Windows manifest file (a XML file) with the same name as .exe file (myapp.exe.manifest)
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private File manifest;
+
+    private File getJar() {
+        return new File(jar);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        if (getLog().isDebugEnabled()) {
+            printState();
+        }
+
+        File workdir = setupBuildEnvironment();
+        
+        Config c = new Config();
+
+        c.setHeaderType(headerType);
+        c.setOutfile(outfile);
+        c.setJar(getJar());
+        c.setDontWrapJar(dontWrapJar);
+        c.setErrTitle(errTitle);
+        c.setDownloadUrl(downloadUrl);
+        c.setSupportUrl(supportUrl);
+        c.setCmdLine(cmdLine);
+        c.setChdir(chdir);
+        c.setPriority(priority);
+        c.setStayAlive(stayAlive);
+        c.setRestartOnCrash(restartOnCrash);
+        c.setManifest(manifest);
+        c.setIcon(icon);
+        c.setHeaderObjects(relativizeAndCopy(workdir, objs));
+        c.setLibs(relativizeAndCopy(workdir, libs));
+        c.setVariables(vars);
+
+        if (classPath != null) {
+            c.setClassPath(classPath.toL4j(dependencies));
+        }
+        if (jre != null) {
+            c.setJre(jre.toL4j());
+        }
+        if (singleInstance != null) {
+            c.setSingleInstance(singleInstance.toL4j());
+        }
+        if (splash != null) {
+            c.setSplash(splash.toL4j());
+        }
+        if (versionInfo != null) {
+            c.setVersionInfo(versionInfo.toL4j());
+        }
+        if (messages != null) {
+            c.setMessages(messages.toL4j());
+        }
+
+        ConfigPersister.getInstance().setAntConfig(c, getBaseDir());
+        Builder b = new Builder(new MavenLog(getLog()), workdir);
+
+        try {
+            b.build();
+        } catch (BuilderException e) {
+            getLog().error(e);
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Failed to build the executable; please verify your configuration.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares a little directory for launch4j to do its thing. Launch4j needs a bunch of object files
+     * (in the w32api and head directories) and the ld and windres binaries (in the bin directory).
+     * The tricky part is that launch4j picks this directory based on where its own jar is sitting.
+     * In our case, the jar is going to be sitting in the user's ~/.m2 repository. That's okay: we know
+     * maven is allowed to write there. So we'll just add our things to that directory.
+     * <p>
+     * This approach is not without flaws.
+     * It risks two processes writing to the directory at the same time.
+     * But fortunately, once the binary bits are in place, we don't do any more writing there,
+     * and launch4j doesn't write there either.
+     * Usually ~/.m2 will only be one system or another.
+     * But if it's an NFS mount shared by several system types, this approach will break.
+     * <p>
+     * Okay, so here is a better proposal: package the plugin without these varying binary files,
+     * and put each set of binaries in its own tarball. Download the tarball you need to ~/.m2 and
+     * unpack it. Then different systems won't contend for the same space. But then I'll need to hack
+     * the l4j code so it permits passing in a work directory and doesn't always base it on
+     * the location of its own jarfile.
+     *
+     * @return the work directory.
+     */
+    private File setupBuildEnvironment() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        Artifact binaryBits = chooseBinaryBits();
+        retrieveBinaryBits(binaryBits);
+        return unpackWorkDir(binaryBits);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unzips the given artifact in-place and returns the newly-unzipped top-level directory.
+     * Writes a marker file to prevent unzipping more than once.
+     */
+    private File unpackWorkDir(Artifact a) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        File platJar = a.getFile();
+        File dest = platJar.getParentFile();
+        File marker = new File(dest, platJar.getName() + ".unpacked");
+
+        // If the artifact is a SNAPSHOT, then a.getVersion() will report the long timestamp,
+        // but getFile() will be 1.1-SNAPSHOT.
+        // Since getFile() doesn't use the timestamp, all timestamps wind up in the same place.
+        // Therefore we need to expand the jar every time, if the marker file is stale.
+        if (marker.exists() && marker.lastModified() > platJar.lastModified()) {
+            // if (marker.exists() && marker.platJar.getName().indexOf("SNAPSHOT") == -1) {
+            getLog().info("Platform-specific work directory already exists: " + dest.getAbsolutePath());
+        } else {
+            JarFile jf = null;
+            try {
+                // trying to use plexus-archiver here is a miserable waste of time:
+                jf = new JarFile(platJar);
+                Enumeration<JarEntry> en = jf.entries();
+                while (en.hasMoreElements()) {
+                    JarEntry je = en.nextElement();
+                    File outFile = new File(dest, je.getName());
+                    File parent = outFile.getParentFile();
+                    if (parent != null) parent.mkdirs();
+                    if (je.isDirectory()) {
+                        outFile.mkdirs();
+                    } else {
+                        InputStream in = jf.getInputStream(je);
+                        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+                        int len;
+                        FileOutputStream fout = null;
+                        try {
+                            fout = new FileOutputStream(outFile);
+                            while ((len = in.read(buf)) >= 0) {
+                                fout.write(buf, 0, len);
+                            }
+                            in.close();
+                            fout.close();
+                            fout = null;
+                        } finally {
+                            if (fout != null) {
+                                try {
+                                    fout.close();
+                                } catch (IOException e2) {
+                                    // ignore
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        outFile.setLastModified(je.getTime());
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Error unarchiving " + platJar, e);
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (jf != null) jf.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    // ignore
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                marker.createNewFile();
+                marker.setLastModified(new Date().getTime());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                getLog().warn("Trouble creating marker file " + marker, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String n = platJar.getName();
+        File workdir = new File(dest, n.substring(0, n.length() - 4));
+        setPermissions(workdir);
+        return workdir;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Chmods the helper executables ld and windres on systems where that is necessary.
+     */
+    private void setPermissions(File workdir) {
+        if (!System.getProperty("os.name").startsWith("Windows")) {
+            Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
+            try {
+                r.exec("chmod 755 " + workdir + "/bin/ld").waitFor();
+                r.exec("chmod 755 " + workdir + "/bin/windres").waitFor();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                getLog().warn("Interrupted while chmodding platform-specific binaries", e);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                getLog().warn("Unable to set platform-specific binaries to 755", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If custom header objects or libraries shall be linked, they need to sit inside the launch4j working dir.
+     */
+    private List<String> relativizeAndCopy(File workdir, List<String> paths) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        if(paths == null) return null;
+        
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for(String path : paths) {
+            Path source = basedir.toPath().resolve(path);
+            Path dest = workdir.toPath().resolve(basedir.toPath().relativize(source));
+
+            if(!source.startsWith(basedir.toPath())) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("File must reside in the project directory: " + path);
+            }
+
+            if (Files.exists(source)) {
+                try {
+                    Path target = Files.copy(source, dest, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+                    result.add(workdir.toPath().relativize(target).toString());
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new MojoExecutionException("Can't copy file to workdir", e);
+                }
+            } else {
+                result.add(path);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+	
+    /**
+     * Downloads the platform-specific parts, if necessary.
+     */
+    private void retrieveBinaryBits(Artifact a) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            resolver.resolve(a, project.getRemoteArtifactRepositories(), localRepository);
+
+        } catch (ArtifactNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Can't find platform-specific components", e);
+        } catch (ArtifactResolutionException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Can't retrieve platform-specific components", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decides which platform-specific bundle we need, based on the current operating system.
+     */
+    private Artifact chooseBinaryBits() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        String plat;
+        String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
+        getLog().debug("OS = " + os);
+
+        // See here for possible values of os.name:
+        // http://lopica.sourceforge.net/os.html
+        if (os.startsWith("Windows")) {
+            plat = "win32";
+        } else if ("Linux".equals(os)) {
+            plat = "linux";
+        } else if ("Solaris".equals(os) || "SunOS".equals(os)) {
+            plat = "solaris";
+        } else if ("Mac OS X".equals(os) || "Darwin".equals(os)) {
+            plat = "mac";
+        } else {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Sorry, Launch4j doesn't support the '" + os + "' OS.");
+        }
+
+        return factory.createArtifactWithClassifier(LAUNCH4J_GROUP_ID, LAUNCH4J_ARTIFACT_ID,
+                getLaunch4jVersion(), "jar", "workdir-" + plat);
+    }
+
+
+    private File getBaseDir() {
+        return basedir;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Just prints out how we were configured.
+     */
+    private void printState() {
+        Log log = getLog();
+
+        log.debug("headerType = " + headerType);
+        log.debug("outfile = " + outfile);
+        log.debug("jar = " + jar);
+        log.debug("dontWrapJar = " + dontWrapJar);
+        log.debug("errTitle = " + errTitle);
+        log.debug("downloadUrl = " + downloadUrl);
+        log.debug("supportUrl = " + supportUrl);
+        log.debug("cmdLine = " + cmdLine);
+        log.debug("chdir = " + chdir);
+        log.debug("priority = " + priority);
+        log.debug("stayAlive = " + stayAlive);
+        log.debug("restartOnCrash = " + restartOnCrash);
+        log.debug("icon = " + icon);
+        log.debug("objs = " + objs);
+        log.debug("libs = " + libs);
+        log.debug("vars = " + vars);
+        if (singleInstance != null) {
+            log.debug("singleInstance.mutexName = " + singleInstance.mutexName);
+            log.debug("singleInstance.windowTitle = " + singleInstance.windowTitle);
+        } else {
+            log.debug("singleInstance = null");
+        }
+        if (jre != null) {
+            log.debug("jre.path = " + jre.path);
+            log.debug("jre.minVersion = " + jre.minVersion);
+            log.debug("jre.maxVersion = " + jre.maxVersion);
+            log.debug("jre.jdkPreference = " + jre.jdkPreference);
+            log.debug("jre.initialHeapSize = " + jre.initialHeapSize);
+            log.debug("jre.initialHeapPercent = " + jre.initialHeapPercent);
+            log.debug("jre.maxHeapSize = " + jre.maxHeapSize);
+            log.debug("jre.maxHeapPercent = " + jre.maxHeapPercent);
+            log.debug("jre.opts = " + jre.opts);
+        } else {
+            log.debug("jre = null");
+        }
+        if (classPath != null) {
+            log.debug("classPath.mainClass = " + classPath.mainClass);
+            log.debug("classPath.addDependencies = " + classPath.addDependencies);
+            log.debug("classPath.jarLocation = " + classPath.jarLocation);
+            log.debug("classPath.preCp = " + classPath.preCp);
+            log.debug("classPath.postCp = " + classPath.postCp);
+        } else {
+            log.info("classpath = null");
+        }
+        if (splash != null) {
+            log.debug("splash.file = " + splash.file);
+            log.debug("splash.waitForWindow = " + splash.waitForWindow);
+            log.debug("splash.timeout = " + splash.timeout);
+            log.debug("splash.timoutErr = " + splash.timeoutErr);
+        } else {
+            log.debug("splash = null");
+        }
+        if (versionInfo != null) {
+            log.debug("versionInfo.fileVersion = " + versionInfo.fileVersion);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.txtFileVersion = " + versionInfo.txtFileVersion);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.fileDescription = " + versionInfo.fileDescription);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.copyright = " + versionInfo.copyright);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.productVersion = " + versionInfo.productVersion);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.txtProductVersion = " + versionInfo.txtProductVersion);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.productName = " + versionInfo.productName);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.companyName = " + versionInfo.companyName);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.internalName = " + versionInfo.internalName);
+            log.debug("versionInfo.originalFilename = " + versionInfo.originalFilename);
+        } else {
+            log.debug("versionInfo = null");
+        }
+        if (messages != null) {
+            log.debug("messages.startupErr = " + messages.startupErr);
+            log.debug("messages.bundledJreErr = " + messages.bundledJreErr);
+            log.debug("messages.jreVersionErr = " + messages.jreVersionErr);
+            log.debug("messages.launcherErr = " + messages.launcherErr);
+            log.debug("messages.instanceAlreadyExistsMsg = " + messages.instanceAlreadyExistsMsg);
+        } else {
+            log.debug("messages = null");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Launch4j version used by the plugin.
+     * We want to download the platform-specific bundle whose version matches the Launch4j version,
+     * so we have to figure out what version the plugin is using.
+     *
+     * @return
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException
+     */
+    private String getLaunch4jVersion() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        String version = null;
+
+        for (Artifact artifact : pluginArtifacts) {
+            if (LAUNCH4J_GROUP_ID.equals(artifact.getGroupId()) &&
+                    LAUNCH4J_ARTIFACT_ID.equals(artifact.getArtifactId())
+                    && "core".equals(artifact.getClassifier())) {
+
+                version = artifact.getVersion();
+                getLog().debug("Found launch4j version " + version);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (version == null) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Impossible to find which Launch4j version to use");
+        }
+
+        return version;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired by call to `exec(...)` at line 456 is not released after line 456.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Launch4jMojo.setPermissions(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.akathist.maven.plugins.launch4j.Launch4jMojo.setPermissions(java.io.File):void.3491a6ec886b94665db15c7c510686fd
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/akathist/maven/plugins/launch4j/Launch4jMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+Launch4jMojo.java|setPermissions|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+939bacd846f19fa9053d3f2bc15017ae
+
+### Hash:
+2bacccc9a13ef509167a692d5a400e7d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10099/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10099/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e6e24e663cfe11c00dabf127c0df52d1a71bfaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10099/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,815 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** launch4j-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Maven Launch4j Plugin
+ * Copyright (c) 2006 Paul Jungwirth
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+package com.akathist.maven.plugins.launch4j;
+
+import net.sf.launch4j.Builder;
+import net.sf.launch4j.BuilderException;
+import net.sf.launch4j.config.Config;
+import net.sf.launch4j.config.ConfigPersister;
+import net.sf.launch4j.config.ConfigPersisterException;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.factory.ArtifactFactory;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.repository.ArtifactRepository;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactResolutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactResolver;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.AbstractMojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.*;
+import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+
+/**
+ * Wraps a jar in a Windows executable.
+ */
+@Mojo(name = "launch4j", defaultPhase = LifecyclePhase.PACKAGE, requiresDependencyResolution = ResolutionScope.RUNTIME)
+public class Launch4jMojo extends AbstractMojo {
+
+    private static final String LAUNCH4J_ARTIFACT_ID = "launch4j";
+
+    private static final String LAUNCH4J_GROUP_ID = "net.sf.launch4j";
+
+    /**
+     * The dependencies required by the project.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.artifacts}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private Set<Artifact> dependencies;
+
+    /**
+     * The user's current project.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private MavenProject project;
+
+    /**
+     * The user's plugins (including, I hope, this one).
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.build.plugins}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private List<Artifact> plugins;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to look up Artifacts in the remote repository.
+     */
+    @Component(role = ArtifactFactory.class)
+    private ArtifactFactory factory;
+
+    /**
+     * The user's local repository.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${localRepository}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private ArtifactRepository localRepository;
+
+    /**
+     * The artifact resolver used to grab the binary bits that launch4j needs.
+     */
+    @Component(role = ArtifactResolver.class)
+    private ArtifactResolver resolver;
+
+    /**
+     * The dependencies of this plugin.
+     * Used to get the Launch4j artifact version.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${plugin.artifacts}")
+    private java.util.List<Artifact> pluginArtifacts;
+
+    /**
+     * The base of the current project.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.basedir}", required = true, readonly = true)
+    private File basedir;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether you want a gui or console app.
+     * Valid values are "gui" and "console."
+     * If you say gui, then launch4j will run your app from javaw instead of java
+     * in order to avoid opening a DOS window.
+     * Choosing gui also enables other options like taskbar icon and a splash screen.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String headerType;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the Launch4j native configuration file
+     * The path, if relative, is relative to the pom.xml.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private File infile;
+
+    /**
+     * The name of the executable you want launch4j to produce.
+     * The path, if relative, is relative to the pom.xml.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.build.directory}/${project.artifactId}.exe")
+    private File outfile;
+
+    /**
+     * The jar to bundle inside the executable.
+     * The path, if relative, is relative to the pom.xml.
+     * <p/>
+     * If you don't want to wrap the jar, then this value should be the runtime path
+     * to the jar relative to the executable. You should also set dontWrapJar to true.
+     * <p/>
+     * You can only bundle a single jar. Therefore, you should either create a jar that contains
+     * your own code plus all your dependencies, or you should distribute your dependencies alongside
+     * the executable.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.build.directory}/${project.build.finalName}.jar")
+    private String jar;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the executable should wrap the jar or not.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean dontWrapJar;
+
+    /**
+     * The title of the error popup if something goes wrong trying to run your program,
+     * like if java can't be found. If this is a console app and not a gui, then this value
+     * is used to prefix any error messages, as in ${errTitle}: ${errorMessage}.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String errTitle;
+
+    /**
+     * downloadUrl (?).
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String downloadUrl;
+
+    /**
+     * supportUrl (?).
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String supportUrl;
+
+    /**
+     * Constant command line arguments to pass to your program's main method.
+     * Actual command line arguments entered by the user will appear after these.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String cmdLine;
+
+    /**
+     * Changes to the given directory, relative to the executable, before running your jar.
+     * If set to <code>.</code> the current directory will be where the executable is.
+     * If omitted, the directory will not be changed.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private String chdir;
+
+    /**
+     * Priority class of windows process.
+     * Valid values are "normal" (default), "idle" and "high".
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms685100(v=vs.85).aspx">MSDN: Scheduling Priorities</a>
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "normal")
+    private String priority;
+
+
+    /**
+     * If true, the executable waits for the java application to finish before returning its exit code.
+     * Defaults to false for gui applications. Has no effect for console applications, which always wait.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean stayAlive;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, when the application exits, any exit code other than 0 is considered a crash and
+     * the application will be started again.
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean restartOnCrash;
+
+    /**
+     * The icon to use in the taskbar. Must be in ico format.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private File icon;
+
+    /**
+     * Object files to include. Used for custom headers only.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private List<String> objs;
+
+    /**
+     * Win32 libraries to include. Used for custom headers only.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private List<String> libs;
+
+    /**
+     * Variables to set.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private List<String> vars;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about the supported jres.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private Jre jre;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about the classpath your application should have.
+     * This is required if you are not wrapping a jar.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private ClassPath classPath;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about whether to run as a single instance.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private SingleInstance singleInstance;
+
+    /**
+     * Details about the splash screen.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private Splash splash;
+
+    /**
+     * Lots of information you can attach to the windows process.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private VersionInfo versionInfo;
+
+    /**
+     * Various messages you can display.
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private Messages messages;
+
+    /**
+     * Windows manifest file (a XML file) with the same name as .exe file (myapp.exe.manifest)
+     */
+    @Parameter
+    private File manifest;
+
+    /**
+     * If set to true it will save final config into a XML file
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean saveConfig = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If {@link #saveConfig} is set to true, config will be written to this file
+     */
+    @Parameter(defaultValue = "${project.build.directory}/launch4j-config.xml")
+    private File configOutfile;
+
+    private File getJar() {
+        return new File(jar);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException {
+
+        final File workDir = setupBuildEnvironment();
+        if (infile != null) {
+            if (infile.exists()) {
+                try {
+                    if (getLog().isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        getLog().debug("Trying to load Launch4j native configuration using file=" + infile.getAbsolutePath());
+                    }
+                    // load launch4j configfile from <infile>
+                    ConfigPersister.getInstance().load(infile);
+
+                    // overwrite several properties analogous to the ANT task
+                    // https://sourceforge.net/p/launch4j/git/ci/master/tree/src/net/sf/launch4j/ant/Launch4jTask.java#l84
+
+                    // retreive the loaded configuration for manipulation
+                    Config c = ConfigPersister.getInstance().getConfig();
+
+                    String jarDefaultValue = project.getBuild().getDirectory() + "/" + project.getBuild().getFinalName() + ".jar";
+    				if (jar != null && !jar.equals(jarDefaultValue)) {
+						getLog().debug("Overwriting config file property 'jar' (='"+c.getJar().getAbsolutePath()+"') with local value '"+getJar().getAbsolutePath()+"'");
+    					// only overwrite when != defaultValue (should be != null anytime because of the default value)
+    					c.setJar(getJar());
+    				}
+
+                    File outFileDefaultValue = new File(project.getBuild().getDirectory() + "/" + project.getArtifactId() + ".exe");
+    				if (outfile != null && !outfile.getAbsolutePath().equals(outFileDefaultValue.getAbsolutePath())) {
+    					// only overwrite when != defaultValue (should be != null anytime because of the default value)
+						getLog().debug("Overwriting config file property 'outfile' (='"+c.getOutfile().getAbsolutePath()+"') with local value '"+outfile.getAbsolutePath()+"'");
+    					c.setOutfile(outfile);
+    				}
+
+    				if (versionInfo != null) {
+    					if (versionInfo.fileVersion != null) {
+							getLog().debug("Overwriting config file property 'versionInfo.fileVersion' (='"+c.getVersionInfo().getFileVersion()+"') with local value '"+versionInfo.fileVersion+"'");
+    						c.getVersionInfo().setFileVersion(versionInfo.fileVersion);
+    					}
+    					if (versionInfo.txtFileVersion != null) {
+							getLog().debug("Overwriting config file property 'versionInfo.txtFileVersion' (='"+c.getVersionInfo().getTxtFileVersion()+"') with local value '"+versionInfo.txtFileVersion+"'");
+    						c.getVersionInfo().setTxtFileVersion(versionInfo.txtFileVersion);
+    					}
+    					if (versionInfo.productVersion != null) {
+							getLog().debug("Overwriting config file property 'versionInfo.productVersion' (='"+c.getVersionInfo().getProductVersion()+"') with local value '"+versionInfo.productVersion+"'");
+    						c.getVersionInfo().setProductVersion(versionInfo.productVersion);
+    					}
+    					if (versionInfo.txtProductVersion != null) {
+							getLog().debug("Overwriting config file property 'versionInfo.txtProductVersion' (='"+c.getVersionInfo().getTxtProductVersion()+"') with local value '"+versionInfo.txtProductVersion+"'");
+    						c.getVersionInfo().setTxtProductVersion(versionInfo.txtProductVersion);
+    					}
+    		        }
+
+    				ConfigPersister.getInstance().setAntConfig(c, infile.getParentFile());
+
+                } catch (ConfigPersisterException e) {
+                    getLog().error(e);
+                    throw new MojoExecutionException("Could not load Launch4j native configuration file", e);
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Launch4j native configuration file [" + infile.getAbsolutePath() + "] does not exist!");
+            }
+        } else {
+            final Config c = new Config();
+
+            c.setHeaderType(headerType);
+            c.setOutfile(outfile);
+            c.setJar(getJar());
+            c.setDontWrapJar(dontWrapJar);
+            c.setErrTitle(errTitle);
+            c.setDownloadUrl(downloadUrl);
+            c.setSupportUrl(supportUrl);
+            c.setCmdLine(cmdLine);
+            c.setChdir(chdir);
+            c.setPriority(priority);
+            c.setStayAlive(stayAlive);
+            c.setRestartOnCrash(restartOnCrash);
+            c.setManifest(manifest);
+            c.setIcon(icon);
+            c.setHeaderObjects(relativizeAndCopy(workDir, objs));
+            c.setLibs(relativizeAndCopy(workDir, libs));
+            c.setVariables(vars);
+
+            if (classPath != null) {
+                c.setClassPath(classPath.toL4j(dependencies));
+            }
+            if (jre != null) {
+                c.setJre(jre.toL4j());
+            }
+            if (singleInstance != null) {
+                c.setSingleInstance(singleInstance.toL4j());
+            }
+            if (splash != null) {
+                c.setSplash(splash.toL4j());
+            }
+            if (versionInfo != null) {
+                c.setVersionInfo(versionInfo.toL4j());
+            }
+            if (messages != null) {
+                c.setMessages(messages.toL4j());
+            }
+            ConfigPersister.getInstance().setAntConfig(c, getBaseDir());
+        }
+
+        if (getLog().isDebugEnabled()) {
+            printState();
+        }
+
+        final Builder builder = new Builder(new MavenLog(getLog()), workDir);
+        try {
+            builder.build();
+        } catch (BuilderException e) {
+            getLog().error(e);
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Failed to build the executable; please verify your configuration.", e);
+        }
+
+        if (saveConfig) {
+            try {
+                ConfigPersister.getInstance().save(configOutfile);
+            } catch (ConfigPersisterException e) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot save config into a XML file", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares a little directory for launch4j to do its thing. Launch4j needs a bunch of object files
+     * (in the w32api and head directories) and the ld and windres binaries (in the bin directory).
+     * The tricky part is that launch4j picks this directory based on where its own jar is sitting.
+     * In our case, the jar is going to be sitting in the user's ~/.m2 repository. That's okay: we know
+     * maven is allowed to write there. So we'll just add our things to that directory.
+     * <p/>
+     * This approach is not without flaws.
+     * It risks two processes writing to the directory at the same time.
+     * But fortunately, once the binary bits are in place, we don't do any more writing there,
+     * and launch4j doesn't write there either.
+     * Usually ~/.m2 will only be one system or another.
+     * But if it's an NFS mount shared by several system types, this approach will break.
+     * <p/>
+     * Okay, so here is a better proposal: package the plugin without these varying binary files,
+     * and put each set of binaries in its own tarball. Download the tarball you need to ~/.m2 and
+     * unpack it. Then different systems won't contend for the same space. But then I'll need to hack
+     * the l4j code so it permits passing in a work directory and doesn't always base it on
+     * the location of its own jarfile.
+     *
+     * @return the work directory.
+     */
+    private File setupBuildEnvironment() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        Artifact binaryBits = chooseBinaryBits();
+        retrieveBinaryBits(binaryBits);
+        return unpackWorkDir(binaryBits);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unzips the given artifact in-place and returns the newly-unzipped top-level directory.
+     * Writes a marker file to prevent unzipping more than once.
+     */
+    private File unpackWorkDir(Artifact a) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        File platJar = a.getFile();
+        File dest = platJar.getParentFile();
+        File marker = new File(dest, platJar.getName() + ".unpacked");
+        String n = platJar.getName();
+        File workdir = new File(dest, n.substring(0, n.length() - 4));
+
+        // If the artifact is a SNAPSHOT, then a.getVersion() will report the long timestamp,
+        // but getFile() will be 1.1-SNAPSHOT.
+        // Since getFile() doesn't use the timestamp, all timestamps wind up in the same place.
+        // Therefore we need to expand the jar every time, if the marker file is stale.
+        if (marker.exists() && marker.lastModified() > platJar.lastModified()) {
+            // if (marker.exists() && marker.platJar.getName().indexOf("SNAPSHOT") == -1) {
+            getLog().info("Platform-specific work directory already exists: " + workdir.getAbsolutePath());
+        } else {
+            JarFile jf = null;
+            try {
+                // trying to use plexus-archiver here is a miserable waste of time:
+                jf = new JarFile(platJar);
+                Enumeration<JarEntry> en = jf.entries();
+                while (en.hasMoreElements()) {
+                    JarEntry je = en.nextElement();
+                    File outFile = new File(dest, je.getName());
+                    File parent = outFile.getParentFile();
+                    if (parent != null) parent.mkdirs();
+                    if (je.isDirectory()) {
+                        outFile.mkdirs();
+                    } else {
+                        InputStream in = jf.getInputStream(je);
+                        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+                        int len;
+                        FileOutputStream fout = null;
+                        try {
+                            fout = new FileOutputStream(outFile);
+                            while ((len = in.read(buf)) >= 0) {
+                                fout.write(buf, 0, len);
+                            }
+                            in.close();
+                            fout.close();
+                            fout = null;
+                        } finally {
+                            if (fout != null) {
+                                try {
+                                    fout.close();
+                                } catch (IOException e2) {
+                                    // ignore
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        outFile.setLastModified(je.getTime());
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Error unarchiving " + platJar, e);
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (jf != null) jf.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    // ignore
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                marker.createNewFile();
+                marker.setLastModified(new Date().getTime());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                getLog().warn("Trouble creating marker file " + marker, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        setPermissions(workdir);
+        return workdir;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Chmods the helper executables ld and windres on systems where that is necessary.
+     */
+    private void setPermissions(File workdir) {
+        if (!System.getProperty("os.name").startsWith("Windows")) {
+            try {
+                new ProcessBuilder("chmod", "755", workdir + "/bin/ld").start().waitFor();
+                new ProcessBuilder("chmod", "755", workdir + "/bin/windres").start().waitFor();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                getLog().warn("Interrupted while chmodding platform-specific binaries", e);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                getLog().warn("Unable to set platform-specific binaries to 755", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If custom header objects or libraries shall be linked, they need to sit inside the launch4j working dir.
+     */
+    private List<String> relativizeAndCopy(File workdir, List<String> paths) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        if (paths == null) return null;
+
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (String path : paths) {
+            Path source = basedir.toPath().resolve(path);
+            Path dest = workdir.toPath().resolve(basedir.toPath().relativize(source));
+
+            if (!source.startsWith(basedir.toPath())) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("File must reside in the project directory: " + path);
+            }
+
+            if (Files.exists(source)) {
+                try {
+                    Path target = Files.copy(source, dest, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+                    result.add(workdir.toPath().relativize(target).toString());
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new MojoExecutionException("Can't copy file to workdir", e);
+                }
+            } else {
+                result.add(path);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Downloads the platform-specific parts, if necessary.
+     */
+    private void retrieveBinaryBits(Artifact a) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            resolver.resolve(a, project.getRemoteArtifactRepositories(), localRepository);
+        } catch (ArtifactNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Can't find platform-specific components", e);
+        } catch (ArtifactResolutionException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Can't retrieve platform-specific components", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decides which platform-specific bundle we need, based on the current operating system.
+     */
+    private Artifact chooseBinaryBits() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        String plat;
+        String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
+        getLog().debug("OS = " + os);
+
+        // See here for possible values of os.name:
+        // http://lopica.sourceforge.net/os.html
+        if (os.startsWith("Windows")) {
+            plat = "win32";
+        } else if ("Linux".equals(os)) {
+            plat = "linux";
+        } else if ("Solaris".equals(os) || "SunOS".equals(os)) {
+            plat = "solaris";
+        } else if ("Mac OS X".equals(os) || "Darwin".equals(os)) {
+            plat = (isBelow10_8(System.getProperty("os.version"))) ? "mac" : "osx";
+        } else {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Sorry, Launch4j doesn't support the '" + os + "' OS.");
+        }
+
+        return factory.createArtifactWithClassifier(LAUNCH4J_GROUP_ID, LAUNCH4J_ARTIFACT_ID,
+                getLaunch4jVersion(), "jar", "workdir-" + plat);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isBelow10_8(String version) {
+        String[] parts = version.split("\\.");
+        try {
+            int major = Integer.parseInt(parts[0]);
+            int minor = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+            return (major < 10) || (major == 10) && (minor < 8);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private File getBaseDir() {
+        return basedir;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Just prints out how we were configured.
+     */
+    private void printState() {
+        Log log = getLog();
+        Config c = ConfigPersister.getInstance().getConfig();
+
+        log.debug("headerType = " + c.getHeaderType());
+        log.debug("outfile = " + c.getOutfile());
+        log.debug("jar = " + c.getJar());
+        log.debug("dontWrapJar = " + c.isDontWrapJar());
+        log.debug("errTitle = " + c.getErrTitle());
+        log.debug("downloadUrl = " + c.getDownloadUrl());
+        log.debug("supportUrl = " + c.getSupportUrl());
+        log.debug("cmdLine = " + c.getCmdLine());
+        log.debug("chdir = " + c.getChdir());
+        log.debug("priority = " + c.getPriority());
+        log.debug("stayAlive = " + c.isStayAlive());
+        log.debug("restartOnCrash = " + c.isRestartOnCrash());
+        log.debug("icon = " + c.getIcon());
+        log.debug("objs = " + c.getHeaderObjects());
+        log.debug("libs = " + c.getLibs());
+        log.debug("vars = " + c.getVariables());
+        if (c.getSingleInstance() != null) {
+            log.debug("singleInstance.mutexName = " + c.getSingleInstance().getMutexName());
+            log.debug("singleInstance.windowTitle = " + c.getSingleInstance().getWindowTitle());
+        } else {
+            log.debug("singleInstance = null");
+        }
+        if (c.getJre() != null) {
+            log.debug("jre.path = " + c.getJre().getPath());
+            log.debug("jre.minVersion = " + c.getJre().getMinVersion());
+            log.debug("jre.maxVersion = " + c.getJre().getMaxVersion());
+            log.debug("jre.jdkPreference = " + c.getJre().getJdkPreference());
+            log.debug("jre.initialHeapSize = " + c.getJre().getInitialHeapSize());
+            log.debug("jre.initialHeapPercent = " + c.getJre().getInitialHeapPercent());
+            log.debug("jre.maxHeapSize = " + c.getJre().getMaxHeapSize());
+            log.debug("jre.maxHeapPercent = " + c.getJre().getMaxHeapPercent());
+            log.debug("jre.opts = " + c.getJre().getOptions());
+        } else {
+            log.debug("jre = null");
+        }
+        if (c.getClassPath() != null) {
+            log.debug("classPath.mainClass = " + c.getClassPath().getMainClass());
+        }
+        if (classPath != null) {
+            log.debug("classPath.addDependencies = " + classPath.addDependencies);
+            log.debug("classPath.jarLocation = " + classPath.jarLocation);
+            log.debug("classPath.preCp = " + classPath.preCp);
+            log.debug("classPath.postCp = " + classPath.postCp);
+        } else {
+            log.info("classpath = null");
+        }
+        if (c.getSplash() != null) {
+            log.debug("splash.file = " + c.getSplash().getFile());
+            log.debug("splash.waitForWindow = " + c.getSplash().getWaitForWindow());
+            log.debug("splash.timeout = " + c.getSplash().getTimeout());
+            log.debug("splash.timoutErr = " + c.getSplash().isTimeoutErr());
+        } else {
+            log.debug("splash = null");
+        }
+        if (c.getVersionInfo() != null) {
+            log.debug("versionInfo.fileVersion = " + c.getVersionInfo().getFileVersion());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.txtFileVersion = " + c.getVersionInfo().getTxtFileVersion());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.fileDescription = " + c.getVersionInfo().getFileDescription());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.copyright = " + c.getVersionInfo().getCopyright());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.productVersion = " + c.getVersionInfo().getProductVersion());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.txtProductVersion = " + c.getVersionInfo().getTxtProductVersion());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.productName = " + c.getVersionInfo().getProductName());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.companyName = " + c.getVersionInfo().getCompanyName());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.internalName = " + c.getVersionInfo().getInternalName());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.originalFilename = " + c.getVersionInfo().getOriginalFilename());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.language = " + c.getVersionInfo().getLanguage());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.languageIndex = " + c.getVersionInfo().getLanguageIndex());
+            log.debug("versionInfo.trademarks = " + c.getVersionInfo().getTrademarks());
+        } else {
+            log.debug("versionInfo = null");
+        }
+        if (c.getMessages() != null) {
+            log.debug("messages.startupErr = " + c.getMessages().getStartupErr());
+            log.debug("messages.bundledJreErr = " + c.getMessages().getBundledJreErr());
+            log.debug("messages.jreVersionErr = " + c.getMessages().getJreVersionErr());
+            log.debug("messages.launcherErr = " + c.getMessages().getLauncherErr());
+            log.debug("messages.instanceAlreadyExistsMsg = " + c.getMessages().getInstanceAlreadyExistsMsg());
+        } else {
+            log.debug("messages = null");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The Launch4j version used by the plugin.
+     * We want to download the platform-specific bundle whose version matches the Launch4j version,
+     * so we have to figure out what version the plugin is using.
+     *
+     * @return
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException
+     */
+    private String getLaunch4jVersion() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        String version = null;
+
+        for (Artifact artifact : pluginArtifacts) {
+            if (LAUNCH4J_GROUP_ID.equals(artifact.getGroupId()) &&
+                    LAUNCH4J_ARTIFACT_ID.equals(artifact.getArtifactId())
+                    && "core".equals(artifact.getClassifier())) {
+
+                version = artifact.getVersion();
+                getLog().debug("Found launch4j version " + version);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (version == null) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Impossible to find which Launch4j version to use");
+        }
+
+        return version;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.version")` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `isBelow10_8(...)` at line 600.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Artifact Launch4jMojo.chooseBinaryBits()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.akathist.maven.plugins.launch4j.Launch4jMojo.chooseBinaryBits():org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifa.f63de57a448d3f02a3eceb904161321f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/akathist/maven/plugins/launch4j/Launch4jMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+Launch4jMojo.java|chooseBinaryBits|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b87a7f9c70c0a8644bb504549ac28a6f
+
+### Hash:
+f5c1e95c77ad78e9ed14f85976722084
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10203/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10203/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11d358e45689f4a8c6f532872bf642dbeadfeaa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10203/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hprose-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**********************************************************\
+|                                                          |
+|                          hprose                          |
+|                                                          |
+| Official WebSite: http://www.hprose.com/                 |
+|                   http://www.hprose.org/                 |
+|                                                          |
+\**********************************************************/
+/**********************************************************\
+ *                                                        *
+ * Connection.java                                        *
+ *                                                        *
+ * hprose Connection interface for Java.                  *
+ *                                                        *
+ * LastModified: Sep 19, 2016                             *
+ * Author: Ma Bingyao <andot@hprose.com>                  *
+ *                                                        *
+\**********************************************************/
+package hprose.net;
+
+import hprose.io.ByteBufferStream;
+import hprose.util.concurrent.Timer;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+
+public final class Connection {
+    private final SocketChannel channel;
+    private final ConnectionHandler handler;
+    private final InetSocketAddress address;
+    private volatile SelectionKey key;
+    private volatile TimeoutType timeoutType;
+    private final Timer timer = new Timer(new Runnable() {
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                handler.onTimeout(Connection.this, timeoutType);
+            }
+            finally {
+                close();
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    private ByteBuffer inbuf = ByteBufferStream.allocate(1024);
+    private int headerLength = 4;
+    private int dataLength = -1;
+    private Integer id = null;
+    private OutPacket packet = null;
+    private final Queue<OutPacket> outqueue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<OutPacket>();
+    private Reactor reactor = null;
+    private boolean closed = false;
+    public Connection(SocketChannel channel, ConnectionHandler handler, InetSocketAddress address) {
+        this.channel = channel;
+        this.handler = handler;
+        this.address = address;
+    }
+
+    public final void connect(Selector selector) throws ClosedChannelException, IOException {
+        key = channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT, this);
+        setTimeout(handler.getConnectTimeout(), TimeoutType.CONNECT_TIMEOUT);
+        channel.connect(address);
+    }
+
+    public final void connected(Reactor reactor, Selector selector) throws ClosedChannelException {
+        clearTimeout();
+        this.reactor = reactor;
+        key = channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ, this);
+        handler.onConnected(this);
+    }
+
+    public final boolean isConnected() {
+        return channel.isOpen() && channel.isConnected();
+    }
+
+    public final SocketChannel socketChannel() {
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    private void closeWithError(boolean error) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (closed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            closed = true;
+        }
+        try {
+            clearTimeout();
+            if (error) {
+                try {
+                    handler.onTimeout(Connection.this, timeoutType);
+                }
+                catch (Exception e) {
+                }
+            }
+            handler.onClose(this);
+            channel.close();
+        }
+        catch (IOException e) {
+        }
+        finally {
+            key.cancel();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final void close() {
+        closeWithError(false);
+    }
+
+    final void errorClose() {
+        closeWithError(true);
+    }
+
+    public final boolean receive() {
+        try {
+            setTimeout(handler.getReadTimeout(), TimeoutType.READ_TIMEOUT);
+            int n = channel.read(inbuf);
+            if (n < 0) {
+                close();
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (n == 0) return true;
+            for (;;) {
+                if ((dataLength < 0) &&
+                    (inbuf.position() >= headerLength)) {
+                    dataLength = inbuf.getInt(0);
+                    if (dataLength < 0) {
+                        dataLength &= 0x7fffffff;
+                        headerLength = 8;
+                    }
+                    if (headerLength + dataLength > inbuf.capacity()) {
+                        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBufferStream.allocate(headerLength + dataLength);
+                        inbuf.flip();
+                        buf.put(inbuf);
+                        ByteBufferStream.free(inbuf);
+                        inbuf = buf;
+                    }
+                    setTimeout(handler.getReadTimeout(), TimeoutType.READ_TIMEOUT);
+                    if (channel.read(inbuf) < 0) {
+                        close();
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ((headerLength == 8) && (id == null)
+                    && (inbuf.position() >= headerLength)) {
+                    id = inbuf.getInt(4);
+                }
+                if ((dataLength >= 0) &&
+                    ((inbuf.position() - headerLength) >= dataLength)) {
+                    ByteBuffer data = ByteBufferStream.allocate(dataLength);
+                    inbuf.flip();
+                    inbuf.position(headerLength);
+                    int bufLen = inbuf.limit();
+                    inbuf.limit(headerLength + dataLength);
+                    data.put(inbuf);
+                    inbuf.limit(bufLen);
+                    inbuf.compact();
+                    clearTimeout();
+                    handler.onReceived(this, data, id);
+                    headerLength = 4;
+                    dataLength = -1;
+                    id = null;
+                }
+                else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            handler.onError(this, e);
+            close();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public final void send(ByteBuffer buffer, Integer id) {
+        outqueue.offer(new OutPacket(buffer, id));
+        key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+        reactor.write(this);
+    }
+
+    public final void send() {
+        if (packet == null) {
+            packet = outqueue.poll();
+            if (packet == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            for (;;) {
+                while (packet.writeLength < packet.totalLength) {
+                    setTimeout(handler.getWriteTimeout(), TimeoutType.WRITE_TIMEOUT);
+                    long n = channel.write(packet.buffers);
+                    if (n < 0) {
+                        close();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (n == 0) {
+                        key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    packet.writeLength += n;
+                }
+                ByteBufferStream.free(packet.buffers[1]);
+                clearTimeout();
+                handler.onSended(this, packet.id);
+                synchronized (outqueue) {
+                    packet = outqueue.poll();
+                    if (packet == null) {
+                        key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final void setTimeout(int timeout, TimeoutType type) {
+        timeoutType = type;
+        if (type == TimeoutType.IDLE_TIMEOUT) {
+            timer.setTimeout(timeout);
+        }
+        else {
+            timer.setTimeout(timeout, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final void clearTimeout() {
+        timer.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `hprose.net.Connection.send` indirectly writes to field `n$2.hprose.io.ByteBufferStream$ByteBufferPool.pool.[_].[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Connection.send()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+hprose.net.Connection.send():void.530beeaef9db42ed9b52d31bb2077f50
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/hprose/net/Connection.java
+
+### Key:
+Connection.java|send|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9fb1253084d2753af414743a12b3322d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10204/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10204/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72ac16c17635f66ea7b851eb395c1223157b06d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10204/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hprose-java
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**********************************************************\
+|                                                          |
+|                          hprose                          |
+|                                                          |
+| Official WebSite: http://www.hprose.com/                 |
+|                   http://www.hprose.org/                 |
+|                                                          |
+\**********************************************************/
+/**********************************************************\
+ *                                                        *
+ * Connection.java                                        *
+ *                                                        *
+ * hprose Connection interface for Java.                  *
+ *                                                        *
+ * LastModified: Apr 23, 2018                             *
+ * Author: Ma Bingyao <andot@hprose.com>                  *
+ *                                                        *
+\**********************************************************/
+package hprose.net;
+
+import hprose.io.ByteBufferStream;
+import hprose.util.concurrent.Timer;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+
+public final class Connection {
+    private final SocketChannel channel;
+    private final ConnectionHandler handler;
+    private final InetSocketAddress address;
+    private volatile SelectionKey key;
+    private volatile TimeoutType timeoutType;
+    private final Timer timer = new Timer(new Runnable() {
+        public void run() {
+            timeoutClose();
+        }
+    });
+    private ByteBuffer inbuf = ByteBufferStream.allocate(1024);
+    private int headerLength = 4;
+    private int dataLength = -1;
+    private Integer id = null;
+    private OutPacket packet = null;
+    private final Queue<OutPacket> outqueue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<OutPacket>();
+    private Reactor reactor = null;
+    private boolean closed = false;
+    public Connection(SocketChannel channel, ConnectionHandler handler, InetSocketAddress address) {
+        this.channel = channel;
+        this.handler = handler;
+        this.address = address;
+    }
+
+    public final void connect(Selector selector) throws IOException {
+        key = channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT, this);
+        setTimeout(handler.getConnectTimeout(), TimeoutType.CONNECT_TIMEOUT);
+        channel.connect(address);
+    }
+
+    public final void connected(Reactor reactor, Selector selector) throws ClosedChannelException {
+        clearTimeout();
+        this.reactor = reactor;
+        key = channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ, this);
+        handler.onConnected(this);
+    }
+
+    public final boolean isConnected() {
+        return channel.isOpen() && channel.isConnected();
+    }
+
+    public final SocketChannel socketChannel() {
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    public void close(boolean timeout, Exception e) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (closed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            closed = true;
+        }
+        try {
+            clearTimeout();
+            channel.close();
+        }
+        catch (IOException ex) {
+        }
+        finally {
+            key.cancel();
+            if (e != null) {
+                handler.onError(this, e);
+            }
+            if (timeout) {
+                try {
+                    handler.onTimeout(Connection.this, timeoutType);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex) {
+                }
+            }
+            handler.onClose(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final void close() {
+        close(false, null);
+    }
+
+    public final void timeoutClose() {
+        close(true, null);
+    }
+
+    public final void close(Exception e) {
+        close(false, e);
+    }
+
+    public final boolean receive() {
+        try {
+            setTimeout(handler.getReadTimeout(), TimeoutType.READ_TIMEOUT);
+            int n = channel.read(inbuf);
+            if (n < 0) {
+                close();
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (n == 0) return true;
+            for (;;) {
+                if ((dataLength < 0) &&
+                    (inbuf.position() >= headerLength)) {
+                    dataLength = inbuf.getInt(0);
+                    if (dataLength < 0) {
+                        dataLength &= 0x7fffffff;
+                        headerLength = 8;
+                    }
+                    if (headerLength + dataLength > inbuf.capacity()) {
+                        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBufferStream.allocate(headerLength + dataLength);
+                        inbuf.flip();
+                        buf.put(inbuf);
+                        ByteBufferStream.free(inbuf);
+                        inbuf = buf;
+                    }
+                    setTimeout(handler.getReadTimeout(), TimeoutType.READ_TIMEOUT);
+                    if (channel.read(inbuf) < 0) {
+                        close();
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ((headerLength == 8) && (id == null)
+                    && (inbuf.position() >= headerLength)) {
+                    id = inbuf.getInt(4);
+                }
+                if ((dataLength >= 0) &&
+                    ((inbuf.position() - headerLength) >= dataLength)) {
+                    ByteBuffer data = ByteBufferStream.allocate(dataLength);
+                    inbuf.flip();
+                    inbuf.position(headerLength);
+                    int bufLen = inbuf.limit();
+                    inbuf.limit(headerLength + dataLength);
+                    data.put(inbuf);
+                    inbuf.limit(bufLen);
+                    inbuf.compact();
+                    clearTimeout();
+                    handler.onReceived(this, data, id);
+                    headerLength = 4;
+                    dataLength = -1;
+                    id = null;
+                }
+                else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            close(e);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public final void send(ByteBuffer buffer, Integer id) {
+        outqueue.offer(new OutPacket(buffer, id));
+        key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+        reactor.write(this);
+    }
+
+    public final void send() {
+        if (packet == null) {
+            packet = outqueue.poll();
+            if (packet == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            for (;;) {
+                while (packet.writeLength < packet.totalLength) {
+                    setTimeout(handler.getWriteTimeout(), TimeoutType.WRITE_TIMEOUT);
+                    long n = channel.write(packet.buffers);
+                    if (n < 0) {
+                        close();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (n == 0) {
+                        key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    packet.writeLength += n;
+                }
+                clearTimeout();
+                handler.onSended(this, packet.buffers[1], packet.id);
+                synchronized (outqueue) {
+                    packet = outqueue.poll();
+                    if (packet == null) {
+                        key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final void setTimeout(int timeout, TimeoutType type) {
+        timeoutType = type;
+        if (type == TimeoutType.IDLE_TIMEOUT) {
+            timer.setTimeout(timeout);
+        }
+        else {
+            timer.setTimeout(timeout, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final void clearTimeout() {
+        timer.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `hprose.net.Connection.send` reads with synchronization from `this.hprose.net.Connection.packet`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `Connection.send()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Connection.send()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+hprose.net.Connection.send():void.530beeaef9db42ed9b52d31bb2077f50
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/hprose/net/Connection.java
+
+### Key:
+Connection.java|send|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+990ae8c049f2fc33f914969fdf6bd4c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10232/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10232/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebe8cdeb4da9776a89ba8d1a0778060290810749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10232/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ios-driver
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012 ios-driver committers.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+ * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
+ * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+package org.uiautomation.ios.server.utils;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.exceptions.IOSAutomationSetupException;
+
+
+/**
+ * Concatenate all the small JS files into 1 file passed to instruments, and replace variables by
+ * their value.
+ * 
+ * @author freynaud
+ * 
+ */
+public class ScriptHelper {
+
+  private final String main = "main.js";
+  private final String json = "json2.js";
+  private final String lib1 = "UIAutomation.js";
+  private final String lib2 = "UIAElement.js";
+  private static final String FILE_NAME = "uiamasterscript";
+
+
+  private String load(String resource) throws IOException {
+    InputStream is = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(resource);
+    if (is == null) {
+      throw new IOSAutomationSetupException("cannot load : " + resource);
+    }
+    StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
+    IOUtils.copy(is, writer, "UTF-8");
+    String content = writer.toString();
+    return content;
+  }
+
+  private String generateScriptContent(int port, String aut, String opaqueKey) throws IOException {
+    StringBuilder scriptContent = new StringBuilder();
+
+    String c = load(lib1);
+    c = c.replace("$PORT", String.format("%d", port));
+    c = c.replace("$AUT", String.format("%s", aut));
+    c = c.replace("$SESSION", String.format("%s", opaqueKey));
+
+    scriptContent.append(load(json));
+    scriptContent.append(c);
+    scriptContent.append(load(lib2));
+
+    scriptContent.append(load(main));
+    return scriptContent.toString();
+  }
+
+
+
+  private File createTmpScript(String content) throws IOException {
+    File res = File.createTempFile(FILE_NAME, ".js");
+    BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(res));
+    out.write(content);
+    out.close();
+    return res;
+
+  }
+
+  public File getScript(int port, String aut, String opaqueKey) throws IOSAutomationSetupException {
+    try {
+      String content = generateScriptContent(port, aut, opaqueKey);
+      return createTmpScript(content);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOSAutomationSetupException("cannot generate the script for instrument.", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired to `out` by call to `new()` at line 75 is not released after line 78.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 76
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+File ScriptHelper.createTmpScript(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.uiautomation.ios.server.utils.ScriptHelper.createTmpScript(java.lang.String):java.io.File.a691b22c11341b4d792652e6e2068cf0
+
+### File:
+server/src/main/java/org/uiautomation/ios/server/utils/ScriptHelper.java
+
+### Key:
+ScriptHelper.java|createTmpScript|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+f0e1fb24af03020c5602c14cdca41608
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10243/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10243/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2de6c189b3ff952929677e2edf86803b9e2d5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10243/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helper
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is part of helper, licensed under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Copyright (c) lucko (Luck) <luck@lucko.me>
+ *  Copyright (c) contributors
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ *  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ *  SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package me.lucko.helper.internal;
+
+import me.lucko.helper.Commands;
+import me.lucko.helper.bossbar.BossBarFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.bossbar.BukkitBossBarFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.bossbar.ViaBossBarFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.hologram.BukkitHologramFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.hologram.HologramFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.hologram.individual.IndividualHologramFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.hologram.individual.PacketIndividualHologramFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.messaging.bungee.BungeeCord;
+import me.lucko.helper.messaging.bungee.BungeeCordImpl;
+import me.lucko.helper.npc.CitizensNpcFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.npc.NpcFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.plugin.ExtendedJavaPlugin;
+import me.lucko.helper.scheduler.HelperExecutors;
+import me.lucko.helper.scoreboard.PacketScoreboardProvider;
+import me.lucko.helper.scoreboard.ScoreboardProvider;
+import me.lucko.helper.signprompt.PacketSignPromptFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.signprompt.SignPromptFactory;
+import me.lucko.helper.utils.Players;
+
+import org.bukkit.plugin.Plugin;
+import org.bukkit.plugin.ServicePriority;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+
+/**
+ * Standalone plugin which provides the helper library at runtime for other plugins
+ * on the server to use.
+ */
+@HelperImplementationPlugin
+public final class StandalonePlugin extends ExtendedJavaPlugin {
+    public StandalonePlugin() {
+        getLogger().info("Initialized helper v" + getDescription().getVersion());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void enable() {
+        // provide an info command
+        Commands.create()
+                .handler(c -> {
+                    LoaderUtils.getHelperImplementationPlugins().stream()
+                            .sorted(Comparator.comparing(Plugin::getName))
+                            .forEach(pl -> Players.msg(c.sender(), "&7[&6helper&7] &7Running &6" + pl.getName() + " v" + pl.getDescription().getVersion() + "&7."));
+                })
+                .register("helper");
+
+        // provide default service implementations
+        provideService(HologramFactory.class, new BukkitHologramFactory());
+        provideService(BungeeCord.class, new BungeeCordImpl(this));
+        if (isPluginPresent("ProtocolLib")) {
+            PacketScoreboardProvider scoreboardProvider = new PacketScoreboardProvider(this);
+            provideService(ScoreboardProvider.class, scoreboardProvider);
+            provideService(PacketScoreboardProvider.class, scoreboardProvider);
+
+            SignPromptFactory signPromptFactory = new PacketSignPromptFactory();
+            provideService(SignPromptFactory.class, signPromptFactory);
+
+            try {
+                IndividualHologramFactory hologramFactory = new PacketIndividualHologramFactory();
+                provideService(IndividualHologramFactory.class, hologramFactory);
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                // ignore??
+            }
+        }
+        if (isPluginPresent("Citizens")) {
+            CitizensNpcFactory npcManager = bind(new CitizensNpcFactory());
+            provideService(NpcFactory.class, npcManager);
+            provideService(CitizensNpcFactory.class, npcManager);
+        }
+        if (isPluginPresent("ViaVersion")) {
+            BossBarFactory bossBarFactory = new ViaBossBarFactory();
+            provideService(BossBarFactory.class, bossBarFactory, ServicePriority.High);
+        } else if (classExists("org.bukkit.boss.BossBar")) {
+            BossBarFactory bossBarFactory = new BukkitBossBarFactory(getServer());
+            provideService(BossBarFactory.class, bossBarFactory);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void disable() {
+        // shutdown the scheduler
+        HelperExecutors.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean classExists(String clazz) {
+        try {
+            Class.forName(clazz);
+            return true;
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `me.lucko.helper.npc.CitizensNpcFactory` acquired by call to `new()` at line 93 is not released after line 93.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StandalonePlugin.enable()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+me.lucko.helper.internal.StandalonePlugin.enable():void.4c476c71d37a4c2dd2f32bd0ee315fe6
+
+### File:
+helper/src/main/java/me/lucko/helper/internal/StandalonePlugin.java
+
+### Key:
+StandalonePlugin.java|enable|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f597c02d587c01cbcdcfbf6345c8f052
+
+### Hash:
+d35f0e1dba8a44cfa5863eaa9d9fb99b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10244/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10244/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e60bd95be617d1e71656f06c76889022cd079ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10244/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** stash-jenkins-postreceive-webhook
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.nerdwin15.stash.webhook.rest;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import javax.ws.rs.Consumes;
+import javax.ws.rs.FormParam;
+import javax.ws.rs.GET;
+import javax.ws.rs.POST;
+import javax.ws.rs.Path;
+import javax.ws.rs.QueryParam;
+import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.Context;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.Response;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.Response.Status;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.atlassian.plugins.rest.common.security.AnonymousAllowed;
+import com.atlassian.stash.i18n.I18nService;
+import com.atlassian.stash.nav.NavBuilder;
+import com.atlassian.stash.repository.Repository;
+import com.atlassian.stash.rest.util.ResourcePatterns;
+import com.atlassian.stash.rest.util.RestResource;
+import com.atlassian.stash.rest.util.RestUtils;
+import com.atlassian.stash.ssh.api.SshCloneUrlResolver;
+import com.atlassian.stash.ssh.api.SshConfiguration;
+import com.atlassian.stash.ssh.api.SshConfigurationService;
+import com.atlassian.stash.user.Permission;
+import com.atlassian.stash.user.PermissionValidationService;
+import com.nerdwin15.stash.webhook.NotificationResult;
+import com.nerdwin15.stash.webhook.Notifier;
+import com.sun.jersey.spi.resource.Singleton;
+
+/**
+ * REST resource used to test the Jenkins configuration
+ * 
+ * @author Peter Leibiger (kuhnroyal)
+ * @author Michael Irwin (mikesir87)
+ */
+@Path(ResourcePatterns.REPOSITORY_URI)
+@Consumes({ MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON })
+@Produces({ RestUtils.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8 })
+@Singleton
+@AnonymousAllowed
+public class JenkinsResource extends RestResource {
+
+  private static final Logger log = //CHECKSTYLE:doesntMatter
+      LoggerFactory.getLogger(JenkinsResource.class);
+
+  private final Notifier notifier;
+  private final PermissionValidationService permissionService;
+  private final NavBuilder navBuilder;
+  private final SshConfigurationService sshConfigurationService;
+  private final SshCloneUrlResolver sshCloneUrlResolver;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates Rest resource for testing the Jenkins configuration
+   * @param notifier The service to send Jenkins notifications
+   * @param permissionValidationService A permission validation service 
+   * @param i18nService i18n Service
+   * @param navBuilder Builder to generate the default HTTP clone url
+   * @param sshConfigurationService Service to check whether SSH is enabled
+   * @param sshCloneUrlResolver Resolver for generating default SSH clone url
+   */
+  public JenkinsResource(Notifier notifier, 
+      PermissionValidationService permissionValidationService, 
+      I18nService i18nService, 
+      NavBuilder navBuilder, 
+      SshConfigurationService sshConfigurationService,
+      SshCloneUrlResolver sshCloneUrlResolver) {
+    super(i18nService);
+    this.notifier = notifier;
+    this.permissionService = permissionValidationService;
+    this.navBuilder = navBuilder;
+    this.sshConfigurationService = sshConfigurationService;
+    this.sshCloneUrlResolver = sshCloneUrlResolver;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fire off the test of the Jenkins configuration
+   * @param repository The repository to base the notification on
+   * @param jenkinsBase The base URL for the Jenkins instance
+   * @param cloneType The clone type for repository cloning
+   * @param cloneUrl The url used for repository cloning
+   * @param ignoreCerts True if all certs should be accepted.
+   * @param omitHashCode True if SHA1 hash should be omitted.
+   * @return The response to send back to the user.
+   */
+  @POST
+  @Path(value = "test")
+  @Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
+  public Map<String, Object> test(@Context Repository repository,
+        @FormParam(Notifier.JENKINS_BASE) String jenkinsBase,
+        @FormParam(Notifier.CLONE_TYPE) String cloneType,
+        @FormParam(Notifier.CLONE_URL) String cloneUrl,
+        @FormParam(Notifier.IGNORE_CERTS) boolean ignoreCerts,
+        @FormParam(Notifier.OMIT_HASH_CODE) boolean omitHashCode) {
+    
+    if (jenkinsBase == null || cloneType == null || (cloneType.equals("custom") && cloneUrl == null)) {
+      Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+      map.put("successful", false);
+      map.put("message", "Settings must be configured");
+      return map;
+    }
+
+    permissionService.validateForRepository(repository, Permission.REPO_ADMIN);
+    log.debug("Triggering jenkins notification for repository {}/{}", 
+        repository.getProject().getKey(), repository.getSlug());
+
+    /* @todo carl.loa.odin@klarna.com: Send null instead of master and sha1 and
+     *   handle this in notify
+     */
+    NotificationResult result = notifier.notify(repository, jenkinsBase, 
+        ignoreCerts, cloneType, cloneUrl, null, null, omitHashCode);
+    log.debug("Got response from jenkins: {}", result);
+
+    // Shouldn't have to do this but the result isn't being marshalled correctly
+    Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+    map.put("successful", result.isSuccessful());
+    map.put("url", result.getUrl());
+    map.put("message", result.getMessage());
+    return map;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Trigger a build on the Jenkins instance
+   * @param repository The repository to trigger
+   * @return The response. Ok if it worked. Otherwise, an error.
+   */
+  @POST
+  @Path(value = "triggerJenkins")
+  public Response trigger(@Context Repository repository,
+      @QueryParam("branch") String branch, @QueryParam("sha1") String sha1) {
+
+    try {
+      NotificationResult result = notifier.notify(repository, branch, sha1);
+      if (result.isSuccessful())
+        return Response.ok().build();
+      return Response.noContent().build();
+    }
+    catch (Exception e) {
+      return Response.status(Status.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
+          .entity(e.getMessage()).build();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Get the default clone urls for a repository.
+   * @param repository The repository to get clone urls for
+   * @return A response
+   */
+  @GET
+  @Path(value = "config")
+  public Response config(@Context Repository repository) {
+    Map<String, String> data = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    SshConfiguration sshConfiguration = sshConfigurationService.getConfiguration();
+    if (sshConfiguration.isEnabled()) {
+        data.put("ssh", sshCloneUrlResolver.getCloneUrl(repository));
+    } else {
+        data.put("ssh", "");
+    }
+    data.put("http", navBuilder.repo(repository).clone("git")
+        .buildAbsoluteWithoutUsername());
+    return Response.ok(data).build();
+  }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 116  at line 122.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map JenkinsResource.test(Repository,String,String,String,boolean,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.nerdwin15.stash.webhook.rest.JenkinsResource.test(com.atlassian.stash.repository.Repository,java.f896d0b31bdbec61412b084b3a0a07e7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/nerdwin15/stash/webhook/rest/JenkinsResource.java
+
+### Key:
+JenkinsResource.java|test|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ecb005b3b398757c0871c208dae4f8e6
+
+### Hash:
+5329f7fc0d05dc481701eb2d484bec22
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10250/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10250/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7de099d12f30ad500801fa94c9f330a49f3992d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10250/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nlp-lang
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nlpcn.commons.lang.occurrence;
+
+import org.nlpcn.commons.lang.util.MapCount;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * 词语共现计算工具,愚人节快乐
+ * Created by ansj on 4/1/14.
+ */
+public class Occurrence {
+
+	private int seqId = 0;
+
+	private Map<String, Count> word2Mc = new HashMap<String, Count>();
+
+	private Map<Integer, String> idWordMap = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
+
+	private MapCount<String> ww2Mc = new MapCount<String>();
+
+	private static final String CONN = "\u0000";
+
+	public void add(List<Element> words) {
+		Count count = null;
+		for (Element word : words) {
+			if ((count = word2Mc.get(word.getName())) != null) {
+				count.upCount();
+			} else {
+				count = new Count(word.getNature());
+				word2Mc.put(word.getName(), count);
+				idWordMap.put(count.id, word.getName());
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		Element e1 = null;
+		Element e2 = null;
+		Count count1 = null;
+		Count count2 = null;
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.size() - 1; i++) {
+			e1 = words.get(i);
+			count1 = word2Mc.get(e1.getName());
+			for (int j = i + 1; j < words.size(); j++) {
+				e2 = words.get(j);
+				count2 = word2Mc.get(e2.getName());
+				if (count1.id == count2.id) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (count1.id < count2.id) {
+					ww2Mc.add(e1.getName() + CONN + e2.getName());
+				} else {
+					ww2Mc.add(e2.getName() + CONN + e2.getName());
+				}
+				count1.upRelation(count2.id);
+				count2.upRelation(count1.id);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 保存模型
+	 */
+	public void saveModel(String filePath) throws IOException {
+		BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(new File(filePath))) ;
+		writeMap(bw,idWordMap) ;
+		writeMap(bw,word2Mc) ;
+		writeMap(bw,ww2Mc.get()) ;
+
+	}
+
+	private void writeMap(BufferedWriter bw, Map<?, ?> map) throws IOException {
+		bw.write(word2Mc.size());
+		bw.newLine();
+		for(Map.Entry entry : word2Mc.entrySet()){
+			bw.write(entry.getKey()+"\t"+entry.getValue());
+			bw.newLine();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * 读取模型
+	 */
+	public void loadModel(String filePath) {
+
+	}
+
+	class Count {
+		int id = 0;
+		int count = 1; //这个词
+		int relationCount; //这个词和其他词共同出现多少次
+		String nature;
+
+		Set<Integer> relationSet = new HashSet<Integer>();
+
+		public Count(String nature) {
+			this.nature = nature;
+			seqId++;
+			this.id = seqId;
+		}
+
+
+		public void upCount() {
+			this.count++;
+		}
+
+		public void upRelation(int rId) {
+			this.relationCount++;
+			this.relationSet.add(rId);
+		}
+
+
+		@Override
+		public String toString() {
+			return this.id + "\t" + this.count + "\t" + this.relationCount;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired to `bw` by call to `new()` at line 69 is not released after line 74.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 70
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Occurrence.saveModel(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nlpcn.commons.lang.occurrence.Occurrence.saveModel(java.lang.String):void.f688111cf23dbaf64469d68526126a91
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nlpcn/commons/lang/occurrence/Occurrence.java
+
+### Key:
+Occurrence.java|saveModel|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+686aa2d7f927858a858a130c5221f378
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10257/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10257/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a60d1891007482ea80a2bd162b73743037cadb74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10257/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** poi-tl
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014-2015 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.deepoove.poi.util;
+
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
+
+import org.apache.poi.util.IOUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * <p>
+ * 网络图片、本地图片、BufferedImage转化成byte数组，便于向word中插入图片byte[]数据。
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * 自定义图片：通过java代码生成BufferedImage，进而转化为byte数组
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author Sayi
+ * @version 1.0.0
+ */
+public final class BytePictureUtils {
+
+	private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BytePictureUtils.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过网络地址获取图片byte数组
+	 * 
+	 * @param urlPath
+	 *            网络地址
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static byte[] getUrlByteArray(String urlPath) {
+		return toByteArray(getUrlPictureStream(urlPath));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过文件获取图片byte数组
+	 * 
+	 * @param res
+	 *            文件
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static byte[] getLocalByteArray(File res) {
+		FileInputStream is = null;
+		byte[] byteArray = null;
+		try {
+			is = new FileInputStream(res);
+			byteArray = toByteArray(is);
+			is.close();
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			logger.error("FileNotFound", e);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.error("getLocalByteArray IO error", e);
+		}
+		return byteArray;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过BufferedImage获取图片byte数组
+	 * 
+	 * @param image
+	 *            BufferedImage
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static byte[] getBufferByteArray(BufferedImage image) {
+		ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+		try {
+			ImageIO.write(image, "png", os);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.error("getBufferByteArray error", e);
+		}
+		return os.toByteArray();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 流转换成byte数组
+	 * 
+	 * @param is
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream is) {
+		try {
+			return IOUtils.toByteArray(is);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.error("toByteArray error", e);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过网络地址获取BufferedImage
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static BufferedImage getUrlBufferedImage(String urlPath) {
+		URL url = null;
+		BufferedImage bufferImage = null;
+		try {
+			url = new URL(urlPath);
+			bufferImage = ImageIO.read(url);
+			return bufferImage;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			logger.error("getUrlBufferedImage error, {}, {}", urlPath, e);
+		}
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过文件获取BufferedImage
+	 * 
+	 * @param res
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static BufferedImage getLocalBufferedImage(File res) {
+		try {
+			BufferedImage read = ImageIO.read(res);
+			return read;
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			logger.error("FileNotFound", e);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.error("getLocalBufferedImage IO error", e);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 加载网络图片流
+	 * 
+	 * @param urlPath
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static InputStream getUrlPictureStream(String urlPath) {
+		URL url = null;
+		try {
+			url = new URL(urlPath);
+			return url.openConnection().getInputStream();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.error("getUrlPictureStream error,{},{}", urlPath, e);
+		}
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 新建RGB BufferedImage
+	 * 
+	 * @param width
+	 * @param height
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static BufferedImage newBufferImage(int width, int height) {
+		BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR);
+		return image;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `getUrlPictureStream(...)` at line 56 is not released after line 56.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] BytePictureUtils.getUrlByteArray(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.deepoove.poi.util.BytePictureUtils.getUrlByteArray(java.lang.String):byte[].ab13d4ab30547ce2f8e5e42ec75164fe
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/deepoove/poi/util/BytePictureUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+BytePictureUtils.java|getUrlByteArray|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d6170fb5d3d229077ee51eb7960a81a2
+
+### Hash:
+3801bba72ca8990a74b7e20f99f7b735
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10259/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10259/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f95a51d9b539dbe4399434fd38f369dd2bbfff4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10259/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** poi-tl
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.deepoove.poi.policy;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.IRunBody;
+import org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.XWPFParagraph;
+import org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.XWPFRun;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTP;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTPPr;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTParaRPr;
+
+import com.deepoove.poi.NiceXWPFDocument;
+import com.deepoove.poi.XWPFTemplate;
+import com.deepoove.poi.data.NumbericRenderData;
+import com.deepoove.poi.data.TextRenderData;
+import com.deepoove.poi.data.style.Style;
+import com.deepoove.poi.render.RenderContext;
+import com.deepoove.poi.template.run.RunTemplate;
+import com.deepoove.poi.util.StyleUtils;
+
+/**
+ * @author Sayi
+ * @version 0.0.5
+ */
+public class NumbericRenderPolicy extends AbstractRenderPolicy<NumbericRenderData> {
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean validate(NumbericRenderData data) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(data.getNumbers())) {
+            logger.debug("Empty NumbericRenderData datamodel: {}", data);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void doRender(RunTemplate runTemplate, NumbericRenderData numbericData, XWPFTemplate template)
+            throws Exception {
+        NiceXWPFDocument doc = template.getXWPFDocument();
+        XWPFRun run = runTemplate.getRun();
+        List<TextRenderData> datas = numbericData.getNumbers();
+        Style fmtStyle = numbericData.getFmtStyle();
+
+        BigInteger numID = doc.addNewNumbericId(numbericData.getNumFmt());
+
+        XWPFParagraph paragraph;
+        XWPFRun newRun;
+        for (TextRenderData line : datas) {
+            paragraph = doc.insertNewParagraph(run);
+            paragraph.setNumID(numID);
+            CTP ctp = paragraph.getCTP();
+            CTPPr pPr = ctp.isSetPPr() ? ctp.getPPr() : ctp.addNewPPr();
+            CTParaRPr pr = pPr.isSetRPr() ? pPr.getRPr() : pPr.addNewRPr();
+            StyleUtils.styleRpr(pr, fmtStyle);
+            newRun = paragraph.createRun();
+            StyleUtils.styleRun(newRun, line.getStyle());
+            newRun.setText(line.getText());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void afterRender(RenderContext context) {
+        XWPFRun run = ((RunTemplate) context.getEleTemplate()).getRun();
+        clearPlaceholder(context);
+        IRunBody parent = run.getParent();
+        if (parent instanceof XWPFParagraph) {
+            ((XWPFParagraph) parent).removeRun(((RunTemplate) context.getEleTemplate()).getRunPos());
+            // To do: 更好的列表样式
+            // ((XWPFParagraph) parent).setSpacingBetween(0,
+            // LineSpacingRule.AUTO);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `context.getEleTemplate().getRunPos()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 70.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NumbericRenderPolicy.afterRender(RenderContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.deepoove.poi.policy.NumbericRenderPolicy.afterRender(com.deepoove.poi.render.RenderContext):void.6c8a4cc6b1dd71562c1f1844e95a8ecb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/deepoove/poi/policy/NumbericRenderPolicy.java
+
+### Key:
+NumbericRenderPolicy.java|afterRender|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+167cf3fd87e584955cf7283d4281c166
+
+### Hash:
+ba826047a187294da9958c56d7af0c50
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10260/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10260/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c80bcefe57d63678f1cf1937ce91991900d2c400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10260/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** poi-tl
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.deepoove.poi.policy;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.IRunBody;
+import org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.XWPFParagraph;
+import org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.XWPFRun;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTP;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTPPr;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTParaRPr;
+
+import com.deepoove.poi.NiceXWPFDocument;
+import com.deepoove.poi.XWPFTemplate;
+import com.deepoove.poi.data.NumbericRenderData;
+import com.deepoove.poi.data.TextRenderData;
+import com.deepoove.poi.data.style.Style;
+import com.deepoove.poi.template.run.RunTemplate;
+import com.deepoove.poi.util.StyleUtils;
+
+/**
+ * @author Sayi
+ * @version 0.0.5
+ */
+public class NumbericRenderPolicy extends AbstractRenderPolicy<NumbericRenderData> {
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean validate(NumbericRenderData data) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(data.getNumbers())) {
+            logger.debug("Empty NumbericRenderData datamodel: {}", data);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void doRender(RunTemplate runTemplate, NumbericRenderData numbericData, XWPFTemplate template)
+            throws Exception {
+        NiceXWPFDocument doc = template.getXWPFDocument();
+        XWPFRun run = runTemplate.getRun();
+        List<TextRenderData> datas = numbericData.getNumbers();
+        Style fmtStyle = numbericData.getFmtStyle();
+
+        BigInteger numID = doc.addNewNumbericId(numbericData.getNumFmt());
+        
+        XWPFParagraph paragraph;
+        XWPFRun newRun;
+        for (TextRenderData line : datas) {
+            paragraph = doc.insertNewParagraph(run);
+            paragraph.setNumID(numID);
+            CTP ctp = paragraph.getCTP();
+            CTPPr pPr = ctp.isSetPPr() ? ctp.getPPr() : ctp.addNewPPr();
+            CTParaRPr pr = pPr.isSetRPr() ? pPr.getRPr() : pPr.addNewRPr();
+            StyleUtils.styleRpr(pr, fmtStyle);
+            newRun = paragraph.createRun();
+            StyleUtils.styleRun(newRun, line.getStyle());
+            newRun.setText(line.getText());
+        }
+
+        // 成功后清除标签
+        clearPlaceholder(run);
+        IRunBody parent = run.getParent();
+        if (parent instanceof XWPFParagraph) {
+            ((XWPFParagraph) parent).removeRun(runTemplate.getRunPos());
+            // To do: 更好的列表样式
+            // ((XWPFParagraph) parent).setSpacingBetween(0,
+            // LineSpacingRule.AUTO);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `runTemplate.getRunPos()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 65.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NumbericRenderPolicy.doRender(RunTemplate,NumbericRenderData,XWPFTemplate)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.deepoove.poi.policy.NumbericRenderPolicy.doRender(com.deepoove.poi.template.run.RunTemplate,com..ee716816576dfa936be2f3cabbc6d226
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/deepoove/poi/policy/NumbericRenderPolicy.java
+
+### Key:
+NumbericRenderPolicy.java|doRender|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+77054afd900daa70e235f68e4ac8a469
+
+### Hash:
+58d48cad7f40fe1a3b31d6fc7348c303
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10261/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10261/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05dfa97e05a7bf77da63cd3f8b4a64a00de53090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10261/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** poi-tl
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014-2019 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.deepoove.poi.policy;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.poi.xwpf.usermodel.XWPFRun;
+
+import com.deepoove.poi.NiceXWPFDocument;
+import com.deepoove.poi.XWPFTemplate;
+import com.deepoove.poi.config.Configure;
+import com.deepoove.poi.data.DocxRenderData;
+import com.deepoove.poi.template.run.RunTemplate;
+
+/**
+ * <p>
+ * word模板List循环渲染后合并
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author Sayi
+ * @version 1.3.0
+ */
+public class DocxRenderPolicy extends AbstractRenderPolicy {
+    @Override
+    protected boolean validate(Object data) {
+        return null != data;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void doRender(RunTemplate runTemplate, Object data, XWPFTemplate template)
+            throws Exception {
+        NiceXWPFDocument doc = template.getXWPFDocument();
+        XWPFRun run = runTemplate.getRun();
+        // 优先清空标签
+        clearPlaceholder(run);
+
+        List<NiceXWPFDocument> docMerges = getMergedDocxs((DocxRenderData) data,
+                template.getConfig());
+        try {
+            doc = doc.merge(docMerges, run);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("merge docx error", e);
+        }
+
+        template.reload(doc);
+    }
+
+    private List<NiceXWPFDocument> getMergedDocxs(DocxRenderData data, Configure configure) {
+        List<NiceXWPFDocument> docs = new ArrayList<NiceXWPFDocument>();
+        File docx = data.getDocx();
+        List<?> dataList = data.getDataList();
+        if (null == dataList || dataList.isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                // 待合并的文档不是模板
+                docs.add(new NiceXWPFDocument(new FileInputStream(docx)));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.error("Cannot get the merged docx.", e);
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < dataList.size(); i++) {
+                XWPFTemplate temp = XWPFTemplate.compile(docx, configure);
+                temp.render(dataList.get(i));
+                docs.add(temp.getXWPFDocument());
+            }
+        }
+        return docs;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 71 is not released after line 71.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List DocxRenderPolicy.getMergedDocxs(DocxRenderData,Configure)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.deepoove.poi.policy.DocxRenderPolicy.getMergedDocxs(com.deepoove.poi.data.DocxRenderData,com.dee.e211bb652b61a676b0b88f26c5674409
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/deepoove/poi/policy/DocxRenderPolicy.java
+
+### Key:
+DocxRenderPolicy.java|getMergedDocxs|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+58530590365225307f9548ac953d0cc6
+
+### Hash:
+6d3726fad78c8393539938ae25082ac0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10266/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10266/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53a3498ab6f99413b7d9a11e0fc6ff11003228e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10266/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,665 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cloudsim-plus
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * CloudSim Plus: A modern, highly-extensible and easier-to-use Framework for
+ * Modeling and Simulation of Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Services.
+ * http://cloudsimplus.org
+ *
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI, Portugal) and
+ *     the Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins (IFTO, Brazil).
+ *
+ *     This file is part of CloudSim Plus.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *     (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *     along with CloudSim Plus. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+/*
+ */
+package org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.hostfaultinjection;
+
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.brokers.DatacenterBroker;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.brokers.DatacenterBrokerSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.cloudlets.Cloudlet;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.cloudlets.CloudletSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.Datacenter;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.distributions.ContinuousDistribution;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.distributions.PoissonDistr;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.distributions.UniformDistr;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.hosts.Host;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.hosts.HostSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.provisioners.PeProvisionerSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.provisioners.ResourceProvisionerSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.resources.Pe;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.resources.PeSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.cloudlet.CloudletSchedulerTimeShared;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.vm.VmSchedulerTimeShared;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.ResourceLoader;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModel;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModelDynamic;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModelFull;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.Vm;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.VmSimple;
+import org.cloudsimplus.builders.tables.CloudletsTableBuilder;
+import org.cloudsimplus.faultinjection.HostFaultInjection;
+import org.cloudsimplus.faultinjection.VmCloner;
+import org.cloudsimplus.faultinjection.VmClonerSimple;
+import org.cloudsimplus.slametrics.SlaContract;
+import org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.Experiment;
+import org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.ExperimentRunner;
+import org.cloudsimplus.vmtemplates.AwsEc2Template;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static java.util.Comparator.comparingDouble;
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;
+import static org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.hostfaultinjection.HostFaultInjectionRunner.CLOUDLET_LENGTHS;
+
+/**
+ * An experiment using a {@link HostFaultInjection} to generate random Host failures.
+ * The experiment sets a {@link VmCloner}
+ * linked to {@link DatacenterBroker} when all VMs associated with that broker are destroyed.
+ * This way, new VMs are created for fault recovery.
+ *
+ * The experiment assesses if the SLA contract of the customer (represented by a {@link DatacenterBroker}
+ * is being met or not.
+ *
+ * <p>For more details, check
+ * <a href="http://www.di.ubi.pt/~mario/files/MScDissertation-RaysaOliveira.pdf">Raysa Oliveira's Master Thesis (only in Portuguese)</a>.</p>
+ *
+ * @author raysaoliveira
+ */
+final class HostFaultInjectionExperiment extends Experiment {
+    /**
+     * The list of SLA Contracts in JSON format which are used to assess
+     * if the metrics in those contracts are being met.
+     * This file is stored into the resources directory.
+     */
+    private static final String SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST = "sla-files.txt";
+
+    /*The average number of failures expected to happen each hour
+    in a Poisson Process, which is also called event rate or rate parameter.*/
+    private static final double MEAN_FAILURE_NUMBER_PER_HOUR = 0.025;
+
+    /**
+     * The simulation time (in HOURS) after which, no failure will be generated,
+     * allowing the simulation to finish any moment after this time.
+     */
+    private static final int MAX_TIME_TO_GENERATE_FAILURE_IN_HOURS = 800;
+
+    /**
+     * The time interval (in seconds) in which {@link Datacenter} events will be processed.
+     */
+    private static final int SCHEDULE_TIME_TO_PROCESS_DATACENTER_EVENTS = 300; // (5 seconds * 60 (1 minute))
+
+    private static final int HOST_PES = 4;
+    private static final long HOST_RAM = 500000; //host memory (MEGA)
+    private static final long HOST_STORAGE = 1000000; //host storage
+    private static final long HOST_BW = 100000000L;
+
+    private static final int VM_MIPS = 1000;
+    private static final long VM_SIZE = 1000; //image size (MEGA)
+    private static final long VM_BW = 100000;
+
+    private static final int CLOUDLET_PES = 2;
+    private static final long CLOUDLET_FILESIZE = 300;
+    private static final long CLOUDLET_OUTPUTSIZE = 300;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of Hosts to create for each Datacenter. The number of elements in
+     * this array defines the number of Datacenters to be created.
+     */
+    private static final int HOSTS = 30;
+
+    private List<Host> hostList;
+
+    private HostFaultInjection faultInjection;
+
+    /**
+     * A random number generator used to define the number of cloudlets to create.
+     */
+    private final ContinuousDistribution randCloudlet;
+
+    /**
+     * The map of SLA Contracts for each customer represented by a {@link DatacenterBroker}.
+     */
+    private Map<DatacenterBroker, SlaContract> contractsMap;
+
+    /**
+     * The map of Amazon EC2 Templates which will be used to create VMs for
+     * each customer represented by a {@link DatacenterBroker}.
+     */
+    private Map<DatacenterBroker, AwsEc2Template> templatesMap;
+
+    private HostFaultInjectionExperiment(final long seed) {
+        this(0, null, seed);
+    }
+
+    HostFaultInjectionExperiment(final int index, final ExperimentRunner runner) {
+        this(index, runner, -1);
+    }
+
+    private HostFaultInjectionExperiment(final int index, final ExperimentRunner runner, final long seed) {
+        super(index, runner, seed);
+        setBrokersNumber(readContractList().size());
+        setAfterExperimentBuild(exp -> getDatacenterList().forEach(this::createFaultInjectionForHosts));
+        setVmsByBrokerFunction(broker -> getContract(broker).getMinFaultToleranceLevel());
+        setHostsNumber(HOSTS);
+        this.randCloudlet = new UniformDistr(this.getSeed());
+        contractsMap = new HashMap<>();
+        templatesMap = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read all SLA contracts registered in the {@link #SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST}.
+     * When the brokers are created, it is ensured the number of brokers
+     * is equals to the number of SLA contracts in the {@link #SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST}.
+     */
+    private void readTheSlaContracts() throws IOException {
+        final Iterator<DatacenterBroker> brokerIterator = getBrokerList().iterator();
+        final List<AwsEc2Template> all = readAllAvailableAwsEc2Instances();
+        for (final String file: readContractList()) {
+            SlaContract contract = SlaContract.getInstance(file);
+            DatacenterBroker b = brokerIterator.next();
+            contractsMap.put(b, contract);
+            templatesMap.put(b, getSuitableAwsEc2InstanceTemplate(b, all));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> readContractList() {
+        return ResourceLoader
+                .getBufferedReader(getClass(), SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST)
+                .lines()
+                .filter(l -> !l.startsWith("#"))
+                .filter(l -> !l.trim().isEmpty())
+                .collect(toList());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a suitable {@link AwsEc2Template}
+     * for which it will be possible for
+     * the customer to get the maximum number of VMs,
+     * considering the price he/she expects to pay.
+     *
+     * @param broker the broker representing a customer to get a suitable {@link AwsEc2Template}
+     *               which maximizes the number of VMs for the customer's expected price
+     * @param all the list of all existing {@link AwsEc2Template}s
+     * @return the selected {@link AwsEc2Template} which will allow the customer
+     * to run the maximum number of VMs
+     */
+    private AwsEc2Template getSuitableAwsEc2InstanceTemplate(final DatacenterBroker broker, final List<AwsEc2Template> all) {
+        if(all.isEmpty()){
+            throw new RuntimeException("There aren't VM templates to create VMs for customer " + broker.getId());
+        }
+
+        final SlaContract contract = getContract(broker);
+        AwsEc2Template selected = getMostPowerfulVmTemplateForCustomerPrice(contract, all);
+        if (selected != AwsEc2Template.NULL) {
+            return selected;
+        }
+
+        selected = getCheapestVmTemplate(broker, all);
+
+        return selected;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to find the most powerful VM which, running a number of instances equal to the
+     * customer fault tolerance level, the total cost is lower or equal to
+     * the maximum price the customer is willing to pay.
+     * @return the most powerful VM according to customer contract or {@link AwsEc2Template#NULL}
+     *         if a suitable template could not be found
+     */
+    private AwsEc2Template getMostPowerfulVmTemplateForCustomerPrice(final SlaContract contract, final List<AwsEc2Template> all) {
+        final Comparator<AwsEc2Template> comparator = Comparator.naturalOrder();
+        return all.stream()
+            .filter(t -> getActualPriceForAllVms(contract, t) <= contract.getMaxPrice())
+            .max(comparator)
+            .orElse(AwsEc2Template.NULL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If a VM template matching the customer contract cannot be found,
+     * gets the cheapest VM from the entire list and
+     * computes the new k-fault-tolerance level which is possible using such a VM.
+     * That is, computes the k number of VMs which can be created
+     * from that template, that will not exceed the total price the customer
+     * is willing to pay.
+     *
+     * At the end, updates the customer contract.
+     *
+     * @param broker the broker representing a customer to get the cheapest {@link AwsEc2Template}
+     *               which maximizes the number of VMs for the customer's expected price
+     * @param all the list of all existing {@link AwsEc2Template}s
+     * @return the cheaper VM template
+     */
+    private AwsEc2Template getCheapestVmTemplate(final DatacenterBroker broker, final List<AwsEc2Template> all) {
+        final SlaContract contract = getContract(broker);
+        final AwsEc2Template instance =
+            all.stream()
+                .min(comparingDouble(AwsEc2Template::getPricePerHour))
+                .orElseThrow(() ->
+                    new RuntimeException(
+                        "A VM template matching customer "+broker.getId() +
+                        " contract could not be found and there isn't any cheaper one available."));
+
+        final int faultToleranceLevel = getFaultToleranceLevelForTemplate(contract, instance);
+        System.out.printf(
+            "# There isn't any available VM template having an individual price of $%.2f, %n", contract.getExpectedMaxPriceForSingleVm());
+        System.out.printf(
+            "  which enables meeting the %d-fault-tolerance level defined by broker %d.%n",
+            contract.getMinFaultToleranceLevel(), broker.getId());
+        System.out.printf(
+            "  The fault-tolerance level was reduced to %d (enabling %d VMs to run simultaneously).%n", faultToleranceLevel, faultToleranceLevel);
+        /*
+        After the k fault tolerance level was reduced because there isn't any VM that it's individual
+        price multiplied by the k is lower or equal to the total price the customer is willing to pay.
+        */
+        contract.getFaultToleranceLevel().getMinDimension().setValue(faultToleranceLevel);
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the fault-tolerance achieved by using of a given template,
+     * considering the max price a customers is willing to pay for all VMs.
+     * @param contract the customer contract
+     * @param instance the instance type to compute the k-fault-tolerance level
+     * @return the computed k-fault-tolerance level, where the minimum value for k will be 1
+     */
+    private int getFaultToleranceLevelForTemplate(final SlaContract contract, final AwsEc2Template instance) {
+        final int faultToleranceLevel = (int)Math.floor(contract.getMaxPrice() / instance.getPricePerHour());
+        return Math.max(faultToleranceLevel, 1);
+    }
+
+    private SlaContract getContract(final DatacenterBroker broker){
+        return contractsMap.get(broker);
+    }
+
+    private List<AwsEc2Template> readAllAvailableAwsEc2Instances() throws IOException {
+        final List<AwsEc2Template> instances = new ArrayList<>();
+        //Lists the files into the given directory
+        try (BufferedReader br = ResourceLoader.getBufferedReader(getClass(), "instance-files.txt")) {
+            while (br.ready()) {
+                final String file = br.readLine();
+                final AwsEc2Template instance = AwsEc2Template.getInstance("vmtemplates/aws/"+file);
+                instances.add(instance);
+            }
+        }
+        return instances;
+    }
+
+    public Vm createVm(final DatacenterBroker broker, final int id) {
+        final AwsEc2Template template = templatesMap.get(broker);
+        final Vm vm = new VmSimple(id, VM_MIPS, template.getCpus());
+        vm
+            .setRam(template.getMemoryInMB()).setBw(VM_BW).setSize(VM_SIZE)
+            .setCloudletScheduler(new CloudletSchedulerTimeShared())
+            .setDescription(template.getName());
+        return vm;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected List<Cloudlet> createCloudlets(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        final int cloudlets = getVmsByBrokerFunction().apply(broker)*2;
+        final List<Cloudlet> list = new ArrayList<>(cloudlets);
+        for (int id = getCloudletList().size(); id < getCloudletList().size() + cloudlets; id++) {
+            list.add(createCloudlet(broker));
+        }
+
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the number of Cloudlets defined in {@code createCloudlets #cloudlets} and submits
+     * them to the given broker.
+     *
+     * @return the List of created Cloudlets
+     */
+    public Cloudlet createCloudlet(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        final int i = (int) (randCloudlet.sample() * CLOUDLET_LENGTHS.length);
+        final long length = CLOUDLET_LENGTHS[i];
+        final UtilizationModel um = new UtilizationModelDynamic(UtilizationModel.Unit.ABSOLUTE, 50);
+
+        final Cloudlet cloudlet
+            = new CloudletSimple(nextCloudletId(), length, CLOUDLET_PES)
+            .setFileSize(CLOUDLET_FILESIZE)
+            .setOutputSize(CLOUDLET_OUTPUTSIZE)
+            .setUtilizationModelCpu(new UtilizationModelFull())
+            .setUtilizationModelRam(um)
+            .setUtilizationModelBw(um);
+        return cloudlet;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Datacenter createDatacenter(final int index) {
+        final Datacenter dc = super.createDatacenter(index);
+        dc.setSchedulingInterval(SCHEDULE_TIME_TO_PROCESS_DATACENTER_EVENTS);
+        return dc;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Host createHost(final int id) {
+        final List<Pe> pesList = new ArrayList<>(HOST_PES);
+        for (int i = 0; i < HOST_PES; i++) {
+            pesList.add(new PeSimple(8000, new PeProvisionerSimple()));
+        }
+
+        final Host host = new HostSimple(HOST_RAM, HOST_BW, HOST_STORAGE, pesList)
+            .setRamProvisioner(new ResourceProvisionerSimple())
+            .setBwProvisioner(new ResourceProvisionerSimple())
+            .setVmScheduler(new VmSchedulerTimeShared());
+
+        host.setId(id);
+        return host;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the fault injection for host
+     *
+     * @param datacenter
+     */
+    private void createFaultInjectionForHosts(final Datacenter datacenter) {
+        PoissonDistr poisson = new PoissonDistr(MEAN_FAILURE_NUMBER_PER_HOUR, getSeed());
+
+        faultInjection = new HostFaultInjection(datacenter, poisson);
+        getFaultInjection().setMaxTimeToFailInHours(MAX_TIME_TO_GENERATE_FAILURE_IN_HOURS);
+
+        for (DatacenterBroker broker : getBrokerList()) {
+            getFaultInjection().addVmCloner (broker, new VmClonerSimple(this::cloneVm, this::cloneCloudlets));
+        }
+
+        System.out.printf(
+            "\tFault Injection created for %s.%n\tMean Number of Failures per hour: %.6f (1 failure expected at each %.4f hours).%n",
+            datacenter, MEAN_FAILURE_NUMBER_PER_HOUR, poisson.getInterArrivalMeanTime());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clones a VM by creating another one with the same configurations of a
+     * given VM.
+     *
+     * @param vm the VM to be cloned
+     * @return the cloned (new) VM.
+     * @see #createFaultInjectionForHosts(org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.Datacenter)
+     */
+    private Vm cloneVm(final Vm vm) {
+        final Vm clone = new VmSimple(vm.getMips(), (int) vm.getNumberOfPes());
+        /*
+        It' not required to set an ID for the clone.
+        It is being set here just to make it easy to
+        relate the ID of the vm to its clone,
+        since the clone ID will be 10 times the id of its
+        source VM.
+        */
+        clone.setId(vm.getId() * 10);
+        clone.setDescription("Clone of VM " + vm.getId());
+        clone
+            .setSize(vm.getStorage().getCapacity())
+            .setBw(vm.getBw().getCapacity())
+            .setRam(vm.getBw().getCapacity())
+            .setCloudletScheduler(new CloudletSchedulerTimeShared());
+        System.out.printf("%n%n#Cloning VM %d from Host %d%n\tMips %.2f Number of Pes: %d%n",
+            vm.getId(), vm.getHost().getId(), clone.getMips(), clone.getNumberOfPes());
+
+        return clone;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clones each Cloudlet associated to a given VM. The method is called when
+     * a VM is destroyed due to a Host failure and a snapshot from that VM (a
+     * clone) is started into another Host. In this case, all the Cloudlets
+     * which were running inside the destroyed VM will be recreated from scratch
+     * into the VM clone, re-starting their execution from the beginning.
+     *
+     * @param sourceVm the VM to clone its Cloudlets
+     * @return the List of cloned Cloudlets.
+     * @see #createFaultInjectionForHosts(org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.Datacenter)
+     */
+    private List<Cloudlet> cloneCloudlets(final Vm sourceVm) {
+        final List<Cloudlet> sourceVmCloudlets = sourceVm.getCloudletScheduler().getCloudletList();
+        final List<Cloudlet> clonedCloudlets = new ArrayList<>(sourceVmCloudlets.size());
+        for (Cloudlet cl : sourceVmCloudlets) {
+            clonedCloudlets.add(cloneCloudlet(cl, cl.getLength() - cl.getFinishedLengthSoFar()));
+        }
+
+        return clonedCloudlets;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone from a given Cloudlet.
+     *
+     * @param source the Cloudlet to be cloned.
+     * @param length
+     * @return the cloned (new) cloudlet
+     */
+    private Cloudlet cloneCloudlet(final Cloudlet source, final long length) {
+        final Cloudlet clone
+            = new CloudletSimple(length, (int) source.getNumberOfPes());
+        /*It' not required to set an ID for the clone.
+        It is being set here just to make it easy to
+        relate the ID of the cloudlet to its clone,
+        since the clone ID will be 10 times the id of its
+        source cloudlet.*/
+        clone.setId(source.getId() * 10);
+        clone
+            .setUtilizationModelBw(source.getUtilizationModelBw())
+            .setUtilizationModelCpu(source.getUtilizationModelCpu())
+            .setUtilizationModelRam(source.getUtilizationModelRam());
+        return clone;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void printResults() {
+        for (final DatacenterBroker broker : getBrokerList()) {
+            new CloudletsTableBuilder(broker.getCloudletFinishedList()).build();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void createBrokers() {
+        super.createBrokers();
+        try {
+            readTheSlaContracts();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected DatacenterBroker createBroker() {
+        return new DatacenterBrokerSimple(getSimulation());
+    }
+
+    public double getRatioVmsPerHost() {
+        return getVmList().size() / (double) HOSTS;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the percentage of customers for whom the availability stated
+     * in the SLA was met (in scale from 0 to 1, where 1 is 100%).
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public double getPercentageOfAvailabilityMeetingSla() {
+        final double totalOfAvailabilitySatisfied = getBrokerList()
+            .stream()
+            .filter(b -> faultInjection.availability(b) * 100 >= getCustomerMinAvailability(b))
+            .count();
+        return totalOfAvailabilitySatisfied / getBrokerList().size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes minimum customer availability.
+     * @param broker
+     * @return minimum customer availability
+     */
+    private double getCustomerMinAvailability(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        return contractsMap.get(broker).getAvailabilityMetric().getMinDimension().getValue();
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the total cost of all VMs a given broker executed,
+     * for the entire simulation time.
+     */
+    public double getTotalCost(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        final SlaContract contract = getContract(broker);
+
+        final AwsEc2Template template = templatesMap.get(broker);
+        final double totalPriceForVmsInOneHour = getActualPriceForAllVms(contract, template);
+        final double totalExecutionTimeForVmsInHours = getTotalExecutionTimeForVmsInHours(broker);
+
+        return totalPriceForVmsInOneHour * totalExecutionTimeForVmsInHours;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the actual total price if a given VM template is used for a given customer.
+     * @param contract the contract of the customer
+     * @param template the template to compute the total price for that contract
+     * @return
+     */
+    private double getActualPriceForAllVms(final SlaContract contract, final AwsEc2Template template) {
+        return template.getPricePerHour()*contract.getMinFaultToleranceLevel();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the actual price of all customers VMs per hour, considering the entire simulation time.
+     * It's the total VMs cost mean.
+     * @param broker
+     * @return
+     */
+    public double getCustomerActualPricePerHour(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        return getTotalCost(broker)/getTotalExecutionTimeForVmsInHours(broker);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the total time all VMs from a given broker executed during the simulation (in hours).
+     * @param broker
+     * @return
+     */
+    private double getTotalExecutionTimeForVmsInHours(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        return broker.getVmCreatedList().stream().mapToDouble(Vm::getTotalExecutionTime).sum()/3600.0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the price per hour for the AWS EC2 Template to be used for a given customer.
+     */
+    public Double getTemplatesMap(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        return templatesMap.get(broker).getPricePerHour();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A main method just for test purposes.
+     *
+     * @param args
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        final HostFaultInjectionExperiment exp = new HostFaultInjectionExperiment(System.currentTimeMillis());
+
+        exp.setVerbose(true).run();
+        exp.getBrokerList().forEach(b -> System.out.printf("%s - Availability %%: %.4f%n", b, exp.getFaultInjection().availability(b) * 100));
+
+        System.out.println("Percentage of Brokers meeting the Availability Metric in SLA: " + exp.getPercentageOfAvailabilityMeetingSla() * 100);
+        System.out.println("# Ratio VMS per HOST: " + exp.getRatioVmsPerHost());
+        System.out.printf("%n# Number of Host faults: %d%n", exp.getFaultInjection().getNumberOfHostFaults());
+        System.out.println("# Number of VM faults (VMs destroyed): " + exp.getFaultInjection().getNumberOfFaults());
+        System.out.printf("# VMs MTBF average: %.2f minutes%n", exp.getFaultInjection().meanTimeBetweenVmFaultsInMinutes());
+        System.out.printf("# Time the simulations finished: %.2f minutes%n", exp.getSimulation().clockInMinutes());
+        System.out.printf("# Hosts MTBF: %.2f minutes%n", exp.getFaultInjection().meanTimeBetweenHostFaultsInMinutes());
+        System.out.printf("%n# If the hosts are showing in the result equal to 0, it was because the vms ended before the failure was set.%n%n");
+    }
+
+    public HostFaultInjection getFaultInjection() {
+        return faultInjection;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A map containing the {@link SlaContract} associated to each
+     * {@link DatacenterBroker} representing a customer.
+     */
+    public Map<DatacenterBroker, SlaContract> getContractsMap() {
+        return contractsMap;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getBufferedReader(...)` at line 180 is not released after line 181.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List HostFaultInjectionExperiment.readContractList()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.hostfaultinjection.HostFaultInjectionExperiment.readContractList():java.ut.fba657cfa640b21d2a0880478053dcad
+
+### File:
+cloudsim-plus-testbeds/src/main/java/org/cloudsimplus/testbeds/hostfaultinjection/HostFaultInjectionExperiment.java
+
+### Key:
+HostFaultInjectionExperiment.java|readContractList|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b94cf2634b450128a346e4c65e5ca648
+
+### Hash:
+aaf811df9ebda7465d2c7e9dad6ad48f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10268/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10268/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09ddd24d399859d97a6479f2bbb07796140acacd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10268/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cloudsim-plus
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * CloudSim Plus: A modern, highly-extensible and easier-to-use Framework for
+ * Modeling and Simulation of Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Services.
+ * http://cloudsimplus.org
+ *
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI, Portugal) and
+ *     the Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins (IFTO, Brazil).
+ *
+ *     This file is part of CloudSim Plus.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *     (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *     along with CloudSim Plus. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.cloudsimplus.slametrics;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.ResourceLoader;
+import org.cloudsimplus.vmtemplates.AwsEc2Template;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a SLA Contract containing a list of metrics.
+ * It follows the standard used by
+ * <a href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/viewing_metrics_with_cloudwatch.html">Amazon Cloudwatch</a>.
+ * <p>The constants inside the class define the names
+ * of SLA Metrics supported in the JSON SLA Contract format.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Instances of this class can be created from a JSON file
+ * using the {@link #getInstanceInternal(InputStream)} or
+ * {@link #getInstance(String)} methods.
+ * This way, one doesn't need to create instances
+ * of this class using its default constructor.
+ * This one is just used by the JSON parsing library.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>For more details, check
+ * <a href="http://www.di.ubi.pt/~mario/files/MScDissertation-RaysaOliveira.pdf">Raysa Oliveira's Master Thesis (only in Portuguese)</a>.</p>
+ *
+ * @author raysaoliveira
+ */
+public class SlaContract {
+    private static final String AVAILABILITY = "Availability";
+    private static final String TASK_COMPLETION_TIME = "TaskCompletionTime";
+    private static final String CPU_UTILIZATION = "CpuUtilization";
+    private static final String WAIT_TIME = "WaitTime";
+    private static final String PRICE = "Price";
+    private static final String FAULT_TOLERANCE_LEVEL = "FaultToleranceLevel";
+
+    private List<SlaMetric> metrics;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a {@link SlaContract}.
+     * If you want to get a contract from a JSON file,
+     * you shouldn't call the constructor directly.
+     * Instead, use some methods of the class methods.
+     *
+     * <p>This constructor is just provided to enable the {@link Gson} object
+     * to use reflection to instantiate a SlaContract.</p>
+     *
+     * @see #getInstance(String)
+     *
+     */
+    public SlaContract() {
+        this.metrics = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets an {@link SlaContract} from a JSON file inside the <b>application's resource directory</b>.
+     * @param jsonFilePath the <b>relative path</b> to the JSON file representing the SLA contract to read
+     * @return a {@link SlaContract} read from the JSON file
+     */
+    public static SlaContract getInstance(final String jsonFilePath) {
+        return getInstanceInternal(ResourceLoader.getInputStream(jsonFilePath, SlaContract.class));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets an {@link SlaContract} from a JSON file.
+     * Use the available constructors if you want to load a file outside the resource directory.
+     *
+     * @param inputStream a {@link InputStream} to read the file
+     * @return a {@link SlaContract} read from the JSON file
+     */
+    private static SlaContract getInstanceInternal(final InputStream inputStream) {
+        return new Gson().fromJson(new InputStreamReader(inputStream), SlaContract.class);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the metrics
+     */
+    public List<SlaMetric> getMetrics() {
+        return metrics;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param metrics the metrics to set
+     */
+    public void setMetrics(final List<SlaMetric> metrics) {
+        /*Since the contract can be read from a file, the metrics
+        * can be in fact null. This way, instantiates an empty list
+        * instead of using Objects.requiredNonNull().*/
+        this.metrics = metrics == null ? new ArrayList<>() : metrics;
+    }
+
+    private SlaMetric getSlaMetric(final String metricName) {
+        return metrics
+                .stream()
+                .filter(metric -> metricName.equals(metric.getName()))
+                .findFirst()
+                .orElse(SlaMetric.NULL);
+    }
+
+    public SlaMetric getAvailabilityMetric() {
+        return getSlaMetric(AVAILABILITY);
+    }
+
+    public SlaMetric getCpuUtilizationMetric() {
+        return getSlaMetric(CPU_UTILIZATION);
+    }
+
+    public SlaMetric getPriceMetric() {
+        return getSlaMetric(PRICE);
+    }
+
+    public SlaMetric getWaitTimeMetric() {
+        return getSlaMetric(WAIT_TIME);
+    }
+
+    public SlaMetric getTaskCompletionTimeMetric() {
+        return getSlaMetric(TASK_COMPLETION_TIME);
+    }
+
+    public SlaMetric getFaultToleranceLevel() {
+        return getSlaMetric(FAULT_TOLERANCE_LEVEL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum price a customer expects to pay hourly for all his/her running VMs.
+     * @return
+     */
+    public double getMaxPrice() {
+        return getPriceMetric().getMaxDimension().getValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the expected maximum price a single VM can cost, considering
+     * the {@link #getMinFaultToleranceLevel() Fault Tolerance Level}.
+     *
+     * @return the expected maximum price a single VM can cost for the given customer
+     * {@link AwsEc2Template} for the customer's expected price
+     */
+    public double getExpectedMaxPriceForSingleVm() {
+        return getMaxPrice() / getFaultToleranceLevel().getMinDimension().getValue();
+    }
+
+    public int getMinFaultToleranceLevel() {
+        return (int)Math.floor(getFaultToleranceLevel().getMinDimension().getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return metrics.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `getInputStream(...)` at line 86 is not released after line 86.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+SlaContract SlaContract.getInstance(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cloudsimplus.slametrics.SlaContract.getInstance(java.lang.String):org.cloudsimplus.slametrics.Sl.2599ac7fc0a9166dd63c35b65e4eddd7
+
+### File:
+cloudsim-plus/src/main/java/org/cloudsimplus/slametrics/SlaContract.java
+
+### Key:
+SlaContract.java|getInstance|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d6170fb5d3d229077ee51eb7960a81a2
+
+### Hash:
+42f45844eb61237630904475d556361a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10272/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10272/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47fc8bfc503cea5398d83a168ed0a8477dfd1d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10272/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cloudsim-plus
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * CloudSim Plus: A modern, highly-extensible and easier-to-use Framework for
+ * Modeling and Simulation of Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Services.
+ * http://cloudsimplus.org
+ *
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI, Portugal) and
+ *     the Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins (IFTO, Brazil).
+ *
+ *     This file is part of CloudSim Plus.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *     (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *     along with CloudSim Plus. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.sla.taskcompletiontime;
+
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.brokers.DatacenterBroker;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.cloudlets.Cloudlet;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.cloudlets.CloudletSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.Datacenter;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.distributions.ContinuousDistribution;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.distributions.UniformDistr;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.cloudlet.CloudletSchedulerCompletelyFair;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.ResourceLoader;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModel;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModelDynamic;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModelFull;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.Vm;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.VmSimple;
+import org.cloudsimplus.slametrics.SlaContract;
+import org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.ExperimentRunner;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import static java.util.Comparator.comparingDouble;
+import static java.util.Comparator.comparingLong;
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;
+import static org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.sla.taskcompletiontime.CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationRunner.*;
+
+/**
+ * An experiment that tries to minimize task completion time
+ * by selecting as the VM to run a Cloudlet,
+ * one that minimizes the Task Completion Time (TCT): the time a cloudlet spends to finish.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * It uses the {@link DatacenterBroker#setVmMapper(Function)}
+ * method to define the policy used to map Cloudlets to VMs.
+ * The workload is defined as a set of randomly created Cloudlets.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>For more details, check
+ * <a href="http://www.di.ubi.pt/~mario/files/MScDissertation-RaysaOliveira.pdf">Raysa Oliveira's Master Thesis (only in Portuguese)</a>.</p>
+ *
+ * @author raysaoliveira
+ * @see #selectVmForCloudlet(Cloudlet)
+ */
+final class CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment extends AbstractCloudletTaskCompletionTimeExperiment {
+    private static final int SCHEDULING_INTERVAL = 5;
+
+    private final ContinuousDistribution randCloudlet, randVm, randCloudletPes, randMipsVm;
+
+    /**
+     * The file containing the SLA Contract in JSON format.
+     */
+    private static final String SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST = "sla-files.txt";
+
+    /**
+     * A map where the key is a {@link DatacenterBroker} and each value
+     * the {@link SlaContract} of that broker.
+     */
+    private Map<DatacenterBroker, SlaContract> contractsMap;
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts the Cloudlets before submitting them to the Broker, so that
+     * Cloudlets with larger length will be mapped for a VM first than lower
+     * ones.
+     */
+    private static final Comparator<Cloudlet> SORT_CLOUDLETS_BY_LENGTH_REVERSED = comparingDouble(Cloudlet::getLength).reversed();
+
+    private CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment(final long seed) {
+        this(0, null, seed);
+    }
+
+    CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment(final int index, final ExperimentRunner runner) {
+        this(index, runner, -1);
+    }
+
+    private CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment(final int index, final ExperimentRunner runner, final long seed) {
+        super(index, runner, seed);
+        setVmsByBrokerFunction(broker -> VMS);
+        this.randCloudlet = new UniformDistr(getSeed());
+        this.randVm = new UniformDistr(getSeed()+2);
+        this.randCloudletPes = new UniformDistr(getSeed()+3);
+        this.randMipsVm = new UniformDistr(getSeed()+4);
+        contractsMap = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void printResults() {
+        printBrokerFinishedCloudlets(getFirstBroker());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read all SLA contracts registered in the {@link #SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST}.
+     * When the brokers are created, it is ensured the number of brokers
+     * is equals to the number of SLA contracts in the {@link #SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST}.
+     */
+    private void readTheSlaContracts() {
+        for (final String file: readContractList()) {
+            SlaContract contract = SlaContract.getInstance(file);
+            contractsMap.put(getFirstBroker(), contract);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> readContractList() {
+        return ResourceLoader
+            .getBufferedReader(getClass(), SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST)
+            .lines()
+            .filter(l -> !l.startsWith("#"))
+            .filter(l -> !l.trim().isEmpty())
+            .collect(toList());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected List<Cloudlet> createCloudlets(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        final List<Cloudlet> cloudletList = new ArrayList<>(CLOUDLETS);
+        for (int id = getCloudletList().size(); id < getCloudletList().size() + CLOUDLETS; id++) {
+            cloudletList.add(createCloudlet(broker));
+        }
+
+        return cloudletList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Cloudlet createCloudlet(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        final UtilizationModel model = new UtilizationModelDynamic(0.1);
+        final int i = (int) (randCloudlet.sample() * CLOUDLET_LENGTHS.length);
+        final int p = (int) (randCloudletPes.sample() * CLOUDLET_PES.length);
+        final long length = CLOUDLET_LENGTHS[i];
+        final long pes = CLOUDLET_PES[p];
+        return new CloudletSimple(nextCloudletId(), length, pes)
+                .setFileSize(1024)
+                .setOutputSize(1024)
+                .setUtilizationModelBw(model)
+                .setUtilizationModelRam(model)
+                .setUtilizationModelCpu(new UtilizationModelFull());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Datacenter createDatacenter(final int index) {
+        final Datacenter dc = super.createDatacenter(index);
+        dc.setSchedulingInterval(SCHEDULING_INTERVAL);
+        return dc;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Vm createVm(final DatacenterBroker broker, final int id) {
+        final int pesId = (int) (randVm.sample() * VM_PES.length);
+        final int mipdsId = (int) (randMipsVm.sample() * MIPS_VM.length);
+
+        final int pes = VM_PES[pesId];
+        final int mips = MIPS_VM[mipdsId];
+
+
+        final Vm vm = new VmSimple(id, mips, pes)
+                .setRam(512).setBw(1000).setSize(10000)
+                .setCloudletScheduler(new CloudletSchedulerCompletelyFair());
+        return vm;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void createBrokers() {
+        super.createBrokers();
+        final DatacenterBroker broker0 = getFirstBroker();
+        broker0.setVmMapper(this::selectVmForCloudlet);
+        broker0.setCloudletComparator(SORT_CLOUDLETS_BY_LENGTH_REVERSED);
+        readTheSlaContracts();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Selects a VM to run a Cloudlet which minimizes the Cloudlet completion
+     * time.
+     *
+     * @param cloudlet the Cloudlet to select a VM to
+     * @return the selected Vm
+     */
+    private Vm selectVmForCloudlet(final Cloudlet cloudlet) {
+        final List<Vm> execVms = cloudlet.getBroker().getVmExecList();
+
+        final Comparator<Vm> sortByFreePesNumber = comparingLong(this::getExpectedNumberOfFreeVmPes);
+        final Comparator<Vm> sortByExpectedCloudletCompletionTime = comparingDouble(vm -> getExpectedCloudletCompletionTime(cloudlet, vm));
+        execVms.sort(
+            sortByExpectedCloudletCompletionTime.thenComparing(sortByFreePesNumber.reversed())
+        );
+        final Vm mostFreePesVm = execVms.stream().findFirst().orElse(Vm.NULL);
+
+        final double taskCompletionTimeSlaContract = getTaskCompletionTimeFromContract(cloudlet.getBroker());
+
+        return execVms.stream()
+            .filter(vm -> getExpectedNumberOfFreeVmPes(vm) >= cloudlet.getNumberOfPes())
+            .filter(vm -> getExpectedCloudletCompletionTime(cloudlet, vm) <= taskCompletionTimeSlaContract)
+            .findFirst()
+            .orElse(mostFreePesVm);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the expected amount of free PEs for a VM
+     *
+     * @param vm the VM to get the amount of free PEs
+     * @return the number of PEs that are free or a negative value that indicate
+     * there aren't free PEs (this negative number indicates the amount of
+     * overloaded PEs)
+     */
+    private long getExpectedNumberOfFreeVmPes(final Vm vm) {
+        final long totalPesForCloudletsOfVm
+            = vm.getBroker().getCloudletCreatedList().stream()
+            .filter(c -> c.getVm().equals(vm))
+            .mapToLong(Cloudlet::getNumberOfPes)
+            .sum();
+
+        final long numberOfVmFreePes = vm.getNumberOfPes() - totalPesForCloudletsOfVm;
+
+        System.out.printf(
+            "\t\tTotal PEs of Cloudlets in %s: %d -> VM PEs: %d -> VM free PEs: %d",
+            vm, totalPesForCloudletsOfVm, vm.getNumberOfPes(), numberOfVmFreePes);
+
+        return numberOfVmFreePes;
+    }
+
+    private double getExpectedCloudletCompletionTime(final Cloudlet cloudlet, final Vm vm) {
+        return cloudlet.getLength() / vm.getMips();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the Task Completion Time (TCT) defined in a {@link DatacenterBroker}'s {@link SlaContract}.
+     * @param broker the {@link DatacenterBroker} to the TCT from the {@link SlaContract}
+     * @return the broker SLA's TCT
+     * @see #contractsMap
+     */
+    private double getTaskCompletionTimeFromContract(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        return contractsMap.get(broker).getTaskCompletionTimeMetric().getMaxDimension().getValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the percentage of Cloudlets that met the task completion time,
+     * according the the broker {@link #contractsMap SLA Contract}.
+     * @return
+     */
+    double getPercentageOfCloudletsMeetingTaskCompletionTime() {
+        final DatacenterBroker broker = getBrokerList().stream()
+                .findFirst()
+                .orElse(DatacenterBroker.NULL);
+
+        final double taskCompletionTimeSlaContract = getTaskCompletionTimeFromContract(broker);
+        double totalOfCloudletSlaSatisfied = broker.getCloudletFinishedList().stream()
+                .map(c -> c.getFinishTime() - c.getLastDatacenterArrivalTime())
+                .filter(rt -> rt <= taskCompletionTimeSlaContract)
+                .count();
+        return (totalOfCloudletSlaSatisfied * 100) / broker.getCloudletFinishedList().size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the ratio of the total number of vPEs (VM PEs across all existing VMs) divided by the
+     * total number of required PEs of all Cloudlets.
+     * That indicates the mean number of vPEs
+     * that are available for each PE required by a Cloudlet, considering all
+     * the existing Cloudlets. For instance, if the ratio is 0.5, in average,
+     * two Cloudlets requiring one vPE will share that same vPE.
+     * If the ratio is greater than one, there is more vPE that the required by all Cloudlets.
+     * For instance, a ratio of 2 means there is 2 vPE for each PE required by a Cloudlet.
+     *
+     * @return the average of vPEs/CloudletsPEs ratio
+     */
+    double getRatioOfExistingVmPesToRequiredCloudletPes() {
+        double sumPesVms = getSumPesVms();
+        double sumPesCloudlets = getSumPesCloudlets();
+        return sumPesVms / sumPesCloudlets;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A main method just for test purposes.
+     *
+     * @param args
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        final CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment exp = new CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment(344L);
+        exp.setVerbose(true);
+        exp.run();
+        System.out.println();
+        System.out.printf("Average Task Completion Time (TCT): %.2f seconds\n", exp.getTaskCompletionTimeAverage());
+        for (DatacenterBroker broker : exp.getBrokerList()) {
+            System.out.printf("%s SLA's TCT: %.2f seconds\n", broker, exp.getTaskCompletionTimeFromContract(broker));
+        }
+
+        System.out.printf("Percentage of cloudlet that met TCT (i.e, the execution time was less or equal to the TCT defined in the SLA): %.2f%%\n",  exp.getPercentageOfCloudletsMeetingTaskCompletionTime());
+        System.out.printf("Ratio of existing total VM PEs to required Cloudlets PEs: %.2f\n", exp.getRatioOfExistingVmPesToRequiredCloudletPes());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+format string arguments don't mach provided arguments in printf(...) at line 305.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.sla.taskcompletiontime.CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment.ma.981496d3f92e76fc4ca7e7b6235e6797
+
+### File:
+cloudsim-plus-testbeds/src/main/java/org/cloudsimplus/testbeds/sla/taskcompletiontime/CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment.java
+
+### Key:
+CloudletTaskCompletionTimeMinimizationExperiment.java|main|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f9bd62e6e921b7bfcd178749bc59a067
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10275/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10275/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c10f88488567073cd13c09f29b3aa7470f921487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10275/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1417 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cloudsim-plus
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Title: CloudSim Toolkit Description: CloudSim (Cloud Simulation) Toolkit for Modeling and
+ * Simulation of Clouds Licence: GPL - http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2009-2012, The University of Melbourne, Australia
+ */
+package org.cloudbus.cloudsim.hosts;
+
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.core.AbstractMachine;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.core.ChangeableId;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.core.Simulation;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.Datacenter;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.DatacenterPowerSupply;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.power.models.PowerModel;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.provisioners.ResourceProvisioner;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.provisioners.ResourceProvisionerSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.resources.*;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.vm.VmScheduler;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.vm.VmSchedulerSpaceShared;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.Conversion;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.TimeUtil;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.UtilizationHistory;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.Vm;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.VmGroup;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.VmStateHistoryEntry;
+import org.cloudsimplus.listeners.EventListener;
+import org.cloudsimplus.listeners.HostEventInfo;
+import org.cloudsimplus.listeners.HostUpdatesVmsProcessingEventInfo;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.function.BinaryOperator;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import static java.util.Map.Entry;
+import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.*;
+
+/**
+ * A Host class that implements the most basic features of a Physical Machine
+ * (PM) inside a {@link Datacenter}. It executes actions related to management
+ * of virtual machines (e.g., creation and destruction). A host has a defined
+ * policy for provisioning memory and bw, as well as an allocation policy for
+ * PEs to {@link Vm virtual machines}. A host is associated to a Datacenter and
+ * can host virtual machines.
+ *
+ * @author Rodrigo N. Calheiros
+ * @author Anton Beloglazov
+ * @since CloudSim Toolkit 1.0
+ */
+public class HostSimple implements Host {
+    private static long defaultRamCapacity = (long)Conversion.gigaToMega(10);
+    private static long defaultBwCapacity = 1000;
+    private static long defaultStorageCapacity = (long)Conversion.gigaToMega(500);
+
+    /** @see #getStateHistory() */
+    private final List<HostStateHistoryEntry> stateHistory;
+
+    /**@see #getPowerModel() */
+    private PowerModel powerModel;
+
+    /** @see #getId() */
+    private long id;
+
+    /** @see #isFailed() */
+    private boolean failed;
+
+    private boolean active;
+    private boolean stateHistoryEnabled;
+
+    /** @see #getStartTime() */
+    private double startTime = -1;
+
+    /** @see #getFirstStartTime() */
+    private double firstStartTime = -1;
+
+    /** @see #getShutdownTime() */
+    private double shutdownTime;
+
+    /** @see #getTotalUpTime() */
+    private double totalUpTime;
+
+    /** @see #getLastBusyTime() */
+    private double lastBusyTime;
+
+    /** @see #getIdleShutdownDeadline() */
+    private double idleShutdownDeadline;
+
+    private final Ram ram;
+    private final Bandwidth bw;
+
+    /** @see #getStorage() */
+    private Storage storage;
+
+    /** @see #getRamProvisioner() */
+    private ResourceProvisioner ramProvisioner;
+
+    /** @see #getBwProvisioner() */
+    private ResourceProvisioner bwProvisioner;
+
+    /** @see #getVmScheduler() */
+    private VmScheduler vmScheduler;
+
+    /** @see #getVmList() */
+    private final List<Vm> vmList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    /** @see #getPeList() */
+    private List<Pe> peList;
+
+    /** @see #getVmsMigratingIn() */
+    private final Set<Vm> vmsMigratingIn;
+
+    /** @see #getVmsMigratingOut() */
+    private final Set<Vm> vmsMigratingOut;
+
+    /** @see #getDatacenter() */
+    private Datacenter datacenter;
+
+    /** @see #addOnUpdateProcessingListener(EventListener) */
+    private final Set<EventListener<HostUpdatesVmsProcessingEventInfo>> onUpdateProcessingListeners;
+
+    /** @see #addOnStartupListener(EventListener) (EventListener) */
+    private final Set<EventListener<HostEventInfo>> onStartupListeners;
+
+    /** @see #addOnShutdownListener(EventListener) (EventListener) */
+    private final Set<EventListener<HostEventInfo>> onShutdownListeners;
+
+    /** @see #getSimulation() */
+    private Simulation simulation;
+
+    /** @see #getResources() */
+    private List<ResourceManageable> resources;
+
+    private List<ResourceProvisioner> provisioners;
+    private final List<Vm> vmCreatedList;
+
+    /**
+     * The previous amount of MIPS used.
+     */
+    private double previousUtilizationMips;
+
+    /** @see #getFreePesNumber() */
+    private int freePesNumber;
+
+    /** @see #getFailedPesNumber() */
+    private int failedPesNumber;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and powers on a Host without a pre-defined ID,
+     * 10GB of RAM, 1000Mbps of Bandwidth and 500GB of Storage.
+     * It creates a {@link ResourceProvisionerSimple}
+     * for RAM and Bandwidth. Finally, it sets a {@link VmSchedulerSpaceShared} as default.
+     * The ID is automatically set when a List of Hosts is attached
+     * to a {@link Datacenter}.
+     *
+     * @param peList the host's {@link Pe} list
+     *
+     * @see ChangeableId#setId(long)
+     * @see #setRamProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setBwProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setVmScheduler(VmScheduler)
+     * @see #setDefaultRamCapacity(long)
+     * @see #setDefaultBwCapacity(long)
+     * @see #setDefaultStorageCapacity(long)
+     */
+    public HostSimple(final List<Pe> peList) {
+        this(peList, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Host without a pre-defined ID,
+     * 10GB of RAM, 1000Mbps of Bandwidth and 500GB of Storage
+     * and enabling the host to be powered on or not.
+     *
+     * <p>It creates a {@link ResourceProvisionerSimple}
+     * for RAM and Bandwidth. Finally, it sets a {@link VmSchedulerSpaceShared} as default.
+     * The ID is automatically set when a List of Hosts is attached
+     * to a {@link Datacenter}.</p>
+     *
+     * @param peList the host's {@link Pe} list
+     * @param activate define the Host activation status: true to power on, false to power off
+     *
+     * @see ChangeableId#setId(long)
+     * @see #setRamProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setBwProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setVmScheduler(VmScheduler)
+     * @see #setDefaultRamCapacity(long)
+     * @see #setDefaultBwCapacity(long)
+     * @see #setDefaultStorageCapacity(long)
+     */
+    public HostSimple(final List<Pe> peList, final boolean activate) {
+        this(defaultRamCapacity, defaultBwCapacity, defaultStorageCapacity, peList, activate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and powers on a Host with the given parameters and a {@link VmSchedulerSpaceShared} as default.
+     *
+     * @param ramProvisioner the ram provisioner with capacity in Megabytes
+     * @param bwProvisioner the bw provisioner with capacity in Megabits/s
+     * @param storage the storage capacity in Megabytes
+     * @param peList the host's PEs list
+     *
+     * @see #setVmScheduler(VmScheduler)
+     */
+    public HostSimple(
+        final ResourceProvisioner ramProvisioner,
+        final ResourceProvisioner bwProvisioner,
+        final long storage,
+        final List<Pe> peList)
+    {
+        this(ramProvisioner.getCapacity(), bwProvisioner.getCapacity(), storage, peList);
+        setRamProvisioner(ramProvisioner);
+        setBwProvisioner(bwProvisioner);
+        setPeList(peList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and powers on a Host without a pre-defined ID. It uses a {@link ResourceProvisionerSimple}
+     * for RAM and Bandwidth and also sets a {@link VmSchedulerSpaceShared} as default.
+     * The ID is automatically set when a List of Hosts is attached
+     * to a {@link Datacenter}.
+     *
+     * @param ram the RAM capacity in Megabytes
+     * @param bw the Bandwidth (BW) capacity in Megabits/s
+     * @param storage the storage capacity in Megabytes
+     * @param peList the host's {@link Pe} list
+     *
+     * @see ChangeableId#setId(long)
+     * @see #setRamProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setBwProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setVmScheduler(VmScheduler)
+     */
+    public HostSimple(final long ram, final long bw, final long storage, final List<Pe> peList) {
+        this(ram, bw, storage, peList, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Host without a pre-defined ID. It uses a {@link ResourceProvisionerSimple}
+     * for RAM and Bandwidth and also sets a {@link VmSchedulerSpaceShared} as default.
+     * The ID is automatically set when a List of Hosts is attached
+     * to a {@link Datacenter}.
+     *
+     * @param ram the RAM capacity in Megabytes
+     * @param bw the Bandwidth (BW) capacity in Megabits/s
+     * @param storage the storage capacity in Megabytes
+     * @param peList the host's {@link Pe} list
+     * @param activate define the Host activation status: true to power on, false to power off
+     *
+     * @see ChangeableId#setId(long)
+     * @see #setRamProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setBwProvisioner(ResourceProvisioner)
+     * @see #setVmScheduler(VmScheduler)
+     */
+    public HostSimple(final long ram, final long bw, final long storage, final List<Pe> peList, final boolean activate) {
+        this.setId(-1);
+        this.setSimulation(Simulation.NULL);
+        this.setActive(activate);
+        this.idleShutdownDeadline = DEF_IDLE_SHUTDOWN_DEADLINE;
+
+        this.ram = new Ram(ram);
+        this.bw = new Bandwidth(bw);
+        this.setStorage(storage);
+        this.setRamProvisioner(new ResourceProvisionerSimple());
+        this.setBwProvisioner(new ResourceProvisionerSimple());
+
+        this.setVmScheduler(new VmSchedulerSpaceShared());
+        this.setPeList(peList);
+        this.setFailed(false);
+        this.shutdownTime = -1;
+        this.setDatacenter(Datacenter.NULL);
+
+        this.onUpdateProcessingListeners = new HashSet<>();
+        this.onStartupListeners = new HashSet<>();
+        this.onShutdownListeners = new HashSet<>();
+
+        this.resources = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.vmCreatedList = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.provisioners = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.vmsMigratingIn = new HashSet<>();
+        this.vmsMigratingOut = new HashSet<>();
+        this.powerModel = PowerModel.NULL;
+        this.stateHistory = new LinkedList<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the Default RAM capacity (in MB) for creating Hosts.
+     * This value is used when the RAM capacity is not given in a Host constructor.
+     */
+    public static long getDefaultRamCapacity() {
+        return defaultRamCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Default RAM capacity (in MB) for creating Hosts.
+     * This value is used when the RAM capacity is not given in a Host constructor.
+     */
+    public static void setDefaultRamCapacity(final long defaultCapacity) {
+        AbstractMachine.validateCapacity(defaultCapacity);
+        defaultRamCapacity = defaultCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the Default Bandwidth capacity (in Mbps) for creating Hosts.
+     * This value is used when the BW capacity is not given in a Host constructor.
+     */
+    public static long getDefaultBwCapacity() {
+        return defaultBwCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Default Bandwidth capacity (in Mbps) for creating Hosts.
+     * This value is used when the BW capacity is not given in a Host constructor.
+     */
+    public static void setDefaultBwCapacity(final long defaultCapacity) {
+        AbstractMachine.validateCapacity(defaultCapacity);
+        defaultBwCapacity = defaultCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the Default Storage capacity (in MB) for creating Hosts.
+     * This value is used when the Storage capacity is not given in a Host constructor.
+     */
+    public static long getDefaultStorageCapacity() {
+        return defaultStorageCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the Default Storage capacity (in MB) for creating Hosts.
+     * This value is used when the Storage capacity is not given in a Host constructor.
+     */
+    public static void setDefaultStorageCapacity(final long defaultCapacity) {
+        AbstractMachine.validateCapacity(defaultCapacity);
+        defaultStorageCapacity = defaultCapacity;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getTotalMipsCapacity() {
+        return peList.stream()
+                .filter(Pe::isWorking)
+                .mapToDouble(Pe::getCapacity)
+                .sum();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("ForLoopReplaceableByForEach")
+    @Override
+    public double updateProcessing(final double currentTime) {
+        /*The previous utilization mips is just used when there is a DatacenterPowerSupply instance
+        attached to the datacenter. Since getting the utilization of CPU is an expensive
+        operation in large scale experiments, if a Datacenter power supply is not set,
+        the value is not stored.*/
+        if(datacenter.getPowerSupply() != DatacenterPowerSupply.NULL) {
+            setPreviousUtilizationMips(getCpuMipsUtilization());
+        }
+
+        if (!vmList.isEmpty()) {
+            lastBusyTime = simulation.clock();
+        } else if(isIdleEnough(idleShutdownDeadline)){
+            setActive(false);
+        }
+
+        double nextSimulationDelay = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        /* Uses an indexed for to avoid ConcurrentModificationException,
+         * e.g., in cases when Vm is destroyed during simulation execution.*/
+        for (int i = 0; i < vmList.size(); i++) {
+            final Vm vm = vmList.get(i);
+            final double delay = vm.updateProcessing(currentTime, vmScheduler.getAllocatedMips(vm));
+            nextSimulationDelay = delay > 0 ? Math.min(delay, nextSimulationDelay) : nextSimulationDelay;
+        }
+
+        notifyOnUpdateProcessingListeners(currentTime);
+        addStateHistory(currentTime);
+
+        return nextSimulationDelay;
+    }
+
+    private void notifyOnUpdateProcessingListeners(final double nextSimulationTime) {
+        onUpdateProcessingListeners.forEach(l -> l.update(HostUpdatesVmsProcessingEventInfo.of(l,this, nextSimulationTime)));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean createVm(final Vm vm) {
+        if(createVmInternal(vm)) {
+            addVmToCreatedList(vm);
+            vm.setHost(this);
+            vm.setCreated(true);
+            vm.notifyOnHostAllocationListeners();
+            if(vm.getStartTime() < 0) {
+               vm.setStartTime(getSimulation().clock());
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean createTemporaryVm(final Vm vm) {
+        return createVmInternal(vm);
+    }
+
+    private boolean createVmInternal(final Vm vm) {
+        if(vm instanceof VmGroup){
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if(!allocateResourcesForVm(vm, false)){
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return vmList.add(vm);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to allocate all resources that a VM requires (Storage, RAM, BW and MIPS) to be placed at this Host.
+     *
+     * @param vm the VM to try allocating resources to
+     * @param inMigration If the VM is migrating into the Host or it is being just created for the first time
+     * @return true if the Vm was placed into the host, false if the Host doesn't have enough resources to allocate the Vm
+     */
+    private boolean allocateResourcesForVm(final Vm vm, final boolean inMigration){
+        if(!isSuitableForVm(vm, inMigration, true)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        vm.setInMigration(inMigration);
+        allocateResourcesForVm(vm);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void allocateResourcesForVm(Vm vm) {
+        ramProvisioner.allocateResourceForVm(vm, vm.getCurrentRequestedRam());
+        bwProvisioner.allocateResourceForVm(vm, vm.getCurrentRequestedBw());
+        storage.allocateResource(vm.getStorage());
+        vmScheduler.allocatePesForVm(vm, vm.getCurrentRequestedMips());
+    }
+
+    private boolean logAllocationError(
+        final Vm vm, final boolean inMigration, final String resourceUnit,
+        final Resource pmResource, final Resource vmRequestedResource)
+    {
+        final String migration = inMigration ? "VM Migration" : "VM Creation";
+        final String msg = pmResource.getAvailableResource() > 0 ? "just "+pmResource.getAvailableResource()+" " + resourceUnit : "no amount";
+        LOGGER.error(
+            "{}: {}: [{}] Allocation of {} to {} failed due to lack of {}. Required {} but there is {} available.",
+            simulation.clockStr(), getClass().getSimpleName(), migration, vm, this,
+            pmResource.getClass().getSimpleName(), vmRequestedResource.getCapacity(), msg);
+
+        //Always return false to indicate an error.
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reallocateMigratingInVms() {
+        for (final Vm vm : getVmsMigratingIn()) {
+            if (!vmList.contains(vm)) {
+                vmList.add(vm);
+            }
+
+            allocateResourcesForVm(vm);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isSuitableForVm(final Vm vm) {
+        return isSuitableForVm(vm, false, false);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isSuitableForVm(final Vm vm, final boolean inMigration, final boolean showFailureLog) {
+        if (!storage.isAmountAvailable(vm.getStorage())) {
+            return showFailureLog && logAllocationError(vm, inMigration, "MB", this.getStorage(), vm.getStorage());
+        }
+
+        if (!ramProvisioner.isSuitableForVm(vm, vm.getCurrentRequestedRam())) {
+            return showFailureLog && logAllocationError(vm, inMigration, "MB", this.getRam(), vm.getRam());
+        }
+
+        if (!bwProvisioner.isSuitableForVm(vm, vm.getCurrentRequestedBw())) {
+            return showFailureLog && logAllocationError(vm, inMigration, "Mbps", this.getBw(), vm.getBw());
+        }
+
+        return vmScheduler.isSuitableForVm(vm);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive() {
+        return this.active;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasEverStarted() {
+        return this.firstStartTime > -1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final Host setActive(final boolean activate) {
+        if(isFailed() && activate){
+            throw new IllegalStateException("The Host is failed and cannot be activated.");
+        }
+
+        notifyStartupOrShutdown(activate);
+
+        if(activate && !this.active) {
+            setStartTime(getSimulation().clock());
+        } else if(!activate && this.active){
+            setShutdownTime(getSimulation().clock());
+        }
+
+        this.active = activate;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies registered listeners about
+     * host start up or shutdown.
+     * Prints information when the Host starts up or shuts down,
+     * before its status is changed.
+     * @param activate the activation value that is being requested to set
+     *                 (and will be set after this method call)
+     * @see #setActive(boolean)
+     */
+    private void notifyStartupOrShutdown(final boolean activate) {
+        if(simulation == null || !simulation.isRunning() ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if(activate && !this.active){
+            LOGGER.info("{}: {} is being powered on.", getSimulation().clockStr(), this);
+            onStartupListeners.forEach(l -> l.update(HostEventInfo.of(l, this, simulation.clock())));
+        }
+        else if(!activate && this.active){
+            final String reason = isIdleEnough(idleShutdownDeadline) ? " after becoming idle" : "";
+            LOGGER.info("{}: {} is being powered off{}.", getSimulation().clockStr(), this, reason);
+            onShutdownListeners.forEach(l -> l.update(HostEventInfo.of(l, this, simulation.clock())));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroyVm(final Vm vm) {
+        if(!vm.isCreated()){
+            return;
+        }
+
+        destroyVmInternal(vm);
+        vm.notifyOnHostDeallocationListeners(this);
+        vm.setStopTime(getSimulation().clock());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroyTemporaryVm(final Vm vm) {
+        destroyVmInternal(vm);
+    }
+
+    private void destroyVmInternal(final Vm vm) {
+        deallocateResourcesOfVm(requireNonNull(vm));
+        vmList.remove(vm);
+        vm.getBroker().getVmExecList().remove(vm);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocate all resources that a VM was using.
+     *
+     * @param vm the VM
+     */
+    protected void deallocateResourcesOfVm(final Vm vm) {
+        vm.setCreated(false);
+        ramProvisioner.deallocateResourceForVm(vm);
+        bwProvisioner.deallocateResourceForVm(vm);
+        vmScheduler.deallocatePesFromVm(vm);
+        storage.deallocateResource(vm.getStorage());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroyAllVms() {
+        deallocateResourcesOfAllVms();
+        for (final Vm vm : vmList) {
+            vm.setCreated(false);
+            storage.deallocateResource(vm.getStorage());
+        }
+
+        vmList.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Host addOnStartupListener(final EventListener<HostEventInfo> listener) {
+        if(EventListener.NULL.equals(listener)){
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        onStartupListeners.add(Objects.requireNonNull(listener));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeOnStartupListener(final EventListener<HostEventInfo> listener) {
+        return onStartupListeners.remove(listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Host addOnShutdownListener(final EventListener<HostEventInfo> listener) {
+        if(EventListener.NULL.equals(listener)){
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        onShutdownListeners.add(Objects.requireNonNull(listener));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeOnShutdownListener(final EventListener<HostEventInfo> listener) {
+        return onShutdownListeners.remove(listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deallocate all resources that all VMs were using.
+     */
+    protected void deallocateResourcesOfAllVms() {
+        ramProvisioner.deallocateResourceForAllVms();
+        bwProvisioner.deallocateResourceForAllVms();
+        vmScheduler.deallocatePesForAllVms();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @return {@inheritDoc}
+     * @see #getWorkingPesNumber()
+     * @see #getFreePesNumber()
+     * @see #getFailedPesNumber()
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long getNumberOfPes() {
+        return peList.size();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFreePesNumber() {
+        return freePesNumber;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the MIPS share of each Pe that is allocated to a given VM.
+     *
+     * @param vm the vm
+     * @return an array containing the amount of MIPS of each pe that is available to the VM
+     */
+    protected List<Double> getAllocatedMipsForVm(final Vm vm) {
+        return vmScheduler.getAllocatedMips(vm);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getTotalAllocatedMipsForVm(final Vm vm) {
+        return vmScheduler.getTotalAllocatedMipsForVm(vm);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getMips() {
+        return peList.stream().mapToDouble(Pe::getCapacity).findFirst().orElse(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getTotalAvailableMips() {
+        return vmScheduler.getTotalAvailableMips();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Resource getBw() {
+        return bwProvisioner.getResource();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Resource getRam() {
+        return ramProvisioner.getResource();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Resource getStorage() {
+        return storage;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void setId(long id) {
+        this.id = id;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ResourceProvisioner getRamProvisioner() {
+        return ramProvisioner;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final Host setRamProvisioner(final ResourceProvisioner ramProvisioner) {
+        checkSimulationIsRunningAndAttemptedToChangeHost("RAM");
+        this.ramProvisioner = requireNonNull(ramProvisioner);
+        this.ramProvisioner.setResource(ram);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void checkSimulationIsRunningAndAttemptedToChangeHost(final String resourceName) {
+        if(simulation.isRunning()){
+            throw new IllegalStateException("It is not allowed to change a Host's "+resourceName+" after the simulation started.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ResourceProvisioner getBwProvisioner() {
+        return bwProvisioner;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final Host setBwProvisioner(final ResourceProvisioner bwProvisioner) {
+        checkSimulationIsRunningAndAttemptedToChangeHost("BW");
+        this.bwProvisioner = requireNonNull(bwProvisioner);
+        this.bwProvisioner.setResource(bw);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public VmScheduler getVmScheduler() {
+        return vmScheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final Host setVmScheduler(final VmScheduler vmScheduler) {
+        this.vmScheduler = requireNonNull(vmScheduler);
+        vmScheduler.setHost(this);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getStartTime() {
+        return startTime;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getFirstStartTime(){
+        return firstStartTime;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setStartTime(final double startTime) {
+        if(startTime < 0){
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Host start time cannot be negative");
+        }
+
+        this.startTime = Math.floor(startTime);
+        if(firstStartTime == -1){
+            firstStartTime = this.startTime;
+        }
+
+        //If the Host is being activated or re-activated, the shutdown time is reset
+        this.shutdownTime = -1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getShutdownTime() {
+        return shutdownTime;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setShutdownTime(final double shutdownTime) {
+        if(shutdownTime < 0){
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Host shutdown time cannot be negative");
+        }
+
+        this.shutdownTime = Math.floor(shutdownTime);
+        this.totalUpTime += getUpTime();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getUpTime() {
+        return active ? simulation.clock() - startTime : shutdownTime - startTime;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getTotalUpTime() {
+        return totalUpTime + (active ? getUpTime() : 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getUpTimeHours() {
+        return TimeUtil.secondsToHours(getUpTime());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getTotalUpTimeHours() {
+        return TimeUtil.secondsToHours(getTotalUpTime());
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getIdleShutdownDeadline() {
+        return idleShutdownDeadline;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Host setIdleShutdownDeadline(final double deadline) {
+        this.idleShutdownDeadline = deadline;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Pe> getPeList() {
+        return peList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the PE list.
+     *
+     * @param peList the new pe list
+     */
+    private void setPeList(final List<Pe> peList) {
+        requireNonNull(peList);
+        checkSimulationIsRunningAndAttemptedToChangeHost("List of PE");
+        this.peList = peList;
+
+        long peId = this.peList.stream().filter(pe -> pe.getId() > 0).mapToLong(Pe::getId).max().orElse(-1);
+        final List<Pe> pesWithoutIds = this.peList.stream().filter(pe -> pe.getId() < 0).collect(toList());
+        for(final Pe pe: pesWithoutIds){
+            pe.setId(++peId);
+        }
+
+        failedPesNumber = 0;
+        setPeStatus(peList, Pe.Status.FREE);
+        freePesNumber = peList.size();
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Vm> List<T> getVmList() {
+        return (List<T>) Collections.unmodifiableList(vmList);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Vm> List<T> getVmCreatedList() {
+        return (List<T>) Collections.unmodifiableList(vmCreatedList);
+    }
+
+    protected void addVmToList(final Vm vm){
+        vmList.add(requireNonNull(vm));
+    }
+
+    protected void addVmToCreatedList(final Vm vm){
+        vmCreatedList.add(requireNonNull(vm));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isFailed() {
+        return failed;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final boolean setFailed(final boolean failed) {
+        this.failed = failed;
+        final Pe.Status newStatus = failed ? Pe.Status.FAILED : Pe.Status.FREE;
+        setPeStatus(peList, newStatus);
+
+        /*Just changes the active state when the Host is set to active.
+        * In other situations, the active status must remain as it was.
+        * For example, if the host was inactive and now it's set to failed,
+        * it must remain inactive.*/
+        if(failed && this.active){
+            this.active = false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the status of a given (sub)list of {@link Pe} to a new status.
+     * @param peList the (sub)list of {@link Pe} to change the status
+     * @param newStatus the new status
+     */
+    public final void setPeStatus(final List<Pe> peList, final Pe.Status newStatus){
+        /*For performance reasons, stores the number of free and failed PEs
+        instead of iterating over the PE list every time to find out.*/
+        for (final Pe pe : peList) {
+            if(pe.getStatus() == newStatus) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            switch (pe.getStatus()) {
+                case FAILED: this.failedPesNumber--; break;
+                case FREE: this.freePesNumber--; break;
+            }
+
+            switch (newStatus) {
+                case FAILED: this.failedPesNumber++; break;
+                case FREE:  this.freePesNumber++; break;
+            }
+
+
+            pe.setStatus(newStatus);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Vm> Set<T> getVmsMigratingIn() {
+        return (Set<T>)vmsMigratingIn;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addMigratingInVm(final Vm vm) {
+        if (vmsMigratingIn.contains(vm)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        vmsMigratingIn.add(vm);
+        if(!allocateResourcesForVm(vm, true)){
+            vmsMigratingIn.remove(vm);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        updateProcessing(simulation.clock());
+        vm.getHost().updateProcessing(simulation.clock());
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeMigratingInVm(final Vm vm) {
+        vmsMigratingIn.remove(vm);
+        vmList.remove(vm);
+        vm.setInMigration(false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Set<Vm> getVmsMigratingOut() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(vmsMigratingOut);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addVmMigratingOut(final Vm vm) {
+        return this.vmsMigratingOut.add(vm);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeVmMigratingOut(final Vm vm) {
+        return this.vmsMigratingOut.remove(vm);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Datacenter getDatacenter() {
+        return datacenter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void setDatacenter(final Datacenter datacenter) {
+        checkSimulationIsRunningAndAttemptedToChangeHost("Datacenter");
+        this.datacenter = datacenter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        final String dc =
+                datacenter == null || Datacenter.NULL.equals(datacenter) ? "" :
+                String.format("/DC %d", datacenter.getId());
+        return String.format("Host %d%s", getId(), dc);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeOnUpdateProcessingListener(final EventListener<HostUpdatesVmsProcessingEventInfo> listener) {
+        return onUpdateProcessingListeners.remove(listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Host addOnUpdateProcessingListener(final EventListener<HostUpdatesVmsProcessingEventInfo> listener) {
+        if(EventListener.NULL.equals(listener)){
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        this.onUpdateProcessingListeners.add(requireNonNull(listener));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getAvailableStorage() {
+        return storage.getAvailableResource();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getWorkingPesNumber() {
+        return peList.size() - getFailedPesNumber();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getFailedPesNumber() {
+        return failedPesNumber;
+    }
+
+    private Host setStorage(final long size) {
+        this.storage = new Storage(size);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Simulation getSimulation() {
+        return this.simulation;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getLastBusyTime() {
+        return lastBusyTime;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final Host setSimulation(final Simulation simulation) {
+        this.simulation = simulation;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compare this Host with another one based on {@link #getTotalMipsCapacity()}.
+     *
+     * @param o the Host to compare to
+     * @return {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(final Host o) {
+        return Double.compare(getTotalMipsCapacity(), o.getTotalMipsCapacity());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(final Object o) {
+        if (this == o) return true;
+        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
+
+        final HostSimple that = (HostSimple) o;
+
+        if (id != that.id) return false;
+        return simulation.equals(that.simulation);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = Long.hashCode(id);
+        result = 31 * result + simulation.hashCode();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ResourceManageable> getResources() {
+        if(simulation.isRunning() && resources.isEmpty()){
+            resources = Arrays.asList(ramProvisioner.getResource(), bwProvisioner.getResource());
+        }
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(resources);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ResourceProvisioner getProvisioner(final Class<? extends ResourceManageable> resourceClass) {
+        if(simulation.isRunning() && provisioners.isEmpty()){
+            provisioners = Arrays.asList(ramProvisioner, bwProvisioner);
+        }
+
+        return provisioners
+            .stream()
+            .filter(provisioner -> provisioner.getResource().isSubClassOf(resourceClass))
+            .findFirst()
+            .orElse(ResourceProvisioner.NULL);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Pe> getWorkingPeList() {
+        return getFilteredPeList(Pe::isWorking);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Pe> getBusyPeList() {
+        return getFilteredPeList(Pe::isBusy);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Pe> getFreePeList() {
+        return getFilteredPeList(Pe::isFree);
+    }
+
+    private List<Pe> getFilteredPeList(final Predicate<Pe> status) {
+        return peList.stream().filter(status).collect(toList());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getCpuPercentUtilization() {
+        return computeCpuUtilizationPercent(getCpuMipsUtilization());
+    }
+
+    private double computeCpuUtilizationPercent(final double mipsUsage){
+        final double totalMips = getTotalMipsCapacity();
+        if(totalMips == 0){
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        final double utilization = mipsUsage / totalMips;
+        return (utilization > 1 && utilization < 1.01 ? 1 : utilization);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getCpuMipsUtilization() {
+        return vmList.stream().mapToDouble(Vm::getTotalCpuMipsUtilization).sum();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getRamUtilization() {
+        return ramProvisioner.getTotalAllocatedResource();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getBwUtilization() {
+        return bwProvisioner.getTotalAllocatedResource();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SortedMap<Double, DoubleSummaryStatistics> getUtilizationHistory() {
+        //Gets a Stream containing the utilization entries for every Vm inside the Host
+        final Stream<Entry<Double, Double>> utilizationEntriesStream = this.vmCreatedList
+            .stream()
+            .map(Vm::getUtilizationHistory)
+            .map(this::remapUtilizationHistory)
+            .flatMap(vmUtilization -> vmUtilization.entrySet().stream());
+
+        //Groups the CPU utilization entries by the time the values were collected
+        return utilizationEntriesStream
+                    .collect(
+                        groupingBy(Entry::getKey, TreeMap::new, summarizingDouble(Entry::getValue))
+                    );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SortedMap<Double, Double> getUtilizationHistorySum() {
+        /*Remaps the value of an entry inside the Utilization History map.*/
+        final Function<Entry<Double, DoubleSummaryStatistics>, Double> valueMapper = entry -> entry.getValue().getSum();
+
+        return getUtilizationHistory()
+                    .entrySet()
+                    .stream()
+                    .collect(toMap(Entry::getKey, valueMapper, this::mergeFunction, TreeMap::new));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remaps the entire Vm's {@link UtilizationHistory} by updating the CPU utilization value in each entry
+     * to correspond to the relative percentage of the Host CPU capacity that Vm is using.
+     * This is required since the {@link UtilizationHistory} contains the VM's CPU utilization
+     * relative to the VM's capacity.
+     *
+     * @param utilizationHistory the VM {@link UtilizationHistory} with the history entries
+     * @return
+     */
+    private SortedMap<Double, Double> remapUtilizationHistory(final UtilizationHistory utilizationHistory) {
+        return utilizationHistory
+                    .getHistory()
+                    .entrySet()
+                    .stream()
+                    .collect(
+                        toMap(Entry::getKey, vmUtilizationMapper(utilizationHistory), this::mergeFunction, TreeMap::new)
+                    );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A merge {@link BinaryOperator} used to resolve conflicts when remapping the values of the utilization history map
+     * using the {@link Collectors#toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator, Supplier)}.
+     *
+     * If there are two values for the same key, the last value is used.
+     * However, since we are just remapping an existing map, there won't be such a situation.
+     *
+     * @param usage1 the 1st CPU utilization value found for a key
+     * @param usage2 the 2dn CPU utilization value found for the same key
+     * @return the higher value between the given two ones
+     *
+     * @see #getUtilizationHistorySum()
+     * @see #remapUtilizationHistory(UtilizationHistory)
+     */
+    private double mergeFunction(final double usage1, final double usage2) {
+        return Math.max(usage1, usage2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Receives a Vm {@link UtilizationHistory} and returns a {@link Function} that
+     * requires a map entry from the history (representing a VM's CPU utilization for a given time),
+     * and returns the percentage of the Host CPU capacity that such a Vm is using at that time.
+     * This way, the value that represents how much of the VM's CPU is being used
+     * will be converted to how much that VM is using from the Host's CPU.
+     *
+     * @param utilizationHistory the VM {@link UtilizationHistory} with the history entries
+     * @return
+     */
+    private Function<Entry<Double, Double>, Double> vmUtilizationMapper(final UtilizationHistory utilizationHistory) {
+        //The entry key is the time and the value is the percentage of the VM CPU that is being used
+        return entry ->  getExpectedRelativeCpuUtilization(utilizationHistory.getVm(), entry.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PowerModel getPowerModel() {
+        return powerModel;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Host setPowerModel(final PowerModel powerModel) {
+        requireNonNull(powerModel);
+        if(powerModel.getHost() != null && powerModel.getHost() != Host.NULL && !powerModel.getHost().equals(this)){
+            throw new IllegalStateException("The given PowerModel is already assigned to another Host. Each Host must have its own PowerModel instance.");
+        }
+
+        this.powerModel = powerModel;
+        powerModel.setHost(this);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getPreviousUtilizationOfCpu() {
+        return computeCpuUtilizationPercent(previousUtilizationMips);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void enableStateHistory() {
+        this.stateHistoryEnabled = true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void disableStateHistory() {
+        this.stateHistoryEnabled = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isStateHistoryEnabled() {
+        return this.stateHistoryEnabled;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the previous utilization of CPU in mips.
+     *
+     * @param previousUtilizationMips the new previous utilization of CPU in
+     * mips
+     */
+    private void setPreviousUtilizationMips(final double previousUtilizationMips) {
+        this.previousUtilizationMips = previousUtilizationMips;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Vm> getFinishedVms() {
+        return getVmList().stream()
+            .filter(vm -> !vm.isInMigration())
+            .filter(vm -> vm.getCurrentRequestedTotalMips() == 0)
+            .collect(toList());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the VM resource usage to the History if the VM is not migrating into the Host.
+     * @param vm the VM to add its usage to the history
+     * @param currentTime the current simulation time
+     * @return the total allocated MIPS for the given VM
+     */
+    private double addVmResourceUseToHistoryIfNotMigratingIn(final Vm vm, final double currentTime) {
+        double totalAllocatedMips = getVmScheduler().getTotalAllocatedMipsForVm(vm);
+        if (getVmsMigratingIn().contains(vm)) {
+            LOGGER.info("{}: {}: {} is migrating in", getSimulation().clockStr(), this, vm);
+            return totalAllocatedMips;
+        }
+
+        final double totalRequestedMips = vm.getCurrentRequestedTotalMips();
+        if (totalAllocatedMips + 0.1 < totalRequestedMips) {
+            final String reason = getVmsMigratingOut().contains(vm) ? "migration overhead" : "capacity unavailability";
+            final long notAllocatedMipsByPe = (long)((totalRequestedMips - totalAllocatedMips)/vm.getNumberOfPes());
+            LOGGER.warn(
+                "{}: {}: {} MIPS not allocated for each one of the {} PEs from {} due to {}.",
+                getSimulation().clockStr(), this, notAllocatedMipsByPe, vm.getNumberOfPes(), vm, reason);
+        }
+
+        final VmStateHistoryEntry entry = new VmStateHistoryEntry(
+                                                currentTime, totalAllocatedMips, totalRequestedMips,
+                                                vm.isInMigration() && !getVmsMigratingIn().contains(vm));
+        vm.addStateHistoryEntry(entry);
+
+        if (vm.isInMigration()) {
+            LOGGER.info("{}: {}: {} is migrating out ", getSimulation().clockStr(), this, vm);
+            totalAllocatedMips /= getVmScheduler().getMaxCpuUsagePercentDuringOutMigration();
+        }
+
+        return totalAllocatedMips;
+    }
+
+    private void addStateHistory(final double currentTime) {
+        if(!stateHistoryEnabled){
+            return;
+        }
+
+        double hostTotalRequestedMips = 0;
+
+        for (final Vm vm : getVmList()) {
+            final double totalRequestedMips = vm.getCurrentRequestedTotalMips();
+            addVmResourceUseToHistoryIfNotMigratingIn(vm, currentTime);
+            hostTotalRequestedMips += totalRequestedMips;
+        }
+
+        addStateHistoryEntry(currentTime, getCpuMipsUtilization(), hostTotalRequestedMips, active);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a host state history entry.
+     *
+     * @param time the time
+     * @param allocatedMips the allocated mips
+     * @param requestedMips the requested mips
+     * @param isActive the is active
+     */
+    private void addStateHistoryEntry(
+        final double time,
+        final double allocatedMips,
+        final double requestedMips,
+        final boolean isActive)
+    {
+        final HostStateHistoryEntry newState = new HostStateHistoryEntry(time, allocatedMips, requestedMips, isActive);
+        if (!stateHistory.isEmpty()) {
+            final HostStateHistoryEntry previousState = stateHistory.get(stateHistory.size() - 1);
+            if (previousState.getTime() == time) {
+                stateHistory.set(stateHistory.size() - 1, newState);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        stateHistory.add(newState);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<HostStateHistoryEntry> getStateHistory() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(stateHistory);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Vm> getMigratableVms() {
+        return vmList.stream()
+            .filter(vm -> !vm.isInMigration())
+            .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getSimulation()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 511.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Host HostSimple.setActive(boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cloudbus.cloudsim.hosts.HostSimple.setActive(boolean):org.cloudbus.cloudsim.hosts.Host.719d858b7c88655ff979f833f34837d8
+
+### File:
+cloudsim-plus/src/main/java/org/cloudbus/cloudsim/hosts/HostSimple.java
+
+### Key:
+HostSimple.java|setActive|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2ad2c69f89cd458ad84f96f60007b771
+
+### Hash:
+9a459f35984c72a6923a026653cd1634
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10281/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10281/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fca1fe0b5f73a4927db279bb53c097586cb62f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10281/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cloudsim-plus
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * CloudSim Plus: A modern, highly-extensible and easier-to-use Framework for
+ * Modeling and Simulation of Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Services.
+ * http://cloudsimplus.org
+ *
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI, Portugal) and
+ *     the Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins (IFTO, Brazil).
+ *
+ *     This file is part of CloudSim Plus.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *     (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *     along with CloudSim Plus. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.sla.taskcompletiontime;
+
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.brokers.DatacenterBroker;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.cloudlets.Cloudlet;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.distributions.ContinuousDistribution;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.distributions.UniformDistr;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.cloudlet.CloudletSchedulerTimeShared;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.ResourceLoader;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.SwfWorkloadFileReader;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.Vm;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.VmSimple;
+import org.cloudsimplus.builders.tables.CloudletsTableBuilder;
+import org.cloudsimplus.builders.tables.TextTableColumn;
+import org.cloudsimplus.slametrics.SlaContract;
+import org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.ExperimentRunner;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static java.util.Comparator.comparingDouble;
+import static java.util.Comparator.comparingLong;
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;
+import static org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.sla.taskcompletiontime.CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationRunner.*;
+
+/**
+ * An experiment that tries to minimize task completion time,
+ * where tasks are created from a workload file.
+ *
+ * <p>For more details, check
+ * <a href="http://www.di.ubi.pt/~mario/files/MScDissertation-RaysaOliveira.pdf">Raysa Oliveira's Master Thesis (only in Portuguese)</a>.</p>
+ *
+ * @author raysaoliveira
+ */
+class CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment extends AbstractCloudletTaskCompletionTimeExperiment {
+
+    /**
+     * The file containing the SLA Contract in JSON format.
+     */
+    private static final String SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST = "sla-files.txt";
+    private Map<DatacenterBroker, SlaContract> contractsMap;
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts the Cloudlets before submitting them to the Broker, so that
+     * Cloudlets with larger length will be mapped for a VM first than lower
+     * ones.
+     */
+    private final Comparator<Cloudlet> sortCloudletsByLengthReversed = Comparator.comparingLong(Cloudlet::getLength).reversed();
+    private ContinuousDistribution randVm;
+    private ContinuousDistribution randMip;
+    private double taskCompletionTimeSlaContract;
+
+    private CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment(final long seed) {
+        this(0, null, seed);
+    }
+
+    CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment(final int index, final ExperimentRunner runner) {
+        this(index, runner, -1);
+    }
+
+    private CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment(final int index, final ExperimentRunner runner, final long seed) {
+        super(index, runner, seed);
+        randVm = new UniformDistr(getSeed()+1);
+        randMip = new UniformDistr(getSeed()+2);
+        contractsMap = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read all SLA contracts registered in the {@link #SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST}.
+     * When the brokers are created, it is ensured the number of brokers
+     * is equals to the number of SLA contracts in the {@link #SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST}.
+     */
+    private void readTheSlaContracts() {
+        for (final String file: readContractList()) {
+            SlaContract contract = SlaContract.getInstance(file);
+            contractsMap.put(getFirstBroker(), contract);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> readContractList() {
+        return ResourceLoader
+            .getBufferedReader(getClass(), SLA_CONTRACTS_LIST)
+            .lines()
+            .map(String::trim)
+            .filter(line -> !line.isEmpty())
+            .filter(line -> !line.startsWith("#"))
+            .collect(toList());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void printResults() {
+        final DatacenterBroker broker0 = getFirstBroker();
+        final List<Cloudlet> finishedCloudlets = broker0.getCloudletFinishedList();
+        finishedCloudlets.sort(comparingLong(Cloudlet::getId));
+
+        new CloudletsTableBuilder(finishedCloudlets)
+            .addColumn(7, new TextTableColumn("VM    ", "MIPS  "), c -> (long)c.getVm().getMips())
+            .addColumn(new TextTableColumn("Wait Time", "Seconds"), c -> Math.ceil(c.getWaitingTime()))
+            .build();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected List<Cloudlet> createCloudlets(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        final SwfWorkloadFileReader reader = SwfWorkloadFileReader.getInstance("METACENTRUM-2009-2.swf", 1);
+        reader.setPredicate(cloudlet -> cloudlet.getLength() > 1000);
+        reader.setMaxLinesToRead(CLOUDLETS);
+        final List<Cloudlet> list = reader.generateWorkload();
+        System.out.printf("Created %d Cloudlets from the workload file%n", list.size());
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /** The method is not being used for this experiment because the Cloudlets are created by the workload reader. */
+    @Override
+    protected Cloudlet createCloudlet(final DatacenterBroker broker) { return null; }
+
+    /**
+     * Selects a VM to run a Cloudlet that will minimize the Cloudlet response
+     * time.
+     *
+     * @param cl the Cloudlet to select a VM to
+     * @return the selected Vm
+     */
+    private Vm selectVmForCloudlet(final Cloudlet cl) {
+        final List<Vm> execVms = cl.getBroker().getVmExecList();
+
+        final Comparator<Vm> sortByFreePesNumber = comparingLong(this::getExpectedNumberOfFreeVmPes);
+        final Comparator<Vm> sortByExpectedCloudletCompletionTime = comparingDouble(vm -> getExpectedCloudletCompletionTime(cl, vm));
+        execVms.sort(
+            sortByExpectedCloudletCompletionTime.thenComparing(sortByFreePesNumber.reversed())
+        );
+        final Vm mostFreePesVm = execVms.stream().findFirst().orElse(Vm.NULL);
+
+        taskCompletionTimeSlaContract = contractsMap.get(cl.getBroker()).getTaskCompletionTimeMetric().getMaxDimension().getValue();
+
+        return execVms.stream()
+            .filter(vm -> getExpectedNumberOfFreeVmPes(vm) >= cl.getNumberOfPes())
+            .filter(vm -> getExpectedCloudletCompletionTime(cl, vm) <= taskCompletionTimeSlaContract)
+            .findFirst()
+            .orElse(mostFreePesVm);
+    }
+
+    private double getExpectedCloudletCompletionTime(final Cloudlet cloudlet, final Vm vm) {
+        return cloudlet.getLength() / vm.getMips();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the expected amount of free PEs for a VM
+     *
+     * @param vm the VM to get the amount of free PEs
+     * @return the number of PEs that are free or a negative value that indicate
+     * there aren't free PEs (this negative number indicates the amount of
+     * overloaded PEs)
+     */
+    private long getExpectedNumberOfFreeVmPes(Vm vm) {
+        final long totalPesNumberForCloudletsOfVm
+                = vm.getBroker().getCloudletCreatedList().stream()
+                        .filter(c -> c.getVm().equals(vm))
+                        .mapToLong(Cloudlet::getNumberOfPes)
+                        .sum();
+
+        return vm.getNumberOfPes() - totalPesNumberForCloudletsOfVm;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Vm createVm(final DatacenterBroker broker, final int id) {
+        final int pesId = (int) (randVm.sample() * VM_PES.length);
+        final int mipsId = (int) (randMip.sample() * VM_MIPS.length);
+
+        final int pes = VM_PES[pesId];
+        final int mips = VM_MIPS[mipsId];
+
+        final Vm vm = new VmSimple(id, mips, pes)
+                .setRam(512).setBw(1000).setSize(10000)
+                .setCloudletScheduler(new CloudletSchedulerTimeShared());
+        return vm;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    protected void createBrokers() {
+        super.createBrokers();
+        getFirstBroker().setVmMapper(this::selectVmForCloudlet);
+        getFirstBroker().setCloudletComparator(sortCloudletsByLengthReversed);
+
+        readTheSlaContracts();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected double getTaskCompletionTimeAverage() {
+        final double mean = super.getTaskCompletionTimeAverage();
+
+        System.out.printf(
+                "\t\t%nTask Completion Time simulation: %.2f%nSLA's Max Task Completion Time: %.2f%n",
+                mean, getSlaMaxTaskCompletionTime(getFirstBroker()));
+        return mean;
+    }
+
+    double getPercentageOfCloudletsMeetingCompletionTime() {
+        final DatacenterBroker broker = getFirstBroker();
+
+        final double totalOfCloudletSlaSatisfied = broker.getCloudletFinishedList().stream()
+                .map(c -> c.getActualCpuTime() + c.getWaitingTime())
+                .filter(rt -> rt <= getSlaMaxTaskCompletionTime(broker))
+                .count();
+
+        final double percent = totalOfCloudletSlaSatisfied * 100 / broker.getCloudletFinishedList().size();
+        System.out.printf("%n# Total of cloudlets satisfied SLA completion time of %.2f secs: %.0f de %d",
+            getSlaMaxTaskCompletionTime(broker), totalOfCloudletSlaSatisfied, broker.getCloudletFinishedList().size());
+        System.out.printf("%n# Percentage of cloudlets that complied with the SLA Agreement:  %.2f %%", percent);
+
+        System.out.printf("%n%nCloudlets: %d%n", broker.getVmCreatedList().size());
+
+        return percent;
+    }
+
+    private double getSlaMaxTaskCompletionTime(final DatacenterBroker broker) {
+        return contractsMap.get(broker).getTaskCompletionTimeMetric().getMaxDimension().getValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the ratio of existing vPEs (VM PEs) divided by the number
+     * of required PEs of all Cloudlets, which indicates
+     * the mean number of vPEs that are available for each PE required
+     * by a Cloudlet, considering all the existing Cloudlets.
+     * For instance, if the ratio is 0.5, in average, two Cloudlets
+     * requiring one vPE will share that same vPE.
+     * @return the average of vPEs/CloudletsPEs ratio
+     */
+    double getRatioOfExistingVmPesToRequiredCloudletPes() {
+        return getSumPesVms() / getSumPesCloudlets();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A main method just for test purposes.
+     *
+     * @param args
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        final CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment exp
+            = new CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment(1475098589732L);
+        exp.setVerbose(true);
+        exp.run();
+        exp.getTaskCompletionTimeAverage();
+        exp.getPercentageOfCloudletsMeetingCompletionTime();
+        exp.getRatioOfExistingVmPesToRequiredCloudletPes();
+        exp.waitTimeAverage(exp.getCloudletList());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getBufferedReader(...)` at line 106 is not released after line 107.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment.readContractList()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cloudsimplus.testbeds.sla.taskcompletiontime.CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExper.a2994441102679177aea9a9c7f0e6b90
+
+### File:
+cloudsim-plus-testbeds/src/main/java/org/cloudsimplus/testbeds/sla/taskcompletiontime/CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment.java
+
+### Key:
+CloudletTaskCompletionTimeWorkLoadMinimizationExperiment.java|readContractList|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b94cf2634b450128a346e4c65e5ca648
+
+### Hash:
+c596bb848c1ca89e96d338940ad04a0f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10286/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10286/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3b38a57d143419d53edafdd76522595cd080927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10286/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** alexa-skills-kit-sdk-for-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+    Copyright 2018 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
+
+    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file
+    except in compliance with the License. A copy of the License is located at
+
+        http://aws.amazon.com/apache2.0/
+
+    or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for
+    the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.amazon.ask.servlet.verifiers;
+
+import com.amazon.ask.model.RequestEnvelope;
+import com.amazon.ask.servlet.ServletConstants;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.Proxy;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.KeyStore;
+import java.security.KeyStoreException;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.security.Signature;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a utility method to verify the signature of a skill request.
+ */
+public final class SkillRequestSignatureVerifier implements SkillServletVerifier {
+    private static final Map<String, X509Certificate> CERTIFICATE_CACHE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private static final Integer DOMAIN_NAME_SUBJECT_ALTERNATIVE_NAME_ENTRY = 2;
+    private static final String VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_PROTOCOL = "https";
+    private static final String VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_HOST_NAME = "s3.amazonaws.com";
+    private static final String VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_PATH_PREFIX = "/echo.api/";
+    private static final int UNSPECIFIED_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_PORT_VALUE = -1;
+
+    private final Proxy proxy;
+
+    public SkillRequestSignatureVerifier() {
+        this(Proxy.NO_PROXY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param proxy proxy configuration for certificate retrieval
+     */
+    public SkillRequestSignatureVerifier(Proxy proxy) {
+        this.proxy = proxy;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies the certificate authenticity using the configured TrustStore and the signature of
+     * the skill request. This method will throw a {@link SecurityException} if the signature
+     * does not pass verification.
+     *
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public void verify(HttpServletRequest servletRequest, byte[] serializedRequestEnvelope, RequestEnvelope deserializedRequestEnvelope) {
+        String baseEncoded64Signature = servletRequest.getHeader(ServletConstants.SIGNATURE_REQUEST_HEADER);
+        String signingCertificateChainUrl = servletRequest.getHeader(ServletConstants.SIGNATURE_CERTIFICATE_CHAIN_URL_REQUEST_HEADER);
+        if ((baseEncoded64Signature == null) || (signingCertificateChainUrl == null)) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Missing signature/certificate for the provided skill request");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            X509Certificate signingCertificate;
+            if (CERTIFICATE_CACHE.containsKey(signingCertificateChainUrl)) {
+                signingCertificate = CERTIFICATE_CACHE.get(signingCertificateChainUrl);
+                /*
+                 * check the before/after dates on the certificate are still valid for the present
+                 * time
+                 */
+                signingCertificate.checkValidity();
+            } else {
+                signingCertificate = retrieveAndVerifyCertificateChain(signingCertificateChainUrl);
+
+                // if certificate is valid, then add it to the cache
+                CERTIFICATE_CACHE.put(signingCertificateChainUrl, signingCertificate);
+            }
+
+            // verify that the request was signed by the provided certificate
+            Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(ServletConstants.SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
+            signature.initVerify(signingCertificate.getPublicKey());
+            signature.update(serializedRequestEnvelope);
+            if (!signature.verify(Base64.decodeBase64(baseEncoded64Signature
+                    .getBytes(ServletConstants.CHARACTER_ENCODING)))) {
+                throw new SecurityException(
+                        "Failed to verify the signature/certificate for the provided skill request");
+            }
+        } catch (GeneralSecurityException | IOException ex) {
+            throw new SecurityException(
+                    "Failed to verify the signature/certificate for the provided skill request",
+                    ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the certificate from the specified URL and confirms that the certificate is valid.
+     *
+     * @param signingCertificateChainUrl
+     *            the URL to retrieve the certificate chain from
+     * @return the certificate at the specified URL, if the certificate is valid
+     * @throws CertificateException
+     *             if the certificate cannot be retrieve or is invalid
+     */
+    private X509Certificate retrieveAndVerifyCertificateChain(
+            final String signingCertificateChainUrl) throws CertificateException {
+        try (InputStream in =
+                getAndVerifySigningCertificateChainUrl(signingCertificateChainUrl).openConnection(proxy).getInputStream()) {
+            CertificateFactory certificateFactory =
+                    CertificateFactory.getInstance(ServletConstants.SIGNATURE_CERTIFICATE_TYPE);
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            Collection<X509Certificate> certificateChain =
+                    (Collection<X509Certificate>) certificateFactory.generateCertificates(in);
+            /*
+             * check the before/after dates on the certificate date to confirm that it is valid on
+             * the current date
+             */
+            X509Certificate signingCertificate = certificateChain.iterator().next();
+            signingCertificate.checkValidity();
+
+            // check the certificate chain
+            TrustManagerFactory trustManagerFactory =
+                    TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
+            trustManagerFactory.init((KeyStore) null);
+
+            X509TrustManager x509TrustManager = null;
+            for (TrustManager trustManager : trustManagerFactory.getTrustManagers()) {
+                if (trustManager instanceof X509TrustManager) {
+                    x509TrustManager = (X509TrustManager) trustManager;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (x509TrustManager == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "No X509 TrustManager available. Unable to check certificate chain");
+            } else {
+                x509TrustManager.checkServerTrusted(
+                        certificateChain.toArray(new X509Certificate[certificateChain.size()]),
+                        ServletConstants.SIGNATURE_TYPE);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * verify Echo API's hostname is specified as one of subject alternative names on the
+             * signing certificate
+             */
+            if (!subjectAlernativeNameListContainsEchoSdkDomainName(signingCertificate
+                    .getSubjectAlternativeNames())) {
+                throw new CertificateException(
+                        "The provided certificate is not valid for the Echo SDK");
+            }
+
+            return signingCertificate;
+        } catch (KeyStoreException | IOException | NoSuchAlgorithmException ex) {
+            throw new CertificateException("Unable to verify certificate at URL: "
+                    + signingCertificateChainUrl, ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean subjectAlernativeNameListContainsEchoSdkDomainName(
+            final Collection<List<?>> subjectAlternativeNameEntries) {
+        for (List<?> entry : subjectAlternativeNameEntries) {
+            // first ensure that the subject alternative entry is in the expected form
+            if (entry.get(0) instanceof Integer && entry.get(1) instanceof String) {
+                /*
+                 * if the entry is for a domain name and that domain name matches the domain name
+                 * for the echo sdk then return true
+                 */
+                if (DOMAIN_NAME_SUBJECT_ALTERNATIVE_NAME_ENTRY.equals(entry.get(0))
+                        && ServletConstants.ECHO_API_DOMAIN_NAME.equals((entry.get(1)))) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies the signing certificate chain URL and returns a {@code URL} object.
+     *
+     * @param signingCertificateChainUrl
+     *            the external form of the URL
+     * @return the URL
+     * @throws CertificateException
+     *             if the URL is malformed or contains an invalid hostname, an unsupported protocol,
+     *             or an invalid port (if specified)
+     */
+    static URL getAndVerifySigningCertificateChainUrl(final String signingCertificateChainUrl)
+            throws CertificateException {
+        try {
+            URL url = new URI(signingCertificateChainUrl).normalize().toURL();
+            // Validate the hostname
+            if (!VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_HOST_NAME.equalsIgnoreCase(url.getHost())) {
+                throw new CertificateException(String.format(
+                        "SigningCertificateChainUrl [%s] does not contain the required hostname"
+                                + " of [%s]", signingCertificateChainUrl,
+                        VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_HOST_NAME));
+            }
+
+            // Validate the path prefix
+            String path = url.getPath();
+            if (!path.startsWith(VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_PATH_PREFIX)) {
+                throw new CertificateException(String.format(
+                        "SigningCertificateChainUrl path [%s] is invalid. Expecting path to "
+                                + "start with [%s]", signingCertificateChainUrl,
+                        VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_PATH_PREFIX));
+            }
+
+            // Validate the protocol
+            String urlProtocol = url.getProtocol();
+            if (!VALID_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_PROTOCOL.equalsIgnoreCase(urlProtocol)) {
+                throw new CertificateException(String.format(
+                        "SigningCertificateChainUrl [%s] contains an unsupported protocol [%s]",
+                        signingCertificateChainUrl, urlProtocol));
+            }
+
+            // Validate the port uses the default of 443 for HTTPS if explicitly defined in the URL
+            int urlPort = url.getPort();
+            if ((urlPort != UNSPECIFIED_SIGNING_CERT_CHAIN_URL_PORT_VALUE)
+                    && (urlPort != url.getDefaultPort())) {
+                throw new CertificateException(String.format(
+                        "SigningCertificateChainUrl [%s] contains an invalid port [%d]",
+                        signingCertificateChainUrl, urlPort));
+            }
+
+            return url;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | MalformedURLException | URISyntaxException ex) {
+            throw new CertificateException(String.format(
+                    "SigningCertificateChainUrl [%s] is malformed", signingCertificateChainUrl), ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.HttpURLConnection` acquired by call to `openConnection(...)` at line 127 is not released after line 127.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+X509Certificate SkillRequestSignatureVerifier.retrieveAndVerifyCertificateChain(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.amazon.ask.servlet.verifiers.SkillRequestSignatureVerifier.retrieveAndVerifyCertificateChain(jav.d031165173272f53c0d038afd19b8151
+
+### File:
+ask-sdk-servlet-support/src/com/amazon/ask/servlet/verifiers/SkillRequestSignatureVerifier.java
+
+### Key:
+SkillRequestSignatureVerifier.java|retrieveAndVerifyCertificateChain|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0fbb16b7524b5e5ad5eee245d8e852d4
+
+### Hash:
+19126264c96b279b9ef88c7cac88e55e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10292/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10292/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45edbce38c1621ea3f9641b38b38de0cb6ecd6e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10292/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DataGenerator
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.finra.datagenerator.exec;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.finra.datagenerator.distributor.SearchDistributor;
+import org.finra.datagenerator.distributor.SearchProblem;
+import org.finra.datagenerator.scxml.DataGeneratorExecutor;
+import org.finra.datagenerator.scxml.PossibleState;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Splitter;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+public class ChartExec {
+
+    protected static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ChartExec.class);
+
+    private static boolean isDebugEnabled = false;
+
+    /**
+     * A comma separated list of variables to be passed to the OutputFormatter
+     */
+    private String outputVariables;
+
+    /**
+     * The set of initial variables that the user wants to set
+     */
+    private String initialVariables = null;
+
+    private static HashSet<String> varsOut = null;
+    /**
+     * The initial set of events to trigger before re-searching for a new scenario
+     */
+    private String initialEvents = null;
+
+    private static final ArrayList<String> initialEventsList = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+    /**
+     * Length of scenario
+     */
+    private int lengthOfScenario = 5;
+
+    /**
+     * Generate -ve scenarios
+     */
+    private boolean generateNegativeScenarios = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Initial variables map
+     */
+    private static final HashMap<String, String> initialVariablesMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+    private int maxEventReps = 1;
+
+    private long maxScenarios = -1;
+
+    private int bootstrapMin = 0;
+    private InputStream inputFileStream;
+
+    /**
+     * Will be shared and used to signal to all threads to exit
+     */
+    public ChartExec() {
+        isDebugEnabled = false;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setBootstrapMin(int depth) {
+        this.bootstrapMin = depth;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public String getOutputVariables() {
+        return outputVariables;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setOutputVariables(String outputVariables) {
+        this.outputVariables = outputVariables;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public String getInitialEvents() {
+        return initialEvents;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setInitialEvents(String initialEvents) {
+        this.initialEvents = initialEvents;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public String getInitialVariables() {
+        return initialVariables;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setInitialVariables(String initialVariables) {
+        this.initialVariables = initialVariables;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    public ChartExec setInputFileName(String inputFileName) {
+        try {
+            this.inputFileStream = new FileInputStream(new File(inputFileName));
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            log.error("Error creating InputStream for file " + inputFileName, e);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setInputFileStream(InputStream inputFileStream) {
+        this.inputFileStream = inputFileStream;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isGenerateNegativeScenarios() {
+        return generateNegativeScenarios;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setGenerateNegativeScenarios(boolean generateNegativeScenarios) {
+        this.generateNegativeScenarios = generateNegativeScenarios;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public int getLengthOfScenario() {
+        return lengthOfScenario;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setLengthOfScenario(int lengthOfScenario) {
+        this.lengthOfScenario = lengthOfScenario;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public int getMaxEventReps() {
+        return maxEventReps;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setMaxEventReps(int maxEventReps) {
+        this.maxEventReps = maxEventReps;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public long getMaxScenarios() {
+        return maxScenarios;
+    }
+
+    public ChartExec setMaxScenarios(long maxScenarios) {
+        this.maxScenarios = maxScenarios;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean doSanityChecks() throws IOException {
+
+        if (inputFileStream == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Error:, input file cannot be null");
+        }
+
+        // Parse the initial events
+        if (initialEvents != null) {
+            Iterable<String> events = Splitter.on(",").split(initialVariables);
+            initialEventsList.addAll(Lists.newArrayList(events));
+        }
+
+        // Parse the initial variables
+        if (initialVariables != null) {
+            Iterable<String> vars = Splitter.on(",").split(initialVariables);
+            for (String var : vars) {
+                if (var.contains("=")) {
+                    String[] assignment = var.split("=");
+                    if (assignment[0] == null || assignment[1] == null || assignment[0].length() == 0
+                            || assignment[1].length() == 0) {
+                        throw new IOException("Error while processing initial variable assignment for: " + var);
+                    }
+                    initialVariablesMap.put(assignment[0], assignment[1]);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IOException("Error while processing initial variable assignment for: " + var);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private HashSet<String> extractOutputVariables(String stateMachineText) throws IOException {
+        InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(stateMachineText.getBytes());
+        BufferedReader bReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
+
+        HashSet<String> outputVars = new HashSet<String>();
+        String line = bReader.readLine();
+        while (line != null) {
+            if (line.contains("var_out")) {
+                int startIndex = line.indexOf("var_out");
+                int lastIndex = startIndex;
+                while (lastIndex < line.length() && (Character.isLetter(line.charAt(lastIndex))
+                        || Character.isDigit(line.charAt(lastIndex))
+                        || line.charAt(lastIndex) == '_'
+                        || line.charAt(lastIndex) == '-')) {
+                    lastIndex++;
+                }
+                if (lastIndex == line.length()) {
+                    throw new IOException("Reached the end of the line while parsing variable name in line: '" + line
+                            + "'.");
+                }
+                String varName = line.substring(startIndex, lastIndex);
+                log.info("Found variable: " + varName);
+                outputVars.add(varName);
+            }
+            line = bReader.readLine();
+        }
+
+        return outputVars;
+    }
+
+    public List<SearchProblem> prepare(String stateMachineText) throws Exception {
+        doSanityChecks();
+
+        DataGeneratorExecutor executor = new DataGeneratorExecutor(stateMachineText);
+
+        varsOut = extractOutputVariables(stateMachineText);
+        // Get BFS-generated states for bootstrapping parallel search
+        List<PossibleState> bfsStates = executor.searchForScenarios(varsOut, initialVariablesMap, initialEventsList,
+                maxEventReps, maxScenarios, lengthOfScenario, bootstrapMin);
+
+        List<SearchProblem> dfsProblems = new ArrayList<SearchProblem>();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        for (PossibleState state : bfsStates) {
+            dfsProblems.add(new SearchProblem(state, varsOut, initialVariablesMap, initialEventsList, bfsStates.size(), i++));
+        }
+
+        return dfsProblems;
+    }
+
+    public void process(SearchDistributor distributor) throws Exception {
+        String machineText = IOUtils.toString(inputFileStream, "UTF-8");
+        List<SearchProblem> dfsProblems = prepare(machineText);
+
+        log.info("Found " + dfsProblems.size() + " states to distribute");
+        distributor.setStateMachineText(machineText);
+//        distributor.setExitFlag(new AtomicBoolean(false));
+        distributor.distribute(dfsProblems);
+        log.info("DONE.");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 196 is not released after line 211.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HashSet ChartExec.extractOutputVariables(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.finra.datagenerator.exec.ChartExec.extractOutputVariables(java.lang.String):java.util.HashSet.631e7b93d011f6c24b2d49d9012f08de
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/finra/datagenerator/exec/ChartExec.java
+
+### Key:
+ChartExec.java|extractOutputVariables|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+942688b91803aca78c62d087e948cacc
+
+### Hash:
+033f7439755df900ed22ecda30094996
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10294/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10294/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eefae7418f95abd55f28c17c3165372f354a21ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10294/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-shell-tools
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.neo4j.shell.tools.imp;
+
+import org.neo4j.cypher.export.CypherResultSubGraph;
+import org.neo4j.cypher.export.DatabaseSubGraph;
+import org.neo4j.cypher.export.SubGraph;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.GraphDatabaseService;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.Result;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.Transaction;
+import org.neo4j.kernel.internal.GraphDatabaseAPI;
+import org.neo4j.shell.*;
+import org.neo4j.shell.kernel.GraphDatabaseShellServer;
+import org.neo4j.shell.tools.imp.format.kryo.KryoWriter;
+import org.neo4j.shell.tools.imp.util.Config;
+import org.neo4j.shell.tools.imp.util.ProgressReporter;
+
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.zip.DeflaterOutputStream;
+
+/**
+ * Created by efulton on 5/5/16.
+ */
+public class ExportBinaryApp extends BinaryApp {
+
+    {
+        addOptionDefinition( "o", new OptionDefinition( OptionValueType.MUST, "Output Binary file" ) );
+        addOptionDefinition( "f", new OptionDefinition( OptionValueType.MAY, "Binary format (kryo is the default/only option right now)" ) );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "export-binary";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public GraphDatabaseShellServer getServer() {
+        return (GraphDatabaseShellServer) super.getServer();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Continuation execute(AppCommandParser parser, Session session, Output out) throws Exception {
+        Config config = Config.fromOptions(parser);
+        String fileName = parser.option("o", null);
+        String format = parser.option("f", "kryo");
+        ProgressReporter reporter = new ProgressReporter(null, out);
+        GraphDatabaseService db = getServer().getDb();
+        SubGraph graph = new DatabaseSubGraph(db);
+
+        if (fileName == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Output file option is required");
+        }
+
+        switch (format) {
+            case KRYO:
+                writeOutputType(KRYO, fileName);
+                writeKryo(fileName, db, graph, reporter, config);
+                break;
+            case CBOR:
+                throw new RuntimeException(String.format("%s is not supported yet", CBOR));
+            case PACKSTREAM:
+                throw new RuntimeException(String.format("%s is not supported yet", PACKSTREAM));
+        }
+
+        reporter.progress("Wrote to binary file " + fileName);
+        return Continuation.INPUT_COMPLETE;
+    }
+
+    private void writeOutputType(String type, String fileName) throws IOException {
+        try (FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(fileName)) {
+            fileWriter.write(type);
+            fileWriter.flush();
+            fileWriter.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeKryo(String fileName, GraphDatabaseService db, SubGraph graph, ProgressReporter reporter, Config config) throws Exception {
+        OutputStream outputStream = new DeflaterOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(fileName, true));
+        com.esotericsoftware.kryo.io.Output output = new com.esotericsoftware.kryo.io.Output(outputStream);
+        try (Transaction tx = db.beginTx()) {
+            KryoWriter kryoWriter = new KryoWriter();
+            kryoWriter.write(graph, output, reporter, config);
+            tx.success();
+        } finally {
+            output.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private SubGraph cypherResultSubGraph(String query, boolean relsBetween) {
+        GraphDatabaseAPI db = getServer().getDb();
+        try (Transaction tx = db.beginTx()) {
+            Result result = db.execute(query);
+            SubGraph subGraph = CypherResultSubGraph.from(result, db, relsBetween);
+            tx.success();
+            return subGraph;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 79 is not released after line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExportBinaryApp.writeKryo(String,GraphDatabaseService,SubGraph,ProgressReporter,Config)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.shell.tools.imp.ExportBinaryApp.writeKryo(java.lang.String,org.neo4j.graphdb.GraphDatabase.10b207f5b1442618af23738c06945574
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/neo4j/shell/tools/imp/ExportBinaryApp.java
+
+### Key:
+ExportBinaryApp.java|writeKryo|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+1840e2129f436cd5108775869f04fe47
+
+### Hash:
+58b1e736c82f778fbf579c11f69a1759
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10295/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10295/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..693fffa45140f23cb89330455ee8b26dca7d496b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10295/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gerbil
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.aksw.gerbil.web.config;
+
+import org.aksw.gerbil.database.ExperimentDAO;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurerAdapter;
+
+@Configuration
+@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.aksw.gerbil.web")
+public class DatabaseConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {
+
+    private static final transient Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseConfig.class);
+
+    /**
+     * @return the database bean
+     */
+    @Bean
+    public ExperimentDAO experimentDAO() {
+        LOGGER.debug("Setting up database.");
+        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("/spring/database/database-context.xml");
+        return context.getBean(ExperimentDAO.class);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext` acquired by call to `new()` at line 25 is not released after line 26.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ExperimentDAO DatabaseConfig.experimentDAO()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.aksw.gerbil.web.config.DatabaseConfig.experimentDAO():org.aksw.gerbil.database.ExperimentDAO.1a9d264b98c59985e3515c07b8f915b7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/aksw/gerbil/web/config/DatabaseConfig.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseConfig.java|experimentDAO|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+64fcabe8c0d600fd6678fb1fef09d9a3
+
+### Hash:
+71f4ed98e483d45ae08b016b7461e479
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1035/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1035/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3268349fc400d1ef2192062b84595710b8d8dd3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1035/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CoolCat
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using FluentMigrator.Runner;
+using FluentMigrator.Runner.Initialization;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
+using MySql.Data.MySqlClient;
+using Mystique.Core.Models;
+using Mystique.Core.Mvc.Infrastructure;
+using Mystique.Core.Repository.MySql.Migrations;
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Mystique
+{
+    public class Startup
+    {
+        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
+        {
+            Configuration = configuration;
+        }
+
+        public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
+
+        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
+        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
+        {
+            services.AddOptions();
+            services.Configure<ConnectionStringSetting>(Configuration.GetSection("ConnectionStringSetting"));
+
+            ConnectionStringSetting siteSettings = new ConnectionStringSetting();
+
+            Configuration.Bind("ConnectionStringSetting", siteSettings);
+
+            TryToConnect(siteSettings);
+
+            using (IServiceScope scope = CreateServices(siteSettings).CreateScope())
+            {
+                IMigrationRunner runner = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IMigrationRunner>();
+                runner.MigrateUp();
+            }
+
+            services.MystiqueSetup(Configuration);
+        }
+
+        private static int ErrorCount = 0;
+
+        private void TryToConnect(ConnectionStringSetting siteSettings)
+        {
+            while (ErrorCount < 10)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    using (var connection = new MySqlConnection(siteSettings.ConnectionString))
+                    {
+                        connection.Open();
+                        Console.WriteLine("The target database connected.");
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine("The target database hasn't been prepared.");
+                    ErrorCount++;
+                }
+
+                Thread.Sleep(10000);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static IServiceProvider CreateServices(ConnectionStringSetting settings)
+        {
+            return new ServiceCollection().AddFluentMigratorCore().ConfigureRunner(rb =>
+             rb.AddMySql5()
+                 .WithGlobalConnectionString(settings.ConnectionString)
+                 .ScanIn(typeof(InitialDB).Assembly)
+                 .For
+                 .Migrations())
+                .Configure<RunnerOptions>(opt =>
+                {
+                    opt.Tags = new[] { "System" };
+                })
+                 .AddLogging(lb => lb.AddFluentMigratorConsole())
+                 .BuildServiceProvider(false);
+        }
+
+        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
+        {
+            if (env.IsDevelopment())
+            {
+                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                app.UseExceptionHandler("/Home/Error");
+            }
+
+#if DEBUG
+            app.UseStaticFiles(new StaticFileOptions
+            {
+                FileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(@"F:\D1\Mystique\Mystique\wwwroot")
+                //FileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), @"wwwroot"))
+            });
+#endif
+
+#if !DEBUG
+
+            app.UseStaticFiles();
+#endif
+
+            app.MystiqueRoute();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider::.ctor() at Line 101) of type Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider in method "Void Startup.Configure(IApplicationBuilder,IWebHostEnvironment)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Startup.Configure(IApplicationBuilder,IWebHostEnvironment)
+
+### File:
+Mystique/Startup.cs
+
+### Key:
+Startup.cs|Configure|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+af44fefa3db2792c51d1ba9d693a9e29
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10401/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10401/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a1e81077f8d6fa81e4c9471072f60d271b07f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10401/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.executor;
+
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+
+import com.appium.cucumber.report.HtmlReporter;
+import com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest;
+import com.appium.manager.PackageUtil;
+import com.appium.manager.ParallelThread;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import org.junit.runner.JUnitCore;
+import org.junit.runner.Result;
+import org.junit.runner.notification.Failure;
+import org.reflections.Reflections;
+import org.reflections.scanners.MethodAnnotationsScanner;
+import org.reflections.util.ClasspathHelper;
+import org.reflections.util.ConfigurationBuilder;
+import org.testng.TestNG;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlClass;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlInclude;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlPackage;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlSuite;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlSuite.ParallelMode;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlTest;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+
+public class MyTestExecutor {
+    List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<Thread>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public List<Class> testcases = new ArrayList<>();
+    public HtmlReporter reporter = new HtmlReporter();
+    public ArrayList<String> items = new ArrayList<String>();
+    private ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+    private ArrayList<String> groupsInclude = new ArrayList<>();
+    private ArrayList<String> groupsExclude = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+
+    public boolean[] distributeTests(int deviceCount) {
+        final boolean[] hasFailures = {false};
+        try {
+            PackageUtil.getClasses("output").stream().forEach(s -> {
+                if (s.toString().contains("IT")) {
+                    System.out.println("forEach: " + testcases.add((Class) s));
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        final ExecutorService[] executorService = {Executors.newFixedThreadPool(deviceCount)};
+        for (final Class testFile : testcases) {
+            executorService[0].submit(new Runnable() {
+                public void run() {
+                    System.out.println("Running test file: " + testFile.getName());
+                    hasFailures[0] = testRunnerTestNg(testFile);
+
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        executorService[0].shutdown();
+        try {
+            executorService[0].awaitTermination(Long.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        deleteOutputDirectory();
+        try {
+            reporter.generateReports();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("ending");
+        return hasFailures;
+    }
+
+    public boolean runMethodParallelAppium(List<String> test, String pack, int devicecount,
+                                           String executionType) throws Exception {
+        URL newUrl = null;
+        List<URL> newUrls = new ArrayList<>();
+        Collections.addAll(items, pack.split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+        int a = 0;
+        Collection<URL> urls = ClasspathHelper.forPackage(items.get(a));
+        Iterator<URL> iter = urls.iterator();
+        URL url = iter.next();
+        urls.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); i++) {
+            newUrl = new URL(url.toString() + items.get(i).replaceAll("\\.", "/"));
+            newUrls.add(newUrl);
+            a++;
+
+        }
+        Reflections reflections = new Reflections(new ConfigurationBuilder().setUrls(newUrls)
+            .setScanners(new MethodAnnotationsScanner()));
+        Set<Method> resources =
+            reflections.getMethodsAnnotatedWith(org.testng.annotations.Test.class);
+        boolean hasFailure = false;
+        if (executionType.equalsIgnoreCase("distribute")) {
+            hasFailure = runMethodParallel(
+                constructXmlSuiteForDistribution(pack, test, createTestsMap(resources),
+                    devicecount));
+        } else {
+            hasFailure = runMethodParallel(
+                constructXmlSuiteForParallel(pack, test, createTestsMap(resources), devicecount,
+                    AppiumParallelTest.devices));
+        }
+        System.out.println("Finally complete");
+        ParallelThread.figlet("Test Completed");
+        ImageUtils.creatResultsSet();
+        return hasFailure;
+    }
+
+    public boolean testRunnerTestNg(@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") Class arg) {
+        TestNG test = new TestNG();
+        test.setTestClasses(new Class[] {arg});
+        System.out.println("Into TestNGRunner");
+        test.run();
+        return test.hasFailure();
+
+    }
+
+    public boolean runMethodParallel(XmlSuite suite) {
+        TestNG testNG = new TestNG();
+        testNG.setXmlSuites(asList(suite));
+        testNG.run();
+        return testNG.hasFailure();
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteForParallel(String pack, List<String> testcases,
+        Map<String, List<Method>> methods, int deviceCount, ArrayList<String> deviceSerail) {
+        ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        listeners.add("com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest");
+        listeners.add("com.appium.utils.RetryListener");
+        include(listeners, "LISTENERS");
+        include(groupsInclude, "INCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        include(groupsExclude, "EXCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.TESTS);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        if (prop.getProperty("LISTENERS") != null) {
+            suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < deviceCount; i++) {
+            XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+            test.setName("TestNG Test" + i);
+            test.setPreserveOrder("false");
+            test.addParameter("device", deviceSerail.get(i));
+            test.setIncludedGroups(groupsInclude);
+            test.setExcludedGroups(groupsExclude);
+            List<XmlClass> xmlClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+            writeXmlClass(testcases, methods, xmlClasses);
+            test.setXmlClasses(xmlClasses);
+        }
+        System.out.println(suite.toXml());
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public void writeXmlClass(List<String> testcases, Map<String,
+            List<Method>> methods, List<XmlClass> xmlClasses) {
+        for (String className : methods.keySet()) {
+            if (className.contains("Test")) {
+                if (testcases.size() == 0) {
+                    xmlClasses.add(createClass(className, methods.get(className)));
+                } else {
+                    for (String s : testcases) {
+                        for (int j = 0; j < items.size(); j++) {
+                            String testName = items.get(j).concat("." + s).toString();
+                            if (testName.equals(className)) {
+                                xmlClasses.add(createClass(className, methods.get(className)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteForDistribution(String pack, List<String> tests,
+        Map<String, List<Method>> methods, int deviceCount) {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        include(listeners, "LISTENERS");
+        include(groupsInclude, "INCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.CLASSES);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        listeners.add("com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest");
+        listeners.add("com.appium.utils.RetryListener");
+        suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        if (prop.getProperty("LISTENERS") != null) {
+            suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        }
+        XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+        test.setName("TestNG Test");
+        test.addParameter("device", "");
+        include(groupsExclude, "EXCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        test.setIncludedGroups(groupsInclude);
+        test.setExcludedGroups(groupsExclude);
+        List<XmlClass> xmlClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+        writeXmlClass(tests, methods, xmlClasses);
+        test.setXmlClasses(xmlClasses);
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public void include(ArrayList<String> groupsInclude, String include) {
+        if (prop.getProperty(include) != null) {
+            Collections.addAll(groupsInclude, prop.getProperty(include).split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+        } else if (System.getenv(include) != null) {
+            Collections.addAll(groupsInclude, System.getenv(include).split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private XmlClass createClass(String className, List<Method> methods) {
+        XmlClass clazz = new XmlClass();
+        clazz.setName(className);
+        //clazz.setIncludedMethods(constructIncludes(methods));
+        return clazz;
+    }
+
+
+    private List<XmlInclude> constructIncludes(List<Method> methods) {
+        List<XmlInclude> includes = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Method m : methods) {
+            includes.add(new XmlInclude(m.getName()));
+        }
+        return includes;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, List<Method>> createTestsMap(Set<Method> methods) {
+        Map<String, List<Method>> testsMap = new HashMap<>();
+        methods.stream().forEach(method -> {
+            List<Method> methodsList = testsMap.get(
+                method.getDeclaringClass().getPackage().getName() + "." + method.getDeclaringClass()
+                    .getSimpleName());
+            if (methodsList == null) {
+                methodsList = new ArrayList<>();
+                testsMap.put(method.getDeclaringClass().getPackage().getName() + "." + method
+                    .getDeclaringClass().getSimpleName(), methodsList);
+            }
+            methodsList.add(method);
+        });
+        return testsMap;
+    }
+
+    public void runTestCase(Class testCase) {
+        Result result = JUnitCore.runClasses(testCase);
+        for (Failure failure : result.getFailures()) {
+            System.out.println(failure.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void deleteOutputDirectory() {
+        File delete_output = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/java/output/");
+        File[] files = delete_output.listFiles();
+        for (File file : files) {
+            file.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteForParallelCucumber(
+        int deviceCount, ArrayList<String> deviceSerail) {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.TESTS);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < deviceCount; i++) {
+            XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+            test.setName("TestNG Test" + i);
+            test.setPreserveOrder("false");
+            test.addParameter("device", deviceSerail.get(i));
+            test.setPackages(getPackages());
+        }
+        File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/parallelCucumber.xml");
+        FileWriter fw = null;
+        try {
+            fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+        try {
+            bw.write(suite.toXml());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteDistributeCucumber(
+            int deviceCount, ArrayList<String> deviceSerail) {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.CLASSES);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+        test.setName("TestNG Test");
+        test.addParameter("device", "");
+        test.setPackages(getPackages());
+        File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/parallelCucumber.xml");
+        FileWriter fw = null;
+        try {
+            fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+        try {
+            bw.write(suite.toXml());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public static List<XmlPackage> getPackages() {
+        List<XmlPackage> allPackages = new ArrayList<>();
+        XmlPackage eachPackage = new XmlPackage();
+        eachPackage.setName("output");
+        allPackages.add(eachPackage);
+        return allPackages;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 338 is not released after line 338.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+XmlSuite MyTestExecutor.constructXmlSuiteDistributeCucumber(int,ArrayList)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.executor.MyTestExecutor.constructXmlSuiteDistributeCucumber(int,java.util.ArrayList):org..ceffc6b92e4abda427b63c6df7c7ab40
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/executor/MyTestExecutor.java
+
+### Key:
+MyTestExecutor.java|constructXmlSuiteDistributeCucumber|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7f2529d982c3358930e047a371a32a56
+
+### Hash:
+81c87723b69998a189aadcf496426287
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10406/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10406/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c809652eeb24367c1d0a8c1b78c317b4dacb966f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10406/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 60
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.utils.Api;
+import com.appium.utils.CapabilityManager;
+import com.appium.utils.OSType;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationFeature;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.thoughtworks.device.Device;
+import okhttp3.Response;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public class RemoteAppiumManager implements IAppiumManager {
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroyAppiumNode(String host) throws IOException {
+        new Api().getResponse("http://" + host + ":4567"
+                + "/appium/stop").body().string();
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getRemoteWDHubIP(String host) throws IOException {
+        String hostIP = "http://" + host;
+        String appiumRunningPort = new JSONObject(new Api().getResponse(hostIP + ":4567"
+                + "/appium/isRunning").body().string()).get("port").toString();
+        return hostIP + ":" + appiumRunningPort + "/wd/hub";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startAppiumServer(String host) throws Exception {
+        System.out.println(
+                "**************************************************************************\n");
+        System.out.println("Starting Appium Server on host " + host);
+        System.out.println(
+                "**************************************************************************\n");
+        String serverPath = CapabilityManager.getInstance().getAppiumServerPath(host);
+        String serverPort = CapabilityManager.getInstance().getAppiumServerPort(host);
+        if (serverPath == null
+                && serverPort == null) {
+            System.out.println("Picking Default Path for AppiumServiceBuilder");
+            new Api().getResponse("http://" + host + ":4567"
+                    + "/appium/start").body().string();
+        } else if (serverPath != null && serverPort != null) {
+            System.out.println("Picking UserSpecified Path & Port for AppiumServiceBuilder");
+            new Api().getResponse("http://" + host + ":4567"
+                    + "/appium/start?URL=" + serverPath
+                    + "&PORT=" + serverPort).body().string();
+        } else if (serverPath != null) {
+            System.out.println("Picking UserSpecified Path "
+                    + "& Using default Port for AppiumServiceBuilder");
+            new Api().getResponse("http://" + host + ":4567"
+                    + "/appium/start?URL=" + serverPath).body().string();
+        } else if (serverPort != null) {
+            System.out.println("Picking Default Path & User Port for AppiumServiceBuilder");
+            new Api().getResponse("http://" + host + ":4567"
+                    + "/appium/start?PORT=" + serverPort).body().string();
+        }
+
+        boolean status = Boolean.getBoolean(new JSONObject(new Api().getResponse("http://" + host + ":4567"
+                + "/appium/isRunning").body().string()).get("status").toString());
+        if (status) {
+            System.out.println(
+                    "***************************************************************\n");
+            System.out.println("Appium Server started successfully on  " + host);
+            System.out.println(
+                    "****************************************************************\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Device> getDevices(String machineIP, String platform) throws Exception {
+        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper()
+                .configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, false);
+        List<Device> devices = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (platform.equalsIgnoreCase(OSType.ANDROID.name())
+                || platform.equalsIgnoreCase(OSType.BOTH.name())) {
+            List<Device> androidDevices = Arrays.asList(mapper.readValue(new URL(
+                            "http://" + machineIP + ":4567/devices/android"),
+                    Device[].class));
+            Optional.ofNullable(androidDevices).ifPresent(devices::addAll);
+        }
+        if (platform.equalsIgnoreCase(OSType.iOS.name())
+                || platform.equalsIgnoreCase(OSType.BOTH.name())) {
+            if (CapabilityManager.getInstance().isApp()) {
+                if (CapabilityManager.getInstance().isSimulatorAppPresentInCapsJson()) {
+                    List<Device> bootedSims = Arrays.asList(mapper.readValue(new URL(
+                                    "http://" + machineIP + ":4567/devices/ios/bootedSims"),
+                            Device[].class));
+                    Optional.ofNullable(bootedSims).ifPresent(devices::addAll);
+                }
+                if (CapabilityManager.getInstance().isRealDeviceAppPresentInCapsJson()) {
+                    List<Device> iOSRealDevices = Arrays.asList(mapper.readValue(new URL(
+                                    "http://" + machineIP + ":4567/devices/ios/realDevices"),
+                            Device[].class));
+                    Optional.ofNullable(iOSRealDevices).ifPresent(devices::addAll);
+                }
+            } else {
+                List<Device> iOSDevices = Arrays.asList(mapper.readValue(new URL(
+                                "http://" + machineIP + ":4567/devices/ios/realDevices"),
+                        Device[].class));
+                Optional.ofNullable(iOSDevices).ifPresent(devices::addAll);
+            }
+        }
+        return devices;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Device getSimulator(String machineIP, String deviceName, String os) throws IOException {
+        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper()
+                .configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, false);
+        String url = String.format("http://%s:4567/device/ios/simulator"
+                        + "?simulatorName=%s&simulatorOSVersion=%s",
+                machineIP, URLEncoder.encode(deviceName, "UTF-8"),
+                URLEncoder.encode(os, "UTF-8"));
+        Device device = mapper.readValue(new URL(url),
+                Device.class);
+        return device;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getAvailablePort(String hostMachine) throws IOException {
+        String url = String.format("http://%s:4567/machine/availablePort", hostMachine);
+        Response response = new Api().getResponse(url);
+        return Integer.parseInt(response.body().string());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int startIOSWebKitProxy(String host) throws Exception {
+        int port = getAvailablePort(host);
+        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper()
+                .configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, false);
+        String url = String.format("http://%s:4567/devices/ios/webkitproxy/start"
+                        + "?udid=%s&port=%s", host,
+                AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().getDevice().getUdid(),
+                port);
+        Response response = new Api().getResponse(url);
+        AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().setWebkitProcessID(response.body().string());
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destoryIOSWebKitProxy(String host) throws Exception {
+        if (AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().getWebkitProcessID() != null) {
+            ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper()
+                    .configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, false);
+            String url = String.format("http://%s:4567/devices/ios/webkitproxy/stop"
+                            + "?processID=%s", host,
+                    AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().getWebkitProcessID());
+            new Api().getResponse(url);
+            AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().setWebkitProcessID(null);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `__new(com.appium.utils.Api).getResponse(__new(java.lang.StringBuilder).append("http://").append(host).append(":4567/appium/stop").toString()).body()`  at line 25.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RemoteAppiumManager.destroyAppiumNode(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.RemoteAppiumManager.destroyAppiumNode(java.lang.String):void.f5ba1daadcceef1fda5effc883e371b4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/RemoteAppiumManager.java
+
+### Key:
+RemoteAppiumManager.java|destroyAppiumNode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+00c1f65e387d55c612515ace03b6e05b
+
+### Hash:
+248ad114c980df8dc227eb7895113305
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10408/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10408/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3df44598991826f6f7cc09c2138e91e3e205cad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10408/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.cucumber.report.HtmlReporter;
+import com.appium.executor.MyTestExecutor;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.github.lalyos.jfiglet.FigletFont;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.TrueFileFilter;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+
+
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/*
+ * This class picks the devices connected
+ * and distributes across multiple thread.
+ *
+ * Thanks to @Thote_Gowda(thotegowda.gr@gmail.com)
+ */
+
+
+public class ParallelThread {
+    protected int deviceCount = 0;
+    Map<String, String> devices = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    Map<String, String> iOSdevices = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    private AndroidDeviceConfiguration deviceConf = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    private IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+    private MyTestExecutor myTestExecutor = new MyTestExecutor();
+    public Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public InputStream input = null;
+    List<Class> testcases;
+    private HtmlReporter htmlReporter = new HtmlReporter();
+
+    public ParallelThread() throws IOException {
+        input = new FileInputStream("config.properties");
+        prop.load(input);
+    }
+
+    public boolean runner(String pack, List<String> tests) throws Exception {
+        figlet(prop.getProperty("RUNNER"));
+        return triggerTest(pack, tests);
+    }
+
+    public boolean runner(String pack) throws Exception {
+        return runner(pack, new ArrayList<String>());
+    }
+
+    public boolean triggerTest(String pack, List<String> tests) throws Exception {
+        return parallelExecution(pack, tests);
+    }
+
+    public boolean parallelExecution(String pack, List<String> tests) throws Exception {
+        String operSys = System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase();
+        File f = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/appiumlogs/");
+        if (!f.exists()) {
+            System.out.println("creating directory: " + "Logs");
+            boolean result = false;
+            try {
+                f.mkdir();
+                result = true;
+            } catch (SecurityException se) {
+                se.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH") != null && deviceConf.getDevices() != null) {
+            devices = deviceConf.getDevices();
+            deviceCount = devices.size() / 4;
+            File adb_logs = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/");
+            if (!adb_logs.exists()) {
+                System.out.println("creating directory: " + "ADBLogs");
+                boolean result = false;
+                try {
+                    adb_logs.mkdir();
+                    result = true;
+                } catch (SecurityException se) {
+                    se.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+            createSnapshotFolderAndroid(deviceCount, "android");
+        }
+
+        if (operSys.contains("mac")) {
+            if (prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH") != null ) {
+                if (iosDevice.getIOSUDID() != null) {
+                    iosDevice.checkExecutePermissionForIOSDebugProxyLauncher();
+                    iOSdevices = iosDevice.getIOSUDIDHash();
+                    deviceCount += iOSdevices.size();
+                    createSnapshotFolderiOS(deviceCount, "iPhone");
+                }
+            }
+
+
+        }
+        if (deviceCount == 0) {
+            figlet("No Devices Connected");
+            System.exit(0);
+        }
+        System.out.println("***************************************************\n");
+        System.out.println("Total Number of devices detected::" + deviceCount + "\n");
+        System.out.println("***************************************************\n");
+        System.out.println("starting running tests in threads");
+
+        testcases = new ArrayList<Class>();
+
+        boolean hasFailures = false;
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            // final String pack = "com.paralle.tests"; // Or any other package
+            PackageUtil.getClasses(pack).stream().forEach(s -> {
+                if (s.toString().contains("Test")) {
+                    testcases.add((Class) s);
+                }
+            });
+
+            if (prop.getProperty("RUNNER").equalsIgnoreCase("distribute")) {
+                hasFailures = myTestExecutor
+                    .runMethodParallelAppium(tests, pack, deviceCount,
+                        "distribute");
+
+            }
+            if (prop.getProperty("RUNNER").equalsIgnoreCase("parallel")) {
+                hasFailures = myTestExecutor
+                    .runMethodParallelAppium(tests, pack, deviceCount,
+                        "parallel");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("cucumber")) {
+            //addPluginToCucumberRunner();
+            if (prop.getProperty("RUNNER").equalsIgnoreCase("distribute")) {
+                hasFailures = myTestExecutor.runMethodParallel(myTestExecutor
+                        .constructXmlSuiteDistributeCucumber(deviceCount,
+                                AppiumParallelTest.devices));
+            } else if (prop.getProperty("RUNNER").equalsIgnoreCase("parallel")) {
+                //addPluginToCucumberRunner();
+                hasFailures = myTestExecutor.runMethodParallel(myTestExecutor
+                    .constructXmlSuiteForParallelCucumber(deviceCount,
+                        AppiumParallelTest.devices));
+                htmlReporter.generateReports();
+            }
+        }
+        return hasFailures;
+    }
+
+    public void createSnapshotFolderAndroid(int deviceCount, String platform) throws Exception {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= (devices.size() / 4); i++) {
+            String deviceSerial = devices.get("deviceID" + i);
+            if (deviceSerial != null) {
+                createPlatformDirectory(platform);
+                File file = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/"
+                        + deviceSerial.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+                if (!file.exists()) {
+                    if (file.mkdir()) {
+                        System.out.println("Android " + deviceSerial + " Directory is created!");
+                    } else {
+                        System.out.println("Failed to create directory!");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void createSnapshotFolderiOS(int deviceCount, String platform) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < iOSdevices.size(); i++) {
+            String deviceSerial = iOSdevices.get("deviceID" + i);
+            createPlatformDirectory(platform);
+            File file = new File(
+                System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/"
+                    + deviceSerial);
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                if (file.mkdir()) {
+                    System.out.println("IOS " + deviceSerial + " Directory is created!");
+                } else {
+                    System.out.println("Failed to create directory!");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public void createPlatformDirectory(String platform) {
+        File file2 = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot");
+        if (!file2.exists()) {
+            file2.mkdir();
+        }
+
+        File file3 = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform);
+        if (!file3.exists()) {
+            file3.mkdir();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addPluginToCucumberRunner() throws IOException {
+        File dir = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/java/output/");
+        System.out.println("Getting all files in " + dir.getCanonicalPath()
+            + " including those in subdirectories");
+        List<File> files =
+            (List<File>) FileUtils.listFiles(dir, TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE, TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE);
+        for (File file : files) {
+            BufferedReader read = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file.getAbsoluteFile()));
+            ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
+
+            String dataRow = read.readLine();
+            while (dataRow != null) {
+                list.add(dataRow);
+                dataRow = read.readLine();
+            }
+
+            FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(
+                file.getAbsoluteFile()); //same as your file name above so that it will replace it
+            writer.append("package output;");
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                writer.append(System.getProperty("line.separator"));
+                writer.append((CharSequence) list.get(i));
+            }
+            writer.flush();
+            writer.close();
+
+            Path path = Paths.get(file.getAbsoluteFile().toString());
+            List<String> lines = Files.readAllLines(path, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+            lines.add(12, "plugin = {\"com.cucumber.listener.ExtentCucumberFormatter:\"},");
+            Files.write(path, lines, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void figlet(String text) {
+        String asciiArt1 = null;
+        try {
+            asciiArt1 = FigletFont.convertOneLine(text);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println(asciiArt1);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `ParallelThread.prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 124.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ParallelThread.parallelExecution(String,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.ParallelThread.parallelExecution(java.lang.String,java.util.List):boolean.a553a089c50e8c8cd07722b4ec526385
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/ParallelThread.java
+
+### Key:
+ParallelThread.java|parallelExecution|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3442af1456cb5324245dc37b47d44129
+
+### Hash:
+36edff4eb1ce4c86fc5155695f4a5f96
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10409/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10409/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4f8e069387b25df730277f0ec3b5f4349ec1d14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10409/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.annotation.values.Author;
+import com.annotation.values.Description;
+import com.annotation.values.SkipIf;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.ExtentTest;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.LogStatus;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentManager;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentTestManager;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AndroidMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.IOSMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.service.local.AppiumServiceBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.im4java.core.IM4JavaException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.By;
+import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
+import org.openqa.selenium.logging.LogEntry;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
+import org.testng.ITestListener;
+import org.testng.ITestResult;
+import org.testng.SkipException;
+import org.testng.TestListenerAdapter;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.Parameters;
+
+
+import java.awt.Image;
+import java.awt.Toolkit;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+
+public class AppiumParallelTest extends TestListenerAdapter implements ITestListener {
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = null;
+    public AppiumManager appiumMan = new AppiumManager();
+    public String device_udid;
+    public List<LogEntry> logEntries;
+    public File logFile;
+    public PrintWriter log_file_writer;
+    public DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+    public String category = null;
+    public ExtentTest parent;
+    public ExtentTest child;
+    public String deviceModel;
+    public File scrFile = null;
+    public String testDescription = "";
+    String screenShotNameWithTimeStamp;
+    private String CI_BASE_URI = null;
+
+    private Map<Long, ExtentTest> parentContext = new HashMap<Long, ExtentTest>();
+    public static ArrayList<String> devices = new ArrayList<String>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public static IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static AndroidDeviceConfiguration androidDevice = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean> deviceMapping =
+        new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>();
+    public ImageUtils imageUtils = new ImageUtils();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding iOS devices");
+                    devices.addAll(IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS);
+                }
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            }
+            for (String device : devices) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, true);
+            }
+            System.out.println(deviceMapping);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized String getNextAvailableDeviceId() {
+        ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView<String, Boolean> devices = deviceMapping.keySet();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (String device : devices) {
+            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
+            t.setName("Thread_" + i);
+            System.out.println("Parallel Thread is::" + t.getName());
+            i++;
+            if (deviceMapping.get(device)) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, false);
+                return device;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void freeDevice(String deviceId) {
+        deviceMapping.put(deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    @BeforeClass(alwaysRun = true)
+    @Parameters({"device"})
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(String device) throws Exception {
+        String methodName = getClass().getSimpleName();
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+        } else {
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts(device_udid);
+                category = iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid).replace(" ", "_");
+            } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                System.out.println(category);
+            }
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            if (getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class) != null) {
+                testDescription = getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class).value();
+            }
+            parent = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName, testDescription,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            parentContext.put(Thread.currentThread().getId(), parent);
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, "AppiumServerLogs",
+                "<a href=" + CI_BASE_URI + "/target/appiumlogs/" + device_udid
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt" + ">Logs</a>");
+        }
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                String webKitPort = iosDevice.startIOSWebKit(device_udid);
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForIOS(device_udid, methodName, webKitPort);
+            } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+            }
+        } else {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName)
+        throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance();
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance(iosCaps, androidCaps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        startingServerInstance(caps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void setAuthorName(String methodName) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+        String authorName;
+        ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class) != null) {
+            authorName = getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class).name();
+            Collections.addAll(listeners, authorName.split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+            child = ExtentTestManager
+                .startTest(methodName.toString() + " ---- AuthorName:: " + authorName)
+                .assignCategory(category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"),
+                    "Author:" + listeners);
+        } else {
+            child = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName.toString())
+                .assignCategory(category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance() throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosNative());
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (caps.asMap().get("bundleId") != null) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                } else {
+                    checkSelendroid(caps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosCaps);
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DesiredCapabilities checkSelendroid(DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) {
+        int android_api = 0;
+        try {
+            System.out.println("System API Level" + androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid));
+            String deviceAPI = androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid);
+            android_api = Integer.parseInt(deviceAPI);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("Android API Level::" + android_api);
+        if (android_api <= 16) {
+            androidCaps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, "Selendroid");
+        }
+        return androidCaps;
+    }
+
+    public void startLogResults(String methodName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            System.out.println("Starting ADB logs" + device_udid);
+            logEntries = driver.manage().logs().get("logcat").filter(Level.ALL);
+            logFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt");
+            log_file_writer = new PrintWriter(logFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void endLogTestResults(ITestResult result) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        final String classNameCur = result.getName().split(" ")[2].substring(1);
+        final Package[] packages = Package.getPackages();
+        String className = null;
+        for (final Package p : packages) {
+            final String pack = p.getName();
+            final String tentative = pack + "." + classNameCur;
+            try {
+                Class.forName(tentative);
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            className = tentative;
+            break;
+        }
+
+
+        if (result.isSuccess()) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                .log(LogStatus.PASS, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), "Pass");
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                    "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + CI_BASE_URI + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt"
+                        + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+            writeFailureToTxt();
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                .log(LogStatus.FAIL, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getThrowable());
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                System.out.println("im in");
+                deviceModel = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                //captureScreenshot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), "android", className);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            }
+
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                File framedImageAndroid = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageAndroid.exists()) {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_framed.png"));
+                } else {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_failed.png"));
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                File framedImageIOS = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageIOS.exists()) {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_framed.png"));
+                } else {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_failed.png"));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                    "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + CI_BASE_URI + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt"
+                        + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.SKIP) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.SKIP, "Test skipped");
+        }
+        parentContext.get(Thread.currentThread().getId()).appendChild(child);
+        ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass(alwaysRun = true) public synchronized void killAppiumServer()
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        System.out.println(
+            "**************ClosingAppiumSession****************" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            ExtentManager.getInstance().endTest(parent);
+            ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+        }
+        appiumMan.destroyAppiumNode();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            iosDevice.destroyIOSWebKitProxy();
+        }
+        freeDevice(device_udid);
+    }
+
+    protected String getStackTrace(Throwable t) {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
+        t.printStackTrace(pw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForElement(By id, int time) {
+        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
+        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable((id)));
+    }
+
+    public void resetAppData() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.clearAppData(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void closeOpenApp() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.closeRunningApp(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevice(String app_package) throws Exception {
+        androidDevice.removeApkFromDevices(device_udid, app_package);
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidNative() {
+        System.out.println("Setting Android Desired Capabilities:");
+        DesiredCapabilities androidCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.X");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_ACTIVITY,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_ACTIVITY"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability("browserName", "");
+        checkSelendroid(androidCapabilities);
+        androidCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return androidCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidWeb() {
+        DesiredCapabilities androidWebCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.0.X");
+        // If you want the tests on real device, make sure chrome browser is
+        // installed
+        androidWebCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, prop.getProperty("BROWSER_TYPE"));
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);
+        return androidWebCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities iosNative() {
+        DesiredCapabilities iOSCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        System.out.println("Setting iOS Desired Capabilities:");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "9.0");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH"));
+        iOSCapabilities
+            .setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.BUNDLE_ID, prop.getProperty("BUNDLE_ID"));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.AUTO_ACCEPT_ALERTS, true);
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "iPhone");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return iOSCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public void deleteAppIOS(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.unInstallApp(device_udid, bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void installAppIOS(String appPath) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.installApp(device_udid, appPath);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkAppIsInstalled(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        return iosDevice.checkIfAppIsInstalled(bundleID);
+    }
+
+
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getDriver() {
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
+        Object currentClass = result.getInstance();
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = ((AppiumParallelTest) currentClass).getDriver();
+        SkipIf skip =
+            result.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getMethod().getAnnotation(SkipIf.class);
+        if (skip != null) {
+            String info = skip.platform();
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().toString().contains(info)) {
+                System.out.println("skipping test");
+                throw new SkipException("Skipped because property was set to :::" + info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Image getImage(final String pathAndFileName) {
+        final URL url = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource(pathAndFileName);
+        return Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenshot(String methodName, String device, String className)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(
+            CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/" + device + "/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + deviceModel + "_" + methodName
+                + "_failed" + ".png"));
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+    }
+
+    public void logger(String message) {
+        ExtentTestManager.logger(message);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String className,
+        String methodName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        screenShotNameWithTimeStamp = currentDateAndTime();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+            String androidModel =
+                screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, androidModel,
+                "android");
+        } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            String iosModel = screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + iosDevice
+                .getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, iosModel,
+                "iOS");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String screenClassName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, status, screenClassName, screenShotName);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        String methodName = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getMethodName();
+        String className = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getClassName();
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, 1, className, methodName);
+    }
+
+    public void screenShotAndFrame(String screenShotName, int status, File scrFile,
+        String methodName, String className, String model, String platform) {
+        String failedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/"
+                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png";
+        String capturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + screenShotName
+                + ".png";
+        String framedCapturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model + "_"
+                + screenShotName + "_results.png";
+        String framedFailedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model
+                + "_failed_" + methodName + "_framed.png";
+
+        try {
+            File framePath =
+                new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/frames/");
+            if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(failedScreen));
+            } else {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(capturedScreen));
+            }
+
+            File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+            if (framePath.exists()) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (model.toString().toLowerCase()
+                            .contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                                    String screenToFrame = failedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedFailedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedFailedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+                                    fileToDelete.delete();
+                                } else {
+                                    String screenToFrame = capturedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedCapturedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedCapturedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+                                    fileToDelete.delete();
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String currentDateAndTime() {
+        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
+        DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
+        return now.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.SECONDS).format(dtf);
+    }
+
+    public void writeFailureToTxt() {
+        try {
+            String content = "TestFailed";
+            File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt");
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                file.createNewFile();
+            }
+            FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+            BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+            bw.write(content);
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean buildStatus() {
+        BufferedReader br = null;
+        try {
+            String sCurrentLine;
+            br = new BufferedReader(
+                new FileReader(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt"));
+            while ((sCurrentLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                if (sCurrentLine.contains("TestFailed")) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (br != null) {
+                    br.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                ex.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.endLogTestResults` reads without synchronization from `this.com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.CI_BASE_URI`. Potentially races with write in method `AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServer(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AppiumParallelTest.endLogTestResults(ITestResult)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.endLogTestResults(org.testng.ITestResult):void.7badd55145a5dc61673619e4fc4b13c6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumParallelTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumParallelTest.java|endLogTestResults|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+53e3353c8231a5f1551ff30d9040efe9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10412/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10412/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81b227b482a53ed4eaaeba7f4b5974e6249d9af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10412/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.annotation.values.SkipIf;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.ExtentTest;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.LogStatus;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentManager;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentTestManager;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.service.local.AppiumServiceBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.im4java.core.IM4JavaException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.json.XML;
+import org.openqa.selenium.By;
+import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
+import org.openqa.selenium.logging.LogEntry;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
+import org.testng.ITestListener;
+import org.testng.ITestResult;
+import org.testng.SkipException;
+import org.testng.TestListenerAdapter;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+public class AppiumParallelTest extends TestListenerAdapter implements ITestListener {
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver;
+    public AppiumManager appiumMan = new AppiumManager();
+    public String device_udid;
+    public List<LogEntry> logEntries;
+    public File logFile;
+    public PrintWriter log_file_writer;
+    public DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+    public String category;
+    public ExtentTest parent;
+    public ExtentTest child;
+
+    private Map<Long, ExtentTest> parentContext = new HashMap<Long, ExtentTest>();
+    private static ArrayList<String> devices = new ArrayList<String>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    private static IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+    private static AndroidDeviceConfiguration androidDevice = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    private static ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean> deviceMapping = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>();
+    public ImageUtils imageUtils = new ImageUtils();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+            if (iosDevice.getIOSUDID() != null) {
+                System.out.println("Adding iOS devices");
+                devices.addAll(iosDevice.getIOSUDID());
+            }
+//            if (devices.size() != 0) {
+//                iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts();
+//            }
+            if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerail() != null) {
+                System.out.println("Adding android devices");
+                devices.addAll(androidDevice.getDeviceSerail());
+            }
+            for (String device : devices) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, true);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized String getNextAvailableDeviceId() {
+        ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView<String, Boolean> devices = deviceMapping.keySet();
+        for (String device : devices) {
+            if (deviceMapping.get(device) == true) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, false);
+                return device;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void freeDevice(String deviceId) {
+        deviceMapping.put(deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(String methodName) throws Exception {
+        device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts(device_udid);
+            category = iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid).replace("\n", " ");
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.deviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+        System.out.println(category + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        parent = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName, "Mobile Appium Test",
+                category + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        parentContext.put(Thread.currentThread().getId(), parent);
+        ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, "AppiumServerLogs", "<a href=" + System.getProperty("user.dir")
+                + "/target/appiumlogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt" + ">Logs</a>");
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            String webKitPort = iosDevice.startIOSWebKit(device_udid);
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerIOS(device_udid, methodName, webKitPort);
+        } else {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServer(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName) throws Exception {
+        child = ExtentTestManager
+                .startTest(methodName).assignCategory(category + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            androidWeb();
+        } else {
+        	System.out.println(iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid));
+        	if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+        		iosNative();
+        	} else {
+        		androidNative();
+        	}
+        }
+
+        Thread.sleep(5000);
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+        	driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), capabilities);
+        } else{
+        	if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+        		driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), capabilities);
+        	} else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)){
+        		driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), capabilities);
+        	}
+        }
+
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void startLogResults(String methodName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            System.out.println("Starting ADB logs" + device_udid);
+            logEntries = driver.manage().logs().get("logcat").filter(Level.ALL);
+            logFile = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt");
+            log_file_writer = new PrintWriter(logFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void endLogTestResults(ITestResult result) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        if (result.isSuccess()) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.PASS, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), "Pass");
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                        "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__"
+                                + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+            String androidModel = null;
+            String iosModel = null;
+            File framePath = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/main/resources/");
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.FAIL, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getThrowable());
+            File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                androidModel = androidDevice.deviceModel(device_udid);
+                try {
+                    FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                            + androidModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".png"));
+                    File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                        if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                            Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                            String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                            if (androidModel.toString().toLowerCase().contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                                try {
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                            + androidModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".png", System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                            + androidModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                                    break;
+                                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                    e.printStackTrace();
+                                } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                    e.printStackTrace();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                iosModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+                try {
+                    FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                            + iosModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".png"));
+                    File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                        if (files1[i].isFile()) {
+                            Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                            String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                            if (iosModel.toString().toLowerCase().contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                                try {
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                            + iosModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".png", System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                            + iosModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                                    break;
+                                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                    e.printStackTrace();
+                                } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                    e.printStackTrace();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                File framedImageAndroid = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                        + androidModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if(framedImageAndroid.exists()){
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                    + androidModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png"));
+                }else{
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                    + androidModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".png"));
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                File framedImageIOS = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                        + iosModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if(framedImageIOS.exists()){
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                    + iosModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png"));
+                }else{
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                    + iosModel + "/failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".png"));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                        "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__"
+                                + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.SKIP) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.SKIP, "Test skipped");
+        }
+        parentContext.get(Thread.currentThread().getId()).appendChild(child);
+        ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void killAppiumServer() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        System.out.println("**************ClosingAppiumSession****************");
+        ExtentManager.getInstance().endTest(parent);
+        ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+        appiumMan.destroyAppiumNode();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            iosDevice.destroyIOSWebKitProxy();
+        }
+
+
+        freeDevice(device_udid);
+    }
+
+    protected String getStackTrace(Throwable t) {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
+        t.printStackTrace(pw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForElement(By id, int time) {
+        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
+        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable((id)));
+    }
+
+    public void resetAppData() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.clearAppData(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void closeOpenApp() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.closeRunningApp(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void androidNative() {
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.X");
+        capabilities.setCapability("browserName", "");
+        if (Integer.parseInt(androidDevice.deviceOS(device_udid)) <= 16) {
+            capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, "Selendroid");
+        }
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH"));
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP_ACTIVITY, prop.getProperty("APP_ACTIVITY"));
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_WAIT_ACTIVITY") != null) {
+            capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP_WAIT_ACTIVITY, prop.getProperty("APP_WAIT_ACTIVITY"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void androidWeb() {
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.0.X");
+        // If you want the tests on real device, make sure chrome browser is
+        // installed
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, prop.getProperty("BROWSER_TYPE"));
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.SUPPORTS_ALERTS, true);
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);
+    }
+
+    public void iosNative() {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "iPhone");
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "9.0");
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH"));
+        capabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.SUPPORTS_ALERTS, true);
+        capabilities.setCapability("bundleId", prop.getProperty("BUNDLE_ID"));
+        capabilities.setCapability("autoAcceptAlerts", true);
+    }
+
+    public void deleteAppIOS(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.unInstallApp(device_udid, bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void installAppIOS(String appPath) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.installApp(device_udid, appPath);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkAppIsInstalled(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        return iosDevice.checkIfAppIsInstalled(bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        File framePath = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/main/resources/");
+        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+            String androidModel = androidDevice.deviceModel(device_udid);
+            try {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                        + androidModel + "/" + screenShotName + ".png"));
+                File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (androidModel.toString().toLowerCase().contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                        + androidModel + "/" + screenShotName + ".png", System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                        + androidModel + "/" + screenShotName + "_framed.png");
+                                ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                        + androidModel + "/" + screenShotName + "_framed.png", screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            String iosModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+            try {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                        + iosModel + "/" + screenShotName + ".png"));
+                File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (iosModel.toString().toLowerCase().contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                        + iosModel + "/" + screenShotName + ".png", System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                        + iosModel + "/" + screenShotName + "_framed.png");
+                                ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iPhone/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                        + iosModel + "/" + screenShotName + "_framed.png", screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    public void convertXmlToJSon() throws IOException {
+        String fileName = "report.json";
+        BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = null;
+        try {
+            int i = 1;
+            FileWriter fileWriter;
+            int dir_1 = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/test-output/junitreports").listFiles().length;
+
+            List textFiles = new ArrayList();
+            File dir = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/test-output/junitreports");
+
+            for (File file : dir.listFiles()) {
+                if (file.getName().contains(("Test"))) {
+                    System.out.println(file);
+
+                    fileWriter = new FileWriter(fileName, true);
+                    InputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+                    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+                    int ptr = 0;
+                    while ((ptr = inputStream.read()) != -1) {
+                        builder.append((char) ptr);
+                    }
+
+                    String xml = builder.toString();
+                    JSONObject jsonObj = XML.toJSONObject(xml);
+
+                    // Always wrap FileWriter in BufferedWriter.
+                    bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(fileWriter);
+
+                    // Always close files.
+                    String jsonPrettyPrintString = jsonObj.toString(4);
+                    // bufferedWriter.write(jsonPrettyPrintString);
+                    if (i == 1) {
+                        bufferedWriter.append("[");
+                    }
+                    bufferedWriter.append(jsonPrettyPrintString);
+                    if (i != dir_1) {
+                        bufferedWriter.append(",");
+                    }
+
+                    if (i == dir_1) {
+                        bufferedWriter.append("]");
+                    }
+
+                    bufferedWriter.newLine();
+                    bufferedWriter.close();
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            System.out.println("Error writing to file '" + fileName + "'");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getDriver() {
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
+        Object currentClass = result.getInstance();
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = ((AppiumParallelTest) currentClass).getDriver();
+        SkipIf skip = result.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getMethod().getAnnotation(SkipIf.class);
+        if (skip != null) {
+            String info = skip.platform();
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().toString().contains(info)) {
+                System.out.println("skipping test");
+                throw new SkipException("Skipped because property was set to :::" + info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `androidNative()` at line 138 is not released after line 146.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 135
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AppiumDriver AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServerInParallel(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServerInParallel(java.lang.String):io.appium.java_c.15bf62474cfe9b582b66880ccf89395c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumParallelTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumParallelTest.java|startAppiumServerInParallel|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8f3ce21e00809294f8fa2c93c169621c
+
+### Hash:
+ae4362df802b6c166072e652cef645c5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1043/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1043/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a134745b1dc0a7da8dcf7d1621b2cd8974c991f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1043/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AM2RLauncher
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using log4net;
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net.NetworkInformation;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+
+namespace AM2RLauncherLib;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Class that has various Helper functions. Basically anything that could be used outside the Launcher resides here.
+/// </summary>
+public static class HelperMethods
+{
+    // Load reference to logger
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Our log object, that handles logging the current execution to a file.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static readonly ILog log = Core.Log;
+
+    // Thank you, Microsoft docs: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/io/how-to-copy-directories
+    // Slightly modified by adding overwriteFiles bool, as we need to replace readme, music, etc.
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This copies the contents of a specified Directory recursively to another Directory.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="sourceDirName">Full Path to the Directory that will be recursively copied.</param>
+    /// <param name="destDirName">Full Path to the Directory you want to copy to. If the Directory does not exist, it will be created.</param>
+    /// <param name="overwriteFiles">Specify if Files should be overwritten or not</param>
+    /// <param name="copySubDirs">Specify if you want to copy Sub-Directories as well.</param>
+    public static void DirectoryCopy(string sourceDirName, string destDirName, bool overwriteFiles = true, bool copySubDirs = true)
+    {
+        // Get the subdirectories for the specified directory.
+        DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(sourceDirName);
+
+        if (!dir.Exists)
+        {
+            throw new DirectoryNotFoundException($"Source directory does not exist or could not be found: {sourceDirName}");
+        }
+
+        DirectoryInfo[] dirs = dir.GetDirectories();
+
+        // If the destination directory doesn't exist, create it.
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(destDirName);
+
+        // Get the files in the directory and copy them to the new location.
+        FileInfo[] files = dir.GetFiles();
+        foreach (FileInfo file in files)
+        {
+            string tempPath = Path.Combine(destDirName, file.Name);
+            file.CopyTo(tempPath, overwriteFiles);
+        }
+
+        // If copying subdirectories, copy them and their contents to new location.
+        if (!copySubDirs)
+            return;
+
+        foreach (DirectoryInfo subDir in dirs)
+        {
+            string tempPath = Path.Combine(destDirName, subDir.Name);
+            DirectoryCopy(subDir.FullName, tempPath, overwriteFiles);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This is a custom method, that deletes a Directory. The reason this is used, instead of <see cref="Directory.Delete(string)"/>,
+    /// is because this one sets the attributes of all files to be deletable, while <see cref="Directory.Delete(string)"/> does not do that on it's own.
+    /// It's needed, because sometimes there are read-only files being generated, that would normally need more code in order to reset the attributes.<br/>
+    /// Note, that this method acts recursively.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="targetDir">The directory to delete.</param>
+    public static void DeleteDirectory(string targetDir)
+    {
+        if (!Directory.Exists(targetDir)) return;
+
+        File.SetAttributes(targetDir, FileAttributes.Normal);
+
+        foreach (string file in Directory.GetFiles(targetDir))
+        {
+            File.SetAttributes(file, FileAttributes.Normal);
+            File.Delete(file);
+        }
+
+        foreach (string dir in Directory.GetDirectories(targetDir))
+        {
+            DeleteDirectory(dir);
+        }
+
+        Directory.Delete(targetDir, false);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Calculates an MD5 hash from a given file.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="filename">Full Path to the file whose MD5 hash is supposed to be calculated.</param>
+    /// <returns>The MD5 hash as a <see cref="string"/>, empty string if file does not exist.</returns>
+    /*TODO: in the future we should use sha256, as both md5 and sha1 are unsafe.
+    This however needs to wait, until we somehow can find a way to publish the windows launcher as .net core...*/
+    public static string CalculateMD5(string filename)
+    {
+        // Check if File exists first
+        if (!File.Exists(filename))
+            return "";
+
+        using FileStream stream = File.OpenRead(filename);
+        using MD5 md5 = MD5.Create();
+        byte[] hash = md5.ComputeHash(stream);
+        return BitConverter.ToString(hash).Replace("-", "").ToLowerInvariant();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Performs recursive rollover on a set of log files.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="logFile">The log file to begin the rollover from.</param>
+    /// <param name="max">The maximum amount of log files to retain. Default is 9, as that's the highest digit.</param>
+    //TODO: double check this method
+    public static void RecursiveRollover(string logFile, int max = 9)
+    {
+        int index = 1;
+        char endChar = logFile[logFile.Length - 1];
+        string fileName;
+
+        // If not the original file, set the new index and get the new fileName.
+        if (Char.IsNumber(endChar))
+        {
+            index = Int32.Parse(endChar.ToString()) + 1;
+            fileName = logFile.Remove(logFile.Length - 1) + index;
+        }
+        else // Otherwise, if the original file, just set fileName to log.txt.1.
+            fileName = logFile + ".1";
+
+        // If new name already exists, run the rollover algorithm on it!
+        if (File.Exists(fileName))
+            RecursiveRollover(fileName, max);
+
+        //TODO: this can fail if one doesn't have permissions to move or delete the file
+        // If index is less than max, rename file.
+        if (index < max)
+            File.Move(logFile, fileName);
+        else // Otherwise, delete the file.
+            File.Delete(logFile);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if we currently have an internet connection, by pinging GitHub.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns><see langword="true"/> if we have internet, <see langword="false"/> if not.</returns>
+    public static bool IsConnectedToInternet()
+    {
+        log.Info("Checking internet connection...");
+        try
+        {
+            PingReply pingReply = new Ping().Send("github.com");
+            if (pingReply?.Status == IPStatus.Success)
+            {
+                log.Info("Internet connection established!");
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        catch { /* ignoring exceptions */ }
+        log.Info("Internet connection failed.");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets <paramref name="languageText"/> and replaces "$NAME" with <paramref name="replacementText"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="languageText">The text to get</param>
+    /// <param name="replacementText">The text to replace "$NAME" with.</param>
+    /// <returns></returns>
+    public static string GetText(string languageText, string replacementText = "")
+    {
+        return languageText.Replace("$NAME", replacementText);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.NetworkInformation.Ping::.ctor() at Line 152) of type System.Net.NetworkInformation.Ping in method "Boolean HelperMethods.IsConnectedToInternet()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean HelperMethods.IsConnectedToInternet()
+
+### File:
+AM2RLauncher/AM2RLauncherLib/HelperMethods.cs
+
+### Key:
+HelperMethods.cs|IsConnectedToInternet|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0e99a1c4523e92d10b1bcb8ccd74430a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10436/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10436/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ad538f9e1dc52e0862cae7082bbe92b45a8140d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10436/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.executor;
+
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+
+import com.appium.cucumber.report.HtmlReporter;
+import com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest;
+import com.appium.manager.PackageUtil;
+import com.appium.manager.ParallelThread;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import org.junit.runner.JUnitCore;
+import org.junit.runner.Result;
+import org.junit.runner.notification.Failure;
+import org.reflections.Reflections;
+import org.reflections.scanners.MethodAnnotationsScanner;
+import org.reflections.util.ClasspathHelper;
+import org.reflections.util.ConfigurationBuilder;
+import org.testng.TestNG;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlClass;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlInclude;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlPackage;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlSuite;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlSuite.ParallelMode;
+import org.testng.xml.XmlTest;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+
+public class MyTestExecutor {
+    List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<Thread>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public List<Class> testcases = new ArrayList<>();
+    public HtmlReporter reporter = new HtmlReporter();
+    public ArrayList<String> items = new ArrayList<String>();
+    private ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+    private ArrayList<String> groupsInclude = new ArrayList<>();
+    private ArrayList<String> groupsExclude = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+
+    public boolean[] distributeTests(int deviceCount) {
+        final boolean[] hasFailures = {false};
+        try {
+            PackageUtil.getClasses("output").stream().forEach(s -> {
+                if (s.toString().contains("IT")) {
+                    System.out.println("forEach: " + testcases.add((Class) s));
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        final ExecutorService[] executorService = {Executors.newFixedThreadPool(deviceCount)};
+        for (final Class testFile : testcases) {
+            executorService[0].submit(new Runnable() {
+                public void run() {
+                    System.out.println("Running test file: " + testFile.getName());
+                    hasFailures[0] = testRunnerTestNg(testFile);
+
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        executorService[0].shutdown();
+        try {
+            executorService[0].awaitTermination(Long.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        deleteOutputDirectory();
+        try {
+            reporter.generateReports();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("ending");
+        return hasFailures;
+    }
+
+    public boolean runMethodParallelAppium(List<String> test, String pack, int devicecount,
+                                           String executionType) throws Exception {
+        URL newUrl = null;
+        List<URL> newUrls = new ArrayList<>();
+        Collections.addAll(items, pack.split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+        int a = 0;
+        Collection<URL> urls = ClasspathHelper.forPackage(items.get(a));
+        Iterator<URL> iter = urls.iterator();
+        URL url = iter.next();
+        urls.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < items.size(); i++) {
+            newUrl = new URL(url.toString() + items.get(i).replaceAll("\\.", "/"));
+            newUrls.add(newUrl);
+            a++;
+
+        }
+        Reflections reflections = new Reflections(new ConfigurationBuilder().setUrls(newUrls)
+            .setScanners(new MethodAnnotationsScanner()));
+        Set<Method> resources =
+            reflections.getMethodsAnnotatedWith(org.testng.annotations.Test.class);
+        boolean hasFailure = false;
+        if (executionType.equalsIgnoreCase("distribute")) {
+            hasFailure = runMethodParallel(
+                constructXmlSuiteForDistribution(pack, test, createTestsMap(resources),
+                    devicecount));
+        } else {
+            hasFailure = runMethodParallel(
+                constructXmlSuiteForParallel(pack, test, createTestsMap(resources), devicecount,
+                    AppiumParallelTest.devices));
+        }
+        System.out.println("Finally complete");
+        ParallelThread.figlet("Test Completed");
+        ImageUtils.creatResultsSet();
+        return hasFailure;
+    }
+
+    public boolean testRunnerTestNg(@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") Class arg) {
+        TestNG test = new TestNG();
+        test.setTestClasses(new Class[] {arg});
+        System.out.println("Into TestNGRunner");
+        test.run();
+        return test.hasFailure();
+
+    }
+
+    public boolean runMethodParallel(XmlSuite suite) {
+        TestNG testNG = new TestNG();
+        testNG.setXmlSuites(asList(suite));
+        testNG.run();
+        return testNG.hasFailure();
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteForParallel(String pack, List<String> testcases,
+        Map<String, List<Method>> methods, int deviceCount, ArrayList<String> deviceSerail) {
+        ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        listeners.add("com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest");
+        listeners.add("com.appium.utils.RetryListener");
+        include(listeners, "LISTENERS");
+        include(groupsInclude, "INCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        include(groupsExclude, "EXCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.TESTS);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        if (prop.getProperty("LISTENERS") != null) {
+            suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < deviceCount; i++) {
+            XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+            test.setName("TestNG Test" + i);
+            test.setPreserveOrder("false");
+            test.addParameter("device", deviceSerail.get(i));
+            test.setIncludedGroups(groupsInclude);
+            test.setExcludedGroups(groupsExclude);
+            List<XmlClass> xmlClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+            writeXmlClass(testcases, methods, xmlClasses);
+            test.setXmlClasses(xmlClasses);
+        }
+        System.out.println(suite.toXml());
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public void writeXmlClass(List<String> testcases, Map<String,
+            List<Method>> methods, List<XmlClass> xmlClasses) {
+        for (String className : methods.keySet()) {
+            if (className.contains("Test")) {
+                if (testcases.size() == 0) {
+                    xmlClasses.add(createClass(className, methods.get(className)));
+                } else {
+                    for (String s : testcases) {
+                        for (int j = 0; j < items.size(); j++) {
+                            String testName = items.get(j).concat("." + s).toString();
+                            if (testName.equals(className)) {
+                                xmlClasses.add(createClass(className, methods.get(className)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteForDistribution(String pack, List<String> tests,
+        Map<String, List<Method>> methods, int deviceCount) {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        include(listeners, "LISTENERS");
+        include(groupsInclude, "INCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.CLASSES);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        listeners.add("com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest");
+        listeners.add("com.appium.utils.RetryListener");
+        suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        if (prop.getProperty("LISTENERS") != null) {
+            suite.setListeners(listeners);
+        }
+        XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+        test.setName("TestNG Test");
+        test.addParameter("device", "");
+        include(groupsExclude, "EXCLUDE_GROUPS");
+        test.setIncludedGroups(groupsInclude);
+        test.setExcludedGroups(groupsExclude);
+        List<XmlClass> xmlClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+        writeXmlClass(tests, methods, xmlClasses);
+        test.setXmlClasses(xmlClasses);
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public void include(ArrayList<String> groupsInclude, String include) {
+        if (prop.getProperty(include) != null) {
+            Collections.addAll(groupsInclude, prop.getProperty(include).split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+        } else if (System.getenv(include) != null) {
+            Collections.addAll(groupsInclude, System.getenv(include).split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private XmlClass createClass(String className, List<Method> methods) {
+        XmlClass clazz = new XmlClass();
+        clazz.setName(className);
+        //clazz.setIncludedMethods(constructIncludes(methods));
+        return clazz;
+    }
+
+
+    private List<XmlInclude> constructIncludes(List<Method> methods) {
+        List<XmlInclude> includes = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Method m : methods) {
+            includes.add(new XmlInclude(m.getName()));
+        }
+        return includes;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, List<Method>> createTestsMap(Set<Method> methods) {
+        Map<String, List<Method>> testsMap = new HashMap<>();
+        methods.stream().forEach(method -> {
+            List<Method> methodsList = testsMap.get(
+                method.getDeclaringClass().getPackage().getName() + "." + method.getDeclaringClass()
+                    .getSimpleName());
+            if (methodsList == null) {
+                methodsList = new ArrayList<>();
+                testsMap.put(method.getDeclaringClass().getPackage().getName() + "." + method
+                    .getDeclaringClass().getSimpleName(), methodsList);
+            }
+            methodsList.add(method);
+        });
+        return testsMap;
+    }
+
+    public void runTestCase(Class testCase) {
+        Result result = JUnitCore.runClasses(testCase);
+        for (Failure failure : result.getFailures()) {
+            System.out.println(failure.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void deleteOutputDirectory() {
+        File delete_output = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/java/output/");
+        File[] files = delete_output.listFiles();
+        for (File file : files) {
+            file.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteForParallelCucumber(
+        int deviceCount, ArrayList<String> deviceSerail) {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.TESTS);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < deviceCount; i++) {
+            XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+            test.setName("TestNG Test" + i);
+            test.setPreserveOrder("false");
+            test.addParameter("device", deviceSerail.get(i));
+            test.setPackages(getPackages());
+        }
+        File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/parallelCucumber.xml");
+        FileWriter fw = null;
+        try {
+            fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+        try {
+            bw.write(suite.toXml());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public XmlSuite constructXmlSuiteDistributeCucumber(
+            int deviceCount, ArrayList<String> deviceSerail) {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        XmlSuite suite = new XmlSuite();
+        suite.setName("TestNG Forum");
+        suite.setThreadCount(deviceCount);
+        suite.setParallel(ParallelMode.CLASSES);
+        suite.setVerbose(2);
+        XmlTest test = new XmlTest(suite);
+        test.setName("TestNG Test");
+        test.addParameter("device", "");
+        test.setPackages(getPackages());
+        File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/parallelCucumber.xml");
+        FileWriter fw = null;
+        try {
+            fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+        try {
+            bw.write(suite.toXml());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return suite;
+    }
+
+    public static List<XmlPackage> getPackages() {
+        List<XmlPackage> allPackages = new ArrayList<>();
+        XmlPackage eachPackage = new XmlPackage();
+        eachPackage.setName("output");
+        allPackages.add(eachPackage);
+        return allPackages;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 210 is not released after line 210.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+XmlSuite MyTestExecutor.constructXmlSuiteForDistribution(String,List,Map,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.executor.MyTestExecutor.constructXmlSuiteForDistribution(java.lang.String,java.util.List,.533e113350e8785fb794685e82b3f029
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/executor/MyTestExecutor.java
+
+### Key:
+MyTestExecutor.java|constructXmlSuiteForDistribution|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b7b12c66b77f04a71547b8b82c7f0265
+
+### Hash:
+3c611cb051021cf299d26fe304a6bcaa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10437/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10437/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aee40e3b576eebfa226976169fad2168546c703d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10437/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,921 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.annotation.values.Author;
+import com.annotation.values.Description;
+import com.annotation.values.SkipIf;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import com.appium.utils.MobilePlatform;
+import com.aventstack.extentreports.ExtentTest;
+import com.aventstack.extentreports.Status;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentManager;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentTestManager;
+import com.video.recorder.Flick;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AndroidMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.IOSMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.service.local.AppiumServiceBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.im4java.core.IM4JavaException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.By;
+import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
+import org.openqa.selenium.logging.LogEntry;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
+import org.testng.ITestListener;
+import org.testng.ITestResult;
+import org.testng.SkipException;
+import org.testng.TestListenerAdapter;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.Parameters;
+
+
+import java.awt.Image;
+import java.awt.Toolkit;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+import static junit.framework.TestCase.fail;
+
+
+public class AppiumParallelTest extends TestListenerAdapter implements ITestListener {
+    public static ArrayList<String> devices = new ArrayList<String>();
+    public ConfigurationManager prop;
+    public IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice;
+    public static AndroidDeviceConfiguration androidDevice = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean> deviceMapping =
+        new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>();
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = null;
+    public AppiumManager appiumMan;
+    public String device_udid;
+    public List<LogEntry> logEntries;
+    public File logFile;
+    public PrintWriter log_file_writer;
+    public String category = null;
+    public ExtentTest parent;
+    public ExtentTest child;
+    public String deviceModel;
+    public File scrFile = null;
+    public String testDescription = "";
+    public ImageUtils imageUtils = new ImageUtils();
+    private String screenShotNameWithTimeStamp;
+    private String CI_BASE_URI = null;
+    private Flick videoRecording = new Flick();
+    public ThreadLocal<ExtentTest> parentTest = new ThreadLocal<ExtentTest>();
+    public ThreadLocal<ExtentTest> test = new ThreadLocal<ExtentTest>();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding iOS devices");
+                    devices.addAll(IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS);
+                }
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            }
+            for (String device : devices) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, true);
+            }
+            System.out.println(deviceMapping);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public AppiumParallelTest() {
+        try {
+            iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+            appiumMan = new AppiumManager();
+            prop = ConfigurationManager.getInstance();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized String getNextAvailableDeviceId() {
+        ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView<String, Boolean> devices = deviceMapping.keySet();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (String device : devices) {
+            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
+            t.setName("Thread_" + i);
+            System.out.println("Parallel Thread is::" + t.getName());
+            i++;
+            if (deviceMapping.get(device)) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, false);
+                System.out.println(device);
+                return device;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void freeDevice(String deviceId) {
+        deviceMapping.put(deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    public static Image getImage(final String pathAndFileName) {
+        final URL url = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource(pathAndFileName);
+        return Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(
+        String device, String methodName) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            System.out.println("Into Empty devices");
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+            System.out.println("Into block" + device_udid);
+        } else {
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+        System.out.println("Devices*******" + device_udid);
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            getDeviceCategory();
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+        createParentNodeExtent(methodName, "", category
+            + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                AppiumServiceBuilder webKitPort = getAppiumServiceBuilder(methodName);
+                if (webKitPort != null) {
+                    return webKitPort;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    
+    @BeforeClass(alwaysRun = true)
+    @Parameters({"device"})
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(String device) throws Exception {
+        String methodName = getClass().getSimpleName();
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+        } else {
+            getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            getDeviceCategory();
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            if (getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class) != null) {
+                testDescription = getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class).value();
+            }
+            createParentNodeExtent(methodName, testDescription,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            AppiumServiceBuilder webKitPort = getAppiumServiceBuilder(methodName);
+            if (webKitPort != null) {
+                return webKitPort;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public AppiumServiceBuilder getAppiumServiceBuilder(String methodName) throws Exception {
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            String webKitPort = iosDevice.startIOSWebKit(device_udid);
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForIOS(device_udid, methodName, webKitPort);
+        } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void getDeviceCategory() throws Exception {
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts(device_udid);
+            category = iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid).replace(" ", "_");
+        } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            System.out.println(category);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void createParentNodeExtent(String methodName, String testDescription, String deviceId) {
+        parent = ExtentTestManager.createTest(methodName, testDescription,
+            deviceId);
+        parentTest.set(parent);
+        ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(Status.INFO,
+            "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "appiumlogs/"
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName
+                + ".txt" + ">AppiumServerLogs</a>");
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        } else {
+            child = parentTest.get().createNode(methodName, category
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            test.set(child);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance(iosCaps, androidCaps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+    
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName)
+        throws Exception {
+        return startAppiumServerInParallel(methodName, null, null);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        return startAppiumServerInParallel(methodName, caps, caps);
+    }
+
+    public void setAuthorName(String methodName) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+        String authorName;
+        ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class) != null) {
+            authorName = getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class).name();
+            Collections.addAll(listeners, authorName.split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+            child = parentTest.get()
+                .createNode(methodName,
+                    category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")).assignAuthor(
+                    String.valueOf(listeners));
+            test.set(child);
+        } else {
+            child = parentTest.get().createNode(methodName,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            test.set(child);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH") != null 
+                    && iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    if (iosCaps == null) {
+                        iosCaps = iosNative();
+                    }
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosCaps);
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    if (androidCaps == null) {
+                        androidCaps = androidNative();
+                    }
+                    checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (androidCaps == null) {
+                    androidCaps = androidNative();
+                }
+                checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance() throws Exception {
+        startingServerInstance(null, null);
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        startingServerInstance(caps, caps);
+    }
+    
+    public DesiredCapabilities checkSelendroid(DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) {
+        int android_api = 0;
+        try {
+            System.out.println("System API Level" + androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid));
+            String deviceAPI = androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid);
+            android_api = Integer.parseInt(deviceAPI);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("Android API Level::" + android_api);
+        if (android_api <= 16) {
+            androidCaps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, "Selendroid");
+        }
+        return androidCaps;
+    }
+
+    public void startLogResults(String methodName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            try {
+                videoRecording
+                    .startVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(), methodName, methodName);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            System.out.println("Starting ADB logs" + device_udid);
+            logEntries = driver.manage().logs().get("logcat").filter(Level.ALL);
+            logFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt");
+            log_file_writer = new PrintWriter(logFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void endLogTestResults(ITestResult result) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        final String classNameCur = result.getName().split(" ")[2].substring(1);
+        final Package[] packages = Package.getPackages();
+        String className = null;
+        for (final Package p : packages) {
+            final String pack = p.getName();
+            final String tentative = pack + "." + classNameCur;
+            try {
+                Class.forName(tentative);
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            className = tentative;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            try {
+                videoRecording.stopVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(),
+                    result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                videoRecording.stopVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(),
+                    result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                System.out.println("");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (result.isSuccess()) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestPassed");
+            test.get().log(Status.PASS, result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            getAdbLogs(result);
+            File videoFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/"
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4");
+            System.out.println(videoFile);
+            if (videoFile.exists()) {
+                videoFile.delete();
+            }
+
+        }
+        /*
+         * Failure Block
+         */
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestFailed");
+            ExtentTest log = test.get()
+                .log(Status.FAIL, "<pre>" + result.getThrowable() + "</pre>");
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                File framedImageAndroid = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageAndroid.exists()) {
+                    log
+                        .addScreenCaptureFromPath(
+                            "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result
+                                .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                } else {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath(
+                        "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                            + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                            + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                            .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png");
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                File framedImageIOS = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                System.out.println("************************" + framedImageIOS.exists()
+                    + "***********************");
+                if (framedImageIOS.exists()) {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath("screenshot/iOS/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                        + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result
+                        .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                } else {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath("screenshot/iOS/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                        + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                        .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png");
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+            getAdbLogs(result);
+
+        }
+        /*
+         * Skip block
+         */
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.SKIP) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestSkipped");
+            test.get().log(Status.SKIP, "Test skipped");
+        }
+
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                if (new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4")
+                    .exists()) {
+                    test.get().log(Status.INFO, "<a target=\"_parent\" href="
+                        + "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".mp4" + ">Videologs</a>");
+                }
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                if (new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4")
+                    .exists()) {
+                    test.get().log(Status.INFO, "<a target=\"_parent\" href="
+                        + "screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".mp4" + ">Videologs</a>");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ExtentManager.getExtent().flush();
+    }
+
+    public void getAdbLogs(ITestResult result) {
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+            log_file_writer.flush();
+            test.get().log(Status.INFO,
+                "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                    + "__"
+                    + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+            System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass(alwaysRun = true) public synchronized void killAppiumServer()
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        System.out.println(
+            "**************ClosingAppiumSession****************" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            //ExtentManager.getInstance().endTest(parent);
+            ExtentManager.getExtent().flush();
+        }
+        appiumMan.destroyAppiumNode();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            iosDevice.destroyIOSWebKitProxy();
+        }
+        freeDevice(device_udid);
+    }
+
+    protected String getStackTrace(Throwable t) {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
+        t.printStackTrace(pw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForElement(By id, int time) {
+        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
+        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable((id)));
+    }
+
+    public void resetAppData() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.clearAppData(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void closeOpenApp() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.closeRunningApp(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevice(String app_package) throws Exception {
+        androidDevice.removeApkFromDevices(device_udid, app_package);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidNative() {
+        System.out.println("Setting Android Desired Capabilities:");
+        DesiredCapabilities androidCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.X");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_ACTIVITY,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_ACTIVITY"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability("browserName", "");
+        checkSelendroid(androidCapabilities);
+        androidCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return androidCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidWeb() {
+        DesiredCapabilities androidWebCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.0.X");
+        // If you want the tests on real device, make sure chrome browser is
+        // installed
+        androidWebCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, prop.getProperty("BROWSER_TYPE"));
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);
+        return androidWebCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities iosNative() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        DesiredCapabilities iOSCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        System.out.println("Setting iOS Desired Capabilities:");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, 
+            iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductVersion(device_udid));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH"));
+        iOSCapabilities
+            .setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.BUNDLE_ID, prop.getProperty("BUNDLE_ID"));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.AUTO_ACCEPT_ALERTS, true);
+        iOSCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return iOSCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public void deleteAppIOS(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.unInstallApp(device_udid, bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void installAppIOS(String appPath) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.installApp(device_udid, appPath);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkAppIsInstalled(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        return iosDevice.checkIfAppIsInstalled(bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getDriver() {
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
+        Object currentClass = result.getInstance();
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = ((AppiumParallelTest) currentClass).getDriver();
+        SkipIf skip =
+            result.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getMethod().getAnnotation(SkipIf.class);
+        if (skip != null) {
+            String info = skip.platform();
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().toString().contains(info)) {
+                System.out.println("skipping test");
+                throw new SkipException("Skipped because property was set to :::" + info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenshot(String methodName, String device, String className)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(
+            "screenshot/" + device + "/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className
+                + "/" + methodName + "/" + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png"));
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+    }
+
+    public void logger(String message) {
+        ExtentTestManager.logger(message);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String className,
+        String methodName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        screenShotNameWithTimeStamp = currentDateAndTime();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+            String androidModel =
+                screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, androidModel,
+                "android");
+        } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            String iosModel = screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + iosDevice
+                .getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, iosModel,
+                "iOS");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String screenClassName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, status, screenClassName, screenShotName);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        String methodName = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getMethodName();
+        String className = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getClassName();
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, 1, className, methodName);
+    }
+
+    public void screenShotAndFrame(String screenShotName, int status, File scrFile,
+        String methodName, String className, String model, String platform) {
+        String failedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/"
+                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png";
+        String capturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + screenShotName
+                + ".png";
+        String framedCapturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model + "_"
+                + screenShotName + "_results.png";
+        String framedFailedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model
+                + "_failed_" + methodName + "_framed.png";
+
+        try {
+            File framePath =
+                new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/frames/");
+            if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(failedScreen));
+            } else {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(capturedScreen));
+            }
+
+            File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+            if (framePath.exists()) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (model.toString().toLowerCase()
+                            .contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                                    String screenToFrame = failedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedFailedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedFailedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    deleteFile(screenToFrame);
+                                } else {
+                                    String screenToFrame = capturedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedCapturedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedCapturedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    deleteFile(screenToFrame);
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void deleteFile(String screenToFrame) {
+        File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+        if (fileToDelete.exists()) {
+            fileToDelete.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String currentDateAndTime() {
+        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
+        DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
+        return now.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.SECONDS).format(dtf);
+    }
+
+    public void writeFailureToTxt(String content) {
+        try {
+            File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt");
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                file.createNewFile();
+            }
+            FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile(), true);
+            BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+            bw.write(content);
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MobilePlatform getMobilePlatform(String device_udid) {
+        MobilePlatform platform = null;
+
+        if (device_udid.length() == IOSDeviceConfiguration.IOS_UDID_LENGTH) {
+            platform = MobilePlatform.IOS;
+        } else {
+            platform = MobilePlatform.ANDROID;
+        }
+        return platform;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `checkiOSDevice(...)` at line 249 is not released after line 252.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AppiumServiceBuilder AppiumParallelTest.getAppiumServiceBuilder(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.getAppiumServiceBuilder(java.lang.String):io.appium.java_clien.2dcf7928cd67fc2cd3be6a755d254c5c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumParallelTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumParallelTest.java|getAppiumServiceBuilder|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7c5625b475deaad4769db2551c285fb1
+
+### Hash:
+e2768a57e31f9411e878cd8b1f2ae02b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10439/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10439/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe31da8404d02cca29000378f000732414495604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10439/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 52
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+
+import com.appium.utils.Api;
+import com.appium.utils.CapabilityManager;
+import com.appium.utils.HostMachineDeviceManager;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.springframework.util.ResourceUtils;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class ArtifactsUploader {
+
+    private static ArtifactsUploader instance;
+    private CapabilityManager capabilityManager;
+    private final HostMachineDeviceManager hostMachineDeviceManager;
+    private Api api = new Api();
+    private List<HostArtifact> hostArtifacts;
+
+
+    private ArtifactsUploader() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            capabilityManager = CapabilityManager.getInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        hostMachineDeviceManager = HostMachineDeviceManager.getInstance();
+        hostArtifacts = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    public static ArtifactsUploader getInstance() throws IOException {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            instance = new ArtifactsUploader();
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    public void initializeArtifacts() throws IOException {
+        for (String hostMachine : hostMachineDeviceManager.getDevicesByHost().getAllHosts()) {
+            HashMap<String, String> artifactPaths = getArtifactForHost(hostMachine);
+            HostArtifact hostArtifact = new HostArtifact(hostMachine, artifactPaths);
+            hostArtifacts.add(hostArtifact);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isLocalhost(String hostMachine) {
+        return hostMachine.equals("127.0.0.1");
+    }
+
+    public List<HostArtifact> getHostArtifacts() {
+        return hostArtifacts;
+    }
+
+    private String uploadFile(String hostMachine, String appPath) throws IOException {
+        JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(api.uploadMultiPartFile(new File(appPath), hostMachine));
+        return jsonObject.getString("filePath");
+    }
+
+    private HashMap<String, String> getArtifactForHost(String hostMachine) throws IOException {
+        String platform = System.getProperty("Platform");
+        String app = "app";
+        HashMap<String, String> artifactPaths = new HashMap<>();
+        JSONObject android = capabilityManager
+                .getCapabilityObjectFromKey("android");
+        JSONObject iOSAppPath = capabilityManager
+                .getCapabilityObjectFromKey("iOS");
+        if (android != null && android.has(app)
+                && platform.equalsIgnoreCase("android")
+                || platform.equalsIgnoreCase("both")) {
+            artifactPaths.put("APK", getArtifactPath(hostMachine, android.getString("app")));
+        }
+        if (iOSAppPath != null && iOSAppPath.has("app")
+                && platform.equalsIgnoreCase("ios")
+                || platform.equalsIgnoreCase("both")) {
+            if (iOSAppPath.get("app") instanceof JSONObject) {
+                JSONObject iOSApp = iOSAppPath.getJSONObject("app");
+                if (iOSApp.has("simulator")) {
+                    String simulatorApp = iOSApp.getString("simulator");
+                    artifactPaths.put("APP", getArtifactPath(hostMachine, simulatorApp));
+                }
+                if (iOSApp.has("device")) {
+                    String deviceIPA = iOSApp.getString("device");
+                    artifactPaths.put("IPA", getArtifactPath(hostMachine, deviceIPA));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return artifactPaths;
+    }
+
+    private String getArtifactPath(String hostMachine, String artifact) throws IOException {
+        String path;
+        if (!isLocalhost(hostMachine) && !ResourceUtils.isUrl(artifact)) {
+            path = uploadFile(hostMachine, artifact);
+        } else {
+            path = artifact;
+        }
+        return path;
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `platform` last assigned on line 62 could be null and is dereferenced at line 71.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HashMap ArtifactsUploader.getArtifactForHost(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.ArtifactsUploader.getArtifactForHost(java.lang.String):java.util.HashMap.2196b6237ba8d02f275d37d5528c8aa7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/ArtifactsUploader.java
+
+### Key:
+ArtifactsUploader.java|getArtifactForHost|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0eef5432d6b25340f5aa2224ebe3bf3a
+
+### Hash:
+53f7ed20da1bbe0995b6b47664d363d9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10452/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10452/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5d3417e8cdfd26ab9d96fdeabaf6e11bf475b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10452/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.entities.MobilePlatform;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.DesiredCapabilityBuilder;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+public class AppiumDriverManager {
+    private static ThreadLocal<AppiumDriver> appiumDriver
+            = new ThreadLocal<>();
+    private IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDeviceConfiguration;
+    private DesiredCapabilityBuilder desiredCapabilityBuilder;
+    private ConfigFileManager prop;
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(Class.class.getName());
+    private Logger logger;
+
+    public AppiumDriverManager() throws Exception {
+        iosDeviceConfiguration = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+        desiredCapabilityBuilder = new DesiredCapabilityBuilder();
+        prop = ConfigFileManager.getInstance();
+    }
+
+    public static AppiumDriver getDriver() {
+        return appiumDriver.get();
+    }
+
+    protected static void setDriver(AppiumDriver driver) {
+        appiumDriver.set(driver);
+    }
+
+    private AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getMobileAndroidElementAppiumDriver(
+            Optional<DesiredCapabilities> androidCaps) throws IOException {
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> currentDriverSession = null;
+        DesiredCapabilities desiredCapabilities = androidCaps.get();
+        String remoteWDHubIP = getRemoteWDHubIP();
+        currentDriverSession = new AndroidDriver(new URL(remoteWDHubIP),
+                desiredCapabilities);
+        LOGGER.info("Session Created ---- "
+                + currentDriverSession.getSessionId()
+                + "---" + currentDriverSession.getSessionDetail("udid"));
+        return currentDriverSession;
+    }
+
+    private AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getMobileiOSElementAppiumDriver(
+            Optional<DesiredCapabilities> iOSCaps)
+            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> currentDriverSession;
+        DesiredCapabilities desiredCapabilities = iOSCaps.get();
+        String remoteWDHubIP = getRemoteWDHubIP();
+        System.out.println(remoteWDHubIP);
+        currentDriverSession = new AppiumDriver<>(new URL(remoteWDHubIP),
+                desiredCapabilities);
+        LOGGER.info("Session Created ---- "
+                + currentDriverSession.getSessionId() + "---"
+                + currentDriverSession.getSessionDetail("udid"));
+        return currentDriverSession;
+    }
+
+    private String getRemoteWDHubIP() throws IOException {
+        String hostName = AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().getHostName();
+        IAppiumManager appiumManager = AppiumManagerFactory.getAppiumManager(hostName);
+        return appiumManager.getRemoteWDHubIP(hostName);
+    }
+
+    private void startAppiumDriverInstance(Optional<DesiredCapabilities> iosCaps,
+                                           Optional<DesiredCapabilities> androidCaps)
+            throws Exception {
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> currentDriverSession;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")
+                && System.getProperty("Platform").equalsIgnoreCase("iOS")
+                || System.getProperty("Platform").equalsIgnoreCase("Both")) {
+            if (AppiumDeviceManager.getMobilePlatform().equals(MobilePlatform.IOS)) {
+                currentDriverSession = getMobileiOSElementAppiumDriver(iosCaps);
+                AppiumDriverManager.setDriver(currentDriverSession);
+            } else if (AppiumDeviceManager.getMobilePlatform().equals(MobilePlatform.ANDROID)) {
+                currentDriverSession = getMobileAndroidElementAppiumDriver(androidCaps);
+                AppiumDriverManager.setDriver(currentDriverSession);
+            }
+        } else {
+            currentDriverSession = getMobileAndroidElementAppiumDriver(androidCaps);
+            AppiumDriverManager.setDriver(currentDriverSession);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Should be used by Cucumber as well
+    public void startAppiumDriverInstance()
+            throws Exception {
+        String userSpecifiedCaps;
+        DesiredCapabilities iOS = null;
+        DesiredCapabilities android = null;
+        userSpecifiedCaps = getCapsPath();
+        if (AppiumDeviceManager.getMobilePlatform().equals(MobilePlatform.ANDROID)) {
+            android = getDesiredAndroidCapabilities(userSpecifiedCaps);
+        } else {
+            iOS = getDesiredIOSCapabilities(userSpecifiedCaps);
+        }
+        LOGGER.info("Caps generated---" + android + iOS);
+        startAppiumDriverInstance(Optional.ofNullable(iOS), Optional.ofNullable(android));
+    }
+
+    private String getCapsPath() {
+        String userSpecifiedCaps;
+        if (prop.getProperty("CAPS") == null) {
+            userSpecifiedCaps = System.getProperty("user.dir")
+                    + "/caps/capabilities.json";
+        } else {
+            userSpecifiedCaps = prop.getProperty("CAPS");
+        }
+        return userSpecifiedCaps;
+    }
+
+    private DesiredCapabilities getDesiredIOSCapabilities(String userSpecifiediOSCaps)
+            throws Exception {
+
+        if (new File(userSpecifiediOSCaps).exists()) {
+            String iOSJsonFilePath = userSpecifiediOSCaps;
+            Path path = FileSystems.getDefault().getPath(iOSJsonFilePath.toString());
+            if (!path.getParent().isAbsolute()) {
+                iOSJsonFilePath = path.normalize()
+                        .toAbsolutePath().toString();
+            }
+            desiredCapabilityBuilder
+                    .buildDesiredCapability("iOS", iOSJsonFilePath);
+            DesiredCapabilities iOS = DesiredCapabilityBuilder.getDesiredCapability();
+            return iOS;
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Capability file not found");
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private DesiredCapabilities getDesiredAndroidCapabilities(String userSpecifiedAndroidCaps)
+            throws Exception {
+
+        if (new File(userSpecifiedAndroidCaps).exists()) {
+            String androidJsonFilePath = userSpecifiedAndroidCaps;
+            Path path = FileSystems.getDefault().getPath(androidJsonFilePath.toString());
+            if (!path.getParent().isAbsolute()) {
+                androidJsonFilePath = path.normalize()
+                        .toAbsolutePath().toString();
+            }
+            desiredCapabilityBuilder
+                    .buildDesiredCapability("android", androidJsonFilePath);
+            return DesiredCapabilityBuilder.getDesiredCapability();
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Capability file not found");
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void stopAppiumDriver() throws Exception {
+        if (AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().getDevice().getUdid().length()
+                == IOSDeviceConfiguration.IOS_UDID_LENGTH) {
+            String hostName = AppiumDeviceManager.getAppiumDevice().getHostName();
+            AppiumManagerFactory.getAppiumManager(hostName).destroyIOSWebKitProxy(hostName);
+        }
+        if (AppiumDriverManager.getDriver() != null
+                && AppiumDriverManager.getDriver().getSessionId() != null) {
+            LOGGER.info("Session Deleting ---- "
+                    + AppiumDriverManager.getDriver().getSessionId() + "---"
+                    + AppiumDriverManager.getDriver().getSessionDetail("udid"));
+            AppiumDriverManager.getDriver().quit();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("Platform")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 81.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AppiumDriverManager.startAppiumDriverInstance(Optional,Optional)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumDriverManager.startAppiumDriverInstance(java.util.Optional,java.util.Option.3ba891d99ebb79c49dc82c793d75862f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumDriverManager.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumDriverManager.java|startAppiumDriverInstance|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+965bbf0a29188a78e25245c992eef045
+
+### Hash:
+544435184c172c2ae8e258b6cbbd4f51
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10463/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10463/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdfb48285153cda9dfd94baf591c511a4e4dfd1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10463/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jongo
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Benoit GUEROUT <bguerout at gmail dot com> and Yves AMSELLEM <amsellem dot yves at gmail dot com>
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.jongo;
+
+import com.mongodb.WriteConcern;
+import org.bson.types.ObjectId;
+import org.jongo.marshall.Marshaller;
+import org.jongo.model.People;
+import org.jongo.util.JongoTestCase;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.fest.assertions.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyObject;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
+
+public class SaveTest extends JongoTestCase {
+
+    private MongoCollection collection;
+    private People people;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        collection = createEmptyCollection("users");
+        people = new People("John", "22 Wall Street Avenue");
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        dropCollection("users");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canSavePOJO() throws Exception {
+        /* given */
+        String id = collection.save(people);
+
+        assertThat(collection.count("{}")).isEqualTo(1);
+        assertThat(id).isNotNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void whenNoSpecifyShouldSaveWithCollectionWriteConcern() throws Exception {
+
+        collection.getDBCollection().setWriteConcern(WriteConcern.JOURNAL_SAFE);
+        WriteConcern writeConcern = spy(collection.getDBCollection().getWriteConcern());
+
+        collection.save(people, writeConcern);
+
+        verify(writeConcern).callGetLastError();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void canSaveWithWriteConcern() throws Exception {
+
+        WriteConcern writeConcern = spy(WriteConcern.SAFE);
+
+        collection.save(people, writeConcern);
+
+        verify(writeConcern).callGetLastError();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canSavedAnObjectWithAnObjectId() throws Exception {
+
+        ObjectId id = new ObjectId();
+        People john = new People(id, "John");
+
+        String savedId = collection.save(john);
+
+        assertThat(savedId).isEqualTo(id.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canModifyAlreadySavedEntity() throws Exception {
+        /* given */
+        String idAsString = collection.save(new People("John", "21 Jump Street"));
+        ObjectId id = new ObjectId(idAsString);
+        People people = collection.findOne(id).as(People.class);
+        people.setAddress("new address");
+
+        /* when */
+        collection.save(people);
+
+        /* then */
+        people = collection.findOne(id).as(People.class);
+        assertThat(people.getId()).isEqualTo(id);
+        assertThat(people.getAddress()).isEqualTo("new address");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canSaveAnObjectWithAnObjectId() throws Exception {
+
+        People john = new People(new ObjectId("47cc67093475061e3d95369d"), "John");
+
+        String id = collection.save(john);
+
+        People result = collection.findOne(new ObjectId(id)).as(People.class);
+        assertThat(result).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(result.getId()).isEqualTo("47cc67093475061e3d95369d");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void shouldFailWhenMarshalledJsonIsInvalid() throws Exception {
+
+        Marshaller marshaller = mock(Marshaller.class);
+        when(marshaller.marshall(anyObject())).thenReturn("invalid");
+        Save save = new Save(collection.getDBCollection(), marshaller, new Object());
+
+        save.execute();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 116 could be null and is dereferenced at line 118.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SaveTest.canSaveAnObjectWithAnObjectId()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jongo.SaveTest.canSaveAnObjectWithAnObjectId():void.25c39dcdad3194e409447503d38cd431
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/jongo/SaveTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SaveTest.java|canSaveAnObjectWithAnObjectId|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+43adb6bc5e0cae736323f7ee1ea04e27
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10464/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10464/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8442af0a524cc978821cbe1ba4cb66941304d2d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10464/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jongo
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Benoit GUEROUT <bguerout at gmail dot com> and Yves AMSELLEM <amsellem dot yves at gmail dot com>
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.jongo;
+
+import org.jongo.model.People;
+import org.jongo.util.JongoTestCase;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+import static org.fest.assertions.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+public class FindWithParametersTest extends JongoTestCase {
+
+    private MongoCollection collection;
+    private People people;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        collection = createEmptyCollection("users");
+        people = new People("John", "22 Wall Street Avenue");
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        dropCollection("users");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canFindOne() throws Exception {
+        /* given */
+        String id = collection.save(this.people);
+
+        /* when */
+        People people = collection.findOne("{name:#}", "John").as(People.class);
+
+        /* then */
+        assertThat(people.getId()).isEqualTo(id);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canFind() throws Exception {
+        /* given */
+        String id = collection.save(people);
+
+        /* when */
+        String john = "John";
+        Iterator<People> users = collection.find("{name:#}", john).as(People.class).iterator();
+
+        /* then */
+        assertThat(users.next().getId()).isEqualTo(id);
+        assertThat(users.hasNext()).isFalse();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `people` last assigned on line 51 could be null and is dereferenced at line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FindWithParametersTest.canFindOne()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jongo.FindWithParametersTest.canFindOne():void.56f0613744b1cafd613d13d1299f6532
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/jongo/FindWithParametersTest.java
+
+### Key:
+FindWithParametersTest.java|canFindOne|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+c99a55d7daa5f276f377dcc24b106991
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10490/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10490/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49ed62188d67cc7bf0a46ccc74e9e29e26ccacff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10490/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opensearchserver
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**   
+ * License Agreement for Jaeksoft SearchLib Community
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Emmanuel Keller / Jaeksoft
+ * 
+ * http://www.jaeksoft.com
+ * 
+ * This file is part of Jaeksoft SearchLib Community.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with Jaeksoft SearchLib Community. 
+ *  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+package com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.zkoss.zk.ui.event.Event;
+import org.zkoss.zul.RowRenderer;
+
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.SearchLibException;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.facet.FacetField;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.FieldList;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.SchemaField;
+
+public class FacetController extends QueryController {
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 5748867672639969504L;
+
+	private String selectedFacet = null;
+
+	private List<String> fieldLeft = null;
+
+	private RowRenderer rowRenderer = null;
+
+	public FacetController() throws SearchLibException {
+		super();
+	}
+
+	public RowRenderer getFacetFieldRenderer() {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (rowRenderer != null)
+				return rowRenderer;
+			rowRenderer = new FacetFieldRenderer();
+			return rowRenderer;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public boolean isFieldLeft() throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			return getFacetFieldLeft().size() > 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public List<String> getFacetFieldLeft() throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (fieldLeft != null)
+				return fieldLeft;
+			fieldLeft = new ArrayList<String>();
+			FieldList<FacetField> facetFields = getRequest()
+					.getFacetFieldList();
+			for (SchemaField field : getClient().getSchema().getFieldList())
+				if (field.isIndexed())
+					if (facetFields.get(field.getName()) == null) {
+						if (selectedFacet == null)
+							selectedFacet = field.getName();
+						fieldLeft.add(field.getName());
+					}
+			return fieldLeft;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void onFacetRemove(Event event) throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			FacetField facetField = (FacetField) event.getData();
+			getRequest().getFacetFieldList().remove(facetField);
+			reloadPage();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void setSelectedFacet(String value) {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			selectedFacet = value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getSelectedFacet() {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			return selectedFacet;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void onFacetAdd() throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (selectedFacet == null)
+				return;
+			getRequest().getFacetFieldList().add(
+					new FacetField(selectedFacet, 0, false));
+			reloadPage();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void reloadPage() {
+		fieldLeft = null;
+		selectedFacet = null;
+		super.reloadPage();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query.FacetController.reloadPage` writes to field `this.com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query.FacetController.fieldLeft` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FacetController.reloadPage()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query.FacetController.reloadPage():void.acf7e3b2743ec502b15db2ee674a8536
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/jaeksoft/searchlib/web/controller/query/FacetController.java
+
+### Key:
+FacetController.java|reloadPage|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1a35663bb32b1129ef1f77c807679d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10497/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10497/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b8925668d98605ed09c36a79561df9e2fddb338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10497/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opensearchserver
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**   
+ * License Agreement for Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Emmanuel Keller / Jaeksoft
+ * 
+ * http://www.open-search-server.com
+ * 
+ * This file is part of Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer. 
+ *  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+package com.jaeksoft.searchlib;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileSystemUtils;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.util.XmlWriter;
+
+public class Monitor {
+
+	private Runtime runtime;
+
+	public Monitor() {
+		runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
+	}
+
+	public int getAvailableProcessors() {
+		return runtime.availableProcessors();
+	}
+
+	public long getFreeMemory() {
+		return runtime.freeMemory();
+	}
+
+	public long getMaxMemory() {
+		return runtime.maxMemory();
+	}
+
+	public long getTotalMemory() {
+		return runtime.totalMemory();
+	}
+
+	public double getMemoryRate() {
+		return ((double) getFreeMemory() / (double) getTotalMemory()) * 100;
+	}
+
+	public Long getFreeDiskSpace() {
+		try {
+			return FileSystemUtils.freeSpaceKb(ClientCatalog.getDataDir()
+					.getAbsolutePath()) * 1000;
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			return null;
+		} catch (SearchLibException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getDataDirectoryPath() throws SearchLibException {
+		return ClientCatalog.getDataDir().getAbsolutePath();
+	}
+
+	public Set<Entry<Object, Object>> getProperties() {
+		return System.getProperties().entrySet();
+	}
+
+	public int getIndexCount() throws SearchLibException {
+		Set<ClientCatalogItem> clients = ClientCatalog.getClientCatalog(null);
+		if (clients == null)
+			return 0;
+		return clients.size();
+	}
+
+	public void writeXmlConfig(XmlWriter xmlWriter) throws SAXException,
+			SearchLibException {
+		xmlWriter.startElement("system");
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("availableProcessors", "value", Integer
+				.toString(getAvailableProcessors()));
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("freeMemory", "value", Long
+				.toString(getFreeMemory()), "rate", Double
+				.toString(getMemoryRate()));
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("maxMemory", "value", Long
+				.toString(getMaxMemory()));
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("totalMemory", "value", Long
+				.toString(getTotalMemory()));
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("indexCount", "value", Integer
+				.toString(getIndexCount()));
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("freeDiskSpace", "value", getFreeDiskSpace()
+				.toString());
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("dataDirectoryPath", "value",
+				getDataDirectoryPath());
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+
+		xmlWriter.startElement("properties");
+
+		for (Entry<Object, Object> prop : getProperties()) {
+			xmlWriter.startElement("property", "name",
+					prop.getKey().toString(), "value", prop.getValue()
+							.toString());
+			xmlWriter.endElement();
+		}
+
+		xmlWriter.endElement();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getFreeDiskSpace()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 118.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Monitor.writeXmlConfig(XmlWriter)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jaeksoft.searchlib.Monitor.writeXmlConfig(com.jaeksoft.searchlib.util.XmlWriter):void.1559007d6702a0c5eab04ca7f9a1221c
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/jaeksoft/searchlib/Monitor.java
+
+### Key:
+Monitor.java|writeXmlConfig|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4e40cf4b057cfc6102ca2104f1fe79e1
+
+### Hash:
+491ec78ee8b055544e5bc48dba4d43f8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10499/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10499/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e26572aa870d930ccbdc429899c7ca49913a5ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10499/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-connect-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink;
+
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.common.DatabaseMetadata;
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.common.DbTable;
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.common.DbTableColumn;
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.config.FieldAlias;
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.config.FieldsMappings;
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.config.JdbcSinkConfig;
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.config.JdbcSinkSettings;
+import com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.writer.PreparedStatementBuilderHelper;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.config.*;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import static com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.config.JdbcSinkConfig.DATABASE_CONNECTION_URI;
+import static com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.config.JdbcSinkConfig.TOPIC_TABLE_MAPPING;
+
+public class PreparedStatementBuilderHelperTest {
+
+  @Test(expected = ConfigException.class)
+  public void shouldThrowAnExceptionIfTheMappedTableDoesntExistInTheDatabase() {
+    Map<String, String> props = new HashMap<>();
+
+    props.put(DATABASE_CONNECTION_URI, "jdbc://");
+    props.put(TOPIC_TABLE_MAPPING, "topic1=tableA,topic2=tableNotPresent");
+
+    JdbcSinkConfig config = new JdbcSinkConfig(props);
+    JdbcSinkSettings settings = JdbcSinkSettings.from(config);
+
+    List<DbTable> tables = Lists.newArrayList(
+        new DbTable("tableA", new ArrayList<DbTableColumn>()),
+        new DbTable("tableB", new ArrayList<DbTableColumn>()));
+    PreparedStatementBuilderHelper.from(settings, new DatabaseMetadata(null, tables));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ConfigException.class)
+  public void throwAnExceptionIfTheFieldMapsToAnInExistingColumn() {
+
+    List<DbTableColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayList(
+        new DbTableColumn("col1", false, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col2", false, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col3", false, false, 1));
+    DbTable table = new DbTable("tableA", columns);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> aliasMap = new HashMap<>();
+    aliasMap.put("f1", new FieldAlias("col1", false));
+    aliasMap.put("f2", new FieldAlias("col2", false));
+    aliasMap.put("f3", new FieldAlias("colNotPresent", false));
+
+    FieldsMappings mappings = new FieldsMappings("tableA", "topic1", false, aliasMap);
+    PreparedStatementBuilderHelper.validateAndMerge(mappings, table);
+  }
+
+
+  @Test
+  public void handleAllFieldsMappingSetting() {
+    List<DbTableColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayList(
+        new DbTableColumn("col1", true, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col2", false, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col3", false, false, 1));
+    DbTable table = new DbTable("tableA", columns);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> aliasMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+    FieldsMappings mappings = new FieldsMappings("tableA", "topic1", true, aliasMap);
+
+    FieldsMappings newMappings = PreparedStatementBuilderHelper.validateAndMerge(mappings, table);
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getTableName(), mappings.getTableName());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getIncomingTopic(), mappings.getIncomingTopic());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.areAllFieldsIncluded(), false);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> newAliasMap = newMappings.getMappings();
+    assertEquals(3, newAliasMap.size());
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col1"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").getName(), "col1");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").isPrimaryKey(), true);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col2"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col2").getName(), "col2");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col2").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col3"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").getName(), "col3");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void handleAllFieldsMappingSettingAndTheMappingsProvided() {
+    List<DbTableColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayList(
+        new DbTableColumn("col1", true, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col2", false, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col3", false, false, 1));
+    DbTable table = new DbTable("tableA", columns);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> aliasMap = new HashMap<>();
+    aliasMap.put("f1", new FieldAlias("col3"));
+    FieldsMappings mappings = new FieldsMappings("tableA", "topic1", true, aliasMap);
+
+    FieldsMappings newMappings = PreparedStatementBuilderHelper.validateAndMerge(mappings, table);
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getTableName(), mappings.getTableName());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getIncomingTopic(), mappings.getIncomingTopic());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.areAllFieldsIncluded(), false);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> newAliasMap = newMappings.getMappings();
+    assertEquals(4, newAliasMap.size()); //+ the specific mapping
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col1"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").getName(), "col1");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").isPrimaryKey(), true);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col2"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col2").getName(), "col2");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col2").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col3"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").getName(), "col3");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("f1"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("f1").getName(), "col3");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("f1").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+  }
+
+
+  @Test
+  public void handleAllFieldsIncludedAndAnExistingMapping() {
+    List<DbTableColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayList(
+        new DbTableColumn("col1", true, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col2", false, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col3", false, false, 1));
+    DbTable table = new DbTable("tableA", columns);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> aliasMap = new HashMap<>();
+    aliasMap.put("col3", new FieldAlias("col3", true));
+    FieldsMappings mappings = new FieldsMappings("tableA", "topic1", true, aliasMap);
+
+    FieldsMappings newMappings = PreparedStatementBuilderHelper.validateAndMerge(mappings, table);
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getTableName(), mappings.getTableName());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getIncomingTopic(), mappings.getIncomingTopic());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.areAllFieldsIncluded(), false);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> newAliasMap = newMappings.getMappings();
+    assertEquals(3, newAliasMap.size()); //+ the specific mapping
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col1"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").getName(), "col1");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").isPrimaryKey(), true);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col2"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col2").getName(), "col2");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col2").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col3"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").getName(), "col3");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+  }
+
+
+  @Test
+  public void handleNotAllFieldsMappedButSpecificMappings() {
+    List<DbTableColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayList(
+        new DbTableColumn("col1", true, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col2", false, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col3", false, false, 1));
+    DbTable table = new DbTable("tableA", columns);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> aliasMap = new HashMap<>();
+    aliasMap.put("col1", new FieldAlias("col1", false));
+    aliasMap.put("col3", new FieldAlias("col3", false));
+    FieldsMappings mappings = new FieldsMappings("tableA", "topic1", false, aliasMap);
+
+    FieldsMappings newMappings = PreparedStatementBuilderHelper.validateAndMerge(mappings, table);
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getTableName(), mappings.getTableName());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.getIncomingTopic(), mappings.getIncomingTopic());
+    assertEquals(newMappings.areAllFieldsIncluded(), false);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> newAliasMap = newMappings.getMappings();
+    assertEquals(2, newAliasMap.size()); //+ the specific mapping
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col1"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").getName(), "col1");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col1").isPrimaryKey(), true);
+
+    assertTrue(newAliasMap.containsKey("col3"));
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").getName(), "col3");
+    assertEquals(newAliasMap.get("col3").isPrimaryKey(), false);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ConfigException.class)
+  public void throwAnExceptionIfSpecificMappingsAreSetButPKColumnIsMissed() {
+    List<DbTableColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayList(
+        new DbTableColumn("col1", true, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col2", false, false, 1),
+        new DbTableColumn("col3", false, false, 1));
+    DbTable table = new DbTable("tableA", columns);
+
+    Map<String, FieldAlias> aliasMap = new HashMap<>();
+    aliasMap.put("col2", new FieldAlias("col2", false));
+    aliasMap.put("col3", new FieldAlias("col3", false));
+    FieldsMappings mappings = new FieldsMappings("tableA", "topic1", false, aliasMap);
+
+    PreparedStatementBuilderHelper.validateAndMerge(mappings, table);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `newAliasMap.get("col2")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 86.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PreparedStatementBuilderHelperTest.handleAllFieldsMappingSetting()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datamountaineer.streamreactor.connect.jdbc.sink.PreparedStatementBuilderHelperTest.handleAllFiel.186809e68dbf5d3e5269e13821e1172a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/datamountaineer/streamreactor/connect/jdbc/sink/PreparedStatementBuilderHelperTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PreparedStatementBuilderHelperTest.java|handleAllFieldsMappingSetting|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cec911882795962a5c1a6b4bae2d5de6
+
+### Hash:
+1b62045223be0f4ea183172c6d33ebc4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1050/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1050/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f79d3e0095023b322799a11e6a47de0a786ee6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1050/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net;
+    using FakeItEasy;
+    using Nancy.Extensions;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+    using Nancy.Tests.Fakes;
+    using Xunit;
+    using Xunit.Extensions;
+
+    public class NancyEngineFixture
+    {
+        private readonly INancyEngine engine;
+        private readonly IRouteResolver resolver;
+        private readonly INancyModuleLocator locator;
+        private readonly IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules;
+
+        public NancyEngineFixture()
+        {
+            this.modules = new[] { new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath() };
+            this.locator = A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>();
+            this.resolver = A.Fake<IRouteResolver>();
+            this.engine = new NancyEngine(this.locator, this.resolver);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_locator()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(null, A.Fake<IRouteResolver>()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_retrieve_modules_from_locator_when_handling_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_nancy_modules_could_be_found()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(Enumerable.Empty<NancyModule>());
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_get_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("get")]
+        [InlineData("GeT")]
+        [InlineData("PoSt")]
+        [InlineData("post")]
+        [InlineData("puT")]
+        [InlineData("PUT")]
+        [InlineData("DelETe")]
+        [InlineData("DELete")]
+        public void Should_ignore_case_of_request_verb_when_resolving_route_handlers(string verb)
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request(verb, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_delete_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("DELETE", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_all_route_handlers()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("PUT", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, descriptions)).Returns(null);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_route_could_be_matched_for_the_request_verb()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("NOTVALID", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_handling_null_request()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => this.engine.HandleRequest(null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_invoke_resolved_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_response_generated_by_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var expectedResponse = new Response();
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).Returns(expectedResponse);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedResponse);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_base_route_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.ModulePath.ShouldEqual("/fake");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_path_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Path.ShouldEqual("/");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_action_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            var expectedAction =
+                (new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath()).Post["/"];
+            
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Action.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedAction);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            this.modules.First().Request.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        }
+        
+        private static IEnumerable<RouteDescription> GetRouteDescriptions(IRequest request, IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules)
+        {
+            return modules.SelectMany(x => x.GetRouteDescription(request));
+        }
+
+        private static IRequest ManufactureGETRequest(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 295) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/NancyEngineFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+NancyEngineFixture.cs|Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8b8bdebda635261b73cbc332400b34a1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1057/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1057/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23088f4cd0c64a268c66050b432bea42769e8641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1057/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Specifications
+{
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+
+    public abstract class RequestSpec
+    {
+        protected static INancyEngine engine;
+        protected static IRequest request;
+        protected static Response response;
+
+        protected RequestSpec()
+        {
+            engine = new NancyEngine(new AppDomainModuleLocator(), new RouteResolver());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("POST", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("DELETE", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("PUT", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("HEAD", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 20) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Specifications/RequestSpec.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestSpec.cs|ManufactureGETRequestForRoute|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7ac7f4a4b9f6e1561e122b1ad4a51b9b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1059/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1059/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..603dca3035e1650a533b9957611e616bab508aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1059/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Specifications
+{
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+
+    public abstract class RequestSpec
+    {
+        protected static INancyEngine engine;
+        protected static IRequest request;
+        protected static Response response;
+
+        protected RequestSpec()
+        {
+            engine = new NancyEngine(new AppDomainModuleLocator(new DefaultModuleActivator()), new RouteResolver());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("POST", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("DELETE", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("PUT", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("HEAD", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 40) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Specifications/RequestSpec.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestSpec.cs|ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2aefa84c630c2bd2b4af1c34d181edc7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1060/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1060/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8385903f1b0f7b6c6980ddf36e67e4b5c8a049d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1060/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Collections.Specialized;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Xunit;
+
+    public class RequestFixture
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception = 
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(null, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(string.Empty, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", null, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", string.Empty, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_headers()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", null, new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_body()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_method_parameter_value_to_method_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string method = "GET";
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request(method, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Method.ShouldEqual(method);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string uri = "/";
+            
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", uri, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Uri.ShouldEqual(uri);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_header_parameter_value_to_header_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var headers = new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", headers, new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Headers.ShouldBeSameAs(headers);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_body_parameter_value_to_body_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var body = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), body);
+
+            // Then
+            request.Body.ShouldBeSameAs(body);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_extract_form_data_from_body_when_content_type_is_x_www_form_urlencoded()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string bodyContent = "name=John+Doe&gender=male&family=5&city=kent&city=miami&other=abc%0D%0Adef&nickname=J%26D";
+            var memory = new MemoryStream();
+            var writer = new StreamWriter(memory);
+            writer.Write(bodyContent);
+            writer.Flush();
+            memory.Position = 0;
+
+            var headers = 
+                new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>
+                {
+                    { "content-type", new[] { "x-www-form-urlencoded" } }
+                };
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", headers, memory);
+
+            // Then
+            ((string)request.Form.name).ShouldEqual("John Doe");
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 97) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void RequestFixture.Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RequestFixture.Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/RequestFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestFixture.cs|Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+94eb7ab32ef9c8d2971b3b322b03386e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10602/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10602/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0dc1b547c2b08958d7cee87b009ff6980eb9563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10602/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** basex
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.basex.query.xpath.expr;
+
+import org.basex.index.FTNode;
+import org.basex.query.QueryException;
+import org.basex.query.xpath.XPContext;
+import org.basex.query.xpath.values.Bool;
+
+/**
+ * FTIntersection Expression. 
+ * This expresses the intersection of two FTContains results.
+ * 
+ * @author Workgroup DBIS, University of Konstanz 2005-08, ISC License
+ * @author Sebastian Gath
+ */
+public final class FTIntersection extends FTArrayExpr {
+  /** Saving index of positive expressions. */
+  private int[] pex;
+  /** Saving index of negative expressions (FTNot). */
+  private int[] nex;
+  /** Temp FTNode.  */
+  private FTNode nod2;
+  
+  /**
+   * Constructor.
+   * @param e operands joined with the union operator
+   * @param pexpr IntList with indexes of positive expressions
+   * @param nexpr IntList with indexes of negative expressions
+   * @Deprecated
+   */
+  public FTIntersection(final FTArrayExpr[] e, final int[] pexpr, 
+      final int[] nexpr) {
+    exprs = e;
+    pex = pexpr;
+    nex = nexpr;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Checks if more values are available.
+   * @param n pointer on exprs
+   * @return boolean
+   */
+  private boolean more(final int[] n) {
+    for (int i : n) if (!exprs[i].more()) return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+  
+  @Override 
+  public boolean pos() {
+    for (FTArrayExpr i : exprs) if (i.pos()) return true;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean more() {
+    if(pex.length > 0) return more(pex);
+    return more(nex);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Calculates FTAnd for the node n and the current node.
+   * @param n FTNode
+   * @param ctx XPContext
+   * @return FTNode as resultnode
+   */
+  private FTNode calcFTAnd(final int[] n, final XPContext ctx) {
+    if (n.length == 0) return null;
+    else if (n.length == 1) return exprs[n[0]].next(ctx);
+    
+    FTNode n1 = exprs[n[0]].next(ctx);
+    FTNode n2;
+    for (int i = 1; i < n.length; i++) {
+      n2 = exprs[n[i]].next(ctx);
+      if (n1.size == 0 || n2.size == 0) return new FTNode();
+      int d = n1.getPre() - n2.getPre();
+      while(d != 0) {
+        if (d < 0) {
+          if (i != 1) {
+            i = 1;
+            n2 = exprs[n[i]].next(ctx);
+          }
+          if (exprs[n[0]].more())
+            n1 = exprs[n[0]].next(ctx);
+          else return new FTNode();
+        } else {
+          if (exprs[n[i]].more())
+            n2 = exprs[n[i]].next(ctx);
+          else return new FTNode();
+        }
+        d = n1.getPre() - n2.getPre();
+      }
+      //if (!n1.merge(n2, 0)) return new FTNode();
+    }
+    
+    for (int i = 1; i < n.length; i++) {
+      n2 = exprs[n[i]].next(ctx);
+      //n1.merge(n2, i - 1);
+      n1.reset();
+      n1.merge(n2, 0);
+      n1.reset();
+    }
+    return n1;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public FTNode next(final XPContext ctx) {
+    final FTPositionFilter tmp = ctx.ftpos;
+    ctx.ftpos = ftpos;
+    
+    final FTNode n1 = calcFTAnd(pex, ctx);
+    
+/*    nod2 = (nex.length > 0 && nod2 == null && more(nex)) ? 
+        calcFTAnd(nex, ctx) : nod2;
+*/
+    if (n1 != null) {
+      nod2 = (nex.length > 0 && nod2 == null && more(nex)) ? 
+          calcFTAnd(nex, ctx) : nod2;
+      if (nod2 != null) {
+        int d = n1.getPre() - nod2.getPre();
+        while (d > 0) {
+          if (!more(nex)) break;
+          nod2 = calcFTAnd(nex, ctx);
+          if (nod2.size > 0) {
+            d = n1.getPre() - nod2.getPre();
+          } else {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (d != 0) return n1;
+        else {
+          if (more()) {
+            nod2 = null;
+            return next(ctx);
+          } else return new FTNode();
+        }
+      }
+      ctx.ftpos = tmp;
+      return n1;
+    }
+    final FTNode n2 = calcFTAnd(nex, ctx);  
+    ctx.ftpos = tmp;
+    return n2;
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public Bool eval(final XPContext ctx) throws QueryException {
+    
+    // check each positive expression
+    for (int i : pex) {
+      final Bool it = (Bool) exprs[i].eval(ctx);
+      if (!it.bool()) return it;
+    }
+    
+    for (int i : nex) {
+      final Bool it = (Bool) exprs[i].eval(ctx);
+      if (!it.bool()) return it;
+    }
+  
+    return Bool.TRUE;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `FTIntersection.nod2` last assigned on line 121 could be null and is dereferenced at line 122.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+FTNode FTIntersection.next(XPContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.basex.query.xpath.expr.FTIntersection.next(org.basex.query.xpath.XPContext):org.basex.index.FTNo.df9c042d0dd3c6829765b26ae51109a1
+
+### File:
+src/org/basex/query/xpath/expr/FTIntersection.java
+
+### Key:
+FTIntersection.java|next|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+57c7e67e4c0d9bca8e54836d3959d1c8
+
+### Hash:
+4886862f4a88275bf824e8308bdf611b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1061/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1061/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e54074a2b4389853188203cd3bd58a50da7d7347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1061/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Collections.Specialized;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Xunit;
+
+    public class RequestFixture
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception = 
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(null, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(string.Empty, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", null, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", string.Empty, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_headers()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", null, new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_body()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_method_parameter_value_to_method_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string method = "GET";
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request(method, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Method.ShouldEqual(method);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string uri = "/";
+            
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", uri, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Uri.ShouldEqual(uri);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_header_parameter_value_to_header_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var headers = new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", headers, new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Headers.ShouldBeSameAs(headers);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_body_parameter_value_to_body_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var body = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), body);
+
+            // Then
+            request.Body.ShouldBeSameAs(body);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_extract_form_data_from_body_when_content_type_is_x_www_form_urlencoded()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string bodyContent = "name=John+Doe&gender=male&family=5&city=kent&city=miami&other=abc%0D%0Adef&nickname=J%26D";
+            var memory = new MemoryStream();
+            var writer = new StreamWriter(memory);
+            writer.Write(bodyContent);
+            writer.Flush();
+            memory.Position = 0;
+
+            var headers = 
+                new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>
+                {
+                    { "content-type", new[] { "x-www-form-urlencoded" } }
+                };
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", headers, memory);
+
+            // Then
+            ((string)request.Form.name).ShouldEqual("John Doe");
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 97) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void RequestFixture.Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RequestFixture.Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/RequestFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestFixture.cs|Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+94eb7ab32ef9c8d2971b3b322b03386e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10611/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10611/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e387eb80bceff824cb010afe84c11c2481ad8b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10611/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** loop
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package loop.lisp;
+
+import loop.Loop;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+/**
+ * IO a -> IO b -> IO ()
+ * IO a -> a    X(
+ *
+ * @author dhanji@gmail.com (Dhanji R. Prasanna)
+ */
+public class LispEvaluatorTest {
+  @Test
+  public final void evalLisp() {
+    String lisp =
+        "((define moon () (print (print (print ('hello there')))))" +
+        " (define sun () (moon))" +
+        " (sun))";
+    Loop.evalLisp("default", new StringReader(lisp));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public final void evalLispExpressions() {
+    String lisp =
+        "((print (+ 1 2 3 5 9))" +
+            ")";
+    Loop.evalLisp("default", new StringReader(lisp));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public final void evalLispFile() {
+    Loop.evalLisp("default", new InputStreamReader(LispEvaluatorTest.class.getResourceAsStream("funcs.lisp")));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 35 is not released after line 35.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 35
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LispEvaluatorTest.evalLispFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+loop.lisp.LispEvaluatorTest.evalLispFile():void.c4203bc78cd97ca6693eeacc990913ba
+
+### File:
+test/loop/lisp/LispEvaluatorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+LispEvaluatorTest.java|evalLispFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c796890463e085029ebd50b680c16098
+
+### Hash:
+259d443575f0817a503cecd255decdb9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10616/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10616/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..115b2bbceca92ad534abba6c75e7f010007600d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10616/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.ar;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+public final class ArInputStreamTestCase extends TestCase {
+
+    public void testRead() throws Exception {
+        final File archive = new File(getClass().getResource("data.ar").toURI());
+
+        final ArInputStream ar = new ArInputStream(new FileInputStream(archive));
+        final ArEntry entry1 = ar.getNextEntry();
+
+        assertEquals("data.tgz", entry1.getName());
+        assertEquals(148, entry1.getLength());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < entry1.getLength(); i++) {
+            ar.read();          
+        }
+        
+        final ArEntry entry2 = ar.getNextEntry();
+        
+        assertNull(entry2);
+        
+        ar.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.vafer.jdeb.ar.ArInputStream` acquired to `ar` by call to `new()` at line 28 is not released after line 43.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 35
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ArInputStreamTestCase.testRead()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ar.ArInputStreamTestCase.testRead():void.e7ccfdb7da148ea67a82f1306d1553ed
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ar/ArInputStreamTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+ArInputStreamTestCase.java|testRead|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+8d12d0ada640deb0226bb24bae6d2ff1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10618/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10618/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1206cf30f5e37f5d25d6e7b516f55169bc129628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10618/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,695 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.security.DigestOutputStream;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveOutputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.compressors.CompressorException;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.compressors.CompressorStreamFactory;
+import org.apache.commons.io.output.NullOutputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.DirectoryScanner;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarEntry;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarOutputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.changes.ChangeSet;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.changes.ChangesProvider;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.control.FilteredConfigurationFile;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.ChangesDescriptor;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.PackageDescriptor;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.mapping.PermMapper;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.signing.SigningUtils;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.InformationInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.InformationOutputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.Utils;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.VariableResolver;
+
+/**
+ * The processor does the actual work of building the deb related files.
+ * It is been used by the ant task and (later) the maven plugin.
+ *
+ * @author Torsten Curdt
+ */
+public class Processor {
+
+    private static final Set<String> CONFIGURATION_FILENAMES
+        = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(new String[] { "conffiles", "preinst", "postinst", "prerm", "postrm" }));
+
+    private final Console console;
+    private final VariableResolver resolver;
+    private List<FilteredConfigurationFile> configurationFiles;
+
+
+    private static final class Total {
+        private BigInteger count = BigInteger.valueOf(0);
+
+        public void add( long size ) {
+            count = count.add(BigInteger.valueOf(size));
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return "" + count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Processor( final Console pConsole, final VariableResolver pResolver ) {
+        console = pConsole;
+        resolver = pResolver;
+        configurationFiles = new ArrayList<FilteredConfigurationFile>();
+    }
+
+    private void addTo( final ArArchiveOutputStream pOutput, final String pName, final String pContent ) throws IOException {
+        final byte[] content = pContent.getBytes();
+        pOutput.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry(pName, content.length));
+        pOutput.write(content);
+        pOutput.closeArchiveEntry();
+    }
+
+    private void addTo( final ArArchiveOutputStream pOutput, final String pName, final File pContent ) throws IOException {
+        pOutput.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry(pName, pContent.length()));
+
+        final InputStream input = new FileInputStream(pContent);
+        try {
+            Utils.copy(input, pOutput);
+        } finally {
+            input.close();
+        }
+
+        pOutput.closeArchiveEntry();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the debian archive with from the provided control files and data producers.
+     *
+     * @param pControlFiles
+     * @param pData
+     * @param pOutput
+     * @param compression   the compression method used for the data file (gzip, bzip2 or anything else for no compression)
+     * @return PackageDescriptor
+     * @throws PackagingException
+     */
+    public PackageDescriptor createDeb( final File[] pControlFiles, final DataProducer[] pData, final File pOutput, String compression ) throws PackagingException {
+
+        File tempData = null;
+        File tempControl = null;
+
+        try {
+            tempData = File.createTempFile("deb", "data");
+            tempControl = File.createTempFile("deb", "control");
+
+            console.info("Building data");
+            final StringBuilder md5s = new StringBuilder();
+            final BigInteger size = buildData(pData, tempData, md5s, compression);
+
+            console.info("Building control");
+            final PackageDescriptor packageDescriptor = buildControl(pControlFiles, size, md5s, tempControl);
+
+            if (!packageDescriptor.isValid()) {
+                throw new PackagingException("Control file descriptor keys are invalid " + packageDescriptor.invalidKeys() +
+                    ". The following keys are mandatory " + Arrays.toString(PackageDescriptor.mandatoryKeys) +
+                    ". Please check your pom.xml/build.xml and your control file.");
+            }
+
+            pOutput.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+
+            // pass through stream chain to calculate all the different digests
+            final InformationOutputStream md5output = new InformationOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(pOutput), MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5"));
+            final InformationOutputStream sha1output = new InformationOutputStream(md5output, MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1"));
+            final InformationOutputStream sha256output = new InformationOutputStream(sha1output, MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256"));
+            final ArArchiveOutputStream ar = new ArArchiveOutputStream(sha256output);
+
+            addTo(ar, "debian-binary", "2.0\n");
+            addTo(ar, "control.tar.gz", tempControl);
+            addTo(ar, "data.tar" + getExtension(compression), tempData);
+
+            ar.close();
+
+            // intermediate values
+            packageDescriptor.set("MD5", md5output.getHexDigest());
+            packageDescriptor.set("SHA1", sha1output.getHexDigest());
+            packageDescriptor.set("SHA256", sha256output.getHexDigest());
+            packageDescriptor.set("Size", "" + md5output.getSize());
+            packageDescriptor.set("File", pOutput.getName());
+
+            return packageDescriptor;
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PackagingException("Could not create deb package", e);
+        } finally {
+            if (tempData != null) {
+                if (!tempData.delete()) {
+                    throw new PackagingException("Could not delete " + tempData);
+                }
+            }
+            if (tempControl != null) {
+                if (!tempControl.delete()) {
+                    throw new PackagingException("Could not delete " + tempControl);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the extension of a file compressed with the specified method.
+     *
+     * @param pCompression the compression method used
+     * @return
+     */
+    private String getExtension( final String pCompression ) {
+        if ("gzip".equals(pCompression)) {
+            return ".gz";
+        } else if ("bzip2".equals(pCompression)) {
+            return ".bz2";
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create changes file based on the provided PackageDescriptor.
+     * If pRing, pKey and pPassphrase are provided the changes file will also be signed.
+     * It returns a ChangesDescriptor reflecting the changes
+     *
+     * @param pPackageDescriptor
+     * @param pChangesProvider
+     * @param pRing
+     * @param pKey
+     * @param pPassphrase
+     * @param pOutput
+     * @return ChangesDescriptor
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws PackagingException
+     */
+    public ChangesDescriptor createChanges( final PackageDescriptor pPackageDescriptor, final ChangesProvider pChangesProvider, final InputStream pRing, final String pKey, final String pPassphrase, final OutputStream pOutput ) throws IOException, PackagingException {
+
+        final ChangeSet[] changeSets = pChangesProvider.getChangesSets();
+        final ChangesDescriptor changesDescriptor = new ChangesDescriptor(pPackageDescriptor, changeSets);
+
+        changesDescriptor.set("Format", "1.8");
+
+        if (changesDescriptor.get("Binary") == null) {
+            changesDescriptor.set("Binary", changesDescriptor.get("Package"));
+        }
+
+        if (changesDescriptor.get("Source") == null) {
+            changesDescriptor.set("Source", changesDescriptor.get("Package"));
+        }
+
+        final StringBuilder checksumsSha1 = new StringBuilder("\n");
+        // Checksums-Sha1:
+        // 56ef4c6249dc3567fd2967f809c42d1f9b61adf7 45964 jdeb.deb
+        checksumsSha1.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("SHA1"));
+        checksumsSha1.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Size"));
+        checksumsSha1.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("File"));
+        changesDescriptor.set("Checksums-Sha1", checksumsSha1.toString());
+
+        final StringBuilder checksumsSha256 = new StringBuilder("\n");
+        // Checksums-Sha256:
+        // 38c6fa274eb9299a69b739bcbdbd05c7ffd1d8d6472f4245ed732a25c0e5d616 45964 jdeb.deb
+        checksumsSha256.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("SHA256"));
+        checksumsSha256.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Size"));
+        checksumsSha256.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("File"));
+        changesDescriptor.set("Checksums-Sha256", checksumsSha256.toString());
+
+
+        final StringBuilder files = new StringBuilder("\n");
+        files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("MD5"));
+        files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Size"));
+        files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Section"));
+        files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Priority"));
+        files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("File"));
+        changesDescriptor.set("Files", files.toString());
+
+        if (!changesDescriptor.isValid()) {
+            throw new PackagingException("Changes file descriptor keys are invalid " + changesDescriptor.invalidKeys() +
+                ". The following keys are mandatory " + Arrays.toString(ChangesDescriptor.mandatoryKeys) +
+                ". Please check your pom.xml/build.xml and your control file.");
+        }
+
+        final String changes = changesDescriptor.toString();
+        final byte[] changesBytes = changes.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+        if (pRing == null || pKey == null || pPassphrase == null) {
+            pOutput.write(changesBytes);
+            pOutput.close();
+            return changesDescriptor;
+        }
+
+        console.info("Signing changes with key " + pKey);
+
+        final InputStream input = new ByteArrayInputStream(changesBytes);
+
+        try {
+            SigningUtils.clearSign(input, pRing, pKey, pPassphrase, pOutput);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        pOutput.close();
+
+        return changesDescriptor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build control archive of the deb
+     *
+     * @param pControlFiles
+     * @param pDataSize
+     * @param pChecksums
+     * @param pOutput
+     * @return
+     * @throws FileNotFoundException
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws ParseException
+     */
+    private PackageDescriptor buildControl( final File[] pControlFiles, final BigInteger pDataSize, final StringBuilder pChecksums, final File pOutput ) throws IOException, ParseException {
+
+        final File dir = pOutput.getParentFile();
+        if (dir != null && (!dir.exists() || !dir.isDirectory())) {
+            throw new IOException("Cannot write control file at '" + pOutput.getAbsolutePath() + "'");
+        }
+
+        final TarOutputStream outputStream = new TarOutputStream(new GZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(pOutput)));
+        outputStream.setLongFileMode(TarOutputStream.LONGFILE_GNU);
+
+
+        // create a descriptor out of the "control" file, copy all other files, ignore directories
+        PackageDescriptor packageDescriptor = null;
+        for (File file : pControlFiles) {
+            if (file.isDirectory()) {
+                // warn about the misplaced directory, except for directories ignored by default (.svn, cvs, etc)
+                boolean isDefaultExcludes = false;
+                for (String pattern : DirectoryScanner.getDefaultExcludes()) {
+                    isDefaultExcludes = DirectoryScanner.match(pattern, file.getAbsolutePath().replace("\\", "/"));
+                    if (isDefaultExcludes) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!isDefaultExcludes) {
+                    console.info("Found directory '" + file + "' in the control directory. Maybe you are pointing to wrong dir?");
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            final TarEntry entry = new TarEntry(file);
+            final String name = file.getName();
+
+            entry.setName("./" + name);
+            entry.setNames("root", "root");
+            entry.setMode(PermMapper.toMode("755"));
+
+            if (CONFIGURATION_FILENAMES.contains(name)) {
+
+                FilteredConfigurationFile configurationFile = new FilteredConfigurationFile(file.getName(), new FileInputStream(file), resolver);
+                configurationFiles.add(configurationFile);
+
+            } else if ("control".equals(name)) {
+
+                packageDescriptor = new PackageDescriptor(new FileInputStream(file), resolver);
+
+                if (packageDescriptor.get("Date") == null) {
+                    // Mon, 26 Mar 2007 11:44:04 +0200 (RFC 2822)
+                    SimpleDateFormat fmt = new SimpleDateFormat("EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss Z", Locale.ENGLISH);
+                    packageDescriptor.set("Date", fmt.format(new Date()));
+                }
+
+                if (packageDescriptor.get("Distribution") == null) {
+                    packageDescriptor.set("Distribution", "unknown");
+                }
+
+                if (packageDescriptor.get("Urgency") == null) {
+                    packageDescriptor.set("Urgency", "low");
+                }
+
+                packageDescriptor.set("Installed-Size", pDataSize.divide(BigInteger.valueOf(1024)).toString());
+
+                final String debFullName = System.getenv("DEBFULLNAME");
+                final String debEmail = System.getenv("DEBEMAIL");
+
+                if (debFullName != null && debEmail != null) {
+                    final String maintainer = debFullName + " <" + debEmail + ">";
+                    packageDescriptor.set("Maintainer", maintainer);
+                    console.info("Using maintainer '" + maintainer + "' from the environment variables.");
+                }
+
+            } else {
+
+                InformationInputStream infoStream = new InformationInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
+                Utils.copy(infoStream, NullOutputStream.NULL_OUTPUT_STREAM);
+                infoStream.close();
+
+                InputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
+                if (infoStream.isShell() && !infoStream.hasUnixLineEndings()) {
+                    // fix the line endings automatically
+                    byte[] buf = Utils.toUnixLineEndings(in);
+                    entry.setSize(buf.length);
+                    in = new ByteArrayInputStream(buf);
+                }
+
+                outputStream.putNextEntry(entry);
+                Utils.copy(in, outputStream);
+                outputStream.closeEntry();
+                in.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (packageDescriptor == null) {
+            throw new FileNotFoundException("No 'control' found in " + Arrays.toString(pControlFiles));
+        }
+
+        for (FilteredConfigurationFile configurationFile : configurationFiles) {
+            addControlEntry(configurationFile.getName(), configurationFile.toString(), outputStream);
+        }
+        addEntry("control", packageDescriptor.toString(), outputStream);
+        addEntry("md5sums", pChecksums.toString(), outputStream);
+
+        outputStream.close();
+
+        return packageDescriptor;
+    }
+
+
+    // FIXME temporary - only until Commons Compress is fixed
+    private OutputStream compressedOutputStream( String pCompression, final OutputStream outputStream ) throws CompressorException {
+        if ("none".equalsIgnoreCase(pCompression)) {
+            return outputStream;
+        }
+        if ("gzip".equals(pCompression)) {
+            pCompression = "gz";
+        }
+        return new CompressorStreamFactory().createCompressorOutputStream(pCompression, outputStream);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build the data archive of the deb from the provided DataProducers
+     *
+     * @param pData
+     * @param pOutput
+     * @param pChecksums
+     * @param pCompression the compression method used for the data file (gzip, bzip2 or anything else for no compression)
+     * @return
+     * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws CompressorException
+     */
+    BigInteger buildData( final DataProducer[] pData, final File pOutput, final StringBuilder pChecksums, String pCompression ) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException, CompressorException {
+
+        final File dir = pOutput.getParentFile();
+        if (dir != null && (!dir.exists() || !dir.isDirectory())) {
+            throw new IOException("Cannot write data file at '" + pOutput.getAbsolutePath() + "'");
+        }
+
+        final TarOutputStream tarOutputStream = new TarOutputStream(compressedOutputStream(pCompression, new FileOutputStream(pOutput)));
+        tarOutputStream.setLongFileMode(TarOutputStream.LONGFILE_GNU);
+
+        final MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+        final Total dataSize = new Total();
+
+        final List addedDirectories = new ArrayList();
+        final DataConsumer receiver = new DataConsumer() {
+            public void onEachDir( String dirname, String linkname, String user, int uid, String group, int gid, int mode, long size ) throws IOException {
+                dirname = fixPath(dirname);
+
+                createParentDirectories((new File(dirname)).getParent(), user, uid, group, gid);
+
+                // The directory passed in explicitly by the caller also gets the passed-in mode.  (Unlike
+                // the parent directories for now.  See related comments at "int mode =" in
+                // createParentDirectories, including about a possible bug.)
+                createDirectory(dirname, user, uid, group, gid, mode, 0);
+
+                console.info("dir: " + dirname);
+            }
+
+            public void onEachFile( InputStream inputStream, String filename, String linkname, String user, int uid, String group, int gid, int mode, long size ) throws IOException {
+                filename = fixPath(filename);
+
+                createParentDirectories((new File(filename)).getParent(), user, uid, group, gid);
+
+                final TarEntry entry = new TarEntry(filename);
+
+                // FIXME: link is in the constructor
+                entry.setUserName(user);
+                entry.setUserId(uid);
+                entry.setGroupName(group);
+                entry.setGroupId(gid);
+                entry.setMode(mode);
+                entry.setSize(size);
+
+                tarOutputStream.putNextEntry(entry);
+
+                dataSize.add(size);
+                digest.reset();
+
+                Utils.copy(inputStream, new DigestOutputStream(tarOutputStream, digest));
+
+                final String md5 = Utils.toHex(digest.digest());
+
+                tarOutputStream.closeEntry();
+
+                console.info(
+                    "file:" + entry.getName() +
+                        " size:" + entry.getSize() +
+                        " mode:" + entry.getMode() +
+                        " linkname:" + entry.getLinkName() +
+                        " username:" + entry.getUserName() +
+                        " userid:" + entry.getUserId() +
+                        " groupname:" + entry.getGroupName() +
+                        " groupid:" + entry.getGroupId() +
+                        " modtime:" + entry.getModTime() +
+                        " md5: " + md5
+                );
+
+                // append to file md5 list
+                pChecksums.append(md5).append(" ").append(entry.getName()).append('\n');
+            }
+
+            private String fixPath( String path ) {
+                // If we're receiving directory names from Windows, then we'll convert to use slash
+                // This does eliminate the ability to use of a backslash in a directory name on *NIX,
+                // but in practice, this is a non-issue
+                if (path.indexOf('\\') > -1) {
+                    path = path.replace('\\', '/');
+                }
+                // ensure the path is like : ./foo/bar
+                if (path.startsWith("/")) {
+                    path = "." + path;
+                } else if (!path.startsWith("./")) {
+                    path = "./" + path;
+                }
+                return path;
+            }
+
+            private void createDirectory( String directory, String user, int uid, String group, int gid, int mode, long size ) throws IOException {
+                // All dirs should end with "/" when created, or the test DebAndTaskTestCase.testTarFileSet() thinks its a file
+                // and so thinks it has the wrong permission.
+                // This consistency also helps when checking if a directory already exists in addedDirectories.
+
+                if (!directory.endsWith("/")) {
+                    directory += "/";
+                }
+
+                if (!addedDirectories.contains(directory)) {
+                    TarEntry entry = new TarEntry(directory);
+                    entry.setUserName(user);
+                    entry.setUserId(uid);
+                    entry.setGroupName(group);
+                    entry.setGroupId(gid);
+                    entry.setMode(mode);
+                    entry.setSize(size);
+
+                    tarOutputStream.putNextEntry(entry);
+                    tarOutputStream.closeEntry();
+                    addedDirectories.add(directory); // so addedDirectories consistently have "/" for finding duplicates.
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void createParentDirectories( String dirname, String user, int uid, String group, int gid ) throws IOException {
+                // Debian packages must have parent directories created
+                // before sub-directories or files can be installed.
+                // For example, if an entry of ./usr/lib/foo/bar existed
+                // in a .deb package, but the ./usr/lib/foo directory didn't
+                // exist, the package installation would fail.  The .deb must
+                // then have an entry for ./usr/lib/foo and then ./usr/lib/foo/bar
+
+                if (dirname == null) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // The loop below will create entries for all parent directories
+                // to ensure that .deb packages will install correctly.
+                String[] pathParts = dirname.split("\\/");
+                String parentDir = "./";
+                for (int i = 1; i < pathParts.length; i++) {
+                    parentDir += pathParts[i] + "/";
+                    // Make it so the dirs can be traversed by users.
+                    // We could instead try something more granular, like setting the directory
+                    // permission to 'rx' for each of the 3 user/group/other read permissions
+                    // found on the file being added (ie, only if "other" has read
+                    // permission on the main node, then add o+rx permission on all the containing
+                    // directories, same w/ user & group), and then also we'd have to
+                    // check the parentDirs collection of those already added to
+                    // see if those permissions need to be similarly updated.  (Note, it hasn't
+                    // been demonstrated, but there might be a bug if a user specifically
+                    // requests a directory with certain permissions,
+                    // that has already been auto-created because it was a parent, and if so, go set
+                    // the user-requested mode on that directory instead of this automatic one.)
+                    // But for now, keeping it simple by making every dir a+rx.   Examples are:
+                    // drw-r----- fs/fs   # what you get with setMode(mode)
+                    // drwxr-xr-x fs/fs   # Usable. Too loose?
+                    int mode = TarEntry.DEFAULT_DIR_MODE;
+
+                    createDirectory(parentDir, user, uid, group, gid, mode, 0);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < pData.length; i++) {
+                final DataProducer data = pData[i];
+                data.produce(receiver);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            tarOutputStream.close();
+        }
+
+        console.info("Total size: " + dataSize);
+
+        return dataSize.count;
+    }
+
+    private static void addEntry( final String pName, final String pContent, final TarOutputStream pOutput ) throws IOException {
+        final byte[] data = pContent.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+        final TarEntry entry = new TarEntry("./" + pName);
+        entry.setSize(data.length);
+        entry.setNames("root", "root");
+
+        pOutput.putNextEntry(entry);
+        pOutput.write(data);
+        pOutput.closeEntry();
+    }
+
+    private static void addControlEntry( final String pName, final String pContent, final TarOutputStream pOutput ) throws IOException {
+        final byte[] data = pContent.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+        final TarEntry entry = new TarEntry("./" + pName);
+        entry.setSize(data.length);
+        entry.setNames("root", "root");
+        entry.setMode(PermMapper.toMode("755"));
+
+        pOutput.putNextEntry(entry);
+        pOutput.write(data);
+        pOutput.closeEntry();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.tools.tar.TarOutputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 306 is not released after line 392.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PackageDescriptor Processor.buildControl(java.io.File[],BigInteger,StringBuilder,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.Processor.buildControl(java.io.File[],java.math.BigInteger,java.lang.StringBuilder,ja.4e48c0ed9d53044cf04f0c53a52dc551
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/vafer/jdeb/Processor.java
+
+### Key:
+Processor.java|buildControl|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+073f37bf81a75888c9c4a5ab5832e442
+
+### Hash:
+5197dc6fe1e3fc4c38d54aaca4e9fbc0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10627/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10627/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c0791b623e451384f6e1be5031c22b89f01ecc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10627/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.vafer.jdeb.ant;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.MatchingTask;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.Console;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.DataProducer;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.Processor;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.ChangesDescriptor;
+
+public class DebAntTask extends MatchingTask {
+
+    private File deb;
+    private File control;
+    private File changes;
+    
+    private Collection dataProducers = new ArrayList();
+    
+    
+    public void setDestfile( File deb ) {
+    	this.deb = deb;
+    }
+    
+    public void setControl( File control ) {
+    	this.control = control;
+    }
+    
+    public void setChanges( File changes ) {
+    	this.changes = changes;
+    }
+	
+    public void addDataFiles( DataFiles data ) {
+    	dataProducers.add(data);
+    }
+    
+    public void addDataArchive( DataArchive data ) {
+    	dataProducers.add(data);
+    }
+    
+	public void execute() {
+		
+		if (control == null || !control.isDirectory()) {
+			throw new BuildException("You need to point the 'control' attribute to the control directory.");
+		}
+
+		if (changes != null && !changes.isFile()) {
+			throw new BuildException("If you want the changes written out provide the file via 'changes' attribute.");			
+		}
+		
+		if (dataProducers.size() == 0) {
+			throw new BuildException("You need to provide at least one reference to a tgz or directory with data.");
+		}
+
+		if (deb == null) {
+			throw new BuildException("You need to point the 'destfile' attribute to where the deb is supposed to be created.");
+		}
+		
+		final File[] controlFiles = control.listFiles();
+		
+		final DataProducer[] data = new DataProducer[dataProducers.size()];
+		dataProducers.toArray(data);
+		
+		final Processor processor = new Processor(new Console() {
+			public void println(String s) {
+				log(s);
+			}			
+		});
+		
+		try {
+			final ChangesDescriptor changesDescriptor = processor.createDeb(controlFiles, data, new FileOutputStream(deb));
+
+			if (changes != null) {
+				processor.createChanges(changesDescriptor, new FileOutputStream(changes));
+			}			
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			log("failed to create debian package " + e);
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+		
+		log("created " + deb);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 77 is not released after line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DebAntTask.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ant.DebAntTask.execute():void.190b328fd317e66b248cf90e78db47d0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ant/DebAntTask.java
+
+### Key:
+DebAntTask.java|execute|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c697fff0b1082cf93596f195c104a8ed
+
+### Hash:
+1178aee1db4d75ab2cb8991b74347437
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10629/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10629/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7052b55a44ad431ebaa5ec1f535c3285bf6b7a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10629/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.ant;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.DefaultLogger;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Project;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.ProjectHelper;
+import org.apache.tools.bzip2.CBZip2InputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarEntry;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.ArEntry;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.ArInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.NonClosingInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * @author Emmanuel Bourg
+ */
+public final class DebAntTaskTestCase extends TestCase {
+
+    private Project project;
+
+    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
+        project = new Project();
+        project.setCoreLoader(getClass().getClassLoader());
+        project.init();
+
+        File buildFile = new File("target/test-classes/testbuild.xml");
+        project.setBaseDir(buildFile.getParentFile());
+
+        final ProjectHelper helper = ProjectHelper.getProjectHelper();
+        helper.parse(project, buildFile);
+
+        // remove the package previously build
+        File deb = new File("target/test.deb");
+        if (deb.exists()) {
+            assertTrue("Unable to remove the test archive", deb.delete());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingControl() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-control");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testInvalidControl() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("invalid-control");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingDestFile() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-destfile");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEmptyPackage() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("empty-package");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithArchive() {
+        project.executeTarget("with-archive");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithMissingArchive() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("with-missing-archive");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithDirectory() {
+        project.executeTarget("with-directory");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithMissingDirectory() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("with-missing-directory");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Redirects the Ant output to the specified stream.
+     */
+    private void redirectOutput(OutputStream out) {
+        DefaultLogger logger = new DefaultLogger();
+        logger.setOutputPrintStream(new PrintStream(out));
+        logger.setMessageOutputLevel(Project.MSG_INFO);
+        project.addBuildListener(logger);
+    }
+
+    public void testVerboseEnabled() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        redirectOutput(out);
+
+        project.executeTarget("verbose-enabled");
+
+        assertTrue(out.toString().indexOf("Total size") != -1);
+    }
+
+    public void testVerboseDisabled() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        redirectOutput(out);
+
+        project.executeTarget("verbose-disabled");
+
+        assertTrue(out.toString().indexOf("Total size") == -1);
+    }
+
+    public void testFileSet() {
+        project.executeTarget("fileset");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testTarFileSet() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("tarfileset");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        ArInputStream in = new ArInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar.gz")) {
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in)));
+                TarEntry tarentry;
+                while ((tarentry = tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                    assertTrue("prefix", tarentry.getName().startsWith("./foo/"));
+                    if (tarentry.isDirectory()) {
+                        assertEquals("directory mode (" + tarentry.getName() + ")", 040700, tarentry.getMode());
+                    } else {
+                        assertEquals("file mode (" + tarentry.getName() + ")", 0100600, tarentry.getMode());
+                    }
+                    assertEquals("user", "ebourg", tarentry.getUserName());
+                    assertEquals("group", "ebourg", tarentry.getGroupName());
+                }
+                tar.close();
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength(); 
+                while(skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip); 
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    public void testUnkownCompression() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("unknown-compression");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testBZip2Compression() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("bzip2-compression");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        ArInputStream in = new ArInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar.bz2")) {
+                found = true;
+
+                assertEquals("header 0", (byte) 'B', in.read());
+                assertEquals("header 1", (byte) 'Z', in.read());
+
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new CBZip2InputStream(in));
+                while ((tar.getNextEntry()) != null);
+                tar.close();
+                break;
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength(); 
+                while(skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip); 
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+
+        assertTrue("bz2 file not found", found);
+    }
+
+    public void testNoCompression() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("no-compression");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        ArInputStream in = new ArInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar")) {
+                found = true;
+
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in));
+                while ((tar.getNextEntry()) != null);
+                tar.close();
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength(); 
+                while(skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip); 
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+
+        assertTrue("tar file not found", found);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 257 is not released after line 272.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DebAntTaskTestCase.testNoCompression()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ant.DebAntTaskTestCase.testNoCompression():void.c63bed349b02f94f9d2b518ea25ce4f2
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ant/DebAntTaskTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+DebAntTaskTestCase.java|testNoCompression|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+99f813e1b01bd7111afa5cb643a24406
+
+### Hash:
+82addc9307ad271a9610d94ab57ee855
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10633/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10633/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e74aa88befc519126a33706b95dbc4a8443d48d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10633/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 The jdeb developers.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.vafer.jdeb;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveOutputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.changes.TextfileChangesProvider;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.debian.BinaryPackageControlFile;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.debian.ChangesFile;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.signing.PGPSigner;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.Utils;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.VariableResolver;
+
+/**
+ * A generic class for creating Debian archives. Even supports signed changes
+ * files.
+ *
+ * @author Torsten Curdt
+ * @author Bryan Sant
+ */
+public class DebMaker {
+
+    /** A console to output log message with */
+    private Console console;
+
+    /** The Debian package produced */
+    private File deb;
+
+    /** The directory containing the control files to build the package */
+    private File control;
+
+    /** The file containing the PGP keys */
+    private File keyring;
+
+    /** The key to use in the keyring */
+    private String key;
+
+    /** The passphrase for the key to sign the changes file */
+    private String passphrase;
+
+    /** The file to read the changes from */
+    private File changesIn;
+
+    /** The file where to write the changes to */
+    private File changesOut;
+
+    /** The file where to write the changes of the changes input to */
+    private File changesSave;
+
+    /** The compression method used for the data file (none, gzip or bzip2) */
+    private String compression = "gzip";
+
+    private VariableResolver variableResolver;
+
+    private final Collection<DataProducer> dataProducers = new ArrayList<DataProducer>();
+
+
+    public DebMaker(Console console, Collection<DataProducer> dataProducers) {
+        this.console = console;
+        this.dataProducers.addAll(dataProducers);
+    }
+
+    public void setDeb(File deb) {
+        this.deb = deb;
+    }
+
+    public void setControl(File control) {
+        this.control = control;
+    }
+
+    public void setChangesIn(File changes) {
+        this.changesIn = changes;
+    }
+
+    public void setChangesOut(File changes) {
+        this.changesOut = changes;
+    }
+
+    public void setChangesSave(File changes) {
+        this.changesSave = changes;
+    }
+
+    public void setKeyring(File keyring) {
+        this.keyring = keyring;
+    }
+
+    public void setKey(String key) {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    public void setPassphrase(String passphrase) {
+        this.passphrase = passphrase;
+    }
+
+    public void setCompression(String compression) {
+        this.compression = compression;
+    }
+
+    public void setResolver(VariableResolver variableResolver) {
+        this.variableResolver = variableResolver;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isWritableFile(File file) {
+        return file.isFile() && file.canWrite();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the input parameters.
+     */
+    public void validate() throws PackagingException {
+        if (control == null || !control.isDirectory()) {
+            throw new PackagingException("The 'control' attribute doesn't point to a directory.");
+        }
+
+        if (changesIn != null) {
+
+            if (!changesIn.isFile() || !changesIn.canRead()) {
+                throw new PackagingException("The 'changesIn' setting needs to point to a readable file. " + changesIn + " was not found/readable.");
+            }
+
+            if (changesOut == null) {
+                throw new PackagingException("A 'changesIn' without a 'changesOut' does not make much sense.");
+            }
+
+            if (!isWritableFile(changesOut)) {
+                throw new PackagingException("Cannot write the output for 'changesOut' to " + changesOut);
+            }
+
+            if (changesSave != null && !isWritableFile(changesSave)) {
+                throw new PackagingException("Cannot write the output for 'changesSave' to " + changesSave);
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            if (changesOut != null || changesSave != null) {
+                throw new PackagingException("The 'changesOut' or 'changesSave' settings may only be used when there is a 'changesIn' specified.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (Compression.toEnum(compression) == null) {
+            throw new PackagingException("The compression method '" + compression + "' is not supported (expected 'none', 'gzip' or 'bzip2')");
+        }
+
+        if (deb == null) {
+            throw new PackagingException("You need to specify where the deb file is supposed to be created.");
+        }
+        
+        if (dataProducers.size() == 0) {
+            throw new PackagingException("You need to provide at least one reference to a tgz or directory with data.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void makeDeb() throws PackagingException {
+        BinaryPackageControlFile packageControlFile;
+        try {
+            console.info("Creating debian package: " + deb);
+
+            packageControlFile = createDeb(Compression.toEnum(compression));
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PackagingException("Failed to create debian package " + deb, e);
+        }
+        
+        makeChangesFiles(packageControlFile);
+    }
+
+    private void makeChangesFiles(BinaryPackageControlFile packageControlFile) throws PackagingException {
+        if (changesOut == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        TextfileChangesProvider changesProvider;
+        FileOutputStream out = null;
+        
+        try {
+            console.info("Creating changes file: " + changesOut);
+            
+            out = new FileOutputStream(changesOut);
+
+            // for now only support reading the changes form a textfile provider
+            changesProvider = new TextfileChangesProvider(new FileInputStream(changesIn), packageControlFile);
+            
+            ChangesFileBuilder builder = new ChangesFileBuilder();
+            ChangesFile changesFile = builder.createChanges(packageControlFile, deb, changesProvider);
+            
+            if (keyring != null && key != null && passphrase != null) {
+                console.info("Signing the changes file with the key " + key);
+                PGPSigner signer = new PGPSigner(new FileInputStream(keyring), key, passphrase);
+                signer.clearSign(changesFile.toString(), out);
+            } else {
+                out.write(changesFile.toString().getBytes("UTF-8"));
+            }
+            out.flush();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PackagingException("Failed to create the Debian changes file " + changesOut, e);
+        } finally {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(out);
+        }
+        
+        if (changesSave == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        try {
+            console.info("Saving changes to file: " + changesSave);
+
+            changesProvider.save(new FileOutputStream(changesSave));
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PackagingException("Failed to save debian changes file " + changesSave, e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Create the debian archive with from the provided control files and data producers.
+     *
+     * @param pControlFiles
+     * @param pData
+     * @param deb
+     * @param compression   the compression method used for the data file
+     * @return BinaryPackageControlFile
+     * @throws PackagingException
+     */
+    public BinaryPackageControlFile createDeb(Compression compression) throws PackagingException {
+
+        File tempData = null;
+        File tempControl = null;
+
+        try {
+            tempData = File.createTempFile("deb", "data");
+            tempControl = File.createTempFile("deb", "control");
+
+            console.info("Building data");
+            DataBuilder dataBuilder = new DataBuilder(console);
+            final StringBuilder md5s = new StringBuilder();
+            final BigInteger size = dataBuilder.buildData(dataProducers, tempData, md5s, compression);
+
+            console.info("Building control");
+            ControlBuilder controlBuilder = new ControlBuilder(console, variableResolver);
+            final BinaryPackageControlFile packageControlFile = controlBuilder.buildControl(control.listFiles(), size, md5s, tempControl);
+            
+            if (!packageControlFile.isValid()) {
+                throw new PackagingException("Control file fields are invalid " + packageControlFile.invalidFields() +
+                    ". The following fields are mandatory: " + packageControlFile.getMandatoryFields() +
+                    ". Please check your pom.xml/build.xml and your control file.");
+            }
+
+            deb.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+            
+            
+            ArArchiveOutputStream ar = new ArArchiveOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(deb));
+            
+            addTo(ar, "debian-binary", "2.0\n");
+            addTo(ar, "control.tar.gz", tempControl);
+            addTo(ar, "data.tar" + compression.getExtension(), tempData);
+
+            ar.close();
+            
+            return packageControlFile;
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PackagingException("Could not create deb package", e);
+        } finally {
+            if (tempData != null) {
+                if (!tempData.delete()) {
+                    console.warn("Could not delete the temporary file " + tempData);
+                }
+            }
+            if (tempControl != null) {
+                if (!tempControl.delete()) {
+                    console.warn("Could not delete the temporary file " + tempControl);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addTo(ArArchiveOutputStream pOutput, String pName, String pContent) throws IOException {
+        final byte[] content = pContent.getBytes();
+        pOutput.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry(pName, content.length));
+        pOutput.write(content);
+        pOutput.closeArchiveEntry();
+    }
+
+    private void addTo(ArArchiveOutputStream pOutput, String pName, File pContent) throws IOException {
+        pOutput.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry(pName, pContent.length()));
+
+        final InputStream input = new FileInputStream(pContent);
+        try {
+            Utils.copy(input, pOutput);
+        } finally {
+            input.close();
+        }
+
+        pOutput.closeArchiveEntry();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveOutputStream` acquired to `ar` by call to `new()` at line 275 is not released after line 285.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 277
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+BinaryPackageControlFile DebMaker.createDeb(Compression)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.DebMaker.createDeb(org.vafer.jdeb.Compression):org.vafer.jdeb.debian.BinaryPackageCon.ccb4c7919e70d248e82e557d70263f98
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/vafer/jdeb/DebMaker.java
+
+### Key:
+DebMaker.java|createDeb|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+30d57eb6838d6820f4e807e8880b4b19
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10634/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10634/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88882f5407228a269f95e8eae7bc326650f5abb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10634/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 The jdeb developers.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.Utils;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.VariableResolver;
+
+/**
+ * A descriptor holds the usual key value pairs.
+ *
+ * @author Torsten Curdt
+ * @see <a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-controlfields.html">Debian Policy Manual - Control files and their fields</a>
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractDescriptor {
+
+    protected final Map<String, String> values = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
+    protected final VariableResolver resolver;
+
+    private static String openToken = "[[";
+    private static String closeToken = "]]";
+
+    public AbstractDescriptor( final VariableResolver pResolver ) {
+        resolver = pResolver;
+    }
+
+    public AbstractDescriptor( final AbstractDescriptor pDescriptor ) {
+        this(pDescriptor.resolver);
+        values.putAll(pDescriptor.values);
+    }
+
+    public static void setOpenToken( final String pToken ) {
+        openToken = pToken;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCloseToken( final String pToken ) {
+        closeToken = pToken;
+    }
+
+    protected void parse( final InputStream pInput ) throws IOException, ParseException {
+        final BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(pInput));
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+        String key = null;
+        int linenr = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            final String line = br.readLine();
+
+            if (line == null) {
+                if (buffer.length() > 0) {
+                    // flush value of previous key
+                    set(key, buffer.toString());
+                    buffer = null;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            linenr++;
+
+            if (line.length() == 0) {
+                throw new ParseException("Empty line", linenr);
+            }
+
+            final char first = line.charAt(0);
+            if (Character.isLetter(first)) {
+
+                // new key
+
+                if (buffer.length() > 0) {
+                    // flush value of previous key
+                    set(key, buffer.toString());
+                    buffer = new StringBuilder();
+                }
+
+
+                final int i = line.indexOf(':');
+
+                if (i < 0) {
+                    throw new ParseException("Line misses ':' delimiter", linenr);
+                }
+
+                key = line.substring(0, i);
+                buffer.append(line.substring(i + 1).trim());
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // continuing old value
+            buffer.append('\n').append(line.substring(1));
+        }
+        br.close();
+
+    }
+
+    public void set(final String pKey, final String pValue) {
+        String value = Utils.replaceVariables(resolver, pValue, openToken, closeToken);
+        if ("".equals(value)) {
+            value = null;
+        }
+        values.put(pKey, value);
+    }
+
+    public String get( String key ) {
+        return values.get(key);
+    }
+
+    public abstract String[] getMandatoryKeys();
+
+    public boolean isValid() {
+        return invalidKeys().size() == 0;
+    }
+
+    public Set<String> invalidKeys() {
+        final Set<String> invalid = new HashSet<String>();
+        
+        for (String aMk : getMandatoryKeys()) {
+            if (get(aMk) == null) {
+                invalid.add(aMk);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return invalid;
+    }
+
+    public String toString( final String[] keys ) {
+        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
+        for (String key : keys) {
+            String value = values.get(key);
+            if (value != null) {
+                s.append(key).append(":");
+
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new StringReader(value));
+                    String line;
+                    while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                        if (line.length() != 0 && !Character.isWhitespace(line.charAt(0))) {
+                            s.append(' ');
+                        }
+
+                        s.append(line).append('\n');
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 64 is not released after line 101.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractDescriptor.parse(InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.AbstractDescriptor.parse(java.io.InputStream):void.52dbd312a3da9553121646a2b041cf04
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/vafer/jdeb/descriptors/AbstractDescriptor.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractDescriptor.java|parse|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5063998cfe9b05506ca33bbb14b6ac18
+
+### Hash:
+4562778077940c8c61e93e39a4ba32a4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10651/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10651/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfd9b2dfdfb468944553d25b01a4081245bed929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10651/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.ar;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+public final class ArOutputStreamTestCase extends TestCase {
+
+    public void testWrite() throws Exception {
+        final File out1 = File.createTempFile("jdeb", ".ar");
+
+        final ArOutputStream os = new ArOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(out1));
+        os.putNextEntry(new ArEntry("data", 4));
+        os.write("data".getBytes());        
+        os.close();
+        
+        assertTrue(out1.delete());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.vafer.jdeb.ar.ArOutputStream` acquired to `os` by call to `new()` at line 28 is not released after line 34.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 30
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ArOutputStreamTestCase.testWrite()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ar.ArOutputStreamTestCase.testWrite():void.1007115f6a27d38e4f2a44510fc17fad
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ar/ArOutputStreamTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+ArOutputStreamTestCase.java|testWrite|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+d45d2707bf7d17f714436f38c2060500
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10656/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10656/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18b5897874fc90c48d2ced7b10ae7c53d5956148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10656/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jung
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2005, The JUNG Authors
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is open-source under the BSD license; see either
+ * "license.txt" or
+ * https://github.com/jrtom/jung/blob/master/LICENSE for a description.
+ * Created on Mar 11, 2005
+ *
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.picking;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.common.graph.EndpointPair;
+import com.google.common.graph.Network;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.layout.model.LayoutModel;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.Layer;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.VisualizationServer;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.layout.NetworkElementAccessor;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.layout.SpatialQuadTreeLayoutModel;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.spatial.SpatialQuadTree;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.util.Context;
+import java.awt.Shape;
+import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform;
+import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D;
+import java.awt.geom.GeneralPath;
+import java.awt.geom.PathIterator;
+import java.awt.geom.Point2D;
+import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * A <code>NetworkElementAccessor</code> that returns elements whose <code>Shape</code> contains the
+ * specified pick point or region.
+ *
+ * @author Tom Nelson
+ */
+public class ShapePickSupport<V, E> implements NetworkElementAccessor<V, E> {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ShapePickSupport.class);
+  /**
+   * The available picking heuristics:
+   *
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li><code>Style.CENTERED</code>: returns the element whose center is closest to the pick
+   *       point.
+   *   <li><code>Style.LOWEST</code>: returns the first such element encountered. (If the element
+   *       collection has a consistent ordering, this will also be the element "on the bottom", that
+   *       is, the one which is rendered first.)
+   *   <li><code>Style.HIGHEST</code>: returns the last such element encountered. (If the element
+   *       collection has a consistent ordering, this will also be the element "on the top", that
+   *       is, the one which is rendered last.)
+   * </ul>
+   */
+  public static enum Style {
+    LOWEST,
+    CENTERED,
+    HIGHEST
+  };
+
+  protected float pickSize;
+
+  /**
+   * The <code>VisualizationServer</code> in which the this instance is being used for picking. Used
+   * to retrieve properties such as the layout, renderer, vertex and edge shapes, and coordinate
+   * transformations.
+   */
+  protected VisualizationServer<V, E> vv;
+
+  /** The current picking heuristic for this instance. Defaults to <code>CENTERED</code>. */
+  protected Style style = Style.CENTERED;
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a <code>ShapePickSupport</code> for the <code>vv</code> VisualizationServer, with the
+   * specified pick footprint and the default pick style. The <code>VisualizationServer</code> is
+   * used to access properties of the current visualization (layout, renderer, coordinate
+   * transformations, vertex/edge shapes, etc.).
+   *
+   * @param vv source of the current <code>Layout</code>.
+   * @param pickSize the layoutSize of the pick footprint for line edges
+   */
+  public ShapePickSupport(VisualizationServer<V, E> vv, float pickSize) {
+    this.vv = vv;
+    this.pickSize = pickSize;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a <code>ShapePickSupport</code> for the specified <code>VisualizationServer</code> with
+   * a default pick footprint. of layoutSize 2.
+   *
+   * @param vv the visualization server used for rendering
+   */
+  public ShapePickSupport(VisualizationServer<V, E> vv) {
+    this.vv = vv;
+    this.pickSize = 2;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the style of picking used by this instance. This specifies which of the elements, among
+   * those whose shapes contain the pick point, is returned. The available styles are:
+   *
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li><code>Style.CENTERED</code>: returns the element whose center is closest to the pick
+   *       point.
+   *   <li><code>Style.LOWEST</code>: returns the first such element encountered. (If the element
+   *       collection has a consistent ordering, this will also be the element "on the bottom", that
+   *       is, the one which is rendered first.)
+   *   <li><code>Style.HIGHEST</code>: returns the last such element encountered. (If the element
+   *       collection has a consistent ordering, this will also be the element "on the top", that
+   *       is, the one which is rendered last.)
+   * </ul>
+   *
+   * @return the style of picking used by this instance
+   */
+  public Style getStyle() {
+    return style;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Specifies the style of picking to be used by this instance. This specifies which of the
+   * elements, among those whose shapes contain the pick point, will be returned. The available
+   * styles are:
+   *
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li><code>Style.CENTERED</code>: returns the element whose center is closest to the pick
+   *       point.
+   *   <li><code>Style.LOWEST</code>: returns the first such element encountered. (If the element
+   *       collection has a consistent ordering, this will also be the element "on the bottom", that
+   *       is, the one which is rendered first.)
+   *   <li><code>Style.HIGHEST</code>: returns the last such element encountered. (If the element
+   *       collection has a consistent ordering, this will also be the element "on the top", that
+   *       is, the one which is rendered last.)
+   * </ul>
+   *
+   * @param style the style to set
+   */
+  public void setStyle(Style style) {
+    this.style = style;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the vertex, if any, whose shape contains (x, y). If (x,y) is contained in more than one
+   * vertex's shape, returns the vertex whose center is closest to the pick point.
+   *
+   * @param x the x coordinate of the pick point
+   * @param y the y coordinate of the pick point
+   * @return the vertex whose shape contains (x,y), and whose center is closest to the pick point
+   */
+  @Override
+  public V getNode(LayoutModel<V, Point2D> layoutModel, double x, double y) {
+
+    V closest = null;
+    double minDistance = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    Point2D ip =
+        vv.getRenderContext()
+            .getMultiLayerTransformer()
+            .inverseTransform(Layer.VIEW, new Point2D.Double(x, y));
+    x = ip.getX();
+    y = ip.getY();
+    //    LayoutModel<V, Point2D> layoutModel = vv.getModel().getLayoutModel();
+    if (layoutModel instanceof SpatialQuadTreeLayoutModel) {
+      SpatialQuadTree<V> tree =
+          (SpatialQuadTree<V>) ((SpatialQuadTreeLayoutModel) layoutModel).getSpatial();
+      return getClosest(tree, layoutModel, x, y);
+    }
+
+    while (true) {
+      try {
+        for (V v : getFilteredVertices()) {
+
+          Shape shape = vv.getRenderContext().getVertexShapeTransformer().apply(v);
+          // get the vertex location
+          Point2D p = layoutModel.apply(v);
+          if (p == null) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          // transform the vertex location to screen coords
+          p = vv.getRenderContext().getMultiLayerTransformer().transform(Layer.LAYOUT, p);
+
+          double ox = x - p.getX();
+          double oy = y - p.getY();
+
+          if (shape.contains(ox, oy)) {
+
+            if (style == Style.LOWEST) {
+              // return the first match
+              return v;
+            } else if (style == Style.HIGHEST) {
+              // will return the last match
+              closest = v;
+            } else {
+
+              // return the vertex closest to the
+              // center of a vertex shape
+              Rectangle2D bounds = shape.getBounds2D();
+              double dx = bounds.getCenterX() - ox;
+              double dy = bounds.getCenterY() - oy;
+              double dist = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+              if (dist < minDistance) {
+                minDistance = dist;
+                closest = v;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      } catch (ConcurrentModificationException cme) {
+      }
+    }
+    return closest;
+  }
+
+  protected V getClosest(
+      SpatialQuadTree<V> spatial, LayoutModel<V, Point2D> layoutModel, double x, double y) {
+    SpatialQuadTree<V> leaf = spatial.getContainingQuadTreeLeaf(x, y);
+    double diameter = leaf.getLayoutArea().getWidth();
+    double radius = diameter / 2;
+    double minDistance = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+
+    V closest = null;
+    Ellipse2D target = new Ellipse2D.Double(x - radius, y - radius, diameter, diameter);
+    Collection<V> nodes = spatial.getVisibleNodes(target);
+    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      log.trace("instead of checking all nodes: {}", getFilteredVertices());
+      log.trace("out of these candidates: {}...", nodes);
+    }
+    for (V node : nodes) {
+      Shape shape = vv.getRenderContext().getVertexShapeTransformer().apply(node);
+      // get the vertex location
+      Point2D p = layoutModel.apply(node);
+      if (p == null) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // transform the vertex location to screen coords
+      p = vv.getRenderContext().getMultiLayerTransformer().transform(Layer.LAYOUT, p);
+
+      double ox = x - p.getX();
+      double oy = y - p.getY();
+
+      if (shape.contains(ox, oy)) {
+
+        if (style == Style.LOWEST) {
+          // return the first match
+          return node;
+        } else if (style == Style.HIGHEST) {
+          // will return the last match
+          closest = node;
+        } else {
+
+          // return the vertex closest to the
+          // center of a vertex shape
+          Rectangle2D bounds = shape.getBounds2D();
+          double dx = bounds.getCenterX() - ox;
+          double dy = bounds.getCenterY() - oy;
+          double dist = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+          if (dist < minDistance) {
+            minDistance = dist;
+            closest = node;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      log.trace("picked {} with spatial quadtree", closest);
+    }
+    return closest;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Returns the vertices whose layout coordinates are contained in <code>Shape</code>. The shape is
+   * in screen coordinates, and the graph vertices are transformed to screen coordinates before they
+   * are tested for inclusion.
+   *
+   * @return the <code>Collection</code> of vertices whose <code>layout</code> coordinates are
+   *     contained in <code>shape</code>.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Collection<V> getNodes(LayoutModel<V, Point2D> layoutModel, Shape shape) {
+    Set<V> pickedVertices = new HashSet<V>();
+
+    // remove the view transform from the rectangle
+    shape = vv.getRenderContext().getMultiLayerTransformer().inverseTransform(Layer.VIEW, shape);
+
+    if (layoutModel instanceof SpatialQuadTreeLayoutModel) {
+      SpatialQuadTree<V> spatial =
+          (SpatialQuadTree) ((SpatialQuadTreeLayoutModel) layoutModel).getSpatial();
+      return getContained(spatial, layoutModel, shape);
+    }
+
+    while (true) {
+      try {
+        for (V v : getFilteredVertices()) {
+          Point2D p = layoutModel.apply(v);
+          if (p == null) {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          p = vv.getRenderContext().getMultiLayerTransformer().transform(Layer.LAYOUT, p);
+          if (shape.contains(p)) {
+            pickedVertices.add(v);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      } catch (ConcurrentModificationException cme) {
+      }
+    }
+    return pickedVertices;
+  }
+
+  protected Collection<V> getContained(
+      SpatialQuadTree<V> spatial, LayoutModel<V, Point2D> layoutModel, Shape shape) {
+    Collection<V> visible = spatial.getVisibleNodes(shape);
+    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      log.trace("your shape intersects tree cells with these nodes: {}", visible);
+    }
+
+    for (Iterator<V> iterator = visible.iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
+      V node = iterator.next();
+      Point2D p = layoutModel.apply(node);
+      if (p == null) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      p = vv.getRenderContext().getMultiLayerTransformer().transform(Layer.LAYOUT, p);
+      if (!shape.contains(p)) {
+        iterator.remove();
+      }
+    }
+    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      log.trace("these were actually picked: {}", visible);
+    }
+    return visible;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns an edge whose shape intersects the 'pickArea' footprint of the passed x,y, coordinates.
+   *
+   * @param x the x coordinate of the location
+   * @param y the y coordinate of the location
+   * @return an edge whose shape intersects the pick area centered on the location {@code (x,y)}
+   */
+  @Override
+  public E getEdge(LayoutModel<V, Point2D> layoutModel, double x, double y) {
+
+    Point2D ip =
+        vv.getRenderContext()
+            .getMultiLayerTransformer()
+            .inverseTransform(Layer.VIEW, new Point2D.Double(x, y));
+    x = ip.getX();
+    y = ip.getY();
+
+    // as a Line has no area, we can't always use edgeshape.contains(point) so we
+    // make a small rectangular pickArea around the point and check if the
+    // edgeshape.intersects(pickArea)
+    Rectangle2D pickArea =
+        new Rectangle2D.Float(
+            (float) x - pickSize / 2, (float) y - pickSize / 2, pickSize, pickSize);
+    E closest = null;
+    double minDistance = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    while (true) {
+      try {
+        for (E e : getFilteredEdges()) {
+
+          Shape edgeShape = getTransformedEdgeShape(e);
+          if (edgeShape == null) {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          // because of the transform, the edgeShape is now a GeneralPath
+          // see if this edge is the closest of any that intersect
+          if (edgeShape.intersects(pickArea)) {
+            float cx = 0;
+            float cy = 0;
+            float[] f = new float[6];
+            PathIterator pi = new GeneralPath(edgeShape).getPathIterator(null);
+            if (pi.isDone() == false) {
+              pi.next();
+              pi.currentSegment(f);
+              cx = f[0];
+              cy = f[1];
+              if (pi.isDone() == false) {
+                pi.currentSegment(f);
+                cx = f[0];
+                cy = f[1];
+              }
+            }
+            float dx = (float) (cx - x);
+            float dy = (float) (cy - y);
+            float dist = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+            if (dist < minDistance) {
+              minDistance = dist;
+              closest = e;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      } catch (ConcurrentModificationException cme) {
+      }
+    }
+    return closest;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the shape template for <code>e</code> and transforms it according to the positions of
+   * its endpoints in <code>layout</code>.
+   *
+   * @param e the edge whose shape is to be returned
+   * @return the transformed shape
+   */
+  private Shape getTransformedEdgeShape(E e) {
+    EndpointPair<V> endpoints = vv.getModel().getNetwork().incidentNodes(e);
+    V v1 = endpoints.nodeU();
+    V v2 = endpoints.nodeV();
+    boolean isLoop = v1.equals(v2);
+    LayoutModel<V, Point2D> layoutModel = vv.getModel().getLayoutModel();
+    Point2D p1 =
+        vv.getRenderContext()
+            .getMultiLayerTransformer()
+            .transform(Layer.LAYOUT, layoutModel.apply(v1));
+    Point2D p2 =
+        vv.getRenderContext()
+            .getMultiLayerTransformer()
+            .transform(Layer.LAYOUT, layoutModel.apply(v2));
+    if (p1 == null || p2 == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    float x1 = (float) p1.getX();
+    float y1 = (float) p1.getY();
+    float x2 = (float) p2.getX();
+    float y2 = (float) p2.getY();
+
+    // translate the edge to the starting vertex
+    AffineTransform xform = AffineTransform.getTranslateInstance(x1, y1);
+
+    Shape edgeShape =
+        vv.getRenderContext()
+            .getEdgeShapeTransformer()
+            .apply(Context.getInstance(vv.getModel().getNetwork(), e));
+    if (isLoop) {
+      // make the loops proportional to the layoutSize of the vertex
+      Shape s2 = vv.getRenderContext().getVertexShapeTransformer().apply(v2);
+      Rectangle2D s2Bounds = s2.getBounds2D();
+      xform.scale(s2Bounds.getWidth(), s2Bounds.getHeight());
+      // move the loop so that the nadir is centered in the vertex
+      xform.translate(0, -edgeShape.getBounds2D().getHeight() / 2);
+    } else {
+      float dx = x2 - x1;
+      float dy = y2 - y1;
+      // rotate the edge to the angle between the vertices
+      double theta = Math.atan2(dy, dx);
+      xform.rotate(theta);
+      // stretch the edge to span the distance between the vertices
+      float dist = (float) Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
+      xform.scale(dist, 1.0f);
+    }
+
+    // transform the edge to its location and dimensions
+    edgeShape = xform.createTransformedShape(edgeShape);
+    return edgeShape;
+  }
+
+  protected Collection<V> getFilteredVertices() {
+    Set<V> nodes = vv.getModel().getNetwork().nodes();
+    return verticesAreFiltered()
+        ? Sets.filter(nodes, vv.getRenderContext().getVertexIncludePredicate()::test)
+        : nodes;
+  }
+
+  protected Collection<E> getFilteredEdges() {
+    Set<E> edges = vv.getModel().getNetwork().edges();
+    return edgesAreFiltered()
+        ? Sets.filter(edges, vv.getRenderContext().getEdgeIncludePredicate()::test)
+        : edges;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Quick test to allow optimization of <code>getFilteredVertices()</code>.
+   *
+   * @return <code>true</code> if there is an active vertex filtering mechanism for this
+   *     visualization, <code>false</code> otherwise
+   */
+  protected boolean verticesAreFiltered() {
+    Predicate<V> vertexIncludePredicate = vv.getRenderContext().getVertexIncludePredicate();
+    return vertexIncludePredicate != null
+        && !vertexIncludePredicate.equals((Predicate<V>) (n -> true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Quick test to allow optimization of <code>getFilteredEdges()</code>.
+   *
+   * @return <code>true</code> if there is an active edge filtering mechanism for this
+   *     visualization, <code>false</code> otherwise
+   */
+  protected boolean edgesAreFiltered() {
+    Predicate<E> edgeIncludePredicate = vv.getRenderContext().getEdgeIncludePredicate();
+    return edgeIncludePredicate != null && !edgeIncludePredicate.equals((Predicate<V>) (n -> true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns <code>true</code> if this vertex in this graph is included in the collections of
+   * elements to be rendered, and <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @return <code>true</code> if this vertex is included in the collections of elements to be
+   *     rendered, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  protected boolean isVertexRendered(V vertex) {
+    Predicate<V> vertexIncludePredicate = vv.getRenderContext().getVertexIncludePredicate();
+    return vertexIncludePredicate == null || vertexIncludePredicate.test(vertex);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns <code>true</code> if this edge and its endpoints in this graph are all included in the
+   * collections of elements to be rendered, and <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @return <code>true</code> if this edge and its endpoints are all included in the collections of
+   *     elements to be rendered, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  protected boolean isEdgeRendered(E edge) {
+    Predicate<V> vertexIncludePredicate = vv.getRenderContext().getVertexIncludePredicate();
+    Predicate<E> edgeIncludePredicate = vv.getRenderContext().getEdgeIncludePredicate();
+    Network<V, E> g = vv.getModel().getNetwork();
+    if (edgeIncludePredicate != null && !edgeIncludePredicate.test(edge)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    EndpointPair<V> endpoints = g.incidentNodes(edge);
+    V v1 = endpoints.nodeU();
+    V v2 = endpoints.nodeV();
+    return vertexIncludePredicate == null
+        || (vertexIncludePredicate.test(v1) && vertexIncludePredicate.test(v2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the layoutSize of the edge picking area. The picking area is square; the layoutSize is
+   * specified as the length of one side, in view coordinates.
+   *
+   * @return the layoutSize of the edge picking area
+   */
+  public float getPickSize() {
+    return pickSize;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the layoutSize of the edge picking area.
+   *
+   * @param pickSize the length of one side of the (square) picking area, in view coordinates
+   */
+  public void setPickSize(float pickSize) {
+    this.pickSize = pickSize;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `leaf` last assigned on line 223 could be null and is dereferenced at line 224.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object ShapePickSupport.getClosest(SpatialQuadTree,SpatialQuadTreeLayoutModel,double,double)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.picking.ShapePickSupport.getClosest(edu.uci.ics.jung.visualization.sp.cb93291ca55e7d91f42b9f16eab0b193
+
+### File:
+jung-visualization/src/main/java/edu/uci/ics/jung/visualization/picking/ShapePickSupport.java
+
+### Key:
+ShapePickSupport.java|getClosest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+50cb5ef8465ad6b6a77b806e5d8dd53e
+
+### Hash:
+73a4300ae042d960be796bde44f4bb91
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10658/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10658/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd2a7308c5062d6e96157c7ab9c339307e17b09d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10658/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jung
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Created on Jun 22, 2008
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008, The JUNG Authors
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is open-source under the BSD license; see either
+ * "license.txt" or
+ * https://github.com/jrtom/jung/blob/master/LICENSE for a description.
+ */
+package edu.uci.ics.jung.io;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.common.base.Functions;
+import com.google.common.graph.MutableNetwork;
+import com.google.common.graph.Network;
+import com.google.common.graph.NetworkBuilder;
+import edu.uci.ics.jung.graph.util.TestGraphs;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+public class TestGraphMLWriter extends TestCase {
+  public void testBasicWrite() throws IOException, ParserConfigurationException, SAXException {
+    Network<String, Number> g = TestGraphs.createTestGraph(true);
+    GraphMLWriter<String, Number> gmlw = new GraphMLWriter<String, Number>();
+    Function<Number, String> edge_weight =
+        new Function<Number, String>() {
+          public String apply(Number n) {
+            return String.valueOf(n.intValue());
+          }
+        };
+
+    Function<String, String> vertex_name = Functions.identity();
+    //TransformerUtils.nopTransformer();
+
+    gmlw.addEdgeData("weight", "integer value for the edge", Integer.toString(-1), edge_weight);
+    gmlw.addVertexData("name", "identifier for the vertex", null, vertex_name);
+    gmlw.setEdgeIDs(edge_weight);
+    gmlw.setVertexIDs(vertex_name);
+    gmlw.save(g, new FileWriter("src/test/resources/testbasicwrite.graphml"));
+
+    // TODO: now read it back in and compare the graph connectivity
+    // and other metadata with what's in TestGraphs.pairs[], etc.
+    GraphMLReader<MutableNetwork<String, Object>, String, Object> gmlr =
+        new GraphMLReader<MutableNetwork<String, Object>, String, Object>();
+    MutableNetwork<String, Object> g2 = NetworkBuilder.directed().allowsSelfLoops(true).build();
+    gmlr.load("src/test/resources/testbasicwrite.graphml", g2);
+    Map<String, GraphMLMetadata<Object>> edge_metadata = gmlr.getEdgeMetadata();
+    Function<Object, String> edge_weight2 = edge_metadata.get("weight").transformer;
+    validateTopology(g, g2, edge_weight, edge_weight2);
+
+    File f = new File("src/test/resources/testbasicwrite.graphml");
+    f.delete();
+  }
+
+  public <T extends Comparable<T>> void validateTopology(
+      Network<T, Number> g,
+      Network<T, Object> g2,
+      Function<Number, String> edge_weight,
+      Function<Object, String> edge_weight2) {
+    Assert.assertEquals(g2.edges().size(), g.edges().size());
+    List<T> g_vertices = new ArrayList<T>(g.nodes());
+    List<T> g2_vertices = new ArrayList<T>(g2.nodes());
+    Collections.sort(g_vertices);
+    Collections.sort(g2_vertices);
+    Assert.assertEquals(g_vertices, g2_vertices);
+
+    Set<String> g_edges = new HashSet<String>();
+    for (Number n : g.edges()) {
+      g_edges.add(String.valueOf(n));
+    }
+    Set<Object> g2_edges = new HashSet<Object>(g2.edges());
+    Assert.assertEquals(g_edges, g2_edges);
+
+    for (T v : g2.nodes()) {
+      for (T w : g2.nodes()) {
+        Assert.assertEquals(g.adjacentNodes(v).contains(w), g2.adjacentNodes(v).contains(w));
+        Set<String> e = new HashSet<String>();
+        for (Number n : g.edgesConnecting(v, w)) {
+          e.add(String.valueOf(n));
+        }
+        Set<Object> e2 = new HashSet<Object>(g2.edgesConnecting(v, w));
+        Assert.assertEquals(e.size(), e2.size());
+        Assert.assertEquals(e, e2);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (Object o : g2.edges()) {
+      String weight = edge_weight.apply(new Double((String) o));
+      String weight2 = edge_weight2.apply(o);
+      Assert.assertEquals(weight2, weight);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `edge_metadata` last assigned on line 60 could be null and is dereferenced at line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestGraphMLWriter.testBasicWrite()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.uci.ics.jung.io.TestGraphMLWriter.testBasicWrite():void.f395797f5c545d52eb39fc35c869199f
+
+### File:
+jung-io/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/jung/io/TestGraphMLWriter.java
+
+### Key:
+TestGraphMLWriter.java|testBasicWrite|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5e112a4af7ecf46a868c8a751173730a
+
+### Hash:
+f5652f21903f70c8ac41f88af3b163da
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1066/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1066/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc9ec60ca48438e98dbfbe02c7bd87b413b42e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1066/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net;
+    using FakeItEasy;
+    using Nancy.Extensions;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+    using Nancy.Tests.Fakes;
+    using Xunit;
+    using Xunit.Extensions;
+
+    public class NancyEngineFixture
+    {
+        private readonly INancyEngine engine;
+        private readonly IRouteResolver resolver;
+        private readonly INancyModuleLocator locator;
+        private readonly IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules;
+
+        public NancyEngineFixture()
+        {
+            this.modules = new[] { new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath() };
+            this.locator = A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>();
+            this.resolver = A.Fake<IRouteResolver>();
+            this.engine = new NancyEngine(this.locator, this.resolver);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_locator()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(null, A.Fake<IRouteResolver>()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_retrieve_modules_from_locator_when_handling_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_nancy_modules_could_be_found()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(Enumerable.Empty<NancyModule>());
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_get_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("get")]
+        [InlineData("GeT")]
+        [InlineData("PoSt")]
+        [InlineData("post")]
+        [InlineData("puT")]
+        [InlineData("PUT")]
+        [InlineData("DelETe")]
+        [InlineData("DELete")]
+        public void Should_ignore_case_of_request_verb_when_resolving_route_handlers(string verb)
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request(verb, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_delete_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("DELETE", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_all_route_handlers()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("PUT", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, descriptions)).Returns(null);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_route_could_be_matched_for_the_request_verb()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("NOTVALID", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_handling_null_request()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => this.engine.HandleRequest(null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_invoke_resolved_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_response_generated_by_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var expectedResponse = new Response();
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).Returns(expectedResponse);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedResponse);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_base_route_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.ModulePath.ShouldEqual("/fake");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_path_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Path.ShouldEqual("/");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_action_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            var expectedAction =
+                (new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath()).Post["/"];
+            
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Action.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedAction);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            this.modules.First().Request.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        }
+        
+        private static IEnumerable<RouteDescription> GetRouteDescriptions(IRequest request, IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules)
+        {
+            return modules.SelectMany(x => x.GetRouteDescription(request));
+        }
+
+        private static IRequest ManufactureGETRequest(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource e of type Nancy.NancyEngine, Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 274) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_action_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_action_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/NancyEngineFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+NancyEngineFixture.cs|Should_set_action_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+61308c8f6173410aaaf967b1ada6f1c4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10667/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10667/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aae2437533e8c21333cd86297a77ee5694bfb3be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10667/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.property.marshaller;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalProperty;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalPropertyElement;
+import static org.custommonkey.xmlunit.XMLAssert.assertXMLEqual;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+
+import biweekly.io.CannotParseException;
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.property.Geo;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller.Result;
+import biweekly.util.XmlUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class GeoMarshallerTest {
+	private final GeoMarshaller marshaller = new GeoMarshaller();
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, 56.78);
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "12.34;56.78";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_latitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, 56.78);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = ";56.78";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_longitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, null);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = "12.34;";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_both() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, null);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = ";";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseText() {
+		String value = "12.34;56.78";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_no_longitude() {
+		String value = "12.34";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_empty() {
+		String value = "";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_bad_latitude() {
+		String value = "bad;56.78";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_bad_longitude() {
+		String value = "12.34;bad";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, 56.78);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_latitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, 56.78);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_longitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_both() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_latitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getLatitude());
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_longitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertNull(prop.getLongitude());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_both() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getLatitude());
+		assertNull(prop.getLongitude());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseXml_bad_latitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>bad</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseXml_bad_longitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>bad</longitude>");
+		marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getRootElement(actual)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `writeXml(...)` at line 168.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GeoMarshallerTest.writeXml_missing_both()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.property.marshaller.GeoMarshallerTest.writeXml_missing_both():void.e40ea0a4b937c8d54c852189c5ac9520
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/property/marshaller/GeoMarshallerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GeoMarshallerTest.java|writeXml_missing_both|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d0ec784a9a07b2ee980cc56c82eecd21
+
+### Hash:
+0d86c6867f85f8ff4cad35a061f9519d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10669/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10669/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30e7192324805917f1c85ba93ca03af4003817d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10669/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.property.marshaller;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalProperty;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalPropertyElement;
+import static org.custommonkey.xmlunit.XMLAssert.assertXMLEqual;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.parameter.Value;
+import biweekly.property.TextProperty;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller.Result;
+import biweekly.util.XmlUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class TextPropertyMarshallerTest {
+	private final TextPropertyMarshallerImpl marshaller = new TextPropertyMarshallerImpl();
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl("the;text");
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "the\\;text";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_null() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl(null);
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseText() {
+		String value = "the\\;text";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Result<TextPropertyImpl> result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("the;text", prop.getValue());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl("text");
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<text>text</text>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_null() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl(null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<text></text>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_data_type() {
+		TextPropertyMarshallerImpl marshaller = new TextPropertyMarshallerImpl(Value.CAL_ADDRESS);
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl("mailto:johndoe@example.com");
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<cal-address>mailto:johndoe@example.com</cal-address>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<text>text</text>");
+		Result<TextPropertyImpl> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("text", prop.getValue());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_data_type() {
+		TextPropertyMarshallerImpl marshaller = new TextPropertyMarshallerImpl(Value.CAL_ADDRESS);
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<cal-address>mailto:johndoe@example.com</cal-address>");
+		Result<TextPropertyImpl> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("mailto:johndoe@example.com", prop.getValue());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	private class TextPropertyMarshallerImpl extends TextPropertyMarshaller<TextPropertyImpl> {
+		public TextPropertyMarshallerImpl() {
+			super(TextPropertyImpl.class, "TEXT");
+		}
+
+		public TextPropertyMarshallerImpl(Value dataType) {
+			super(TextPropertyImpl.class, "TEXT", dataType);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected TextPropertyImpl newInstance(String value) {
+			return new TextPropertyImpl(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class TextPropertyImpl extends TextProperty {
+		public TextPropertyImpl(String value) {
+			super(value);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `element` last assigned on line 133 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `parseXml(...)` at line 134.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TextPropertyMarshallerTest.parseXml_data_type()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.property.marshaller.TextPropertyMarshallerTest.parseXml_data_type():void.e9ca28f6faf06b245c69ede337b19f3e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/property/marshaller/TextPropertyMarshallerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TextPropertyMarshallerTest.java|parseXml_data_type|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+549d551a8f37004ce41f90eb7b51d9d7
+
+### Hash:
+27f6345fd5ed1a4035294f38e2719433
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1068/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1068/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0f6db646fa7ee07c90823bd988aec5a5d5b8086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1068/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Specifications
+{
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+
+    public abstract class RequestSpec
+    {
+        protected static INancyEngine engine;
+        protected static IRequest request;
+        protected static Response response;
+
+        protected RequestSpec()
+        {
+            engine = new NancyEngine(new AppDomainModuleLocator(new DefaultModuleActivator()), new RouteResolver());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("POST", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("DELETE", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("PUT", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("HEAD", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 30) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Specifications/RequestSpec.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestSpec.cs|ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+da5696e6479e343467ce700602fd8338
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10693/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10693/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ea338f91c1eb392d22edf5aa7723c2f1a97274d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10693/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.property.marshaller;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalProperty;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalPropertyElement;
+import static org.custommonkey.xmlunit.XMLAssert.assertXMLEqual;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+
+import biweekly.parameter.Encoding;
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.parameter.Value;
+import biweekly.property.Attachment;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller.Result;
+import biweekly.util.XmlUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class AttachmentMarshallerTest {
+	private final AttachmentMarshaller marshaller = new AttachmentMarshaller();
+
+	@Test
+	public void prepareParameters_uri() {
+		Attachment prop = new Attachment("image/png", "http://example.com/image.png");
+		prop.getParameters().setEncoding(Encoding.BASE64); //should be cleared
+		prop.getParameters().setValue(Value.BINARY); //should be cleared
+
+		ICalParameters params = marshaller.prepareParameters(prop);
+
+		assertEquals("image/png", params.getFormatType());
+		assertNull(params.getValue());
+		assertNull(params.getEncoding());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void prepareParameters_data() {
+		Attachment prop = new Attachment("image/png", "data".getBytes());
+
+		ICalParameters params = marshaller.prepareParameters(prop);
+
+		assertEquals("image/png", params.getFormatType());
+		assertEquals(Value.BINARY, params.getValue());
+		assertEquals(Encoding.BASE64, params.getEncoding());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_uri() {
+		Attachment prop = new Attachment("image/png", "http://example.com/image.png");
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "http://example.com/image.png";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_data() {
+		Attachment prop = new Attachment("image/png", "data".getBytes());
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = Base64.encodeBase64String("data".getBytes());
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseText_uri() {
+		String value = "http://example.com/image.png";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Result<Attachment> result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+
+		Attachment prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("http://example.com/image.png", prop.getUri());
+		assertNull(prop.getData());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseText_data() {
+		String value = Base64.encodeBase64String("data".getBytes());
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		params.setValue(Value.BINARY);
+		params.setEncoding(null);
+		Result<Attachment> result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+		Attachment prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getUri());
+		assertArrayEquals("data".getBytes(), prop.getData());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+
+		params.setValue(null);
+		params.setEncoding(Encoding.BASE64);
+		result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+		prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getUri());
+		assertArrayEquals("data".getBytes(), prop.getData());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+
+		params.setValue(Value.BINARY);
+		params.setEncoding(Encoding.BASE64);
+		result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+		prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getUri());
+		assertArrayEquals("data".getBytes(), prop.getData());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+
+		//treats base64 as a URI if no parameters are set
+		params.setValue(null);
+		params.setEncoding(null);
+		result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+		prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(Base64.encodeBase64String("data".getBytes()), prop.getUri());
+		assertNull(prop.getData());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_uri() {
+		Attachment prop = new Attachment("image/png", "http://example.com/image.png");
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<uri>http://example.com/image.png</uri>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_data() {
+		Attachment prop = new Attachment("image/png", "data".getBytes());
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<binary>" + Base64.encodeBase64String("data".getBytes()) + "</binary>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_uri() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<uri>http://example.com/image.png</uri>");
+		Result<Attachment> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Attachment prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("http://example.com/image.png", prop.getUri());
+		assertNull(prop.getData());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_data() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<binary>" + Base64.encodeBase64String("data".getBytes()) + "</binary>");
+		Result<Attachment> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Attachment prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getUri());
+		assertArrayEquals("data".getBytes(), prop.getData());
+
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `element` last assigned on line 176 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `parseXml(...)` at line 177.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AttachmentMarshallerTest.parseXml_uri()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.property.marshaller.AttachmentMarshallerTest.parseXml_uri():void.8da5b94f1c95acd2c559d2c46d51fa9c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/property/marshaller/AttachmentMarshallerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AttachmentMarshallerTest.java|parseXml_uri|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+700bacf046ac2fcd95fa1405262a06a6
+
+### Hash:
+1c49cb755943d26a05b60750634907fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10694/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10694/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b29d342a5555628784e045661c0b9cf1f3e5aa6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10694/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.property.marshaller;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalProperty;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalPropertyElement;
+import static org.custommonkey.xmlunit.XMLAssert.assertXMLEqual;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+
+import biweekly.io.CannotParseException;
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.property.Geo;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller.Result;
+import biweekly.util.XmlUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class GeoMarshallerTest {
+	private final GeoMarshaller marshaller = new GeoMarshaller();
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, 56.78);
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "12.34;56.78";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_latitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, 56.78);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = ";56.78";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_longitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, null);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = "12.34;";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_both() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, null);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = ";";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseText() {
+		String value = "12.34;56.78";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_no_longitude() {
+		String value = "12.34";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_empty() {
+		String value = "";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_bad_latitude() {
+		String value = "bad;56.78";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_bad_longitude() {
+		String value = "12.34;bad";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, 56.78);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_latitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, 56.78);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_longitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_both() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_latitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getLatitude());
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_longitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertNull(prop.getLongitude());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_both() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getLatitude());
+		assertNull(prop.getLongitude());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseXml_bad_latitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>bad</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseXml_bad_longitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>bad</longitude>");
+		marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `element` last assigned on line 178 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `parseXml(...)` at line 179.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GeoMarshallerTest.parseXml()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.property.marshaller.GeoMarshallerTest.parseXml():void.d34279826e18233ad58af3f2660e6a3f
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/property/marshaller/GeoMarshallerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GeoMarshallerTest.java|parseXml|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+700bacf046ac2fcd95fa1405262a06a6
+
+### Hash:
+326ce91f481f8370725a9a6b0ed3c0ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1072/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1072/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b751d96e8aa3363ae071244ae9292134ef887f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1072/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Specifications
+{
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+
+    public abstract class RequestSpec
+    {
+        protected static INancyEngine engine;
+        protected static IRequest request;
+        protected static Response response;
+
+        protected RequestSpec()
+        {
+            engine = new NancyEngine(new AppDomainModuleLocator(), new RouteResolver());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("POST", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("DELETE", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("PUT", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("HEAD", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 25) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "IRequest RequestSpec.ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IRequest RequestSpec.ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Specifications/RequestSpec.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestSpec.cs|ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c1a3fd61138f05371df2bfe2722f4b7e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1075/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1075/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bdba11cb4178ade3173907791e53a7a5843da3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1075/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Collections.Specialized;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Xunit;
+
+    public class RequestFixture
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception = 
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(null, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(string.Empty, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", null, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", string.Empty, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_headers()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", null, new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_body()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_method_parameter_value_to_method_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string method = "GET";
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request(method, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Method.ShouldEqual(method);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string uri = "/";
+            
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", uri, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Uri.ShouldEqual(uri);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_header_parameter_value_to_header_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var headers = new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", headers, new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Headers.ShouldBeSameAs(headers);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_body_parameter_value_to_body_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var body = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), body);
+
+            // Then
+            request.Body.ShouldBeSameAs(body);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_extract_form_data_from_body_when_content_type_is_x_www_form_urlencoded()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string bodyContent = "name=John+Doe&gender=male&family=5&city=kent&city=miami&other=abc%0D%0Adef&nickname=J%26D";
+            var memory = new MemoryStream();
+            var writer = new StreamWriter(memory);
+            writer.Write(bodyContent);
+            writer.Flush();
+            memory.Position = 0;
+
+            var headers = 
+                new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>
+                {
+                    { "content-type", new[] { "x-www-form-urlencoded" } }
+                };
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", headers, memory);
+
+            // Then
+            ((string)request.Form.name).ShouldEqual("John Doe");
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 84) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void RequestFixture.Should_set_method_parameter_value_to_method_property_when_initialized()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RequestFixture.Should_set_method_parameter_value_to_method_property_when_initialized()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/RequestFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestFixture.cs|Should_set_method_parameter_value_to_method_property_when_initialized|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8e84e475d5816fe4fa3dbd7b6a2ad584
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10803/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10803/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd7a0bd277bf2f6759e9d0349ecce1270c4f20f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10803/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rocketmq
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.rocketmq.remoting;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.common.TlsMode;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.exception.RemotingSendRequestException;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.NettyClientConfig;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsHelper;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.protocol.LanguageCode;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.protocol.RemotingCommand;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+import org.junit.rules.TestName;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_CLIENT_AUTHSERVER;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_CLIENT_CERTPATH;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_CLIENT_KEYPASSWORD;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_CLIENT_KEYPATH;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_CLIENT_TRUSTCERTPATH;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_SERVER_AUTHCLIENT;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_SERVER_CERTPATH;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_SERVER_KEYPASSWORD;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_SERVER_KEYPATH;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_SERVER_NEED_CLIENT_AUTH;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.TLS_SERVER_TRUSTCERTPATH;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsClientAuthServer;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsClientCertPath;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsClientKeyPassword;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsClientKeyPath;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsClientTrustCertPath;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsConfigFile;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsMode;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsServerAuthClient;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsServerCertPath;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsServerKeyPassword;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsServerKeyPath;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsServerNeedClientAuth;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsServerTrustCertPath;
+import static org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.TlsSystemConfig.tlsTestModeEnable;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.failBecauseExceptionWasNotThrown;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class TlsTest {
+    private RemotingServer remotingServer;
+    private RemotingClient remotingClient;
+
+    @Rule
+    public TestName name = new TestName();
+
+    @Rule
+    public TemporaryFolder tempFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws InterruptedException {
+        tlsMode = TlsMode.ENFORCING;
+        tlsTestModeEnable = false;
+        tlsServerNeedClientAuth = "require";
+        tlsServerKeyPath = getCertsPath("server.key");
+        tlsServerCertPath = getCertsPath("server.pem");
+        tlsServerAuthClient = true;
+        tlsServerTrustCertPath = getCertsPath("ca.pem");
+        tlsClientKeyPath = getCertsPath("client.key");
+        tlsClientCertPath = getCertsPath("client.pem");
+        tlsClientAuthServer = true;
+        tlsClientTrustCertPath = getCertsPath("ca.pem");
+        tlsClientKeyPassword = "1234";
+        tlsServerKeyPassword = "";
+
+        NettyClientConfig clientConfig = new NettyClientConfig();
+        clientConfig.setUseTLS(true);
+
+        if ("serverRejectsUntrustedClientCert".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            // Create a client. Its credentials come from a CA that the server does not trust. The client
+            // trusts both test CAs to ensure the handshake failure is due to the server rejecting the client's cert.
+            tlsClientKeyPath = getCertsPath("badClient.key");
+            tlsClientCertPath = getCertsPath("badClient.pem");
+        } else if ("serverAcceptsUntrustedClientCert".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsClientKeyPath = getCertsPath("badClient.key");
+            tlsClientCertPath = getCertsPath("badClient.pem");
+            tlsServerAuthClient = false;
+        }
+        else if ("noClientAuthFailure".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            //Clear the client cert config to ensure produce the handshake error
+            tlsClientKeyPath = "";
+            tlsClientCertPath = "";
+        } else if ("clientRejectsUntrustedServerCert".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsServerKeyPath = getCertsPath("badServer.key");
+            tlsServerCertPath = getCertsPath("badServer.pem");
+        } else if ("clientAcceptsUntrustedServerCert".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsServerKeyPath = getCertsPath("badServer.key");
+            tlsServerCertPath = getCertsPath("badServer.pem");
+            tlsClientAuthServer = false;
+        } else if ("serverNotNeedClientAuth".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsServerNeedClientAuth = "none";
+            tlsClientKeyPath = "";
+            tlsClientCertPath = "";
+        } else if ("serverWantClientAuth".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsServerNeedClientAuth = "optional";
+        } else if ("serverWantClientAuth_ButClientNoCert".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsServerNeedClientAuth = "optional";
+            tlsClientKeyPath = "";
+            tlsClientCertPath = "";
+        } else if ("serverAcceptsUnAuthClient".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsMode = TlsMode.PERMISSIVE;
+            tlsClientKeyPath = "";
+            tlsClientCertPath = "";
+            clientConfig.setUseTLS(false);
+        } else if ("serverRejectsSSLClient".equals(name.getMethodName())) {
+            tlsMode = TlsMode.DISABLED;
+        }
+
+        remotingServer = RemotingServerTest.createRemotingServer();
+        remotingClient = RemotingServerTest.createRemotingClient(clientConfig);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        remotingClient.shutdown();
+        remotingServer.shutdown();
+        tlsMode = TlsMode.PERMISSIVE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that a client and a server configured using two-way SSL auth can successfully
+     * communicate with each other.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void basicClientServerIntegrationTest() throws Exception {
+        requestThenAssertResponse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void serverNotNeedClientAuth() throws Exception {
+        requestThenAssertResponse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void serverWantClientAuth_ButClientNoCert() throws Exception {
+        requestThenAssertResponse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void serverAcceptsUnAuthClient() throws Exception {
+        requestThenAssertResponse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void serverRejectsSSLClient() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            RemotingCommand response = remotingClient.invokeSync("localhost:8888", createRequest(), 1000 * 5);
+            failBecauseExceptionWasNotThrown(RemotingSendRequestException.class);
+        } catch (RemotingSendRequestException ignore) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that a server configured to require client authentication refuses to accept connections
+     * from a client that has an untrusted certificate.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void serverRejectsUntrustedClientCert() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            RemotingCommand response = remotingClient.invokeSync("localhost:8888", createRequest(), 1000 * 5);
+            failBecauseExceptionWasNotThrown(RemotingSendRequestException.class);
+        } catch (RemotingSendRequestException ignore) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void serverAcceptsUntrustedClientCert() throws Exception {
+        requestThenAssertResponse();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that a server configured to require client authentication actually does require client
+     * authentication.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void noClientAuthFailure() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            RemotingCommand response = remotingClient.invokeSync("localhost:8888", createRequest(), 1000 * 3);
+            failBecauseExceptionWasNotThrown(RemotingSendRequestException.class);
+        } catch (RemotingSendRequestException ignore) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests that a client configured using GrpcSslContexts refuses to talk to a server that has an
+     * an untrusted certificate.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void clientRejectsUntrustedServerCert() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            RemotingCommand response = remotingClient.invokeSync("localhost:8888", createRequest(), 1000 * 3);
+            failBecauseExceptionWasNotThrown(RemotingSendRequestException.class);
+        } catch (RemotingSendRequestException ignore) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void clientAcceptsUntrustedServerCert() throws Exception {
+        requestThenAssertResponse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTlsConfigThroughFile() throws Exception {
+        File file = tempFolder.newFile("tls.config");
+        tlsTestModeEnable = true;
+
+        tlsConfigFile = file.getAbsolutePath();
+
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(TLS_SERVER_NEED_CLIENT_AUTH + "=require\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_SERVER_KEYPATH + "=/server.key\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_SERVER_CERTPATH + "=/server.pem\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_SERVER_KEYPASSWORD + "=2345\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_SERVER_AUTHCLIENT + "=true\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_SERVER_TRUSTCERTPATH + "=/ca.pem\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_CLIENT_KEYPATH + "=/client.key\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_CLIENT_KEYPASSWORD + "=1234\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_CLIENT_CERTPATH + "=/client.pem\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_CLIENT_AUTHSERVER + "=false\n");
+        sb.append(TLS_CLIENT_TRUSTCERTPATH + "=/ca.pem\n");
+
+        writeStringToFile(file.getAbsolutePath(), sb.toString());
+        TlsHelper.buildSslContext(false);
+
+        assertThat(tlsServerNeedClientAuth).isEqualTo("require");
+        assertThat(tlsServerKeyPath).isEqualTo("/server.key");
+        assertThat(tlsServerCertPath).isEqualTo("/server.pem");
+        assertThat(tlsServerKeyPassword).isEqualTo("2345");
+        assertThat(tlsServerAuthClient).isEqualTo(true);
+        assertThat(tlsServerTrustCertPath).isEqualTo("/ca.pem");
+        assertThat(tlsClientKeyPath).isEqualTo("/client.key");
+        assertThat(tlsClientKeyPassword).isEqualTo("1234");
+        assertThat(tlsClientCertPath).isEqualTo("/client.pem");
+        assertThat(tlsClientAuthServer).isEqualTo(false);
+        assertThat(tlsClientTrustCertPath).isEqualTo("/ca.pem");
+
+        tlsConfigFile = "/notFound";
+    }
+
+    private static void writeStringToFile(String path, String content) {
+        try {
+            PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(path, true)));
+            out.println(content);
+            out.close();
+        } catch (IOException ignore) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String getCertsPath(String fileName) {
+        File resourcesDirectory = new File("src/test/resources/certs");
+        return resourcesDirectory.getAbsolutePath() + "/" + fileName;
+    }
+
+    private static RemotingCommand createRequest() {
+        RequestHeader requestHeader = new RequestHeader();
+        requestHeader.setCount(1);
+        requestHeader.setMessageTitle("Welcome");
+        return RemotingCommand.createRequestCommand(0, requestHeader);
+    }
+
+    private void requestThenAssertResponse() throws Exception {
+        RemotingCommand response = remotingClient.invokeSync("localhost:8888", createRequest(), 1000 * 3);
+        assertTrue(response != null);
+        assertThat(response.getLanguage()).isEqualTo(LanguageCode.JAVA);
+        assertThat(response.getExtFields()).hasSize(2);
+        assertThat(response.getExtFields().get("messageTitle")).isEqualTo("Welcome");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `response` last assigned on line 292 could be null and is dereferenced at line 294.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TlsTest.requestThenAssertResponse()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.TlsTest.requestThenAssertResponse():void.82ca29947d8c98be71afbb3244bc067b
+
+### File:
+remoting/src/test/java/org/apache/rocketmq/remoting/TlsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TlsTest.java|requestThenAssertResponse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+24ae6f170d625e18d33bb0779a6f88fd
+
+### Hash:
+6c6ca73902eaee706cdfb1536184b356
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10804/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10804/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54756ae7eba428354faf4caebc5667092955d7f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10804/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rocketmq
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.rocketmq.example.simple;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.client.consumer.DefaultMQPullConsumer;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.client.consumer.PullResult;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.client.exception.MQClientException;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.message.MessageQueue;
+
+public class PullConsumer {
+    private static final Map<MessageQueue, Long> OFFSE_TABLE = new HashMap<MessageQueue, Long>();
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws MQClientException {
+        DefaultMQPullConsumer consumer = new DefaultMQPullConsumer("please_rename_unique_group_name_5");
+
+        consumer.start();
+
+        Set<MessageQueue> mqs = consumer.fetchSubscribeMessageQueues("TopicTest1");
+        for (MessageQueue mq : mqs) {
+            System.out.printf("Consume from the queue: " + mq + "%n");
+            SINGLE_MQ:
+            while (true) {
+                try {
+                    PullResult pullResult =
+                        consumer.pullBlockIfNotFound(mq, null, getMessageQueueOffset(mq), 32);
+                    System.out.printf("%s%n", pullResult);
+                    putMessageQueueOffset(mq, pullResult.getNextBeginOffset());
+                    switch (pullResult.getPullStatus()) {
+                        case FOUND:
+                            break;
+                        case NO_MATCHED_MSG:
+                            break;
+                        case NO_NEW_MSG:
+                            break SINGLE_MQ;
+                        case OFFSET_ILLEGAL:
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        consumer.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private static long getMessageQueueOffset(MessageQueue mq) {
+        Long offset = OFFSE_TABLE.get(mq);
+        if (offset != null)
+            return offset;
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private static void putMessageQueueOffset(MessageQueue mq, long offset) {
+        OFFSE_TABLE.put(mq, offset);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PullConsumer.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.rocketmq.example.simple.PullConsumer.main(java.lang.String[]):void.2a8aa41646f457661f7368d1743f8cde
+
+### File:
+example/src/main/java/org/apache/rocketmq/example/simple/PullConsumer.java
+
+### Key:
+PullConsumer.java|main|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+070aeb30c43ffb2093ebbde085ec9319
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1081/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1081/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89859655526776bcca8eda69e7338f35412fc33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1081/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ScheduleMasterCore
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Hos.ScheduleMaster.QuartzHost.Common;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Hos.ScheduleMaster.Core.Models;
+using Hos.ScheduleMaster.Core.Log;
+using System.Net;
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.IO;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
+
+namespace Hos.ScheduleMaster.QuartzHost.Controllers
+{
+    [ApiController]
+    [Route("api/[controller]/[action]")]
+    public class QuartzController : ControllerBase
+    {
+        private readonly ILogger<QuartzController> _logger;
+        private SmDbContext _db;
+
+        public QuartzController(ILogger<QuartzController> logger, SmDbContext db)
+        {
+            _logger = logger;
+            _db = db;
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost]
+        public async Task<IActionResult> Start(Guid sid)
+        {
+            var model = _db.Schedules.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == sid && x.Status == (int)ScheduleStatus.Stop);
+            if (model != null)
+            {
+                await LoadPluginFile(model.AssemblyName);
+                ScheduleView view = new ScheduleView() { Schedule = model };
+                view.Keepers = (from t in _db.ScheduleKeepers
+                                join u in _db.SystemUsers on t.UserId equals u.Id
+                                where t.ScheduleId == model.Id && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(u.Email)
+                                select new KeyValuePair<string, string>(u.RealName, u.Email)
+                        ).ToList();
+                view.Children = (from c in _db.ScheduleReferences
+                                 join t in _db.Schedules on c.ChildId equals t.Id
+                                 where c.ScheduleId == model.Id
+                                 select new { t.Id, t.Title }
+                                ).ToDictionary(x => x.Id, x => x.Title);
+                bool success = await QuartzManager.StartWithRetry(view, StartedEvent);
+                if (success) return Ok();
+            }
+            return BadRequest();
+        }
+
+        private void StartedEvent(Guid sid, DateTime? nextRunTime)
+        {
+            //每次运行成功后更新任务的运行情况
+            var task = _db.Schedules.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == sid);
+            if (task == null) return;
+            task.LastRunTime = DateTime.Now;
+            task.NextRunTime = nextRunTime;
+            task.TotalRunCount += 1;
+            _db.SaveChanges();
+            //LogHelper.Info($"任务[{task.Title}]运行成功！", task.Id);
+        }
+
+        private async Task LoadPluginFile(string name)
+        {
+            var sourcePath = "https://localhost:44301/static/downloadpluginfile?pluginname=test";
+            var zipPath = $"{Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()}\\Plugins\\{name}.zip";
+            var pluginPath = $"{Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()}\\Plugins\\{name}";
+            using (WebClient client = new WebClient())
+            {
+                await client.DownloadFileTaskAsync(new Uri(sourcePath), zipPath);
+                //将指定 zip 存档中的所有文件都解压缩到文件系统的一个目录下
+                ZipFile.ExtractToDirectory(zipPath, pluginPath, true);
+                System.IO.File.Delete(zipPath);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost]
+        public async Task<IActionResult> Stop(Guid sid)
+        {
+            bool success = await QuartzManager.Stop(sid);
+            if (success) return Ok();
+            return BadRequest();
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost]
+        public async Task<IActionResult> Pause(Guid sid)
+        {
+            bool success = await QuartzManager.Pause(sid);
+            if (success) return Ok();
+            return BadRequest();
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost]
+        public async Task<IActionResult> Resume(Guid sid)
+        {
+            bool success = await QuartzManager.Resume(sid);
+            if (success) return Ok();
+            return BadRequest();
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost]
+        public async Task<IActionResult> RunOnce(Guid sid)
+        {
+            bool success = await QuartzManager.RunOnce(sid);
+            if (success) return Ok();
+            return BadRequest();
+        }
+
+        [HttpGet]
+        public IActionResult HealthCheck()
+        {
+            return Ok("i am ok");
+        }
+
+        [HttpGet, AllowAnonymous]
+        public IActionResult Get()
+        {
+            var sourcePath = "https://localhost:44301/static/downloadpluginfile?pluginname=test";
+            var zipPath = $"{Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()}\\Plugins\\test.zip";
+            var pluginPath = $"{Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()}\\Plugins\\test";
+            WebClient client = new WebClient();
+            client.DownloadFile(new Uri(sourcePath), zipPath);
+            //将指定 zip 存档中的所有文件都解压缩到文件系统的一个目录下
+            ZipFile.ExtractToDirectory(zipPath, pluginPath, true);
+            System.IO.File.Delete(zipPath);
+            return Ok("5555555555555555");
+            //Common.QuartzManager.StartWithRetry(new Core.Models.ScheduleView
+            //{
+            //    Schedule = new Core.Models.ScheduleEntity
+            //    {
+            //        AssemblyName = "Hos.ScheduleMaster.Demo",
+            //        ClassName = "Hos.ScheduleMaster.Demo.Simple",
+            //        CreateTime = DateTime.Now,
+            //        CreateUserId = 1,
+            //        CreateUserName = "hh",
+            //        CronExpression = "0/1 * * * * ?",
+            //        Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            //        RunMoreTimes = true,
+            //        StartDate = DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(-3),
+            //        Status = 0,
+            //        Title = "测试任务"
+            //    }
+            //}, (sid, time) => { });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource client of type System.Net.WebClient in method "IActionResult QuartzController.Get()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IActionResult QuartzController.Get()
+
+### File:
+src/ScheduleMasterCore/Hos.ScheduleMaster.QuartzHost/Controllers/QuartzController.cs
+
+### Key:
+QuartzController.cs|Get|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+33d4c222aabf4c6f94ee94c1500d3b3b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10835/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10835/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5560da23628c0591317e5ec7bb64c83afd9f7d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10835/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Metanome
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 by the Metanome project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package de.metanome.frontend.server;
+
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.algorithm_types.FunctionalDependencyAlgorithm;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.algorithm_types.InclusionDependencyAlgorithm;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.Algorithm;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.EntityStorageException;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.HibernateUtil;
+
+import org.hamcrest.collection.IsIterableContainingInAnyOrder;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link de.metanome.frontend.server.AlgorithmServiceImpl}
+ *
+ * @author Jakob Zwiener
+ */
+public class AlgorithmServiceImplTest {
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link de.metanome.frontend.server.AlgorithmServiceImpl#listAvailableAlgorithmFiles()}
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testListAvailableAlgorithmFiles() {
+    // Setup
+    AlgorithmServiceImpl service = new AlgorithmServiceImpl();
+
+    // Expected values
+    // Execute functionality
+    String[] algos = service.listAvailableAlgorithmFiles();
+
+    // Check result
+    assertTrue(algos.length > 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link AlgorithmServiceImpl#deleteAlgorithm(de.metanome.backend.results_db.Algorithm)}
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testDeleteAlgorithm() throws EntityStorageException {
+    // Setup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+
+    AlgorithmServiceImpl service = new AlgorithmServiceImpl();
+
+    String fileName = "someFileName.jar";
+
+    Algorithm expectedAlgorithm = new Algorithm(fileName);
+    expectedAlgorithm.setInd(true);
+    expectedAlgorithm.store();
+
+    // Check precondition
+    Algorithm actualAlgorithm = Algorithm.retrieve(fileName);
+    assertEquals(expectedAlgorithm, actualAlgorithm);
+
+    // Execute functionality
+    service.deleteAlgorithm(expectedAlgorithm);
+
+    // Check result
+    assertNull(Algorithm.retrieve(fileName));
+
+    // Cleanup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link de.metanome.frontend.server.AlgorithmServiceImpl#listAlgorithms(Class)}
+   * <p/> When no interface is specified all stored algorithms should be retrieved by the service.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testListAlgorithms() throws EntityStorageException {
+    // Setup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+
+    AlgorithmServiceImpl finderService = new AlgorithmServiceImpl();
+
+    // Expected values
+    Algorithm[] expectedAlgorithms =
+        {new Algorithm("some file name 1"), new Algorithm("some file name 2"),
+         new Algorithm("some file name 3")};
+    for (Algorithm algorithm : expectedAlgorithms) {
+      algorithm.store();
+    }
+
+    // Execute functionality
+    // Finds algorithms of all or no interfaces
+    List<Algorithm> actualAlgorithms = finderService.listAlgorithms(null);
+
+    // Check result
+    assertThat(actualAlgorithms,
+               IsIterableContainingInAnyOrder.containsInAnyOrder(expectedAlgorithms));
+
+    // Cleanup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link de.metanome.frontend.server.AlgorithmServiceImpl#listAlgorithms(Class)}
+   * <p/> When no interface is specified all stored algorithms should be retrieved by the service.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testAddAlgorithm() throws EntityStorageException {
+    // Setup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+
+    AlgorithmServiceImpl finderService = new AlgorithmServiceImpl();
+
+    // Execute functionality: add an IND algorithm
+    Algorithm algorithm = new Algorithm("someFileName.jar");
+    algorithm.setInd(true);
+    finderService.addAlgorithm(algorithm);
+
+    // Check result
+    assertTrue(finderService.listAllAlgorithms().contains(algorithm));
+    assertTrue(
+        finderService.listAlgorithms(InclusionDependencyAlgorithm.class).contains(algorithm));
+    assertFalse(finderService.listAlgorithms(FunctionalDependencyAlgorithm.class).contains(
+        algorithm));
+
+    // Cleanup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link AlgorithmServiceImpl#listUniqueColumnCombinationsAlgorithms()}, {@link
+   * AlgorithmServiceImpl#listInclusionDependencyAlgorithms()}, {@link
+   * AlgorithmServiceImpl#listFunctionalDependencyAlgorithms()} and {@link
+   * AlgorithmServiceImpl#listBasicStatisticsAlgorithms()} <p/> Stored algorithms that implement
+   * certain interfaces should be retrievable by the service.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testListAlgorithmFileNamesInterface() throws EntityStorageException {
+    // Setup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+
+    AlgorithmServiceImpl finderService = new AlgorithmServiceImpl();
+
+    // Expected values
+    Algorithm expectedIndAlgorithm = new Algorithm("ind algorithm").setInd(true).store();
+
+    Algorithm expectedUccAlgorithm = new Algorithm("ucc algorithm").setUcc(true).store();
+
+    Algorithm expectedFdAlgorithm = new Algorithm("fd algorithm").setFd(true).store();
+
+    Algorithm expectedBasicStatAlgorithm =
+        new Algorithm("basic stat algorithm").setBasicStat(true).store();
+
+    Algorithm otherAlgorithm = new Algorithm("other algorithm").store();
+
+    // Execute functionality
+    List<Algorithm> actualIndAlgorithms = finderService.listInclusionDependencyAlgorithms();
+    List<Algorithm> actualUccAlgorithms = finderService.listUniqueColumnCombinationsAlgorithms();
+    List<Algorithm> actualFdAlgorithms = finderService.listFunctionalDependencyAlgorithms();
+    List<Algorithm> actualBasicStatAlgorithms = finderService.listBasicStatisticsAlgorithms();
+    List<Algorithm> actualAllAlgorithms = finderService.listAllAlgorithms();
+
+    // Check result
+    assertThat(actualIndAlgorithms,
+               IsIterableContainingInAnyOrder.containsInAnyOrder(expectedIndAlgorithm));
+    assertThat(actualUccAlgorithms,
+               IsIterableContainingInAnyOrder.containsInAnyOrder(expectedUccAlgorithm));
+    assertThat(actualFdAlgorithms,
+               IsIterableContainingInAnyOrder.containsInAnyOrder(expectedFdAlgorithm));
+    assertThat(actualBasicStatAlgorithms,
+               IsIterableContainingInAnyOrder.containsInAnyOrder(expectedBasicStatAlgorithm));
+    assertThat(actualAllAlgorithms, IsIterableContainingInAnyOrder.containsInAnyOrder(
+        expectedIndAlgorithm, expectedUccAlgorithm, expectedFdAlgorithm,
+        expectedBasicStatAlgorithm, otherAlgorithm));
+
+    // Cleanup
+    HibernateUtil.clear();
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `finderService.listAllAlgorithms()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 137.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AlgorithmServiceImplTest.testAddAlgorithm()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.metanome.frontend.server.AlgorithmServiceImplTest.testAddAlgorithm():void.ecb6e0b42c642a22bd939db0fed93c8e
+
+### File:
+frontend/src/test/java/de/metanome/frontend/server/AlgorithmServiceImplTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AlgorithmServiceImplTest.java|testAddAlgorithm|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ce53c923f4dea93d3ab7dc2c8344c2b9
+
+### Hash:
+8e2833a5f99c36bdaeb09cfdb1a8adbf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10843/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10843/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9da8d409c0a678af64aeb2fec26f277785335c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10843/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Metanome
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_loading;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.ColumnCombination;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.ColumnIdentifier;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValue;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueString;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.UniqueColumnCombinationPrinter;
+
+public class AlgorithmExecutionTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void executeUniqueColumnCombinationsAlgorithmTest() {
+		// Setup
+		AlgorithmExecuter executer = new AlgorithmExecuter();
+		ByteArrayOutputStream outStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+		List<ConfigurationValue> configs = new ArrayList<ConfigurationValue>();
+		configs.add(new ConfigurationValueString("pathToInputFile", "blub"));
+
+		// Expected values
+		ColumnCombination columnCombination = new ColumnCombination(
+				new ColumnIdentifier("table1", "column1"), 
+				new ColumnIdentifier("table2", "column2"));
+				
+		// Execute
+		executer.executeUniqueColumnCombinationsAlgorithm("example_algorithm-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar", configs, 
+				new UniqueColumnCombinationPrinter(new PrintStream(outStream)));
+		
+		// Check result
+		assertTrue(outStream.toString().contains(columnCombination.toString()));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void executeFunctionalDependencyAlgorithmTest() {
+		// Setup
+		AlgorithmExecuter executer = new AlgorithmExecuter();
+		ByteArrayOutputStream outStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+		List<ConfigurationValue> configs = new ArrayList<ConfigurationValue>();
+		configs.add(new ConfigurationValueString("pathToInputFile", "blub"));
+
+		// Expected values
+		ColumnCombination columnCombination = new ColumnCombination(
+				new ColumnIdentifier("table1", "column1"), 
+				new ColumnIdentifier("table2", "column2"));
+				
+		// Execute TODO
+//		executer.executeFunctionalDependencyAlgorithm("example_algorithm-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar", configs, 
+//				null);
+		
+		// Check result
+		//assertTrue(outStream.toString().contains(columnCombination.toString()));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void executeInclusionDependencyTest() {
+		// Setup
+		AlgorithmExecuter executer = new AlgorithmExecuter();
+		ByteArrayOutputStream outStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+		List<ConfigurationValue> configs = new ArrayList<ConfigurationValue>();
+		configs.add(new ConfigurationValueString("pathToInputFile", "blub"));
+				
+		// Execute
+		// TODO executer.executeInclusionDependencyAlgorithm("example_algorithm-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar", configs, 
+				//null);
+		
+		// Check result
+		
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 34 is not released after line 34.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AlgorithmExecutionTest.executeUniqueColumnCombinationsAlgorithmTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_loading.AlgorithmExecutionTest.executeUniqueColumnCombinations.80af9853b555c1d9900a8f4cf5d47c51
+
+### File:
+backend/src/test/java/de/uni_potsdam/hpi/metanome/algorithm_loading/AlgorithmExecutionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AlgorithmExecutionTest.java|executeUniqueColumnCombinationsAlgorithmTest|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+856359cd50fd7ea897384191691ffe58
+
+### Hash:
+298dd26bc976b20bb34f5d276b5502e4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10844/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10844/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..beabcd2b18ecbb327519b5eae5942e560dccf305
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10844/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Metanome
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.server;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.google.gwt.user.server.rpc.RemoteServiceServlet;
+
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_execution.TempFileGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.AlgorithmConfigurationException;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.AlgorithmExecutionException;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.algorithm_execution.FileGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValue;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueBoolean;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueSQLInputGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueRelationalInputGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueString;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.input.SQLInputGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.result_receiver.FunctionalDependencyResultReceiver;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.result_receiver.InclusionDependencyResultReceiver;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.result_receiver.UniqueColumnCombinationResultReceiver;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_loading.AlgorithmExecutor;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_loading.AlgorithmLoadingException;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameter;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterBoolean;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterCsvFile;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterSQLIterator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterString;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.services.ExecutionService;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.input.csv.CsvFileGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.input.sql.SqlIteratorGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.FunctionalDependencyPrinter;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.InclusionDependencyPrinter;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.UniqueColumnCombinationPrinter;
+
+/**
+ * Service Implementation for service that triggers algorithm execution
+ */
+public class ExecutionServiceImpl extends RemoteServiceServlet implements ExecutionService {
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -2758103927345131933L;
+	
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param algorithmName
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws FileNotFoundException
+	 * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+	 */
+	protected AlgorithmExecutor buildExecutor(String algorithmName) throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
+		FunctionalDependencyResultReceiver fdResultReceiver = 
+				new FunctionalDependencyPrinter(getResultFileName(algorithmName), getResultDirectoryName());
+		InclusionDependencyResultReceiver indResultReceiver = 
+				new InclusionDependencyPrinter(getResultFileName(algorithmName), getResultDirectoryName());
+		UniqueColumnCombinationResultReceiver uccResultReceiver = 
+				new UniqueColumnCombinationPrinter(getResultFileName(algorithmName), getResultDirectoryName());
+		FileGenerator fileGenerator = new TempFileGenerator();
+		
+		return new AlgorithmExecutor(fdResultReceiver, indResultReceiver, uccResultReceiver, fileGenerator);
+	}
+	
+	private List<ConfigurationValue> convertInputParameters(
+			List<InputParameter> parameters) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		List<ConfigurationValue> configValuesList = new LinkedList<ConfigurationValue>();
+		for (InputParameter parameter : parameters){
+			ConfigurationValue configValue = convertToConfigurationValue(parameter);
+			configValuesList.add(configValue);
+		}
+		return configValuesList;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param parameter
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws AlgorithmConfigurationException
+	 */
+	public ConfigurationValue convertToConfigurationValue(
+			InputParameter parameter) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		//TODO all types of ConfigurationValues
+		if (parameter instanceof InputParameterString)
+			return new ConfigurationValueString(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					((InputParameterString) parameter).getValue());
+		
+		else if (parameter instanceof InputParameterBoolean)
+			return new ConfigurationValueBoolean(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					((InputParameterBoolean) parameter).getValue());
+		
+		else if (parameter instanceof InputParameterCsvFile)
+			return new ConfigurationValueRelationalInputGenerator(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					buildCsvFileGenerator((InputParameterCsvFile) parameter));
+		
+		else if (parameter instanceof InputParameterSQLIterator)
+			return new ConfigurationValueSQLInputGenerator(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					buildSQLInputGenerator((InputParameterSQLIterator) parameter));
+		
+		else
+			return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param parameter
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws AlgorithmConfigurationException
+	 */
+	private SQLInputGenerator buildSQLInputGenerator(
+			InputParameterSQLIterator parameter) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		return new SqlIteratorGenerator(parameter.getDbUrl(), parameter.getUserName(), parameter.getPassword());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param param
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws AlgorithmConfigurationException
+	 */
+	protected CsvFileGenerator buildCsvFileGenerator(InputParameterCsvFile param) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		//TODO advanced CsvFileGenerator construction
+		try {
+			if (param.isAdvanced())
+				return new CsvFileGenerator(new File(param.getFileNameValue()), param.getSeparatorChar(), 
+						param.getQuoteChar(), param.getEscapeChar(), param.getLine(), 
+						param.isStrictQuotes(), param.isIgnoreLeadingWhiteSpace()) ;
+			else
+				return new CsvFileGenerator(new File(param.getFileNameValue()));
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			throw new AlgorithmConfigurationException("Could not find specified CSV file.");		
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	@Override
+	public void executeAlgorithm(String algorithmName, List<InputParameter> parameters) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException, AlgorithmLoadingException, AlgorithmExecutionException {
+		
+		List<ConfigurationValue> configs = convertInputParameters(parameters);
+
+		try {
+			buildExecutor(algorithmName).executeAlgorithm(algorithmName, configs);
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			throw new AlgorithmExecutionException("Could not generate result file.");
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+			throw new AlgorithmExecutionException("Could not build temporary file generator.");
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected String getResultDirectoryName() {
+		return "results";
+	}
+	
+	protected String getResultFileName(String algorithmName) {
+		return algorithmName + new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HHmmss").format(new Date()) + ".txt";
+	}
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.FunctionalDependencyPrinter` acquired by call to `FunctionalDependencyPrinter(...)` at line 57 is not released after line 64.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 61
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AlgorithmExecutor ExecutionServiceImpl.buildExecutor(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.server.ExecutionServiceImpl.buildExecutor(java.lang.String):de..566458f8724dd0b94be4f58f6ac43523
+
+### File:
+frontend/src/main/java/de/uni_potsdam/hpi/metanome/frontend/server/ExecutionServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ExecutionServiceImpl.java|buildExecutor|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+369e78b7ce5b20a3f83fd3121ac8e26e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10850/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10850/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..876b04472083fd1940934c027bb9dadc5caedde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10850/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *    Copyright 2010-2017 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mybatis.spring.annotation;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.mybatis.spring.mapper.ClassPathMapperScanner;
+import org.mybatis.spring.mapper.MapperFactoryBean;
+import org.springframework.beans.BeanUtils;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionRegistry;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanNameGenerator;
+import org.springframework.context.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar;
+import org.springframework.core.annotation.AnnotationAttributes;
+import org.springframework.core.io.ResourceLoader;
+import org.springframework.core.type.AnnotationMetadata;
+import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils;
+import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar} to allow annotation configuration of
+ * MyBatis mapper scanning. Using an @Enable annotation allows beans to be
+ * registered via @Component configuration, whereas implementing
+ * {@code BeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessor} will work for XML configuration.
+ *
+ * @author Michael Lanyon
+ * @author Eduardo Macarron
+ * @author Putthiphong Boonphong
+ * 
+ * @see MapperFactoryBean
+ * @see ClassPathMapperScanner
+ * @since 1.2.0
+ */
+public class MapperScannerRegistrar implements ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar, ResourceLoaderAware {
+
+  private ResourceLoader resourceLoader;
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void setResourceLoader(ResourceLoader resourceLoader) {
+    this.resourceLoader = resourceLoader;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void registerBeanDefinitions(AnnotationMetadata importingClassMetadata, BeanDefinitionRegistry registry) {
+
+    AnnotationAttributes annoAttrs = AnnotationAttributes.fromMap(importingClassMetadata.getAnnotationAttributes(MapperScan.class.getName()));
+    ClassPathMapperScanner scanner = new ClassPathMapperScanner(registry);
+
+    // this check is needed in Spring 3.1
+    if (resourceLoader != null) {
+      scanner.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+    }
+
+    Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass = annoAttrs.getClass("annotationClass");
+    if (!Annotation.class.equals(annotationClass)) {
+      scanner.setAnnotationClass(annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    Class<?> markerInterface = annoAttrs.getClass("markerInterface");
+    if (!Class.class.equals(markerInterface)) {
+      scanner.setMarkerInterface(markerInterface);
+    }
+
+    Class<? extends BeanNameGenerator> generatorClass = annoAttrs.getClass("nameGenerator");
+    if (!BeanNameGenerator.class.equals(generatorClass)) {
+      scanner.setBeanNameGenerator(BeanUtils.instantiateClass(generatorClass));
+    }
+
+    Class<? extends MapperFactoryBean> mapperFactoryBeanClass = annoAttrs.getClass("factoryBean");
+    if (!MapperFactoryBean.class.equals(mapperFactoryBeanClass)) {
+      scanner.setMapperFactoryBean(BeanUtils.instantiateClass(mapperFactoryBeanClass));
+    }
+
+    scanner.setSqlSessionTemplateBeanName(annoAttrs.getString("sqlSessionTemplateRef"));
+    scanner.setSqlSessionFactoryBeanName(annoAttrs.getString("sqlSessionFactoryRef"));
+
+    List<String> basePackages = new ArrayList<>();
+    basePackages.addAll(
+        Arrays.stream(annoAttrs.getStringArray("value"))
+            .filter(StringUtils::hasText)
+            .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+
+    basePackages.addAll(
+        Arrays.stream(annoAttrs.getStringArray("basePackages"))
+            .filter(StringUtils::hasText)
+            .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+
+    basePackages.addAll(
+        Arrays.stream(annoAttrs.getClassArray("basePackageClasses"))
+            .map(ClassUtils::getPackageName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+
+    scanner.registerFilters();
+    scanner.doScan(StringUtils.toStringArray(basePackages));
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `annoAttrs` last assigned on line 69  at line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MapperScannerRegistrar.registerBeanDefinitions(AnnotationMetadata,BeanDefinitionRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mybatis.spring.annotation.MapperScannerRegistrar.registerBeanDefinitions(org.springframework.cor.01f7217c2a673483b03f963ec376ac47
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mybatis/spring/annotation/MapperScannerRegistrar.java
+
+### Key:
+MapperScannerRegistrar.java|registerBeanDefinitions|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d5013ba8889545293cd199df63b916d3
+
+### Hash:
+156f55b5dd150aff4134b669a64eed8e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10851/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10851/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d10cc62abbaceba5e7942063dbaef995514e71f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10851/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ion-java
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2007-2019 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * A copy of the License is located at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed
+ * on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either
+ * express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.amazon.ion.impl;
+
+import com.amazon.ion.IonCatalog;
+import com.amazon.ion.IonException;
+import com.amazon.ion.IonReader;
+import com.amazon.ion.IonType;
+import com.amazon.ion.IonValue;
+import com.amazon.ion.IonWriter;
+import com.amazon.ion.SymbolTable;
+import com.amazon.ion.SymbolToken;
+import com.amazon.ion.junit.IonAssert;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import com.amazon.ion.system.IonReaderBuilder;
+import com.amazon.ion.system.SimpleCatalog;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class BinaryWriterTest
+    extends OutputStreamWriterTestCase
+{
+    @Override
+    protected IonWriter makeWriter(OutputStream out, SymbolTable... imports)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        myOutputForm = OutputForm.BINARY;
+        return system().newBinaryWriter(out, imports);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWriteSymbolWithLockedSymtab()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeSymbol("force a local symtab"); // TODO amzn/ion-java/issues/8
+        iw.getSymbolTable().makeReadOnly();
+        thrown.expect(IonException.class);
+        iw.writeSymbol("s");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddTypeAnnotationWithLockedSymtab()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeSymbol("force a local symtab"); // TODO amzn/ion-java/issues/8
+        iw.getSymbolTable().makeReadOnly();
+        thrown.expect(IonException.class);
+        iw.addTypeAnnotation("a");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetFieldNameWithLockedSymtab()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeSymbol("force a local symtab"); // TODO amzn/ion-java/issues/8
+        iw.getSymbolTable().makeReadOnly();
+        iw.stepIn(IonType.STRUCT);
+        thrown.expect(IonException.class);
+        iw.setFieldName("f");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInternLockedSymtab()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeSymbol("force a local symtab");
+        SymbolTable symtab = iw.getSymbolTable();
+        symtab.makeReadOnly();
+        assertTrue(symtab.isReadOnly());
+        thrown.expect(IonException.class);
+        symtab.intern("d");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInternUnlockedSymtab()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeSymbol("force a local symtab");
+        SymbolTable symtab = iw.getSymbolTable();
+        assertTrue(!symtab.isReadOnly());
+        assertTrue(symtab.isLocalTable());
+        symtab.intern("d");
+        iw.stepIn(IonType.STRUCT);
+        {
+            iw.setFieldName("e"); //this causes e to be interned
+            iw.writeInt(1);
+            iw.setFieldName("d"); //d was already interned
+            iw.writeInt(2);
+        }
+        iw.stepOut();
+        symtab.makeReadOnly();
+        assertTrue(symtab.isReadOnly());
+        SymbolToken d = symtab.find("d");
+        SymbolToken e = symtab.find("e");
+        assertEquals("d", d.assumeText());
+        assertEquals("e", e.assumeText());
+        //verify that manually interning d first worked
+        assertTrue(d.getSid() < e.getSid());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFlushingUnlockedSymtab()
+    throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeSymbol("force a local symtab");
+        SymbolTable symtab = iw.getSymbolTable();
+        symtab.intern("fred_1");
+        symtab.intern("fred_2");
+
+        iw.writeSymbol("fred_1");
+        // This would cause an appended LST to be written before the next value.
+        iw.flush();
+        IonReader reader = IonReaderBuilder.standard().build(myOutputStream.toByteArray());
+        assertEquals(IonType.SYMBOL, reader.next());
+        assertEquals("force a local symtab", reader.stringValue());
+        assertEquals(IonType.SYMBOL, reader.next());
+        assertEquals("fred_1", reader.stringValue());
+        assertNull(reader.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFlushingUnlockedSymtabWithImports()
+    throws Exception
+    {
+        SimpleCatalog catalog = catalog();
+        SymbolTable fred1 = Symtabs.register("fred",   1, catalog);
+        iw = makeWriter(fred1);
+        iw.writeSymbol("fred_1");
+        // This would cause an appended LST to be written before the next value.
+        iw.flush();
+        IonReader reader = IonReaderBuilder.standard().withCatalog(catalog).build(myOutputStream.toByteArray());
+        assertEquals(IonType.SYMBOL, reader.next());
+        assertEquals("fred_1", reader.stringValue());
+        assertNull(reader.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMinimalSymtab()
+    throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeNull();
+        byte[] bytes = outputByteArray();
+
+        // 4 bytes for IVM, 1 byte for null
+        assertEquals(5, bytes.length);
+    }
+
+    private static final int MANY_ANNOTATION_LENGTH = 14;
+    private static final String MANY_ANNOTATION_SYMBOL_TEXT = "x";
+    @Test
+    public void testManyAnnotations()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        // TT72090065 - >= 14 bytes of annotation causes a length miscalculation
+        final IonWriter out = makeWriter();
+        out.stepIn(IonType.SEXP);
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < MANY_ANNOTATION_LENGTH; i++) {
+                out.addTypeAnnotation(MANY_ANNOTATION_SYMBOL_TEXT);
+            }
+            out.writeSymbol(MANY_ANNOTATION_SYMBOL_TEXT);
+        }
+        out.stepOut();
+        out.close();
+
+        final IonReader in = reread();
+        assertEquals(IonType.SEXP, in.next());
+        in.stepIn();
+        {
+            assertEquals(IonType.SYMBOL, in.next());
+            final String[] ann = in.getTypeAnnotations();
+            assertEquals(MANY_ANNOTATION_LENGTH, ann.length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < MANY_ANNOTATION_LENGTH; i++) {
+                assertEquals(MANY_ANNOTATION_SYMBOL_TEXT, ann[i]);
+            }
+            assertEquals(null, in.next());
+        }
+        in.stepOut();
+        assertEquals(null, in.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBinaryWriterReuseWithNoSymbols()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        testBinaryWriterReuseWithSymbols(null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBinaryWriterReuseWithSystemSymbols()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        testBinaryWriterReuseWithSymbols("name");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBinaryWriterReuseWithUserSymbols()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        testBinaryWriterReuseWithSymbols("s");
+    }
+
+    public void testBinaryWriterReuseWithSymbols(String symbol)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.writeSymbol(symbol);
+        iw.finish();
+
+        byte[] bytes1 = myOutputStream.toByteArray();
+        myOutputStream.reset();
+        IonValue dg1 = loader().load(bytes1);
+
+        iw.writeSymbol(symbol);
+        iw.finish();
+        byte[] bytes2 = myOutputStream.toByteArray();
+        myOutputStream.reset();
+        IonValue dg2 = loader().load(bytes2);
+
+        IonAssert.assertIonEquals(dg1, dg2);
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(bytes1, bytes2);
+
+        iw.writeSymbol(symbol);
+        iw.finish();
+        byte[] bytes3 = myOutputStream.toByteArray();
+        IonValue dg3 = loader().load(bytes3);
+
+        IonAssert.assertIonEquals(dg1, dg3);
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(bytes2, bytes3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoIVMWrittenWhenNoValuesWritten() throws IOException
+    {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        IonWriter writer = system().newBinaryWriter(out);
+        writer.close();
+        assertEquals(0, out.size()); //no IVM written
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalStateException.class)
+    public void testFinishNotAtTopLevel() throws Exception
+    {
+        iw = makeWriter();
+        iw.stepIn(IonType.STRUCT);
+        iw.finish();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void checkFlushedAfterTopLevelValueWritten()
+    {
+        checkFlushed(false);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.amazon.ion.impl.IonReaderBinaryUserX` acquired by call to `build(...)` at line 135 is not released after line 141.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 137
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BinaryWriterTest.testFlushingUnlockedSymtab()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.amazon.ion.impl.BinaryWriterTest.testFlushingUnlockedSymtab():void.19a2ccd2b9d97b1171954a607371f4b8
+
+### File:
+test/com/amazon/ion/impl/BinaryWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryWriterTest.java|testFlushingUnlockedSymtab|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+acfb2b9e12bc57b2736e9af620a5cc6b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10857/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10857/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b13a1011ae353a175a2ed4c4e4ed9b2b0c282a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10857/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 61
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1195 is not released after line 1196.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testUpdateOneRow()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testUpdateOneRow():void.ab4df46d1b44708674cb5c633be8b67e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testUpdateOneRow|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+48deeace92c2aa4ea26d434970475947
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10859/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10859/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..772c439f19da794735675d5c0c07c0f130ad4db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10859/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 59
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1152 is not released after line 1154.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testTuple7()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testTuple7():void.ff569a7e7e2b333710dcf78e1cc3fbf7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testTuple7|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+3460fae6eba29bcf7393ed15f28f07a8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1086/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1086/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c790f95bc84a5ca1cff44df8a438c05d129f3d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1086/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FFMediaToolkit
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace FFMediaToolkit.Encoding.Internal
+{
+    using System;
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Common;
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Common.Internal;
+    using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Contains method for creating media streams.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static unsafe class OutputStreamFactory
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new video stream for the specified <see cref="OutputContainer"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="container">The media container.</param>
+        /// <param name="config">The stream settings.</param>
+        /// <returns>The new video stream.</returns>
+        public static OutputStream<VideoFrame> CreateVideo(OutputContainer container, VideoEncoderSettings config)
+        {
+            var codecId = config.Codec ?? container.Pointer->oformat->video_codec;
+
+            if (codecId == AVCodecID.AV_CODEC_ID_NONE)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("The media container doesn't support video!");
+
+            var codec = ffmpeg.avcodec_find_encoder(codecId);
+
+            if (codec == null)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Cannot find an encoder with the {codecId}!");
+
+            if (codec->type != AVMediaType.AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"The {codecId} encoder doesn't support video!");
+
+            var videoStream = ffmpeg.avformat_new_stream(container.Pointer, codec);
+            var codecContext = videoStream->codec;
+            codecContext->codec_id = codecId;
+            codecContext->codec_type = AVMediaType.AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;
+
+            codecContext->bit_rate = config.Bitrate;
+            codecContext->width = config.VideoWidth;
+            codecContext->height = config.VideoHeight;
+
+            codecContext->time_base.den = config.Framerate;
+            codecContext->time_base.num = 1;
+            codecContext->gop_size = config.KeyframeRate;
+            codecContext->pix_fmt = (AVPixelFormat)config.VideoFormat;
+
+            if ((container.Pointer->oformat->flags & ffmpeg.AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER) != 0)
+            {
+                codecContext->flags |= ffmpeg.AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;
+            }
+
+            var dict = new FFDictionary(config.CodecOptions).Pointer;
+            ffmpeg.avcodec_open2(codecContext, codec, &dict);
+
+            return new OutputStream<VideoFrame>(videoStream, container);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type FFMediaToolkit.Encoding.Internal.OutputStream`1<TFrame>, Leaked resource (output of FFMediaToolkit.Common.FFDictionary::.ctor() at Line 53) of type FFMediaToolkit.Common.FFDictionary in method "OutputStream`1<TFrame> OutputStreamFactory.CreateVideo(OutputContainer,VideoEncoderSettings)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+OutputStream`1<TFrame> OutputStreamFactory.CreateVideo(OutputContainer,VideoEncoderSettings)
+
+### File:
+FFMediaToolkit/src/Encoding/Internal/OutputStreamFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+OutputStreamFactory.cs|CreateVideo|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3217e3d3e97caae1a93a5512c7c58bd8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10861/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10861/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95d588c3fd02b131bfd56f62d6a212063b355719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10861/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 66
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1241 is not released after line 1243.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testUpdateWithBatchSize2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testUpdateWithBatchSize2():void.97ba25e1bd2136e394c1f39dbad0e1db
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testUpdateWithBatchSize2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8f3e11586cbcc8655249195cf0375694
+
+### Hash:
+3f84dc6d6afcca394806c6a10457ed9b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10866/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10866/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96342f1c43bdb79d3c562ae88ac577ba54e5c767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10866/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 57
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1131 is not released after line 1133.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testTuple5()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testTuple5():void.00e918f18ef354a077648d74b5af496e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testTuple5|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+2f0aebaf10cc4b6710649140e825f610
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10868/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10868/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50c213143c17af4b598ee305c13e52c388337919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10868/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2381 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // System.out.println(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value())) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value()))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectChained");
+        // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .concatMap(score -> {
+                    log.info("score={}", score);
+                    return db //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(score) //
+                            .getAs(String.class) //
+                            .doOnComplete(() -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete(); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select nam from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("a") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        Database db = db(1); //
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> System.out.println("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        list.add("subscribed");
+        assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationsEmitsError() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person2::score) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            System.out.println("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 601 is not released after line 603.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testSelectTransactedTuple2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testSelectTransactedTuple2():void.1573567b04a567609e3106f035768bfe
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testSelectTransactedTuple2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b1e1d2e868cbf5fb020e794c7723980b
+
+### Hash:
+40b16313cf91f112be0645ebb35c709c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10872/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10872/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..571ab966d068c248fccf9744eb5c06f4705dc4a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10872/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2496 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 105
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getTupleN() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values();
+            assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+            assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+            assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+            assertEquals(2, list.size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .count() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db //
+                    .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values();
+            assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+            assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+            assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .getAs(String.class)) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get(Person10::name) //
+                    .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getTupleN() //
+                    .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(3) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .toList() //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingGet();
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .startWith(a) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(1) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().toObservable();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().count();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().ignoreElements();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(0) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                         // text
+                                                                         // here")
+                                                                         // //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                    .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+            db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                    .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(c) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Time t = new Time(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                    .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Date d = new Date(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(d) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                            ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .complete() //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingAwait();
+
+            int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingFirst();
+            assertEquals(-3, score);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            Completable a = db //
+                    .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .complete();
+            db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score = -3") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .countsOnly() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score = -3") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .toList() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                            && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1840 is not released after line 1842.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testSelectTimestampAsDate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testSelectTimestampAsDate():void.702f0d768b59ee65ed2d159421d4738f
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testSelectTimestampAsDate|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9275dffb92243fffa4fb0ef78102c621
+
+### Hash:
+370bffc7a99dbaae8b2704cab33bce15
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10875/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10875/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f6b1e9432c749c5c8425e096b241d58625275dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10875/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 67
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1252 is not released after line 1254.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords():void.fbfd6259089bfb48c72ef70aecd61e23
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8f3e11586cbcc8655249195cf0375694
+
+### Hash:
+e263a0dcaf3098472d5927bf4a941204
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1088/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1088/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c743da6d5aaf094ca61b9b07882bc91cc940fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1088/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FFMediaToolkit
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace FFMediaToolkit.Common
+{
+    using System;
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Helpers;
+    using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This is a base class of video and audio FFmpeg streams
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TFrame">Type of frame</typeparam>
+    public abstract unsafe class MediaStream<TFrame> : MediaObject, IDisposable
+        where TFrame : MediaFrame
+    {
+        private readonly IntPtr codec;
+        private readonly IntPtr stream;
+        private bool isDisposed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MediaStream{TFrame}"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">The media stream</param>
+        /// <param name="codec">The media <see cref="AVCodecContext"/></param>
+        /// <param name="container">The media container</param>
+        protected MediaStream(AVStream* stream, AVCodecContext* codec, MediaContainer container)
+        {
+            this.codec = (IntPtr)codec;
+            this.stream = (IntPtr)stream;
+            OwnerFile = container;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an unsafe pointer to the underlying FFmpeg <see cref="AVStream"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVStream* StreamPointer => stream != IntPtr.Zero ? (AVStream*)stream : null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an unsafe pointer to the underlying FFmpeg <see cref="AVCodecContext"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVCodecContext* CodecContextPointer => codec != IntPtr.Zero ? (AVCodecContext*)codec : null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the acces mode of this stream
+        /// </summary>
+        public override MediaAccess Access => OwnerFile.Access;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="MediaContainer"/> that owns this stream
+        /// </summary>
+        public MediaContainer OwnerFile { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the current stream index
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Index => StreamPointer->index;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets stream time base
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVRational TimeBase => StreamPointer->time_base;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sends the media frame to the encoder.
+        /// Usable only in encoding mode, otherwise throws <see cref="InvalidOperationException"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="frame">Media frame to encode</param>
+        public void PushFrame(TFrame frame)
+        {
+            CheckAccess(MediaAccess.Write);
+
+            ffmpeg.avcodec_send_frame(CodecContextPointer, frame.Pointer).ThrowIfError("sending the frame");
+
+            var packet = MediaPacket.AllocateEmpty(Index);
+
+            if (ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_packet(CodecContextPointer, packet) == 0)
+            {
+                packet.RescaleTimestamp(CodecContextPointer->time_base, TimeBase);
+
+                if (CodecContextPointer->coded_frame->key_frame == 1)
+                {
+                    packet.IsKeyPacket = true;
+                }
+
+                OwnerFile.WritePacket(packet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose() => Disposing(true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Method called when frame is pushing
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>null</returns>
+        protected abstract TFrame OnReading();
+
+        private void Flush()
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                var packet = MediaPacket.AllocateEmpty(Index);
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_send_frame(CodecContextPointer, null);
+
+                if (ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_packet(CodecContextPointer, packet) == 0)
+                    OwnerFile.WritePacket(packet);
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Disposing(bool dispose)
+        {
+            if (isDisposed)
+                return;
+
+            if (Access == MediaAccess.Write)
+                Flush();
+
+            if (stream != IntPtr.Zero)
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_close(StreamPointer->codec);
+
+            if (codec != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                var ptr = CodecContextPointer;
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&ptr);
+            }
+
+            isDisposed = true;
+
+            if (dispose)
+                GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+The call to `Void MediaPacket.set_IsKeyPacket(Boolean)` may trigger the following issue: ``AVPacket* MediaPacket.get_Pointer()`` could be null (from the call to `MediaPacket.set_IsKeyPacket(...)` on line 38) and is dereferenced in call to `MediaPacket.set_IsKeyPacket(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MediaStream`1<TFrame>.PushFrame(TFrame)
+
+### File:
+FFMediaToolkit/src/Common/MediaStream.cs
+
+### Key:
+MediaStream.cs|PushFrame|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+c5a5fd310b60900bdd86bbf6d329cb38
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10881/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10881/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8aa5b5cfd39235a1c4444eac463bd5972a01575f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10881/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2334 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterListStream(Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        db().select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterListStream(
+                        Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(2) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(0) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(-1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // System.out.println(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        db() //
+                .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectTransacted");
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value())) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .get().test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value()))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectChained");
+        // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .concatMap(score -> {
+                    log.info("score={}", score);
+                    return db //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(score) //
+                            .getAs(String.class) //
+                            .doOnComplete(() -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete(); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select nam from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("a") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        Database db = db(1); //
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> System.out.println("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        list.add("subscribed");
+        assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationsEmitsError() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person2::score) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            System.out.println("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 235 is not released after line 236.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative():void.061007757ecca8350676e231b481411d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+00c1f65e387d55c612515ace03b6e05b
+
+### Hash:
+ee78f63a45fdd0fdf0905bef312ddd04
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10886/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10886/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a38760be284a65d4a3c853410c9d0cf00aed06b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10886/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Types;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.SQLRuntimeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.Pool;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Preconditions;
+
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Action;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+
+public final class Database implements AutoCloseable {
+
+    private final Flowable<Connection> connections;
+
+    private final Action onClose;
+
+    private Database(@Nonnull Flowable<Connection> connections, @Nonnull Action onClose) {
+        this.connections = connections;
+        this.onClose = onClose;
+    }
+
+    public static Database from(@Nonnull Flowable<Connection> connections, @Nonnull Action onClose) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(connections, "connections cannot be null");
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(onClose, "onClose cannot be null");
+        return new Database(connections, onClose);
+    }
+
+    public static Database from(@Nonnull String url, int maxPoolSize) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(url, "url cannot be null");
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(maxPoolSize > 0, "maxPoolSize must be greater than 0");
+        return Database.from( //
+                Pools.nonBlocking() //
+                        .url(url) //
+                        .maxPoolSize(maxPoolSize) //
+                        .scheduler(Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(maxPoolSize))) //
+                        .build());
+    }
+
+    public static Database from(@Nonnull Pool<Connection> pool) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(pool, "pool canot be null");
+        return new Database(pool.members().cast(Connection.class), () -> pool.close());
+    }
+
+    public static Database test(int maxPoolSize) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(maxPoolSize > 0, "maxPoolSize must be greater than 0");
+        return Database.from( //
+                Pools.nonBlocking() //
+                        .connectionProvider(testConnectionProvider()) //
+                        .maxPoolSize(maxPoolSize) //
+                        .scheduler(Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(maxPoolSize))) //
+                        .build());
+    }
+
+    static ConnectionProvider testConnectionProvider() {
+        return connectionProvider(nextUrl());
+    }
+
+    public static Database test() {
+        return test(3);
+    }
+
+    private static void createDatabase(@Nonnull Connection c) {
+        try {
+            Sql //
+                    .statements(Database.class.getResourceAsStream("/database-test.sql")) //
+                    .stream() //
+                    .forEach(x -> {
+                        try {
+                            c.prepareStatement(x).execute();
+                        } catch (SQLException e) {
+                            throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+                        }
+                    });
+            c.commit();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ConnectionProvider connectionProvider(@Nonnull String url) {
+        return new ConnectionProvider() {
+
+            private final AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean();
+            private final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+            @Override
+            public Connection get() {
+                try {
+                    Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
+                    if (once.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                        createDatabase(c);
+                        latch.countDown();
+                    } else {
+                        latch.await(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+                    }
+                    return c;
+                } catch (SQLException e) {
+                    throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() {
+                //
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static final AtomicInteger testDbNumber = new AtomicInteger();
+
+    private static String nextUrl() {
+        return "jdbc:derby:memory:derby" + testDbNumber.incrementAndGet() + ";create=true";
+    }
+
+    public Flowable<Connection> connections() {
+        return connections;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        try {
+            onClose.run();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public <T> SelectAutomappedBuilder<T> select(@Nonnull Class<T> cls) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(cls, "cls cannot be null");
+        return new SelectAutomappedBuilder<T>(cls, connections, this);
+    }
+
+    public SelectBuilder select(@Nonnull String sql) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(sql, "sql cannot be null");
+        return new SelectBuilder(sql, connections(), this);
+    }
+
+    public UpdateBuilder update(@Nonnull String sql) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(sql, "sql cannot be null");
+        return new UpdateBuilder(sql, connections(), this);
+    }
+
+    public TransactedBuilder tx(@Nonnull Tx<?> tx) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(tx, "tx cannot be null");
+        TxImpl<?> t = (TxImpl<?>) tx;
+        TransactedConnection c = t.connection().fork();
+        return new TransactedBuilder(c, this);
+    }
+
+    public static final Object NULL_CLOB = new Object();
+
+    public static final Object NULL_NUMBER = new Object();
+
+    public static Object toSentinelIfNull(@Nullable String s) {
+        if (s == null)
+            return NULL_CLOB;
+        else
+            return s;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sentinel object used to indicate in parameters of a query that rather
+     * than calling {@link PreparedStatement#setObject(int, Object)} with a null
+     * we call {@link PreparedStatement#setNull(int, int)} with
+     * {@link Types#CLOB}. This is required by many databases for setting CLOB
+     * and BLOB fields to null.
+     */
+    public static final Object NULL_BLOB = new Object();
+
+    public static Object toSentinelIfNull(@Nullable byte[] bytes) {
+        if (bytes == null)
+            return NULL_BLOB;
+        else
+            return bytes;
+    }
+
+    public static Object clob(@Nullable String s) {
+        return toSentinelIfNull(s);
+    }
+
+    public static Object blob(@Nullable byte[] bytes) {
+        return toSentinelIfNull(bytes);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool` acquired by call to `build()` at line 52 is not released after line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Database Database.from(String,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database.from(java.lang.String,int):org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database.e4e1e96f11fd29e325f0409b3fd0c834
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/Database.java
+
+### Key:
+Database.java|from|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+265ba86214678cae77b0c9ab2eedcb6d
+
+### Hash:
+489395b44549760aa2d20c5516b71e4e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10888/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10888/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..594e16ad98b7b9d17d7aa8dd91c85387891544b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10888/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2334 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterListStream(Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        db().select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterListStream(
+                        Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(2) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(0) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(-1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // System.out.println(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        db() //
+                .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectTransacted");
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value())) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .get().test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value()))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectChained");
+        // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .concatMap(score -> {
+                    log.info("score={}", score);
+                    return db //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(score) //
+                            .getAs(String.class) //
+                            .doOnComplete(() -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete(); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select nam from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("a") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        Database db = db(1); //
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> System.out.println("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        list.add("subscribed");
+        assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationsEmitsError() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person2::score) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            System.out.println("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 126 is not released after line 127.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testSelectUsingNamedParameterList()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testSelectUsingNamedParameterList():void.fb6a096c37f0380d7a00debe8559e587
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testSelectUsingNamedParameterList|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0dd0b11dc7f32655df35487085033d4e
+
+### Hash:
+26c9cf842513d415fca36803ac9d0d53
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10892/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10892/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce93f57c6713fe680fbe597b8cc98302a955a22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10892/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2717 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 111
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.CallableStatement;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.sql.Types;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseType;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 10;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .createRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthCheck(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectSpecifyingHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database//
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .createRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthCheck(DatabaseType.H2) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testCreateTestDatabaseWithZeroSizePoolThrows() {
+        Database.test(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectSpecifyingHealthCheckAsSql() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthCheck(DatabaseType.H2) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .createRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthCheck("select 1") //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNonBlockingPoolWithTrampolineSchedulerThrows() {
+        Pools.nonBlocking().scheduler(Schedulers.trampoline());
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getTupleN() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values();
+            assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+            assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+            assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+            assertEquals(2, list.size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .count() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db //
+                    .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values();
+            assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+            assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+            assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .getAs(String.class)) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void println(Object o) {
+        log.debug("{}", o);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(DatabaseTest::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(DatabaseTest::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get(Person10::name) //
+                    .blockingForEach(DatabaseTest::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getTupleN() //
+                    .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleNWithClass() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score a, score b from person order by name") //
+                    .getTupleN(Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(TupleN.create(21, 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleNWithClassInTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score a, score b from person order by name") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getTupleN(Integer.class) //
+                    .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(TupleN.create(21, 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(3) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .toList() //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingGet();
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .startWith(a) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(1) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().toObservable();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().count();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().ignoreElements();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(0) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(DatabaseTest::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                         // text
+                                                                         // here")
+                                                                         // //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                    .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+            db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                    .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthCheck(healthy) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues("FRED") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Date.class) //
+                    .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                    .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(c) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Time t = new Time(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                    .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Date d = new Date(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(d) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                            ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .complete() //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingAwait();
+
+            int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingFirst();
+            assertEquals(-3, score);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            Completable a = db //
+                    .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .complete();
+            db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score = -3") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .countsOnly() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score = -3") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .doOnNext(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                    .toList() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                            && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(DatabaseTest::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        // only run test if java 8
+        if (System.getProperty("java.version").startsWith("1.8.")) {
+            PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                    .blockingFirst();
+            assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsingNormalJDBCApi() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.apply(con -> {
+            try (PreparedStatement stmt = con
+                    .prepareStatement("select count(*) from person where name='FRED'");
+                    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery()) {
+                rs.next();
+                return rs.getInt(1);
+            }
+        }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        // now check that the connection was returned to the pool
+        db.select("select count(*) from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsingNormalJDBCApiCompletable() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.apply(con -> {
+            try (PreparedStatement stmt = con
+                    .prepareStatement("select count(*) from person where name='FRED'");
+                    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery()) {
+                rs.next();
+            }
+        }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        // now check that the connection was returned to the pool
+        db.select("select count(*) from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCallableStatement() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+        db.apply(con -> {
+            try (Statement stmt = con.createStatement()) {
+                stmt.execute(
+                        "create table app.person (name varchar(50) primary key, score int not null)");
+                stmt.execute(
+                        "call sqlj.install_jar('target/rxjava2-jdbc-stored-procedure.jar', 'APP.examples',0)");
+
+                String sql = "CREATE PROCEDURE APP.GETPERSONCOUNT" //
+                        + " (IN MIN_SCORE INTEGER," //
+                        + " OUT COUNT INTEGER)" //
+                        + " PARAMETER STYLE JAVA" //
+                        + " LANGUAGE JAVA" //
+                        + " EXTERNAL NAME" //
+                        + " 'org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.StoredProcExample.getPersonCount'";
+                stmt.execute(sql);
+                stmt.execute("CALL SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY("
+                        + "'derby.database.classpath', 'APP.examples')");
+                CallableStatement st = con.prepareCall("call getPersonCount(?, ?)");
+                st.setInt(1, 0);
+                st.registerOutParameter(2, Types.INTEGER);
+                st.execute();
+                assertEquals(0, st.getInt(2));
+            }
+        }).blockingAwait(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCallableStatementReturningResultSets() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+        db.apply(con -> {
+            try (Statement stmt = con.createStatement()) {
+                stmt.execute(
+                        "create table app.person (name varchar(50) primary key, score int not null)");
+                stmt.execute("insert into app.person(name, score) values('FRED', 24)");
+                stmt.execute("insert into app.person(name, score) values('SARAH', 26)");
+                stmt.execute(
+                        "call sqlj.install_jar('target/rxjava2-jdbc-stored-procedure.jar', 'APP.examples',0)");
+
+                String sql = "CREATE PROCEDURE APP.RETURNRESULTSETS(in min_score integer)" //
+                        + " PARAMETER STYLE JAVA" //
+                        + " LANGUAGE JAVA" //
+                        + " READS SQL DATA" //
+                        + " DYNAMIC RESULT SETS 2" //
+                        + " EXTERNAL NAME" //
+                        + " 'org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.StoredProcExample.returnResultSets'";
+                stmt.execute(sql);
+                stmt.execute("CALL SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY("
+                        + "'derby.database.classpath', 'APP.examples')");
+                CallableStatement st = con.prepareCall("call returnResultSets(?)");
+                st.setInt(1, 0);
+                boolean hasResultSets = st.execute();
+                if (hasResultSets) {
+                    ResultSet rs1 = st.getResultSet();
+                    st.getMoreResults(Statement.KEEP_CURRENT_RESULT);
+                    ResultSet rs2 = st.getResultSet();
+                    rs1.next();
+                    assertEquals("FRED", rs1.getString(1));
+                    rs2.next();
+                    assertEquals("SARAH", rs2.getString(1));
+                }
+            }
+        }).blockingAwait(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired to `db` by call to `createDerby(...)` at line 2480 is not released after line 2481.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testCallableStatementReturningResultSets()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testCallableStatementReturningResultSets():void.544567716b2ae9a73b70066599216418
+
+### File:
+rxjava2-jdbc/src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testCallableStatementReturningResultSets|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6a2b9d001d86be47333a79f81ddb8145
+
+### Hash:
+c4472d08e35562735740e29f72c9836c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10895/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10895/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d40b1a187573ccdf05c3cb990d045ac28eb1b184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10895/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2468 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 80
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getTupleN() //
+                    .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(3) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .toList() //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingGet();
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .startWith(a) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(1) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().toObservable();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().count();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().ignoreElements();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(0) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1580 is not released after line 1583.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString():void.cea3f8c1bfddddbbf73f52d183886815
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+46ceba10d7c2c07fd4a5ae176bb76c52
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1092/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1092/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4a39b4be088d2ae3f9a87e5cbfd41348c373505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1092/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FFMediaToolkit
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace FFMediaToolkit.Common
+{
+    using System;
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Helpers;
+    using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This is a base class of video and audio FFmpeg streams
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TFrame">Type of frame</typeparam>
+    public abstract unsafe class MediaStream<TFrame> : MediaObject, IDisposable
+        where TFrame : MediaFrame
+    {
+        private readonly IntPtr codec;
+        private readonly IntPtr stream;
+        private bool isDisposed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MediaStream{TFrame}"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">The media stream</param>
+        /// <param name="codec">The media <see cref="AVCodecContext"/></param>
+        /// <param name="container">The media container</param>
+        protected MediaStream(AVStream* stream, AVCodecContext* codec, MediaContainer container)
+        {
+            this.codec = (IntPtr)codec;
+            this.stream = (IntPtr)stream;
+            OwnerFile = container;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an unsafe pointer to the underlying FFmpeg <see cref="AVStream"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVStream* StreamPointer => stream != IntPtr.Zero ? (AVStream*)stream : null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an unsafe pointer to the underlying FFmpeg <see cref="AVCodecContext"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVCodecContext* CodecContextPointer => codec != IntPtr.Zero ? (AVCodecContext*)codec : null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the acces mode of this stream
+        /// </summary>
+        public override MediaAccess Access => OwnerFile.Access;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="MediaContainer"/> that owns this stream
+        /// </summary>
+        public MediaContainer OwnerFile { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the current stream index
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Index => StreamPointer->index;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets stream time base
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVRational TimeBase => StreamPointer->time_base;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sends the media frame to the encoder.
+        /// Usable only in encoding mode, otherwise throws <see cref="InvalidOperationException"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="frame">Media frame to encode</param>
+        public void PushFrame(TFrame frame)
+        {
+            CheckAccess(MediaAccess.Write);
+
+            ffmpeg.avcodec_send_frame(CodecContextPointer, frame.Pointer).ThrowIfError("sending the frame");
+
+            var packet = MediaPacket.AllocateEmpty(Index);
+
+            if (ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_packet(CodecContextPointer, packet) == 0)
+            {
+                packet.RescaleTimestamp(CodecContextPointer->time_base, TimeBase);
+
+                if (CodecContextPointer->coded_frame->key_frame == 1)
+                {
+                    packet.IsKeyPacket = true;
+                }
+
+                OwnerFile.WritePacket(packet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose() => Disposing(true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Method called when frame is pushing
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>null</returns>
+        protected abstract TFrame OnReading();
+
+        private void Flush()
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                var packet = MediaPacket.AllocateEmpty(Index);
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_send_frame(CodecContextPointer, null);
+
+                if (ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_packet(CodecContextPointer, packet) == 0)
+                    OwnerFile.WritePacket(packet);
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Disposing(bool dispose)
+        {
+            if (isDisposed)
+                return;
+
+            if (Access == MediaAccess.Write)
+                Flush();
+
+            if (stream != IntPtr.Zero)
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_close(StreamPointer->codec);
+
+            if (codec != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                var ptr = CodecContextPointer;
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&ptr);
+            }
+
+            isDisposed = true;
+
+            if (dispose)
+                GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+``AVCodecContext* MediaStream`1<TFrame>.get_CodecContextPointer()`` could be null (from the call to `MediaStream`1` on line 76) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MediaStream`1<TFrame>.PushFrame(TFrame)
+
+### File:
+FFMediaToolkit/src/Common/MediaStream.cs
+
+### Key:
+MediaStream.cs|PushFrame|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+b02d5b9751706b8853c604d25a0c0883
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1094/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1094/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f304f7fde92417ebb7f74625287505221d7468e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1094/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FFMediaToolkit
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace FFMediaToolkit.Common
+{
+    using System;
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Helpers;
+    using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This is a base class of video and audio FFmpeg streams
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="TFrame">Type of frame</typeparam>
+    public abstract unsafe class MediaStream<TFrame> : MediaObject, IDisposable
+        where TFrame : MediaFrame
+    {
+        private readonly IntPtr codec;
+        private readonly IntPtr stream;
+        private bool isDisposed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MediaStream{TFrame}"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">The media stream</param>
+        /// <param name="codec">The media <see cref="AVCodecContext"/></param>
+        /// <param name="container">The media container</param>
+        protected MediaStream(AVStream* stream, AVCodecContext* codec, MediaContainer container)
+        {
+            this.codec = (IntPtr)codec;
+            this.stream = (IntPtr)stream;
+            OwnerFile = container;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an unsafe pointer to the underlying FFmpeg <see cref="AVStream"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVStream* StreamPointer => stream != IntPtr.Zero ? (AVStream*)stream : null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an unsafe pointer to the underlying FFmpeg <see cref="AVCodecContext"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVCodecContext* CodecContextPointer => codec != IntPtr.Zero ? (AVCodecContext*)codec : null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the acces mode of this stream
+        /// </summary>
+        public override MediaAccess Access => OwnerFile.Access;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="MediaContainer"/> that owns this stream
+        /// </summary>
+        public MediaContainer OwnerFile { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the current stream index
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Index => StreamPointer->index;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets stream time base
+        /// </summary>
+        public AVRational TimeBase => StreamPointer->time_base;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sends the media frame to the encoder.
+        /// Usable only in encoding mode, otherwise throws <see cref="InvalidOperationException"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="frame">Media frame to encode</param>
+        public void PushFrame(TFrame frame)
+        {
+            CheckAccess(MediaAccess.Write);
+
+            ffmpeg.avcodec_send_frame(CodecContextPointer, frame.Pointer).ThrowIfError("sending the frame");
+
+            var packet = MediaPacket.AllocateEmpty(Index);
+
+            if (ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_packet(CodecContextPointer, packet) == 0)
+            {
+                packet.RescaleTimestamp(CodecContextPointer->time_base, TimeBase);
+
+                if (CodecContextPointer->coded_frame->key_frame == 1)
+                {
+                    packet.IsKeyPacket = true;
+                }
+
+                OwnerFile.WritePacket(packet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose() => Disposing(true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Method called when frame is pushing
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>null</returns>
+        protected abstract TFrame OnReading();
+
+        private void Flush()
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                var packet = MediaPacket.AllocateEmpty(Index);
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_send_frame(CodecContextPointer, null);
+
+                if (ffmpeg.avcodec_receive_packet(CodecContextPointer, packet) == 0)
+                    OwnerFile.WritePacket(packet);
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Disposing(bool dispose)
+        {
+            if (isDisposed)
+                return;
+
+            if (Access == MediaAccess.Write)
+                Flush();
+
+            if (stream != IntPtr.Zero)
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_close(StreamPointer->codec);
+
+            if (codec != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                var ptr = CodecContextPointer;
+                ffmpeg.avcodec_free_context(&ptr);
+            }
+
+            isDisposed = true;
+
+            if (dispose)
+                GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+``AVCodecContext* MediaStream`1<TFrame>.get_CodecContextPointer()`` could be null (from the call to `MediaStream`1` on line 78) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MediaStream`1<TFrame>.PushFrame(TFrame)
+
+### File:
+FFMediaToolkit/src/Common/MediaStream.cs
+
+### Key:
+MediaStream.cs|PushFrame|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+b02d5b9751706b8853c604d25a0c0883
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1095/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1095/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..694266ef5b0cb858269e5bd619a6caf51b9db166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1095/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FFMediaToolkit
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace FFMediaToolkit.Decoding.Internal
+{
+    using System.IO;
+
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Common;
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Common.Internal;
+    using FFMediaToolkit.Helpers;
+
+    using FFmpeg.AutoGen;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents the multimedia file container.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal unsafe class InputContainer : Wrapper<AVFormatContext>
+    {
+        private static avio_alloc_context_read_packet readCallback;
+        private static avio_alloc_context_seek seekCallback;
+        private readonly MediaPacket packet;
+        private bool canReusePacket = false;
+
+        private InputContainer(AVFormatContext* formatContext)
+            : base(formatContext) => packet = MediaPacket.AllocateEmpty(0);
+
+        private delegate void AVFormatContextDelegate(AVFormatContext* context);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the video stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Decoder<VideoFrame> Video { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Opens a media container and stream codecs from given path.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">A path to the multimedia file.</param>
+        /// <param name="options">The media settings.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new instance of the <see cref="InputContainer"/> class.</returns>
+        public static InputContainer LoadFile(string path, MediaOptions options) => MakeContainer(path, options, _ => { });
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Opens a media container and stream codecs from given stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">A stream of the multimedia file.</param>
+        /// <param name="options">The media settings.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new instance of the <see cref="InputContainer"/> class.</returns>
+        public static InputContainer LoadStream(Stream stream, MediaOptions options)
+        {
+            return MakeContainer(null, options, context =>
+            {
+                var avioStream = new AvioStream(stream);
+
+                // Prevents garbage collection
+                readCallback = avioStream.Read;
+                seekCallback = avioStream.Seek;
+
+                int bufferLength = 4096;
+                var avioBuffer = (byte*)ffmpeg.av_malloc((ulong)bufferLength);
+
+                context->pb = ffmpeg.avio_alloc_context(avioBuffer, bufferLength, 0, null, readCallback, null, seekCallback);
+                if (context->pb == null)
+                {
+                    throw new FFmpegException("Cannot allocate AVIOContext.");
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads the next packet from the specified stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="streamIndex">Index of the stream.</param>
+        /// <returns>The read packet as <see cref="MediaPacket"/> object.</returns>
+        public MediaPacket ReadNextPacket(int streamIndex)
+        {
+            if (canReusePacket)
+            {
+                canReusePacket = false;
+                if (packet.StreamIndex != streamIndex)
+                    packet.Wipe();
+                else
+                    return packet;
+            }
+
+            GetPacketFromStream(streamIndex);
+
+            return packet;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Allows to return the last decoded packet with the next <see cref="ReadNextPacket(int)"/> call.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ReuseLastPacket() => canReusePacket = true;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Seeks all streams in the container to the first key frame before the specified time stamp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="targetTs">The target time stamp in a stream time base.</param>
+        /// <param name="streamIndex">The stream index. It will be used only to get the correct time base value.</param>
+        public void SeekFile(long targetTs, int streamIndex)
+        {
+            ffmpeg.av_seek_frame(Pointer, streamIndex, targetTs, ffmpeg.AVSEEK_FLAG_BACKWARD).ThrowIfError($"Seek to {targetTs} failed.");
+
+            Video.FlushBuffers();
+            GetPacketFromStream(streamIndex);
+            canReusePacket = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override void OnDisposing()
+        {
+            Video?.Dispose();
+
+            var ptr = Pointer;
+            ffmpeg.avformat_close_input(&ptr);
+
+            // Note: the internal buffer could have changed, and be != avio_ctx_buffer
+            if (Pointer->pb != null)
+            {
+                ffmpeg.av_free(Pointer->pb->buffer);
+                ffmpeg.avio_context_free(&Pointer->pb);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static InputContainer MakeContainer(string url, MediaOptions options, AVFormatContextDelegate contextDelegate)
+        {
+            FFmpegLoader.LoadFFmpeg();
+
+            var context = ffmpeg.avformat_alloc_context();
+            options.DemuxerOptions.ApplyFlags(context);
+            var dict = new FFDictionary(options.DemuxerOptions.PrivateOptions, false).Pointer;
+
+            contextDelegate(context);
+
+            ffmpeg.avformat_open_input(&context, url, null, &dict)
+                .ThrowIfError("An error occurred while opening the file");
+
+            ffmpeg.avformat_find_stream_info(context, null)
+                .ThrowIfError("Cannot find stream info");
+
+            var container = new InputContainer(context);
+            container.OpenStreams(options);
+            return container;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Opens the streams in the file using the specified <see cref="MediaOptions"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options">The <see cref="MediaOptions"/> object.</param>
+        private void OpenStreams(MediaOptions options)
+        {
+            // if (options.StreamsToLoad != MediaMode.Audio)
+            Video = DecoderFactory.OpenVideo(this, options);
+            if (Video != null)
+            {
+                GetPacketFromStream(Video.Info.Index); // Requests for the first packet.
+                canReusePacket = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads the next packet from this file.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ReadPacket()
+        {
+            var result = ffmpeg.av_read_frame(Pointer, packet.Pointer); // Gets the next packet from the file.
+
+            // Check if the end of file error occurred
+            if (result == ffmpeg.AVERROR_EOF)
+            {
+                throw new EndOfStreamException("End of the file.");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.ThrowIfError("Cannot read next packet from the file");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void GetPacketFromStream(int streamIndex)
+        {
+            do
+            {
+                ReadPacket();
+                if (packet.StreamIndex != streamIndex)
+                    packet.Wipe();
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+            while (true);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type FFMediaToolkit.Decoding.Internal.InputContainer, Leaked resource (output of FFMediaToolkit.Common.FFDictionary::.ctor() at Line 128) of type FFMediaToolkit.Common.FFDictionary in method "InputContainer InputContainer.MakeContainer(String,MediaOptions,InputContainer$AVFormatContextDelegate)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+InputContainer InputContainer.MakeContainer(String,MediaOptions,InputContainer$AVFormatContextDelegate)
+
+### File:
+FFMediaToolkit/Decoding/Internal/InputContainer.cs
+
+### Key:
+InputContainer.cs|MakeContainer|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4fbb8a7b457b4071360febcaf0579d87
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11110/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11110/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45cbf220e462c7440754f62e8144eb094b0b34af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11110/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.model;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.image.ImageFactory;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfDocument;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfImageXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.testutils.CompareTool;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Image;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Paragraph;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Text;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+public class ImageTest {
+
+    static final public String sourceFolder = "./src/test/resources/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+    static final public String destinationFolder = "./target/test/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    static public void beforeClass() {
+        new File(destinationFolder).mkdirs();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest01() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest01.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest01.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest02() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest02.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest02.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest03() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest03.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest03.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotateAngle(Math.PI/6);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest04() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest04.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest04.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotateAngle(Math.PI/6);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest05() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest05.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest05.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.scale(1, 0.5f);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest06() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest06.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest06.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setTranslationDistance(100, -100);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `is` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 158 is not released after line 179.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 160
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ImageTest.imageTest04()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.model.ImageTest.imageTest04():void.a62100d2c48f35bafbb148b24f987dd0
+
+### File:
+model/src/test/java/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ImageTest.java|imageTest04|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+6c2ea95d537c22ce5512d4f1e7ad4f2d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11117/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11117/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b62b49102dede0096de03676e3565d727706fd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11117/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.model;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.image.ImageFactory;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfDocument;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfImageXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.testutils.CompareTool;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Image;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Paragraph;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Text;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+public class ImageTest {
+
+    static final public String sourceFolder = "./src/test/resources/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+    static final public String destinationFolder = "./target/test/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    static public void beforeClass() {
+        new File(destinationFolder).mkdirs();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest01() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest01.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest01.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest02() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest02.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest02.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest03() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest03.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest03.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotateAngle(Math.PI/6);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest04() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest04.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest04.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotateAngle(Math.PI/6);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest05() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest05.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest05.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.scale(1, 0.5f);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest06() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest06.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest06.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setTranslationDistance(100, -100);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 81 is not released after line 89.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ImageTest.imageTest02()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.model.ImageTest.imageTest02():void.909c174251e80935b8dafc8b437598e3
+
+### File:
+model/src/test/java/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ImageTest.java|imageTest02|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+eb8dc6a9d15b5d9ef43c733543a2ca6c
+
+### Hash:
+83ec72461c501aa023f3e72a0b891e6f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11119/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11119/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da6849cc9e618be2422e0a26ab0ea280fd9ad0f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11119/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.model.renderer;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.geom.AffineTransform;
+import com.itextpdf.basics.geom.Point2D;
+import com.itextpdf.canvas.PdfCanvas;
+import com.itextpdf.core.geom.Rectangle;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfDocument;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfName;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfFormXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfImageXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.model.Property;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Image;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutArea;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutContext;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutPosition;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutResult;
+
+public class ImageRenderer extends AbstractRenderer {
+
+    float height;
+    Float width;
+    Float fixedXPosition;
+    Float fixedYPosition;
+    float pivotY;
+    float imageWidth;
+    float imageHeight;
+
+    float[] matrix = new float[6];
+
+    public ImageRenderer(Image image) {
+        super(image);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LayoutResult layout(LayoutContext layoutContext) {
+        LayoutArea area = layoutContext.getArea();
+        Rectangle layoutBox = area.getBBox();
+        occupiedArea = new LayoutArea(area.getPageNumber(), new Rectangle(layoutBox.getX(), layoutBox.getY() + layoutBox.getHeight(), 0, 0));
+
+        width = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.WIDTH);
+        Float angle = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.IMAGE_ROTATION_ANGLE);
+
+        PdfXObject xObject = ((Image) (getModelElement())).getXObject();
+        if (xObject instanceof PdfImageXObject) {
+            imageWidth = ((PdfImageXObject)xObject).getWidth();
+            imageHeight = ((PdfImageXObject)xObject).getHeight();
+        } else {
+            imageWidth = xObject.getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.BBox).getAsFloat(2);
+            imageHeight = xObject.getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.BBox).getAsFloat(3);
+        }
+
+        width = width == null ? imageWidth : width;
+        height = width / imageWidth * imageHeight;
+
+        fixedXPosition = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.X);
+        fixedYPosition = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.Y);
+
+        Float horizontalScaling = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.HORIZONTAL_SCALING);
+        Float verticalScaling = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.VERTICAL_SCALING);
+
+        AffineTransform t = new AffineTransform();
+
+        if (xObject instanceof PdfFormXObject && width != imageWidth) {
+            horizontalScaling *= width / imageWidth;
+            verticalScaling *= height / imageHeight;
+        }
+
+        if (horizontalScaling != 1) {
+            if (xObject instanceof PdfFormXObject) {
+                t.scale(horizontalScaling, 1);
+            }
+            width *= horizontalScaling;
+        }
+        if (verticalScaling != 1) {
+            if (xObject instanceof PdfFormXObject) {
+                t.scale(1, verticalScaling);
+            }
+            height *= verticalScaling;
+        }
+
+        float imageItselfScaledWidth = width;
+        float imageItselfScaledHeight = height;
+
+        if (angle != null) {
+            t.rotate(angle);
+            adjustPositionAfterRotation(angle);
+        }
+
+        getMatrix(t, imageItselfScaledWidth, imageItselfScaledHeight);
+
+        if (width > layoutBox.getWidth()){
+            return new LayoutResult(LayoutResult.NOTHING, occupiedArea, null, this);
+        }
+        if (height > layoutBox.getHeight()){
+            return new LayoutResult(LayoutResult.NOTHING, occupiedArea, null, this);
+        }
+
+        occupiedArea.getBBox().moveDown(height);
+        occupiedArea.getBBox().setHeight(height);
+        occupiedArea.getBBox().setWidth(width);
+
+        Float mx = getProperty(Property.X_DISTANCE);
+        Float my = getProperty(Property.Y_DISTANCE);
+        if (mx != null && my != null) {
+            translateImage(mx, my, t);
+            getMatrix(t, imageItselfScaledWidth, imageItselfScaledHeight);
+        }
+
+        if (fixedXPosition != null && fixedYPosition != null) {
+            occupiedArea.getBBox().setWidth(0);
+            occupiedArea.getBBox().setHeight(0);
+        }
+
+        return new LayoutResult(LayoutResult.FULL, occupiedArea, null, null);
+    }
+
+    private void getMatrix(AffineTransform t, float imageItselfScaledWidth, float imageItselfScaledHeight) {
+        t.getMatrix(matrix);
+        PdfXObject xObject = ((Image) (getModelElement())).getXObject();
+        if (xObject instanceof PdfImageXObject) {
+            matrix[0] *= imageItselfScaledWidth;
+            matrix[1] *= imageItselfScaledWidth;
+            matrix[2] *= imageItselfScaledHeight;
+            matrix[3] *= imageItselfScaledHeight;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void draw(PdfDocument document, PdfCanvas canvas) {
+        super.draw(document, canvas);
+
+        int position = getPropertyAsInteger(Property.POSITION);
+        if (position == LayoutPosition.RELATIVE) {
+            applyAbsolutePositioningTranslation(false);
+        }
+
+        if (fixedYPosition == null) {
+            fixedYPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getY() + pivotY;
+        }
+        if (fixedXPosition == null) {
+            fixedXPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getX();
+        }
+
+        canvas.addXObject(((Image) (getModelElement())).getXObject(), matrix[0], matrix[1], matrix[2], matrix[3],
+                fixedXPosition, fixedYPosition);
+
+        if (position == LayoutPosition.RELATIVE) {
+            applyAbsolutePositioningTranslation(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected ImageRenderer autoScale(LayoutArea area) {
+        if (width > area.getBBox().getWidth()) {
+            setProperty(Property.HEIGHT, area.getBBox().getWidth() / width * imageHeight);
+            setProperty(Property.WIDTH, area.getBBox().getWidth());
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void adjustPositionAfterRotation(float angle) {
+        AffineTransform t = AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(angle);
+        Point2D p00 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(0, 0), new Point2D.Float());
+        Point2D p01 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(0, height), new Point2D.Float());
+        Point2D p10 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(width, 0), new Point2D.Float());
+        Point2D p11 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(width, height), new Point2D.Float());
+
+        double[] xValues = {p01.getX(), p10.getX(), p11.getX()};
+        double[] yValues = {p01.getY(), p10.getY(), p11.getY()};
+
+        double minX = p00.getX();
+        double minY = p00.getY();
+        double maxX = minX;
+        double maxY = minY;
+
+        for (double x : xValues) {
+            minX = Math.min(minX, x);
+            maxX = Math.max(maxX, x);
+        }
+        for (double y : yValues) {
+            minY = Math.min(minY, y);
+            maxY = Math.max(maxY, y);
+        }
+
+        pivotY = (float) (p00.getY() - minY);
+
+        height = (float) (maxY - minY);
+        width = (float) (maxX - minX);
+
+        if (occupiedArea.getBBox().getX() > minX) {
+            occupiedArea.getBBox().moveRight((float) -minX);
+            if (fixedXPosition != null) {
+                fixedXPosition -= (float)minX;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void translateImage(float xDistance, float yDistance, AffineTransform t) {
+        t.translate(xDistance, yDistance);
+        t.getMatrix(matrix);
+        if (fixedXPosition == null) {
+            fixedXPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getX();
+        }
+        if (fixedYPosition == null) {
+            fixedYPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getY() + height;
+        }
+        fixedXPosition += t.getTranslateX();
+        fixedYPosition += t.getTranslateY();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `xObject.getPdfObject().getAsArray(com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfName.BBox)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 49.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+LayoutResult ImageRenderer.layout(LayoutContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.model.renderer.ImageRenderer.layout(com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutContext):com.itextp.a23334d42ab372a943e6a3c38edf5a76
+
+### File:
+model/src/main/java/com/itextpdf/model/renderer/ImageRenderer.java
+
+### Key:
+ImageRenderer.java|layout|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+34bcb0bafefd2b276ffa1330385c5b6d
+
+### Hash:
+39731098b1df3a7b36d5259a48866d12
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11121/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11121/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..554079eb121e526a919fe9154d7e597be4d2ffca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11121/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.core.pdf;
+
+import com.itextpdf.core.exceptions.PdfException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.text.DecimalFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.NavigableSet;
+
+public class PdfWriter extends PdfOutputStream {
+
+    static final DecimalFormat objectOffsetFormatter = new DecimalFormat("0000000000");
+
+    /**
+     * Document associated with writer.
+     */
+    protected PdfDocument pdfDocument = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if to use full compression (using object streams).
+     */
+    protected boolean fullCompression = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Currently active object stream.
+     * Objects are written to the object stream if fullCompression set to true.
+     */
+    protected PdfObjectStream objectStream = null;
+
+    private byte[] intToBytes(int n) {
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[]{(byte) ((n >> 24) & 0xFF), (byte) ((n >> 16) & 0xFF), (byte) ((n >> 8) & 0xFF), (byte) (n & 0xFF)};
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    private byte[] shortToBytes(int n) {
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[]{(byte) ((n >> 8) & 0xFF), (byte) (n & 0xFF)};
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    public PdfWriter(java.io.OutputStream os) {
+        super(os);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if to use full compression mode.
+     *
+     * @return true if to use full compression, false otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean isFullCompression() {
+        return fullCompression;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets full compression mode.
+     *
+     * @param fullCompression true if to use full compression, false otherwise.
+     */
+    public void setFullCompression(boolean fullCompression) {
+        this.fullCompression = fullCompression;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current object stream.
+     *
+     * @return object stream.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws PdfException
+     */
+    public PdfObjectStream getObjectStream() throws IOException, PdfException {
+        if (!fullCompression)
+            return null;
+        if (objectStream == null) {
+            objectStream = new PdfObjectStream(pdfDocument);
+        }
+        if (objectStream.getSize() == PdfObjectStream.maxObjStreamSize) {
+            PdfObjectStream oldObjStream = objectStream;
+            objectStream.flush();
+            objectStream = new PdfObjectStream(pdfDocument);
+            objectStream.put(PdfName.Extends, oldObjStream);
+        }
+        return objectStream;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes object to body of PDF document.
+     *
+     * @param object object to write.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    protected void writeToBody(PdfObject object) throws IOException {
+        writeInteger(object.getIndirectReference().getObjNr()).
+                writeSpace().
+                writeInteger(object.getIndirectReference().getGenNr()).writeString(" obj\n");
+        write(object);
+        writeString("\nendobj\n");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes PDF header.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    protected void writeHeader() throws IOException {
+        writeByte((byte)'%').
+                writeString(pdfDocument.getPdfVersion().getPdfVersion()).
+                writeString("\n%\u00e2\u00e3\u00cf\u00d3\n");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flushes all objects which have not been flushed yet.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws PdfException
+     */
+    protected void flushWaitingObjects() throws IOException, PdfException {
+        Iterator<PdfIndirectReference> it = pdfDocument.getIndirects().iterator();
+        PdfIndirectReference indirectReference;
+        if (it.hasNext()) {
+            boolean firstRun = true;
+            indirectReference = it.next();
+            for (; ; ) {
+                NavigableSet<PdfIndirectReference> newIndirects = pdfDocument.getIndirects().subSet(indirectReference, firstRun, pdfDocument.getIndirects().last(), true);
+                firstRun = false;
+                if (newIndirects.isEmpty())
+                    break;
+                Object[] newIndirectsArray = newIndirects.toArray();
+                for (Object newIndirectReference : newIndirectsArray) {
+                    indirectReference = (PdfIndirectReference) newIndirectReference;
+                    PdfObject object = indirectReference.getRefersTo();
+                    object.flush();
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        if (objectStream != null && objectStream.getSize() > 0) {
+            objectStream.flush();
+            objectStream = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes cross reference table to PDF.
+     *
+     * @return start of cross reference table.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws PdfException
+     */
+    protected int writeXRefTable() throws IOException, PdfException {
+        int strtxref = currentPos;
+        if (fullCompression) {
+            PdfStream stream = new PdfStream(pdfDocument);
+            stream.put(PdfName.Type, PdfName.XRef);
+            stream.put(PdfName.Size, new PdfNumber(pdfDocument.getIndirects().size() + 1));
+            stream.put(PdfName.W, new PdfArray(new ArrayList<PdfObject>() {{
+                add(new PdfNumber(1));
+                add(new PdfNumber(4));
+                add(new PdfNumber(2));
+            }}));
+            stream.put(PdfName.Info, pdfDocument.trailer.getDocumentInfo());
+            stream.put(PdfName.Root, pdfDocument.trailer.getCatalog());
+            stream.getOutputStream().write(0);
+            stream.getOutputStream().write(intToBytes(0));
+            stream.getOutputStream().write(shortToBytes(0xFFFF));
+            for (PdfIndirectReference indirect : pdfDocument.getIndirects()) {
+                PdfObject refersTo = indirect.getRefersTo();
+                if (refersTo.getObjectStream() != null) {
+                    stream.getOutputStream().write(2);
+                    stream.getOutputStream().write(intToBytes(refersTo.getObjectStream().getIndirectReference().getObjNr()));
+                    stream.getOutputStream().write(shortToBytes(refersTo.getOffset()));
+                } else {
+                    stream.getOutputStream().write(1);
+                    stream.getOutputStream().write(intToBytes(refersTo.getOffset()));
+                    stream.getOutputStream().write(shortToBytes(0));
+                }
+            }
+            stream.flush();
+        } else {
+            writeString("xref\n").
+                    writeString("0 ").
+                    writeInteger(pdfDocument.getIndirects().size() + 1).
+                    writeString("\n0000000000 65535 f \n");
+            for (PdfIndirectReference indirect : pdfDocument.getIndirects()) {
+                writeString(objectOffsetFormatter.format(indirect.getRefersTo().getOffset())).
+                        writeString(" 00000 n \n");
+            }
+        }
+        return strtxref;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes trailer to PDF.
+     *
+     * @param startxref start of cross reference table.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    protected void writeTrailer(int startxref) throws IOException {
+        if (!fullCompression) {
+            pdfDocument.getTrailer().setSize(pdfDocument.getIndirects().size() + 1);
+            writeString("trailer\n");
+            write(pdfDocument.getTrailer());
+        }
+        writeString("\nstartxref\n").
+                writeInteger(startxref).
+                writeString("\n%%EOF\n");
+        pdfDocument.getIndirects().clear();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `refersTo.getObjectStream().getIndirectReference()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 169.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int PdfWriter.writeXRefTable()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter.writeXRefTable():int.a7fe5447f0a4bbbecffe30613087f64b
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/itextpdf/core/pdf/PdfWriter.java
+
+### Key:
+PdfWriter.java|writeXRefTable|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+6b23a3ce273fcc7ebe57871a47361bef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11126/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11126/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ee256e52ab860e12210527afd1cd3e1842e2972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11126/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.model;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.image.ImageFactory;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfDocument;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfImageXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.testutils.CompareTool;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Image;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Paragraph;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Text;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+public class ImageTest {
+
+    static final public String sourceFolder = "./src/test/resources/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+    static final public String destinationFolder = "./target/test/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    static public void beforeClass() {
+        new File(destinationFolder).mkdirs();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest01() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest01.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest01.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest02() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest02.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest02.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest03() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest03.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest03.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotateAngle(Math.PI/6);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest04() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest04.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest04.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotateAngle(Math.PI/6);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest05() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest05.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest05.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.scale(1, 0.5f);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest06() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest06.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest06.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int nRead;
+        FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg");
+
+        nRead = is.read();
+        while (nRead != -1){
+            buffer.write(nRead);
+            nRead = is.read();
+        }
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(pdfDoc, ImageFactory.getJpegImage(buffer.toByteArray()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setTranslationDistance(100, -100);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 197 is not released after line 205.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ImageTest.imageTest05()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.model.ImageTest.imageTest05():void.85d97be0739b2ee6cec8243879f2ae23
+
+### File:
+model/src/test/java/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ImageTest.java|imageTest05|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+eb8dc6a9d15b5d9ef43c733543a2ca6c
+
+### Hash:
+f51db10a5bd0217b94c399628d845010
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11128/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11128/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce9b969f54f2e9a8379e323d0c02022422e08741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11128/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.forms;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.PdfException;
+import com.itextpdf.canvas.PdfCanvas;
+import com.itextpdf.core.geom.Rectangle;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.*;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.annot.PdfAnnotation;
+import com.itextpdf.forms.fields.PdfFormField;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfFormXObject;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class PdfAcroForm extends PdfObjectWrapper<PdfDictionary> {
+
+    /**
+     * Signature flags
+     */
+    static public final int SIGNATURE_EXIST = 1;
+    static public final int APPEND_ONLY = 2;
+
+    protected boolean generateAppearance;
+    protected List<PdfFormField> fields;
+    protected PdfDocument document;
+
+    private static PdfName resourceNames[] = {PdfName.Font, PdfName.XObject, PdfName.ColorSpace, PdfName.Pattern};
+    private PdfDictionary defaultResources;
+
+    public PdfAcroForm(PdfDictionary pdfObject) {
+        super(pdfObject);
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm(PdfArray fields) {
+        this(new PdfDictionary());
+        put(PdfName.Fields, fields);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves AcroForm from the document. If there is no AcroForm int the document Catalog and createIfNotExist flag is true then AcroForm dictionary will be created
+     *
+     * @param document
+     * @param createIfNotExist
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static PdfAcroForm getAcroForm(PdfDocument document, boolean createIfNotExist) {
+        PdfDictionary acroFormDictionary = document.getCatalog().getPdfObject().getAsDictionary(PdfName.AcroForm);
+        PdfAcroForm acroForm = null;
+        if (acroFormDictionary == null) {
+            if (createIfNotExist) {
+                acroForm = new PdfAcroForm(new PdfArray()).makeIndirect(document);
+                document.getCatalog().put(PdfName.AcroForm, acroForm);
+                acroForm.setDefaultAppearance("/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ");
+            }
+        } else {
+            acroForm = new PdfAcroForm(acroFormDictionary);
+        }
+
+        acroForm.defaultResources = acroForm.getDefaultResources();
+        if (acroForm.defaultResources == null) {
+            acroForm.defaultResources = new PdfDictionary();
+        }
+        acroForm.document = document;
+
+        return acroForm;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method adds the field to the last page in the document. If there's no pages, creates a new one.
+     * @param field
+     */
+    public void addField(PdfFormField field) {
+        PdfPage page;
+        if (document.getNumOfPages() == 0){
+            document.addNewPage();
+        }
+        page = document.getLastPage();
+        addField(field, page);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method adds the field to the page.
+     * @param field
+     * @param page
+     */
+    public void addField(PdfFormField field, PdfPage page){
+        PdfArray kids = field.getKids();
+
+        PdfDictionary fieldDic = field.getPdfObject();
+        if (kids != null){
+            processKids(kids, fieldDic, page);
+        }
+
+        getFields().add(fieldDic);
+
+        if (field.getFormType().equals(PdfName.Tx)) {
+            List<PdfDictionary> resources = getResources(field.getPdfObject());
+            for (PdfDictionary resDict : resources) {
+                mergeResources(defaultResources, resDict, field);
+            }
+            if (defaultResources.size() != 0) {
+                put(PdfName.DR, defaultResources);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public List<PdfFormField> getFormFields() {
+        if (fields == null) {
+            fields = iterateFields(getFields());
+        }
+        return fields;
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setNeedAppearances(boolean needAppearances) {
+        return put(PdfName.NeedAppearances, new PdfBoolean(needAppearances));
+    }
+
+    public PdfBoolean getNeedAppearances() {
+        return getPdfObject().getAsBoolean(PdfName.NeedAppearances);
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setSignatureFlags(int sigFlags) {
+        return put(PdfName.SigFlags, new PdfNumber(sigFlags));
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setSignatureFlag(int sigFlag) {
+        int flags = getSignatureFlags();
+        flags = flags | sigFlag;
+
+        return setSignatureFlags(flags);
+    }
+
+    public int getSignatureFlags() {
+        PdfNumber f = getPdfObject().getAsNumber(PdfName.SigFlags);
+        if (f != null)
+            return f.getIntValue();
+        else
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setCalculationOrder(PdfArray calculationOrder) {
+        return put(PdfName.CO, calculationOrder);
+    }
+
+    public PdfArray getCalculationOrder() {
+        return getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.CO);
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setDefaultResources(PdfDictionary defaultResources) {
+        return put(PdfName.DR, defaultResources);
+    }
+
+    public PdfDictionary getDefaultResources() {
+        return getPdfObject().getAsDictionary(PdfName.DR);
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setDefaultAppearance(String appearance) {
+        return put(PdfName.DA, new PdfString(appearance));
+    }
+
+    public PdfString getDefaultAppearance() {
+        return getPdfObject().getAsString(PdfName.DA);
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setDefaultJustification(int justification) {
+        return put(PdfName.Q, new PdfNumber(justification));
+    }
+
+    public PdfNumber getDefaultJustification() {
+        return getPdfObject().getAsNumber(PdfName.Q);
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setXFAResource(PdfStream xfaResource) {
+        return put(PdfName.XFA, xfaResource);
+    }
+
+    public PdfAcroForm setXFAResource(PdfArray xfaResource) {
+        return put(PdfName.XFA, xfaResource);
+    }
+
+    public PdfObject getXFAResource() {
+        return getPdfObject().get(PdfName.XFA);
+    }
+
+    public PdfFormField getField(String fieldName) { // TODO: HashMap instead!
+        List<PdfFormField> fields = getFormFields();
+        for (PdfFormField field : fields) {
+            if (field.getFieldName() != null && field.getFieldName().toUnicodeString().equals(fieldName)) {
+                return field;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isGenerateAppearance() {
+        return generateAppearance;
+    }
+
+    public void setGenerateAppearance(boolean generateAppearance) {
+        if (generateAppearance) {
+            getPdfObject().remove(PdfName.NeedAppearances);
+        }
+        this.generateAppearance = generateAppearance;
+    }
+
+    public void flatFields() {
+        if (document.isAppendMode()) {
+            throw new PdfException(PdfException.FieldFlatteningIsNotSupportedInAppendMode);
+        }
+        List<PdfFormField> fields = getFormFields();
+        PdfPage page = null;
+        for (PdfFormField field : fields) {
+
+            PdfDictionary pageDic = field.getPdfObject().getAsDictionary(PdfName.P);
+            if (pageDic == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (int i = 1; i <= document.getNumOfPages(); i++) {
+                page = document.getPage(i);
+                if (page.getPdfObject() == pageDic) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            PdfDictionary appDic = field.getPdfObject().getAsDictionary(PdfName.AP);
+            PdfObject asNormal = null;
+            if (appDic != null) {
+                asNormal = appDic.getAsStream(PdfName.N);
+                if (asNormal == null) {
+                    asNormal = appDic.getAsDictionary(PdfName.N);
+                }
+            }
+            if (generateAppearance) {
+                if (appDic == null || asNormal == null) {
+                    field.regenerateField();
+                    appDic = field.getPdfObject().getAsDictionary(PdfName.AP);
+                }
+            }
+            if (appDic != null) {
+                PdfObject normal = appDic.get(PdfName.N);
+                PdfFormXObject xObject = null;
+                if (normal.isStream()) {
+                    xObject = new PdfFormXObject((PdfStream) normal);
+                } else if (normal.isDictionary()) {
+                    PdfName as = field.getPdfObject().getAsName(PdfName.AS);
+                    xObject = new PdfFormXObject(((PdfDictionary)normal).getAsStream(as)).makeIndirect(document);
+                }
+
+                if (xObject != null) {
+                    Rectangle box = field.getPdfObject().getAsRectangle(PdfName.Rect);
+                    PdfCanvas canvas = new PdfCanvas(page);
+                    canvas.addXObject(xObject, box.getX(), box.getY());
+                    PdfArray fFields = getFields();
+                    fFields.remove(field.getPdfObject().getIndirectReference());
+                    PdfArray annots = page.getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.Annots);
+                    annots.remove(field.getPdfObject().getIndirectReference());
+                    PdfDictionary parent = field.getPdfObject().getAsDictionary(PdfName.Parent);
+                    if (parent != null) {
+                        PdfArray kids = parent.getAsArray(PdfName.Kids);
+                        kids.remove(field.getPdfObject().getIndirectReference());
+                        if (kids == null || kids.isEmpty()) {
+                            fFields.remove(parent.getIndirectReference());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (page.getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.Annots).isEmpty()) {
+            page.getPdfObject().remove(PdfName.Annots);
+        }
+
+        getPdfObject().remove(PdfName.NeedAppearances);
+        if (getFields().isEmpty()) {
+            document.getCatalog().getPdfObject().remove(PdfName.AcroForm);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected PdfArray getFields() {
+        return getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.Fields);
+    }
+
+    private ArrayList<PdfFormField> iterateFields(PdfArray array) {
+        ArrayList<PdfFormField> fields = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (PdfObject field : array) {
+            PdfFormField formField = PdfFormField.makeFormField(field, document);
+            fields.add(formField);
+            if (formField.getKids() != null) {
+                fields.addAll(iterateFields(formField.getKids()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return fields;
+    }
+
+    private PdfDictionary processKids(PdfArray kids, PdfDictionary parent, PdfPage page){
+        if (kids.size() == 1){
+            PdfDictionary dict = (PdfDictionary) kids.get(0);
+            PdfName type = dict.getAsName(PdfName.Subtype);
+            if (type != null && type.equals(PdfName.Widget)){
+                parent.remove(PdfName.Kids);
+                dict.remove(PdfName.Parent);
+                parent.mergeDifferent(dict);
+                page.addAnnotation(PdfAnnotation.makeAnnotation(parent, document));
+            } else {
+                PdfArray otherKids = (dict).getAsArray(PdfName.Kids);
+                if (otherKids != null) {
+                    dict = processKids(otherKids, dict, page);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (PdfObject kid : kids){
+                PdfArray otherKids = ((PdfDictionary)kid).getAsArray(PdfName.Kids);
+                if (otherKids != null) {
+                    processKids(otherKids, (PdfDictionary) kid, page);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return parent;
+    }
+
+    private List<PdfDictionary> getResources(PdfDictionary field) {
+        List<PdfDictionary> resources = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        PdfDictionary ap = field.getAsDictionary(PdfName.AP);
+        if (ap != null) {
+            PdfObject normal = ap.get(PdfName.N);
+            if (normal != null) {
+                if (normal.isDictionary()) {
+                    for (PdfName key : ((PdfDictionary)normal).keySet()) {
+                        PdfStream appearance = ((PdfDictionary)normal).getAsStream(key);
+                        PdfDictionary resDict = appearance.getAsDictionary(PdfName.Resources);
+                        if (resDict != null) {
+                            resources.add(resDict);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (normal.isStream()) {
+                    PdfDictionary resDict = ((PdfStream)normal).getAsDictionary(PdfName.Resources);
+                    if (resDict != null) {
+                        resources.add(resDict);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        PdfArray kids = field.getAsArray(PdfName.Kids);
+        if (kids != null) {
+            for (PdfObject kid : kids) {
+                resources.addAll(getResources((PdfDictionary) kid));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return resources;
+    }
+
+    public void mergeResources(PdfDictionary result, PdfDictionary source, PdfFormField field) {
+        for (PdfName name : resourceNames) {
+            PdfDictionary dic = source.getAsDictionary(name);
+            PdfDictionary res = result.getAsDictionary(name);
+            if (res == null) {
+                res = new PdfDictionary();
+            }
+            if (dic != null) {
+                res.mergeDifferent(dic);
+                result.put(name, res);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `page` last assigned on line 211 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `PdfCanvas(...)` at line 251.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PdfAcroForm.flatFields()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.forms.PdfAcroForm.flatFields():void.7d01937dfe0495f9e770cbcf03ff0a3b
+
+### File:
+forms/src/main/java/com/itextpdf/forms/PdfAcroForm.java
+
+### Key:
+PdfAcroForm.java|flatFields|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f0c4484f1f91b565af0b5be8be4e4055
+
+### Hash:
+96a4a9afec73ca5eb1aec8db1f55f8c7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11143/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11143/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ac4be587d00238ff74407be12ef4c63e6d95244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11143/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.barcodes;
+
+import com.itextpdf.canvas.PdfCanvas;
+import com.itextpdf.canvas.color.Color;
+import com.itextpdf.core.font.PdfFont;
+import com.itextpdf.core.geom.Rectangle;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.*;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfFormXObject;
+
+public abstract class Barcode1D {
+
+    public static final int ALIGN_LEFT = 1;
+    public static final int ALIGN_RIGHT = 2;
+    public static final int ALIGN_CENTER = 3;
+
+    /** A type of barcode */
+    public static final int POSTNET = 1;
+    /** A type of barcode */
+    public static final int PLANET = 2;
+    /** A type of barcode */
+    public static final int CODABAR = 3;
+
+    protected PdfDocument document;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum bar width.
+     */
+    protected float x;
+
+    /**
+     * The bar multiplier for wide bars or the distance between
+     * bars for Postnet and Planet.
+     */
+    protected float n;
+
+    /**
+     * The text font. <CODE>null</CODE> if no text.
+     */
+    protected PdfFont font;
+
+    /**
+     * The size of the text or the height of the shorter bar
+     * in Postnet.
+     */
+    protected float size;
+
+    /**
+     * If positive, the text distance under the bars. If zero or negative,
+     * the text distance above the bars.
+     */
+    protected float baseline;
+
+    /**
+     * The height of the bars.
+     */
+    protected float barHeight;
+
+    /**
+     * The text alignment.
+     */
+    protected int textAlignment;
+
+    /**
+     * The optional checksum generation.
+     */
+    protected boolean generateChecksum;
+
+    /**
+     * Shows the generated checksum in the the text.
+     */
+    protected boolean checksumText;
+
+    /**
+     * Show the start and stop character '*' in the text for
+     * the barcode 39 or 'ABCD' for codabar.
+     */
+    protected boolean startStopText;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates extended barcode 39.
+     */
+    protected boolean extended;
+
+    /**
+     * The code to generate.
+     */
+    protected String code = "";
+
+    /**
+     * Show the guard bars for barcode EAN.
+     */
+    protected boolean guardBars;
+
+    /**
+     * The code type.
+     */
+    protected int codeType;
+
+    /**
+     * The ink spreading.
+     */
+    protected float inkSpreading = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The alternate text to be used, if present.
+     */
+    protected String altText;
+
+    public Barcode1D(PdfDocument document){
+        this.document = document;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the minimum bar width.
+     * @return the minimum bar width
+     */
+    public float getX() {
+        return x;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the minimum bar width.
+     * @param x the minimum bar width
+     */
+    public void setX(float x) {
+        this.x = x;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the bar multiplier for wide bars.
+     * @return the bar multiplier for wide bars
+     */
+    public float getN() {
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the bar multiplier for wide bars.
+     * @param n the bar multiplier for wide bars
+     */
+    public void setN(float n) {
+        this.n = n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the text font. <CODE>null</CODE> if no text.
+     * @return the text font. <CODE>null</CODE> if no text
+     */
+    public PdfFont getFont() {
+        return font;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the text font.
+     * @param font the text font. Set to <CODE>null</CODE> to suppress any text
+     */
+    public void setFont(PdfFont font) {
+        this.font = font;
+    }
+
+    public float getSize() {
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the size of the text.
+     * @param size the size of the text
+     */
+    public void setSize(float size) {
+        this.size = size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the text baseline.
+     * If positive, the text distance under the bars. If zero or negative,
+     * the text distance above the bars.
+     *
+     * @return the baseline.
+     */
+    public float getBaseline() {
+        return baseline;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the text baseline.
+     * If positive, the text distance under the bars. If zero or negative,
+     * the text distance above the bars.
+     *
+     * @param baseline the baseline.
+     */
+    public void setBaseline(float baseline) {
+        this.baseline = baseline;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the height of the bars.
+     * @return the height of the bars
+     */
+    public float getBarHeight() {
+        return barHeight;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the height of the bars.
+     * @param barHeight the height of the bars
+     */
+    public void setBarHeight(float barHeight) {
+        this.barHeight = barHeight;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the text alignment.
+     * @return the text alignment
+     */
+    public int getTextAlignment() {
+        return textAlignment;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the text alignment.
+     * @param textAlignment the text alignment
+     */
+    public void setTextAlignment(int textAlignment) {
+        this.textAlignment = textAlignment;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the optional checksum generation.
+     * @return the optional checksum generation
+     */
+    public boolean isGenerateChecksum() {
+        return generateChecksum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Setter for property generateChecksum.
+     * @param generateChecksum New value of property generateChecksum.
+     */
+    public void setGenerateChecksum(boolean generateChecksum) {
+        this.generateChecksum = generateChecksum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the property to show the generated checksum in the the text.
+     * @return value of property checksumText
+     */
+    public boolean isChecksumText() {
+        return checksumText;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the property to show the generated checksum in the the text.
+     * @param checksumText new value of property checksumText
+     */
+    public void setChecksumText(boolean checksumText) {
+        this.checksumText = checksumText;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the property to show the start and stop character '*' in the text for
+     * the barcode 39.
+     * @return value of property startStopText
+     */
+    public boolean isStartStopText() {
+        return startStopText;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the property to show the start and stop character '*' in the text for
+     * the barcode 39.
+     * @param startStopText new value of property startStopText
+     */
+    public void setStartStopText(boolean startStopText) {
+        this.startStopText = startStopText;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the property to generate extended barcode 39.
+     * @return value of property extended.
+     */
+    public boolean isExtended() {
+        return extended;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the property to generate extended barcode 39.
+     * @param extended new value of property extended
+     */
+    public void setExtended(boolean extended) {
+        this.extended = extended;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the code to generate.
+     * @return the code to generate
+     */
+    public String getCode() {
+        return code;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the code to generate.
+     * @param code the code to generate
+     */
+    public void setCode(String code) {
+        this.code = code;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the property to show the guard bars for barcode EAN.
+     * @return value of property guardBars
+     */
+    public boolean isGuardBars() {
+        return guardBars;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the property to show the guard bars for barcode EAN.
+     * @param guardBars new value of property guardBars
+     */
+    public void setGuardBars(boolean guardBars) {
+        this.guardBars = guardBars;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the code type.
+     * @return the code type
+     */
+    public int getCodeType() {
+        return codeType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the code type.
+     * @param codeType the code type
+     */
+    public void setCodeType(int codeType) {
+        this.codeType = codeType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum area that the barcode and the text, if
+     * any, will occupy. The lower left corner is always (0, 0).
+     * @return the size the barcode occupies.
+     */
+    public abstract Rectangle getBarcodeSize();
+
+    /**
+     * Places the barcode in a <CODE>PdfCanvas</CODE>. The
+     * barcode is always placed at coordinates (0, 0). Use the
+     * translation matrix to move it elsewhere.<p>
+     * The bars and text are written in the following colors:<p>
+     * <P><TABLE BORDER=1>
+     * <TR>
+     * <TH><P><CODE>barColor</CODE></TH>
+     * <TH><P><CODE>textColor</CODE></TH>
+     * <TH><P>Result</TH>
+     * </TR>
+     * <TR>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>null</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>null</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P>bars and text painted with current fill color</TD>
+     * </TR>
+     * <TR>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>barColor</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>null</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P>bars and text painted with <CODE>barColor</CODE></TD>
+     * </TR>
+     * <TR>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>null</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>textColor</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P>bars painted with current color<br>text painted with <CODE>textColor</CODE></TD>
+     * </TR>
+     * <TR>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>barColor</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P><CODE>textColor</CODE></TD>
+     * <TD><P>bars painted with <CODE>barColor</CODE><br>text painted with <CODE>textColor</CODE></TD>
+     * </TR>
+     * </TABLE>
+     *
+     * @param canvas    the <CODE>PdfCanvas</CODE> where the barcode will be placed
+     * @param barColor  the color of the bars. It can be <CODE>null</CODE>
+     * @param textColor the color of the text. It can be <CODE>null</CODE>
+     * @return the dimensions the barcode occupies
+     */
+    public abstract Rectangle placeBarcode(PdfCanvas canvas, Color barColor, Color textColor);
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the amount of ink spreading.
+     * @return the ink spreading
+     */
+    public float getInkSpreading() {
+        return this.inkSpreading;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the amount of ink spreading. This value will be subtracted
+     * to the width of each bar. The actual value will depend on the ink
+     * and the printing medium.
+     * @param inkSpreading the ink spreading
+     */
+    public void setInkSpreading(float inkSpreading) {
+        this.inkSpreading = inkSpreading;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the alternate text.
+     * @return the alternate text
+     */
+    public String getAltText() {
+        return this.altText;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the alternate text. If present, this text will be used instead of the
+     * text derived from the supplied code.
+     * @param altText the alternate text
+     */
+    public void setAltText(String altText) {
+        this.altText = altText;
+    }
+
+    /** Creates a <CODE>java.awt.Image</CODE>. This image only
+     * contains the bars without any text.
+     * @param foreground the color of the bars
+     * @param background the color of the background
+     * @return the image
+     */
+    public abstract java.awt.Image createAwtImage(java.awt.Color foreground, java.awt.Color background);
+
+    /** Creates a PdfFormXObject with the barcode.
+     * @param barColor the color of the bars. It can be <CODE>null</CODE>
+     * @param textColor the color of the text. It can be <CODE>null</CODE>
+     * @return the XObject
+     * @see #placeBarcode(PdfCanvas canvas, Color barColor, Color textColor)
+     */
+    public PdfFormXObject createFormXObjectWithBarcode(Color barColor, Color textColor) {
+        PdfStream stream = new PdfStream(document);
+        PdfCanvas canvas = new PdfCanvas(stream, new PdfResources());
+        Rectangle rect = placeBarcode(canvas, barColor, textColor);
+
+        PdfFormXObject xObject = new PdfFormXObject(document, rect);
+        xObject.getPdfObject().getOutputStream().writeBytes(stream.getBytes());
+
+        return xObject;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfOutputStream` acquired by call to `PdfStream(...)` at line 438 is not released after line 443.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PdfFormXObject Barcode1D.createFormXObjectWithBarcode(Color,Color)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.barcodes.Barcode1D.createFormXObjectWithBarcode(com.itextpdf.canvas.color.Color,com.ite.2c64fa05cfb7855f85ac7b6370345ed7
+
+### File:
+barcodes/src/main/java/com/itextpdf/barcodes/Barcode1D.java
+
+### Key:
+Barcode1D.java|createFormXObjectWithBarcode|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a833ab79c354a88ba6f80b3284cd6bd1
+
+### Hash:
+0d574ed9728ef950b2b4bbbe3e35036a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11144/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11144/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95de50b5caaf85dfb9beb93d001604eb73885e52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11144/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** blade-tool
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2028, Chill Zhuang 庄骞 (smallchill@163.com).
+ * <p>
+ * Licensed under the GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 3.0;
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * <p>
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html
+ * <p>
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.springblade.core.mp.base;
+
+import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.mapper.BaseMapper;
+import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.impl.ServiceImpl;
+import org.springblade.core.secure.BladeUser;
+import org.springblade.core.secure.utils.SecureUtil;
+import org.springblade.core.tool.constant.BladeConstant;
+import org.springblade.core.tool.utils.BeanUtil;
+import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
+
+import javax.validation.constraints.NotEmpty;
+import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * 业务封装基础类
+ *
+ * @param <M> mapper
+ * @param <T> model
+ * @author Chill
+ */
+@Validated
+public class BaseServiceImpl<M extends BaseMapper<T>, T extends BaseEntity> extends ServiceImpl<M, T> implements BaseService<T> {
+
+	private Class<T> modelClass;
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public BaseServiceImpl() {
+		Type type = this.getClass().getGenericSuperclass();
+		this.modelClass = (Class<T>) ((ParameterizedType) type).getActualTypeArguments()[1];
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean save(T entity) {
+		BladeUser user = SecureUtil.getUser();
+		LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
+		entity.setCreateUser(Objects.requireNonNull(user).getUserId());
+		entity.setCreateTime(now);
+		entity.setUpdateUser(user.getUserId());
+		entity.setUpdateTime(now);
+		entity.setStatus(BladeConstant.DB_STATUS_NORMAL);
+		entity.setIsDeleted(BladeConstant.DB_NOT_DELETED);
+		return super.save(entity);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean updateById(T entity) {
+		BladeUser user = SecureUtil.getUser();
+		entity.setUpdateUser(Objects.requireNonNull(user).getUserId());
+		entity.setUpdateTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+		return super.updateById(entity);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean deleteLogic(@NotEmpty List<Integer> ids) {
+		BladeUser user = SecureUtil.getUser();
+		T entity = BeanUtil.newInstance(modelClass);
+		entity.setUpdateUser(Objects.requireNonNull(user).getUserId());
+		entity.setUpdateTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+		return super.removeByIds(ids);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `user` last assigned on line 53 could be null and is dereferenced at line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean BaseServiceImpl.save(BaseEntity)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springblade.core.mp.base.BaseServiceImpl.save(org.springblade.core.mp.base.BaseEntity):boolean.3d381276989d17a7e54a90f8e46274e1
+
+### File:
+blade-core-mybatis/src/main/java/org/springblade/core/mp/base/BaseServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+BaseServiceImpl.java|save|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cc7d669ac2873f9ad8ce4f96399bcca8
+
+### Hash:
+cc46f78f78f6aeeecd9c7b2ae88707eb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11150/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11150/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01d73d2a51118c946c9e5adde2f533da6d9839ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11150/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package zmq;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.notNullValue;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.nullValue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import zmq.util.TestUtils;
+
+public class HeartbeatsTest
+{
+    // this checks for heartbeat in REQ socket.
+    @Test
+    public void testHeartbeatReq() throws IOException
+    {
+        final int heartbeatInterval = 100;
+
+        String addr = "tcp://localhost:*";
+
+        Ctx ctx = ZMQ.init(1);
+        assertThat(ctx, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase req = ctx.createSocket(ZMQ.ZMQ_REQ);
+        assertThat(req, notNullValue());
+        boolean rc = req.setSocketOpt(ZMQ.ZMQ_HEARTBEAT_IVL, heartbeatInterval);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+        SocketBase rep = ctx.createSocket(ZMQ.ZMQ_REP);
+        assertThat(rep, notNullValue());
+        rc = rep.bind(addr);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        addr = (String) ZMQ.getSocketOptionExt(rep, ZMQ.ZMQ_LAST_ENDPOINT);
+        assertThat(addr, notNullValue());
+
+        rc = req.connect(addr);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        do {
+            // request
+            int sent = ZMQ.send(req, "hello", 0);
+            assertThat(sent, is("hello".length()));
+
+            Msg msg = ZMQ.recv(rep, 0);
+            assertThat(msg, notNullValue());
+            // reply
+            sent = ZMQ.send(rep, "world", 0);
+            assertThat(sent, is("world".length()));
+            msg = ZMQ.recv(req, 0);
+            assertThat(msg, notNullValue());
+            // let some time pass so several heartbeats are sent
+        } while (System.currentTimeMillis() - start < 5 * heartbeatInterval);
+
+        rep.close();
+        req.close();
+        ctx.terminate();
+    }
+
+    // This checks for a broken TCP connection (or, in this case a stuck one
+    // where the peer never responds to PINGS). There should be an accepted event
+    // then a disconnect event.
+    @Test
+    public void testHeartbeatTimeout() throws IOException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        Ctx ctx = ZMQ.createContext();
+        assertThat(ctx, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase server = prepServerSocket(ctx, true, false);
+        assertThat(server, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase monitor = ZMQ.socket(ctx, ZMQ.ZMQ_PAIR);
+        boolean rc = monitor.connect("inproc://monitor");
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        String endpoint = (String) ZMQ.getSocketOptionExt(server, ZMQ.ZMQ_LAST_ENDPOINT);
+        assertThat(endpoint, notNullValue());
+
+        Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", TestUtils.port(endpoint));
+
+        // Mock a ZMTP 3 client so we can forcibly time out a connection
+        mockHandshake(socket);
+
+        // By now everything should report as connected
+        ZMQ.Event event = ZMQ.Event.read(monitor);
+        assertThat(event.event, is(ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_ACCEPTED));
+
+        // We should have been disconnected
+        event = ZMQ.Event.read(monitor);
+        assertThat(event.event, is(ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_DISCONNECTED));
+
+        socket.close();
+
+        ZMQ.close(monitor);
+        ZMQ.close(server);
+        ZMQ.term(ctx);
+    }
+
+    // This checks that peers respect the TTL value in ping messages
+    // We set up a mock ZMTP 3 client and send a ping message with a TTL
+    // to a server that is not doing any heartbeating. Then we sleep,
+    // if the server disconnects the client, then we know the TTL did
+    // its thing correctly.
+    @Test
+    public void testHeartbeatTtl() throws IOException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        Ctx ctx = ZMQ.createContext();
+        assertThat(ctx, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase server = prepServerSocket(ctx, false, false);
+        assertThat(server, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase monitor = ZMQ.socket(ctx, ZMQ.ZMQ_PAIR);
+        boolean rc = monitor.connect("inproc://monitor");
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        SocketBase client = ZMQ.socket(ctx, ZMQ.ZMQ_DEALER);
+        assertThat(client, notNullValue());
+
+        // Set the heartbeat TTL to 0.1 seconds
+        rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(client, ZMQ.ZMQ_HEARTBEAT_TTL, 100);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        // Set the heartbeat interval to much longer than the TTL so that
+        // the socket times out on the remote side.
+        rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(client, ZMQ.ZMQ_HEARTBEAT_IVL, 250);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        String endpoint = (String) ZMQ.getSocketOptionExt(server, ZMQ.ZMQ_LAST_ENDPOINT);
+        assertThat(endpoint, notNullValue());
+
+        rc = ZMQ.connect(client, endpoint);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        // By now everything should report as connected
+        ZMQ.Event event = ZMQ.Event.read(monitor);
+        assertThat(event.event, is(ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_ACCEPTED));
+
+        ZMQ.msleep(100);
+
+        // We should have been disconnected
+        event = ZMQ.Event.read(monitor);
+        assertThat(event.event, is(ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_DISCONNECTED));
+
+        ZMQ.close(monitor);
+        ZMQ.close(server);
+        ZMQ.close(client);
+        ZMQ.term(ctx);
+    }
+
+    // This checks for normal operation - that is pings and pongs being
+    // exchanged normally. There should be an accepted event on the server,
+    // and then no event afterwards.
+    @Test
+    public void testHeartbeatNoTimeoutWithCurve() throws IOException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        testHeartbeatNoTimeout(true, new byte[0]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeartbeatNoTimeoutWithoutCurve() throws IOException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        testHeartbeatNoTimeout(false, new byte[0]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeartbeatNoTimeoutWithoutCurveWithPingContext() throws IOException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        testHeartbeatNoTimeout(false, "context".getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+    }
+
+    private void testHeartbeatNoTimeout(boolean curve, byte[] context) throws IOException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        Ctx ctx = ZMQ.createContext();
+        assertThat(ctx, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase server = prepServerSocket(ctx, true, context, curve);
+        assertThat(server, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase monitor = ZMQ.socket(ctx, ZMQ.ZMQ_PAIR);
+        boolean rc = monitor.connect("inproc://monitor");
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        SocketBase client = ZMQ.socket(ctx, ZMQ.ZMQ_DEALER);
+        assertThat(client, notNullValue());
+
+        if (curve) {
+            setupCurve(client, false);
+        }
+
+        String endpoint = (String) ZMQ.getSocketOptionExt(server, ZMQ.ZMQ_LAST_ENDPOINT);
+        assertThat(endpoint, notNullValue());
+
+        rc = ZMQ.connect(client, endpoint);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        ZMQ.msleep(400);
+
+        // By now everything should report as connected
+        ZMQ.Event event = ZMQ.Event.read(monitor);
+        assertThat(event.event, is(ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_ACCEPTED));
+
+        // We should still be connected because pings and pongs are happenin'
+        event = ZMQ.Event.read(monitor, ZMQ.ZMQ_DONTWAIT);
+        assertThat(event, nullValue());
+
+        ZMQ.close(monitor);
+        ZMQ.close(server);
+        ZMQ.close(client);
+        ZMQ.term(ctx);
+    }
+
+    private SocketBase prepServerSocket(Ctx ctx, boolean heartBeats, boolean curve)
+    {
+        return prepServerSocket(ctx, heartBeats, new byte[0], curve);
+    }
+
+    private SocketBase prepServerSocket(Ctx ctx, boolean heartBeats, byte[] pingContext, boolean curve)
+    {
+        SocketBase server = ctx.createSocket(ZMQ.ZMQ_ROUTER);
+        assertThat(server, notNullValue());
+
+        boolean rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(server, ZMQ.ZMQ_LINGER, 0);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        if (heartBeats) {
+            rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(server, ZMQ.ZMQ_HEARTBEAT_IVL, 200);
+            assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+            rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(server, ZMQ.ZMQ_HEARTBEAT_CONTEXT, pingContext);
+            assertThat(rc, is(true));
+        }
+
+        if (curve) {
+            setupCurve(server, true);
+        }
+
+        rc = ZMQ.bind(server, "tcp://127.0.0.1:*");
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        rc = ZMQ.monitorSocket(
+                               server,
+                               "inproc://monitor",
+                               ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_CONNECTED | ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_DISCONNECTED | ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_ACCEPTED);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+        return server;
+    }
+
+    private void setupCurve(SocketBase socket, boolean server)
+    {
+        String secretKey;
+        String publicKey = "Yne@$w-vo<fVvi]a<NY6T1ed:M$fCG*[IaLV{hID";
+        String serverKey;
+        if (server) {
+            boolean rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(socket, ZMQ.ZMQ_IDENTITY, "IDENT");
+            assertThat(rc, is(true));
+
+            secretKey = "JTKVSB%%)wK0E.X)V>+}o?pNmC{O&4W4b!Ni{Lh6";
+            publicKey = "rq:rM>}U?@Lns47E1%kR.o@n%FcmmsL/@{H8]yf7";
+            serverKey = null;
+        }
+        else {
+            secretKey = "D:)Q[IlAW!ahhC2ac:9*A}h:p?([4%wOTJ%JR%cs";
+            serverKey = "rq:rM>}U?@Lns47E1%kR.o@n%FcmmsL/@{H8]yf7";
+        }
+        boolean rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(socket, ZMQ.ZMQ_CURVE_SECRETKEY, secretKey);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+        rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(socket, ZMQ.ZMQ_CURVE_PUBLICKEY, publicKey);
+        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+        if (server) {
+            rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(socket, ZMQ.ZMQ_CURVE_SERVER, true);
+            assertThat(rc, is(true));
+        }
+        else {
+            rc = ZMQ.setSocketOption(socket, ZMQ.ZMQ_CURVE_SERVERKEY, serverKey);
+            assertThat(rc, is(true));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mockHandshake(Socket socket) throws IOException
+    {
+        byte[] greetings = new byte[64];
+        greetings[0] = (byte) 0xff;
+        greetings[9] = (byte) 0x7f;
+        greetings[10] = (byte) 3;
+        greetings[12] = (byte) 'N';
+        greetings[13] = (byte) 'U';
+        greetings[14] = (byte) 'L';
+        greetings[15] = (byte) 'L';
+
+        OutputStream out = socket.getOutputStream();
+        out.write(greetings);
+        out.flush();
+
+        recvWithRetry(socket, 64);
+
+        byte[] ready = new byte[43];
+        int idx = 0;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 4;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 41;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 5;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'R';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'E';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'A';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'D';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'Y';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 11;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'S';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'o';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'c';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'k';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'e';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 't';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) '-';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'T';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'y';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'p';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'e';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 0;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 0;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 0;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 6;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'D';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'E';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'A';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'L';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'E';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'R';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 8;
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'I';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'd';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'e';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'n';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 't';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'i';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 't';
+        ready[idx++] = (byte) 'y';
+
+        out.write(ready);
+        out.flush();
+
+        recvWithRetry(socket, 43);
+    }
+
+    private void recvWithRetry(Socket socket, int bytes) throws IOException
+    {
+        int received = 0;
+        byte[] data = new byte[bytes];
+        while (true) {
+            InputStream in = socket.getInputStream();
+            int rc = in.read(data, received, data.length);
+            if (rc < 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            received += rc;
+            assert (received <= bytes);
+            if (received == bytes) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `zmq.Signaler` acquired by call to `createContext()` at line 72 is not released after line 103.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 75
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HeartbeatsTest.testHeartbeatTimeout()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+zmq.HeartbeatsTest.testHeartbeatTimeout():void.37bbf4dfcb751984d1c0bcc95a7d86a9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/zmq/HeartbeatsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+HeartbeatsTest.java|testHeartbeatTimeout|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+4c18be1456fd458458381a0d8f250e11
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11159/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11159/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b189e9349d7edd7bf9f5bc33bab4b19575104a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11159/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Contributors as noted in the AUTHORS file
+
+    This file is part of 0MQ.
+
+    0MQ is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    0MQ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+package guide;
+
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ;
+
+//
+//  Reading from multiple sockets in Java
+//  This version uses a simple recv loop
+//
+public class msreader {
+
+    public static void main (String[] args) throws Exception {
+        //  Prepare our context and sockets
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+
+        // Connect to task ventilator
+        ZMQ.Socket receiver = context.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
+        receiver.connect("tcp://localhost:5557");
+
+        //  Connect to weather server
+        ZMQ.Socket subscriber = context.socket(ZMQ.SUB);
+        subscriber.connect("tcp://localhost:5556");
+        subscriber.subscribe("10001 ".getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+
+        //  Process messages from both sockets
+        //  We prioritize traffic from the task ventilator
+        while (!Thread.currentThread ().isInterrupted ()) {
+            //  Process any waiting tasks
+            byte[] task;
+            while((task = receiver.recv(ZMQ.DONTWAIT)) != null) {
+                System.out.println("process task");
+            }
+            //  Process any waiting weather updates
+            byte[] update;
+            while ((update = subscriber.recv(ZMQ.DONTWAIT)) != null) {
+                System.out.println("process weather update");
+            }
+            //  No activity, so sleep for 1 msec
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        }
+        subscriber.close ();
+        context.term ();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zeromq.ZMQ$Socket` acquired to `receiver` by call to `socket(...)` at line 35 is not released after line 61.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 48
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void msreader.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+guide.msreader.main(java.lang.String[]):void.52579c6e9b48396f1c2def9f106336e1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/guide/msreader.java
+
+### Key:
+msreader.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+3d041530b55bc610ddeb21df84b5d96a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11161/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11161/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b8be36981064be46ee52b1487d987e5705cbfd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11161/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Contributors as noted in the AUTHORS file
+
+    This file is part of 0MQ.
+
+    0MQ is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    0MQ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+package zmq;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.notNullValue;
+
+public class TestLastEndpoint
+{
+    static void bindAndVerify(SocketBase s, String endpoint)
+    {
+        boolean brc = ZMQ.bind(s, endpoint);
+        assertThat(brc, is(true));
+
+        String stest = (String) ZMQ.getSocketOptionExt(s, ZMQ.ZMQ_LAST_ENDPOINT);
+        assertThat(stest, is(endpoint));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLastEndpoint()
+    {
+        //  Create the infrastructure
+        Ctx ctx = ZMQ.init(1);
+        assertThat(ctx, notNullValue());
+
+        SocketBase sb = ZMQ.socket(ctx, ZMQ.ZMQ_ROUTER);
+        assertThat(sb, notNullValue());
+
+        bindAndVerify(sb, "tcp://127.0.0.1:5560");
+        bindAndVerify(sb, "tcp://127.0.0.1:5561");
+        bindAndVerify(sb, "ipc:///tmp/testep");
+
+        sb.close();
+        ctx.terminate();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `zmq.Signaler` acquired by call to `init(...)` at line 42 is not released after line 53.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLastEndpoint.testLastEndpoint()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+zmq.TestLastEndpoint.testLastEndpoint():void.e64cc7db7e371d02d4ad799d4be40384
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/zmq/TestLastEndpoint.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLastEndpoint.java|testLastEndpoint|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+91a4835eeec9f89f7ea44758674ff162
+
+### Hash:
+51e9a6b2a725a9a50e4f998c23216c04
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11166/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11166/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0ca7426e6e59901226a45c25454e708dbe40c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11166/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zeromq;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Context;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Poller;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Socket;
+
+/**
+ * ZContext provides a high-level ZeroMQ context management class
+ *
+ * It manages open sockets in the context and automatically closes these before terminating the context.
+ * It provides a simple way to set the linger timeout on sockets, and configure contexts for number of I/O threads.
+ * Sets-up signal (interrupt) handling for the process.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class ZContext implements Closeable
+{
+    /**
+     * Reference to underlying Context object
+     */
+    private volatile Context context; //  Created lazily, use getContext() to access.
+
+    /**
+     * List of sockets managed by this ZContext
+     */
+    private final List<Socket> sockets;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of io threads allocated to this context, default 1
+     */
+    private final int ioThreads;
+
+    /**
+     * Linger timeout, default 0
+     */
+    private int linger;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if context object is owned by main thread
+     * (useful for multi-threaded applications)
+     */
+    private final boolean main;
+
+    /**
+     * Class Constructor
+     */
+    public ZContext()
+    {
+        this(1);
+    }
+
+    public ZContext(int ioThreads)
+    {
+        this(null, true, ioThreads);
+    }
+
+    private ZContext(Context context, boolean main, int ioThreads)
+    {
+        sockets = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+        this.context = context;
+        this.ioThreads = ioThreads;
+        this.main = main;
+        linger = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destructor.  Call this to gracefully terminate context and close any managed 0MQ sockets
+     */
+    public void destroy()
+    {
+        for (Socket socket : sockets) {
+            socket.setLinger(linger);
+            socket.close();
+        }
+        sockets.clear();
+
+        // Only terminate context if we are on the main thread
+        if (isMain() && context != null) {
+            context.term();
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            context = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new managed socket within this ZContext instance.
+     * Use this to get automatic management of the socket at shutdown
+     * @param type
+     *          socket type (see ZMQ static class members)
+     * @return
+     *          Newly created Socket object
+     */
+    public Socket createSocket(int type)
+    {
+        // Create and register socket
+        Socket socket = getContext().socket(type);
+        sockets.add(socket);
+        return socket;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys managed socket within this context
+     * and remove from sockets list
+     * @param s
+     *          org.zeromq.Socket object to destroy
+     */
+    public void destroySocket(Socket s)
+    {
+        if (s == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (sockets.remove(s)) {
+            s.setLinger(linger);
+            s.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Selector createSelector()
+    {
+        return getContext().selector();
+    }
+
+    public Poller createPoller(int size)
+    {
+        return new Poller(getContext(), size);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates new shadow context.
+     * Shares same underlying org.zeromq.Context instance but has own list
+     * of managed sockets, io thread count etc.
+     * @param ctx   Original ZContext to create shadow of
+     * @return  New ZContext
+     */
+    public static ZContext shadow(ZContext ctx)
+    {
+        return new ZContext(ctx.getContext(), false, ctx.getIoThreads());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the ioThreads
+     */
+    public int getIoThreads()
+    {
+        return ioThreads;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ioThreads the number of ioThreads to set
+     * @deprecated This value should not be changed after the context is initialized.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setIoThreads(int ioThreads)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the linger
+     */
+    public int getLinger()
+    {
+        return linger;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param linger the linger to set
+     */
+    public void setLinger(int linger)
+    {
+        this.linger = linger;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the main
+     */
+    public boolean isMain()
+    {
+        return main;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param main whether or not the context is being set to main
+     * @deprecated This value should not be changed after the context is initialized.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setMain(boolean main)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the context
+     */
+    public Context getContext()
+    {
+        Context result = context;
+        if (result == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                result = context;
+                if (result == null) {
+                    result = ZMQ.context(ioThreads);
+                    context = result;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ctx sets the underlying zmq.Context associated with this ZContext wrapper object
+     * @deprecated This value should not be changed after the ZContext is initialized.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setContext(Context ctx)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the sockets
+     */
+    public List<Socket> getSockets()
+    {
+        return sockets;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close()
+    {
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isClosed()
+    {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (context == null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            return context.isClosed();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.zeromq.ZContext.destroy` reads without synchronization from `this.org.zeromq.ZContext.linger`. Potentially races with write in method `ZContext.setLinger(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZContext.destroy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zeromq.ZContext.destroy():void.4999bab718cfade53cdd45c591a6a11e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/zeromq/ZContext.java
+
+### Key:
+ZContext.java|destroy|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+ee3dc2c433f7fad30ab9160606427eb1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11168/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11168/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c6c7020d494e47e3dcd7fd469c489ef83334972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11168/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zeromq;
+
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Context;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Socket;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+
+public class TestProxy
+{
+    static class Client extends Thread
+    {
+        private Socket s = null;
+        private String name = null;
+        public Client(Context ctx, String name)
+        {
+            s = ctx.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+            this.name = name;
+
+            s.setIdentity(name.getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run()
+        {
+            s.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:6660");
+            s.send("hello", 0);
+            String msg = s.recvStr(0);
+            s.send("world", 0);
+            msg = s.recvStr(0);
+
+            s.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class Dealer extends Thread
+    {
+        private Socket s = null;
+        private String name = null;
+        public Dealer(Context ctx, String name)
+        {
+            s = ctx.socket(ZMQ.DEALER);
+            this.name = name;
+
+            s.setIdentity(name.getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run()
+        {
+            System.out.println("Start dealer " + name);
+
+            s.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:6661");
+            int count = 0;
+            while (count < 2) {
+                String msg = s.recvStr(0);
+                if (msg == null) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException();
+                }
+                String identity = msg;
+                System.out.println(name + " received client identity " + identity);
+                msg = s.recvStr(0);
+                if (msg == null) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException();
+                }
+                System.out.println(name + " received bottom " + msg);
+
+                msg = s.recvStr(0);
+                if (msg == null) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException();
+                }
+                String data = msg;
+
+                System.out.println(name + " received data " + msg + " " + data);
+                s.send(identity, ZMQ.SNDMORE);
+                s.send((byte[]) null, ZMQ.SNDMORE);
+
+                String response = "OK " + data;
+
+                s.send(response, 0);
+                count++;
+            }
+            s.close();
+            System.out.println("Stop dealer " + name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class Main extends Thread
+    {
+        Context ctx;
+        Main(Context ctx)
+        {
+            this.ctx = ctx;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run()
+        {
+            Socket frontend = ctx.socket(ZMQ.ROUTER);
+
+            assertNotNull(frontend);
+            frontend.bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:6660");
+
+            Socket backend = ctx.socket(ZMQ.DEALER);
+            assertNotNull(backend);
+            backend.bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:6661");
+
+            ZMQ.proxy(frontend, backend, null);
+
+            frontend.close();
+            backend.close();
+
+            assert true;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProxy()  throws Exception
+    {
+        Context ctx = ZMQ.context(1);
+        assert (ctx != null);
+
+        Main mt = new Main(ctx);
+        mt.start();
+        new Dealer(ctx, "AA").start();
+        new Dealer(ctx, "BB").start();
+
+        Thread.sleep(1000);
+        Thread c1 = new Client(ctx, "X");
+        c1.start();
+
+        Thread c2 = new Client(ctx, "Y");
+        c2.start();
+
+        c1.join();
+        c2.join();
+
+        ctx.term();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zeromq.ZMQ$Socket` acquired by call to `TestProxy$Client(...)` at line 130 is not released after line 136.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 126
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestProxy.testProxy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zeromq.TestProxy.testProxy():void.2d674cc2f9172d4b0814b092d871f808
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/zeromq/TestProxy.java
+
+### Key:
+TestProxy.java|testProxy|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dd04d0a305ee9eb51297bdf6972eaa70
+
+### Hash:
+80d5eb72b92c8ce6aaf62e37bb3da07b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11172/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11172/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e0529f39c5764bf8a8ba8a4ac35227aed316687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11172/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zeromq;
+
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import zmq.Msg;
+import zmq.SocketBase;
+import zmq.ZError;
+import zmq.ZMQ;
+
+/**
+ * ZeroMQ sockets present an abstraction of an asynchronous message queue, with the exact queuing
+ * semantics depending on the socket type in use. Where conventional sockets transfer streams of
+ * bytes or discrete datagrams, ZeroMQ sockets transfer discrete messages.
+ * <p>
+ * ZeroMQ sockets being asynchronous means that the timings of the physical connection setup and
+ * tear down, reconnect and effective delivery are transparent to the user and organized by ZeroMQ
+ * itself. Further, messages may be queued in the event that a peer is unavailable to receive them.
+ * </p>
+ */
+public class ZSocket implements AutoCloseable
+{
+    public static final Charset UTF8 = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
+    private final SocketBase    socketBase;
+
+    private final AtomicBoolean isClosed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    /**
+     * Create a ZeroMQ socket
+     *
+     * @param socketType ZeroMQ socket type
+     */
+    public ZSocket(final int socketType)
+    {
+        socketBase = ManagedContext.getInstance().createSocket(socketType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the socket type for the current 'socket'. The socket type is specified at socket
+     * creation time and cannot be modified afterwards.
+     *
+     * @return the socket's type.
+     */
+    public int getType()
+    {
+        return (int) getOption(ZMQ.ZMQ_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an endpoint for accepting connections and binds to it.
+     * <p>
+     * The endpoint argument is a string consisting of two parts as follows: transport ://address. The
+     * transport part specifies the underlying transport protocol to use. The meaning of the address
+     * part is specific to the underlying transport protocol selected.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param endpoint the endpoint to bind to
+     * @return returns true if bind to the endpoint was successful
+     */
+    public boolean bind(final String endpoint)
+    {
+        final boolean result = socketBase.bind(endpoint);
+        mayRaise();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop accepting connections on a socket.
+     * <p>
+     * Shall unbind from the endpoint specified by the endpoint argument.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param endpoint the endpoint to unbind from
+     * @return returns true if unbind to the endpoint was successful
+     */
+    public boolean unbind(final String endpoint)
+    {
+        final boolean result = socketBase.bind(endpoint);
+        mayRaise();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connects the socket to an endpoint and then accepts incoming connections on that endpoint.
+     * <p>
+     * The endpoint is a string consisting of a transport :// followed by an address. The transport
+     * specifies the underlying protocol to use. The address specifies the transport-specific address
+     * to connect to.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param endpoint the endpoint to connect to
+     * @return returns true if connecting to the endpoint was successful
+     */
+    public boolean connect(final String endpoint)
+    {
+        final boolean result = socketBase.connect(endpoint);
+        mayRaise();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnecting a socket from an endpoint.
+     *
+     * @param endpoint the endpoint to disconnect from
+     * @return returns true if disconnecting to endpoint was successful
+     */
+    public boolean disconnect(final String endpoint)
+    {
+        final boolean result = socketBase.termEndpoint(endpoint);
+        mayRaise();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a boolean value indicating if the multipart message currently being read from the
+     * {@code Socket} and has more message parts to follow. If there are no message parts to follow or
+     * if the message currently being read is not a multipart message a value of false shall be
+     * returned. Otherwise, a value of true shall be returned.
+     *
+     * @return true if there are more messages to receive.
+     */
+    public final boolean hasReceiveMore()
+    {
+        return (int) getOption(ZMQ.ZMQ_RCVMORE) == 1;
+    }
+
+    public void subscribe(byte[] topic)
+    {
+        setOption(ZMQ.ZMQ_SUBSCRIBE, topic);
+    }
+
+    public void subscribe(String topic)
+    {
+        setOption(ZMQ.ZMQ_SUBSCRIBE, topic.getBytes(UTF8));
+    }
+
+    public void unsubscribe(byte[] topic)
+    {
+        setOption(ZMQ.ZMQ_UNSUBSCRIBE, topic);
+    }
+
+    public void unsubscribe(String topic)
+    {
+        setOption(ZMQ.ZMQ_UNSUBSCRIBE, topic.getBytes(UTF8));
+    }
+
+    public int send(byte[] b)
+    {
+        return send(b, 0);
+    }
+
+    public int send(byte[] b, int flags)
+    {
+        final Msg msg = new Msg(b);
+        if (socketBase.send(msg, flags)) {
+            return msg.size();
+        }
+        mayRaise();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a frame
+     *
+     * @param frame
+     * @param flags
+     * @return return true if successful
+     */
+    public boolean sendFrame(ZFrame frame, int flags)
+    {
+        final byte[] data = frame.getData();
+        final Msg msg = new Msg(data);
+        if (socketBase.send(msg, flags)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        mayRaise();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean sendMessage(ZMsg message)
+    {
+        ZFrame frame = message.pop();
+        boolean rc = false;
+        while (frame != null) {
+            rc = sendFrame(frame, !message.isEmpty() ? ZMQ.ZMQ_MORE : 0);
+            if (!rc) {
+                break;
+            }
+            frame = message.pop();
+        }
+        return rc;
+    }
+
+    public int sendStringUtf8(String str)
+    {
+        return sendStringUtf8(str, 0);
+    }
+
+    public int sendStringUtf8(String str, int flags)
+    {
+        final byte[] b = str.getBytes(UTF8);
+        return send(b, flags);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] receive()
+    {
+        return receive(0);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] receive(int flags)
+    {
+        final Msg msg = socketBase.recv(flags);
+        return msg.data();
+    }
+
+    public String receiveStringUtf8()
+    {
+        return receiveStringUtf8(0);
+    }
+
+    public String receiveStringUtf8(int flags)
+    {
+        final byte[] b = receive(flags);
+        return new String(b, UTF8);
+    }
+
+    private void mayRaise()
+    {
+        final int errno = socketBase.errno();
+        if (errno != 0 && errno != ZError.EAGAIN) {
+            throw new ZMQException(errno);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setOption(int option, Object value)
+    {
+        try {
+            socketBase.setSocketOpt(option, value);
+        }
+        catch (ZMQException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object getOption(int option)
+    {
+        return socketBase.getSocketOptx(option);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void close()
+    {
+        if (isClosed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+            ManagedContext.getInstance().destroy(socketBase);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `msg` last assigned on line 212 could be null and is dereferenced at line 213.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] ZSocket.receive(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zeromq.ZSocket.receive(int):byte[].7ccc4c1a40ca8284b7b0e88f92a7476c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/zeromq/ZSocket.java
+
+### Key:
+ZSocket.java|receive|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7da37724fa80369a9d8bdb2726ece453
+
+### Hash:
+7cb592e86cc0bcd02d0e252b55a3b352
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11175/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11175/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe0abd770827784fd0446182875d35db21d1a058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11175/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** validator-badge
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.wordnik.swagger.services;
+
+import com.wordnik.swagger.util.Json;
+
+import com.wordnik.swagger.models.*;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+
+import com.github.fge.jsonschema.core.exceptions.ProcessingException;
+import com.github.fge.jsonschema.main.*;
+import com.github.fge.jsonschema.core.report.*;
+import com.github.fge.jackson.JsonLoader;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.net.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import java.security.*;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import javax.net.ssl.*;
+import javax.servlet.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+
+public class ValidatorService {
+  static long LAST_FETCH = 0;
+  static String CACHED_SCHEMA = null;
+
+  static {
+    disableSslVerification();
+  }
+
+  private static void disableSslVerification() {
+    try {
+      // Create a trust manager that does not validate certificate chains
+      TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[] {
+        new X509TrustManager() {
+          public java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+            return null;
+          }
+          public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) { }
+          public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) { }
+        }
+      };
+
+      // Install the all-trusting trust manager
+      SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
+      sc.init(null, trustAllCerts, new java.security.SecureRandom());
+      HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory());
+
+      // Create all-trusting host name verifier
+      HostnameVerifier allHostsValid = new HostnameVerifier() {
+          public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) {
+              return true;
+          }
+      };
+
+      // Install the all-trusting host verifier
+      HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(allHostsValid);
+    } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } catch (KeyManagementException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  static String SCHEMA_FILE = "schema.json";
+  static String SCHEMA_URL = "http://swagger.io/v2/schema.json";
+  static ObjectMapper MAPPER = new ObjectMapper();
+  Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ValidatorService.class);
+  private JsonSchema schema;
+
+  public void validateByUrl(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, String url) {
+    System.out.println("validationUrl: " + url + ", forClient: " + getRemoteAddr(request) + ", method: get");
+    if(url == null) {
+      fail(response);
+    }
+    else {
+      try {
+        String inputDoc = getUrlContents(url);
+
+        if (schema == null) {
+          String schemaText = getSchema();
+          JsonNode schemaObject = MAPPER.readTree(schemaText);
+          JsonSchemaFactory factory = JsonSchemaFactory.byDefault();
+          schema = factory.getJsonSchema(schemaObject);
+        }
+        ProcessingReport report = schema.validate(JsonLoader.fromString(inputDoc));
+        if(report.isSuccess()) {
+          Swagger swagger = Json.mapper().readValue(inputDoc, Swagger.class);
+          if(swagger != null) {
+            System.out.println("swaggerHost: " + swagger.getHost() + ", forClient: " + getRemoteAddr(request));
+          }
+          success(response);
+        }
+        else
+          fail(response);
+      }
+      catch (Exception e) {
+        e.printStackTrace();
+        error(response);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public List<SchemaValidationError> debugByUrl(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, String url) throws Exception {
+    System.out.println("validationUrl: " + url + ", forClient: " + getRemoteAddr(request) + ", method: get, debug: true");
+    String content = getUrlContents(url);
+    String schemaText = getSchema();
+    JsonNode schemaObject = MAPPER.readTree(schemaText);
+    JsonSchemaFactory factory = JsonSchemaFactory.byDefault();
+    JsonSchema schema = factory.getJsonSchema(schemaObject);
+    ProcessingReport report = schema.validate(JsonLoader.fromString(content));
+    ListProcessingReport lp = new ListProcessingReport();
+    lp.mergeWith(report);
+
+    if(report.isSuccess()) {
+      Swagger swagger = Json.mapper().readValue(content, Swagger.class);
+      if(swagger != null) {
+        System.out.println("swaggerHost: " + swagger.getHost() + ", forClient: " + getRemoteAddr(request));
+      }
+    }
+
+    List<SchemaValidationError> output = new ArrayList<SchemaValidationError>();
+    java.util.Iterator<ProcessingMessage> it = lp.iterator();
+    while(it.hasNext()) {
+      ProcessingMessage pm = it.next();
+      output.add(new SchemaValidationError(pm.asJson()));
+    }
+    return output;
+  }
+
+  public List<SchemaValidationError> debugByContent(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, String content) throws Exception {
+    System.out.println("validationUrl: n/a, forClient: " + getRemoteAddr(request) + ", method: post, debug: true");
+    String schemaText = getSchema();
+    JsonNode schemaObject = MAPPER.readTree(schemaText);
+    JsonSchemaFactory factory = JsonSchemaFactory.byDefault();
+    JsonSchema schema = factory.getJsonSchema(schemaObject);
+    ProcessingReport report = schema.validate(JsonLoader.fromString(content));
+    ListProcessingReport lp = new ListProcessingReport();
+    lp.mergeWith(report);
+
+    if(report.isSuccess()) {
+      Swagger swagger = Json.mapper().readValue(content, Swagger.class);
+      if(swagger != null) {
+        System.out.println("swaggerHost: " + swagger.getHost() + ", forClient: " + getRemoteAddr(request));
+      }
+    }
+
+    List<SchemaValidationError> output = new ArrayList<SchemaValidationError>();
+    java.util.Iterator<ProcessingMessage> it = lp.iterator();
+    while(it.hasNext()) {
+      ProcessingMessage pm = it.next();
+      output.add(new SchemaValidationError(pm.asJson()));
+    }
+    return output;
+  }
+
+  private void success(HttpServletResponse response) {
+    try {
+      String name = "valid.png";
+      InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(name);
+      if(is != null) {
+        IOUtils.copy(is, response.getOutputStream());
+      }
+    }
+    catch(IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void error(HttpServletResponse response) {
+    try {
+      String name = "error.png";
+      InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(name);
+      if(is != null) {
+        IOUtils.copy(is, response.getOutputStream());
+      }
+    }
+    catch(IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void fail(HttpServletResponse response) {
+    try {
+      String name = "invalid.png";
+      InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(name);
+      if(is != null) {
+        IOUtils.copy(is, response.getOutputStream());
+      }
+    }
+    catch(IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String getSchema() throws Exception {
+    if(CACHED_SCHEMA != null && (System.currentTimeMillis() - LAST_FETCH) < 600000) {
+      return CACHED_SCHEMA;
+    }
+    try{
+      LAST_FETCH = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      CACHED_SCHEMA = getUrlContents(SCHEMA_URL);
+      return CACHED_SCHEMA;
+    }
+    catch (Exception e) {
+      InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(SCHEMA_FILE);
+      BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(is));
+
+      String inputLine;
+      StringBuilder contents = new StringBuilder();
+      while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null)
+        contents.append(inputLine);
+      in.close();
+      LAST_FETCH = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      CACHED_SCHEMA = contents.toString();
+      return CACHED_SCHEMA;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String getUrlContents(String urlString) throws Exception {
+    System.setProperty ("jsse.enableSNIExtension", "false");
+    URL url = new URL(urlString);
+    BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
+      new InputStreamReader(url.openStream()));
+
+    String inputLine;
+    StringBuilder contents = new StringBuilder();
+    while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null)
+      contents.append(inputLine);
+    in.close();
+    return contents.toString();
+  }
+
+  protected String getRemoteAddr(HttpServletRequest request) {
+    String ipAddress = request.getHeader("X-FORWARDED-FOR");  
+    if (ipAddress == null) {  
+      ipAddress = request.getRemoteAddr();
+    }
+
+    return ipAddress;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 232 is not released after line 239.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 236
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String ValidatorService.getUrlContents(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.wordnik.swagger.services.ValidatorService.getUrlContents(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.ac839df0b95601e340af33fe02e3f3b9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/wordnik/swagger/services/ValidatorService.java
+
+### Key:
+ValidatorService.java|getUrlContents|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+1d4751b42852968a2a41d486edc333ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11180/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11180/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..077f8e1869703a7b85c85523939804d91b79e3bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11180/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RedisClient
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.cxy.redisclient.presentation;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.eclipse.jface.dialogs.MessageDialog;
+import org.eclipse.swt.SWT;
+import org.eclipse.swt.custom.SashForm;
+import org.eclipse.swt.events.MouseAdapter;
+import org.eclipse.swt.events.MouseEvent;
+import org.eclipse.swt.events.SelectionAdapter;
+import org.eclipse.swt.events.SelectionEvent;
+import org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Image;
+import org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Point;
+import org.eclipse.swt.layout.FillLayout;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.FileDialog;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Item;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Menu;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.MenuItem;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Shell;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Table;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.TableColumn;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.TableItem;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Text;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Tree;
+import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.TreeItem;
+
+import com.cxy.redisclient.domain.DataNode;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.domain.Favorite;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.domain.Node;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.domain.NodeType;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.domain.Server;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.ContainerInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.FindInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.HashInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.ListInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.Order;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.OrderBy;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.RenameInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.SetInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.StringInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.dto.ZSetInfo;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.favorite.AddFavoriteDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.favorite.OrganizeFavoriteDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.hash.NewHashDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.key.FindKeyDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.key.RenameKeysDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.list.NewListDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.server.AddServerDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.server.UpdateServerDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.set.NewSetDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.string.NewStringDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.zset.NewZSetDialog;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.ExportService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.FavoriteService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.HashService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.ImportService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.ListService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.NodeService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.ServerService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.SetService;
+import com.cxy.redisclient.service.ZSetService;
+
+public class RedisClient {
+	private Shell shlRedisClient;
+	private PasteBuffer pBuffer = new PasteBuffer();
+	private FindBuffer fBuffer = null;
+	
+	private Item itemSelected;
+
+	private static final String DB_PREFIX = "db";
+	private static final String NODE_TYPE = "type";
+	private static final String NODE_ID = "id";
+	private static final String ITEM_OPENED = "open";
+	private static final String FAVORITE = "favorite";
+	private static final String ORDER = "order";
+
+	private Tree tree;
+	private Table table;
+	private Text text;
+
+	private Menu menuTreeServer;
+	private Menu menuTableServer;
+	private Menu menu;
+	private Menu menu_null;
+	private Menu menuTreeDBContainer;
+	private Menu menuTableDBContainer;
+	private Menu menu_key;
+	private Menu menuData;
+	private Menu menuFavorite;
+	private Menu menuServer;
+
+	private ServerService service1 = new ServerService();
+	private NodeService service2 = new NodeService();
+	private FavoriteService service3 = new FavoriteService();
+	private ListService service4 = new ListService();
+	private SetService service5 = new SetService();
+	private ZSetService service6 = new ZSetService();
+	private HashService service7 = new HashService();
+
+	private TreeItem rootRedisServers;
+
+	private Image redisImage;
+	private Image dbImage;
+	private Image containerImage;
+	private Image strImage;
+	private Image setImage;
+	private Image listImage;
+	private Image zsetImage;
+	private Image hashImage;
+
+	private TableColumn tblclmnName;
+	private TableColumn tblclmnType;
+	private TableColumn tblclmnSize;
+	private Menu menu_dbContainer;
+
+	/**
+	 * Launch the application.
+	 * 
+	 * @param args
+	 */
+	public static void main(String[] args) {
+		RedisClient window = new RedisClient();
+		window.open();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Open the window.
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public void open() {
+		Display display = null;
+
+		display = Display.getDefault();
+		createContents();
+
+		shlRedisClient.open();
+		shlRedisClient.layout();
+
+		while (!shlRedisClient.isDisposed()) {
+			try {
+				if (!display.readAndDispatch()) {
+					display.sleep();
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				MessageDialog.openError(shlRedisClient, "Error", e.getMessage());
+			}
+		}
+		display.dispose();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Create contents of the window.
+	 * 
+	 */
+	protected void createContents() {
+		initShell();
+
+		initImage();
+
+		initMenu();
+
+		initSash();
+
+	}
+
+	private void initImage() {
+		redisImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass()
+				.getResourceAsStream("/redis.png"));
+		dbImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass().getResourceAsStream(
+				"/db.png"));
+		strImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass().getResourceAsStream(
+				"/string.png"));
+		setImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass().getResourceAsStream(
+				"/set.png"));
+		listImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass()
+				.getResourceAsStream("/list.png"));
+		zsetImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass()
+				.getResourceAsStream("/zset.png"));
+		hashImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass()
+				.getResourceAsStream("/hash.png"));
+		containerImage = new Image(shlRedisClient.getDisplay(), getClass()
+				.getResourceAsStream("/container.png"));
+	}
+
+	private void initShell() {
+		shlRedisClient = new Shell();
+		shlRedisClient.setSize(1074, 772);
+		shlRedisClient.setText("Redis client");
+		shlRedisClient.setLayout(new FillLayout(SWT.HORIZONTAL));
+	}
+
+	private void initSash() {
+		SashForm sashForm_2 = new SashForm(shlRedisClient, SWT.SMOOTH
+				| SWT.VERTICAL);
+		sashForm_2.setSashWidth(0);
+
+		text = new Text(sashForm_2, SWT.BORDER | SWT.SEARCH);
+		text.setEditable(false);
+		SashForm sashForm = new SashForm(sashForm_2, SWT.NONE);
+
+		initTree(sashForm);
+
+		initRootItem();
+
+		initMenuData();
+
+		menuTreeDBContainer = initMenuTreeDB();
+
+		menuTableDBContainer = initMenuTableDB();
+
+		SashForm sashForm_1 = new SashForm(sashForm, SWT.VERTICAL);
+
+		initTable(sashForm_1);
+
+		sashForm_1.setWeights(new int[] { 1 });
+
+		sashForm.setWeights(new int[] { 1, 3 });
+		sashForm_2.setWeights(new int[] { 22, 368 });
+
+		initMenuNull();
+
+		menuTreeServer = initMenuTreeServer();
+		menuTableServer = initMenuTableServer();
+
+		initServers();
+		
+		tree.select(rootRedisServers);
+		treeItemSelected(false);
+	}
+
+	private void initMenuData() {
+		menu_key = new Menu(shlRedisClient);
+
+		MenuItem mntmRename = new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmRename.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				renameKey();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmRename.setText("rename");
+
+		MenuItem mntmDelete_4 = new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmDelete_4.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				deleteKey();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmDelete_4.setText("delete");
+		
+				MenuItem mntmProperties_1 = new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.NONE);
+				mntmProperties_1.setText("properties");
+
+		new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem menuItem = new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.NONE);
+		menuItem.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				addFavorite();
+			}
+		});
+		menuItem.setText("add to favorites");
+
+		new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmCut_1 = new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmCut_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				cut();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmCut_1.setText("cut");
+
+		MenuItem mntmCopy_2 = new MenuItem(menu_key, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmCopy_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				copy();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmCopy_2.setText("copy");
+	}
+
+	private void initTree(SashForm sashForm) {
+		tree = new Tree(sashForm, SWT.BORDER | SWT.V_SCROLL | SWT.H_SCROLL);
+		tree.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				treeItemSelected(false);
+			}
+		});
+		tree.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void mouseDown(MouseEvent arg0) {
+				Point point = new Point(arg0.x, arg0.y);
+				TreeItem selectedItem = tree.getItem(point);
+				if (arg0.button == 3) {
+					if (selectedItem == rootRedisServers || selectedItem == null)
+						tree.setMenu(menu_null);
+					else {
+						itemSelected = selectedItem;
+
+						NodeType type = (NodeType) selectedItem
+								.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+
+						if (type == NodeType.ROOT)
+							tree.setMenu(menu_null);
+						else if (type == NodeType.SERVER)
+							tree.setMenu(menuTreeServer);
+						else if (type == NodeType.DATABASE
+								|| type == NodeType.CONTAINER) {
+							updateMenuDBContainer(type, menuTreeDBContainer);
+							tree.setMenu(menuTreeDBContainer);
+						}
+
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		});
+	}
+
+	private void initRootItem() {
+		rootRedisServers = new TreeItem(tree, SWT.NONE);
+		rootRedisServers.setImage(redisImage);
+		rootRedisServers.setText("Redis Servers");
+		rootRedisServers.setData(NODE_TYPE, NodeType.ROOT);
+		rootRedisServers.setExpanded(true);
+		rootRedisServers.setData(ITEM_OPENED, true);
+	}
+
+	private void parseContainer(TreeItem item, ContainerInfo info) {
+		TreeItem parent = item.getParentItem();
+		if (item.getData(NODE_TYPE) == NodeType.CONTAINER) {
+			String container = item.getText();
+			if (info.getContainer() != null)
+				info.setContainer(container + ":" + info.getContainer());
+			else
+				info.setContainer(container + ":");
+
+			parseContainer(parent, info);
+		} else if (item.getData(NODE_TYPE) == NodeType.DATABASE) {
+			int db = (Integer) item.getData(NODE_ID);
+			info.setDb(db);
+			parseContainer(parent, info);
+		} else if (item.getData(NODE_TYPE) == NodeType.SERVER) {
+			int id = (Integer) item.getData(NODE_ID);
+			info.setId(id);
+			info.setServerName(item.getText());
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private Menu initMenuTreeDB() {
+		Menu menu = initMenuTableDB();
+		
+		new MenuItem(menu, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmRefresh_2 = new MenuItem(menu, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmRefresh_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				TreeItem[] items = tree.getSelection();
+				dbContainerTreeItemSelected(items[0], true);
+			}
+		});
+		mntmRefresh_2.setText("refresh");
+
+		return menu;
+	}
+
+	private Menu initMenuTableDB() {
+		menu_dbContainer = new Menu(shlRedisClient);
+
+		MenuItem mntmNew_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmNew_1.setText("new");
+
+		Menu menu_1 = new Menu(mntmNew_1);
+		mntmNew_1.setMenu(menu_1);
+
+		MenuItem menuItem_1 = new MenuItem(menu_1, SWT.NONE);
+		menuItem_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newString();
+			}
+		});
+		menuItem_1.setText("String");
+		menuItem_1.setImage(strImage);
+
+		MenuItem menuItem_2 = new MenuItem(menu_1, SWT.NONE);
+		menuItem_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newList();
+			}
+		});
+		menuItem_2.setText("List");
+		menuItem_2.setImage(listImage);
+
+		MenuItem menuItem_3 = new MenuItem(menu_1, SWT.NONE);
+		menuItem_3.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newSet();
+			}
+		});
+		menuItem_3.setText("Set");
+		menuItem_3.setImage(setImage);
+
+		MenuItem mntmSortedSet = new MenuItem(menu_1, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmSortedSet.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newZSet();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmSortedSet.setText("Sorted Set");
+		mntmSortedSet.setImage(zsetImage);
+
+		MenuItem mntmHash_1 = new MenuItem(menu_1, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmHash_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newHash();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmHash_1.setText("Hash");
+		mntmHash_1.setImage(hashImage);
+
+		MenuItem mntmRename_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmRename_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				renameContainer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmRename_1.setText("rename");
+
+		MenuItem mntmDelete_2 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmDelete_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				deleteCotainer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmDelete_2.setText("delete");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmProperties_3 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmProperties_3.setText("properties");
+
+		new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmAddToFavorites = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmAddToFavorites.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				addFavorite();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmAddToFavorites.setText("add to favorites");
+
+		new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmCut = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmCut.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				cut();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmCut.setText("cut");
+
+		MenuItem mntmCopy_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmCopy_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				copy();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmCopy_1.setText("copy");
+
+		MenuItem mntmPaste_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmPaste_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				paste();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmPaste_1.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmPaste_1.setText("paste");
+
+		new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmImport_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmImport_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				importFile();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmImport_1.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmImport_1.setText("import");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmExport_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmExport_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				export();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmExport_1.setText("export");
+		
+		new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFind_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFind_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				find();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFind_1.setText("find");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindNext_1 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindNext_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findForward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindNext_1.setText("find forward");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindBackward_3 = new MenuItem(menu_dbContainer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindBackward_3.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findBackward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindBackward_3.setText("find backward");
+		
+		return menu_dbContainer;
+	}
+
+	
+
+	private void initTable(SashForm sashForm_1) {
+		table = new Table(sashForm_1, SWT.BORDER | SWT.FULL_SELECTION);
+		table.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				TableItem[] items = table.getSelection();
+				itemSelected = items[0];
+				NodeType type = (NodeType) items[0].getData(NODE_TYPE);
+				switch (type) {
+				case SERVER:
+					serverItemSelected();
+					break;
+				case DATABASE:
+				case CONTAINER:
+					dbContainerItemSelected(items[0]);
+					break;
+				default:
+					dataItemSelected();
+					break;
+				}
+
+			}
+		});
+		table.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void mouseDoubleClick(MouseEvent e) {
+				TreeItem[] treeItems = tree.getSelection();
+				Point point = new Point(e.x, e.y);
+				TableItem selectedItem = table.getItem(point);
+
+				if (selectedItem != null){
+					if(treeItems[0].getItems().length == 0)
+						treeItemSelected(true);
+					else {
+						for (TreeItem treeItem : treeItems[0].getItems()) {
+							String treeText = treeItem.getText();
+							String tableText = selectedItem.getText(0);
+							String type = selectedItem.getText(1);
+							if (treeText.equals(tableText)) {
+								if (type.equals(NodeType.DATABASE.toString())
+										|| type.equals(NodeType.CONTAINER
+												.toString()))
+									dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+								else if (type.equals(NodeType.SERVER.toString()))
+									serverTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+								break;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public void mouseDown(MouseEvent e) {
+				Point point = new Point(e.x, e.y);
+				TableItem selectedItem = table.getItem(point);
+				if (e.button == 3) {
+					if (selectedItem == null)
+						table.setMenu(menu_null);
+					else {
+						NodeType type = (NodeType) selectedItem.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+						
+						if (type == NodeType.ROOT)
+							table.setMenu(menu_null);
+						else if (type == NodeType.SERVER)
+							table.setMenu(menuTableServer);
+						else if (type == NodeType.DATABASE
+								|| type == NodeType.CONTAINER) {
+							updateMenuDBContainer(type, menuTableDBContainer);
+							table.setMenu(menuTableDBContainer);
+						} else {
+							table.setMenu(menu_key);
+						}
+
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		});
+		table.setHeaderVisible(true);
+
+		tblclmnName = new TableColumn(table, SWT.NONE);
+		tblclmnName.setWidth(150);
+		tblclmnName.setText("name");
+		tblclmnName.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				columnSelected(tblclmnName, OrderBy.NAME);
+			}
+		});
+
+		tblclmnType = new TableColumn(table, SWT.NONE);
+		tblclmnType.setWidth(150);
+		tblclmnType.setText("type");
+		tblclmnType.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				columnSelected(tblclmnType, OrderBy.TYPE);
+			}
+		});
+
+		tblclmnSize = new TableColumn(table, SWT.NONE);
+		tblclmnSize.setWidth(100);
+		tblclmnSize.setText("size");
+		tblclmnSize.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				columnSelected(tblclmnSize, OrderBy.SIZE);
+			}
+		});
+
+	}
+
+	protected void dataItemSelected() {
+		menuServer.getItem(1).setEnabled(false);
+		menuServer.getItem(2).setEnabled(false);
+		menuServer.getItem(3).setEnabled(false);
+
+		menuData.getItem(0).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(1).setEnabled(true);
+		menuData.getItem(2).setEnabled(true);
+
+		menuFavorite.getItem(0).setEnabled(true);
+		
+	}
+
+	private Menu initMenuTreeServer() {
+		Menu menu_server = initMenuTableServer();
+		
+		new MenuItem(menu_server, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmRefresh_3 = new MenuItem(menu_server, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmRefresh_3.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				TreeItem[] items = tree.getSelection();
+				serverTreeItemSelected(items[0], true);
+			}
+		});
+		mntmRefresh_3.setText("refresh");
+
+		return menu_server;
+	}
+
+	private Menu initMenuTableServer() {
+		Menu menu_server_1 = new Menu(shlRedisClient);
+
+		MenuItem mntmUpdate = new MenuItem(menu_server_1, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmUpdate.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				updateServer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmUpdate.setText("update");
+
+		MenuItem mntmDelete = new MenuItem(menu_server_1, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmDelete.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				removeServer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmDelete.setText("remove");
+
+		MenuItem mntmProperties_4 = new MenuItem(menu_server_1, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmProperties_4.setText("properties");
+		
+		new MenuItem(menu_server_1, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+		
+		MenuItem menuItem_2 = new MenuItem(menu_server_1, SWT.NONE);
+		menuItem_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				find();
+			}
+		});
+		menuItem_2.setText("find");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindForward = new MenuItem(menu_server_1, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindForward.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findForward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindForward.setText("find forward");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindBackward = new MenuItem(menu_server_1, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindBackward.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findBackward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindBackward.setText("find backward");
+		
+		return menu_server_1;
+	}
+
+	private void initMenuNull() {
+		menu_null = new Menu(shlRedisClient);
+
+		MenuItem mntmNewConnection = new MenuItem(menu_null, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmNewConnection.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				addServer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmNewConnection.setText("add server");
+		
+		new MenuItem(menu_null, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFind = new MenuItem(menu_null, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFind.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				find();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFind.setText("find");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindNext = new MenuItem(menu_null, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindNext.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findForward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindNext.setText("find forward");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindBackward_2 = new MenuItem(menu_null, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindBackward_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findBackward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindBackward_2.setText("find  backward");
+		
+		new MenuItem(menu_null, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmRefresh = new MenuItem(menu_null, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmRefresh.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				rootTreeItemSelected(true);
+			}
+		});
+		mntmRefresh.setText("refresh");
+	}
+
+	private void initMenu() {
+		menu = new Menu(shlRedisClient, SWT.BAR);
+		shlRedisClient.setMenuBar(menu);
+
+		MenuItem mntmServer = new MenuItem(menu, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmServer.setText("&Server");
+
+		menuServer = new Menu(mntmServer);
+		mntmServer.setMenu(menuServer);
+
+		MenuItem mntmNew = new MenuItem(menuServer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmNew.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				addServer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmNew.setText("Add");
+
+		MenuItem mntmEdit = new MenuItem(menuServer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmEdit.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmEdit.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				updateServer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmEdit.setText("Update");
+
+		MenuItem mntmDelete_1 = new MenuItem(menuServer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmDelete_1.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmDelete_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				removeServer();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmDelete_1.setText("Remove");
+		
+		MenuItem mntmProperties = new MenuItem(menuServer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmProperties.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmProperties.setText("Properties");
+
+		new MenuItem(menuServer, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmExit = new MenuItem(menuServer, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmExit.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				shlRedisClient.close();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmExit.setText("Exit");
+
+		MenuItem mntmData = new MenuItem(menu, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmData.setText("Data");
+
+		menuData = new Menu(mntmData);
+		mntmData.setMenu(menuData);
+
+		MenuItem mntmAdd = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmAdd.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmAdd.setText("New");
+
+		Menu menu_5 = new Menu(mntmAdd);
+		mntmAdd.setMenu(menu_5);
+
+		MenuItem mntmString = new MenuItem(menu_5, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmString.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newString();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmString.setText("String\tAlt+1");
+		mntmString.setAccelerator(SWT.ALT+'1');
+		mntmString.setImage(strImage);
+		
+
+		MenuItem mntmList = new MenuItem(menu_5, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmList.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newList();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmList.setText("List\tAlt+2");
+		mntmList.setAccelerator(SWT.ALT+'2');
+		mntmList.setImage(listImage);
+
+		MenuItem mntmSet = new MenuItem(menu_5, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmSet.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newSet();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmSet.setText("Set\tAlt+3");
+		mntmSet.setAccelerator(SWT.ALT+'3');
+		mntmSet.setImage(setImage);
+
+		MenuItem mntmSortset = new MenuItem(menu_5, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmSortset.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newZSet();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmSortset.setText("Sorted Set\tAlt+4");
+		mntmSortset.setAccelerator(SWT.ALT+'4');
+		mntmSortset.setImage(zsetImage);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmHash = new MenuItem(menu_5, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmHash.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				newHash();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmHash.setText("Hash\tAlt+5");
+		mntmHash.setAccelerator(SWT.ALT+'5');
+		mntmHash.setImage(hashImage);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmRename_2 = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmRename_2.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmRename_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				if(itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+					renameContainer();
+				else
+					renameKey();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmRename_2.setText("Rename");
+
+		MenuItem mntmDelete_3 = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmDelete_3.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmDelete_3.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				if(itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+					deleteCotainer();
+				else {
+					NodeType type = (NodeType) itemSelected.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+					if(type == NodeType.CONTAINER)
+						deleteCotainer();
+					else
+						deleteKey();
+				}
+					
+			}
+		});
+		mntmDelete_3.setText("Delete\t Del");
+		mntmDelete_3.setAccelerator(SWT.DEL);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmProperties_2 = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmProperties_2.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmProperties_2.setText("Properties");
+
+		new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmcut = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmcut.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				cut();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmcut.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmcut.setText("Cut\tCtrl+X");
+		mntmcut.setAccelerator(SWT.CTRL + 'X');
+
+		MenuItem mntmCopy = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmCopy.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				copy();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmCopy.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmCopy.setText("Copy\tCtrl+C");
+		mntmCopy.setAccelerator(SWT.CTRL + 'C');
+
+		MenuItem mntmPaste = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmPaste.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				paste();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmPaste.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmPaste.setText("Paste\tCtrl+V");
+		mntmPaste.setAccelerator(SWT.CTRL + 'V');
+
+		new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmImport = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmImport.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				importFile();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmImport.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmImport.setText("Import");
+
+		MenuItem mntmExport = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmExport.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent arg0) {
+				export();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmExport.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmExport.setText("Export");
+
+		new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFind_2 = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFind_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				find();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFind_2.setText("Find\tCtrl+F");
+		mntmFind_2.setAccelerator(SWT.CTRL + 'F');
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindNext_2 = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindNext_2.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findForward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindNext_2.setText("Find forward\tF3");
+		mntmFindNext_2.setAccelerator(SWT.F3);
+		
+		MenuItem mntmFindBackward_1 = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmFindBackward_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				findBackward();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmFindBackward_1.setText("Find backward\tCtrl+F3");
+		mntmFindBackward_1.setAccelerator(SWT.CTRL+SWT.F3);
+		
+		new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmRefresh_1 = new MenuItem(menuData, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmRefresh_1.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				treeItemSelected(true);
+			}
+		});
+		mntmRefresh_1.setText("Refresh\tF5");
+		mntmRefresh_1.setAccelerator(SWT.F5);
+
+		MenuItem mntmFavorites = new MenuItem(menu, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmFavorites.setText("Favorites");
+
+		menuFavorite = new Menu(mntmFavorites);
+		mntmFavorites.setMenu(menuFavorite);
+
+		MenuItem mntmAdd_Favorite = new MenuItem(menuFavorite, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmAdd_Favorite.setEnabled(false);
+		mntmAdd_Favorite.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				addFavorite();
+			}
+		});
+		mntmAdd_Favorite.setText("Add");
+
+		MenuItem mntmOrganize = new MenuItem(menuFavorite, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmOrganize.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+			@Override
+			public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+				OrganizeFavoriteDialog dialog = new OrganizeFavoriteDialog(
+						shlRedisClient, SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL);
+
+				List<Favorite> favorites = (List<Favorite>) dialog.open();
+				if (favorites != null) {
+					service3.updateList(favorites);
+
+					removeFavoriteMenuItem();
+					addFavoriteMenuItem();
+				}
+
+			}
+		});
+		mntmOrganize.setText("Organize");
+
+		addFavoriteMenuItem();
+
+		MenuItem mntmTool = new MenuItem(menu, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmTool.setText("Tool");
+
+		Menu menu_6 = new Menu(mntmTool);
+		mntmTool.setMenu(menu_6);
+
+		MenuItem mntmSet_2 = new MenuItem(menu_6, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmSet_2.setText("Set");
+
+		Menu menu_3 = new Menu(mntmSet_2);
+		mntmSet_2.setMenu(menu_3);
+
+		MenuItem mntmDiff = new MenuItem(menu_3, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmDiff.setText("Difference");
+
+		MenuItem mntmInter = new MenuItem(menu_3, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmInter.setText("Intersection");
+
+		MenuItem mntmUnion = new MenuItem(menu_3, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmUnion.setText("Union");
+
+		new MenuItem(menu_6, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmPubsub = new MenuItem(menu_6, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmPubsub.setText("Pub/Sub");
+
+		MenuItem mntmHelp = new MenuItem(menu, SWT.CASCADE);
+		mntmHelp.setText("Help");
+
+		Menu menu_2 = new Menu(mntmHelp);
+		mntmHelp.setMenu(menu_2);
+
+		MenuItem mntmReportBug = new MenuItem(menu_2, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmReportBug.setText("Report bug");
+
+		MenuItem mntmDonation = new MenuItem(menu_2, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmDonation.setText("Donation");
+
+		new MenuItem(menu_2, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+
+		MenuItem mntmAbout = new MenuItem(menu_2, SWT.NONE);
+		mntmAbout.setText("About");
+	}
+
+	protected void findForward() {
+		if(fBuffer == null)
+			find();		
+		else {
+			Node node = service2.findNext(fBuffer.getFindNode(), fBuffer.getSearchFrom(), fBuffer.getId(), fBuffer.getDb(), fBuffer.getContainer(), fBuffer.getSearchNodeType(), fBuffer.getPattern(), true);
+			if(node != null) {
+				go(node.getId(), node.getDb(), node.getKey(), true, true);
+				
+				fBuffer.setFindNode(node);
+			} else {
+				boolean ok = MessageDialog.openConfirm(shlRedisClient, "find forward", "Finished find result, find again?");
+				if(ok){
+					Set<Node> nodes = service2.find(fBuffer.getSearchFrom(), fBuffer.getId(), fBuffer.getDb(), fBuffer.getContainer(), fBuffer.getSearchNodeType(), fBuffer.getPattern(), true);
+					if(!nodes.isEmpty()) {
+						Node node1 = nodes.iterator().next();
+						go(node1.getId(), node1.getDb(), node1.getKey(), true, true);
+						
+						fBuffer.setFindNode(node1);
+					}else{
+						MessageDialog.openInformation(shlRedisClient, "find results",
+								"No match result found!");
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void findBackward() {
+		if(fBuffer == null)
+			find();		
+		else {
+			Node node = service2.findNext(fBuffer.getFindNode(), fBuffer.getSearchFrom(), fBuffer.getId(), fBuffer.getDb(), fBuffer.getContainer(), fBuffer.getSearchNodeType(), fBuffer.getPattern(), false);
+			if(node != null) {
+				go(node.getId(), node.getDb(), node.getKey(), true, true);
+				
+				fBuffer.setFindNode(node);
+			} else {
+				boolean ok = MessageDialog.openConfirm(shlRedisClient, "find backward", "Finished find result, find again?");
+				if(ok){
+					Set<Node> nodes = service2.find(fBuffer.getSearchFrom(), fBuffer.getId(), fBuffer.getDb(), fBuffer.getContainer(), fBuffer.getSearchNodeType(), fBuffer.getPattern(), false);
+					if(!nodes.isEmpty()) {
+						Node node1 = nodes.iterator().next();
+						go(node1.getId(), node1.getDb(), node1.getKey(), true, true);
+						
+						fBuffer.setFindNode(node1);
+					}else{
+						MessageDialog.openInformation(shlRedisClient, "find results",
+								"No match result found!");
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected void find() {
+		FindKeyDialog dialog = new FindKeyDialog(shlRedisClient, SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL);
+		FindInfo info = (FindInfo) dialog.open();
+		if(info != null) {
+			TreeItem treeItem;
+			
+			ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+			if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem) {
+				treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+			} else {
+				treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+			}
+
+			parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+			NodeType searchFrom = (NodeType) treeItem.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+			
+			Set<Node> nodes = service2.find(searchFrom, cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer(), info.getSearchNodeType(), info.getPattern(), info.isForward());
+			if(!nodes.isEmpty()) {
+				Node node = nodes.iterator().next();
+				go(node.getId(), node.getDb(), node.getKey(), true, true);
+				
+				fBuffer = new FindBuffer(node, searchFrom, cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer(), info.getSearchNodeType(), info.getPattern());
+			}else{
+				MessageDialog.openInformation(shlRedisClient, "find results",
+						"No match result found!");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void export() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+		
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem) {
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		} else {
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+		}
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+		
+		FileDialog dialog = new FileDialog(shlRedisClient,SWT.SAVE);
+		dialog.setText("Export redis data file");
+		String[] filterExt = { "*.*" };
+		dialog.setFilterExtensions(filterExt);
+		String file = dialog.open();
+		if(file != null){
+			File exportFile = new File(file);
+		
+			boolean ok = false;
+			boolean exist = exportFile.exists();
+			if(exist)
+				ok = MessageDialog.openConfirm(shlRedisClient, "file exists",
+						"File exists, are you sure replace this file?");
+			if(!exist || ok) {
+				ExportService service = new ExportService(file, cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer());
+				try {
+					service.export();
+				} catch (IOException e) {
+					throw new RuntimeException(e.getMessage());
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	private void importFile() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+		
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem) {
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		} else {
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+		}
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+		
+		FileDialog dialog = new FileDialog(shlRedisClient, SWT.OPEN);
+		dialog.setText("Import redis data file");
+		String[] filterExt = { "*.*" };
+		dialog.setFilterExtensions(filterExt);
+		String file = dialog.open();
+		if(file != null) {
+			ImportService service = new ImportService(file, cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb());
+			try {
+				service.importFile();
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				throw new RuntimeException(e.getMessage());
+			}
+			
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem, true);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void removeFavoriteMenuItem() {
+		int num = menuFavorite.getItemCount();
+		if (num > 2) {
+			MenuItem[] items = menuFavorite.getItems();
+			for (int i = 2; i < num; i++) {
+				items[i].dispose();
+			}
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private void addFavoriteMenuItem() {
+		List<Favorite> favorites = service3.listAll();
+		if (favorites.size() > 0) {
+			new MenuItem(menuFavorite, SWT.SEPARATOR);
+			for (Favorite favorite : favorites) {
+				final MenuItem menuItem = new MenuItem(menuFavorite, SWT.NONE);
+				menuItem.setText(favorite.getName());
+				menuItem.setData(FAVORITE, favorite);
+				menuItem.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
+					@Override
+					public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
+						Favorite favorite = (Favorite) menuItem
+								.getData(FAVORITE);
+						int sid = favorite.getServerID();
+
+						String[] containers = favorite.getFavorite().split(":");
+						
+						String container = "";
+						for(int i = 2; i < containers.length; i++){
+							container += containers[i] + ":";
+						}
+						go(sid,Integer.parseInt(containers[1].replaceFirst(DB_PREFIX, "")), container, favorite.isData(), false);
+
+					}
+				});
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void initServers() {
+		java.util.List<Server> servers = service1.listAll();
+
+		for (Server server : servers) {
+			addServerTreeItem(server);
+		}
+		rootRedisServers.setExpanded(true);
+		rootRedisServers.setData(ITEM_OPENED, true);
+	}
+
+	private void addDBTreeItem(int server, TreeItem serverItem) {
+		int amount = service1.listDBs(server);
+		for (int i = 0; i < amount; i++) {
+			TreeItem dbItem = new TreeItem(serverItem, SWT.NONE);
+			dbItem.setText(DB_PREFIX + i);
+			dbItem.setData(NODE_ID, i);
+			dbItem.setData(NODE_TYPE, NodeType.DATABASE);
+			dbItem.setImage(dbImage);
+		}
+		if (amount > 0) {
+			serverItem.setExpanded(true);
+			serverItem.setData(ITEM_OPENED, true);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private TreeItem addServerTreeItem(Server server) {
+		TreeItem treeItem = new TreeItem(rootRedisServers, 0);
+		treeItem.setText(server.getName());
+		treeItem.setData(NODE_ID, server.getId());
+		treeItem.setData(NODE_TYPE, NodeType.SERVER);
+		treeItem.setImage(redisImage);
+
+		return treeItem;
+	}
+
+	private void addServer() {
+		AddServerDialog dialog = new AddServerDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL);
+		Server server = (Server) dialog.open();
+
+		if (server != null) {
+			server.setId(service1.add(server.getName(), server.getHost(),
+					server.getPort()));
+			TreeItem item = addServerTreeItem(server);
+			serverTreeItemSelected(item, false);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void updateServer() {
+		int id = (Integer) itemSelected.getData(NODE_ID);
+
+		Server server = service1.listById(id);
+		UpdateServerDialog dialog = new UpdateServerDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, server);
+		server = (Server) dialog.open();
+		if (server != null) {
+			service1.update(id, server.getName(), server.getHost(),
+					server.getPort());
+			itemSelected.setText(server.getName());
+			rootTreeItemSelected(true);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void removeServer() {
+		boolean ok = MessageDialog.openConfirm(shlRedisClient, "remove server",
+				"Are you sure remove this server?");
+		if (ok) {
+			int id = ((Integer) (itemSelected.getData(NODE_ID))).intValue();
+			service1.delete(id);
+			if (itemSelected instanceof TableItem) {
+				getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected).dispose();
+			}
+			itemSelected.dispose();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private TreeItem getTreeItemByTableItem(TableItem tableItem) {
+		TreeItem[] treeItems = tree.getSelection();
+		TreeItem treeItem = treeItems[0];
+		NodeType tableItmeType = (NodeType) tableItem.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+		
+		if(tableItmeType != NodeType.DATABASE && tableItmeType != NodeType.SERVER && tableItmeType != NodeType.CONTAINER)
+			return treeItem;
+		TreeItem[] subTreeItems = treeItem.getItems();
+
+		for (TreeItem item : subTreeItems) {
+			NodeType type = (NodeType) item.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+
+			if (type == NodeType.CONTAINER) {
+				if (item.getText().equals(tableItem.getText()))
+					return item;
+			} else {
+				int treeid = (Integer) item.getData(NODE_ID);
+				int tableid = (Integer) tableItem.getData(NODE_ID);
+				if (treeid == tableid)
+					return item;
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private void renameContainer() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		else
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		RenameKeysDialog dialog = new RenameKeysDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, cinfo.getServerName(),
+				cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer());
+		RenameInfo rinfo = (RenameInfo) dialog.open();
+
+		if (rinfo != null) {
+			Set<String> result = service2.renameContainer(cinfo.getId(),
+					cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer(),
+					rinfo.getNewContainer(), rinfo.isOverwritten());
+			treeItem.getParentItem().setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem.getParentItem(), false);
+			if (!rinfo.isOverwritten() && result.size() > 0) {
+				String failString = "Rename following keys failed because of exist:\n";
+				for (String container : result)
+					failString += container + "\n";
+				MessageDialog.openError(shlRedisClient, "rename keys result",
+						failString);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void deleteCotainer() {
+		boolean ok = MessageDialog.openConfirm(shlRedisClient, "delete keys",
+				"Are you sure delete all keys under it?");
+		if (ok) {
+			TreeItem treeItem;
+
+			ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+			if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+				treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+			else
+				treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+
+			parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+			service2.deleteContainer(cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(),
+					cinfo.getContainer());
+			if (itemSelected instanceof TableItem) {
+				treeItem.dispose();
+			}
+			itemSelected.dispose();
+			treeItemSelected(false);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void addFavorite() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+		String fullContainer;
+		
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem) {
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+			fullContainer = text.getText();
+		} else {
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+			NodeType type = (NodeType) itemSelected.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+			if(type == NodeType.CONTAINER || type == NodeType.DATABASE)
+				fullContainer = text.getText() + itemSelected.getText() + ":";
+			else
+				fullContainer = text.getText() + itemSelected.getText();
+		}
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		AddFavoriteDialog dialog = new AddFavoriteDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, fullContainer);
+		String name = (String) dialog.open();
+		if (name != null)
+			service3.add(cinfo.getId(), name, fullContainer);
+
+		removeFavoriteMenuItem();
+		addFavoriteMenuItem();
+	}
+
+	private void treeItemSelected(boolean refresh) {
+		TreeItem[] items = tree.getSelection();
+		NodeType type = (NodeType) items[0].getData(NODE_TYPE);
+
+		switch (type) {
+		case ROOT:
+			rootTreeItemSelected(refresh);
+			break;
+		case SERVER:
+			serverTreeItemSelected(items[0], refresh);
+			break;
+		case DATABASE:
+		case CONTAINER:
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(items[0], refresh);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void dbContainerTreeItemSelected(TreeItem itemSelected,
+			boolean refresh) {
+		this.itemSelected = itemSelected;
+		tree.setSelection(itemSelected);
+		ContainerInfo info = new ContainerInfo();
+		parseContainer(itemSelected, info);
+		String container = (info.getContainer() == null) ? "" : info
+				.getContainer();
+		text.setText(info.getServerName() + ":" + DB_PREFIX + info.getDb()
+				+ ":" + container);
+
+		dbContainerItemSelected(itemSelected);
+
+		Set<Node> cnodes = service2.listContainers(info.getId(), info.getDb(),
+				info.getContainer());
+
+		if (refresh)
+			itemSelected.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+
+		if (itemSelected.getData(ITEM_OPENED) == null
+				|| ((Boolean) (itemSelected.getData(ITEM_OPENED)) == false)) {
+			itemSelected.removeAll();
+
+			for (Node node : cnodes) {
+				TreeItem item = new TreeItem(itemSelected, SWT.NONE);
+				item.setText(node.getKey());
+				item.setData(NODE_TYPE, node.getType());
+				item.setImage(containerImage);
+
+			}
+			itemSelected.setExpanded(true);
+			itemSelected.setData(ITEM_OPENED, true);
+		}
+
+		tableItemOrderSelected(info, Order.Ascend, OrderBy.NAME);
+		table.setSortColumn(null);
+	}
+
+	private void dbContainerItemSelected(Item itemSelected) {
+		menuServer.getItem(1).setEnabled(false);
+		menuServer.getItem(2).setEnabled(false);
+		menuServer.getItem(3).setEnabled(false);
+
+		NodeType type = (NodeType) itemSelected.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+
+		menuData.getItem(0).setEnabled(true);
+		if (type == NodeType.CONTAINER) {
+			menuData.getItem(1).setEnabled(true);
+			menuData.getItem(2).setEnabled(true);
+			menuData.getItem(5).setEnabled(true);
+			menuData.getItem(6).setEnabled(true);
+			if(pBuffer.canPaste())
+				menuData.getItem(7).setEnabled(true);
+			else
+				menuData.getItem(7).setEnabled(false);
+			
+			menuData.getItem(9).setEnabled(false);
+			menuData.getItem(10).setEnabled(true);
+		} else {
+			menuData.getItem(1).setEnabled(false);
+			menuData.getItem(2).setEnabled(false);
+			menuData.getItem(5).setEnabled(false);
+			menuData.getItem(6).setEnabled(true);
+			if(pBuffer.canPaste())
+				menuData.getItem(7).setEnabled(true);
+			else
+				menuData.getItem(7).setEnabled(false);
+			
+			menuData.getItem(9).setEnabled(true);
+			menuData.getItem(10).setEnabled(true);
+		}
+
+		menuFavorite.getItem(0).setEnabled(true);
+	}
+
+	private void tableItemOrderSelected(ContainerInfo info, Order order,
+			OrderBy orderBy) {
+		Set<Node> cnodes = service2.listContainers(info.getId(), info.getDb(),
+				info.getContainer(), order);
+
+		table.removeAll();
+		for (Node node : cnodes) {
+			TableItem item = new TableItem(table, SWT.NONE);
+			item.setText(new String[] { node.getKey(),
+					node.getType().toString() });
+			item.setImage(containerImage);
+			item.setData(NODE_TYPE, node.getType());
+		}
+
+		Set<DataNode> knodes = service2.listContainerKeys(info.getId(),
+				info.getDb(), info.getContainer(), order, orderBy);
+
+		for (DataNode node1 : knodes) {
+			TableItem item = new TableItem(table, SWT.NONE);
+			item.setText(new String[] { node1.getKey(),
+					node1.getType().toString(), String.valueOf(node1.getSize()) });
+			switch (node1.getType()) {
+			case STRING:
+				item.setImage(strImage);
+				break;
+			case SET:
+				item.setImage(setImage);
+				break;
+			case LIST:
+				item.setImage(listImage);
+				break;
+			case HASH:
+				item.setImage(hashImage);
+				break;
+			case SORTEDSET:
+				item.setImage(zsetImage);
+				break;
+			default:
+				break;
+			}
+			item.setData(NODE_TYPE, node1.getType());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void rootTreeItemSelected(boolean refresh) {
+		itemSelected = rootRedisServers;
+		tree.setSelection(rootRedisServers);
+		text.setText("");
+		table.removeAll();
+
+		rootItemSelected();
+
+		if (refresh)
+			rootRedisServers.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+
+		if (rootRedisServers.getData(ITEM_OPENED) == null
+				|| ((Boolean) (rootRedisServers.getData(ITEM_OPENED)) == false)) {
+			rootRedisServers.removeAll();
+			initServers();
+
+		}
+
+		java.util.List<Server> servers = service1.listAll();
+
+		for (Server server : servers) {
+			TableItem item = new TableItem(table, SWT.NONE);
+			item.setText(new String[] { server.getName(),
+					NodeType.SERVER.toString() });
+			item.setImage(redisImage);
+			item.setData(NODE_ID, server.getId());
+			item.setData(NODE_TYPE, NodeType.SERVER);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private void rootItemSelected() {
+		menuServer.getItem(1).setEnabled(false);
+		menuServer.getItem(2).setEnabled(false);
+		menuServer.getItem(3).setEnabled(false);
+
+		menuData.getItem(0).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(1).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(2).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(5).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(6).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(7).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(9).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(10).setEnabled(false);
+		
+		menuFavorite.getItem(0).setEnabled(false);
+	}
+
+	private void serverTreeItemSelected(TreeItem selectedItem, boolean refresh) {
+		this.itemSelected = selectedItem;
+		tree.setSelection(selectedItem);
+		text.setText(selectedItem.getText() + ":");
+		table.removeAll();
+
+		serverItemSelected();
+
+		if (refresh)
+			selectedItem.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+
+		if (selectedItem.getData(ITEM_OPENED) == null
+				|| ((Boolean) (selectedItem.getData(ITEM_OPENED)) == false)) {
+			selectedItem.removeAll();
+			addDBTreeItem((Integer) selectedItem.getData(NODE_ID), selectedItem);
+		}
+
+		int dbs = service1.listDBs((Integer) selectedItem.getData(NODE_ID));
+		for (int i = 0; i < dbs; i++) {
+			TableItem item = new TableItem(table, SWT.NONE);
+			item.setText(new String[] { DB_PREFIX + i,
+					NodeType.DATABASE.toString() });
+			item.setData(NODE_ID, i);
+			item.setImage(dbImage);
+			item.setData(NODE_ID, i);
+			item.setData(NODE_TYPE, NodeType.DATABASE);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private void serverItemSelected() {
+		menuServer.getItem(1).setEnabled(true);
+		menuServer.getItem(2).setEnabled(true);
+		menuServer.getItem(3).setEnabled(true);
+
+		menuData.getItem(0).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(1).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(2).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(5).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(6).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(7).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(9).setEnabled(false);
+		menuData.getItem(10).setEnabled(false);
+		
+		menuFavorite.getItem(0).setEnabled(false);
+	}
+
+	private void newString() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		else
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		NewStringDialog dialog = new NewStringDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, cinfo.getServerName(),
+				cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer());
+		StringInfo info = (StringInfo) dialog.open();
+		if (info != null) {
+			service2.addString(cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), info.getKey(),
+					info.getValue());
+
+			treeItem.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private void newList() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		else
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		NewListDialog dialog = new NewListDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, cinfo.getServerName(),
+				cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer());
+		ListInfo info = (ListInfo) dialog.open();
+		if (info != null) {
+			service4.add(cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), info.getKey(),
+					info.getValues(), info.isHeadTail(), info.isExist());
+			treeItem.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void newSet() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		else
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		NewSetDialog dialog = new NewSetDialog(shlRedisClient, SWT.SHELL_TRIM
+				| SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, cinfo.getServerName(), cinfo.getDb(),
+				cinfo.getContainer());
+		SetInfo info = (SetInfo) dialog.open();
+		if (info != null) {
+			service5.add(cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), info.getKey(),
+					info.getValues());
+			treeItem.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void newZSet() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		else
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		NewZSetDialog dialog = new NewZSetDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, cinfo.getServerName(),
+				cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer());
+		ZSetInfo info = (ZSetInfo) dialog.open();
+		if (info != null) {
+			service6.add(cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), info.getKey(),
+					info.getValues());
+			treeItem.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private void newHash() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		else
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		NewHashDialog dialog = new NewHashDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, cinfo.getServerName(),
+				cinfo.getDb(), cinfo.getContainer());
+		HashInfo info = (HashInfo) dialog.open();
+		if (info != null) {
+			service7.add(cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), info.getKey(),
+					info.getValues());
+			treeItem.setData(ITEM_OPENED, false);
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private void columnSelected(final TableColumn tblclmn, OrderBy orderBy) {
+		TreeItem[] items = tree.getSelection();
+		if (items.length > 0) {
+			NodeType type = (NodeType) items[0].getData(NODE_TYPE);
+			if (type == NodeType.CONTAINER || type == NodeType.DATABASE) {
+				Order order = (Order) tblclmn.getData(ORDER);
+				if (order == null) {
+					tblclmn.setData(ORDER, Order.Ascend);
+					table.setSortColumn(tblclmn);
+					table.setSortDirection(SWT.UP);
+				} else if (order == Order.Ascend) {
+					tblclmn.setData(ORDER, Order.Descend);
+					table.setSortColumn(tblclmn);
+					table.setSortDirection(SWT.DOWN);
+				} else {
+					tblclmn.setData(ORDER, Order.Ascend);
+					table.setSortColumn(tblclmn);
+					table.setSortDirection(SWT.UP);
+				}
+
+				ContainerInfo info = new ContainerInfo();
+				parseContainer(items[0], info);
+
+				tableItemOrderSelected(info, (Order) tblclmn.getData(ORDER),
+						orderBy);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void renameKey() {
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		TreeItem[] items = tree.getSelection();
+
+		parseContainer(items[0], cinfo);
+
+		String key = cinfo.getContainer() == null?"": cinfo.getContainer();
+		key += itemSelected.getText();
+		
+		RenameKeysDialog dialog = new RenameKeysDialog(shlRedisClient,
+				SWT.SHELL_TRIM | SWT.APPLICATION_MODAL, cinfo.getServerName(),
+				cinfo.getDb(), key);
+		RenameInfo rinfo = (RenameInfo) dialog.open();
+
+		if (rinfo != null) {
+			boolean result = service2.renameKey(cinfo.getId(),
+					cinfo.getDb(), key,
+					rinfo.getNewContainer(), rinfo.isOverwritten());
+			dbContainerTreeItemSelected(items[0], false);
+			
+			if (!rinfo.isOverwritten() && !result) {
+				String failString = "Rename key failed because of exist";
+				MessageDialog.openError(shlRedisClient, "rename keys result",
+						failString);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void deleteKey() {
+		boolean ok = MessageDialog.openConfirm(shlRedisClient, "delete key",
+				"Are you sure delete this key?");
+		if (ok) {
+			ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+			TreeItem[] items = tree.getSelection();
+
+			parseContainer(items[0], cinfo);
+
+			String key = cinfo.getContainer() == null?"": cinfo.getContainer();
+			key += itemSelected.getText();
+
+			service2.deleteKey(cinfo.getId(), cinfo.getDb(), key);
+			itemSelected.dispose();
+			
+			treeItemSelected(false);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void cut() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+		
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem) {
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		} else {
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+		}
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		if(itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			pBuffer.cut(cinfo, treeItem);
+		else {
+			NodeType type = (NodeType) itemSelected.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+			if(type == NodeType.CONTAINER || type == NodeType.DATABASE)
+				pBuffer.cut(cinfo, treeItem);
+			else
+				pBuffer.cut(cinfo, itemSelected.getText(), treeItem);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void copy() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+		
+		ContainerInfo cinfo = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem) {
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		} else {
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+		}
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, cinfo);
+
+		if(itemSelected instanceof TreeItem)
+			pBuffer.copy(cinfo);
+		else {
+			NodeType type = (NodeType) itemSelected.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+			if(type == NodeType.CONTAINER || type == NodeType.DATABASE)
+				pBuffer.copy(cinfo);
+			else
+				pBuffer.copy(cinfo, itemSelected.getText());
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void paste() {
+		TreeItem treeItem;
+		
+		ContainerInfo target = new ContainerInfo();
+		if (itemSelected instanceof TreeItem) {
+			treeItem = (TreeItem) itemSelected;
+		} else {
+			treeItem = getTreeItemByTableItem((TableItem) itemSelected);
+		}
+
+		parseContainer(treeItem, target);
+
+		ContainerInfo source = pBuffer.paste();
+		
+		if(!pBuffer.isCopy() && ! pBuffer.isKey()){
+			 pBuffer.getCutItem().dispose();
+		}
+		
+		if(pBuffer.isKey()){
+			String newKey = service2.pasteKey(source.getId(), source.getDb(), source.getContainer()+pBuffer.getKey(), target.getId(), target.getDb(), target.getContainer()+pBuffer.getKey(), pBuffer.isCopy(), true);
+			if(newKey == null)
+				go(target.getId(), target.getDb(), target.getContainer() + pBuffer.getKey(), true, true);
+			else
+				go(target.getId(), target.getDb(), newKey, true, true);
+		}else{
+			service2.pasteContainer(source.getId(), source.getDb(), source.getContainer(), target.getId(), target.getDb(), target.getContainer(), pBuffer.isCopy(), true);
+			go(target.getId(), target.getDb(), target.getContainer(), false, true);
+		}			
+	}
+
+	private void updateMenuDBContainer(NodeType type, Menu menu) {
+		if (type == NodeType.DATABASE) {
+			menu.getItem(1).setEnabled(false);
+			menu.getItem(2).setEnabled(false);
+			menu.getItem(7).setEnabled(false);
+			menu.getItem(8).setEnabled(true);
+			if(pBuffer.canPaste())
+				menu.getItem(9).setEnabled(true);
+			else
+				menu.getItem(9).setEnabled(false);
+			
+			menu.getItem(11).setEnabled(true);
+		} else {
+			menu.getItem(1).setEnabled(true);
+			menu.getItem(2).setEnabled(true);
+			menu.getItem(7).setEnabled(true);
+			menu.getItem(8).setEnabled(true);
+			if(pBuffer.canPaste())
+				menu.getItem(9).setEnabled(true);
+			else
+				menu.getItem(9).setEnabled(false);
+			
+			menu.getItem(11).setEnabled(false);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void go(int id, int db, String container, boolean isKey, boolean refresh) {
+		rootTreeItemSelected(false);
+		TreeItem[] treeItems = rootRedisServers.getItems();
+		for (TreeItem treeItem : treeItems) {
+			int serverId = (Integer) treeItem.getData(NODE_ID);
+			if (serverId == id) {
+				serverTreeItemSelected(treeItem, false);
+				
+				TreeItem[] dbItems = treeItem.getItems();
+				for (TreeItem dbItem : dbItems) {
+					if (dbItem.getText().equals(DB_PREFIX+db)) {
+						tree.setSelection(dbItem);
+						dbContainerTreeItemSelected(dbItem,	refresh);
+						TreeItem[] dataItems = dbItem.getItems();
+						
+							
+						String[] containers = container.split(":");
+						if(!isKey){
+							for (int i = 0; i < containers.length; i++) {
+								for (TreeItem dataItem : dataItems) {
+									if (dataItem.getText().equals(containers[i])) {
+										tree.setSelection(dataItem);
+										dbContainerTreeItemSelected(dataItem, refresh);
+										dataItems = dataItem.getItems();
+										
+										break;
+									}
+								}
+							}
+						} else {
+							for (int i = 0; i < containers.length - 1; i++) {
+								for (TreeItem dataItem : dataItems) {
+									if (dataItem.getText().equals(containers[i])) {
+										tree.setSelection(dataItem);
+										dbContainerTreeItemSelected(dataItem, false);
+										dataItems = dataItem.getItems();
+										break;
+									}
+								}
+							}
+							TableItem[] tableItems = table.getItems();
+							for(TableItem tableItem : tableItems) {
+								NodeType type = (NodeType) tableItem.getData(NODE_TYPE);
+								if(type != NodeType.SERVER && type != NodeType.DATABASE && type != NodeType.CONTAINER && tableItem.getText().equals(containers[containers.length -1])){
+									table.setSelection(tableItem);
+									dataItemSelected();
+									break;
+								}
+									
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `selectedItem.getData("id")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 1722.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RedisClient.serverTreeItemSelected(TreeItem,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.cxy.redisclient.presentation.RedisClient.serverTreeItemSelected(org.eclipse.swt.widgets.TreeItem.2ce85d5b7900d4ef92ebe42e248bed44
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/cxy/redisclient/presentation/RedisClient.java
+
+### Key:
+RedisClient.java|serverTreeItemSelected|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+862350a6424b64ca104a5dc40b6bf8f8
+
+### Hash:
+5db1d8f0dd1d02d7bb34048958c51a3d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11181/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11181/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df4c0cf28a7185d4bdefc0bddcd509456ed18786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11181/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kryonet
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* Copyright (c) 2008, Nathan Sweet
+ * All rights reserved.
+ * 
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ * 
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * - Neither the name of Esoteric Software nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+ * from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,
+ * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
+ * SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+ * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */
+
+package com.esotericsoftware.kryonet;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.CancelledKeyException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.security.AccessControlException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.Kryo;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryonet.FrameworkMessage.DiscoverHost;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryonet.FrameworkMessage.RegisterTCP;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryonet.FrameworkMessage.RegisterUDP;
+
+import static com.esotericsoftware.minlog.Log.*;
+
+/** Represents a TCP and optionally a UDP connection to a {@link Server}.
+ * @author Nathan Sweet <misc@n4te.com> */
+public class Client extends Connection implements EndPoint {
+	static {
+		try {
+			// Needed for NIO selectors on Android 2.2.
+			System.setProperty("java.net.preferIPv6Addresses", "false");
+		} catch (AccessControlException ignored) {
+		}
+	}
+
+	private final Serialization serialization;
+	private Selector selector;
+	private int emptySelects;
+	private volatile boolean tcpRegistered, udpRegistered;
+	private Object tcpRegistrationLock = new Object();
+	private Object udpRegistrationLock = new Object();
+	private volatile boolean shutdown;
+	private final Object updateLock = new Object();
+	private Thread updateThread;
+	private int connectTimeout;
+	private InetAddress connectHost;
+	private int connectTcpPort;
+	private int connectUdpPort;
+	private boolean isClosed;
+	private ClientDiscoveryHandler discoveryHandler;
+
+	/** Creates a Client with a write buffer size of 8192 and an object buffer size of 2048. */
+	public Client () {
+		this(8192, 2048);
+	}
+
+	/** @param writeBufferSize One buffer of this size is allocated. Objects are serialized to the write buffer where the bytes are
+	 *           queued until they can be written to the TCP socket.
+	 *           <p>
+	 *           Normally the socket is writable and the bytes are written immediately. If the socket cannot be written to and
+	 *           enough serialized objects are queued to overflow the buffer, then the connection will be closed.
+	 *           <p>
+	 *           The write buffer should be sized at least as large as the largest object that will be sent, plus some head room to
+	 *           allow for some serialized objects to be queued in case the buffer is temporarily not writable. The amount of head
+	 *           room needed is dependent upon the size of objects being sent and how often they are sent.
+	 * @param objectBufferSize One (using only TCP) or three (using both TCP and UDP) buffers of this size are allocated. These
+	 *           buffers are used to hold the bytes for a single object graph until it can be sent over the network or
+	 *           deserialized.
+	 *           <p>
+	 *           The object buffers should be sized at least as large as the largest object that will be sent or received. */
+	public Client (int writeBufferSize, int objectBufferSize) {
+		this(writeBufferSize, objectBufferSize, new KryoSerialization());
+	}
+
+	public Client (int writeBufferSize, int objectBufferSize, Serialization serialization) {
+		super();
+		endPoint = this;
+
+		this.serialization = serialization;
+
+		this.discoveryHandler = ClientDiscoveryHandler.DEFAULT;
+
+		initialize(serialization, writeBufferSize, objectBufferSize);
+
+		try {
+			selector = Selector.open();
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Error opening selector.", ex);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void setDiscoveryHandler (ClientDiscoveryHandler newDiscoveryHandler) {
+		discoveryHandler = newDiscoveryHandler;
+	}
+
+	public Serialization getSerialization () {
+		return serialization;
+	}
+
+	public Kryo getKryo () {
+		return ((KryoSerialization)serialization).getKryo();
+	}
+
+	/** Opens a TCP only client.
+	 * @see #connect(int, InetAddress, int, int) */
+	public void connect (int timeout, String host, int tcpPort) throws IOException {
+		connect(timeout, InetAddress.getByName(host), tcpPort, -1);
+	}
+
+	/** Opens a TCP and UDP client.
+	 * @see #connect(int, InetAddress, int, int) */
+	public void connect (int timeout, String host, int tcpPort, int udpPort) throws IOException {
+		connect(timeout, InetAddress.getByName(host), tcpPort, udpPort);
+	}
+
+	/** Opens a TCP only client.
+	 * @see #connect(int, InetAddress, int, int) */
+	public void connect (int timeout, InetAddress host, int tcpPort) throws IOException {
+		connect(timeout, host, tcpPort, -1);
+	}
+
+	/** Opens a TCP and UDP client. Blocks until the connection is complete or the timeout is reached.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Because the framework must perform some minimal communication before the connection is considered successful,
+	 * {@link #update(int)} must be called on a separate thread during the connection process.
+	 * @throws IllegalStateException if called from the connection's update thread.
+	 * @throws IOException if the client could not be opened or connecting times out. */
+	public void connect (int timeout, InetAddress host, int tcpPort, int udpPort) throws IOException {
+		if (host == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("host cannot be null.");
+		if (Thread.currentThread() == getUpdateThread())
+			throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot connect on the connection's update thread.");
+		this.connectTimeout = timeout;
+		this.connectHost = host;
+		this.connectTcpPort = tcpPort;
+		this.connectUdpPort = udpPort;
+		close();
+		if (INFO) {
+			if (udpPort != -1)
+				info("kryonet", "Connecting: " + host + ":" + tcpPort + "/" + udpPort);
+			else
+				info("kryonet", "Connecting: " + host + ":" + tcpPort);
+		}
+		id = -1;
+		try {
+			if (udpPort != -1) udp = new UdpConnection(serialization, tcp.readBuffer.capacity());
+
+			long endTime;
+			synchronized (updateLock) {
+				tcpRegistered = false;
+				selector.wakeup();
+				endTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + timeout;
+				tcp.connect(selector, new InetSocketAddress(host, tcpPort), 5000);
+			}
+
+			// Wait for RegisterTCP.
+			synchronized (tcpRegistrationLock) {
+				while (!tcpRegistered && System.currentTimeMillis() < endTime) {
+					try {
+						tcpRegistrationLock.wait(100);
+					} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
+					}
+				}
+				if (!tcpRegistered) {
+					throw new SocketTimeoutException("Connected, but timed out during TCP registration.\n"
+						+ "Note: Client#update must be called in a separate thread during connect.");
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (udpPort != -1) {
+				InetSocketAddress udpAddress = new InetSocketAddress(host, udpPort);
+				synchronized (updateLock) {
+					udpRegistered = false;
+					selector.wakeup();
+					udp.connect(selector, udpAddress);
+				}
+
+				// Wait for RegisterUDP reply.
+				synchronized (udpRegistrationLock) {
+					while (!udpRegistered && System.currentTimeMillis() < endTime) {
+						RegisterUDP registerUDP = new RegisterUDP();
+						registerUDP.connectionID = id;
+						udp.send(this, registerUDP, udpAddress);
+						try {
+							udpRegistrationLock.wait(100);
+						} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
+						}
+					}
+					if (!udpRegistered)
+						throw new SocketTimeoutException("Connected, but timed out during UDP registration: " + host + ":" + udpPort);
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			close();
+			throw ex;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Calls {@link #connect(int, InetAddress, int, int) connect} with the values last passed to connect.
+	 * @throws IllegalStateException if connect has never been called. */
+	public void reconnect () throws IOException {
+		reconnect(connectTimeout);
+	}
+
+	/** Calls {@link #connect(int, InetAddress, int, int) connect} with the specified timeout and the other values last passed to
+	 * connect.
+	 * @throws IllegalStateException if connect has never been called. */
+	public void reconnect (int timeout) throws IOException {
+		if (connectHost == null) throw new IllegalStateException("This client has never been connected.");
+		connect(timeout, connectHost, connectTcpPort, connectUdpPort);
+	}
+
+	/** Reads or writes any pending data for this client. Multiple threads should not call this method at the same time.
+	 * @param timeout Wait for up to the specified milliseconds for data to be ready to process. May be zero to return immediately
+	 *           if there is no data to process. */
+	public void update (int timeout) throws IOException {
+		updateThread = Thread.currentThread();
+		synchronized (updateLock) { // Blocks to avoid a select while the selector is used to bind the server connection.
+		}
+		long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		int select = 0;
+		if (timeout > 0) {
+			select = selector.select(timeout);
+		} else {
+			select = selector.selectNow();
+		}
+		if (select == 0) {
+			emptySelects++;
+			if (emptySelects == 100) {
+				emptySelects = 0;
+				// NIO freaks and returns immediately with 0 sometimes, so try to keep from hogging the CPU.
+				long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
+				try {
+					if (elapsedTime < 25) Thread.sleep(25 - elapsedTime);
+				} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			emptySelects = 0;
+			isClosed = false;
+			Set<SelectionKey> keys = selector.selectedKeys();
+			synchronized (keys) {
+				for (Iterator<SelectionKey> iter = keys.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
+					keepAlive();
+					SelectionKey selectionKey = iter.next();
+					iter.remove();
+					try {
+						int ops = selectionKey.readyOps();
+						if ((ops & SelectionKey.OP_READ) == SelectionKey.OP_READ) {
+							if (selectionKey.attachment() == tcp) {
+								while (true) {
+									Object object = tcp.readObject(this);
+									if (object == null) break;
+									if (!tcpRegistered) {
+										if (object instanceof RegisterTCP) {
+											id = ((RegisterTCP)object).connectionID;
+											synchronized (tcpRegistrationLock) {
+												tcpRegistered = true;
+												tcpRegistrationLock.notifyAll();
+												if (TRACE) trace("kryonet", this + " received TCP: RegisterTCP");
+												if (udp == null) setConnected(true);
+											}
+											if (udp == null) notifyConnected();
+										}
+										continue;
+									}
+									if (udp != null && !udpRegistered) {
+										if (object instanceof RegisterUDP) {
+											synchronized (udpRegistrationLock) {
+												udpRegistered = true;
+												udpRegistrationLock.notifyAll();
+												if (TRACE) trace("kryonet", this + " received UDP: RegisterUDP");
+												if (DEBUG) {
+													debug("kryonet", "Port " + udp.datagramChannel.socket().getLocalPort()
+														+ "/UDP connected to: " + udp.connectedAddress);
+												}
+												setConnected(true);
+											}
+											notifyConnected();
+										}
+										continue;
+									}
+									if (!isConnected) continue;
+									if (DEBUG) {
+										String objectString = object == null ? "null" : object.getClass().getSimpleName();
+										if (!(object instanceof FrameworkMessage)) {
+											debug("kryonet", this + " received TCP: " + objectString);
+										} else if (TRACE) {
+											trace("kryonet", this + " received TCP: " + objectString);
+										}
+									}
+									notifyReceived(object);
+								}
+							} else {
+								if (udp.readFromAddress() == null) continue;
+								Object object = udp.readObject(this);
+								if (object == null) continue;
+								if (DEBUG) {
+									String objectString = object == null ? "null" : object.getClass().getSimpleName();
+									debug("kryonet", this + " received UDP: " + objectString);
+								}
+								notifyReceived(object);
+							}
+						}
+						if ((ops & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) == SelectionKey.OP_WRITE) tcp.writeOperation();
+					} catch (CancelledKeyException ignored) {
+						// Connection is closed.
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (isConnected) {
+			long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			if (tcp.isTimedOut(time)) {
+				if (DEBUG) debug("kryonet", this + " timed out.");
+				close();
+			} else
+				keepAlive();
+			if (isIdle()) notifyIdle();
+		}
+	}
+
+	void keepAlive () {
+		if (!isConnected) return;
+		long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		if (tcp.needsKeepAlive(time)) sendTCP(FrameworkMessage.keepAlive);
+		if (udp != null && udpRegistered && udp.needsKeepAlive(time)) sendUDP(FrameworkMessage.keepAlive);
+	}
+
+	public void run () {
+		if (TRACE) trace("kryonet", "Client thread started.");
+		shutdown = false;
+		while (!shutdown) {
+			try {
+				update(250);
+			} catch (IOException ex) {
+				if (TRACE) {
+					if (isConnected)
+						trace("kryonet", "Unable to update connection: " + this, ex);
+					else
+						trace("kryonet", "Unable to update connection.", ex);
+				} else if (DEBUG) {
+					if (isConnected)
+						debug("kryonet", this + " update: " + ex.getMessage());
+					else
+						debug("kryonet", "Unable to update connection: " + ex.getMessage());
+				}
+				close();
+			} catch (KryoNetException ex) {
+				if (ERROR) {
+					if (isConnected)
+						error("kryonet", "Error updating connection: " + this, ex);
+					else
+						error("kryonet", "Error updating connection.", ex);
+				}
+				close();
+				throw ex;
+			}
+		}
+		if (TRACE) trace("kryonet", "Client thread stopped.");
+	}
+
+	public void start () {
+		// Try to let any previous update thread stop.
+		if (updateThread != null) {
+			shutdown = true;
+			try {
+				updateThread.join(5000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
+			}
+		}
+		updateThread = new Thread(this, "Client");
+		updateThread.setDaemon(true);
+		updateThread.start();
+	}
+
+	public void stop () {
+		if (shutdown) return;
+		close();
+		if (TRACE) trace("kryonet", "Client thread stopping.");
+		shutdown = true;
+		selector.wakeup();
+	}
+
+	public void close () {
+		super.close();
+		// Select one last time to complete closing the socket.
+		synchronized (updateLock) {
+			if (!isClosed) {
+				isClosed = true;
+				selector.wakeup();
+				try {
+					selector.selectNow();
+				} catch (IOException ignored) {
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Releases the resources used by this client, which may no longer be used. */
+	public void dispose () throws IOException {
+		close();
+		selector.close();
+	}
+
+	public void addListener (Listener listener) {
+		super.addListener(listener);
+		if (TRACE) trace("kryonet", "Client listener added.");
+	}
+
+	public void removeListener (Listener listener) {
+		super.removeListener(listener);
+		if (TRACE) trace("kryonet", "Client listener removed.");
+	}
+
+	/** An empty object will be sent if the UDP connection is inactive more than the specified milliseconds. Network hardware may
+	 * keep a translation table of inside to outside IP addresses and a UDP keep alive keeps this table entry from expiring. Set to
+	 * zero to disable. Defaults to 19000. */
+	public void setKeepAliveUDP (int keepAliveMillis) {
+		if (udp == null) throw new IllegalStateException("Not connected via UDP.");
+		udp.keepAliveMillis = keepAliveMillis;
+	}
+
+	public Thread getUpdateThread () {
+		return updateThread;
+	}
+
+	private void broadcast (int udpPort, DatagramSocket socket) throws IOException {
+		ByteBuffer dataBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(64);
+		serialization.write(null, dataBuffer, new DiscoverHost());
+		dataBuffer.flip();
+		byte[] data = new byte[dataBuffer.limit()];
+		dataBuffer.get(data);
+		for (NetworkInterface iface : Collections.list(NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces())) {
+			for (InetAddress address : Collections.list(iface.getInetAddresses())) {
+				// Java 1.5 doesn't support getting the subnet mask, so try the two most common.
+				byte[] ip = address.getAddress();
+				ip[3] = -1; // 255.255.255.0
+				try {
+					socket.send(new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, InetAddress.getByAddress(ip), udpPort));
+				} catch (Exception ignored) {
+				}
+				ip[2] = -1; // 255.255.0.0
+				try {
+					socket.send(new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, InetAddress.getByAddress(ip), udpPort));
+				} catch (Exception ignored) {
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (DEBUG) debug("kryonet", "Broadcasted host discovery on port: " + udpPort);
+	}
+
+	/** Broadcasts a UDP message on the LAN to discover any running servers. The address of the first server to respond is returned.
+	 * @param udpPort The UDP port of the server.
+	 * @param timeoutMillis The number of milliseconds to wait for a response.
+	 * @return the first server found, or null if no server responded. */
+	public InetAddress discoverHost (int udpPort, int timeoutMillis) {
+		DatagramSocket socket = null;
+		try {
+			socket = new DatagramSocket();
+			broadcast(udpPort, socket);
+			socket.setSoTimeout(timeoutMillis);
+			DatagramPacket packet = discoveryHandler.onRequestNewDatagramPacket();
+			try {
+				socket.receive(packet);
+			} catch (SocketTimeoutException ex) {
+				if (INFO) info("kryonet", "Host discovery timed out.");
+				return null;
+			}
+			if (INFO) info("kryonet", "Discovered server: " + packet.getAddress());
+			discoveryHandler.onDiscoveredHost(packet, getKryo());
+			return packet.getAddress();
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			if (ERROR) error("kryonet", "Host discovery failed.", ex);
+			return null;
+		} finally {
+			if (socket != null) socket.close();
+			discoveryHandler.onFinally();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Broadcasts a UDP message on the LAN to discover any running servers.
+	 * @param udpPort The UDP port of the server.
+	 * @param timeoutMillis The number of milliseconds to wait for a response. */
+	public List<InetAddress> discoverHosts (int udpPort, int timeoutMillis) {
+		List<InetAddress> hosts = new ArrayList<InetAddress>();
+		DatagramSocket socket = null;
+		try {
+			socket = new DatagramSocket();
+			broadcast(udpPort, socket);
+			socket.setSoTimeout(timeoutMillis);
+			while (true) {
+				DatagramPacket packet = discoveryHandler.onRequestNewDatagramPacket();
+				try {
+					socket.receive(packet);
+				} catch (SocketTimeoutException ex) {
+					if (INFO) info("kryonet", "Host discovery timed out.");
+					return hosts;
+				}
+				if (INFO) info("kryonet", "Discovered server: " + packet.getAddress());
+				discoveryHandler.onDiscoveredHost(packet, getKryo());
+				hosts.add(packet.getAddress());
+			}
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			if (ERROR) error("kryonet", "Host discovery failed.", ex);
+			return hosts;
+		} finally {
+			if (socket != null) socket.close();
+			discoveryHandler.onFinally();
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.esotericsoftware.kryonet.Client.close` reads with synchronization from `this.com.esotericsoftware.kryonet.Client.isClosed`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `Client.update(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Client.close()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esotericsoftware.kryonet.Client.close():void.5f70f020660c67d8e5759830c9f3fd4a
+
+### File:
+src/com/esotericsoftware/kryonet/Client.java
+
+### Key:
+Client.java|close|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+955ba058af0ad6b4567daab338c79568
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1200/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1200/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce6b7d0fa83d40265e1191a1c3c41c1f6f9ca290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1200/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MegaApiClient
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Xunit.Abstractions;
+
+namespace CG.Web.MegaApiClient.Tests.Context
+{
+  public abstract class TestContext : ITestContext
+  {
+    private const int MaxRetry = 3;
+
+    private readonly Lazy<IMegaApiClient> _lazyClient;
+    private readonly Lazy<IEnumerable<string>> _lazyProtectedNodes;
+    private readonly Lazy<IEnumerable<string>> _lazyPermanentNodes;
+    private readonly Action<string> _logMessageAction;
+    private ITestOutputHelper _testOutputHelper;
+
+    protected TestContext()
+    {
+      WebTimeout = 60000;
+      _lazyClient = new Lazy<IMegaApiClient>(InitializeClient);
+      _lazyProtectedNodes = new Lazy<IEnumerable<string>>(() => GetProtectedNodes().ToArray());
+      _lazyPermanentNodes = new Lazy<IEnumerable<string>>(() => GetPermanentNodes().ToArray());
+      _logMessageAction = x =>
+      {
+        Debug.WriteLine(x);
+        _testOutputHelper?.WriteLine(x);
+      };
+    }
+
+    public IMegaApiClient Client => _lazyClient.Value;
+
+    public IWebClient WebClient { get; private set; }
+
+    public Options Options { get; private set; }
+
+    public int WebTimeout { get; }
+
+    public IEnumerable<string> ProtectedNodes => _lazyProtectedNodes.Value;
+
+    public IEnumerable<string> PermanentRootNodes => _lazyPermanentNodes.Value;
+
+    public void SetLogger(ITestOutputHelper testOutputHelper)
+    {
+      _testOutputHelper = testOutputHelper;
+    }
+
+    public void ClearLogger()
+    {
+      _testOutputHelper = null;
+    }
+
+    protected virtual IMegaApiClient CreateClient()
+    {
+      Options = new Options(applicationKey: "ewZQFBBC");
+      WebClient = new TestWebClient(new WebClient(WebTimeout, null, new TestMessageHandler(), false), MaxRetry, _logMessageAction);
+
+      return new MegaApiClient(Options, WebClient);
+    }
+
+    protected abstract IEnumerable<string> GetProtectedNodes();
+
+    protected abstract IEnumerable<string> GetPermanentNodes();
+
+    protected abstract void ConnectClient(IMegaApiClient client);
+
+    private IMegaApiClient InitializeClient()
+    {
+      var client = CreateClient();
+      client.ApiRequestFailed += OnApiRequestFailed;
+      ConnectClient(client);
+
+      _logMessageAction($"Client created for context {GetType().Name}");
+
+      return client;
+    }
+
+    private void OnApiRequestFailed(object _, ApiRequestFailedEventArgs e)
+    {
+      _logMessageAction($"ApiRequestFailed: {e.ApiResult}, {e.ApiUrl}, {e.AttemptNum}, {e.RetryDelay}, {e.ResponseJson}, {e.Exception} {e.Exception?.Message}");
+    }
+
+    private class TestMessageHandler : HttpClientHandler
+    {
+      protected override async Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+      {
+        return await base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of CG.Web.MegaApiClient.WebClient::.ctor() at Line 60).CG.Web.MegaApiClient.WebClient._httpClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "IMegaApiClient TestContext.CreateClient()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IMegaApiClient TestContext.CreateClient()
+
+### File:
+MegaApiClient.Tests/Context/TestContext.cs
+
+### Key:
+TestContext.cs|CreateClient|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3d51a8aef0339a96dedecbd77c11d7fb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1207/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1207/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50d095e1cb16c58f8d8b888c5bd0aa7877b95e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1207/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** QuestPDF
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace QuestPDF.UnitTests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class FontStyleSetTests
+    {
+        private void ExpectComparisonOrder(SKFontStyle target, params SKFontStyle[] styles)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < styles.Length - 1; i++)
+            {
+                Assert.True(FontStyleSet.IsBetterMatch(target, styles[i], styles[i + 1]));
+                Assert.False(FontStyleSet.IsBetterMatch(target, styles[i + 1], styles[i]));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_CondensedWidth()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 4, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 3, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ExpandedWidth()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 7, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 8, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ItalicSlant()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ObliqueSlant()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_UprightSlant()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ThinWeight()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(300, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(300, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(200, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(100, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(400, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_RegularWeight()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(400, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(300, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(100, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_BoldWeight()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(700, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(800, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_RespectsPriority()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource n$3.[_] of type SkiaSharp.SKFontStyle, Leaked resource (output of SkiaSharp.SKFontStyle::.ctor() at Line 57) of type SkiaSharp.SKFontStyle in method "Void FontStyleSetTests.FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ObliqueSlant()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void FontStyleSetTests.FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ObliqueSlant()
+
+### File:
+QuestPDF.UnitTests/FontStyleSetTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+FontStyleSetTests.cs|FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ObliqueSlant|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a3c93074a1d3fc8e870a07fcdcf9ad62
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1209/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1209/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f3246b19fc91638578bb610d2bb907a735bf9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1209/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** QuestPDF
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing;
+using SkiaSharp;
+
+namespace QuestPDF.UnitTests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class FontStyleSetTests
+    {
+        private void ExpectComparisonOrder(SKFontStyle target, params SKFontStyle[] styles)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < styles.Length - 1; i++)
+            {
+                Assert.True(FontStyleSet.IsBetterMatch(target, styles[i], styles[i + 1]));
+                Assert.False(FontStyleSet.IsBetterMatch(target, styles[i + 1], styles[i]));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_CondensedWidth()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 4, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 3, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ExpandedWidth()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 7, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 8, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ItalicSlant()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ObliqueSlant()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_UprightSlant()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Oblique),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_ThinWeight()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(300, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(300, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(200, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(100, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(400, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_RegularWeight()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(400, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(300, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(100, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_IsBetterMatch_BoldWeight()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(700, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(800, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright)
+            );
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FontStyleSet_RespectsPriority()
+        {
+            ExpectComparisonOrder(
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 5, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic),
+                new SKFontStyle(600, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Upright),
+                new SKFontStyle(500, 6, SKFontStyleSlant.Italic)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource n$3.[_] of type SkiaSharp.SKFontStyle, Leaked resource (output of SkiaSharp.SKFontStyle::.ctor() at Line 115) of type SkiaSharp.SKFontStyle in method "Void FontStyleSetTests.FontStyleSet_RespectsPriority()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void FontStyleSetTests.FontStyleSet_RespectsPriority()
+
+### File:
+QuestPDF.UnitTests/FontStyleSetTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+FontStyleSetTests.cs|FontStyleSet_RespectsPriority|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+cce401c35c44ed4e79f72187add8b10c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1231/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1231/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01a5b5c9ba48b3eb10d679d80dfe012be98aaf87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1231/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** powershell
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using PnP.Framework.Utilities;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Attributes;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Base;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Base.PipeBinds;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Enums;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Utilities;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Utilities.REST;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Utilities.JSON;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Management.Automation;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+using PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Model.Graph;
+
+namespace PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Base
+{
+    [Cmdlet(VerbsLifecycle.Invoke, "PnPGraphMethod")]
+    public class InvokeGraphMethod : PnPGraphCmdlet
+    {
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = false, Position = 0)]
+        public HttpRequestMethod Method = HttpRequestMethod.Get;
+
+        private string _url;
+
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = true, Position = 0, ValueFromPipeline = true)]
+        public string Url
+        {
+            get { return _url; }
+            set
+            {
+                var url = value;
+                if (!url.StartsWith("https://", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    if (url.StartsWith("/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    {
+                        url = url.Remove(0, 1);
+                    }
+                    if (!url.StartsWith("beta/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && !url.StartsWith("v1.0/", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    {
+                        url = UrlUtility.Combine("v1.0", url);
+                    }
+                }
+                _url = url;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = false)]
+        public object Content;
+
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = false)]
+        public string ContentType = "application/json";
+
+        IDictionary<string, string> additionalHeaders = null;
+
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = false)]
+        public IDictionary<string, string> AdditionalHeaders
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (ConsistencyLevelEventual.IsPresent)
+                {
+                    if (additionalHeaders == null)
+                    {
+                        additionalHeaders = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+                    }
+                    additionalHeaders.Remove("ConsistencyLevel");
+                    additionalHeaders.Add("ConsistencyLevel", "eventual");
+                }
+                return additionalHeaders;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                additionalHeaders = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = false)]
+        public SwitchParameter ConsistencyLevelEventual;
+
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = false)]
+        public SwitchParameter Raw;
+
+        [Parameter(Mandatory = false)]
+        public SwitchParameter All;
+
+        protected override void ExecuteCmdlet()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                SendRequest();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                WriteError(ex, ErrorCategory.WriteError);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private HttpContent GetHttpContent()
+        {
+            if (Content != null)
+            {
+                if (Content is HttpContent)
+                {
+                    return (HttpContent)Content;
+                }
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(ContentType))
+                {
+                    ContentType = "application/json";
+                }
+                var contentString = Content is string ? Content.ToString() :
+                    JsonSerializer.Serialize(Content);
+
+                HttpContent httpContent = new StringContent(contentString, System.Text.Encoding.UTF8);
+                httpContent.Headers.ContentType = MediaTypeHeaderValue.Parse(ContentType);
+                return httpContent;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void SendRequest()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                switch (Method)
+                {
+                    case HttpRequestMethod.Get:
+                        GetRequest();
+                        return;
+                    case HttpRequestMethod.Post:
+                        PostRequest();
+                        return;
+                    case HttpRequestMethod.Patch:
+                        PatchRequest();
+                        return;
+                    case HttpRequestMethod.Put:
+                        PutRequest();
+                        return;
+                    case HttpRequestMethod.Delete:
+                        DeleteRequest();
+                        return;
+                }
+                throw new NotSupportedException($"method [{Method}] not supported");
+            }
+            catch (PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Model.Graph.GraphException gex)
+            {
+                if (gex.Error.Code == "Authorization_RequestDenied")
+                {
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(gex.AccessToken))
+                    {
+                        TokenHandler.ValidateTokenForPermissions(GetType(), gex.AccessToken);
+                    }
+                }
+                throw new PSInvalidOperationException(gex.Error.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ThrowIfNoSuccess(HttpResponseMessage response)
+        {
+            if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
+            {
+                var errorContent = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                var exception = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<GraphException>(errorContent, new JsonSerializerOptions() { IgnoreNullValues = true, PropertyNamingPolicy = JsonNamingPolicy.CamelCase });
+                exception.AccessToken = AccessToken;
+                throw exception;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private object Deserialize(string result)
+        {
+            var element = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<JsonElement>(result);
+            return Deserialize(element);
+        }
+
+        private object Deserialize(JsonElement element)
+        {
+            var obj = Utilities.JSON.Convert.ConvertToObject(element);
+            return obj;
+        }
+
+        private void WriteGraphResult(string result)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(result))
+            {
+                if (Raw.IsPresent)
+                {
+                    WriteObject(result);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    WriteObject(Deserialize(result));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void GetRequest()
+        {
+            var result = GraphHelper.GetAsync(HttpClient, Url, AccessToken, AdditionalHeaders).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            if (Raw.IsPresent)
+            {
+                WriteObject(result);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var element = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<JsonElement>(result);
+                var rootObj = Deserialize(element);
+
+                dynamic obj = rootObj;
+
+                if (All.IsPresent && obj != null && obj.value != null && (obj.value is List<object>))
+                {
+                    List<object> values = obj.value;
+                    while (true)
+                    {
+                        if (element.TryGetProperty("@odata.nextLink", out JsonElement nextLinkProperty))
+                        {
+                            if (nextLinkProperty.ValueKind != JsonValueKind.String)
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            var nextLink = nextLinkProperty.ToString();
+                            result = GraphHelper.GetAsync(HttpClient, nextLink, AccessToken, AdditionalHeaders).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                            element = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<JsonElement>(result);
+                            dynamic nextObj = Deserialize(element);
+                            if (nextObj != null && nextObj.value != null && (nextObj.value is List<object>))
+                            {
+                                List<object> nextValues = nextObj.value;
+                                values.AddRange(nextValues);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                WriteObject(rootObj);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void PostRequest()
+        {
+            var response = GraphHelper.PostAsync(HttpClient, Url, AccessToken, GetHttpContent(), AdditionalHeaders).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            ThrowIfNoSuccess(response);
+            var result = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            WriteGraphResult(result);
+        }
+
+        private void PutRequest()
+        {
+            var response = GraphHelper.PutAsync(HttpClient, Url, AccessToken, GetHttpContent(), AdditionalHeaders).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            ThrowIfNoSuccess(response);
+            var result = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            WriteGraphResult(result);
+        }
+
+        private void PatchRequest()
+        {
+            var response = GraphHelper.PatchAsync(HttpClient, AccessToken, GetHttpContent(), Url, AdditionalHeaders).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            ThrowIfNoSuccess(response);
+            var result = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            WriteGraphResult(result);
+        }
+
+        private void DeleteRequest()
+        {
+            var response = GraphHelper.DeleteAsync(HttpClient, Url, AccessToken, AdditionalHeaders).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            ThrowIfNoSuccess(response);
+            var result = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+            WriteGraphResult(result);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.HttpContent PnP.PowerShell.Commands.Base.InvokeGraphMethod::GetHttpContent() at Line 268) of type System.Net.Http.StringContent in method "Void InvokeGraphMethod.PatchRequest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void InvokeGraphMethod.PatchRequest()
+
+### File:
+src/Commands/Graph/InvokeGraphMethod.cs
+
+### Key:
+InvokeGraphMethod.cs|PatchRequest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a4b8f3ea20f86db3f2d0b063fe078bdf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1236/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1236/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0486cabea86b684dadd4bfdd0e5c220a94d4c42e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1236/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-signalr
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Azure.SignalR.Common;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Primitives;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Azure.SignalR
+{
+    internal class RestClient
+    {
+        private readonly JsonSerializerSettings _jsonSerializerSettings;
+        private readonly IHttpClientFactory _httpClientFactory;
+
+        public RestClient(IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory, JsonSerializerSettings jsonSerializerSettings)
+        {
+            _httpClientFactory = httpClientFactory;
+            _jsonSerializerSettings = jsonSerializerSettings;
+        }
+
+        public RestClient()
+        {
+            _httpClientFactory = HttpClientFactory.Instance;
+            _jsonSerializerSettings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+        }
+
+        public Task SendAsync(
+            RestApiEndpoint api,
+            HttpMethod httpMethod,
+            string productInfo,
+            string methodName = null,
+            object[] args = null,
+            Func<HttpResponseMessage, bool> handleExpectedResponse = null,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+        {
+            if (handleExpectedResponse == null)
+            {
+                return SendAsync(api, httpMethod, productInfo, methodName, args, handleExpectedResponseAsync: null, cancellationToken);
+            }
+
+            return SendAsync(api, httpMethod, productInfo, methodName, args, response => Task.FromResult(handleExpectedResponse(response)), cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public async Task SendAsync(
+            RestApiEndpoint api,
+            HttpMethod httpMethod,
+            string productInfo,
+            string methodName = null,
+            object[] args = null,
+            Func<HttpResponseMessage, Task<bool>> handleExpectedResponseAsync = null,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+        {
+            using var httpClient = _httpClientFactory.CreateClient();
+            using var request = BuildRequest(api, httpMethod, productInfo, methodName, args);
+            HttpResponseMessage response = null;
+
+            try
+            {
+                response = await httpClient.SendAsync(request, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, cancellationToken);
+                if (handleExpectedResponseAsync == null)
+                {
+                    await ThrowExceptionOnResponseFailureAsync(response);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (!await handleExpectedResponseAsync(response))
+                    {
+                        await ThrowExceptionOnResponseFailureAsync(response);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (HttpRequestException ex)
+            {
+                throw new AzureSignalRInaccessibleEndpointException(request.RequestUri.ToString(), ex);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                response?.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public async Task ThrowExceptionOnResponseFailureAsync(HttpResponseMessage response)
+        {
+            if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var detail = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
+
+            var innerException = new HttpRequestException(
+                $"Response status code does not indicate success: {(int)response.StatusCode} ({response.ReasonPhrase})"); ;
+
+            throw response.StatusCode switch
+            {
+                HttpStatusCode.BadRequest => new AzureSignalRInvalidArgumentException(response.RequestMessage.RequestUri.ToString(), innerException, detail),
+                HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized => new AzureSignalRUnauthorizedException(response.RequestMessage.RequestUri.ToString(), innerException),
+                HttpStatusCode.NotFound => new AzureSignalRInaccessibleEndpointException(response.RequestMessage.RequestUri.ToString(), innerException),
+                _ => new AzureSignalRRuntimeException(response.RequestMessage.RequestUri.ToString(), innerException),
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static Uri GetUri(string url, IDictionary<string, StringValues> query)
+        {
+            if (query == null || query.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return new Uri(url);
+            }
+            var builder = new UriBuilder(url);
+            var sb = new StringBuilder(builder.Query);
+            if (sb.Length == 1 && sb[0] == '?')
+            {
+                sb.Clear();
+            }
+            else if (sb.Length > 0 && sb[0] != '?')
+            {
+                sb.Insert(0, '?');
+            }
+            foreach (var item in query)
+            {
+                foreach (var value in item.Value)
+                {
+                    sb.Append(sb.Length > 0 ? '&' : '?');
+                    sb.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(item.Key));
+                    sb.Append('=');
+                    sb.Append(Uri.EscapeDataString(value));
+                }
+            }
+            builder.Query = sb.ToString();
+            return builder.Uri;
+        }
+
+        private HttpRequestMessage BuildRequest(RestApiEndpoint api, HttpMethod httpMethod, string productInfo, string methodName = null, object[] args = null)
+        {
+            var payload = httpMethod == HttpMethod.Post ? new PayloadMessage { Target = methodName, Arguments = args } : null;
+            return GenerateHttpRequest(api.Audience, api.Query, httpMethod, payload, api.Token, productInfo);
+        }
+
+        private HttpRequestMessage GenerateHttpRequest(string url, IDictionary<string, StringValues> query, HttpMethod httpMethod, PayloadMessage payload, string tokenString, string productInfo)
+        {
+            var request = new HttpRequestMessage(httpMethod, GetUri(url, query));
+            request.Headers.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Bearer", tokenString);
+            request.Headers.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
+            request.Headers.Add(Constants.AsrsUserAgent, productInfo);
+            request.Content = new StringContent(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(payload, _jsonSerializerSettings), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
+            return request;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage, Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.StringContent::.ctor() at Line 153) of type System.Net.Http.StringContent in method "HttpRequestMessage RestClient.GenerateHttpRequest(String,IDictionary`2<!0,!1>,HttpMethod,PayloadMessage,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+HttpRequestMessage RestClient.GenerateHttpRequest(String,IDictionary`2<!0,!1>,HttpMethod,PayloadMessage,String,String)
+
+### File:
+src/Microsoft.Azure.SignalR.Common/Utilities/RestClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+RestClient.cs|GenerateHttpRequest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+29a0c7170ea9b12ba74861ed38415820
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1238/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1238/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b062c171518b923a81ed82f8ec7a10e1b58f591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1238/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-signalr
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Azure.SignalR.Tests.Common
+{
+    internal class TestRootHandler : DelegatingHandler
+    {
+        private readonly Action<HttpRequestMessage, CancellationToken> _callback;
+        private readonly HttpStatusCode _code;
+        private readonly string _content;
+
+        public TestRootHandler(HttpStatusCode code)
+        {
+            _code = code;
+        }
+
+        public TestRootHandler(HttpStatusCode code, string content) : this(code)
+        {
+            _content = content;
+        }
+
+        public TestRootHandler(Action<HttpRequestMessage, CancellationToken> callback)
+            : this(HttpStatusCode.OK)
+        {
+            _callback = callback;
+        }
+
+        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            base.Dispose(false);
+        }
+
+        protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            //to avoid possible retry policy which dispose content, create new content each time
+            var response = new HttpResponseMessage(_code);
+            if (_content != null)
+            {
+                response.Content = new ByteArrayContent(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_content));
+            }
+            _callback?.Invoke(request, cancellationToken);
+            return Task.FromResult(response);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource response of type System.Net.Http.HttpResponseMessage, Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.ByteArrayContent::.ctor() at Line 46) of type System.Net.Http.ByteArrayContent in method "Task`1<!0> TestRootHandler.SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage,CancellationToken)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task`1<!0> TestRootHandler.SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage,CancellationToken)
+
+### File:
+test/Microsoft.Azure.SignalR.Tests.Common/TestRootHandler.cs
+
+### Key:
+TestRootHandler.cs|SendAsync|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f4ad79177066c5e7694f540928435656
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1240/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1240/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e97b3954c023e443e71f35766faef45e322dd09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1240/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Native.Framework
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text;
+using Native.Csharp.Sdk.Cqp.Core;
+using Native.Csharp.Sdk.Cqp.Enum;
+using Native.Csharp.Sdk.Cqp.Model;
+using Native.Csharp.Sdk.Cqp.Other;
+
+namespace Native.Csharp.Sdk.Cqp
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 酷Q Api封装类
+    /// </summary>
+    public class CqApi
+    {
+        #region --字段--
+        private int _authCode = 0;
+        private string _appDirCache = null;
+        private Encoding _defaultEncoding = null;
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --属性--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取或设置该实例的验证码
+        /// </summary>
+        public int AuthCode { get { return _authCode; } set { _authCode = value; } }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --构造函数--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 初始化一个 <see cref="CqApi"/> 类的新实例, 该实例将由 <code>Initialize (int)</code> 函数授权
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="authCode">插件验证码</param>
+        public CqApi (int authCode)
+        {
+            this._authCode = authCode;
+            this._defaultEncoding = Encoding.GetEncoding ("GB18030");
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --CQ码--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "At某人" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="qqId">QQ号, 填写 -1 为At全体成员</param>
+        /// <param name="addSpacing">默认为True, At后添加空格, 可使At更规范美观. 如果不需要添加空格, 请置本参数为False</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_At (long qqId = -1, bool addSpacing = true)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:at,qq={0}]{1}", (qqId == -1) ? "all" : qqId.ToString (), addSpacing ? " " : string.Empty);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "emoji表情" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">表情Id</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Emoji (int id)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:emoji,id={0}]", id);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "表情" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="face">表情枚举</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Face (Face face)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:face,id={0}]", (int)face);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "窗口抖动" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Shake ()
+        {
+            return "[CQ:shake]";
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取字符串的转义形式
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="str">欲转义字符串</param>
+        /// <param name="commaTrope">逗号转义, 默认: False</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Trope (string str, bool commaTrope = false)
+        {
+            StringBuilder @string = new StringBuilder (str);
+            @string = @string.Replace ("&", "&amp;");
+            @string = @string.Replace ("[", "&#91;");
+            @string = @string.Replace ("]", "&#93;");
+            if (commaTrope)
+            {
+                @string = @string.Replace (",", "&#44;");
+            }
+            return @string.ToString ();
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取字符串的非转义形式
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="str">欲反转义字符串</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_UnTrope (string str)
+        {
+            StringBuilder @string = new StringBuilder (str);
+            @string = @string.Replace ("&#91;", "[");
+            @string = @string.Replace ("&#93;", "]");
+            @string = @string.Replace ("&#44;", ",");
+            @string = @string.Replace ("&amp;", "&");
+            return @string.ToString ();
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "链接分享" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">分享链接</param>
+        /// <param name="title">分享的标题, 建议12字以内</param>
+        /// <param name="content">分享的简介, 建议30字以内</param>
+        /// <param name="imgUrl">分享的图片链接, 留空则为默认图片</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_ShareLink (string url, string title, string content, string imgUrl)
+        {
+            StringBuilder @string = new StringBuilder ();
+            @string.AppendFormat (",url={0}", CqCode_Trope (url, true));
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (title))
+            {
+                @string.AppendFormat (",title={0}", CqCode_Trope (title, true));
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (content))
+            {
+                @string.AppendFormat (",content={0}", CqCode_Trope (content, true));
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (imgUrl))
+            {
+                @string.AppendFormat (",image={0}", CqCode_Trope (imgUrl, true));
+            }
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:share{0}]", @string.ToString ());
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "名片分享" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="cardType">名片类型, qq: 好友分享, group: 群分享</param>
+        /// <param name="id">类型为qq，则为qqId；类型为group，则为groupId</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_ShareCard (string cardType, long id)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:contact,type={0},id={1}]", CqCode_Trope (cardType, true), id);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "位置分享" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="site">地点名称, 建议12字以内</param>
+        /// <param name="detail">详细地址, 建议20字以内</param>
+        /// <param name="lat">维度</param>
+        /// <param name="lon">经度</param>
+        /// <param name="zoom">放大倍数, 默认: 15</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_ShareGPS (string site, string detail, double lat, double lon, int zoom = 15)
+        {
+            StringBuilder @string = new StringBuilder ();
+            @string.AppendFormat (",lat={0},lon={1}", lat, lon);
+            @string.AppendFormat (",zoom={0}", zoom);
+            @string.AppendFormat (",title={0},content={1}", CqCode_Trope (site, true), CqCode_Trope (detail, true));
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:location{0}]", @string.ToString ());
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "匿名" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="forced">强制发送
+        /// <para>默认为False 如果希望匿名失败时，将消息转为普通消息发送(而不是取消发送)，请置本参数为True。</para></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Anonymous (bool forced = false)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:anonymous{0}]", forced ? ",ignore=true" : string.Empty);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "图片" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">图片路径
+        /// <para>将图片放在 data\image 下，并填写相对路径。如 data\image\1.jpg 则填写 1.jpg</para></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Image (string filePath)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:image,file={0}]", CqCode_Trope (filePath, true));
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "音乐" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">歌曲ID</param>
+        /// <param name="type">歌曲来源, 目前支持 qq/QQ音乐 163/网易云音乐 xiami/虾米音乐，默认为qq</param>
+        /// <param name="newStyle">启用新样式, 目前仅支持 QQ音乐 </param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Music (long id, string type = "qq", bool newStyle = false)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:music,id={0},type={1}{2}]", id, CqCode_Trope (type, true), newStyle ? "style=1" : string.Empty);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "音乐自定义" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">分享链接, 点击分享后进入的音乐页面（如歌曲介绍页）</param>
+        /// <param name="musicUrl">歌曲链接, 音乐的音频链接（如mp3链接）</param>
+        /// <param name="title">音乐的标题，建议12字以内</param>
+        /// <param name="content">音乐的简介，建议30字以内</param>
+        /// <param name="imgUrl">音乐的封面图片链接，留空则为默认图片</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_MusciDIY (string url, string musicUrl, string title = null, string content = null, string imgUrl = null)
+        {
+            StringBuilder @string = new StringBuilder ();
+            @string.AppendFormat (",url={0}", CqCode_Trope (url, true));
+            @string.AppendFormat (",audio={0}", CqCode_Trope (musicUrl, true));
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (title))
+            {
+                @string.AppendFormat (",title={0}", CqCode_Trope (title, true));
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (content))
+            {
+                @string.AppendFormat (",content={0}", CqCode_Trope (content, true));
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty (imgUrl))
+            {
+                @string.AppendFormat (",image={0}", CqCode_Trope (imgUrl, true));
+            }
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:music,type=custom{0}]", @string.ToString ());
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取酷Q "语音" 代码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">语音路径
+        /// <para>将语音放在 data\record 下，并填写相对路径。如 data\record\1.amr 则填写 1.amr</para></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string CqCode_Record (string filePath)
+        {
+            return string.Format ("[CQ:record,file={0}]", CqCode_Trope (filePath, true));
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --消息--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 发送群消息
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="message">消息内容</param>
+        /// <returns>失败返回负值, 成功返回消息 Id</returns>
+        public int SendGroupMessage (long groupId, string message)
+        {
+            GCHandle handle = message.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int msgId = CQP.CQ_sendGroupMsg (_authCode, groupId, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject ());
+            handle.Free ();
+            return msgId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 发送私聊消息
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="message">消息内容</param>
+        /// <returns>失败返回负值, 成功返回消息 Id</returns>
+        public int SendPrivateMessage (long qqId, string message)
+        {
+            GCHandle handle = message.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int msgId = CQP.CQ_sendPrivateMsg (_authCode, qqId, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject ());
+            handle.Free ();
+            return msgId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 发送讨论组消息
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="discussId">目标讨论组</param>
+        /// <param name="message">消息内容</param>
+        /// <returns>失败返回负值, 成功返回消息 Id</returns>
+        public int SendDiscussMessage (long discussId, string message)
+        {
+            GCHandle handle = message.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int msgid = CQP.CQ_sendDiscussMsg (_authCode, discussId, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject ());
+            handle.Free ();
+            return msgid;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 发送赞
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="count">赞的次数，最多10次（留空为1次）</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SendPraise (long qqId, int count = 1)
+        {
+            if (count < 1)
+            {
+                count = 1;
+            }
+            if (count > 10)
+            {
+                count = 10;
+            }
+            return CQP.CQ_sendLikeV2 (_authCode, qqId, count);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 接收消息中的语音 (含有CQ码 "record" 的消息)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileName">文件名, 收到消息中的语音文件名(file)</param>
+        /// <param name="formatType">应用所需的语音文件格式</param>
+        /// <returns>返回语音文件绝对路径</returns>
+        public string ReceiveRecord (string fileName, AudioOutFormat formatType)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_getRecordV2 (_authCode, fileName, formatType.GetDescription ());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 接收消息中的图片 (含有CQ码 "image" 的消息)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileName"></param>
+        /// <returns>返回图片文件绝对路径</returns>
+        public string ReceiveImage (string fileName)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_getImage (_authCode, fileName);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 撤回消息
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">消息ID</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int RepealMessage (int id)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_deleteMsg (_authCode, id);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --框架--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 取登录QQ
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>返回整数</returns>
+        public long GetLoginQQ ()
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_getLoginQQ (_authCode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取当前登录QQ的昵称
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>返回 GB108030 编码的字符串</returns>
+        public string GetLoginNick ()
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_getLoginNick (_authCode).ToString (_defaultEncoding);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 取应用目录
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>返回本地路径字符串</returns>
+        public string GetAppDirectory ()
+        {
+            if (_appDirCache == null)
+            {
+                _appDirCache = CQP.CQ_getAppDirectory (_authCode);
+            }
+            return _appDirCache;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取 Cookies 慎用,此接口需要严格授权
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>返回 Cookies 字符串</returns>
+        public string GetCookies ()
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_getCookies (_authCode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 即QQ网页用到的bkn/g_tk等 慎用,此接口需要严格授权
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>返回 bkn/g_tk 字符串</returns>
+        public int GetCsrfToken ()
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_getCsrfToken (_authCode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取QQ信息
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="notCache">不使用缓存, 默认为"False"，通常忽略本参数，仅在必要时使用</param>
+        /// <returns>获取成功返回 <see cref="QQInfo"/>, 失败返回 null</returns>
+        public QQInfo GetQQInfo (long qqId, bool notCache = false)
+        {
+            string result = CQP.CQ_getStrangerInfo (_authCode, qqId, notCache);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty (result))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            BinaryReader binary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (Convert.FromBase64String (result)));
+            QQInfo qqInfo = new QQInfo ();
+            qqInfo.Id = binary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+            qqInfo.Nick = binary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+            qqInfo.Sex = (Sex)binary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+            qqInfo.Age = binary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+            return qqInfo;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取群成员信息
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="notCache">默认为 "Flase", 通常忽略本参数, 仅在必要的是否使用</param>
+        /// <returns>获取成功返回 <see cref="GroupMember"/>, 失败返回 null</returns>
+        public GroupMember GetMemberInfo (long groupId, long qqId, bool notCache = false)
+        {
+            string result = CQP.CQ_getGroupMemberInfoV2 (_authCode, groupId, qqId, notCache);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty (result))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            #region --其它_转换_文本到群成员信息--
+            BinaryReader binary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (Convert.FromBase64String (result)));
+            GroupMember member = new GroupMember ();
+            member.GroupId = binary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+            member.QQId = binary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+            member.Nick = binary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+            member.Card = binary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+            member.Sex = (Sex)binary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+            member.Age = binary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+            member.Area = binary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+            member.JoiningTime = binary.ReadInt32_Ex ().ToDateTime ();
+            member.LastDateTime = binary.ReadInt32_Ex ().ToDateTime ();
+            member.Level = binary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+            member.PermitType = (PermitType)binary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+            member.BadRecord = binary.ReadInt32_Ex () == 1;
+            member.SpecialTitle = binary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+            member.SpecialTitleDurationTime = binary.ReadInt32_Ex ().ToDateTime ();
+            member.CanModifiedCard = binary.ReadInt32_Ex () == 1;
+            #endregion
+            return member;
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取群成员列表
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <returns>获取成功返回 <see cref="List{GroupMember}"/>, 失败返回 null</returns>
+        public List<GroupMember> GetMemberList (long groupId)
+        {
+            string result = CQP.CQ_getGroupMemberList (_authCode, groupId);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty (result))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            #region --其他_转换_文本到群成员列表信息a--
+            BinaryReader binary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (Convert.FromBase64String (result)));
+            List<GroupMember> memberInfos = new List<GroupMember> ();
+            for (int i = 0, len = binary.ReadInt32_Ex (); i < len; i++)
+            {
+                if (binary.Length () <= 0)
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                #region --其它_转换_ansihex到群成员信息--
+                BinaryReader tempBinary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (binary.ReadToken_Ex ())); //解析群成员信息
+                GroupMember member = new GroupMember ();
+                member.GroupId = tempBinary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+                member.QQId = tempBinary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+                member.Nick = tempBinary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+                member.Card = tempBinary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+                member.Sex = (Sex)tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+                member.Age = tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+                member.Area = tempBinary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+                member.JoiningTime = tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex ().ToDateTime ();
+                member.LastDateTime = tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex ().ToDateTime ();
+                member.Level = tempBinary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+                member.PermitType = (PermitType)tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex ();
+                member.BadRecord = tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex () == 1;
+                member.SpecialTitle = tempBinary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+                member.SpecialTitleDurationTime = tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex ().ToDateTime ();
+                member.CanModifiedCard = tempBinary.ReadInt32_Ex () == 1;
+                #endregion
+                memberInfos.Add (member);
+            }
+            #endregion
+            return memberInfos;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取群列表
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>获取成功返回 <see cref="List{Group}"/>, 失败返回 null</returns>
+        public List<Group> GetGroupList ()
+        {
+            string result = CQP.CQ_getGroupList (_authCode);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty (result))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            List<Group> groups = new List<Group> ();
+            #region --其他_转换_文本到群列表信息a--
+            BinaryReader binary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (Convert.FromBase64String (result)));
+            for (int i = 0, len = binary.ReadInt32_Ex (); i < len; i++)
+            {
+                if (binary.Length () <= 0)
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                #region --其他_转换_ansihex到群信息--
+                BinaryReader tempBinary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (binary.ReadToken_Ex ()));
+                Group group = new Group ();
+                group.Id = tempBinary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+                group.Name = tempBinary.ReadString_Ex (_defaultEncoding);
+                groups.Add (group);
+                #endregion
+            }
+            #endregion
+            return groups;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取发送语音支持
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public bool GetSendRecordSupport ()
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_canSendRecord (_authCode) > 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取发送图片支持
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public bool GetSendImageSupport ()
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_canSendImage (_authCode) > 0;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --日志--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 添加日志
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="level">级别</param>
+        /// <param name="type">类型</param>
+        /// <param name="content">内容</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int AddLoger (LogerLevel level, string type, string content)
+        {
+            GCHandle handle = content.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int result = CQP.CQ_addLog (_authCode, (int)level, type, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject ());
+            handle.Free ();
+            return result;
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 添加致命错误提示
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">错误信息</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int AddFatalError (string message)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_setFatal (_authCode, message);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --请求--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置好友添加请求
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tag">请求反馈标识</param>
+        /// <param name="response">反馈类型</param>
+        /// <param name="notes">备注</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetFriendAddRequest (string tag, ResponseType response, string notes = null)
+        {
+            if (notes == null)
+            {
+                notes = string.Empty;
+            }
+            GCHandle handle = notes.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int result = CQP.CQ_setFriendAddRequest (_authCode, tag, (int)response, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject ());
+            handle.Free ();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群添加请求
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tag">请求反馈标识</param>
+        /// <param name="request">请求类型</param>
+        /// <param name="response">反馈类型</param>
+        /// <param name="appendMsg">备注</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupAddRequest (string tag, RequestType request, ResponseType response, string appendMsg)
+        {
+            if (appendMsg == null)
+            {
+                appendMsg = string.Empty;
+            }
+            GCHandle handle = appendMsg.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int result = CQP.CQ_setGroupAddRequestV2 (_authCode, tag, (int)request, (int)response, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject ());
+            handle.Free ();
+            return result;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --管理--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置匿名群员禁言
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="anonymous">匿名参数</param>
+        /// <param name="time">禁言时间, 单位: 秒, 不支持解禁</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupAnonymousBanSpeak (long groupId, string anonymous, TimeSpan time)
+        {
+            if (time.TotalSeconds <= 0)
+            {
+                time = TimeSpan.Zero;
+            }
+            GCHandle handle = anonymous.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int result = CQP.CQ_setGroupAnonymousBan (_authCode, groupId, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject (), (long)time.TotalSeconds);
+            handle.Free ();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群员禁言
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="time">禁言的时间，单位为秒。如果要解禁，请给TimeSpan.Zero</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupBanSpeak (long groupId, long qqId, TimeSpan time)
+        {
+            if (time.Ticks < 0)
+            {
+                time = TimeSpan.Zero;
+            }
+            return CQP.CQ_setGroupBan (_authCode, groupId, qqId, (long)time.TotalSeconds);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置全群禁言
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="isOpen">是否开启</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupWholeBanSpeak (long groupId, bool isOpen)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_setGroupWholeBan (_authCode, groupId, isOpen);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群成员名片
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="newNick">新昵称</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupMemberNewCard (long groupId, long qqId, string newNick)
+        {
+            GCHandle handle = newNick.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int result = CQP.CQ_setGroupCard (_authCode, groupId, qqId, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject ());
+            handle.Free ();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群成员专属头衔
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="specialTitle">如果要删除，这里填空</param>
+        /// <param name="time">专属头衔有效期，单位为秒。如果永久有效，time填写负数</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupSpecialTitle (long groupId, long qqId, string specialTitle, TimeSpan time)
+        {
+            if (time.Ticks < 0)
+            {
+                time = new TimeSpan (-10000000);     //-1秒
+            }
+            GCHandle handle = specialTitle.GetStringGCHandle (_defaultEncoding);
+            int result = CQP.CQ_setGroupSpecialTitle (_authCode, groupId, qqId, handle.AddrOfPinnedObject (), (long)time.TotalSeconds);
+            handle.Free ();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群管理员
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="isCalcel">True: 设置管理员, False: 取消管理员</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupManager (long groupId, long qqId, bool isCalcel)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_setGroupAdmin (_authCode, groupId, qqId, isCalcel);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群匿名设置
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="isOpen">是否打开</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetAnonymousStatus (long groupId, bool isOpen)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_setGroupAnonymous (_authCode, groupId, isOpen);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群退出 慎用,此接口需要严格授权
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="dissolve">默认为False, True: 解散本群(群主) False: 退出本群(管理、群成员)</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupExit (long groupId, bool dissolve = false)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_setGroupLeave (_authCode, groupId, dissolve);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置群员移除
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupId">目标群</param>
+        /// <param name="qqId">目标QQ</param>
+        /// <param name="notAccept">如果为True，则“不再接收此人加群申请”，请慎用。留空为False</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetGroupMemberRemove (long groupId, long qqId, bool notAccept = false)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_setGroupKick (_authCode, groupId, qqId, notAccept);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 置讨论组退出
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="discussId">目标讨论组</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int SetDiscussExit (long discussId)
+        {
+            return CQP.CQ_setDiscussLeave (_authCode, discussId);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region --其它--
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 设置App验证码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="authCode"></param>
+        [Obsolete ("更改了该类的构造方式, 此方法不建议再使用")]
+        public void SetAuthCode (int authCode)
+        {
+            _authCode = authCode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取App验证码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Obsolete ("更改了该类的构造方式, 此方法不建议再使用")]
+        public int GetAuthCode ()
+        {
+            return _authCode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取匿名信息
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">匿名参数</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public GroupAnonymous GetAnonymous (string source)
+        {
+            BinaryReader binary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (Convert.FromBase64String (source)));
+            GroupAnonymous anonymous = new GroupAnonymous ();
+            anonymous.Id = binary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+            anonymous.CodeName = binary.ReadString_Ex ();
+            anonymous.Token = binary.ReadToken_Ex ();
+            return anonymous;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取群文件
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">群文件参数</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public GroupFile GetFile (string source)
+        {
+            BinaryReader binary = new BinaryReader (new MemoryStream (Convert.FromBase64String (source)));
+            GroupFile file = new GroupFile ();
+            file.Id = binary.ReadString_Ex ();      // 参照官方SDK, 编码为 ASCII
+            file.Name = binary.ReadString_Ex ();    // 参照官方SDK, 编码为 ASCII
+            file.Size = binary.ReadInt64_Ex ();
+            file.Busid = Convert.ToInt32 (binary.ReadInt64_Ex ());
+            return file;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 编码悬浮窗数据置文本
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="floatWindow"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string FormatStringFloatWindow (FloatWindow floatWindow)
+        {
+            BinaryWriter binary = new BinaryWriter (new MemoryStream ());
+            binary.Write_Ex (floatWindow.Data);
+            binary.Write_Ex (floatWindow.Unit);
+            binary.Write_Ex ((int)floatWindow.Color);
+
+            return Convert.ToBase64String (binary.ToArray ());
+        }
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource binary of type System.IO.BinaryReader, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 394) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "QQInfo CqApi.GetQQInfo(Int64,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+QQInfo CqApi.GetQQInfo(Int64,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Native.Csharp.Sdk/Cqp/CqApi.cs
+
+### Key:
+CqApi.cs|GetQQInfo|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+18ce3cf32bb827fc7f80cbe06f7eee28
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1247/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1247/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc2998ebdb2cb1776ed7da399fc78a49685d4673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1247/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RestEase
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Moq;
+using RestEase;
+using RestEase.Implementation;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace RestEaseUnitTests.RequesterTests
+{
+    public class SendRequestTests
+    {
+        private class RequesterWithStubbedSendRequestAsync : Requester
+        {
+            public RequesterWithStubbedSendRequestAsync(HttpClient httpClient)
+                : base(httpClient)
+            { }
+
+            public Task<HttpResponseMessage> ResponseMessage;
+            public IRequestInfo RequestInfo;
+
+            protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendRequestAsync(IRequestInfo requestInfo, bool readBody)
+            {
+                this.RequestInfo = requestInfo;
+                return this.ResponseMessage;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class MockHttpMessageHandler : HttpMessageHandler
+        {
+            public HttpRequestMessage Request;
+            public Task<HttpResponseMessage> ResponseMessage;
+
+            protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+            {
+                // Can't test against the CancellationToken, as HttpClient does some odd stuff to it
+                this.Request = request;
+                return this.ResponseMessage;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly PublicRequester requester = new PublicRequester(null);
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RequestVoidAsyncSendsRequest()
+        {
+            var requester = new RequesterWithStubbedSendRequestAsync(null);
+            requester.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(new HttpResponseMessage());
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "foo");
+            requester.RequestVoidAsync(requestInfo).Wait();
+
+            Assert.Equal(requestInfo, requester.RequestInfo);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RequestAsyncSendsRequest()
+        {
+            var requester = new RequesterWithStubbedSendRequestAsync(null);
+            var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage()
+            {
+                Content = new StringContent("content"),
+            };
+            requester.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(responseMessage);
+            var responseDeserializer = new Mock<IResponseDeserializer>();
+            requester.ResponseDeserializer = responseDeserializer.Object;
+            var cancellationToken = new CancellationToken();
+
+            responseDeserializer.Setup(x => x.Deserialize<string>("content", responseMessage))
+                .Returns("hello")
+                .Verifiable();
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "foo");
+            requestInfo.CancellationToken = cancellationToken;
+            var result = requester.RequestAsync<string>(requestInfo).Result;
+
+            responseDeserializer.Verify();
+
+            Assert.Equal(requestInfo, requester.RequestInfo);
+            Assert.Equal("hello", result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RequestWithResponseMessageAsyncSendsRequest()
+        {
+            var requester = new RequesterWithStubbedSendRequestAsync(null);
+            var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+            requester.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(responseMessage);
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "foo");
+            var result = requester.RequestWithResponseMessageAsync(requestInfo).Result;
+
+            Assert.Equal(requestInfo, requester.RequestInfo);
+            Assert.Equal(responseMessage, result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void RequestWithResponseAsyncSendsRequest()
+        {
+            var requester = new RequesterWithStubbedSendRequestAsync(null);
+            var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage()
+            {
+                Content = new StringContent("content"),
+            };
+            requester.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(responseMessage);
+            var responseDeserializer = new Mock<IResponseDeserializer>();
+            requester.ResponseDeserializer = responseDeserializer.Object;
+            var cancellationToken = new CancellationToken();
+
+            responseDeserializer.Setup(x => x.Deserialize<string>("content", responseMessage))
+                .Returns("hello")
+                .Verifiable();
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "foo");
+            requestInfo.CancellationToken = cancellationToken;
+            var result = requester.RequestWithResponseAsync<string>(requestInfo).Result;
+
+            var deserializedContent = result.GetContent();
+
+            responseDeserializer.Verify();
+
+            Assert.Equal(requestInfo, requester.RequestInfo);
+            Assert.Equal("content", result.StringContent);
+            Assert.Equal("hello", deserializedContent);
+            Assert.Equal(responseMessage, result.ResponseMessage);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void SendRequestAsyncSendsRequest()
+        {
+            var messageHandler = new MockHttpMessageHandler();
+            var httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler) { BaseAddress = new Uri("http://api.com") };
+            var requester = new PublicRequester(httpClient);
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "foo");
+
+            var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+            messageHandler.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(responseMessage);
+
+            var response = requester.SendRequestAsync(requestInfo, true).Result;
+
+            Assert.Equal("http://api.com/foo", messageHandler.Request.RequestUri.ToString());
+            Assert.Equal(responseMessage, response);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void SendRequestThrowsIfResponseIsBad()
+        {
+            var messageHandler = new MockHttpMessageHandler();
+            var httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler) { BaseAddress = new Uri("http://api.com") };
+            var requester = new PublicRequester(httpClient);
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Post, "foo");
+
+            var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+            responseMessage.Headers.Add("Foo", "bar");
+            responseMessage.StatusCode = HttpStatusCode.NotFound;
+            responseMessage.Content = new StringContent("hello");
+
+            messageHandler.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(responseMessage);
+
+            var aggregateException = Assert.Throws<AggregateException>(() => requester.SendRequestAsync(requestInfo, true).Wait());
+            var e = Assert.IsType<ApiException>(aggregateException.InnerException);
+
+            Assert.Equal(HttpMethod.Post, e.RequestMethod);
+            Assert.Equal("http://api.com/foo", e.RequestUri.ToString());
+            Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, e.StatusCode);
+            Assert.True(e.Headers.Contains("Foo"));
+            Assert.True(e.HasContent);
+            Assert.Equal("hello", e.Content);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void SendRequestDoesNotThrowIfResponseIsBadButAllowAnyStatusCodeSpecified()
+        {
+            var messageHandler = new MockHttpMessageHandler();
+            var httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler) { BaseAddress = new Uri("http://api.com") };
+            var requester = new PublicRequester(httpClient);
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "foo");
+            requestInfo.AllowAnyStatusCode = true;
+
+            var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+            responseMessage.StatusCode = HttpStatusCode.NotFound;
+
+            messageHandler.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(responseMessage);
+
+            var response = requester.SendRequestAsync(requestInfo, true).Result;
+            Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, response.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AllowsNullPath()
+        {
+            var messageHandler = new MockHttpMessageHandler();
+            var httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler) { BaseAddress = new Uri("http://api.example.com/base/") };
+            var requester = new PublicRequester(httpClient);
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, null);
+
+            messageHandler.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(new HttpResponseMessage());
+            var response = requester.SendRequestAsync(requestInfo, true).Result;
+            Assert.Equal("http://api.example.com/base/", messageHandler.Request.RequestUri.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AllowsEmptyPath()
+        {
+            var messageHandler = new MockHttpMessageHandler();
+            var httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler) { BaseAddress = new Uri("http://api.example.com/base") };
+            var requester = new PublicRequester(httpClient);
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "");
+
+            messageHandler.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(new HttpResponseMessage());
+
+            var response = requester.SendRequestAsync(requestInfo, true).Result;
+            Assert.Equal("http://api.example.com/base", messageHandler.Request.RequestUri.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AllowsPathWithLeadingSlash()
+        {
+            var messageHandler = new MockHttpMessageHandler();
+            var httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler) { BaseAddress = new Uri("http://api.example.com/base/") };
+            var requester = new PublicRequester(httpClient);
+
+            var requestInfo = new RequestInfo(HttpMethod.Get, "/foo");
+
+            messageHandler.ResponseMessage = Task.FromResult(new HttpResponseMessage());
+
+            var response = requester.SendRequestAsync(requestInfo, true).Result;
+            Assert.Equal("http://api.example.com/base/foo", messageHandler.Request.RequestUri.ToString());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource requester of type RestEase.Implementation.Requester, Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpResponseMessage::.ctor() at Line 53) of type System.Net.Http.HttpResponseMessage in method "Void SendRequestTests.RequestVoidAsyncSendsRequest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SendRequestTests.RequestVoidAsyncSendsRequest()
+
+### File:
+src/RestEaseUnitTests/RequesterTests/SendRequestTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+SendRequestTests.cs|RequestVoidAsyncSendsRequest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+47f4dffd89aed37749b48497b2870642
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1249/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1249/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93275a2ac8c57f67059139d8ceceecc3e0c998eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1249/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ITfoxtec.Identity.Saml2
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Azure.Core;
+using Azure.Security.KeyVault.Certificates;
+using ITfoxtec.Identity.Saml2;
+using ITfoxtec.Identity.Saml2.Cryptography;
+using ITfoxtec.Identity.Saml2.Schemas.Metadata;
+using RSAKeyVaultProvider;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace TestWebAppCoreAzureKeyVault.Identity
+{
+    public class Saml2ConfigurationLogic
+    {
+        private readonly Saml2Configuration config;
+        private readonly TokenCredential tokenCredential;
+
+        public Saml2ConfigurationLogic(Saml2Configuration config, TokenCredential tokenCredential)
+        {
+            this.config = config;
+            this.tokenCredential = tokenCredential;
+        }
+
+        public string Saml2IdPMetadata{ get; set; }
+        public string AzureKeyVaultBaseUrl { get; set; }
+        public string AzureKeyVaultCertificateName { get; set; }
+
+        public Saml2Configuration GetSaml2Configuration()
+        {
+            var saml2Configuration = new Saml2Configuration
+            {
+                Issuer = config.Issuer,
+                SignatureAlgorithm = config.SignatureAlgorithm,
+                CertificateValidationMode = config.CertificateValidationMode,
+                RevocationMode = config.RevocationMode
+            };
+
+            var certificateClient = new CertificateClient(new Uri(AzureKeyVaultBaseUrl), tokenCredential);
+            var certificateWithPolicy = certificateClient.GetCertificate(AzureKeyVaultCertificateName);
+
+            var publicCertificate = new X509Certificate2(certificateWithPolicy.Value.Cer);
+            var rsa = RSAFactory.Create(tokenCredential, certificateWithPolicy.Value.KeyId, new Azure.Security.KeyVault.Keys.JsonWebKey(publicCertificate.GetRSAPublicKey()));
+            saml2Configuration.SigningCertificate = new Saml2X509Certificate(publicCertificate, rsa);
+
+            //saml2Configuration.SignAuthnRequest = true;
+
+            saml2Configuration.AllowedAudienceUris.Add(saml2Configuration.Issuer);
+
+            var entityDescriptor = new EntityDescriptor();
+            entityDescriptor.ReadIdPSsoDescriptorFromUrl(new Uri(Saml2IdPMetadata));
+            if (entityDescriptor.IdPSsoDescriptor != null)
+            {
+                saml2Configuration.AllowedIssuer = entityDescriptor.EntityId;
+                saml2Configuration.SingleSignOnDestination = entityDescriptor.IdPSsoDescriptor.SingleSignOnServices.First().Location;
+                saml2Configuration.SingleLogoutDestination = entityDescriptor.IdPSsoDescriptor.SingleLogoutServices.First().Location;
+                saml2Configuration.SignatureValidationCertificates.AddRange(entityDescriptor.IdPSsoDescriptor.SigningCertificates);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new Exception("IdPSsoDescriptor not loaded from metadata.");
+            }
+
+            return saml2Configuration;
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource rsa of type RSAKeyVaultProvider.RSAKeyVault, Leaked resource publicCertificate of type System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2, Leaked resource (output of ITfoxtec.Identity.Saml2.Cryptography.Saml2X509Certificate::.ctor() at Line 43) of type ITfoxtec.Identity.Saml2.Cryptography.Saml2X509Certificate in method "Saml2Configuration Saml2ConfigurationLogic.GetSaml2Configuration()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Saml2Configuration Saml2ConfigurationLogic.GetSaml2Configuration()
+
+### File:
+test/TestWebAppCoreAzureKeyVault/Logic/Saml2ConfigurationLogic.cs
+
+### Key:
+Saml2ConfigurationLogic.cs|GetSaml2Configuration|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a1a902091c139bb0b14aaa9b996eb473
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1252/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1252/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4775975c88411c2291e3d71ab0edb2ece5131f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1252/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MiniExcel
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace MiniExcelLibs
+{
+    using MiniExcelLibs.OpenXml;
+    using MiniExcelLibs.Utils;
+    using MiniExcelLibs.Zip;
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Data;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+    public static partial class MiniExcel
+    {
+        public static void SaveAs(string path, object value, bool printHeader = true, string sheetName = "Sheet1", ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            if (Path.GetExtension(path).ToLowerInvariant() == ".xlsm")
+                throw new NotSupportedException("MiniExcel SaveAs not support xlsm");
+            using (FileStream stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.CreateNew))
+                SaveAs(stream, value, printHeader, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAs(this Stream stream, object value, bool printHeader = true, string sheetName = "Sheet1", ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.XLSX, IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            GetWriterProvider(stream, value, sheetName, excelType, configuration, printHeader).SaveAs();
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(string path, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null) where T : class, new()
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                foreach (var item in Query<T>(stream, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration))
+                    yield return item; //Foreach yield return twice reason : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66791982/ienumerable-extract-code-lazy-loading-show-stream-was-not-readable
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(this Stream stream, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null) where T : class, new()
+        {
+            return ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query<T>(sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<dynamic> Query(string path, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                foreach (var item in Query(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration))
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<dynamic> Query(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            return ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query(useHeaderRow, sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(string path, string templatePath, object value)
+        {
+            using (var stream = File.Create(path))
+                SaveAsByTemplate(stream, templatePath, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(string path, byte[] templateBytes, object value)
+        {
+            using (var stream = File.Create(path))
+                SaveAsByTemplate(stream, templateBytes, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(this Stream stream, string templatePath, object value)
+        {
+            ExcelTemplateFactory.GetProvider(stream).SaveAsByTemplate(templatePath, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(this Stream stream, byte[] templateBytes, object value)
+        {
+            ExcelTemplateFactory.GetProvider(stream).SaveAsByTemplate(templateBytes, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// QueryAsDataTable is not recommended, because it'll load all data into memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static DataTable QueryAsDataTable(string path, bool useHeaderRow = true, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+            {
+                return QueryAsDataTable(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType:ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration);
+            }
+        }
+        public static DataTable QueryAsDataTable(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = true, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            if (sheetName == null && excelType != ExcelType.CSV) /*Issue #279*/
+                sheetName = stream.GetSheetNames().First();
+
+            var dt = new DataTable(sheetName);
+            var first = true;
+            var rows = ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query(useHeaderRow, sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+
+            var keys = new List<string>();
+            foreach (IDictionary<string, object> row in rows)
+            {
+                if (first)
+                {
+                    foreach (var key in row.Keys)
+                    {
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(key)) // avoid #298 : Column '' does not belong to table
+                        {
+                            var column = new DataColumn(key, typeof(object)) { Caption = key };
+                            dt.Columns.Add(column);
+                            keys.Add(key);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    dt.BeginLoadData();
+                    first = false;
+                }
+
+                var newRow = dt.NewRow();
+                foreach (var key in keys)
+                {
+                    newRow[key] = row[key]; //TODO: optimize not using string key
+                }
+
+                dt.Rows.Add(newRow);
+            }
+
+            dt.EndLoadData();
+            return dt;
+        }
+
+        public static List<string> GetSheetNames(string path)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                return GetSheetNames(stream);
+        }
+
+        public static List<string> GetSheetNames(this Stream stream)
+        {
+            var archive = new ExcelOpenXmlZip(stream);
+            return new ExcelOpenXmlSheetReader(stream).GetWorkbookRels(archive.entries).Select(s => s.Name).ToList();
+        }
+
+        public static ICollection<string> GetColumns(string path, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                return GetColumns(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static ICollection<string> GetColumns(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            return (Query(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType, startCell, configuration).FirstOrDefault() as IDictionary<string, object>)?.Keys;
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertCsvToXlsx(string csv, string xlsx)
+        {
+            using (var csvStream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(csv))
+            using (var xlsxStream = new FileStream(xlsx, FileMode.CreateNew))
+            {
+                ConvertCsvToXlsx(csvStream, xlsxStream);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertCsvToXlsx(Stream csv, Stream xlsx)
+        {
+            var value = MiniExcel.Query(csv, useHeaderRow: false, excelType: ExcelType.CSV); //TODO:Remove ToList
+            MiniExcel.SaveAs(xlsx, value, printHeader: false, excelType: ExcelType.XLSX);
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertXlsxToCsv(string xlsx, string csv)
+        {
+            using (var xlsxStream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(xlsx))
+            using (var csvStream = new FileStream(csv, FileMode.CreateNew))
+                ConvertXlsxToCsv(xlsxStream, csvStream);
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertXlsxToCsv(Stream xlsx, Stream csv)
+        {
+            var value = MiniExcel.Query(xlsx, useHeaderRow: false, excelType: ExcelType.XLSX);
+            MiniExcel.SaveAs(csv, value, printHeader: false, excelType: ExcelType.CSV);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from MiniExcelLibs.IExcelWriter MiniExcelLibs.MiniExcel::GetWriterProvider(System.IO.Stream,System.Object,System.String,MiniExcelLibs.ExcelType,MiniExcelLibs.IConfiguration,System.Boolean) at Line 25).MiniExcelLibs.OpenXml.ExcelOpenXmlSheetWriter._archive of type MiniExcelLibs.Zip.MiniExcelZipArchive in method "Void MiniExcel.SaveAs(Stream,Object,Boolean,String,ExcelType,IConfiguration)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MiniExcel.SaveAs(Stream,Object,Boolean,String,ExcelType,IConfiguration)
+
+### File:
+src/MiniExcel/MiniExcel.cs
+
+### Key:
+MiniExcel.cs|SaveAs|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4c5f9b6372ca013f861b12137db072bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1254/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1254/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..add214c6504c827e89ee05686f923b9e341cee6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1254/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MiniExcel
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace MiniExcelLibs
+{
+    using MiniExcelLibs.OpenXml;
+    using MiniExcelLibs.Utils;
+    using MiniExcelLibs.Zip;
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Data;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+    public static partial class MiniExcel
+    {
+        public static void SaveAs(string path, object value, bool printHeader = true, string sheetName = "Sheet1", ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            if (Path.GetExtension(path).ToLowerInvariant() == ".xlsm")
+                throw new NotSupportedException("MiniExcel SaveAs not support xlsm");
+            using (FileStream stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.CreateNew))
+                SaveAs(stream, value, printHeader, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAs(this Stream stream, object value, bool printHeader = true, string sheetName = "Sheet1", ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.XLSX, IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            GetWriterProvider(stream, value, sheetName, excelType, configuration, printHeader).SaveAs();
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(string path, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null) where T : class, new()
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                foreach (var item in Query<T>(stream, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration))
+                    yield return item; //Foreach yield return twice reason : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66791982/ienumerable-extract-code-lazy-loading-show-stream-was-not-readable
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(this Stream stream, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null) where T : class, new()
+        {
+            return ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query<T>(sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<dynamic> Query(string path, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                foreach (var item in Query(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration))
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<dynamic> Query(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            return ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query(useHeaderRow, sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(string path, string templatePath, object value)
+        {
+            using (var stream = File.Create(path))
+                SaveAsByTemplate(stream, templatePath, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(string path, byte[] templateBytes, object value)
+        {
+            using (var stream = File.Create(path))
+                SaveAsByTemplate(stream, templateBytes, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(this Stream stream, string templatePath, object value)
+        {
+            ExcelTemplateFactory.GetProvider(stream).SaveAsByTemplate(templatePath, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(this Stream stream, byte[] templateBytes, object value)
+        {
+            ExcelTemplateFactory.GetProvider(stream).SaveAsByTemplate(templateBytes, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// QueryAsDataTable is not recommended, because it'll load all data into memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static DataTable QueryAsDataTable(string path, bool useHeaderRow = true, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+            {
+                return QueryAsDataTable(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType:ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration);
+            }
+        }
+        public static DataTable QueryAsDataTable(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = true, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            if (sheetName == null && excelType != ExcelType.CSV) /*Issue #279*/
+                sheetName = stream.GetSheetNames().First();
+
+            var dt = new DataTable(sheetName);
+            var first = true;
+            var rows = ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query(useHeaderRow, sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+
+            var keys = new List<string>();
+            foreach (IDictionary<string, object> row in rows)
+            {
+                if (first)
+                {
+                    foreach (var key in row.Keys)
+                    {
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(key)) // avoid #298 : Column '' does not belong to table
+                        {
+                            var column = new DataColumn(key, typeof(object)) { Caption = key };
+                            dt.Columns.Add(column);
+                            keys.Add(key);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    dt.BeginLoadData();
+                    first = false;
+                }
+
+                var newRow = dt.NewRow();
+                foreach (var key in keys)
+                {
+                    newRow[key] = row[key]; //TODO: optimize not using string key
+                }
+
+                dt.Rows.Add(newRow);
+            }
+
+            dt.EndLoadData();
+            return dt;
+        }
+
+        public static List<string> GetSheetNames(string path)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                return GetSheetNames(stream);
+        }
+
+        public static List<string> GetSheetNames(this Stream stream)
+        {
+            var archive = new ExcelOpenXmlZip(stream);
+            return new ExcelOpenXmlSheetReader(stream).GetWorkbookRels(archive.entries).Select(s => s.Name).ToList();
+        }
+
+        public static ICollection<string> GetColumns(string path, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                return GetColumns(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static ICollection<string> GetColumns(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            return (Query(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType, startCell, configuration).FirstOrDefault() as IDictionary<string, object>)?.Keys;
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertCsvToXlsx(string csv, string xlsx)
+        {
+            using (var csvStream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(csv))
+            using (var xlsxStream = new FileStream(xlsx, FileMode.CreateNew))
+            {
+                ConvertCsvToXlsx(csvStream, xlsxStream);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertCsvToXlsx(Stream csv, Stream xlsx)
+        {
+            var value = MiniExcel.Query(csv, useHeaderRow: false, excelType: ExcelType.CSV); //TODO:Remove ToList
+            MiniExcel.SaveAs(xlsx, value, printHeader: false, excelType: ExcelType.XLSX);
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertXlsxToCsv(string xlsx, string csv)
+        {
+            using (var xlsxStream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(xlsx))
+            using (var csvStream = new FileStream(csv, FileMode.CreateNew))
+                ConvertXlsxToCsv(xlsxStream, csvStream);
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertXlsxToCsv(Stream xlsx, Stream csv)
+        {
+            var value = MiniExcel.Query(xlsx, useHeaderRow: false, excelType: ExcelType.XLSX);
+            MiniExcel.SaveAs(csv, value, printHeader: false, excelType: ExcelType.CSV);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from MiniExcelLibs.IExcelReader MiniExcelLibs.ExcelReaderFactory::GetProvider(System.IO.Stream,MiniExcelLibs.ExcelType) at Line 37).MiniExcelLibs.OpenXml.ExcelOpenXmlSheetReader._archive of type MiniExcelLibs.Zip.ExcelOpenXmlZip in method "IEnumerable`1<!0> MiniExcel.Query(Stream,String,ExcelType,String,IConfiguration)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEnumerable`1<!0> MiniExcel.Query(Stream,String,ExcelType,String,IConfiguration)
+
+### File:
+src/MiniExcel/MiniExcel.cs
+
+### Key:
+MiniExcel.cs|Query|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2656433c7b6f15573b23c0bf36a36454
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1262/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1262/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b95048750296f93f757ae1b3b477263abe171ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1262/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MiniExcel
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace MiniExcelLibs
+{
+    using MiniExcelLibs.OpenXml;
+    using MiniExcelLibs.Utils;
+    using MiniExcelLibs.Zip;
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Data;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+    public static partial class MiniExcel
+    {
+        public static void SaveAs(string path, object value, bool printHeader = true, string sheetName = "Sheet1", ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            if (Path.GetExtension(path).ToLowerInvariant() == ".xlsm")
+                throw new NotSupportedException("MiniExcel SaveAs not support xlsm");
+            using (FileStream stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.CreateNew))
+                SaveAs(stream, value, printHeader, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAs(this Stream stream, object value, bool printHeader = true, string sheetName = "Sheet1", ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.XLSX, IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            GetWriterProvider(stream, value, sheetName, excelType, configuration, printHeader).SaveAs();
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(string path, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null) where T : class, new()
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                foreach (var item in Query<T>(stream, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration))
+                    yield return item; //Foreach yield return twice reason : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66791982/ienumerable-extract-code-lazy-loading-show-stream-was-not-readable
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<T> Query<T>(this Stream stream, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null) where T : class, new()
+        {
+            return ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query<T>(sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<dynamic> Query(string path, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                foreach (var item in Query(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration))
+                    yield return item;
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<dynamic> Query(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            return ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query(useHeaderRow, sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(string path, string templatePath, object value)
+        {
+            using (var stream = File.Create(path))
+                SaveAsByTemplate(stream, templatePath, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(string path, byte[] templateBytes, object value)
+        {
+            using (var stream = File.Create(path))
+                SaveAsByTemplate(stream, templateBytes, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(this Stream stream, string templatePath, object value)
+        {
+            ExcelTemplateFactory.GetProvider(stream).SaveAsByTemplate(templatePath, value);
+        }
+
+        public static void SaveAsByTemplate(this Stream stream, byte[] templateBytes, object value)
+        {
+            ExcelTemplateFactory.GetProvider(stream).SaveAsByTemplate(templateBytes, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// QueryAsDataTable is not recommended, because it'll load all data into memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static DataTable QueryAsDataTable(string path, bool useHeaderRow = true, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+            {
+                return QueryAsDataTable(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType:ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(path, excelType), startCell, configuration);
+            }
+        }
+        public static DataTable QueryAsDataTable(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = true, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            if (sheetName == null && excelType != ExcelType.CSV) /*Issue #279*/
+                sheetName = stream.GetSheetNames().First();
+
+            var dt = new DataTable(sheetName);
+            var first = true;
+            var rows = ExcelReaderFactory.GetProvider(stream, ExcelTypeHelper.GetExcelType(stream, excelType)).Query(useHeaderRow, sheetName, startCell, configuration);
+
+            var keys = new List<string>();
+            foreach (IDictionary<string, object> row in rows)
+            {
+                if (first)
+                {
+                    foreach (var key in row.Keys)
+                    {
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(key)) // avoid #298 : Column '' does not belong to table
+                        {
+                            var column = new DataColumn(key, typeof(object)) { Caption = key };
+                            dt.Columns.Add(column);
+                            keys.Add(key);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    dt.BeginLoadData();
+                    first = false;
+                }
+
+                var newRow = dt.NewRow();
+                foreach (var key in keys)
+                {
+                    newRow[key] = row[key]; //TODO: optimize not using string key
+                }
+
+                dt.Rows.Add(newRow);
+            }
+
+            dt.EndLoadData();
+            return dt;
+        }
+
+        public static List<string> GetSheetNames(string path)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                return GetSheetNames(stream);
+        }
+
+        public static List<string> GetSheetNames(this Stream stream)
+        {
+            var archive = new ExcelOpenXmlZip(stream);
+            return new ExcelOpenXmlSheetReader(stream).GetWorkbookRels(archive.entries).Select(s => s.Name).ToList();
+        }
+
+        public static ICollection<string> GetColumns(string path, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            using (var stream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(path))
+                return GetColumns(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType, startCell, configuration);
+        }
+
+        public static ICollection<string> GetColumns(this Stream stream, bool useHeaderRow = false, string sheetName = null, ExcelType excelType = ExcelType.UNKNOWN, string startCell = "A1", IConfiguration configuration = null)
+        {
+            return (Query(stream, useHeaderRow, sheetName, excelType, startCell, configuration).FirstOrDefault() as IDictionary<string, object>)?.Keys;
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertCsvToXlsx(string csv, string xlsx)
+        {
+            using (var csvStream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(csv))
+            using (var xlsxStream = new FileStream(xlsx, FileMode.CreateNew))
+            {
+                ConvertCsvToXlsx(csvStream, xlsxStream);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertCsvToXlsx(Stream csv, Stream xlsx)
+        {
+            var value = MiniExcel.Query(csv, useHeaderRow: false, excelType: ExcelType.CSV); //TODO:Remove ToList
+            MiniExcel.SaveAs(xlsx, value, printHeader: false, excelType: ExcelType.XLSX);
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertXlsxToCsv(string xlsx, string csv)
+        {
+            using (var xlsxStream = FileHelper.OpenSharedRead(xlsx))
+            using (var csvStream = new FileStream(csv, FileMode.CreateNew))
+                ConvertXlsxToCsv(xlsxStream, csvStream);
+        }
+
+        public static void ConvertXlsxToCsv(Stream xlsx, Stream csv)
+        {
+            var value = MiniExcel.Query(xlsx, useHeaderRow: false, excelType: ExcelType.XLSX);
+            MiniExcel.SaveAs(csv, value, printHeader: false, excelType: ExcelType.CSV);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from MiniExcelLibs.IExcelReader MiniExcelLibs.ExcelReaderFactory::GetProvider(System.IO.Stream,MiniExcelLibs.ExcelType) at Line 37).MiniExcelLibs.OpenXml.ExcelOpenXmlSheetReader._archive of type MiniExcelLibs.Zip.ExcelOpenXmlZip in method "IEnumerable`1<!0> MiniExcel.Query(Stream,String,ExcelType,String,IConfiguration)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEnumerable`1<!0> MiniExcel.Query(Stream,String,ExcelType,String,IConfiguration)
+
+### File:
+src/MiniExcel/MiniExcel.cs
+
+### Key:
+MiniExcel.cs|Query|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2656433c7b6f15573b23c0bf36a36454
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1271/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1271/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18d70436fbfc1c29687208163f3ecb3c8925e13a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1271/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CAP
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Data;
+using System.Threading;
+using Dapper;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+
+namespace DotNetCore.CAP.SqlServer.Test
+{
+    public abstract class DatabaseTestHost : TestHost
+    {
+        private static bool _sqlObjectInstalled;
+
+        protected override void PostBuildServices()
+        {
+            base.PostBuildServices();
+            InitializeDatabase();
+        }
+
+        public override void Dispose()
+        {
+            DeleteAllData();
+            base.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeDatabase()
+        {
+            if (!_sqlObjectInstalled)
+            {
+                using (CreateScope())
+                {
+                    var storage = GetService<SqlServerStorage>();
+                    var token = new CancellationTokenSource().Token;
+                    storage.InitializeAsync(token).Wait();
+                    _sqlObjectInstalled = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void DeleteAllData()
+        {
+            using (CreateScope())
+            {
+                var context = GetService<TestDbContext>();
+
+                var commands = new[]
+                {
+                    "DISABLE TRIGGER ALL ON ?",
+                    "ALTER TABLE ? NOCHECK CONSTRAINT ALL",
+                    "DELETE FROM ?",
+                    "ALTER TABLE ? CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL",
+                    "ENABLE TRIGGER ALL ON ?"
+                };
+                foreach (var command in commands)
+                {
+                    context.Database.GetDbConnection().Execute(
+                        "sp_MSforeachtable",
+                        new { command1 = command },
+                        commandType: CommandType.StoredProcedure);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource::.ctor() at Line 31) of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "Void DatabaseTestHost.InitializeDatabase()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DatabaseTestHost.InitializeDatabase()
+
+### File:
+test/DotNetCore.CAP.SqlServer.Test/DatabaseTestHost.cs
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTestHost.cs|InitializeDatabase|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f42b390a0719ca056b92dcc2ba676a02
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1276/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1276/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dadb6d18b4ba32cab692cbd308e7de9d0f0608d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1276/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** notifo
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// ==========================================================================
+//  Notifo.io
+// ==========================================================================
+//  Copyright (c) Sebastian Stehle
+//  All rights reserved. Licensed under the MIT license.
+// ==========================================================================
+
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Notifo.Domain.Channels.Email;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Notifo.Domain.Integrations.Smtp
+{
+    [Trait("Category", "Dependencies")]
+    public class SmtpEmailServerTests : EmailSenderTestBase
+    {
+        protected override IEmailSender CreateSender()
+        {
+            var options = TestHelpers.Configuration.GetSection("email:smtp").Get<SmtpOptions>();
+
+            return new SmtpEmailSender(new SmtpEmailServer(options), Address, Address);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Notifo.Domain.Integrations.Smtp.SmtpEmailServer::.ctor() at Line 21) of type Notifo.Domain.Integrations.Smtp.SmtpEmailServer in method "IEmailSender SmtpEmailServerTests.CreateSender()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEmailSender SmtpEmailServerTests.CreateSender()
+
+### File:
+backend/tests/Notifo.Domain.Tests/Integrations/Smtp/SmtpEmailServerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+SmtpEmailServerTests.cs|CreateSender|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+400c94381fb7ed0b52988d94178019f8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1278/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1278/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e56bfde575ef082bbc3c5ef0457f9e1bfaa234d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1278/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SQLiteCodeFirst
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace SQLite.CodeFirst.Utility
+{
+    internal static class HashCreator
+    {
+        public static string CreateHash(string data)
+        {
+            byte[] dataBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(data);
+            SHA512 sha512 = new SHA512Managed();
+            byte[] hashBytes = sha512.ComputeHash(dataBytes);
+            string hash = Convert.ToBase64String(hashBytes);
+            return hash;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource sha512 of type System.Security.Cryptography.SHA512Managed in method "String HashCreator.CreateHash(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String HashCreator.CreateHash(String)
+
+### File:
+SQLite.CodeFirst/Internal/Utility/HashCreator.cs
+
+### Key:
+HashCreator.cs|CreateHash|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+e33e9d865caa1e375f39b6f06d8b95fb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1282/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1282/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51a36783c5e7642f341b8dda0c609a8a6b92f982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1282/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** I18N-Portable
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using I18NPortable.JsonReader;
+using I18NPortable.Readers;
+using I18NPortable.UnitTests.Util;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace I18NPortable.UnitTests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class TranslationTests : BaseTest
+    {
+        [TestCase("en", "one", "one")]
+        [TestCase("en", "two", "two")]
+        [TestCase("en", "three", "three")]
+        [TestCase("en", "Animals", "List of animals")]
+        [TestCase("en", "Animals.Dog", "Dog")]
+        [TestCase("en", "Animals.Cat", "Cat")]
+        [TestCase("en", "Animals.Rat", "Rat")]
+        [TestCase("en", "Fruit.Orange", "great orange")]
+        [TestCase("en", "Fruit.Apple", "big apple")]
+
+        [TestCase("es", "one", "uno")]
+        [TestCase("es", "two", "dos")]
+        [TestCase("es", "three", "tres")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Animals", "Lista de animales")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Animals.Dog", "Perro")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Animals.Cat", "Gato")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Animals.Rat", "Rata")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Fruit.Orange", "gran naranja")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Fruit.Apple", "manzana grande")]
+        public void Keys_ShouldBe_Translated(string locale, string key, string translation)
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current[key]);
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate());
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.TranslateOrNull());
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("JsonKvpLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new JsonKvpReader(), ".json")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current[key]);
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate());
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.TranslateOrNull());
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("JsonListLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new JsonListReader(), ".json")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current[key]);
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate());
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.TranslateOrNull());
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("CsvLineLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new SingleLocaleCsvReader(), ".csv")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current[key]);
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate());
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.TranslateOrNull());
+        }
+
+        [TestCase("en", "Mailbox.Notification", "Hello Marta, you've got 56 emails")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Mailbox.Notification", "Hola Marta, tienes 56 emails")]
+        public void Translate_Should_FormatString(string locale, string key, string translation)
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key, "Marta", 56));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate("Marta", 56));
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("JsonKvpLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new JsonKvpReader(), ".json")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key, "Marta", 56));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate("Marta", 56));
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("JsonListLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new JsonListReader(), ".json")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key, "Marta", 56));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate("Marta", 56));
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("CsvLineLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new SingleLocaleCsvReader(), ".csv")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, I18N.Current.Translate(key, "Marta", 56));
+            Assert.AreEqual(translation, key.Translate("Marta", 56));
+        }
+
+        [TestCase("en", "Line One", "Line Two", "Line Three")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Línea Uno", "Línea dos", "Línea Tres")]
+        public void Translation_ShouldConsider_LineBreakCharacters(string locale, string line1, string line2, string line3)
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            const string key = "TextWithLineBreakCharacters";
+            var textWithLineBreaks = I18N.Current.Translate(key);
+            var textWithLineBreaksOrNull = I18N.Current.TranslateOrNull(key);
+            var expected = $"{line1}{Environment.NewLine}{line2}{Environment.NewLine}{line3}";
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaks);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaksOrNull);
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("JsonKvpLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new JsonKvpReader(), ".json")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            textWithLineBreaks = I18N.Current.Translate(key);
+            textWithLineBreaksOrNull = I18N.Current.TranslateOrNull(key);
+            expected = $"{line1}{Environment.NewLine}{line2}{Environment.NewLine}{line3}";
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaks);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaksOrNull);
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("JsonListLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new JsonListReader(), ".json")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            textWithLineBreaks = I18N.Current.Translate(key);
+            textWithLineBreaksOrNull = I18N.Current.TranslateOrNull(key);
+            expected = $"{line1}{Environment.NewLine}{line2}{Environment.NewLine}{line3}";
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaks);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaksOrNull);
+
+            I18N.Current = new I18N()
+                .SetResourcesFolder("CsvLineLocales")
+                .AddLocaleReader(new SingleLocaleCsvReader(), ".csv")
+                .Init(GetType().Assembly);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+
+            textWithLineBreaks = I18N.Current.Translate(key);
+            textWithLineBreaksOrNull = I18N.Current.TranslateOrNull(key);
+            expected = $"{line1}{Environment.NewLine}{line2}{Environment.NewLine}{line3}";
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaks);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, textWithLineBreaksOrNull);
+        }
+
+        [TestCase("en", "Good", "Snake")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Serpiente", "Buena")]
+        public void EnumTranslation_ShouldConsider_LineBreakCharacters(string locale, string line1, string line2)
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+            var animals = I18N.Current.TranslateEnumToDictionary<Animals>();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual($"{line1}{Environment.NewLine}{line2}", animals[Animals.Snake]);
+        }
+
+        [TestCase("en", "Line One", "Line Two", "Line Three")]
+        [TestCase("es", "Línea Uno", "Línea Dos", "Línea Tres")]
+        public void Multiline_IsSupported_OnLocales(string locale, string line1, string line2, string line3)
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = locale;
+            var multilineValue = I18N.Current.Translate("Multiline");
+            var expected = $"{line1}{Environment.NewLine}{line2}{Environment.NewLine}{line3}";
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, multilineValue);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Enum_CanBeTranslated_ToStringList()
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = "es";
+            var list = I18N.Current.TranslateEnumToList<Animals>();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, list.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Perro", list[0]);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Gato", list[1]);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Rata", list[2]);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Enum_CanBeTranslated_ToDictionary()
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = "en";
+            var animals = I18N.Current.TranslateEnumToDictionary<Animals>();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("Dog", animals[Animals.Dog]);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Cat", animals[Animals.Cat]);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Rat", animals[Animals.Rat]);
+
+            I18N.Current.Locale = "es";
+            animals = I18N.Current.TranslateEnumToDictionary<Animals>();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("Perro", animals[Animals.Dog]);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Gato", animals[Animals.Cat]);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Rata", animals[Animals.Rat]);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Enum_CanBeTranslated_ToTupleList()
+        {
+            I18N.Current.Locale = "en";
+            var animalsTupleList = I18N.Current.TranslateEnumToTupleList<Animals>();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, animalsTupleList.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Dog", animalsTupleList[0].Item2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(animalsTupleList[0].Item1, Animals.Dog);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Rat", animalsTupleList[2].Item2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(animalsTupleList[2].Item1, Animals.Rat);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void NotFoundSymbol_CanBe_Changed()
+        {
+            I18N.Current.SetNotFoundSymbol("$$");
+            var nonExistent = I18N.Current.Translate("nonExistentKey");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("$$nonExistentKey$$", nonExistent);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TranslateOrNull_ShouldReturn_Null_WhenKeyIsNotFound()
+        {
+            Assert.IsNull(I18N.Current.TranslateOrNull("nonExistentKey"));
+            Assert.IsNull(I18N.Current.TranslateOrNull("nonExistentKey", "one", "two"));
+            Assert.IsNull("nonExistentKey".TranslateOrNull());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SetThrowWhenKeyNotFound_WillThrow_WhenKeyNotFound()
+        {
+            I18N.Current.SetThrowWhenKeyNotFound(true);
+
+            Assert.Throws<KeyNotFoundException>(() => I18N.Current.Translate("fake"));
+            Assert.Throws<KeyNotFoundException>(() => "fake".Translate());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void NotFoundSymbol_ShoulNever_BeNullOrEmpty()
+        {
+            I18N.Current.SetNotFoundSymbol("##");
+            I18N.Current.SetNotFoundSymbol(null);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("##missing##", "missing".Translate());
+
+            I18N.Current.SetNotFoundSymbol(string.Empty);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("##missing##", "missing".Translate());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of I18NPortable.I18N::.ctor() at Line 160) of type I18NPortable.I18N, Leaked resource (output of I18NPortable.I18N::.ctor() at Line 146) of type I18NPortable.I18N, Leaked resource (output of I18NPortable.I18N::.ctor() at Line 132) of type I18NPortable.I18N in method "Void TranslationTests.Translation_ShouldConsider_LineBreakCharacters(String,String,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TranslationTests.Translation_ShouldConsider_LineBreakCharacters(String,String,String,String)
+
+### File:
+I18NPortable.UnitTests/TranslationTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+TranslationTests.cs|Translation_ShouldConsider_LineBreakCharacters|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8beaa2ac0bc22d3b5f2ad2d907cf8e04
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1285/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1285/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f55be9fc5fa380a5bf2498ddbb84f1eb51cf444a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1285/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** managed-midi
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+using MIDIClientRef = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDIPortRef = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDIEndpointRef = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDIDeviceRef = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDIEntityRef = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDIObjectRef = System.IntPtr;
+using CFStringRef = System.IntPtr;
+using CFDataRef = System.IntPtr;
+using CFDictionaryRef = System.IntPtr;
+using CFPropertyListRef = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDINotificationPtr = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDIPacketListPtr = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDIPacketPtr = System.IntPtr;
+using MIDISysexSendRequestPtr = System.IntPtr;
+using ByteCount = System.Int32;
+using MIDIObjectType = System.Int32;
+using MIDITimeStamp = System.Int64;
+using MIDIUniqueID = System.Int32;
+using OSStatus = System.Int32;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+using Commons.Music.Midi.PortMidi;
+using nint = System.Int64;
+using ItemCount = System.Int64;
+
+using CFAllocatorRef = System.IntPtr;
+using CFStringEncoding = System.Int32;
+using CFTypeRef = System.IntPtr;
+
+namespace CoreMidi {
+
+	public static class Midi
+	{
+		public static nint DeviceCount => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIGetNumberOfDevices ();
+
+		public static MidiDevice GetDevice (nint d) => new MidiDevice (CoreMidiInterop.MIDIGetDevice (d));
+
+		public static nint SourceCount => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIGetNumberOfSources ();
+
+		public static nint DestinationCount => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIGetNumberOfDestinations ();
+
+		internal static CFStringRef ToCFStringRef (string s)
+		{
+			return CoreFoundationInterop.CFStringCreateWithCString (IntPtr.Zero, s, CoreFoundationInterop.kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class MidiException : Exception
+	{
+		public MidiException ()
+			: this ("MIDI error")
+		{
+		}
+
+		public MidiException (string message)
+			: this(message, null)
+		{
+		}
+
+		public MidiException (string message, Exception innerException)
+			: base(message, innerException)
+		{
+		}
+
+		protected MidiException (SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
+			: base (info, context)
+		{
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public enum MidiError {
+		Ok = 0,
+		InvalidClient = -10830,
+		InvalidPort = -10831,
+		WrongEndpointType = -10832,
+		NoConnection = -10833,
+		UnknownEndpoint = -10834,
+		UnknownProperty = -10835,
+		WrongPropertyType = -10836,
+		NoCurrentSetup = -10837,
+		MessageSendErr = -10838,
+		ServerStartErr = -10839,
+		SetupFormatErr = -10840,
+		WrongThread = -10841,
+		ObjectNotFound = -10842,
+		IDNotUnique = -10843,
+		NotPermitted = -10844
+	}
+
+	public class MidiDevice 
+	{
+		public MidiDevice (MIDIDeviceRef device)
+		{
+			this.device = device;
+		}
+
+		IntPtr device;
+
+		public nint EntityCount => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIDeviceGetNumberOfEntities (device);
+
+		public MidiEntity GetEntity (nint e)
+		{
+			return new MidiEntity (CoreMidiInterop.MIDIDeviceGetEntity (device, e));
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class MidiEntity 
+	{
+		public MidiEntity (MIDIEntityRef entity)
+		{
+			this.entity = entity;
+		}
+
+		MIDIEntityRef entity;
+
+		public nint Sources => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIEntityGetNumberOfSources (entity);
+
+		public nint Destinations => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIEntityGetNumberOfDestinations (entity);
+	}
+
+	public class MidiEndpoint : IDisposable
+	{
+
+		public static MidiEndpoint GetSource (nint s) => new MidiEndpoint (CoreMidiInterop.MIDIGetSource (s), "Source" + s, false, null);
+
+		public static MidiEndpoint GetDestination (nint d) => new MidiEndpoint (CoreMidiInterop.MIDIGetDestination (d), "Destination" + d, false, null);
+
+		public MidiEndpoint (MIDIEndpointRef endpoint, string endpointName, bool shouldDispose, ReadDispatcher dispatcher)
+		{
+			Handle = endpoint;
+			should_dispose = shouldDispose;
+			EndpointName = endpointName;
+			this.dispatcher = dispatcher;
+		}
+
+		bool should_dispose;
+		ReadDispatcher dispatcher;
+
+		public MIDIEndpointRef Handle { get; private set; }
+
+		public string EndpointName { get; private set; }
+
+		public string Name
+		{
+			get { return GetStringProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyName); }
+			set { SetStringProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyName, value); }
+		}
+
+		public string Manufacturer
+		{
+			get { return GetStringProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyManufacturer); }
+			set { SetStringProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyManufacturer, value); }
+		}
+
+		public string DisplayName
+		{
+			get { return GetStringProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyDisplayName); }
+			set { SetStringProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyDisplayName, value); }
+		}
+
+		public int DriverVersion
+		{
+			get { return GetIntegerProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyDriverVersion); }
+			set { SetIntegerProp (CoreMidiIntropWorkaround.kMIDIPropertyDriverVersion, value); }
+		}
+
+		void SetStringProp (IntPtr id, string value)
+		{
+			if (id == IntPtr.Zero)
+				return;
+			CFStringRef str;
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDIObjectSetStringProperty (Handle, id, Midi.ToCFStringRef (value));
+		}
+
+		String GetStringProp (IntPtr id)
+		{
+			if (id == IntPtr.Zero)
+				return null;
+
+			CFStringRef str;
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDIObjectGetStringProperty (Handle, id, out str);
+			var cstr = CoreFoundationInterop.CFStringGetCStringPtr (str, CoreFoundationInterop.kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
+			unsafe {
+				if (cstr == IntPtr.Zero)
+					return null;
+				byte* p = (byte*) cstr;
+				int count = 0;
+				for (byte* i = p; *i != 0; i++)
+					count++;
+				return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString ((byte*)cstr, count);
+			}
+		}
+
+		void SetIntegerProp (IntPtr id, int value)
+		{
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDIObjectSetIntegerProperty (Handle, id, value);
+		}
+
+		int GetIntegerProp(IntPtr id)
+		{
+			int ret;
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDIObjectGetIntegerProperty(Handle, id, out ret);
+			return ret;
+		}
+
+		public void Dispose()
+		{
+			if (should_dispose)
+			{
+				dispatcher?.Dispose();
+				dispatcher = null;
+				should_dispose = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class MidiPort : IDisposable {
+		public MidiPort (MIDIPortRef port, bool shouldDispose, ReadDispatcher dispatcher)
+		{
+			Handle = port;
+			should_dispose = shouldDispose;
+			this.dispatcher = dispatcher;
+		}
+		bool should_dispose;
+		ReadDispatcher dispatcher;
+
+		public MIDIPortRef Handle { get; private set; }
+
+		public void CallMessageReceived (MIDIPacketListPtr pktlist, IntPtr readProcRefCon, IntPtr srcConnRefCon)
+		{
+			if (MessageReceived == null)
+				return;
+			var packets = new List<MidiPacket> ();
+			var list = Marshal.PtrToStructure<MidiPacketListNative> (pktlist);
+			var p = pktlist + 4;
+			for (int i = 0; i < list.NumPackets; i++) {
+				var packet = Marshal.PtrToStructure<MIDIPacketNative> (p);
+				packets.Add (new MidiPacket (packet.TimeStamp, packet.Length, p + 10));
+				p = CoreMidiInterop.MIDIPacketNext (p);
+			}
+			MessageReceived (this, new MidiPacketsEventArgs { Packets = packets.ToArray () });
+		}
+
+		public Action<object, MidiPacketsEventArgs> MessageReceived { get; internal set; }
+
+		public void Dispose ()
+		{
+			if (list != IntPtr.Zero) {
+				Marshal.FreeHGlobal (list);
+				list = IntPtr.Zero;
+			}
+
+			if (should_dispose) {
+				CoreMidiInterop.MIDIPortDispose (Handle);
+				dispatcher?.Dispose();
+				dispatcher = null;
+				should_dispose = false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Disconnect (MidiEndpoint endpoint) => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIPortDisconnectSource (Handle, endpoint.Handle);
+
+		public void ConnectSource (MidiEndpoint endpoint) => CoreMidiInterop.MIDIPortConnectSource (Handle, endpoint.Handle, IntPtr.Zero);
+
+		int buf_size = 1024;
+		IntPtr list;
+
+		public void Send (MidiEndpoint endpoint, MidiPacket [] arr)
+		{
+			
+			var msize = Marshal.SizeOf<MIDIPacketNative> ();
+			var size = arr.Select (a => msize + a.Length).Sum ();
+			if (list == IntPtr.Zero || size > buf_size) {
+				if (list != IntPtr.Zero)
+					Marshal.FreeHGlobal (list);
+				list = Marshal.AllocHGlobal (buf_size);
+			}
+
+			var p = CoreMidiInterop.MIDIPacketListInit (list);
+			foreach (var item in arr)
+				p = CoreMidiInterop.MIDIPacketListAdd (list, 1024, p, item.TimeStamp, item.Length, item.Bytes);
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDISend (Handle, endpoint.Handle, list);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class MidiPacket
+	{
+		public MidiPacket (long timestamp, ushort length, IntPtr bytes)
+		{
+			this.TimeStamp = timestamp;
+			this.Length = length;
+			this.Bytes = bytes;
+		}
+
+		public int Length { get; private set; }
+
+		public IntPtr Bytes { get; private set;  }
+		public long TimeStamp { get; internal set; }
+	}
+
+	public class ReadDispatcher : IDisposable
+	{
+		private static List<CoreMidiInterop.MIDIReadProc> read_procs = new List<CoreMidiInterop.MIDIReadProc>();
+
+		public MidiPort Port { get; set; }
+		internal CoreMidiInterop.MIDIReadProc DispatchProc;
+
+		public ReadDispatcher()
+		{
+			DispatchProc = dispatchRead;
+
+			lock (read_procs)
+				read_procs.Add(DispatchProc);
+		}
+
+		private void dispatchRead (MIDIPacketListPtr pktlist, IntPtr readProcRefCon, IntPtr srcConnRefCon)
+		{
+			Port.CallMessageReceived (pktlist, readProcRefCon, srcConnRefCon);
+		}
+
+		public void Dispose()
+		{
+			lock (read_procs)
+				read_procs.Remove(DispatchProc);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class MidiClient : IDisposable
+	{
+		public MidiClient (string name)
+		{
+			IntPtr h;
+			name_string = Midi.ToCFStringRef (name);
+			int ret = CoreMidiInterop.MIDIClientCreate (name_string, null, IntPtr.Zero, out h);
+			if (ret != 0)
+				throw new MidiException ($"Failed to create MIDI client for {name}: error code {ret}");
+			Handle = h;
+		}
+
+		CFStringRef name_string;
+
+		public MIDIClientRef Handle { get; private set; }
+
+		public MidiPort CreateInputPort (string name)
+		{
+			MIDIPortRef port;
+			var d = new ReadDispatcher ();
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDIInputPortCreate(Handle, Midi.ToCFStringRef (name), d.DispatchProc, IntPtr.Zero, out port);
+			d.Port = new MidiPort (port, true, d);
+			return d.Port;
+		}
+
+		public MidiPort CreateOutputPort (string name)
+		{
+			MIDIPortRef port;
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDIOutputPortCreate (Handle, Midi.ToCFStringRef (name), out port);
+			return new MidiPort (port, true, null);
+		}
+
+		public MidiEndpoint CreateVirtualSource (string name, out MidiError statusCode)
+		{
+			IntPtr ptr;
+			statusCode = (MidiError) CoreMidiInterop.MIDISourceCreate (Handle, Midi.ToCFStringRef (name), out ptr);
+			return statusCode == MidiError.Ok ? new MidiEndpoint (ptr, name, true, null) : null;
+		}
+
+		public MidiEndpoint CreateVirtualDestination (string name, out MidiError statusCode)
+		{
+			IntPtr ptr;
+			var d = new ReadDispatcher ();
+			statusCode = (MidiError) CoreMidiInterop.MIDIDestinationCreate (Handle, Midi.ToCFStringRef (name),
+				d.DispatchProc, IntPtr.Zero, out ptr);
+			return statusCode == MidiError.Ok ? new MidiEndpoint (ptr, name, true, d) : null;
+		}
+
+		public void Dispose ()
+		{
+			CoreMidiInterop.MIDIClientDispose (Handle);
+			CoreFoundationInterop.CFRelease (name_string);
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class MidiPacketsEventArgs : EventArgs
+	{
+		public MidiPacket[] Packets { get; internal set; }
+	}
+
+	[StructLayout (LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+	internal struct MidiPacketListNative {
+		public uint NumPackets;
+		public IntPtr Packet; // to MIDPacketNative
+	}
+
+	[StructLayout (LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+	internal struct MIDIPacketNative {
+		public MIDITimeStamp TimeStamp;
+		public ushort Length;
+		//[MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.LPArray, SizeConst = 256)]
+		public IntPtr Data;
+	}
+
+	// I have no idea why it doesn't work if all these pieces go into CoreMidiInterop class...
+	internal class CoreMidiIntropWorkaround {
+		//const string LibraryName = "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreMIDI.framework/Resources/BridgeSupport/CoreMIDI.dylib";
+		const string LibraryName = "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreMIDI.framework/Versions/A/CoreMIDI";
+
+		static CoreMidiIntropWorkaround ()
+		{
+			var dl = dlopen (LibraryName);
+			try {
+				IntPtr ptr;
+				ptr = dlsym (dl, nameof (kMIDIPropertyName));
+				kMIDIPropertyName = ptr != IntPtr.Zero ? Marshal.ReadIntPtr (ptr) : ptr;
+				ptr = dlsym (dl, nameof (kMIDIPropertyDisplayName));
+				kMIDIPropertyDisplayName = ptr != IntPtr.Zero ? Marshal.ReadIntPtr (ptr) : ptr;
+				ptr = dlsym (dl, nameof (kMIDIPropertyManufacturer));
+				kMIDIPropertyManufacturer = ptr != IntPtr.Zero ? Marshal.ReadIntPtr (ptr) : ptr;
+				ptr = dlsym (dl, nameof (kMIDIPropertyDriverVersion));
+				kMIDIPropertyDriverVersion = ptr != IntPtr.Zero ? Marshal.ReadIntPtr (ptr) : ptr;
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+				Console.WriteLine (ex);
+			}
+			dlclose (dl);
+		}
+
+		public static readonly IntPtr kMIDIPropertyName;
+		public static readonly IntPtr kMIDIPropertyDisplayName;
+		public static readonly IntPtr kMIDIPropertyManufacturer;
+		public static readonly IntPtr kMIDIPropertyDriverVersion;
+
+		[DllImport ("/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib")]
+		static extern IntPtr dlopen (string filename);
+		[DllImport ("/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib")]
+		static extern IntPtr dlsym (IntPtr dl, string symbol);
+		[DllImport ("/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib")]
+		static extern IntPtr dlclose (IntPtr dl);
+		[DllImport ("/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib")]
+		static extern int dlerror ();
+	}
+
+	internal class CoreMidiInterop
+	{
+		const string LibraryName = "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreMIDI.framework/Resources/BridgeSupport/CoreMIDI.dylib";
+
+		static CoreMidiInterop ()
+		{
+		}
+
+		public delegate void MIDICompletionProc (MIDISysexSendRequestPtr request);
+		public delegate void MIDINotifyProc (MIDINotificationPtr message, IntPtr refCon);
+		public delegate void MIDIReadProc (MIDIPacketListPtr pktlist, IntPtr readProcRefCon, IntPtr srcConnRefCon);
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIInputPortCreate (MIDIClientRef client, CFStringRef portName, MIDIReadProc readProc, IntPtr refCon, out MIDIPortRef outPort);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIOutputPortCreate (MIDIClientRef client, CFStringRef portName, out MIDIPortRef outPort);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIPortConnectSource (MIDIPortRef port, MIDIEndpointRef source, IntPtr connRefCon);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIPortDisconnectSource (MIDIPortRef port, MIDIEndpointRef source);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIPortDispose (MIDIPortRef port);
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIPacketPtr MIDIPacketListAdd (MIDIPacketListPtr pktlist, ByteCount listSize, MIDIPacketPtr curPacket, MIDITimeStamp time, ByteCount nData, IntPtr data);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIPacketPtr MIDIPacketListInit (MIDIPacketListPtr pktlist);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIPacketPtr MIDIPacketNext (MIDIPacketPtr pkt);
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectFindByUniqueID (MIDIUniqueID inUniqueID, MIDIObjectRef* outObject, out MIDIObjectType outObjectType);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectGetDataProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, out CFDataRef outData);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectGetDictionaryProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, out CFDictionaryRef outDict);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectGetIntegerProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, out Int32 outValue);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectGetProperties (MIDIObjectRef obj, out CFPropertyListRef outProperties, Boolean deep);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectGetStringProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, out CFStringRef str);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectRemoveProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectSetDataProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, CFDataRef data);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectSetDictionaryProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, CFDictionaryRef dict);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectSetIntegerProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, Int32 value);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIObjectSetStringProperty (MIDIObjectRef obj, CFStringRef propertyID, CFStringRef str);
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIFlushOutput (MIDIEndpointRef dest);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIReceived (MIDIEndpointRef src, MIDIPacketListPtr pktlist);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIRestart ();
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDISend (MIDIPortRef port, MIDIEndpointRef dest, MIDIPacketListPtr pktlist);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDISendSysex (MIDISysexSendRequestPtr request);
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIDeviceRef MIDIGetExternalDevice (ItemCount deviceIndex0);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern ItemCount MIDIGetNumberOfExternalDevices ();
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIEndpointRef MIDIEntityGetDestination (MIDIEntityRef entity, ItemCount destIndex0);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIEntityGetDevice (MIDIEntityRef inEntity, out MIDIDeviceRef outDevice);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern ItemCount MIDIEntityGetNumberOfDestinations (MIDIEntityRef entity);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern ItemCount MIDIEntityGetNumberOfSources (MIDIEntityRef entity);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIEndpointRef MIDIEntityGetSource (MIDIEntityRef entity, ItemCount sourceIndex0);
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIDestinationCreate (MIDIClientRef client, CFStringRef name, MIDIReadProc readProc, IntPtr refCon, out MIDIEndpointRef outDest);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIEndpointDispose (MIDIEndpointRef endpt);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIEndpointGetEntity (MIDIEndpointRef inEndpoint, out MIDIEntityRef outEntity);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIEndpointRef MIDIGetDestination (ItemCount destIndex0);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern ItemCount MIDIGetNumberOfDestinations ();
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern ItemCount MIDIGetNumberOfSources ();
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIEndpointRef MIDIGetSource (ItemCount sourceIndex0);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDISourceCreate (MIDIClientRef client, CFStringRef name, out MIDIEndpointRef outSrc);
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIEntityRef MIDIDeviceGetEntity (MIDIDeviceRef device, ItemCount entityIndex0);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern ItemCount MIDIDeviceGetNumberOfEntities (MIDIDeviceRef device);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern MIDIDeviceRef MIDIGetDevice (ItemCount deviceIndex0);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern ItemCount MIDIGetNumberOfDevices ();
+
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIClientCreate (CFStringRef name, MIDINotifyProc notifyProc, IntPtr notifyRefCon, out MIDIClientRef outClient);
+		[DllImport (LibraryName)]
+		internal static unsafe extern OSStatus MIDIClientDispose (MIDIClientRef client);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource d of type CoreMidi.ReadDispatcher, Leaked resource (output of CoreMidi.MidiPort::.ctor() at Line 353) of type CoreMidi.MidiPort in method "MidiPort MidiClient.CreateInputPort(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+MidiPort MidiClient.CreateInputPort(String)
+
+### File:
+Commons.Music.Midi.DesktopShared/coremidi/CoreMidiInterop.cs
+
+### Key:
+CoreMidiInterop.cs|CreateInputPort|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+42125104259aaa4dcbec2f572592d8b5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1291/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1291/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cd98c3fd4e03fd39b81a43ce8c9dd08412725a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1291/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bUnit
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using AngleSharp.Dom;
+using Bunit.Asserting;
+using Bunit.Diffing;
+using Bunit.Extensions;
+using Bunit.Rendering;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
+namespace Bunit
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Assert helpers for comparing markup.
+	/// </summary>
+	public static class MarkupMatchesAssertExtensions
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the rendered markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> markup fragment matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> markup fragment, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The markup fragment to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected markup fragment.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this string actual, string expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			using var parser = new BunitHtmlParser();
+			var actualNodes = parser.Parse(actual);
+			var expectedNodes = parser.Parse(expected);
+			actualNodes.MarkupMatches(expectedNodes, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the rendered markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> markup fragment matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The markup fragment to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/>.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this string actual, IRenderedFragment expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var actualNodes = actual.ToNodeList(expected.Services.GetRequiredService<BunitHtmlParser>());
+			actualNodes.MarkupMatches(expected, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the rendered markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> markup fragment matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="INodeList"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The markup fragment to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected <see cref="INodeList"/>.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this string actual, INodeList expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var actualNodes = actual.ToNodeList(expected.GetHtmlParser());
+			actualNodes.MarkupMatches(expected, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the rendered markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> markup fragment matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="INode"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The markup fragment to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected <see cref="INode"/>.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this string actual, INode expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var actualNodes = actual.ToNodeList(expected.GetHtmlParser());
+			actualNodes.MarkupMatches(expected, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the rendered markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/> matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> markup, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The rendered fragment to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected markup.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this IRenderedFragment actual, string expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var expectedNodes = expected.ToNodeList(actual.Services.GetRequiredService<BunitHtmlParser>());
+			actual.Nodes.MarkupMatches(expectedNodes, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the rendered markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/> matches
+		/// the rendered markup from the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The rendered fragment to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected rendered fragment.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this IRenderedFragment actual, IRenderedFragment expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			actual.Nodes.MarkupMatches(expected.Nodes, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="INodeList"/> matches
+		/// the rendered markup from the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/>
+		/// type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The list of nodes to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected rendered fragment.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INodeList actual, IRenderedFragment expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			actual.MarkupMatches(expected.Nodes, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="INode"/> matches
+		/// the rendered markup from the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/>
+		/// type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The node to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected rendered fragment.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INode actual, IRenderedFragment expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			actual.MarkupMatches(expected.Nodes, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="INode"/> matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> markup, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/>
+		/// type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The node to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected markup.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INode actual, string expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var expectedNodes = expected.ToNodeList(actual.GetHtmlParser());
+			actual.MarkupMatches(expectedNodes, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="INodeList"/> matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> markup, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/>
+		/// type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The list of nodes to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected markup.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INodeList actual, string expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var expectedNodes = expected.ToNodeList(actual.GetHtmlParser());
+			actual.MarkupMatches(expectedNodes, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="INodeList"/> matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="INodeList"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/>
+		/// type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The list of nodes to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected list of nodes.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INodeList actual, INodeList expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var diffs = actual.CompareTo(expected);
+
+			if (diffs.Count != 0)
+				throw new HtmlEqualException(diffs, expected, actual, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="INodeList"/> matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="INode"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/>
+		/// type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The list of nodes to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected node.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INodeList actual, INode expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var diffs = actual.CompareTo(expected);
+
+			if (diffs.Count != 0)
+				throw new HtmlEqualException(diffs, expected, actual, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="INode"/> matches
+		/// the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="INodeList"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/>
+		/// type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The node to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The expected list of nodes.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INode actual, INodeList expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var diffs = actual.CompareTo(expected);
+
+			if (diffs.Count != 0)
+				throw new HtmlEqualException(diffs, expected, actual, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the rendered markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> <see cref="IRenderedFragment"/> matches
+		/// the rendered markup from the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="RenderFragment"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The rendered fragment to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The render fragment whose output to compare against.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this IRenderedFragment actual, RenderFragment expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var testContext = actual.Services.GetRequiredService<TestContextBase>();
+			var renderedFragment = testContext.RenderInsideRenderTree(expected);
+			MarkupMatches(actual, renderedFragment, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> matches
+		/// the rendered markup from the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="RenderFragment"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The markup to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The render fragment whose output to compare against.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INode actual, RenderFragment expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var testContext = actual.GetTestContext() ?? new TestContext();
+			var renderedFragment = testContext.RenderInsideRenderTree(expected);
+			MarkupMatches(actual, renderedFragment, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verifies that the markup from the <paramref name="actual"/> matches
+		/// the rendered markup from the <paramref name="expected"/> <see cref="RenderFragment"/>, using the <see cref="HtmlComparer"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="HtmlEqualException">Thrown when the <paramref name="actual"/> markup does not match the <paramref name="expected"/> markup.</exception>
+		/// <param name="actual">The markup to verify.</param>
+		/// <param name="expected">The render fragment whose output to compare against.</param>
+		/// <param name="userMessage">A custom user message to display in case the verification fails.</param>
+		[AssertionMethod]
+		public static void MarkupMatches(this INodeList actual, RenderFragment expected, string? userMessage = null)
+		{
+			if (actual is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(actual));
+			if (expected is null)
+				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(expected));
+
+			var testContext = actual.GetTestContext() ?? new TestContext();
+			var renderedFragment = testContext.RenderInsideRenderTree(expected);
+			MarkupMatches(actual, renderedFragment, userMessage);
+		}
+
+		private static INodeList ToNodeList(this string markup, BunitHtmlParser? htmlParser)
+		{
+			if (htmlParser is null)
+			{
+				using var newHtmlParser = new BunitHtmlParser();
+				return newHtmlParser.Parse(markup);
+			}
+
+			return htmlParser.Parse(markup);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource testContext of type Bunit.TestContextBase in method "Void MarkupMatchesAssertExtensions.MarkupMatches(INode,RenderFragment,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MarkupMatchesAssertExtensions.MarkupMatches(INode,RenderFragment,String)
+
+### File:
+src/bunit.web/Asserting/MarkupMatchesAssertExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+MarkupMatchesAssertExtensions.cs|MarkupMatches|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1d2871892eb2cde61c57725f69832789
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1296/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1296/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cab778eddab6ca62e250af202c56a570f4073262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1296/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.WebUtilities;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Scenarios.Model;
+
+namespace Scenarios.Controllers
+{
+    public class BigJsonInputController : Controller
+    {
+        [HttpPost("/big-json-input-1")]
+        public IActionResult BigJsonSynchronousInput()
+        {
+            var json = new StreamReader(Request.Body).ReadToEnd();
+
+            var rootobject = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<PokemonData>(json);
+
+            return Accepted();
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost("/big-json-input-2")]
+        public IActionResult BigJsonInput([FromBody]PokemonData rootobject)
+        {
+            return Accepted();
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost("/big-json-input-3")]
+        public async Task<IActionResult> BigContentBad()
+        {
+            var json = await new StreamReader(Request.Body).ReadToEndAsync();
+
+            var rootobject = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<PokemonData>(json);
+
+            return Accepted();
+        }
+
+        [HttpPost("/big-json-input-4")]
+        public async Task<IActionResult> BigContentManualGood()
+        {
+            // Enable efficient buffering
+            Request.EnableBuffering();
+
+            // Read the entire request body into this stream
+            // It's optimized to buffer in memory up to a certain threshold
+            await Request.Body.DrainAsync(HttpContext.RequestAborted);
+
+            // Reset the body
+            Request.Body.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+
+            var streamReader = new HttpRequestStreamReader(Request.Body, Encoding.UTF8);
+
+            var jsonReader = new JsonTextReader(streamReader);
+            var serializer = new JsonSerializer();
+
+            var rootobject = serializer.Deserialize<PokemonData>(jsonReader);
+
+            return Accepted();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamReader::.ctor() at Line 18) of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "IActionResult BigJsonInputController.BigJsonSynchronousInput()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IActionResult BigJsonInputController.BigJsonSynchronousInput()
+
+### File:
+Scenarios/Controllers/BigJsonInputController.cs
+
+### Key:
+BigJsonInputController.cs|BigJsonSynchronousInput|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4a562fcf8860fbe121bc8a979e0ae3be
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1299/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1299/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..048b85e8d6aee0dd764290b86b352c96f2c8b7e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1299/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** UniSpyServer
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using GameSpyLib.Database;
+using GameSpyLib.Logging;
+using GameSpyLib.Network;
+using PresenceConnectionManager.DatabaseQuery;
+using PresenceConnectionManager.Enumerator;
+using PresenceConnectionManager.Handler;
+
+//GPCM represents GameSpy Connection Manager
+namespace PresenceConnectionManager
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This server emulates the Gamespy Client Manager Server on port 29900.
+    /// This class is responsible for managing the login process.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class GPCMServer : TcpServer
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates the timeout of when a connecting client will be disconnected
+        /// </summary>
+        public const int Timeout = 20000;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A connection counter, used to create unique connection id's
+        /// </summary>
+        private long ConnectionCounter = 0;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// List of processing connections (id => Client Obj)
+        /// </summary>
+        private static ConcurrentDictionary<long, GPCMClient> Processing = new ConcurrentDictionary<long, GPCMClient>();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// List of sucessfully logged in clients (Pid => Client Obj)
+        /// </summary>
+        private static ConcurrentDictionary<long, GPCMClient> Clients = new ConcurrentDictionary<long, GPCMClient>();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A Queue of player status updates we will make on the database in a batch update.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static ConcurrentQueue<GPCMClient> PlayerStatusQueue { get; private set; } = new ConcurrentQueue<GPCMClient>();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the number of players online
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int NumPlayersOnline
+        {
+            get { return Clients.Count; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A timer that is used to Poll all connections, and removes dropped connections
+        /// </summary>
+        public static System.Timers.Timer PollTimer { get; protected set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A timer that is used to batch all PlayerStatusUpdates into the database
+        /// </summary>
+        public static System.Timers.Timer StatusTimer { get; protected set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates whether we are closing the server down
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool Exiting { get; private set; } = false;
+
+
+        public static DBQueryBase DB;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of <see cref="GPCMClient"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        public GPCMServer(string serverName,DatabaseDriver driver,IPEndPoint bindTo, int maxConnections) : base(serverName,bindTo, maxConnections)
+        {
+
+            //GPCMHandler.DBQuery = new GPCMDBQuery(driver);
+
+            DB = new DBQueryBase(driver);
+
+            GPCMClient.OnDisconnect += ClientDisconnected;
+
+            GPCMClient.OnSuccessfulLogin += ClientSuccessfulLogin;
+
+            // Setup timer. Every 15 seconds should be sufficient
+            if (PollTimer == null || !PollTimer.Enabled)
+            {
+                PollTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(15000);
+                PollTimer.Elapsed += (s, e) =>
+                {
+                    // Send keep alive to all connected clients
+                    if (Clients.Count > 0)
+                        Parallel.ForEach(Clients.Values, client => KAHandler.SendKeepAlive(client));
+
+                    // Disconnect hanging connections
+                    if (Processing.Count > 0)
+                        Parallel.ForEach(Processing.Values, client => CheckTimeout(client));
+                };
+                PollTimer.Start();
+            }
+
+            // Setup timer. Every 5 seconds should be sufficient
+            if (StatusTimer == null || !StatusTimer.Enabled)
+            {
+                StatusTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(5000);
+                StatusTimer.Elapsed += (s, e) =>
+                {
+                    // Return if we are empty
+                    if (PlayerStatusQueue.IsEmpty) return;
+
+                    var transaction =DB.BeginTransaction();
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        
+
+                        long timestamp = ((DateTimeOffset)DateTime.UtcNow).ToUnixTimeSeconds();
+                        GPCMClient result;
+                        while (PlayerStatusQueue.TryDequeue(out result))
+                        {
+                            // Skip if this player never finished logging in
+                            if (result == null)
+                                continue;
+
+                            if (!result.CompletedLoginProcess)
+                                continue;
+
+                            LoginQuery.UpdateStatus(timestamp, result.RemoteEndPoint.Address, result.PlayerInfo.PlayerId, (uint)result.PlayerInfo.PlayerStatus);
+
+                        }
+
+                        transaction.Commit();
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception ex)
+                    {
+                        LogWriter.Log.WriteException(ex);
+                        transaction.Rollback();
+                    }
+                };
+                StatusTimer.Start();
+            }
+
+            // Set connection handling
+            ConnectionEnforceMode = EnforceMode.DuringPrepare;
+
+            // TODO: Change this
+            //FullErrorMessage = Config.GetValue("Settings", "LoginServerFullMessage").Replace("\"", "");
+            FullErrorMessage = "";
+
+            StartAcceptAsync();
+        }
+
+        ~GPCMServer()
+        {
+            if (!Exiting)
+                Shutdown();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shutsdown the ClientManager server and socket
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Shutdown()
+        {
+            // Stop accepting new connections
+            IgnoreNewConnections = true;
+            Exiting = true;
+
+
+            // Unregister events so we dont get a shit ton of calls
+            GPCMClient.OnSuccessfulLogin -= ClientSuccessfulLogin;
+            GPCMClient.OnDisconnect -= ClientDisconnected;
+
+            // Discard the poll timer
+            PollTimer.Stop();
+            PollTimer.Dispose();
+            StatusTimer.Stop();
+            StatusTimer.Dispose();
+
+            // Disconnected all connected clients
+            Console.WriteLine("Disconnecting all users...");
+            Parallel.ForEach(Clients.Values, client => client.Disconnect(DisconnectReason.ForcedServerShutdown));
+            Parallel.ForEach(Processing.Values, client => client.Disconnect(DisconnectReason.ForcedServerShutdown));
+
+            // Update the database
+            try
+            {
+                // Set everyone's online session to 0
+                LoginQuery.ResetStatusAndSessionKey();
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                LogWriter.Log.WriteException(e);
+            }
+
+            // Update Connected Clients in the Database
+            Clients.Clear();
+
+            DB.Dispose();
+
+            // Tell the base to dispose all free objects
+            Dispose();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks the timeout on a client connection. This method is used to detect hanging connections, and
+        /// forcefully disconnects them.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="client"></param>
+        protected void CheckTimeout(GPCMClient client)
+        {
+            // Setup vars
+            DateTime expireTime = client.Created.AddSeconds(Timeout);
+            GPCMClient oldC;
+
+            // Remove all processing connections that are hanging
+            if (client.PlayerInfo.LoginStatus != LoginStatus.Completed && expireTime <= DateTime.Now)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    client.Disconnect(DisconnectReason.LoginTimedOut);
+                    Processing.TryRemove(client.ConnectionId, out oldC);
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    LogWriter.Log.WriteException(e);
+                }
+            }
+            //else if (client.Status == LoginStatus.Completed)
+            //{
+            //Processing.TryRemove(client.ConnectionId, out oldC);
+            //}
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns whether the specified player is currently connected
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="playerId">The players ID</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public bool IsConnected(int playerId)
+        {
+            return Clients.ContainsKey(playerId);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Forces the logout of a connected client
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="playerId">The players ID</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns whether the client was connected, and disconnect was called</returns>
+        public bool ForceLogout(int playerId)
+        {
+            if (Clients.ContainsKey(playerId))
+            {
+                Clients[playerId].Disconnect(DisconnectReason.ForcedLogout);
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Callback for when a connection had disconnected
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="client">The client object whom is disconnecting</param>
+        private void ClientDisconnected(GPCMClient client)
+        {
+            // If we are exiting, don't do anything here.
+            if (Exiting) return;
+
+            // Remove client, and call OnUpdate Event
+            try
+            {
+                // Remove client from online list
+                if (Clients.TryRemove(client.PlayerInfo.PlayerId, out client) && !client.Disposed)
+                    client.Dispose();
+
+                // Add player to database queue
+                PlayerStatusQueue.Enqueue(client);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                LogWriter.Log.Write( LogLevel.Error, "An Error occured at [GPCMClient._OnDisconnect] : Generating Exception Log {0}", e.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Callback for a successful login
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sender">The GPCMClient that is logged in</param>
+        private void ClientSuccessfulLogin(object sender)
+        {
+            // Wrap this in a try/catch
+            try
+            {
+                GPCMClient oldC;
+                GPCMClient client = sender as GPCMClient;
+
+                // Remove connection from processing
+                Processing.TryRemove(client.ConnectionId, out oldC);
+
+                // Check to see if the client is already logged in, if so disconnect the old user
+                if (Clients.TryRemove(client.PlayerInfo.PlayerId, out oldC))
+                {
+                    oldC.Disconnect(DisconnectReason.NewLoginDetected);
+                    LogWriter.Log.Write( LogLevel.Info, "Login Clash:   {0} - {1} - {2}", client.PlayerInfo.PlayerNick, client.PlayerInfo.PlayerId, client.RemoteEndPoint);
+                }
+
+                // Add current client to the dictionary
+                if (!Clients.TryAdd(client.PlayerInfo.PlayerId, client))
+                    LogWriter.Log.Write("ERROR: [GPCMClient._OnSuccessfulLogin] Unable to add client to HashSet.", LogLevel.Error);
+
+                // Add player to database queue
+                PlayerStatusQueue.Enqueue(client);
+            }
+            catch (Exception E)
+            {
+                LogWriter.Log.WriteException(E);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override void OnException(Exception e) => LogWriter.Log.Write(e.Message, LogLevel.Error);
+
+        protected override void ProcessAccept(TcpStream stream)
+        {
+            // Get our connection id
+            long connId = Interlocked.Increment(ref ConnectionCounter);
+            GPCMClient client;
+
+            try
+            {
+                // Create a new GPCMClient, passing the IO object for the TcpClientStream
+                client = new GPCMClient(stream, connId);
+                Processing.TryAdd(connId, client);
+
+                // Begin the asynchronous login process
+                client.SendServerChallenge(1);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                // Log the error
+                LogWriter.Log.WriteException(e);
+
+                // Remove pending connection
+                Processing.TryRemove(connId, out client);
+
+                // Release this stream so it can be used again
+                Release(stream);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `client` last assigned on line 296 could be null and is dereferenced at line 299, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GPCMServer.ClientSuccessfulLogin(Object)
+
+### File:
+Servers/PresenceConnectionManager/GPCMServer.cs
+
+### Key:
+GPCMServer.cs|ClientSuccessfulLogin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+44ee1f7be53f3ace1c27a4954af6df89
+
+### Hash:
+3abe4d67728416e8f40210e4ccb98acb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1402/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1402/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54cfbcf9fbc65e78a92086cacafd81fbcc90e84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1402/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class AnimeSuggestionCollection : ICollection<AnimeSuggestion>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "anime_suggestion";
+
+        public override void Add(ref AnimeSuggestion document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<AnimeSuggestion>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref AnimeSuggestion document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<AnimeSuggestion>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref AnimeSuggestion document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeId = document.AnimeID;
+            string source = document.Source;
+            string title = document.Title;
+
+            AnimeSuggestion reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.AnimeID == animeId && x.Source == source && x.Title == title).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override AnimeSuggestion Get(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<AnimeSuggestion> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            AnimeSuggestionFilter animeSuggestionFilter = filter as AnimeSuggestionFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<AnimeSuggestion>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<AnimeSuggestion> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if(animeSuggestionFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", animeSuggestionFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(animeSuggestionFilter.title))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("title", animeSuggestionFilter.title);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(animeSuggestionFilter.source))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("source", animeSuggestionFilter.source);
+            }
+
+            return new Paging<AnimeSuggestion>(this.Collection, animeSuggestionFilter.page, queryFilter, animeSuggestionFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `animeSuggestionFilter` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> AnimeSuggestionCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/AnimeSuggestionCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+AnimeSuggestionCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c91b435e0ebdfa03be7f8c2adfdbfd87
+
+### Hash:
+7ed8cbc949fc5659c1732244c6291910
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1404/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1404/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eba379b709d98e5d96892d9e830c035cc375dc8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1404/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Bson;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class UserCollection : ICollection<User>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "user";
+
+        public override void Add(ref User document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<User>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            this.Collection.DeleteOne(x => x.Id == id);
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref User document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<User>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref User document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            string email = document.Email;
+            User reference = null;
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(email))
+            {
+                reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.Email == email).FirstOrDefault();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                long userId = document.Id;
+                reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == userId).FirstOrDefault();
+            }
+
+            if (reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override User Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<User> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            UserFilter userFilter = filter as UserFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<User>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<User> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if (userFilter.ids.Count > 0)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.AnyIn("_id", userFilter.ids);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(userFilter.username))
+            {
+                queryFilter = queryFilter & builder.Regex($"username", new BsonRegularExpression($".*{userFilter.username}.*", "i"));
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(userFilter.email))
+            {
+                queryFilter = queryFilter & builder.Eq($"email", userFilter.email);
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<User> sort = Builders<User>.Sort.Ascending(x => x.Username);
+
+            return new Paging<User>(this.Collection, userFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, userFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `userFilter` last assigned on line 77 could be null and is dereferenced at line 82, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> UserCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/UserCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+UserCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+277c5e4fc7793eba679254e42372b233
+
+### Hash:
+31740b550149341cd0de7f2147327d14
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1405/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1405/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ca8ec43396be2f0e1012a492994dfdf7deee6e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1405/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class EpisodeCollection : ICollection<Episode>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "episode";
+
+        public override void Add(ref Episode document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<Episode>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref Episode document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<Episode>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref Episode document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeId = document.AnimeID;
+            int number = document.Number;
+            string source = document.Source;
+
+            Episode reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.AnimeID == animeId && x.Number == number && x.Source == source).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if (reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override Episode Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<Episode> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            EpisodeFilter episodeFilter = filter as EpisodeFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<Episode>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<Episode> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if(episodeFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", episodeFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if(episodeFilter.number != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("number", episodeFilter.number);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(episodeFilter.source))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("source", episodeFilter.source);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(episodeFilter.locale))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("locale", episodeFilter.locale);  
+            }
+
+            return new Paging<Episode>(this.Collection, episodeFilter.page, queryFilter, episodeFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `episodeFilter` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> EpisodeCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/EpisodeCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+EpisodeCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c91b435e0ebdfa03be7f8c2adfdbfd87
+
+### Hash:
+43c7c9148519eddfe830baf8ce16691d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1411/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1411/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01ed03db1da1a9559eb116743381b05cc005c2ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1411/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Bson;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class AnimeSongCollection : ICollection<AnimeSong>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "anime_song";
+
+        public override void Add(ref AnimeSong document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref AnimeSong document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref AnimeSong document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeID = document.AnimeID;
+            string title = document.Title;
+            string artist = document.Artist;
+
+            AnimeSong reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.Title == title && x.Artist == artist && x.AnimeID == animeID).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override AnimeSong Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<AnimeSong> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            AnimeSongFilter songFilter = filter as AnimeSongFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<AnimeSong> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            songFilter.ApplyBaseFilter(builder, ref queryFilter);
+
+            if (songFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", songFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(songFilter.title))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Regex("title", new BsonRegularExpression($".*{songFilter.title}.*", "i"));
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(songFilter.artist))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Regex("artist", new BsonRegularExpression($".*{songFilter.artist}.*", "i"));
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.year != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("year", songFilter.year);
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.season != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("season", songFilter.season);
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.type != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("type", songFilter.type);
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<AnimeSong> sort = Builders<AnimeSong>.Sort.Descending(x => x.Year).Descending(x => x.Season);
+
+            return new Paging<AnimeSong>(this.Collection, songFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, songFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `songFilter` last assigned on line 71 could be null and is dereferenced at line 76, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> AnimeSongCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/AnimeSongCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+AnimeSongCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3654aaa31bf6f5c66d4263b95a3f1706
+
+### Hash:
+7b383f7cce6b5b74d7d0505a278476b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1416/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1416/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ad88c892b92440533bd548816a1fdeb2f3c447b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1416/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class EpisodeCollection : ICollection<Episode>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "episode";
+
+        public override void Add(ref Episode document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<Episode>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref Episode document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<Episode>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref Episode document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeId = document.AnimeID;
+            int number = document.Number;
+            string source = document.Source;
+
+            Episode reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.AnimeID == animeId && x.Number == number && x.Source == source).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if (reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override Episode Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<Episode> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            EpisodeFilter episodeFilter = filter as EpisodeFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<Episode>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<Episode> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            episodeFilter.ApplyBaseFilter(builder, ref queryFilter);
+
+            if (episodeFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", episodeFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if(episodeFilter.number != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("number", episodeFilter.number);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(episodeFilter.source))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("source", episodeFilter.source);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(episodeFilter.locale))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("locale", episodeFilter.locale);  
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<Episode> sort = Builders<Episode>.Sort.Ascending(x => x.AnimeID).Ascending(x => x.Number);
+
+            return new Paging<Episode>(this.Collection, episodeFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, episodeFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `episodeFilter` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> EpisodeCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/EpisodeCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+EpisodeCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3654aaa31bf6f5c66d4263b95a3f1706
+
+### Hash:
+43c7c9148519eddfe830baf8ce16691d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1420/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1420/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afe6c732ccf62c634668bd60efe0fceddb80cfed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1420/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class EpisodeCollection : ICollection<Episode>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "episode";
+
+        public override void Add(ref Episode document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<Episode>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref Episode document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<Episode>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref Episode document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeId = document.AnimeID;
+            int number = document.Number;
+            string source = document.Source;
+
+            Episode reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.AnimeID == animeId && x.Number == number && x.Source == source).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if (reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override Episode Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<Episode> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            EpisodeFilter episodeFilter = filter as EpisodeFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<Episode>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<Episode> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if(episodeFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", episodeFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if(episodeFilter.number != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("number", episodeFilter.number);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(episodeFilter.source))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Regex($"source", episodeFilter.source);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(episodeFilter.locale))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("locale", episodeFilter.locale);  
+            }
+
+            return new Paging<Episode>(this.Collection, episodeFilter.page, queryFilter, episodeFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `episodeFilter` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> EpisodeCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/EpisodeCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+EpisodeCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c91b435e0ebdfa03be7f8c2adfdbfd87
+
+### Hash:
+43c7c9148519eddfe830baf8ce16691d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1427/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1427/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d21845ce3bb854784a2c5d4fb6b943851fe68b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1427/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class AnimeSuggestionCollection : ICollection<AnimeSuggestion>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "anime_suggestion";
+
+        public override void Add(ref AnimeSuggestion document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<AnimeSuggestion>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref AnimeSuggestion document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<AnimeSuggestion>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref AnimeSuggestion document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeId = document.AnimeID;
+            string source = document.Source;
+            string title = document.Title;
+
+            AnimeSuggestion reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.AnimeID == animeId && x.Source == source && x.Title == title).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override AnimeSuggestion Get(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<AnimeSuggestion> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            AnimeSuggestionFilter animeSuggestionFilter = filter as AnimeSuggestionFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<AnimeSuggestion>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<AnimeSuggestion> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            animeSuggestionFilter.ApplyBaseFilter(builder, ref queryFilter);
+
+            if (animeSuggestionFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", animeSuggestionFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(animeSuggestionFilter.title))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("title", animeSuggestionFilter.title);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(animeSuggestionFilter.source))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("source", animeSuggestionFilter.source);
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<AnimeSuggestion> sort = Builders<AnimeSuggestion>.Sort.Ascending(x => x.Id);
+
+            return new Paging<AnimeSuggestion>(this.Collection, animeSuggestionFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, animeSuggestionFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `animeSuggestionFilter` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> AnimeSuggestionCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/AnimeSuggestionCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+AnimeSuggestionCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3654aaa31bf6f5c66d4263b95a3f1706
+
+### Hash:
+7ed8cbc949fc5659c1732244c6291910
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1429/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1429/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a55e719914444c1107b7701597852089bdb0f283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1429/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** voxeliq
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Windows.Forms;
+
+namespace VoxeliqClient2
+{
+    static class Program
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The main entry point for the application.
+        /// </summary>
+        [STAThread]
+        static void Main()
+        {
+            Application.EnableVisualStyles();
+            Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
+            Application.Run(new Form1());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of VoxeliqClient2.Form1::.ctor() at Line 18).VoxeliqClient2.Form1.components of type System.ComponentModel.Container, Leaked resource (output of VoxeliqClient2.Form1::.ctor() at Line 18) of type System.Windows.Forms.Form in method "Void Program.Main()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main()
+
+### File:
+src/v2/VoxeliqClient2/VoxeliqClient2/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8f3f3b3789fdb7524697d75bb295033a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1433/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1433/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c597bec76e182f812661af5f241dd4815a37fa65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1433/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** qmlnet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Qml.Net.Internal.Types;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Qml.Net.Tests.Types
+{
+    public class NetTypeManagerTests : BaseTests
+    {
+        public class TestType1
+        {
+            public void TestMethod()
+            {
+            }
+
+            public int TestProperty { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_net_type()
+        {
+            var typeInfo = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType1>();
+            typeInfo.EnsureLoaded();
+
+            typeInfo.FullTypeName.Should().Be(typeof(TestType1).AssemblyQualifiedName);
+            typeInfo.ClassName.Should().Be("TestType1");
+            typeInfo.PrefVariantType.Should().Be(NetVariantType.Object);
+            typeInfo.MethodCount.Should().Be(3); // the property has a "getter" and "setter" method
+            typeInfo.PropertyCount.Should().Be(1);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_parent_type_on_method()
+        {
+            var typeInfo = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType1>();
+            typeInfo.EnsureLoaded();
+
+            var method = typeInfo.GetMethod(0);
+            method.MethodName.Should().Be("TestMethod");
+            method.ParentType.FullTypeName.Should().Be(typeof(TestType1).AssemblyQualifiedName);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_parent_type_on_property()
+        {
+            var typeInfo = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType1>();
+            typeInfo.EnsureLoaded();
+
+            var property = typeInfo.GetProperty(0);
+            property.Name.Should().Be("TestProperty");
+            property.ParentType.FullTypeName.Should().Be(typeof(TestType1).AssemblyQualifiedName);
+        }
+
+        public class TestType2
+        {
+            public void TestMethod(int parameter1, TestType1 parameter2)
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_method_parameters()
+        {
+            var typeInfo = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType2>();
+            typeInfo.EnsureLoaded();
+
+            typeInfo.MethodCount.Should().Be(1);
+
+            var method = typeInfo.GetMethod(0);
+            method.Should().NotBeNull();
+            method.ParameterCount.Should().Be(2);
+
+            var parameter1 = method.GetParameter(0);
+            parameter1.Should().NotBeNull();
+            parameter1.Name.Should().Be("parameter1");
+            var parameter1Type = parameter1.Type;
+            parameter1Type.Should().NotBeNull();
+            parameter1Type.ClassName.Should().Be("Int32");
+
+            var parameter2 = method.GetParameter(1);
+            parameter2.Should().NotBeNull();
+            parameter2.Name.Should().Be("parameter2");
+            var parameter2Type = parameter2.Type;
+            parameter2Type.Should().NotBeNull();
+            parameter2Type.ClassName.Should().Be("TestType1");
+        }
+
+        public class TestType3
+        {
+            public TestType3 TestMethod()
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_method_with_return_type()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType3>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            var returnType = type.GetMethod(0).ReturnType;
+            returnType.Should().NotBeNull();
+            returnType.ClassName.Should().Be("TestType3");
+        }
+
+        public class TestType4
+        {
+            public void TestMethod()
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_method_without_return_type()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType4>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            var returnType = type.GetMethod(0).ReturnType;
+            returnType.Should().BeNull();
+        }
+
+        public class TestType5
+        {
+            public void ThisIsMethodName()
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_method_name()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType5>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            var method = type.GetMethod(0);
+            method.MethodName.Should().Be("ThisIsMethodName");
+        }
+
+        public class TestType6
+        {
+            public string Property { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_property()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType6>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            type.PropertyCount.Should().Be(1);
+            var property = type.GetProperty(0);
+            property.Should().NotBeNull();
+            property.Name.Should().Be("Property");
+            property.CanRead.Should().BeTrue();
+            property.CanWrite.Should().BeTrue();
+            property.ReturnType.ClassName.Should().Be("String");
+            property.ParentType.ClassName.Should().Be("TestType6");
+            property.NotifySignal.Should().BeNull();
+        }
+
+        [Signal("testSignal", NetVariantType.DateTime, NetVariantType.Object)]
+        public class TestType7
+        {
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_signal()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType7>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            type.SignalCount.Should().Be(1);
+            var signal = type.GetSignal(0);
+            signal.Name.Should().Be("testSignal");
+            signal.ParameterCount.Should().Be(2);
+            signal.GetParameter(0).Should().Be(NetVariantType.DateTime);
+            signal.GetParameter(1).Should().Be(NetVariantType.Object);
+        }
+
+        [Signal("signalName")]
+        public class TestType8
+        {
+            [NotifySignal("signalName")]
+            public string Property { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_get_notifiy_signal_for_property()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType8>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            type.SignalCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.PropertyCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.GetProperty(0).Name.Should().Be("Property");
+            type.GetProperty(0).NotifySignal.Should().NotBeNull();
+            type.GetProperty(0).NotifySignal.Name.Should().Be("signalName");
+        }
+
+        public class TestType9
+        {
+            [NotifySignal("signalName")]
+            public string Property { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_auto_add_signal_for_property_notification()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType9>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            type.SignalCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.PropertyCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.GetProperty(0).Name.Should().Be("Property");
+            type.GetProperty(0).NotifySignal.Should().NotBeNull();
+            type.GetProperty(0).NotifySignal.Name.Should().Be("signalName");
+        }
+
+        public class TestType10
+        {
+            [NotifySignal]
+            public string Property { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_auto_create_signal_with_property_name_if_no_name_given()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType10>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            type.SignalCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.PropertyCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.GetProperty(0).Name.Should().Be("Property");
+            type.GetProperty(0).NotifySignal.Should().NotBeNull();
+            type.GetProperty(0).NotifySignal.Name.Should().Be("propertyChanged");
+        }
+
+        public class TestType11
+        {
+            public InnerType TestFunction()
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            public class InnerType
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_lazy_load_types()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType11>();
+            type.IsLoaded.Should().BeFalse();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            type.MethodCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.IsLoaded.Should().BeTrue();
+            var method = type.GetMethod(0);
+            method.Should().NotBeNull();
+            method.ReturnType.IsLoaded.Should().BeFalse();
+            method.ReturnType.EnsureLoaded();
+            method.ReturnType.MethodCount.Should().Be(0);
+            method.ReturnType.IsLoaded.Should().BeTrue();
+        }
+
+        public class TestType12
+        {
+            public void LocalMethod()
+            {
+            }
+
+            public static void StaticMethod()
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_detect_static_methods()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType12>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            type.MethodCount.Should().Be(2);
+            type.LocalMethodCount.Should().Be(1);
+            type.GetLocalMethod(0).MethodName.Should().Be("LocalMethod");
+            type.GetStaticMethod(0).MethodName.Should().Be("StaticMethod");
+        }
+
+        public class TestType13
+        {
+            public string[] Property { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_detect_array_type()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType13>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            var property = type.GetProperty(0);
+            var returnType = property.ReturnType;
+            returnType.EnsureLoaded();
+            returnType.IsArray.Should().BeTrue();
+            returnType.IsList.Should().BeFalse();
+        }
+
+        public class TestType14
+        {
+            public List<int> Prop1 { get; set; }
+
+            public System.Collections.ArrayList Prop2 { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_detect_list_type()
+        {
+            var type = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType14>();
+            type.EnsureLoaded();
+            for (var x = 0; x < type.PropertyCount; x++)
+            {
+                var property = type.GetProperty(x);
+                if (property.Name == "Prop1" || property.Name == "Prop2")
+                {
+                    property.ReturnType.EnsureLoaded();
+                    property.ReturnType.IsList.Should().BeTrue();
+                    property.ReturnType.IsArray.Should().BeFalse();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class TestType15
+        {
+        }
+
+        public class TestType16 : TestType15
+        {
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Can_detect_base_class()
+        {
+            var type1 = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType15>();
+            type1.BaseType.Should().StartWith("System.Object, ");
+            var type2 = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<TestType16>();
+            type2.BaseType.Should().StartWith("Qml.Net.Tests.Types.NetTypeManagerTests+TestType15, ");
+            var type3 = NetTypeManager.GetTypeInfo<object>();
+            type3.BaseType.Should().BeNull();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `typeInfo` last assigned on line 25 could be null and is dereferenced at line 26, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NetTypeManagerTests.Can_get_net_type()
+
+### File:
+src/net/Qml.Net.Tests/Types/NetTypeManagerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+NetTypeManagerTests.cs|Can_get_net_type|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2492dd55e18d4854810eec2af8d6b86c
+
+### Hash:
+e08cd065baf2b00096c3435b26702567
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1434/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1434/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ea09a5f71817912fbca5f85f3c88724f444ed14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1434/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Yoakke
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Yoakke.X86.Instructions;
+using Yoakke.X86.Operands;
+using Yoakke.X86.Writers;
+
+namespace Yoakke.X86.Sample
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            var sw = new StringWriter();
+            var writer = new IntelAssemblyWriter(sw);
+            writer.Write(new Add(
+                Registers.Eax,
+                new Indirect(DataWidth.Dword, new Address(Registers.Ecx, new ScaledIndex(Registers.Edx, 4), 23))));
+            Console.WriteLine(sw);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource sw of type System.IO.StringWriter in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Sources/Examples/Yoakke.X86.Sample/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3daa581f0a0b2c70f1b32a9159e9b884
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1456/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1456/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb83043d882c08b1216c79a31d207dc76ac0b934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1456/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sledge
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Linq;
+using OpenTK;
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
+using Sledge.Common;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Cameras;
+using Sledge.Rendering.DataStructures.Models;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Interfaces;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Materials;
+using Sledge.Rendering.OpenGL.Arrays;
+using Sledge.Rendering.OpenGL.Shaders;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Scenes;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Scenes.Elements;
+
+namespace Sledge.Rendering.OpenGL
+{
+    public class OpenGLRenderer : IRenderer
+    {
+        private readonly Dictionary<IViewport, ViewportData> _viewportData;
+        private readonly Dictionary<Scene, SceneData> _sceneData;
+        private readonly TextureStorage _textureStorage;
+        private readonly MaterialStorage _materialStorage;
+        private readonly ModelStorage _modelStorage;
+        private Scene _activeScene;
+        private bool _initialised;
+
+        private Passthrough _shaderProgram;
+        private ModelShader _modelShaderProgram;
+
+        public ITextureStorage Textures { get { return _textureStorage; } }
+        public IMaterialStorage Materials { get { return _materialStorage; } }
+        public IModelStorage Models { get { return _modelStorage; } }
+        public StringTextureManager StringTextureManager { get; private set; }
+
+        public Matrix4 SelectionTransform { get; set; }
+
+        public OpenGLRenderer()
+        {
+            _viewportData = new Dictionary<IViewport, ViewportData>();
+            _sceneData = new Dictionary<Scene, SceneData>();
+            _textureStorage = new TextureStorage();
+            _materialStorage = new MaterialStorage(this);
+            _modelStorage = new ModelStorage();
+            _initialised = false;
+
+            SelectionTransform = Matrix4.Identity;
+            StringTextureManager = new StringTextureManager(this);
+        }
+
+        private void InitialiseRenderer()
+        {
+            if (_initialised) return;
+
+            _shaderProgram = new Passthrough();
+            _modelShaderProgram = new ModelShader();
+
+            _textureStorage.Initialise();
+
+            _initialised = true;
+        }
+
+        public IViewport CreateViewport()
+        {
+            var view = new OpenGLViewport();
+            view.Render += RenderViewport;
+            view.Update += UpdateViewport;
+            return view;
+        }
+
+        public void DestroyViewport(IViewport viewport)
+        {
+            var data = _viewportData.ContainsKey(viewport) ? _viewportData[viewport] : null;
+            if (data != null)
+            {
+                data.Framebuffer.Dispose();
+                _viewportData.Remove(viewport);
+            }
+
+            var view = viewport as OpenGLViewport;
+            if (view == null) return;
+
+            view.Render -= RenderViewport;
+            view.Update -= UpdateViewport;
+            view.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public Scene CreateScene()
+        {
+            var scene = new Scene { TrackChanges = true };
+            _sceneData.Add(scene, null);
+            return scene;
+        }
+
+        public void SetActiveScene(Scene scene)
+        {
+            if (_sceneData.ContainsKey(scene)) _activeScene = scene;
+        }
+
+        public void RemoveScene(Scene scene)
+        {
+            if (_activeScene == scene) _activeScene = null;
+            if (_sceneData.ContainsKey(scene))
+            {
+                var data = _sceneData[scene];
+                if (data != null) data.Dispose();
+            }
+            _sceneData.Remove(scene);
+        }
+
+        private void InitialiseViewport(IViewport viewport, ViewportData data)
+        {
+            if (!data.Initialised)
+            {
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.DepthTest);
+                GL.DepthFunc(DepthFunction.Lequal);
+
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.CullFace);
+                GL.CullFace(CullFaceMode.Front);
+
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.Texture2D);
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.Blend);
+                GL.BlendFunc(BlendingFactorSrc.SrcAlpha, BlendingFactorDest.OneMinusSrcAlpha);
+                GL.PixelStore(PixelStoreParameter.UnpackAlignment, 1);
+
+                GL.PointSize(4);
+
+                data.Initialised = true;
+            }
+            if (data.Width != viewport.Control.Width || data.Height != viewport.Control.Height)
+            {
+                data.Width = viewport.Control.Width;
+                data.Height = viewport.Control.Height;
+                data.Framebuffer.Size = new Size(viewport.Control.Width, viewport.Control.Height);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateViewport(IViewport viewport, Frame frame)
+        {
+            Materials.Update(frame);
+            Models.Update(frame);
+            StringTextureManager.Update(frame);
+        }
+
+        private void RenderViewport(IViewport viewport, Frame frame)
+        {
+            if (_activeScene == null) return;
+
+            var vpData = GetViewportData(viewport);
+            var scData = GetSceneData(_activeScene);
+
+            InitialiseRenderer();
+            InitialiseViewport(viewport, vpData);
+            scData.Array.ApplyChanges();
+            vpData.ElementArray.Update(scData.Array.Elements);
+            
+            // Set up FBO
+            vpData.Framebuffer.Bind();
+            
+            GL.ClearColor(Color.Black);
+            GL.Clear(ClearBufferMask.ColorBufferBit | ClearBufferMask.DepthBufferBit);
+
+            scData.Array.Render(this, _shaderProgram, _modelShaderProgram, viewport);
+            vpData.ElementArray.Render(this, _shaderProgram, viewport);
+
+            // Blit FBO
+            vpData.Framebuffer.Unbind();
+            vpData.Framebuffer.Render();
+
+        }
+
+        private ViewportData GetViewportData(IViewport viewport)
+        {
+            if (!_viewportData.ContainsKey(viewport))
+            {
+                var data = new ViewportData(this, viewport);
+                _viewportData.Add(viewport, data);
+            }
+            return _viewportData[viewport];
+        }
+
+        private SceneData GetSceneData(Scene scene)
+        {
+            if (!_sceneData.ContainsKey(scene) || _sceneData[scene] == null)
+            {
+                var data = new SceneData(this, scene);
+                _sceneData[scene] = data;
+            }
+            return _sceneData[scene];
+        }
+
+        private class ViewportData : IDisposable
+        {
+            public Framebuffer Framebuffer { get; private set; }
+            public ElementVertexArray ElementArray { get; private set; }
+            public bool Initialised { get; set; }
+            public int Width { get; set; }
+            public int Height { get; set; }
+
+            public ViewportData(IRenderer renderer, IViewport viewport)
+            {
+                Width = viewport.Control.Width;
+                Height = viewport.Control.Height;
+                Framebuffer = new Framebuffer(Width, Height);
+                ElementArray = new ElementVertexArray(renderer, viewport, new Element[0]);
+                Initialised = false;
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                Framebuffer.Dispose();
+                ElementArray.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class SceneData : IDisposable
+        {
+            public Scene Scene { get; set; }
+            public OctreeVertexArray Array { get; private set; }
+
+            public SceneData(OpenGLRenderer renderer, Scene scene)
+            {
+                Scene = scene;
+                Array = new OctreeVertexArray(renderer, scene);
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                Array.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `scData` last assigned on line 151 could be null and is dereferenced at line 155, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void OpenGLRenderer.RenderViewport(IViewport,Frame)
+
+### File:
+Sledge.Rendering/OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs
+
+### Key:
+OpenGLRenderer.cs|RenderViewport|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+118eccec3d16cb999f5761b0d7d1d4e6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1458/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1458/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3464b39082d039bcd785859eada8aa3fddc56636
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1458/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sledge
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using OpenTK;
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
+using Sledge.Common;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Cameras;
+using Sledge.Rendering.DataStructures.Models;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Interfaces;
+using Sledge.Rendering.OpenGL.Arrays;
+using Sledge.Rendering.OpenGL.Shaders;
+using Sledge.Rendering.Scenes;
+
+namespace Sledge.Rendering.OpenGL
+{
+    public class OpenGLRenderer : IRenderer
+    {
+        private readonly Dictionary<IViewport, ViewportData> _viewportData;
+        private readonly Dictionary<Scene, SceneData> _sceneData;
+        private readonly TextureStorage _textureStorage;
+        private readonly MaterialStorage _materialStorage;
+        private readonly ModelStorage _modelStorage;
+        private Scene _activeScene;
+        private bool _initialised;
+
+        private Passthrough _shaderProgram;
+        private ModelShader _modelShaderProgram;
+
+        public ITextureStorage Textures { get { return _textureStorage; } }
+        public IMaterialStorage Materials { get { return _materialStorage; } }
+        public IModelStorage Models { get { return _modelStorage; } }
+
+        public OpenGLRenderer()
+        {
+            _viewportData = new Dictionary<IViewport, ViewportData>();
+            _sceneData = new Dictionary<Scene, SceneData>();
+            _textureStorage = new TextureStorage();
+            _materialStorage = new MaterialStorage(this);
+            _modelStorage = new ModelStorage();
+            _initialised = false;
+        }
+
+        private void InitialiseRenderer()
+        {
+            if (_initialised) return;
+
+            _shaderProgram = new Passthrough();
+            _modelShaderProgram = new ModelShader();
+
+            _textureStorage.Initialise();
+
+            _initialised = true;
+        }
+
+        public IViewport CreateViewport()
+        {
+            var view = new OpenGLViewport();
+            view.Render += RenderViewport;
+            view.Update += UpdateViewport;
+            return view;
+        }
+
+        public void DestroyViewport(IViewport viewport)
+        {
+            var data = _viewportData.ContainsKey(viewport) ? _viewportData[viewport] : null;
+            if (data != null)
+            {
+                data.Framebuffer.Dispose();
+                _viewportData.Remove(viewport);
+            }
+
+            var view = viewport as OpenGLViewport;
+            if (view == null) return;
+
+            view.Render -= RenderViewport;
+            view.Update -= UpdateViewport;
+            view.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public Scene CreateScene()
+        {
+            var scene = new Scene { TrackChanges = true };
+            _sceneData.Add(scene, null);
+            return scene;
+        }
+
+        public void SetActiveScene(Scene scene)
+        {
+            if (_sceneData.ContainsKey(scene)) _activeScene = scene;
+        }
+
+        public void RemoveScene(Scene scene)
+        {
+            if (_activeScene == scene) _activeScene = null;
+            if (_sceneData.ContainsKey(scene))
+            {
+                var data = _sceneData[scene];
+                if (data != null) data.Dispose();
+            }
+            _sceneData.Remove(scene);
+        }
+
+        private void InitialiseViewport(IViewport viewport, ViewportData data)
+        {
+            if (!data.Initialised)
+            {
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.DepthTest);
+                GL.DepthFunc(DepthFunction.Lequal);
+
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.CullFace);
+                GL.Disable(EnableCap.CullFace);
+                GL.CullFace(CullFaceMode.Front);
+
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.Texture2D);
+                GL.Enable(EnableCap.Blend);
+                GL.BlendFunc(BlendingFactorSrc.SrcAlpha, BlendingFactorDest.OneMinusSrcAlpha);
+                GL.PixelStore(PixelStoreParameter.UnpackAlignment, 1);
+
+                GL.PointSize(4);
+
+                data.Initialised = true;
+            }
+            if (data.Width != viewport.Control.Width || data.Height != viewport.Control.Height)
+            {
+                data.Framebuffer.Size = new Size(viewport.Control.Width, viewport.Control.Height);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateViewport(IViewport viewport, Frame frame)
+        {
+            Materials.Update(frame);
+            Models.Update(frame);
+        }
+
+        private void RenderViewport(IViewport viewport, Frame frame)
+        {
+            if (_activeScene == null) return;
+
+            var vpData = GetViewportData(viewport);
+            var scData = GetSceneData(_activeScene);
+
+            InitialiseRenderer();
+            InitialiseViewport(viewport, vpData);
+            scData.Array.ApplyChanges();
+            
+            // Set up FBO
+            vpData.Framebuffer.Bind();
+            
+            GL.ClearColor(Color.Black);
+            GL.Clear(ClearBufferMask.ColorBufferBit | ClearBufferMask.DepthBufferBit);
+
+            scData.Array.Render(this, _shaderProgram, _modelShaderProgram, viewport);
+
+            // Blit FBO
+            vpData.Framebuffer.Unbind();
+            vpData.Framebuffer.Render();
+
+        }
+
+        private ViewportData GetViewportData(IViewport viewport)
+        {
+            if (!_viewportData.ContainsKey(viewport))
+            {
+                var data = new ViewportData(new Framebuffer(viewport.Control.Width, viewport.Control.Height));
+                _viewportData.Add(viewport, data);
+            }
+            return _viewportData[viewport];
+        }
+
+        private SceneData GetSceneData(Scene scene)
+        {
+            if (!_sceneData.ContainsKey(scene) || _sceneData[scene] == null)
+            {
+                var data = new SceneData(scene);
+                _sceneData[scene] = data;
+            }
+            return _sceneData[scene];
+        }
+
+        private class ViewportData
+        {
+            public Framebuffer Framebuffer { get; set; }
+            public bool Initialised { get; set; }
+            public int Width { get; set; }
+            public int Height { get; set; }
+
+            public ViewportData(Framebuffer framebuffer)
+            {
+                Framebuffer = framebuffer;
+                Width = Height = 0;
+                Initialised = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class SceneData : IDisposable
+        {
+            public Scene Scene { get; set; }
+            public OctreeVertexArray Array { get; private set; }
+
+            public SceneData(Scene scene)
+            {
+                Scene = scene;
+                Array = new OctreeVertexArray(scene);
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                Array.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `scData` last assigned on line 140 could be null and is dereferenced at line 144, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void OpenGLRenderer.RenderViewport(IViewport,Frame)
+
+### File:
+Sledge.Rendering/OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs
+
+### Key:
+OpenGLRenderer.cs|RenderViewport|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+118eccec3d16cb999f5761b0d7d1d4e6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1460/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1460/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d69167b91a934a56f53de5251a428e5bcf7ce8c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1460/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sledge
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Sledge.Providers.GameData
+{
+    public abstract class GameDataProvider
+    {
+        private static readonly List<GameDataProvider> RegisteredProviders;
+
+        static GameDataProvider()
+        {
+            RegisteredProviders = new List<GameDataProvider>();
+        }
+
+        public static void Register(GameDataProvider provider)
+        {
+            RegisteredProviders.Add(provider);
+        }
+
+        public static void Deregister(GameDataProvider provider)
+        {
+            RegisteredProviders.Remove(provider);
+        }
+
+        public static DataStructures.GameData.GameData GetGameDataFromFiles(IEnumerable<string> files)
+        {
+            var gd = new DataStructures.GameData.GameData();
+            foreach (var d in files.Select(GetGameDataFromFile))
+            {
+                gd.MapSizeHigh = d.MapSizeHigh;
+                gd.MapSizeLow = d.MapSizeLow;
+                gd.Classes.AddRange(d.Classes);
+            }
+            gd.CreateDependencies();
+            return gd;
+        }
+
+        public static DataStructures.GameData.GameData GetGameDataFromFile(string fileName)
+        {
+            var provider = RegisteredProviders.FirstOrDefault(p => p.IsValidForFile(fileName));
+            if (provider != null)
+            {
+                var gd = provider.GetFromFile(fileName);
+                gd.CreateDependencies();
+                return gd;
+            }
+            throw new ProviderNotFoundException("No GameData provider was found for this file.");
+        }
+
+        public static DataStructures.GameData.GameData GetGameDataFromString(string contents)
+        {
+            var provider = RegisteredProviders.FirstOrDefault(p => p.IsValidForString(contents));
+            if (provider != null)
+            {
+                var gd = provider.GetFromString(contents);
+                gd.CreateDependencies();
+                return gd;
+            }
+            throw new ProviderNotFoundException("No GameData provider was found for this string.");
+        }
+
+        public static DataStructures.GameData.GameData GetGameDataFromStream(Stream stream)
+        {
+            var provider = RegisteredProviders.FirstOrDefault(p => p.IsValidForStream(stream));
+            if (provider != null)
+            {
+                var gd = provider.GetFromStream(stream);
+                gd.CreateDependencies();
+                return gd;
+            }
+            throw new ProviderNotFoundException("No GameData provider was found for this stream.");
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool IsValidForFile(string filename)
+        {
+            Stream strm = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            return IsValidForStream(strm);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool IsValidForString(string contents)
+        {
+            var length = Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(contents);
+            Stream strm = new MemoryStream(length);
+            strm.Write(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(contents), 0, length);
+            return IsValidForStream(strm);
+        }
+
+        protected abstract bool IsValidForStream(Stream stream);
+
+        protected virtual DataStructures.GameData.GameData GetFromFile(string filename)
+        {
+            Stream strm = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            return GetFromStream(strm);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual DataStructures.GameData.GameData GetFromString(string contents)
+        {
+            var length = Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(contents);
+            Stream strm = new MemoryStream(length);
+            strm.Write(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(contents), 0, length);
+            return GetFromStream(strm);
+        }
+
+        protected abstract DataStructures.GameData.GameData GetFromStream(Stream stream);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource strm of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "GameData GameDataProvider.GetFromString(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+GameData GameDataProvider.GetFromString(String)
+
+### File:
+Sledge.Providers/GameData/GameDataProvider.cs
+
+### Key:
+GameDataProvider.cs|GetFromString|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+6c3fa5e4cad73d56102052b43b908726
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1467/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1467/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c60c4d5dbf147d22f9aba5f328993fceaf953ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1467/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NPoco
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using NPoco.FluentMappings;
+using NPoco.Tests.Common;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace NPoco.Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class SnapshotterTests
+    {
+        private IDatabase _database;
+
+        [TestFixtureSetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            var dbfactory = new DatabaseFactory();
+            dbfactory
+                .UsingDatabase(new Database(""))
+                .WithFluentConfig(FluentMappingConfiguration.Configure(new MyMappings()));
+            
+            _database = dbfactory.GetDatabase();
+        }
+
+        public class MyMappings : Mappings
+        {
+            public MyMappings()
+            {
+                For<Admin>().Columns(y => y.Column(x => x.Age).WithName("TheAge"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void BasicDiffUsingSnapshotter()
+        {
+            var user = new Admin { UserId = 1 };
+            var snap = _database.StartSnapshot(user);
+
+            user.Name = "Name1";
+            user.Savings = 50.50m;
+            user.DateOfBirth = new DateTime(2001, 1, 1);
+            user.Age = 21;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, snap.Changes().Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, snap.UpdatedColumns().Count);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ValuesAlreadySetUsingSnapshotter()
+        {
+            var user = new Admin { UserId = 1 };
+            user.Name = "Name1";
+            user.Savings = 50.50m;
+            user.DateOfBirth = new DateTime(2001, 1, 1);
+            user.Age = 21;
+
+            var snap = _database.StartSnapshot(user);
+            user.Age = 22;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("Age", snap.Changes().First().Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual("TheAge", snap.Changes().First().ColumnName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(21, snap.Changes().First().OldValue);
+            Assert.AreEqual(22, snap.Changes().First().NewValue);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, snap.UpdatedColumns().Count);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void NoChangesUsingSnapshotter()
+        {
+            var user = new Admin { UserId = 1 };
+            var snap = _database.StartSnapshot(user);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, snap.Changes().Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, snap.UpdatedColumns().Count);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of NPoco.Database::.ctor() at Line 18) of type NPoco.Database in method "Void SnapshotterTests.Setup()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SnapshotterTests.Setup()
+
+### File:
+src/NPoco.Tests/SnapshotterTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+SnapshotterTests.cs|Setup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f423e7c201a4328d4e10df46df5e2a0f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1469/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1469/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfc93fdc7c7925f40fe77b3ec4bb7650eec4f79e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1469/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NPoco
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace NPoco.Expressions
+{
+    public abstract class SqlExpression<T>
+    {
+        private Expression<Func<T, bool>> underlyingExpression;
+        private List<string> orderByProperties = new List<string>();
+        private string selectExpression = string.Empty;
+        private string whereExpression;
+        private string groupBy = string.Empty;
+        private string havingExpression;
+        private string orderBy = string.Empty;
+
+        private string sep = string.Empty;
+        private PocoData modelDef;
+        private readonly IDatabase _database;
+        private readonly DatabaseType _databaseType;
+        private bool PrefixFieldWithTableName { get; set; }
+        private bool WhereStatementWithoutWhereString { get; set; }
+
+        private List<string> members;
+
+        public SqlExpression(IDatabase database)
+        {
+            modelDef = database.PocoDataFactory.ForType(typeof(T));
+            _database = database;
+            _databaseType = database.DatabaseType;
+            PrefixFieldWithTableName = false;
+            WhereStatementWithoutWhereString = false;
+            paramPrefix = "@";
+            members = new List<string>();
+            Context = new SqlExpressionContext(this);
+        }
+
+        public class SqlExpressionContext
+        {
+            private readonly SqlExpression<T> _expression;
+
+            public SqlExpressionContext(SqlExpression<T> expression)
+            {
+                _expression = expression;
+                UpdateFields = new List<string>();
+            }
+
+            public List<string> UpdateFields { get; set; }
+            public object[] Params { get { return _expression._params.ToArray(); } }
+
+            public virtual string ToDeleteStatement()
+            {
+                return _expression.ToDeleteStatement();
+            }
+
+            public virtual string ToUpdateStatement(T item)
+            {
+                return _expression.ToUpdateStatement(item, false);
+            }
+
+            public virtual string ToUpdateStatement(T item, bool excludeDefaults)
+            {
+                return _expression.ToUpdateStatement(item, excludeDefaults);
+            }
+
+            public virtual string ToUpdateStatement(T item, bool excludeDefaults, bool allFields)
+            {
+                if (allFields)
+                    _expression.members = _expression.GetAllMembers();
+                
+                return _expression.ToUpdateStatement(item, excludeDefaults);
+            }
+
+            public string ToWhereStatement()
+            {
+                return _expression.ToWhereStatement();
+            }
+
+            public virtual string ToSelectStatement()
+            {
+                return _expression.ToSelectStatement();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear select expression. All properties will be selected.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Select()
+        {
+            return Select(string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// set the specified selectExpression.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='selectExpression'>
+        /// raw Select expression: "Select SomeField1, SomeField2 from SomeTable"
+        /// </param>
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Select(string selectExpression)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(selectExpression))
+            {
+                BuildSelectExpression(string.Empty, false);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                this.selectExpression = selectExpression;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fields to be selected.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='fields'>
+        /// x=> x.SomeProperty1 or x=> new{ x.SomeProperty1, x.SomeProperty2}
+        /// </param>
+        /// <typeparam name='TKey'>
+        /// objectWithProperties
+        /// </typeparam>
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Select<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> fields)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            BuildSelectExpression(Visit(fields).ToString(), false);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> SelectDistinct<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> fields)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            var exp = PartialEvaluator.Eval(fields, CanBeEvaluatedLocally);
+            BuildSelectExpression(Visit(exp).ToString(), true);
+            return this;
+        }
+        
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Where()
+        {
+            if (underlyingExpression != null) underlyingExpression = null; //Where() clears the expression
+            return Where(string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Where(string sqlFilter, params object[] filterParams)
+        {
+            whereExpression = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(sqlFilter) ? sqlFilter : string.Empty;
+            foreach (var filterParam in filterParams)
+            {
+                CreateParam(filterParam);    
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(whereExpression)) whereExpression = (WhereStatementWithoutWhereString ? "" : "WHERE ") + whereExpression;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Where(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate)
+        {
+            if (predicate != null)
+            {
+                And(predicate);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                underlyingExpression = null;
+                whereExpression = string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> And(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate)
+        {
+            if (predicate != null)
+            {
+                if (underlyingExpression == null)
+                    underlyingExpression = predicate;
+                else
+                    underlyingExpression = underlyingExpression.And(predicate);
+
+                ProcessInternalExpression();
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Or(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate)
+        {
+            if (predicate != null)
+            {
+                if (underlyingExpression == null)
+                    underlyingExpression = predicate;
+                else
+                    underlyingExpression = underlyingExpression.Or(predicate);
+
+                ProcessInternalExpression();
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        private void ProcessInternalExpression()
+        {
+            sep = " ";
+            var exp = PartialEvaluator.Eval(underlyingExpression, CanBeEvaluatedLocally);
+            whereExpression = Visit(exp).ToString();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(whereExpression)) whereExpression = (WhereStatementWithoutWhereString ? "" : "WHERE ") + whereExpression;
+        }
+
+        private bool CanBeEvaluatedLocally(Expression expression)
+        {
+            // any operation on a query can't be done locally
+            ConstantExpression cex = expression as ConstantExpression;
+            if (cex != null)
+            {
+                IQueryable query = cex.Value as IQueryable;
+                if (query != null && query.Provider == this)
+                    return false;
+            }
+            MethodCallExpression mc = expression as MethodCallExpression;
+            if (mc != null &&
+                (mc.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(Enumerable) ||
+                 mc.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(Queryable)))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Convert &&
+                expression.Type == typeof(object))
+                return true;
+            return expression.NodeType != ExpressionType.Parameter &&
+                   expression.NodeType != ExpressionType.Lambda;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> GroupBy()
+        {
+            return GroupBy(string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> GroupBy(string groupBy)
+        {
+            this.groupBy = groupBy;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> GroupBy<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            groupBy = Visit(keySelector).ToString();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(groupBy)) groupBy = string.Format("GROUP BY {0}", groupBy);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Having()
+        {
+            return Having(string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Having(string sqlFilter, params object[] filterParams)
+        {
+            havingExpression = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(sqlFilter) ? sqlFilter : string.Empty;
+            foreach (var filterParam in filterParams)
+            {
+                CreateParam(filterParam);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(havingExpression)) havingExpression = "HAVING " + havingExpression;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Having(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate)
+        {
+
+            if (predicate != null)
+            {
+                sep = " ";
+                havingExpression = Visit(predicate).ToString();
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(havingExpression)) havingExpression = "HAVING " + havingExpression;
+            }
+            else
+                havingExpression = string.Empty;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> OrderBy()
+        {
+            return OrderBy(string.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> OrderBy(string orderBy)
+        {
+            orderByProperties.Clear();
+            this.orderBy = orderBy;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> OrderBy<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            orderByProperties.Clear();
+            var property = Visit(keySelector).ToString();
+            orderByProperties.Add(property + " ASC");
+            BuildOrderByClauseInternal();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> ThenBy<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            var property = Visit(keySelector).ToString();
+            orderByProperties.Add(property + " ASC");
+            BuildOrderByClauseInternal();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> OrderByDescending<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            orderByProperties.Clear();
+            var property = Visit(keySelector).ToString();
+            orderByProperties.Add(property + " DESC");
+            BuildOrderByClauseInternal();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> ThenByDescending<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> keySelector)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            var property = Visit(keySelector).ToString();
+            orderByProperties.Add(property + " DESC");
+            BuildOrderByClauseInternal();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        private void BuildOrderByClauseInternal()
+        {
+            if (orderByProperties.Count > 0)
+            {
+                orderBy = "ORDER BY ";
+                foreach (var prop in orderByProperties)
+                {
+                    orderBy += prop + ",";
+                }
+                orderBy = orderBy.TrimEnd(',');
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                orderBy = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the specified offset and rows for SQL Limit clause.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='skip'>
+        /// Offset of the first row to return. The offset of the initial row is 0
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name='rows'>
+        /// Number of rows returned by a SELECT statement
+        /// </param>	
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Limit(int skip, int rows)
+        {
+            Rows = rows;
+            Skip = skip;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the specified rows for Sql Limit clause.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='rows'>
+        /// Number of rows returned by a SELECT statement
+        /// </param>
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Limit(int rows)
+        {
+            Rows = rows;
+            Skip = 0;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear Sql Limit clause
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Limit()
+        {
+            Skip = null;
+            Rows = null;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fields to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='updatefields'>
+        /// IList<string> containing Names of properties to be updated
+        /// </param>
+        //public virtual SqlExpression<T> Update(IList<string> updateFields)
+        //{
+        //    this.updateFields = updateFields;
+        //    return this;
+        //}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fields to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='fields'>
+        /// x=> x.SomeProperty1 or x=> new{ x.SomeProperty1, x.SomeProperty2}
+        /// </param>
+        /// <typeparam name='TKey'>
+        /// objectWithProperties
+        /// </typeparam>
+        public virtual SqlExpression<T> Update<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> fields)
+        {
+            sep = string.Empty;
+            members.Clear();
+            Visit(fields);
+            Context.UpdateFields = new List<string>(members);
+            members.Clear();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear UpdateFields list ( all fields will be updated)
+        /// </summary>
+        //public virtual SqlExpression<T> Update()
+        //{
+        //    this.updateFields = new List<string>();
+        //    return this;
+        //}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fields to be inserted.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='fields'>
+        /// x=> x.SomeProperty1 or x=> new{ x.SomeProperty1, x.SomeProperty2}
+        /// </param>
+        /// <typeparam name='TKey'>
+        /// objectWithProperties
+        /// </typeparam>
+        //public virtual SqlExpression<T> Insert<TKey>(Expression<Func<T, TKey>> fields)
+        //{
+        //    sep = string.Empty;
+        //    Context.InsertFields = Visit(fields).ToString().Split(',').ToList();
+        //    return this;
+        //}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// fields to be inserted.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name='insertFields'>
+        /// IList&lt;string&gt; containing Names of properties to be inserted
+        /// </param>
+        //public virtual SqlExpression<T> Insert(IList<string> insertFields)
+        //{
+        //    this.insertFields = insertFields;
+        //    return this;
+        //}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear InsertFields list ( all fields will be inserted)
+        /// </summary>
+        //public virtual SqlExpression<T> Insert()
+        //{
+        //    this.insertFields = new List<string>();
+        //    return this;
+        //}
+
+        protected virtual string ToDeleteStatement()
+        {
+            return string.Format("DELETE FROM {0} {1}",
+                                                   _databaseType.EscapeTableName(modelDef.TableInfo.TableName),
+                                                   WhereExpression);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual string ToUpdateStatement(T item)
+        {
+            return ToUpdateStatement(item, false);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual string ToUpdateStatement(T item, bool excludeDefaults)
+        {
+            var setFields = new StringBuilder();
+            
+            foreach (var fieldDef in modelDef.Columns)
+            {
+                if (Context.UpdateFields.Count > 0 && !Context.UpdateFields.Contains(fieldDef.Value.MemberInfo.Name)) continue; // added
+                object value = fieldDef.Value.GetValue(item);
+                if (_database.Mapper != null)
+                {
+                    var converter = _database.Mapper.GetToDbConverter(fieldDef.Value.ColumnType, fieldDef.Value.MemberInfo.GetMemberInfoType());
+                    if (converter != null)
+                        value = converter(value);
+                }
+
+                if (excludeDefaults && (value == null || value.Equals(MappingFactory.GetDefault(value.GetType())))) continue; //GetDefaultValue?
+
+                if (setFields.Length > 0) 
+                    setFields.Append(", ");
+
+                setFields.AppendFormat("{0} = {1}", _databaseType.EscapeSqlIdentifier(fieldDef.Value.ColumnName), CreateParam(value));
+            }
+
+            return string.Format("UPDATE {0} SET {1} {2}", _databaseType.EscapeTableName(modelDef.TableInfo.TableName), setFields, WhereExpression);
+        }
+
+        protected string ToWhereStatement()
+        {
+            return WhereExpression;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual string ToSelectStatement()
+        {
+            var sql = new StringBuilder();
+
+            sql.Append(SelectExpression);
+            sql.Append(string.IsNullOrEmpty(WhereExpression) ?
+                       "" :
+                       "\n" + WhereExpression);
+            sql.Append(string.IsNullOrEmpty(GroupByExpression) ?
+                       "" :
+                       "\n" + GroupByExpression);
+            sql.Append(string.IsNullOrEmpty(HavingExpression) ?
+                       "" :
+                       "\n" + HavingExpression);
+            sql.Append(string.IsNullOrEmpty(OrderByExpression) ?
+                       "" :
+                       "\n" + OrderByExpression);
+
+            return ApplyPaging(sql.ToString());
+        }
+
+        //public virtual string ToCountStatement()
+        //{
+        //    return OrmLiteConfig.DialectProvider.ToCountStatement(modelDef.ModelType, WhereExpression, null);
+        //}
+
+        private string SelectExpression
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(selectExpression))
+                    BuildSelectExpression(string.Empty, false);
+                return selectExpression;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                selectExpression = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string WhereExpression
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return whereExpression;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                whereExpression = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string GroupByExpression
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return groupBy;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                groupBy = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string HavingExpression
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return havingExpression;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                havingExpression = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        private string OrderByExpression
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return orderBy;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                orderBy = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected virtual string LimitExpression
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!Skip.HasValue) return "";
+                string rows;
+                if (Rows.HasValue)
+                {
+                    rows = string.Format(",{0}", Rows.Value);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    rows = string.Empty;
+                }
+                return string.Format("LIMIT {0}{1}", Skip.Value, rows);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private int? Rows { get; set; }
+        private int? Skip { get; set; }
+
+        protected internal PocoData ModelDef
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return modelDef;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                modelDef = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual object Visit(Expression exp)
+        {
+
+            if (exp == null) return string.Empty;
+            switch (exp.NodeType)
+            {
+                case ExpressionType.Lambda:
+                    return VisitLambda(exp as LambdaExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.MemberAccess:
+                    return VisitMemberAccess(exp as MemberExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.Constant:
+                    return VisitConstant(exp as ConstantExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.Add:
+                case ExpressionType.AddChecked:
+                case ExpressionType.Subtract:
+                case ExpressionType.SubtractChecked:
+                case ExpressionType.Multiply:
+                case ExpressionType.MultiplyChecked:
+                case ExpressionType.Divide:
+                case ExpressionType.Modulo:
+                case ExpressionType.And:
+                case ExpressionType.AndAlso:
+                case ExpressionType.Or:
+                case ExpressionType.OrElse:
+                case ExpressionType.LessThan:
+                case ExpressionType.LessThanOrEqual:
+                case ExpressionType.GreaterThan:
+                case ExpressionType.GreaterThanOrEqual:
+                case ExpressionType.Equal:
+                case ExpressionType.NotEqual:
+                case ExpressionType.Coalesce:
+                case ExpressionType.ArrayIndex:
+                case ExpressionType.RightShift:
+                case ExpressionType.LeftShift:
+                case ExpressionType.ExclusiveOr:
+                    //return "(" + VisitBinary(exp as BinaryExpression) + ")";
+                    return VisitBinary(exp as BinaryExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.Negate:
+                case ExpressionType.NegateChecked:
+                case ExpressionType.Not:
+                case ExpressionType.Convert:
+                case ExpressionType.ConvertChecked:
+                case ExpressionType.ArrayLength:
+                case ExpressionType.Quote:
+                case ExpressionType.TypeAs:
+                    return VisitUnary(exp as UnaryExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.Parameter:
+                    return VisitParameter(exp as ParameterExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.Call:
+                    return VisitMethodCall(exp as MethodCallExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.New:
+                    return VisitNew(exp as NewExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.NewArrayInit:
+                case ExpressionType.NewArrayBounds:
+                    return VisitNewArray(exp as NewArrayExpression);
+                case ExpressionType.MemberInit:
+                    return VisitMemberInit(exp as MemberInitExpression);
+                default:
+                    return exp.ToString();
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitLambda(LambdaExpression lambda)
+        {
+            if (lambda.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess && sep == " ")
+            {
+                MemberExpression m = lambda.Body as MemberExpression;
+
+                if (m.Expression != null)
+                {
+                    string r = VisitMemberAccess(m).ToString();
+                    return string.Format("{0}={1}", r, GetQuotedTrueValue());
+                }
+
+            }
+            return Visit(lambda.Body);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitBinary(BinaryExpression b)
+        {
+            object left, right;
+            var operand = BindOperant(b.NodeType);   //sep= " " ??
+            if (operand == "AND" || operand == "OR")
+            {
+                var m = b.Left as MemberExpression;
+                if (m != null && m.Expression != null
+                    && m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter)
+                    left = new PartialSqlString(string.Format("{0}={1}", VisitMemberAccess(m), GetQuotedTrueValue()));
+                else
+                    left = Visit(b.Left);
+
+                m = b.Right as MemberExpression;
+                if (m != null && m.Expression != null
+                    && m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter)
+                    right = new PartialSqlString(string.Format("{0}={1}", VisitMemberAccess(m), GetQuotedTrueValue()));
+                else
+                    right = Visit(b.Right);
+
+                if (left as PartialSqlString == null && right as PartialSqlString == null)
+                {
+                    var result = Expression.Lambda(b).Compile().DynamicInvoke();
+                    return new PartialSqlString(CreateParam(result));
+                }
+
+                if (left as PartialSqlString == null)
+                    left = ((bool)left) ? GetTrueExpression() : GetFalseExpression();
+                if (right as PartialSqlString == null)
+                    right = ((bool)right) ? GetTrueExpression() : GetFalseExpression();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                left = Visit(b.Left);
+                right = Visit(b.Right);
+
+                if (left as EnumMemberAccess != null && right as PartialSqlString == null)
+                {
+                    var enumType = ((EnumMemberAccess)left).EnumType;
+
+                    //enum value was returned by Visit(b.Right)
+                    long numvericVal;
+                    if (Int64.TryParse(right.ToString(), out numvericVal))
+                        right = CreateParam(Enum.ToObject(enumType, numvericVal));
+                    else
+                        right = CreateParam(right);
+                }
+                else if (right as EnumMemberAccess != null && left as PartialSqlString == null)
+                {
+                    var enumType = ((EnumMemberAccess)right).EnumType;
+
+                    //enum value was returned by Visit(b.Left)
+                    long numvericVal;
+                    if (Int64.TryParse(left.ToString(), out numvericVal))
+                        left = CreateParam(Enum.ToObject(enumType, numvericVal));
+                    else
+                        left = CreateParam(left);
+                }
+                else if (left as PartialSqlString == null && right as PartialSqlString == null)
+                {
+                    var result = Expression.Lambda(b).Compile().DynamicInvoke();
+                    return result;
+                }
+                else if (left as PartialSqlString == null)
+                    left = CreateParam(left);
+                else if (right as PartialSqlString == null)
+                    right = CreateParam(right);
+
+            }
+
+            if (operand == "=" && right.ToString().Equals("null", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)) operand = "is";
+            else if (operand == "<>" && right.ToString().Equals("null", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)) operand = "is not";
+
+            switch (operand)
+            {
+                case "MOD":
+                case "COALESCE":
+                    return new PartialSqlString(string.Format("{0}({1},{2})", operand, left, right));
+                default:
+                    return new PartialSqlString("(" + left + sep + operand + sep + right + ")");
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitMemberAccess(MemberExpression m)
+        {
+            if (m.Expression != null
+                && (m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter || m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Convert))
+            {
+                var propertyInfo = m.Member as PropertyInfo;
+
+                if (propertyInfo.PropertyType.IsEnum)
+                    return new EnumMemberAccess((PrefixFieldWithTableName ? _databaseType.EscapeTableName(modelDef.TableInfo.TableName) + "." : "") + GetQuotedColumnName(m.Member.Name), propertyInfo.PropertyType);
+
+                return new PartialSqlString((PrefixFieldWithTableName ? _databaseType.EscapeTableName(modelDef.TableInfo.TableName) + "." : "") + GetQuotedColumnName(m.Member.Name));
+            }
+
+            var member = Expression.Convert(m, typeof(object));
+            var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<object>>(member);
+            var getter = lambda.Compile();
+            return getter();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitMemberInit(MemberInitExpression exp)
+        {
+            return Expression.Lambda(exp).Compile().DynamicInvoke();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitNew(NewExpression nex)
+        {
+            var member = Expression.Convert(nex, typeof(object));
+            var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<object>>(member);
+            try
+            {
+                var getter = lambda.Compile();
+                return getter();
+            }
+            catch (System.InvalidOperationException)
+            { 
+                List<Object> exprs = VisitExpressionList(nex.Arguments);
+                StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
+                for (int i = 0; i < exprs.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    r.AppendFormat("{0}{1}", r.Length > 0 ? "," : "", exprs[i]);
+                    if (nex.Members[i] != null)
+                    {
+                        var col = modelDef.Columns.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Value.MemberInfo.Name == nex.Members[i].Name);
+                        if (col.Value != null)
+                        {
+                            var memberName = _databaseType.EscapeSqlIdentifier(col.Value.ColumnName);
+                            if (memberName != exprs[i].ToString())
+                                r.AppendFormat(" AS {0}", memberName);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return r.ToString();
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitParameter(ParameterExpression p)
+        {
+            return p.Name;
+        }
+
+        List<object> _params = new List<object>();
+        int _paramCounter = 0;
+        string paramPrefix;
+        public SqlExpressionContext Context { get; private set; }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitConstant(ConstantExpression c)
+        {
+            if (c.Value == null)
+                return new PartialSqlString("null");
+
+            return c.Value;
+        }
+
+        private string CreateParam(object value)
+        {
+            string paramPlaceholder = paramPrefix + _paramCounter++;
+            _params.Add(value);
+            return paramPlaceholder;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitUnary(UnaryExpression u)
+        {
+            switch (u.NodeType)
+            {
+                case ExpressionType.Not:
+                    var o = Visit(u.Operand);
+
+                    if (o as PartialSqlString == null)
+                        return !((bool)o);
+
+                    if (IsFieldName(o))
+                        o = o + "=" + GetQuotedTrueValue();
+
+                    return new PartialSqlString("NOT (" + o + ")");
+                case ExpressionType.Convert:
+                    if (u.Method != null)
+                        return Expression.Lambda(u).Compile().DynamicInvoke();
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return Visit(u.Operand);
+
+        }
+
+        private bool IsColumnAccess(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            if (m.Object != null && m.Object as MethodCallExpression != null)
+                return IsColumnAccess(m.Object as MethodCallExpression);
+
+            var exp = m.Object as MemberExpression;
+            return exp != null
+                && exp.Expression != null
+                && exp.Expression.Type == typeof(T)
+                && exp.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitMethodCall(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            if (m.Method.DeclaringType == typeof(S))
+                return VisitSqlMethodCall(m);
+
+            if (IsStaticArrayMethod(m))
+                return VisitStaticArrayMethodCall(m);
+
+            if (IsEnumerableMethod(m))
+                return VisitEnumerableMethodCall(m);
+
+            if (IsColumnAccess(m))
+                return VisitColumnAccessMethod(m);
+
+            return Expression.Lambda(m).Compile().DynamicInvoke();
+        }
+
+        private bool IsStaticArrayMethod(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            if (m.Object == null && m.Method.Name == "Contains")
+            {
+                return m.Arguments.Count == 2;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private bool IsEnumerableMethod(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            if (m.Object != null
+                && m.Object.Type.IsOrHasGenericInterfaceTypeOf(typeof(IEnumerable<>))
+                && m.Object.Type != typeof(string)
+                && m.Method.Name == "Contains")
+            {
+                return m.Arguments.Count == 1;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitEnumerableMethodCall(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            switch (m.Method.Name)
+            {
+                case "Contains":
+                    List<Object> args = this.VisitExpressionList(m.Arguments);
+                    object quotedColName = args[0];
+                    return BuildInStatement(m.Object, quotedColName);
+
+                default:
+                    throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitStaticArrayMethodCall(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            switch (m.Method.Name)
+            {
+                case "Contains":
+                    List<Object> args = this.VisitExpressionList(m.Arguments);
+                    object quotedColName = args[1];
+
+                    Expression memberExpr = m.Arguments[0];
+                    if (memberExpr.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+                        memberExpr = (m.Arguments[0] as MemberExpression);
+
+                    return BuildInStatement(memberExpr, quotedColName);
+
+                default:
+                    throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private StringBuilder FlattenList(IEnumerable inArgs)
+        {
+            StringBuilder sIn = new StringBuilder();
+            foreach (Object e in inArgs)
+            {
+                if (!typeof (ICollection).IsAssignableFrom(e.GetType()))
+                {
+                    sIn.AppendFormat("{0}{1}", sIn.Length > 0 ? "," : "", CreateParam(e));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var listArgs = e as ICollection;
+                    foreach (Object el in listArgs)
+                    {
+                        sIn.AppendFormat("{0}{1}", sIn.Length > 0 ? "," : "", CreateParam(el));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (sIn.Length == 0)
+            {
+                sIn.AppendFormat("select 1 /*poco_dual*/ where 1 = 0");
+            }
+            return sIn;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual List<Object> VisitExpressionList(ReadOnlyCollection<Expression> original)
+        {
+            List<Object> list = new List<Object>();
+            for (int i = 0, n = original.Count; i < n; i++)
+            {
+                if (original[i].NodeType == ExpressionType.NewArrayInit ||
+                 original[i].NodeType == ExpressionType.NewArrayBounds)
+                {
+
+                    list.AddRange(VisitNewArrayFromExpressionList(original[i] as NewArrayExpression));
+                }
+                else
+                    list.Add(Visit(original[i]));
+
+            }
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual List<Object> VisitConstantList(ReadOnlyCollection<Expression> original)
+        {
+            List<Object> list = new List<Object>();
+            for (int i = 0, n = original.Count; i < n; i++)
+            {
+                list.Add(original[i].GetConstantValue<object>());
+            }
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitNewArray(NewArrayExpression na)
+        {
+
+            List<Object> exprs = VisitExpressionList(na.Expressions);
+            StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
+            foreach (Object e in exprs)
+            {
+                r.Append(r.Length > 0 ? "," + e : e);
+            }
+
+            return r.ToString();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual List<Object> VisitNewArrayFromExpressionList(NewArrayExpression na)
+        {
+
+            List<Object> exprs = VisitExpressionList(na.Expressions);
+            return exprs;
+        }
+
+
+        protected virtual string BindOperant(ExpressionType e)
+        {
+
+            switch (e)
+            {
+                case ExpressionType.Equal:
+                    return "=";
+                case ExpressionType.NotEqual:
+                    return "<>";
+                case ExpressionType.GreaterThan:
+                    return ">";
+                case ExpressionType.GreaterThanOrEqual:
+                    return ">=";
+                case ExpressionType.LessThan:
+                    return "<";
+                case ExpressionType.LessThanOrEqual:
+                    return "<=";
+                case ExpressionType.AndAlso:
+                    return "AND";
+                case ExpressionType.OrElse:
+                    return "OR";
+                case ExpressionType.Add:
+                    return "+";
+                case ExpressionType.Subtract:
+                    return "-";
+                case ExpressionType.Multiply:
+                    return "*";
+                case ExpressionType.Divide:
+                    return "/";
+                case ExpressionType.Modulo:
+                    return "MOD";
+                case ExpressionType.Coalesce:
+                    return "COALESCE";
+                default:
+                    return e.ToString();
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected virtual string GetQuotedColumnName(string memberName)
+        {
+            members.Add(memberName);
+            var fd = modelDef.Columns.Values.FirstOrDefault(x => x.MemberInfo.Name == memberName);
+            string fn = fd != null ? fd.ColumnName : memberName;
+            return _databaseType.EscapeSqlIdentifier(fn);
+        }
+
+        protected string RemoveQuoteFromAlias(string exp)
+        {
+
+            if ((exp.StartsWith("\"") || exp.StartsWith("`") || exp.StartsWith("'"))
+                && (exp.EndsWith("\"") || exp.EndsWith("`") || exp.EndsWith("'")))
+            {
+                exp = exp.Remove(0, 1);
+                exp = exp.Remove(exp.Length - 1, 1);
+            }
+            return exp;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsFieldName(object quotedExp)
+        {
+            var fd = modelDef.Columns.Any(x => GetQuotedColumnName(x.Key) == quotedExp.ToString());
+            return fd;
+        }
+
+        protected object GetTrueExpression()
+        {
+            return new PartialSqlString(string.Format("({0}={1})", GetQuotedTrueValue(), GetQuotedTrueValue()));
+        }
+
+        protected object GetFalseExpression()
+        {
+            return new PartialSqlString(string.Format("({0}={1})", GetQuotedTrueValue(), GetQuotedFalseValue()));
+        }
+
+        protected object GetQuotedTrueValue()
+        {
+            return CreateParam(true);
+        }
+
+        protected object GetQuotedFalseValue()
+        {
+            return CreateParam(false);
+        }
+
+        private void BuildSelectExpression(string fields, bool distinct)
+        {
+
+            selectExpression = string.Format("SELECT {0}{1} \nFROM {2}",
+                (distinct ? "DISTINCT " : ""),
+                (string.IsNullOrEmpty(fields) ?
+                    string.Join(", ", modelDef.QueryColumns.Select(x=> _databaseType.EscapeSqlIdentifier(x)).ToArray()) :
+                    fields),
+                _databaseType.EscapeTableName(modelDef.TableInfo.TableName));
+        }
+
+        internal List<string> GetAllMembers()
+        {
+            return modelDef.Columns.Select(x => x.Value.MemberInfo.Name).ToList();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual string ApplyPaging(string sql)
+        {
+            if (!Rows.HasValue || Rows == 0)
+                return sql;
+
+            string sqlCount, sqlPage;
+            var parms = _params.Select(x => x).ToArray();
+
+            _database.BuildPageQueries<T>(Skip ?? 0, Rows ?? 0, sql, ref parms, out sqlCount, out sqlPage);
+
+            _params.Clear();
+            _params.AddRange(parms);
+
+            return sqlPage;
+        }
+
+        private string BuildInStatement(Expression m, object quotedColName)
+        {
+            string statement;
+            var member = Expression.Convert(m, typeof (object));
+            var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<object>>(member);
+            var getter = lambda.Compile();
+
+            if (quotedColName == null)
+                quotedColName = Visit(m);
+
+            var inArgs = getter() as IEnumerable;
+
+            var sIn = FlattenList(inArgs);
+
+            statement = string.Format("{0} {1} ({2})", quotedColName, "IN", sIn);
+            return statement;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitSqlMethodCall(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            List<Object> args = this.VisitExpressionList(m.Arguments);
+            object quotedColName = args[0];
+            args.RemoveAt(0);
+
+            string statement;
+
+            switch (m.Method.Name)
+            {
+                case "In":
+                    statement = BuildInStatement(m.Arguments[1], quotedColName);
+                    break;
+                case "Desc":
+                    statement = string.Format("{0} DESC", quotedColName);
+                    break;
+                case "As":
+                    statement = string.Format("{0} As {1}", quotedColName,
+                        _databaseType.EscapeSqlIdentifier(RemoveQuoteFromAlias(args[0].ToString())));
+                    break;
+                case "Sum":
+                case "Count":
+                case "Min":
+                case "Max":
+                case "Avg":
+                    statement = string.Format("{0}({1}{2})",
+                                         m.Method.Name.ToUpper(),
+                                         quotedColName,
+                                         args.Count == 1 ? string.Format(",{0}", args[0]) : "");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+
+            return new PartialSqlString(statement);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual object VisitColumnAccessMethod(MethodCallExpression m)
+        {
+            List<Object> args = this.VisitExpressionList(m.Arguments);
+            var quotedColName = Visit(m.Object);
+            var statement = "";
+
+            switch (m.Method.Name)
+            {
+                case "ToUpper":
+                    statement = string.Format("upper({0})", quotedColName);
+                    break;
+                case "ToLower":
+                    statement = string.Format("lower({0})", quotedColName);
+                    break;
+                case "StartsWith":
+                    statement = string.Format("upper({0}) like {1} ", quotedColName, CreateParam(args[0].ToString().ToUpper() + "%"));
+                    break;
+                case "EndsWith":
+                    statement = string.Format("upper({0}) like {1}", quotedColName, CreateParam("%" + args[0].ToString().ToUpper()));
+                    break;
+                case "Contains":
+                    statement = string.Format("upper({0}) like {1}", quotedColName, CreateParam("%" + args[0].ToString().ToUpper() + "%"));
+                    break;
+                case "Substring":
+                    var startIndex = Int32.Parse(args[0].ToString()) + 1;
+                    if (args.Count == 2)
+                    {
+                        var length = Int32.Parse(args[1].ToString());
+                        statement = string.Format("substring({0},{1},{2})",quotedColName,startIndex,length);
+                    }
+                    else
+                        statement = string.Format("substring({0},{1},8000)",quotedColName,startIndex);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+            return new PartialSqlString(statement);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PartialSqlString
+    {
+        public PartialSqlString(string text)
+        {
+            Text = text;
+        }
+        public string Text { get; set; }
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return Text;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class EnumMemberAccess : PartialSqlString
+    {
+        public EnumMemberAccess(string text, Type enumType)
+            : base(text)
+        {
+            if (!enumType.IsEnum) throw new ArgumentException("Type not valid", "enumType");
+
+            EnumType = enumType;
+        }
+
+        public Type EnumType { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    public static class LinqExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constant value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param retval="exp">The exp.</param>
+        /// <returns>The get constant value.</returns>
+        public static T GetConstantValue<T>(this Expression exp)
+        {
+            T result = default(T);
+            if (exp is ConstantExpression)
+            {
+                var c = (ConstantExpression) exp;
+
+                result = (T) c.Value;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `m` last assigned on line 703 could be null and is dereferenced at line 705, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Object SqlExpression`1<T>.VisitLambda(LambdaExpression)
+
+### File:
+src/NPoco/Expressions/SqlExpression.cs
+
+### Key:
+SqlExpression.cs|VisitLambda|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+910735c22139fc13ed54222a42fbc369
+
+### Hash:
+13c5ea1724c5e897396d954110a77daf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1493/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1493/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bdd06d66a4689482878c647ff377ea03934a5b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1493/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Captura
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Screna;
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+
+namespace Captura.Models
+{
+    public class MousePointerOverlay : IOverlay
+    {
+        readonly MouseOverlaySettings _settings;
+        
+        public MousePointerOverlay(MouseOverlaySettings Settings)
+        {
+            _settings = Settings;
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Draws overlay.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Draw(IBitmapEditor Editor, Func<Point, Point> Transform = null)
+        {
+            if (!_settings.Display)
+                return;
+
+            var clickRadius = _settings.Radius;
+
+            var curPos = MouseCursor.CursorPosition;
+
+            if (Transform != null)
+                curPos = Transform(curPos);
+
+            var d = clickRadius * 2;
+
+            var x = curPos.X - clickRadius;
+            var y = curPos.Y - clickRadius;
+
+            Editor.FillEllipse(new SolidBrush(_settings.Color), new RectangleF(x, y, d, d));
+
+            var border = _settings.BorderThickness;
+
+            if (border > 0)
+            {
+                x -= border / 2;
+                y -= border / 2;
+                d += border;
+
+                Editor.DrawEllipse(new Pen(_settings.BorderColor, border), new RectangleF(x, y, d, d));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose() { }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Drawing.Pen::.ctor() at Line 46) of type System.Drawing.Pen, Leaked resource (output of System.Drawing.SolidBrush::.ctor() at Line 36) of type System.Drawing.SolidBrush in method "Void MousePointerOverlay.Draw(IBitmapEditor,Func`2<!0,!1>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MousePointerOverlay.Draw(IBitmapEditor,Func`2<!0,!1>)
+
+### File:
+src/Screna/Overlays/MousePointerOverlay.cs
+
+### Key:
+MousePointerOverlay.cs|Draw|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4275b55b775616149af9675a86e53394
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1494/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1494/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9c56edb70d26f445e83d8904c7e23d8a675230a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1494/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Captura
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Gma.System.MouseKeyHook;
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Windows.Forms;
+using Screna;
+
+namespace Captura.Models
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Draws Mouse Clicks and/or Keystrokes on an Image.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class MouseKeyHook : IOverlay
+    {
+        #region Fields
+        readonly IKeyboardMouseEvents _hook;
+        readonly MouseClickSettings _mouseClickSettings;
+        readonly KeystrokesSettings _keystrokesSettings;
+
+        bool _mouseClicked;
+        MouseButtons _mouseButtons;
+        
+        readonly KeyRecords _records;
+
+        readonly KeymapViewModel _keymap;
+
+        readonly TextWriter _textWriter;
+        #endregion
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of <see cref="MouseKeyHook"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public MouseKeyHook(MouseClickSettings MouseClickSettings,
+            KeystrokesSettings KeystrokesSettings,
+            KeymapViewModel Keymap,
+            string FileName,
+            Func<TimeSpan> Elapsed)
+        {
+            _mouseClickSettings = MouseClickSettings;
+            _keystrokesSettings = KeystrokesSettings;
+            _keymap = Keymap;
+
+            _hook = Hook.GlobalEvents();
+            
+            _hook.MouseDown += (S, E) =>
+            {
+                _mouseClicked = true;
+
+                _mouseButtons = E.Button;
+            };
+
+            _hook.MouseUp += (S, E) => _mouseClicked = false;
+
+            if (KeystrokesSettings.SeparateTextFile)
+            {
+                _textWriter = InitKeysToTextFile(FileName, Elapsed);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _records = new KeyRecords(KeystrokesSettings.HistoryCount);
+
+                _hook.KeyDown += OnKeyDown;
+                _hook.KeyUp += OnKeyUp;
+            }
+        }
+
+        TextWriter InitKeysToTextFile(string FileName, Func<TimeSpan> Elapsed)
+        {
+            var dir = Path.GetDirectoryName(FileName);
+            var fileNameWoExt = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(FileName);
+
+            var targetName = $"{fileNameWoExt}.keys.txt";
+
+            var path = dir == null ? targetName : Path.Combine(dir, targetName);
+
+            var keystrokeFileStream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.Read);
+            var textWriter = new StreamWriter(keystrokeFileStream);
+
+            _hook.KeyDown += (S, E) =>
+            {
+                if (!_keystrokesSettings.Display)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                var record = new KeyRecord(E, _keymap);
+
+                _textWriter.WriteLine($"{Elapsed.Invoke()}: {record.Display}");
+            };
+
+            return textWriter;
+        }
+
+        void OnKeyUp(object Sender, KeyEventArgs Args)
+        {
+            if (!_keystrokesSettings.Display)
+            {
+                _records.Clear();
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var record = new KeyRecord(Args, _keymap);
+
+            var display = record.Display;
+
+            if (display == _keymap.Control
+                || display == _keymap.Alt
+                || display == _keymap.Shift)
+            {
+                if (_records.Last?.Display == display)
+                {
+                    _records.Last = new RepeatKeyRecord(record);
+                }
+                else if (_records.Last is RepeatKeyRecord repeat && repeat.Repeated.Display == display)
+                {
+                    repeat.Increment();
+                }
+                else if (_modifierSingleDown)
+                {
+                    _records.Add(record);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        bool _modifierSingleDown;
+
+        void OnKeyDown(object Sender, KeyEventArgs Args)
+        {
+            if (!_keystrokesSettings.Display)
+            {
+                _records.Clear();
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _modifierSingleDown = false;
+
+            var record = new KeyRecord(Args, _keymap);
+            
+            if (_records.Last == null)
+            {
+                _records.Add(record);
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var elapsed = (record.TimeStamp - _records.Last.TimeStamp).TotalSeconds;
+
+            var display = record.Display;
+            var lastDisplay = _records.Last.Display;
+
+            if (display.Length == 1
+                && (_records.Last is DummyKeyRecord || lastDisplay.Length == 1)
+                && display.Length + lastDisplay.Length <= _keystrokesSettings.MaxTextLength
+                && elapsed <= _keystrokesSettings.Timeout)
+            {
+                _records.Last = new DummyKeyRecord(lastDisplay + display);
+            }
+            else if (display == _keymap.Control
+                || display == _keymap.Alt
+                || display == _keymap.Shift)
+            {
+                // Handled on Key Up
+                _modifierSingleDown = true;
+            }
+            else if (_records.Last is KeyRecord keyRecord && keyRecord.Display == display)
+            {
+                _records.Last = new RepeatKeyRecord(record);
+            }
+            else if (_records.Last is RepeatKeyRecord repeatRecord && repeatRecord.Repeated.Display == display)
+            {
+                repeatRecord.Increment();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _records.Add(record);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static float GetLeft(TextOverlaySettings KeystrokesSettings, float FullWidth, float TextWidth)
+        {
+            var x = KeystrokesSettings.X;
+            var padding = KeystrokesSettings.HorizontalPadding;
+
+            switch (KeystrokesSettings.HorizontalAlignment)
+            {
+                case Alignment.Start:
+                    return x;
+
+                case Alignment.End:
+                    return FullWidth - x - TextWidth - 2 * padding;
+
+                case Alignment.Center:
+                    return FullWidth / 2 + x - TextWidth / 2 - padding;
+
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        static float GetTop(TextOverlaySettings KeystrokesSettings, float FullHeight, float TextHeight, float Offset = 0)
+        {
+            var y = KeystrokesSettings.Y;
+            var padding = KeystrokesSettings.VerticalPadding;
+
+            switch (KeystrokesSettings.VerticalAlignment)
+            {
+                case Alignment.Start:
+                    return y + Offset;
+
+                case Alignment.End:
+                    return FullHeight - y - TextHeight - 2 * padding - Offset;
+
+                case Alignment.Center:
+                    return FullHeight / 2 + y - TextHeight / 2 - padding + Offset;
+
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Draws overlay.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Draw(IBitmapEditor Editor, Func<Point, Point> Transform = null)
+        {
+            if (_mouseClickSettings.Display)
+                DrawClicks(Editor, Transform);
+
+            if (_keystrokesSettings.Display)
+                DrawKeys(Editor);
+        }
+
+        void DrawKeys(IBitmapEditor Editor)
+        {
+            if (_records?.Last == null)
+                return;
+
+            var offsetY = 0f;
+            var fontSize = _keystrokesSettings.FontSize;
+            byte opacity = 255;
+
+            var index = 0;
+
+            foreach (var keyRecord in _records)
+            {
+                ++index;
+
+                if ((DateTime.Now - keyRecord.TimeStamp).TotalSeconds > _records.Size * _keystrokesSettings.Timeout)
+                    continue;
+                
+                DrawKeys(_keystrokesSettings, Editor, keyRecord.Display, Math.Max(1, fontSize), opacity, offsetY);
+
+                var keystrokeFont = new Font(FontFamily.GenericMonospace, fontSize);
+
+                var height = Editor.MeasureString("A", keystrokeFont).Height;
+
+                offsetY += height + _keystrokesSettings.HistorySpacing;
+
+                offsetY += _keystrokesSettings.VerticalPadding * 2 + _keystrokesSettings.BorderThickness * 2;
+
+                if (index == 1)
+                {
+                    fontSize -= 5;
+                    opacity = 200;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void DrawKeys(KeystrokesSettings KeystrokesSettings, IBitmapEditor Editor, string Text, int FontSize, byte Opacity, float OffsetY)
+        {
+            var keystrokeFont = new Font(FontFamily.GenericMonospace, FontSize);
+
+            var size = Editor.MeasureString(Text, keystrokeFont);
+
+            int paddingX = KeystrokesSettings.HorizontalPadding, paddingY = KeystrokesSettings.VerticalPadding;
+
+            var rect = new RectangleF(GetLeft(KeystrokesSettings, Editor.Width, size.Width),
+                GetTop(KeystrokesSettings, Editor.Height, size.Height, OffsetY),
+                size.Width + 2 * paddingX,
+                size.Height + 2 * paddingY);
+            
+            Editor.FillRectangle(new SolidBrush(Color.FromArgb(Opacity, KeystrokesSettings.BackgroundColor)),
+                rect,
+                KeystrokesSettings.CornerRadius);
+            
+            Editor.DrawString(Text,
+                keystrokeFont,
+                new SolidBrush(Color.FromArgb(Opacity, KeystrokesSettings.FontColor)),
+                new RectangleF(rect.Left + paddingX, rect.Top + paddingY, size.Width, size.Height));
+
+            var border = KeystrokesSettings.BorderThickness;
+
+            if (border > 0)
+            {
+                rect = new RectangleF(rect.Left - border / 2f, rect.Top - border / 2f, rect.Width + border, rect.Height + border);
+
+                Editor.DrawRectangle(new Pen(Color.FromArgb(Opacity, KeystrokesSettings.BorderColor), border),
+                    rect,
+                    KeystrokesSettings.CornerRadius);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Color GetClickCircleColor()
+        {
+            if (_mouseButtons.HasFlag(MouseButtons.Right))
+            {
+                return _mouseClickSettings.RightClickColor;
+            }
+
+            if (_mouseButtons.HasFlag(MouseButtons.Middle))
+            {
+                return _mouseClickSettings.MiddleClickColor;
+            }
+
+            return _mouseClickSettings.Color;
+        }
+
+        float _currentMouseRatio;
+        const float MouseRatioDeltaUp = 0.9f;
+        const float MouseRatioDeltaDown = 0.25f;
+        const float MouseRatioMin = 0.6f;
+        const float MouseRatioMax = 1.2f;
+
+        static byte ToByte(double Value)
+        {
+            if (Value > 255)
+                return 255;
+
+            if (Value < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+            return (byte) Value;
+        }
+
+        void DrawClicks(IBitmapEditor Editor, Func<Point, Point> Transform)
+        {
+            if (_mouseClicked && _currentMouseRatio < MouseRatioMax)
+            {
+                _currentMouseRatio += MouseRatioDeltaUp;
+
+                if (_currentMouseRatio > MouseRatioMax)
+                {
+                    _currentMouseRatio = MouseRatioMax;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (!_mouseClicked && _currentMouseRatio > MouseRatioMin)
+            {
+                _currentMouseRatio -= MouseRatioDeltaDown;
+
+                if (_currentMouseRatio < MouseRatioMin)
+                {
+                    _currentMouseRatio = MouseRatioMin;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (_currentMouseRatio > MouseRatioMin)
+            {
+                var clickRadius = _mouseClickSettings.Radius * _currentMouseRatio;
+
+                var curPos = MouseCursor.CursorPosition;
+
+                if (Transform != null)
+                    curPos = Transform(curPos);
+
+                var d = clickRadius * 2;
+                
+                var x = curPos.X - clickRadius;
+                var y = curPos.Y - clickRadius;
+
+                var color = GetClickCircleColor();
+
+                color = Color.FromArgb(ToByte(color.A * _currentMouseRatio), color);
+
+                Editor.FillEllipse(new SolidBrush(color), new RectangleF(x, y, d, d));
+
+                var border = _mouseClickSettings.BorderThickness * _currentMouseRatio;
+
+                if (border > 0)
+                {
+                    x -= border / 2f;
+                    y -= border / 2f;
+                    d += border;
+
+                    var borderColor = _mouseClickSettings.BorderColor;
+
+                    borderColor = Color.FromArgb(ToByte(borderColor.A * _currentMouseRatio), borderColor);
+
+                    Editor.DrawEllipse(new Pen(borderColor, border), new RectangleF(x, y, d, d));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Frees all resources used by this object.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _hook?.Dispose();
+
+            _textWriter?.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource keystrokeFont of type System.Drawing.Font, Leaked resource (output of System.Drawing.Pen::.ctor() at Line 299) of type System.Drawing.Pen, Leaked resource (output of System.Drawing.SolidBrush::.ctor() at Line 288) of type System.Drawing.SolidBrush, Leaked resource (output of System.Drawing.SolidBrush::.ctor() at Line 284) of type System.Drawing.SolidBrush in method "Void MouseKeyHook.DrawKeys(KeystrokesSettings,IBitmapEditor,String,Int32,Byte,Single)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MouseKeyHook.DrawKeys(KeystrokesSettings,IBitmapEditor,String,Int32,Byte,Single)
+
+### File:
+src/Captura.MouseKeyHook/MouseKeyHook.cs
+
+### Key:
+MouseKeyHook.cs|DrawKeys|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f41f9eadf35fbf11b790a7f3d9ddcaf3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1601/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1601/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f5e1154fe6ae63c773bfbf9e96111d16bd0dd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1601/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,932 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xsddiagram
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//    XSDDiagram - A XML Schema Definition file viewer
+//    Copyright (C) 2006-2011  Regis COSNIER
+//    
+//    The content of this file is subject to the terms of either
+//    the GNU Lesser General Public License only (LGPL) or
+//    the Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL).
+//    Please see LICENSE-LGPL.txt and LICENSE-MS-PL.txt files for details.
+//
+//    Authors:
+//      Regis Cosnier (Initial developer)
+//      Paul Selormey (Refactoring)
+
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace XSDDiagram.Rendering
+{
+	public sealed class Diagram
+    {
+        #region Private Fields
+
+        private bool _showBoundingBox;
+        private bool _showDocumentation;
+        private Size _size;
+		private Size _padding;
+        private float _scale;
+        private float _lastScale;
+
+        private Font _font;
+        private Font _fontScaled;
+        private Font _smallFont;
+        private Font _smallFontScaled;
+        private Font _documentationFont;
+        private Font _documentationFontScaled;
+
+        private Rectangle _boundingBox;
+		private DiagramAlignement _alignement;
+
+        private IDictionary<string, XSDObject> _elementsByName;
+        private List<DiagramItem> _rootElements;
+        private DiagramItem _selectedElement;
+
+        private XMLSchema.any _fakeAny;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Constructors and Destructor
+
+        public Diagram()
+        {
+            _scale = 1.0f;
+            _lastScale = 1.0f;
+            _size = new Size(100, 100);
+            _padding = new Size(10, 10);
+            _boundingBox = Rectangle.Empty;
+            _alignement = DiagramAlignement.Center;
+            _rootElements = new List<DiagramItem>();
+            _selectedElement = null;
+            _elementsByName = new Dictionary<string, XSDObject>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Properties
+
+        public Size Size { get { return _size; } set { _size = value; } }
+		public Size Padding { get { return _padding; } set { _padding = value; } }
+		public Rectangle BoundingBox { get { return _boundingBox; } }
+		public float Scale { get { return _scale; } set { _scale = value; } }
+		public DiagramAlignement Alignement { get { return _alignement; } set { _alignement = value; } }
+        public bool ShowBoundingBox { get { return _showBoundingBox; } set { _showBoundingBox = value; } }
+        public bool ShowDocumentation { get { return _showDocumentation; } set { _showDocumentation = value; } }
+
+        public Font Font { get { return _font; } set { _font = value; } }
+        public Font FontScaled { get { return _fontScaled; } set { _fontScaled = value; } }
+        public Font SmallFont { get { return _smallFont; } set { _smallFont = value; } }
+        public Font SmallFontScaled { get { return _smallFontScaled; } set { _smallFontScaled = value; } }
+        public Font DocumentationFont { get { return _documentationFont; } set { _documentationFont = value; } }
+        public Font DocumentationFontScaled { get { return _documentationFontScaled; } set { _documentationFontScaled = value; } }
+
+        public IDictionary<string, XSDObject> ElementsByName { get { return _elementsByName; } set { _elementsByName = value; } }
+		public List<DiagramItem> RootElements { get { return _rootElements; } }
+        public DiagramItem SelectedElement { get { return _selectedElement; } }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Events
+
+        public delegate void RequestAnyElementEventHandler(DiagramItem diagramElement, 
+            out XMLSchema.element element, out string nameSpace);
+
+		public event RequestAnyElementEventHandler RequestAnyElement;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Methods
+
+        public DiagramItem Add(XMLSchema.openAttrs childElement, string nameSpace)
+		{
+			if (childElement is XMLSchema.element)
+				return AddElement(childElement as XMLSchema.element, nameSpace);
+			else if (childElement is XMLSchema.group)
+				return AddCompositors(childElement as XMLSchema.group, nameSpace);
+			else if (childElement is XMLSchema.complexType)
+				return AddComplexType(childElement as XMLSchema.complexType, nameSpace);
+
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddElement(XMLSchema.element childElement, string nameSpace)
+		{
+			return AddElement(null, childElement, nameSpace);
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddElement(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, XMLSchema.element childElement, string nameSpace)
+		{
+			if (childElement != null)
+			{
+				DiagramItem childDiagramElement = new DiagramItem();
+
+				XMLSchema.element referenceElement = null;
+				if (childElement.@ref != null)
+				{
+					if (!childElement.@ref.IsEmpty)
+					{
+						childDiagramElement.IsReference = true;
+
+                        XSDObject objectReferred = null;
+                        if(_elementsByName.TryGetValue(childElement.@ref.Namespace + ":element:" + childElement.@ref.Name, out objectReferred) && objectReferred != null)
+						{
+							XMLSchema.element elementReferred = objectReferred.Tag as XMLSchema.element;
+							if (elementReferred != null)
+							{
+								referenceElement = childElement;
+								childElement = elementReferred;
+							}
+						}
+						else
+							childElement.name = childElement.@ref.Name;
+					}
+				}
+
+				childDiagramElement.Diagram = this;
+				childDiagramElement.TabSchema = childElement;
+                string type = childDiagramElement.GetTypeAnnotation();
+                childDiagramElement.Name = childElement.name != null ? childElement.name + " : " + type : "";
+				childDiagramElement.NameSpace = nameSpace;
+				childDiagramElement.ItemType = DiagramItemType.element;
+				int occurrence;
+				if (int.TryParse(referenceElement != null ? referenceElement.minOccurs : childElement.minOccurs, out occurrence))
+					childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = occurrence;
+				else
+					childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = -1;
+				//try { childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = int.Parse(referenceElement != null ? referenceElement.minOccurs : childElement.minOccurs); }
+				//catch { childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = -1; }
+				if (int.TryParse(referenceElement != null ? referenceElement.maxOccurs : childElement.maxOccurs, out occurrence))
+					childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = occurrence;
+				else
+					childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = -1;
+				//try { childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = int.Parse(referenceElement != null ? referenceElement.maxOccurs : childElement.maxOccurs); }
+				//catch { childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = -1; }
+
+				bool hasChildren;
+				bool isSimpleType;
+				GetChildrenInfo(childElement, out hasChildren, out isSimpleType);
+				childDiagramElement.HasChildElements = hasChildren;
+				childDiagramElement.IsSimpleContent = isSimpleType;
+
+                if (parentDiagramElement == null)
+                {
+                    _rootElements.Add(childDiagramElement);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    childDiagramElement.Parent = parentDiagramElement;
+                    parentDiagramElement.ChildElements.Add(childDiagramElement);
+                }
+
+				if (childElement.@abstract)
+				{
+					string abstractElementFullName = childDiagramElement.FullName;
+					foreach(XSDObject xsdObject in _elementsByName.Values)
+					{
+						if (xsdObject != null && xsdObject.Tag is XMLSchema.element)
+						{
+							XMLSchema.element element = xsdObject.Tag as XMLSchema.element;
+							if (element.substitutionGroup != null)
+							{
+								string elementFullName = element.substitutionGroup.Namespace + ":element:" + element.substitutionGroup.Name;
+								if (elementFullName == abstractElementFullName)
+								{
+									DiagramItem diagramBase = AddElement(parentDiagramElement, element, xsdObject.NameSpace);
+									if (diagramBase != null)
+										diagramBase.InheritFrom = childDiagramElement;
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				return childDiagramElement;
+			}
+
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddComplexType(XMLSchema.complexType childElement, 
+            string nameSpace)
+		{
+			return AddComplexType(null, childElement, false, nameSpace);
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddComplexType(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, 
+            XMLSchema.complexType childElement, string nameSpace)
+		{
+			return AddComplexType(parentDiagramElement, childElement, 
+                false, nameSpace);
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddComplexType(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, 
+            XMLSchema.complexType childElement, bool isReference, 
+            string nameSpace)
+		{
+			if (childElement != null)
+			{
+				DiagramItem childDiagramElement = new DiagramItem();
+				childDiagramElement.Diagram = this;
+				childDiagramElement.TabSchema = childElement;                
+
+                childDiagramElement.Name = childElement.name != null ? childElement.name : "";
+				childDiagramElement.NameSpace = nameSpace;
+				childDiagramElement.ItemType = DiagramItemType.type;
+				childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = 1;
+				childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = 1;
+				childDiagramElement.IsReference = isReference;
+				childDiagramElement.IsSimpleContent = false;
+				childDiagramElement.HasChildElements = false;
+
+				if (childElement.Items != null)
+				{
+					for (int i = 0; i < childElement.Items.Length; i++)
+					{
+						if (childElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.group ||
+							childElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.complexType ||
+							childElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.complexContent)
+						{
+							childDiagramElement.HasChildElements = true;
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (parentDiagramElement == null)
+					_rootElements.Add(childDiagramElement);
+				else
+				{
+					childDiagramElement.Parent = parentDiagramElement;
+					parentDiagramElement.ChildElements.Add(childDiagramElement);
+				}
+
+				return childDiagramElement;
+			}
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddAny(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, 
+            XMLSchema.any childElement, string nameSpace)
+		{
+            bool isDisabled = false;
+            if (childElement == null)
+            {
+                isDisabled = true;
+                if (_fakeAny == null)
+                {
+                    _fakeAny = new XMLSchema.any();
+                    _fakeAny.minOccurs = "0";
+                    _fakeAny.maxOccurs = "unbounded";
+                }
+                childElement = _fakeAny;
+            }
+			if (childElement != null)
+			{
+				DiagramItem childDiagramElement = new DiagramItem();
+                childDiagramElement.IsDisabled = isDisabled;
+				childDiagramElement.Diagram = this;
+				childDiagramElement.TabSchema = childElement;
+				childDiagramElement.Name = "any  " + childElement.@namespace;
+				childDiagramElement.NameSpace = nameSpace;
+				childDiagramElement.ItemType = DiagramItemType.group;  //DiagramBase.TypeEnum.element;
+				int occurrence;
+				if (int.TryParse(childElement.minOccurs, out occurrence))
+					childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = occurrence;
+				else
+					childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = -1;
+				//try { childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = int.Parse(childElement.minOccurs); }
+				//catch { childDiagramElement.MinOccurrence = -1; }
+				if (int.TryParse(childElement.maxOccurs, out occurrence))
+					childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = occurrence;
+				else
+					childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = -1;
+				//try { childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = int.Parse(childElement.maxOccurs); }
+				//catch { childDiagramElement.MaxOccurrence = -1; }
+
+				childDiagramElement.IsReference = false;
+				childDiagramElement.IsSimpleContent = false;
+				childDiagramElement.HasChildElements = false; // true;
+
+                if (parentDiagramElement == null)
+                {
+                    _rootElements.Add(childDiagramElement);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    childDiagramElement.Parent = parentDiagramElement;
+                    parentDiagramElement.ChildElements.Add(childDiagramElement);
+                }
+
+				return childDiagramElement;
+			}
+
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddCompositors(XMLSchema.group childElement, 
+            string nameSpace)
+		{
+			return AddCompositors(null, childElement, 
+                DiagramItemGroupType.Group, nameSpace);
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddCompositors(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, 
+            XMLSchema.group childElement, string nameSpace)
+		{
+			return AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, 
+                childElement, DiagramItemGroupType.Group, nameSpace);
+		}
+
+		public DiagramItem AddCompositors(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, 
+            XMLSchema.group childGroup, DiagramItemGroupType type, 
+            string nameSpace)
+		{
+			if (childGroup != null)
+			{
+				DiagramItem childDiagramGroup = new DiagramItem();
+				childDiagramGroup.ItemType = DiagramItemType.group;
+
+				XMLSchema.group referenceGroup = null;
+				if (childGroup.@ref != null)
+				{
+					childDiagramGroup.IsReference = true;
+					childDiagramGroup.Name = childGroup.@ref.Name != null ? childGroup.@ref.Name : "";
+					childDiagramGroup.NameSpace = childGroup.@ref.Namespace != null ? childGroup.@ref.Namespace : "";
+                    XSDObject grpObject = null;
+                    if (_elementsByName.TryGetValue(childDiagramGroup.FullName, out grpObject) && grpObject != null)
+                    {
+                        XMLSchema.group group = grpObject.Tag as XMLSchema.group;
+                        if (group != null)
+                        {
+                            referenceGroup = childGroup;
+                            childGroup = group;
+                        }
+                    }
+				}
+				else if (type == DiagramItemGroupType.Group)
+				{
+					childDiagramGroup.Name = childGroup.name != null ? childGroup.name : "";
+					childDiagramGroup.NameSpace = nameSpace;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					childDiagramGroup.NameSpace = nameSpace;
+				}
+
+				childDiagramGroup.Diagram = this;
+				childDiagramGroup.TabSchema = childGroup;
+				int occurrence;
+				if (int.TryParse(referenceGroup != null ? referenceGroup.minOccurs : childGroup.minOccurs, out occurrence))
+					childDiagramGroup.MinOccurrence = occurrence;
+				else
+					childDiagramGroup.MinOccurrence = -1;
+				//try { childDiagramGroup.MinOccurrence = int.Parse(childGroup.minOccurs); }
+				//catch { childDiagramGroup.MinOccurrence = -1; }
+				if (int.TryParse(referenceGroup != null ? referenceGroup.maxOccurs : childGroup.maxOccurs, out occurrence))
+					childDiagramGroup.MaxOccurrence = occurrence;
+				else
+					childDiagramGroup.MaxOccurrence = -1;
+				//try { childDiagramGroup.MaxOccurrence = int.Parse(childGroup.maxOccurs); }
+				//catch { childDiagramGroup.MaxOccurrence = -1; }
+				childDiagramGroup.HasChildElements = true;
+				childDiagramGroup.GroupType = type;
+
+				if (parentDiagramElement == null)
+					_rootElements.Add(childDiagramGroup);
+				else
+				{
+					childDiagramGroup.Parent = parentDiagramElement;
+					parentDiagramElement.ChildElements.Add(childDiagramGroup);
+				}
+
+				return childDiagramGroup;
+			}
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		public void Remove(DiagramItem element)
+		{
+			if (element.Parent == null)
+				_rootElements.Remove(element);
+			else
+			{
+				element.Parent.ChildElements.Remove(element);
+				if (element.Parent.ChildElements.Count == 0)
+					element.Parent.ShowChildElements = false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void RemoveAll()
+		{
+			_rootElements.Clear();
+		}
+
+		public void ExpandOneLevel()
+		{
+			foreach (DiagramItem item in _rootElements)
+			{
+                this.ExpandOneLevel(item);
+
+                if (item.HasChildElements && item.ChildElements.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    this.ExpandChildren(item);
+                }
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Clear()
+		{
+            _elementsByName.Clear();
+            _rootElements.Clear();
+            _selectedElement = null;
+        }
+
+        public void Layout(Graphics g)
+		{
+ 			string fontName = "Arial"; // "Verdana"; // "Arial";
+
+            if (_font == null)
+            {
+                _font = new Font(fontName, 10.0f, FontStyle.Bold, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
+                _smallFont = new Font(fontName, 9.0f, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
+                _documentationFont = new Font(fontName, 10.0f, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
+            }
+            if (_fontScaled == null || _lastScale != _scale)
+            {
+                //float fontScale = (float)Math.Pow(_scale, 2.0);
+                float fontScale = _scale;
+                if (_fontScaled != null) _fontScaled.Dispose();
+                _fontScaled = new Font(fontName, 10.0f * fontScale, FontStyle.Bold, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
+                if (_smallFontScaled != null) _smallFontScaled.Dispose();
+                _smallFontScaled = new Font(fontName, 9.0f * fontScale, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
+                if (_documentationFontScaled != null) _documentationFontScaled.Dispose();
+                _documentationFontScaled = new Font(fontName, 10.0f * fontScale, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
+                _lastScale = _scale;
+            }
+
+            foreach (DiagramItem element in _rootElements)
+				element.GenerateMeasure(g);
+
+			_boundingBox = new Rectangle(0, 0, 100, 0);
+
+			int currentY = _padding.Height;
+			foreach (DiagramItem element in _rootElements)
+			{
+				Rectangle elementBoundingBox = element.BoundingBox;
+				elementBoundingBox.X = _padding.Width;
+				elementBoundingBox.Y = currentY;
+				element.BoundingBox = elementBoundingBox;
+				element.GenerateLocation();
+				currentY += element.BoundingBox.Height;
+
+				_boundingBox = Rectangle.Union(_boundingBox, element.BoundingBox);
+			}
+        }
+
+        public void HitTest(Point point, out DiagramItem element, out DiagramHitTestRegion region)
+		{
+			element = null;
+			region = DiagramHitTestRegion.None;
+
+			foreach (DiagramItem childElement in _rootElements)
+			{
+				DiagramItem resultElement;
+				DiagramHitTestRegion resultRegion;
+				childElement.HitTest(point, out resultElement, out resultRegion);
+				if (resultRegion != DiagramHitTestRegion.None)
+				{
+					element = resultElement;
+					region = resultRegion;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int ScaleInt(int integer) 
+        { 
+            return (int)(integer * this.Scale); 
+        }
+		
+        public Point ScalePoint(Point point)
+		{
+			return new Point((int)Math.Round(point.X * this.Scale), 
+                (int)Math.Round(point.Y * this.Scale));
+		}
+		
+        public Size ScaleSize(Size point)
+		{
+			return new Size((int)Math.Round(point.Width * this.Scale), 
+                (int)Math.Round(point.Height * this.Scale));
+		}
+
+		public Rectangle ScaleRectangle(Rectangle rectangle)
+		{
+			return new Rectangle((int)Math.Round(rectangle.X * this.Scale), 
+                (int)Math.Round(rectangle.Y * this.Scale),
+				(int)Math.Round(rectangle.Width * this.Scale), 
+                (int)Math.Round(rectangle.Height * this.Scale));
+		}
+
+		public void ExpandChildren(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement)
+		{
+			if (parentDiagramElement.ItemType == DiagramItemType.element || parentDiagramElement.ItemType == DiagramItemType.type)
+			{
+				DiagramItem diagramElement = parentDiagramElement;
+				if (diagramElement.TabSchema is XMLSchema.element)
+				{
+					XMLSchema.element element = diagramElement.TabSchema as XMLSchema.element;
+
+					if (element.Item is XMLSchema.complexType)
+					{
+						XMLSchema.complexType complexTypeElement = element.Item as XMLSchema.complexType;
+						ExpandComplexType(diagramElement, complexTypeElement);
+					}
+					else if (element.type != null)
+					{
+                        XSDObject objectAnnotated = null;
+                        if(_elementsByName.TryGetValue(element.type.Namespace + ":type:" + element.type.Name, out objectAnnotated) && objectAnnotated != null)
+                        {
+                            XMLSchema.annotated annotated = objectAnnotated.Tag as XMLSchema.annotated;
+                            ExpandAnnotated(diagramElement, annotated, element.type.Namespace);
+                        }
+					}
+				}
+				else if (diagramElement.TabSchema is XMLSchema.any)
+				{
+					//XMLSchema.any any = diagramElement.TabSchema as XMLSchema.any;
+
+					if (RequestAnyElement != null)
+					{
+						XMLSchema.element requestElement;
+						string requestNameSpace;
+						RequestAnyElement(diagramElement, out requestElement, out requestNameSpace);
+						if(requestElement != null)
+						{
+							AddElement(diagramElement, requestElement, requestNameSpace);
+							diagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				else if (diagramElement.TabSchema is XMLSchema.complexType)
+				{
+					XMLSchema.complexType complexTypeElement = diagramElement.TabSchema as XMLSchema.complexType;
+					ExpandComplexType(diagramElement, complexTypeElement);
+				}
+			}
+			else if (parentDiagramElement.ItemType == DiagramItemType.group)
+			{
+				DiagramItem diagramCompositors = parentDiagramElement;
+				XMLSchema.group group = diagramCompositors.TabSchema as XMLSchema.group;
+
+                if (group.Items != null)
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < group.Items.Length; i++)
+                    {
+                        switch (group.ItemsElementName[i])
+                        {
+                            case XMLSchema.ItemsChoiceType2.element:
+                                if (group.Items[i] is XMLSchema.element)
+                                    AddElement(diagramCompositors, group.Items[i] as XMLSchema.element, diagramCompositors.NameSpace);
+                                break;
+                            case XMLSchema.ItemsChoiceType2.any:
+                                if (group.Items[i] is XMLSchema.any)
+                                    AddAny(diagramCompositors, group.Items[i] as XMLSchema.any, diagramCompositors.NameSpace);
+                                break;
+                            case XMLSchema.ItemsChoiceType2.group:
+                                if (group.Items[i] is XMLSchema.group)
+                                    AddCompositors(diagramCompositors, group.Items[i] as XMLSchema.group, DiagramItemGroupType.Group, diagramCompositors.NameSpace);
+                                break;
+                            case XMLSchema.ItemsChoiceType2.all:
+                                if (group.Items[i] is XMLSchema.group)
+                                    AddCompositors(diagramCompositors, group.Items[i] as XMLSchema.group, DiagramItemGroupType.All, diagramCompositors.NameSpace);
+                                break;
+                            case XMLSchema.ItemsChoiceType2.choice:
+                                if (group.Items[i] is XMLSchema.group)
+                                    AddCompositors(diagramCompositors, group.Items[i] as XMLSchema.group, DiagramItemGroupType.Choice, diagramCompositors.NameSpace);
+                                break;
+                            case XMLSchema.ItemsChoiceType2.sequence:
+                                if (group.Items[i] is XMLSchema.group)
+                                    AddCompositors(diagramCompositors, group.Items[i] as XMLSchema.group, DiagramItemGroupType.Sequence, diagramCompositors.NameSpace);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    AddAny(diagramCompositors, null, diagramCompositors.NameSpace);
+                }
+			}
+        }
+
+        public void SelectElement(DiagramItem element)
+        {
+            if(_selectedElement != null)
+                _selectedElement.IsSelected = false;
+            if (element != null)
+            {
+                _selectedElement = element;
+                element.IsSelected = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Private Methods
+
+        private void GetChildrenInfo(XMLSchema.complexType complexTypeElement, 
+            out bool hasChildren, out bool isSimpleType)
+		{
+			bool hasSimpleContent = false;
+			if (complexTypeElement.Items != null)
+			{
+				for (int i = 0; i < complexTypeElement.Items.Length; i++)
+				{
+					if (complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.group ||
+						complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.complexType ||
+						complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.complexContent)
+					{
+						hasChildren = true;
+						isSimpleType = complexTypeElement.mixed;
+						if (complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.complexContent)
+						{
+                            //hasChildren = false;
+							XMLSchema.complexContent complexContent = complexTypeElement.Items[i] as XMLSchema.complexContent;
+							if (complexContent.Item is XMLSchema.extensionType)
+							{
+                                hasChildren = false;
+								XMLSchema.extensionType extensionType = complexContent.Item as XMLSchema.extensionType;
+								if (extensionType.all != null || extensionType.group != null || extensionType.choice != null || extensionType.sequence != null)
+									hasChildren = true;
+								else if (extensionType.@base != null)
+								{
+                                    XSDObject xsdObject = null;
+                                    if(_elementsByName.TryGetValue(extensionType.@base.Namespace + ":type:" + extensionType.@base.Name, out xsdObject) && xsdObject != null)
+									{
+                                        XMLSchema.complexType baseComplexType = xsdObject.Tag as XMLSchema.complexType;
+										if (baseComplexType != null)
+                                            GetChildrenInfo(baseComplexType, out hasChildren, out isSimpleType);
+									}
+								}
+							}
+                            //else if (complexContent.Item is XMLSchema.complexRestrictionType)
+                            //{
+                            //    XMLSchema.complexRestrictionType complexRestrictionType = complexContent.Item as XMLSchema.complexRestrictionType;
+
+                            //}
+						}
+						return;
+					}
+					else if (complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.simpleContent)
+					{
+						hasSimpleContent = true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			hasChildren = false;
+			isSimpleType = (hasSimpleContent ? true : complexTypeElement.mixed);
+		}
+
+		private void GetChildrenInfo(XMLSchema.element childElement, 
+            out bool hasChildren, out bool isSimpleType)
+		{
+			if (childElement.Item is XMLSchema.complexType)
+			{
+				XMLSchema.complexType complexTypeElement = childElement.Item as XMLSchema.complexType;
+				GetChildrenInfo(complexTypeElement, out hasChildren, out isSimpleType);
+				return;
+				//if (complexTypeElement.Items != null)
+				//{
+				//    for (int i = 0; i < complexTypeElement.Items.Length; i++)
+				//    {
+				//        if (complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.group ||
+				//            complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.complexType ||
+				//            complexTypeElement.Items[i] is XMLSchema.complexContent)
+				//        {
+				//            return true;
+				//        }
+				//    }
+				//}
+			}
+			else if (childElement.type != null)
+			{
+                XSDObject xsdObject = null;
+                if(_elementsByName.TryGetValue(childElement.type.Namespace + ":type:" + childElement.type.Name, out xsdObject) && xsdObject != null)
+				//if (_elementsByName.ContainsKey(childElement.type.Namespace + ":type:" + childElement.type.Name))
+				{
+                    XMLSchema.annotated annotated = xsdObject.Tag as XMLSchema.annotated;
+					if (annotated is XMLSchema.simpleType)
+					{
+						hasChildren = false;
+						isSimpleType = true;
+					}
+					else
+						GetChildrenInfo(annotated as XMLSchema.complexType, out hasChildren, out isSimpleType);
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			hasChildren = false;
+			isSimpleType = true;
+		}
+
+		private void ExpandAnnotated(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, 
+            XMLSchema.annotated annotated, string nameSpace)
+		{
+			if (annotated is XMLSchema.element)
+			{
+				AddElement(parentDiagramElement, annotated as XMLSchema.element, nameSpace);
+				parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+			}
+			else if (annotated is XMLSchema.group)
+			{
+				AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, annotated as XMLSchema.group, nameSpace);
+				parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+			}
+			else if (annotated is XMLSchema.complexType)
+			{
+				ExpandComplexType(parentDiagramElement, annotated as XMLSchema.complexType);
+				parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void ExpandComplexType(DiagramItem parentDiagramElement, 
+            XMLSchema.complexType complexTypeElement)
+		{
+			if (complexTypeElement.Items != null)
+			{
+                XMLSchema.annotated[] items = complexTypeElement.Items;
+                XMLSchema.ItemsChoiceType4[] itemsChoiceType = complexTypeElement.ItemsElementName;
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < items.Length; i++)
+				{
+					if (items[i] is XMLSchema.group)
+					{
+						XMLSchema.group group = items[i] as XMLSchema.group;
+                        DiagramItem diagramCompositors = AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, 
+                            group, (DiagramItemGroupType)Enum.Parse(typeof(DiagramItemGroupType), itemsChoiceType[i].ToString(), true), parentDiagramElement.NameSpace);
+						parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+						if (diagramCompositors != null)
+							ExpandChildren(diagramCompositors);
+					}
+					else if (items[i] is XMLSchema.complexContent)
+					{
+						XMLSchema.complexContent complexContent = items[i] as XMLSchema.complexContent;
+						if (complexContent.Item is XMLSchema.extensionType)
+						{
+							XMLSchema.extensionType extensionType = complexContent.Item as XMLSchema.extensionType;
+
+							XSDObject xsdObject = null;
+                            if(_elementsByName.TryGetValue(extensionType.@base.Namespace + ":type:" + extensionType.@base.Name, out xsdObject) && xsdObject != null)
+							{
+								XMLSchema.annotated annotated = xsdObject.Tag as XMLSchema.annotated;
+								ExpandAnnotated(parentDiagramElement, annotated, extensionType.@base.Namespace);
+							}
+
+							XMLSchema.group group = extensionType.group as XMLSchema.group;
+							if (group != null)
+							{
+								DiagramItem diagramCompositors = AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, group, DiagramItemGroupType.Group, extensionType.@base.Namespace);
+								parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+								if (diagramCompositors != null)
+									ExpandChildren(diagramCompositors);
+							}
+
+							XMLSchema.group groupSequence = extensionType.sequence as XMLSchema.group;
+							if (groupSequence != null)
+							{
+								DiagramItem diagramCompositors = AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, groupSequence, DiagramItemGroupType.Sequence, extensionType.@base.Namespace);
+								parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+								if (diagramCompositors != null)
+									ExpandChildren(diagramCompositors);
+							}
+
+							XMLSchema.group groupChoice = extensionType.choice as XMLSchema.group;
+							if (groupChoice != null)
+							{
+								DiagramItem diagramCompositors = AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, groupChoice, DiagramItemGroupType.Choice, extensionType.@base.Namespace);
+								parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+								if (diagramCompositors != null)
+									ExpandChildren(diagramCompositors);
+							}
+
+                            XMLSchema.group groupAll = extensionType.all as XMLSchema.group;
+                            if (groupAll != null)
+                            {
+                                DiagramItem diagramCompositors = AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, groupAll, DiagramItemGroupType.All, extensionType.@base.Namespace);
+                                parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+                                if (diagramCompositors != null)
+                                    ExpandChildren(diagramCompositors);
+                            }
+                        }
+						else if (complexContent.Item is XMLSchema.restrictionType)
+						{
+							XMLSchema.restrictionType restrictionType = complexContent.Item as XMLSchema.restrictionType;
+							XSDObject xsdObject = null;
+                            if(_elementsByName.TryGetValue(restrictionType.@base.Namespace + ":type:" + restrictionType.@base.Name, out xsdObject) && xsdObject != null)
+                            {
+                                XMLSchema.annotated annotated = xsdObject.Tag as XMLSchema.annotated;
+                                ExpandAnnotated(parentDiagramElement, annotated, restrictionType.@base.Namespace);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                //dgis fix github issue 2
+                                if(restrictionType.Items != null)
+                                {
+                                    //for (int j = 0; j < items.Length; j++)
+                                    for (int j = 0; j < restrictionType.Items.Length; j++)
+                                    {
+                                        if (restrictionType.Items[j] is XMLSchema.group)
+                                        {
+                                            XMLSchema.group group = restrictionType.Items[j] as XMLSchema.group;
+                                            DiagramItem diagramCompositors = AddCompositors(parentDiagramElement, group,
+                                                (DiagramItemGroupType)Enum.Parse(typeof(DiagramItemGroupType), restrictionType.ItemsElementName[j].ToString(), true), parentDiagramElement.NameSpace);
+                                            parentDiagramElement.ShowChildElements = true;
+                                            if (diagramCompositors != null)
+                                                ExpandChildren(diagramCompositors);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+        private void ExpandOneLevel(DiagramItem parentItem)
+        {
+            foreach (DiagramItem item in parentItem.ChildElements)
+            {
+                this.ExpandOneLevel(item);
+
+                if (item.HasChildElements && item.ChildElements.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    this.ExpandChildren(item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `element` last assigned on line 187 could be null and is dereferenced at line 188, column 8.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+DiagramItem Diagram.AddElement(DiagramItem,element,String)
+
+### File:
+XSDDiagrams/Rendering/Diagram.cs
+
+### Key:
+Diagram.cs|AddElement|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fe39f4fcf4c0d03de2f7c75431fac8f5
+
+### Hash:
+78aca5f2d84a1118b5f4eeba90b2e453
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1606/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1606/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40285c21fa27edebfc400db9360324bffd7fc770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1606/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// IPNetworkUnitTest test every single method
+    /// </summary>
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkUnitTest {
+
+        #region Parse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(ip, ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse("", 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse(null, 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(n, n);
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", 33);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "10.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "10.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "10.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "10.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "10.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "172.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "172.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "172.0.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "172.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "172.0.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            uint usable = 65534;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "192.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.0.0.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.0.0.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "224.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "240.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, ip, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(null, 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(n, n, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE6() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10"), null, out ipnet);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE7() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", null, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", 33, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp2() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToCidrANE() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(null);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrANE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(null, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual((byte)0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE2() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"), out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr32() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte result = 32;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr24() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte result = 24;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr16() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte result = 16;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr8() {
+
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 8;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr0() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(null);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE2() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte2() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(32, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 4294967295;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte3() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(null, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(ip, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE2() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, result, "result");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = null;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask32() {
+
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 31;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.254";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 30;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.252";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask29() {
+
+            byte cidr = 29;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.248";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "128.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 33;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = null;
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.1");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet32() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint bits = 32;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet24() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint bits = 24;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint bits = 16;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("128.128.128.128");
+            uint bits = 4;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10.0/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.100");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.128/25");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2b() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.1.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress1 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.2.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress3 = IPAddress.Parse("10.1.2.3");
+            IPAddress ipaddress4 = IPAddress.Parse("10.4.5.6");
+
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress1);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress3);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress1, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress3, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress4, contains4);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork iana_a_block = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_b_block = IPNetwork.IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_c_block = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_a_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_b_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_c_block);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Example5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[]{ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2});
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+            
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.168.200");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.200");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+        public void Example9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.254");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Supernet(network, network2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IANA blocks
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA1() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.66.66");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA2() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA3() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("172.17.10.10");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.66.66/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10/18");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.31.10.10/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA7() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA9() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("1.2.3.4");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.16.0.0/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA11() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            string expected = "192.0.0.0/8";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/9");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/9";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/10");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/10";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/11");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/11";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/12");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/12";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/13");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/13";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/14");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/14";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/15");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/15";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/16");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/16";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.255/32", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4294967296, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", subnets[4294967295].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Supernet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork result = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 })[0];
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SupernetArray
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/22") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], expected[0], "suppernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray1()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray2()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = null;
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = null;
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(65536, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/8");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(16777216, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.0.0.0/8") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8")
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("11.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.6.6.6/8"),
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/7"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Equals
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            object network2 = "";
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet1() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.0";
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet2() {
+
+            string start = null;
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet3() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = null;
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet4() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = "192.168.168.0";
+
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet7() {
+
+            string start = "0.0.0.0";
+            string end = "0.255.255.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet8() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/5");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet9()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0/24";
+            string end = "200.16.3.0/24";
+            var firt = IPNetwork.Parse(start).FirstUsable.ToString();
+            var last = IPNetwork.Parse(end).LastUsable.ToString();
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(firt, last);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet10()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0";
+            string end = "200.16.3.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid1() {
+
+            string start = "invalid";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid2() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "invalid";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrA() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("10.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrB() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("172.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrC() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("192.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrD() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("224.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrE() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("240.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region GetHashCode
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Print
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Print() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn).Replace("\r", "");
+            string expected = @"IPNetwork   : 0.0.0.0/0
+Network     : 0.0.0.0
+Netmask     : 0.0.0.0
+Cidr        : 0
+Broadcast   : 255.255.255.255
+FirstUsable : 0.0.0.1
+LastUsable  : 255.255.255.254
+Usable      : 4294967294
+".Replace("\r", "");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, print, "Print");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void PrintNull() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = null;
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Sort
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach(string ip in ips) {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2.2.2.2/32", ipns[2].ToString(), "2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", ipns[3].ToString(), "3");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.100/32", "0.0.0.0/24" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/24", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.100/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryWideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet3() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet4() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "1.1.1.1", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(null, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(null);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull2() {
+
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "e", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /**
+         * 
+        #region TrySubstractNetwork
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "178.82.0.0/16" };
+            string substract = "178.82.131.209/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.0/0" };
+            string substract = "1.1.1.1/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+        **/
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            var total = 4294967296;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            uint usable = 254;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            uint usable = 65534;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr3() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet4()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet4()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkUnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkUnitTest.cs|TestSubnet4|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+076264a6234da98f615c7de35fd7c164
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1608/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1608/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d19224cfe3c55acf131f0561b8cb9072874a6c0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1608/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// IPNetworkUnitTest test every single method
+    /// </summary>
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkUnitTest {
+
+        #region Parse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(ip, ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse("", 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse(null, 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(n, n);
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", 33);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "10.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "10.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "10.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "10.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "10.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "172.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "172.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "172.0.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "172.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "172.0.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            uint usable = 65534;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "192.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.0.0.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.0.0.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "224.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "240.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, ip, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(null, 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(n, n, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE6() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10"), null, out ipnet);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE7() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", null, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", 33, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp2() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToCidrANE() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(null);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrANE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(null, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual((byte)0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE2() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"), out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr32() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte result = 32;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr24() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte result = 24;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr16() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte result = 16;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr8() {
+
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 8;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr0() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(null);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE2() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte2() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(32, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 4294967295;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte3() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(null, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(ip, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE2() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, result, "result");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = null;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask32() {
+
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 31;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.254";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 30;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.252";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask29() {
+
+            byte cidr = 29;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.248";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "128.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 33;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = null;
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.1");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet32() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint bits = 32;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet24() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint bits = 24;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint bits = 16;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("128.128.128.128");
+            uint bits = 4;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10.0/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.100");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.128/25");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2b() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.1.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress1 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.2.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress3 = IPAddress.Parse("10.1.2.3");
+            IPAddress ipaddress4 = IPAddress.Parse("10.4.5.6");
+
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress1);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress3);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress1, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress3, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress4, contains4);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork iana_a_block = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_b_block = IPNetwork.IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_c_block = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_a_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_b_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_c_block);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Example5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[]{ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2});
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+            
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.168.200");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.200");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+        public void Example9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.254");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Supernet(network, network2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IANA blocks
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA1() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.66.66");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA2() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA3() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("172.17.10.10");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.66.66/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10/18");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.31.10.10/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA7() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA9() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("1.2.3.4");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.16.0.0/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA11() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            string expected = "192.0.0.0/8";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/9");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/9";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/10");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/10";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/11");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/11";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/12");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/12";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/13");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/13";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/14");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/14";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/15");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/15";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/16");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/16";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.255/32", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4294967296, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", subnets[4294967295].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Supernet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork result = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 })[0];
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SupernetArray
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/22") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], expected[0], "suppernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray1()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray2()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = null;
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = null;
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(65536, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/8");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(16777216, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.0.0.0/8") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8")
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("11.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.6.6.6/8"),
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/7"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Equals
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            object network2 = "";
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet1() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.0";
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet2() {
+
+            string start = null;
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet3() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = null;
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet4() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = "192.168.168.0";
+
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet7() {
+
+            string start = "0.0.0.0";
+            string end = "0.255.255.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet8() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/5");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet9()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0/24";
+            string end = "200.16.3.0/24";
+            var firt = IPNetwork.Parse(start).FirstUsable.ToString();
+            var last = IPNetwork.Parse(end).LastUsable.ToString();
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(firt, last);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet10()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0";
+            string end = "200.16.3.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid1() {
+
+            string start = "invalid";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid2() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "invalid";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrA() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("10.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrB() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("172.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrC() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("192.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrD() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("224.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrE() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("240.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region GetHashCode
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Print
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Print() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn).Replace("\r", "");
+            string expected = @"IPNetwork   : 0.0.0.0/0
+Network     : 0.0.0.0
+Netmask     : 0.0.0.0
+Cidr        : 0
+Broadcast   : 255.255.255.255
+FirstUsable : 0.0.0.1
+LastUsable  : 255.255.255.254
+Usable      : 4294967294
+".Replace("\r", "");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, print, "Print");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void PrintNull() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = null;
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Sort
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach(string ip in ips) {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2.2.2.2/32", ipns[2].ToString(), "2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", ipns[3].ToString(), "3");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.100/32", "0.0.0.0/24" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/24", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.100/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryWideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet3() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet4() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "1.1.1.1", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(null, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(null);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull2() {
+
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "e", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /**
+         * 
+        #region TrySubstractNetwork
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "178.82.0.0/16" };
+            string substract = "178.82.131.209/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.0/0" };
+            string substract = "1.1.1.1/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+        **/
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            var total = 4294967296;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            uint usable = 254;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            uint usable = 65534;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr3() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet6()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet6()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkUnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkUnitTest.cs|TestSubnet6|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a575d532e18ca7723ad4e0e3054d0afe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1609/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1609/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a79b90d96cfa403e907400645c4fc50276b4e8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1609/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet7()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet7()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|TestSubnet7|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+64b5a47b7dfbb17fee4e1e7fd6624ba6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1612/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1612/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2ea75b384dac69b8b2a672ef8c43ea1a88dd980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1612/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`ips` could be null (from the call to `IPNetwork.Subnet(...)` on line 1788) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.Example8()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|Example8|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+bfde579692cc38ab2987315154f674d7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1623/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1623/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6bf6e34a0ef7401721cf734347a42e81f4dbe68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1623/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subneted of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.Example4()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.Example4()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|Example4|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b75b72175939c851c3392d4ae95169fe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1624/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1624/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8da346f3e485e95336255efab98bc534afcfb66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1624/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`subnets` could be null (from the call to `IPNetwork.Subnet(...)` on line 1877) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet5()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|TestSubnet5|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+c9b1bddb6b0f19f1ab6db49a269f3031
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1636/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1636/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b59ec622994c54cdcfed97a2da79fb3b6ff85a0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1636/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// IPNetworkUnitTest test every single method
+    /// </summary>
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkUnitTest {
+
+        #region Parse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(ip, ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse("", 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse(null, 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(n, n);
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", 33);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "10.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "10.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "10.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "10.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "10.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "172.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "172.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "172.0.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "172.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "172.0.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            uint usable = 65534;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "192.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.0.0.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.0.0.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "224.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "240.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, ip, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(null, 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(n, n, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE6() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10"), null, out ipnet);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE7() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", null, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", 33, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp2() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToCidrANE() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(null);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrANE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(null, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual((byte)0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE2() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"), out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr32() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte result = 32;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr24() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte result = 24;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr16() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte result = 16;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr8() {
+
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 8;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr0() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(null);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE2() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte2() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(32, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 4294967295;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte3() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(null, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(ip, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE2() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, result, "result");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = null;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask32() {
+
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 31;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.254";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 30;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.252";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask29() {
+
+            byte cidr = 29;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.248";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "128.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 33;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = null;
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.1");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet32() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint bits = 32;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet24() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint bits = 24;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint bits = 16;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("128.128.128.128");
+            uint bits = 4;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10.0/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.100");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.128/25");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2b() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.1.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress1 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.2.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress3 = IPAddress.Parse("10.1.2.3");
+            IPAddress ipaddress4 = IPAddress.Parse("10.4.5.6");
+
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress1);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress3);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress1, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress3, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress4, contains4);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork iana_a_block = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_b_block = IPNetwork.IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_c_block = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_a_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_b_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_c_block);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Example5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[]{ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2});
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+            
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.168.200");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.200");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+        public void Example9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.254");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Supernet(network, network2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IANA blocks
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA1() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.66.66");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA2() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA3() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("172.17.10.10");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.66.66/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10/18");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.31.10.10/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA7() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA9() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("1.2.3.4");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.16.0.0/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA11() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            string expected = "192.0.0.0/8";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/9");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/9";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/10");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/10";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/11");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/11";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/12");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/12";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/13");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/13";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/14");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/14";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/15");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/15";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/16");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/16";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.255/32", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4294967296, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", subnets[4294967295].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Supernet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork result = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 })[0];
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SupernetArray
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/22") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], expected[0], "suppernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray1()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray2()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = null;
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = null;
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(65536, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/8");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(16777216, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.0.0.0/8") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8")
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("11.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.6.6.6/8"),
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/7"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Equals
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            object network2 = "";
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet1() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.0";
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet2() {
+
+            string start = null;
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet3() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = null;
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet4() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = "192.168.168.0";
+
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet7() {
+
+            string start = "0.0.0.0";
+            string end = "0.255.255.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet8() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/5");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet9()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0/24";
+            string end = "200.16.3.0/24";
+            var firt = IPNetwork.Parse(start).FirstUsable.ToString();
+            var last = IPNetwork.Parse(end).LastUsable.ToString();
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(firt, last);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet10()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0";
+            string end = "200.16.3.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid1() {
+
+            string start = "invalid";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid2() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "invalid";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrA() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("10.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrB() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("172.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrC() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("192.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrD() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("224.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrE() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("240.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region GetHashCode
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Print
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Print() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn).Replace("\r", "");
+            string expected = @"IPNetwork   : 0.0.0.0/0
+Network     : 0.0.0.0
+Netmask     : 0.0.0.0
+Cidr        : 0
+Broadcast   : 255.255.255.255
+FirstUsable : 0.0.0.1
+LastUsable  : 255.255.255.254
+Usable      : 4294967294
+".Replace("\r", "");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, print, "Print");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void PrintNull() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = null;
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Sort
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach(string ip in ips) {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2.2.2.2/32", ipns[2].ToString(), "2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", ipns[3].ToString(), "3");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.100/32", "0.0.0.0/24" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/24", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.100/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryWideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet3() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet4() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "1.1.1.1", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(null, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(null);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull2() {
+
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "e", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /**
+         * 
+        #region TrySubstractNetwork
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "178.82.0.0/16" };
+            string substract = "178.82.131.209/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.0/0" };
+            string substract = "1.1.1.1/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+        **/
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            var total = 4294967296;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            uint usable = 254;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            uint usable = 65534;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr3() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`subnets` could be null (from the call to `IPNetwork.Subnet(...)` on line 1963) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet9()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkUnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkUnitTest.cs|TestSubnet9|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+5aee93c234a110a24c04174e87ebaa57
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1637/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1637/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cebf1687c15e277ae55140741269a069d0384481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1637/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`subnets` could be null (from the call to `IPNetwork.Subnet(...)` on line 1978) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet13()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|TestSubnet13|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+b094124dc53a145f0716dd7c6495af42
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1639/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1639/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bdca99ae0d5ef590d1163368d2393b3e38363fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1639/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`subnets` could be null (from the call to `IPNetwork.Subnet(...)` on line 1933) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet9()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|TestSubnet9|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+a1f604e9e04d5a9a17e3fc7b340d899e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1652/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1652/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bf0260a59f9c9d58c4e3dbc650ccbd7974d5fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1652/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** WebApi.Hal
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Assent;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using WebApi.Hal.Tests.HypermediaAppenders;
+using WebApi.Hal.Tests.Representations;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace WebApi.Hal.Tests
+{
+    public class ResolvingHalResourceTest
+    {
+        readonly ProductRepresentation representation;
+
+        public ResolvingHalResourceTest()
+        {
+            //
+            // Create representation
+
+            representation = new ProductRepresentation
+            {
+                Id = 9,
+                Title = "Morpheus in a chair statuette",
+                Price = 20.14,
+                Category = new CategoryRepresentation
+                {
+                    Id = 99,
+                    Title = "Action Figures"
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ProperlySerializesRepresentationToJson()
+        {
+			// arrange
+			var example = new CuriesLink("example-namespace", "http://api.example.com/docs/{rel}");
+			var productLink = example.CreateLink("product", "http://api.example.com/products/{id}");
+			var relatedProductLink = example.CreateLink("related-product", productLink.Href);
+			var saleProductLink = example.CreateLink("product-on-sale", "http://api.example.com/products/sale/{id}");
+			var categoryLink = example.CreateLink("category", "http://api.example.com/categories/{id}");
+
+			var builder = Hypermedia.CreateBuilder();
+
+			builder.RegisterAppender(new ProductRepresentationHypermediaAppender());
+			builder.RegisterAppender(new CategoryRepresentationHypermediaAppender());
+
+			builder.RegisterSelf<ProductRepresentation>(productLink);
+			builder.RegisterSelf<CategoryRepresentation>(categoryLink);
+			builder.RegisterLinks<ProductRepresentation>(relatedProductLink, saleProductLink);
+
+			var config = builder.Build();
+            var mediaFormatter = new JsonHalMediaTypeOutputFormatter(
+                new JsonSerializerSettings(), ArrayPool<char>.Shared);
+            var content = new StringContent(string.Empty);
+            var type = representation.GetType();
+
+            // act
+            using (var stream = new StringWriter())
+            {
+                mediaFormatter.WriteObject(stream, representation);
+
+                string serialisedResult = stream.ToString();
+
+                // assert
+                this.Assent(serialisedResult);
+            }
+        }
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void ProperlySerializesRepresentationWithoutLinksToJson()
+		{
+			// arrange
+			var builder = Hypermedia.CreateBuilder();
+			var config = builder.Build();
+            var mediaFormatter = new JsonHalMediaTypeOutputFormatter(
+                new JsonSerializerSettings { Formatting = Formatting.Indented }, ArrayPool<char>.Shared);
+
+            var content = new StringContent(string.Empty);
+			var type = representation.GetType();
+
+            // act
+            using (var stream = new StringWriter())
+            {
+                mediaFormatter.WriteObject(stream, representation);
+
+                string serialisedResult = stream.ToString();
+
+                // assert
+                this.Assent(serialisedResult);
+            }
+        }
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource content of type System.Net.Http.StringContent in method "Void ResolvingHalResourceTest.ProperlySerializesRepresentationWithoutLinksToJson()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ResolvingHalResourceTest.ProperlySerializesRepresentationWithoutLinksToJson()
+
+### File:
+WebApi.Hal.Tests/ResolvingHalResourceTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ResolvingHalResourceTest.cs|ProperlySerializesRepresentationWithoutLinksToJson|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+dcaae309e8b7bfa254bb095416b315e5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1663/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1663/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df602ba89034d2d2223e9c5fc3446d53868ea6ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1663/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TrueCraft
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using TrueCraft.API.Server;
+using TrueCraft.API.Networking;
+using TrueCraft.Core.Networking;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using TrueCraft.API.World;
+using TrueCraft.API.Logging;
+using TrueCraft.Core.Networking.Packets;
+using TrueCraft.API;
+using TrueCraft.Core.Logging;
+using TrueCraft.API.Logic;
+using TrueCraft.Exceptions;
+
+namespace TrueCraft
+{
+    public class MultiplayerServer : IMultiplayerServer
+    {
+        public event EventHandler<ChatMessageEventArgs> ChatMessageReceived;
+        public event EventHandler<PlayerJoinedEventArgs> PlayerJoined;
+
+        public IPacketReader PacketReader { get; private set; }
+        public IList<IRemoteClient> Clients { get; private set; }
+        public IList<IWorld> Worlds { get; private set; }
+        public IList<IEntityManager> EntityManagers { get; private set; }
+        public IEventScheduler Scheduler { get; private set; }
+        public IBlockRepository BlockRepository { get; private set; }
+        public IItemRepository ItemRepository { get; private set; }
+
+        private Timer EnvironmentWorker;
+        private Thread NetworkWorker;
+        private TcpListener Listener;
+        private readonly PacketHandler[] PacketHandlers;
+        private IList<ILogProvider> LogProviders;
+
+        public MultiplayerServer()
+        {
+            var reader = new PacketReader();
+            PacketReader = reader;
+            Clients = new List<IRemoteClient>();
+            NetworkWorker = new Thread(new ThreadStart(DoNetwork));
+            EnvironmentWorker = new Timer(DoEnvironment);
+            PacketHandlers = new PacketHandler[0x100];
+            Worlds = new List<IWorld>();
+            EntityManagers = new List<IEntityManager>();
+            LogProviders = new List<ILogProvider>();
+            Scheduler = new EventScheduler(this);
+            var blockRepository = new BlockRepository();
+            blockRepository.DiscoverBlockProviders();
+            BlockRepository = blockRepository;
+            var itemRepository = new ItemRepository();
+            itemRepository.DiscoverItemProviders();
+            ItemRepository = itemRepository;
+
+            reader.RegisterCorePackets();
+            Handlers.PacketHandlers.RegisterHandlers(this);
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterPacketHandler(byte packetId, PacketHandler handler)
+        {
+            PacketHandlers[packetId] = handler;
+        }
+
+        public void Start(IPEndPoint endPoint)
+        {
+            Listener = new TcpListener(endPoint);
+            Listener.Start();
+            Listener.BeginAcceptTcpClient(AcceptClient, null);
+            Log(LogCategory.Notice, "Running TrueCraft server on {0}", endPoint);
+            NetworkWorker.Start();
+            EnvironmentWorker.Change(100, 1000 / 20);
+        }
+
+        public void AddWorld(IWorld world)
+        {
+            Worlds.Add(world);
+            world.BlockChanged += HandleBlockChanged;
+            var manager = new EntityManager(this, world);
+            EntityManagers.Add(manager);
+        }
+
+        void HandleBlockChanged(object sender, BlockChangeEventArgs e)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0, ClientsCount = Clients.Count; i < ClientsCount; i++)
+            {
+                var client = (RemoteClient)Clients[i];
+                // TODO: Confirm that the client knows of this block
+                if (client.LoggedIn && client.World == sender)
+                {
+                    client.QueuePacket(new BlockChangePacket(e.Position.X, (sbyte)e.Position.Y, e.Position.Z,
+                        (sbyte)e.NewBlock.ID, (sbyte)e.NewBlock.Metadata));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddLogProvider(ILogProvider provider)
+        {
+            LogProviders.Add(provider);
+        }
+
+        public void Log(LogCategory category, string text, params object[] parameters)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0, LogProvidersCount = LogProviders.Count; i < LogProvidersCount; i++)
+            {
+                var provider = LogProviders[i];
+                provider.Log(category, text, parameters);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IEntityManager GetEntityManagerForWorld(IWorld world)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < EntityManagers.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var manager = EntityManagers[i] as EntityManager;
+                if (manager.World == world)
+                    return manager;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void SendMessage(string message, params object[] parameters)
+        {
+            var compiled = string.Format(message, parameters);
+            foreach (var client in Clients)
+                client.SendMessage(compiled);
+            Log(LogCategory.Notice, compiled);
+        }
+
+        protected internal void OnChatMessageReceived(ChatMessageEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (ChatMessageReceived != null)
+                ChatMessageReceived(this, e);
+        }
+
+        protected internal void OnPlayerJoined(PlayerJoinedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (PlayerJoined != null)
+                PlayerJoined(this, e);
+        }
+
+        private void LogPacket(IPacket packet, bool clientToServer)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0, LogProvidersCount = LogProviders.Count; i < LogProvidersCount; i++)
+            {
+                var provider = LogProviders[i];
+                packet.Log(provider, clientToServer);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void DisconnectClient(IRemoteClient _client)
+        {
+            var client = (RemoteClient)_client;
+            if (client.LoggedIn)
+            {
+                SendMessage(ChatColor.Yellow + "{0} has left the server.", client.Username);
+                GetEntityManagerForWorld(client.World).DespawnEntity(client.Entity);
+                client.Disconnected = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void AcceptClient(IAsyncResult result)
+        {
+            var tcpClient = Listener.EndAcceptTcpClient(result);
+            var client = new RemoteClient(this, tcpClient.GetStream());
+            Clients.Add(client);
+            Listener.BeginAcceptTcpClient(AcceptClient, null);
+        }
+
+        private void DoEnvironment(object discarded)
+        {
+            Scheduler.Update();
+            foreach (var manager in EntityManagers)
+            {
+                manager.Update();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void DoNetwork()
+        {
+            while (true)
+            {
+                bool idle = true;
+                for (int i = 0; i < Clients.Count && i >= 0; i++)
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine("Running update " + DateTime.Now);
+                    var client = Clients[i] as RemoteClient;
+                    var sendTimeout = DateTime.Now.AddMilliseconds(50);
+                    while (client.PacketQueue.Count != 0 && DateTime.Now < sendTimeout)
+                    {
+                        idle = false;
+                        try
+                        {
+                            IPacket packet;
+                            while (!client.PacketQueue.TryDequeue(out packet)) ;
+                            LogPacket(packet, false);
+                            PacketReader.WritePacket(client.MinecraftStream, packet);
+                            client.MinecraftStream.BaseStream.Flush();
+                            if (packet is DisconnectPacket)
+                            {
+                                DisconnectClient(client);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (SocketException e)
+                        {
+                            Log(LogCategory.Debug, "Disconnecting client due to exception in network worker");
+                            Log(LogCategory.Debug, e.ToString());
+                            PacketReader.WritePacket(client.MinecraftStream, new DisconnectPacket("An exception has occured on the server."));
+                            client.MinecraftStream.BaseStream.Flush();
+                            DisconnectClient(client);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception e)
+                        {
+                            Log(LogCategory.Debug, "Disconnecting client due to exception in network worker");
+                            Log(LogCategory.Debug, e.ToString());
+                            DisconnectClient(client);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (client.Disconnected)
+                    {
+                        Clients.RemoveAt(i);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    var receiveTimeout = DateTime.Now.AddMilliseconds(50);
+                    while (client.DataAvailable && DateTime.Now < receiveTimeout)
+                    {
+                        idle = false;
+                        var packet = PacketReader.ReadPacket(client.MinecraftStream);
+                        LogPacket(packet, true);
+                        if (PacketHandlers[packet.ID] != null)
+                        {
+                            try
+                            {
+                                PacketHandlers[packet.ID](packet, client, this);
+                            }
+                            catch (PlayerDisconnectException)
+                            {
+                                DisconnectClient(client);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            catch (SocketException e)
+                            {
+                                Log(LogCategory.Debug, "Disconnecting client due to exception in network worker");
+                                Log(LogCategory.Debug, e.ToString());
+                                DisconnectClient(client);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            catch (Exception e)
+                            {
+                                Log(LogCategory.Debug, "Disconnecting client due to exception in network worker");
+                                Log(LogCategory.Debug, e.ToString());
+                                PacketReader.WritePacket(client.MinecraftStream, new DisconnectPacket("An exception has occured on the server."));
+                                client.MinecraftStream.BaseStream.Flush();
+                                DisconnectClient(client);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            // TODO: Something productive
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (idle)
+                        Thread.Sleep(100);
+                    if (client.Disconnected)
+                    {
+                        Clients.RemoveAt(i);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `client` last assigned on line 188 could be null and is dereferenced at line 190, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MultiplayerServer.DoNetwork()
+
+### File:
+TrueCraft/MultiplayerServer.cs
+
+### Key:
+MultiplayerServer.cs|DoNetwork|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+d2e70da66bce3a1422f294ece18e0e4e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1664/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1664/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9d282e32b0eefa83ea9712b32b3c5b4f05bd952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1664/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TrueCraft
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using TrueCraft.API.Server;
+using TrueCraft.API.Networking;
+using TrueCraft.Core.Networking;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using TrueCraft.API.World;
+using TrueCraft.API.Logging;
+using TrueCraft.Core.Networking.Packets;
+
+namespace TrueCraft
+{
+    public class MultiplayerServer : IMultiplayerServer
+    {
+        public IPacketReader PacketReader { get; private set; }
+        public IList<IRemoteClient> Clients { get; private set; }
+        public IList<IWorld> Worlds { get; private set; }
+        public IList<IEntityManager> EntityManagers { get; private set; }
+        public IEventScheduler Scheduler { get; private set; }
+
+        private Timer NetworkWorker, EnvironmentWorker;
+        private TcpListener Listener;
+        private readonly PacketHandler[] PacketHandlers;
+        private IList<ILogProvider> LogProviders;
+
+        public MultiplayerServer()
+        {
+            var reader = new PacketReader();
+            PacketReader = reader;
+            Clients = new List<IRemoteClient>();
+            NetworkWorker = new Timer(DoNetwork);
+            EnvironmentWorker = new Timer(DoEnvironment);
+            PacketHandlers = new PacketHandler[0x100];
+            Worlds = new List<IWorld>();
+            EntityManagers = new List<IEntityManager>();
+            LogProviders = new List<ILogProvider>();
+            Scheduler = new EventScheduler(this);
+
+            reader.RegisterCorePackets();
+            Handlers.PacketHandlers.RegisterHandlers(this);
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterPacketHandler(byte packetId, PacketHandler handler)
+        {
+            PacketHandlers[packetId] = handler;
+        }
+
+        public void Start(IPEndPoint endPoint)
+        {
+            Listener = new TcpListener(endPoint);
+            Listener.Start();
+            Listener.BeginAcceptTcpClient(AcceptClient, null);
+            Log(LogCategory.Notice, "Running TrueCraft server on {0}", endPoint);
+            NetworkWorker.Change(100, 1000 / 20);
+            EnvironmentWorker.Change(100, 1000 / 20);
+        }
+
+        public void AddWorld(IWorld world)
+        {
+            Worlds.Add(world);
+            world.BlockChanged += HandleBlockChanged;
+            var manager = new EntityManager(this, world);
+            EntityManagers.Add(manager);
+        }
+
+        void HandleBlockChanged(object sender, BlockChangeEventArgs e)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0, ClientsCount = Clients.Count; i < ClientsCount; i++)
+            {
+                var client = (RemoteClient)Clients[i];
+                // TODO: Confirm that the client knows of this block
+                if (client.LoggedIn && client.World == sender)
+                {
+                    client.QueuePacket(new BlockChangePacket(e.Position.X, (sbyte)e.Position.Y, e.Position.Z,
+                        (sbyte)e.NewBlock.ID, (sbyte)e.NewBlock.Metadata));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddLogProvider(ILogProvider provider)
+        {
+            LogProviders.Add(provider);
+        }
+
+        public void Log(LogCategory category, string text, params object[] parameters)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0, LogProvidersCount = LogProviders.Count; i < LogProvidersCount; i++)
+            {
+                var provider = LogProviders[i];
+                provider.Log(category, text, parameters);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IEntityManager GetEntityManagerForWorld(IWorld world)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < EntityManagers.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var manager = EntityManagers[i] as EntityManager;
+                if (manager.World == world)
+                    return manager;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void DisconnectClient(IRemoteClient _client)
+        {
+            var client = (RemoteClient)_client;
+            if (client.LoggedIn)
+                Log(LogCategory.Notice, "{0} has left the server.", client.Username);
+            Clients.Remove(client);
+        }
+
+        private void AcceptClient(IAsyncResult result)
+        {
+            var tcpClient = Listener.EndAcceptTcpClient(result);
+            var client = new RemoteClient(this, tcpClient.GetStream());
+            Clients.Add(client);
+            Listener.BeginAcceptTcpClient(AcceptClient, null);
+        }
+
+        private void DoEnvironment(object discarded)
+        {
+            Scheduler.Update();
+        }
+
+        private void DoNetwork(object discarded)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < Clients.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var client = Clients[i] as RemoteClient;
+                if (client.PacketQueue.Count != 0)
+                {
+                    IPacket packet;
+                    while (!client.PacketQueue.TryDequeue(out packet)) { }
+                    PacketReader.WritePacket(client.MinecraftStream, packet);
+                    if (packet is DisconnectPacket)
+                    {
+                        DisconnectClient(client);
+                        i--;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (client.DataAvailable)
+                {
+                    var packet = PacketReader.ReadPacket(client.MinecraftStream);
+                    if (PacketHandlers[packet.ID] != null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            PacketHandlers[packet.ID](packet, client, this);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception e)
+                        {
+                            Log(LogCategory.Debug, "Disconnecting client due to exception in network worker");
+                            Log(LogCategory.Debug, e.ToString());
+                            DisconnectClient(client);
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // TODO: Something productive
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `client` last assigned on line 132 could be null and is dereferenced at line 133, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MultiplayerServer.DoNetwork(Object)
+
+### File:
+TrueCraft/MultiplayerServer.cs
+
+### Key:
+MultiplayerServer.cs|DoNetwork|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+277c5e4fc7793eba679254e42372b233
+
+### Hash:
+dcfe65782f0b904c4001ed137f898434
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1690/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1690/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..821c85bc033200482a7ff66fab8788381755b13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1690/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cirqus
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using d60.Cirqus.Aggregates;
+using d60.Cirqus.Commands;
+using d60.Cirqus.Events;
+using d60.Cirqus.Exceptions;
+using d60.Cirqus.Testing.Internals;
+using d60.Cirqus.Tests.Stubs;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace d60.Cirqus.Tests.Commands
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class TestCommandProcessing : FixtureBase
+    {
+        CommandProcessor _cirqus;
+        DefaultAggregateRootRepository _aggregateRootRepository;
+        InMemoryEventStore _eventStore;
+
+        protected override void DoSetUp()
+        {
+            _eventStore = new InMemoryEventStore();
+            var eventDispatcher = new ConsoleOutEventDispatcher();
+
+            _aggregateRootRepository = new DefaultAggregateRootRepository(_eventStore);
+
+            _cirqus = RegisterForDisposal(new CommandProcessor(_eventStore, _aggregateRootRepository, eventDispatcher));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CanProcessBaseCommand()
+        {
+            var aggregateRootIds = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Select(i => Guid.NewGuid()).ToArray();
+            var command = new MyCommand{AggregateRootIds = aggregateRootIds};
+
+            _cirqus.ProcessCommand(command);
+
+            var events = _eventStore.ToList();
+            Assert.That(events.Count, Is.EqualTo(10));
+        }
+
+        public class MyRoot : AggregateRoot, IEmit<MyEvent>
+        {
+            public void EmitMyEvent()
+            {
+                Emit(new MyEvent());
+            }
+
+            public void Apply(MyEvent e)
+            {
+                
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class MyEvent : DomainEvent<MyRoot> { }
+
+        public class MyCommand : Command
+        {
+            public Guid[] AggregateRootIds { get; set; }
+
+            public override void Execute(ICommandContext context)
+            {
+                AggregateRootIds.Select(context.Load<MyRoot>).ToList().ForEach(r => r.EmitMyEvent());
+                AggregateRootIds.Select(context.Load<MyRoot>).ToList().ForEach(r => r.EmitMyEvent());
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CanLetSpecificExceptionTypesThrough()
+        {
+            _cirqus.Options.AddDomainExceptionType<InvalidOperationException>();
+
+            var unwrappedException = Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => _cirqus.ProcessCommand(new ErronousCommand(Guid.NewGuid())));
+
+            Console.WriteLine(unwrappedException);
+
+            Assert.That(unwrappedException, Is.TypeOf<InvalidOperationException>());
+            Assert.That(unwrappedException.Message, Contains.Substring("oh no, you cannot do that"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GeneratesPrettyException()
+        {
+            var appEx = Assert.Throws<CommandProcessingException>(() => _cirqus.ProcessCommand(new ErronousCommand(Guid.NewGuid())));
+
+            Console.WriteLine(appEx);
+
+            var inner = appEx.InnerException;
+
+            Assert.That(inner, Is.TypeOf<InvalidOperationException>());
+            Assert.That(inner.Message, Contains.Substring("oh no, you cannot do that"));
+        }
+
+        class ErronousCommand : Command<Root>
+        {
+            public ErronousCommand(Guid aggregateRootId)
+                : base(aggregateRootId)
+            {
+            }
+
+            public override void Execute(Root aggregateRoot)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("oh no, you cannot do that");
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CanProcessMappedCommand()
+        {
+            var aggregateRootId = Guid.NewGuid();
+
+            _cirqus.ProcessCommand(new MappedCommand(aggregateRootId));
+
+            Assert.That(_eventStore.ToList().Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+        }
+
+        class MappedCommand : Command<Root>
+        {
+            public MappedCommand(Guid aggregateRootId)
+                : base(aggregateRootId)
+            {
+            }
+
+            public override void Execute(Root aggregateRoot)
+            {
+                aggregateRoot.Inc();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CanProcessOrdinaryCommand()
+        {
+            var aggregateRootId = Guid.NewGuid();
+
+            _cirqus.ProcessCommand(new OrdinaryCommand(aggregateRootId));
+
+            Assert.That(_eventStore.ToList().Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+        }
+
+        class OrdinaryCommand : Command<Root>
+        {
+            public OrdinaryCommand(Guid aggregateRootId)
+                : base(aggregateRootId)
+            {
+            }
+
+            public override void Execute(Root aggregateRoot)
+            {
+                aggregateRoot.Inc();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ThrowsNiceExceptionForCommandThatHasNotBeenMapped()
+        {
+            Assert.Throws<CommandProcessingException>(() => _cirqus.ProcessCommand(new AnotherCommand(Guid.NewGuid())));
+        }
+
+        class AnotherCommand : Command<Root>
+        {
+            public AnotherCommand(Guid aggregateRootId)
+                : base(aggregateRootId)
+            {
+            }
+
+            public override void Execute(Root aggregateRoot)
+            {
+                throw new NotImplementedException("huigehugiehwugiehw hugehugeiwgh hugiewhugie whguiohwugewgoewa huigehugiehwugiehw hugehugeiwgh hugiewhugie whguiohwugewgoewa");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class Root : AggregateRoot, IEmit<AnEvent>
+        {
+            public void Inc()
+            {
+                Emit(new AnEvent());
+            }
+
+            public void Apply(AnEvent e)
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class AnEvent : DomainEvent<Root>
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of d60.Cirqus.CommandProcessor::.ctor() at Line 27) of type d60.Cirqus.CommandProcessor in method "Void TestCommandProcessing.DoSetUp()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TestCommandProcessing.DoSetUp()
+
+### File:
+d60.Cirqus.Tests/Commands/TestCommandProcessing.cs
+
+### Key:
+TestCommandProcessing.cs|DoSetUp|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+196d51187a767d4fed7ea7f93b525f49
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1699/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1699/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d567cfadd237fc2cece7d403256572a26e1525c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1699/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cirqus
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using d60.Cirqus.Aggregates;
+using d60.Cirqus.Commands;
+using d60.Cirqus.Events;
+using d60.Cirqus.MongoDb.Events;
+using d60.Cirqus.Serialization;
+using d60.Cirqus.Tests.MongoDb;
+using d60.Cirqus.Tests.Stubs;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using TestContext = d60.Cirqus.Testing.TestContext;
+
+namespace d60.Cirqus.Tests.Bugs
+{
+    [TestFixture, Description("Verify bug in being able to correctly load active aggregate roots from the current unit of work")]
+    public class VerifyThatDuplicateSequenceNumbersAreNotAssigned : FixtureBase
+    {
+        readonly JsonDomainEventSerializer _domainEventSerializer = new JsonDomainEventSerializer();
+
+        [Test, Category(TestCategories.MongoDb)]
+        public void NoProblemoWithRealSetup()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var eventStore = new MongoDbEventStore(MongoHelper.InitializeTestDatabase(), "events");
+            var commandProcessor = new CommandProcessor(eventStore, new DefaultAggregateRootRepository(eventStore, _domainEventSerializer), new ConsoleOutEventDispatcher(),
+                _domainEventSerializer, new DefaultCommandMapper());
+
+            RegisterForDisposal(commandProcessor);
+
+            // make sure all roots exist
+            Console.WriteLine("Processing initial two commands");
+            commandProcessor.ProcessCommand(new DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand("id1"));
+            commandProcessor.ProcessCommand(new DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand("id2"));
+
+            // act
+            Console.WriteLine("\r\n\r\nActing...");
+            commandProcessor.ProcessCommand(new DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand("id1", "id2"));
+
+            // assert
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void NoProblemoWithTestContext()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var context = RegisterForDisposal(new TestContext());
+
+            try
+            {
+                // make sure all roots exist
+                Console.WriteLine("Processing initial two commands");
+                context.ProcessCommand(new DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand("id1"));
+                context.ProcessCommand(new DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand("id2"));
+
+                // act
+                Console.WriteLine("\r\n\r\nActing...");
+                context.ProcessCommand(new DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand("id1", "id2"));
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                context.History.WriteTo(Console.Out);
+            }
+            // assert
+        }
+
+        public class DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand : Command<SomeRoot>
+        {
+            public string[] AdditionalRootIds { get; set; }
+
+            public DoSomethingToABunchOfRootsCommand(string aggregateRootId, params string[] additionalRootIds) 
+                : base(aggregateRootId)
+            {
+                AdditionalRootIds = additionalRootIds;
+            }
+
+            public override void Execute(SomeRoot aggregateRoot)
+            {
+                aggregateRoot.DoSomething(AdditionalRootIds);
+
+                aggregateRoot.DoSomethingElse();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class SomeRoot : AggregateRoot, IEmit<SomethingHappened>, IEmit<SomethingElseHappened>
+        {
+            public void DoSomething(params string[] idsToDoSomethingTo)
+            {
+                Emit(new SomethingHappened());
+
+                idsToDoSomethingTo.ToList().ForEach(id => Load<SomeRoot>(id).DoSomething());
+                
+                idsToDoSomethingTo.ToList().ForEach(id => Load<SomeRoot>(id).DoSomethingElse());
+            }
+
+            public void DoSomethingElse()
+            {
+                Emit(new SomethingElseHappened());
+            }
+
+            public void Apply(SomethingHappened e)
+            {
+            }
+
+            public void Apply(SomethingElseHappened e)
+            {
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class SomethingHappened : DomainEvent<SomeRoot>
+        {
+        }
+
+        public class SomethingElseHappened : DomainEvent<SomeRoot>
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource commandProcessor of type d60.Cirqus.CommandProcessor in method "Void VerifyThatDuplicateSequenceNumbersAreNotAssigned.NoProblemoWithRealSetup()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void VerifyThatDuplicateSequenceNumbersAreNotAssigned.NoProblemoWithRealSetup()
+
+### File:
+d60.Cirqus.Tests/Bugs/VerifyThatDuplicateSequenceNumbersAreNotAssigned.cs
+
+### Key:
+VerifyThatDuplicateSequenceNumbersAreNotAssigned.cs|NoProblemoWithRealSetup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+eb3008652a969a31334986ef255d2469
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1809/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1809/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fdd698a550fa89a46a169c8fcc3c158af0fd621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1809/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AudioBand
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using AudioBand.AudioSource;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Timers;
+using Timer = System.Timers.Timer;
+
+namespace MusicBeeAudioSource
+{
+    public class AudioSource : IAudioSource
+    {
+        private MusicBeeIPC _ipc;
+        private Timer _checkMusicBeeTimer;
+        private bool _isPlaying;
+        private string _currentId;
+        private int _volume;
+        private bool _shuffle;
+        private MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode _repeatMode;
+
+        public AudioSource()
+        {
+            _ipc = new MusicBeeIPC();
+            _checkMusicBeeTimer = new Timer(100)
+            {
+                AutoReset = false,
+                Enabled = false
+            };
+
+            _checkMusicBeeTimer.Elapsed += CheckMusicBee;
+        }
+
+        public event EventHandler<TrackInfoChangedEventArgs> TrackInfoChanged;
+
+        public event EventHandler<bool> IsPlayingChanged;
+
+        public event EventHandler<TimeSpan> TrackProgressChanged;
+
+#pragma warning disable 00067 // The event is never used
+        public event EventHandler<SettingChangedEventArgs> SettingChanged;
+#pragma warning restore 00067 // The event is never used
+
+        public event EventHandler<int> VolumeChanged;
+
+        public event EventHandler<bool> ShuffleChanged;
+
+        public event EventHandler<RepeatMode> RepeatModeChanged;
+
+        public string Name => "Music Bee";
+
+        public string Description => "";
+
+        public string WindowClassName => "WindowsForms10.Window.8.app.0.2bf8098_r7_ad1";
+
+        public IAudioSourceLogger Logger { get; set; }
+
+        public Task ActivateAsync()
+        {
+            _checkMusicBeeTimer.Start();
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task DeactivateAsync()
+        {
+            _checkMusicBeeTimer.Stop();
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task NextTrackAsync()
+        {
+            _ipc.NextTrack();
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task PauseTrackAsync()
+        {
+            _ipc.Pause();
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task PlayTrackAsync()
+        {
+            _ipc.Play();
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task PreviousTrackAsync()
+        {
+            _ipc.PreviousTrack();
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task SetVolumeAsync(int newVolume)
+        {
+            _ipc.SetVolume(newVolume);
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task SetPlaybackProgressAsync(TimeSpan newProgress)
+        {
+            _ipc.SetPosition((int)newProgress.TotalMilliseconds);
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task SetShuffleAsync(bool shuffleOn)
+        {
+            _ipc.SetShuffle(shuffleOn);
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task SetRepeatModeAsync(RepeatMode newRepeatMode)
+        {
+            _ipc.SetRepeat(ToIpcRepeat(newRepeatMode));
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        private RepeatMode ToRepeatMode(MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode mode)
+        {
+            switch (mode)
+            {
+                case MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode.All:
+                    return RepeatMode.RepeatContext;
+                case MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode.None:
+                    return RepeatMode.Off;
+                case MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode.One:
+                    return RepeatMode.RepeatTrack;
+                default:
+                    Logger.Warn($"No case for {mode}");
+                    return RepeatMode.Off;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode ToIpcRepeat(RepeatMode mode)
+        {
+            switch (mode)
+            {
+                case RepeatMode.Off:
+                    return MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode.None;
+                case RepeatMode.RepeatContext:
+                    return MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode.All;
+                case RepeatMode.RepeatTrack:
+                    return MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode.One;
+                default:
+                    Logger.Warn($"No case for {mode}");
+                    return MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode.None;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CheckMusicBee(object sender, ElapsedEventArgs eventArgs)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (Process.GetProcessesByName("MusicBee").Length == 0)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // The ipc plugin does not load right away
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_ipc.GetPluginVersionStr()))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                NotifyState();
+                NotifyTrackChange();
+                NotifyVolume();
+                NotifyShuffle();
+                NotifyRepeatMode();
+
+                var time = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(_ipc.GetPosition());
+                TrackProgressChanged?.Invoke(this, time);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Logger.Debug(e);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _checkMusicBeeTimer.Enabled = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyState()
+        {
+            var isPlaying = _ipc.GetPlayState().HasFlag(MusicBeeIPC.PlayState.Playing);
+            if (isPlaying == _isPlaying)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _isPlaying = isPlaying;
+            IsPlayingChanged?.Invoke(this, _isPlaying);
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyTrackChange()
+        {
+            var track = _ipc.GetFileTag(MusicBeeIPC.MetaData.TrackTitle);
+            var artist = _ipc.GetFileTag(MusicBeeIPC.MetaData.Artist);
+
+            var id = artist + track;
+            if (_currentId == id)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _currentId = id;
+
+            Image albumArt = null;
+            var bytes = Convert.FromBase64String(_ipc.GetArtwork());
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream(bytes))
+            {
+                albumArt = new Bitmap(ms);
+            }
+
+            TrackInfoChanged?.Invoke(this, new TrackInfoChangedEventArgs
+            {
+                Album = _ipc.GetFileTag(MusicBeeIPC.MetaData.Album),
+                Artist = artist,
+                AlbumArt = albumArt,
+                TrackLength =  ParseTimeFromIPC(),
+                TrackName = track
+            });
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyVolume()
+        {
+            var volume = _ipc.GetVolume();
+
+            if (volume == _volume)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            VolumeChanged?.Invoke(this, _volume);
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyShuffle()
+        {
+            bool shuffle = _ipc.GetShuffle();
+
+            if (shuffle == _shuffle)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _shuffle = shuffle;
+            ShuffleChanged?.Invoke(this, _shuffle);
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyRepeatMode()
+        {
+            MusicBeeIPC.RepeatMode repeat = _ipc.GetRepeat();
+
+            if (repeat == _repeatMode)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            _repeatMode = repeat;
+            RepeatModeChanged?.Invoke(this, ToRepeatMode(_repeatMode));
+        }
+
+        private TimeSpan ParseTimeFromIPC()
+        {
+            var timeString = _ipc.GetFileProperty(MusicBeeIPC.FileProperty.Duration);
+
+            var times = timeString.Split(':');
+
+            switch (times.Length)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    double.TryParse(times[0], out double seconds);
+                    return TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds);
+                case 2:
+                    double.TryParse(times[0], out seconds);
+                    double.TryParse(times[1], out double minutes);
+                    return TimeSpan.FromSeconds(minutes * 60 + seconds);
+                case 3:
+                    double.TryParse(times[0], out seconds);
+                    double.TryParse(times[1], out minutes);
+                    double.TryParse(times[2], out double hours);
+                    return TimeSpan.FromSeconds((hours * 60 + minutes) * 60 + seconds);
+                default:
+                    Logger.Warn($"Unable to parse track length: {timeString}");
+                    return TimeSpan.Zero;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource albumArt of type System.Drawing.Bitmap in method "Void AudioSource.NotifyTrackChange()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AudioSource.NotifyTrackChange()
+
+### File:
+src/MusicBeeAudioSource/MusicBeeAudioSource.cs
+
+### Key:
+MusicBeeAudioSource.cs|NotifyTrackChange|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4a04d51f3795499481dc3928a0e52f7d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1831/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1831/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad1e1eb6b878949b2cae33e6532cf4c488a15cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1831/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1186 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ultraviolet
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using TwistedLogik.Nucleus;
+using TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation.Media;
+using TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation.Styles;
+
+namespace TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation.Controls.Primitives
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a popup window.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>For more information on the calculations used to position popups, see the MSDN article on how it's 
+    /// handled in WPF (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb613596(v=vs.90).aspx). Ultraviolet follows the algorithms 
+    /// described on that page. See in particular the tables under the "How the Properties Work Together" and 
+    /// "When the Popup Encounters the Edge of the Screen" headings.</remarks>
+    [UvmlKnownType]
+    [DefaultProperty("Child")]
+    public partial class Popup : FrameworkElement
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="FrameworkElement"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uv">The Ultraviolet context.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The identifying name of this element within its layout.</param>
+        public Popup(UltravioletContext uv, String name)
+            : base(uv, name)
+        {
+            this.root = new PopupRoot(uv, () =>
+            {
+                this.UpdatePopupArrange(MostRecentFinalRect.Size);
+            });
+            this.root.ChangeLogicalParent(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the popup's content.
+        /// </summary>
+        public UIElement Child
+        {
+            get { return GetValue<UIElement>(ChildProperty); }
+            set { SetValue<UIElement>(ChildProperty, value); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether the popup is currently open.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Boolean IsOpen
+        {
+            get { return GetValue<Boolean>(IsOpenProperty); }
+            set { SetValue<Boolean>(IsOpenProperty, value); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the horizontal offset between the popup's placement point and its position on the screen.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Double HorizontalOffset
+        {
+            get { return GetValue<Double>(HorizontalOffsetProperty); }
+            set { SetValue<Double>(HorizontalOffsetProperty, value); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the vertical offset between the popup's placement point and its position on the screen.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Double VerticalOffset
+        {
+            get { return GetValue<Double>(VerticalOffsetProperty); }
+            set { SetValue<Double>(VerticalOffsetProperty, value); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the rectangle relative to which the popup is positioned.
+        /// </summary>
+        public RectangleD PlacementRectangle
+        {
+            get { return GetValue<RectangleD>(PlacementRectangleProperty); }
+            set { SetValue<RectangleD>(PlacementRectangleProperty, value); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the <see cref="PlacementMode"/> value which specifies how the <see cref="Popup"/> is
+        /// positioned relative to its placement target.
+        /// </summary>
+        public PlacementMode Placement
+        {
+            get { return GetValue<PlacementMode>(PlacementProperty); }
+            set { SetValue<PlacementMode>(PlacementProperty, value); }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets <see cref="UIElement"/> relative to which the <see cref="Popup"/> will be positioned.
+        /// </summary>
+        public UIElement PlacementTarget
+        {
+            get { return GetValue<UIElement>(PlacementTargetProperty); }
+            set { SetValue<UIElement>(PlacementTargetProperty, value); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the root element of the popup's visual tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public UIElement Root
+        {
+            get { return root; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Occurs when the <see cref="IsOpen"/> property changes to <c>true</c>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event UpfEventHandler Opened;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Occurs when the <see cref="IsOpen"/> property changes to <c>false</c>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event UpfEventHandler Closed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Identifies the <see cref="Child"/> dependency property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>The styling name of this dependency property is 'child'.</remarks>
+        public static readonly DependencyProperty ChildProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("Child", typeof(UIElement), typeof(Popup),
+            new PropertyMetadata<UIElement>(null, PropertyMetadataOptions.None, HandleChildChanged));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Identifies the <see cref="IsOpen"/> dependency property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>The styling name of this dependency property is 'open'.</remarks>
+        public static readonly DependencyProperty IsOpenProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("IsOpen", typeof(Boolean), typeof(Popup),
+            new PropertyMetadata<Boolean>(CommonBoxedValues.Boolean.False, PropertyMetadataOptions.None, HandleIsOpenChanged, CoerceIsOpen));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Identifies the <see cref="HorizontalOffset"/> dependency property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>The styling name of this dependency property is 'hoffset'.</remarks>
+        public static readonly DependencyProperty HorizontalOffsetProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("HorizontalOffset", "hoffset", typeof(Double), typeof(Popup),
+            new PropertyMetadata<Double>(CommonBoxedValues.Double.Zero, PropertyMetadataOptions.None));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Identifies the <see cref="VerticalOffset"/> dependency property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>The styling name of this dependency property is 'voffset'.</remarks>
+        public static readonly DependencyProperty VerticalOffsetProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("VerticalOffset", "voffset", typeof(Double), typeof(Popup),
+            new PropertyMetadata<Double>(CommonBoxedValues.Double.Zero, PropertyMetadataOptions.None));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Identifies the <see cref="Placement"/> property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>The styling name of this dependency property is 'placement'.</remarks>
+        public static readonly DependencyProperty PlacementProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("Placement", typeof(PlacementMode), typeof(Popup),
+            new PropertyMetadata<PlacementMode>(PlacementMode.Bottom, PropertyMetadataOptions.None, HandlePlacementChanged));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Identifies the <see cref="PlacementTarget"/> property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>The styling name of this dependency property is 'placement-target'.</remarks>
+        public static readonly DependencyProperty PlacementTargetProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("PlacementTarget", typeof(UIElement), typeof(Popup),
+            new PropertyMetadata<UIElement>(null, PropertyMetadataOptions.None, HandlePlacementTargetChanged));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Identifies the <see cref="PlacementRectangle"/> property.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>The styling name of this dependency property is 'placement-rectangle'.</remarks>
+        public static readonly DependencyProperty PlacementRectangleProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("PlacementRectangle", typeof(RectangleD), typeof(Popup),
+            new PropertyMetadata<RectangleD>(RectangleD.Empty, PropertyMetadataOptions.None, HandlePlacementRectangleChanged));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the specified point in screen coordinates to popup coordinates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="point">The point to convert.</param>
+        /// <returns>The converted point.</returns>
+        internal Point2D ScreenToPopup(Point2D point)
+        {
+            Point2D.Transform(ref point, ref transformToAncestorInverse, out point);
+            return point + popupTransformOrigin;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds the popup to the view's popup queue for drawing.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="time">Time elapsed since the last call to <see cref="UltravioletContext.Draw(UltravioletTime)"/>.</param>
+        /// <param name="dc">The drawing context that describes the render state of the layout.</param>
+        internal void EnqueueForDrawing(UltravioletTime time, DrawingContext dc)
+        {
+            var mtxDips = transformToAncestor;
+            var mtxPixs = new Matrix(
+                mtxDips.M11, mtxDips.M12, mtxDips.M13, (Int32)Display.DipsToPixels(mtxDips.M14),
+                mtxDips.M21, mtxDips.M22, mtxDips.M23, (Int32)Display.DipsToPixels(mtxDips.M24),
+                mtxDips.M31, mtxDips.M32, mtxDips.M33, mtxDips.M34,
+                mtxDips.M41, mtxDips.M42, mtxDips.M43, mtxDips.M44);
+
+            View.Popups.Enqueue(this, mtxPixs);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// If the popup is currently open, this method adds it to the view's popup queue for drawing.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="time">Time elapsed since the last call to <see cref="UltravioletContext.Draw(UltravioletTime)"/>.</param>
+        /// <param name="dc">The drawing context that describes the render state of the layout.</param>
+        internal void EnqueueForDrawingIfOpen(UltravioletTime time, DrawingContext dc)
+        {
+            if (!IsOpen)
+                return;
+
+            EnqueueForDrawing(time, dc);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Performs a hit test against the popup.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="point">The point in screen space to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <returns>The <see cref="Visual"/> at the specified point in screen space, or <c>null</c> if there is no such visual.</returns>
+        internal Visual PopupHitTest(Point2D point)
+        {
+            if (!IsOpen)
+                return null;
+
+            Point2D.Transform(ref point, ref transformToAncestorInverse, out point);
+            return root.HitTest(point + popupTransformOrigin);
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the transformation matrix which is used to render the popup.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal Matrix PopupTransformToAncestor
+        {
+            get { return transformToAncestor; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the transformation matrix which is used to render the popup, offset by the popup's transform origin.
+        /// </summary>
+        internal Matrix PopupTransformToAncestorWithOrigin
+        {
+            get { return transformToAncestorWithOrigin; }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected internal override void InvalidateVisualBounds()
+        {
+            root.InvalidateVisualBounds();
+            base.InvalidateVisualBounds();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected internal override UIElement GetLogicalChild(Int32 childIndex)
+        {
+            var child = Child;
+            if (child != null)
+            {
+                return (childIndex == 0) ? child : base.GetLogicalChild(childIndex - 1);
+            }
+            return base.GetLogicalChild(childIndex);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected internal override UIElement GetVisualChild(int childIndex)
+        {
+            return base.GetVisualChild(childIndex);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected internal override Int32 LogicalChildrenCount
+        {
+            get { return base.LogicalChildrenCount + (Child == null ? 0 : 1); }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected internal override Int32 VisualChildrenCount
+        {
+            get { return base.VisualChildrenCount; }
+        }
+        
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override void ReloadContentCore(Boolean recursive)
+        {
+            base.ReloadContentCore(recursive);
+            root.ReloadContent(recursive);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override void DrawOverride(UltravioletTime time, DrawingContext dc)
+        {
+            if (View.Popups.IsDrawingPopup(this))
+            {
+                root.Draw(time, dc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                EnqueueForDrawingIfOpen(time, dc);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override void UpdateOverride(UltravioletTime time)
+        {
+            base.UpdateOverride(time);
+            root.Update(time);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override void CacheLayoutParametersCore()
+        {
+            base.CacheLayoutParametersCore();
+            root.CacheLayoutParameters();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override void StyleCore(UvssDocument styleSheet)
+        {
+            UpdatePopupStyle(styleSheet);
+
+            base.StyleCore(styleSheet);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override Size2D MeasureOverride(Size2D availableSize)
+        {
+            UpdatePopupMeasure();
+
+            return Size2D.Zero;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override Size2D ArrangeOverride(Size2D finalSize, ArrangeOptions options)
+        {
+            UpdatePopupArrange(root.DesiredSize);
+
+            return Size2D.Zero;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override Visual HitTestCore(Point2D point)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override RectangleD CalculateVisualBounds()
+        {
+            if (IsOpen)
+            {
+                var relativePosition = root.AbsolutePosition - this.AbsolutePosition;
+                return new RectangleD(relativePosition, root.VisualBounds.Size);
+            }
+            return RectangleD.Empty;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override RectangleD CalculateTransformedVisualBounds()
+        {
+            if (IsOpen)
+            {
+                return root.TransformedVisualBounds;
+            }
+            return RectangleD.Empty;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raises the <see cref="Opened"/> event.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual void OnOpened()
+        {
+            var temp = Opened;
+            if (temp != null)
+            {
+                temp(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raises the <see cref="Closed"/> event.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual void OnClosed()
+        {
+            var temp = Closed;
+            if (temp != null)
+            {
+                temp(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Coerces the value of the <see cref="IsOpen"/> property in order to allow popup
+        /// opening to be deferred in case the popup hasn't fully loaded yet.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static Boolean CoerceIsOpen(DependencyObject dobj, Boolean value)
+        {
+            if (value)
+            {
+                var popup = (Popup)dobj;
+                if (popup.IsLoaded)
+                    return true;
+
+                if (!popup.loadingDeferred)
+                {
+                    popup.loadingDeferred = true;
+                    popup.Loaded += OpenDeferred;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Occurs when the value of the <see cref="Child"/> dependency property changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void HandleChildChanged(DependencyObject dobj, UIElement oldValue, UIElement newValue)
+        {
+            if (oldValue != null)
+                oldValue.ChangeLogicalParent(null);
+
+            var popup = (Popup)dobj;
+            popup.root.Child = newValue;
+
+            if (newValue != null)
+            {
+                newValue.ChangeLogicalParent((UIElement)dobj);
+
+                if (popup.IsOpen)
+                {
+                    popup.UpdatePopupStyle(popup.MostRecentStyleSheet);
+                    popup.UpdatePopupMeasure();
+                }
+            } 
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Occurs when the value of the <see cref="IsOpen"/> dependency property changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void HandleIsOpenChanged(DependencyObject dobj, Boolean oldValue, Boolean newValue)
+        {
+            var popup = (Popup)dobj;
+
+            var child = popup.Child;
+            var root  = popup.root;
+
+            if (newValue)
+            {
+                root.EnsureIsLoaded(true);
+                root.IsOpen = true;
+
+                if (child != null)
+                {
+                    child.ChangeVisualParent(root);
+                    
+                    popup.UpdatePopupStyle(popup.MostRecentStyleSheet);
+                    popup.UpdatePopupMeasure();
+                    popup.UpdatePopupArrange(popup.MostRecentFinalRect.Size);
+                }
+                
+                popup.InvalidateVisualBounds();
+                popup.OnOpened();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                root.EnsureIsLoaded(false);
+                root.IsOpen = false;
+
+                if (child != null)
+                {
+                    child.ChangeVisualParent(null);
+                }
+                
+                popup.InvalidateVisualBounds();
+                popup.OnClosed();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Occurs when the value of the <see cref="Placement"/> dependency property changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void HandlePlacementChanged(DependencyObject dobj, PlacementMode oldValue, PlacementMode newValue)
+        {
+            var popup = (Popup)dobj;
+            popup.UpdatePopupArrange(popup.MostRecentFinalRect.Size);
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Occurs when the value of the <see cref="PlacementTarget"/> dependency property changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void HandlePlacementTargetChanged(DependencyObject dobj, UIElement oldValue, UIElement newValue)
+        {
+            var popup = (Popup)dobj;
+            popup.UpdatePopupArrange(popup.MostRecentFinalRect.Size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Occurs when the value of the <see cref="PlacementRectangle"/> dependency property changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void HandlePlacementRectangleChanged(DependencyObject dobj, RectangleD oldValue, RectangleD newValue)
+        {
+            var popup = (Popup)dobj;
+            popup.UpdatePopupArrange(popup.MostRecentFinalRect.Size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An event handler which is used to defer the opening of a popup until after it has
+        /// been fully loaded, in order to ensure proper positioning.
+        /// </summary>
+        private static void OpenDeferred(DependencyObject element, ref RoutedEventData data)
+        {
+            var popup = (Popup)element;
+            popup.loadingDeferred = false;
+            popup.Loaded -= OpenDeferred;
+            popup.IsOpen = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the style sheet which is applied to the popup content.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="styleSheet">The style sheet to apply to the popup content.</param>
+        private void UpdatePopupStyle(UvssDocument styleSheet)
+        {
+            if (!IsOpen || styleSheet == null)
+                return;
+
+            root.InvalidateStyle(true);
+            root.Style(MostRecentStyleSheet);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the popup's measurement state.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdatePopupMeasure()
+        {
+            root.InvalidateMeasure();
+            root.Measure(new Size2D(Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.PositiveInfinity));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the popup's arrangement state.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void UpdatePopupArrange(Size2D finalSize)
+        {
+            if (!IsOpen)
+                return;
+
+            alignmentX = 0;
+            alignmentY = 0;
+
+            var screenArea = Display.PixelsToDips(View.Area);
+            var popupArea  = RectangleD.Empty;
+
+            switch (Placement)
+            {
+                case PlacementMode.Absolute:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Absolute(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.Relative:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Relative(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.Bottom:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Bottom(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.Center:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Center(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.Right:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Right(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.AbsolutePoint:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_AbsolutePoint(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.RelativePoint:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_RelativePoint(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.Mouse:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Mouse(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.MousePoint:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_MousePoint(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.Left:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Left(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+
+                case PlacementMode.Top:
+                    popupArea = CalculatePopupPosition_Top(ref screenArea, root.DesiredSize);
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            AlignToScreenEdges(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.All);
+
+            root.Arrange(popupArea, ArrangeOptions.ForceInvalidatePosition);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Aligns the given rectangle to the edges of the screen.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="screenArea">The rectangle that represents the area of the screen.</param>
+        /// <param name="popupArea">The area to align to the edges of the screen.</param>
+        /// <param name="edges">A set of <see cref="PopupScreenEdges"/> values indicating which edges should be aligned.</param>
+        private void AlignToScreenEdges(ref RectangleD screenArea, ref RectangleD popupArea, PopupScreenEdges edges)
+        {
+            RectangleD transformedPopupArea;
+            RectangleD.TransformAxisAligned(ref popupArea, ref transformToAncestor, out transformedPopupArea);
+            
+            if ((edges & PopupScreenEdges.Left) == PopupScreenEdges.Left)
+            {
+                if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Left))
+                {
+                    alignmentX -= transformedPopupArea.X;
+                    ComputeTransformationMatrices();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ((edges & PopupScreenEdges.Top) == PopupScreenEdges.Top)
+            {
+                if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Top))
+                {
+                    alignmentY -= transformedPopupArea.Y;
+                    ComputeTransformationMatrices();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ((edges & PopupScreenEdges.Right) == PopupScreenEdges.Right)
+            {
+                if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Right))
+                {
+                    alignmentX -= transformedPopupArea.Right - screenArea.Width;
+                    ComputeTransformationMatrices();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ((edges & PopupScreenEdges.Bottom) == PopupScreenEdges.Bottom)
+            {
+                if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Bottom))
+                {
+                    alignmentY -= transformedPopupArea.Bottom - screenArea.Height;
+                    ComputeTransformationMatrices();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a value indicating whether the specified popup area is crossing the specified edge of the screen.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="screenArea">A rectangle that describes the area of the screen.</param>
+        /// <param name="popupArea">A rectangle that describes the area of the popup.</param>
+        /// <param name="edge">A <see cref="PopupScreenEdges"/> value that specifies which edge to examine.</param>
+        /// <returns><c>true</c> if the popup is crossing the specified screen edge; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
+        private Boolean IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref RectangleD screenArea, ref RectangleD popupArea, PopupScreenEdges edge)
+        {
+            var transformedPopupArea = popupArea;
+            RectangleD.TransformAxisAligned(ref popupArea, ref transformToAncestor, out transformedPopupArea);
+
+            if (((edge & PopupScreenEdges.Left) == PopupScreenEdges.Left) && transformedPopupArea.Left < screenArea.Left)
+                return true;
+            
+            if (((edge & PopupScreenEdges.Top) == PopupScreenEdges.Top) && transformedPopupArea.Top < screenArea.Top)
+                return true;
+
+            if (((edge & PopupScreenEdges.Right) == PopupScreenEdges.Right) && transformedPopupArea.Right > screenArea.Right)
+                return true;
+
+            if (((edge & PopupScreenEdges.Bottom) == PopupScreenEdges.Bottom) && transformedPopupArea.Bottom > screenArea.Bottom)
+                return true;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Positions one rectangle relative to another, according to the specified <see cref="PopupAlignmentPoint"/> values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="actualTargetElement">The element that was actually targeted for placement of the popup.</param>
+        /// <param name="targetOrigin">The origin point of the target rectangle.</param>
+        /// <param name="target">The target rectangle.</param>
+        /// <param name="popupOrigin">The origin point of the popup rectangle.</param>
+        /// <param name="popup">The popup size.</param>
+        /// <returns>The popup rectangle positioned relative to the target rectangle and including the 
+        /// values of <see cref="HorizontalOffset"/> and <see cref="VerticalOffset"/> properties.</returns>
+        private RectangleD PositionRects(UIElement actualTargetElement, PopupAlignmentPoint targetOrigin, RectangleD target, PopupAlignmentPoint popupOrigin, Size2D popup)
+        {
+            var transformOriginX = 0.0;
+            switch (popupOrigin)
+            {
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.TopCenter:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.Center:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomCenter:
+                    transformOriginX = popup.Width / 2.0;
+                    break;
+
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.MiddleRight:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomRight:
+                    transformOriginX = popup.Width;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            var transformOriginY = 0.0;
+            switch (popupOrigin)
+            {
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.MiddleLeft:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.Center:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.MiddleRight:
+                    transformOriginY = popup.Height / 2.0;
+                    break;
+
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomCenter:
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomRight:
+                    transformOriginY = popup.Height;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            var resultX = 0.0;
+            var resultY = 0.0;
+
+            switch (targetOrigin)
+            {
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft:
+                    resultX = target.Left;
+                    resultY = target.Top;
+                    break;
+
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.TopCenter:
+                    resultX = target.Left + (target.Width / 2.0);
+                    resultY = target.Top;
+                    break;
+
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight:
+                    resultX = target.Right;
+                    resultY = target.Top;
+                    break;
+
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.MiddleLeft:
+                    resultX = target.Left;
+                    resultY = target.Top + (target.Height / 2.0);
+                    break;
+
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.Center:
+                    resultX = target.Left + (target.Width / 2.0);
+                    resultY = target.Top + (target.Height / 2.0);
+                    break;
+                
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.MiddleRight:
+                    resultX = target.Right;
+                    resultY = target.Top + (target.Height / 2.0);
+                    break;
+                
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft:
+                    resultX = target.Left;
+                    resultY = target.Bottom;
+                    break;
+                
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomCenter:
+                    resultX = target.Left + (target.Width / 2.0);
+                    resultY = target.Bottom;
+                    break;
+                
+                case PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomRight:
+                    resultX = target.Right;
+                    resultY = target.Bottom;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            popupTransformOrigin = new Point2D(transformOriginX, transformOriginY);
+
+            if (actualTargetElement != null)
+            {
+                var actualTargetTransform = actualTargetElement.GetTransformToViewMatrix();
+                var actualTargetPosition = new Point2D(HorizontalOffset + resultX, VerticalOffset + resultY);
+                Point2D.Transform(ref actualTargetPosition, ref actualTargetTransform, out popupPosition);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                popupPosition = new Point2D(HorizontalOffset + resultX - transformOriginX, VerticalOffset + resultY - transformOriginY);
+            }
+
+            ComputeTransformationMatrices();
+
+            return new RectangleD(-transformOriginX, -transformOriginY, popup.Width, popup.Height);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Absolute"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Absolute(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement, true);
+            if (placementArea.IsEmpty)
+                placementArea = Display.PixelsToDips(View.Area);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+            
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Relative"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Relative(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Bottom"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Bottom(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Bottom))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Center"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Center(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.Center, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.Center, popupSize);
+            
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Right"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Right(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Right))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.AbsolutePoint"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_AbsolutePoint(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement, true);
+            if (placementArea.IsEmpty)
+                placementArea = Display.PixelsToDips(View.Area);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Bottom))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Right))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight, popupSize);
+            }
+            
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.RelativePoint"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_RelativePoint(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Bottom))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Right))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Mouse"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Mouse(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement, true);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Bottom))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.MousePoint"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_MousePoint(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement, true);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Bottom))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Right))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight, popupSize);
+            }
+            
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Left"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Left(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Left))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopRight, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the popup's position when <see cref="Placement"/> is set to <see cref="PlacementMode.Top"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private RectangleD CalculatePopupPosition_Top(ref RectangleD screenArea, Size2D popupSize)
+        {
+            UIElement actualTargetElement;
+
+            var placementArea = GetPlacementTargetArea(out actualTargetElement);
+
+            var popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, placementArea,
+                PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, popupSize);
+
+            if (IsCrossingScreenEdge(ref screenArea, ref popupArea, PopupScreenEdges.Top))
+            {
+                popupArea = PositionRects(actualTargetElement,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.BottomLeft, placementArea,
+                    PopupAlignmentPoint.TopLeft, popupSize);
+            }
+
+            return popupArea;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the bounds of the region around which the popup is placed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ignorePlacementTarget">A value indicating whether to ignore the value of the <see cref="PlacementTarget"/> property.</param>
+        /// <returns>The bounds of the region around which the popup is placed.</returns>
+        private RectangleD GetPlacementTargetArea(out UIElement target, Boolean ignorePlacementTarget = false)
+        {
+            target = null;
+
+            var placement = Placement;
+            if (placement == PlacementMode.Mouse || placement == PlacementMode.MousePoint)
+                return GetMouseCursorArea();
+
+            target = (PlacementTarget ?? VisualTreeHelper.GetParent(this)) as UIElement;
+            if (target == null || ignorePlacementTarget)
+            {
+                target = null;
+                return RectangleD.Empty;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var placementArea = PlacementRectangle;
+                if (placementArea.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return target.Bounds;
+                }
+                target = null;
+                return placementArea;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the area on the screen that is inhabited by the mouse cursor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The area in device-independent coordinates which is inhabited by the mouse cursor.</returns>
+        private RectangleD GetMouseCursorArea()
+        {
+            var mouse = Ultraviolet.GetInput().GetMouse();
+            if (mouse == null)
+                return RectangleD.Empty;
+
+            var cursor = Ultraviolet.GetPlatform().Cursor;
+
+            var mousePos    = Display.PixelsToDips(mouse.Position);
+            var mouseWidth  = Display.PixelsToDips(cursor == null ? DefaultCursorWidth : cursor.Width);
+            var mouseHeight = Display.PixelsToDips(cursor == null ? DefaultCursorHeight : cursor.Height);
+
+            return new RectangleD(mousePos.X, mousePos.Y, mouseWidth, mouseHeight);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the values of the popup's transformation matrices.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ComputeTransformationMatrices()
+        {
+            var rawTransform = GetTransformToAncestorMatrix((UIElement)VisualTreeHelper.GetRoot(this));
+
+            transformToAncestor = new Matrix(
+                rawTransform.M11, rawTransform.M12, rawTransform.M13, (Single)(popupPosition.X + alignmentX),
+                rawTransform.M21, rawTransform.M22, rawTransform.M23, (Single)(popupPosition.Y + alignmentY),
+                rawTransform.M31, rawTransform.M32, rawTransform.M33, 0,
+                rawTransform.M41, rawTransform.M42, rawTransform.M44, 1);
+
+            transformToAncestorWithOrigin = Matrix.Concat(
+                Matrix.CreateTranslation(-(Single)popupTransformOrigin.X, -(Single)popupTransformOrigin.Y, 0), transformToAncestor);
+
+            transformToAncestorInverse = Matrix.Invert(transformToAncestor);
+        }
+
+        // State values.
+        private readonly PopupRoot root;
+        private Boolean loadingDeferred;
+        
+        // The assumed size of the default cursor, since there's currently no way to query it.
+        private const Int32 DefaultCursorWidth = 16;
+        private const Int32 DefaultCursorHeight = 16;
+
+        // Popup position values
+        private Point2D popupTransformOrigin;
+        private Point2D popupPosition;
+        private Matrix transformToAncestor = Matrix.Identity;
+        private Matrix transformToAncestorWithOrigin = Matrix.Identity;
+        private Matrix transformToAncestorInverse = Matrix.Identity;
+        private Double alignmentX;
+        private Double alignmentY;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`this.TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.Matrix.m11` is read without initialization during the call to `Matrix.get_M11()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Popup.EnqueueForDrawing(UltravioletTime,DrawingContext)
+
+### File:
+TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation/Controls/Primitives/Popup.cs
+
+### Key:
+Popup.cs|EnqueueForDrawing|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+9d0cf9bd96bca87ab92168d08fa61c33
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1836/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1836/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58905856f9db4fed12f3ec994487ad8ee74e50f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1836/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RazorEngineCore
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace RazorEngineCore
+{
+    public class RazorEngineCompiledTemplate
+    {
+        private readonly MemoryStream assemblyByteCode;
+        private readonly Type templateType;
+
+        internal RazorEngineCompiledTemplate(MemoryStream assemblyByteCode)
+        {
+            this.assemblyByteCode = assemblyByteCode;
+
+            Assembly assembly = Assembly.Load(assemblyByteCode.ToArray());
+            this.templateType = assembly.GetType("TemplateNamespace.Template");
+        }
+
+        public static RazorEngineCompiledTemplate LoadFromFile(string fileName)
+        {
+            return new RazorEngineCompiledTemplate(new MemoryStream(File.ReadAllBytes(fileName)));
+        }
+
+        public static RazorEngineCompiledTemplate LoadFromStream(Stream stream)
+        {
+            MemoryStream memoryStream = new MemoryStream();
+            stream.CopyTo(memoryStream);
+            memoryStream.Position = 0;
+
+            return new RazorEngineCompiledTemplate(memoryStream);
+        }
+
+        public void SaveToStream(Stream stream)
+        {
+            this.assemblyByteCode.CopyTo(stream);
+        }
+
+        public void SaveToFile(string fileName)
+        {
+            File.WriteAllBytes(fileName, this.assemblyByteCode.ToArray());
+        }
+
+        public string Run(object model = null)
+        {
+            if (model != null && model.IsAnonymous())
+            {
+                model = new AnonymousTypeWrapper(model);
+            }
+
+            RazorEngineTemplateBase instance = (RazorEngineTemplateBase)Activator.CreateInstance(this.templateType);
+            instance.Model = model;
+            instance.ExecuteAsync().Wait();
+            return instance.Result();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource memoryStream of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "RazorEngineCompiledTemplate RazorEngineCompiledTemplate.LoadFromStream(Stream)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+RazorEngineCompiledTemplate RazorEngineCompiledTemplate.LoadFromStream(Stream)
+
+### File:
+RazorEngineCore/RazorEngineCompiledTemplate.cs
+
+### Key:
+RazorEngineCompiledTemplate.cs|LoadFromStream|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+686f31f07f2cf99d9b11149a3ac14232
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1838/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1838/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b349f098970a9380b093ec155d2ff3b8918db5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1838/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RiotSharp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using RiotSharp.Http.Interfaces;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using RiotSharp.Misc;
+using System;
+
+namespace RiotSharp.Http
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A requester with a rate limiter
+    /// </summary>
+    public class RateLimitedRequester : RequesterBase, IRateLimitedRequester
+    {
+        public int RateLimitPer10S { get; set; }
+        public int RateLimitPer10M { get; set; }
+
+        public RateLimitedRequester(string apiKey, int rateLimitPer10s, int rateLimitPer10m) : base(apiKey)
+        {
+            RateLimitPer10S = rateLimitPer10s;
+            RateLimitPer10M = rateLimitPer10m;
+        }
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<Region, RateLimiter> rateLimiters = new Dictionary<Region, RateLimiter>();
+
+        #region Public Methods
+
+        public string CreateGetRequest(string relativeUrl, Region region, List<string> addedArguments = null,
+            bool useHttps = true, bool usePlatforms = false)
+        {
+            if (usePlatforms)
+                rootDomain = GetPlatformDomain(region);
+            else
+                rootDomain = region + ".api.pvp.net";
+
+            var request = PrepareRequest(relativeUrl, addedArguments, useHttps, HttpMethod.Get);
+
+            GetRateLimiter(region).HandleRateLimit();
+
+            using (var response = Get(request))
+            {
+                return GetResponseContent(response);
+            }              
+        }
+
+        public async Task<string> CreateGetRequestAsync(string relativeUrl, Region region, List<string> addedArguments = null, 
+            bool useHttps = true, bool usePlatforms = false)
+        {
+            if (usePlatforms)
+                rootDomain = GetPlatformDomain(region);
+            else
+                rootDomain = region + ".api.pvp.net";
+
+            var request = PrepareRequest(relativeUrl, addedArguments, useHttps, HttpMethod.Get);
+            
+            await GetRateLimiter(region).HandleRateLimitAsync();
+
+            using (var response = await GetAsync(request))
+            {
+                return await GetResponseContentAsync(response);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string CreatePostRequest(string relativeUrl, Region region, string body,
+            List<string> addedArguments = null, bool useHttps = true)
+        {
+            rootDomain = region + ".api.pvp.net";
+            var request = PrepareRequest(relativeUrl, addedArguments, useHttps, HttpMethod.Post);
+            request.Content = new StringContent(body, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
+
+            GetRateLimiter(region).HandleRateLimit();
+
+            using (var response = Post(request))
+            {
+                return GetResponseContent(response);
+            }     
+        }
+
+        public async Task<string> CreatePostRequestAsync(string relativeUrl, Region region, string body,
+            List<string> addedArguments = null, bool useHttps = true)
+        {
+            rootDomain = region + ".api.pvp.net";
+            var request = PrepareRequest(relativeUrl, addedArguments, useHttps, HttpMethod.Post);
+            request.Content = new StringContent(body, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
+
+            await GetRateLimiter(region).HandleRateLimitAsync();
+
+            using (var response = await PostAsync(request))
+            {
+                return await GetResponseContentAsync(response);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool CreatePutRequest(string relativeUrl, Region region, string body, List<string> addedArguments = null,
+            bool useHttps = true)
+        {
+            rootDomain = region + ".api.pvp.net";
+            var request = PrepareRequest(relativeUrl, addedArguments, useHttps, HttpMethod.Put);
+            request.Content = new StringContent(body, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
+
+            GetRateLimiter(region).HandleRateLimit();
+
+            using (var response = Put(request))
+            {
+                return (int)response.StatusCode >= 200 && (int)response.StatusCode < 300;
+            }              
+        }
+
+        public async Task<bool> CreatePutRequestAsync(string relativeUrl, Region region, string body,
+            List<string> addedArguments = null, bool useHttps = true)
+        {
+            rootDomain = region + ".api.pvp.net";
+            var request = PrepareRequest(relativeUrl, addedArguments, useHttps, HttpMethod.Put);
+            request.Content = new StringContent(body, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
+
+            await GetRateLimiter(region).HandleRateLimitAsync();
+
+            using (var response = await PutAsync(request))
+            {
+                return (int)response.StatusCode >= 200 && (int)response.StatusCode < 300;
+            }                
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the respective region's RateLimiter, creating it if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="region"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private RateLimiter GetRateLimiter(Region region)
+        {
+            if (!rateLimiters.ContainsKey(region))
+                rateLimiters[region] = new RateLimiter(RateLimitPer10S, RateLimitPer10M);
+            return rateLimiters[region]; 
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of RiotSharp.Http.RateLimiter::.ctor() at Line 135).RiotSharp.Http.RateLimiter.semaphore of type System.Threading.SemaphoreSlim in method "RateLimiter RateLimitedRequester.GetRateLimiter(Region)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+RateLimiter RateLimitedRequester.GetRateLimiter(Region)
+
+### File:
+RiotSharp/Http/RateLimitedRequester.cs
+
+### Key:
+RateLimitedRequester.cs|GetRateLimiter|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+e0883b3dc6415d75b5905b5950275380
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1847/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1847/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be524a6899673b6fc1df4a18a97cb2606f53d81d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1847/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2323 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 50
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+    
+                    if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1849/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1849/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d0fb3510f771f5b4723745c70654b25e2074aa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1849/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2883 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 103
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NullFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class InfinityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(double.PositiveInfinity);
+        }
+    }
+    class NegInfinityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(double.NegativeInfinity);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsNaNFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            return new Variable(arg.Type != Variable.VarType.NUMBER || double.IsNaN(arg.Value));
+        }
+    }   
+
+    class TypeOfFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            if (args[0].StartsWith("\""))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Constants.TypeToString(Variable.VarType.STRING).ToLower());
+            }
+            if (Utils.CanConvertToDouble(args[0], out double _))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Constants.TypeToString(Variable.VarType.NUMBER).ToLower());
+            }
+
+            var vari = GetVariable(args[0], script);
+            if (vari == null || vari.GetValue(script).Type == Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED)
+            {
+                return Variable.Undefined;
+            }
+
+            var exists = FunctionExists(args[0]);
+            if (!exists)
+            {
+                return Variable.Undefined;
+            }
+
+            bool complexVariable = args.Count > 1 &&
+                Utils.CanConvertToDouble(args[1], out double converted) && converted > 0;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0], script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = new Variable(args[0]);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type.ToLower());
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsFiniteFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double value = arg.Value;
+            if (arg.Type != Variable.VarType.NUMBER &&
+               !double.TryParse(arg.String, out value))
+            {
+                value = double.PositiveInfinity;
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(!double.IsInfinity(value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsUndefinedFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        string m_argument;
+        string m_action;
+
+        internal IsUndefinedFunction(string arg = "", string action = "")
+        {
+            m_argument = arg;
+            m_action = action;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var variable =  ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_argument, script);
+            var varValue = variable == null ? null : variable.GetValue(script);
+            bool isUndefined = varValue == null || varValue.Type == Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED;
+
+            bool result = m_action == "===" || m_action == "==" ? isUndefined :
+                          !isUndefined;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ObjectPropsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable obj = Utils.GetItem(script, true);
+            string propName = Utils.GetItem(script, true).AsString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(',');
+
+            Variable value = Utils.GetProperties(script);
+            obj.SetProperty(propName, value, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobal(obj.ParamName, new GetVarFunction(obj), false);
+             
+            return new Variable(obj.ParamName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class VarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script);
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            foreach (var arg in args)
+            {
+                var ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind <= 0)
+                {
+                    if (!FunctionExists(arg))
+                    {
+                        AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(arg, new GetVarFunction(new Variable(Variable.VarType.NONE)), script);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                var varName = arg.Substring(0, ind);
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(arg.Substring(ind + 1));
+                AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+                result = assign.Assign(tempScript, varName, true);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            //var varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //char action = script.CurrentAndForward();
+
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script);
+            Task<Variable> result = null;
+            foreach (var arg in args)
+            {
+                var ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind <= 0)
+                {
+                    if (!FunctionExists(arg))
+                    {
+                        AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(arg, new GetVarFunction(new Variable(Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED)), script);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                var varName = arg.Substring(0, ind);
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(arg.Substring(ind + 1));
+                AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+                result = assign.AssignAsync(tempScript, varName, true);
+            }
+
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance: await result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string functionName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            CustomFunction custFunc = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, script) as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(functionName, custFunc, script);
+
+#if __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            CustomCompiledFunction comp = custFunc as CustomCompiledFunction;
+            if (comp != null)
+            {
+                return new Variable(comp.Precompiler.CSharpCode);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSetLower = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                m_propSetLower.Add(name.ToLower());
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out Variable value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSetLower.Contains(name.ToLower());
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args).Result;
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out _);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = RealArgs = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    RealArgs[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                }
+
+                ArgMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (ArgMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be in arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            m_stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = m_args.Length; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[args[i].ParamName] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(m_stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public override ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            var newInstance = (CustomFunction)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            newInstance.m_stackLevel = null;
+            return newInstance;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+        protected StackLevel m_stackLevel;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+
+        public Dictionary<string, int> ArgMap { get; private set; } = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        public string[] RealArgs { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item, script);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class UndefinedFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToByteArrayFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string arg = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            string pass = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            var encoded = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(pass);
+
+            var bytes = encoded ? Utils.EncryptStringToBytes(arg, pass) :
+                                  Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(arg);
+
+            return new Variable(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+    class EncodeDecodeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        bool m_encode;
+        internal EncodeDecodeFunction(bool encode = true)
+        {
+            m_encode = encode;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string arg = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            string pass = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            var result = m_encode ? Utils.EncryptString(arg, pass) :
+                                    Utils.DecryptString(arg, pass);
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            string format = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            if (arg.Type == Variable.VarType.BYTE_ARRAY && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(format))
+            {
+                var decoded = Utils.DecryptStringFromBytes(arg.AsByteArray(), format);
+                return new Variable(decoded);
+            }
+
+            string result = arg.AsString(format);
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ConstantsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DoWhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessDoWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessDoWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SwitchStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessSwitch(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessSwitch(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CaseStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessCase(script, Name);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessCase(script, Name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return Execute(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return await ExecuteAsync(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Execute(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> ExecuteAsync(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+                script.Forward();
+
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return EvaluateFunction(propValue, script, m_propName);
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return await EvaluateFunctionAsync(propValue, script, m_propName);
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable EvaluateFunction(Variable var, ParsingScript script, string m_propName)
+        {
+            if (var.CustomFunctionGet != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.Prev == '(' ? script.GetFunctionArgs() : new List<Variable>();
+                if (var.StackVariables != null)
+                {
+                    args.AddRange(var.StackVariables);
+                }
+                return var.CustomFunctionGet.Run(args, script);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(var.CustomGet))
+            {
+                return ParsingScript.RunString(var.CustomGet); 
+            }
+            return var;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> EvaluateFunctionAsync(Variable var, ParsingScript script, string m_propName)
+        {
+            if (var.CustomFunctionGet != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.Prev == '(' ? await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync() : new List<Variable>();
+                if (var.StackVariables != null)
+                {
+                    args.AddRange(var.StackVariables);
+                }
+                return await var.CustomFunctionGet.RunAsync(args, script);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(var.CustomGet))
+            {
+                return ParsingScript.RunString(var.CustomGet);
+            }
+            return var;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(Name, script);
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.DATETIME)
+            {
+                DateOperator(left, right, m_action, script,m_name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left), script);
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        public static void DateOperator(Variable valueA,
+                          Variable valueB, string action, ParsingScript script, string name = "")
+        {
+            int sign = 1;
+            char ch = action.Length > 0 ? action[0] : '\0';
+            switch (ch)
+            {
+               case '+':
+                   sign = 1;
+                   break;
+               case '-':
+                   sign = -1;
+                   break;
+               default:
+                   Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Not a valid action [" + action + "] on a date.",
+                                        script, name);
+                   break;
+            }
+            valueA.AddToDate(valueB, sign);
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Assign(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public Variable Assign(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null && script.ClassInstance == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (pf.GetValue(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await AssignAsync(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> AssignAsync(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (await pf.GetValueAsync(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            if (script.StackLevel != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalVariable(new GetVarFunction(currentValue), varName);
+            }
+            else if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg(m_name + " function can't be defined inside of a class.",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                     new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name, script);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1854/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1854/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0255e544a327debaac1fe5bd8c79a97bf09c2e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1854/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2470 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 69
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            return new Variable(function != null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+                tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+                tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+                tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result));
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result)); 
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1862/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1862/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fca98168f44cc889970c5444b20ca4c56d982165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1862/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 60
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            return new Variable(function != null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1863/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1863/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd082b743cba287a2f2ed930b21b50d7548e771b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1863/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2114 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    Variable defVariable = new Variable(defValue);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script.OriginalLine);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string owner = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                if (owner == "")
+                {
+                    owner = "\"\"";
+                }
+
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + owner + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1865/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1865/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48d0a7dd5d32382453f1f934f709fbd90b6cd489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1865/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1598 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //Interpreter.Instance.AppendOutput("Registering function [" + funcName + "] ...");
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            s_allClasses[className] = this;
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Variable SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public Variable GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            Variable value = new Variable(instance);
+
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(new Variable(defValue));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, "StringOrNumber");
+            /*if (!Double.TryParse(Item, NumberStyles.Number |
+                                 NumberStyles.AllowExponent |
+                                 NumberStyles.Float,
+                                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num)) {
+              Utils.ThrowException(script, "parseToken", Item, "parseTokenExtra");
+            }*/
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(filename);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref startName, ref m_delta);
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref tmpName, ref delta);
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Convert type to string.
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                              element.Tuple.Count :
+                              element.AsString().Length;
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1871/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1871/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bad2bf48569f297c8b9c815743ea4a7a0604bde9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1871/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1097 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    public class Variable
+    {
+        public enum VarType
+        {
+            NONE, NUMBER, STRING, ARRAY,
+            ARRAY_NUM, ARRAY_STR, MAP_NUM, MAP_STR,
+            BREAK, CONTINUE, OBJECT
+        };
+
+        public Variable()
+        {
+            Reset();
+        }
+        public Variable(VarType type)
+        {
+            Type = type;
+            if (Type == VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                SetAsArray();
+            }
+        }
+        public Variable(double d)
+        {
+            Value = d;
+        }
+        public Variable(bool d)
+        {
+            Value = d ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+        }
+        public Variable(string s)
+        {
+            String = s;
+        }
+        public Variable(List<Variable> a)
+        {
+            this.Tuple = a;
+        }
+        public Variable(Variable other)
+        {
+            Copy(other);
+        }
+        public Variable(List<string> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < a.Count; i++)
+            {
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[i]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(List<double> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < a.Count; i++)
+            {
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[i]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(Dictionary<string, string> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            foreach (string key in a.Keys)
+            {
+                m_dictionary[key] = tuple.Count;
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[key]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(Dictionary<string, double> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            foreach (string key in a.Keys)
+            {
+                m_dictionary[key] = tuple.Count;
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[key]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+
+        public Variable(object o)
+        {
+            Object = o;
+        }
+
+        public virtual Variable Clone()
+        {
+            Variable newVar = (Variable)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            return newVar;
+        }
+
+        public virtual Variable DeepClone()
+        {
+            //Variable newVar = new Variable();
+            //newVar.Copy(this);
+            Variable newVar = (Variable)this.MemberwiseClone();
+
+            if (m_tuple != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> newTuple = new List<Variable>();
+                foreach (var item in m_tuple)
+                {
+                    newTuple.Add(item.DeepClone());
+                }
+
+                newVar.Tuple = newTuple;
+            }
+            return newVar;
+        }
+        public virtual void Copy(Variable other)
+        {
+            Reset();
+            Action = other.Action;
+            Type = other.Type;
+            IsReturn = other.IsReturn;
+            m_dictionary = other.m_dictionary;
+            m_propertyMap = other.m_propertyMap;
+            //bug todo
+
+            switch (other.Type)
+            {
+                case VarType.NUMBER:
+                    Value = other.Value;
+                    break;
+                case VarType.STRING:
+                    String = other.String;
+                    break;
+                case VarType.ARRAY:
+                    this.Tuple = other.Tuple;
+                    break;
+                case VarType.OBJECT:
+                    Object = other.Object;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static Variable NewEmpty()
+        {
+            return new Variable();
+        }
+
+        public void Reset()
+        {
+            m_value = Double.NaN;
+            m_string = null;
+            m_object = null;
+            m_tuple = null;
+            Action = null;
+            IsReturn = false;
+            Type = VarType.NONE;
+            m_dictionary.Clear();
+            m_propertyMap.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(Variable other)
+        {
+            if (Type != other.Type)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (Double.IsNaN(Value) != Double.IsNaN(other.Value) ||
+              (!Double.IsNaN(Value) && Value != other.Value))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!String.Equals(this.String, other.String, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!String.Equals(this.Action, other.Action, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if ((this.Tuple == null) != (other.Tuple == null))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (this.Tuple != null && !this.Tuple.Equals(other.Tuple))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!m_propertyMap.Equals(other.m_propertyMap))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void AddVariableToHash(string hash, Variable newVar)
+        {
+            int retValue = 0;
+            Variable listVar = null;
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out retValue))
+            {
+                // already exists, change the value:
+                listVar = m_tuple[retValue];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                listVar = new Variable(VarType.ARRAY);
+                m_tuple.Add(listVar);
+                m_dictionary[hash] = m_tuple.Count - 1;
+            }
+
+            listVar.AddVariable(newVar);
+        }
+
+        public List<Variable> GetAllKeys()
+        {
+            List<Variable> results = new List<Variable>();
+            var keys = m_dictionary.Keys;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                results.Add(new Variable(key));
+            }
+
+            if (results.Count == 0 && m_tuple != null)
+            {
+                results = m_tuple;
+            }
+
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        public List<string> GetKeys()
+        {
+            List<string> results = new List<string>();
+            var keys = m_dictionary.Keys;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                results.Add(key);
+            }
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        public int SetHashVariable(string hash, Variable var)
+        {
+            int retValue = m_tuple.Count;
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out retValue))
+            {
+                // already exists, change the value:
+                m_tuple[retValue] = var;
+                return retValue;
+            }
+
+            m_tuple.Add(var);
+            m_dictionary[hash] = m_tuple.Count - 1;
+
+            return m_tuple.Count - 1;
+        }
+
+        public int GetArrayIndex(Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (indexVar.Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(indexVar);
+                return (int)indexVar.Value;
+            }
+
+            string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+            int ptr = m_tuple.Count;
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out ptr) &&
+                ptr < m_tuple.Count)
+            {
+                return ptr;
+            }
+
+            int result = -1;
+            if (!String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(indexVar.String) &&
+                Int32.TryParse(indexVar.String, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        public void AddVariable(Variable v, int index = -1)
+        {
+            SetAsArray();
+            if (index < 0 || m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                m_tuple.Add(v);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_tuple.Insert(index, v);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetVariable(int index)
+        {
+            if (index < 0 || m_tuple == null || m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            return m_tuple[index];
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetVariable(string hash)
+        {
+            int index = 0;
+            if (m_tuple == null || !m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out index) ||
+                m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            return m_tuple[index];
+        }
+
+        public bool Exists(string hash)
+        {
+            return m_dictionary.ContainsKey(hash);
+        }
+
+        public int FindIndex(string val)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            int result = m_tuple.FindIndex(item => item.AsString() == val);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public bool Exists(Variable indexVar, bool notEmpty = false)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (indexVar.Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                if (indexVar.Value < 0 ||
+                    indexVar.Value >= m_tuple.Count ||
+                    indexVar.Value - Math.Floor(indexVar.Value) != 0.0)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (notEmpty)
+                {
+                    return m_tuple[(int)indexVar.Value].Type != VarType.NONE;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+            return Exists(hash);
+        }
+
+        public bool AsBool()
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER && m_value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                if (String.Compare(m_string, "true", true) == 0)
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public int AsInt()
+        {
+            int result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (int)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                Int32.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public float AsFloat()
+        {
+            float result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (float)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                float.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public long AsLong()
+        {
+            long result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (long)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                long.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        public double AsDouble()
+        {
+            double result = 0.0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {// || (Value != 0.0 && Value != Double.NaN)) {
+                return m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                Double.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public virtual string AsString(bool isList = true,
+                                       bool sameLine = true,
+                                       int maxCount = -1)
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                return Value.ToString();
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                return m_string == null ? "" : m_string;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.OBJECT)
+            {
+                return ObjectToString();
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.NONE || m_tuple == null)
+            {
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+            if (isList)
+            {
+                sb.Append(Constants.START_GROUP.ToString() +
+                         (sameLine ? "" : Environment.NewLine));
+            }
+
+            int count = maxCount < 0 ? m_tuple.Count : Math.Min(maxCount, m_tuple.Count);
+            int i = 0;
+            if (m_dictionary.Count > 0)
+            {
+                count = maxCount < 0 ? m_dictionary.Count : Math.Min(maxCount, m_dictionary.Count);
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, int> entry in m_dictionary)
+                {
+                    if (entry.Value >= 0 || entry.Value < m_tuple.Count)
+                    {
+                        string value = m_tuple[entry.Value].AsString(isList, sameLine, maxCount);
+                        sb.Append("\"" + entry.Key + "\" : " + value);
+                        if (i++ < count - 1)
+                        {
+                            sb.Append(sameLine ? ", " : Environment.NewLine);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    Variable arg = m_tuple[i];
+                    sb.Append(arg.AsString(isList, sameLine, maxCount));
+                    if (i != count - 1)
+                    {
+                        sb.Append(sameLine ? ", " : Environment.NewLine);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (count < m_tuple.Count)
+            {
+                sb.Append(" ...");
+            }
+            if (isList)
+            {
+                sb.Append(Constants.END_GROUP.ToString() +
+                         (sameLine ? "" : Environment.NewLine));
+            }
+
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        string ObjectToString()
+        {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            if (m_object != null)
+            {
+                sb.Append(m_object.ToString());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                sb.Append((m_object != null ? (m_object.ToString() + " ") : "") + Constants.START_GROUP.ToString());
+
+                List<string> allProps = GetAllProperties();
+                foreach (string prop in allProps)
+                {
+                    if (prop == Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES)
+                    {
+                        sb.Append(prop);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Variable propValue = GetProperty(prop);
+                    string value = "";
+                    if (propValue != null && propValue != Variable.EmptyInstance)
+                    {
+                        value = propValue.AsString();
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
+                        {
+                            if (propValue.Type == VarType.STRING && prop != Constants.OBJECT_TYPE)
+                            {
+                                value = "\"" + value + "\"";
+                            }
+                            value = ": " + value;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    sb.Append(prop + value + ", ");
+                }
+
+                sb.Append(Constants.END_GROUP.ToString());
+            }
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        public void SetAsArray()
+        {
+            Type = VarType.ARRAY;
+            if (m_tuple == null)
+            {
+                m_tuple = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int Count
+        {
+            get { return Type == VarType.ARRAY ? m_tuple.Count :
+                         Type == VarType.NONE  ? 0 : 1; }
+        }
+
+        public int TotalElements()
+        {
+            return Count;
+        }
+
+        public Variable SetProperty(string propName, Variable value)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName);
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case a.b.c = ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = GetProperty(varName);
+                result = property.SetProperty(actualPropName, value);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            m_propertyMap[propName] = value;
+            Type = VarType.OBJECT;
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                result = obj.SetProperty(match, value).Result;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(string propName, Variable value)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName);
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case a.b.c = ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = await GetPropertyAsync(varName);
+                result = await property.SetPropertyAsync(actualPropName, value);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            m_propertyMap[propName] = value;
+            Type = VarType.OBJECT;
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                result = await obj.SetProperty(match, value);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetProperty(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case x = a.b.c ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = GetProperty(varName, script);
+                result = string.IsNullOrEmpty(actualPropName) ? property :
+                               property.GetProperty(actualPropName, script);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+                {
+                    List<Variable> args = null;
+                    if (script != null && script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARG)
+                    {
+                        args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                    }
+                    else if (script != null)
+                    {
+                        args = new List<Variable>();
+                    }
+                    result = obj.GetProperty(match, args, script).Result;
+                    if (result != null)
+                    {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return GetCoreProperty(propName, script);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case x = a.b.c ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = await GetPropertyAsync(varName, script);
+                result = string.IsNullOrEmpty(actualPropName) ? property :
+                               await property.GetPropertyAsync(actualPropName, script);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                var supported = obj.GetProperties();
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+                {
+                    List<Variable> args = null;
+                    if (script != null && script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARG)
+                    {
+                        args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+                    }
+                    else if (script != null)
+                    {
+                        args = new List<Variable>();
+                    }
+                    result = await obj.GetProperty(match, args, script);
+                    if (result != null)
+                    {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return GetCoreProperty(propName, script);
+        }
+
+        Variable GetCoreProperty(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            if (m_propertyMap.TryGetValue(propName, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetProperties());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetTypeString());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.SIZE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetSize());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.UPPER, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(AsString().ToUpper());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.LOWER, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(AsString().ToLower());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.STRING, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(AsString());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.FIRST, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (Tuple != null && Tuple.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    return Tuple[0];
+                }
+                return AsString().Length > 0 ? new Variable("" + AsString()[0]) : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.LAST, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (Tuple != null && Tuple.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    return Tuple.Last<Variable>();
+                }
+                return AsString().Length > 0 ? new Variable("" + AsString().Last<char>()) : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.INDEX_OF, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+
+                string search = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                int startFrom = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0);
+                string param  = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().IndexOf(search, startFrom,comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.SUBSTRING, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+
+                int startFrom = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 0);
+                int length = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, AsString().Length);
+                length = Math.Min(length, AsString().Length - startFrom);
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().Substring(startFrom, length));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.TOKENIZE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                string sep = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0, " ");
+                var option = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+                return TokenizeFunction.Tokenize(AsString(), sep, option);
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.AT, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                int at = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0);
+
+                if (Tuple != null && Tuple.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    return Tuple.Count > at ? Tuple[at] : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+                string str = AsString();
+                return str.Length > at ? new Variable("" + str[at]) : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.REPLACE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, propName);
+                string oldVal = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string newVal = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().Replace(oldVal, newVal));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.CONTAINS, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                int index = AsString().IndexOf(val, comp);
+                return new Variable(index >= 0);
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.EQUALS, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().Equals(val, comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.STARTS_WITH, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().StartsWith(val, comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.ENDS_WITH, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().EndsWith(val, comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.TRIM, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                return new Variable(AsString().Trim());
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        public List<Variable> GetProperties()
+        {
+            List<string> all = GetAllProperties();
+            List<Variable> allVars = new List<Variable>(all.Count);
+            foreach (string key in all)
+            {
+                allVars.Add(new Variable(key));
+            }
+
+            return allVars;
+        }
+
+        public List<string> GetAllProperties()
+        {
+            HashSet<string> allSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            foreach (string key in m_propertyMap.Keys)
+            {
+                allSet.Add(key.ToLower());
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                List<string> objProps = obj.GetProperties();
+                foreach (string key in objProps)
+                {
+                    allSet.Add(key.ToLower());
+                }
+            }
+
+            List<string> all = new List<string>(allSet);
+            all.Sort();
+
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.SIZE.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.SIZE);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.STRING.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.STRING);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.FIRST.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.FIRST);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.LAST.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.LAST);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.UPPER.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.UPPER);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.LOWER.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.LOWER);
+            }
+
+            return all;
+        }
+
+        public int GetSize()
+        {
+            int size = Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                  Tuple.Count :
+                  AsString().Length;
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        public virtual string GetTypeString()
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.OBJECT && Object != null)
+            {
+                return Object.GetType().ToString();
+            }
+            return Constants.TypeToString(Type);
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetValue(int index)
+        {
+            if (index >= Count)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("There are only [" + Count +
+                                             "] but " + index + " requested.");
+
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return m_tuple[index];
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public static string GetActualPropertyName(string propName, List<string> properties)
+        {
+            string match = properties.FirstOrDefault(element => element.Equals(propName,
+                                   StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+            {
+                match = "";
+            }
+            return match;
+        }
+
+        public double Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+            set { m_value = value; Type = VarType.NUMBER; }
+        }
+
+        public string String
+        {
+            get { return m_string; }
+            set { m_string = value; Type = VarType.STRING; }
+        }
+
+        public object Object
+        {
+            get { return m_object; }
+            set { m_object = value; Type = VarType.OBJECT; }
+        }
+
+        public List<Variable> Tuple
+        {
+            get { return m_tuple; }
+            set { m_tuple = value; Type = VarType.ARRAY; }
+        }
+
+        public string Action { get; set; }
+        public VarType Type { get; set; }
+        public bool IsReturn { get; set; }
+        public string ParsingToken { get; set; }
+        public int Index { get; set; }
+        public string CurrentAssign { get; set; } = "";
+
+        public static Variable EmptyInstance = new Variable();
+
+        double m_value;
+        string m_string;
+        object m_object;
+        List<Variable> m_tuple;
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_dictionary = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_propertyMap = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+    }
+
+    // A Variable supporting "dot-notation" must have an object implementing this interface.
+    public interface ScriptObject
+    {
+        // SetProperty is triggered by the following scripting call: "a.name = value;"
+        Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value);
+
+        // GetProperty is triggered by the following scripting call: "x = a.name;"
+        // If args are null, it is triggered by object.ToString() function"
+        // If args are not empty, it is triggered by a function call: "y = a.name(arg1, arg2, ...);"
+        Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null);
+
+        // Returns all of the properties that this object implements. Only these properties will be processed
+        // by SetProperty() and GetProperty() methods above.
+        List<string> GetProperties();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `obj` last assigned on line 592 could be null and is dereferenced at line 593, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable Variable.SetProperty(String,Variable)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Variable.cs
+
+### Key:
+Variable.cs|SetProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fa4ede143f70bc5cebdc13a1ecb51efb
+
+### Hash:
+5ca26b3cc9449f185d310c7119041cae
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1876/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1876/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dfa4626e27fcabadebebbcf86362a0dba16702a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1876/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2480 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 73
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null ||
+                          ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+                tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+                tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+                tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result));
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result)); 
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1878/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1878/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6274f043676bc56b0ed4a96092dc1a858cdfd16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1878/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2504 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 80
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string functionName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            CustomFunction custFunc = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, script) as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(functionName, custFunc, script);
+
+#if __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            CustomCompiledFunction comp = custFunc as CustomCompiledFunction;
+            if (comp != null)
+            {
+                return new Variable(comp.Precompiler.CSCode);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+                tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+                tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+                tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = RealArgs = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    RealArgs[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                }
+
+                ArgMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (ArgMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be in arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+
+        public Dictionary<string, int> ArgMap { get; private set; } = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        public string[] RealArgs { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item, script);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(Name, script);
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result));
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result)); 
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name, script);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1882/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1882/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c6b59bdf49a980b6d4c9e87ea1857f0f234f475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1882/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1552 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //Interpreter.Instance.AppendOutput("Registering function [" + funcName + "] ...");
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            string line = script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            var parent = script.ParentScript;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            s_allClasses[className] = this;
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Variable SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public Variable GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new 
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            Variable value = new Variable(instance);
+
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            string line = script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind);
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(new Variable(ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false: script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, "StringOrNumber");
+            /*if (!Double.TryParse(Item, NumberStyles.Number |
+                                 NumberStyles.AllowExponent |
+                                 NumberStyles.Float,
+                                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num)) {
+              Utils.ThrowException(script, "parseToken", Item, "parseTokenExtra");
+            }*/
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(filename);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref startName, ref m_delta);
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref tmpName, ref delta);
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            /* var function = */ ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            /* var function = */ ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Convert type to string.
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                              element.Tuple.Count :
+                              element.AsString().Length;
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName  = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName    = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1885/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1885/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a6e1447d6375bd07823e87e5e277622862966f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1885/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1565 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //Interpreter.Instance.AppendOutput("Registering function [" + funcName + "] ...");
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            string line = script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            var parent = script.ParentScript;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            s_allClasses[className] = this;
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Variable SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public Variable GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new 
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            Variable value = new Variable(instance);
+
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            string line = script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(new Variable(defValue));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false: script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, "StringOrNumber");
+            /*if (!Double.TryParse(Item, NumberStyles.Number |
+                                 NumberStyles.AllowExponent |
+                                 NumberStyles.Float,
+                                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num)) {
+              Utils.ThrowException(script, "parseToken", Item, "parseTokenExtra");
+            }*/
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(filename);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref startName, ref m_delta);
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref tmpName, ref delta);
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            /* var function = */ ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            /* var function = */ ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Convert type to string.
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                              element.Tuple.Count :
+                              element.AsString().Length;
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName  = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName    = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1891/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1891/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7974620fdcf191a7467b7c7ec422efe73d94db91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1891/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2512 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 86
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string functionName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            CustomFunction custFunc = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, script) as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(functionName, custFunc, script);
+
+#if __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            CustomCompiledFunction comp = custFunc as CustomCompiledFunction;
+            if (comp != null)
+            {
+                return new Variable(comp.Precompiler.CSharpCode);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSetLower = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                m_propSetLower.Add(name.ToLower());
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out Variable value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSetLower.Contains(name.ToLower());
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args).Result;
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out _);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = RealArgs = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    RealArgs[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                }
+
+                ArgMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (ArgMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be in arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            m_stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(m_stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public override ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            var newInstance = (CustomFunction)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            newInstance.m_stackLevel = null;
+            return newInstance;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+        protected StackLevel m_stackLevel;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+
+        public Dictionary<string, int> ArgMap { get; private set; } = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        public string[] RealArgs { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item, script);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            string format = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            string result = arg.AsString(format);
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ConstantsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+            includeScript = tempScript.String;
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+                script.Forward();
+
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(Name, script);
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left), script);
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (pf.GetValue(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script);
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (await pf.GetValueAsync(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            if (script.StackLevel != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalVariable(new GetVarFunction(currentValue), varName);
+            }
+            else if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg(m_name + " function can't be defined inside of a class.",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                     new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name, script);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1896/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1896/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d1279794ba80047693dd16df9db625c5c2061be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1896/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2154 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    Variable defVariable = new Variable(defValue);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1897/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1897/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f25faa9fff1ac4330da54eae9fddcee64c19487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1897/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2114 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    Variable defVariable = new Variable(defValue);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string owner = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                if (owner == "")
+                {
+                    owner = "\"\"";
+                }
+
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + owner + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1898/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1898/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3adc0c5d297df612f33ba5fcecf4ee53fa85e3cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1898/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2045 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public async Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    Variable defVariable = new Variable(defValue);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script.OriginalLine);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2012/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2012/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00fa97ccccf26adab7d54d5491d0c85cef228f9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2012/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AntJob
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using AntJob.Data;
+using AntJob.Data.Entity;
+using NewLife;
+using NewLife.Data;
+using NewLife.Log;
+using NewLife.Net;
+using NewLife.Remoting;
+using NewLife.Security;
+using NewLife.Serialization;
+using NewLife.Threading;
+using XCode;
+using IJob = AntJob.Data.Entity.IJob;
+
+namespace AntJob.Server
+{
+    [Api(null)]
+    class AntService : IApi, IActionFilter
+    {
+        #region 属性
+        /// <summary>本地节点</summary>
+        public static EndPoint Local { get; set; }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 登录
+        public IApiSession Session { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 传入应用名和密钥登录，
+        /// 返回应用名和应用显示名
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="user">应用名</param>
+        /// <param name="pass"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Api(nameof(Login))]
+        public Object Login(String user, String pass)
+        {
+            if (user.IsNullOrEmpty()) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(user));
+            //if (pass.IsNullOrEmpty()) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(pass));
+
+            var ps = ControllerContext.Current.Parameters;
+            var machine = ps["machine"] + "";
+            var pid = ps["processid"].ToInt();
+            var ver = ps["version"] + "";
+            var compile = ps["Compile"].ToDateTime();
+
+            var ns = Session as INetSession;
+            var ip = ns.Remote.Host;
+
+            WriteLog("[{0}]从[{1}]登录[{2}@{3}]", user, ns.Remote, machine, pid);
+
+            // 找应用
+            var autoReg = false;
+            var app = App.FindByName(user);
+            if (app == null || app.Secret.MD5() != pass)
+            {
+                app = CheckApp(app, user, pass, ip);
+                if (app == null) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(user));
+
+                autoReg = true;
+            }
+
+            if (app == null) throw new Exception($"应用[{user}]不存在！");
+            if (!app.Enable) throw new Exception("已禁用！");
+
+            // 核对密码
+            if (!autoReg && !app.Secret.IsNullOrEmpty())
+            {
+                var pass2 = app.Secret.MD5();
+                if (pass != pass2) throw new Exception("密码错误！");
+            }
+
+            // 版本和编译时间
+            if (app.Version.IsNullOrEmpty() || app.Version.CompareTo(ver) < 0) app.Version = ver;
+            if (app.CompileTime < compile) app.CompileTime = compile;
+
+            app.Save();
+
+            // 应用上线
+            var online = CreateOnline(app, ns, machine, pid);
+            online.Version = ver;
+            online.CompileTime = compile;
+            online.Save();
+
+            // 记录当前用户
+            Session["App"] = app;
+
+            WriteHistory(autoReg ? "注册" : "登录", true, $"[{user}/{pass}]在[{machine}@{pid}]登录[{app}]成功");
+
+            if (autoReg)
+                return new
+                {
+                    app.Name,
+                    app.Secret,
+                    app.DisplayName,
+                };
+            else
+                return new
+                {
+                    app.Name,
+                    app.DisplayName,
+                };
+        }
+
+        protected virtual App CheckApp(App app, String user, String pass, String ip)
+        {
+            //  本地账号不存在时
+            var name = user;
+            if (app == null)
+            {
+                // 是否支持自动注册
+                var set = Setting.Current;
+                if (!set.AutoRegistry) throw new Exception($"找不到应用[{name}]");
+
+                app = new App();
+                app.Secret = Rand.NextString(16);
+            }
+            else if (app.Secret.MD5() != pass)
+            {
+                // 是否支持自动注册
+                var set = Setting.Current;
+                if (!set.AutoRegistry) throw new Exception($"应用[{name}]申请重新激活，但服务器设置禁止自动注册");
+
+                if (app.Secret.IsNullOrEmpty()) app.Secret = Rand.NextString(16);
+            }
+
+            if (app.ID == 0)
+            {
+                app.Name = name;
+                app.CreateIP = ip;
+                app.CreateTime = DateTime.Now;
+
+                // 首次打开
+                app.Enable = true;
+            }
+
+            app.UpdateIP = ip;
+            app.UpdateTime = DateTime.Now;
+
+            //app.Save();
+
+            return app;
+        }
+
+        void IActionFilter.OnActionExecuting(ControllerContext filterContext)
+        {
+            var act = filterContext.ActionName;
+            if (act == nameof(Login)) return;
+
+            var ns = Session as INetSession;
+            if (Session["App"] is App app)
+            {
+                var online = GetOnline(app, ns);
+                online.UpdateTime = TimerX.Now;
+                online.SaveAsync();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new ApiException(401, "{0}未登录！不能执行{1}".F(ns.Remote, act));
+            }
+        }
+
+        void IActionFilter.OnActionExecuted(ControllerContext filterContext)
+        {
+            if (filterContext.Exception != null && !filterContext.ExceptionHandled)
+            {
+                // 显示错误
+                var ex = filterContext.Exception;
+                if (ex != null)
+                {
+                    if (ex is ApiException)
+                        XTrace.Log.Error(ex.Message);
+                    else
+                        XTrace.WriteException(ex);
+
+                    WriteHistory(filterContext.ActionName, false, ex.GetMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 业务
+        /// <summary>获取指定名称的作业</summary>
+        /// <param name="names"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Api(nameof(GetJobs))]
+        public AntJob.Data.IJob[] GetJobs(String[] names)
+        {
+            var app = Session["App"] as App;
+
+            var jobs = Job.FindAllByAppID(app.ID);
+            if (names != null && names.Length > 0) jobs = jobs.Where(e => names.Contains(e.Name)).ToList();
+
+            return jobs.Select(e => e.ToModel()).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>批量添加作业</summary>
+        /// <param name="jobs"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Api(nameof(AddJobs))]
+        public String[] AddJobs(JobModel[] jobs)
+        {
+            if (jobs == null || jobs.Length == 0) return new String[0];
+
+            var app = Session["App"] as App;
+            var ns = Session as INetSession;
+
+            var myJobs = Job.FindAllByAppID(app.ID);
+            var list = new List<String>();
+            foreach (var item in jobs)
+            {
+                var jb = myJobs.FirstOrDefault(e => e.Name.EqualIgnoreCase(item.Name));
+                if (jb == null)
+                {
+                    jb = new Job
+                    {
+                        AppID = app.ID,
+                        Name = item.Name,
+                        //Enable = item.Enable,
+                        Start = item.Start,
+                        End = item.End,
+                        Offset = item.Offset,
+                        Step = item.Step,
+                        BatchSize = item.BatchSize,
+                        MaxTask = item.MaxTask,
+                        Mode = item.Mode,
+                        MaxError = 100,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                if (item.Mode > 0) jb.Mode = item.Mode;
+                if (!item.DisplayName.IsNullOrEmpty()) jb.DisplayName = item.DisplayName;
+                if (!item.Description.IsNullOrEmpty()) jb.Description = item.Description;
+
+                if (jb.Mode == JobModes.Message || jb.Mode == JobModes.Alarm)
+                {
+                    jb.StepRate = 0;
+                    //jb.MaxStep = jb.MinStep = jb.Step;
+                }
+
+                if (jb.Save() != 0)
+                {
+                    WriteLog("[{0}]更新作业[{1}] @[{2}]", app, item.Name, ns.Remote);
+
+                    // 更新作业数
+                    jb.SaveAsync();
+
+                    list.Add(jb.Name);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return list.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>申请作业任务</summary>
+        /// <param name="job">作业名称</param>
+        /// <param name="count"></param>
+        /// <param name="topic">主题</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Api(nameof(Acquire))]
+        public ITask[] Acquire(String job, Int32 count)
+        {
+            job = job?.Trim();
+            if (job.IsNullOrEmpty()) return new TaskModel[0];
+
+            if (!(Session["App"] is App app)) return new TaskModel[0];
+
+            // 应用停止发放作业
+            app = App.FindByID(app.ID) ?? app;
+            if (!app.Enable) return new TaskModel[0];
+
+            // 找到作业。为了确保能够快速拿到新的作业参数，这里做二次查询
+            var jb = app.Jobs.FirstOrDefault(e => e.Name == job);
+            if (jb != null)
+                jb = Job.FindByID(jb.ID);
+            else
+                jb = Job.FindByAppIDAndName(app.ID, job);
+
+            if (jb == null) throw new XException($"应用[{app.ID}/{app.Name}]下未找到作业[{job}]");
+            if (jb.Step == 0 || jb.Start.Year <= 2000) throw new XException("作业[{0}/{1}]未设置开始时间或步进", jb.ID, jb.Name);
+
+            var list = new List<JobTask>();
+
+            // 每分钟检查一下错误任务和中断任务
+            CheckErrorTask(app, jb, count, list);
+
+            // 错误项不够时，增加切片
+            if (list.Count < count)
+            {
+                var ps = ControllerContext.Current.Parameters;
+                var server = ps["server"] + "";
+                var pid = ps["pid"].ToInt();
+                var topic = ps["topic"] + "";
+                var ip = (Session as INetSession).Remote.Host;
+
+                switch (jb.Mode)
+                {
+                    case JobModes.Message:
+                        list.AddRange(jb.AcquireMessage(topic, server, ip, pid, count - list.Count));
+                        break;
+                    case JobModes.Data:
+                    case JobModes.Alarm:
+                    default:
+                        {
+                            // 如果能够切片，则查询数据库后进入，避免缓存导致重复
+                            if (jb.TrySplit(jb.Start, jb.Step, out var end))
+                            {
+                                // 申请任务前，不能再查数据库，那样子会导致多线程脏读，从而出现多客户端分到相同任务的情况
+                                //jb = Job.FindByKey(jb.ID);
+                                list.AddRange(jb.Acquire(server, ip, pid, count - list.Count));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 记录状态
+            var online = GetOnline(app, Session as INetSession);
+            online.Tasks += list.Count;
+            online.SaveAsync();
+
+            return list.Select(e => e.ToModel()).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        private void CheckErrorTask(App app, Job jb, Int32 count, List<JobTask> list)
+        {
+            // 每分钟检查一下错误任务和中断任务
+            var nextKey = $"_NextAcquireOld_{jb.ID}";
+            var now = TimerX.Now;
+            var ext = Session as IExtend;
+            var next = (DateTime)(ext[nextKey] ?? DateTime.MinValue);
+            if (next < now)
+            {
+                var ps = ControllerContext.Current.Parameters;
+                var server = ps["server"] + "";
+                var pid = ps["pid"].ToInt();
+                var ip = (Session as INetSession).Remote.Host;
+
+                next = now.AddSeconds(60);
+                list.AddRange(jb.AcquireOld(server, ip, pid, count));
+
+                if (list.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    // 既然有数据，待会还来
+                    next = now;
+
+                    var n1 = list.Count(e => e.Status == JobStatus.错误 || e.Status == JobStatus.取消);
+                    var n2 = list.Count(e => e.Status == JobStatus.就绪 || e.Status == JobStatus.抽取中 || e.Status == JobStatus.处理中);
+                    XTrace.WriteLine("作业[{0}/{1}]准备处理[{2}]个错误和[{3}]超时任务 [{4}]", app, jb.Name, n1, n2, list.Join(",", e => e.ID + ""));
+                }
+                else
+                    ext[nextKey] = next;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>生产消息</summary>
+        /// <param name="job">作业</param>
+        /// <param name="topic">主体</param>
+        /// <param name="messages">消息集合</param>
+        /// <param name="delayTime">延迟执行间隔（实际执行时间=延迟+生产时间），单位秒</param>
+        /// <param name="unique">消息去重。避免单个消息被重复生产</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Api(nameof(Produce))]
+        public Int32 Produce(String job, String topic, String[] messages, Int32 delayTime = 0, Boolean unique = false)
+        {
+            if (messages == null) return 0;
+            messages = messages.Distinct().ToArray();
+            if (messages.Length == 0) return 0;
+
+            var app = Session["App"] as App;
+
+            // 去重过滤
+            if (unique)
+            {
+                messages = AppMessage.Filter(app.ID, topic, messages);
+                if (messages.Length == 0) return 0;
+            }
+
+            var ms = new List<AppMessage>();
+
+            var total = 0;
+            var now = DateTime.Now;
+            // 延迟需要基于任务开始时间，而不能用使用当前时间，防止回头跑数据时无法快速执行
+            var dTime = delayTime.ToDateTime();
+            if (dTime.Year < 2000)
+                dTime = now.AddSeconds(delayTime);
+
+            var jb = Job.FindByAppIDAndName(app.ID, job);
+
+            foreach (var item in messages)
+            {
+                var jm = new AppMessage
+                {
+                    AppID = app.ID,
+                    JobID = jb == null ? 0 : jb.ID,
+                    Topic = topic,
+                    Data = item,
+                };
+
+                jm.CreateTime = jm.UpdateTime = now;
+                if (delayTime > 0) jm.UpdateTime = dTime;
+
+                ms.Add(jm);
+            }
+
+            // 记录消息积压数
+            total = ms.BatchInsert();
+
+            // 增加消息数
+            if (total < 0) total = messages.Length;
+            if (total > 0)
+            {
+                var job2 = app.Jobs?.FirstOrDefault(e => e.Topic == topic);
+                if (job2 != null)
+                {
+                    job2.MessageCount += total;
+                    job2.SaveAsync();
+                }
+
+                app.MessageCount += total;
+                app.SaveAsync();
+            }
+
+            return total;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 状态报告
+        /// <summary>报告状态（进度、成功、错误）</summary>
+        /// <param name="task"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Api(nameof(Report))]
+        public Boolean Report(TaskModel task)
+        {
+            if (task == null || task.ID == 0) throw new InvalidOperationException("无效操作 TaskID=" + task?.ID);
+
+            // 判断是否有权
+            var app = Session["App"] as App;
+
+            var jt = JobTask.FindByID(task.ID);
+            if (jt == null) throw new InvalidOperationException($"找不到任务[{task.ID}]");
+
+            var job = Job.FindByID(jt.JobID);
+            if (job == null || job.AppID != app.ID)
+            {
+                XTrace.WriteLine(task.ToJson());
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"应用[{app}]无权操作作业[{job}#{jt}]");
+            }
+
+            // 只有部分字段允许客户端修改
+            if (task.Status > 0) jt.Status = task.Status;
+
+            jt.Speed = task.Speed;
+            jt.Total = task.Total;
+            jt.Success = task.Success;
+            jt.Cost = task.Cost;
+            jt.Key = task.Key;
+            jt.Message = task.Message;
+
+            // 动态调整步进
+            if (task.Status == JobStatus.完成)
+            {
+                AdjustStep(job, jt, Session as IExtend);
+
+                //// 更新积压数
+                //UpdateLatency(job, ji);
+            }
+            // 已终结的作业，汇总统计
+            if (task.Status == JobStatus.完成 || task.Status == JobStatus.错误)
+            {
+                jt.Times++;
+
+                SetJobFinish(job, jt);
+
+                // 记录状态
+                UpdateOnline(app, jt, Session as INetSession);
+            }
+            if (task.Status == JobStatus.错误)
+            {
+                var ps = ControllerContext.Current.Parameters;
+
+                SetJobError(job, jt, ps);
+
+                jt.Error++;
+                //ji.Message = err.Message;
+
+                // 出错时判断如果超过最大错误数，则停止作业
+                CheckMaxError(app, job);
+            }
+
+            // 从创建到完成的全部耗时
+            var ts = DateTime.Now - jt.CreateTime;
+            jt.FullCost = (Int32)ts.TotalSeconds;
+
+            jt.SaveAsync();
+            //ji.Save();
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private void SetJobFinish(Job job, JobTask task)
+        {
+            job.Total += task.Total;
+            job.Success += task.Success;
+            job.Error += task.Error;
+            job.Times++;
+
+            var ths = job.MaxTask;
+
+            var p1 = task.Speed * ths;
+
+            if (p1 > 0)
+            {
+                // 平均速度
+                if (job.Speed > 0)
+                    job.Speed = (Int32)((job.Speed * 3L + p1) / 4);
+                else
+                    job.Speed = p1;
+            }
+
+            job.SaveAsync();
+            //job.Save();
+        }
+
+        private JobError SetJobError(IJob job, JobTask task, IDictionary<String, Object> ps)
+        {
+            var err = new JobError
+            {
+                AppID = job.AppID,
+                JobID = job.ID,
+                Start = task.Start,
+                End = task.End,
+                Step = task.Step,
+                BatchSize = task.BatchSize,
+
+                Server = task.Server,
+                ProcessID = task.ProcessID,
+                Client = task.Client,
+
+                CreateTime = DateTime.Now,
+                UpdateTime = DateTime.Now,
+            };
+            err.Key = task.Key;
+            err.Data = ps["Data"] + "";
+
+            var code = ps["ErrorCode"] + "";
+            if (code != nameof(Exception)) code = code.TrimEnd(nameof(Exception));
+            err.ErrorCode = code;
+
+            var msg = task.Message;
+            if (!msg.IsNullOrEmpty() && msg.Contains("Exception:")) msg = msg.Substring("Exception:").Trim();
+            err.Message = msg;
+
+            err.Insert();
+
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        private void CheckMaxError(IApp app, IJob job)
+        {
+            // 出错时判断如果超过最大错误数，则停止作业
+            var maxError = job.MaxError < 1 ? 100 : job.MaxError;
+            if (job.Enable && job.Error > maxError)
+            {
+                job.MaxError = maxError;
+                job.Enable = false;
+
+                //job.SaveAsync();
+                (job as IEntity).Update();
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 动态步进
+        public static void AdjustStep(IJob job, JobTask ji, IExtend ext)
+        {
+            // 不许动态调节步进
+            if (job.StepRate == 0 || job.MinStep == job.MaxStep) return;
+
+            //// 向前调节步进，避免多线程时间错乱
+            //var dt = ext["Step_Last"].ToDateTime();
+            //if (dt.Year > 2000 && ji.Start <= dt) return;
+            //ext["Step_Last"] = ji.Start;
+
+            // 新步进
+            var st = 0L;
+            var near = false;
+            var adjust = false;
+
+            // 计算停止线，需要注意偏移量
+            var end = job.End;
+            if (end.Year <= 2000 || end > DateTime.Now) end = DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(-job.Offset);
+
+            // 距离目标较近时步进减半
+            if (ji.End.AddSeconds(ji.Step) > end)
+            {
+                st = ji.Step;
+                while (st > 0 && ji.End.AddSeconds(st) > end) st /= 2;
+                near = true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (ji.Total > 0)
+                {
+                    // 逼近批大小
+                    st = (Int64)ji.BatchSize * ji.Step / ji.Total;
+                    adjust = true;
+                }
+                // 踩空逻辑
+                else
+                {
+                    // 距离目标较远时加大步进
+                    //st = job.MaxStep;
+                    st = (Int32)(ji.Step * (1 + job.StepRate / 100.0));
+                }
+
+                // 步进率
+                var jstep = ji.Step;
+                var rate = jstep == 0 ? 0 : (st - jstep) * 100.0 / jstep;
+                // 变化不能超过比率
+                if (Math.Abs(rate) > job.StepRate)
+                {
+                    rate = job.StepRate;
+                    if (st < jstep) rate = -rate;
+                    st = (Int32)(jstep + rate * jstep / 100);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 限制最大最小步进
+            if (st < job.MinStep)
+                st = job.MinStep;
+            else if (st > job.MaxStep)
+                st = job.MaxStep;
+
+            if (st == job.Step) return;
+
+            // 踩空时要求步进没有改变过
+            if (near || adjust || job.Step == ji.Step) job.Step = (Int32)st;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 在线状态
+        /// <summary>获取当前应用的所有在线实例</summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        [Api(nameof(GetPeers))]
+        public PeerModel[] GetPeers()
+        {
+            var app = Session["App"] as App;
+
+            var olts = AppOnline.FindAllByAppID(app.ID);
+
+            return olts.Select(e => e.ToModel()).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        AppOnline CreateOnline(IApp app, INetSession ns, String machine, Int32 pid)
+        {
+            var ip = ns.Remote.Host;
+
+            var online = GetOnline(app, ns);
+            online.Client = $"{(ip.IsNullOrEmpty() ? machine : ip)}@{pid}";
+            online.Name = machine;
+            online.UpdateIP = ip;
+            //online.Version = version;
+
+            online.Server = Local + "";
+            //online.Save();
+
+            // 真正的用户
+            Session["AppOnline"] = online;
+
+            // 下线
+            ns.OnDisposed += (s, e) =>
+            {
+                online.Delete();
+                WriteHistory("下线", true, $"[{online.Name}]登录于{online.CreateTime}，最后活跃于{online.UpdateTime}");
+            };
+
+            return online;
+        }
+
+        AppOnline GetOnline(IApp app, INetSession ns)
+        {
+            if (Session["AppOnline"] is AppOnline online) return online;
+
+            var ip = ns.Remote.Host;
+            var ins = ns.Remote.EndPoint + "";
+            online = AppOnline.FindByInstance(ins) ?? new AppOnline { CreateIP = ip };
+            online.AppID = app.ID;
+            online.Instance = ins;
+
+            return online;
+        }
+
+        void UpdateOnline(IApp app, JobTask ji, INetSession ns)
+        {
+            var online = GetOnline(app, ns);
+            online.Total += ji.Total;
+            online.Success += ji.Success;
+            online.Error += ji.Error;
+            online.Cost += ji.Cost;
+            online.Speed = ji.Speed;
+            online.LastKey = ji.Key;
+            online.SaveAsync();
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 写历史
+        void WriteHistory(String action, Boolean success, String remark)
+        {
+            var app = Session["App"] as App;
+            var ns = Session as INetSession;
+            var ip = ns.Remote.Host;
+
+            AppHistory.Create(app, action, success, remark, Local + "", ip);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 日志
+        /// <summary>日志</summary>
+        public static ILog Log { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>写日志</summary>
+        /// <param name="format"></param>
+        /// <param name="args"></param>
+        public static void WriteLog(String format, params Object[] args) => Log?.Info(format, args);
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `ns` last assigned on line 50 could be null and is dereferenced at line 51, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Object AntService.Login(String,String)
+
+### File:
+AntJob.Server/AntService.cs
+
+### Key:
+AntService.cs|Login|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+277c5e4fc7793eba679254e42372b233
+
+### Hash:
+75d11af11222d83a36781ac92f1c265b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2015/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2015/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08bdf3e3754a9ec7e763e4ce4b95992fd6702bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2015/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FluentFTP
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.FtpClient;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Tests {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Torture test
+    /// </summary>
+    class Program {
+        static readonly string m_host = "localhost";
+        static readonly string m_user = "ftptest";
+        static readonly string m_pass = "ftptest";
+
+        static void Main(string[] args) {
+            //Debug.Listeners.Add(new ConsoleTraceListener());
+            FtpTrace.AddListener(new ConsoleTraceListener());
+
+            try {
+                /*foreach (int i in new int[] {
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.EPSV,
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.EPRT,
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.PASV,
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.PORT
+                 }) {
+                     using (FtpClient cl = Connect()) {
+                         cl.DataConnectionType = (FtpDataConnectionType)i;
+                         Upload(cl);
+                         Download(cl);
+                         Delete(cl);
+                     }
+                 }*/
+
+                //TestMODCOMP_PWD_Parser();
+                //TestDispose();
+                //TestHash();
+
+                //TestNameListing();
+                //TestOpenVMSParser();
+                // TestIISParser();
+                //GetMicrosoftFTPListing();
+                //TestReset();
+                //TestUTF8();
+
+                //TestDirectoryWithDots();
+
+                //TestUnixListParser();
+
+               // TestFileZillaKick();
+
+                //TestUnixList();
+                //TestNetBSDServer();
+
+                TestConnectionFailure();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex) {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine("--DONE--");
+            Console.ReadKey();
+        }
+
+        static void TestConnectionFailure() {
+            try {
+                using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                    cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftp", "ftp");
+                    cl.Host = "somefakehost";
+                    cl.ConnectTimeout = 5000;
+                    cl.Connect();
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                Console.WriteLine("Caught connection faillure: {0}", e.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestNetBSDServer() {
+            using (FtpClient client = new FtpClient()) {
+                client.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftp", "ftp");
+                client.Host = "ftp.netbsd.org";
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in client.GetListing(null, 
+                    FtpListOption.ForceList | FtpListOption.Modify | FtpListOption.DerefLinks)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item);
+
+                    if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Link && item.LinkObject != null)
+                        Console.WriteLine(item.LinkObject);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestUnixList() {
+            using (FtpClient client = new FtpClient()) {
+                client.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                client.Host = "localhost";
+
+                Console.WriteLine("Connected!");
+                
+                FtpListItem[] items = client.GetListing("./TEST", FtpListOption.ForceList | FtpListOption.Modify);
+                DirectoryInfo ftproot = new DirectoryInfo(@"C:\FTPTEST\TEST");
+
+                foreach (DirectoryInfo dir in ftproot.GetDirectories()) {
+                    bool found = false;
+
+                    foreach (FtpListItem item in items) {
+                        if (item.Name.ToUpper() == dir.Name.ToUpper()) {
+                            found = true;
+                                                       
+                            if (item.Modified.ToString() != dir.LastWriteTime.ToString())
+                                throw new Exception(string.Format("The last write time for {0} is not right! FtpListItem: {1} FileInfo: {2}",
+                                   dir.Name, item.Modified.ToString(), dir.LastAccessTime.ToString()));
+                        }
+
+                        if (found)
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (!found) {
+                        throw new Exception(string.Format("Couldn't locate directory {0} in listing.", dir.Name));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                foreach (FileInfo file in ftproot.GetFiles()) {
+                    bool found = false;
+
+                    foreach (FtpListItem item in items) {
+                        if (item.Name == file.Name) {
+                            found = true;
+
+                            if (item.Modified.ToString() != file.LastWriteTime.ToString())
+                                throw new Exception(string.Format("The last write time for {0} is not right! FtpListItem: {1} FileInfo: {2}", 
+                                    file.Name, item.Modified.ToString(), file.LastAccessTime.ToString()));
+
+                            if (item.Size != file.Length)
+                                throw new Exception(string.Format("The file size for {0} is not right! FtpListItem: {1} FileInfo: {2}", 
+                                    file.Name, item.Size, file.Length));
+                        }
+
+                        if (found)
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (!found) {
+                        throw new Exception(string.Format("Couldn't locate file {0} in listing.", file.Name));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestFileZillaKick() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.EnableThreadSafeDataConnections = false;
+
+                if (cl.FileExists("TestFile.txt"))
+                    cl.DeleteFile("TestFile.txt");
+
+                try {
+                    Stream s = cl.OpenWrite("TestFile.txt");
+                    for (int i = 0; true; i++) {
+                        s.WriteByte((byte)i);
+                        Thread.Sleep(100);
+                    }
+
+                    //s.Close();
+                }
+                catch (FtpCommandException ex) {
+                    Console.WriteLine("Exception caught!");
+                    Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestUnixListParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "drwxr-xr-x   7  user1 user1       512 Sep 27  2011 .",
+                "drwxr-xr-x  31 user1  user1      1024 Sep 27  2011 ..",
+                "lrwxrwxrwx   1 user1  user1      9 Sep 27  2011 data.0000 -> data.6460",
+                "drwxr-xr-x  10 user1  user1      512 Jun 29  2012 data.6460",
+                "lrwxrwxrwx   1 user1 user1       8 Sep 27  2011 sys.0000 -> sys.6460",
+                "drwxr-xr-x 133 user1  user1     4096 Jun 25 16:26 sys.6460"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("/", s, FtpCapability.NONE);
+
+                if (item != null)
+                    Console.WriteLine(item);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestDirectoryWithDots() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+                // FTP server set to timeout after 5 seconds.
+                //Thread.Sleep(6000);
+
+                cl.GetListing("Test.Directory", FtpListOption.ForceList);
+                cl.SetWorkingDirectory("Test.Directory");
+                cl.GetListing(null, FtpListOption.ForceList);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestDispose() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+                // FTP server set to timeout after 5 seconds.
+                //Thread.Sleep(6000);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing()) {
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestHash() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                Console.WriteLine("Supported HASH algorithms: {0}", cl.HashAlgorithms);
+                Console.WriteLine("Current HASH algorithm: {0}", cl.GetHashAlgorithm());
+
+                foreach (FtpHashAlgorithm alg in Enum.GetValues(typeof(FtpHashAlgorithm))) {
+                    if (alg != FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE && cl.HashAlgorithms.HasFlag(alg)) {
+                        FtpHash hash = null;
+
+                        cl.SetHashAlgorithm(alg);
+                        hash = cl.GetHash("LICENSE.TXT");
+
+                        if (hash.IsValid) {
+                            Debug.Assert(hash.Verify(@"C:\FTPTEST\LICENSE.TXT"), "The computed hash didn't match or the hash object was invalid!");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestReset() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                using (Stream istream = cl.OpenRead("LICENSE.TXT", 10)) {
+                    istream.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void GetMicrosoftFTPListing() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftp", "ftp");
+                cl.Host = "ftp.microsoft.com";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                Console.WriteLine(cl.Capabilities);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(null, FtpListOption.Modify)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestIISParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "03-07-13  10:02AM                  901 File01.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:03AM                  921 File02.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:04AM                  904 File03.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:04AM                  912 File04.xml",
+                "03-08-13  11:10AM                  912 File05.xml",
+                "03-15-13  02:38PM                  912 File06.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:16AM                  909 File07.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:16AM                  899 File08.xml",
+                "03-08-13  10:22AM                  904 File09.xml",
+                "03-25-13  07:27AM                  895 File10.xml",
+                "03-08-13  10:22AM                 6199 File11.txt",
+                "03-25-13  07:22AM                31444 File12.txt",
+                "03-25-13  07:24AM                24537 File13.txt"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("/", s, 0);
+
+                if (item != null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                    //Console.WriteLine(item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestOpenVMSParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "411_4114.TXT;1             11  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CC_NAME_4114.TXT;1    30  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CC_NUM_4114.TXT;1     30  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CELL_NAME_4114.TXT;1 113  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CELL_NUM_4114.TXT;1  113  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "AGCY_BUDG_4114.TXT;1      63  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "CELL_SUMM_4114.TXT;1     125  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "CELL_SUMM_CHART_4114.PDF;2 95  21-MAR-2012 10:58 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114.TXT;1          17472  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_000.TXT;1        777  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_001.TXT;1        254  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_003.TXT;1         21  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_006.TXT;1         22  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_101.TXT;1        431  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_121.TXT;1       2459  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_124.TXT;1       4610  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_200.TXT;1        936  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "TEL_4114.TXT;1           1178  21-MAR-2012 15:19 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("disk$user520:[4114.2012.Jan]", s, 0);
+
+                if (item != null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                    //Console.WriteLine(item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestMODCOMP_PWD_Parser() {
+            string response = "PWD = ~TNA=AMP,VNA=VOL03,FNA=U-ED-B2-USL";
+            Match m;
+
+            if ((m = Regex.Match(response, "PWD = (?<pwd>.*)")).Success)
+                Console.WriteLine("PWD: {0}", m.Groups["pwd"].Value);
+        }
+
+        static void TestNameListing() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(m_user, m_pass);
+                cl.Host = "127.0.0.1";
+                cl.ValidateCertificate += OnValidateCertificate;
+                cl.DataConnectionType = FtpDataConnectionType.PASV;
+                //cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.Explicit;
+                //cl.SocketPollInterval = 5000;
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                //Console.WriteLine("Sleeping for 10 seconds to force timeout.");
+                //Thread.Sleep(10000);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(null, FtpListOption.SizeModify | FtpListOption.ForceNameList)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified.Kind);
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static FtpClient Connect() {
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+            FtpClient cl = new FtpClient();
+
+            cl.ValidateCertificate += OnValidateCertificate;
+            //cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.Explicit;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+                int count = i;
+
+                Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                    cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(m_user, m_pass);
+                    cl.Host = m_host;
+                    cl.Connect();
+
+                    for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
+                        cl.Execute("NOOP");
+
+                    if (count % 2 == 0)
+                        cl.Disconnect();
+                }));
+
+                t.Start();
+                threads.Add(t);
+            }
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+                threads.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+
+            return cl;
+        }
+
+        static void OnValidateCertificate(FtpClient control, FtpSslValidationEventArgs e) {
+            e.Accept = true;
+        }
+
+        static void Upload(FtpClient cl) {
+            string root = @"..\..\..";
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+
+            foreach (string s in Directory.GetFiles(root, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories)) {
+                string file = s;
+
+                if (file.Contains(@"\.git"))
+                    continue;
+
+                Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                    DoUpload(cl, root, file);
+                }));
+
+                t.Start();
+                threads.Add(t);
+            }
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+                threads.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void DoUpload(FtpClient cl, string root, string s) {
+            string path = Path.GetDirectoryName(s).Replace(root, "");
+            string name = Path.GetFileName(s);
+
+            if (!cl.DirectoryExists(path))
+                cl.CreateDirectory(path, true);
+            else if (cl.FileExists(string.Format("{0}/{1}", path, name)))
+                cl.DeleteFile(string.Format("{0}/{1}", path, name));
+
+            using (
+                Stream istream = new FileStream(s, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read),
+                        ostream = cl.OpenWrite(s.Replace(root, ""))) {
+                byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+                int read = 0;
+
+                try {
+                    while ((read = istream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length)) > 0) {
+                        ostream.Write(buf, 0, read);
+                    }
+                }
+                finally {
+                    ostream.Close();
+                    istream.Close();
+                }
+
+                if (cl.HashAlgorithms != FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE) {
+                    Debug.Assert(cl.GetHash(s.Replace(root, "")).Verify(s), "The computed hashes don't match!");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!cl.GetHash(s.Replace(root, "")).Verify(s))
+                throw new Exception("Hashes didn't match!");
+        }
+
+        static void Download(FtpClient cl) {
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+
+            Download(threads, cl, "/");
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+
+                lock (threads) {
+                    threads.RemoveAt(0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void Download(List<Thread> threads, FtpClient cl, string path) {
+            foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(path)) {
+                if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Directory)
+                    Download(threads, cl, item.FullName);
+                else if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.File) {
+                    string file = item.FullName;
+
+                    Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                        DoDownload(cl, file);
+                    }));
+
+                    t.Start();
+
+                    lock (threads) {
+                        threads.Add(t);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void DoDownload(FtpClient cl, string file) {
+            using (Stream s = cl.OpenRead(file)) {
+                byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+
+                try {
+                    while (s.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length) > 0) ;
+                }
+                finally {
+                    s.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void Delete(FtpClient cl) {
+            DeleteDirectory(cl, "/");
+        }
+
+        static void DeleteDirectory(FtpClient cl, string path) {
+            foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(path)) {
+                if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.File) {
+                    cl.DeleteFile(item.FullName);
+                }
+                else if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Directory) {
+                    DeleteDirectory(cl, item.FullName);
+                    cl.DeleteDirectory(item.FullName);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestUTF8() {
+            // the following file name was reported in the discussions as having
+            // problems:
+            // https://netftp.codeplex.com/discussions/445090
+            string filename = "Verbundmörtel Zubehör + Technische Daten DE.pdf";
+
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.DataConnectionType = FtpDataConnectionType.PASV;
+                cl.InternetProtocolVersions = FtpIpVersion.ANY;
+
+                using (Stream ostream = cl.OpenWrite(filename)) {
+                    StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(filename);
+                    writer.WriteLine(filename);
+                    writer.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener::.ctor() at Line 23) of type System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Tests/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+faafd14da90cc56400155079a5dbe99c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2023/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2023/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa1575932e6d09a7e2bc3c9f42f73d670a1bcb0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2023/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FluentFTP
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Security.Authentication;
+using System.Net;
+using FluentFTP.Helpers;
+using FluentFTP.Proxy;
+#if !CORE
+using System.Web;
+#endif
+#if (CORE || NETFX)
+using System.Threading;
+using FluentFTP.Helpers.Hashing;
+
+#endif
+#if ASYNC
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+#endif
+
+namespace FluentFTP {
+	public partial class FtpClient : IDisposable {
+
+		#region Checksum
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieves a checksum of the given file using the specified checksum algorithum, or using the first available algorithm that the server supports.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <remarks>
+		/// The algorithm used goes in this order:
+		/// 1. HASH command; server preferred algorithm. See <see cref="FtpClient.SetHashAlgorithmInternal"/>
+		/// 2. MD5 / XMD5 / MMD5 commands
+		/// 3. XSHA1 command
+		/// 4. XSHA256 command
+		/// 5. XSHA512 command
+		/// 6. XCRC command
+		/// </remarks>
+		/// <param name="path">Full or relative path of the file to checksum</param>
+		/// <param name="algorithm">Specify an algorithm that you prefer, or NONE to use the first available algorithm. If the preferred algorithm is not supported, a blank hash is returned.</param>
+		/// <returns><see cref="FtpHash"/> object containing the value and algorithm. Use the <see cref="FtpHash.IsValid"/> property to
+		/// determine if this command was successful. <see cref="FtpCommandException"/>s can be thrown from
+		/// the underlying calls.</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="FtpCommandException">The command fails</exception>
+		public FtpHash GetChecksum(string path, FtpHashAlgorithm algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE) {
+
+			if (path == null) {
+				throw new ArgumentException("Required argument is null", "path");
+			}
+
+			path = path.GetFtpPath();
+
+			LogFunc(nameof(GetChecksum), new object[] { path });
+
+			// if HASH is supported and the caller prefers an algorithm and that algorithm is supported
+			var useFirst = algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE;
+			if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.HASH) && !useFirst && HashAlgorithms.HasFlag(algorithm)) {
+
+				// switch to that algorithm
+				SetHashAlgorithmInternal(algorithm);
+
+				// get the hash of the file
+				return HashCommandInternal(path);
+
+			}
+
+			// if HASH is supported and the caller does not prefer any specific algorithm
+			else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.HASH) && useFirst) {
+				return HashCommandInternal(path);
+			}
+			else {
+				var result = new FtpHash();
+
+				// execute the first available algorithm, or the preferred algorithm if specified
+
+				if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.MD5) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5)) {
+					result.Value = GetHashInternal(path, "MD5");
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XMD5) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5)) {
+					result.Value = GetHashInternal(path, "XMD5");
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5;
+				}
+				/*else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.MMD5) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5)) {
+					result.Value = GetHashInternal(path, "MD5");
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5;
+				}*/
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XSHA1) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA1)) {
+					result.Value = GetHashInternal(path, "XSHA1");
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA1;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XSHA256) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA256)) {
+					result.Value = GetHashInternal(path, "XSHA256");
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA256;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XSHA512) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA512)) {
+					result.Value = GetHashInternal(path, "XSHA512");
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA512;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XCRC) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.CRC)) {
+					result.Value = GetHashInternal(path, "XCRC");
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.CRC;
+				}
+
+				return result;
+			}
+		}
+
+#if ASYNC
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieves a checksum of the given file using the specified checksum algorithum, or using the first available algorithm that the server supports.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <remarks>
+		/// The algorithm used goes in this order:
+		/// 1. HASH command; server preferred algorithm. See <see cref="FtpClient.SetHashAlgorithmInternal"/>
+		/// 2. MD5 / XMD5 / MMD5 commands
+		/// 3. XSHA1 command
+		/// 4. XSHA256 command
+		/// 5. XSHA512 command
+		/// 6. XCRC command
+		/// </remarks>
+		/// <param name="path">Full or relative path of the file to checksum</param>
+		/// <param name="token">The token that can be used to cancel the entire process</param>
+		/// <param name="algorithm">Specify an algorithm that you prefer, or NONE to use the first available algorithm. If the preferred algorithm is not supported, a blank hash is returned.</param>
+		/// <returns><see cref="FtpHash"/> object containing the value and algorithm. Use the <see cref="FtpHash.IsValid"/> property to
+		/// determine if this command was successful. <see cref="FtpCommandException"/>s can be thrown from
+		/// the underlying calls.</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="FtpCommandException">The command fails</exception>
+		public async Task<FtpHash> GetChecksumAsync(string path, FtpHashAlgorithm algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+
+			if (path == null) {
+				throw new ArgumentException("Required argument is null", "path");
+			}
+
+			path = path.GetFtpPath();
+
+			LogFunc(nameof(GetChecksumAsync), new object[] { path });
+
+			// if HASH is supported and the caller prefers an algorithm and that algorithm is supported
+			var useFirst = algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE;
+			if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.HASH) && !useFirst && HashAlgorithms.HasFlag(algorithm)) {
+
+				// switch to that algorithm
+				await SetHashAlgorithmInternalAsync(algorithm, token);
+
+				// get the hash of the file
+				return await HashCommandInternalAsync(path, token);
+
+			}
+
+			// if HASH is supported and the caller does not prefer any specific algorithm
+			else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.HASH) && useFirst) {
+				return await HashCommandInternalAsync(path, token);
+			}
+
+			else {
+				var result = new FtpHash();
+
+				// execute the first available algorithm, or the preferred algorithm if specified
+
+				if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.MD5) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5)) {
+					result.Value = await GetHashInternalAsync(path, "MD5", token);
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XMD5) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5)) {
+					result.Value = await GetHashInternalAsync(path, "XMD5", token);
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5;
+				}
+				/*else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.MMD5) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5)) {
+					result.Value = await GetHashInternalAsync(path, "MD5", token);
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.MD5;
+				}*/
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XSHA1) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA1)) {
+					result.Value = await GetHashInternalAsync(path, "XSHA1", token);
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA1;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XSHA256) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA256)) {
+					result.Value = await GetHashInternalAsync(path, "XSHA256", token);
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA256;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XSHA512) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA512)) {
+					result.Value = await GetHashInternalAsync(path, "XSHA512", token);
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.SHA512;
+				}
+				else if (HasFeature(FtpCapability.XCRC) && (useFirst || algorithm == FtpHashAlgorithm.CRC)) {
+					result.Value = await GetHashInternalAsync(path, "XCRC", token);
+					result.Algorithm = FtpHashAlgorithm.CRC;
+				}
+
+				return result;
+			}
+		}
+#endif
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA512 Commands
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the hash of the specified file using the given comomand.
+		/// This is a non-standard extension to the protocol and may or may not work.
+		internal string GetHashInternal(string path, string command) {
+			FtpReply reply;
+			string response;
+
+			if (!(reply = Execute(command + " " + path)).Success) {
+				throw new FtpCommandException(reply);
+			}
+
+			response = reply.Message;
+			response = CleanHashResult(path, response);
+			return response;
+		}
+
+		private static string CleanHashResult(string path, string response) {
+			response = response.RemovePrefix(path);
+			response = response.RemovePrefix($@"""{path}""");
+			return response;
+		}
+
+#if ASYNC
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the MD5 hash of the specified file using MD5 asynchronously. This is a non-standard extension
+		/// to the protocol and may or may not work. A FtpCommandException will be
+		/// thrown if the command fails.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="path">Full or relative path to remote file</param>
+		/// <param name="token">The token that can be used to cancel the entire process</param>
+		/// <returns>Server response, presumably the MD5 hash.</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="FtpCommandException">The command fails</exception>
+		internal async Task<string> GetHashInternalAsync(string path, string command, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			FtpReply reply;
+			string response;
+
+			if (!(reply = await ExecuteAsync(command + " " + path, token)).Success) {
+				throw new FtpCommandException(reply);
+			}
+
+			response = reply.Message;
+			response = CleanHashResult(path, response);
+			return response;
+		}
+
+#endif
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region HASH Command
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the currently selected hash algorithm for the HASH command.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <remarks>
+		///  This feature is experimental. See this link for details:
+		/// http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bryan-ftpext-hash-02
+		/// </remarks>
+		/// <returns>The <see cref="FtpHashAlgorithm"/> flag or <see cref="FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE"/> if there was a problem.</returns>
+		internal FtpHashAlgorithm GetHashAlgorithmUnused() {
+			FtpReply reply;
+			var type = FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE;
+
+#if !CORE14
+			lock (m_lock) {
+#endif
+				LogFunc(nameof(GetHashAlgorithmUnused));
+
+				if ((reply = Execute("OPTS HASH")).Success) {
+					try {
+						type = Helpers.Hashing.HashAlgorithms.FromString(reply.Message);
+					}
+					catch (InvalidOperationException ex) {
+						// Do nothing
+					}
+				}
+
+#if !CORE14
+			}
+#endif
+
+			return type;
+		}
+
+#if ASYNC
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the currently selected hash algorithm for the HASH command asynchronously.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="token">The token that can be used to cancel the entire process</param>
+		/// <returns>The <see cref="FtpHashAlgorithm"/> flag or <see cref="FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE"/> if there was a problem.</returns>
+		internal async Task<FtpHashAlgorithm> GetHashAlgorithmUnusedAsync(CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			FtpReply reply;
+			var type = FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE;
+
+			LogFunc(nameof(GetHashAlgorithmUnusedAsync));
+
+			if ((reply = await ExecuteAsync("OPTS HASH", token)).Success) {
+				try {
+					type = Helpers.Hashing.HashAlgorithms.FromString(reply.Message);
+				}
+				catch (InvalidOperationException ex) {
+					// Do nothing
+				}
+			}
+
+			return type;
+		}
+#endif
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the hash algorithm on the server to use for the HASH command. 
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <remarks>
+		/// If you specify an algorithm not listed in <see cref="FtpClient.HashAlgorithms"/>
+		/// a <see cref="NotImplementedException"/> will be thrown
+		/// so be sure to query that list of Flags before
+		/// selecting a hash algorithm. Support for the
+		/// HASH command is experimental. Please see
+		/// the following link for more details:
+		/// http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bryan-ftpext-hash-02
+		/// </remarks>
+		/// <param name="algorithm">Hash Algorithm</param>
+		/// <exception cref="System.NotImplementedException">Thrown if the selected algorithm is not available on the server</exception>
+		internal void SetHashAlgorithmInternal(FtpHashAlgorithm algorithm) {
+			FtpReply reply;
+
+			// skip setting the hash algo if the server is already configured to it
+			if (_LastHashAlgo == algorithm) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+#if !CORE14
+			lock (m_lock) {
+#endif
+				if ((HashAlgorithms & algorithm) != algorithm) {
+					throw new NotImplementedException("The hash algorithm " + algorithm.ToString() + " was not advertised by the server.");
+				}
+
+				string algoName = Helpers.Hashing.HashAlgorithms.ToString(algorithm);
+
+				if (!(reply = Execute("OPTS HASH " + algoName)).Success) {
+					throw new FtpCommandException(reply);
+				}
+
+				// save the current hash algo so no need to repeat this command
+				_LastHashAlgo = algorithm;
+
+#if !CORE14
+			}
+
+#endif
+		}
+
+#if ASYNC
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the hash algorithm on the server to be used with the HASH command asynchronously.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="algorithm">Hash algorithm to use</param>
+		/// <param name="token">The token that can be used to cancel the entire process</param>
+		/// <exception cref="System.NotImplementedException">Thrown if the selected algorithm is not available on the server</exception>
+		internal async Task SetHashAlgorithmInternalAsync(FtpHashAlgorithm algorithm, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			FtpReply reply;
+
+			// skip setting the hash algo if the server is already configured to it
+			if (_LastHashAlgo == algorithm) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if ((HashAlgorithms & algorithm) != algorithm) {
+				throw new NotImplementedException("The hash algorithm " + algorithm.ToString() + " was not advertised by the server.");
+			}
+
+			string algoName = Helpers.Hashing.HashAlgorithms.ToString(algorithm);
+
+			if (!(reply = await ExecuteAsync("OPTS HASH " + algoName, token)).Success) {
+				throw new FtpCommandException(reply);
+			}
+
+			// save the current hash algo so no need to repeat this command
+			_LastHashAlgo = algorithm;
+
+		}
+#endif
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the hash of an object on the server using the currently selected hash algorithm, or null if hash cannot be parsed.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="path">Full or relative path of the object to compute the hash for.</param>
+		/// <returns>The hash of the file.</returns>
+		internal FtpHash HashCommandInternal(string path) {
+			FtpReply reply;
+
+#if !CORE14
+			lock (m_lock) {
+#endif
+				if (!(reply = Execute("HASH " + path)).Success) {
+					throw new FtpCommandException(reply);
+				}
+
+#if !CORE14
+			}
+#endif
+
+			// parse hash from the server reply
+			return HashParser.Parse(reply.Message);
+		}
+
+#if ASYNC
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the hash of an object on the server using the currently selected hash algorithm, or null if hash cannot be parsed.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <remarks>
+		/// Supported algorithms, if any, are available in the <see cref="HashAlgorithms"/>
+		/// property. You should confirm that it's not equal
+		/// to <see cref="FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE"/> before calling this method
+		/// otherwise the server trigger a <see cref="FtpCommandException"/>
+		/// due to a lack of support for the HASH command. You can
+		/// set the algorithm using the <see cref="SetHashAlgorithmInternal"/> method and
+		/// you can query the server for the current hash algorithm
+		/// using the <see cref="GetHashAlgorithm"/> method.
+		/// </remarks>
+		/// <param name="path">The file you want the server to compute the hash for</param>
+		/// <param name="token">The token that can be used to cancel the entire process</param>
+		/// <exception cref="FtpCommandException">
+		/// Thrown if the <see cref="HashAlgorithms"/> property is <see cref="FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE"/>, 
+		/// the remote path does not exist, or the command cannot be executed.
+		/// </exception>
+		/// <exception cref="ArgumentException">Path argument is null</exception>
+		/// <exception cref="NotImplementedException">Thrown when an unknown hash algorithm type is returned by the server</exception>
+		/// <returns>The hash of the file.</returns>
+		public async Task<FtpHash> HashCommandInternalAsync(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			FtpReply reply;
+
+			if (!(reply = await ExecuteAsync("HASH " + path, token)).Success) {
+				throw new FtpCommandException(reply);
+			}
+
+			// parse hash from the server reply
+			return HashParser.Parse(reply.Message);
+		}
+#endif
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region Obsolete Commands
+
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and pass the algorithm type that you need.", true)]
+		public FtpHashAlgorithm GetHashAlgorithm() {
+			return FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE;
+		}
+
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and pass the algorithm type that you need.", true)]
+		public void SetHashAlgorithm(FtpHashAlgorithm algorithm) { }
+
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and pass the algorithm type that you need.", true)]
+		public FtpHash GetHash(string path) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to MD5.", true)]
+		public string GetMD5(string path) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to CRC.", true)]
+		public string GetXCRC(string path) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to MD5.", true)]
+		public string GetXMD5(string path) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to SHA1.", true)]
+		public string GetXSHA1(string path) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to SHA256.", true)]
+		public string GetXSHA256(string path) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to SHA512.", true)]
+		public string GetXSHA512(string path) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+
+#if ASYNC
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and pass the algorithm type that you need.", true)]
+		public async Task<FtpHashAlgorithm> GetHashAlgorithmAsync(CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and pass the algorithm type that you need.", true)]
+		public async Task SetHashAlgorithmAsync(FtpHashAlgorithm algorithm, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and pass the algorithm type that you need.", true)]
+		public async Task<FtpHash> GetHashAsync(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to MD5.", true)]
+		public async Task<string> GetMD5Async(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to CRC.", true)]
+		public async Task<string> GetXCRCAsync(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to MD5.", true)]
+		public async Task<string> GetXMD5Async(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to SHA1.", true)]
+		public async Task<string> GetXSHA1Async(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to SHA256.", true)]
+		public async Task<string> GetXSHA256Async(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		[ObsoleteAttribute("Use GetChecksum instead and set the algorithm to SHA512.", true)]
+		public async Task<string> GetXSHA512Async(string path, CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+#endif
+
+		#endregion
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `FtpClient.GetChecksum(...)` indirectly writes to field `this.FluentFTP.FtpClient.m_stream.FluentFTP.FtpSocketStream.m_lastActivity` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+WARNING
+
+### Procedure:
+FtpHash FtpClient.GetChecksum(String,FtpHashAlgorithm)
+
+### File:
+FluentFTP/Client/FtpClient_Hash.cs
+
+### Key:
+FtpClient_Hash.cs|GetChecksum|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Hash:
+9b7c4a77839283ac8077b6779a6e393b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2024/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2024/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fca3a2f3bb5bbf8a6fa4d522c56d6e753f069228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2024/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FluentFTP
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.FtpClient;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Tests {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Torture test
+    /// </summary>
+    class Program {
+        static readonly string m_host = "localhost";
+        static readonly string m_user = "ftptest";
+        static readonly string m_pass = "ftptest";
+
+        static void Main(string[] args) {
+            //Debug.Listeners.Add(new ConsoleTraceListener());
+            FtpTrace.AddListener(new ConsoleTraceListener());
+
+            try {
+                /*foreach (int i in new int[] {
+                    (int)FtpDataConnectionType.EPSV,
+                    (int)FtpDataConnectionType.EPRT,
+                    (int)FtpDataConnectionType.PASV,
+                    (int)FtpDataConnectionType.PORT
+                }) {
+                    using (FtpClient cl = Connect()) {
+                        cl.DataConnectionType = (FtpDataConnectionType)i;
+                        Upload(cl);
+                        Download(cl);
+                        Delete(cl);
+                    }
+                }*/
+
+                //TestMODCOMP_PWD_Parser();
+                //TestDispose();
+                //TestHash();
+
+                TestNameListing();
+                //TestOpenVMSParser();
+                // TestIISParser();
+                //GetMicrosoftFTPListing();
+                //TestReset();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex) {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine("--DONE--");
+            Console.ReadKey();
+        }
+
+        static void TestDispose() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+                // FTP server set to timeout after 5 seconds.
+                //Thread.Sleep(6000);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing()) {
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestHash() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                Console.WriteLine("Supported HASH algorithms: {0}", cl.HashAlgorithms);
+                Console.WriteLine("Current HASH algorithm: {0}", cl.GetHashAlgorithm());
+
+                foreach (FtpHashAlgorithm alg in Enum.GetValues(typeof(FtpHashAlgorithm))) {
+                    if (alg != FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE && cl.HashAlgorithms.HasFlag(alg)) {
+                        FtpHash hash = null;
+
+                        cl.SetHashAlgorithm(alg);
+                        hash = cl.GetHash("LICENSE.TXT");
+
+                        if (hash.IsValid) {
+                            Debug.Assert(hash.Verify(@"C:\FTPTEST\LICENSE.TXT"), "The computed hash didn't match or the hash object was invalid!");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestReset() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                using (Stream istream = cl.OpenRead("LICENSE.TXT", 10)) {
+                    istream.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void GetMicrosoftFTPListing() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                Console.WriteLine(cl.Capabilities);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing()) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestIISParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "03-07-13  10:02AM                  901 File01.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:03AM                  921 File02.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:04AM                  904 File03.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:04AM                  912 File04.xml",
+                "03-08-13  11:10AM                  912 File05.xml",
+                "03-15-13  02:38PM                  912 File06.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:16AM                  909 File07.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:16AM                  899 File08.xml",
+                "03-08-13  10:22AM                  904 File09.xml",
+                "03-25-13  07:27AM                  895 File10.xml",
+                "03-08-13  10:22AM                 6199 File11.txt",
+                "03-25-13  07:22AM                31444 File12.txt",
+                "03-25-13  07:24AM                24537 File13.txt"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("/", s, 0);
+
+                if (item != null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                    //Console.WriteLine(item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestOpenVMSParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "411_4114.TXT;1             11  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CC_NAME_4114.TXT;1    30  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CC_NUM_4114.TXT;1     30  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CELL_NAME_4114.TXT;1 113  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CELL_NUM_4114.TXT;1  113  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "AGCY_BUDG_4114.TXT;1      63  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "CELL_SUMM_4114.TXT;1     125  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "CELL_SUMM_CHART_4114.PDF;2 95  21-MAR-2012 10:58 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114.TXT;1          17472  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_000.TXT;1        777  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_001.TXT;1        254  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_003.TXT;1         21  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_006.TXT;1         22  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_101.TXT;1        431  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_121.TXT;1       2459  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_124.TXT;1       4610  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_200.TXT;1        936  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "TEL_4114.TXT;1           1178  21-MAR-2012 15:19 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("disk$user520:[4114.2012.Jan]", s, 0);
+
+                if (item != null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                    //Console.WriteLine(item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestMODCOMP_PWD_Parser() {
+            string response = "PWD = ~TNA=AMP,VNA=VOL03,FNA=U-ED-B2-USL";
+            Match m;
+
+            if ((m = Regex.Match(response, "PWD = (?<pwd>.*)")).Success)
+                Console.WriteLine("PWD: {0}", m.Groups["pwd"].Value);
+        }
+
+        static void TestNameListing() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(m_user, m_pass);
+                cl.Host = m_host;
+                cl.ValidateCertificate += OnValidateCertificate;
+                //cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.Explicit;
+                //cl.SocketPollInterval = 5000;
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                //Console.WriteLine("Sleeping for 10 seconds to force timeout.");
+                //Thread.Sleep(10000);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing("./", FtpListOption.SizeModify | FtpListOption.ForceNameList)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified.Kind);
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static FtpClient Connect() {
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+            FtpClient cl = new FtpClient();
+
+            cl.ValidateCertificate += OnValidateCertificate;
+            //cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.Explicit;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+                int count = i;
+
+                Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                    cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(m_user, m_pass);
+                    cl.Host = m_host;
+                    cl.Connect();
+
+                    for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
+                        cl.Execute("NOOP");
+
+                    if (count % 2 == 0)
+                        cl.Disconnect();
+                }));
+
+                t.Start();
+                threads.Add(t);
+            }
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+                threads.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+
+            return cl;
+        }
+
+        static void OnValidateCertificate(FtpClient control, FtpSslValidationEventArgs e) {
+            e.Accept = true;
+        }
+
+        static void Upload(FtpClient cl) {
+            string root = @"..\..\..";
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+
+            foreach (string s in Directory.GetFiles(root, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories)) {
+                string file = s;
+
+                Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                    DoUpload(cl, root, file);
+                }));
+
+                t.Start();
+                threads.Add(t);
+            }
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+                threads.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void DoUpload(FtpClient cl, string root, string s) {
+            string path = Path.GetDirectoryName(s).Replace(root, "");
+            string name = Path.GetFileName(s);
+
+            if (!cl.DirectoryExists(path))
+                cl.CreateDirectory(path, true);
+            else if (cl.FileExists(string.Format("{0}/{1}", path, name)))
+                cl.DeleteFile(string.Format("{0}/{1}", path, name));
+
+            using (
+                Stream istream = new FileStream(s, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read),
+                        ostream = cl.OpenWrite(s.Replace(root, ""))) {
+                byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+                int read = 0;
+
+                try {
+                    while ((read = istream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length)) > 0) {
+                        ostream.Write(buf, 0, read);
+                    }
+                }
+                finally {
+                    ostream.Close();
+                    istream.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void Download(FtpClient cl) {
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+
+            Download(threads, cl, "/");
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+
+                lock (threads) {
+                    threads.RemoveAt(0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void Download(List<Thread> threads, FtpClient cl, string path) {
+            foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(path)) {
+                if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Directory)
+                    Download(threads, cl, item.FullName);
+                else if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.File) {
+                    string file = item.FullName;
+
+                    Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                        DoDownload(cl, file);
+                    }));
+
+                    t.Start();
+
+                    lock (threads) {
+                        threads.Add(t);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void DoDownload(FtpClient cl, string file) {
+            using (Stream s = cl.OpenRead(file)) {
+                byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+
+                try {
+                    while (s.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length) > 0) ;
+                }
+                finally {
+                    s.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void Delete(FtpClient cl) {
+            DeleteDirectory(cl, "/");
+        }
+
+        static void DeleteDirectory(FtpClient cl, string path) {
+            foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(path)) {
+                if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.File) {
+                    cl.DeleteFile(item.FullName);
+                }
+                else if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Directory) {
+                    DeleteDirectory(cl, item.FullName);
+                    cl.DeleteDirectory(item.FullName);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener::.ctor() at Line 22) of type System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Tests/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b6ee56c929afda9ae8648f151db66dab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2046/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2046/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..579e58b3193004d614c548aca1ddfd6756d1fc83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2046/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Fleck
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Net;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Fleck.Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class WebSocketServerTests
+    {
+        private WebSocketServer _server;
+        private MockRepository _repository;
+
+        [SetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            _repository = new MockRepository(MockBehavior.Default);
+            _server = new WebSocketServer("ws://localhost:8000");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldStart()
+        {
+            var socketMock = _repository.Create<ISocket>();
+
+            _server.ListenerSocket = socketMock.Object;
+            _server.Start(connection => { });
+
+            socketMock.Verify(s => s.Bind(It.Is<IPEndPoint>(i => i.Port == 8000)));
+            socketMock.Verify(s => s.Accept(It.IsAny<Action<ISocket>>(), It.IsAny<Action<Exception>>()));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldBeSecureWithWssAndCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("wss://secureplace.com:8000");
+            server.Certificate = "MyCert.cer";
+            Assert.IsTrue(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldNotBeSecureWithWssAndNoCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("wss://secureplace.com:8000");
+            Assert.IsFalse(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("ws://secureplace.com:8000");
+            server.Certificate = "MyCert.cer";
+            Assert.IsFalse(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource server of type Fleck.WebSocketServer in method "Void WebSocketServerTests.ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WebSocketServerTests.ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate()
+
+### File:
+src/Fleck.Tests/WebSocketServerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+WebSocketServerTests.cs|ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a3e0bce5f3205972e7b9a0e8946a4c97
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2047/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2047/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2c4501d0ba3f248e253ca8e275562e0e63f3d10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2047/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Fleck
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Net;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace Fleck.Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class WebSocketServerTests
+    {
+        private WebSocketServer _server;
+        private MockRepository _repository;
+
+        [SetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            _repository = new MockRepository(MockBehavior.Default);
+            _server = new WebSocketServer("ws://localhost:8000");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldStart()
+        {
+            var socketMock = _repository.Create<ISocket>();
+
+            _server.ListenerSocket = socketMock.Object;
+            _server.Start(connection => { });
+
+            socketMock.Verify(s => s.Bind(It.Is<IPEndPoint>(i => i.Port == 8000)));
+            socketMock.Verify(s => s.Accept(It.IsAny<Action<ISocket>>(), It.IsAny<Action<Exception>>()));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldBeSecureWithWssAndCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("wss://secureplace.com:8000");
+            server.Certificate = new X509Certificate2();
+            Assert.IsTrue(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldNotBeSecureWithWssAndNoCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("wss://secureplace.com:8000");
+            Assert.IsFalse(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("ws://secureplace.com:8000");
+            server.Certificate = new X509Certificate2();
+            Assert.IsFalse(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource server of type Fleck.WebSocketServer, Leaked resource (output of System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2::.ctor() at Line 38) of type System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2 in method "Void WebSocketServerTests.ShouldBeSecureWithWssAndCertificate()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WebSocketServerTests.ShouldBeSecureWithWssAndCertificate()
+
+### File:
+src/Fleck.Tests/WebSocketServerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+WebSocketServerTests.cs|ShouldBeSecureWithWssAndCertificate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c83008c55a15eb7703932cedcfd899cd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2048/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2048/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89425111f16aa0bcb7eea9a7c412ccf465e2dd34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2048/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Fleck
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Net;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+
+namespace Fleck.Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class WebSocketServerTests
+    {
+        private WebSocketServer _server;
+        private MockRepository _repository;
+
+        [SetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            _repository = new MockRepository(MockBehavior.Default);
+            _server = new WebSocketServer("ws://localhost:8000");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldStart()
+        {
+            var socketMock = _repository.Create<ISocket>();
+
+            _server.ListenerSocket = socketMock.Object;
+            _server.Start(connection => { });
+
+            socketMock.Verify(s => s.Bind(It.Is<IPEndPoint>(i => i.Port == 8000)));
+            socketMock.Verify(s => s.Accept(It.IsAny<Action<ISocket>>(), It.IsAny<Action<Exception>>()));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldBeSecureWithWssAndCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("wss://secureplace.com:8000");
+            server.Certificate = new X509Certificate2();
+            Assert.IsTrue(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldNotBeSecureWithWssAndNoCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("wss://secureplace.com:8000");
+            Assert.IsFalse(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate()
+        {
+            var server = new WebSocketServer("ws://secureplace.com:8000");
+            server.Certificate = new X509Certificate2();
+            Assert.IsFalse(server.IsSecure);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource server of type Fleck.WebSocketServer, Leaked resource (output of System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2::.ctor() at Line 53) of type System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2 in method "Void WebSocketServerTests.ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WebSocketServerTests.ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate()
+
+### File:
+src/Fleck.Tests/WebSocketServerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+WebSocketServerTests.cs|ShouldNotBeSecureWithoutWssAndCertificate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a2a6096066fda30f9593a4af6c7aa709
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2052/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2052/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bcf883edd2fd16b1ecca15d7a4c3036dca1390a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2052/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webview-cs
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Server.Features;
+
+namespace Webview.WebHost
+{
+    public static class WebHostExtensions
+    {
+        public static void RunWebview(this IWebHost host, WebviewBuilder builder)
+        {
+            host.Start();
+            var features = host.ServerFeatures.Get<IServerAddressesFeature>();
+            string address = features.Addresses.FirstOrDefault();
+            IContent content = Content.FromUri(new Uri(address));
+            builder.WithContent(content).Build().Run();
+            host.StopAsync();
+        }
+
+        public static void RunWebview(this IWebHost host, string Title = "", Size size = default(Size))
+        {
+            RunWebview(host, new WebviewBuilder().WithTitle(Title).WithSize(size));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class WebHostBuilderExtensions
+    {
+        public static IWebHostBuilder WithDynamicPort(this IWebHostBuilder builder)
+        {
+            return builder.UseUrls("http://127.0.0.1:0");
+        }
+
+        public static IWebHostBuilder WithNoOutput(this IWebHostBuilder builder)
+        {
+            return builder.ConfigureLogging((ILoggingBuilder logBuilder) => { logBuilder.ClearProviders(); });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Webview.Webview Webview.WebviewBuilder::Build() at Line 19) of type Webview.Webview in method "Void WebHostExtensions.RunWebview(IWebHost,WebviewBuilder)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WebHostExtensions.RunWebview(IWebHost,WebviewBuilder)
+
+### File:
+src/Webview.WebHost/WebHostExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+WebHostExtensions.cs|RunWebview|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+921eb2bdbc498d5f0e6bcddf5a47e60f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2055/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2055/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b8017f37041efb476766f204efa58b6b09a9db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2055/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** csharp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using CaseExtensions;
+using NJsonSchema;
+using NSwag;
+using Nustache.Core;
+
+namespace KubernetesGenerator
+{
+    public class GeneralNameHelper : INustacheHelper
+    {
+        private readonly ClassNameHelper classNameHelper;
+
+        public GeneralNameHelper(ClassNameHelper classNameHelper)
+        {
+            this.classNameHelper = classNameHelper;
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterHelper()
+        {
+            Helpers.Register(nameof(GetInterfaceName), GetInterfaceName);
+            Helpers.Register(nameof(GetMethodName), GetMethodName);
+            Helpers.Register(nameof(GetDotNetName), GetDotNetName);
+        }
+
+        public void GetInterfaceName(RenderContext context, IList<object> arguments,
+            IDictionary<string, object> options, RenderBlock fn, RenderBlock inverse)
+        {
+            if (arguments != null && arguments.Count > 0 && arguments[0] != null && arguments[0] is JsonSchema4)
+            {
+                context.Write(GetInterfaceName(arguments[0] as JsonSchema4));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string GetInterfaceName(JsonSchema4 definition)
+        {
+            var interfaces = new List<string>();
+            if (definition.Properties.TryGetValue("metadata", out var metadataProperty))
+            {
+                interfaces.Add(
+                    $"IKubernetesObject<{classNameHelper.GetClassNameForSchemaDefinition(metadataProperty.Reference)}>");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                interfaces.Add("IKubernetesObject");
+            }
+
+            if (definition.Properties.TryGetValue("items", out var itemsProperty))
+            {
+                var schema = itemsProperty.Type == JsonObjectType.Object
+                    ? itemsProperty.Reference
+                    : itemsProperty.Item.Reference;
+                interfaces.Add($"IItems<{classNameHelper.GetClassNameForSchemaDefinition(schema)}>");
+            }
+
+            if (definition.Properties.TryGetValue("spec", out var specProperty))
+            {
+                // ignore empty spec placeholder
+                if (specProperty.Reference.ActualProperties.Any())
+                {
+                    interfaces.Add($"ISpec<{classNameHelper.GetClassNameForSchemaDefinition(specProperty.Reference)}>");
+                }
+            }
+
+            interfaces.Add("IValidate");
+
+            return string.Join(", ", interfaces);
+        }
+
+        public void GetMethodName(RenderContext context, IList<object> arguments, IDictionary<string, object> options,
+            RenderBlock fn, RenderBlock inverse)
+        {
+            if (arguments != null && arguments.Count > 0 && arguments[0] != null && arguments[0] is SwaggerOperation)
+            {
+                string suffix = null;
+                if (arguments.Count > 1)
+                {
+                    suffix = arguments[1] as string;
+                }
+
+                context.Write(GetMethodName(arguments[0] as SwaggerOperation, suffix));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void GetDotNetName(RenderContext context, IList<object> arguments, IDictionary<string, object> options,
+            RenderBlock fn, RenderBlock inverse)
+        {
+            if (arguments != null && arguments.Count > 0 && arguments[0] != null && arguments[0] is SwaggerParameter)
+            {
+                var parameter = arguments[0] as SwaggerParameter;
+                context.Write(GetDotNetName(parameter.Name));
+
+                if (arguments.Count > 1 && arguments[1] as string == "true" && !parameter.IsRequired)
+                {
+                    context.Write(" = null");
+                }
+            }
+            else if (arguments != null && arguments.Count > 0 && arguments[0] != null && arguments[0] is string)
+            {
+                var style = "parameter";
+                if (arguments.Count > 1)
+                {
+                    style = arguments[1] as string;
+                }
+
+                context.Write(GetDotNetName((string)arguments[0], style));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string GetDotNetName(string jsonName, string style = "parameter")
+        {
+            switch (style)
+            {
+                case "parameter":
+                    if (jsonName == "namespace")
+                    {
+                        return "namespaceParameter";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "continue")
+                    {
+                        return "continueParameter";
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+
+                case "fieldctor":
+                    if (jsonName == "namespace")
+                    {
+                        return "namespaceProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "continue")
+                    {
+                        return "continueProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "__referencePath")
+                    {
+                        return "refProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "default")
+                    {
+                        return "defaultProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "operator")
+                    {
+                        return "operatorProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "$schema")
+                    {
+                        return "schema";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "enum")
+                    {
+                        return "enumProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "object")
+                    {
+                        return "objectProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "readOnly")
+                    {
+                        return "readOnlyProperty";
+                    }
+                    else if (jsonName == "from")
+                    {
+                        return "fromProperty";
+                    }
+
+                    if (jsonName.Contains("-"))
+                    {
+                        return jsonName.ToCamelCase();
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "field":
+                    return GetDotNetName(jsonName, "fieldctor").ToPascalCase();
+            }
+
+            return jsonName.ToCamelCase();
+        }
+
+        public static string GetMethodName(SwaggerOperation watchOperation, string suffix)
+        {
+            var tag = watchOperation.Tags[0];
+            tag = tag.Replace("_", string.Empty);
+
+            var methodName = watchOperation.OperationId.ToPascalCase();
+
+            switch (suffix)
+            {
+                case "":
+                case "Async":
+                case "WithHttpMessagesAsync":
+                    methodName += suffix;
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    // This tries to remove the version from the method name, e.g. watchCoreV1NamespacedPod => WatchNamespacedPod
+                    methodName = methodName.Replace(tag, string.Empty, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                    methodName += "Async";
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return methodName;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `parameter` last assigned on line 91 could be null and is dereferenced at line 92, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GeneralNameHelper.GetDotNetName(RenderContext,IList`1<!0>,IDictionary`2<!0,!1>,RenderBlock,RenderBlock)
+
+### File:
+gen/KubernetesGenerator/GeneralNameHelper.cs
+
+### Key:
+GeneralNameHelper.cs|GetDotNetName|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc2e41c19f85c42854428b1076a020db
+
+### Hash:
+73216508b037a206e05ef6992b2eafa2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2063/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2063/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..526dc300f6883330ac01267331b1d6e654075e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2063/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pvc
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace PvcCore
+{
+    public class PvcStream : Stream
+    {
+        private readonly Stream stream;
+
+        public string StreamName { get; private set; }
+
+        public PvcStream(FileStream fileStream)
+        {
+            this.stream = fileStream;
+        }
+
+        public PvcStream(MemoryStream memoryStream)
+        {
+            this.stream = memoryStream;
+        }
+
+        public PvcStream(BufferedStream bufferedStream)
+        {
+            this.stream = bufferedStream;
+        }
+
+        public PvcStream(NetworkStream networkStream)
+        {
+            this.stream = networkStream;
+        }
+
+        public PvcStream As(string streamName)
+        {
+            this.StreamName = streamName;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public override bool CanRead
+        {
+            get { return this.stream.CanRead; }
+        }
+
+        public override bool CanSeek
+        {
+            get { return this.stream.CanSeek; }
+        }
+
+        public override bool CanWrite
+        {
+            get { return this.stream.CanWrite; }
+        }
+
+        public override void Flush()
+        {
+            this.stream.Flush();
+        }
+
+        public override long Length
+        {
+            get { return this.stream.Length; }
+        }
+
+        public override long Position
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return this.stream.Position;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                this.stream.Position = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
+        {
+            return this.stream.Read(buffer, offset, count);
+        }
+
+        public override long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin)
+        {
+            return this.Seek(offset, origin);
+        }
+
+        public override void SetLength(long value)
+        {
+            this.stream.SetLength(value);
+        }
+
+        public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
+        {
+            this.stream.Write(buffer, offset, count);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Read the contents of the stream from the beginning and return as a string. Position is
+        /// reset to its previous location after the read is completed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            var streamPosition = this.stream.Position;
+            this.stream.Position = 0;
+
+            var result = new StreamReader(this.stream).ReadToEnd();
+            this.stream.Position = streamPosition;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamReader::.ctor() at Line 110) of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "String PvcStream.ToString()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String PvcStream.ToString()
+
+### File:
+Pvc.Core/PvcStream.cs
+
+### Key:
+PvcStream.cs|ToString|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+06157b30b4d7e76f411c7999218a9b6a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2064/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2064/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df54bf13af3ad55a49fb60a5f43065a50db5b771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2064/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DevArchitecture
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Business.Constants;
+using Castle.DynamicProxy;
+using Core.Extensions;
+using Core.Utilities.Interceptors;
+using Core.Utilities.IoC;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using System.Security;
+using Core.CrossCuttingConcerns.Caching;
+
+namespace Business.BusinessAspects
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	///This Aspect control the user's roles in HttpContext by inject the IHttpContextAccessor.
+	///It is checked by writing as [SecuredOperation] on the handler.
+	///If a valid authorization cannot be found in aspect, it throws an exception.
+	/// </summary>
+
+	public class SecuredOperation : MethodInterception
+	{
+		private readonly IHttpContextAccessor _httpContextAccessor;
+        private readonly ICacheManager _cacheManager;
+
+
+		public SecuredOperation()
+		{
+			_httpContextAccessor = ServiceTool.ServiceProvider.GetService<IHttpContextAccessor>();
+            _cacheManager = ServiceTool.ServiceProvider.GetService<ICacheManager>();
+
+        }
+
+		protected override void OnBefore(IInvocation invocation)
+		{
+			var roleClaims = _httpContextAccessor.HttpContext.User.ClaimRoles();
+			var operationName = invocation.TargetType.ReflectedType.Name;
+			if (roleClaims.Contains(operationName))
+				return;
+
+			throw new SecurityException(Messages.AuthorizationsDenied);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`roleClaims` could be null (from the call to `ClaimsPrincipalExtensions.ClaimRoles(...)` on line 34) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SecuredOperation.OnBefore(IInvocation)
+
+### File:
+Business/BusinessAspects/SecuredOperation.cs
+
+### Key:
+SecuredOperation.cs|OnBefore|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+0d0293386259d1da13695bc820530ce6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2077/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2077/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..766f2b85069c5a1f1cfdf5c43eef316546c692c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2077/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Jellyfin.Plugin.PhoenixAdult
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Providers;
+using PhoenixAdult.Helpers.Utils;
+
+namespace PhoenixAdult.Helpers
+{
+    internal static class Helper
+    {
+        public static string GetSearchSiteName(int[] siteNum)
+        {
+            if (siteNum == null)
+            {
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            return Database.SiteList.Sites[siteNum[0]][siteNum[1]][0];
+        }
+
+        public static string GetSearchBaseURL(int[] siteNum)
+        {
+            if (siteNum == null)
+            {
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            string url;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Database.SiteList.Sites[siteNum[0]][siteNum[1]].ElementAtOrDefault(1)))
+            {
+                url = Database.SiteList.Sites[siteNum[0]][siteNum[1]][1];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                url = Database.SiteList.Sites[siteNum[0]].First().Value[1];
+            }
+
+            return url;
+        }
+
+        public static string GetSearchSearchURL(int[] siteNum)
+        {
+            if (siteNum == null)
+            {
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            string url;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Database.SiteList.Sites[siteNum[0]][siteNum[1]].ElementAtOrDefault(2)))
+            {
+                url = Database.SiteList.Sites[siteNum[0]][siteNum[1]][2];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                url = Database.SiteList.Sites[siteNum[0]].First().Value[2];
+            }
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(url))
+            {
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            if (!url.StartsWith("http", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                url = GetSearchBaseURL(siteNum) + url;
+            }
+
+            return url;
+        }
+
+        public static string Encode(string text)
+            => Base58.EncodePlain(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(text));
+
+        public static string Decode(string base64Text)
+            => Encoding.UTF8.GetString(Base58.DecodePlain(base64Text));
+
+        public static KeyValuePair<int[], string> GetSiteFromTitle(string title)
+        {
+            string clearName = Regex.Replace(title, @"\W", string.Empty);
+            var possibleSites = new Dictionary<int[], string>();
+
+            foreach (var site in Database.SiteList.Sites)
+            {
+                foreach (var siteData in site.Value)
+                {
+                    string clearSite = Regex.Replace(siteData.Value[0], @"\W", string.Empty);
+                    if (clearName.StartsWith(clearSite, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    {
+                        possibleSites.Add(new int[] { site.Key, siteData.Key }, clearSite);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (possibleSites.Count > 0)
+            {
+                return possibleSites.OrderByDescending(x => x.Value.Length).First();
+            }
+
+            return new KeyValuePair<int[], string>(null, null);
+        }
+
+        public static string GetClearTitle(string title, string siteName)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(title))
+            {
+                return title;
+            }
+
+            string clearName = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase(title),
+                   clearSite = siteName;
+
+            clearName = clearName.Replace(".com", string.Empty, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+            clearName = Regex.Replace(clearName, @"[^a-zA-Z0-9 ]", " ");
+            clearSite = Regex.Replace(clearSite, @"\W", string.Empty);
+
+            bool matched = false;
+            while (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(clearSite) && clearName.Contains(" ", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                clearName = clearName.Replace(" ", string.Empty, 1, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                if (clearName.StartsWith(clearSite, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    matched = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ((matched || !clearName.Contains(" ")) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(clearSite))
+            {
+                clearName = clearName.Replace(clearSite, string.Empty, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            }
+
+            clearName = string.Join(" ", clearName.Split(new[] { ' ' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries));
+
+            return clearName;
+        }
+
+        public static (string, DateTime?) GetDateFromTitle(string title)
+        {
+            string searchDate,
+                   searchTitle = title;
+            var regExRules = new Dictionary<string, string>
+            {
+                { @"\b[0-9]{4} [0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}\b", "yyyy MM dd" },
+                { @"\b[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}\b", "yy MM dd" },
+            };
+            (string, DateTime?) searchData = (searchTitle, null);
+
+            foreach (var regExRule in regExRules)
+            {
+                var regEx = Regex.Match(searchTitle, regExRule.Key);
+                if (regEx.Groups.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    if (DateTime.TryParseExact(regEx.Groups[0].Value, regExRule.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, DateTimeStyles.None, out DateTime searchDateObj))
+                    {
+                        searchDate = searchDateObj.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                        searchTitle = Regex.Replace(searchTitle, regExRule.Key, string.Empty).Trim();
+
+                        searchData = (searchTitle, searchDateObj);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return searchData;
+        }
+
+        public static string ReplaceAbbrieviation(string title)
+        {
+            string newTitle = title + " ";
+
+            foreach (var abbrieviation in Database.SiteList.Abbrieviations)
+            {
+                Regex regex = new Regex(abbrieviation.Key + " ", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
+                if (regex.IsMatch(newTitle))
+                {
+                    newTitle = regex.Replace(newTitle, abbrieviation.Value + " ", 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            newTitle = newTitle.Trim();
+
+            return newTitle;
+        }
+
+        public static IProviderBase GetProviderBySiteID(int siteID)
+        {
+            if (Database.SiteList.SiteIDList != null && Database.SiteList.SiteIDList.ContainsKey(siteID))
+            {
+                return GetBaseSiteByName(Database.SiteList.SiteIDList[siteID]);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static IProviderBase GetBaseSiteByName(string name)
+        {
+            name = $"{typeof(Plugin).Namespace}.Sites.{name}";
+            var provider = Type.GetType(name, false, true);
+
+            if (provider != null)
+            {
+                return (IProviderBase)Activator.CreateInstance(provider);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<List<RemoteSearchResult>> GetSearchResultsFromUpdate(IProviderBase provider, int[] siteNum, string[] sceneID, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            var result = new List<RemoteSearchResult>();
+
+            var curID = new List<string>()
+            {
+                siteNum[0].ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                siteNum[1].ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+            };
+
+            curID.AddRange(sceneID);
+
+            var sceneData = await provider.Update(siteNum, sceneID, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(sceneData.Item.Name))
+            {
+                sceneData.Item.ProviderIds.Add(Plugin.Instance.Name, string.Join("#", curID));
+                var posters = (await provider.GetImages(siteNum, sceneID, sceneData.Item, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false)).Where(item => item.Type == ImageType.Primary);
+
+                var res = new RemoteSearchResult
+                {
+                    ProviderIds = sceneData.Item.ProviderIds,
+                    Name = sceneData.Item.Name,
+                    PremiereDate = sceneData.Item.PremiereDate,
+                };
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(sceneData.Item.OriginalTitle))
+                {
+                    res.Name = $"{sceneData.Item.OriginalTitle} {sceneData.Item.Name}";
+                }
+
+                if (posters.Any())
+                {
+                    res.ImageUrl = posters.First().Url;
+                }
+
+                result.Add(res);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static string GetSiteNameFromTitle(string searchTitle)
+        {
+            searchTitle = GetClearTitle(searchTitle, string.Empty);
+
+            var splitedTitle = searchTitle.Split();
+            if (splitedTitle.Length == 2 && int.TryParse(splitedTitle[1], out _))
+            {
+                searchTitle = $"JAV {splitedTitle[0]}-{splitedTitle[1]}";
+            }
+
+            return searchTitle;
+        }
+
+        public static byte[] ConvertFromBase64String(string input)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(input))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                string working = input.Replace('-', '+').Replace('_', '/');
+                while (working.Length % 4 != 0)
+                {
+                    working += '=';
+                }
+
+                return Convert.FromBase64String(working);
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `clearName` last assigned on line 120 could be null and is dereferenced at line 139, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String Helper.GetClearTitle(String,String)
+
+### File:
+Jellyfin.Plugin.PhoenixAdult/Helpers/Helper.cs
+
+### Key:
+Helper.cs|GetClearTitle|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56203f4e21ecf9e860f6a12dc3683775
+
+### Hash:
+5935a6dc9cd2f606587982aa11c77445
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2079/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2079/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93eac12e58a410d505d0b2bbbfb470a6c01a6ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2079/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** WebSocketListener
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using vtortola.WebSockets;
+
+namespace WebSockets.TestConsoleHost
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static PerformanceCounter _inMessages, _inBytes, _outMessages, _outBytes, _connected;
+
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            if (CreatePerformanceCounters())
+                return;
+
+            CancellationTokenSource cancellation = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            var endpoint = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"), 8001);
+            WebSocketListener server = new WebSocketListener(endpoint, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1000));
+
+            server.Start();
+
+            Log("Server started at " + endpoint.ToString());
+
+            var task = AcceptWebSocketClients(server, cancellation.Token);
+
+            Console.ReadKey(true);
+            Log("Server stoping");
+            cancellation.Cancel();
+            Console.ReadKey(true);
+        }
+
+        static async Task AcceptWebSocketClients(WebSocketListener server, CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            while (!token.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                var ws = await server.AcceptWebSocketClientAsync(token);
+                if (ws == null)
+                    continue; // disconnection
+                
+                Log("Client Connected: " + ws.RemoteEndpoint.ToString());
+
+                HandleConnectionAsync(ws, token);
+            }
+            Log("Server Stop accepting clients");
+        }
+
+        static async Task HandleConnectionAsync(WebSocketClient ws, CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                _connected.Increment();
+                while (ws.IsConnected && !token.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    using (var messageReader = await ws.ReadMessageAsync(token))
+                    {
+                        if (messageReader == null)
+                            continue; // disconnection
+
+                        String msg = String.Empty;
+
+                        switch (messageReader.MessageType)
+                        {
+                            case WebSocketMessageType.Text:
+                                using (var sr = new StreamReader(messageReader, Encoding.UTF8))
+                                    msg = await sr.ReadToEndAsync();
+
+                                if (String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(msg))
+                                    continue; // disconnection
+
+                                _inMessages.Increment();
+                                _inBytes.IncrementBy(msg.Length); // assuming one byte per char for the test sake
+
+                                Log("Client sent length: " + msg.Length);
+
+                                using (var messageWriter = ws.CreateMessageWriter(WebSocketMessageType.Text))
+                                using (var sw = new StreamWriter(messageWriter, Encoding.UTF8))
+                                {
+                                    await sw.WriteAsync(msg.ReverseString());
+                                    await sw.FlushAsync();
+                                }
+
+                                _outMessages.Increment();
+                                _outBytes.IncrementBy(msg.Length);
+
+                                break;
+
+                            case WebSocketMessageType.Binary:
+                                Log("Array");
+                                using (var messageWriter = ws.CreateMessageWriter(WebSocketMessageType.Binary))
+                                    await messageReader.CopyToAsync(messageWriter);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Log("Error : " + ex.Message);
+            }
+            Log("Client Disconnected: " + ws.RemoteEndpoint.ToString());
+            _connected.Decrement();
+        }
+
+        static void Log(String line)
+        {
+            Console.WriteLine(DateTime.Now.ToString("dd/MM/yyy hh:mm:ss.fff ") + line);
+        }
+
+        private static bool CreatePerformanceCounters()
+        {
+            string categoryName = "WebSocketListener_Test";
+
+            if (!PerformanceCounterCategory.Exists(categoryName))
+            {
+                var ccdc = new CounterCreationDataCollection();
+
+                ccdc.Add(new CounterCreationData
+                {
+                    CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.RateOfCountsPerSecond64,
+                    CounterName = "Messages In"
+                });
+
+                ccdc.Add(new CounterCreationData
+                {
+                    CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.RateOfCountsPerSecond64,
+                    CounterName = "Bytes In"
+                });
+
+                ccdc.Add(new CounterCreationData
+                {
+                    CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.RateOfCountsPerSecond64,
+                    CounterName = "Messages Out"
+                });
+
+                ccdc.Add(new CounterCreationData
+                {
+                    CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.RateOfCountsPerSecond64,
+                    CounterName = "Bytes Out" 
+                });
+
+                ccdc.Add(new CounterCreationData
+                {
+                    CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.NumberOfItems64,
+                    CounterName = "Connected"
+                });
+
+                PerformanceCounterCategory.Create(categoryName, "", PerformanceCounterCategoryType.SingleInstance, ccdc);
+
+                Log("Performance counters have been created, please re-run the app");
+                return true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                //PerformanceCounterCategory.Delete(categoryName);
+                //return true;
+
+                _inMessages = new PerformanceCounter(categoryName, "Messages In", false);
+                _inBytes = new PerformanceCounter(categoryName, "Bytes In", false);
+                _outMessages = new PerformanceCounter(categoryName, "Messages Out", false);
+                _outBytes = new PerformanceCounter(categoryName, "Bytes Out", false);
+                _connected = new PerformanceCounter(categoryName, "Connected", false);
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }       
+
+    }
+
+    public static class Ext
+    {
+        public static String ReverseString(this String s)
+        {
+            if (String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s))
+                return s;
+            return new String(s.Reverse().ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource cancellation of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+TestApps/WebSocketListener.TestConsoleHost/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c61875046855c8b2156dc7878c016147
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2084/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2084/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2be2c31830127104c0cfbe48cc9711e2960f88db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2084/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RestSharp
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#region License
+//   Copyright 2010 John Sheehan
+//
+//   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+//   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+//   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+//   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+//   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+//   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+//   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+//   limitations under the License. 
+#endregion
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Xml;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using RestSharp.Deserializers;
+using RestSharp.Extensions;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace RestSharp
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Client to translate RestRequests into Http requests and process response result
+	/// </summary>
+	public partial class RestClient : IRestClient
+	{
+		public IHttpFactory HttpFactory = new SimpleFactory<Http>();
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor that registers default content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public RestClient()
+		{
+#if WINDOWS_PHONE
+			UseSynchronizationContext = true;
+#endif
+			ContentHandlers = new Dictionary<string, IDeserializer>();
+			AcceptTypes = new List<string>();
+			DefaultParameters = new List<Parameter>();
+
+			// register default handlers
+			AddHandler("application/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("application/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/x-json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/javascript", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("*", new XmlDeserializer());
+
+			// silverlight friendly way to get current version
+			var assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+			AssemblyName assemblyName = new AssemblyName(assembly.FullName);
+			var version = assemblyName.Version;
+
+			UserAgent = "RestSharp " + version.ToString();
+			FollowRedirects = true;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the BaseUrl property for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="baseUrl"></param>
+		public RestClient(string baseUrl)
+			: this()
+		{
+			BaseUrl = baseUrl;
+		}
+
+		private IDictionary<string, IDeserializer> ContentHandlers { get; set; }
+		private IList<string> AcceptTypes { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parameters included with every request made with this instance of RestClient
+		/// If specified in both client and request, the request wins
+		/// </summary>
+		public IList<Parameter> DefaultParameters { get; private set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Add a parameter to use on every request made with this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="p">Parameter to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(Parameter p)
+		{
+			if (p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Cannot set request body from default headers. Use Request.AddBody() instead.");
+			}
+
+			DefaultParameters.Add(p);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Adds a HTTP parameter (QueryString for GET, DELETE, OPTIONS and HEAD; Encoded form for POST and PUT)
+		/// Used on every request made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the parameter</param>
+		/// <returns>This request</returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(string name, object value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(new Parameter { Name = name, Value = value, Type = ParameterType.GetOrPost });
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Adds a parameter to the request. There are four types of parameters:
+		///	- GetOrPost: Either a QueryString value or encoded form value based on method
+		///	- HttpHeader: Adds the name/value pair to the HTTP request's Headers collection
+		///	- UrlSegment: Inserted into URL if there is a matching url token e.g. {AccountId}
+		///	- RequestBody: Used by AddBody() (not recommended to use directly)
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="type">The type of parameter to add</param>
+		/// <returns>This request</returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(string name, object value, ParameterType type)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(new Parameter { Name = name, Value = value, Type = type });
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Shortcut to AddDefaultParameter(name, value, HttpHeader) overload
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the header to add</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the header to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultHeader(string name, string value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(name, value, ParameterType.HttpHeader);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Shortcut to AddDefaultParameter(name, value, UrlSegment) overload
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the segment to add</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the segment to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultUrlSegment(string name, string value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(name, value, ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Registers a content handler to process response content
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type of the response content</param>
+		/// <param name="deserializer">Deserializer to use to process content</param>
+		public void AddHandler(string contentType, IDeserializer deserializer)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers[contentType] = deserializer;
+			if (contentType != "*")
+			{
+				AcceptTypes.Add(contentType);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove a content handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to remove</param>
+		public void RemoveHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Remove(contentType);
+			AcceptTypes.Remove(contentType);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove all content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public void ClearHandlers()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Clear();
+			AcceptTypes.Clear();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve the handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to retrieve</param>
+		/// <returns>IDeserializer instance</returns>
+		IDeserializer GetHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(contentType) && ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				return ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			var semicolonIndex = contentType.IndexOf(';');
+			if (semicolonIndex > -1) contentType = contentType.Substring(0, semicolonIndex);
+			IDeserializer handler = null;
+			if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey(contentType))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers[contentType];
+			}
+			else if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			return handler;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Maximum number of redirects to follow if FollowRedirects is true
+		/// </summary>
+		public int? MaxRedirects { get; set; }
+
+#if FRAMEWORK
+		/// <summary>
+		/// X509CertificateCollection to be sent with request
+		/// </summary>
+		public X509CertificateCollection ClientCertificates { get; set; }
+#endif
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default is true. Determine whether or not requests that result in 
+		/// HTTP status codes of 3xx should follow returned redirect
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool FollowRedirects { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// The CookieContainer used for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public CookieContainer CookieContainer { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// UserAgent to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public string UserAgent { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Timeout in milliseconds to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public int Timeout { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Whether to invoke async callbacks using the SynchronizationContext.Current captured when invoked
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool UseSynchronizationContext { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Authenticator to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public IAuthenticator Authenticator { get; set; }
+
+		private string _baseUrl;
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Combined with Request.Resource to construct URL for request
+		/// Should include scheme and domain without trailing slash.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <example>
+		/// client.BaseUrl = "http://example.com";
+		/// </example>
+		public string BaseUrl
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return _baseUrl;
+			}
+			set
+			{
+				_baseUrl = value;
+				if (_baseUrl.EndsWith("/"))
+				{
+					_baseUrl = _baseUrl.Substring(0, _baseUrl.Length - 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void AuthenticateIfNeeded(RestClient client, IRestRequest request)
+		{
+			if (Authenticator != null)
+			{
+				Authenticator.Authenticate(client, request);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Assembles URL to call based on parameters, method and resource
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="request">RestRequest to execute</param>
+		/// <returns>Assembled System.Uri</returns>
+		public Uri BuildUri(IRestRequest request)
+		{
+			var assembled = request.Resource;
+			var urlParms = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+			foreach (var p in urlParms)
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Replace("{" + p.Name + "}", p.Value.ToString().UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled) && assembled.StartsWith("/"))
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Substring(1);
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(BaseUrl))
+			{
+				if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled))
+				{
+					assembled = BaseUrl;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					assembled = string.Format("{0}/{1}", BaseUrl, assembled);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (request.Method != Method.POST && request.Method != Method.PUT && request.Method != Method.PATCH)
+			{
+				// build and attach querystring if this is a get-style request
+				if (request.Parameters.Any(p => p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost))
+				{
+					if (assembled.EndsWith("/"))
+					{
+						assembled = assembled.Substring(0, assembled.Length - 1);
+					}
+
+					var data = EncodeParameters(request);
+					assembled = string.Format("{0}?{1}", assembled, data);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return new Uri(assembled);
+		}
+
+		private string EncodeParameters(IRestRequest request)
+		{
+			var querystring = new StringBuilder();
+			foreach (var p in request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost))
+			{
+				if (querystring.Length > 1)
+					querystring.Append("&");
+				querystring.AppendFormat("{0}={1}", p.Name.UrlEncode(), (p.Value.ToString()).UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			return querystring.ToString();
+		}
+
+		private void ConfigureHttp(IRestRequest request, IHttp http)
+		{
+			http.CookieContainer = CookieContainer;
+
+			// move RestClient.DefaultParameters into Request.Parameters
+			foreach(var p in DefaultParameters)
+			{
+				if(request.Parameters.Any(p2 => p2.Name == p.Name && p2.Type == p.Type))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				request.AddParameter(p);
+			}
+
+			http.Url = BuildUri(request);
+			
+			if(UserAgent.HasValue())
+			{
+				http.UserAgent = UserAgent;
+			}
+
+			http.Timeout = request.Timeout == 0 ? Timeout : request.Timeout;
+
+#if !SILVERLIGHT
+			http.FollowRedirects = FollowRedirects;
+#endif
+#if FRAMEWORK
+			if (ClientCertificates != null)
+			{
+				http.ClientCertificates = ClientCertificates;
+			}
+
+			http.MaxRedirects = MaxRedirects;
+#endif
+
+			if(request.Credentials != null)
+			{
+				http.Credentials = request.Credentials;
+			}
+
+			var headers = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.HttpHeader
+						  select new HttpHeader
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var header in headers)
+			{
+				http.Headers.Add(header);
+			}
+
+			var cookies = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.Cookie
+						  select new HttpCookie
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var cookie in cookies)
+			{
+				http.Cookies.Add(cookie);
+			}
+
+			var @params = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost
+								&& p.Value != null
+						  select new HttpParameter
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var parameter in @params)
+			{
+				http.Parameters.Add(parameter);
+			}
+
+			foreach(var file in request.Files)
+			{
+				http.Files.Add(new HttpFile { Name = file.Name, ContentType = file.ContentType, Writer = file.Writer, FileName = file.FileName, ContentLength = file.ContentLength });
+			}
+
+			var body = (from p in request.Parameters
+						where p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody
+						select p).FirstOrDefault();
+
+			if(body != null)
+			{
+				http.RequestBody = body.Value.ToString();
+				http.RequestContentType = body.Name;
+			}
+		}
+
+        private RestResponse ConvertToRestResponse(IRestRequest request, HttpResponse httpResponse)
+		{
+			var restResponse = new RestResponse();
+			restResponse.Content = httpResponse.Content;
+			restResponse.ContentEncoding = httpResponse.ContentEncoding;
+			restResponse.ContentLength = httpResponse.ContentLength;
+			restResponse.ContentType = httpResponse.ContentType;
+			restResponse.ErrorException = httpResponse.ErrorException;
+			restResponse.ErrorMessage = httpResponse.ErrorMessage;
+			restResponse.RawBytes = httpResponse.RawBytes;
+			restResponse.ResponseStatus = httpResponse.ResponseStatus;
+			restResponse.ResponseUri = httpResponse.ResponseUri;
+			restResponse.Server = httpResponse.Server;
+			restResponse.StatusCode = httpResponse.StatusCode;
+			restResponse.StatusDescription = httpResponse.StatusDescription;
+            restResponse.Request = request;
+
+			foreach (var header in httpResponse.Headers)
+			{
+				restResponse.Headers.Add(new Parameter { Name = header.Name, Value = header.Value, Type = ParameterType.HttpHeader });
+			}
+
+			foreach (var cookie in httpResponse.Cookies)
+			{
+				restResponse.Cookies.Add(new RestResponseCookie {
+					Comment = cookie.Comment,
+					CommentUri = cookie.CommentUri,
+					Discard = cookie.Discard,
+					Domain = cookie.Domain,
+					Expired = cookie.Expired,
+					Expires = cookie.Expires,
+					HttpOnly = cookie.HttpOnly,
+					Name = cookie.Name,
+					Path = cookie.Path,
+					Port = cookie.Port,
+					Secure = cookie.Secure,
+					TimeStamp = cookie.TimeStamp,
+					Value = cookie.Value,
+					Version = cookie.Version
+				});
+			}
+
+			return restResponse;
+		}
+
+		private IRestResponse<T> Deserialize<T>(IRestRequest request, IRestResponse raw)
+		{
+			request.OnBeforeDeserialization(raw);
+
+			IDeserializer handler = GetHandler(raw.ContentType);
+			handler.RootElement = request.RootElement;
+			handler.DateFormat = request.DateFormat;
+			handler.Namespace = request.XmlNamespace;
+
+			IRestResponse<T> response = new RestResponse<T>();
+			try
+			{
+			    response = raw.toAsyncResponse<T>();
+				response.Data = handler.Deserialize<T>(raw);
+                response.Request = request;
+            }
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				response.ResponseStatus = ResponseStatus.Error;
+				response.ErrorMessage = ex.Message;
+				response.ErrorException = ex;
+			}
+
+			return response;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `handler` last assigned on line 495 could be null and is dereferenced at line 496, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+RestResponse`1<T> RestClient.Deserialize(IRestRequest,RestResponse)
+
+### File:
+RestSharp/RestClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+RestClient.cs|Deserialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2236178ec05847b99a27c4d3a26e337e
+
+### Hash:
+d8a3d400cddabf0a45f8402573312304
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2090/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2090/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..125e9b7654235fe0e28087f40ea6dca30508da8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2090/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RestSharp
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#region License
+//   Copyright 2010 John Sheehan
+//
+//   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+//   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+//   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+//   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+//   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+//   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+//   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+//   limitations under the License. 
+#endregion
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using System.Text;
+using RestSharp.Deserializers;
+using RestSharp.Extensions;
+
+namespace RestSharp
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Client to translate RestRequests into Http requests and process response result
+	/// </summary>
+	public partial class RestClient : IRestClient
+	{
+		// silverlight friendly way to get current version
+		static readonly Version version = new AssemblyName(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName).Version;
+
+		public IHttpFactory HttpFactory = new SimpleFactory<Http>();
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor that registers default content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public RestClient()
+		{
+#if WINDOWS_PHONE
+			UseSynchronizationContext = true;
+#endif
+			ContentHandlers = new Dictionary<string, IDeserializer>();
+			AcceptTypes = new List<string>();
+			DefaultParameters = new List<Parameter>();
+
+			// register default handlers
+			AddHandler("application/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("application/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/x-json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/javascript", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("*", new XmlDeserializer());
+
+			FollowRedirects = true;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the BaseUrl property for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="baseUrl"></param>
+		public RestClient(string baseUrl)
+			: this()
+		{
+			BaseUrl = baseUrl;
+		}
+
+		private IDictionary<string, IDeserializer> ContentHandlers { get; set; }
+		private IList<string> AcceptTypes { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parameters included with every request made with this instance of RestClient
+		/// If specified in both client and request, the request wins
+		/// </summary>
+		public IList<Parameter> DefaultParameters { get; private set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Registers a content handler to process response content
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type of the response content</param>
+		/// <param name="deserializer">Deserializer to use to process content</param>
+		public void AddHandler(string contentType, IDeserializer deserializer)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers[contentType] = deserializer;
+			if (contentType != "*")
+			{
+				AcceptTypes.Add(contentType);
+				// add Accept header based on registered deserializers
+				var accepts = string.Join(", ", AcceptTypes.ToArray());
+				this.RemoveDefaultParameter("Accept");
+				this.AddDefaultParameter("Accept", accepts, ParameterType.HttpHeader);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove a content handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to remove</param>
+		public void RemoveHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Remove(contentType);
+			AcceptTypes.Remove(contentType);
+			this.RemoveDefaultParameter("Accept");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove all content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public void ClearHandlers()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Clear();
+			AcceptTypes.Clear();
+			this.RemoveDefaultParameter("Accept");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve the handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to retrieve</param>
+		/// <returns>IDeserializer instance</returns>
+		IDeserializer GetHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(contentType) && ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				return ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			var semicolonIndex = contentType.IndexOf(';');
+			if (semicolonIndex > -1) contentType = contentType.Substring(0, semicolonIndex);
+			IDeserializer handler = null;
+			if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey(contentType))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers[contentType];
+			}
+			else if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			return handler;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Maximum number of redirects to follow if FollowRedirects is true
+		/// </summary>
+		public int? MaxRedirects { get; set; }
+
+#if FRAMEWORK
+		/// <summary>
+		/// X509CertificateCollection to be sent with request
+		/// </summary>
+		public X509CertificateCollection ClientCertificates { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Proxy to use for requests made by this client instance.
+		/// Passed on to underying WebRequest if set.
+		/// </summary>
+		public IWebProxy Proxy { get; set; }
+#endif
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default is true. Determine whether or not requests that result in 
+		/// HTTP status codes of 3xx should follow returned redirect
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool FollowRedirects { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// The CookieContainer used for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public CookieContainer CookieContainer { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// UserAgent to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public string UserAgent { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Timeout in milliseconds to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public int Timeout { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Whether to invoke async callbacks using the SynchronizationContext.Current captured when invoked
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool UseSynchronizationContext { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Authenticator to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public IAuthenticator Authenticator { get; set; }
+
+		private string _baseUrl;
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Combined with Request.Resource to construct URL for request
+		/// Should include scheme and domain without trailing slash.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <example>
+		/// client.BaseUrl = "http://example.com";
+		/// </example>
+		public virtual string BaseUrl
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return _baseUrl;
+			}
+			set
+			{
+				_baseUrl = value;
+				if (_baseUrl != null && _baseUrl.EndsWith("/"))
+				{
+					_baseUrl = _baseUrl.Substring(0, _baseUrl.Length - 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void AuthenticateIfNeeded(RestClient client, IRestRequest request)
+		{
+			if (Authenticator != null)
+			{
+				Authenticator.Authenticate(client, request);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Assembles URL to call based on parameters, method and resource
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="request">RestRequest to execute</param>
+		/// <returns>Assembled System.Uri</returns>
+		public Uri BuildUri(IRestRequest request)
+		{
+			var assembled = request.Resource;
+			var urlParms = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+			foreach (var p in urlParms)
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Replace("{" + p.Name + "}", p.Value.ToString().UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled) && assembled.StartsWith("/"))
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Substring(1);
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(BaseUrl))
+			{
+				if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled))
+				{
+					assembled = BaseUrl;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					assembled = string.Format("{0}/{1}", BaseUrl, assembled);
+				}
+			}
+
+			IEnumerable<Parameter> parameters = null;
+
+			if (request.Method != Method.POST && request.Method != Method.PUT && request.Method != Method.PATCH)
+			{
+				// build and attach querystring if this is a get-style request
+				parameters = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost || p.Type == ParameterType.QueryString);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				parameters = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.QueryString);
+			}
+
+			// build and attach querystring 
+			if (parameters != null && parameters.Any())
+			{
+				var data = EncodeParameters(request, parameters);
+				assembled = string.Format("{0}?{1}", assembled, data);
+			}
+
+			return new Uri(assembled);
+		}
+
+		private string EncodeParameters(IRestRequest request, IEnumerable<Parameter> parameters)
+		{
+			var querystring = new StringBuilder();
+			foreach (var p in parameters)
+			{
+				if (querystring.Length > 1)
+					querystring.Append("&");
+				querystring.AppendFormat("{0}={1}", p.Name.UrlEncode(), (p.Value.ToString()).UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			return querystring.ToString();
+		}
+
+		private void ConfigureHttp(IRestRequest request, IHttp http)
+		{
+			http.AlwaysMultipartFormData = request.AlwaysMultipartFormData;
+
+			http.CookieContainer = CookieContainer;
+
+			http.ResponseWriter = request.ResponseWriter;
+
+			// move RestClient.DefaultParameters into Request.Parameters
+			foreach (var p in DefaultParameters)
+			{
+				if (request.Parameters.Any(p2 => p2.Name == p.Name && p2.Type == p.Type))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				request.AddParameter(p);
+			}
+
+			// Add Accept header based on registered deserializers if none has been set by the caller.
+			if (!request.Parameters.Any(p2 => p2.Name.ToLowerInvariant() == "accept"))
+			{
+				var accepts = string.Join(", ", AcceptTypes.ToArray());
+				request.AddParameter("Accept", accepts, ParameterType.HttpHeader);
+			}
+
+			http.Url = BuildUri(request);
+
+			var userAgent = UserAgent ?? http.UserAgent;
+			http.UserAgent = userAgent.HasValue() ? userAgent : "RestSharp " + version.ToString();
+
+			var timeout = request.Timeout > 0 ? request.Timeout : Timeout;
+			if (timeout > 0)
+			{
+				http.Timeout = timeout;
+			}
+
+#if !SILVERLIGHT
+			http.FollowRedirects = FollowRedirects;
+#endif
+#if FRAMEWORK
+			if (ClientCertificates != null)
+			{
+				http.ClientCertificates = ClientCertificates;
+			}
+
+			http.MaxRedirects = MaxRedirects;
+#endif
+
+			if (request.Credentials != null)
+			{
+				http.Credentials = request.Credentials;
+			}
+
+			var headers = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.HttpHeader
+						  select new HttpHeader
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var header in headers)
+			{
+				http.Headers.Add(header);
+			}
+
+			var cookies = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.Cookie
+						  select new HttpCookie
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var cookie in cookies)
+			{
+				http.Cookies.Add(cookie);
+			}
+
+			var @params = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost
+								&& p.Value != null
+						  select new HttpParameter
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var parameter in @params)
+			{
+				http.Parameters.Add(parameter);
+			}
+
+			foreach (var file in request.Files)
+			{
+				http.Files.Add(new HttpFile { Name = file.Name, ContentType = file.ContentType, Writer = file.Writer, FileName = file.FileName, ContentLength = file.ContentLength });
+			}
+
+			var body = (from p in request.Parameters
+						where p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody
+						select p).FirstOrDefault();
+
+			if (body != null)
+			{
+				object val = body.Value;
+				if (val is byte[])
+					http.RequestBodyBytes = (byte[])val;
+				else
+					http.RequestBody = body.Value.ToString();
+				http.RequestContentType = body.Name;
+			}
+#if FRAMEWORK
+			ConfigureProxy(http);
+#endif
+		}
+
+#if FRAMEWORK
+		private void ConfigureProxy(IHttp http)
+		{
+			if (Proxy != null)
+			{
+				http.Proxy = Proxy;
+			}
+		}
+#endif
+
+		private RestResponse ConvertToRestResponse(IRestRequest request, HttpResponse httpResponse)
+		{
+			var restResponse = new RestResponse();
+			restResponse.Content = httpResponse.Content;
+			restResponse.ContentEncoding = httpResponse.ContentEncoding;
+			restResponse.ContentLength = httpResponse.ContentLength;
+			restResponse.ContentType = httpResponse.ContentType;
+			restResponse.ErrorException = httpResponse.ErrorException;
+			restResponse.ErrorMessage = httpResponse.ErrorMessage;
+			restResponse.RawBytes = httpResponse.RawBytes;
+			restResponse.ResponseStatus = httpResponse.ResponseStatus;
+			restResponse.ResponseUri = httpResponse.ResponseUri;
+			restResponse.Server = httpResponse.Server;
+			restResponse.StatusCode = httpResponse.StatusCode;
+			restResponse.StatusDescription = httpResponse.StatusDescription;
+			restResponse.Request = request;
+
+			foreach (var header in httpResponse.Headers)
+			{
+				restResponse.Headers.Add(new Parameter { Name = header.Name, Value = header.Value, Type = ParameterType.HttpHeader });
+			}
+
+			foreach (var cookie in httpResponse.Cookies)
+			{
+				restResponse.Cookies.Add(new RestResponseCookie
+				{
+					Comment = cookie.Comment,
+					CommentUri = cookie.CommentUri,
+					Discard = cookie.Discard,
+					Domain = cookie.Domain,
+					Expired = cookie.Expired,
+					Expires = cookie.Expires,
+					HttpOnly = cookie.HttpOnly,
+					Name = cookie.Name,
+					Path = cookie.Path,
+					Port = cookie.Port,
+					Secure = cookie.Secure,
+					TimeStamp = cookie.TimeStamp,
+					Value = cookie.Value,
+					Version = cookie.Version
+				});
+			}
+
+			return restResponse;
+		}
+
+		private IRestResponse<T> Deserialize<T>(IRestRequest request, IRestResponse raw)
+		{
+			request.OnBeforeDeserialization(raw);
+
+			IRestResponse<T> response = new RestResponse<T>();
+			try
+			{
+				response = raw.toAsyncResponse<T>();
+				response.Request = request;
+
+				// Only attempt to deserialize if the request has not errored due
+                // to a transport or framework exception.  HTTP errors should attempt to 
+                // be deserialized 
+
+                if (response.ErrorException==null) {
+					IDeserializer handler = GetHandler(raw.ContentType);
+					handler.RootElement = request.RootElement;
+					handler.DateFormat = request.DateFormat;
+					handler.Namespace = request.XmlNamespace;
+
+					response.Data = handler.Deserialize<T>(raw);
+				}
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				response.ResponseStatus = ResponseStatus.Error;
+				response.ErrorMessage = ex.Message;
+				response.ErrorException = ex;
+			}
+
+			return response;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `handler` last assigned on line 483 could be null and is dereferenced at line 484, column 6.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IRestResponse`1<T> RestClient.Deserialize(IRestRequest,IRestResponse)
+
+### File:
+RestSharp/RestClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+RestClient.cs|Deserialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2236178ec05847b99a27c4d3a26e337e
+
+### Hash:
+d8a3d400cddabf0a45f8402573312304
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2097/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2097/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad2d07524dd23c7299f956497ff74d1fe83d4d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2097/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RestSharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#region License
+//   Copyright 2010 John Sheehan
+//
+//   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+//   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+//   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+//   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+//   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+//   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+//   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+//   limitations under the License. 
+#endregion
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Xml;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+using RestSharp.Deserializers;
+
+namespace RestSharp
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Client to translate RestRequests into Http requests and process response result
+	/// </summary>
+	public partial class RestClient : IRestClient
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor that registers default content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public RestClient()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers = new Dictionary<string, IDeserializer>();
+			AcceptTypes = new List<string>();
+
+			// register default handlers
+			AddHandler("application/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("application/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/x-json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/javascript", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("*", new XmlDeserializer());
+
+			UserAgent = "RestSharp Release 1";
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the BaseUrl property for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="baseUrl"></param>
+		public RestClient(string baseUrl)
+			: this()
+		{
+			BaseUrl = baseUrl;
+		}
+
+		private IDictionary<string, IDeserializer> ContentHandlers { get; set; }
+		private IList<string> AcceptTypes { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Registers a content handler to process response content
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type of the response content</param>
+		/// <param name="deserializer">Deserializer to use to process content</param>
+		public void AddHandler(string contentType, IDeserializer deserializer)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers[contentType] = deserializer;
+			if (contentType != "*")
+			{
+				AcceptTypes.Add(contentType);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove a content handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to remove</param>
+		public void RemoveHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Remove(contentType);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove all content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public void ClearHandlers()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Clear();
+			AcceptTypes.Clear();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve the handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to retrieve</param>
+		/// <returns>IDeserializer instance</returns>
+		IDeserializer GetHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			var semicolonIndex = contentType.IndexOf(';');
+			if (semicolonIndex > -1) contentType = contentType.Substring(0, semicolonIndex);
+			IDeserializer handler = null;
+			if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey(contentType))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers[contentType];
+			}
+			else if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			return handler;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// UserAgent to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public string UserAgent { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Timeout in milliseconds to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public int Timeout { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Authenticator to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public IAuthenticator Authenticator { get; set; }
+
+		private string _baseUrl;
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Combined with Request.Resource to construct URL for request
+		/// Should include scheme and domain without trailing slash.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <example>
+		/// client.BaseUrl = "http://example.com";
+		/// </example>
+		public string BaseUrl
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return _baseUrl;
+			}
+			set
+			{
+				_baseUrl = value;
+				if (_baseUrl.EndsWith("/"))
+				{
+					_baseUrl = _baseUrl.Substring(0, _baseUrl.Length - 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void AuthenticateIfNeeded(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			if (Authenticator != null)
+			{
+				Authenticator.Authenticate(request);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Assembles URL to call based on parameters, method and resource
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="request">RestRequest to execute</param>
+		/// <returns>Assembled System.Uri</returns>
+		public Uri BuildUri(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			var assembled = request.Resource;
+			var urlParms = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+			foreach (var p in urlParms)
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Replace("{" + p.Name + "}", p.Value.ToString());
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled) && assembled.StartsWith("/"))
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Substring(1);
+			}
+
+			return new Uri(string.Format("{0}/{1}", BaseUrl, assembled));
+		}
+
+		private void ConfigureHttp(RestRequest request, IHttp http)
+		{
+			http.Url = BuildUri(request);
+
+			if (UserAgent != null)
+			{
+				http.UserAgent = UserAgent;
+			}
+
+			http.Timeout = request.Timeout == 0 ? Timeout : request.Timeout;
+
+			if (request.Credentials != null)
+			{
+				http.Credentials = request.Credentials;
+			}
+
+			var headers = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.HttpHeader
+						  select new HttpHeader
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var header in headers)
+			{
+				http.Headers.Add(header);
+			}
+
+			var cookies = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.Cookie
+						  select new HttpCookie
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var cookie in cookies)
+			{
+				http.Cookies.Add(cookie);
+			}
+
+			var @params = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost
+								&& p.Value != null
+						  select new HttpParameter
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var parameter in @params)
+			{
+				http.Parameters.Add(parameter);
+			}
+
+			foreach (var file in request.Files)
+			{
+				http.Files.Add(new HttpFile { ContentType = file.ContentType, Data = file.Data, FileName = file.FileName });
+			}
+
+			var body = (from p in request.Parameters
+						where p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody
+						select p).FirstOrDefault();
+
+			if (body != null)
+			{
+				http.RequestBody = body.Value.ToString();
+				http.RequestContentType = body.Name;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse ConvertToRestResponse(HttpResponse httpResponse)
+		{
+			var restResponse = new RestResponse();
+			restResponse.Content = httpResponse.Content;
+			restResponse.ContentEncoding = httpResponse.ContentEncoding;
+			restResponse.ContentLength = httpResponse.ContentLength;
+			restResponse.ContentType = httpResponse.ContentType;
+			restResponse.ErrorException = httpResponse.ErrorException;
+			restResponse.ErrorMessage = httpResponse.ErrorMessage;
+			restResponse.RawBytes = httpResponse.RawBytes;
+			restResponse.ResponseStatus = httpResponse.ResponseStatus;
+			restResponse.ResponseUri = httpResponse.ResponseUri;
+			restResponse.Server = httpResponse.Server;
+			restResponse.StatusCode = httpResponse.StatusCode;
+			restResponse.StatusDescription = httpResponse.StatusDescription;
+
+			foreach (var header in httpResponse.Headers)
+			{
+				restResponse.Headers.Add(new Parameter { Name = header.Name, Value = header.Value, Type = ParameterType.HttpHeader });
+			}
+
+			foreach (var cookie in httpResponse.Cookies)
+			{
+				restResponse.Cookies.Add(new Parameter { Name = cookie.Name, Value = cookie.Value, Type = ParameterType.Cookie });
+			}
+
+			return restResponse;
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse<T> Deserialize<T>(RestRequest request, RestResponse raw) where T : new()
+		{
+			IDeserializer handler = GetHandler(raw.ContentType);
+			handler.RootElement = request.RootElement;
+			handler.DateFormat = request.DateFormat;
+			handler.Namespace = request.XmlNamespace;
+
+			var response = new RestResponse<T>();
+			try
+			{
+				response = (RestResponse<T>)raw;
+				response.Data = handler.Deserialize<T>(raw);
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				response.ResponseStatus = ResponseStatus.Error;
+				response.ErrorMessage = ex.Message;
+				response.ErrorException = ex;
+			}
+
+			return response;
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `handler` last assigned on line 292 could be null and is dereferenced at line 293, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+RestResponse`1<T> RestClient.Deserialize(RestRequest,RestResponse)
+
+### File:
+RestSharp/RestClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+RestClient.cs|Deserialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2236178ec05847b99a27c4d3a26e337e
+
+### Hash:
+d8a3d400cddabf0a45f8402573312304
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2099/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2099/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85eb9e9985e54a008c219e3cadcce9b7b8fb7363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2099/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RestSharp
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#region License
+//   Copyright 2010 John Sheehan
+//
+//   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+//   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+//   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+//   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+//   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+//   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+//   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+//   limitations under the License. 
+#endregion
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Xml;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using RestSharp.Deserializers;
+using RestSharp.Extensions;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace RestSharp
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Client to translate RestRequests into Http requests and process response result
+	/// </summary>
+	public partial class RestClient : IRestClient
+	{
+		public IHttpFactory HttpFactory = new SimpleFactory<Http>();
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor that registers default content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public RestClient()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers = new Dictionary<string, IDeserializer>();
+			AcceptTypes = new List<string>();
+			DefaultParameters = new List<Parameter>();
+
+			// register default handlers
+			AddHandler("application/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("application/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/x-json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/javascript", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("*", new XmlDeserializer());
+
+			// silverlight friendly way to get current version
+			var assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+			AssemblyName assemblyName = new AssemblyName(assembly.FullName);
+			var version = assemblyName.Version;
+
+			UserAgent = "RestSharp " + version.ToString();
+			FollowRedirects = true;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the BaseUrl property for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="baseUrl"></param>
+		public RestClient(string baseUrl)
+			: this()
+		{
+			BaseUrl = baseUrl;
+		}
+
+		private IDictionary<string, IDeserializer> ContentHandlers { get; set; }
+		private IList<string> AcceptTypes { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parameters included with every request made with this instance of RestClient
+		/// If specified in both client and request, the request wins
+		/// </summary>
+		public IList<Parameter> DefaultParameters { get; private set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Add a parameter to use on every request made with this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="p">Parameter to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(Parameter p)
+		{
+			if (p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Cannot set request body from default headers. Use Request.AddBody() instead.");
+			}
+
+			DefaultParameters.Add(p);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Adds a HTTP parameter (QueryString for GET, DELETE, OPTIONS and HEAD; Encoded form for POST and PUT)
+		/// Used on every request made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the parameter</param>
+		/// <returns>This request</returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(string name, object value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(new Parameter { Name = name, Value = value, Type = ParameterType.GetOrPost });
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Adds a parameter to the request. There are four types of parameters:
+		///	- GetOrPost: Either a QueryString value or encoded form value based on method
+		///	- HttpHeader: Adds the name/value pair to the HTTP request's Headers collection
+		///	- UrlSegment: Inserted into URL if there is a matching url token e.g. {AccountId}
+		///	- RequestBody: Used by AddBody() (not recommended to use directly)
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="type">The type of parameter to add</param>
+		/// <returns>This request</returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(string name, object value, ParameterType type)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(new Parameter { Name = name, Value = value, Type = type });
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Shortcut to AddDefaultParameter(name, value, HttpHeader) overload
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the header to add</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the header to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultHeader(string name, string value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(name, value, ParameterType.HttpHeader);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Shortcut to AddDefaultParameter(name, value, UrlSegment) overload
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the segment to add</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the segment to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultUrlSegment(string name, string value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(name, value, ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Registers a content handler to process response content
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type of the response content</param>
+		/// <param name="deserializer">Deserializer to use to process content</param>
+		public void AddHandler(string contentType, IDeserializer deserializer)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers[contentType] = deserializer;
+			if (contentType != "*")
+			{
+				AcceptTypes.Add(contentType);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove a content handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to remove</param>
+		public void RemoveHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Remove(contentType);
+			AcceptTypes.Remove(contentType);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove all content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public void ClearHandlers()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Clear();
+			AcceptTypes.Clear();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve the handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to retrieve</param>
+		/// <returns>IDeserializer instance</returns>
+		IDeserializer GetHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(contentType) && ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				return ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			var semicolonIndex = contentType.IndexOf(';');
+			if (semicolonIndex > -1) contentType = contentType.Substring(0, semicolonIndex);
+			IDeserializer handler = null;
+			if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey(contentType))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers[contentType];
+			}
+			else if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			return handler;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Maximum number of redirects to follow if FollowRedirects is true
+		/// </summary>
+		public int? MaxRedirects { get; set; }
+
+#if FRAMEWORK
+		/// <summary>
+		/// X509CertificateCollection to be sent with request
+		/// </summary>
+		public X509CertificateCollection ClientCertificates { get; set; }
+#endif
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default is true. Determine whether or not requests that result in 
+		/// HTTP status codes of 3xx should follow returned redirect
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool FollowRedirects { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// UserAgent to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public string UserAgent { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Timeout in milliseconds to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public int Timeout { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Authenticator to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public IAuthenticator Authenticator { get; set; }
+
+		private string _baseUrl;
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Combined with Request.Resource to construct URL for request
+		/// Should include scheme and domain without trailing slash.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <example>
+		/// client.BaseUrl = "http://example.com";
+		/// </example>
+		public string BaseUrl
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return _baseUrl;
+			}
+			set
+			{
+				_baseUrl = value;
+				if (_baseUrl.EndsWith("/"))
+				{
+					_baseUrl = _baseUrl.Substring(0, _baseUrl.Length - 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void AuthenticateIfNeeded(RestClient client, RestRequest request)
+		{
+			if (Authenticator != null)
+			{
+				Authenticator.Authenticate(client, request);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Assembles URL to call based on parameters, method and resource
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="request">RestRequest to execute</param>
+		/// <returns>Assembled System.Uri</returns>
+		public Uri BuildUri(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			var assembled = request.Resource;
+			var urlParms = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+			foreach (var p in urlParms)
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Replace("{" + p.Name + "}", p.Value.ToString().UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled) && assembled.StartsWith("/"))
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Substring(1);
+			}
+
+			if(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(BaseUrl))
+				assembled = string.Format("{0}/{1}", BaseUrl, assembled);
+
+			if (request.Method != Method.POST && request.Method != Method.PUT)
+			{
+				// build and attach querystring if this is a get-style request
+				if (request.Parameters.Any(p => p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost))
+				{
+					if (assembled.EndsWith("/"))
+					{
+						assembled = assembled.Substring(0, assembled.Length - 1);
+					}
+
+					var data = EncodeParameters(request);
+					assembled = string.Format("{0}?{1}", assembled, data);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return new Uri(assembled);
+		}
+
+		private string EncodeParameters(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			var querystring = new StringBuilder();
+			foreach (var p in request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost))
+			{
+				if (querystring.Length > 1)
+					querystring.Append("&");
+				querystring.AppendFormat("{0}={1}", p.Name.UrlEncode(), (p.Value.ToString()).UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			return querystring.ToString();
+		}
+
+		private void ConfigureHttp(RestRequest request, IHttp http)
+		{
+			// move RestClient.DefaultParameters into Request.Parameters
+			foreach(var p in DefaultParameters)
+			{
+				if(request.Parameters.Any(p2 => p2.Name == p.Name && p2.Type == p.Type))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				request.AddParameter(p);
+			}
+
+			http.Url = BuildUri(request);
+			
+			if(UserAgent.HasValue())
+			{
+				http.UserAgent = UserAgent;
+			}
+
+			http.Timeout = request.Timeout == 0 ? Timeout : request.Timeout;
+
+#if !SILVERLIGHT
+			http.FollowRedirects = FollowRedirects;
+#endif
+#if FRAMEWORK
+			if (ClientCertificates != null)
+			{
+				http.ClientCertificates = ClientCertificates;
+			}
+
+			http.MaxRedirects = MaxRedirects;
+#endif
+
+			if(request.Credentials != null)
+			{
+				http.Credentials = request.Credentials;
+			}
+
+			var headers = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.HttpHeader
+						  select new HttpHeader
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var header in headers)
+			{
+				http.Headers.Add(header);
+			}
+
+			var cookies = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.Cookie
+						  select new HttpCookie
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var cookie in cookies)
+			{
+				http.Cookies.Add(cookie);
+			}
+
+			var @params = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost
+								&& p.Value != null
+						  select new HttpParameter
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var parameter in @params)
+			{
+				http.Parameters.Add(parameter);
+			}
+
+			foreach(var file in request.Files)
+			{
+				http.Files.Add(new HttpFile { Name = file.Name, ContentType = file.ContentType, Writer = file.Writer, FileName = file.FileName, ContentLength = file.ContentLength });
+			}
+
+			var body = (from p in request.Parameters
+						where p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody
+						select p).FirstOrDefault();
+
+			if(body != null)
+			{
+				http.RequestBody = body.Value.ToString();
+				http.RequestContentType = body.Name;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse ConvertToRestResponse(HttpResponse httpResponse)
+		{
+			var restResponse = new RestResponse();
+			restResponse.Content = httpResponse.Content;
+			restResponse.ContentEncoding = httpResponse.ContentEncoding;
+			restResponse.ContentLength = httpResponse.ContentLength;
+			restResponse.ContentType = httpResponse.ContentType;
+			restResponse.ErrorException = httpResponse.ErrorException;
+			restResponse.ErrorMessage = httpResponse.ErrorMessage;
+			restResponse.RawBytes = httpResponse.RawBytes;
+			restResponse.ResponseStatus = httpResponse.ResponseStatus;
+			restResponse.ResponseUri = httpResponse.ResponseUri;
+			restResponse.Server = httpResponse.Server;
+			restResponse.StatusCode = httpResponse.StatusCode;
+			restResponse.StatusDescription = httpResponse.StatusDescription;
+
+			foreach (var header in httpResponse.Headers)
+			{
+				restResponse.Headers.Add(new Parameter { Name = header.Name, Value = header.Value, Type = ParameterType.HttpHeader });
+			}
+
+			foreach (var cookie in httpResponse.Cookies)
+			{
+				restResponse.Cookies.Add(new RestResponseCookie {
+					Comment = cookie.Comment,
+					CommentUri = cookie.CommentUri,
+					Discard = cookie.Discard,
+					Domain = cookie.Domain,
+					Expired = cookie.Expired,
+					Expires = cookie.Expires,
+					HttpOnly = cookie.HttpOnly,
+					Name = cookie.Name,
+					Path = cookie.Path,
+					Port = cookie.Port,
+					Secure = cookie.Secure,
+					TimeStamp = cookie.TimeStamp,
+					Value = cookie.Value,
+					Version = cookie.Version
+				});
+			}
+
+			return restResponse;
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse<T> Deserialize<T>(RestRequest request, RestResponse raw) where T : new()
+		{
+			if(request.OnBeforeDeserialization != null && !request.OnBeforeDeserialization(raw))
+			{
+				return (RestResponse<T>)raw;
+			}
+
+			IDeserializer handler = GetHandler(raw.ContentType);
+			handler.RootElement = request.RootElement;
+			handler.DateFormat = request.DateFormat;
+			handler.Namespace = request.XmlNamespace;
+
+			RestResponse<T> response;
+			try
+			{
+				response = (RestResponse<T>)raw;
+				response.Data = handler.Deserialize<T>(raw);
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				response = new RestResponse<T>
+				{
+					ResponseStatus = ResponseStatus.Error,
+					ErrorMessage = ex.Message,
+					ErrorException = ex
+				};
+			}
+
+			return response;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `handler` last assigned on line 474 could be null and is dereferenced at line 475, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+RestResponse`1<T> RestClient.Deserialize(RestRequest,RestResponse)
+
+### File:
+RestSharp/RestClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+RestClient.cs|Deserialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2236178ec05847b99a27c4d3a26e337e
+
+### Hash:
+d8a3d400cddabf0a45f8402573312304
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2211/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2211/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a312ae7d943d0a66e144b1308797a3403f199afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2211/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HyperFastCgi
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//
+// server.cs: Web Server that uses ASP.NET hosting
+//
+// Authors:
+//   Sergey Zhukov 
+//   Brian Nickel (brian.nickel@gmail.com)
+//   Gonzalo Paniagua Javier (gonzalo@ximian.com)
+//
+// (C) 2002,2003 Ximian, Inc (http://www.ximian.com)
+// (C) Copyright 2004 Novell, Inc. (http://www.novell.com)
+// (C) Copyright 2007 Brian Nickel
+// (C) Copyright 2013 Sergey Zhukov
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+// the following conditions:
+// 
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+// 
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+//
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Specialized;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Web.Hosting;
+using Mono.WebServer;
+using System.Configuration;
+using Mono.Unix;
+using Mono.Unix.Native;
+using Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.Logging;
+using Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.Sockets;
+using System.Threading;
+using Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.ApplicationServers;
+using Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.Transport;
+using Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.Listener;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+
+namespace Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi
+{
+	public class MainClass
+	{
+		static void ShowVersion ()
+		{
+			Assembly assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly ();
+			string version = assembly.GetName ().Version.ToString ();
+			object att;
+
+			att = assembly.GetCustomAttributes (
+				typeof(AssemblyCopyrightAttribute), false) [0];
+			string copyright =
+				((AssemblyCopyrightAttribute)att).Copyright;
+
+			att = assembly.GetCustomAttributes (
+				typeof(AssemblyDescriptionAttribute), false) [0];
+			string description =
+				((AssemblyDescriptionAttribute)att).Description;
+
+			Console.WriteLine ("{0} {1}\n(c) {2}\n{3}",
+				Path.GetFileName (assembly.Location), version,
+				copyright, description);
+		}
+
+		static void ShowHelp ()
+		{
+			string name = Path.GetFileName (
+				              Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly ().Location);
+
+			ShowVersion ();
+			Console.WriteLine ();
+			Console.WriteLine ("Usage is:\n");
+			Console.WriteLine ("    {0} [...]", name);
+			Console.WriteLine ();
+			configmanager.PrintHelp ();
+		}
+
+		private static ApplicationServer appserver;
+		private static ConfigurationManager configmanager;
+
+		private static GeneralSocketType sockType;
+		private static string address; 
+		private static int port=0;
+		private static bool keepAlive; 
+		private static bool useThreadPool;
+		delegate int HideFromJit(string[] argc);    
+		private static HideFromJit d=MainFunc;
+
+		public static int Main (string[] args)
+		{
+			NativeTransport.RegisterIcall ();
+			return d (args);
+		}
+
+		public static int MainFunc(string[] args)
+		{
+			// Load the configuration file stored in the
+			// executable's resources.
+			configmanager = new ConfigurationManager (
+				typeof(Server).Assembly,
+				"ConfigurationManager.xml");
+
+			configmanager.LoadCommandLineArgs (args);
+
+			// Show the help and exit.
+			if ((bool)configmanager ["help"] ||
+			    (bool)configmanager ["?"]) {
+				ShowHelp ();
+				return 0;
+			}
+
+			// Show the version and exit.
+			if ((bool)configmanager ["version"]) {
+				ShowVersion ();
+				return 0;
+			}
+
+			try {
+				string config_file = (string)
+				                     configmanager ["configfile"];
+				if (config_file != null)
+					configmanager.LoadXmlConfig (
+						config_file);
+			} catch (ApplicationException e) {
+				Console.WriteLine (e.Message);
+				return 1;
+			} catch (System.Xml.XmlException e) {
+				Console.WriteLine (
+					"Error reading XML configuration: {0}",
+					e.Message);
+				return 1;
+			}
+
+			try {
+				string log_level = (string)
+				                   configmanager ["loglevels"];
+
+				if (log_level != null)
+					Logger.Level = (LogLevel)
+					               Enum.Parse (typeof(LogLevel),
+						log_level);
+			} catch {
+				Console.WriteLine ("Failed to parse log levels.");
+				Console.WriteLine ("Using default levels: {0}",
+					Logger.Level);
+			}
+
+			// Enable console logging during Main ().
+			Logger.WriteToConsole = true;
+
+			try {
+				string log_file = (string)
+				                  configmanager ["logfile"];
+
+				if (log_file != null)
+					Logger.Open (log_file);
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+					"Error opening log file: {0}",
+					e.Message);
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+					"Events will not be logged.");
+			}
+
+			Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug,
+				Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly ().GetName ().Name);
+
+			// Socket strings are in the format
+			// "type[:ARG1[:ARG2[:...]]]".
+			string socket_type = configmanager ["socket"] as string;
+			if (socket_type == null)
+				socket_type = "pipe";
+
+			string[] socket_parts = socket_type.Split (
+				                         new char [] { ':' }, 3);
+
+			switch (socket_parts [0].ToLower ()) {
+			// The FILE sockets is of the format
+			// "file[:PATH]".
+			case "unix":
+			case "file":
+				if (socket_parts.Length == 2)
+					configmanager ["filename"] =
+						socket_parts [1];
+
+				string path = (string)configmanager ["filename"];
+
+				sockType = GeneralSocketType.Unix;
+				address = path;
+//				try {
+//					socket = new UnixSocket (path);
+//				} catch (System.Net.Sockets.SocketException e){
+//					Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+//						"Error creating the socket: {0}",
+//						e.Message);
+//					return 1;
+//				}
+
+//				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug,
+//					"Listening on file: {0}",	path);
+				break;
+
+			// The TCP socket is of the format
+			// "tcp[[:ADDRESS]:PORT]".
+			case "tcp":
+				if (socket_parts.Length > 1)
+					configmanager ["port"] = socket_parts [
+						socket_parts.Length - 1];
+
+				if (socket_parts.Length == 3)
+					configmanager ["address"] =
+						socket_parts [1];
+
+				//ushort port;
+				try {
+					port = (ushort)configmanager ["port"];
+				} catch (ApplicationException e) {
+					Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error, e.Message);
+					return 1;
+				}
+
+				string address_str =
+					(string)configmanager ["address"];
+
+				try {
+					IPAddress.Parse (address_str);
+				} catch {
+					Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+						"Error in argument \"address\". \"{0}\" cannot be converted to an IP address.",
+						address_str);
+					return 1;
+				}
+
+				sockType = GeneralSocketType.Tcp;
+				address = address_str;
+
+
+//				try {
+//					socket = new TcpSocket (new IPEndPoint(address, port));
+//				} catch (System.Net.Sockets.SocketException e){
+//					Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+//						"Error creating the socket: {0}",
+//						e.Message);
+//					return 1;
+//				}
+
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug,
+					"Listening on port: {0}", address_str);
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug,
+					"Listening on address: {0}", port);
+				break;
+
+			default:
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+					"Error in argument \"socket\". \"{0}\" is not a supported type. Use \"pipe\", \"tcp\" or \"unix\".",
+					socket_parts [0]);
+				return 1;
+			}
+
+			string root_dir = configmanager ["root"] as string;
+			if (root_dir != null && root_dir.Length != 0) {
+				try {
+					Environment.CurrentDirectory = root_dir;
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+						"Error: {0}", e.Message);
+					return 1;
+				}
+			}
+
+			root_dir = Environment.CurrentDirectory;
+			bool auto_map = false; //(bool) configmanager ["automappaths"];
+
+			appserver = new ApplicationServer (typeof(ApplicationHost), root_dir);
+			appserver.Verbose = (bool)configmanager ["verbose"];
+			appserver.DomainReloadEvent +=DomainReloadEventHandler;
+
+			string applications = (string)
+			                      configmanager ["applications"];
+			string app_config_file;
+			string app_config_dir;
+
+			try {
+				app_config_file = (string)
+				                  configmanager ["appconfigfile"];
+				app_config_dir = (string)
+				                 configmanager ["appconfigdir"];
+			} catch (ApplicationException e) {
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error, e.Message);
+				return 1;
+			}
+
+			if (applications != null)
+				appserver.AddApplicationsFromCommandLine (
+					applications);
+
+			if (app_config_file != null)
+				appserver.AddApplicationsFromConfigFile (
+					app_config_file);
+
+			if (app_config_dir != null)
+				appserver.AddApplicationsFromConfigDirectory (
+					app_config_dir);
+
+			if (applications == null && app_config_dir == null &&
+			    app_config_file == null && !auto_map) {
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+					"There are no applications defined, and path mapping is disabled.");
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+					"Define an application using /applications, /appconfigfile, /appconfigdir");
+				/*				
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error,
+					"or by enabling application mapping with /automappaths=True.");
+				*/
+				return 1;
+			}
+
+			Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug, "Root directory: {0}", root_dir);
+			VPathToHost vapp = appserver.GetSingleApp ();
+			if (vapp == null) {
+				Logger.Write (LogLevel.Error, "Only one application currently supported");
+				return 1;
+			}
+			vapp.CreateHost (appserver, typeof(ApplicationHost));
+			ApplicationHost host = vapp.AppHost as ApplicationHost;
+
+			keepAlive = (bool)configmanager ["keepalive"];
+			useThreadPool = (bool)configmanager ["usethreadpool"];
+
+			string[] minThreads = ((string)configmanager ["minthreads"]).Split(',');
+			string[] maxThreads = ((string)configmanager ["maxthreads"]).Split(',');
+			int mintw=0, mintio=0, maxtw=0, maxtio=0;
+
+			Int32.TryParse (minThreads [0], out mintw);
+			if (minThreads.Length > 1)
+				Int32.TryParse (minThreads [1], out mintio);
+
+			Int32.TryParse (maxThreads [0], out maxtw);
+			if (maxThreads.Length > 1)
+				Int32.TryParse (maxThreads [1], out maxtio);
+
+			SetThreads (mintw, mintio, maxtw, maxtio);
+
+
+//			server.MaxConnections = (ushort)
+//			                        configmanager ["maxconns"];
+//			server.MaxRequests = (ushort)
+//			                     configmanager ["maxreqs"];
+//			server.MultiplexConnections = (bool)
+//			                              configmanager ["multiplex"];
+
+//			Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug, "Max connections: {0}",
+//				server.MaxConnections);
+//			Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug, "Max requests: {0}",
+//				server.MaxRequests);
+//			Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug, "Multiplex connections: {0}",
+//				server.MultiplexConnections);
+
+			bool stopable = (bool)configmanager ["stopable"];
+			Logger.WriteToConsole = (bool)configmanager ["printlog"];
+			host.LogLevel = Logger.Level;
+			host.LogToConsole = Logger.WriteToConsole;
+			host.AddTrailingSlash = (bool)configmanager ["addtrailingslash"];
+
+//			if (!host.Start (sockType, address, port, keepAlive, useThreadPool))
+//				return 1;
+//			Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.AspNetServer.AspNetApplicationHost hst =
+//				System.Web.Hosting.ApplicationHost.CreateApplicationHost (
+//					typeof(Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.AspNetServer.AspNetApplicationHost), 
+//					"/", "/var/www/nginx-mono/") 
+//				as Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.AspNetServer.AspNetApplicationHost;
+//			string domain1 = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName;
+//			string domain2 = hst.Domain.FriendlyName;
+
+//			string vpath=hst.VPath;
+
+			ManagedFastCgiListener listener = new ManagedFastCgiListener ();
+			SimpleApplicationServer srv = new SimpleApplicationServer (root_dir);
+			listener.Server = srv;
+			var h=(Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi.AspNetServer.AspNetApplicationHost)
+				srv.CreateApplicationHost ("ssbench3", 81, "/", "/var/www/nginx-mono/",
+					typeof(NativeTransport), null);
+//			listener.Listen ("127.0.0.1", 9000);
+			var t=h.GetListenerTransport ();
+			h.LogLevel = Logger.Level;
+			h.LogToConsole = Logger.WriteToConsole;
+			NativeTransport.RegisterTransport (typeof(NativeTransport));
+			NativeListener.Listen ((ushort)AddressFamily.InterNetwork, "127.0.0.1", 9000);
+
+			configmanager = null;
+
+			if (stopable) {
+				Console.WriteLine (
+					"Hit Return to stop the server.");
+				Console.ReadLine ();
+				host.Shutdown ();
+			} else {
+				UnixSignal[] signals = new UnixSignal[] { 
+					new UnixSignal (Signum.SIGINT), 
+					new UnixSignal (Signum.SIGTERM), 
+				};
+
+				// Wait for a unix signal
+				for (bool exit = false; !exit;) {
+					int id = UnixSignal.WaitAny (signals);
+
+					if (id >= 0 && id < signals.Length) {
+						if (signals [id].IsSet)
+							exit = true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		static void DomainReloadEventHandler(object sender,DomainReloadEventArgs args)
+		{
+			ApplicationHost host = args.VApp.AppHost as ApplicationHost;
+
+			host.Start (sockType, address, port, keepAlive, useThreadPool);
+		}
+
+		static void SetThreads(int minWorkerThreads, int minIOThreads, int maxWorkerThreads, int maxIOThreads)
+		{
+			if (minWorkerThreads ==0 &&  minIOThreads ==0 && maxWorkerThreads ==0 && maxIOThreads == 0)
+				return;
+
+			if ((maxWorkerThreads != 0 && maxWorkerThreads < minWorkerThreads) || (maxIOThreads != 0 && maxIOThreads < minIOThreads))
+				throw new ArgumentException ("min threads must not be greater max threads");
+			int minwth, minioth, maxwth, maxioth;
+
+			ThreadPool.GetMinThreads (out minwth, out minioth);
+			ThreadPool.GetMaxThreads (out maxwth, out maxioth);
+
+			if (minWorkerThreads > minwth)
+				minwth = minWorkerThreads;
+			if (minIOThreads>minioth)
+				minioth = minIOThreads;
+			if (maxWorkerThreads != 0)
+				maxwth = maxWorkerThreads;
+			if (maxIOThreads != 0)
+				maxioth = maxIOThreads;
+			if (maxwth < minwth)
+				maxwth = minwth;
+			if (maxioth < minioth)
+				maxioth = minioth;
+
+			if (!ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads (maxwth, maxioth) ||
+			    !ThreadPool.SetMinThreads (minwth, minioth))
+				throw new Exception ("Could not set threads");
+
+			Logger.Write (LogLevel.Debug, "Threadpool minw={0},minio={1},maxw={2},maxio={3}", minwth, minioth, maxwth, maxioth);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+in method "Void MainClass.DomainReloadEventHandler(Object,DomainReloadEventArgs)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MainClass.DomainReloadEventHandler(Object,DomainReloadEventArgs)
+
+### File:
+src/Mono.WebServer.HyperFastCgi/Main.cs
+
+### Key:
+Main.cs|DomainReloadEventHandler|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+62da3e085d634d0048e7bb08e37437f1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2216/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2216/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a64e0b57ad6b3d94d785ad4dd8496a7ddb8b8ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2216/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NPOI
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/* ====================================================================
+   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+   this work for Additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+==================================================================== */
+
+namespace NPOI.SS.Util
+{
+    using System;
+
+    using NPOI.SS.UserModel;
+    using System.Drawing;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+    /**
+     * Helper methods for when working with Usermodel sheets
+     *
+     * @author Yegor Kozlov
+     */
+    public class SheetUtil
+    {
+
+        // /**
+        // * Excel measures columns in units of 1/256th of a character width
+        // * but the docs say nothing about what particular character is used.
+        // * '0' looks to be a good choice.
+        // */
+        private static char defaultChar = '0';
+
+        // /**
+        // * This is the multiple that the font height is scaled by when determining the
+        // * boundary of rotated text.
+        // */
+        //private static double fontHeightMultiple = 2.0;
+
+        /**
+         *  Dummy formula Evaluator that does nothing.
+         *  YK: The only reason of having this class is that
+         *  {@link NPOI.SS.UserModel.DataFormatter#formatCellValue(NPOI.SS.UserModel.Cell)}
+         *  returns formula string for formula cells. Dummy Evaluator Makes it to format the cached formula result.
+         *
+         *  See Bugzilla #50021 
+         */
+        private static IFormulaEvaluator dummyEvaluator = new DummyEvaluator();
+        public class DummyEvaluator : IFormulaEvaluator
+        {
+            public void ClearAllCachedResultValues() { }
+            public void NotifySetFormula(ICell cell) { }
+            public void NotifyDeleteCell(ICell cell) { }
+            public void NotifyUpdateCell(ICell cell) { }
+            public CellValue Evaluate(ICell cell) { return null; }
+            public ICell EvaluateInCell(ICell cell) { return null; }
+            public bool IgnoreMissingWorkbooks { get; set; }
+            public void SetupReferencedWorkbooks(Dictionary<String, IFormulaEvaluator> workbooks) { }
+            public void EvaluateAll() { }
+
+            public CellType EvaluateFormulaCell(ICell cell)
+            {
+                return cell.CachedFormulaResultType;
+            }
+
+            public bool DebugEvaluationOutputForNextEval
+            {
+                get
+                {
+                    throw new NotImplementedException();
+                }
+                set
+                {
+                    throw new NotImplementedException();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        public static IRow CopyRow(ISheet sourceSheet, int sourceRowIndex, ISheet targetSheet, int targetRowIndex)
+        {
+            // Get the source / new row
+            IRow newRow = targetSheet.GetRow(targetRowIndex);
+            IRow sourceRow = sourceSheet.GetRow(sourceRowIndex);
+
+            // If the row exist in destination, push down all rows by 1 else create a new row
+            if (newRow != null)
+            {
+                targetSheet.RemoveRow(newRow);
+            }
+            newRow = targetSheet.CreateRow(targetRowIndex);
+            if (sourceRow == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("source row doesn't exist");
+            // Loop through source columns to add to new row
+            for (int i = sourceRow.FirstCellNum; i < sourceRow.LastCellNum; i++)
+            {
+                // Grab a copy of the old/new cell
+                ICell oldCell = sourceRow.GetCell(i);
+
+                // If the old cell is null jump to next cell
+                if (oldCell == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                ICell newCell = newRow.CreateCell(i);
+
+                if (oldCell.CellStyle != null)
+                {
+                    // apply style from old cell to new cell 
+                    newCell.CellStyle = oldCell.CellStyle;
+                }
+
+                // If there is a cell comment, copy
+                if (oldCell.CellComment != null)
+                {
+                    newCell.CellComment = oldCell.CellComment;
+                }
+
+                // If there is a cell hyperlink, copy
+                if (oldCell.Hyperlink != null)
+                {
+                    newCell.Hyperlink = oldCell.Hyperlink;
+                }
+
+                // Set the cell data type
+                newCell.SetCellType(oldCell.CellType);
+
+                // Set the cell data value
+                switch (oldCell.CellType)
+                {
+                    case CellType.Blank:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.StringCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Boolean:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.BooleanCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Error:
+                        newCell.SetCellErrorValue(oldCell.ErrorCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Formula:
+                        newCell.SetCellFormula(oldCell.CellFormula);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Numeric:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.NumericCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.String:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.RichStringCellValue);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // If there are are any merged regions in the source row, copy to new row
+            for (int i = 0; i < sourceSheet.NumMergedRegions; i++)
+            {
+                CellRangeAddress cellRangeAddress = sourceSheet.GetMergedRegion(i);
+                if (cellRangeAddress.FirstRow == sourceRow.RowNum)
+                {
+                    CellRangeAddress newCellRangeAddress = new CellRangeAddress(newRow.RowNum,
+                            (newRow.RowNum +
+                                    (cellRangeAddress.LastRow - cellRangeAddress.FirstRow
+                                            )),
+                            cellRangeAddress.FirstColumn,
+                            cellRangeAddress.LastColumn);
+                    targetSheet.AddMergedRegion(newCellRangeAddress);
+                }
+            }
+            return newRow;
+        }
+        public static IRow CopyRow(ISheet sheet, int sourceRowIndex, int targetRowIndex)
+        {
+            if (sourceRowIndex == targetRowIndex)
+                throw new ArgumentException("sourceIndex and targetIndex cannot be same");
+            // Get the source / new row
+            IRow newRow = sheet.GetRow(targetRowIndex);
+            IRow sourceRow = sheet.GetRow(sourceRowIndex);
+
+            // If the row exist in destination, push down all rows by 1 else create a new row
+            if (newRow != null)
+            {
+                sheet.ShiftRows(targetRowIndex, sheet.LastRowNum, 1, true, false);
+            }
+            //new row
+            newRow = sheet.CreateRow(targetRowIndex);
+            //copyHeight
+            newRow.Height = sourceRow.Height;
+
+            // Loop through source columns to add to new row
+            for (int i = sourceRow.FirstCellNum; i < sourceRow.LastCellNum; i++)
+            {
+                // Grab a copy of the old/new cell
+                ICell oldCell = sourceRow.GetCell(i);
+
+                // If the old cell is null jump to next cell
+                if (oldCell == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                ICell newCell = newRow.CreateCell(i);
+
+                if (oldCell.CellStyle != null)
+                {
+                    // apply style from old cell to new cell 
+                    newCell.CellStyle = oldCell.CellStyle;
+                }
+
+                // If there is a cell comment, copy
+                if (oldCell.CellComment != null)
+                {
+                    newCell.CellComment = oldCell.CellComment;
+                }
+
+                // If there is a cell hyperlink, copy
+                if (oldCell.Hyperlink != null)
+                {
+                    newCell.Hyperlink = oldCell.Hyperlink;
+                }
+
+                // Set the cell data type
+                newCell.SetCellType(oldCell.CellType);
+
+                // Set the cell data value
+                switch (oldCell.CellType)
+                {
+                    case CellType.Blank:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.StringCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Boolean:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.BooleanCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Error:
+                        newCell.SetCellErrorValue(oldCell.ErrorCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Formula:
+                        newCell.SetCellFormula(oldCell.CellFormula);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.Numeric:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.NumericCellValue);
+                        break;
+                    case CellType.String:
+                        newCell.SetCellValue(oldCell.RichStringCellValue);
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // If there are are any merged regions in the source row, copy to new row
+            for (int i = 0; i < sheet.NumMergedRegions; i++)
+            {
+                CellRangeAddress cellRangeAddress = sheet.GetMergedRegion(i);
+                if (cellRangeAddress.FirstRow == sourceRow.RowNum)
+                {
+                    CellRangeAddress newCellRangeAddress = new CellRangeAddress(newRow.RowNum,
+                            (newRow.RowNum +
+                                    (cellRangeAddress.LastRow - cellRangeAddress.FirstRow
+                                            )),
+                            cellRangeAddress.FirstColumn,
+                            cellRangeAddress.LastColumn);
+                    sheet.AddMergedRegion(newCellRangeAddress);
+                }
+            }
+            return newRow;
+        }
+
+
+        /**
+         * Compute width of a single cell
+         *
+         * @param cell the cell whose width is to be calculated
+         * @param defaultCharWidth the width of a single character
+         * @param formatter formatter used to prepare the text to be measured
+         * @param useMergedCells    whether to use merged cells
+         * @return  the width in pixels
+         */
+        public static double GetCellWidth(ICell cell, int defaultCharWidth, DataFormatter formatter, bool useMergedCells)
+        {
+            ISheet sheet = cell.Sheet;
+            IWorkbook wb = sheet.Workbook;
+            IRow row = cell.Row;
+            int column = cell.ColumnIndex;
+
+            int colspan = 1;
+            for (int i = 0; i < sheet.NumMergedRegions; i++)
+            {
+                CellRangeAddress region = sheet.GetMergedRegion(i);
+                if (ContainsCell(region, row.RowNum, column))
+                {
+                    if (!useMergedCells)
+                    {
+                        // If we're not using merged cells, skip this one and move on to the next.
+                        return -1;
+                    }
+                    cell = row.GetCell(region.FirstColumn);
+                    colspan = 1 + region.LastColumn - region.FirstColumn;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ICellStyle style = cell.CellStyle;
+            CellType cellType = cell.CellType;
+            IFont defaultFont = wb.GetFontAt((short)0);
+            Font windowsFont = IFont2Font(defaultFont);
+            // for formula cells we compute the cell width for the cached formula result
+            if (cellType == CellType.Formula) cellType = cell.CachedFormulaResultType;
+
+            IFont font = wb.GetFontAt(style.FontIndex);
+
+            //AttributedString str;
+            //TextLayout layout;
+
+            double width = -1;
+            using (Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(1, 1))
+            using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp))
+            {
+                if (cellType == CellType.String)
+                {
+                    IRichTextString rt = cell.RichStringCellValue;
+                    String[] lines = rt.String.Split("\n".ToCharArray());
+                    for (int i = 0; i < lines.Length; i++)
+                    {
+                        String txt = lines[i] + defaultChar;
+
+                        //str = new AttributedString(txt);
+                        //copyAttributes(font, str, 0, txt.length());
+                        windowsFont = IFont2Font(font);
+                        if (rt.NumFormattingRuns > 0)
+                        {
+                            // TODO: support rich text fragments
+                        }
+
+                        //layout = new TextLayout(str.getIterator(), fontRenderContext);
+                        if (style.Rotation != 0)
+                        {
+                            /*
+                             * Transform the text using a scale so that it's height is increased by a multiple of the leading,
+                             * and then rotate the text before computing the bounds. The scale results in some whitespace around
+                             * the unrotated top and bottom of the text that normally wouldn't be present if unscaled, but
+                             * is added by the standard Excel autosize.
+                             */
+                            //AffineTransform trans = new AffineTransform();
+                            //trans.concatenate(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(style.Rotation*2.0*Math.PI/360.0));
+                            //trans.concatenate(
+                            //    AffineTransform.getScaleInstance(1, fontHeightMultiple)
+                            //    );
+                            double angle = style.Rotation * 2.0 * Math.PI / 360.0;
+                            SizeF sf = g.MeasureString(txt, windowsFont);
+                            double x1 = Math.Abs(sf.Height * Math.Sin(angle));
+                            double x2 = Math.Abs(sf.Width * Math.Cos(angle));
+                            double w = Math.Round(x1 + x2, 0, MidpointRounding.ToEven);
+                            width = Math.Max(width, (w / colspan / defaultCharWidth) * 2 + cell.CellStyle.Indention);
+                            //width = Math.Max(width,
+                            //                 ((layout.getOutline(trans).getBounds().getWidth()/colspan)/defaultCharWidth) +
+                            //                 cell.getCellStyle().getIndention());
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            //width = Math.Max(width,
+                            //                 ((layout.getBounds().getWidth()/colspan)/defaultCharWidth) +
+                            //                 cell.getCellStyle().getIndention());
+                            double w = Math.Round(g.MeasureString(txt, windowsFont).Width, 0, MidpointRounding.ToEven);
+                            width = Math.Max(width, (w / colspan / defaultCharWidth) * 2 + cell.CellStyle.Indention);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    String sval = null;
+                    if (cellType == CellType.Numeric)
+                    {
+                        // Try to get it formatted to look the same as excel
+                        try
+                        {
+                            sval = formatter.FormatCellValue(cell, dummyEvaluator);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception)
+                        {
+                            sval = cell.NumericCellValue.ToString();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (cellType == CellType.Boolean)
+                    {
+                        sval = cell.BooleanCellValue.ToString().ToUpper();
+                    }
+                    if (sval != null)
+                    {
+                        String txt = sval + defaultChar;
+                        //str = new AttributedString(txt);
+                        //copyAttributes(font, str, 0, txt.length());
+                        windowsFont = IFont2Font(font);
+                        //layout = new TextLayout(str.getIterator(), fontRenderContext);
+                        if (style.Rotation != 0)
+                        {
+                            /*
+                             * Transform the text using a scale so that it's height is increased by a multiple of the leading,
+                             * and then rotate the text before computing the bounds. The scale results in some whitespace around
+                             * the unrotated top and bottom of the text that normally wouldn't be present if unscaled, but
+                             * is added by the standard Excel autosize.
+                             */
+                            //AffineTransform trans = new AffineTransform();
+                            //trans.concatenate(AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(style.getRotation()*2.0*Math.PI/360.0));
+                            //trans.concatenate(
+                            //    AffineTransform.getScaleInstance(1, fontHeightMultiple)
+                            //    );
+                            //width = Math.max(width,
+                            //                 ((layout.getOutline(trans).getBounds().getWidth()/colspan)/defaultCharWidth) +
+                            //                 cell.getCellStyle().getIndention());
+                            double angle = style.Rotation * 2.0 * Math.PI / 360.0;
+                            SizeF sf = g.MeasureString(txt, windowsFont);
+                            double x1 = sf.Height * Math.Sin(angle);
+                            double x2 = sf.Width * Math.Cos(angle);
+                            double w = Math.Round(x1 + x2, 0, MidpointRounding.ToEven);
+                            width = Math.Max(width, (w / colspan / defaultCharWidth) * 2 + cell.CellStyle.Indention);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            //width = Math.max(width,
+                            //                 ((layout.getBounds().getWidth()/colspan)/defaultCharWidth) +
+                            //                 cell.getCellStyle().getIndention());
+                            double w = Math.Round(g.MeasureString(txt, windowsFont).Width, 0, MidpointRounding.ToEven);
+                            width = Math.Max(width, (w * 1.0 / colspan / defaultCharWidth) * 2 + cell.CellStyle.Indention);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return width;
+        }
+
+
+        // /**
+        // * Drawing context to measure text
+        // */
+        //private static FontRenderContext fontRenderContext = new FontRenderContext(null, true, true);
+
+        /**
+         * Compute width of a column and return the result
+         *
+         * @param sheet the sheet to calculate
+         * @param column    0-based index of the column
+         * @param useMergedCells    whether to use merged cells
+         * @return  the width in pixels
+         */
+
+        public static double GetColumnWidth(ISheet sheet, int column, bool useMergedCells)
+        {
+            //AttributedString str;
+            //TextLayout layout;
+
+            IWorkbook wb = sheet.Workbook;
+            DataFormatter formatter = new DataFormatter();
+            IFont defaultFont = wb.GetFontAt((short)0);
+
+            //str = new AttributedString((defaultChar));
+            //copyAttributes(defaultFont, str, 0, 1);
+            //layout = new TextLayout(str.Iterator, fontRenderContext);
+            //int defaultCharWidth = (int)layout.Advance;
+            Font font = IFont2Font(defaultFont);
+            int defaultCharWidth = TextRenderer.MeasureText("" + new String(defaultChar, 1), font).Width;
+            //DummyEvaluator dummyEvaluator = new DummyEvaluator();
+
+            double width = -1;
+            foreach (IRow row in sheet)
+            {
+                ICell cell = row.GetCell(column);
+
+                if (cell == null)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                double cellWidth = GetCellWidth(cell, defaultCharWidth, formatter, useMergedCells);
+                width = Math.Max(width, cellWidth);
+            }
+            return width;
+        }
+
+
+        /**
+         * Compute width of a column based on a subset of the rows and return the result
+         *
+         * @param sheet the sheet to calculate
+         * @param column    0-based index of the column
+         * @param useMergedCells    whether to use merged cells
+         * @param firstRow  0-based index of the first row to consider (inclusive)
+         * @param lastRow   0-based index of the last row to consider (inclusive)
+         * @return  the width in pixels
+         */
+        public static double GetColumnWidth(ISheet sheet, int column, bool useMergedCells, int firstRow, int lastRow)
+        {
+            IWorkbook wb = sheet.Workbook;
+            DataFormatter formatter = new DataFormatter();
+
+            IFont defaultFont = wb.GetFontAt((short)0);
+
+            //str = new AttributedString((defaultChar));
+            //copyAttributes(defaultFont, str, 0, 1);
+            //layout = new TextLayout(str.Iterator, fontRenderContext);
+            //int defaultCharWidth = (int)layout.Advance;
+            Font font = IFont2Font(defaultFont);
+            int defaultCharWidth = TextRenderer.MeasureText("" + new String(defaultChar, 1), font).Width;
+
+            double width = -1;
+            for (int rowIdx = firstRow; rowIdx <= lastRow; ++rowIdx)
+            {
+                IRow row = sheet.GetRow(rowIdx);
+                if (row != null)
+                {
+
+                    ICell cell = row.GetCell(column);
+
+                    if (cell == null)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    double cellWidth = GetCellWidth(cell, defaultCharWidth, formatter, useMergedCells);
+                    width = Math.Max(width, cellWidth);
+                }
+            }
+            return width;
+        }
+
+        // /**
+        // * Copy text attributes from the supplied Font to Java2D AttributedString
+        // */
+        //private static void copyAttributes(IFont font, AttributedString str, int startIdx, int endIdx)
+        //{
+        //    str.AddAttribute(TextAttribute.FAMILY, font.FontName, startIdx, endIdx);
+        //    str.AddAttribute(TextAttribute.SIZE, (float)font.FontHeightInPoints);
+        //    if (font.Boldweight == (short)FontBoldWeight.BOLD) str.AddAttribute(TextAttribute.WEIGHT, TextAttribute.WEIGHT_BOLD, startIdx, endIdx);
+        //    if (font.IsItalic) str.AddAttribute(TextAttribute.POSTURE, TextAttribute.POSTURE_OBLIQUE, startIdx, endIdx);
+        //    if (font.Underline == (byte)FontUnderlineType.SINGLE) str.AddAttribute(TextAttribute.UNDERLINE, TextAttribute.UNDERLINE_ON, startIdx, endIdx);           
+        //}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Convert HSSFFont to Font.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="font1">The font.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal static Font IFont2Font(IFont font1)
+        {
+            FontStyle style = FontStyle.Regular;
+            if (font1.Boldweight == (short)FontBoldWeight.Bold)
+            {
+                style |= FontStyle.Bold;
+            }
+            if (font1.IsItalic)
+                style |= FontStyle.Italic;
+            if (font1.Underline == FontUnderlineType.Single)
+            {
+                style |= FontStyle.Underline;
+            }
+            Font font = new Font(font1.FontName, font1.FontHeightInPoints, style, GraphicsUnit.Point);
+            return font;
+            //return new Color(font1.FontName, font1.FontHeightInPoints);
+        }
+        public static bool ContainsCell(CellRangeAddress cr, int rowIx, int colIx)
+        {
+            if (cr.FirstRow <= rowIx && cr.LastRow >= rowIx
+                    && cr.FirstColumn <= colIx && cr.LastColumn >= colIx)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Generate a valid sheet name based on the existing one. Used when cloning sheets.
+         *
+         * @param srcName the original sheet name to
+         * @return clone sheet name
+         */
+        public static String GetUniqueSheetName(IWorkbook wb, String srcName)
+        {
+            if (wb.GetSheetIndex(srcName) == -1)
+            {
+                return srcName;
+            }
+            int uniqueIndex = 2;
+            String baseName = srcName;
+            int bracketPos = srcName.LastIndexOf('(');
+            if (bracketPos > 0 && srcName.EndsWith(")"))
+            {
+                String suffix = srcName.Substring(bracketPos + 1, srcName.Length - bracketPos - 2);
+                try
+                {
+                    uniqueIndex = Int32.Parse(suffix.Trim());
+                    uniqueIndex++;
+                    baseName = srcName.Substring(0, bracketPos).Trim();
+                }
+                catch (FormatException)
+                {
+                    // contents of brackets not numeric
+                }
+            }
+            while (true)
+            {
+                // Try and find the next sheet name that is unique
+                String index = (uniqueIndex++).ToString();
+                String name;
+                if (baseName.Length + index.Length + 2 < 31)
+                {
+                    name = baseName + " (" + index + ")";
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    name = baseName.Substring(0, 31 - index.Length - 2) + "(" + index + ")";
+                }
+
+                //If the sheet name is unique, then Set it otherwise Move on to the next number.
+                if (wb.GetSheetIndex(name) == -1)
+                {
+                    return name;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Return the cell, taking account of merged regions. Allows you to find the
+         *  cell who's contents are Shown in a given position in the sheet.
+         * 
+         * <p>If the cell at the given co-ordinates is a merged cell, this will
+         *  return the primary (top-left) most cell of the merged region.</p>
+         * <p>If the cell at the given co-ordinates is not in a merged region,
+         *  then will return the cell itself.</p>
+         * <p>If there is no cell defined at the given co-ordinates, will return
+         *  null.</p>
+         */
+        public static ICell GetCellWithMerges(ISheet sheet, int rowIx, int colIx)
+        {
+            IRow r = sheet.GetRow(rowIx);
+            if (r != null)
+            {
+                ICell c = r.GetCell(colIx);
+                if (c != null)
+                {
+                    // Normal, non-merged cell
+                    return c;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int mr = 0; mr < sheet.NumMergedRegions; mr++)
+            {
+                CellRangeAddress mergedRegion = sheet.GetMergedRegion(mr);
+                if (mergedRegion.IsInRange(rowIx, colIx))
+                {
+                    // The cell wanted is in this merged range
+                    // Return the primary (top-left) cell for the range
+                    r = sheet.GetRow(mergedRegion.FirstRow);
+                    if (r != null)
+                    {
+                        return r.GetCell(mergedRegion.FirstColumn);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // If we Get here, then the cell isn't defined, and doesn't
+            //  live within any merged regions
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static int getDefaultCharWidth(IWorkbook wb)
+        {
+            //TODO: Implement!
+            return 1;
+            //throw new NotImplementedException();
+            //IFont defaultFont = wb.GetFontAt(0);
+
+            //IAttributedString str = new AttributedString(defaultChar.ToString());
+            //copyAttributes(defaultFont, str, 0, 1);
+            //ITextLayout layout = new TextLayout(str.getIterator(), fontRenderContext);
+            //return (int)layout.getAdvance();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource font of type System.Drawing.Font in method "Double SheetUtil.GetColumnWidth(ISheet,Int32,Boolean,Int32,Int32)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Double SheetUtil.GetColumnWidth(ISheet,Int32,Boolean,Int32,Int32)
+
+### File:
+src/NPOI/SS/Util/SheetUtil.cs
+
+### Key:
+SheetUtil.cs|GetColumnWidth|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+bb795a983aaec7b5330207710ede940a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2220/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2220/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9213f1442be105c73b456e6b5d0cdc76d6ba4e6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2220/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Twitterizer
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+// <copyright file="UserIdCollection.cs" company="Patrick 'Ricky' Smith">
+//  This file is part of the Twitterizer library (http://www.twitterizer.net/)
+// 
+//  Copyright (c) 2010, Patrick "Ricky" Smith (ricky@digitally-born.com)
+//  All rights reserved.
+//  
+//  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are 
+//  permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+// 
+//  - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list 
+//    of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//  - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list 
+//    of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other 
+//    materials provided with the distribution.
+//  - Neither the name of the Twitterizer nor the names of its contributors may be 
+//    used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific 
+//    prior written permission.
+// 
+//  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND 
+//  ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 
+//  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 
+//  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, 
+//  INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT 
+//  NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR 
+//  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, 
+//  WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 
+//  ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 
+//  POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+// </copyright>
+// <author>Edgardo Vega</author>
+// <summary>The twitter list collection class.</summary>
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+namespace Twitterizer
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+    using Newtonsoft.Json;
+    using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+    using Twitterizer.Core;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The twitter list collection class.
+    /// </summary>
+#if !SILVERLIGHT
+    [Serializable]
+#endif
+    public class UserIdCollection : Collection<decimal>, ITwitterObject
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the next cursor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>The next cursor.</value>
+        public long NextCursor { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the previous cursor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>The previous cursor.</value>
+        public long PreviousCursor { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the request parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>The request parameters.</value>
+        public new OAuthTokens Tokens { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets information about the user's rate usage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>The rate limiting object.</value>
+        public new RateLimiting RateLimiting { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the command.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>The command.</value>
+        internal Core.TwitterCommand<UserIdCollection> Command { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the next page.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="TwitterListCollection"/> instance.</returns>
+        /// <value>The next page.</value>
+        public TwitterResponse<UserIdCollection> NextPage()
+        {
+            CursorPagedCommand<UserIdCollection> newCommand =
+                (CursorPagedCommand<UserIdCollection>)this.Command.Clone();
+
+            if (newCommand.Cursor == 0)
+                return null;
+
+            newCommand.Cursor = this.NextCursor;
+
+            return CommandPerformer<UserIdCollection>.PerformAction(newCommand);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the previous page.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="TwitterListCollection"/> instance.</returns>
+        /// <value>The previous page.</value>
+        public TwitterResponse<UserIdCollection> PreviousPage()
+        {
+            CursorPagedCommand<UserIdCollection> newCommand =
+                (CursorPagedCommand<UserIdCollection>)this.Command.Clone();
+
+            if (newCommand.Cursor == 0)
+                return null;
+
+            newCommand.Cursor = this.PreviousCursor;
+
+            return Core.CommandPerformer<UserIdCollection>.PerformAction(newCommand);
+        }
+              
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deserializes the specified value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="value">The value.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal static UserIdCollection DeserializeWrapper(JObject value)
+        {
+            if (value == null || value.SelectToken("ids") == null)
+                return null;
+
+            decimal[] parsedIds = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<decimal[]>(value.SelectToken("ids").ToString());
+
+            UserIdCollection result = new UserIdCollection
+                                                      {
+                                                          NextCursor = value.SelectToken("next_cursor").Value<long>(),
+                                                          PreviousCursor =
+                                                              value.SelectToken("previous_cursor").Value<long>()
+                                                      };
+
+            foreach (decimal t in parsedIds)
+            {
+                result.Add(t);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the annotations.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <value>The annotations.</value>
+        public Dictionary<string, string> Annotations { get; set; }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `newCommand` last assigned on line 88 could be null and is dereferenced at line 91, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+TwitterResponse`1<T> UserIdCollection.NextPage()
+
+### File:
+Twitterizer2/Methods/Friendship/UserIdCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+UserIdCollection.cs|NextPage|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+bfd384b311d41d22a52d458c29e35503
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2242/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2242/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30ac38e45350060944c0fbb20e3f2138ae20ee74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2242/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Node.net
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/**
+* Node.net is a .NET implementation of Node.js and is free 
+*	software provided under the MIT license.
+*
+*	See LICENSE file for full text of the license.
+*	Copyright 2010 Dan Newcome.
+*/
+
+using System.Threading;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System;
+using IronJS;
+using IronJS.Native;
+
+public class Server 
+{
+	// temp hack global
+	public static Server instance;
+	
+	// dispatch queue and signalling primitive for main event loop
+	private ManualResetEvent manualResetEvent = new ManualResetEvent( false );
+	private Queue workItems = new Queue();
+
+	// JS execution context used for all JS code
+	private static IronJS.Hosting.CSharp.Context ctx = new IronJS.Hosting.CSharp.Context();
+
+	private static net netObj = new net( ctx.Environment );
+	// TODO: re-add after httpserver.cs is converted to IJS 0.2
+	// private static http httpObj = new http( ctx.Environment );
+
+	// path of current js file
+	private static string path = "";
+
+	public static void Main() {
+		// eval js file given as first commandline arg and 
+		// run the event loop - runEventLoop() always blocks, unlike node.js
+		// which returns if no more callbacks are registered
+		instance = new Server();
+		instance.evalCommandlineArgument();
+		instance.runEventLoop();
+	}
+
+	private static List<string> requireStack = new List<string>();
+
+	// TODO: finish porting things like require()
+	// implements require() for importing js files/namespaces
+	public static IronJS.CommonObject Require( string file ) {
+
+		string pathpart = Path.GetDirectoryName( file );
+		path = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory() + pathpart;
+		string filename = Path.GetFileName( file );
+		Console.WriteLine( "require() path of js file: " + path );
+
+		// for compiled-in functionality, return existing references.
+		// TODO: clean up the global namespace, `http' et al. are directly visible
+		if( file == "http" ) {
+			// TODO: re-add after httpserver.cs is converted to IJS 0.2
+			// return httpObj;
+		}
+		if( file == "net" ) {
+			return netObj;
+		}
+		/*
+		if( file == "sys" ) {
+			return sys;
+		}
+		*/
+
+		Console.WriteLine( "requiring: " + file );
+		FileStream fs;
+		string filepath;
+		try {
+			filepath = path + "\\" + filename + ".js";
+			Console.WriteLine( "full file name: " + filepath );
+			fs = new FileStream( filepath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read );
+		}
+		catch {
+			filepath = path + "\\node_modules\\" + filename + "\\index.js";
+			Console.WriteLine( "full file name: " + filepath );
+			fs = new FileStream( path + "\\node_modules\\" + file + "\\index.js", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read );
+		}
+
+		string code = new StreamReader( fs ).ReadToEnd();
+		// extra semicolon provided after file contents.. just in case
+		code = "var exports = {}; " + code + "; exports;";
+		// print( "evaluating require: " + code );
+		return ctx.Execute<IronJS.CommonObject>( code );
+	}
+
+	// threadsafe enqueue function
+	public void queueWorkItem( object item ) {
+			Console.WriteLine( "queueWorkItem(): queuing item: " + ((Callback)item).name );
+			Console.WriteLine( "queueWorkItem(): acquiring lock: " + workItems );
+		Monitor.Enter( workItems );
+		try {
+			workItems.Enqueue( item );
+			Console.WriteLine( "queueWorkItem(): item queued" );
+			manualResetEvent.Set();
+			Console.WriteLine( "queueWorkItem(): queue set to runnable" );
+		}
+		finally {
+			Monitor.Exit( workItems );
+			Console.WriteLine( "queueWorkItem: released lock" );
+		}
+	}
+
+	private string readFile( string filename ) {
+		string fileContents;
+		StreamReader streamReader = new StreamReader( filename );
+		try {
+			fileContents = streamReader.ReadToEnd();
+			return fileContents;
+		}
+		finally {
+			streamReader.Close();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void evalCommandlineArgument() {
+		string[] args = System.Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
+		if( args.Length != 2 ) {
+			Console.WriteLine( "usage: node <file.js>" );
+			System.Environment.Exit(1);
+		}
+		// string script = readFile( args[1] );
+		ReadJsFile( args[1] );
+	}
+
+	public void runEventLoop() {
+		while( true ) {
+			Console.WriteLine( "event loop running" );
+			Callback callback = null;
+			
+			// TODO: can we improve locking method?
+			Monitor.Enter( workItems );
+			try {
+				Console.WriteLine( "event loop: acquired lock" );
+				callback = ( Callback )workItems.Dequeue();
+				if( callback == null ) {
+					manualResetEvent.Reset();
+				}
+			}
+			catch( Exception e ) {
+				Console.WriteLine( e );
+				manualResetEvent.Reset();
+			}
+			finally {
+				Monitor.Exit( workItems );
+				Console.WriteLine( "event loop: released lock" );
+			}
+			
+			if( callback != null ) {
+				Console.WriteLine( "event loop: dispatching callback: " + callback.name );
+				Console.WriteLine( "event loop: dispatching callback: " + callback.callback );
+				Console.WriteLine( "event loop: dispatching args: " + callback.args );
+				// TODO: not sure what this callback delegate looks like yet
+				callback.callback.Invoke( callback.args );
+			}
+			Console.WriteLine( "event loop waiting" );
+			manualResetEvent.WaitOne();
+		} // while
+	}
+	
+	public void ReadJsFile( string in_filename ) {
+
+		string pathpart = Path.GetDirectoryName( in_filename );
+		path = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory() + pathpart;
+		Console.WriteLine( "path of js file: " + path );
+
+		// set up 'puts' function
+        // Action<object> emit = ( obj ) => { Console.WriteLine( JsTypeConverter.ToString( obj ) ); };
+		var emit =
+		Utils.createHostFunction<Action<IronJS.BoxedValue>>( 
+			ctx.Environment, ( obj ) => { 
+				Console.WriteLine(IronJS.TypeConverter.ToString(obj) ); 
+			} 
+		);
+		// ctx.PutGlobal("puts", emit );
+		ctx.SetGlobal<IronJS.FunctionObject>( "puts", emit );
+		
+		var require =
+		Utils.createHostFunction<Func<string,IronJS.CommonObject>>( 
+			ctx.Environment, ( obj ) => { 
+				return Require( obj );
+			} 
+		);
+		ctx.SetGlobal<IronJS.FunctionObject>("require", require );
+
+		// Forms the `net" namespace
+		ctx.SetGlobal<IronJS.CommonObject>( "net", netObj );
+		
+		// Forms the `http" namespace
+		// TODO: re-add after httpserver.cs is converted to IJS 0.2
+		// ctx.SetGlobal<IronJS.CommonObject>( "http", httpObj );
+	
+		ctx.ExecuteFile( in_filename );
+	}
+} // class
+
+// provides the 'net' namespace
+class net : IronJS.CommonObject
+{
+	public net( IronJS.Environment env ) : base( env, env.Maps.Base, env.Prototypes.Object ) {
+		// have to set context to satisfy IronJS Obj
+		// Env = env;
+		// Methods = Env.Methods.Object;
+		
+		// SetOwnProperty( "createServer", new Fn_CreateServer( context ) );
+		var objMethod = Utils.createHostFunction<Func<IronJS.FunctionObject, IronJS.CommonObject>>(Env, CreateServer);
+		Console.WriteLine( objMethod );
+        // this.Methods.PutRefProperty(this, "createServer", objMethod, IronJS.TypeTags.Function);
+		this.Put( "createServer", objMethod );
+	}
+	
+	public IronJS.CommonObject CreateServer( IronJS.FunctionObject callback ) {
+		Console.WriteLine( "net.createServer() called." );
+		Net.NetServer server = new Net.NetServer( callback, Env );
+		Console.WriteLine( server );
+		return( server );
+	}
+}
+	
+// provides the 'http' namespace
+/** TODO: re-add after httpserver.cs is converted to IJS 0.2
+class http : IronJS.CommonObject
+{
+	public http( IronJS.Environment env ) : base( env, env.Maps.Base, env.Prototypes.Object ) {
+		// have to set context to satisfy IronJS Obj
+		// Env = env;
+		// Methods = Env.Methods.Object;
+		
+		// SetOwnProperty( "createServer", new Fn_CreateHttpServer( context ) );
+		var objMethod = Utils.createHostFunction<Func<IronJS.FunctionObject, IronJS.CommonObject>>(Env, CreateServer);
+		Console.WriteLine( objMethod );
+        // this.Methods.PutRefProperty(this, "createServer", objMethod, IronJS.TypeTags.Function);
+		this.Put( "createServer", objMethod );
+	}
+	public IronJS.CommonObject CreateServer( IronJS.FunctionObject callback ) {
+		Console.WriteLine( "http.createServer() called." );
+		Http.HttpServer server = new Http.HttpServer( callback, Env );
+		Console.WriteLine( server );
+		return( server );
+	}
+}
+*/
+
+// note that this encapsulates callbacks on the .net side. The dispatch queue
+// is a Queue of these.
+// We use IFunction for the js callbacks
+public class Callback 
+{
+	public string name = "";
+	public VarDelegate callback;
+	public object[] args;
+}
+
+public delegate void VarDelegate( params object[] args );
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource fs of type System.IO.FileStream, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamReader::.ctor() at Line 86) of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "CommonObject Server.Require(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+CommonObject Server.Require(String)
+
+### File:
+IronJS/server.cs
+
+### Key:
+server.cs|Require|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3a78ecdc94d2e62e2b3ce39c90ffe873
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2245/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2245/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a024162a670916187958acf801fea7b834272417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2245/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HarmonyX
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using HarmonyLib;
+using HarmonyLibTests.Assets;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using System;
+
+namespace HarmonyLibTests
+{
+	[TestFixture]
+	public class TargetMethod
+	{
+		[Test]
+		public void Test_TargetMethod_Returns_Null()
+		{
+			var patchClass = typeof(Class15Patch);
+			Assert.NotNull(patchClass);
+
+			var harmonyInstance = new Harmony("test");
+			Assert.NotNull(harmonyInstance);
+
+			var processor = harmonyInstance.CreateClassProcessor(patchClass);
+			Assert.NotNull(processor);
+
+			Exception exception = null;
+			try
+			{
+				Assert.NotNull(processor.Patch());
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				exception = ex;
+			}
+			Assert.NotNull(exception);
+			Assert.NotNull(exception.InnerException);
+			Assert.True(exception.InnerException.Message.Contains("returned an unexpected result: null"));
+		}
+
+		[Test]
+		public void Test_TargetMethod_Returns_Wrong_Type()
+		{
+			var patchClass = typeof(Class16Patch);
+			Assert.NotNull(patchClass);
+
+			var harmonyInstance = new Harmony("test");
+			Assert.NotNull(harmonyInstance);
+
+			var processor = harmonyInstance.CreateClassProcessor(patchClass);
+			Assert.NotNull(processor);
+
+			Exception exception = null;
+			try
+			{
+				Assert.NotNull(processor.Patch());
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				exception = ex;
+			}
+			Assert.NotNull(exception);
+			Assert.NotNull(exception.InnerException);
+			Assert.True(exception.InnerException.Message.Contains("has wrong return type"));
+		}
+
+		[Test]
+		public void Test_TargetMethods_Returns_Null()
+		{
+			var patchClass = typeof(Class17Patch);
+			Assert.NotNull(patchClass);
+
+			var harmonyInstance = new Harmony("test");
+			Assert.NotNull(harmonyInstance);
+
+			var processor = harmonyInstance.CreateClassProcessor(patchClass);
+			Assert.NotNull(processor);
+
+			Exception exception = null;
+			try
+			{
+				Assert.NotNull(processor.Patch());
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				exception = ex;
+			}
+			Assert.NotNull(exception);
+			Assert.NotNull(exception.InnerException);
+			Assert.True(exception.InnerException.Message.Contains("returned an unexpected result: some element was null"));
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `exception` last assigned on line 75 could be null and is dereferenced at line 85, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TargetMethod.Test_TargetMethods_Returns_Null()
+
+### File:
+HarmonyTests/Patching/TargetMethod.cs
+
+### Key:
+TargetMethod.cs|Test_TargetMethods_Returns_Null|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+8916a1e33d9ed7e692cc94e6d13c9099
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2251/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2251/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73e372636de023f4bc4632bfe01bab3ee15ffdbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2251/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using System;
+
+namespace Sir.Store
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initialize app.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Start : IPluginStart
+    {
+        public void OnApplicationStartup(
+            IServiceCollection services, ServiceProvider serviceProvider, IConfigurationProvider config)
+        {
+            var httpParser = new HttpQueryParser(new QueryParser());
+            var httpBowParser = new HttpBowQueryParser(httpParser);
+            var sessionFactory = new SessionFactory(config, new BocModel());
+
+            sessionFactory.BeginInit();
+
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IStringModel), new BocModel());
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(SessionFactory), sessionFactory);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(HttpQueryParser), httpParser);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(HttpBowQueryParser), new HttpBowQueryParser(httpParser));
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IQueryFormatter), new QueryFormatter());
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IWriter), new StoreWriter(sessionFactory));
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IReader), new StoreReader(sessionFactory, httpParser, httpBowParser));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource sessionFactory of type Sir.Store.SessionFactory, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Store.StoreReader::.ctor() at Line 26) of type Sir.Store.StoreReader, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Store.StoreWriter::.ctor() at Line 25) of type Sir.Store.StoreWriter in method "Void Start.OnApplicationStartup(IServiceCollection,ServiceProvider,IConfigurationProvider)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Start.OnApplicationStartup(IServiceCollection,ServiceProvider,IConfigurationProvider)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Store/Start.cs
+
+### Key:
+Start.cs|OnApplicationStartup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0398462a771946f021d1a8d9783ce24d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2256/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2256/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1bc827e3c11e384fbe5918bdea0952c4e4f1b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2256/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using log4net;
+using Resin.Analysis;
+using Resin.IO;
+using Resin.IO.Read;
+using Resin.Querying;
+using Resin.System;
+
+namespace Resin
+{
+    public class Collector : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly string _directory;
+        private static readonly ILog Log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(Collector));
+        private readonly IxInfo _ix;
+        private readonly IDictionary<Term, IList<DocumentPosting>> _termCache;
+        private readonly Dictionary<string, PostingsReader> _postingReaders;
+        private readonly IScoringScheme _scorer;
+        private readonly IList<LcrsTreeReader> _trieReaders;
+
+        public Collector(string directory, IxInfo ix, IScoringScheme scorer)
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+            _ix = ix;
+            _termCache = new Dictionary<Term, IList<DocumentPosting>>();
+            _postingReaders = new Dictionary<string, PostingsReader>();
+            _scorer = scorer;
+            _trieReaders = new List<LcrsTreeReader>();
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<DocumentScore> Collect(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            var mappingTime = Time();
+
+            Scan(query);
+            Score(query);
+            Reduce(query);
+
+            Log.DebugFormat("mapped {0} in {1}", query, mappingTime.Elapsed);
+
+            return query.Resolve()
+                .OrderByDescending(s => s.Score);
+        }
+
+        private void Reduce(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            query.Reduced = query.Scores.Aggregate(QueryContext.JoinOr);
+        }
+
+        private void Scan(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            if (query == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("query");
+
+            var time = Time();
+
+            if (query.Fuzzy)
+            {
+                query.Terms = GetTreeReader(query.Field).Near(query.Value, query.Edits)
+                    .Select(token => new Term(query.Field, token));
+            }
+            else if (query.Prefix)
+            {
+                query.Terms = GetTreeReader(query.Field).StartsWith(query.Value)
+                    .Select(token => new Term(query.Field, token));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (GetTreeReader(query.Field).HasWord(query.Value))
+                {
+                    query.Terms = new List<Term> { new Term(query.Field, query.Value) };
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    query.Terms = new List<Term>();
+                }
+            }
+
+            foreach (var child in query.Children)
+            {
+                Scan(child);
+            }
+
+            Log.DebugFormat("scanned {0} in {1}", query, time.Elapsed);
+        }
+
+        private void Score(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            var time = Time();
+
+            query.Scores = (from term in query.Terms 
+                          let docsInCorpus = _ix.DocumentCount.DocCount[term.Field] let postings = GetPostings(term) 
+                          select Score(postings, docsInCorpus));
+
+            foreach (var child in query.Children)
+            {
+                Score(child);
+            }
+
+            Log.DebugFormat("scored {0} in {1}", query, time.Elapsed);
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<DocumentScore> Score(IList<DocumentPosting> postings, int docsInCorpus)
+        {
+            var scorer = _scorer.CreateScorer(docsInCorpus, postings.Count);
+
+            foreach (var posting in postings)
+            {
+                var hit = new DocumentScore(posting.DocumentId, posting.Count);
+
+                scorer.Score(hit);
+
+                yield return hit;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        private IList<DocumentPosting> GetPostings(Term term)
+        {
+            IList<DocumentPosting> postings;
+
+            if (!_termCache.TryGetValue(term, out postings))
+            {
+                var time = Time();
+
+                var fileId = term.ToPostingsFileId();
+                var fileName = Path.Combine(_directory, fileId + ".pos");
+                PostingsReader reader;
+
+                if (!_postingReaders.TryGetValue(fileId, out reader))
+                {
+                    if (!_postingReaders.TryGetValue(fileId, out reader))
+                    {
+                        var fs = File.Open(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
+                        var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.ASCII);
+
+                        reader = new PostingsReader(sr);
+
+                        _postingReaders.Add(fileId, reader);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                postings = reader.Read(term).ToList();
+                _termCache.Add(term, postings);
+
+                Log.DebugFormat("read {0} postings from {1} in {2}", postings.Count(), fileName, time.Elapsed);
+            }
+
+            return postings;
+        }
+
+        private LcrsTreeReader GetTreeReader(string field)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(_directory, field.ToTrieFileId() + ".tri");
+            var fs = File.Open(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
+            var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode);
+            var reader = new LcrsTreeReader(sr);
+
+            _trieReaders.Add(reader);
+            
+            return reader;
+        }
+
+        private Stopwatch Time()
+        {
+            var timer = new Stopwatch();
+            timer.Start();
+            return timer;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var dr in _postingReaders.Values)
+            {
+                dr.Dispose();
+            }
+            foreach (var r in _trieReaders)
+            {
+                r.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource reader of type Resin.IO.Read.PostingsReader, Leaked resource sr of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "IList`1<!0> Collector.GetPostings(Term)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IList`1<!0> Collector.GetPostings(Term)
+
+### File:
+Resin/Collector.cs
+
+### Key:
+Collector.cs|GetPostings|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3bb0c5cc3b792e1bad9996f86b75704f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2258/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2258/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ade8e3b24da211f1e126452af0f3876711a2102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2258/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Resin.IO;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class LcrsTrieTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_scan_fuzzy_from_disk()
+        {
+            const string fileName = "1.bt";
+
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize(fileName);
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                var near = scanner.Near("bazy", 1);
+                Assert.AreEqual(1, near.Count);
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+            }
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                var near = scanner.Near("bazy", 2);
+                Assert.AreEqual(3, near.Count);
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bank"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_scan_prefix_from_disk()
+        {
+            const string fileName = "1.bt";
+
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize(fileName);
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                var startsWith = scanner.StartsWith("ba");
+                Assert.AreEqual(3, startsWith.Count);
+                Assert.IsTrue(startsWith.Contains("baby"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(startsWith.Contains("bad"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(startsWith.Contains("bank"));
+            }
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                Assert.IsTrue(scanner.HasWord("baby"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_scan_exact_from_disk()
+        {
+            const string fileName = "0.bt";
+
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize(fileName);
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                Assert.IsFalse(scanner.HasWord("bab"));
+            }
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                Assert.IsTrue(scanner.HasWord("baby"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_serialize()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize("0.bt");
+            var acctual = File.ReadAllText("0.bt", Encoding.Unicode);
+
+            const string expected = "d1100\r\na0101\r\nn1102\r\nc0103\r\ni1104\r\nn0105\r\ng0016\r\ne0014\r\nd0112\r\nd0103\r\ny0014\r\nb0100\r\no1101\r\nx0012\r\na0101\r\nn1102\r\nk0013\r\nd1012\r\nb0102\r\ny0013\r\n";
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, acctual);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_near()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            var near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near, Is.Empty);
+
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("b");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 2);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(3));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 0);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(0));
+
+            tree.Add("bananas");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 6);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(4));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bananas"));
+
+            near = tree.Near("bazy", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            near = tree.Near("bazy", 3);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, near.Count);
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bank"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_suffixes()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            var prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed, Is.Empty);
+
+            tree.Add("bad");
+
+            prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("baby"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_exact()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+
+            tree.Add("xxx");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+
+            tree.Add("dad");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_build_one_leg()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_build_two_legs()
+        {
+            var root = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            root.Add("baby");
+            root.Add("dad");
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("dad"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_append()
+        {
+            var root = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            root.Add("baby");
+            root.Add("bad");
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.RightSibling.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("bad"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`node` is read without initialization during the call to `LcrsTrie.Add(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void LcrsTrieTests.Can_serialize()
+
+### File:
+Tests/LcrsTrieTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+LcrsTrieTests.cs|Can_serialize|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+97daf74d74f0894d686dfd4b2a6acf53
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2260/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2260/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1271bb1fd639a4d36260b9de41ddf77bbcf21cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2260/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Resin.IO;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class BinaryTreeTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_near()
+        {
+            var tree = new BinaryTree('\0', false);
+
+            var near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near, Is.Empty);
+
+            tree.Add("bad");
+
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 2);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_suffixes()
+        {
+            var tree = new BinaryTree('\0', false);
+
+            var prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed, Is.Empty);
+
+            tree.Add("bad");
+
+            prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("baby"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_exact()
+        {
+            var tree = new BinaryTree('\0', false);
+
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+
+            tree.Add("xxx");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+
+            tree.Add("dad");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_build_one_leg()
+        {
+            var tree = new BinaryTree('\0', false);
+            
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_build_two_legs()
+        {
+            var root = new BinaryTree('\0', false);
+
+            root.Add("baby");
+            root.Add("dad");
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("dad"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_append()
+        {
+            var root = new BinaryTree('\0', false);
+
+            root.Add("baby");
+            root.Add("bad");
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.RightSibling.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("bad"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`node` is read without initialization during the call to `BinaryTree.Add(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BinaryTreeTests.Can_find_near()
+
+### File:
+Tests/BinaryTreeTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+BinaryTreeTests.cs|Can_find_near|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+dc7da7f1f8ba8576aeaa08460be1fbed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2267/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2267/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b6449a64806689d15130b426b8ad277ec6d4d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2267/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using log4net;
+using Resin.Analysis;
+using Resin.IO;
+using Resin.IO.Read;
+using Resin.Querying;
+using Resin.System;
+
+namespace Resin
+{
+    public class Collector : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly string _directory;
+        private static readonly ILog Log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(Collector));
+        private readonly IxInfo _ix;
+        private readonly IDictionary<Term, IList<DocumentPosting>> _termCache;
+        private readonly Dictionary<string, PostingsReader> _postingReaders;
+        private readonly IScoringScheme _scorer;
+        private readonly IList<LcrsTreeReader> _trieReaders;
+
+        public Collector(string directory, IxInfo ix, IScoringScheme scorer)
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+            _ix = ix;
+            _termCache = new Dictionary<Term, IList<DocumentPosting>>();
+            _postingReaders = new Dictionary<string, PostingsReader>();
+            _scorer = scorer;
+            _trieReaders = new List<LcrsTreeReader>();
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<DocumentScore> Collect(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            var mappingTime = Time();
+
+            Scan(query);
+            Score(query);
+            Reduce(query);
+
+            Log.DebugFormat("mapped {0} in {1}", query, mappingTime.Elapsed);
+
+            return query.Resolve()
+                .OrderByDescending(s => s.Score);
+        }
+
+        private void Reduce(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            query.Reduced = query.Scores.Aggregate(QueryContext.JoinOr);
+        }
+
+        private void Scan(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            if (query == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("query");
+
+            var time = Time();
+
+            if (query.Fuzzy)
+            {
+                query.Terms = GetTreeReader(query.Field).Near(query.Value, query.Edits)
+                    .Select(token => new Term(query.Field, token));
+            }
+            else if (query.Prefix)
+            {
+                query.Terms = GetTreeReader(query.Field).StartsWith(query.Value)
+                    .Select(token => new Term(query.Field, token));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (GetTreeReader(query.Field).HasWord(query.Value))
+                {
+                    query.Terms = new List<Term> { new Term(query.Field, query.Value) };
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    query.Terms = new List<Term>();
+                }
+            }
+
+            foreach (var child in query.Children)
+            {
+                Scan(child);
+            }
+
+            Log.DebugFormat("scanned {0} in {1}", query, time.Elapsed);
+        }
+
+        private void Score(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            var time = Time();
+
+            query.Scores = (from term in query.Terms 
+                          let docsInCorpus = _ix.DocumentCount.DocCount[term.Field] let postings = GetPostings(term) 
+                          select Score(postings, docsInCorpus));
+
+            foreach (var child in query.Children)
+            {
+                Score(child);
+            }
+
+            Log.DebugFormat("scored {0} in {1}", query, time.Elapsed);
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<DocumentScore> Score(IList<DocumentPosting> postings, int docsInCorpus)
+        {
+            var scorer = _scorer.CreateScorer(docsInCorpus, postings.Count);
+
+            foreach (var posting in postings)
+            {
+                var hit = new DocumentScore(posting.DocumentId, posting.Count);
+
+                scorer.Score(hit);
+
+                yield return hit;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        private IList<DocumentPosting> GetPostings(Term term)
+        {
+            IList<DocumentPosting> postings;
+
+            if (!_termCache.TryGetValue(term, out postings))
+            {
+                var time = Time();
+
+                var fileId = term.ToPostingsFileId();
+                var fileName = Path.Combine(_directory, fileId + ".pos");
+                PostingsReader reader;
+
+                if (!_postingReaders.TryGetValue(fileId, out reader))
+                {
+                    if (!_postingReaders.TryGetValue(fileId, out reader))
+                    {
+                        var fs = File.Open(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
+                        var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.ASCII);
+
+                        reader = new PostingsReader(sr);
+
+                        _postingReaders.Add(fileId, reader);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                postings = reader.Read(term).ToList();
+                _termCache.Add(term, postings);
+
+                Log.DebugFormat("read {0} postings from {1} in {2}", postings.Count(), fileName, time.Elapsed);
+            }
+
+            return postings;
+        }
+
+        private LcrsTreeReader GetTreeReader(string field)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(_directory, field.ToTrieFileId() + ".tri");
+            var fs = File.Open(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
+            var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode);
+            var reader = new LcrsTreeReader(sr);
+
+            _trieReaders.Add(reader);
+            
+            return reader;
+        }
+
+        private Stopwatch Time()
+        {
+            var timer = new Stopwatch();
+            timer.Start();
+            return timer;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var dr in _postingReaders.Values)
+            {
+                dr.Dispose();
+            }
+            foreach (var r in _trieReaders)
+            {
+                r.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Resin.IO.Read.LcrsTreeReader, Leaked resource sr of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "LcrsTreeReader Collector.GetTreeReader(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+LcrsTreeReader Collector.GetTreeReader(String)
+
+### File:
+Resin/Collector.cs
+
+### Key:
+Collector.cs|GetTreeReader|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+28a7de320dc5b3072f83ca09097c0938
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2273/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2273/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec7e55ce3d0c27c52dc5d5b87ecf05c0b0a5a2a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2273/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace DocumentTable
+{
+    public class ReadSessionFactory : IReadSessionFactory
+    {
+        private readonly string _directory;
+
+        public ReadSessionFactory(string directory)
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+        }
+
+        public IReadSession OpenReadSession(long version)
+        {
+            var ix = BatchInfo.Load(Path.Combine(_directory, version + ".ix"));
+            var docFileName = Path.Combine(_directory, version + ".dtbl");
+            var keyIndexFileName = Path.Combine(_directory, version + ".kix");
+            var keyIndex = TableSerializer.GetKeyIndex(keyIndexFileName);
+            var compoundFileName = Path.Combine(_directory, version + ".rdb");
+
+            var compoundFile = new FileStream(
+                compoundFileName, 
+                FileMode.Open, 
+                FileAccess.Read, 
+                FileShare.Read, 
+                4096 * 1, 
+                FileOptions.RandomAccess);
+            
+            return new ReadSession(
+                ix,
+                new PostingsReader(compoundFile, ix.PostingsOffset),
+                new DocHashReader(compoundFile, ix.DocHashOffset),
+                new DocumentAddressReader(compoundFile, ix.DocAddressesOffset),
+                new DocumentReader(
+                    new FileStream(docFileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read, 4096 * 1, FileOptions.RandomAccess), 
+                    ix.Compression, 
+                    keyIndex),
+                compoundFile);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type DocumentTable.ReadSession, Leaked resource compoundFile of type System.IO.FileStream, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.FileStream::.ctor() at Line 30) of type System.IO.FileStream, Leaked resource (output of DocumentTable.DocHashReader::.ctor() at Line 30) of type DocumentTable.DocHashReader in method "IReadSession ReadSessionFactory.OpenReadSession(Int64)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IReadSession ReadSessionFactory.OpenReadSession(Int64)
+
+### File:
+src/DocumentTable/ReadSessionFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+ReadSessionFactory.cs|OpenReadSession|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0ece2fb971b3e69effeb69626e19f7fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2274/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2274/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb040809bce9e63f72a7fd083fc9368e61b62f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2274/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Sir.Document;
+using Sir.VectorSpace;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Sir.Search
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Read session targeting a single collection.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ReadSession : ILogger, IDisposable, IReadSession
+    {
+        private readonly SessionFactory _sessionFactory;
+        private readonly IConfigurationProvider _config;
+        private readonly IStringModel _model;
+        private readonly IPostingsReader _postingsReader;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, DocumentReader> _streamReaders;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, INodeReader> _nodeReaders;
+
+        public ReadSession(
+            SessionFactory sessionFactory,
+            IConfigurationProvider config,
+            IStringModel model,
+            IPostingsReader postingsReader)
+        {
+            _sessionFactory = sessionFactory;
+            _config = config;
+            _model = model;
+            _streamReaders = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, DocumentReader>();
+            _postingsReader = postingsReader;
+            _nodeReaders = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, INodeReader>();
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var reader in _streamReaders.Values)
+            {
+                reader.Dispose();
+            }
+
+            foreach (var reader in _nodeReaders.Values)
+                reader.Dispose();
+
+            _postingsReader.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public ReadResult Read(Query query, int skip, int take)
+        {
+            var result = MapReduce(query, skip, take);
+
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                var docs = ReadDocs(result.SortedDocuments);
+
+                this.Log("end read session for query {0}", query);
+
+                return new ReadResult { Total = result.Total, Docs = docs };
+            }
+
+            this.Log("zero results for query {0}", query);
+
+            return new ReadResult { Total = 0, Docs = new IDictionary<string, object>[0] };
+        }
+
+        public void EnsureIsValid(Query query, long docId)
+        {
+            foreach (var term in query.Terms)
+            {
+                var indexReader = GetOrTryCreateIndexReader(term.CollectionId, term.KeyId);
+
+                if (indexReader != null)
+                {
+                    var hit = indexReader.ClosestTerm(term.Vector, _model);
+
+                    if (hit == null || hit.Score < _model.IdenticalAngle)
+                    {
+                        throw new DataMisalignedException($"\"{term}\" not found.");
+                    }
+
+                    var docIds = _postingsReader
+                        .ReadWithScore(term.CollectionId, hit.Node.PostingsOffsets, _model.IdenticalAngle);
+
+                    if (!docIds.ContainsKey((term.CollectionId, docId)))
+                    {
+                        throw new DataMisalignedException(
+                            $"document {docId} not found in postings list for term \"{term}\".");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private ScoredResult MapReduce(Query query, int skip, int take)
+        {
+            var timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            Map(query);
+
+            this.Log($"mapping took {timer.Elapsed}");
+
+            timer.Restart();
+
+            var result = new Dictionary<(ulong, long), double>();
+
+            _postingsReader.Reduce(query, result);
+
+            this.Log("reducing took {0}", timer.Elapsed);
+
+            timer.Restart();
+
+            var sorted = Sort(result, skip, take);
+
+            this.Log("sorting took {0}", timer.Elapsed);
+
+            return sorted;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Map query terms to posting list locations.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Map(Query query)
+        {
+            if (query == null)
+                return;
+
+            foreach (var term in query.Terms)
+            {
+                var indexReader = GetOrTryCreateIndexReader(term.CollectionId, term.KeyId);
+
+                if (indexReader != null)
+                {
+                    var hit = indexReader.ClosestTerm(term.Vector, _model);
+
+                    if (hit != null && hit.Score > 0)
+                    {
+                        term.Score = hit.Score;
+                        term.PostingsOffsets = hit.Node.PostingsOffsets;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Map(query.And);
+            Map(query.Or);
+            Map(query.Not);
+        }
+
+        private static ScoredResult Sort(IDictionary<(ulong, long), double> documents, int skip, int take)
+        {
+            var sortedByScore = new List<KeyValuePair<(ulong, long), double>>(documents);
+
+            sortedByScore.Sort(
+                delegate (KeyValuePair<(ulong, long), double> pair1,
+                KeyValuePair<(ulong, long), double> pair2)
+                {
+                    return pair2.Value.CompareTo(pair1.Value);
+                }
+            );
+
+            var index = skip > 0 ? skip : 0;
+            var count = Math.Min(sortedByScore.Count, take > 0 ? take : sortedByScore.Count);
+
+            return new ScoredResult { SortedDocuments = sortedByScore.GetRange(index, count), Total = sortedByScore.Count };
+        }
+
+        public INodeReader GetOrTryCreateIndexReader(ulong collectionId, long keyId)
+        {
+            var ixFileName = Path.Combine(_sessionFactory.Dir, string.Format("{0}.{1}.ix", collectionId, keyId));
+
+            if (!File.Exists(ixFileName))
+                return null;
+
+            return _nodeReaders.GetOrAdd(
+                $"{collectionId}.{keyId}".ToHash(), new NodeReader(
+                    collectionId,
+                    keyId,
+                    _sessionFactory,
+                    _sessionFactory.CreateReadStream(Path.Combine(_sessionFactory.Dir, $"{collectionId}.vec")),
+                    _sessionFactory.CreateReadStream(ixFileName)));
+        }
+
+        public DocumentReader GetOrTryCreateDocumentReader(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return _streamReaders.GetOrAdd(
+                collectionId,
+                new DocumentReader(collectionId, _sessionFactory)
+                );
+        }
+
+        public IList<IDictionary<string, object>> ReadDocs(
+            IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<(ulong collectionId, long docId), double>> docs)
+        {
+            var result = new List<IDictionary<string, object>>();
+
+            foreach (var dkvp in docs)
+            {
+                var streamReader = GetOrTryCreateDocumentReader(dkvp.Key.collectionId);
+                var docInfo = streamReader.GetDocumentAddress(dkvp.Key.docId);
+                var docMap = streamReader.GetDocumentMap(docInfo.offset, docInfo.length);
+                var doc = new Dictionary<string, object>();
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < docMap.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    var kvp = docMap[i];
+                    var kInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfKey(kvp.keyId);
+                    var vInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfValue(kvp.valId);
+                    var key = streamReader.GetKey(kInfo.offset, kInfo.len, kInfo.dataType);
+                    var val = streamReader.GetValue(vInfo.offset, vInfo.len, vInfo.dataType);
+
+                    doc[key.ToString()] = val;
+                }
+
+                doc["___docid"] = dkvp.Key.docId;
+                doc["___score"] = dkvp.Value;
+
+                result.Add(doc);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.IO.Stream Sir.Search.SessionFactory::CreateReadStream(System.String,System.Int32,System.IO.FileOptions) at Line 175) of type System.IO.FileStream, Leaked resource (returned from System.IO.Stream Sir.Search.SessionFactory::CreateReadStream(System.String,System.Int32,System.IO.FileOptions) at Line 175) of type System.IO.FileStream in method "INodeReader ReadSession.GetOrTryCreateIndexReader(UInt64,Int64)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+INodeReader ReadSession.GetOrTryCreateIndexReader(UInt64,Int64)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Search/Session/ReadSession.cs
+
+### Key:
+ReadSession.cs|GetOrTryCreateIndexReader|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ed747a414eb2da08e11c881136fcfea9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2275/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2275/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4736468fb84fa7b9b4b25b074585938b68ef5212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2275/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 43
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.IO.MemoryMappedFiles;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Sir.Store
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Dispatcher of sessions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class SessionFactory : IDisposable, ILogger
+    {
+        private ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>> _keys;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, IList<(long offset, long length)>> _pageInfo;
+        private readonly Semaphore WriteSync = new Semaphore(1, 2);
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, MemoryMappedFile> _mmfs;
+
+        public string Dir { get; }
+        public IConfigurationProvider Config { get; }
+        public IStringModel Model { get; }
+
+        public SessionFactory(IConfigurationProvider config, IStringModel model)
+        {
+            var time = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            Dir = config.Get("data_dir");
+            Config = config;
+
+            if (!Directory.Exists(Dir))
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(Dir);
+            }
+
+            _keys = LoadKeys();
+            _pageInfo = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, IList<(long offset, long length)>>();
+            _mmfs = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, MemoryMappedFile>();
+            Model = model;
+
+            this.Log($"initiated in {time.Elapsed}");
+        }
+
+
+
+        public MemoryMappedFile OpenMMF(string fileName)
+        {
+            var mapName = fileName.Replace(":", "").Replace("\\", "_");
+
+            try
+            {
+                return _mmfs.GetOrAdd(mapName, x =>
+                {
+                    return MemoryMappedFile.CreateFromFile(fileName, FileMode.Open, mapName, 0, MemoryMappedFileAccess.ReadWrite);
+                });
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                return _mmfs.GetOrAdd(mapName, x =>
+                {
+                    return MemoryMappedFile.OpenExisting(mapName);
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long GetDocCount(string collection)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(Dir, $"{collection.ToHash()}.dix");
+
+            if (!File.Exists(fileName))
+                return 0;
+
+            return new FileInfo(fileName).Length / (sizeof(long) + sizeof(int));
+        }
+
+        public void Truncate(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*"))
+                File.Delete(file);
+
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+
+            _keys.Clear();
+
+            this.Log($"truncated {collectionId}");
+        }
+
+        public void TruncateIndex(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.ix"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.ixp"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.vec"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.pos"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public void Write(Job job)
+        {
+            WriteSync.WaitOne();
+
+            var timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            using (var writeSession = CreateWriteSession(job.CollectionId, job.Model))
+            {
+                writeSession.Write(job.Documents);
+            }
+
+            this.Log("executed {0} write in {1}", job.CollectionId, timer.Elapsed);
+
+            WriteSync.Release();
+        }
+
+        public void ClearPageInfo()
+        {
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public IList<(long offset, long length)> GetAllPages(string pageFileName)
+        {
+            return _pageInfo.GetOrAdd(pageFileName, key =>
+            {
+                using (var ixpStream = CreateReadStream(key))
+                {
+                    return new PageIndexReader(ixpStream).GetAll();
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        public void RefreshKeys()
+        {
+            _keys = LoadKeys();
+        }
+
+        public ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>> LoadKeys()
+        {
+            var timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            var allkeys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>>();
+
+            foreach (var keyFile in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, "*.kmap"))
+            {
+                var collectionId = ulong.Parse(Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(keyFile));
+                ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long> keys;
+
+                if (!allkeys.TryGetValue(collectionId, out keys))
+                {
+                    keys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>();
+                    allkeys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, keys);
+                }
+
+                using (var stream = new FileStream(keyFile, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite))
+                {
+                    long i = 0;
+                    var buf = new byte[sizeof(ulong)];
+                    var read = stream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length);
+
+                    while (read > 0)
+                    {
+                        keys.GetOrAdd(BitConverter.ToUInt64(buf, 0), i++);
+
+                        read = stream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            this.Log("loaded keys into memory in {0}", timer.Elapsed);
+
+            return allkeys;
+        }
+
+        public void PersistKeyMapping(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash, long keyId)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(Dir, string.Format("{0}.kmap", collectionId));
+            ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long> keys;
+
+            if (!_keys.TryGetValue(collectionId, out keys))
+            {
+                keys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>();
+                _keys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, keys);
+            }
+
+            if (!keys.ContainsKey(keyHash))
+            {
+                keys.GetOrAdd(keyHash, keyId);
+
+                using (var stream = CreateAppendStream(fileName))
+                {
+                    stream.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes(keyHash), 0, sizeof(ulong));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long GetKeyId(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash)
+        {
+            return _keys[collectionId][keyHash];
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetKeyId(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash, out long keyId)
+        {
+            var keys = _keys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>());
+
+            if (!keys.TryGetValue(keyHash, out keyId))
+            {
+                keyId = -1;
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public DocumentStreamSession CreateDocumentStreamSession(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new DocumentStreamSession(collectionId, this, new DocumentReader(collectionId, this));
+        }
+
+        public WriteSession CreateWriteSession(ulong collectionId, IStringModel model)
+        {
+            var documentWriter = new DocumentWriter(collectionId, this);
+
+            return new WriteSession(
+                collectionId, 
+                this, 
+                documentWriter, 
+                Config, 
+                model, 
+                CreateIndexSession(collectionId)
+            );
+        }
+
+        public IndexSession CreateIndexSession(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new IndexSession(collectionId, this, Model, Config);
+        }
+
+        public ReadSession CreateReadSession(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new ReadSession(
+                collectionId, this, Config, Model, new DocumentReader(collectionId, this));
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAsyncReadStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(fileName)
+            ? new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, FileOptions.Asynchronous)
+            : null;
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateReadStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096, FileOptions fileOptions = FileOptions.RandomAccess)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(fileName)
+                ? new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, fileOptions)
+                : null;
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAsyncAppendStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            return new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, FileOptions.Asynchronous);
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAppendStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(fileName))
+            {
+                using (var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize))
+                {
+                }
+            }
+
+            return new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize);
+        }
+
+        public bool CollectionExists(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(Path.Combine(Dir, collectionId + ".docs"));
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var file in _mmfs.Values)
+                file.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Sir.Store.ReadSession, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Store.DocumentReader::.ctor() at Line 249) of type Sir.Store.DocumentReader in method "ReadSession SessionFactory.CreateReadSession(UInt64)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ReadSession SessionFactory.CreateReadSession(UInt64)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Store/Session/SessionFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+SessionFactory.cs|CreateReadSession|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d6fe18ed5fe01de142c88c03dd7563a7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2280/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2280/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9205619555a9eda93bff138a947f488b5aead51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2280/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Sir.Search;
+using Sir.VectorSpace;
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Sir.HttpServer
+{
+    public static class ServiceConfiguration
+    {
+        public static IServiceProvider Configure(IServiceCollection services)
+        {
+            var assemblyPath = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory();
+            var config = new KeyValueConfiguration(Path.Combine(assemblyPath, "sir.ini"));
+
+            services.Add(new ServiceDescriptor(typeof(IConfigurationProvider), config));
+
+            var loggerFactory = services.BuildServiceProvider().GetService<ILoggerFactory>();
+            var logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger("Sir");
+            var model = new BagOfCharsModel();
+            var sessionFactory = new StreamFactory(logger);
+            var directory = config.Get("data_dir");
+            var qp = new QueryParser<string>(directory, sessionFactory, model, logger);
+            var httpParser = new HttpQueryParser(qp);
+
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IModel<string>), model);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IStreamFactory), sessionFactory);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(StreamFactory), sessionFactory);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(QueryParser<string>), qp);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(HttpQueryParser), httpParser);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IHttpWriter), new HttpWriter(sessionFactory, config));
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IHttpReader), new HttpReader(
+                sessionFactory,
+                httpParser,
+                config,
+                loggerFactory.CreateLogger<HttpReader>()));
+
+            return services.BuildServiceProvider();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource sessionFactory of type Sir.Search.StreamFactory in method "IServiceProvider ServiceConfiguration.Configure(IServiceCollection)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IServiceProvider ServiceConfiguration.Configure(IServiceCollection)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.HttpServer/ServiceConfiguration.cs
+
+### Key:
+ServiceConfiguration.cs|Configure|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+e9ab3cc3bcc55e488717feb27b957f45
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2287/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2287/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4e6316785674cabcd2abf51912e77d23ad5233c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2287/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Sir.Store
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Indexing session targeting a single collection.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class TermIndexSession : CollectionSession, IDisposable, ILogger
+    {
+        private readonly IConfigurationProvider _config;
+        private readonly IStringModel _model;
+        private readonly IDictionary<long, VectorNode> _dirty;
+        private readonly IDictionary<long, ColumnWriter> _writers;
+        private Stream _postingsStream;
+        private readonly Stream _vectorStream;
+
+        public TermIndexSession(
+            string collectionName,
+            ulong collectionId,
+            SessionFactory sessionFactory, 
+            IStringModel model,
+            IConfigurationProvider config,
+            IDictionary<long, ColumnWriter> columnWriters) : base(collectionName, collectionId, sessionFactory)
+        {
+            _config = config;
+            _model = model;
+            _dirty = new Dictionary<long, VectorNode>();
+            _postingsStream = SessionFactory.CreateAppendStream(Path.Combine(SessionFactory.Dir, $"{CollectionId}.pos"));
+            _vectorStream = SessionFactory.CreateAppendStream(Path.Combine(SessionFactory.Dir, $"{CollectionId}.vec"));
+            _writers = columnWriters;
+        }
+
+        public void Put(long docId, long keyId, string value)
+        {
+            var ix = GetOrCreateIndex(keyId);
+            var tokens = _model.Tokenize(value);
+
+            foreach (var vector in tokens.Embeddings)
+            {
+                GraphBuilder.Add(ix, new VectorNode(vector, docId), _model);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Validate((long keyId, long docId, AnalyzedData tokens) item)
+        {
+            var tree = GetOrCreateIndex(item.keyId);
+
+            foreach (var vector in item.tokens.Embeddings)
+            {
+                var hit = PathFinder.ClosestMatch(tree, vector, _model);
+
+                if (hit.Score < _model.IdenticalAngle)
+                {
+                    throw new DataMisalignedException();
+                }
+
+                var valid = false;
+
+                foreach (var id in hit.Node.DocIds)
+                {
+                    if (id == item.docId)
+                    {
+                        valid = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!valid)
+                {
+                    throw new DataMisalignedException();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private VectorNode GetOrCreateIndex(long keyId)
+        {
+            VectorNode node;
+
+            if (!_dirty.TryGetValue(keyId, out node))
+            {
+                node = new VectorNode();
+                _dirty.Add(keyId, node);
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        public void CreatePage()
+        {
+            var time = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            foreach (var column in _dirty)
+            {
+                ColumnWriter serializer;
+
+                if (!_writers.TryGetValue(column.Key, out serializer))
+                {
+                    serializer = new ColumnWriter(CollectionId, column.Key, SessionFactory);
+                    _writers.Add(column.Key, serializer);
+                }
+
+                serializer.CreatePage(column.Value, _vectorStream, _postingsStream, _model);
+            };
+
+            this.Log(string.Format($"serialized {_dirty.Count} pages in {time.Elapsed}"));
+
+            _dirty.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _postingsStream.Dispose();
+            _vectorStream.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource serializer of type Sir.Store.ColumnWriter in method "Void TermIndexSession.CreatePage()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TermIndexSession.CreatePage()
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Store/Session/TermIndexSession.cs
+
+### Key:
+TermIndexSession.cs|CreatePage|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+400e231ae7c1eea79ab9c63b6f752e74
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2289/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2289/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be06748b9074565e29b83cebcf445861b97f0742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2289/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace DocumentTable
+{
+    public class ReadSessionFactory : IReadSessionFactory, IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly string _directory;
+        private readonly FileStream _compoundFile;
+
+        public ReadSessionFactory(string directory)
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+
+            var version = Directory.GetFiles(directory, "*.ix")
+                .Select(f => long.Parse(Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(f)))
+                .OrderBy(v => v).First();
+
+            var compoundFileName = Path.Combine(_directory, version + ".rdb");
+
+            _compoundFile = new FileStream(
+                compoundFileName,
+                FileMode.Open,
+                FileAccess.Read,
+                FileShare.ReadWrite);
+        }
+
+        public IReadSession OpenReadSession(long version)
+        {
+            var ix = SegmentInfo.Load(Path.Combine(_directory, version + ".ix"));
+           
+            return new ReadSession(
+                ix,
+                new DocHashReader(_compoundFile, ix.DocHashOffset),
+                new DocumentAddressReader(_compoundFile, ix.DocAddressesOffset),
+                _compoundFile);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _compoundFile.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type DocumentTable.ReadSession, Leaked resource (output of DocumentTable.DocHashReader::.ctor() at Line 33) of type DocumentTable.DocHashReader in method "IReadSession ReadSessionFactory.OpenReadSession(Int64)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IReadSession ReadSessionFactory.OpenReadSession(Int64)
+
+### File:
+src/DocumentTable/ReadSessionFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+ReadSessionFactory.cs|OpenReadSession|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+68415a6d96c62991b61bfbd505de3cf3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2293/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2293/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0438fccc97b3d5af86c706435fb4e078dd1d4a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2293/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using log4net;
+using Resin.IO;
+
+namespace Resin
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A reader that provides thread-safe access to an index
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Searcher : IDisposable
+    {
+        private static readonly ILog Log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(Searcher));
+        private readonly string _directory;
+        private readonly QueryParser _parser;
+        private readonly IScoringScheme _scorer;
+        private readonly IxInfo _ix;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, PostingsContainer> _postingContainers;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, DocContainer> _docContainers;
+
+        public Searcher(string directory, QueryParser parser, IScoringScheme scorer)
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+            _parser = parser;
+            _scorer = scorer;
+            _docContainers = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, DocContainer>();
+            _postingContainers = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, PostingsContainer>();
+
+            _ix = IxInfo.Load(Path.Combine(_directory, "0.ix"));
+        }
+
+        public Result Search(string query, int page = 0, int size = 10000, bool returnTrace = false)
+        {
+            var timer = new Stopwatch();
+            var collector = new Collector(_directory, _ix, _postingContainers);
+            timer.Start();
+            var q = _parser.Parse(query);
+            if (q == null)
+            {
+                return new Result{Docs = Enumerable.Empty<IDictionary<string, string>>()};
+            }
+            Log.DebugFormat("parsed query {0} in {1}", q, timer.Elapsed);
+            var scored = collector.Collect(q, page, size, _scorer).ToList();
+            var skip = page*size;
+            var paged = scored.Skip(skip).Take(size).ToDictionary(x => x.DocId, x => x);
+            var docs = paged.Values.Select(s => GetDoc(s.DocId)); 
+            return new Result { Docs = docs, Total = scored.Count};
+        }
+
+        private IDictionary<string, string> GetDoc(string docId)
+        {
+            var containerId = docId.ToDocContainerId();
+            DocContainer container;
+            if (!_docContainers.TryGetValue(containerId, out container))
+            {
+                container = new DocContainer(_directory, containerId);
+                _docContainers[containerId] = container;
+            }
+            return container.Get(docId).Fields;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var dc in _docContainers.Values)
+            {
+                dc.Dispose();
+            }
+
+            foreach (var dc in _postingContainers.Values)
+            {
+                dc.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource container of type Resin.IO.DocContainer in method "IDictionary`2<!0,!1> Searcher.GetDoc(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IDictionary`2<!0,!1> Searcher.GetDoc(String)
+
+### File:
+Resin/Searcher.cs
+
+### Key:
+Searcher.cs|GetDoc|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+14e1ea7ec8b6cdd62e8de33246779fec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2294/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2294/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66fa81fb6527550e895d14028c966131c398803f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2294/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Resin.IO;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class LcrsTrieTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_scan_fuzzy_from_disk()
+        {
+            const string fileName = "1.bt";
+
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize(fileName);
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                var near = scanner.Near("bazy", 1);
+                Assert.AreEqual(1, near.Count);
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+            }
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                var near = scanner.Near("bazy", 2);
+                Assert.AreEqual(3, near.Count);
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bank"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_scan_prefix_from_disk()
+        {
+            const string fileName = "1.bt";
+
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize(fileName);
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                var startsWith = scanner.StartsWith("ba");
+                Assert.AreEqual(3, startsWith.Count);
+                Assert.IsTrue(startsWith.Contains("baby"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(startsWith.Contains("bad"));
+                Assert.IsTrue(startsWith.Contains("bank"));
+            }
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                Assert.IsTrue(scanner.HasWord("baby"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_scan_exact_from_disk()
+        {
+            const string fileName = "0.bt";
+
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize(fileName);
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                Assert.IsFalse(scanner.HasWord("bab"));
+            }
+
+            using (var fs = File.OpenRead(fileName))
+            using (var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode))
+            using (var scanner = new LcrsTreeStreamReader(sr))
+            {
+                Assert.IsTrue(scanner.HasWord("baby"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_serialize()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            tree.Add("box");
+            tree.Add("dad");
+            tree.Add("daddy");
+            tree.Add("dance");
+            tree.Add("dancing");
+
+            tree.Serialize("0.bt");
+            var acctual = File.ReadAllText("0.bt", Encoding.Unicode);
+
+            const string expected = "d1100\r\na0101\r\nn1102\r\nc0103\r\ni1104\r\nn0105\r\ng0016\r\ne0014\r\nd0112\r\nd0103\r\ny0014\r\nb0100\r\no1101\r\nx0012\r\na0101\r\nn1102\r\nk0013\r\nd1012\r\nb0102\r\ny0013\r\n";
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, acctual);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_near()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            var near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near, Is.Empty);
+
+            tree.Add("bad");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("b");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 2);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(3));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 0);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(0));
+
+            tree.Add("bananas");
+            near = tree.Near("ba", 6);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(4));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bananas"));
+
+            near = tree.Near("bazy", 1);
+
+            Assert.That(near.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+
+            tree.Add("bank");
+            near = tree.Near("bazy", 3);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, near.Count);
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("baby"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bank"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(near.Contains("b"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_suffixes()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            var prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed, Is.Empty);
+
+            tree.Add("bad");
+
+            prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("bad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            prefixed = tree.StartsWith("ba");
+
+            Assert.That(prefixed.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("bad"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(prefixed.Contains("baby"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_find_exact()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+
+            tree.Add("xxx");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.False(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+
+            tree.Add("dad");
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("xxx"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("dad"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_build_one_leg()
+        {
+            var tree = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+            
+            tree.Add("baby");
+
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(tree.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(tree.HasWord("baby"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_build_two_legs()
+        {
+            var root = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            root.Add("baby");
+            root.Add("dad");
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("dad"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_append()
+        {
+            var root = new LcrsTrie('\0', false);
+
+            root.Add("baby");
+            root.Add("bad");
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('a'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('d'));
+
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.RightSibling.Value, Is.EqualTo('b'));
+            Assert.That(root.LeftChild.LeftChild.LeftChild.RightSibling.LeftChild.Value, Is.EqualTo('y'));
+
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("baby"));
+            Assert.True(root.HasWord("bad"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`node` is read without initialization during the call to `LcrsTrie.Add(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void LcrsTrieTests.Can_serialize()
+
+### File:
+Tests/LcrsTrieTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+LcrsTrieTests.cs|Can_serialize|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+97daf74d74f0894d686dfd4b2a6acf53
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2409/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2409/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..170c3a14aeeed33c600fed1ff045e9c8642fe008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2409/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SoulsFormats
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SoulsFormats
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A general-purpose headered file container used in DS1 and DSR. Extensions: .*bhd (header) and .*bdt (data)
+    /// </summary>
+    public class BXF3 : IBinder
+    {
+        #region Public Is
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the bytes appear to be a BXF3 header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBHD(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bytes);
+            return IsBHD(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBHD(string path)
+        {
+            using (FileStream fs = System.IO.File.OpenRead(path))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, fs);
+                return IsBHD(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBDT(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bytes);
+            return IsBDT(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBDT(string path)
+        {
+            using (FileStream fs = System.IO.File.OpenRead(path))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, fs);
+                return IsBDT(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Read
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads two arrays of bytes as the BHD and BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF3 Read(byte[] bhdBytes, byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdBytes);
+            BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtBytes);
+            return new BXF3(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads an array of bytes as the BHD and a file as the BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF3 Read(byte[] bhdBytes, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdBytes);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtStream);
+                return new BXF3(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a file as the BHD and an array of bytes as the BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF3 Read(string bhdPath, byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bhdPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtBytes);
+                return new BXF3(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a file as the BHD and a file as the BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF3 Read(string bhdPath, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bhdPath))
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtStream);
+                return new BXF3(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Write
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD and BDT as two arrays of bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(out byte[] bhdBytes, out byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+            BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+            Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+            bhdBytes = bhdWriter.FinishBytes();
+            bdtBytes = bdtWriter.FinishBytes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD as an array of bytes and the BDT as a file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(out byte[] bhdBytes, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.Create(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bdtStream);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bdtWriter.Finish();
+                bhdBytes = bhdWriter.FinishBytes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD as a file and the BDT as an array of bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(string bhdPath, out byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.Create(bhdPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bhdWriter.Finish();
+                bdtBytes = bdtWriter.FinishBytes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD and BDT as two files.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(string bhdPath, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.Create(bhdPath))
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.Create(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bdtStream);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bhdWriter.Finish();
+                bdtWriter.Finish();
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The files contained within this BXF3.
+        /// </summary>
+        public List<File> Files { get; set; }
+
+        IReadOnlyList<IBinderFile> IBinder.Files => Files;
+
+        private string bhdTimestamp;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A timestamp of unknown purpose.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string BHDTimestamp
+        {
+            get { return bhdTimestamp; }
+            set
+            {
+                if (value.Length > 8)
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Timestamp may not be longer than 8 characters.");
+                bhdTimestamp = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string bdtTimestamp;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A timestamp of unknown purpose.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string BDTTimestamp
+        {
+            get { return bdtTimestamp; }
+            set
+            {
+                if (value.Length > 8)
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Timestamp may not be longer than 8 characters.");
+                bdtTimestamp = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates the format of this BXF3.
+        /// </summary>
+        public byte Format;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an empty BXF3 formatted for DS1.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BXF3()
+        {
+            Files = new List<File>();
+            BHDTimestamp = Util.UnparseBNDTimestamp(DateTime.Now);
+            BDTTimestamp = Util.UnparseBNDTimestamp(DateTime.Now);
+            Format = 0x74;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBHD(BinaryReaderEx br)
+        {
+            string magic = br.GetASCII(0, 4);
+            return magic == "BHF3";
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBDT(BinaryReaderEx br)
+        {
+            string magic = br.GetASCII(0, 4);
+            return magic == "BDF3";
+        }
+
+        private BXF3(BinaryReaderEx bhdReader, BinaryReaderEx bdtReader)
+        {
+            BHD3 bhd = new BHD3(bhdReader);
+            BHDTimestamp = bhd.Timestamp;
+            Format = bhd.Format;
+
+            bdtReader.AssertASCII("BDF3");
+            BDTTimestamp = bdtReader.ReadASCII(8).TrimEnd('\0');
+            bdtReader.AssertInt32(0);
+
+            Files = new List<File>(bhd.FileHeaders.Count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < bhd.FileHeaders.Count; i++)
+            {
+                BHD3.FileHeader fileHeader = bhd.FileHeaders[i];
+                byte[] data = bdtReader.GetBytes(fileHeader.Offset, fileHeader.Size);
+
+                Files.Add(new File(fileHeader.ID, fileHeader.Name, data));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Write(BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter, BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter)
+        {
+            bhdWriter.WriteASCII("BHF3");
+            bhdWriter.WriteASCII(BHDTimestamp.PadRight(8, '\0'));
+            bhdWriter.WriteByte(Format);
+            bhdWriter.WriteByte(0);
+            bhdWriter.WriteByte(0);
+            bhdWriter.WriteByte(0);
+            bhdWriter.BigEndian = Format == 0xE0;
+
+            bhdWriter.WriteInt32(Files.Count);
+            bhdWriter.WriteInt32(0);
+            bhdWriter.WriteInt32(0);
+            bhdWriter.WriteInt32(0);
+
+            bdtWriter.WriteASCII("BDF3");
+            bdtWriter.WriteASCII(BDTTimestamp.PadRight(8, '\0'));
+            bdtWriter.WriteInt32(0);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < Files.Count; i++)
+            {
+                File file = Files[i];
+                bhdWriter.WriteByte(0x40);
+                bhdWriter.WriteByte(0);
+                bhdWriter.WriteByte(0);
+                bhdWriter.WriteByte(0);
+
+                bhdWriter.WriteInt32(file.Bytes.Length);
+                bhdWriter.WriteInt32((int)bdtWriter.Position);
+                bhdWriter.WriteInt32(i);
+                bhdWriter.ReserveInt32($"FileName{i}");
+
+                if (Format == 0x54 || Format == 0x74)
+                    bhdWriter.WriteInt32(file.Bytes.Length);
+
+                bdtWriter.WriteBytes(file.Bytes);
+                bdtWriter.Pad(0x10);
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < Files.Count; i++)
+            {
+                File file = Files[i];
+                bhdWriter.FillInt32($"FileName{i}", (int)bhdWriter.Position);
+                bhdWriter.WriteShiftJIS(file.Name, true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class BHD3
+        {
+            public string Timestamp;
+            public List<FileHeader> FileHeaders;
+            public byte Format;
+
+            public BHD3(BinaryReaderEx br)
+            {
+                br.AssertASCII("BHF3");
+                Timestamp = br.ReadASCII(8).TrimEnd('\0');
+                Format = br.AssertByte(0x54, 0x74, 0xE0);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                br.BigEndian = Format == 0xE0;
+
+                int fileCount = br.ReadInt32();
+                br.AssertInt32(0);
+                br.AssertInt32(0);
+                br.AssertInt32(0);
+
+                FileHeaders = new List<FileHeader>(fileCount);
+                for (int i = 0; i < fileCount; i++)
+                {
+                    FileHeaders.Add(new FileHeader(br, Format));
+                }
+            }
+
+            public class FileHeader
+            {
+                public int ID;
+                public string Name;
+                public int Offset;
+                public int Size;
+
+                public FileHeader(BinaryReaderEx br, byte format)
+                {
+                    br.AssertByte(0x40);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+
+                    Size = br.ReadInt32();
+                    Offset = br.ReadInt32();
+                    ID = br.ReadInt32();
+                    int fileNameOffset = br.ReadInt32();
+
+                    // Change this if BND internal compression ever shows up in a BXF.
+                    if (format == 0x54 || format == 0x74)
+                        br.ReadInt32();
+
+                    Name = br.GetShiftJIS(fileNameOffset);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A generic file in a BXF3 container.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class File : IBinderFile
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The ID of this file, typically just its index in the file collection.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int ID { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The name of the file, typically a virtual path.
+            /// </summary>
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The raw data of the file.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte[] Bytes { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Create a new File with the specified information.
+            /// </summary>
+            public File(int id, string name, byte[] bytes)
+            {
+                ID = id;
+                Name = name;
+                Bytes = bytes;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource br.SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx.br of type System.IO.BinaryReader, Leaked resource (returned from SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx SoulsFormats.Util::GetDecompressedBR(SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx,SoulsFormats.DCX$Type&) at Line 51).SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx.br of type System.IO.BinaryReader in method "Boolean BXF3.IsBDT(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean BXF3.IsBDT(String)
+
+### File:
+SoulsFormats/Formats/BXF3.cs
+
+### Key:
+BXF3.cs|IsBDT|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4e4019cad1e1c4298305faff02ee39a1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2413/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2413/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff79c3259f27e2b16ad1d29d5cd9b2d97683b474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2413/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,769 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SoulsFormats
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SoulsFormats
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A general-purpose headered file container used in DS2, DS3, and BB. Extensions: .*bhd (header) and .*bdt (data)
+    /// </summary>
+    public class BXF4 : IBinder
+    {
+        #region Public Is
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the bytes appear to be a BXF3 header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBHD(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bytes);
+            return IsBHD(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBHD(string path)
+        {
+            using (FileStream fs = System.IO.File.OpenRead(path))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, fs);
+                return IsBHD(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBDT(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bytes);
+            return IsBDT(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBDT(string path)
+        {
+            using (FileStream fs = System.IO.File.OpenRead(path))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, fs);
+                return IsBDT(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Read
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads two arrays of bytes as the BHD and BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(byte[] bhdBytes, byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdBytes);
+            BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtBytes);
+            return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads an array of bytes as the BHD and a file as the BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(byte[] bhdBytes, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdBytes);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtStream);
+                return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a file as the BHD and an array of bytes as the BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(string bhdPath, byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bhdPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtBytes);
+                return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads two files as the BHD and BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(string bhdPath, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bhdPath))
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtStream);
+                return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Write
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD and BDT as two arrays of bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(out byte[] bhdBytes, out byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+            BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+            Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+            bhdBytes = bhdWriter.FinishBytes();
+            bdtBytes = bdtWriter.FinishBytes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD as an array of bytes and the BDT as a file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(out byte[] bhdBytes, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.Create(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bdtStream);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bdtWriter.Finish();
+                bhdBytes = bhdWriter.FinishBytes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD as a file and the BDT as an array of bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(string bhdPath, out byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.Create(bhdPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bhdWriter.Finish();
+                bdtBytes = bdtWriter.FinishBytes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD and BDT as two files.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(string bhdPath, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.Create(bhdPath))
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.Create(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bdtStream);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bhdWriter.Finish();
+                bdtWriter.Finish();
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The files contained within this BXF4.
+        /// </summary>
+        public List<File> Files;
+
+        IReadOnlyList<IBinderFile> IBinder.Files => Files;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about this BXF4's header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BHF4 BHD { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about this BXF4's data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BDF4 BDT { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an empty BXF4 formatted for DS3.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BXF4()
+        {
+            Files = new List<File>();
+            BHD = new BHF4();
+            BDT = new BDF4();
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBHD(BinaryReaderEx br)
+        {
+            string magic = br.GetASCII(0, 4);
+            return magic == "BHF4";
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBDT(BinaryReaderEx br)
+        {
+            string magic = br.GetASCII(0, 4);
+            return magic == "BDF4";
+        }
+
+        private BXF4(BinaryReaderEx bhdReader, BinaryReaderEx bdtReader)
+        {
+            BHD = new BHF4(bhdReader);
+            BDT = new BDF4(bdtReader);
+
+            Files = new List<File>(BHD.FileHeaders.Count);
+            foreach (BHF4.FileHeader fileHeader in BHD.FileHeaders)
+            {
+                Files.Add(new File(bdtReader, fileHeader));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Write(BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter, BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter)
+        {
+            BHD.Write(bhdWriter, Files);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < Files.Count; i++)
+            {
+                File file = Files[i];
+                bdtWriter.Pad(0x10);
+
+                byte[] bytes = file.Bytes;
+                if (file.Flags == 0x03 || file.Flags == 0xC0)
+                    bytes = DCX.Compress(bytes, DCX.Type.DarkSouls1);
+
+                if (BHD.Format == 0x3E)
+                    bhdWriter.FillUInt64($"FileOffset{i}", (ulong)bdtWriter.Position);
+                else
+                    bhdWriter.FillUInt32($"FileOffset{i}", (uint)bdtWriter.Position);
+
+                bhdWriter.FillInt64($"FileSize{i}", bytes.LongLength);
+                bdtWriter.WriteBytes(bytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A generic file in a BXF4 container.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class File : IBinderFile
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The name of the file, typically a virtual path.
+            /// </summary>
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Flags indicating compression (0x80) and possibly some other things.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte Flags;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The ID number of the file.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int ID { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The raw data of the file.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte[] Bytes { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new File with the specified information.
+            /// </summary>
+            public File(int id, string name, byte flags, byte[] bytes)
+            {
+                ID = id;
+                Name = name;
+                Flags = flags;
+                Bytes = bytes;
+            }
+
+            internal File(BinaryReaderEx br, BHF4.FileHeader fileHeader)
+            {
+                Name = fileHeader.Name;
+                Flags = fileHeader.Flags;
+                ID = fileHeader.ID;
+                Bytes = br.GetBytes((long)fileHeader.Offset, (int)fileHeader.CompressedSize);
+                if (Flags == 0x03 || Flags == 0xC0)
+                    Bytes = DCX.Decompress(Bytes);
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a string containing the ID and name of this file.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                return $"{ID} {Name ?? "<null>"}";
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about the header file of a BXF4.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class BHF4
+        {
+            private string timestamp;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// A timestamp of unknown purpose.
+            /// </summary>
+            public string Timestamp
+            {
+                get { return timestamp; }
+                set
+                {
+                    if (value.Length > 8)
+                        throw new ArgumentException("Timestamp may not be longer than 8 characters.");
+                    timestamp = value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Indicates the format of the BXF4.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte Format;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Unknown.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool Flag1, Flag2;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether to use big-endian byte ordering.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool BigEndian;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether to write strings in UTF-16.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool Unicode;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Indicates the presence of a filename hash table.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte Extended;
+
+            internal List<FileHeader> FileHeaders;
+
+            internal BHF4()
+            {
+                Timestamp = Util.UnparseBNDTimestamp(DateTime.Now);
+                Flag1 = false;
+                Flag2 = false;
+                Unicode = true;
+                Format = 0x74;
+                Extended = 4;
+            }
+
+            internal BHF4(BinaryReaderEx br)
+            {
+                br.AssertASCII("BHF4");
+                Flag1 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                Flag2 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                BigEndian = br.AssertInt32(0x00010000, 0x00000100) == 0x00000100;
+                br.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+
+                int fileCount = br.ReadInt32();
+                // File headers start
+                br.AssertInt64(0x40);
+                Timestamp = br.ReadASCII(8).TrimEnd('\0');
+                // File header size
+                long fileHeaderSize = br.AssertInt64(0x18, 0x24, 0x28);
+                // Would be data start in BND4
+                br.AssertInt64(0);
+
+                Unicode = br.ReadBoolean();
+                if (fileHeaderSize == 0x18)
+                    Format = br.AssertByte(0x0C, 0x30);
+                else if (fileHeaderSize == 0x24)
+                    Format = br.AssertByte(0x2E, 0x74);
+                else if (fileHeaderSize == 0x28)
+                    Format = br.AssertByte(0x3E);
+                Extended = br.AssertByte(0, 4);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+
+                br.AssertInt32(0);
+                long hashGroupsOffset = br.ReadInt64();
+
+                FileHeaders = new List<FileHeader>(fileCount);
+                for (int i = 0; i < fileCount; i++)
+                {
+                    FileHeaders.Add(new FileHeader(br, Unicode, Format));
+                }
+
+                if (Extended == 4)
+                {
+                    br.Position = hashGroupsOffset;
+                    long pathHashesOffset = br.ReadInt64();
+                    int hashGroupsCount = br.ReadInt32();
+                    // Probably 4 bytes
+                    br.AssertInt32(0x00080810);
+
+                    var hashGroups = new List<HashGroup>(hashGroupsCount);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < hashGroupsCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        hashGroups.Add(new HashGroup(br));
+                    }
+
+                    br.Position = pathHashesOffset;
+                    var pathHashes = new List<PathHash>(fileCount);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < fileCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        pathHashes.Add(new PathHash(br));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            internal void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw, List<File> files)
+            {
+                bw.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+                bw.WriteASCII("BHF4");
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag1);
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag2);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteInt32(0x10000);
+                bw.WriteInt32(files.Count);
+                bw.WriteInt64(0x40);
+                bw.WriteASCII(Timestamp.PadRight(8, '\0'));
+                if (Format == 0x0C || Format == 0x30)
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0x18);
+                else if (Format == 0x2E || Format == 0x74)
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0x24);
+                else if (Format == 0x3E)
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0x28);
+                bw.WriteInt64(0);
+
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Unicode);
+                bw.WriteByte(Format);
+                bw.WriteByte(Extended);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+
+                bw.WriteInt32(0);
+                if (Extended == 4)
+                    bw.ReserveInt64("HashGroups");
+                else
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < files.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    FileHeader.Write(bw, files[i], i, Format);
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < files.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    File file = files[i];
+                    bw.FillInt32($"FileName{i}", (int)bw.Position);
+                    if (Unicode)
+                        bw.WriteUTF16(file.Name, true);
+                    else
+                        bw.WriteShiftJIS(file.Name, true);
+                }
+
+                if (Extended == 4)
+                {
+                    uint groupCount = 0;
+                    for (uint p = (uint)files.Count / 7; p <= 100000; p++)
+                    {
+                        if (Util.IsPrime(p))
+                        {
+                            groupCount = p;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (groupCount == 0)
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Hash group count not determined in BXF4.");
+
+                    var hashLists = new List<PathHash>[groupCount];
+                    for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; i++)
+                        hashLists[i] = new List<PathHash>();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < files.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        var pathHash = new PathHash(i, files[i].Name);
+                        uint group = pathHash.Hash % groupCount;
+                        hashLists[group].Add(pathHash);
+                    }
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; i++)
+                        hashLists[i].Sort((ph1, ph2) => ph1.Hash.CompareTo(ph2.Hash));
+
+                    var hashGroups = new List<HashGroup>();
+                    var pathHashes = new List<PathHash>();
+
+                    int count = 0;
+                    foreach (List<PathHash> hashList in hashLists)
+                    {
+                        int index = count;
+                        foreach (PathHash pathHash in hashList)
+                        {
+                            pathHashes.Add(pathHash);
+                            count++;
+                        }
+
+                        hashGroups.Add(new HashGroup(index, count - index));
+                    }
+
+                    bw.Pad(0x8);
+                    bw.FillInt64("HashGroups", bw.Position);
+                    bw.ReserveInt64("PathHashes");
+                    bw.WriteUInt32(groupCount);
+                    bw.WriteInt32(0x00080810);
+
+                    foreach (HashGroup hashGroup in hashGroups)
+                        hashGroup.Write(bw);
+
+                    // No padding after section 1
+                    bw.FillInt64("PathHashes", bw.Position);
+                    foreach (PathHash pathHash in pathHashes)
+                        pathHash.Write(bw);
+                }
+            }
+
+            internal class FileHeader
+            {
+                public string Name;
+                public byte Flags;
+                public ulong Offset;
+                public long CompressedSize, UncompressedSize;
+                public int ID;
+
+                public FileHeader(BinaryReaderEx br, bool unicode, byte format)
+                {
+                    Flags = br.AssertByte(0x00, 0x02, 0x03, 0x40, 0xC0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+
+                    br.AssertInt32(-1);
+                    CompressedSize = br.ReadInt64();
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        UncompressedSize = br.ReadInt64();
+
+                    if (format == 0x3E)
+                        Offset = br.ReadUInt64();
+                    else
+                        Offset = br.ReadUInt32();
+
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        ID = br.ReadInt32();
+                    else
+                        ID = -1;
+
+                    int nameOffset = br.ReadInt32();
+                    if (unicode)
+                        Name = br.GetUTF16(nameOffset);
+                    else
+                        Name = br.GetShiftJIS(nameOffset);
+                }
+
+                public static void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw, File file, int index, byte format)
+                {
+                    bw.WriteByte(file.Flags);
+                    bw.WriteByte(0);
+                    bw.WriteByte(0);
+                    bw.WriteByte(0);
+
+                    bw.WriteInt32(-1);
+                    bw.ReserveInt64($"FileSize{index}");
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        bw.WriteInt64(file.Bytes.LongLength);
+
+                    if (format == 0x3E)
+                        bw.ReserveUInt64($"FileOffset{index}");
+                    else
+                        bw.ReserveUInt32($"FileOffset{index}");
+
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        bw.WriteInt32(file.ID);
+
+                    bw.ReserveInt32($"FileName{index}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            private class PathHash
+            {
+                public int Index;
+                public uint Hash;
+
+                public PathHash(BinaryReaderEx br)
+                {
+                    Hash = br.ReadUInt32();
+                    Index = br.ReadInt32();
+                }
+
+                public PathHash(int index, string path)
+                {
+                    Index = index;
+                    Hash = Util.FromPathHash(path);
+                }
+
+                public void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw)
+                {
+                    bw.WriteUInt32(Hash);
+                    bw.WriteInt32(Index);
+                }
+            }
+
+            private class HashGroup
+            {
+                public int Index, Length;
+
+                public HashGroup(BinaryReaderEx br)
+                {
+                    Length = br.ReadInt32();
+                    Index = br.ReadInt32();
+                }
+
+                public HashGroup(int index, int length)
+                {
+                    Index = index;
+                    Length = length;
+                }
+
+                public void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw)
+                {
+                    bw.WriteInt32(Length);
+                    bw.WriteInt32(Index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about the data file of a BXF4.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class BDF4
+        {
+            private string timestamp;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// A timestamp of unknown purpose.
+            /// </summary>
+            public string Timestamp
+            {
+                get { return timestamp; }
+                set
+                {
+                    if (value.Length > 8)
+                        throw new ArgumentException("Timestamp may not be longer than 8 characters.");
+                    timestamp = value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Unknown.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool Flag1, Flag2;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether to use big-endian byte ordering.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool BigEndian;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Unknown; usually 0x30.
+            /// </summary>
+            public long Unk1;
+
+            internal BDF4()
+            {
+                Timestamp = Util.UnparseBNDTimestamp(DateTime.Now);
+                Flag1 = false;
+                Flag2 = false;
+                BigEndian = false;
+                Unk1 = 0x30;
+            }
+
+            internal BDF4(BinaryReaderEx br)
+            {
+                br.AssertASCII("BDF4");
+                Flag1 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                Flag2 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                BigEndian = br.AssertInt32(0x00010000, 0x00000100) == 0x00000100;
+                br.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+
+                br.AssertInt32(0);
+                // I thought this was data start, but it's 0x40 in ds2 network test gamedata.bdt, so I don't know
+                Unk1 = br.AssertInt64(0x30, 0x40);
+                Timestamp = br.ReadASCII(8).TrimEnd('\0');
+                br.AssertInt64(0);
+                br.AssertInt64(0);
+            }
+
+            internal void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw)
+            {
+                bw.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+                bw.WriteASCII("BDF4");
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag1);
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag2);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteInt32(0x10000);
+                bw.WriteInt32(0);
+                bw.WriteInt64(Unk1);
+                bw.WriteASCII(Timestamp.PadRight(8, '\0'));
+                bw.WriteInt64(0);
+                bw.WriteInt64(0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource br.SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx.br of type System.IO.BinaryReader, Leaked resource (returned from SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx SoulsFormats.Util::GetDecompressedBR(SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx,SoulsFormats.DCX$Type&) at Line 40).SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx.br of type System.IO.BinaryReader in method "Boolean BXF4.IsBDT(Byte[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean BXF4.IsBDT(Byte[])
+
+### File:
+SoulsFormats/Formats/BXF4.cs
+
+### Key:
+BXF4.cs|IsBDT|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+cf1e26258395f74afe825aa4dcec289c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2414/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2414/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0980eb1394a0f47ba7b74c76a9c9b0e1558cc2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2414/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,769 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SoulsFormats
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SoulsFormats
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A general-purpose headered file container used in DS2, DS3, and BB. Extensions: .*bhd (header) and .*bdt (data)
+    /// </summary>
+    public class BXF4 : IBinder
+    {
+        #region Public Is
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the bytes appear to be a BXF3 header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBHD(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bytes);
+            return IsBHD(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBHD(string path)
+        {
+            using (FileStream fs = System.IO.File.OpenRead(path))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, fs);
+                return IsBHD(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBDT(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bytes);
+            return IsBDT(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if the file appears to be a BXF3 data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsBDT(string path)
+        {
+            using (FileStream fs = System.IO.File.OpenRead(path))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx br = new BinaryReaderEx(false, fs);
+                return IsBDT(Util.GetDecompressedBR(br, out _));
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Read
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads two arrays of bytes as the BHD and BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(byte[] bhdBytes, byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdBytes);
+            BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtBytes);
+            return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads an array of bytes as the BHD and a file as the BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(byte[] bhdBytes, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdBytes);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtStream);
+                return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads a file as the BHD and an array of bytes as the BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(string bhdPath, byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bhdPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtBytes);
+                return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads two files as the BHD and BDT.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static BXF4 Read(string bhdPath, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bhdPath))
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.OpenRead(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryReaderEx bhdReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryReaderEx bdtReader = new BinaryReaderEx(false, bdtStream);
+                return new BXF4(bhdReader, bdtReader);
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Public Write
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD and BDT as two arrays of bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(out byte[] bhdBytes, out byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+            BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+            Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+            bhdBytes = bhdWriter.FinishBytes();
+            bdtBytes = bdtWriter.FinishBytes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD as an array of bytes and the BDT as a file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(out byte[] bhdBytes, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.Create(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bdtStream);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bdtWriter.Finish();
+                bhdBytes = bhdWriter.FinishBytes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD as a file and the BDT as an array of bytes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(string bhdPath, out byte[] bdtBytes)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.Create(bhdPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bhdWriter.Finish();
+                bdtBytes = bdtWriter.FinishBytes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes the BHD and BDT as two files.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(string bhdPath, string bdtPath)
+        {
+            using (FileStream bhdStream = System.IO.File.Create(bhdPath))
+            using (FileStream bdtStream = System.IO.File.Create(bdtPath))
+            {
+                BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bhdStream);
+                BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter = new BinaryWriterEx(false, bdtStream);
+                Write(bhdWriter, bdtWriter);
+                bhdWriter.Finish();
+                bdtWriter.Finish();
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The files contained within this BXF4.
+        /// </summary>
+        public List<File> Files;
+
+        IReadOnlyList<IBinderFile> IBinder.Files => Files;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about this BXF4's header file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BHF4 BHD { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about this BXF4's data file.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BDF4 BDT { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates an empty BXF4 formatted for DS3.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BXF4()
+        {
+            Files = new List<File>();
+            BHD = new BHF4();
+            BDT = new BDF4();
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBHD(BinaryReaderEx br)
+        {
+            string magic = br.GetASCII(0, 4);
+            return magic == "BHF4";
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBDT(BinaryReaderEx br)
+        {
+            string magic = br.GetASCII(0, 4);
+            return magic == "BDF4";
+        }
+
+        private BXF4(BinaryReaderEx bhdReader, BinaryReaderEx bdtReader)
+        {
+            BHD = new BHF4(bhdReader);
+            BDT = new BDF4(bdtReader);
+
+            Files = new List<File>(BHD.FileHeaders.Count);
+            foreach (BHF4.FileHeader fileHeader in BHD.FileHeaders)
+            {
+                Files.Add(new File(bdtReader, fileHeader));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Write(BinaryWriterEx bhdWriter, BinaryWriterEx bdtWriter)
+        {
+            BHD.Write(bhdWriter, Files);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < Files.Count; i++)
+            {
+                File file = Files[i];
+                bdtWriter.Pad(0x10);
+
+                byte[] bytes = file.Bytes;
+                if (file.Flags == 0x03 || file.Flags == 0xC0)
+                    bytes = DCX.Compress(bytes, DCX.Type.DarkSouls1);
+
+                if (BHD.Format == 0x3E)
+                    bhdWriter.FillUInt64($"FileOffset{i}", (ulong)bdtWriter.Position);
+                else
+                    bhdWriter.FillUInt32($"FileOffset{i}", (uint)bdtWriter.Position);
+
+                bhdWriter.FillInt64($"FileSize{i}", bytes.LongLength);
+                bdtWriter.WriteBytes(bytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A generic file in a BXF4 container.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class File : IBinderFile
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The name of the file, typically a virtual path.
+            /// </summary>
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Flags indicating compression (0x80) and possibly some other things.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte Flags;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The ID number of the file.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int ID { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The raw data of the file.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte[] Bytes { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new File with the specified information.
+            /// </summary>
+            public File(int id, string name, byte flags, byte[] bytes)
+            {
+                ID = id;
+                Name = name;
+                Flags = flags;
+                Bytes = bytes;
+            }
+
+            internal File(BinaryReaderEx br, BHF4.FileHeader fileHeader)
+            {
+                Name = fileHeader.Name;
+                Flags = fileHeader.Flags;
+                ID = fileHeader.ID;
+                Bytes = br.GetBytes((long)fileHeader.Offset, (int)fileHeader.CompressedSize);
+                if (Flags == 0x03 || Flags == 0xC0)
+                    Bytes = DCX.Decompress(Bytes);
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a string containing the ID and name of this file.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                return $"{ID} {Name ?? "<null>"}";
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about the header file of a BXF4.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class BHF4
+        {
+            private string timestamp;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// A timestamp of unknown purpose.
+            /// </summary>
+            public string Timestamp
+            {
+                get { return timestamp; }
+                set
+                {
+                    if (value.Length > 8)
+                        throw new ArgumentException("Timestamp may not be longer than 8 characters.");
+                    timestamp = value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Indicates the format of the BXF4.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte Format;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Unknown.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool Flag1, Flag2;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether to use big-endian byte ordering.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool BigEndian;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether to write strings in UTF-16.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool Unicode;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Indicates the presence of a filename hash table.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte Extended;
+
+            internal List<FileHeader> FileHeaders;
+
+            internal BHF4()
+            {
+                Timestamp = Util.UnparseBNDTimestamp(DateTime.Now);
+                Flag1 = false;
+                Flag2 = false;
+                Unicode = true;
+                Format = 0x74;
+                Extended = 4;
+            }
+
+            internal BHF4(BinaryReaderEx br)
+            {
+                br.AssertASCII("BHF4");
+                Flag1 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                Flag2 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                BigEndian = br.AssertInt32(0x00010000, 0x00000100) == 0x00000100;
+                br.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+
+                int fileCount = br.ReadInt32();
+                // File headers start
+                br.AssertInt64(0x40);
+                Timestamp = br.ReadASCII(8).TrimEnd('\0');
+                // File header size
+                long fileHeaderSize = br.AssertInt64(0x18, 0x24, 0x28);
+                // Would be data start in BND4
+                br.AssertInt64(0);
+
+                Unicode = br.ReadBoolean();
+                if (fileHeaderSize == 0x18)
+                    Format = br.AssertByte(0x0C, 0x30);
+                else if (fileHeaderSize == 0x24)
+                    Format = br.AssertByte(0x2E, 0x74);
+                else if (fileHeaderSize == 0x28)
+                    Format = br.AssertByte(0x3E);
+                Extended = br.AssertByte(0, 4);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+
+                br.AssertInt32(0);
+                long hashGroupsOffset = br.ReadInt64();
+
+                FileHeaders = new List<FileHeader>(fileCount);
+                for (int i = 0; i < fileCount; i++)
+                {
+                    FileHeaders.Add(new FileHeader(br, Unicode, Format));
+                }
+
+                if (Extended == 4)
+                {
+                    br.Position = hashGroupsOffset;
+                    long pathHashesOffset = br.ReadInt64();
+                    int hashGroupsCount = br.ReadInt32();
+                    // Probably 4 bytes
+                    br.AssertInt32(0x00080810);
+
+                    var hashGroups = new List<HashGroup>(hashGroupsCount);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < hashGroupsCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        hashGroups.Add(new HashGroup(br));
+                    }
+
+                    br.Position = pathHashesOffset;
+                    var pathHashes = new List<PathHash>(fileCount);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < fileCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        pathHashes.Add(new PathHash(br));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            internal void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw, List<File> files)
+            {
+                bw.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+                bw.WriteASCII("BHF4");
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag1);
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag2);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteInt32(0x10000);
+                bw.WriteInt32(files.Count);
+                bw.WriteInt64(0x40);
+                bw.WriteASCII(Timestamp.PadRight(8, '\0'));
+                if (Format == 0x0C || Format == 0x30)
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0x18);
+                else if (Format == 0x2E || Format == 0x74)
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0x24);
+                else if (Format == 0x3E)
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0x28);
+                bw.WriteInt64(0);
+
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Unicode);
+                bw.WriteByte(Format);
+                bw.WriteByte(Extended);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+
+                bw.WriteInt32(0);
+                if (Extended == 4)
+                    bw.ReserveInt64("HashGroups");
+                else
+                    bw.WriteInt64(0);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < files.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    FileHeader.Write(bw, files[i], i, Format);
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < files.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    File file = files[i];
+                    bw.FillInt32($"FileName{i}", (int)bw.Position);
+                    if (Unicode)
+                        bw.WriteUTF16(file.Name, true);
+                    else
+                        bw.WriteShiftJIS(file.Name, true);
+                }
+
+                if (Extended == 4)
+                {
+                    uint groupCount = 0;
+                    for (uint p = (uint)files.Count / 7; p <= 100000; p++)
+                    {
+                        if (Util.IsPrime(p))
+                        {
+                            groupCount = p;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (groupCount == 0)
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Hash group count not determined in BXF4.");
+
+                    var hashLists = new List<PathHash>[groupCount];
+                    for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; i++)
+                        hashLists[i] = new List<PathHash>();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < files.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        var pathHash = new PathHash(i, files[i].Name);
+                        uint group = pathHash.Hash % groupCount;
+                        hashLists[group].Add(pathHash);
+                    }
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; i++)
+                        hashLists[i].Sort((ph1, ph2) => ph1.Hash.CompareTo(ph2.Hash));
+
+                    var hashGroups = new List<HashGroup>();
+                    var pathHashes = new List<PathHash>();
+
+                    int count = 0;
+                    foreach (List<PathHash> hashList in hashLists)
+                    {
+                        int index = count;
+                        foreach (PathHash pathHash in hashList)
+                        {
+                            pathHashes.Add(pathHash);
+                            count++;
+                        }
+
+                        hashGroups.Add(new HashGroup(index, count - index));
+                    }
+
+                    bw.Pad(0x8);
+                    bw.FillInt64("HashGroups", bw.Position);
+                    bw.ReserveInt64("PathHashes");
+                    bw.WriteUInt32(groupCount);
+                    bw.WriteInt32(0x00080810);
+
+                    foreach (HashGroup hashGroup in hashGroups)
+                        hashGroup.Write(bw);
+
+                    // No padding after section 1
+                    bw.FillInt64("PathHashes", bw.Position);
+                    foreach (PathHash pathHash in pathHashes)
+                        pathHash.Write(bw);
+                }
+            }
+
+            internal class FileHeader
+            {
+                public string Name;
+                public byte Flags;
+                public ulong Offset;
+                public long CompressedSize, UncompressedSize;
+                public int ID;
+
+                public FileHeader(BinaryReaderEx br, bool unicode, byte format)
+                {
+                    Flags = br.AssertByte(0x00, 0x02, 0x03, 0x40, 0xC0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+                    br.AssertByte(0);
+
+                    br.AssertInt32(-1);
+                    CompressedSize = br.ReadInt64();
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        UncompressedSize = br.ReadInt64();
+
+                    if (format == 0x3E)
+                        Offset = br.ReadUInt64();
+                    else
+                        Offset = br.ReadUInt32();
+
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        ID = br.ReadInt32();
+                    else
+                        ID = -1;
+
+                    int nameOffset = br.ReadInt32();
+                    if (unicode)
+                        Name = br.GetUTF16(nameOffset);
+                    else
+                        Name = br.GetShiftJIS(nameOffset);
+                }
+
+                public static void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw, File file, int index, byte format)
+                {
+                    bw.WriteByte(file.Flags);
+                    bw.WriteByte(0);
+                    bw.WriteByte(0);
+                    bw.WriteByte(0);
+
+                    bw.WriteInt32(-1);
+                    bw.ReserveInt64($"FileSize{index}");
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        bw.WriteInt64(file.Bytes.LongLength);
+
+                    if (format == 0x3E)
+                        bw.ReserveUInt64($"FileOffset{index}");
+                    else
+                        bw.ReserveUInt32($"FileOffset{index}");
+
+                    if (format == 0x2E || format == 0x3E || format == 0x74)
+                        bw.WriteInt32(file.ID);
+
+                    bw.ReserveInt32($"FileName{index}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            private class PathHash
+            {
+                public int Index;
+                public uint Hash;
+
+                public PathHash(BinaryReaderEx br)
+                {
+                    Hash = br.ReadUInt32();
+                    Index = br.ReadInt32();
+                }
+
+                public PathHash(int index, string path)
+                {
+                    Index = index;
+                    Hash = Util.FromPathHash(path);
+                }
+
+                public void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw)
+                {
+                    bw.WriteUInt32(Hash);
+                    bw.WriteInt32(Index);
+                }
+            }
+
+            private class HashGroup
+            {
+                public int Index, Length;
+
+                public HashGroup(BinaryReaderEx br)
+                {
+                    Length = br.ReadInt32();
+                    Index = br.ReadInt32();
+                }
+
+                public HashGroup(int index, int length)
+                {
+                    Index = index;
+                    Length = length;
+                }
+
+                public void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw)
+                {
+                    bw.WriteInt32(Length);
+                    bw.WriteInt32(Index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Information about the data file of a BXF4.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class BDF4
+        {
+            private string timestamp;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// A timestamp of unknown purpose.
+            /// </summary>
+            public string Timestamp
+            {
+                get { return timestamp; }
+                set
+                {
+                    if (value.Length > 8)
+                        throw new ArgumentException("Timestamp may not be longer than 8 characters.");
+                    timestamp = value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Unknown.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool Flag1, Flag2;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether to use big-endian byte ordering.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool BigEndian;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Unknown; usually 0x30.
+            /// </summary>
+            public long Unk1;
+
+            internal BDF4()
+            {
+                Timestamp = Util.UnparseBNDTimestamp(DateTime.Now);
+                Flag1 = false;
+                Flag2 = false;
+                BigEndian = false;
+                Unk1 = 0x30;
+            }
+
+            internal BDF4(BinaryReaderEx br)
+            {
+                br.AssertASCII("BDF4");
+                Flag1 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                Flag2 = br.ReadBoolean();
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                br.AssertByte(0);
+                BigEndian = br.AssertInt32(0x00010000, 0x00000100) == 0x00000100;
+                br.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+
+                br.AssertInt32(0);
+                // I thought this was data start, but it's 0x40 in ds2 network test gamedata.bdt, so I don't know
+                Unk1 = br.AssertInt64(0x30, 0x40);
+                Timestamp = br.ReadASCII(8).TrimEnd('\0');
+                br.AssertInt64(0);
+                br.AssertInt64(0);
+            }
+
+            internal void Write(BinaryWriterEx bw)
+            {
+                bw.BigEndian = BigEndian;
+                bw.WriteASCII("BDF4");
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag1);
+                bw.WriteBoolean(Flag2);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteByte(0);
+                bw.WriteInt32(0x10000);
+                bw.WriteInt32(0);
+                bw.WriteInt64(Unk1);
+                bw.WriteASCII(Timestamp.PadRight(8, '\0'));
+                bw.WriteInt64(0);
+                bw.WriteInt64(0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource br.SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx.br of type System.IO.BinaryReader, Leaked resource (returned from SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx SoulsFormats.Util::GetDecompressedBR(SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx,SoulsFormats.DCX$Type&) at Line 51).SoulsFormats.BinaryReaderEx.br of type System.IO.BinaryReader in method "Boolean BXF4.IsBDT(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean BXF4.IsBDT(String)
+
+### File:
+SoulsFormats/Formats/BXF4.cs
+
+### Key:
+BXF4.cs|IsBDT|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+23967f0255b13cc4032623a93de6492d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2422/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2422/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aaafef2b9a88e30a80122f455bc0b91f5d620a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2422/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DeBroglie
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using DeBroglie.Constraints;
+using DeBroglie.Models;
+using DeBroglie.Topo;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace DeBroglie.Test.Constraints
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    class EdgedPathConstraintTest
+    {
+
+        // Test cloned from PathConstraintTest
+        // EdgedPath should behave identically if set up correctly.
+        [Test]
+        public void TestEdgedPathConstraint()
+        {
+            var a = new int[,]{
+                 {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0},
+                 {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0},
+                 {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0},
+                 {1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0},
+                 {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+                 {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+            };
+
+            var allDirections = DirectionSet.Cartesian2d.ToHashSet();
+
+            var exits = new Dictionary<Tile, ISet<Direction>>()
+            {
+                { new Tile(1), allDirections },
+            };
+
+            var seed = Environment.TickCount;
+            var r = new Random(seed);
+            Console.WriteLine("Seed {0}", seed);
+
+            var model = OverlappingModel.Create(a, 3, false, 8);
+            var propagator = new TilePropagator(model, new GridTopology(10, 10, false), new TilePropagatorOptions
+            {
+                BackTrackDepth = -1,
+                Constraints = new[] {
+                    new EdgedPathConstraint(exits, new []{new Point(0,0), new Point(9, 9) })
+                },
+                RandomDouble = r.NextDouble
+            });
+            var status = propagator.Run();
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Decided, status);
+            var result = propagator.ToValueArray<int>().ToArray2d();
+            // Write out result for debugging
+            for (var y = 0; y < 10; y++)
+            {
+                for (var x = 0; x < 10; x++)
+                {
+                    Console.Write(result[x, y]);
+                }
+                Console.WriteLine();
+            }
+            // Simple flood fill algorithm to determine we have in fact got a path
+            var stack = new Stack<ValueTuple<int, int>>();
+            var visited = new bool[10, 10];
+            stack.Push((0, 0));
+            while (stack.TryPop(out var current))
+            {
+                var (x, y) = current;
+                if (x < 0 || x >= 10 || y < 0 || y >= 10)
+                    continue;
+                if (visited[x, y])
+                    continue;
+                visited[x, y] = true;
+                if (result[x, y] == 1)
+                {
+                    if (x == 9 && y == 9)
+                        return;
+                    stack.Push((x + 1, y));
+                    stack.Push((x - 1, y));
+                    stack.Push((x, y + 1));
+                    stack.Push((x, y - 1));
+                }
+            }
+            Assert.Fail();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestPathPickHeuristic()
+        {
+            var topology = new GridTopology(15, 15, false);
+
+            var model = new AdjacentModel(DirectionSet.Cartesian2d);
+
+            var empty = new Tile(" ");
+            var straight1 = new Tile("║");
+            var straight2 = new Tile("═");
+            var corner1 = new Tile("╚");
+            var corner2 = new Tile("╔");
+            var corner3 = new Tile("╗");
+            var corner4 = new Tile("╝");
+            var fork1 = new Tile("╠");
+            var fork2 = new Tile("╦");
+            var fork3 = new Tile("╣");
+            var fork4 = new Tile("╩");
+
+            model.AddAdjacency(
+                new[] { empty, straight1, corner3, corner4, fork3 },
+                new[] { empty, straight1, corner1, corner2, fork1 },
+                Direction.XPlus);
+
+            model.AddAdjacency(
+                new[] { straight2, corner1, corner2, fork1, fork2, fork4 },
+                new[] { straight2, corner3, corner4, fork2, fork3, fork4 },
+                Direction.XPlus);
+
+            model.AddAdjacency(
+                new[] { empty, straight2, corner1, corner4, fork4 },
+                new[] { empty, straight2, corner2, corner3, fork2 },
+                Direction.YPlus);
+
+            model.AddAdjacency(
+                new[] { straight1, corner2, corner3, fork1, fork2, fork3 },
+                new[] { straight1, corner1, corner4, fork1, fork3, fork4 },
+                Direction.YPlus);
+
+            model.SetUniformFrequency();
+
+            var exits = new Dictionary<Tile, ISet<Direction>>
+            {
+                {straight1, new []{Direction.YMinus, Direction.YPlus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {straight2, new []{Direction.XMinus, Direction.XPlus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {corner1, new []{Direction.YMinus, Direction.XPlus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {corner2, new []{Direction.YPlus, Direction.XPlus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {corner3, new []{Direction.YPlus, Direction.XMinus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {corner4, new []{Direction.YMinus, Direction.XMinus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {fork1, new []{ Direction.YMinus, Direction.XPlus, Direction.YPlus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {fork2, new []{ Direction.XPlus, Direction.YPlus, Direction.XMinus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {fork3, new []{ Direction.YPlus, Direction.XMinus, Direction.YMinus}.ToHashSet() },
+                {fork4, new []{ Direction.XMinus, Direction.YMinus, Direction.XPlus}.ToHashSet() },
+            };
+
+            var pathConstraint = new EdgedPathConstraint(exits)
+            {
+                UsePickHeuristic = true
+            };
+
+            var propagator = new TilePropagator(model, topology, new TilePropagatorOptions
+            {
+                BackTrackDepth = -1,
+                Constraints = new[] { pathConstraint },
+            });
+
+            propagator.Run();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(propagator.Status, Resolution.Decided);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestDirectionality()
+        {
+            var model = new AdjacentModel(DirectionSet.Cartesian2d);
+            model.AddAdjacency(new Tile(1), new Tile(2), 1, 0, 0);
+            model.SetUniformFrequency();
+
+            var topology = new GridTopology(2, 1, false);
+
+            var up = Direction.YPlus;
+            var down = Direction.YMinus;
+
+            var edgedPathConstraint = new EdgedPathConstraint(
+                new Dictionary<Tile, ISet<Direction>>()
+                {
+                   { new Tile(1), new[]{ up, down }.ToHashSet() },
+                   { new Tile(2), new[]{ up, down }.ToHashSet() },
+                }
+                );
+
+            var propagator = new TilePropagator(model, topology, constraints: new[] { edgedPathConstraint });
+
+            propagator.Run();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Contradiction, propagator.Status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestDirectionality2()
+        {
+            var model = new AdjacentModel(DirectionSet.Cartesian2d);
+            model.AddAdjacency(new Tile(1), new Tile(2), 1, 0, 0);
+            model.SetUniformFrequency();
+
+            var topology = new GridTopology(2, 1, false);
+
+            var left = Direction.XMinus;
+            var right = Direction.XPlus;
+
+            var edgedPathConstraint = new EdgedPathConstraint(
+                new Dictionary<Tile, ISet<Direction>>()
+                {
+                   { new Tile(1), new[]{ left, right }.ToHashSet() },
+                   { new Tile(2), new[]{ left, right }.ToHashSet() },
+                }
+                );
+
+            var propagator = new TilePropagator(model, topology, constraints: new[] { edgedPathConstraint });
+
+            propagator.Run();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`index` is read without initialization during the call to `TilePropagator.Run()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void EdgedPathConstraintTest.TestDirectionality2()
+
+### File:
+DeBroglie.Test/Constraints/EdgedPathConstraintTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+EdgedPathConstraintTest.cs|TestDirectionality2|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+3c80fe04f7158248faffdfd1ff9948ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2423/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2423/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71997b34be363fc611c16f1101a54c76c6c3a10f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2423/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DeBroglie
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using DeBroglie.Constraints;
+using DeBroglie.Models;
+using DeBroglie.Topo;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace DeBroglie.Test.Constraints
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class SeparationConstraintTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSeparationConstraint()
+        {
+            var model = new AdjacentModel(DirectionSet.Cartesian2d);
+            var tile1 = new Tile(1);
+            var tile2 = new Tile(2);
+            var tiles = new[] { tile1, tile2 };
+            model.AddAdjacency(tiles, tiles, Direction.XPlus);
+            model.AddAdjacency(tiles, tiles, Direction.YPlus);
+            model.SetUniformFrequency();
+
+            var separationConstraint = new SeparationConstraint
+            {
+                Tiles = new[] { tile1 }.ToHashSet(),
+                MinDistance = 3,
+            };
+
+            var countConstraint = new CountConstraint
+            {
+                Tiles = new[] { tile1 }.ToHashSet(),
+                Count = 2,
+                Comparison = CountComparison.Exactly,
+            };
+
+            var topology = new GridTopology(4, 1, false);
+
+            var options = new TilePropagatorOptions
+            {
+                Constraints = new ITileConstraint[] { separationConstraint, countConstraint },
+                BackTrackDepth = -1,
+            };
+            var propagator = new TilePropagator(model, topology, options);
+
+            propagator.Run();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Decided, propagator.Status);
+
+            var r = propagator.ToArray();
+
+            // Only possible solution given the constraints
+            Assert.AreEqual(tile1, r.Get(0));
+            Assert.AreEqual(tile2, r.Get(1));
+            Assert.AreEqual(tile2, r.Get(2));
+            Assert.AreEqual(tile1, r.Get(3));
+
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`index` is read without initialization during the call to `TilePropagator.Run()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SeparationConstraintTest.TestSeparationConstraint()
+
+### File:
+DeBroglie.Test/Constraints/SeparationConstraintTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+SeparationConstraintTest.cs|TestSeparationConstraint|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+3e1b6b3ee98f107d4ec0143ea413c0f9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2431/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2431/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4edef410319eb2cf9a5c30e5835aa83b2057f536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2431/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DeBroglie
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using DeBroglie.Topo;
+using DeBroglie.Wfc;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace DeBroglie.Test
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class WavePropagatorTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void TestChessboard()
+        {
+            var model = new PatternModel
+            {
+                Frequencies = new double[] { 1, 1 },
+                Propagator = new int[][][]
+                {
+                    new int[][]{ new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, },
+                    new int[][]{ new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, },
+                }
+            };
+            var width = 10;
+            var height = 10;
+            var topology = new Topology(width, height, true);
+            var propagator = new WavePropagator(model, topology);
+            var status = propagator.Run();
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Decided, status);
+            var a = propagator.ToTopoArray().ToArray2d();
+            var topLeft = a[0, 0];
+            for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
+            {
+                for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
+                {
+                    Assert.IsTrue((a[x, y] == topLeft) ^ (x % 2 == 0) ^ (y % 2 == 0));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Should be impossible with an odd sized region
+            topology = new Topology(width + 1, height + 1, true);
+            propagator = new WavePropagator(model, topology);
+            status = propagator.Run();
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Contradiction, status);
+
+            // Should be possible with an odd sized region, if we have the right mask
+            var mask = new bool[(width + 1) * (height + 1)];
+            for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
+            {
+                for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
+                {
+                    mask[x + y * (width + 1)] = true;
+                }
+            }
+            topology = new Topology(width + 1, height + 1, true).WithMask(mask);
+            propagator = new WavePropagator(model, topology);
+            status = propagator.Run();
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Decided, status);
+
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestChessboard3d()
+        {
+            var model = new PatternModel
+            {
+                Frequencies = new double[] { 1, 1 },
+                Propagator = new int[][][]
+                {
+                    new int[][]{ new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, new int[] { 1 }, },
+                    new int[][]{ new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, new int[] { 0 }, },
+                }
+            };
+            var width = 4;
+            var height = 4;
+            var depth = 4;
+            var topology = new Topology(width, height, depth, true);
+            var propagator = new WavePropagator(model, topology);
+            var status = propagator.Run();
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Decided, status);
+            var a = propagator.ToTopoArray();
+            var topLeft = a.Get(0, 0, 0);
+            for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
+            {
+                for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
+                {
+                    for (var z = 0; z < depth; z++)
+                    {
+                        Assert.IsFalse((a.Get(x, y, z) == topLeft) ^ (x % 2 == 0) ^ (y % 2 == 0) ^ (z % 2 == 0));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Should be impossible with an odd sized region
+            topology = new Topology(width + 1, height + 1, depth + 1, true);
+            propagator = new WavePropagator(model, topology);
+            status = propagator.Run();
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Contradiction, status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestBacktracking()
+        {
+            // Reproduces the wang tiles found at
+            // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_tile
+            // They only have aperiodic tiling, so they are a hard set to put down.
+            // Clockwise from top
+            var tileBorders = new[] 
+            {
+                "rrrg",
+                "brbg",
+                "rggg",
+                "wbrb",
+                "bbwb",
+                "wwrw",
+                "rgbw",
+                "bwbr",
+                "brwr",
+                "ggbr",
+                "rwrg",
+            };
+            var propagator = tileBorders.Select(tile1 =>
+
+                tile1.Select((c, i) =>
+                {
+                    var d = new[] { 3, 0, 2, 1 }[i];
+                    var o = (i + 2) % 4;
+                    return Tuple.Create(d, tileBorders
+                        .Select((tile2, i2) => Tuple.Create(tile2, i2))
+                        .Where(t => t.Item1[o] == c)
+                        .Select(t => t.Item2)
+                        .ToArray());
+                })
+                .OrderBy(x => x.Item1)
+                .Select(x => x.Item2)
+                .ToArray()
+            ).ToArray();
+
+            var model = new PatternModel
+            {
+                Frequencies = tileBorders.Select(x=>1.0).ToArray(),
+                Propagator = propagator,
+            };
+            var topology = new Topology(10, 10, false);
+
+            var seed = Environment.TickCount;
+            var r = new Random(seed);
+            Console.WriteLine("Seed {0}", seed);
+
+            var wavePropagator = new WavePropagator(model, topology, 10, randomDouble: r.NextDouble);
+
+            var status = wavePropagator.Run();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(Resolution.Decided, status);
+
+            Console.WriteLine($"Backtrack Count {wavePropagator.BacktrackCount}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`index` is read without initialization during the call to `WavePropagator.Run()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WavePropagatorTest.TestChessboard()
+
+### File:
+DeBroglie.Test/WavePropagatorTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+WavePropagatorTest.cs|TestChessboard|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+2d2276c0455f89902b97cb2fb9b85c5a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2438/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2438/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7690df48bc211370d4c891ee145b03c1c5cf02c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2438/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nustache
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Xml;
+
+namespace Nustache.Core
+{
+    public abstract class ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        // jon_wingfield: this is still problematic for me. target will be null when compiling, which
+        // really is a POLA violation when you're coding for non-compiled templates.  Feedback/suggestions welcome.
+        /// <param name="target">Can be null if we're compiling.</param>
+        public abstract ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name);
+
+        protected const BindingFlags DefaultBindingFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.IgnoreCase;
+        protected const StringComparison DefaultNameComparison = StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+    }
+
+    public class ValueGetterFactoryCollection : Collection<ValueGetterFactory>
+    {
+        protected override void InsertItem(int index, ValueGetterFactory item)
+        {
+            if (item == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("item");
+            }
+
+            base.InsertItem(index, item);
+        }
+
+        protected override void SetItem(int index, ValueGetterFactory item)
+        {
+            if (item == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("item");
+            }
+
+            base.SetItem(index, item);
+        }
+
+        public ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, string name)
+        {
+            return GetValueGetterOrDefault(Items, target, name) ?? new NoValueGetter();
+        }
+
+        public ValueGetter GetCompiledGetter(Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            foreach (var factory in Items)
+            {
+                var getter = factory.GetValueGetter(null, targetType, name);
+                if (getter != null)
+                {
+                    return getter;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        private static ValueGetter GetValueGetterOrDefault(IEnumerable<ValueGetterFactory> factories, object target, string name)
+        {
+            foreach (var factory in factories)
+            {
+                var getter = factory.GetValueGetter(target, target.GetType(), name);
+                if (getter != null)
+                {
+                    return getter;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class ValueGetterFactories
+    {
+        private static readonly ValueGetterFactoryCollection _factories = new ValueGetterFactoryCollection
+        {
+            new XmlNodeValueGetterFactory(),
+            new PropertyDescriptorValueGetterFactory(),
+            new GenericDictionaryValueGetterFactory(),
+            new DictionaryValueGetterFactory(),
+            new MethodInfoValueGatterFactory(),
+            new PropertyInfoValueGetterFactory(),
+            new FieldInfoValueGetterFactory(),
+            new ListValueByIndexGetterFactory()
+        };
+
+        public static ValueGetterFactoryCollection Factories
+        {
+            get { return _factories; }
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class XmlNodeValueGetterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            if (target is XmlNode)
+            {
+                return new XmlNodeValueGetter((XmlNode)target, name);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class PropertyDescriptorValueGetterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            if (target is ICustomTypeDescriptor)
+            {
+                var typeDescriptor = (ICustomTypeDescriptor)target;
+                PropertyDescriptorCollection properties = typeDescriptor.GetProperties();
+
+                foreach (PropertyDescriptor property in properties)
+                {
+                    if (String.Equals(property.Name, name, DefaultNameComparison))
+                    {
+                        return new PropertyDescriptorValueGetter(target, property);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class MethodInfoValueGatterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            MemberInfo[] methods = targetType.GetMember(name, MemberTypes.Method, DefaultBindingFlags);
+
+            foreach (MethodInfo method in methods)
+            {
+                if (MethodCanGetValue(method))
+                {
+                    return new MethodInfoValueGetter(target, method);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static bool MethodCanGetValue(MethodInfo method)
+        {
+            return method.ReturnType != typeof(void) &&
+                   method.GetParameters().Length == 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class PropertyInfoValueGetterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            PropertyInfo property = targetType.GetProperty(name, DefaultBindingFlags);
+
+            if (property != null && PropertyCanGetValue(property))
+            {
+                return new PropertyInfoValueGetter(target, property);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static bool PropertyCanGetValue(PropertyInfo property)
+        {
+            return property.CanRead;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class FieldInfoValueGetterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            FieldInfo field = targetType.GetField(name, DefaultBindingFlags);
+
+            if (field != null)
+            {
+                return new FieldInfoValueGetter(target, field);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class DictionaryValueGetterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            if (target is IDictionary)
+            {
+                var dictionary = (IDictionary)target;
+
+                if (dictionary.Contains(name))
+                {
+                    return new DictionaryValueGetter(dictionary, name);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class GenericDictionaryValueGetterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            Type dictionaryType = GetSupportedInterfaceType(targetType);
+
+            if (dictionaryType != null)
+            {
+                if (target == null)
+                {
+                    return new GenericDictionaryValueGetter(null, name, dictionaryType);
+                }
+                else 
+                {
+                    var containsKeyMethod = dictionaryType.GetMethod("ContainsKey");
+                    if ((bool)containsKeyMethod.Invoke(target, new object[] { name }))
+                    {
+                        return new GenericDictionaryValueGetter(target, name, dictionaryType);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static Type GetSupportedInterfaceType(Type targetType)
+        {
+            Predicate<Type> supportedInteface = interfaceType => interfaceType.IsGenericType &&
+                    interfaceType.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(IDictionary<,>) &&
+                    interfaceType.GetGenericArguments()[0] == typeof(string);
+
+            if (supportedInteface(targetType))
+            {
+                return targetType;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return Array.Find(targetType.GetInterfaces(), supportedInteface);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class ListValueByIndexGetterFactory : ValueGetterFactory
+    {
+        public override ValueGetter GetValueGetter(object target, Type targetType, string name)
+        {
+            //Both Lists and Arrays internally can be assigned to IList.
+            if (typeof(IList).IsAssignableFrom(targetType))
+            {
+                var listTarget = target as IList;
+                int arrayIndex;
+                bool parseSuccess = Int32.TryParse(name, out arrayIndex);
+
+                /* 
+                 * There is an index as per the success of the parse, it is not greater than the count 
+                 * (minus one since index is zero referenced) or less than zero.
+                 */ 
+                if(parseSuccess &&
+                   !(arrayIndex > (listTarget.Count - 1)) &&
+                   !(arrayIndex < 0))
+                {
+                    return new ListValueByIndexGetter(listTarget, arrayIndex);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `listTarget` last assigned on line 259 could be null and is dereferenced at line 267, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ValueGetter ListValueByIndexGetterFactory.GetValueGetter(Object,Type,String)
+
+### File:
+Nustache.Core/ValueGetterFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+ValueGetterFactory.cs|GetValueGetter|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e7de489d59d2b3ae21f74a887f815641
+
+### Hash:
+a11ead4d4bdc9f52eed1c489f065c6a8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2440/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2440/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08e6cf0af22e87149e916b0a33a6dca5d06907be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2440/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nustache
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Web.Mvc;
+using Nustache.Core;
+
+namespace Nustache.Mvc
+{
+    public class NustacheView : IView
+    {
+        private readonly ControllerContext _controllerContext;
+        private readonly string _viewPath;
+        private readonly string _masterPath;
+        private readonly NustacheViewEngineRootContext _rootContext;
+
+        public NustacheView(
+            ControllerContext controllerContext,
+            string viewPath,
+            string masterPath,
+            NustacheViewEngineRootContext rootContext)
+        {
+            _controllerContext = controllerContext;
+            _viewPath = viewPath;
+            _masterPath = masterPath;
+            _rootContext = rootContext;
+        }
+
+        public void Render(ViewContext viewContext, TextWriter writer)
+        {
+            var viewTemplate = GetTemplate(_viewPath);
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(_masterPath))
+            {
+                var masterTemplate = GetTemplate(_masterPath);
+
+                var data = _rootContext == NustacheViewEngineRootContext.ViewData
+                               ? viewContext.ViewData
+                               : viewContext.ViewData.Model;
+
+                masterTemplate.Render(
+                    data,
+                    writer,
+                    name =>
+                        {
+                            if (name == "Body")
+                            {
+                                return viewTemplate;
+                            }
+
+                            return viewTemplate.GetTemplateDefinition(name);
+                        });
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // TODO: Do we want to allow rendering external templates via a template locator?
+                viewTemplate.Render(viewContext.ViewData, writer, null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Template GetTemplate(string path)
+        {
+            // TODO: Add caching?
+            var templatePath = _controllerContext.HttpContext.Server.MapPath(path);
+            var templateSource = File.ReadAllText(templatePath);
+            var template = new Template();
+            template.Load(new StringReader(templateSource));
+            return template;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StringReader::.ctor() at Line 64) of type System.IO.StringReader in method "Template NustacheView.GetTemplate(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Template NustacheView.GetTemplate(String)
+
+### File:
+Nustache.Mvc3/NustacheView.cs
+
+### Key:
+NustacheView.cs|GetTemplate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+e4ec38a95d89a46d124e32dd8242cc8a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2447/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2447/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85f855b50ea81be7736cc68a7b14968c22a619b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2447/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SiaNet
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using SiaNet.Constraints;
+using SiaNet.Initializers;
+using SiaNet.Regularizers;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using TensorSharp;
+using TensorSharp.Cpu;
+
+namespace SiaNet.Layers
+{
+    public class Conv2D : BaseLayer
+    {
+        public uint Filters { get; set; }
+
+        public Tuple<uint, uint> KernalSize { get; set; }
+
+        public uint Strides { get; set; }
+
+        public PaddingType Padding { get; set; }
+
+        public Tuple<uint, uint> DialationRate { get; set; }
+
+        public ActivationType Activation { get; set; }
+
+        public bool UseBias { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseInitializer BiasInitializer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseInitializer KernalInitializer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseConstraint KernalConstraint { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseConstraint BiasConstraint { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseRegularizer KernalRegularizer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseRegularizer BiasRegularizer { get; set; }
+
+        private Tensor xCols;
+
+        public Conv2D(uint filters, Tuple<uint, uint> kernalSize, uint strides = 1, PaddingType padding = PaddingType.Same, Tuple<uint, uint> dialationRate = null, 
+                ActivationType activation = ActivationType.Linear, BaseInitializer kernalInitializer = null,
+                        BaseRegularizer kernalRegularizer = null, BaseConstraint kernalConstraint = null, bool useBias = true,
+                        BaseInitializer biasInitializer = null, BaseRegularizer biasRegularizer = null, BaseConstraint biasConstraint = null)
+            : base("conv2d")
+        {
+            Filters = filters;
+            KernalSize = kernalSize;
+            Strides = strides;
+            Padding = padding;
+            DialationRate = dialationRate ?? new Tuple<uint, uint>(1, 1);
+            Activation = activation;
+            UseBias = useBias;
+            KernalInitializer = kernalInitializer ?? new GlorotUniform();
+            BiasInitializer = biasInitializer ?? new Zeros();
+            KernalConstraint = kernalConstraint;
+            BiasConstraint = biasConstraint;
+            KernalRegularizer = kernalRegularizer;
+            BiasRegularizer = biasRegularizer;
+        }
+
+        public override void Forward(Variable x)
+        {
+            //ToDo: Implement DilationRate
+            Input = x;
+            var (n, c, h, w) = x.Data.GetConv2DShape();
+
+            Variable weight = BuildVar("w", new long[] { Filters, c, KernalSize.Item1, KernalSize.Item2 }, x.Data.ElementType, KernalInitializer, KernalConstraint, KernalRegularizer);
+            Variable bias = null;
+            if (UseBias)
+            {
+                bias = BuildVar("b", new long[] { Filters, 1}, x.Data.ElementType, BiasInitializer, BiasConstraint, BiasRegularizer);
+            }
+
+            uint? pad = null;
+            if(Padding == PaddingType.Same)
+            {
+                pad = 1;
+            }
+            else if(Padding == PaddingType.Full)
+            {
+                pad = 2;
+            }
+
+            var h_out = (h - KernalSize.Item1 + 2 * pad) / Strides + 1;
+            var w_out = (w - KernalSize.Item2 + 2 * pad) / Strides + 1;
+            
+            var wRows = weight.Data.Reshape(Filters, -1);
+            xCols = ImgUtil.Im2Col(x.Data, KernalSize, pad, Strides);
+            xCols.Print();
+            //xCols.View(18, 9).Print();
+
+            Output = wRows * xCols;
+            
+            if(UseBias)
+            {
+                Output = Output + bias.Data;
+            }
+
+            Output = Output.Reshape(Filters, h_out.Value, w_out.Value, n).Transpose(3, 0, 1, 2);
+        }
+
+        public override void Backward(Tensor outputgrad)
+        {
+            uint? pad = null;
+            if (Padding == PaddingType.Same)
+            {
+                pad = 1;
+            }
+            else if (Padding == PaddingType.Full)
+            {
+                pad = 2;
+            }
+
+            var dout_flat = outputgrad.Transpose(3, 0, 1, 2).Reshape(Filters, -1);
+            var dW = Dot(dout_flat, xCols.Transpose());
+            dW = dW.Reshape(Params["w"].Data.Shape);
+            var db = Sum(outputgrad, 0, 2, 3).Reshape(Filters, -1);
+            var W_flat = Params["w"].Data.Reshape(Filters, -1);
+
+            var dX_col = Dot(W_flat.Transpose(), dout_flat);
+            Input.Grad = ImgUtil.Col2Im(dX_col, Input.Data.Shape, KernalSize.Item1, KernalSize.Item2, pad, Strides);
+
+            Params["w"].Grad = dW;
+            if(UseBias)
+                Params["b"].Grad = db;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.SiaNet.Layers.Conv2D.xCols of type TensorSharp.Tensor, Leaked resource weight of type SiaNet.Variable, Leaked resource bias of type SiaNet.Variable in method "Void Conv2D.Forward(Variable)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Conv2D.Forward(Variable)
+
+### File:
+SiaNet/Layers/Convolution/Conv2D.cs
+
+### Key:
+Conv2D.cs|Forward|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f72ed5ca805e3a00ab8ded07218718fe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2449/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2449/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab716700ba11a7a35d67fab26561d575b33379a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2449/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SiaNet
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using TensorSharp;
+
+namespace SiaNet.Losses
+{
+    public class BinaryCrossentropy : BaseLoss
+    {
+        public bool FromLogit { get; set; }
+
+        public BinaryCrossentropy(bool fromLogit = false)
+            : base("binary_crossentropy")
+        {
+            FromLogit = fromLogit;
+        }
+
+        public override Tensor Call(Tensor preds, Tensor labels)
+        {
+            Tensor output = null;
+            if(!FromLogit)
+            {
+                output = labels.Clamp(1e-7f, 1f - 1e-7f);
+                output = output.CDiv(1 - output).Log();
+            }
+
+            return (preds.CMul(-output.Sigmoid().Log()) + (1 - preds).CMul(-(1 - output.Sigmoid()).Log()));
+        }
+
+        public override TVar CalcGrad(TVar preds, TVar labels)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `output` last assigned on line 20 could be null and is dereferenced at line 27, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+TVar BinaryCrossentropy.Call(TVar,TVar)
+
+### File:
+SiaNet/Losses/BinaryCrossentropy.cs
+
+### Key:
+BinaryCrossentropy.cs|Call|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18c00322eb7006423176408542ace89c
+
+### Hash:
+716518da490dabab52b50bebc21d3583
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2471/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2471/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4df2c55be77ddb2705fe592d7e4703932458d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2471/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Blazor
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Blazor.Components;
+using Blazor.Runtime.Components;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace Blazor.Routing
+{
+    public static class Router
+    {
+        private static string _mountInElementSelector;
+        private static string _currentPageComponentPath;
+        private static Component _currentPageComponent;
+        public static IEnumerable<Assembly> ViewAssemblies;
+        private static BlazorContext _context;
+
+        public static void MountInElement(string selector)
+        {
+            _mountInElementSelector = selector;
+        }
+
+        internal static Component OnNavigation(string descriptor)
+        {
+            var parsed = MiniJSON.Json.Deserialize(descriptor) as Dictionary<string, object>;
+            var url = (string)parsed["url"];
+            var absoluteUrl = (string)parsed["absoluteUrl"];
+            if (_context == null)
+            {
+                _context = new BlazorContext(absoluteUrl);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.AbsoluteUrl = absoluteUrl;
+            }
+            return MountPageFromUrl(url, _context);
+        }
+
+        internal static Component MountPageFromUrl(string url, BlazorContext context)
+        {
+            // By holding the _currentPageComponent in a static property, we ensure that it doesn't
+            // get GCed while the user can still see and try to interact with it.
+            // TODO: Instead of just using "MountAsPage" which destroys the entire previous element content,
+            //       somehow find the nearest common layout ancestor between the old and new page, and retain
+            //       the DOM/vdom up to and including that layout, and just insert the new sequence of child
+            //       layouts and the new page into it.
+            _currentPageComponentPath = UrlToComponentPath(url);
+            return _currentPageComponent = RazorComponent
+                .Instantiate(_currentPageComponentPath, context)
+                .MountAsPage(_mountInElementSelector);
+        }
+
+        private static string UrlToComponentPath(string url)
+        {
+            if (url.Equals("/"))
+            {
+                url = url + "Index";
+            }
+            if (url[url.Length - 1] == '/')
+            {
+                url = url.Substring(0, url.Length - 1);
+            }
+            var split = url.Split(new char[] { '/' });
+            var id = split[split.Length - 1];
+            int res;
+            if (int.TryParse(id, out res))
+            {
+                // We have an int, remove id and continue
+                string temp = "/";
+                for (int i =0; i < split.Length - 1; i++)
+                {
+                    temp += split[i];
+                }
+                Console.WriteLine(temp);
+                return $".{temp.Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar)}.cshtml";
+            }
+            
+            return $".{url.Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar)}.cshtml";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `parsed` last assigned on line 25 could be null and is dereferenced at line 26, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Component Router.OnNavigation(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Blazor.Runtime/Routing/Router.cs
+
+### Key:
+Router.cs|OnNavigation|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4c5a0b70536cd3f04e9da256c6c8ae68
+
+### Hash:
+7b039b3a86cbe7d9bf21bb6b15de9c32
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2476/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2476/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb159fcef7e3b753895afebd20fac6552bc156f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2476/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Numpy.NET
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Numpy;
+using Numpy.Models;
+using Assert = NUnit.Framework.Assert;
+
+namespace Numpy.UnitTest
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class NumpyTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void empty()
+        {
+            // initialize an array with random integers
+            var a = np.empty(new Shape(2, 3), np.int32);
+            Console.WriteLine(a.repr);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(a.ToString());
+            // this should print out the exact integers of the array
+            foreach (var x in a.GetData<int>())
+                Console.WriteLine(x);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public unsafe void create_from_pointer_without_copying()
+        {
+            IntPtr pointer = IntPtr.Zero;
+            try
+            {
+                var dtype = np.int32;
+                const int length = 1024;
+                pointer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(length);
+                var ptr = (int*)pointer;
+                // fill the buffer with index numbers
+                for (int i = 0; i < length / sizeof(int); i++)
+                    ptr[i] = i;
+                var a = new NDarray(pointer, length, dtype);
+                Console.WriteLine(a.ToString());
+                var b = np.arange(length / sizeof(int));
+                Console.WriteLine(b);
+                var truth1 = b.Equals(a);
+                var truth2 = a.Equals(b);
+                Assert.AreEqual(b, a);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (pointer != IntPtr.Zero)
+                    Marshal.FreeHGlobal(pointer);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void efficient_array_copy()
+        {
+            var a = np.empty(new Shape(2, 3), np.int32);
+            Console.WriteLine(a.repr);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(a.ToString());
+            long ptr = a.PyObject.ctypes.data;
+            Console.WriteLine("ptr: " + ptr);
+            var array = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
+            Marshal.Copy(array, 0, new IntPtr(ptr), array.Length);
+            Console.WriteLine(a.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void array()
+        {
+            var array = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
+            var a = np.array(array);
+            Console.WriteLine(a.repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(array, a.GetData());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_shape()
+        {
+            var array = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
+            var a = np.array(array);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new Shape(6), a.shape);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new Shape(100), np.arange(100).shape);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_strides()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(new int[] { 4 }, np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }).strides);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new int[] { 8 }, np.arange(10, dtype: np.longlong).strides);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_ndim()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }).ndim);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, np.arange(10, dtype: np.longlong).ndim);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_size()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }).size);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, np.arange(10, dtype: np.longlong).size);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_len()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }).len);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, np.arange(10, dtype: np.longlong).len);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_itemsize()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }).itemsize);
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, np.arange(10, dtype: np.longlong).itemsize);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_nbytes()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }).nbytes);
+            Assert.AreEqual(80, np.arange(10, dtype: np.longlong).nbytes);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_base()
+        {
+            var a = np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 });
+            var b = a.reshape(new Shape(2, 3));
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, a.@base);
+            Assert.AreEqual(a, b.@base);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_dtype()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(np.int32, np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, dtype: np.int32).dtype);
+            Assert.AreEqual(np.longlong, np.arange(10, dtype: np.longlong).dtype);
+            Assert.AreEqual(np.float32, np.arange(10, dtype: np.float32).dtype);
+            Assert.AreEqual(np.@double, np.arange(10, dtype: np.float64).dtype);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_multidim_source_array()
+        {
+            var a = np.array(new float[,] { { 1f, 2f }, { 3f, 4f }, { 3f, 4f } });
+            Console.WriteLine(a.repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new Shape(3, 2), a.shape);
+            Assert.AreEqual(np.float32, a.dtype);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_T()
+        {
+            var x = np.array(new float[,] { { 1f, 2f }, { 3f, 4f } });
+            Assert.AreEqual("[[1. 2.]\n [3. 4.]]", x.ToString());
+            var t = x.T;
+            Console.WriteLine(t.repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("[[1. 3.]\n [2. 4.]]", t.ToString());
+            // getting data of transposed array returns transposed array!
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1f, 3f, 2f, 4f }, t.GetData<float>());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_flatten()
+        {
+            var x = np.array(new float[,] { { 1f, 2f }, { 3f, 4f } });
+            Assert.AreEqual("[1. 2. 3. 4.]", x.flatten().ToString());
+            var t = x.T;
+            Assert.AreEqual("[1. 3. 2. 4.]", t.flatten().ToString());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1f, 3f, 2f, 4f }, t.flatten().GetData<float>());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_reshape()
+        {
+            var a = np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 });
+            var b = a.reshape(new Shape(2, 3));
+            Assert.AreEqual("[[1 2 3]\n [4 5 6]]", b.str);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new Shape(2, 3), b.shape);
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, a.@base);
+            Assert.AreEqual(a, b.@base);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing()
+        {
+            // using string indices
+            var x = np.arange(10);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2", x["2"].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("8", x["-2"].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("[2 3 4 5 6 7]", x["2:-2"].str);
+            var y = x.reshape(new Shape(2, 5));
+            Assert.AreEqual("8", y["1,3"].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("9", y["1,-1"].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])", y["0"].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2", y["0"]["2"].str);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing1()
+        {
+            // using int indices
+            var x = np.arange(10);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2", x[2].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("8", x[-2].str);
+            var y = x.reshape(new Shape(2, 5));
+            Assert.AreEqual("8", y[1, 3].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("9", y[1, -1].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])", y[0].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2", y[0][2].str);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing2()
+        {
+            var x = np.arange(10, 1, -1);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([10,  9,  8,  7,  6,  5,  4,  3,  2])", x.repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([7, 7, 9, 2])", x[np.array(new[] { 3, 3, 1, 8 })].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([7, 7, 4, 2])", x[np.array(new[] { 3, 3, -3, 8 })].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([[9, 9],\n       [8, 7]])", x[np.array(new int[,] { { 1, 1 }, { 2, 3 } })].repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing3()
+        {
+            var y = np.arange(35).reshape(5, 7);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([ 0, 15, 30])", y[np.array(0, 2, 4), np.array(0, 1, 2)].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([ 1, 15, 29])", y[np.array(0, 2, 4), 1].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(
+                "array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6],\n       [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20],\n       [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]])",
+                y[np.array(0, 2, 4)].repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing_setter1()
+        {
+            // using int indices
+            var x = np.arange(10);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2", x[2].str);
+            x[2] = (NDarray)22;
+            Assert.AreEqual("22", x[2].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("8", x[-2].str);
+            x[-2] = (NDarray)88;
+            Assert.AreEqual("88", x[-2].str);
+            var y = x.reshape(new Shape(2, 5));
+            Assert.AreEqual("88", y[1, 3].str);
+            y[1, 3] = (NDarray)888;
+            Assert.AreEqual("888", y[1, 3].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([ 0,  1, 22,  3,  4])", y[0].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("22", y[0][2].str);
+            y[0][2] = (NDarray)222;
+            Assert.AreEqual("222", y[0][2].str);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing_setter2()
+        {
+            // using string indices
+            var x = np.arange(10);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2", x[2].str);
+            x["2"] = (NDarray)22;
+            Assert.AreEqual("22", x[2].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("8", x[-2].str);
+            x["-2"] = (NDarray)88;
+            Assert.AreEqual("88", x[-2].str);
+            var y = x.reshape(new Shape(2, 5));
+            Assert.AreEqual("88", y[1, 3].str);
+            y["1, 3"] = (NDarray)888;
+            Assert.AreEqual("888", y[1, 3].str);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([ 0,  1, 22,  3,  4])", y[0].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("22", y[0][2].str);
+            y["0"]["2"] = (NDarray)222;
+            Assert.AreEqual("222", y[0][2].str);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing_setter3()
+        {
+            var a = np.array(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }).reshape(new Shape(2, 3));
+            Assert.AreEqual("[[1 2 3]\n [4 5 6]]", a.str);
+            a[":", 1] = a[":", 1] * 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual("[[ 1  4  3]\n [ 4 10  6]]", a.str);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_indexing_setter4()
+        {
+            var x = np.arange(10, 1, -1);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([10,  9,  8,  7,  6,  5,  4,  3,  2])", x.repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([7, 7, 9, 2])", x[np.array(new[] { 3, 3, 1, 8 })].repr);
+            x[np.array(new[] { 3, 3, 1, 8 })] = np.arange(4);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([10,  2,  8,  1,  6,  5,  4,  3,  3])", x.repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_slice()
+        {
+            var x = np.arange(10);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([2, 3, 4])", x["2:5"].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([0, 1, 2])", x[":-7"].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([1, 3, 5])", x["1:7:2"].repr);
+            var y = np.arange(35).reshape(new Shape(5, 7));
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([[ 7, 10, 13],\n       [21, 24, 27]])", y["1:5:2,::3"].repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_slice1()
+        {
+            var y = np.arange(35).reshape(5, 7);
+            var b = y > 20;
+            Assert.AreEqual(
+                "array([[ 1,  2],\n" +
+                "       [15, 16],\n" +
+                "       [29, 30]])",
+                y[np.array(0, 2, 4), "1:3"].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([[22, 23],\n       [29, 30]])", y[b[":", 5], "1:3"].repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_masking()
+        {
+            var y = np.arange(35).reshape(5, 7);
+            var b = y > 20;
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34])", y[b].repr);
+            // use a 1-D boolean whose first dim agrees with the first dim of y
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([False, False, False,  True,  True])", b[":", 5].repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([[21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27],\n       [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]])", y[b[":", 5]].repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_masking1()
+        {
+            var x = np.arange(30).reshape(2, 3, 5);
+            Assert.AreEqual(
+                "array([[[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],\n" +
+                "        [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],\n" +
+                "        [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]],\n\n" +
+                "       [[15, 16, 17, 18, 19],\n" +
+                "        [20, 21, 22, 23, 24],\n" +
+                "        [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]]])",
+                 x.repr);
+            var b = np.array(new[,] { { true, true, false }, { false, true, true } });
+            Assert.AreEqual(
+                "array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],\n" +
+                "       [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],\n" +
+                "       [20, 21, 22, 23, 24],\n" +
+                "       [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]])",
+            x[b].repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_comparison_operators()
+        {
+            var a = np.array(1, 2, 3);
+            // comparison with a scalar
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { true, false, false }, (a < 2).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { true, true, false }, (a <= 2).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { false, false, true }, (a > 2).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { false, true, true }, (a >= 2).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { false, true, false }, (a.equals(2)).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { true, false, true }, (a.not_equals(2)).GetData());
+            // comparison with an array
+            var b = (np.ones(new Shape(3), np.int32) * 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { true, false, false }, (a < b).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { true, true, false }, (a <= b).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { false, false, true }, (a > b).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { false, true, true }, (a >= b).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { false, true, false }, (a.equals(b)).GetData());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { true, false, true }, (a.not_equals(b)).GetData());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_unary_operators()
+        {
+            // unary operations
+            var a = np.array(1, 2, 3);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { -1, -2, -3 }, (-a).GetData<int>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }, (+a).GetData<int>());
+            // todo: test operator ~
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_arithmetic_operators()
+        {
+            // arithmetic operators
+            var a = np.array(1, 2, 3);
+            var b = (np.ones(new Shape(3), np.int32) * 2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 11, 12, 13 }, (a + 10).GetData<int>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 3, 4, 5 }, (a + b).GetData<int>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { -9, -8, -7 }, (a - 10).GetData<int>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { -1, 0, 1 }, (a - b).GetData<int>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 10, 20, 30 }, (a * 10).GetData<int>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 2, 4, 6 }, (a * b).GetData<int>());
+            a = np.array(2, 4, 16);
+            Console.WriteLine((a / 2).repr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 8 }, (a / 2).GetData<double>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 8 }, (a / b).GetData<double>());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_arithmetic_inplace_operators()
+        {
+            var a = np.array(1, 2, 3);
+            var b = (np.ones(new Shape(3), np.int32) * 2);
+            a.iadd(10);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 11, 12, 13 }, a.GetData<int>());
+            a.isub(10);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }, a.GetData<int>());
+            a.iadd(b);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 3, 4, 5 }, a.GetData<int>());
+            a.isub(b);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 1, 2, 3 }, a.GetData<int>());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ndarray_value_div_ndarray()
+        {
+            // division operator
+            var a = np.array(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 }, (a / 2.0).GetData<double>());
+            Assert.AreEqual(new[] { 6.0, 3.0, 2.0 }, (6.0 / a).GetData<double>());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void np_where()
+        {
+            //>>> import numpy as np
+            //>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 1, 2]
+            //>>> a = np.array(a)
+            //>>> b = np.where(a == 0)
+            //>>> b[0]
+            //array([4, 5], dtype = int64)
+            var a = np.array(new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0, 1, 2 });
+            var b = np.where(a.equals(0));
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([4, 5], dtype=int64)", b[0].repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GetData_noncontiguous()
+        {
+            int[,] X = new int[3, 3];
+            X[0, 0] = -1;
+
+            NDarray npX = np.array(X, dtype: np.int32); // control
+            NDarray npY = np.array(X, dtype: np.int32); // test
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Control:");
+            Console.WriteLine(npX);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Test:");
+            Console.WriteLine(npY);
+
+            // flip on the row axis
+            npY = np.flip(npY, new int[] { 0 });
+            Console.WriteLine("Test flipped on axis 0:");
+            Console.WriteLine(npY);
+
+            // get their data
+            int[] cX = npX.GetData<int>();
+            int[] cY = npY.GetData<int>();
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Control extracted back to C#:\n" + string.Join(" ", cX));
+            Assert.AreEqual("-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0", string.Join(" ", cX));
+            Console.WriteLine("Test extracted back to C#:\n" + string.Join(" ", cY));
+            Assert.AreEqual("0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0", string.Join(" ", cY));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CopyDataInAndOutExample()
+        {
+            var a = np.array(new[] { 2, 4, 9, 25 });
+            Console.WriteLine("a: " + a.repr);
+            // a: array([ 2,  4,  9, 25])
+            var roots = np.sqrt(a);
+            Console.WriteLine(roots.repr);
+            // array([1.41421356, 2.        , 3.        , 5.        ])
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([1.41421356, 2.        , 3.        , 5.        ])", roots.repr);
+            Console.WriteLine(string.Join(", ", roots.GetData<int>()));
+            // 1719614413, 1073127582, 0, 1073741824
+            Console.WriteLine("roots.dtype: " + roots.dtype);
+            // roots.dtype: float64
+            Console.WriteLine(string.Join(", ", roots.GetData<double>()));
+            // 1.4142135623731, 2, 3, 5
+            Assert.AreEqual(new double[] { 1.41, 2, 3, 5 }, roots.GetData<double>().Select(x => Math.Round(x, 2)).ToArray());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void QuestionByPiyushspss()
+        {
+            // np.column_stack(np.where(mat > 0))
+
+            //>>> a = np.array([1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1]).reshape(2, 4)
+            //         >>> a
+            //array([[1, 0, 0, 1],
+            //       [2, 3, 0, 1]])
+            //>>> np.column_stack(a)
+            //array([[1, 2],
+            //       [0, 3],
+            //       [0, 0],
+            //       [1, 1]])
+            //>>> np.where(a > 0)
+            //(array([0, 0, 1, 1, 1], dtype = int64), array([0, 3, 0, 1, 3], dtype = int64))
+            //>>> np.column_stack(np.where(a > 0))
+            //array([[0, 0],
+            //       [0, 3],
+            //       [1, 0],
+            //       [1, 1],
+            //       [1, 3]], dtype = int64)
+            //>>>
+            var a = np.array(new[] { 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1 }).reshape(2, 4);
+            var expected =
+                "array([[1, 2],\n" +
+                "       [0, 3],\n" +
+                "       [0, 0],\n" +
+                "       [1, 1]])";
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, np.column_stack(a).repr);
+            // note: this was a bug, now you don't get a python tuple back, but an array of NDarrays instead so the following line just doesn't compile any more
+            //Assert.AreEqual("(array([0, 0, 1, 1, 1], dtype=int64), array([0, 3, 0, 1, 3], dtype=int64))", np.where(a > 0).repr);
+            expected =
+                "array([[0, 0],\n" +
+                "       [0, 3],\n" +
+                "       [1, 0],\n" +
+                "       [1, 1],\n" +
+                "       [1, 3]], dtype=int64)";
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, np.column_stack(np.where(a > 0)).repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void QuestionByGurelsoycaner()
+        {
+            //>>> import numpy as np
+            //>>> P1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+            //>>> P2 = np.array([4, 3, 2, 1])
+            //>>> ex = (P2 - P1) / (np.linalg.norm(P2 - P1))
+            //>>> ex
+            //array([0.67082039, 0.2236068, -0.2236068, -0.67082039])
+            var P1 = np.array(new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 });
+            var P2 = np.array(new[] { 4, 3, 2, 1 });
+            var ex = (P2 - P1) / (np.linalg.norm(P2 - P1));
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([ 0.67082039,  0.2236068 , -0.2236068 , -0.67082039])", ex.repr);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void QuestionBySimonBuehler()
+        {
+            //import numpy as np
+            //bboxes = np.empty([999, 4])
+            //keep_idx = np.array([2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13])
+            //bboxes = bboxes[keep_idx]
+            //>>> bboxes.shape
+            //(6, 4)
+            var bboxes = np.empty(new Shape(999, 4));
+            var keep_idx = np.array(new[] {2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13});
+            bboxes = bboxes[keep_idx];
+            Assert.AreEqual("(6, 4)", bboxes.shape.ToString());
+
+            //>>> np.where(keep_idx > 4)[0]
+            //array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype = int64)
+            var x = np.where(keep_idx > 4)[0];
+            Assert.AreEqual("array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], dtype=int64)", x.repr);
+        }
+
+        // TODO:  https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/basics.indexing.html?highlight=slice#structural-indexing-tools
+        // TODO:  https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/basics.indexing.html?highlight=slice#assigning-values-to-indexed-arrays
+        // TODO:  https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/basics.indexing.html?highlight=slice#dealing-with-variable-numbers-of-indices-within-programs
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource b of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Division(Numpy.NDarray,Numpy.NDarray) at Line 401) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Division(Numpy.NDarray,System.ValueType) at Line 400) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Division(Numpy.NDarray,System.ValueType) at Line 399) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Multiply(Numpy.NDarray,Numpy.NDarray) at Line 397) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Multiply(Numpy.NDarray,System.ValueType) at Line 396) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Subtraction(Numpy.NDarray,Numpy.NDarray) at Line 395) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Subtraction(Numpy.NDarray,System.ValueType) at Line 394) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Addition(Numpy.NDarray,Numpy.NDarray) at Line 393) of type Numpy.NDarray, Leaked resource (returned from Numpy.NDarray Numpy.NDarray::op_Addition(Numpy.NDarray,System.ValueType) at Line 392) of type Numpy.NDarray in method "Void NumpyTest.ndarray_arithmetic_operators()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NumpyTest.ndarray_arithmetic_operators()
+
+### File:
+test/Numpy.UnitTest/NumpyTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+NumpyTest.cs|ndarray_arithmetic_operators|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3b77872459321bb40af2f0fb4b3a58be
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2478/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2478/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b86d4e15a9d7d55948136a91df23b0fdf29d1cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2478/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TcNo-Acc-Switcher
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// TcNo Account Switcher - A Super fast account switcher
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2021 TechNobo (Wesley Pyburn)
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Microsoft.JSInterop;
+using Microsoft.Win32;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using TcNo_Acc_Switcher_Globals;
+using TcNo_Acc_Switcher_Server.Data;
+using TcNo_Acc_Switcher_Server.Pages.General.Classes;
+
+namespace TcNo_Acc_Switcher_Server.Pages.General
+{
+    public class GeneralFuncs
+    {
+        #region PROCESS_OPERATIONS
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts a process with or without Admin
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">Path of process to start</param>
+        /// <param name="elevated">Whether the process should start elevated or not</param>
+        public static void StartProgram(string path, bool elevated = false)
+        {
+
+            if (!elevated)
+                Process.Start(new ProcessStartInfo("explorer.exe", path)); // Starts without admin, through Windows explorer.
+            else
+            {
+                var proc = new Process
+                {
+                    StartInfo =
+                    {
+                        FileName = path, 
+                        UseShellExecute = true, 
+                        Verb = "runas"
+                    }
+                };
+                proc.Start();
+            }
+
+        }
+        
+        public static bool CanKillProcess(string processName)
+        {
+            bool canKill;
+            if (AppSettings.Instance.CurrentlyElevated)
+                canKill = true; // Elevated process can kill most other processes.
+            else
+            {
+                if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+                    canKill = !ProcessHelper.IsProcessAdmin(processName); // If other process is admin, this process can't kill it (because it's not admin)
+                else 
+                    canKill = false;
+            }
+
+            // Restart self as admin.
+            if (!canKill) AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime.InvokeAsync<string>("ShowModal", "notice:RestartAsAdmin");
+
+            return canKill;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region FILE_OPERATIONS
+        public static string WwwRoot = Path.Join(Path.GetDirectoryName(System.Reflection.Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()?.Location) ?? throw new InvalidOperationException(), "\\wwwroot");
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if input file is older than 7 days, then deletes if it is
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filename">File path to be checked, and possibly deleted</param>
+        /// <param name="daysOld">How many days old the file needs to be to be deleted</param>
+        /// <returns>Whether file was deleted or not (Outdated or not)</returns>
+        public static bool DeletedOutdatedFile(string filename, int daysOld= 7)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.DeletedOutdatedFile] filename={filename.Substring(filename.Length - 8, 8)}, daysOld={daysOld}");
+            if (!File.Exists(filename)) return true;
+            if (DateTime.Now.Subtract(File.GetLastWriteTime(filename)).Days <= daysOld) return false;
+            File.Delete(filename);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if images is a valid GDI+ image, deleted if not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filename">File path of image to be checked</param>
+        /// <returns>Whether file was deleted, or file was not deleted and was valid</returns>
+        public static bool DeletedInvalidImage(string filename)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.DeletedInvalidImage] filename={filename.Substring(filename.Length - 8, 8)}");
+            try
+            {
+                if (!IsValidGdiPlusImage(filename)) // Delete image if is not as valid, working image.
+                {
+                    File.Delete(filename);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    File.Delete(filename);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                catch (Exception)
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine("Empty profile image detected (0 bytes). Can't delete to re-download.\nInfo: \n" + ex);
+                    throw;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if image is a valid GDI+ image
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filename">File path of image to be checked</param>
+        /// <returns>Whether image is a valid file or not</returns>
+        private static bool IsValidGdiPlusImage(string filename)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.IsValidGdiPlusImage] filename={filename.Substring(filename.Length - 8, 8)}");
+            //From https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8846654/read-image-and-determine-if-its-corrupt-c-sharp
+            try
+            {
+                using var bmp = new System.Drawing.Bitmap(filename);
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void JsDestNewline(string jsDest)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.JsDestNewline] jsDest={jsDest}");
+            AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, "<br />"); //Newline
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes a single file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">(Optional) File string to delete</param>
+        /// <param name="fileInfo">(Optional) FileInfo of file to delete</param>
+        /// <param name="jsDest">Place to send responses (if any)</param>
+        public static void DeleteFile(string file = "", FileInfo fileInfo = null, string jsDest = "")
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.DeleteFile] file={(file != "" ? file : fileInfo?.FullName ?? "")}{(jsDest != "" ? ", jsDest=" + jsDest : "")}");
+            var f = fileInfo ?? new FileInfo(file);
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (!f.Exists) AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, "File not found: " + f.FullName);
+                else
+                {
+                    f.IsReadOnly = false;
+                    f.Delete();
+                    AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, "Deleted: " + f.FullName);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, "ERROR: COULDN'T DELETE: " + f.FullName);
+                AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, e.ToString());
+                JsDestNewline(jsDest);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shorter RecursiveDelete (Sets keep folders to true)
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void ClearFolder(string folder, string jsDest = "")
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.ClearFolder] folder={folder}, jsDest={jsDest}");
+            RecursiveDelete(new DirectoryInfo(folder), true, jsDest);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recursively delete files in folders (Choose to keep or delete folders too)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="baseDir">Folder to start working inwards from (as DirectoryInfo)</param>
+        /// <param name="keepFolders">Set to False to delete folders as well as files</param>
+        /// <param name="jsDest">Place to send responses (if any)</param>
+        public static void RecursiveDelete(DirectoryInfo baseDir, bool keepFolders, string jsDest = "")
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.RecursiveDelete] baseDir={baseDir.Name}, jsDest={jsDest}");
+            if (!baseDir.Exists)
+                return;
+
+            foreach (var dir in baseDir.EnumerateDirectories())
+            {
+                RecursiveDelete(dir, keepFolders, jsDest);
+            }
+            var files = baseDir.GetFiles();
+            foreach (var file in files)
+            {
+                DeleteFile(fileInfo: file, jsDest: jsDest);
+            }
+
+            if (keepFolders) return;
+            baseDir.Delete();
+            AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, "Deleting Folder: " + baseDir.FullName);
+            JsDestNewline(jsDest);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes registry keys
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="subKey">Subkey to delete</param>
+        /// <param name="val">Value to delete</param>
+        /// <param name="jsDest">Place to send responses (if any)</param>
+        [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
+        public static void DeleteRegKey(string subKey, string val, string jsDest = "")
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.DeleteRegKey] subKey={subKey}, val={val}, jsDest={jsDest}");
+            using var key = Registry.CurrentUser.OpenSubKey(subKey, true);
+            if (key == null)
+                AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, $"{subKey} does not exist.");
+            else if (key.GetValue(val) == null)
+                AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, $"{subKey} does not contain {val}");
+            else
+            {
+                AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, $"Removing {subKey}\\{val}");
+                key.DeleteValue(val);
+            }
+            JsDestNewline(jsDest);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a string array of files in a folder, based on a SearchOption.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sourceFolder">Folder to search for files in</param>
+        /// <param name="filter">Filter for files in folder</param>
+        /// <param name="searchOption">Option: ie: Sub-folders, TopLevel only etc.</param>
+        private static string[] GetFiles(string sourceFolder, string filter, SearchOption searchOption)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.GetFiles] sourceFolder={sourceFolder}, filter={filter}");
+            var alFiles = new ArrayList();
+            var multipleFilters = filter.Split('|');
+            foreach (var fileFilter in multipleFilters)
+                alFiles.AddRange(Directory.GetFiles(sourceFolder, fileFilter, searchOption));
+
+            return (string[])alFiles.ToArray(typeof(string));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes all files of a specific type in a directory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="folder">Folder to search for files in</param>
+        /// <param name="extensions">Extensions of files to delete</param>
+        /// <param name="so">SearchOption of where to look for files</param>
+        /// <param name="jsDest">Place to send responses (if any)</param>
+        public static void ClearFilesOfType(string folder, string extensions, SearchOption so, string jsDest = "")
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.ClearFilesOfType] folder={folder}, extensions={extensions}, jsDest={jsDest}");
+            if (!Directory.Exists(folder))
+            {
+                AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, $"Directory not found: {folder}");
+                JsDestNewline(jsDest);
+                return;
+            }
+            foreach (var file in GetFiles(folder, extensions, so))
+            {
+                AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, $"Deleting: {file}");
+                try
+                {
+                    File.Delete(file);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    AppData.ActiveIJsRuntime?.InvokeVoidAsync(jsDest, $"ERROR: {ex}");
+                }
+            }
+            JsDestNewline(jsDest);
+        }
+
+/*
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recursively move files and directories
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="inputFolder">Folder to move files recursively from</param>
+        /// <param name="outputFolder">Destination folder</param>
+        public static void MoveFilesRecursive(string inputFolder, string outputFolder)
+        {
+            //Now Create all of the directories
+            foreach (var dirPath in Directory.GetDirectories(inputFolder, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories))
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(dirPath.Replace(inputFolder, outputFolder));
+
+            //Move all the files & Replaces any files with the same name
+            foreach (var newPath in Directory.GetFiles(inputFolder, "*.*", SearchOption.AllDirectories))
+                File.Move(newPath, newPath.Replace(inputFolder, outputFolder), true);
+        }
+*/
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recursively copy files and directories
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="inputFolder">Folder to copy files recursively from</param>
+        /// <param name="outputFolder">Destination folder</param>
+        public static void CopyFilesRecursive(string inputFolder, string outputFolder)
+        {
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(outputFolder);
+            //Now Create all of the directories
+            foreach (var dirPath in Directory.GetDirectories(inputFolder, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories))
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(dirPath.Replace(inputFolder, outputFolder));
+
+            //Copy all the files & Replaces any files with the same name
+            foreach (var newPath in Directory.GetFiles(inputFolder, "*.*", SearchOption.AllDirectories))
+                File.Copy(newPath, newPath.Replace(inputFolder, outputFolder), true);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a file's MD5 Hash
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">Path to file to get hash of</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static string GetFileMd5(string filePath)
+        {
+            using var md5 = MD5.Create();
+            using var stream = File.OpenRead(filePath);
+            return stream.Length != 0 ? BitConverter.ToString(md5.ComputeHash(stream)).Replace("-", "").ToLowerInvariant() : "0";
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SETTINGS
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves input JObject of settings to input file path
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">File path to save JSON string to</param>
+        /// <param name="joNewSettings">JObject of settings to be saved</param>
+        /// <param name="mergeNewIntoOld">True merges old with new settings, false merges new with old</param>
+        public static void SaveSettings(string file, JObject joNewSettings, bool mergeNewIntoOld = false)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.SaveSettings] file={file}, joNewSettings=hidden, mergeNewIntoOld={mergeNewIntoOld}");
+            var sFilename = file.EndsWith(".json") ? file : file + ".json";
+
+            // Create folder if it doesn't exist:
+            var folder = Path.GetDirectoryName(file);
+            if (folder != "") Directory.CreateDirectory(folder ?? string.Empty);
+
+            // Get existing settings
+            var joSettings = new JObject();
+            if (File.Exists(sFilename))
+                try
+                {
+                    joSettings = JObject.Parse(File.ReadAllText(sFilename));
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine(e);
+                }
+
+            if (mergeNewIntoOld)
+            {
+                // Merge new settings with existing settings --> Adds missing variables etc
+                joNewSettings.Merge(joSettings, new JsonMergeSettings
+                {
+                    MergeArrayHandling = MergeArrayHandling.Union
+                });
+                // Save all settings back into file
+                File.WriteAllText(sFilename, joNewSettings.ToString());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Merge existing settings with settings from site
+                joSettings.Merge(joNewSettings, new JsonMergeSettings
+                {
+                    MergeArrayHandling = MergeArrayHandling.Merge
+                });
+                // Save all settings back into file
+                File.WriteAllText(sFilename, joSettings.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Saves input JArray of items to input file path
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">File path to save JSON string to</param>
+        /// <param name="joOrder">JArray order of items on page</param>
+        public static void SaveOrder(string file, JArray joOrder)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.SaveOrder] file={file}, joOrder=hidden");
+            var sFilename = file.EndsWith(".json") ? file : file + ".json";
+
+            // Create folder if it doesn't exist:
+            var folder = Path.GetDirectoryName(file);
+            if (folder != "") Directory.CreateDirectory(folder ?? string.Empty);
+
+            File.WriteAllText(sFilename, joOrder.ToString());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Loads settings from input file (JSON string to JObject)
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">JSON file to be read</param>
+        /// <param name="defaultSettings">(Optional) Default JObject, for merging in missing parameters</param>
+        /// <returns>JObject created from file</returns>
+        public static JObject LoadSettings(string file, JObject defaultSettings = null)
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine($@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.LoadSettings] file={file}, defaultSettings=hidden");
+            var sFilename = file.EndsWith(".json") ? file : file + ".json";
+            if (!File.Exists(sFilename)) return defaultSettings ?? new JObject();
+
+            var fileSettingsText = File.ReadAllLines(sFilename);
+            if (fileSettingsText.Length == 0 && defaultSettings != null)
+            {
+                File.WriteAllText(sFilename, defaultSettings.ToString());
+                return defaultSettings;
+            }
+
+            var fileSettings = new JObject();
+            var tryAgain = true;
+            var handledError = false;
+            while (tryAgain)
+                try
+                {
+                    fileSettings = JObject.Parse(string.Join(Environment.NewLine, fileSettingsText));
+                    tryAgain = false;
+                    if (handledError)
+                        File.WriteAllLines(sFilename, fileSettingsText);
+                }
+                catch (Newtonsoft.Json.JsonReaderException e)
+                {
+                    if (handledError) // Only try once
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine(e);
+                        throw;
+                    }
+
+                    // Possible error: Fixes single slashes in string, where there should be double.
+                    for (var i = 0; i < fileSettingsText.Length; i++)
+                        if (fileSettingsText[i].Contains("FolderPath"))
+                            fileSettingsText[i] = Regex.Replace(fileSettingsText[i], @"(?<=[^\\])(\\)(?=[^\\])", @"\\");
+                    // Other fixes go here
+                    handledError = true;
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine(e);
+                    throw;
+                }
+
+            if (defaultSettings == null) return fileSettings;
+
+            var addedKey = false;
+            // Add missing keys from default
+            foreach (var kvp in defaultSettings)
+            {
+                if (fileSettings.ContainsKey(kvp.Key)) continue;
+                fileSettings[kvp.Key] = kvp.Value;
+                addedKey = true;
+            }
+            // Save all settings back into file
+            if (addedKey) File.WriteAllText(sFilename, fileSettings.ToString());
+            return fileSettings;
+        }
+
+        //public static JObject SortJObject(JObject joIn)
+        //{
+        //    return new JObject( joIn.Properties().OrderByDescending(p => p.Name) );
+        //}
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WINDOW SETTINGS
+        private static readonly AppSettings AppSettings = AppSettings.Instance;
+        public static bool WindowSettingsValid()
+        {
+            Globals.DebugWriteLine(@"[Func:General\GeneralFuncs.WindowSettingsValid]");
+            AppSettings.LoadFromFile();
+            return true;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region OTHER
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces last occurrence of string in string
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">String to modify</param>
+        /// <param name="sOld">String to find (and replace)</param>
+        /// <param name="sNew">New string to input</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static string ReplaceLast(string input, string sOld, string sNew)
+        {
+            var lastIndex = input.LastIndexOf(sOld, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+            var lastIndexEnd = lastIndex + sOld.Length;
+            return input[..lastIndex] + sNew + input.Substring(lastIndexEnd, input.Length - lastIndexEnd);
+        }
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource proc of type System.Diagnostics.Process in method "Void GeneralFuncs.StartProgram(String,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GeneralFuncs.StartProgram(String,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+TcNo-Acc-Switcher-Server/Pages/General/GeneralFuncs.cs
+
+### Key:
+GeneralFuncs.cs|StartProgram|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2768888188a2247418ea33e6ca33771d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2485/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2485/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d81460c1226dfb7fc379f8462ede8dd18d9219a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2485/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SaintCoinach
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using SaintCoinach.IO;
+
+using YamlDotNet.Serialization;
+
+namespace SaintCoinach.Ex.Relational.ValueConverters {
+    public class IconConverter : IValueConverter {
+        #region IValueConverter Members
+
+        [YamlIgnore]
+        public string TargetTypeName { get { return "Image"; } }
+        [YamlIgnore]
+        public Type TargetType { get { return typeof(Imaging.ImageFile); } }
+
+        public object Convert(IDataRow row, object rawValue) {
+            const string IconFileFormat = "ui/icon/{0:D3}000/{1}{2:D6}.tex";
+
+            var nr = System.Convert.ToInt32(rawValue);
+            if (nr < 0 || nr > 999999)
+                return null;
+
+            var sheet = row.Sheet;
+            var type = sheet.Language.GetCode();
+            if (type.Length > 0)
+                type = type + "/";
+
+            var filePath = string.Format(IconFileFormat, nr / 1000, type, nr);
+
+            var pack = sheet.Collection.PackCollection;
+            File file;
+            if (pack.TryGetFile(filePath, out file)) return file;
+
+            // Couldn't get language specific, try for generic version.
+            filePath = string.Format(IconFileFormat, nr / 1000, string.Empty, nr);
+            if (!pack.TryGetFile(filePath, out file)) {
+                // Couldn't get generic version either, that's a shame.
+                file = null;
+            }
+            return file;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`file` is read without initialization.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Object IconConverter.Convert(IDataRow,Object)
+
+### File:
+SaintCoinach/Ex/Relational/ValueConverters/IconConverter.cs
+
+### Key:
+IconConverter.cs|Convert|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+d0f3d242378ae3f77cb4782c0a00b67a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2603/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2603/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d5bfe6f4569a4b27cc95c8e8e7790097e56bb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2603/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** yc.boilerplate
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using YC.ServiceWebApi.Result;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using YC.ApplicationService;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
+using YC.DapperFrameWork;
+using YC.Model.SysDbEntity;
+using YC.Core.Autofac;
+using YC.Core.Cache;
+using YC.ApplicationService.ApplicationService.Dto;
+using YC.Core;
+using YC.Common.ShareUtils;
+using YC.Common;
+using YC.Core.HttpExtensions;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using YC.ServiceWebApi.Tenant;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using YC.ServiceWebApi.Filter.Dto;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using YC.ServiceWebApi.Extensions;
+using YC.ApplicationService.ApplicationService.SysUserAppService.Dto;
+using AutoMapper;
+using YC.ApplicationService.Dto;
+
+namespace YC.ServiceWebApi.Filter
+{
+    public class AOPActionFilterAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute, IDependencyInjectionSupport
+    {
+
+        private ISysUserAppService _sysUserService;
+        private ITenant _tenant;
+        public ICacheManager _cacheManager;
+        public IHttpContextAccessor _httpContextAccessor;
+        public RequestInfoDto _requestInfoDto;
+        private ISysAuditLogAppService _sysAuditLogAppService;
+        public readonly IMapper _mapper;
+        public AOPActionFilterAttribute(ICacheManager cacheManager, ITenant tenant, IHttpContextAccessor httpContextAccessor, ISysUserAppService sysUserService,
+            IMapper mapper, ISysAuditLogAppService sysAuditLogAppService)
+        {
+            _tenant = tenant;
+            _cacheManager = cacheManager;
+            _httpContextAccessor = httpContextAccessor;
+            _requestInfoDto = new RequestInfoDto();
+            _sysUserService = sysUserService;
+            _mapper = mapper;
+            _sysAuditLogAppService = sysAuditLogAppService;
+        }
+
+        public override void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context)
+        {
+            if (_requestInfoDto.Key == context.ActionDescriptor.Id)
+            {
+                _requestInfoDto.StopTime = DateTime.Now;
+                _requestInfoDto.ElapsedMilliseconds = Convert.ToInt64((_requestInfoDto.StopTime - _requestInfoDto.StartTime).TotalMilliseconds);
+                var obj = context.Result;
+                 if (obj==null)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception(DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.ExceptionKey + "获取context.Result 对象为空！");
+                }
+                 _requestInfoDto.ResponseState = false;
+                 var resultType = context.Result?.GetType();
+                try  
+                {
+
+                    if (resultType.FullName.Equals(typeof(JsonResult).FullName))
+                    {
+                        var result = (JsonResult)obj;
+                        //_requestInfoDto.ResponseData = result.Value == null ? "" : System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(result.Value);
+                        //aop拦截处理 如果不是我们已经定义标准化返回，那么我们需要在外层包一层，如果不是，就直接让他自己按照正常处理返回
+                        if ((result.Value.GetType().Name.Contains(typeof(ApiResult).Name) || result.Value.GetType().Name.Contains(typeof(ApiResult<>).Name)))
+                        {
+                            var State = System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(result.Value).ToJObject().GetValue("State");
+                            _requestInfoDto.ResponseState =Convert.ToBoolean(State);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (resultType.FullName.Equals(typeof(ObjectResult).FullName))
+                    {
+                        var result = (ObjectResult)context.Result;
+                        //_requestInfoDto.ResponseData = result.Value == null ? "" : System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(result.Value);
+                        //aop拦截处理 如果不是我们已经定义标准化返回，那么我们需要在外层包一层，如果不是，就直接让他自己按照正常处理返回
+                        if ((result.Value.GetType().Name.Contains(typeof(ApiResult).Name) || result.Value.GetType().Name.Contains(typeof(ApiResult<>).Name)))
+                        {
+                            var State = System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(result.Value).ToJObject().GetValue("State");
+                            _requestInfoDto.ResponseState = Convert.ToBoolean(State);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+              
+                   
+
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception(DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.ExceptionKey + "审计日志拦截返回值处理失败！" + ex.ToString());
+                }
+               
+
+                WriteRequestLog(context, _requestInfoDto);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context)
+        {
+
+            #region 拦截请求信息
+
+            _requestInfoDto.Key = context.ActionDescriptor.Id;
+            _requestInfoDto.StartTime = DateTime.Now;
+            _requestInfoDto.TenantId = _tenant.TenantId;
+            var requestString = context.ActionArguments?.ToString();
+            string ua = context.HttpContext.Request.Headers["User-Agent"];
+            var client = UAParser.Parser.GetDefault().Parse(ua);
+            var device = client.Device.Family;
+            device = device.ToLower() == "other" ? "" : device;
+            _requestInfoDto.Browser = client.UA.Family;
+            _requestInfoDto.Os = client.OS.Family;
+            _requestInfoDto.Device = device;
+            _requestInfoDto.BrowserInfo = ua;
+            _requestInfoDto.IP = IPUtils.GetIP(context?.HttpContext?.Request);
+            _requestInfoDto.ParamsString = context.ActionArguments?.ToIndentedJson();
+
+            #endregion
+            string[] filterActions = DefaultConfig.FilterUrls;
+            var controllerName = context.RouteData.Values["controller"]?.ToString();//获取当前控制器名称
+            if (filterActions.Any(x => x.Contains(context.HttpContext.Request.Path)))
+            {//可以放行
+                return;
+            }
+
+            #region 1-指定控制器允许通过 只要访问的是集合内的控制器，才允许请求
+            //string[] allowAnonymousStringArray = new string[] { "Values", "Car" };
+
+            //if (!allowAnonymousStringArray.Any(x => x == controllerName))
+            //{
+            //    context.Result = new JsonResult(new ApiResult<string>() { Code = 404, Message = "访问的api不存在或权限不足!", Value = "" });
+            //}
+            string requestPath = context.HttpContext.Request.Path.Value;//  /api/Identity/GetTokenByLogin
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region 2- token 校验
+            var token = context.HttpContext.Request.Headers["Authorization"];
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(token))
+            {
+                context.Result = new JsonResult(new ApiResultDto<string>() { Code = 400, Message = "token 为空!", Value = "" });
+                return;
+            }
+
+            token = token.ToString().Replace("Bearer", "").Trim();
+            UserDto userInfo = new UserDto();
+            if (DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.VerifyTokenUniqueness)
+            {//演示系统，该属性不开启，默认不校验唯一性
+                ValidateTokenExtenstions.ValidateToken(token, _httpContextAccessor, _cacheManager);
+            }
+            
+            var payloadDic = TokenContext.GetPayLoad(token);
+            var tokenKey = payloadDic[DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.TokenKeyName]?.ToString();//拿到唯一Id
+            userInfo = _cacheManager.Get<UserDto>(string.Format(DefaultConfig.CACHE_TOKEN_USER, tokenKey));
+            _requestInfoDto.User = userInfo;
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region 3-权限校验
+            //权限校验,如果自定义抛出异常，需要展示给前端看，那么必须 添加DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.ExceptionKey ，全局日志校验，就会放通
+            var userRolePermissions = GetUserRolePermissionCache(userInfo.TenantId, userInfo.Id);
+            if (userRolePermissions == null)//如果角色权限获取异常直接抛出
+            {
+                throw new Exception(DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.ExceptionKey + "用户角色权限数据获取异常！");
+            }
+            string requestApi = context.HttpContext.Request.Path.Value.Replace("/api/", "");
+            var isAllowedPermission = userRolePermissions.PermissionList.Exists(x => x.Api.Contains(requestApi));
+            string[] isAllowedPaths = new string[] { "Identity/RefreshToken" };
+            if (!isAllowedPermission && !isAllowedPaths.Any(x => x.Contains(requestApi)))
+            {
+                throw new Exception(DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.ExceptionKey + "没有对应的访问权限！");
+            }
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        public void WriteRequestLog(ActionExecutedContext context, RequestInfoDto requestInfo)
+        {
+
+            string sb = "--------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n";
+
+            sb += "请求方基础信息：" + requestInfo.ToIndentedJson() + "\r\n";
+            sb += "请求类型：" + context.HttpContext.Request.Method.ToLower() + "\r\n";
+            sb += "请求Api：" + context.ActionDescriptor.AttributeRouteInfo.Template.ToLower() + "\r\n"; ;
+            sb += "请求参数：" + requestInfo.ParamsString + "\r\n";
+            sb += "请求结果状态：" + requestInfo.ResponseState.ToString() + "\r\n";
+            //sb += "请求返回结果：" + requestInfo.ResponseData + "\r\n";
+            sb += "执行时间：" + requestInfo.ElapsedMilliseconds + "毫秒.\r\n";
+
+            LogUtils.WriteLog(new LogDto() { TypeName = "API接口请求日志", Message = sb });
+
+            var sysAuditLog = _mapper.Map<SysAuditLogAddOrEditDto>(requestInfo);
+            sysAuditLog.CreationTime = DateTime.Now;
+            sysAuditLog.RequestApi = context.ActionDescriptor.AttributeRouteInfo.Template.ToLower();
+            sysAuditLog.RequestMethod = context.HttpContext.Request.Method.ToLower();
+            if (requestInfo.User != null)
+            {
+                sysAuditLog.UserId = requestInfo.User.Id;
+                sysAuditLog.UserAccount = requestInfo.User.Account;
+            }
+            //sysAuditLog.ResponseData = requestInfo.ResponseData;
+            sysAuditLog.ResponseState = requestInfo.ResponseState;
+            _sysAuditLogAppService.CreateSysAuditLog(sysAuditLog);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取缓存中的对应用户的角色权限
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public UserRolePermissionDto GetUserRolePermissionCache(int tenantId, long id)
+        {
+
+            var result = new UserRolePermissionDto();
+
+            string userRolePermissionCacheKey = string.Format(DefaultConfig.CACHE_USER_ROLE_PEMISSION, string.Format("tenantId_{0}_userId_{1}", tenantId, id));
+
+            if (_cacheManager.Exists(userRolePermissionCacheKey))
+            {
+                result = _cacheManager.Get<UserRolePermissionDto>(userRolePermissionCacheKey);
+            }
+            else//直接再查询一次
+            {
+                result = _sysUserService.GetUserRolePermission(id).Data;//查询
+                //再次进行缓存
+                var isSuccessed = _cacheManager.Add(userRolePermissionCacheKey, result, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(DefaultConfig.DefaultAppConfigDto.CacheExpire));
+
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`resultType` could be null (last assigned on line 64) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AOPActionFilterAttribute.OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext)
+
+### File:
+src/Backstage/BasicAppLayer/YC.ServiceWebApi/Filter/AOPActionFilterAttribute.cs
+
+### Key:
+AOPActionFilterAttribute.cs|OnActionExecuted|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+a4808cb835041815d446021f5a425e7e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2604/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2604/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..823ab08d576d748e4bd625b34da4c5a23b20ee50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2604/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** yc.boilerplate
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using YC.ApplicationService;
+using YC.Common;
+using YC.Common.ShareUtils;
+using YC.Core;
+using YC.Core.HttpExtensions;
+using YC.ServiceWebApi.Result;
+
+namespace YC.ServiceWebApi.Filter
+{
+    public class AOPResultFilterAttribute : ResultFilterAttribute
+    {
+        private readonly ILogger<AOPResultFilterAttribute> logger;
+
+        public AOPResultFilterAttribute(ILoggerFactory loggerFactory=null)
+        {
+            logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger<AOPResultFilterAttribute>();
+        }
+
+        public override void OnResultExecuted(ResultExecutedContext context)
+        {
+           
+            
+        }
+
+        public override void OnResultExecuting(ResultExecutingContext context)
+        {
+            var obj = context.Result;
+            if (context.Result?.GetType() == typeof(ObjectResult))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var result = (ObjectResult)context.Result;
+
+                    //aop拦截处理 如果不是我们已经定义标准化返回，那么我们需要在外层包一层，如果不是，就直接让他自己按照正常处理返回
+                    if (!(result.Value.GetType().Name.Contains(typeof(ApiResult).Name)|| result.Value.GetType().Name.Contains(typeof(ApiResult<>).Name)))
+                    {
+                     
+                        context.Result= new JsonResult(ApiResult.Result<object>(true, result.Value, "请求成功."));
+                    }
+                   
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    context.Result = obj;
+                    logger.LogError("转换返回JsonResult失败！"+ex.ToString());
+                    throw ex;
+                }
+            }
+           
+        }
+    }
+
+   
+}
+
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `result` last assigned on line 40 could be null and is dereferenced at line 43, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AOPResultFilterAttribute.OnResultExecuting(ResultExecutingContext)
+
+### File:
+src/Backstage/BasicAppLayer/YC.ServiceWebApi/Filter/AOPResultFilterAttribute.cs
+
+### Key:
+AOPResultFilterAttribute.cs|OnResultExecuting|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+b5edf12857c1348f3d08a8de883d76cc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2611/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2611/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e64b476b3c045e7e27c1210bab474da43ac5732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2611/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dbschemareader
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using DatabaseSchemaReader.DataSchema;
+
+namespace DatabaseSchemaReader.CodeGen
+{
+    class SprocWriter
+    {
+        /*
+         * This creates a simple class which sets all the parameters on a DbCommand.
+         * You must write the code to create the connection
+         * AND to execute the DbCommand (we can't tell if it's ExecuteReader, ExecuteNonQuery etc)
+         * 
+         * All parameters are implicitly nullable.
+         * 
+         * This supports simple SQLServer and Oracle parameters.
+         * It also supports Oracle REF CURSOR.
+         * It does NOT support LOBs and other special database types.
+         */
+        private readonly DatabaseStoredProcedure _storedProcedure;
+        private readonly string _namespace;
+        private readonly ClassBuilder _cb;
+        private readonly SprocLogic _logic;
+        private readonly SprocResultType _sprocResultType;
+
+        public SprocWriter(DatabaseStoredProcedure storedProcedure, string ns)
+        {
+            _namespace = ns;
+            _storedProcedure = storedProcedure;
+            _logic = new SprocLogic(_storedProcedure);
+            _sprocResultType = _logic.ResultType;
+            _cb = new ClassBuilder();
+        }
+
+        public bool HasResultClass
+        {
+            get { return _sprocResultType != SprocResultType.Void; }
+        }
+
+        public bool RequiresOracleReference
+        {
+            get { return _logic.HasRefCursors; }
+        }
+
+        public string Write()
+        {
+            var className = _logic.ClassName;
+
+            WriteNamespaces();
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(_namespace))
+            {
+                _cb.BeginNest("namespace " + _namespace);
+            }
+
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("public class " + className, "Class representing " + _storedProcedure.FullName + " stored procedure"))
+            {
+                WriteConstructor(className);
+                WriteCreateCommand();
+                WriteAddWithValue();
+
+                WriteExecute();
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(_namespace))
+            {
+                _cb.EndNest();
+            }
+
+            return _cb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        private void WriteNamespaces()
+        {
+            _cb.AppendLine("using System;");
+            if (_storedProcedure.ResultSets.Count > 0)
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine("using System.Collections.Generic;");
+            }
+            _cb.AppendLine("using System.Data;");
+            _cb.AppendLine("using System.Data.Common;");
+            //if it has Oracle refcursors
+            if (_logic.HasRefCursors)
+            {
+                //could also be ODP, Devart etc.
+                _cb.AppendLine("using System.Data.OracleClient; //contains a Ref Cursor");
+            }
+            _cb.AppendLine("using System.Diagnostics;");
+        }
+
+        private void WriteConstructor(string className)
+        {
+            _cb.AppendLine("[DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]");
+            _cb.AppendLine("private readonly DbConnection _connection;");
+            _cb.AppendLine("");
+
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("public " + className + "(DbConnection connection)", "Initializes a new instance of the <see cref=\"" + className + "\"/> class."))
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine("_connection = connection;");
+            }
+            _cb.AppendLine("");
+        }
+
+
+        private void WriteCreateCommand()
+        {
+            string argList = _logic.CreateArgumentList();
+
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("public virtual DbCommand CreateCommand(" + argList + ")", "Creates the command and all parameters."))
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine("var cmd = _connection.CreateCommand();");
+                var fullName = _storedProcedure.FullName;
+                _cb.AppendLine("cmd.CommandText = @\"" + fullName + "\";");
+                _cb.AppendLine("cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;");
+
+                foreach (var argument in _storedProcedure.Arguments)
+                {
+                    WriteArgument(argument);
+                }
+
+                _cb.AppendLine("return cmd;");
+            }
+            _cb.AppendLine("//var cmd = sproc.CreateCommand(" + _logic.CreateDummyCall() + ");");
+        }
+
+        private void WriteExecute()
+        {
+            var resultClassName = _logic.ResultClassName;
+            var returnType = _logic.ReturnType;
+
+            string argList = _logic.CreateArgumentList();
+            var call = _logic.CreateArgumentCall();
+
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("public virtual " + returnType + " Execute(" + argList + ")",
+                              "Executes the stored procedure"))
+            {
+                CreateResultClass(resultClassName);
+                using (_cb.BeginNest("using (var cmd = CreateCommand(" + call + "))"))
+                {
+                    WriteExecuteBody();
+                }
+                if (_sprocResultType != SprocResultType.Void)
+                {
+                    _cb.AppendLine("return result;");
+                }
+            }
+            if (_sprocResultType == SprocResultType.Enumerable)
+            {
+                WriteSingleReadData(resultClassName, _storedProcedure.ResultSets[0]);
+                WriteFixNull();
+            }
+            else if (_sprocResultType == SprocResultType.ResultClass)
+            {
+                WriteReadData(resultClassName);
+                WriteFixNull();
+            }
+
+            if (_logic.HasOutputParameters)
+            {
+                WriteOutputParameters(resultClassName);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateResultClass(string resultClassName)
+        {
+            if (_sprocResultType == SprocResultType.Void)
+            {
+                //no result
+            }
+            else if (_sprocResultType == SprocResultType.Enumerable)
+            {
+                //return a simple enumerable of results
+                //We cannot tell is this is a scalar (singular) result
+                _cb.AppendLine("var result = new List<" + resultClassName + ">();");
+            }
+            else //if (sprocResultType == SprocResultType.ResultClass)
+            {
+                //return a result class containing the multiple result lists
+                _cb.AppendLine("var result = new " + resultClassName + "();");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteExecuteBody()
+        {
+            var numberResults = _storedProcedure.ResultSets.Count;
+
+            _cb.AppendLine("var isClosed = (_connection.State == ConnectionState.Closed);");
+            _cb.AppendLine("if (isClosed) _connection.Open();");
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("try"))
+            {
+                if (numberResults == 0)
+                {
+                    _cb.AppendLine("cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();");
+                }
+                else //if (numberResults > 0)
+                {
+                    using (_cb.BeginNest("using (var rdr = cmd.ExecuteReader())"))
+                    {
+                        _cb.AppendLine("ReadData(rdr, result);");
+                    }
+                }
+                //if has output parameters (after reader is closed)
+                if (_logic.HasOutputParameters)
+                {
+                    _cb.AppendLine("UpdateOutputParameters(cmd, result);");
+                }
+            }
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("finally"))
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine("if (isClosed) _connection.Close();");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteOutputParameters(string resultClassName)
+        {
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("private static void UpdateOutputParameters(IDbCommand cmd, " + resultClassName + " result)"))
+            {
+                foreach (var argument in _storedProcedure.Arguments)
+                {
+                    if (!argument.Out) continue;
+                    //gets rid of REF CURSORS
+                    if (argument.DataType == null) continue;
+                    var dataType = argument.DataType.NetDataTypeCSharpName;
+                    if (!argument.DataType.IsString) dataType += "?";
+                    _cb.AppendLine("result." + argument.NetName + " = (" + dataType + ")((DbParameter)cmd.Parameters[\"" + argument.Name + "\"]).Value;");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteSingleReadData(string resultClassName, DatabaseResultSet result)
+        {
+            //single result set
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("private static void ReadData(IDataReader rdr, ICollection<" + resultClassName + "> result)"))
+            {
+                using (_cb.BeginNest("while (rdr.Read())"))
+                {
+                    _cb.AppendLine("var record = new " + resultClassName + "();");
+                    for (int index = 0; index < result.Columns.Count; index++)
+                    {
+                        var column = result.Columns[index];
+                        var name = column.NetName ?? NameFixer.ToPascalCase(column.Name);
+                        var dataType = column.DbDataType;
+                        if (!string.Equals(dataType, "String", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && !dataType.EndsWith("[]", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                        {
+                            dataType += "?"; //nullable
+                        }
+                        //manage DbNull
+                        _cb.AppendLine("record." + name + " = (" + dataType + ")FixNull(rdr[" + index + "]);");
+                    }
+                    _cb.AppendLine("result.Add(record);");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        private void WriteReadData(string resultClassName)
+        {
+            if (_storedProcedure.ResultSets.Count == 0) return;
+
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("private static void ReadData(IDataReader rdr, " + resultClassName + " result)"))
+            {
+                for (int index = 0; index < _storedProcedure.ResultSets.Count; index++)
+                {
+                    var name = resultClassName + index;
+                    _cb.AppendLine("ReadData(rdr, result." + name + ");");
+                    _cb.AppendLine("rdr.NextResult();");
+                }
+            }
+            for (int index = 0; index < _storedProcedure.ResultSets.Count; index++)
+            {
+                var resultSet = _storedProcedure.ResultSets[index];
+                var name = resultClassName + index;
+                WriteSingleReadData(name, resultSet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteArgument(DatabaseArgument argument)
+        {
+            _cb.AppendLine("");
+            _cb.AppendLine("//" + argument.Name + " " + argument.DatabaseDataType);
+            string s = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
+                                     "AddWithValue(cmd, \"{0}\", {1});",
+                                     argument.Name, SprocLogic.ArgumentCamelCaseName(argument));
+            if (!argument.Out)
+            {
+                //normal in parameters
+                _cb.AppendLine(s);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // output and input-output parameters.
+            var pName = "p" + argument.NetName;
+            var isRefCursor = string.Equals("REF CURSOR", argument.DatabaseDataType, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            if (argument.In)
+            {
+                //input output
+                _cb.AppendLine("var " + pName + " = " + s);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                //just output
+                if (isRefCursor)
+                {
+                    _cb.AppendLine("var " + pName + " = (OracleParameter)cmd.CreateParameter();");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _cb.AppendLine("var " + pName + " = cmd.CreateParameter();");
+                }
+                _cb.AppendLine(pName + ".ParameterName = \"" + argument.Name + "\";");
+                _cb.AppendLine("cmd.Parameters.Add(" + pName + ");");
+            }
+            _cb.AppendLine(pName + ".Direction = ParameterDirection." + (argument.In ? "InputOutput" : "Output") + ";");
+
+            // you may need DbType on output parameters
+            if (isRefCursor)
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine(pName + ".OracleType = OracleType.Cursor;");
+                return;
+            }
+            var dt = argument.DataType;
+            if (dt == null)
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine(pName + ".DbType = DbType.Object;");
+                return;
+            }
+            var t = dt.GetNetType();
+            _cb.AppendLine(pName + ".DbType = DbType." + Type.GetTypeCode(t) + ";");
+
+        }
+
+        private void WriteFixNull()
+        {
+            if (_storedProcedure.ResultSets.Count == 0) return;
+
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("private static object FixNull(object value)", "Change DBNull values to null"))
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine("return (value == DBNull.Value) ? null : value;");
+            }
+        }
+        private void WriteAddWithValue()
+        {
+            if (_storedProcedure.Arguments.Count == 0) return;
+            //this only applies to input parameters
+            if (!_storedProcedure.Arguments.Any(x => x.In)) return;
+
+            //if you have a lot of sprocs, this belongs in a base class or extension class
+            using (_cb.BeginNest("private static DbParameter AddWithValue(DbCommand command, string parameterName, object value)"))
+            {
+                _cb.AppendLine("var p = command.CreateParameter();");
+                _cb.AppendLine("p.ParameterName = parameterName;");
+                _cb.AppendLine("p.Value = value ?? DBNull.Value;");
+                _cb.AppendLine("command.Parameters.Add(p);");
+                _cb.AppendLine("return p;");
+            }
+            _cb.AppendLine("");
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from DatabaseSchemaReader.CodeGen.Nester DatabaseSchemaReader.CodeGen.ClassBuilder::BeginNest(System.String) at Line 54) of type DatabaseSchemaReader.CodeGen.Nester in method "String SprocWriter.Write()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String SprocWriter.Write()
+
+### File:
+DatabaseSchemaReader/CodeGen/SprocWriter.cs
+
+### Key:
+SprocWriter.cs|Write|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7d4309767b955fbbd267c192d02f4cbc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2617/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2617/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8717b051894b4a5af70abea873a22e10242e7865
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+++ b/inferredbugs-2617/instruction.md
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+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CoAP.NET
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2015, Longxiang He <helongxiang@smeshlink.com>,
+ * SmeshLink Technology Co.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
+ * 
+ * This file is part of the CoAP.NET, a CoAP framework in C#.
+ * Please see README for more information.
+ */
+
+using System;
+using CoAP.Log;
+using CoAP.Net;
+
+namespace CoAP.Stack
+{
+    public class BlockwiseLayer : AbstractLayer
+    {
+        static readonly ILogger log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(BlockwiseLayer));
+
+        private Int32 _maxMessageSize;
+        private Int32 _defaultBlockSize;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructs a new blockwise layer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BlockwiseLayer(ICoapConfig config)
+        {
+            _maxMessageSize = config.MaxMessageSize;
+            _defaultBlockSize = config.DefaultBlockSize;
+            if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                log.Debug("BlockwiseLayer uses MaxMessageSize: " + _maxMessageSize + " and DefaultBlockSize:" + _defaultBlockSize);
+
+            config.PropertyChanged += ConfigChanged;
+        }
+
+        void ConfigChanged(Object sender, System.ComponentModel.PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
+        {
+            ICoapConfig config = (ICoapConfig)sender;
+            if (String.Equals(e.PropertyName, "MaxMessageSize"))
+                _maxMessageSize = config.MaxMessageSize;
+            else if (String.Equals(e.PropertyName, "DefaultBlockSize"))
+                _defaultBlockSize = config.DefaultBlockSize;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public override void SendRequest(INextLayer nextLayer, Exchange exchange, Request request)
+        {
+            if (request.HasOption(OptionType.Block2) && request.Block2.NUM > 0)
+            {
+                // This is the case if the user has explicitly added a block option
+                // for random access.
+                // Note: We do not regard it as random access when the block num is
+                // 0. This is because the user might just want to do early block
+                // size negotiation but actually wants to receive all blocks.
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("Request carries explicit defined block2 option: create random access blockwise status");
+                BlockwiseStatus status = new BlockwiseStatus(request.ContentFormat);
+                BlockOption block2 = request.Block2;
+                status.CurrentSZX = block2.SZX;
+                status.CurrentNUM = block2.NUM;
+                status.IsRandomAccess = true;
+                exchange.ResponseBlockStatus = status;
+                base.SendRequest(nextLayer, exchange, request);
+            }
+            else if (RequiresBlockwise(request))
+            {
+                // This must be a large POST or PUT request
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("Request payload " + request.PayloadSize + "/" + _maxMessageSize + " requires Blockwise.");
+                BlockwiseStatus status = FindRequestBlockStatus(exchange, request);
+                Request block = GetNextRequestBlock(request, status);
+                exchange.RequestBlockStatus = status;
+                exchange.CurrentRequest = block;
+                base.SendRequest(nextLayer, exchange, block);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                exchange.CurrentRequest = request;
+                base.SendRequest(nextLayer, exchange, request);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public override void ReceiveRequest(INextLayer nextLayer, Exchange exchange, Request request)
+        {
+            if (request.HasOption(OptionType.Block1))
+            {
+                // This must be a large POST or PUT request
+                BlockOption block1 = request.Block1;
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("Request contains block1 option " + block1);
+
+                BlockwiseStatus status = FindRequestBlockStatus(exchange, request);
+                if (block1.NUM == 0 && status.CurrentNUM > 0)
+                {
+                    // reset the blockwise transfer
+                    if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                        log.Debug("Block1 num is 0, the client has restarted the blockwise transfer. Reset status.");
+                    status = new BlockwiseStatus(request.ContentType);
+                    exchange.RequestBlockStatus = status;
+                }
+
+                if (block1.NUM == status.CurrentNUM)
+                {
+                    if (request.ContentType == status.ContentFormat)
+                    {
+                        status.AddBlock(request.Payload);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Response error = Response.CreatePiggybackedResponse(request, StatusCode.RequestEntityIncomplete);
+                        error.AddOption(new BlockOption(OptionType.Block1, block1.NUM, block1.SZX, block1.M));
+                        error.SetPayload("Changed Content-Format");
+                        request.IsAcknowledged = true;
+                        exchange.CurrentResponse = error;
+                        base.SendResponse(nextLayer, exchange, error);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    status.CurrentNUM = status.CurrentNUM + 1;
+                    if (block1.M)
+                    {
+                        if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                            log.Debug("There are more blocks to come. Acknowledge this block.");
+
+                        if (request.Type == MessageType.CON)
+                        {
+                            Response piggybacked = Response.CreatePiggybackedResponse(request, StatusCode.Continue);
+                            piggybacked.AddOption(new BlockOption(OptionType.Block1, block1.NUM, block1.SZX, true));
+                            piggybacked.Last = false;
+                            request.IsAcknowledged = true;
+                            exchange.CurrentResponse = piggybacked;
+                            base.SendResponse(nextLayer, exchange, piggybacked);
+                        }
+                        // do not assemble and deliver the request yet
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                            log.Debug("This was the last block. Deliver request");
+
+                        // Remember block to acknowledge. TODO: We might make this a boolean flag in status.
+                        exchange.Block1ToAck = block1;
+
+                        // Block2 early negotiation
+                        EarlyBlock2Negotiation(exchange, request);
+
+                        // Assemble and deliver
+                        Request assembled = new Request(request.Method); // getAssembledRequest(status, request);
+                        AssembleMessage(status, assembled, request);
+                        // assembled.setAcknowledged(true); // TODO: prevents accept from sending ACK. Maybe the resource uses separate...
+                        exchange.Request = assembled;
+                        base.ReceiveRequest(nextLayer, exchange, assembled);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // ERROR, wrong number, Incomplete
+                    if (log.IsWarnEnabled)
+                        log.Warn("Wrong block number. Expected " + status.CurrentNUM + " but received " + block1.NUM + ". Respond with 4.08 (Request Entity Incomplete).");
+                    Response error = Response.CreatePiggybackedResponse(request, StatusCode.RequestEntityIncomplete);
+                    error.AddOption(new BlockOption(OptionType.Block1, block1.NUM, block1.SZX, block1.M));
+                    error.SetPayload("Wrong block number");
+                    request.IsAcknowledged = true;
+                    exchange.CurrentResponse = error;
+                    base.SendResponse(nextLayer, exchange, error);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (exchange.Response != null && request.HasOption(OptionType.Block2))
+            {
+                // The response has already been generated and the client just wants
+                // the next block of it
+                BlockOption block2 = request.Block2;
+                Response response = exchange.Response;
+                BlockwiseStatus status = FindResponseBlockStatus(exchange, response);
+                status.CurrentNUM = block2.NUM;
+                status.CurrentSZX = block2.SZX;
+
+                Response block = GetNextResponseBlock(response, status);
+                block.Token = request.Token;
+                block.RemoveOptions(OptionType.Observe);
+
+                if (status.Complete)
+                {
+                    // clean up blockwise status
+                    if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                        log.Debug("Ongoing is complete " + status);
+                    exchange.ResponseBlockStatus = null;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                        log.Debug("Ongoing is continuing " + status);
+                }
+
+                exchange.CurrentResponse = block;
+                base.SendResponse(nextLayer, exchange, block);
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                EarlyBlock2Negotiation(exchange, request);
+
+                exchange.Request = request;
+                base.ReceiveRequest(nextLayer, exchange, request);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public override void SendResponse(INextLayer nextLayer, Exchange exchange, Response response)
+        {
+            BlockOption block1 = exchange.Block1ToAck;
+            if (block1 != null)
+                exchange.Block1ToAck = null;
+
+            if (RequiresBlockwise(exchange, response))
+            {
+                // This must be a large response to a GET or POST request (PUT?)
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("Response payload " + response.PayloadSize + "/" + _maxMessageSize + " requires Blockwise");
+
+                BlockwiseStatus status = FindResponseBlockStatus(exchange, response);
+
+                Response block = GetNextResponseBlock(response, status);
+                block.Type = response.Type; // This is only true for the first block
+                if (block1 != null) // in case we still have to ack the last block1
+                    block.SetOption(block1);
+                if (block.Token == null)
+                    block.Token = exchange.Request.Token;
+
+                if (response.HasOption(OptionType.Observe))
+                {
+                    // the ACK for the first block should acknowledge the whole notification
+                    exchange.CurrentResponse = response;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    exchange.CurrentResponse = block;
+                }
+                base.SendResponse(nextLayer, exchange, block);
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (block1 != null)
+                    response.SetOption(block1);
+                exchange.CurrentResponse = response;
+                base.SendResponse(nextLayer, exchange, response);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public override void ReceiveResponse(INextLayer nextLayer, Exchange exchange, Response response)
+        {
+            if (!response.HasOption(OptionType.Block1) && !response.HasOption(OptionType.Block2))
+            {
+                // There is no block1 or block2 option, therefore it is a normal response
+                exchange.Response = response;
+                base.ReceiveResponse(nextLayer, exchange, response);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            BlockOption block1 = response.Block1;
+            if (block1 != null)
+            {
+                // TODO: What if request has not been sent blockwise (server error)
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("Response acknowledges block " + block1);
+
+                BlockwiseStatus status = exchange.RequestBlockStatus;
+                if (!status.Complete)
+                {
+                    // TODO: the response code should be CONTINUE. Otherwise deliver
+                    // Send next block
+                    Int32 currentSize = 1 << (4 + status.CurrentSZX);
+                    Int32 nextNum = status.CurrentNUM + currentSize / block1.Size;
+                    if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                        log.Debug("Send next block num = " + nextNum);
+                    status.CurrentNUM = nextNum;
+                    status.CurrentSZX = block1.SZX;
+                    Request nextBlock = GetNextRequestBlock(exchange.Request, status);
+                    if (nextBlock.Token == null)
+                        nextBlock.Token = response.Token; // reuse same token
+                    exchange.CurrentRequest = nextBlock;
+                    base.SendRequest(nextLayer, exchange, nextBlock);
+                    // do not deliver response
+                }
+                else if (!response.HasOption(OptionType.Block2))
+                {
+                    // All request block have been acknowledged and we receive a piggy-backed
+                    // response that needs no blockwise transfer. Thus, deliver it.
+                    base.ReceiveResponse(nextLayer, exchange, response);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                        log.Debug("Response has Block2 option and is therefore sent blockwise");
+                }
+            }
+
+            BlockOption block2 = response.Block2;
+            if (block2 != null)
+            {
+                BlockwiseStatus status = FindResponseBlockStatus(exchange, response);
+
+                if (block2.NUM == status.CurrentNUM)
+                {
+                    // We got the block we expected :-)
+                    status.AddBlock(response.Payload);
+                    Int32? obs = response.Observe;
+                    if (obs.HasValue)
+                        status.Observe = obs.Value;
+
+                    // notify blocking progress
+                    exchange.Request.FireResponding(response);
+
+                    if (status.IsRandomAccess)
+                    {
+                        // The client has requested this specifc block and we deliver it
+                        exchange.Response = response;
+                        base.ReceiveResponse(nextLayer, exchange, response);
+                    }
+                    else if (block2.M)
+                    {
+                        if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                            log.Debug("Request the next response block");
+                        // TODO: If this is a notification, do we have to use
+                        // another token now?
+
+                        Request request = exchange.Request;
+                        Int32 num = block2.NUM + 1;
+                        Int32 szx = block2.SZX;
+                        Boolean m = false;
+                        Request block = new Request(request.Method);
+                        block.Token = response.Token;
+                        block.SetOptions(request.GetOptions());
+                        block.Destination = request.Destination;
+
+                        block.Type = request.Type; // NON could make sense over SMS or similar transports
+                        block.SetOption(new BlockOption(OptionType.Block2, num, szx, m));
+                        status.CurrentNUM = num;
+
+                        // to make it easier for Observe, we do not re-use the Token
+                        //if (!response.HasOption(OptionType.Observe))
+                        //{
+                        //    block.Token = request.Token;
+                        //}
+
+                        // make sure not to use Observe for block retrieval
+                        block.RemoveOptions(OptionType.Observe);
+
+                        exchange.CurrentRequest = block;
+                        base.SendRequest(nextLayer, exchange, block);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                            log.Debug("We have received all " + status.BlockCount + " blocks of the response. Assemble and deliver.");
+                        Response assembled = new Response(response.StatusCode);
+                        AssembleMessage(status, assembled, response);
+                        assembled.Type = response.Type;
+
+                        // set overall transfer RTT
+                        assembled.RTT = (DateTime.Now - exchange.Timestamp).TotalMilliseconds;
+
+                        // Check if this response is a notification
+                        Int32 observe = status.Observe;
+                        if (observe != BlockwiseStatus.NoObserve)
+                        {
+                            assembled.AddOption(Option.Create(OptionType.Observe, observe));
+                            // This is necessary for notifications that are sent blockwise:
+                            // Reset block number AND container with all blocks
+                            exchange.ResponseBlockStatus = null;
+                        }
+
+                        if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                            log.Debug("Assembled response: " + assembled);
+                        exchange.Response = assembled;
+                        base.ReceiveResponse(nextLayer, exchange, assembled);
+                    }
+
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // ERROR, wrong block number (server error)
+                    // TODO: This scenario is not specified in the draft.
+                    // Currently, we reject it and cancel the request.
+                    if (log.IsWarnEnabled)
+                        log.Warn("Wrong block number. Expected " + status.CurrentNUM + " but received " + block2.NUM + ". Reject response; exchange has failed.");
+                    if (response.Type == MessageType.CON)
+                    {
+                        EmptyMessage rst = EmptyMessage.NewRST(response);
+                        base.SendEmptyMessage(nextLayer, exchange, rst);
+                    }
+                    exchange.Request.IsCancelled = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void EarlyBlock2Negotiation(Exchange exchange, Request request)
+        {
+            // Call this method when a request has completely arrived (might have
+            // been sent in one piece without blockwise).
+            if (request.HasOption(OptionType.Block2))
+            {
+                BlockOption block2 = request.Block2;
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("Request demands blockwise transfer of response with option " + block2 + ". Create and set new block2 status");
+                BlockwiseStatus status2 = new BlockwiseStatus(request.ContentType, block2.NUM, block2.SZX);
+                exchange.ResponseBlockStatus = status2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private BlockwiseStatus FindRequestBlockStatus(Exchange exchange, Request request)
+        {
+            // NOTICE: This method is used by sendRequest and receiveRequest. Be
+            // careful, making changes to the status in here.
+            BlockwiseStatus status = exchange.RequestBlockStatus;
+            if (status == null)
+            {
+                status = new BlockwiseStatus(request.ContentType);
+                status.CurrentSZX = BlockOption.EncodeSZX(_defaultBlockSize);
+                exchange.RequestBlockStatus = status;
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("There is no assembler status yet. Create and set new block1 status: " + status);
+            }
+            return status;
+        }
+
+        private BlockwiseStatus FindResponseBlockStatus(Exchange exchange, Response response)
+        {
+            // NOTICE: This method is used by sendResponse and receiveResponse. Be
+            // careful, making changes to the status in here.
+            BlockwiseStatus status = exchange.ResponseBlockStatus;
+            if (status == null)
+            {
+                status = new BlockwiseStatus(response.ContentType);
+                status.CurrentSZX = BlockOption.EncodeSZX(_defaultBlockSize);
+                exchange.ResponseBlockStatus = status;
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("There is no blockwise status yet. Create and set new block2 status: " + status);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (log.IsDebugEnabled)
+                    log.Debug("Current blockwise status: " + status);
+            }
+            return status;
+        }
+
+        private Request GetNextRequestBlock(Request request, BlockwiseStatus status)
+        {
+            Int32 num = status.CurrentNUM;
+            Int32 szx = status.CurrentSZX;
+            Request block = new Request(request.Method);
+            block.SetOptions(request.GetOptions());
+            block.Destination = request.Destination;
+            block.Token = request.Token;
+            block.Type = MessageType.CON;
+
+            Int32 currentSize = 1 << (4 + szx);
+            Int32 from = num * currentSize;
+            Int32 to = Math.Min((num + 1) * currentSize, request.PayloadSize);
+            Int32 length = to - from;
+            Byte[] blockPayload = new Byte[length];
+            Array.Copy(request.Payload, from, blockPayload, 0, length);
+            block.Payload = blockPayload;
+
+            Boolean m = to < request.PayloadSize;
+            block.AddOption(new BlockOption(OptionType.Block1, num, szx, m));
+
+            status.Complete = !m;
+            return block;
+        }
+
+        private Response GetNextResponseBlock(Response response, BlockwiseStatus status)
+        {
+            Int32 szx = status.CurrentSZX;
+            Int32 num = status.CurrentNUM;
+            Response block = new Response(response.StatusCode);
+            // block.setType(response.getType()); // NO! First block has type from origin response, all other depend on current request
+            block.Destination = response.Destination;
+            block.Token = response.Token;
+            block.SetOptions(response.GetOptions());
+            block.TimedOut += (o, e) => response.IsTimedOut = true;
+
+            Int32 payloadSize = response.PayloadSize;
+            Int32 currentSize = 1 << (4 + szx);
+            Int32 from = num * currentSize;
+            if (payloadSize > 0 && payloadSize > from)
+            {
+                Int32 to = Math.Min((num + 1) * currentSize, response.PayloadSize);
+                Int32 length = to - from;
+                Byte[] blockPayload = new Byte[length];
+                Array.Copy(response.Payload, from, blockPayload, 0, length);
+                block.Payload = blockPayload;
+
+                Boolean m = to < response.PayloadSize;
+                block.AddOption(new BlockOption(OptionType.Block2, num, szx, m));
+                block.Last = !m;
+
+                status.Complete = !m;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                block.AddOption(new BlockOption(OptionType.Block2, num, szx, false));
+                block.Last = true;
+                status.Complete = true;
+            }
+
+            return block;
+        }
+
+        private void AssembleMessage(BlockwiseStatus status, Message message, Message last)
+        {
+            // The assembled request will contain the options of the last block
+            message.ID = last.ID;
+            message.Source = last.Source;
+            message.Token = last.Token;
+            message.Type = last.Type;
+            message.SetOptions(last.GetOptions());
+
+            Int32 length = 0;
+            foreach (Byte[] block in status.Blocks)
+                length += block.Length;
+
+            Byte[] payload = new Byte[length];
+            Int32 offset = 0;
+            foreach (Byte[] block in status.Blocks)
+            {
+                Array.Copy(block, 0, payload, offset, block.Length);
+                offset += block.Length;
+            }
+
+            message.Payload = payload;
+        }
+
+        private Boolean RequiresBlockwise(Request request)
+        {
+            if (request.Method == Method.PUT || request.Method == Method.POST)
+                return request.PayloadSize > _maxMessageSize;
+            else
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        private Boolean RequiresBlockwise(Exchange exchange, Response response)
+        {
+            return response.PayloadSize > _maxMessageSize
+                    || exchange.ResponseBlockStatus != null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `block1` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 79, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BlockwiseLayer.ReceiveRequest(INextLayer,Exchange,Request)
+
+### File:
+CoAP.NET/Stack/BlockwiseLayer.cs
+
+### Key:
+BlockwiseLayer.cs|ReceiveRequest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56203f4e21ecf9e860f6a12dc3683775
+
+### Hash:
+9e95173eb1f941e85085d4fbd5c48dc9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2619/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2619/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..091c9f6e4ed9871c9019a71c2357b34e74d8795b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2619/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** WindowsDevicePortalWrapper
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Tools.WindowsDevicePortal;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace TestApp
+{
+    public class DevicePortalConnection : IDevicePortalConnection
+    {
+        private X509Certificate2 _deviceCertificate = null;
+
+        public Uri Connection
+        { get; private set; }
+
+        public NetworkCredential Credentials
+        { get; private set; }
+
+        public string Name
+        { get; set; }
+
+        public DevicePortal.OperatingSystemInformation OsInfo
+        { get; set; }
+
+        public string QualifiedName
+        { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address"></param>
+        /// <param name="userName"></param>
+        /// <param name="password"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DevicePortalConnection(string address,
+                                    string userName,
+                                    string password)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(address))
+            {
+                address = "localhost:10080";
+            }
+
+            Connection = new Uri(string.Format("{0}://{1}", GetUriScheme(address), address));
+            Credentials = new NetworkCredential(userName, password);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Byte[] GetDeviceCertificateData()
+        {
+            return _deviceCertificate.GetRawCertData();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="certificateData"></param>
+        public void SetDeviceCertificate(Byte[] certificateData)
+        {
+            X509Certificate2 cert = new X509Certificate2(certificateData);
+            if (!cert.IssuerName.Name.Contains(DevicePortal.DevicePortalCertificateIssuer))
+            {
+                throw new DevicePortalException((HttpStatusCode)0,
+                                                "Invalid certificate issuer",
+                                                null,
+                                                "Failed to download device certificate");
+            }
+            _deviceCertificate = cert;
+        }
+
+        public void UpdateConnection(Boolean requiresHttps)
+        {
+            Connection = new Uri(string.Format("{0}://{1}", GetUriScheme(Connection.Authority, requiresHttps), Connection.Authority));
+        }
+
+        public void UpdateConnection(DevicePortal.IpConfiguration ipConfig,
+                                    Boolean requiresHttps = false)
+        {
+            Uri newConnection = null;
+
+            foreach (DevicePortal.NetworkAdapterInfo adapter in ipConfig.Adapters)
+            {
+                foreach (DevicePortal.IpAddressInfo addressInfo in adapter.IpAddresses)
+                {
+                    // We take the first, non-169.x.x.x address we find that is not 0.0.0.0.
+                    if ((addressInfo.Address != "0.0.0.0") && !addressInfo.Address.StartsWith("169."))
+                    {
+                        newConnection = new Uri(string.Format("{0}://{1}", GetUriScheme(addressInfo.Address, requiresHttps), addressInfo.Address));
+                        // TODO qualified name
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (newConnection != null)
+                {
+                    Connection = newConnection;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address"></param>
+        /// <param name="requiresHttps"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private string GetUriScheme(string address,
+                                    Boolean requiresHttps = true)
+        {
+            return (address.Contains("127.0.0.1") || 
+                    address.Contains("localhost") || 
+                    !requiresHttps) ? "http" : "https";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.TestApp.DevicePortalConnection._deviceCertificate of type System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2, Leaked resource cert of type System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2 in method "Void DevicePortalConnection.SetDeviceCertificate(Byte[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DevicePortalConnection.SetDeviceCertificate(Byte[])
+
+### File:
+WindowsDevicePortalWrapper/TestApp/DevicePortalConnection.cs
+
+### Key:
+DevicePortalConnection.cs|SetDeviceCertificate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c9a7d8e67f9ee9547b416fb2aa7f71ca
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2621/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2621/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..012790f7cf0782f9f39d40474923fafa078ed7e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2621/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2010 Chris Morgan <chmorgan@gmail.com>
+ */
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType.Ieee80211
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class PerPacketInformationTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void AddUnknownField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var unknownField = new PpiUnknown(99, new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD });
+            p.Add(unknownField);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains((PpiFieldType) 99));
+            var recreatedUnknownField = recreatedPacket.FindFirstByType((PpiFieldType) 99) as PpiUnknown;
+            Assert.AreEqual(new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD }, recreatedUnknownField.UnknownBytes);
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleAlignedFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+            packet.Flags |= PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit;
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(84, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(92, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(82, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(90, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithNoFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, recreatedPacket.Version);
+            Assert.IsFalse((recreatedPacket.Flags & PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit) == PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ContainsField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsFalse(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiProcessInfo));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Test that parsing an ip packet yields the proper field values
+        /// </summary>
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadingPacketsFromFile()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_per_packet_information.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, p.Version);
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, p.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, p.Count);
+
+            var commonField = p.FindFirstByType(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon) as PpiCommon;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon, commonField.FieldType);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.TSFTimer);
+            Assert.IsTrue((commonField.Flags & PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame) == PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, commonField.Rate);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2437, commonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x00A0, (int) commonField.ChannelFlags);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssHopset);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssPattern);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-84, commonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-100, commonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.AreEqual(FrameControlField.FrameSubTypes.ControlCts, macFrame.FrameControl.SubType);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithInvalidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_invalid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            //The packet is corrupted in such a way that the type field has been changed
+            //to a reserved/unused type. Therefore we don't expect there to be a packet
+            Assert.IsNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadData);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithNoFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_without_fcs.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithValidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_valid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            var expectedLength = p.Length - p[1].Length - PpiHeaderFields.FieldHeaderLength;
+            p.Remove(p[1]);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, recreatedPacket.Length);
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveFieldByType()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            p.RemoveAll(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `p` last assigned on line 224 could be null and is dereferenced at line 225, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PerPacketInformationTest.ReadPacketWithNoFcs()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/PerPacketInformationTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+PerPacketInformationTest.cs|ReadPacketWithNoFcs|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+ad4c57752386af3c9b4bcf8b4315bb91
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2626/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2626/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f586a507f61a624256a9a407d5e7719762197dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2626/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012 Alan Rushforth <alan.rushforth@gmail.com>
+ */
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Utils;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using System.Net.NetworkInformation;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType
+{
+    namespace Ieee80211
+    {
+        [TestFixture]
+        public class QosNullDataFrameTest
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Test that parsing a QOS null data frame yields the proper field values
+            /// </summary>
+            [Test]
+            public void Test_Constructor()
+            {
+                var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_qos_null_data_frame.pcap");
+                dev.Open();
+                var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+                dev.Close();
+
+                Packet p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data);
+                QosNullDataFrame frame = (QosNullDataFrame)p.PayloadPacket;
+
+                Assert.AreEqual(0, frame.FrameControl.ProtocolVersion);
+                Assert.AreEqual(FrameControlField.FrameSubTypes.QosNullData, frame.FrameControl.SubType);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.ToDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue(frame.FrameControl.FromDS);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.MoreFragments);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.Retry);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.PowerManagement);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.MoreData);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.Wep);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.Order);
+                Assert.AreEqual(314, frame.Duration.Field);
+                Assert.AreEqual("78ACC00A5E0E", frame.DestinationAddress.ToString().ToUpper());
+                Assert.AreEqual("00223FC1F378", frame.BssId.ToString().ToUpper());
+                Assert.AreEqual("00223FC1F378", frame.SourceAddress.ToString().ToUpper());
+                Assert.AreEqual(0, frame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual(2292, frame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual(0x00, frame.QosControl);
+                Assert.AreEqual(0xDBF2B119, frame.FrameCheckSequence);
+                Assert.AreEqual(26, frame.FrameSize);
+            }
+            
+            
+            [Test]
+            public void Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues ()
+            {
+                QosNullDataFrame frame = new QosNullDataFrame ();
+                
+                frame.FrameControl.ToDS = false;
+                frame.FrameControl.FromDS = true;
+                frame.FrameControl.MoreFragments = true;
+                
+                frame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber = 0x89;
+                frame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber = 0x1;
+                
+                frame.Duration.Field = 0x1234;
+                
+                frame.QosControl = 0x9876;
+                
+                frame.DestinationAddress = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("111111111111");
+                frame.SourceAddress = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("222222222222");
+                frame.BssId = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("333333333333");
+                
+                frame.PayloadData = new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05};
+                
+                frame.UpdateFrameCheckSequence ();
+                UInt32 fcs = frame.FrameCheckSequence;
+                
+                //serialize the frame into a byte buffer
+                var bytes = frame.Bytes;
+                var bas = new ByteArraySegment (bytes);
+                
+                //create a new frame that should be identical to the original
+                QosNullDataFrame recreatedFrame = MacFrame.ParsePacket (bas) as QosNullDataFrame;
+                recreatedFrame.UpdateFrameCheckSequence();
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (FrameControlField.FrameSubTypes.QosNullData, recreatedFrame.FrameControl.SubType);
+                Assert.IsFalse (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.ToDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.FromDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.MoreFragments);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x89, recreatedFrame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x1, recreatedFrame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x9876, recreatedFrame.QosControl);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual ("111111111111", recreatedFrame.DestinationAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("222222222222", recreatedFrame.SourceAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("333333333333", recreatedFrame.BssId.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (fcs, recreatedFrame.FrameCheckSequence);
+            }
+			
+			[Test]
+			public void Test_ConstructorWithCorruptBuffer ()
+			{
+				//buffer is way too short for frame. We are just checking it doesn't throw
+				byte[] corruptBuffer = new byte[]{0x01};
+				QosNullDataFrame frame = new QosNullDataFrame(new ByteArraySegment(corruptBuffer));
+				Assert.IsFalse(frame.FCSValid);
+			}
+        } 
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `recreatedFrame` last assigned on line 86 could be null and is dereferenced at line 88, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QosNullDataFrameTest.Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/QosNullDataFrameTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+QosNullDataFrameTest.cs|Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+77ad2f96ec34c3b456f6b0b046726793
+
+### Hash:
+aeecc3d61e00b2dd824e7bdae293d17b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2628/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2628/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d5a27be225ee4e564423c93540ac525579ca0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2628/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Utils;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using System.Net.NetworkInformation;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType
+{
+    namespace Ieee80211
+    {
+        [TestFixture]
+        public class QosNullDataFrameTest
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Test that parsing a QOS null data frame yields the proper field values
+            /// </summary>
+            [Test]
+            public void Test_Constructor()
+            {
+                var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_qos_null_data_frame.pcap");
+                dev.Open();
+                var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+                dev.Close();
+
+                Packet p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data);
+                QosNullDataFrame frame = (QosNullDataFrame)p.PayloadPacket;
+
+                Assert.AreEqual(0, frame.FrameControl.ProtocolVersion);
+                Assert.AreEqual(FrameControlField.FrameTypes.QosNullData, frame.FrameControl.Type);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.ToDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue(frame.FrameControl.FromDS);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.MoreFragments);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.Retry);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.PowerManagement);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.MoreData);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.Wep);
+                Assert.IsFalse(frame.FrameControl.Order);
+                Assert.AreEqual(314, frame.Duration.Field);
+                Assert.AreEqual("78ACC00A5E0E", frame.DestinationAddress.ToString().ToUpper());
+                Assert.AreEqual("00223FC1F378", frame.BssId.ToString().ToUpper());
+                Assert.AreEqual("00223FC1F378", frame.SourceAddress.ToString().ToUpper());
+                Assert.AreEqual(0, frame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual(2292, frame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual(0x00, frame.QosControl);
+                Assert.AreEqual(0xDBF2B119, frame.FrameCheckSequence);
+                Assert.AreEqual(26, frame.FrameSize);
+            }
+            
+            
+            [Test]
+            public void Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues ()
+            {
+                QosNullDataFrame frame = new QosNullDataFrame ();
+                
+                frame.FrameControl.ToDS = false;
+                frame.FrameControl.FromDS = true;
+                frame.FrameControl.MoreFragments = true;
+                
+                frame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber = 0x89;
+                frame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber = 0x1;
+                
+                frame.Duration.Field = 0x1234;
+                
+                frame.QosControl = 0x9876;
+                
+                frame.DestinationAddress = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("111111111111");
+                frame.SourceAddress = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("222222222222");
+                frame.BssId = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("333333333333");
+                
+                frame.PayloadData = new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05};
+                frame.FrameCheckSequence = 0x01020304;
+                
+                //serialize the frame into a byte buffer
+                var bytes = frame.Bytes;
+                var bas = new ByteArraySegment (bytes);
+                
+                //create a new frame that should be identical to the original
+                QosNullDataFrame recreatedFrame = MacFrame.ParsePacketWithFcs (bas) as QosNullDataFrame;
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (FrameControlField.FrameTypes.QosNullData, recreatedFrame.FrameControl.Type);
+                Assert.IsFalse (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.ToDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.FromDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.MoreFragments);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x89, recreatedFrame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x1, recreatedFrame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x9876, recreatedFrame.QosControl);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual ("111111111111", recreatedFrame.DestinationAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("222222222222", recreatedFrame.SourceAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("333333333333", recreatedFrame.BssId.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x01020304, recreatedFrame.FrameCheckSequence);
+            }
+        } 
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `recreatedFrame` last assigned on line 86 could be null and is dereferenced at line 88, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QosNullDataFrameTest.Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/QosNullDataFrameTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+QosNullDataFrameTest.cs|Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+77ad2f96ec34c3b456f6b0b046726793
+
+### Hash:
+aeecc3d61e00b2dd824e7bdae293d17b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2632/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2632/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9979b0a6b013d4555a0229fee890a65c6fee16e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2632/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2010 Chris Morgan <chmorgan@gmail.com>
+ */
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType.Ieee80211
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class PerPacketInformationTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void AddUnknownField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var unknownField = new PpiUnknown(99, new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD });
+            p.Add(unknownField);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains((PpiFieldType) 99));
+            var recreatedUnknownField = recreatedPacket.FindFirstByType((PpiFieldType) 99) as PpiUnknown;
+            Assert.AreEqual(new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD }, recreatedUnknownField.UnknownBytes);
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleAlignedFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+            packet.Flags |= PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit;
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(84, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(92, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(82, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(90, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithNoFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, recreatedPacket.Version);
+            Assert.IsFalse((recreatedPacket.Flags & PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit) == PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ContainsField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsFalse(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiProcessInfo));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Test that parsing an ip packet yields the proper field values
+        /// </summary>
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadingPacketsFromFile()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_per_packet_information.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, p.Version);
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, p.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, p.Count);
+
+            var commonField = p.FindFirstByType(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon) as PpiCommon;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon, commonField.FieldType);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.TSFTimer);
+            Assert.IsTrue((commonField.Flags & PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame) == PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, commonField.Rate);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2437, commonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x00A0, (int) commonField.ChannelFlags);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssHopset);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssPattern);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-84, commonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-100, commonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.AreEqual(FrameControlField.FrameSubTypes.ControlCts, macFrame.FrameControl.SubType);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithInvalidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_invalid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            //The packet is corrupted in such a way that the type field has been changed
+            //to a reserved/unused type. Therefore we don't expect there to be a packet
+            Assert.IsNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadData);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithNoFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_without_fcs.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithValidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_valid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            var expectedLength = p.Length - p[1].Length - PpiHeaderFields.FieldHeaderLength;
+            p.Remove(p[1]);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, recreatedPacket.Length);
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveFieldByType()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            p.RemoveAll(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `p` last assigned on line 30 could be null and is dereferenced at line 33, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PerPacketInformationTest.AddUnknownField()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/PerPacketInformationTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+PerPacketInformationTest.cs|AddUnknownField|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3654aaa31bf6f5c66d4263b95a3f1706
+
+### Hash:
+f903d7cb77db990b38ca0543b2b88767
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2635/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2635/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b593374cb93d74f5d3ed00fb3391a87b77f82d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2635/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2010 Chris Morgan <chmorgan@gmail.com>
+ */
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType.Ieee80211
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class PerPacketInformationTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void AddUnknownField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var unknownField = new PpiUnknown(99, new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD });
+            p.Add(unknownField);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains((PpiFieldType) 99));
+            var recreatedUnknownField = recreatedPacket.FindFirstByType((PpiFieldType) 99) as PpiUnknown;
+            Assert.AreEqual(new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD }, recreatedUnknownField.UnknownBytes);
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleAlignedFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+            packet.Flags |= PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit;
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(84, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(92, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(82, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(90, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithNoFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, recreatedPacket.Version);
+            Assert.IsFalse((recreatedPacket.Flags & PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit) == PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ContainsField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsFalse(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiProcessInfo));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Test that parsing an ip packet yields the proper field values
+        /// </summary>
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadingPacketsFromFile()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_per_packet_information.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, p.Version);
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, p.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, p.Count);
+
+            var commonField = p.FindFirstByType(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon) as PpiCommon;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon, commonField.FieldType);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.TSFTimer);
+            Assert.IsTrue((commonField.Flags & PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame) == PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, commonField.Rate);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2437, commonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x00A0, (int) commonField.ChannelFlags);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssHopset);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssPattern);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-84, commonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-100, commonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.AreEqual(FrameControlField.FrameSubTypes.ControlCts, macFrame.FrameControl.SubType);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithInvalidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_invalid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            //The packet is corrupted in such a way that the type field has been changed
+            //to a reserved/unused type. Therefore we don't expect there to be a packet
+            Assert.IsNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadData);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithNoFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_without_fcs.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithValidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_valid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            var expectedLength = p.Length - p[1].Length - PpiHeaderFields.FieldHeaderLength;
+            p.Remove(p[1]);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, recreatedPacket.Length);
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveFieldByType()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            p.RemoveAll(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `macFrame` last assigned on line 243 could be null and is dereferenced at line 244, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PerPacketInformationTest.ReadPacketWithValidFcs()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/PerPacketInformationTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+PerPacketInformationTest.cs|ReadPacketWithValidFcs|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+497a935c6930025d31b45c8682fc223c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2643/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2643/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7f8a15ab09a32e469cdd69f11f0662c13d4cade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2643/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Eto.Drawing;
+using Eto.Forms;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Support;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls
+{
+    public class ProgressBarEx : Drawable
+    {
+        private string _text = string.Empty;
+        private int _value;
+
+        private Color _textColor = KnownColors.Black;
+        private Color _progressColor = KnownColors.LimeGreen;
+
+        public int Minimum { get; set; }
+
+        public int Maximum { get; set; } = 100;
+
+        public string Text
+        {
+            get => _text;
+            set
+            {
+                var update = _text != value;
+                _text = value;
+
+                if (update) Invalidate();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int Value
+        {
+            get => _value;
+            set
+            {
+                var update = _value != value;
+                _value = value;
+
+                if (update) Invalidate();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual Color ProgressColor
+        {
+            get => _progressColor;
+            set
+            {
+                var update = _progressColor != value;
+                _progressColor = value;
+
+                if (update) Invalidate();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual Color TextColor
+        {
+            get => _textColor;
+            set
+            {
+                var update = _textColor != value;
+                _textColor = value;
+
+                if (update) Invalidate();
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override void OnPaint(PaintEventArgs e)
+        {
+            var controlRect = new RectangleF(
+                e.ClipRectangle.X,
+                e.ClipRectangle.Y,
+                e.ClipRectangle.Width - 1,
+                e.ClipRectangle.Height - 1);
+            var progressWidth = (int)(controlRect.Width / (double)Maximum * Value);
+            var progressRect = new RectangleF(
+                e.ClipRectangle.X,
+                e.ClipRectangle.Y,
+                progressWidth,
+                e.ClipRectangle.Height - 1);
+
+            // Draw background
+            e.Graphics.FillRectangle(new SolidBrush(KnownColors.Control), controlRect);
+            e.Graphics.FillRectangle(new SolidBrush(ProgressColor), progressRect);
+
+            // Draw border
+            e.Graphics.DrawRectangle(new Pen(KnownColors.ControlDark), controlRect);
+
+            // Measure string
+            var font = new Font(FontFamilies.Sans, 9);
+            var stringSize = e.Graphics.MeasureString(font, Text);
+
+            // Draw string
+            var pointText = new PointF((Width - stringSize.Width) / 2, (Height - stringSize.Height) / 2);
+            e.Graphics.DrawText(font, new SolidBrush(TextColor), pointText.X, pointText.Y, Text);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource font of type Eto.Drawing.Font, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Drawing.SolidBrush::.ctor() at Line 94) of type Eto.Drawing.SolidBrush, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Drawing.Pen::.ctor() at Line 86) of type Eto.Drawing.Pen, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Drawing.SolidBrush::.ctor() at Line 83) of type Eto.Drawing.SolidBrush, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Drawing.SolidBrush::.ctor() at Line 82) of type Eto.Drawing.SolidBrush in method "Void ProgressBarEx.OnPaint(PaintEventArgs)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ProgressBarEx.OnPaint(PaintEventArgs)
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Controls/ProgressBarEx.cs
+
+### Key:
+ProgressBarEx.cs|OnPaint|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1c8f5b223680d637dd08b4edff1d433c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2644/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2644/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..798b33caddc8b6dd29d9a3458d7828ea35cdbd29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2644/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Eto.Forms;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats
+{
+    partial class TextForm : Panel
+    {
+        private Label firstEntryText;
+        private Button toggleButton;
+        private Button saveButton;
+
+        private Command toggleCommand;
+        private Command saveCommand;
+
+        private void InitializeComponent()
+        {
+            toggleCommand = new Command();
+            saveCommand = new Command();
+
+            firstEntryText = new Label{ Size=new Eto.Drawing.Size(-1,200)};
+            toggleButton = new Button { Text = "Toggle codes", Command = toggleCommand };
+            saveButton= new Button { Text = "Save", Command = saveCommand };
+
+            Content = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    firstEntryText,
+                    toggleButton,
+                    saveButton
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.TextForm.toggleButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.TextForm.saveButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.TextForm.firstEntryText of type Eto.Forms.Label, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TableLayout::.ctor() at Line 23) of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout in method "Void TextForm.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TextForm.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Forms/Formats/TextForm.eto.cs
+
+### Key:
+TextForm.eto.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+fdfcad5f5e87ff2236301e5866bd8b97
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2672/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2672/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6c7cecde2f565934e80f78139271c69a1436b5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2672/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using Eto.Drawing;
+using Eto.Forms;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Models;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Support;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats
+{
+    partial class ArchiveForm : Panel
+    {
+        #region Localization Keys
+
+        private const string OpenKey_ = "Open";
+        private const string OpenWithKey_ = "OpenWith";
+        private const string SaveKey_ = "Save";
+        private const string SaveAsKey_ = "SaveAs";
+
+        private const string ClearSearchKey_ = "ClearSearch";
+        private const string CancelOperationKey_ = "CancelOperation";
+
+        private const string ExtractKey_ = "Extract";
+        private const string ReplaceKey_ = "Replace";
+        private const string RenameKey_ = "Rename";
+        private const string DeleteKey_ = "Delete";
+        private const string AddKey_ = "Add";
+
+        private const string ExtractFileKey_ = "ExtractFile";
+        private const string ReplaceFileKey_ = "ReplaceFile";
+        private const string RenameFileKey_ = "RenameFile";
+        private const string DeleteFileKey_ = "DeleteFile";
+
+        private const string FileNameKey_ = "FileName";
+        private const string FileSizeKey_ = "FileSize";
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Controls
+
+        private TextBox searchTextBox;
+        private Button searchClearButton;
+
+        private Button cancelButton;
+
+        private TreeGridView folderView;
+        private TreeGridItemCollection folders;
+
+        private GridView<FileElement> fileView;
+        private ObservableCollection<FileElement> files;
+
+        private ButtonToolStripItem saveButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem saveAsButton;
+
+        private ButtonToolStripItem extractButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem replaceButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem renameButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem deleteButton;
+
+        private ButtonMenuItem openWithMenuItem;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Commands
+
+        private Command searchClearCommand;
+
+        private Command cancelCommand;
+
+        private Command openCommand;
+        private Command openWithCommand;
+
+        private Command saveCommand;
+        private Command saveAsCommand;
+
+        private Command extractDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command replaceDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command renameDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command deleteDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command addDirectoryCommand;
+
+        private Command extractFileCommand;
+        private Command replaceFileCommand;
+        private Command renameFileCommand;
+        private Command deleteFileCommand;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private void InitializeComponent()
+        {
+            #region Initialization
+
+            searchTextBox = new SearchBox
+            {
+                Size = new Size(268,-1)
+            };
+
+            #region Commands
+
+            searchClearCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(ClearSearchKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+
+            cancelCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(CancelOperationKey_) };
+
+            openCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(OpenKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.Open };
+            openWithCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(OpenWithKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.OpenWith };
+
+            saveCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(SaveKey_), Shortcut = SaveHotKey, Image = ImageResources.Actions.Save };
+            saveAsCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(SaveAsKey_), Shortcut = SaveAsHotKey, Image = ImageResources.Actions.SaveAs };
+
+            extractDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(ExtractKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.FolderExport };
+            replaceDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(ReplaceKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.FolderImport };
+            renameDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(RenameKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.Rename };
+            deleteDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(DeleteKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+            addDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(AddKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.Add };
+
+            extractFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(ExtractKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.FileExport };
+            replaceFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(ReplaceKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.FileImport };
+            renameFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(RenameKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.Rename };
+            deleteFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = Localize(DeleteKey_), Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Folders
+
+            var folderContext = new ContextMenu
+            {
+                Items =
+                {
+                    extractDirectoryCommand,
+                    replaceDirectoryCommand,
+                    renameDirectoryCommand,
+                    addDirectoryCommand,
+                    deleteDirectoryCommand
+                }
+            };
+
+            folders = new TreeGridItemCollection();
+            folderView = new TreeGridView
+            {
+                ContextMenu=folderContext,
+
+                DataStore = folders,
+                Columns =
+                {
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new ImageTextCell(0, 1)
+                    }
+                },
+                AllowColumnReordering = false
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Files
+
+            //NOTE Image has to be set explicitly, I think the Command is not used anymore as soon as sub-items are added
+            openWithMenuItem = new ButtonMenuItem { Text = Localize(OpenWithKey_), Command = openWithCommand, Image = openWithCommand.Image };
+            var fileContext = new ContextMenu
+            {
+                Items =
+                {
+                    openCommand,
+                    openWithMenuItem,
+
+                    new SeparatorMenuItem(),
+
+                    extractFileCommand,
+                    replaceFileCommand,
+                    renameFileCommand,
+                    deleteFileCommand
+                }
+            };
+
+            files = new ObservableCollection<FileElement>();
+            fileView = new GridView<FileElement>
+            {
+                ShowHeader = true,
+                AllowMultipleSelection=true,
+                BackgroundColor = KnownColors.White,
+
+                ContextMenu=fileContext,
+
+                Columns =
+                {
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new TextBoxCell(nameof(FileElement.Name)),
+                        HeaderText = Localize(FileNameKey_),
+                        Sortable = true,
+                        AutoSize = true
+                    },
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new TextBoxCell(nameof(FileElement.Size)),
+                        HeaderText = Localize(FileSizeKey_),
+                        Sortable = true,
+                        AutoSize = true
+                    }
+                },
+
+                DataStore = files
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Buttons
+
+            searchClearButton = new Button
+            {
+                Image = ImageResources.Actions.Clear,
+                ToolTip = Localize(ClearSearchKey_),
+                Command = searchClearCommand,
+                Size = new Size(22,-1)
+            };
+
+            cancelButton = new Button
+            {
+                Text = Localize(CancelOperationKey_),
+                Command = cancelCommand
+            };
+
+            saveButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = Localize(SaveKey_),
+                Command = saveCommand,
+            };
+
+            saveAsButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = Localize(SaveAsKey_),
+                Command = saveAsCommand,
+            };
+
+            extractButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = Localize(ExtractFileKey_),
+                Command = extractFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            replaceButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = Localize(ReplaceFileKey_),
+                Command = replaceFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            renameButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = Localize(RenameFileKey_),
+                Command = renameFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            deleteButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = Localize(DeleteFileKey_),
+                Command = deleteFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Content
+
+            var archiveToolStrip = new ToolStrip
+            {
+                Padding = 3,
+                Items =
+                {
+                    saveButton,
+                    saveAsButton
+                }
+            };
+
+            var mainContent = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Spacing = new Size(3,3),
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    // Searchbar and file toolstrip
+                    new TableRow
+                    {
+                        Cells =
+                        {
+                            // Searchbar
+                            new StackLayout
+                            {
+                                Spacing=3,
+                                Orientation = Orientation.Horizontal,
+                                Items =
+                                {
+                                    searchTextBox,
+                                    searchClearButton
+                                }
+                            },
+
+                            // file toolstrip
+                            new ToolStrip
+                            {
+                                Items =
+                                {
+                                    extractButton,
+                                    replaceButton,
+                                    renameButton,
+                                    deleteButton
+                                }
+                            },
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    // Folder and file view
+                    new TableRow
+                    {
+                        Cells =
+                        {
+                            folderView,
+                            fileView
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            Content = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Spacing = new Size(3, 3),
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    new TableRow(archiveToolStrip),
+                    new TableRow { Cells = { new TableCell(mainContent) { ScaleWidth = true } }, ScaleHeight = true }
+                }
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource mainContent of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.searchTextBox of type Eto.Forms.SearchBox, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.searchClearButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.openWithMenuItem of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.folderView of type Eto.Forms.TreeGridView, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.cancelButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource %4 of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource fileContext of type Eto.Forms.ContextMenu, Leaked resource folderContext of type Eto.Forms.ContextMenu, Leaked resource archiveToolStrip of type Eto.Forms.Panel, Leaked resource (output of Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls.ToolStrip::.ctor() at Line 274) of type Eto.Forms.Panel, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.StackLayout::.ctor() at Line 274) of type Eto.Forms.StackLayout, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell::.ctor() at Line 175) of type Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 175) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell::.ctor() at Line 175) of type Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 175) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 158) of type Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ImageTextCell::.ctor() at Line 137) of type Eto.Forms.ImageTextCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 137) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn in method "Void ArchiveForm.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ArchiveForm.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Forms/Formats/ArchiveForm.eto.cs
+
+### Key:
+ArchiveForm.eto.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+baee3515e3364582656f0e802b5a7fed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2675/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2675/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ede4251226893c20d1f091ccd636b037a30c3e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2675/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Eto.Drawing;
+using Eto.Forms;
+using Kontract.Interfaces.Plugins.Identifier;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Dialogs
+{
+    partial class ChoosePluginDialog : Dialog<IFilePlugin>
+    {
+        private StackLayout pluginListPanel;
+        private Button okButton;
+
+        #region Commands
+
+        private Command okButtonCommand;
+        private Command cancelButtonCommand;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private void InitializeComponent()
+        {
+            #region Commands
+
+            okButtonCommand = new Command();
+            cancelButtonCommand = new Command();
+
+            #endregion
+
+            Title = "Choose plugin";
+            Size = new Size(450, 700);
+            Padding = new Padding(3);
+
+            #region Content
+
+            pluginListPanel = new StackLayout
+            {
+                HorizontalContentAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Stretch,
+                VerticalContentAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Stretch,
+            };
+            okButton = new Button { Text = "Ok", Command = okButtonCommand };
+
+            Content = new FixedSplitter(620)
+            {
+                Orientation = Orientation.Vertical,
+                FixedPanel = SplitterFixedPanel.Panel2,
+
+                Panel1 = new Scrollable
+                {
+                    Content = pluginListPanel
+                },
+                Panel2 = new TableLayout
+                {
+                    Padding = new Padding(3),
+                    Spacing = new Size(3, 3),
+                    Rows =
+                    {
+                        new TableRow
+                        {
+                            Cells =
+                            {
+                                new TableCell { ScaleWidth = true },
+                                new Button { Text = "Cancel", Command = cancelButtonCommand },
+                                okButton
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Dialogs.ChoosePluginDialog.pluginListPanel of type Eto.Forms.StackLayout, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Dialogs.ChoosePluginDialog.okButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.Button::.ctor() at Line 45) of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TableLayout::.ctor() at Line 45) of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.Scrollable::.ctor() at Line 45) of type Eto.Forms.Scrollable, Leaked resource (output of Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls.FixedSplitter::.ctor() at Line 45) of type Eto.Forms.Splitter in method "Void ChoosePluginDialog.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChoosePluginDialog.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Forms/Dialogs/ChoosePluginDialog.eto.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChoosePluginDialog.eto.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d934319e7ebb1834e97322a330945296
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2681/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2681/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1bc44776a53886620e61ebb4067d105f5184b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2681/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using Eto.Drawing;
+using Eto.Forms;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Models;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Support;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats
+{
+    partial class ArchiveForm : Panel
+    {
+        private TextBox searchTextBox;
+        private Button searchClearButton;
+
+        private Button cancelButton;
+
+        private TreeGridView folderView;
+        private TreeGridItemCollection folders;
+
+        private GridView<FileElement> fileView;
+        private ObservableCollection<FileElement> files;
+
+        private ButtonToolStripItem saveButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem saveAsButton;
+
+        private ButtonToolStripItem extractButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem replaceButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem renameButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem deleteButton;
+
+        private ButtonMenuItem openWithMenuItem;
+
+        #region Commands
+
+        private Command searchClearCommand;
+
+        private Command cancelCommand;
+
+        private Command openCommand;
+        private Command openWithCommand;
+
+        private Command saveCommand;
+        private Command saveAsCommand;
+
+        private Command extractDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command replaceDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command renameDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command deleteDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command addDirectoryCommand;
+
+        private Command extractFileCommand;
+        private Command replaceFileCommand;
+        private Command renameFileCommand;
+        private Command deleteFileCommand;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private void InitializeComponent()
+        {
+            #region Initialization
+
+            searchTextBox = new TextBox
+            {
+                Size=new Size(268,-1)
+            };
+
+            #region Commands
+
+            searchClearCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Clear", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+
+            cancelCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Cancel" };
+
+            openCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Open", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Open };
+            openWithCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Open with", Image = ImageResources.Actions.OpenWith };
+
+            saveCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Save", Shortcut = SaveHotKey, Image = ImageResources.Actions.Save };
+            saveAsCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Save As", Shortcut = SaveAsHotKey, Image = ImageResources.Actions.SaveAs };
+
+            extractDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Extract", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FolderExport };
+            replaceDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Replace", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FolderImport };
+            renameDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Rename", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Rename };
+            deleteDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Delete", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+            addDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Add", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Add };
+
+            extractFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Extract", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FileExport };
+            replaceFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Replace", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FileImport };
+            renameFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Rename", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Rename };
+            deleteFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Delete", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Folders
+
+            var folderContext = new ContextMenu
+            {
+                Items =
+                {
+                    extractDirectoryCommand,
+                    replaceDirectoryCommand,
+                    renameDirectoryCommand,
+                    addDirectoryCommand,
+                    deleteDirectoryCommand
+                }
+            };
+
+            folders = new TreeGridItemCollection();
+            folderView = new TreeGridView
+            {
+                ContextMenu=folderContext,
+
+                DataStore = folders,
+                Columns =
+                {
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new ImageTextCell(0, 1)
+                    }
+                },
+                AllowColumnReordering = false
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Files
+
+            //NOTE Image has to be set explicitly, I think the Command is not used anymore as soon as sub-items are added
+            openWithMenuItem = new ButtonMenuItem { Text = "Open with", Command = openWithCommand, Image = openWithCommand.Image };
+            var fileContext = new ContextMenu
+            {
+                Items =
+                {
+                    openCommand,
+                    openWithMenuItem,
+
+                    new SeparatorMenuItem(),
+
+                    extractFileCommand,
+                    replaceFileCommand,
+                    renameFileCommand,
+                    deleteFileCommand
+                }
+            };
+
+            files = new ObservableCollection<FileElement>();
+            fileView = new GridView<FileElement>
+            {
+                ShowHeader = true,
+                AllowMultipleSelection=true,
+                BackgroundColor = KnownColors.White,
+
+                ContextMenu=fileContext,
+
+                Columns =
+                {
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new TextBoxCell(nameof(FileElement.Name)),
+                        HeaderText = "Name",
+                        Sortable = true,
+                        AutoSize = true
+                    },
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new TextBoxCell(nameof(FileElement.Size)),
+                        HeaderText = "Size",
+                        Sortable = true,
+                        AutoSize = true
+                    }
+                },
+
+                DataStore = files
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Buttons
+
+            searchClearButton = new Button
+            {
+                Image = ImageResources.Actions.Clear,
+				ToolTip = "Reset search",
+                Command = searchClearCommand,
+                Size = new Size(22,-1)
+            };
+
+            cancelButton = new Button
+            {
+                Text = "Cancel",
+                Command = cancelCommand
+            };
+
+            saveButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Save",
+                Command = saveCommand,
+            };
+
+            saveAsButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Save As",
+                Command = saveAsCommand,
+            };
+
+            extractButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Extract file(s)",
+                Command = extractFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            replaceButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Replace file(s)",
+                Command = replaceFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            renameButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Rename file",
+                Command = renameFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            deleteButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Delete file",
+                Command = deleteFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Content
+
+            var archiveToolStrip = new ToolStrip
+            {
+                BackgroundColor = KnownColors.White,
+                Items =
+                {
+                    saveButton,
+                    saveAsButton
+                }
+            };
+
+            var mainContent = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Spacing=new Size(3,3),
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    // Searchbar and file toolstrip
+                    new TableRow
+                    {
+                        Cells =
+                        {
+                            // Searchbar
+                            new StackLayout
+                            {
+                                Spacing=3,
+                                Orientation = Orientation.Horizontal,
+                                Items =
+                                {
+                                    searchTextBox,
+                                    searchClearButton
+                                }
+                            },
+
+                            // file toolstrip
+                            new ToolStrip
+                            {
+                                Size = new SizeF(-1, ToolStripItem.Height + 6),
+                                BackgroundColor = KnownColors.White,
+                                Items =
+                                {
+                                    extractButton,
+                                    replaceButton,
+                                    renameButton,
+                                    deleteButton
+                                }
+                            },
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    // Folder and file view
+                    new TableRow
+                    {
+                        Cells =
+                        {
+                            folderView,
+                            fileView
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            Content = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Spacing = new Size(3, 3),
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    new TableRow(new Panel { Content = archiveToolStrip, Size = new Size(-1, (int)ToolStripItem.Height + 6) }),
+                    new TableRow { Cells = { new TableCell(mainContent) { ScaleWidth = true } }, ScaleHeight = true }
+                }
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource mainContent of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.searchTextBox of type Eto.Forms.TextBox, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.searchClearButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.openWithMenuItem of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.folderView of type Eto.Forms.TreeGridView, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.cancelButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource %4 of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource fileContext of type Eto.Forms.ContextMenu, Leaked resource folderContext of type Eto.Forms.ContextMenu, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.Panel::.ctor() at Line 292) of type Eto.Forms.Panel, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.StackLayout::.ctor() at Line 242) of type Eto.Forms.StackLayout, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell::.ctor() at Line 144) of type Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 144) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell::.ctor() at Line 144) of type Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 144) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 127) of type Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ImageTextCell::.ctor() at Line 107) of type Eto.Forms.ImageTextCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 107) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn in method "Void ArchiveForm.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ArchiveForm.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Forms/Formats/ArchiveForm.eto.cs
+
+### Key:
+ArchiveForm.eto.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4493d0b49ec7fbc46e8ff12c31c04083
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2686/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2686/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d26f105225b4271d31b99bda735afb8d8ac65c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2686/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** StarBlog
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using FreeSql;
+using StarBlog.Contrib.Utils;
+using StarBlog.Data.Models;
+using StarBlog.Web.ViewModels.Photography;
+using X.PagedList;
+
+namespace StarBlog.Web.Services;
+
+public class PhotoService {
+    private readonly IBaseRepository<Photo> _photoRepo;
+    private readonly IWebHostEnvironment _environment;
+
+    public PhotoService(IBaseRepository<Photo> photoRepo, IWebHostEnvironment environment) {
+        _photoRepo = photoRepo;
+        _environment = environment;
+    }
+
+    public IPagedList<Photo> GetPagedList(int page = 1, int pageSize = 10) {
+        return _photoRepo.Select.ToList().ToPagedList(page, pageSize);
+    }
+
+    public Photo? GetById(string id) {
+        return _photoRepo.Where(a => a.Id == id).First();
+    }
+
+    public string GetPhotoFilePath(Photo photo) {
+        return Path.Combine(_environment.WebRootPath, "media", photo.FilePath);
+    }
+
+    public Photo Add(PhotoCreationDto dto, IFormFile photoFile) {
+        var photoId = GuidUtils.GuidTo16String();
+        var photo = new Photo {
+            Id = photoId,
+            Title = dto.Title,
+            CreateTime = DateTime.Now,
+            Location = dto.Location,
+            FilePath = Path.Combine("photography", $"{photoId}.jpg")
+        };
+
+        var savePath = GetPhotoFilePath(photo);
+        photoFile.CopyTo(new FileStream(savePath, FileMode.Create));
+
+        return _photoRepo.Insert(photo);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 删除照片
+    /// <para>删除照片文件和数据库记录</para>
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="id"></param>
+    /// <returns></returns>
+    public int DeleteById(string id) {
+        var photo = _photoRepo.Where(a => a.Id == id).First();
+        if (photo == null) return -1;
+
+        var filePath = GetPhotoFilePath(photo);
+        if (File.Exists(filePath)) File.Delete(filePath);
+        return _photoRepo.Delete(a => a.Id == id);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.FileStream::.ctor() at Line 41) of type System.IO.FileStream in method "Photo PhotoService.Add(PhotoCreationDto,IFormFile)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Photo PhotoService.Add(PhotoCreationDto,IFormFile)
+
+### File:
+StarBlog.Web/Services/PhotoService.cs
+
+### Key:
+PhotoService.cs|Add|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+961e46f1b0f76f9a01cbd6e557cdd7f3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2688/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2688/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..482cf2d9d51e973c46214eef0c3dd6b8d128d9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2688/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PowerApps-Samples
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Crm.Sdk.Messages;
+using Microsoft.PowerPlatform.Dataverse.Client;
+using Microsoft.PowerPlatform.Dataverse.Client.Model;
+using Microsoft.PowerPlatform.Dataverse.Client.Auth;
+using Microsoft.Xrm.Sdk.Discovery;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+
+namespace PowerApps.Samples
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        //These sample application registration values are available for all online instances.
+        public static string clientId = "51f81489-12ee-4a9e-aaae-a2591f45987d";
+        public static string redirectUrl = "http://localhost";
+
+
+        static async Task Main()
+        {
+            string username = "yourUserName@yourOrgName.onmicrosoft.com";
+            string password = "yourPassword";
+
+            //Set the Cloud if you want to search other than Commercial.
+            Cloud cloud = Cloud.Commercial;
+
+            //Get all environments for the selected data center.
+            DiscoverOrganizationsResult orgs = await GetAllOrganizations(username, password, cloud);
+
+            if (orgs.OrganizationDetailCollection.Count.Equals(0))
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("No valid environments returned for these credentials.");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Type the number of the environments you want to use and press Enter.");
+
+            int number = 0;
+
+            //Display organizations so they can be selected
+            foreach (OrganizationDetail organization in orgs.OrganizationDetailCollection)
+            {
+                number++;
+
+                //Get the Organization URL
+                string webAppUrl = organization.Endpoints[EndpointType.WebApplication];
+
+                Console.WriteLine($"{number} Name: {organization.FriendlyName} URL: {webAppUrl}");
+            }
+
+            string typedValue = string.Empty;
+            try
+            {
+                typedValue = Console.ReadLine();
+
+                int selected = int.Parse(typedValue);
+
+                if (selected <= number)
+                {
+                    OrganizationDetail org = orgs.OrganizationDetailCollection[selected - 1];
+                    Console.WriteLine($"You selected '{org.FriendlyName}'");
+
+                    //Use the selected org with ServiceClient to get the UserId
+                    ShowUserId(org, username, password);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("The selected value is not valid.");
+                }
+            }
+            catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException aex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(aex.Message);
+            }
+            catch (Exception)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Unable to process value: {0}", typedValue);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets organization data for the specified user and cloud
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="username">The user's username</param>
+        /// <param name="password">The user's password</param>
+        /// <param name="cloud">The Cloud enum value that corresponds to the region.</param>
+        /// <returns>A List of OrganizationDetail records</returns>
+        public static async Task<DiscoverOrganizationsResult> GetAllOrganizations(string userName, string password, Cloud cloud)
+        {
+
+            //Get the Cloud URL from the Description Attribute applied for the Cloud member
+            var type = typeof(Cloud);
+            var memInfo = type.GetMember(cloud.ToString());
+            var attributes = memInfo[0].GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DescriptionAttribute), false);
+            string cloudRegionUrl = ((DescriptionAttribute)attributes[0]).Description;
+
+            // Set up user credentials
+            var creds = new System.ServiceModel.Description.ClientCredentials();
+            creds.UserName.UserName = userName;
+            creds.UserName.Password = password;
+
+            //Call DiscoverOnlineOrganizationsAsync
+            DiscoverOrganizationsResult organizationsResult = await ServiceClient.DiscoverOnlineOrganizationsAsync(
+                   discoveryServiceUri: new Uri($"{cloudRegionUrl}/api/discovery/v2.0/Instances"),
+                   clientCredentials: creds,
+                   clientId: clientId,
+                   redirectUri: new Uri(redirectUrl),
+                   isOnPrem: false,
+                   authority: "https://login.microsoftonline.com/organizations/",
+                   promptBehavior: PromptBehavior.Auto);
+
+            return organizationsResult;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Show the user's UserId for the selected organization
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="org">The selected organization</param>
+        /// <param name="username">The user's username</param>
+        /// <param name="password">The user's password</param>
+        private static void ShowUserId(OrganizationDetail org, string username, string password)
+        {
+            string conn = $@"AuthType=OAuth;
+                         Url={org.Endpoints[EndpointType.OrganizationService]};
+                         UserName={username};
+                         Password={password};
+                         ClientId={clientId};
+                         RedirectUri={redirectUrl};
+                         Prompt=Auto;
+                         RequireNewInstance=True";
+            ServiceClient svc = new(conn);
+
+            if (svc.IsReady)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var response = (WhoAmIResponse)svc.Execute(new WhoAmIRequest());
+
+                    Console.WriteLine($"Your UserId for {org.FriendlyName} is: {response.UserId}");
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(svc.LastError);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource svc of type Microsoft.PowerPlatform.Dataverse.Client.ServiceClient in method "Void Program.ShowUserId(OrganizationDetail,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.ShowUserId(OrganizationDetail,String,String)
+
+### File:
+cds/DiscoveryService/ServiceClient/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|ShowUserId|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+29135f1b6e0970110ad3047d45f7e8fa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2811/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2811/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b8106115c3606833bd1ce7f1722db9dfdd269aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2811/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.N1QL;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Bson;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.N1QL
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class QueryClientTests
+    {
+        private string server = "192.168.30.101";
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Create_Index()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+
+            var indexes = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "SELECT name FROM system:keyspaces");
+            foreach (var row in indexes.Rows)
+            {
+                if (row.name == "beer-sample")
+                {
+                    client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "DROP PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`");
+                }
+            }
+            const string query = "CREATE PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_HelloWorld()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' AS Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hello World", result.Rows.First().Greeting.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' ASB Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsEmpty(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT abv, brewery_id, category, description, ibu, name, srm, style, type, upc, updated " +
+                "FROM `beer-sample` as beer " +
+                "WHERE beer.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<Beer>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+
+            var beer = result.Rows.First();
+            Assert.IsNotNullOrEmpty(beer.Name);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT * FROM `beer-sample` as d LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT type, meta FROM `beer-sample` as d WHERE d.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Caches_And_Uses_Prepared_Statement()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100", true).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Caches_And_Uses_Prepared_Statement2()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information          ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 92) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_All()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_All()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/N1QL/QueryClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+QueryClientTests.cs|Test_Query_Select_All|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+132851f5a48c00531652f593c4e7e01c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2816/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2816/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2809c7f1984e2b9a7482cb45742386bbb0967f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2816/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.N1QL;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Bson;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.N1QL
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class QueryClientTests
+    {
+        private string server = "192.168.30.101";
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Create_Index()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+
+            var indexes = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "SELECT name FROM system:keyspaces");
+            foreach (var row in indexes.Rows)
+            {
+                if (row.name == "beer-sample")
+                {
+                    client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "DROP PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`");
+                }
+            }
+            const string query = "CREATE PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_HelloWorld()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' AS Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hello World", result.Rows.First().Greeting.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' ASB Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsEmpty(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT abv, brewery_id, category, description, ibu, name, srm, style, type, upc, updated " +
+                "FROM `beer-sample` as beer " +
+                "WHERE beer.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<Beer>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+
+            var beer = result.Rows.First();
+            Assert.IsNotNullOrEmpty(beer.Name);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT * FROM `beer-sample` as d LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server));
+            const string query = "SELECT type, meta FROM `beer-sample` as d WHERE d.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Caches_And_Uses_Prepared_Statement()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100", true).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Caches_And_Uses_Prepared_Statement2()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100", false).
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information          ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 73) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/N1QL/QueryClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+QueryClientTests.cs|Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1adf420529adb540f16a766e4213e6d4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2818/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2818/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05122969a31ba73bc04af13102ad545741b6ec6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2818/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Configuration;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.N1QL;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Bson;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.N1QL
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class QueryClientTests
+    {
+        private readonly string _server = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["serverIp"];
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Create_Index()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+
+            var indexes = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "SELECT name FROM system:keyspaces");
+            foreach (var row in indexes.Rows)
+            {
+                if (row.name == "beer-sample")
+                {
+                    client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "DROP PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`");
+                }
+            }
+            const string query = "CREATE PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_HelloWorld()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' AS Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hello World", result.Rows.First().Greeting.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' ASB Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsEmpty(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT abv, brewery_id, category, description, ibu, name, srm, style, type, upc, updated " +
+                "FROM `beer-sample` as beer " +
+                "WHERE beer.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<Beer>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+
+            var beer = result.Rows.First();
+            Assert.IsNotNullOrEmpty(beer.Name);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT * FROM `beer-sample` as d LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT type, meta FROM `beer-sample` as d WHERE d.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Uses_Prepared_Statement()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var serverUri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string statement = "SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100";
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var normalRequest = QueryRequest.Create(statement).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var preparedRequest = QueryRequest.Create(). //will set the plan later
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var resultNormal = client.Query<dynamic>(normalRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time normal request:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var plan = client.Prepare(serverUri, statement).Rows.First();
+            preparedRequest.Prepared(plan).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var resultPrepareExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time prepare statement + execute 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var resultExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time execute 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(preparedRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.IsFalse(normalRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultNormal.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultPrepareExecute.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultExecute.Status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_False_Client_Doesnt_Cache()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information          ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 74) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/N1QL/QueryClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+QueryClientTests.cs|Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0bd64cc6606fe2f3bee6fb2e476db9be
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2820/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2820/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f28728ab8a1c2af979bbf6de31326d896397095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2820/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 48
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Configuration;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.N1QL;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Bson;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.N1QL
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class QueryClientTests
+    {
+        private readonly string _server = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["serverIp"];
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Create_Index()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+
+            var indexes = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "SELECT name FROM system:keyspaces");
+            foreach (var row in indexes.Rows)
+            {
+                if (row.name == "beer-sample")
+                {
+                    client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "DROP PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`");
+                }
+            }
+            const string query = "CREATE PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_HelloWorld()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' AS Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hello World", result.Rows.First().Greeting.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' ASB Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsEmpty(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT abv, brewery_id, category, description, ibu, name, srm, style, type, upc, updated " +
+                "FROM `beer-sample` as beer " +
+                "WHERE beer.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<Beer>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+
+            var beer = result.Rows.First();
+            Assert.IsNotNullOrEmpty(beer.Name);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT * FROM `beer-sample` as d LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT type, meta FROM `beer-sample` as d WHERE d.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Uses_Prepared_Statement()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var serverUri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string statement = "SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100";
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var normalRequest = QueryRequest.Create(statement).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var preparedRequest = QueryRequest.Create(). //will set the plan later
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var resultNormal = client.Query<dynamic>(normalRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time normal request:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var plan = client.Prepare(serverUri, statement).Rows.First();
+            preparedRequest.Prepared(plan).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var resultPrepareExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time prepare statement + execute 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var resultExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time execute 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(preparedRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.IsFalse(normalRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultNormal.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultPrepareExecute.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultExecute.Status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_False_Client_Doesnt_Cache()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information          ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 47) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_HelloWorld()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_HelloWorld()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/N1QL/QueryClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+QueryClientTests.cs|Test_Query_HelloWorld|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c5626cbd94af30afed219fd0725f67c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2827/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2827/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de1782969993792e3310b64a7d173beb1b485092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2827/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Server.Serialization;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Core.Buckets;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.Views
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class ViewClientTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Row_Is_Dynamic_Query_By_Key_Succeeds()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+             From("beer", "all_beers").
+             Bucket("beer-sample").Limit(1);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<Beer>(query);
+
+            var query2 = new ViewQuery().
+             From("beer", "all_beers").
+             Bucket("beer-sample").Key(result.Rows.First().Id);
+
+            var result2 = client.Execute<Beer>(query2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(result.Rows.First().Id, result2.Rows.First().Id);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Poco_Is_Supplied_Map_Results_To_It()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+              From("beer", "all_beers").
+              Bucket("beer-sample").Limit(10);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<Beer>(query);
+            foreach (var viewRow in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Assert.IsNotNull(viewRow.Id);
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Error);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.AreEqual(result.Rows.Count(), result.Values.Count());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Query_Is_Succesful_Rows_Are_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                Limit(10);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            foreach (var viewRow in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Assert.IsNotNull(viewRow.Id);
+            }
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_View_Is_Not_Found_404_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "view_that_does_not_exist").
+                Bucket("beer-sample");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Message);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Message);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_View_Is_Called_With_Invalid_Parameters_Error_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                Group(true);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("query_parse_error", result.Error);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Message);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                BaseUri("http://192.168.56.105:8092/");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration{ViewRequestTimeout = 30000});
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.AreEqual(typeof(WebException), result.Exception.GetType());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned_2()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                BaseUri("http://192.168.62.200:8092/");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration{ViewRequestTimeout = 30000});
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.AreEqual(typeof(WebException), result.Exception.GetType());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_ExecuteAsync()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("docs", "all_docs").
+                Bucket("default");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            int n = 10000;
+            var options = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 4};
+
+            Parallel.For(0, n, options, async i =>
+            {
+                var result = await client.ExecuteAsync<dynamic>(query);
+                Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", i, result.Success, result.Message);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 156) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void ViewClientTests.When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned_2()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ViewClientTests.When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned_2()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/Views/ViewClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ViewClientTests.cs|When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned_2|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+190571d3609d763667a0c993319017e7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2829/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2829/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b8bedfce83e67e4a80d4d0a536c079fad255861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2829/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 47
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Configuration;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.N1QL;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Bson;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.N1QL
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class QueryClientTests
+    {
+        private readonly string _server = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["serverIp"];
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Create_Index()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+
+            var indexes = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "SELECT name FROM system:keyspaces");
+            foreach (var row in indexes.Rows)
+            {
+                if (row.name == "beer-sample")
+                {
+                    client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "DROP PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`");
+                }
+            }
+            const string query = "CREATE PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_HelloWorld()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' AS Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hello World", result.Rows.First().Greeting.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' ASB Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsEmpty(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT abv, brewery_id, category, description, ibu, name, srm, style, type, upc, updated " +
+                "FROM `beer-sample` as beer " +
+                "WHERE beer.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<Beer>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+
+            var beer = result.Rows.First();
+            Assert.IsNotNullOrEmpty(beer.Name);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT * FROM `beer-sample` as d LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT type, meta FROM `beer-sample` as d WHERE d.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Uses_Prepared_Statement()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var serverUri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string statement = "SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100";
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var normalRequest = QueryRequest.Create(statement).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var preparedRequest = QueryRequest.Create(). //will set the plan later
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var resultNormal = client.Query<dynamic>(normalRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time normal request:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var plan = client.Prepare(serverUri, statement).Rows.First();
+            preparedRequest.Prepared(plan).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var resultPrepareExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time prepare statement + execute 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var resultExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time execute 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(preparedRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.IsFalse(normalRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultNormal.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultPrepareExecute.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultExecute.Status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_False_Client_Doesnt_Cache()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information          ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 60) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/N1QL/QueryClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+QueryClientTests.cs|Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+75d06ee97682933c7c04934748028059
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2842/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2842/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2aae54a484f1a1c289e1c1aff3177bccf1010286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2842/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,734 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** P
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace P.Runtime
+{
+    public abstract class PrtValue
+    {
+        public static PrtNullValue NullValue = new PrtNullValue();
+        public static PrtEventValue HaltEvent = new PrtEventValue(new PrtEvent("Halt", new PrtNullType(), PrtEvent.DefaultMaxInstances, false));
+
+        public abstract PrtValue Clone();
+
+        public static PrtValue PrtMkDefaultValue(PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (type is PrtAnyType || type is PrtNullType || type is PrtEventType || type is PrtMachineType)
+                return new PrtNullValue();
+
+            else if(type is PrtIntType)
+            {
+                return new PrtIntValue();
+            }
+            else if(type is PrtBoolType)
+            {
+                return new PrtBoolValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMapType)
+            {
+                return new PrtMapValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtSeqType)
+            {
+                return new PrtSeqValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtNamedTupleType)
+            {
+                return new PrtNamedTupleValue(type as PrtNamedTupleType);
+            }
+            else if(type is PrtTupleType)
+            {
+                return new PrtTupleValue(type as PrtTupleType);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(false, "Invalid type !!");
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public abstract string GetString();
+
+        public abstract bool IsEqual(PrtValue value);
+
+        public static bool PrtInhabitsType(PrtValue value, PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (type is PrtAnyType)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (value is PrtNullValue)
+            {
+                if (type is PrtEventType || type is PrtMachineType)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (type is PrtIntType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtIntValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtBoolType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtBoolValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtEventType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtEventValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMachineType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtMachineValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtTupleType)
+            {
+                if ((!(value is PrtTupleValue)) || (value as PrtTupleValue).fieldValues.Count != (type as PrtTupleType).fieldTypes.Count)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int index = 0;
+                    var tupVal = (value as PrtTupleValue);
+                    var tupType = (type as PrtTupleType);
+                    while (index < tupVal.fieldValues.Count)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(tupVal.fieldValues[index], tupType.fieldTypes[index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        index++;
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtNamedTupleType)
+            {
+                if ((!(value is PrtNamedTupleValue)) || (value as PrtNamedTupleValue).fieldValues.Count != (type as PrtNamedTupleType).fieldTypes.Count)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int index = 0;
+                    var nmtupVal = (value as PrtNamedTupleValue);
+                    var nmtupType = (type as PrtNamedTupleType);
+                    while (index < nmtupVal.fieldValues.Count)
+                    {
+                        if (nmtupVal.fieldNames[index] != nmtupType.fieldNames[index])
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        else if (!PrtInhabitsType(nmtupVal.fieldValues[index], nmtupType.fieldTypes[index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        index++;
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMapType)
+            {
+                if (!(value is PrtMapValue))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var mapVal = (value as PrtMapValue);
+                    foreach (var key in mapVal.keys)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(key, (type as PrtMapType).keyType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    foreach (var val in mapVal.values)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(val, (type as PrtMapType).valType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtSeqType)
+            {
+                if (!(value is PrtSeqValue))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var seqVal = (value as PrtSeqValue);
+                    foreach (var elem in seqVal.elements)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(elem, (type as PrtSeqType).elemType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(false, "Unknown type");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static PrtValue PrtCastValue(PrtValue value, PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (!PrtInhabitsType(value, type))
+                throw new PrtInhabitsTypeException(String.Format("value {0} is not a member of type {1}", value.GetString(), type.GetString()));
+            return value.Clone();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class PrtNullValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return "null";
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue value)
+        {
+            if (value is PrtNullValue)
+                return true;
+            else
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtIntValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public int nt;
+
+        public PrtIntValue()
+        {
+            nt = 0;
+        }
+
+        public PrtIntValue(int val)
+        {
+            nt = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtIntValue(this.nt);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtIntValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.nt == (val as PrtIntValue).nt;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return nt.ToString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtBoolValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public bool bl;
+
+        public PrtBoolValue()
+        {
+            bl = false;
+        }
+
+        public PrtBoolValue(bool val)
+        {
+            this.bl = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtBoolValue(this.bl);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtBoolValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.bl == (val as PrtBoolValue).bl;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return bl.ToString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtEventValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public PrtEvent evt;
+
+        public PrtEventValue(PrtEvent val)
+        {
+            this.evt = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtEventValue(this.evt);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtEventValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.evt == (val as PrtEventValue).evt;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return evt.name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtMachineValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public PrtImplMachine mach;
+
+        public PrtMachineValue(PrtImplMachine mach)
+        {
+            this.mach = mach;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtMachineValue(this.mach);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtMachineValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.mach == (val as PrtMachineValue).mach;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return String.Format("{0}({1})", mach.Name, mach.instanceNumber);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtTupleValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> fieldValues;
+
+        public PrtTupleValue()
+        {
+            fieldValues = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public PrtTupleValue(PrtTupleType tupType)
+        {
+            fieldValues = new List<PrtValue>(tupType.fieldTypes.Count);
+            foreach (var ft in tupType.fieldTypes)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(PrtMkDefaultValue(ft));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PrtTupleValue(PrtTupleType tupType, params PrtValue[] elems)
+        {
+            if (tupType.fieldTypes.Count != elems.Count())
+                throw new PrtInternalException();
+            fieldValues = new List<PrtValue>(tupType.fieldTypes.Count);
+            foreach (var elem in elems)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(elem.Clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtTupleValue();
+            foreach (var val in fieldValues)
+            {
+                clone.fieldValues.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            if (val is PrtNamedTupleValue) return false;
+            var tupValue = (val as PrtTupleValue);
+            if (tupValue == null) return false;
+            if (tupValue.fieldValues.Count != this.fieldValues.Count) return false;
+            for (int i = 0;  i < fieldValues.Count; i++)
+            {
+                if (!this.fieldValues[i].IsEqual(tupValue.fieldValues[i])) return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "<";
+            foreach (var field in fieldValues)
+            {
+                retStr = retStr + field.GetString() + ",";
+            }
+            retStr += ">";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtNamedTupleValue : PrtTupleValue
+    {
+        public List<string> fieldNames;
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue() : base()
+        {
+            fieldNames = new List<string>();
+        }
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue(PrtNamedTupleType tupType) : base (tupType)
+        {
+            fieldNames = new List<string>(tupType.fieldTypes.Count);
+            foreach (var fn in tupType.fieldNames)
+            {
+                fieldNames.Add(fn);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue(PrtNamedTupleType tupType, params PrtValue[] elems) : base (tupType, elems)
+        {
+            fieldNames = new List<string>(tupType.fieldTypes.Count);
+            foreach (var fn in tupType.fieldNames)
+            {
+                fieldNames.Add(fn);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtNamedTupleValue();
+            foreach (var name in fieldNames)
+            {
+                clone.fieldNames.Add(name);
+            }
+            foreach (var val in fieldValues)
+            {
+                clone.fieldValues.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            var tup = val as PrtNamedTupleValue;
+            if (tup == null) return false;
+            if (tup.fieldValues.Count != this.fieldValues.Count) return false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < tup.fieldValues.Count; i++)
+            {
+                if (this.fieldNames[i] != tup.fieldNames[i]) return false;
+                if (!this.fieldValues[i].IsEqual(tup.fieldValues[i])) return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "<";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < fieldValues.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += fieldNames[index] + ":" + fieldValues[index].GetString() + ", ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ">";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtSeqValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> elements;
+
+        public PrtSeqValue()
+        {
+            elements = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtSeqValue();
+            foreach (var val in elements)
+            {
+                clone.elements.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public void Insert(int index, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            //TODO: raise an exception for invalid index
+            elements.Insert(index, val.Clone());
+        }
+
+        public void Remove(int index)
+        {
+            //TODO: raise an exception for invalid index
+            elements.RemoveAt(index);
+        }
+
+        public int SizeOf()
+        {
+            return elements.Count();
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtSeqValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var seqVal = val as PrtSeqValue;
+            if (seqVal.elements.Count != this.elements.Count)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                int index = 0;
+                while (index < this.elements.Count)
+                {
+                    if (!this.elements[index].IsEqual(seqVal.elements[index]))
+                        return false;
+
+                    index++;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "(";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < elements.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += elements[index] + ", ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ")";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtMapValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> keys;
+        public List<PrtValue> values;
+
+        public PrtMapValue()
+        {
+            values = new List<PrtValue>();
+            keys = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtMapValue();
+            foreach (var v in values)
+            {
+                clone.values.Add(v.Clone());
+            }
+            foreach (var k in keys)
+            {
+                clone.keys.Add(k.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public int SizeOf()
+        {
+            return values.Count();
+        }
+
+        public PrtSeqValue Keys()
+        {
+            var seqKeys = new PrtSeqValue();
+            seqKeys.elements.AddRange((this.Clone() as PrtMapValue).keys);
+            return seqKeys;
+        }
+
+        public PrtSeqValue Values()
+        {
+            var seqValues = new PrtSeqValue();
+            seqValues.elements.AddRange((this.Clone() as PrtMapValue).values);
+            return seqValues;
+        }
+
+        public bool Contains(PrtValue key)
+        {
+            return keys.Where(k => k.IsEqual(key)).Count() > 0;
+        }
+
+        public void Add(PrtValue key, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            if (Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid add
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                keys.Add(key.Clone());
+                values.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Remove(PrtValue key)
+        {
+            if (!Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid remove
+            }
+            var index = keys.FindIndex((k => k.Equals(key)));
+            keys.RemoveAt(index);
+            values.RemoveAt(index);
+        }
+
+        public void Update(PrtValue key, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            if (!Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid update
+            }
+            var index = keys.FindIndex((k => k.Equals(key)));
+            values[index] = val.Clone();
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtMapValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var mapVal = val as PrtMapValue;
+            if (mapVal.keys.Count != this.keys.Count)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (var k in this.keys)
+                {
+                    if (!mapVal.Contains(k))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var index = this.keys.FindIndex(_k => _k.IsEqual(k));
+                        var _index = mapVal.keys.FindIndex(_k => _k.IsEqual(k));
+                        if (this.values[index].IsEqual(mapVal.values[_index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "(";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < values.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += "(" + keys[index].GetString() + "," + values[index].GetString() + "), ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ")";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `seqVal` last assigned on line 511 could be null and is dereferenced at line 512, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean PrtSeqValue.IsEqual(PrtValue)
+
+### File:
+Src/PTester/PRuntime/PrtValue.cs
+
+### Key:
+PrtValue.cs|IsEqual|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+753a00df2e40bf068417ea89da5f239f
+
+### Hash:
+47cd9c5405f4d300ff72c02ad6ca51aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2845/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2845/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e26355d1604b3f45c52a0ffd1ea348c52a67a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2845/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** P
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace P.Runtime
+{
+    public abstract class PrtValue
+    {
+        public static PrtNullValue NullValue = new PrtNullValue();
+        public static PrtEventValue HaltEvent = new PrtEventValue(new PrtEvent("Halt", new PrtNullType(), PrtEvent.DefaultMaxInstances, false));
+
+        public abstract PrtValue Clone();
+
+        public static PrtValue PrtMkDefaultValue(PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (type is PrtAnyType || type is PrtNullType || type is PrtEventType || type is PrtMachineType)
+                return new PrtNullValue();
+
+            else if(type is PrtIntType)
+            {
+                return new PrtIntValue();
+            }
+            else if(type is PrtBoolType)
+            {
+                return new PrtBoolValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMapType)
+            {
+                return new PrtMapValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtSeqType)
+            {
+                return new PrtSeqValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtNamedTupleType)
+            {
+                return new PrtNamedTupleValue(type as PrtNamedTupleType);
+            }
+            else if(type is PrtTupleType)
+            {
+                return new PrtTupleValue(type as PrtTupleType);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(false, "Invalid type !!");
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public abstract string GetString();
+
+        public abstract bool IsEqual(PrtValue value);
+
+        public static bool PrtInhabitsType(PrtValue value, PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (type is PrtAnyType)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (value is PrtNullValue)
+            {
+                if (type is PrtEventType || type is PrtMachineType)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (type is PrtIntType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtIntValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtBoolType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtBoolValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtEventType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtEventValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMachineType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtMachineValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtTupleType)
+            {
+                if ((!(value is PrtTupleValue)) || (value as PrtTupleValue).fieldValues.Count != (type as PrtTupleType).fieldTypes.Count)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int index = 0;
+                    var tupVal = (value as PrtTupleValue);
+                    var tupType = (type as PrtTupleType);
+                    while (index < tupVal.fieldValues.Count)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(tupVal.fieldValues[index], tupType.fieldTypes[index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        index++;
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtNamedTupleType)
+            {
+                if ((!(value is PrtNamedTupleValue)) || (value as PrtNamedTupleValue).fieldValues.Count != (type as PrtNamedTupleType).fieldTypes.Count)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int index = 0;
+                    var nmtupVal = (value as PrtNamedTupleValue);
+                    var nmtupType = (type as PrtNamedTupleType);
+                    while (index < nmtupVal.fieldValues.Count)
+                    {
+                        if (nmtupVal.fieldNames[index] != nmtupType.fieldNames[index])
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        else if (!PrtInhabitsType(nmtupVal.fieldValues[index], nmtupType.fieldTypes[index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        index++;
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMapType)
+            {
+                if (!(value is PrtMapValue))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var mapVal = (value as PrtMapValue);
+                    foreach (var key in mapVal.keys)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(key, (type as PrtMapType).keyType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    foreach (var val in mapVal.values)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(val, (type as PrtMapType).valType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtSeqType)
+            {
+                if (!(value is PrtSeqValue))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var seqVal = (value as PrtSeqValue);
+                    foreach (var elem in seqVal.elements)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(elem, (type as PrtSeqType).elemType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(false, "Unknown type");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static PrtValue PrtCastValue(PrtValue value, PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (!PrtInhabitsType(value, type))
+                throw new PrtInhabitsTypeException(String.Format("value {0} is not a member of type {1}", value.GetString(), type.GetString()));
+            return value.Clone();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class PrtNullValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return "null";
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue value)
+        {
+            if (value is PrtNullValue)
+                return true;
+            else
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtIntValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public int nt;
+
+        public PrtIntValue()
+        {
+            nt = 0;
+        }
+
+        public PrtIntValue(int val)
+        {
+            nt = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtIntValue(this.nt);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtIntValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.nt == (val as PrtIntValue).nt;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return nt.ToString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtBoolValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public bool bl;
+
+        public PrtBoolValue()
+        {
+            bl = false;
+        }
+
+        public PrtBoolValue(bool val)
+        {
+            this.bl = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtBoolValue(this.bl);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtBoolValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.bl == (val as PrtBoolValue).bl;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return bl.ToString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtEventValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public PrtEvent evt;
+
+        public PrtEventValue(PrtEvent val)
+        {
+            this.evt = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtEventValue(this.evt);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtEventValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.evt == (val as PrtEventValue).evt;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return evt.name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtMachineValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public PrtImplMachine mach;
+
+        public PrtMachineValue(PrtImplMachine mach)
+        {
+            this.mach = mach;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtMachineValue(this.mach);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtMachineValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.mach == (val as PrtMachineValue).mach;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return String.Format("{0}({1})", mach.Name, mach.instanceNumber);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtTupleValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> fieldValues;
+
+        public PrtTupleValue()
+        {
+            fieldValues = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public PrtTupleValue(PrtTupleType tupType)
+        {
+            foreach(var ft in tupType.fieldTypes)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(PrtMkDefaultValue(ft));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PrtTupleValue(PrtTupleType tupType, params PrtValue[] elems)
+        {
+            foreach (var elem in elems)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(elem.Clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtTupleValue();
+            foreach (var val in fieldValues)
+            {
+                clone.fieldValues.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtTupleValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var tupValue = (val as PrtTupleValue);
+            Debug.Assert(tupValue.fieldValues.Count == this.fieldValues.Count, "Error in type checking, tuple sizes not equal");
+
+            int index = 0;
+            while (index < fieldValues.Count)
+            {
+                if (!this.fieldValues[index].IsEqual(tupValue.fieldValues[index]))
+                    return false;
+
+                index++;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "<";
+            foreach (var field in fieldValues)
+            {
+                retStr = retStr + field.GetString() + ",";
+            }
+            retStr += ">";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtNamedTupleValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<string> fieldNames;
+        public List<PrtValue> fieldValues;
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue()
+        {
+            fieldValues = new List<PrtValue>();
+            fieldNames = new List<string>();
+        }
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue(PrtNamedTupleType tupType)
+        {
+            foreach (var fn in tupType.fieldNames)
+            {
+                fieldNames.Add(fn);
+            }
+            foreach (var ft in tupType.fieldTypes)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(PrtMkDefaultValue(ft));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue(PrtNamedTupleType tupType, params PrtValue[] elems)
+        {
+            foreach (var fn in tupType.fieldNames)
+            {
+                fieldNames.Add(fn);
+            }
+            foreach (var elem in elems)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(elem);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtNamedTupleValue();
+            clone.fieldNames = this.fieldNames;
+            foreach (var val in fieldValues)
+            {
+                clone.fieldValues.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtNamedTupleValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var tup = (val as PrtNamedTupleValue);
+            var tupValues = tup.fieldValues;
+            Debug.Assert(tup.fieldValues.Count == this.fieldValues.Count, "Error in type checking, tuple sizes not equal");
+
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < tupValues.Count)
+            {
+                if (!this.fieldValues[index].IsEqual(tupValues[index]))
+                    return false;
+
+                index++;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "<";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < fieldValues.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += fieldNames[index] + ":" + fieldValues[index].GetString() + ", ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ">";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtSeqValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> elements;
+
+        public PrtSeqValue()
+        {
+            elements = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtSeqValue();
+            foreach (var val in elements)
+            {
+                clone.elements.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public void Insert(int index, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            //TODO: raise an exception for invalid index
+            elements.Insert(index, val.Clone());
+        }
+
+        public void Remove(int index)
+        {
+            //TODO: raise an exception for invalid index
+            elements.RemoveAt(index);
+        }
+
+        public int SizeOf()
+        {
+            return elements.Count();
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtSeqValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var seqVal = val as PrtSeqValue;
+            if (seqVal.elements.Count != this.elements.Count)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                int index = 0;
+                while (index < this.elements.Count)
+                {
+                    if (!this.elements[index].IsEqual(seqVal.elements[index]))
+                        return false;
+
+                    index++;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "(";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < elements.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += elements[index] + ", ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ")";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtMapValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> keys;
+        public List<PrtValue> values;
+
+        public PrtMapValue()
+        {
+            values = new List<PrtValue>();
+            keys = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtMapValue();
+            foreach (var v in values)
+            {
+                clone.values.Add(v.Clone());
+            }
+            foreach (var k in keys)
+            {
+                clone.keys.Add(k.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public int SizeOf()
+        {
+            return values.Count();
+        }
+
+        public bool Contains(PrtValue key)
+        {
+            return keys.Where(k => k.IsEqual(key)).Count() > 0;
+        }
+
+        public void Add(PrtValue key, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            if (Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid add
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                keys.Add(key.Clone());
+                values.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Remove(PrtValue key)
+        {
+            if (!Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid remove
+            }
+            var index = keys.FindIndex((k => k.Equals(key)));
+            keys.RemoveAt(index);
+            values.RemoveAt(index);
+        }
+
+        public void Update(PrtValue key, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            if (!Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid update
+            }
+            var index = keys.FindIndex((k => k.Equals(key)));
+            values[index] = val.Clone();
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtMapValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var mapVal = val as PrtMapValue;
+            if (mapVal.keys.Count != this.keys.Count)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (var k in this.keys)
+                {
+                    if (!mapVal.Contains(k))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var index = this.keys.FindIndex(_k => _k.IsEqual(k));
+                        var _index = mapVal.keys.FindIndex(_k => _k.IsEqual(k));
+                        if (this.values[index].IsEqual(mapVal.values[_index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "(";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < values.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += "(" + keys[index].GetString() + "," + values[index].GetString() + "), ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ")";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `tupValue` last assigned on line 376 could be null and is dereferenced at line 377, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean PrtTupleValue.IsEqual(PrtValue)
+
+### File:
+Src/PTester/PRuntime/PrtValue.cs
+
+### Key:
+PrtValue.cs|IsEqual|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+753a00df2e40bf068417ea89da5f239f
+
+### Hash:
+e7cc37864ae0236d1276195e8800297a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2869/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2869/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02610ba1daf9b46e5886a2a938fb9054f42355fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2869/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,985 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ruckzuck
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+using System.Xml.Serialization;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using static RuckZuck_WCF.RZRestProxy;
+using System.Threading;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Memory;
+
+namespace RuckZuck_WCF
+{
+    public static class RZRestProxy
+    {
+        internal static IMemoryCache _cache;
+        public static string sURL = "https://ruckzuck.azurewebsites.net/wcf/RZService.svc";
+        //internal static string sURL = "http://localhost:7727/RZService.svc";
+
+        public static string Token = "deecdc6b-ad08-42ab-a743-a3c0f9033c80";
+        public static int CatalogTTL = 1;
+        public static string contentType = "application/xml";
+        public static string localURL = "http://localhost:5000";
+        public static string Proxy = "";
+        public static string ProxyUserPW = "";
+
+        private static byte[] bProxyUser
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(ProxyUserPW);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static string GetAuthToken(string Username, string Password)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+
+                if (!_cache.TryGetValue("PW" + (Username + Password).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out Token))
+                {
+                    HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler();
+
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Proxy))
+                    {
+                        handler.Proxy = new WebProxy(Proxy, true);
+                        handler.UseProxy = true;
+                    }
+
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(ProxyUserPW))
+                        {
+                            oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.ProxyAuthorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Basic", Convert.ToBase64String(bProxyUser));
+                        }
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Username", Username);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Password", Password);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
+                        var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/AuthenticateUser");
+                        response.Wait(5000);
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            Token = response.Result.Replace("\"", "");
+
+                            // Set cache options.
+                            var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                // Keep in cache for this time, reset time if accessed.
+                                .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(300));
+
+                            _cache.Set("PW" + (Username + Password).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), Token, cacheEntryOptions);
+
+                            return Token;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    return Token;
+            }
+            catch(Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Auth. Error: " + ex.Message);
+            }
+
+            return "";
+
+        }
+
+        public static string SWResults(string Searchstring)
+        {
+            string sCatFile = @"wwwroot/rzcat.xml";
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+            {
+                if (_cache.TryGetValue("SWResult-" + Searchstring, out sResult))
+                {
+                    return sResult;
+                }
+                sCatFile = @"wwwroot/rzcat.json";
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Searchstring))
+                {
+                    if (File.Exists(sCatFile))
+                    {
+                        if (CatalogTTL == 0 || DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime() - File.GetCreationTime(sCatFile).ToUniversalTime() <= new TimeSpan(CatalogTTL, 0, 1))
+                        {
+                            sResult = File.ReadAllText(sCatFile);
+                            var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60));
+                            _cache.Set("SWResult-" + Searchstring, sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+
+                }
+
+                using (var handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+                    //handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = (message, cert, chain, errors) => { return true; }; //To prevent Issue with FW
+
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Proxy))
+                    {
+                        handler.Proxy = new WebProxy(Proxy, true);
+                        handler.UseProxy = true;
+                    }
+
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(ProxyUserPW))
+                        {
+                            oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.ProxyAuthorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Basic", Convert.ToBase64String(bProxyUser));
+                        }
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                        var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWResults?search=" + Searchstring);
+                        response.Wait(7000); //7s max.
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            sResult = response.Result;
+                            // Set cache options.
+                            var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60));
+                            _cache.Set("SWResult-" + Searchstring, sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+
+                            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Searchstring))
+                                File.WriteAllText(sCatFile, sResult);
+
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+            }
+
+            //return old File
+            if (File.Exists(sCatFile))
+            {
+                return File.ReadAllText(sCatFile);
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string Shortname)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (!_cache.TryGetValue("SWGET1-" + Shortname.GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out sResult))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGetShort?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(Shortname));
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+
+                        // Set cache options.
+                        var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                            .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(330));
+
+                        _cache.Set("SWGET1-" + Shortname.GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+
+                        return sResult;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return sResult;
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string PackageName, string PackageVersion)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (!_cache.TryGetValue("SWGET2-" + (PackageName + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out sResult))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGet?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(PackageName) + "&ver=" + PackageVersion);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+
+                        // Set cache options.
+                        var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                            .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(330));
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+                        _cache.Set("SWGET2-" + (PackageName + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+                        return sResult;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string PackageName, string Manufacturer, string PackageVersion)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (!_cache.TryGetValue("SWGET3-" + (PackageName + Manufacturer + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out sResult))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGetPkg?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(PackageName) + "&manuf=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(Manufacturer) + "&ver=" + PackageVersion);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+
+                        // Set cache options.
+                        var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                            .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(330));
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+                        _cache.Set("SWGET3-" + (PackageName + Manufacturer + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+                        return sResult;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<string> Feedback(string productName, string productVersion, string manufacturer, string working, string userKey, string feedback)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(feedback))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var oRes = await oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/Feedback?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productName) + "&ver=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productVersion) + "&man=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(manufacturer) + "&ok=" + working + "&user=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(userKey) + "&text=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(feedback));
+                    return oRes;
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string GetSWDefinitions(string productName, string productVersion, string manufacturer)
+        {
+            string s1 = NormalizeString(productName + productVersion + manufacturer);
+            string sSWFile = @"wwwroot/rzsw/" + s1 + ".xml";
+            try
+            {
+
+
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/rzsw"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/rzsw");
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/files"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/files");
+
+
+                if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+                    sSWFile = @"wwwroot/rzsw/" + s1 + ".json";
+
+                if (File.Exists(sSWFile))
+                {
+                    if (CatalogTTL == 0 || DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime() - File.GetCreationTime(sSWFile).ToUniversalTime() <= new TimeSpan(CatalogTTL, 0, 1))
+                    {
+                        return File.ReadAllText(sSWFile);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                using (var handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+                    handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                    handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+                    handler.CheckCertificateRevocationList = false;
+
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Proxy))
+                    {
+                        handler.Proxy = new WebProxy(Proxy, true);
+                        handler.UseProxy = true;
+                    }
+
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                        var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/GetSWDefinition?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productName) + "&ver=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productVersion) + "&man=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(manufacturer));
+                        response.Wait(5000);
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            string sResult = response.Result;
+
+                            Task.Run(() =>
+                            {
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+                                    {
+                                        var oAddSW = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<AddSoftware>>(sResult);
+                                        foreach (var oSW in oAddSW)
+                                        {
+                                            foreach (var oDL in oSW.Files)
+                                            {
+                                                string sDir = @"wwwroot/files/" + oSW.ContentID;
+                                                if (!Directory.Exists(sDir))
+                                                {
+                                                    Directory.CreateDirectory(sDir);
+                                                }
+
+                                                if (oDL.URL.StartsWith("http") || oDL.URL.StartsWith("ftp"))
+                                                {
+                                                    if (!File.Exists(sDir + "/" + oDL.FileName))
+                                                    {
+                                                        var oRes = _DownloadFile(oDL.URL, sDir + "/" + oDL.FileName).Status;
+                                                    }
+
+                                                    oDL.URL = localURL + "/rest/dl/" + oSW.ContentID + "/" + oDL.FileName;
+
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        sResult = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(oAddSW);
+                                        File.WriteAllText(sSWFile, sResult);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                catch { }
+                            });
+
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            if (File.Exists(sSWFile))
+            {
+                    return File.ReadAllText(sSWFile);
+            }
+            return "";
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Needed because the  JavaScriptSerializer does not understand base64 byte arrays (Image).. so we have to convert them...
+        /// </summary>
+        public class ByteArrayConverter : JsonConverter
+        {
+            public override void WriteJson(
+                JsonWriter writer,
+                object value,
+                JsonSerializer serializer)
+            {
+                if (value == null)
+                {
+                    writer.WriteNull();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                byte[] data = (byte[])value;
+
+                // Compose an array.
+                writer.WriteStartArray();
+
+                for (var i = 0; i < data.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    writer.WriteValue(data[i]);
+                }
+
+                writer.WriteEndArray();
+            }
+
+            public override object ReadJson(
+                JsonReader reader,
+                Type objectType,
+                object existingValue,
+                JsonSerializer serializer)
+            {
+                if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartArray)
+                {
+                    var byteList = new List<byte>();
+
+                    while (reader.Read())
+                    {
+                        switch (reader.TokenType)
+                        {
+                            case JsonToken.Integer:
+                                byteList.Add(Convert.ToByte(reader.Value));
+                                break;
+                            case JsonToken.EndArray:
+                                return byteList.ToArray();
+                            case JsonToken.Comment:
+                                // skip
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                throw new Exception(
+                                string.Format(
+                                    "Unexpected token when reading bytes: {0}",
+                                    reader.TokenType));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    throw new Exception("Unexpected end when reading bytes.");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                     throw new Exception(
+                         string.Format(
+                             "Unexpected token parsing binary. "
+                             + "Expected StartArray, got {0}.",
+                             reader.TokenType));
+                }
+            }
+
+            public override bool CanConvert(Type objectType)
+            {
+                return objectType == typeof(byte[]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static Stream GetIcon(Int32 iconid)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/icons"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/icons");
+
+                if (File.Exists(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg"))
+                {
+                    return File.Open(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Open);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    using (var handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                    {
+                        handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                        handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+                        handler.CheckCertificateRevocationList = false;
+
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Proxy))
+                        {
+                            handler.Proxy = new WebProxy(Proxy, true);
+                            handler.UseProxy = true;
+                        }
+
+                        using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                        {
+
+                            //oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                            oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("image/jpeg"));
+                            var response = oClient.GetStreamAsync(sURL + "/rest/GetIcon?id=" + iconid.ToString());
+                            response.Wait(5000);
+                            if (response.IsCompleted)
+                            {
+                                var oRet = response.Result;
+                                using (var sIcon = new FileStream(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Create))
+                                {
+                                    response.Result.CopyTo(sIcon);
+                                    sIcon.Flush();
+                                    sIcon.Dispose();
+                                }
+                                return File.Open(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Open);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static Stream GetFile(string filename)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                filename = filename.Replace('\\', '/');
+
+                if (File.Exists(@"wwwroot/files/" + filename))
+                {
+                    return File.Open(@"wwwroot/files/" + filename, FileMode.Open);
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static async void TrackDownloads(string contentID)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                await oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/TrackDownloads/" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(contentID));
+            }
+            catch { }
+        }
+
+        public static string CheckForUpdate(string lSoftware)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+
+            try
+            {
+                //lets check if any previous request already found SW without update
+                JsonSerializerSettings oJSet = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+                oJSet.NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore;
+                var oSWUpload = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<AddSoftware>>(lSoftware, oJSet);
+                List<AddSoftware> lSWToCheck = new List<AddSoftware>();
+                foreach(AddSoftware oSW in oSWUpload ) 
+                {
+                    AddSoftware oCheck;
+                    if(!_cache.TryGetValue("noUpd" + oSW.ProductName + oSW.ProductVersion + oSW.Manufacturer, out oCheck))
+                    {
+                        lSWToCheck.Add(oSW);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (lSWToCheck.Count > 0) 
+                {
+                    lSoftware = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(lSWToCheck);
+                }
+                else return ""; //no updates required
+
+                using (var handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+                    handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                    handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+                    handler.CheckCertificateRevocationList = false;
+
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Proxy))
+                    {
+                        handler.Proxy = new WebProxy(Proxy, true);
+                        handler.UseProxy = true;
+                    }
+
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                        HttpContent oCont = new StringContent(lSoftware, Encoding.UTF8, contentType);
+                        if (contentType == "application/xml")
+                        {
+                            var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/CheckForUpdateXml", oCont);
+                            response.Wait(10000);
+                            if (response.IsCompleted)
+                            {
+                                string responseBody = response.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
+                                sResult = responseBody;
+                                return sResult;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (contentType == "application/json")
+                        {
+                            var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/CheckForUpdate", oCont);
+                            response.Wait(10000);
+                            if (response.IsCompleted)
+                            {
+                                string responseBody = response.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
+
+                                sResult = responseBody;
+
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    var lSWUpd = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<AddSoftware>>(sResult);
+                                    if (lSWUpd.Count == 0) //No Updates found -> cache all SW Items to prevent further check
+                                    {
+                                        // Set cache options.
+                                        var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                            .SetSlidingExpiration(new TimeSpan(4, 0, 0)); //Cache 4h
+
+                                        foreach (AddSoftware oSW in lSWToCheck)
+                                        {
+                                            _cache.Set("noUpd" + oSW.ProductName + oSW.ProductVersion + oSW.Manufacturer, oSW, cacheEntryOptions);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                catch { }
+
+                                return sResult;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static bool UploadSWEntry(string lSoftware)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                using (var handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+                    handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                    handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+                    handler.CheckCertificateRevocationList = false;
+
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Proxy))
+                    {
+                        handler.Proxy = new WebProxy(Proxy, true);
+                        handler.UseProxy = true;
+                    }
+
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(ProxyUserPW))
+                        {
+                            oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.ProxyAuthorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Basic", Convert.ToBase64String(bProxyUser));
+                        }
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                        HttpContent oCont = new StringContent(lSoftware, Encoding.UTF8, contentType);
+                        if (contentType == "application/xml")
+                        {
+                            var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/UploadSWEntry", oCont);
+                            response.Wait(5000);
+
+                            if (response.IsCompleted)
+                            {
+                                if (response.Result.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK)
+                                {
+                                    return true;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    return false;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public static string NormalizeString(string Input)
+        {
+            char[] arr = (Input).ToCharArray();
+
+            arr = Array.FindAll<char>(arr, (c => (char.IsLetterOrDigit(c))));
+
+            return new string(arr);
+        }
+
+        private static async Task<bool> _DownloadFile(string URL, string FileName)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                using (HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+                    handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                    handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+                    handler.CheckCertificateRevocationList = false;
+                    handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = (message, cert, chain, errors) => { return true; }; //To prevent Issue with FW
+
+                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Proxy))
+                    {
+                        handler.Proxy = new WebProxy(Proxy, true);
+                        handler.UseProxy = true;
+                    }
+
+                    using (var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.TryAddWithoutValidation("User-Agent", "chocolatey command line");
+                        httpClient.Timeout = new TimeSpan(0, 15, 0);
+                        using (var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, new Uri(URL)))
+                        {
+                            using (Stream contentStream = await (await httpClient.SendAsync(request)).Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(),
+                            stream = new FileStream(FileName, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None, 32768, true))
+                            {
+                                await contentStream.CopyToAsync(stream);
+                            }
+                            Console.WriteLine("Donwloaded: " + URL);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class GetSoftware
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Description { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductURL { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public Int32? Quality { get; set; }
+
+        public Int32? Downloads { get; set; }
+
+        public List<string> Categories { get; set; }
+
+        public long IconId { get; set; }
+
+        public bool isInstalled { get; set; }
+
+        public string XMLFile { get; set; }
+
+        public string IconFile { get; set; }
+
+        public string IconURL
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (IconId > 0)
+                {
+                    return RZRestProxy.sURL + "/rest/GetIcon?id=" + IconId.ToString();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return "File://" + IconFile;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class AddSoftware
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Description { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductURL { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        [JsonConverter(typeof(ByteArrayConverter))]
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public string MSIProductID { get; set; }
+
+        public string Architecture { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSUninstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSDetection { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPreReq { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPreInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPostInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string ContentID { get; set; }
+
+        public List<contentFiles> Files { get; set; }
+
+        public string Author { get; set; }
+
+        public string Category { get; set; }
+
+        public string[] PreRequisites { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class contentFiles
+    {
+        public string URL { get; set; }
+        public string FileName { get; set; }
+        public string FileHash { get; set; }
+        public string HashType { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class DLTask
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public bool AutoInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Installed { get; set; }
+
+        public bool UnInstalled { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Downloading { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Installing { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Error { get; set; }
+
+        public bool WaitingForDependency { get; set; }
+
+        public string ErrorMessage { get; set; }
+
+        internal string _status = "";
+        public string Status
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_status))
+                {
+                    if (Installing & !Error)
+                        return "Installing";
+                    if (Downloading & !Error)
+                        return "Downloading";
+                    if (Installed & !Error)
+                        return "Installed";
+                    if (UnInstalled & !Error)
+                        return "Uninstalled";
+                    if (WaitingForDependency)
+                        return "Installing dependencies";
+                    if (PercentDownloaded == 100 & !Error)
+                        return "Downloaded";
+                    if (Error)
+                        return ErrorMessage;
+
+                    return "Waiting";
+                }
+                else
+                    return _status;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                _status = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long DownloadedBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public long TotalBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public int PercentDownloaded { get; set; }
+
+        public List<contentFiles> Files { get; set; }
+
+        //public Task task { get; set; }
+
+        //public RZUpdate.SWUpdate SWUpd { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class DLStatus
+    {
+        public string Filename { get; set; }
+
+        public string URL { get; set; }
+
+        public int PercentDownloaded { get; set; }
+
+        public long DownloadedBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public long TotalBytes { get; set; }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource oClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "String RZRestProxy.SWGet(String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String RZRestProxy.SWGet(String,String)
+
+### File:
+RZ.Cache/RZCache/RZRestProxy.cs
+
+### Key:
+RZRestProxy.cs|SWGet|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+efeb588faa15363ce73ed90f0a35585f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2873/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2873/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfeb6ee4ac9ede1178b4936043035387d5b4a0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2873/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,890 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ruckzuck
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+using System.Xml.Serialization;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using static RuckZuck_WCF.RZRestProxy;
+using System.Threading;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Caching.Memory;
+
+namespace RuckZuck_WCF
+{
+    public static class RZRestProxy
+    {
+        internal static IMemoryCache _cache;
+        public static string sURL = "https://ruckzuck.azurewebsites.net/wcf/RZService.svc";
+        //internal static string sURL = "http://localhost:7727/RZService.svc";
+
+        public static string Token = "deecdc6b-ad08-42ab-a743-a3c0f9033c80";
+        public static int CatalogTTL = 1;
+        public static string contentType = "application/xml";
+        public static string localURL = "http://localhost:5000";
+
+        public static string GetAuthToken(string Username, string Password)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+
+                if (!_cache.TryGetValue("PW" + (Username + Password).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out Token))
+                {
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient())
+                    {
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Username", Username);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Password", Password);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
+                        var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/AuthenticateUser");
+                        response.Wait(5000);
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            Token = response.Result.Replace("\"", "");
+
+                            // Set cache options.
+                            var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                // Keep in cache for this time, reset time if accessed.
+                                .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(300));
+
+                            _cache.Set("PW" + (Username + Password).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), Token, cacheEntryOptions);
+
+                            return Token;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    return Token;
+            }
+            catch(Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("Auth. Error: " + ex.Message);
+            }
+
+            return "";
+
+        }
+
+        public static string SWResults(string Searchstring)
+        {
+            string sCatFile = @"wwwroot/rzcat.xml";
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+            {
+                if (_cache.TryGetValue("SWResult-" + Searchstring, out sResult))
+                {
+                    return sResult;
+                }
+                sCatFile = @"wwwroot/rzcat.json";
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Searchstring))
+                {
+                    if (File.Exists(sCatFile))
+                    {
+                        if (CatalogTTL == 0 || DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime() - File.GetCreationTime(sCatFile).ToUniversalTime() <= new TimeSpan(CatalogTTL, 0, 1))
+                        {
+                            sResult = File.ReadAllText(sCatFile);
+                            var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60));
+                            _cache.Set("SWResult-" + Searchstring, sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+
+                }
+
+                using (var handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+                    //handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = (message, cert, chain, errors) => { return true; }; //To prevent Issue with FW
+
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                        var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWResults?search=" + Searchstring);
+                        response.Wait(7000); //7s max.
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            sResult = response.Result;
+                            // Set cache options.
+                            var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(60));
+                            _cache.Set("SWResult-" + Searchstring, sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+
+                            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Searchstring))
+                                File.WriteAllText(sCatFile, sResult);
+
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+            }
+
+            //return old File
+            if (File.Exists(sCatFile))
+            {
+                return File.ReadAllText(sCatFile);
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string Shortname)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (!_cache.TryGetValue("SWGET1-" + Shortname.GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out sResult))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGetShort?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(Shortname));
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+
+                        // Set cache options.
+                        var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                            .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(330));
+
+                        _cache.Set("SWGET1-" + Shortname.GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+
+                        return sResult;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return sResult;
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string PackageName, string PackageVersion)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (!_cache.TryGetValue("SWGET2-" + (PackageName + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out sResult))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGet?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(PackageName) + "&ver=" + PackageVersion);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+
+                        // Set cache options.
+                        var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                            .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(330));
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+                        _cache.Set("SWGET2-" + (PackageName + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+                        return sResult;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string PackageName, string Manufacturer, string PackageVersion)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+            if (!_cache.TryGetValue("SWGET3-" + (PackageName + Manufacturer + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), out sResult))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGetPkg?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(PackageName) + "&manuf=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(Manufacturer) + "&ver=" + PackageVersion);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+
+                        // Set cache options.
+                        var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                            .SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(330));
+                        sResult = response.Result;
+                        _cache.Set("SWGET3-" + (PackageName + Manufacturer + PackageVersion).GetHashCode(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase), sResult, cacheEntryOptions);
+                        return sResult;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<string> Feedback(string productName, string productVersion, string manufacturer, string working, string userKey, string feedback)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(feedback))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var oRes = await oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/Feedback?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productName) + "&ver=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productVersion) + "&man=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(manufacturer) + "&ok=" + working + "&user=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(userKey) + "&text=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(feedback));
+                    return oRes;
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string GetSWDefinitions(string productName, string productVersion, string manufacturer)
+        {
+            string s1 = NormalizeString(productName + productVersion + manufacturer);
+            string sSWFile = @"wwwroot/rzsw/" + s1 + ".xml";
+            try
+            {
+
+
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/rzsw"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/rzsw");
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/files"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/files");
+
+
+                if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+                    sSWFile = @"wwwroot/rzsw/" + s1 + ".json";
+
+                if (File.Exists(sSWFile))
+                {
+                    if (CatalogTTL == 0 || DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime() - File.GetCreationTime(sSWFile).ToUniversalTime() <= new TimeSpan(CatalogTTL, 0, 1))
+                    {
+                        return File.ReadAllText(sSWFile);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                using (var handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+
+                    handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                    handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+                    handler.CheckCertificateRevocationList = false;
+
+                    using (var oClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                        oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                        var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/GetSWDefinition?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productName) + "&ver=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productVersion) + "&man=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(manufacturer));
+                        response.Wait(5000);
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            string sResult = response.Result;
+
+                            Task.Run(() =>
+                            {
+                                try
+                                {
+                                    if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+                                    {
+                                        var oAddSW = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<AddSoftware>>(sResult);
+                                        foreach (var oSW in oAddSW)
+                                        {
+                                            foreach (var oDL in oSW.Files)
+                                            {
+                                                string sDir = @"wwwroot/files/" + oSW.ContentID;
+                                                if (!Directory.Exists(sDir))
+                                                {
+                                                    Directory.CreateDirectory(sDir);
+                                                }
+
+                                                if (oDL.URL.StartsWith("http") || oDL.URL.StartsWith("ftp"))
+                                                {
+                                                    if (!File.Exists(sDir + "/" + oDL.FileName))
+                                                    {
+                                                        var oRes = _DownloadFile(oDL.URL, sDir + "/" + oDL.FileName).Status;
+                                                    }
+
+                                                    oDL.URL = localURL + "/rest/dl/" + oSW.ContentID + "/" + oDL.FileName;
+
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        sResult = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(oAddSW);
+                                        File.WriteAllText(sSWFile, sResult);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                catch { }
+                            });
+
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            if (File.Exists(sSWFile))
+            {
+                    return File.ReadAllText(sSWFile);
+            }
+            return "";
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Needed because the  JavaScriptSerializer does not understand base64 byte arrays (Image).. so we have to convert them...
+        /// </summary>
+        public class ByteArrayConverter : JsonConverter
+        {
+            public override void WriteJson(
+                JsonWriter writer,
+                object value,
+                JsonSerializer serializer)
+            {
+                if (value == null)
+                {
+                    writer.WriteNull();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                byte[] data = (byte[])value;
+
+                // Compose an array.
+                writer.WriteStartArray();
+
+                for (var i = 0; i < data.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    writer.WriteValue(data[i]);
+                }
+
+                writer.WriteEndArray();
+            }
+
+            public override object ReadJson(
+                JsonReader reader,
+                Type objectType,
+                object existingValue,
+                JsonSerializer serializer)
+            {
+                if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartArray)
+                {
+                    var byteList = new List<byte>();
+
+                    while (reader.Read())
+                    {
+                        switch (reader.TokenType)
+                        {
+                            case JsonToken.Integer:
+                                byteList.Add(Convert.ToByte(reader.Value));
+                                break;
+                            case JsonToken.EndArray:
+                                return byteList.ToArray();
+                            case JsonToken.Comment:
+                                // skip
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                throw new Exception(
+                                string.Format(
+                                    "Unexpected token when reading bytes: {0}",
+                                    reader.TokenType));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    throw new Exception("Unexpected end when reading bytes.");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                     throw new Exception(
+                         string.Format(
+                             "Unexpected token parsing binary. "
+                             + "Expected StartArray, got {0}.",
+                             reader.TokenType));
+                }
+            }
+
+            public override bool CanConvert(Type objectType)
+            {
+                return objectType == typeof(byte[]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static Stream GetIcon(Int32 iconid)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/icons"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/icons");
+
+                if (File.Exists(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg"))
+                {
+                    return File.Open(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Open);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+
+                    //oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("image/jpeg"));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStreamAsync(sURL + "/rest/GetIcon?id=" + iconid.ToString());
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.Result != null)
+                    {
+                        var oRet = response.Result;
+                        var sIcon = new System.IO.FileStream(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Create);
+                        response.Result.CopyTo(sIcon);
+                        sIcon.Flush();
+                        sIcon.Dispose();
+                        return File.Open(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Open);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static Stream GetFile(string filename)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                filename = filename.Replace('\\', '/');
+
+                if (File.Exists(@"wwwroot/files/" + filename))
+                {
+                    return File.Open(@"wwwroot/files/" + filename, FileMode.Open);
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static async void TrackDownloads(string contentID)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                await oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/TrackDownloads/" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(contentID));
+            }
+            catch { }
+        }
+
+        public static string CheckForUpdate(string lSoftware)
+        {
+            string sResult = "";
+
+            try
+            {
+                //lets check if any previous request already found SW without update
+                JsonSerializerSettings oJSet = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+                oJSet.NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore;
+                var oSWUpload = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<AddSoftware>>(lSoftware, oJSet);
+                List<AddSoftware> lSWToCheck = new List<AddSoftware>();
+                foreach(AddSoftware oSW in oSWUpload ) 
+                {
+                    AddSoftware oCheck;
+                    if(!_cache.TryGetValue("noUpd" + oSW.ProductName + oSW.ProductVersion + oSW.Manufacturer, out oCheck))
+                    {
+                        lSWToCheck.Add(oSW);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (lSWToCheck.Count > 0) 
+                {
+                    lSoftware = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(lSWToCheck);
+                }
+                else return ""; //no updates required
+
+                using (var oClient = new HttpClient())
+                {
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    HttpContent oCont = new StringContent(lSoftware, Encoding.UTF8, contentType);
+                    if (contentType == "application/xml")
+                    {
+                        var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/CheckForUpdateXml", oCont);
+                        response.Wait(10000);
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            string responseBody = response.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
+                            sResult = responseBody;
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (contentType == "application/json")
+                    {
+                        var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/CheckForUpdate", oCont);
+                        response.Wait(10000);
+                        if (response.IsCompleted)
+                        {
+                            string responseBody = response.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
+
+                            sResult = responseBody;
+
+                            try
+                            {
+                                var lSWUpd = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<AddSoftware>>(sResult);
+                                if (lSWUpd.Count == 0) //No Updates found -> cache all SW Items to prevent further check
+                                {
+                                    // Set cache options.
+                                    var cacheEntryOptions = new MemoryCacheEntryOptions()
+                                        .SetSlidingExpiration(new TimeSpan(4, 0, 0)); //Cache 4h
+
+                                    foreach (AddSoftware oSW in lSWToCheck)
+                                    {
+                                        _cache.Set("noUpd" + oSW.ProductName + oSW.ProductVersion + oSW.Manufacturer, oSW, cacheEntryOptions);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            catch { }
+
+                            return sResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static bool UploadSWEntry(string lSoftware)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                HttpContent oCont = new StringContent(lSoftware, Encoding.UTF8, contentType);
+                if (contentType == "application/xml")
+                {
+                    var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/UploadSWEntry", oCont);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+
+                    if (response.Result.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public static string NormalizeString(string Input)
+        {
+            char[] arr = (Input).ToCharArray();
+
+            arr = Array.FindAll<char>(arr, (c => (char.IsLetterOrDigit(c))));
+
+            return new string(arr);
+        }
+
+        private static async Task<bool> _DownloadFile(string URL, string FileName)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                using (HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler())
+                {
+                    handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                    handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+                    handler.CheckCertificateRevocationList = false;
+                    handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = (message, cert, chain, errors) => { return true; }; //To prevent Issue with FW
+
+                    using (var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                    {
+                        httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.TryAddWithoutValidation("User-Agent", "chocolatey command line");
+                        httpClient.Timeout = new TimeSpan(0, 15, 0);
+                        using (var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, new Uri(URL)))
+                        {
+                            using (Stream contentStream = await (await httpClient.SendAsync(request)).Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(),
+                            stream = new FileStream(FileName, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None, 32768, true))
+                            {
+                                await contentStream.CopyToAsync(stream);
+                            }
+                            Console.WriteLine("Donwloaded: " + URL);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class GetSoftware
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Description { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductURL { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public Int32? Quality { get; set; }
+
+        public Int32? Downloads { get; set; }
+
+        public List<string> Categories { get; set; }
+
+        public long IconId { get; set; }
+
+        public bool isInstalled { get; set; }
+
+        public string XMLFile { get; set; }
+
+        public string IconFile { get; set; }
+
+        public string IconURL
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (IconId > 0)
+                {
+                    return RZRestProxy.sURL + "/rest/GetIcon?id=" + IconId.ToString();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return "File://" + IconFile;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class AddSoftware
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Description { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductURL { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        [JsonConverter(typeof(ByteArrayConverter))]
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public string MSIProductID { get; set; }
+
+        public string Architecture { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSUninstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSDetection { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPreReq { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPreInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPostInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string ContentID { get; set; }
+
+        public List<contentFiles> Files { get; set; }
+
+        public string Author { get; set; }
+
+        public string Category { get; set; }
+
+        public string[] PreRequisites { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class contentFiles
+    {
+        public string URL { get; set; }
+        public string FileName { get; set; }
+        public string FileHash { get; set; }
+        public string HashType { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class DLTask
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public bool AutoInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Installed { get; set; }
+
+        public bool UnInstalled { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Downloading { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Installing { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Error { get; set; }
+
+        public bool WaitingForDependency { get; set; }
+
+        public string ErrorMessage { get; set; }
+
+        internal string _status = "";
+        public string Status
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_status))
+                {
+                    if (Installing & !Error)
+                        return "Installing";
+                    if (Downloading & !Error)
+                        return "Downloading";
+                    if (Installed & !Error)
+                        return "Installed";
+                    if (UnInstalled & !Error)
+                        return "Uninstalled";
+                    if (WaitingForDependency)
+                        return "Installing dependencies";
+                    if (PercentDownloaded == 100 & !Error)
+                        return "Downloaded";
+                    if (Error)
+                        return ErrorMessage;
+
+                    return "Waiting";
+                }
+                else
+                    return _status;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                _status = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long DownloadedBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public long TotalBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public int PercentDownloaded { get; set; }
+
+        public List<contentFiles> Files { get; set; }
+
+        //public Task task { get; set; }
+
+        //public RZUpdate.SWUpdate SWUpd { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class DLStatus
+    {
+        public string Filename { get; set; }
+
+        public string URL { get; set; }
+
+        public int PercentDownloaded { get; set; }
+
+        public long DownloadedBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public long TotalBytes { get; set; }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource oClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient, Leaked resource oCont of type System.Net.Http.StringContent in method "Boolean RZRestProxy.UploadSWEntry(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean RZRestProxy.UploadSWEntry(String)
+
+### File:
+RZ.Cache/RZCache/RZRestProxy.cs
+
+### Key:
+RZRestProxy.cs|UploadSWEntry|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2177997b9aeebd9cf165cb54c3275a23
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2874/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2874/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d450a43e51679f44522322be5a3f91b8304ba44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2874/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ruckzuck
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Net;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+using System.Xml.Serialization;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using static RuckZuck_WCF.RZRestProxy;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace RuckZuck_WCF
+{
+    public static class RZRestProxy
+    {
+        public static string sURL = "https://ruckzuck.azurewebsites.net/wcf/RZService.svc";
+        //internal static string sURL = "http://localhost:7727/RZService.svc";
+
+        public static string Token = "deecdc6b-ad08-42ab-a743-a3c0f9033c80";
+        public static int CatalogTTL = 1;
+        public static string contentType = "application/xml";
+        public static string localURL = "http://localhost:5000";
+
+        public static string GetAuthToken(string Username, string Password)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Username", Username);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Password", Password);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
+                var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/AuthenticateUser");
+                response.Wait(5000);
+                if (response.Result != null)
+                {
+                    Token = response.Result.Replace("\"", "");
+                    return Token;
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+
+        }
+
+        public static string SWResults(string Searchstring)
+        {
+            string sCatFile = @"wwwroot/rzcat.xml";
+
+            if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+                sCatFile = @"wwwroot/rzcat.json";
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Searchstring))
+                {
+                    if (File.Exists(sCatFile))
+                    {
+                        if (CatalogTTL == 0 || DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime() - File.GetCreationTime(sCatFile).ToUniversalTime() <= new TimeSpan(1, 0, 0))
+                        {
+                            return File.ReadAllText(sCatFile);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWResults?search=" + Searchstring);
+                response.Wait(5000);
+                if (response.Result != null)
+                {
+                    string sResult = response.Result;
+                    File.WriteAllText(sCatFile, sResult);
+                    return sResult;
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            //return old File
+            if (File.Exists(sCatFile))
+            {
+                return File.ReadAllText(sCatFile);
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string Shortname)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGetShort?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(Shortname));
+                response.Wait(5000);
+                if (response.Result != null)
+                {
+                    return response.Result;
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string PackageName, string PackageVersion)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGet?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(PackageName) + "&ver=" + PackageVersion);
+                response.Wait(5000);
+                if (response.Result != null)
+                {
+                    return response.Result;
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string SWGet(string PackageName, string Manufacturer, string PackageVersion)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/SWGetPkg?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(PackageName) + "&manuf=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(Manufacturer) + "&ver=" + PackageVersion);
+                response.Wait(5000);
+                if (response.Result != null)
+                {
+                    return response.Result;
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<string> Feedback(string productName, string productVersion, string manufacturer, string working, string userKey, string feedback)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(feedback))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                    var oRes = await oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/Feedback?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productName) + "&ver=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productVersion) + "&man=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(manufacturer) + "&ok=" + working + "&user=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(userKey) + "&text=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(feedback));
+                    return oRes;
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static string GetSWDefinitions(string productName, string productVersion, string manufacturer)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string s1 = NormalizeString(productName + productVersion + manufacturer);
+
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/rzsw"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/rzsw");
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/files"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/files");
+
+                string sSWFile = @"wwwroot/rzsw/" + s1 + ".xml";
+
+                if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+                    sSWFile = @"wwwroot/rzsw/" + s1 + ".json";
+
+                if (File.Exists(sSWFile))
+                {
+                    if (CatalogTTL == 0 || DateTime.Now.ToUniversalTime() - File.GetCreationTime(sSWFile).ToUniversalTime() <= new TimeSpan(1, 0, 0))
+                    {
+                        return File.ReadAllText(sSWFile);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                var response = oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/GetSWDefinition?name=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productName) + "&ver=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(productVersion) + "&man=" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(manufacturer));
+                response.Wait(5000);
+                if (response.Result != null)
+                {
+                    string sResult = response.Result;
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        if (contentType.ToLower() == "application/json")
+                        {
+                            var oAddSW = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<AddSoftware>>(sResult);
+                            foreach (var oSW in oAddSW)
+                            {
+                                foreach (var oDL in oSW.Files)
+                                {
+                                    string sDir = @"wwwroot/files/" + oSW.ContentID;
+                                    if (!Directory.Exists(sDir))
+                                    {
+                                        Directory.CreateDirectory(sDir);
+                                    }
+
+                                    if (oDL.URL.StartsWith("http") || oDL.URL.StartsWith("ftp"))
+                                    {
+                                        if (!File.Exists(sDir + "/" + oDL.FileName))
+                                        {
+                                            var oRes = _DownloadFile(oDL.URL, sDir + "/" + oDL.FileName).Status;
+
+                                            //Thread.Sleep(5000);
+                                        }
+
+                                        oDL.URL = localURL + "/rest/dl/" + oSW.ContentID + "/" + oDL.FileName;
+
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            sResult = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(oAddSW);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch { }
+                    File.WriteAllText(sSWFile, sResult);
+                    return sResult;
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Needed because the  JavaScriptSerializer does not understand base64 byte arrays (Image).. so we have to convert them...
+        /// </summary>
+        public class ByteArrayConverter : JsonConverter
+        {
+            public override void WriteJson(
+                JsonWriter writer,
+                object value,
+                JsonSerializer serializer)
+            {
+                if (value == null)
+                {
+                    writer.WriteNull();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                byte[] data = (byte[])value;
+
+                // Compose an array.
+                writer.WriteStartArray();
+
+                for (var i = 0; i < data.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    writer.WriteValue(data[i]);
+                }
+
+                writer.WriteEndArray();
+            }
+
+            public override object ReadJson(
+                JsonReader reader,
+                Type objectType,
+                object existingValue,
+                JsonSerializer serializer)
+            {
+                if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartArray)
+                {
+                    var byteList = new List<byte>();
+
+                    while (reader.Read())
+                    {
+                        switch (reader.TokenType)
+                        {
+                            case JsonToken.Integer:
+                                byteList.Add(Convert.ToByte(reader.Value));
+                                break;
+                            case JsonToken.EndArray:
+                                return byteList.ToArray();
+                            case JsonToken.Comment:
+                                // skip
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                throw new Exception(
+                                string.Format(
+                                    "Unexpected token when reading bytes: {0}",
+                                    reader.TokenType));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    throw new Exception("Unexpected end when reading bytes.");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw new Exception(
+                        string.Format(
+                            "Unexpected token parsing binary. "
+                            + "Expected StartArray, got {0}.",
+                            reader.TokenType));
+                }
+            }
+
+            public override bool CanConvert(Type objectType)
+            {
+                return objectType == typeof(byte[]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static Stream GetIcon(Int32 iconid)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (!Directory.Exists("wwwroot/icons"))
+                    Directory.CreateDirectory("wwwroot/icons");
+
+                if (File.Exists(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg"))
+                {
+                    return File.Open(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Open);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var oClient = new HttpClient();
+
+                    //oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                    oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("image/jpeg"));
+                    var response = oClient.GetStreamAsync(sURL + "/rest/GetIcon?id=" + iconid.ToString());
+                    //response.Wait(5000);
+                    if (response.Result != null)
+                    {
+                        var oRet = response.Result;
+                        var sIcon = new System.IO.FileStream(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Create);
+                        response.Result.CopyTo(sIcon);
+                        sIcon.Flush();
+                        sIcon.Dispose();
+                        return File.Open(@"wwwroot/icons/" + iconid.ToString() + ".jpg", FileMode.Open);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static Stream GetFile(string filename)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                filename = filename.Replace('\\', '/');
+
+                if (File.Exists(@"wwwroot/files/" + filename))
+                {
+                    return File.Open(@"wwwroot/files/" + filename, FileMode.Open);
+                }
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static async void TrackDownloads(string contentID)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                await oClient.GetStringAsync(sURL + "/rest/TrackDownloads/" + WebUtility.UrlEncode(contentID));
+            }
+            catch { }
+        }
+
+        public static string CheckForUpdate(string lSoftware)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                HttpContent oCont = new StringContent(lSoftware, Encoding.UTF8, contentType);
+                if (contentType == "application/xml")
+                {
+                    var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/CheckForUpdateXml", oCont);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+
+                    string responseBody = response.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
+                    return responseBody;
+                }
+
+                if (contentType == "application/json")
+                {
+                    var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/CheckForUpdateJSON", oCont);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+
+                    string responseBody = response.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
+                    return responseBody;
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        public static bool UploadSWEntry(string lSoftware)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var oClient = new HttpClient();
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("AuthenticatedToken", Token);
+                oClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue(contentType));
+                HttpContent oCont = new StringContent(lSoftware, Encoding.UTF8, contentType);
+                if (contentType == "application/xml")
+                {
+                    var response = oClient.PostAsync(sURL + "/rest/UploadSWEntry", oCont);
+                    response.Wait(5000);
+
+                    if (response.Result.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+            catch { }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public static string NormalizeString(string Input)
+        {
+            char[] arr = (Input).ToCharArray();
+
+            arr = Array.FindAll<char>(arr, (c => (char.IsLetterOrDigit(c))));
+
+            return new string(arr);
+        }
+
+        private static async Task<bool> _DownloadFile(string URL, string FileName)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler();
+                handler.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+                handler.MaxAutomaticRedirections = 5;
+
+                using (var httpClient = new HttpClient(handler))
+                {
+                    httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.TryAddWithoutValidation("User-Agent", "chocolatey command line");
+                    using (var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, new Uri(URL)))
+                    {
+                        using (Stream contentStream = await (await httpClient.SendAsync(request)).Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(),
+                        stream = new FileStream(FileName, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.None, 32768, true))
+                        {
+                            await contentStream.CopyToAsync(stream);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class GetSoftware
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Description { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductURL { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public Int32? Quality { get; set; }
+
+        public Int32? Downloads { get; set; }
+
+        public List<string> Categories { get; set; }
+
+        public long IconId { get; set; }
+
+        public bool isInstalled { get; set; }
+
+        public string XMLFile { get; set; }
+
+        public string IconFile { get; set; }
+
+        public string IconURL
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (IconId > 0)
+                {
+                    return RZRestProxy.sURL + "/rest/GetIcon?id=" + IconId.ToString();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return "File://" + IconFile;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class AddSoftware
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Description { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductURL { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        [JsonConverter(typeof(ByteArrayConverter))]
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public string MSIProductID { get; set; }
+
+        public string Architecture { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSUninstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSDetection { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPreReq { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPreInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string PSPostInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public string ContentID { get; set; }
+
+        public List<contentFiles> Files { get; set; }
+
+        public string Author { get; set; }
+
+        public string Category { get; set; }
+
+        public string[] PreRequisites { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class contentFiles
+    {
+        public string URL { get; set; }
+        public string FileName { get; set; }
+        public string FileHash { get; set; }
+        public string HashType { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class DLTask
+    {
+        public string ProductName { get; set; }
+
+        public string ProductVersion { get; set; }
+
+        public string Manufacturer { get; set; }
+
+        public string Shortname { get; set; }
+
+        public byte[] Image { get; set; }
+
+        public bool AutoInstall { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Installed { get; set; }
+
+        public bool UnInstalled { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Downloading { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Installing { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Error { get; set; }
+
+        public bool WaitingForDependency { get; set; }
+
+        public string ErrorMessage { get; set; }
+
+        internal string _status = "";
+        public string Status
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_status))
+                {
+                    if (Installing & !Error)
+                        return "Installing";
+                    if (Downloading & !Error)
+                        return "Downloading";
+                    if (Installed & !Error)
+                        return "Installed";
+                    if (UnInstalled & !Error)
+                        return "Uninstalled";
+                    if (WaitingForDependency)
+                        return "Installing dependencies";
+                    if (PercentDownloaded == 100 & !Error)
+                        return "Downloaded";
+                    if (Error)
+                        return ErrorMessage;
+
+                    return "Waiting";
+                }
+                else
+                    return _status;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                _status = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long DownloadedBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public long TotalBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public int PercentDownloaded { get; set; }
+
+        public List<contentFiles> Files { get; set; }
+
+        //public Task task { get; set; }
+
+        //public RZUpdate.SWUpdate SWUpd { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class DLStatus
+    {
+        public string Filename { get; set; }
+
+        public string URL { get; set; }
+
+        public int PercentDownloaded { get; set; }
+
+        public long DownloadedBytes { get; set; }
+
+        public long TotalBytes { get; set; }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource oClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "String RZRestProxy.GetAuthToken(String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String RZRestProxy.GetAuthToken(String,String)
+
+### File:
+RZ.Cache/RZCache/RZRestProxy.cs
+
+### Key:
+RZRestProxy.cs|GetAuthToken|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+42ba5a4d77a5fd9a18402f9143ac0c71
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2880/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2880/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67993397cb55cf5953c2c3017ec6755d83f8ab5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2880/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** blockcore
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Moq;
+using NBitcoin;
+using Stratis.Bitcoin.Configuration;
+using Stratis.Bitcoin.Connection;
+using Stratis.Bitcoin.Logging;
+using Stratis.Bitcoin.Tests.Logging;
+using Stratis.Bitcoin.Wallet;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Internal;
+using Xunit;
+using static Stratis.Bitcoin.FullNode;
+
+namespace Stratis.Bitcoin.Tests.Wallet
+{
+    public class WalletManagerTest : TestBase
+    {
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void UpdateLastBlockSyncedHeightWhileWalletCreatedDoesNotThrowInvalidOperationException()
+        {
+            string dir = AssureEmptyDir("TestData/WalletManagerTest/UpdateLastBlockSyncedHeightWhileWalletCreatedDoesNotThrowInvalidOperationException");
+            var dataFolder = new DataFolder(new NodeSettings { DataDir = dir });
+            var loggerFactory = new Mock<ILoggerFactory>();
+            loggerFactory.Setup(l => l.CreateLogger(It.IsAny<string>()))
+               .Returns(new Mock<ILogger>().Object);
+            Logs.Configure(loggerFactory.Object);
+
+            var walletManager = new WalletManager(loggerFactory.Object, It.IsAny<ConnectionManager>(), Network.Main, new Mock<ConcurrentChain>().Object, NodeSettings.Default(),
+                                                  dataFolder, new Mock<IWalletFeePolicy>().Object, new Mock<IAsyncLoopFactory>().Object, new ApplicationLifetime());
+
+            var concurrentChain = new ConcurrentChain(Network.Main);
+            ChainedBlock tip = AppendBlock(null, concurrentChain);
+
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet1"));
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet2"));
+
+            Parallel.For(0, 500, new ParallelOptions() { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 10 }, (int iteration) =>
+            {
+                walletManager.UpdateLastBlockSyncedHeight(tip);
+                walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet"));
+                walletManager.UpdateLastBlockSyncedHeight(tip);
+            });
+
+            Assert.Equal(502, walletManager.Wallets.Count);
+            Assert.True(walletManager.Wallets.All(w => w.BlockLocator != null));
+        }
+
+        private Bitcoin.Wallet.Wallet CreateWallet(string name)
+        {
+            return new Bitcoin.Wallet.Wallet()
+            {
+                Name = name,
+                AccountsRoot = new List<AccountRoot>(),
+                BlockLocator = null
+            };
+        }
+
+        private ChainedBlock AppendBlock(ChainedBlock previous, params ConcurrentChain[] chains)
+        {
+            ChainedBlock last = null;
+            var nonce = RandomUtils.GetUInt32();
+            foreach (ConcurrentChain chain in chains)
+            {
+                var block = new Block();
+                block.AddTransaction(new Transaction());
+                block.UpdateMerkleRoot();
+                block.Header.HashPrevBlock = previous == null ? chain.Tip.HashBlock : previous.HashBlock;
+                block.Header.Nonce = nonce;
+                if (!chain.TrySetTip(block.Header, out last))
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Previous not existing");
+            }
+            return last;
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void LoadKeysLookupInParallelDoesNotThrowInvalidOperationException()
+        {
+            string dir = AssureEmptyDir("TestData/WalletManagerTest/LoadKeysLookupInParallelDoesNotThrowInvalidOperationException");
+            var dataFolder = new DataFolder(new NodeSettings { DataDir = dir });
+            var loggerFactory = new Mock<ILoggerFactory>();
+            loggerFactory.Setup(l => l.CreateLogger(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(new Mock<ILogger>().Object);
+            Logs.Configure(loggerFactory.Object);
+
+            var walletManager = new WalletManager(loggerFactory.Object, It.IsAny<ConnectionManager>(), Network.Main, new Mock<ConcurrentChain>().Object, NodeSettings.Default(),
+                dataFolder, new Mock<IWalletFeePolicy>().Object, new Mock<IAsyncLoopFactory>().Object, new ApplicationLifetime());
+
+            // generate 3 wallet with 2 accounts containing 1000 external and 100 internal addresses each.
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet1"));
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet2"));
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet3"));
+            this.AddAddressesToWallet(walletManager, 1000);
+            
+            Parallel.For(0, 5000, new ParallelOptions() { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 10 }, (int iteration) =>
+            {
+                walletManager.LoadKeysLookup();
+                walletManager.LoadKeysLookup();
+                walletManager.LoadKeysLookup();
+            });
+            
+            Assert.Equal(12000, walletManager.keysLookup.Count);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithConfirmedTransactions()
+        {
+            string dir = AssureEmptyDir("TestData/WalletManagerTest/CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithConfirmedTransactions");
+            var dataFolder = new DataFolder(new NodeSettings { DataDir = dir });
+            var loggerFactory = new Mock<ILoggerFactory>();
+            loggerFactory.Setup(l => l.CreateLogger(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(new Mock<ILogger>().Object);
+            Logs.Configure(loggerFactory.Object);
+
+            var walletManager = new WalletManager(loggerFactory.Object, It.IsAny<ConnectionManager>(), Network.Main, new Mock<ConcurrentChain>().Object, NodeSettings.Default(),
+                dataFolder, new Mock<IWalletFeePolicy>().Object, new Mock<IAsyncLoopFactory>().Object, new ApplicationLifetime());
+
+            // generate 3 wallet with 2 accounts containing 1000 external and 100 internal addresses each.
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet1"));
+            this.AddAddressesToWallet(walletManager, 1000);
+
+            var firstAccount = walletManager.Wallets.First().AccountsRoot.First().Accounts.First();
+
+            // add two unconfirmed transactions
+            for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++)
+            {
+                firstAccount.InternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData {Amount = 10});
+                firstAccount.ExternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10 });
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(0, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().ConfirmedAmount);
+            Assert.Equal(40, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().UnConfirmedAmount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithUnConfirmedTransactions()
+        {
+            string dir = AssureEmptyDir("TestData/WalletManagerTest/CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithUnConfirmedTransactions");
+            var dataFolder = new DataFolder(new NodeSettings { DataDir = dir });
+            var loggerFactory = new Mock<ILoggerFactory>();
+            loggerFactory.Setup(l => l.CreateLogger(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(new Mock<ILogger>().Object);
+            Logs.Configure(loggerFactory.Object);
+
+            var walletManager = new WalletManager(loggerFactory.Object, It.IsAny<ConnectionManager>(), Network.Main, new Mock<ConcurrentChain>().Object, NodeSettings.Default(),
+                dataFolder, new Mock<IWalletFeePolicy>().Object, new Mock<IAsyncLoopFactory>().Object, new ApplicationLifetime());
+
+            // generate 3 wallet with 2 accounts containing 1000 external and 100 internal addresses each.
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet1"));
+            this.AddAddressesToWallet(walletManager, 1000);
+
+            var firstAccount = walletManager.Wallets.First().AccountsRoot.First().Accounts.First();
+
+            // add two confirmed transactions
+            for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++)
+            {
+                firstAccount.InternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10});
+                firstAccount.ExternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10 });
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(40, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().ConfirmedAmount);
+            Assert.Equal(0, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().UnConfirmedAmount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentTransactions()
+        {
+            string dir = AssureEmptyDir("TestData/WalletManagerTest/CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentTransactions");
+            var dataFolder = new DataFolder(new NodeSettings { DataDir = dir });
+            var loggerFactory = new Mock<ILoggerFactory>();
+            loggerFactory.Setup(l => l.CreateLogger(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(new Mock<ILogger>().Object);
+            Logs.Configure(loggerFactory.Object);
+
+            var walletManager = new WalletManager(loggerFactory.Object, It.IsAny<ConnectionManager>(), Network.Main, new Mock<ConcurrentChain>().Object, NodeSettings.Default(),
+                dataFolder, new Mock<IWalletFeePolicy>().Object, new Mock<IAsyncLoopFactory>().Object, new ApplicationLifetime());
+
+            // generate 3 wallet with 2 accounts containing 1000 external and 100 internal addresses each.
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet1"));
+            this.AddAddressesToWallet(walletManager, 1000);
+
+            var firstAccount = walletManager.Wallets.First().AccountsRoot.First().Accounts.First();
+
+            // add two spent transactions
+            for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++)
+            {
+                firstAccount.InternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10, SpendingDetails = new SpendingDetails()});
+                firstAccount.ExternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10, SpendingDetails = new SpendingDetails()});
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(0, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().ConfirmedAmount);
+            Assert.Equal(0, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().UnConfirmedAmount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentAndConfirmedTransactions()
+        {
+            string dir = AssureEmptyDir("TestData/WalletManagerTest/CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentAndConfirmedTransactions");
+            var dataFolder = new DataFolder(new NodeSettings { DataDir = dir });
+            var loggerFactory = new Mock<ILoggerFactory>();
+            loggerFactory.Setup(l => l.CreateLogger(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(new Mock<ILogger>().Object);
+            Logs.Configure(loggerFactory.Object);
+
+            var walletManager = new WalletManager(loggerFactory.Object, It.IsAny<ConnectionManager>(), Network.Main, new Mock<ConcurrentChain>().Object, NodeSettings.Default(),
+                dataFolder, new Mock<IWalletFeePolicy>().Object, new Mock<IAsyncLoopFactory>().Object, new ApplicationLifetime());
+
+            // generate 3 wallet with 2 accounts containing 1000 external and 100 internal addresses each.
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet1"));
+            this.AddAddressesToWallet(walletManager, 1000);
+
+            var firstAccount = walletManager.Wallets.First().AccountsRoot.First().Accounts.First();
+
+            // add two spent transactions
+            for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++)
+            {
+                firstAccount.InternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10, SpendingDetails = new SpendingDetails() });
+                firstAccount.ExternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10, SpendingDetails = new SpendingDetails() });
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 3; i < 5; i++)
+            {
+                firstAccount.InternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10});
+                firstAccount.ExternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10});
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(40, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().ConfirmedAmount);
+            Assert.Equal(0, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().UnConfirmedAmount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentAndUnConfirmedTransactions()
+        {
+            string dir = AssureEmptyDir("TestData/WalletManagerTest/CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentAndUnConfirmedTransactions");
+            var dataFolder = new DataFolder(new NodeSettings { DataDir = dir });
+            var loggerFactory = new Mock<ILoggerFactory>();
+            loggerFactory.Setup(l => l.CreateLogger(It.IsAny<string>()))
+                .Returns(new Mock<ILogger>().Object);
+            Logs.Configure(loggerFactory.Object);
+
+            var walletManager = new WalletManager(loggerFactory.Object, It.IsAny<ConnectionManager>(), Network.Main, new Mock<ConcurrentChain>().Object, NodeSettings.Default(),
+                dataFolder, new Mock<IWalletFeePolicy>().Object, new Mock<IAsyncLoopFactory>().Object, new ApplicationLifetime());
+
+            // generate 3 wallet with 2 accounts containing 1000 external and 100 internal addresses each.
+            walletManager.Wallets.Add(CreateWallet("wallet1"));
+            this.AddAddressesToWallet(walletManager, 1000);
+
+            var firstAccount = walletManager.Wallets.First().AccountsRoot.First().Accounts.First();
+
+            // add two spent transactions
+            for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++)
+            {
+                firstAccount.InternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10, SpendingDetails = new SpendingDetails() });
+                firstAccount.ExternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10, BlockHeight = 10, SpendingDetails = new SpendingDetails() });
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 3; i < 5; i++)
+            {
+                firstAccount.InternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10 });
+                firstAccount.ExternalAddresses.ElementAt(i).Transactions.Add(new TransactionData { Amount = 10 });
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(0, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().ConfirmedAmount);
+            Assert.Equal(40, firstAccount.GetSpendableAmount().UnConfirmedAmount);
+        }
+
+        private void AddAddressesToWallet(WalletManager walletManager, int count)
+        {
+            foreach (var wallet in walletManager.Wallets)
+            {
+                wallet.AccountsRoot.Add(new AccountRoot
+                {
+                    CoinType = CoinType.Bitcoin,
+                    Accounts = new List<HdAccount>
+                    {
+                        new HdAccount
+                        {
+                            ExternalAddresses = GenerateAddresses(count),
+                            InternalAddresses = GenerateAddresses(count)
+                        },
+                        new HdAccount
+                        {
+                            ExternalAddresses = GenerateAddresses(count),
+                            InternalAddresses = GenerateAddresses(count)
+                        } }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        private List<HdAddress> GenerateAddresses(int count)
+        {
+            List<HdAddress> addresses = new List<HdAddress>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+
+                HdAddress address = new HdAddress
+                {
+                    ScriptPubKey = new Key().ScriptPubKey
+                };
+                addresses.Add(address);
+            }
+            return addresses;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource walletManager of type Stratis.Bitcoin.Wallet.WalletManager in method "Void WalletManagerTest.CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentAndUnConfirmedTransactions()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WalletManagerTest.CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentAndUnConfirmedTransactions()
+
+### File:
+Stratis.Bitcoin.Tests/Wallet/WalletManagerTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+WalletManagerTest.cs|CheckWalletBalanceEstimationWithSpentAndUnConfirmedTransactions|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a9d45896d568ecdbef09a55acdc79afb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2887/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2887/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc1bc2a9c346c4b4297434050290d98007b8881b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2887/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1021 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** aenetmail
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using AE.Net.Mail.Imap;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.Specialized;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace AE.Net.Mail
+{
+
+    public enum AuthMethods
+    {
+        Login,
+        CRAMMD5,
+        SaslOAuth
+    }
+
+    public class ImapClient : TextClient, IMailClient
+    {
+        private string _SelectedMailbox;
+        private Mailbox _Mailbox;
+        private int _tag = 0;
+        private string[] _Capability;
+
+        private bool _Idling;
+        private Task _IdleTask;
+        private Task _ResponseTask;
+        private ModifiedUtf7Encoding _utf7 = new ModifiedUtf7Encoding();
+
+        private string _FetchHeaders = null;
+
+        public ImapClient()
+        {
+            IdleTimeout = 1200000;
+        }
+        public ImapClient(string host, string username, string password, AuthMethods method = AuthMethods.Login, int port = 143, bool secure = false, bool skipSslValidation = false)
+            : this()
+        {
+            Connect(host, port, secure, skipSslValidation);
+            AuthMethod = method;
+            Login(username, password);
+        }
+
+        public int IdleTimeout { get; set; }
+
+        public virtual AuthMethods AuthMethod { get; set; }
+
+        public Mailbox Mailbox
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                CheckMailboxSelected();
+                return _Mailbox;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string GetTag()
+        {
+            _tag++;
+            return string.Format("xm{0:000} ", _tag);
+        }
+
+        public virtual bool Supports(string command)
+        {
+            return (_Capability ?? Capability()).Contains(command, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        }
+
+        private EventHandler<MessageEventArgs> _NewMessage;
+        public virtual event EventHandler<MessageEventArgs> NewMessage
+        {
+            add
+            {
+                _NewMessage += value;
+                IdleStart();
+            }
+            remove
+            {
+                _NewMessage -= value;
+                if (!HasEvents)
+                {
+                    IdleStop();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private EventHandler<MessageEventArgs> _MessageDeleted;
+        public virtual event EventHandler<MessageEventArgs> MessageDeleted
+        {
+            add
+            {
+                _MessageDeleted += value;
+                IdleStart();
+            }
+            remove
+            {
+                _MessageDeleted -= value;
+                if (!HasEvents)
+                {
+                    IdleStop();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual event EventHandler<ImapClientExceptionEventArgs> ImapException;
+
+        protected virtual void IdleStart()
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+
+            _Idling = true;
+            if (!Supports("IDLE"))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("This IMAP server does not support the IDLE command");
+            }
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void IdlePause()
+        {
+            if (_IdleTask == null || !_Idling)
+                return;
+            CheckConnectionStatus();
+            SendCommand("DONE");
+
+            if (!_IdleTask.Wait(ServerTimeout))
+            {
+                //Not responding
+                Disconnect();
+                ImapClientException e = new ImapClientException("Lost communication to IMAP server, connection closed.");
+                ImapClientExceptionEventArgs args = new ImapClientExceptionEventArgs(e);
+                Task.Factory.StartNew(() => ImapException.Fire(this, args));
+            }
+            _IdleTask.Dispose();
+            _IdleTask = null;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void IdleResume()
+        {
+            if (!_Idling)
+                return;
+
+            IdleResumeCommand();
+
+            if (_IdleTask == null)
+            {
+                _IdleTask = new Task(() => WatchIdleQueue());
+                _IdleTask.Start();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void IdleResumeCommand()
+        {
+            SendCommandGetResponse(GetTag() + "IDLE");
+        }
+
+        private bool HasEvents
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _MessageDeleted != null || _NewMessage != null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void IdleStop()
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+            _Idling = false;
+        }
+
+        public virtual bool TryGetResponse(out string response)
+        {
+            string resp = response = null;
+
+            _ResponseTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+            {
+                resp = GetResponse(IdleTimeout + ServerTimeout * 3);
+            });
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (_ResponseTask.Wait(IdleTimeout))
+                {
+                    response = resp;
+                    _ResponseTask.Dispose();
+                    _ResponseTask = null;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else
+                    return false;
+            }
+            catch (AggregateException)
+            {
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WatchIdleQueue()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string last = null, resp;
+
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    if (!TryGetResponse(out resp))
+                    {
+                        //Child task should still running on ReadByte here.
+                        //Need to send some data to get it to exit.
+
+                        SendCommand("DONE"); //_ResponseTask should pick up response and exit
+                        if (!_ResponseTask.Wait(ServerTimeout))
+                        {
+                            //Not responding
+                            Disconnect();
+                            throw new ImapClientException("Lost communication to IMAP server, connection closed.");
+                        }
+                        _ResponseTask.Dispose();
+                        _ResponseTask = null;
+
+                        IdleResumeCommand();
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (resp.Contains("OK IDLE"))  //Server response after DONE
+                        return;
+
+                    var data = resp.Split(' ');
+                    if (data[0] == "*" && data.Length >= 3)
+                    {
+                        var e = new MessageEventArgs { Client = this, MessageCount = int.Parse(data[1]) };
+                        if (data[2].Is("EXISTS") && !last.Is("EXPUNGE") && e.MessageCount > 0)
+                        {
+                            Task.Factory.StartNew(() => _NewMessage.Fire(this, e)); //Fire the event in a task
+                        }
+                        else if (data[2].Is("EXPUNGE"))
+                        {
+                            Task.Factory.StartNew(() => _MessageDeleted.Fire(this, e));
+                        }
+                        last = data[2];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                ImapClientExceptionEventArgs args = new ImapClientExceptionEventArgs(e);
+                Task.Factory.StartNew(() => ImapException.Fire(this, args));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual void AppendMail(MailMessage email, string mailbox = null)
+        {
+            var body = new StringBuilder();
+            using (var txt = new System.IO.StringWriter(body))
+                email.Save(txt);
+            AppendMail(body.ToString(), email.RawFlags.Length > 0 ? email.Flags : (Flags?)null, mailbox);
+        }
+
+        public virtual void AppendMail(string rawMessage, Flags? messageFlags = null, string mailbox = null)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            mailbox = _utf7.Encode(mailbox);
+            string flags = String.Empty;
+
+            string size = rawMessage.Length.ToString();
+            if (messageFlags.HasValue)
+            {
+                flags = " (" + string.Join(" ", messageFlags.Value) + ")";
+            }
+
+            if (mailbox == null)
+                CheckMailboxSelected();
+            mailbox = mailbox ?? _SelectedMailbox;
+
+            string body = rawMessage;
+            string command = GetTag() + "APPEND " + (mailbox ?? _SelectedMailbox).QuoteString() + flags + " {" + size + "}";
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            if (response.StartsWith("+"))
+            {
+                response = SendCommandGetResponse(body.ToString());
+            }
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void Noop()
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            var tag = GetTag();
+            var response = SendCommandGetResponse(tag + "NOOP");
+            while (!response.StartsWith(tag))
+            {
+                response = GetResponse();
+            }
+
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual string[] Capability()
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+            string command = GetTag() + "CAPABILITY";
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            if (response.StartsWith("* CAPABILITY "))
+                response = response.Substring(13);
+            _Capability = response.Trim().Split(' ');
+            GetResponse();
+            IdleResume();
+            return _Capability;
+        }
+
+        public virtual void Copy(string messageset, string destination)
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+            IdlePause();
+            string prefix = null;
+            if (messageset.StartsWith("UID ", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                messageset = messageset.Substring(4);
+                prefix = "UID ";
+            }
+            string command = string.Concat(GetTag(), prefix, "COPY ", messageset, " " + destination.QuoteString());
+            SendCommandCheckOK(command);
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void CreateMailbox(string mailbox)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+            string command = GetTag() + "CREATE " + _utf7.Encode(mailbox).QuoteString();
+            SendCommandCheckOK(command);
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void DeleteMailbox(string mailbox)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+            string command = GetTag() + "DELETE " + _utf7.Encode(mailbox).QuoteString();
+            SendCommandCheckOK(command);
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual Mailbox Examine(string mailboxName)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            Mailbox mailbox = mailboxName.Equals(_SelectedMailbox) ? _Mailbox : new Mailbox(mailboxName);
+            string tag = GetTag();
+            string command = tag + "EXAMINE " + _utf7.Encode(mailboxName).QuoteString();
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command, mailbox);
+             
+            IdleResume();
+            return mailbox;
+        }
+
+        public virtual void Expunge()
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+            IdlePause();
+
+            string tag = GetTag();
+            string command = tag + "EXPUNGE";
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void DeleteMessage(AE.Net.Mail.MailMessage msg)
+        {
+            DeleteMessage(msg.Uid);
+        }
+
+        public virtual void DeleteMessage(string uid)
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+            Store("UID " + uid, true, "\\Seen \\Deleted");
+        }
+
+        public virtual void MoveMessage(string uid, string folderName)
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+            Copy("UID " + uid, folderName);
+            DeleteMessage(uid);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void CheckMailboxSelected()
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_SelectedMailbox))
+            {
+                SelectMailbox("INBOX");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual MailMessage GetMessage(string uid, bool headersonly = false)
+        {
+            return GetMessage(uid, headersonly, true);
+        }
+
+        public virtual MailMessage GetMessage(int index, bool headersonly = false)
+        {
+            return GetMessage(index, headersonly, true);
+        }
+
+        public virtual MailMessage GetMessage(int index, bool headersonly, bool setseen)
+        {
+            return GetMessages(index, index, headersonly, setseen).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public virtual MailMessage GetMessage(string uid, bool headersonly, bool setseen)
+        {
+            return GetMessages(uid, uid, headersonly, setseen).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public virtual MailMessage[] GetMessages(string startUID, string endUID, bool headersonly = true, bool setseen = false)
+        {
+            return GetMessages(startUID, endUID, true, headersonly, setseen);
+        }
+
+        public virtual MailMessage[] GetMessages(int startIndex, int endIndex, bool headersonly = true, bool setseen = false)
+        {
+            return GetMessages((startIndex + 1).ToString(), (endIndex + 1).ToString(), false, headersonly, setseen);
+        }
+
+        public virtual void DownloadMessage(System.IO.Stream stream, int index, bool setseen)
+        {
+            GetMessages((index + 1).ToString(), (index + 1).ToString(), false, false, false, setseen, (message, size, headers) =>
+            {
+                Utilities.CopyStream(message, stream, size);
+                return null;
+            });
+        }
+
+        public virtual void DownloadMessage(System.IO.Stream stream, string uid, bool setseen)
+        {
+            GetMessages(uid, uid, true, false, false, setseen, (message, size, headers) =>
+            {
+                Utilities.CopyStream(message, stream, size);
+                return null;
+            });
+        }
+
+        public virtual MailMessage[] GetMessages(string start, string end, bool uid, bool headersonly, bool setseen)
+        {
+            var x = new List<MailMessage>();
+
+            GetMessages(start, end, uid, false, headersonly, setseen, (stream, size, imapHeaders) =>
+            {
+                var mail = new MailMessage { Encoding = Encoding };
+                mail.Size = size;
+
+                if (imapHeaders["UID"] != null)
+                    mail.Uid = imapHeaders["UID"];
+
+                if (imapHeaders["Flags"] != null)
+                    mail.SetFlags(imapHeaders["Flags"]);
+
+                mail.Load(_Stream, headersonly, mail.Size);
+
+                foreach (var key in imapHeaders.AllKeys.Except(new[] { "UID", "Flags", "BODY[]", "BODY[HEADER]" }, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    mail.Headers.Add(key, new HeaderValue(imapHeaders[key]));
+
+                x.Add(mail);
+
+                return mail;
+            });
+
+            return x.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void GetMessages(string start, string end, bool uid, bool uidsonly, bool headersonly, bool setseen, Action<MailMessage> processCallback)
+        {
+
+            GetMessages(start, end, uid, uidsonly, headersonly, setseen, (stream, size, imapHeaders) =>
+            {
+                var mail = new MailMessage { Encoding = Encoding };
+                mail.Size = size;
+
+                if (imapHeaders["UID"] != null)
+                    mail.Uid = imapHeaders["UID"];
+
+                if (imapHeaders["Flags"] != null)
+                    mail.SetFlags(imapHeaders["Flags"]);
+
+                mail.Load(_Stream, headersonly, mail.Size);
+
+                foreach (var key in imapHeaders.AllKeys.Except(new[] { "UID", "Flags", "BODY[]", "BODY[HEADER]" }, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    mail.Headers.Add(key, new HeaderValue(imapHeaders[key]));
+
+                processCallback(mail);
+
+                return mail;
+            });
+        }
+
+        public virtual void GetMessages(string start, string end, bool uid, bool uidsonly, bool headersonly, bool setseen, Func<System.IO.Stream, int, NameValueCollection, MailMessage> action)
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+            IdlePause();
+
+            string tag = GetTag();
+            string command = tag + (uid ? "UID " : null)
+                    + "FETCH " + start + ":" + end + " ("
+                    + _FetchHeaders + "UID FLAGS"
+                    + (uidsonly ? null : (setseen ? " BODY[" : " BODY.PEEK[") + (headersonly ? "HEADER]" : "]"))
+                    + ")";
+
+            string response;
+
+            SendCommand(command);
+            while (true)
+            {
+                response = GetResponse();
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(response) || response.Contains(tag + "OK"))
+                    break;
+
+                if (response[0] != '*' || !response.Contains("FETCH ("))
+                    continue;
+
+                var imapHeaders = Utilities.ParseImapHeader(response.Substring(response.IndexOf('(') + 1));
+                String body = (imapHeaders["BODY[HEADER]"] ?? imapHeaders["BODY[]"]);
+                if (body == null && !uidsonly)
+                {
+                    RaiseWarning(null, "Expected BODY[] in stream, but received \"" + response + "\"");
+                    break;
+                }
+                var size = (uidsonly ? 0 : body.Trim('{', '}').ToInt());
+                var msg = action(_Stream, size, imapHeaders);
+
+                // with only uids we have no body and the closing bracket is on the same line
+                if (!uidsonly)
+                {
+                    response = GetResponse();
+                    if (response == null)
+                    {
+                        RaiseWarning(null, "Expected \")\" in stream, but received nothing");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                var n = response.Trim().LastOrDefault();
+                if (n != ')')
+                {
+                    RaiseWarning(null, "Expected \")\" in stream, but received \"" + response + "\"");
+                }
+            }
+
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual Quota GetQuota(string mailbox)
+        {
+            if (!Supports("NAMESPACE"))
+                throw new Exception("This command is not supported by the server!");
+            IdlePause();
+
+            Quota quota = null;
+            string command = GetTag() + "GETQUOTAROOT " + _utf7.Encode(mailbox).QuoteString();
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            string reg = "\\* QUOTA (.*?) \\((.*?) (.*?) (.*?)\\)";
+            while (response.StartsWith("*"))
+            {
+                Match m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+                if (m.Groups.Count > 1)
+                {
+                    quota = new Quota(m.Groups[1].ToString(),
+                                                                                                    m.Groups[2].ToString(),
+                                                                                                    Int32.Parse(m.Groups[3].ToString()),
+                                                                                                    Int32.Parse(m.Groups[4].ToString())
+                                                                                    );
+                    break;
+                }
+                response = GetResponse();
+            }
+
+            IdleResume();
+            return quota;
+        }
+
+        public virtual Mailbox[] ListMailboxes(string reference, string pattern)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            var x = new List<Mailbox>();
+            string command = GetTag() + "LIST " + reference.QuoteString() + " " + pattern.QuoteString();
+            const string reg = "\\* LIST \\(([^\\)]*)\\) \\\"([^\\\"]+)\\\" \\\"?([^\\\"]+)\\\"?";
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            Match m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+            while (m.Groups.Count > 1)
+            {
+                Mailbox mailbox = new Mailbox(_utf7.Decode(m.Groups[3].Value));
+                mailbox.SetFlags(m.Groups[1].Value);
+                x.Add(mailbox);
+                response = GetResponse();
+                m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+            }
+            IdleResume();
+            return x.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public virtual Mailbox[] ListSuscribesMailboxes(string reference, string pattern)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            var x = new List<Mailbox>();
+            string command = GetTag() + "LSUB " + reference.QuoteString() + " " + pattern.QuoteString();
+            string reg = "\\* LSUB \\(([^\\)]*)\\) \\\"([^\\\"]+)\\\" \\\"([^\\\"]+)\\\"";
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            Match m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+            while (m.Groups.Count > 1)
+            {
+                Mailbox mailbox = new Mailbox(_utf7.Decode(m.Groups[3].Value));
+                x.Add(mailbox);
+                response = GetResponse();
+                m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+            }
+            IdleResume();
+            return x.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        internal override void OnLogin(string login, string password)
+        {
+            string command = String.Empty;
+            string result = String.Empty;
+            string tag = GetTag();
+            string key;
+
+            switch (AuthMethod)
+            {
+                case AuthMethods.CRAMMD5:
+                    command = tag + "AUTHENTICATE CRAM-MD5";
+                    result = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+                    // retrieve server key
+                    key = result.Replace("+ ", "");
+                    key = System.Text.Encoding.Default.GetString(Convert.FromBase64String(key));
+                    // calcul hash
+                    using (var kMd5 = new HMACMD5(System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(password)))
+                    {
+                        byte[] hash1 = kMd5.ComputeHash(System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(key));
+                        key = BitConverter.ToString(hash1).ToLower().Replace("-", "");
+                        result = Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(login + " " + key));
+                        result = SendCommandGetResponse(result);
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case AuthMethods.Login:
+                    command = tag + "LOGIN " + login.QuoteString() + " " + password.QuoteString();
+                    result = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+                    break;
+
+                case AuthMethods.SaslOAuth:
+                    string sasl = "user=" + login + "\x01" + "auth=Bearer " + password + "\x01" + "\x01";
+                    string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.GetBytes(sasl));
+                    command = tag + "AUTHENTICATE XOAUTH2 " + base64;
+                    result = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+
+            if (result.StartsWith("* CAPABILITY "))
+            {
+                _Capability = result.Substring(13).Trim().Split(' ');
+                result = GetResponse();
+            }
+
+            if (!result.StartsWith(tag + "OK"))
+            {
+                if (result.StartsWith("+ ") && result.EndsWith("=="))
+                {
+                    string jsonErr = Utilities.DecodeBase64(result.Substring(2), System.Text.Encoding.UTF7);
+                    throw new Exception(jsonErr);
+                }
+                else
+                    throw new Exception(result);
+            }
+
+            //if (Supports("COMPRESS=DEFLATE")) {
+            //  SendCommandCheckOK(GetTag() + "compress deflate");
+            //  _Stream0 = _Stream;
+            // // _Reader = new System.IO.StreamReader(new System.IO.Compression.DeflateStream(_Stream0, System.IO.Compression.CompressionMode.Decompress, true), System.Text.Encoding.Default);
+            // // _Stream = new System.IO.Compression.DeflateStream(_Stream0, System.IO.Compression.CompressionMode.Compress, true);
+            //}
+
+            if (Supports("X-GM-EXT-1"))
+            {
+                _FetchHeaders = "X-GM-MSGID X-GM-THRID X-GM-LABELS ";
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal override void OnLogout()
+        {
+            if (IsConnected)
+            {
+                if (_IdleTask != null && _Idling)
+                {
+                    IdleStop();
+                }
+                SendCommand(GetTag() + "LOGOUT");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual Namespaces Namespace()
+        {
+            if (!Supports("NAMESPACE"))
+                throw new NotSupportedException("This command is not supported by the server!");
+            IdlePause();
+
+            string command = GetTag() + "NAMESPACE";
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+
+            if (!response.StartsWith("* NAMESPACE"))
+            {
+                throw new Exception("Unknow server response !");
+            }
+
+            response = response.Substring(12);
+            Namespaces n = new Namespaces();
+            //[TODO] be sure to parse correctly namespace when not all namespaces are present. NIL character
+            string reg = @"\((.*?)\) \((.*?)\) \((.*?)\)$";
+            Match m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+            if (m.Groups.Count != 4)
+                throw new Exception("En error occure, this command is not fully supported !");
+            string reg2 = "\\(\\\"(.*?)\\\" \\\"(.*?)\\\"\\)";
+            Match m2 = Regex.Match(m.Groups[1].ToString(), reg2);
+            while (m2.Groups.Count > 1)
+            {
+                n.ServerNamespace.Add(new Namespace(m2.Groups[1].Value, m2.Groups[2].Value));
+                m2 = m2.NextMatch();
+            }
+            m2 = Regex.Match(m.Groups[2].ToString(), reg2);
+            while (m2.Groups.Count > 1)
+            {
+                n.UserNamespace.Add(new Namespace(m2.Groups[1].Value, m2.Groups[2].Value));
+                m2 = m2.NextMatch();
+            }
+            m2 = Regex.Match(m.Groups[3].ToString(), reg2);
+            while (m2.Groups.Count > 1)
+            {
+                n.SharedNamespace.Add(new Namespace(m2.Groups[1].Value, m2.Groups[2].Value));
+                m2 = m2.NextMatch();
+            }
+            GetResponse();
+            IdleResume();
+            return n;
+        }
+
+        public virtual int GetMessageCount()
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+            return GetMessageCount(null);
+        }
+        public virtual int GetMessageCount(string mailbox)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            string command = GetTag() + "STATUS " + Utilities.QuoteString(_utf7.Encode(mailbox) ?? _SelectedMailbox) + " (MESSAGES)";
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            string reg = @"\* STATUS.*MESSAGES (\d+)";
+            int result = 0;
+            while (response.StartsWith("*"))
+            {
+                Match m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+                if (m.Groups.Count > 1)
+                    result = Convert.ToInt32(m.Groups[1].ToString());
+                response = GetResponse();
+                m = Regex.Match(response, reg);
+            }
+            IdleResume();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public virtual void RenameMailbox(string frommailbox, string tomailbox)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            string command = GetTag() + "RENAME " + frommailbox.QuoteString() + " " + tomailbox.QuoteString();
+            SendCommandCheckOK(command);
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual string[] Search(SearchCondition criteria, bool uid = true)
+        {
+            return Search(criteria.ToString(), uid);
+        }
+
+        public virtual string[] Search(string criteria, bool uid = true)
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+
+            string isuid = uid ? "UID " : "";
+            string tag = GetTag();
+            string command = tag + isuid + "SEARCH " + criteria;
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+
+            if (!response.StartsWith("* SEARCH", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase) && !IsResultOK(response))
+            {
+                throw new Exception(response);
+            }
+
+            string temp;
+            while (!(temp = GetResponse()).StartsWith(tag))
+            {
+                response += Environment.NewLine + temp;
+            }
+
+            var m = Regex.Match(response, @"^\* SEARCH (.*)");
+            return m.Groups[1].Value.Trim().Split(' ').Where(x => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(x)).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public virtual Lazy<MailMessage>[] SearchMessages(SearchCondition criteria, bool headersonly = false, bool setseen = false)
+        {
+            return Search(criteria, true)
+                            .Select(x => new Lazy<MailMessage>(() => GetMessage(x, headersonly, setseen)))
+                            .ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public virtual Mailbox SelectMailbox(string mailboxName)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            var tag = GetTag();
+            var command = tag + "SELECT " + _utf7.Encode(mailboxName).QuoteString();
+            _Mailbox = new Mailbox(mailboxName);
+            _SelectedMailbox = mailboxName;
+            var response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+
+            CheckResultOK(response);
+            _Mailbox.IsWritable = Regex.IsMatch(response, "READ.WRITE", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
+
+            IdleResume();
+            return _Mailbox;
+        }
+
+        protected override string SendCommandGetResponse(string command)
+        {
+            return SendCommandGetResponse(command, _Mailbox);
+        }
+
+        protected  virtual string SendCommandGetResponse(string command, Mailbox mailbox)
+        {
+            var response = base.SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            response = HandleUntaggedResponse(response, Mailbox);
+            return response;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual string HandleUntaggedResponse(string response, Mailbox mailbox)
+        {
+            Match match;
+            while (response.StartsWith("*"))
+            {
+                if (mailbox != null)
+                {
+                    if ((match = Regex.Match(response, @"\d+(?=\s+EXISTS)")).Success)
+                        mailbox.NumMsg = match.Value.ToInt();
+
+                    else if ((match = Regex.Match(response, @"\d+(?=\s+RECENT)")).Success)
+                        mailbox.NumNewMsg = match.Value.ToInt();
+
+                    else if ((match = Regex.Match(response, @"(?<=UNSEEN\s+)\d+")).Success)
+                        mailbox.NumUnSeen = match.Value.ToInt();
+
+                    else if ((match = Regex.Match(response, @"(?<=\sFLAGS\s+\().*?(?=\))")).Success)
+                        mailbox.SetFlags(match.Value);
+
+                    else if ((match = Regex.Match(response, @"UIDVALIDITY (\d+)")).Success)
+                        mailbox.UIDValidity = match.Groups[1].Value.ToInt();
+                }
+                response = GetResponse();
+            }
+
+            return response;
+        }
+
+        public virtual void SetFlags(Flags flags, params MailMessage[] msgs)
+        {
+            SetFlags(FlagsToFlagString(flags), msgs);
+        }
+
+        public virtual void SetFlags(string flags, params MailMessage[] msgs)
+        {
+            Store("UID " + string.Join(" ", msgs.Select(x => x.Uid)), true, flags);
+            foreach (var msg in msgs)
+            {
+                msg.SetFlags(flags);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string FlagsToFlagString(Flags flags)
+        {
+            return string.Join(" ", flags.ToString().Split(',').Select(x => "\\" + x.Trim()));
+        }
+
+
+        public virtual void AddFlags(Flags flags, params MailMessage[] msgs)
+        {
+            AddFlags(FlagsToFlagString(flags), msgs);
+        }
+
+        public virtual void AddFlags(string flags, params MailMessage[] msgs)
+        {
+            Store("UID " + string.Join(" ", msgs.Select(x => x.Uid)), false, flags);
+            foreach (var msg in msgs)
+            {
+                msg.SetFlags(FlagsToFlagString(msg.Flags) + " " + flags);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public virtual void Store(string messageset, bool replace, string flags)
+        {
+            CheckMailboxSelected();
+            IdlePause();
+            string prefix = null;
+            if (messageset.StartsWith("UID ", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                messageset = messageset.Substring(4);
+                prefix = "UID ";
+            }
+
+            string command = string.Concat(GetTag(), prefix, "STORE ", messageset, " ", replace ? "" : "+", "FLAGS.SILENT (" + flags + ")");
+            string response = SendCommandGetResponse(command);
+            CheckResultOK(response);
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void SuscribeMailbox(string mailbox)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            string command = GetTag() + "SUBSCRIBE " + _utf7.Encode(mailbox).QuoteString();
+            SendCommandCheckOK(command);
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        public virtual void UnSuscribeMailbox(string mailbox)
+        {
+            IdlePause();
+
+            string command = GetTag() + "UNSUBSCRIBE " + _utf7.Encode(mailbox).QuoteString();
+            SendCommandCheckOK(command);
+            IdleResume();
+        }
+
+        internal override void CheckResultOK(string response)
+        {
+            if (!IsResultOK(response))
+            {
+                response = response.Substring(response.IndexOf(" ")).Trim();
+                throw new Exception(response);
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal bool IsResultOK(string response)
+        {
+            response = response.Substring(response.IndexOf(" ")).Trim();
+            return response.ToUpper().StartsWith("OK");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`response` could be null (from the call to `TextClient.SendCommandGetResponse(...)` on line 307) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String[] ImapClient.Capability()
+
+### File:
+ImapClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+ImapClient.cs|Capability|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+0fe60570239491f0e38886100e3a0005
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2889/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2889/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c7e003db2b1c279e9e2db8a8f4f10da3933d4a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2889/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** apollo.net
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Core;
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Core.Dto;
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Core.Schedule;
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Enums;
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Exceptions;
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Logging;
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Util;
+using Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Util.Http;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace Com.Ctrip.Framework.Apollo.Internals;
+
+public class RemoteConfigLongPollService : IDisposable
+{
+    private static readonly Func<Action<LogLevel, string, Exception?>> Logger = () => LogManager.CreateLogger(typeof(RemoteConfigLongPollService));
+    private const long InitNotificationId = -1;
+    private readonly ConfigServiceLocator _serviceLocator;
+    private readonly HttpUtil _httpUtil;
+    private readonly IApolloOptions _options;
+    private CancellationTokenSource? _cts;
+    private readonly ISchedulePolicy _longPollFailSchedulePolicyInSecond;
+    private readonly ISchedulePolicy _longPollSuccessSchedulePolicyInMs;
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, ISet<RemoteConfigRepository>> _longPollNamespaces;
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, long?> _notifications;
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, ApolloNotificationMessages> _remoteNotificationMessages; //namespaceName -> watchedKey -> notificationId
+
+    public RemoteConfigLongPollService(ConfigServiceLocator serviceLocator, HttpUtil httpUtil, IApolloOptions configUtil)
+    {
+        _serviceLocator = serviceLocator;
+        _httpUtil = httpUtil;
+        _options = configUtil;
+        _longPollFailSchedulePolicyInSecond = new ExponentialSchedulePolicy(1, 120); //in second
+        _longPollSuccessSchedulePolicyInMs = new ExponentialSchedulePolicy(100, 1000); //in millisecond
+        _longPollNamespaces = new();
+        _notifications = new();
+        _remoteNotificationMessages = new();
+    }
+
+    public void Submit(string namespaceName, RemoteConfigRepository remoteConfigRepository)
+    {
+        var remoteConfigRepositories = _longPollNamespaces.GetOrAdd(namespaceName, _ => new HashSet<RemoteConfigRepository>());
+
+        lock (remoteConfigRepositories) remoteConfigRepositories.Add(remoteConfigRepository);
+
+        _notifications.TryAdd(namespaceName, InitNotificationId);
+
+        if (_cts == null) StartLongPolling();
+    }
+
+    private void StartLongPolling()
+    {
+        if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _cts, new(), null) != null) return;
+
+        try
+        {
+            var unused = DoLongPollingRefresh(_options.AppId, _options.Cluster, _options.DataCenter, _cts.Token);
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            var exception = new ApolloConfigException("Schedule long polling refresh failed", ex);
+            Logger().Warn(exception.GetDetailMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private async Task DoLongPollingRefresh(string appId, string cluster, string? dataCenter, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var random = new Random();
+        ServiceDto? lastServiceDto = null;
+
+        while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            var sleepTime = 50; //default 50 ms
+            Uri? url = null;
+            try
+            {
+                if (lastServiceDto == null)
+                {
+                    var configServices = await _serviceLocator.GetConfigServices().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    lastServiceDto = configServices[random.Next(configServices.Count)];
+                }
+
+                url = AssembleLongPollRefreshUrl(lastServiceDto.HomepageUrl, appId, cluster, dataCenter);
+
+                Logger().Debug($"Long polling from {url}");
+#if NET40
+                var response = await _httpUtil.DoGetAsync<ICollection<ApolloConfigNotification>>(url, 600000).ConfigureAwait(false);
+#else
+                var response = await _httpUtil.DoGetAsync<IReadOnlyCollection<ApolloConfigNotification>>(url, 600000).ConfigureAwait(false);
+#endif
+                Logger().Debug($"Long polling response: {response.StatusCode}, url: {url}");
+                if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK && response.Body != null)
+                {
+                    UpdateNotifications(response.Body);
+                    UpdateRemoteNotifications(response.Body);
+                    Notify(lastServiceDto, response.Body);
+                    _longPollSuccessSchedulePolicyInMs.Success();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    sleepTime = _longPollSuccessSchedulePolicyInMs.Fail();
+                }
+
+                //try to load balance
+                if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotModified && random.NextDouble() >= 0.5)
+                {
+                    lastServiceDto = null;
+                }
+
+                _longPollFailSchedulePolicyInSecond.Success();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                lastServiceDto = null;
+
+                var sleepTimeInSecond = _longPollFailSchedulePolicyInSecond.Fail();
+                Logger().Warn($"Long polling failed, will retry in {sleepTimeInSecond} seconds. appId: {appId}, cluster: {cluster}, namespace: {string.Join(ConfigConsts.ClusterNamespaceSeparator, _longPollNamespaces.Keys)}, long polling url: {url}, reason: {ex.GetDetailMessage()}");
+
+                sleepTime = sleepTimeInSecond * 1000;
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+#if NET40
+                await TaskEx.Delay(sleepTime, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+#else
+                await Task.Delay(sleepTime, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#if NET40
+    private void Notify(ServiceDto lastServiceDto, ICollection<ApolloConfigNotification>? notifications)
+#else
+    private void Notify(ServiceDto lastServiceDto, IReadOnlyCollection<ApolloConfigNotification>? notifications)
+#endif
+    {
+        if (notifications == null || notifications.Count == 0) return;
+
+        foreach (var notification in notifications)
+        {
+            var namespaceName = notification.NamespaceName;
+
+            //create a new list to avoid ConcurrentModificationException
+            var toBeNotified = new List<RemoteConfigRepository>();
+            if (_longPollNamespaces.TryGetValue(namespaceName, out var registries) && registries != null)
+                toBeNotified.AddRange(registries);
+
+            //since .properties are filtered out by default, so we need to check if there is any listener for it
+            if (_longPollNamespaces.TryGetValue($"{namespaceName}.{ConfigFileFormat.Properties.GetString()}", out registries) && registries != null)
+                toBeNotified.AddRange(registries);
+
+            if (!_remoteNotificationMessages.TryGetValue(namespaceName, out var originalMessages)) return;
+            var remoteMessages = originalMessages.Clone();
+            foreach (var remoteConfigRepository in toBeNotified)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    remoteConfigRepository.OnLongPollNotified(lastServiceDto, remoteMessages);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    Logger().Warn(ex);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void UpdateNotifications(IEnumerable<ApolloConfigNotification> deltaNotifications)
+    {
+        foreach (var notification in deltaNotifications)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(notification.NamespaceName)) continue;
+
+            var namespaceName = notification.NamespaceName;
+            if (_notifications.ContainsKey(namespaceName))
+            {
+                _notifications[namespaceName] = notification.NotificationId;
+            }
+            //since .properties are filtered out by default, so we need to check if there is notification with .properties suffix
+            var namespaceNameWithPropertiesSuffix = $"{namespaceName}.{ConfigFileFormat.Properties.GetString()}";
+            if (_notifications.ContainsKey(namespaceNameWithPropertiesSuffix))
+            {
+                _notifications[namespaceNameWithPropertiesSuffix] = notification.NotificationId;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void UpdateRemoteNotifications(IEnumerable<ApolloConfigNotification> deltaNotifications)
+    {
+        foreach (var notification in deltaNotifications)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(notification.NamespaceName) || notification.Messages == null || notification.Messages.IsEmpty()) continue;
+
+            var localRemoteMessages = _remoteNotificationMessages.GetOrAdd(notification.NamespaceName, _ => new());
+
+            localRemoteMessages.MergeFrom(notification.Messages);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Uri AssembleLongPollRefreshUrl(string uri, string appId, string cluster, string? dataCenter)
+    {
+        if (!uri.EndsWith("/", StringComparison.Ordinal)) uri += "/";
+
+        var uriBuilder = new UriBuilder(uri + "notifications/v2");
+        var query = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+
+        query["appId"] = appId;
+        query["cluster"] = cluster;
+        query["notifications"] = AssembleNotifications(_notifications);
+
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(dataCenter))
+        {
+            query["dataCenter"] = dataCenter!;
+        }
+        var localIp = _options.LocalIp;
+        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(localIp))
+        {
+            query["ip"] = localIp;
+        }
+
+        uriBuilder.Query = QueryUtils.Build(query);
+
+        return uriBuilder.Uri;
+    }
+
+    private static readonly JsonSerializerSettings JsonSettings = new()
+    {
+        NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore,
+        ContractResolver = new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver()
+    };
+
+    private static string AssembleNotifications(IDictionary<string, long?> notificationsMap) =>
+        JsonConvert.SerializeObject(notificationsMap
+            .Select(kvp => new ApolloConfigNotification
+            {
+                NamespaceName = kvp.Key,
+                NotificationId = kvp.Value.GetValueOrDefault(InitNotificationId)
+            }), JsonSettings);
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_cts == null) return;
+
+        _cts.Cancel();
+        _cts.Dispose();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource::.ctor() at Line 53) of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "Void RemoteConfigLongPollService.StartLongPolling()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RemoteConfigLongPollService.StartLongPolling()
+
+### File:
+Apollo/Internals/RemoteConfigLongPollService.cs
+
+### Key:
+RemoteConfigLongPollService.cs|StartLongPolling|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d9e5601962b3a8c87362e77ca4c97e6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2893/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2893/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7f1c0870b98484cfb4837d8c91bf559f10c89d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2893/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** shadowsocks-java
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.wowspeeder.encryption;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
+
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.StreamBlockCipher;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.KeyParameter;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.ParametersWithIV;
+
+public abstract class CryptBase implements ICrypt {
+
+	protected final String _name;
+	protected final SecretKey _key;
+	protected final ShadowSocksKey _ssKey;
+	protected final int _ivLength;
+	protected final int _keyLength;
+	protected boolean _ignoreIVSet;
+	protected boolean _encryptIVSet;
+	protected boolean _decryptIVSet;
+	protected byte[] _encryptIV;
+	protected byte[] _decryptIV;
+	protected final Lock encLock = new ReentrantLock();
+	protected final Lock decLock = new ReentrantLock();
+	protected StreamBlockCipher encCipher;
+	protected StreamBlockCipher decCipher;
+	private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CryptBase.class.getName());
+
+	public CryptBase(String name, String password) {
+		_name = name.toLowerCase();
+		_ivLength = getIVLength();
+		_keyLength = getKeyLength();
+		_ssKey = new ShadowSocksKey(password, _keyLength);
+		_key = getKey();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void ivSetIgnore(boolean ignore) {
+		this._ignoreIVSet = ignore;
+	}
+
+	protected void setIV(byte[] iv, boolean isEncrypt) {
+		if (_ivLength == 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (isEncrypt) {
+			try {
+				_encryptIV = new byte[_ivLength];
+				System.arraycopy(iv, 0, _encryptIV, 0, _ivLength);
+				encCipher = getCipher(isEncrypt);
+				ParametersWithIV parameterIV = new ParametersWithIV(
+						new KeyParameter(_key.getEncoded()), _encryptIV);
+				encCipher.init(isEncrypt, parameterIV);
+			} catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException e) {
+				logger.info(e.toString());
+			}
+		} else {
+			try {
+				_decryptIV = new byte[_ivLength];
+				System.arraycopy(iv, 0, _decryptIV, 0, _ivLength);
+				decCipher = getCipher(isEncrypt);
+				ParametersWithIV parameterIV = new ParametersWithIV(
+						new KeyParameter(_key.getEncoded()), _decryptIV);
+				decCipher.init(isEncrypt, parameterIV);
+			} catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException e) {
+				logger.info(e.toString());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void encrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		synchronized (encLock) {
+			stream.reset();
+			if (!_encryptIVSet || _ignoreIVSet) {
+				_encryptIVSet = true;
+				byte[] iv = randomBytes(_ivLength);
+				setIV(iv, true);
+				try {
+					stream.write(iv);
+				} catch (IOException e) {
+					logger.info(e.toString());
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			_encrypt(data, stream);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void encrypt(byte[] data, int length, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		byte[] d = new byte[length];
+		System.arraycopy(data, 0, d, 0, length);
+		encrypt(d, stream);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void decrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		byte[] temp;
+		synchronized (decLock) {
+			stream.reset();
+			if (!_decryptIVSet || _ignoreIVSet) {
+				_decryptIVSet = true;
+				setIV(data, false);
+				temp = new byte[data.length - _ivLength];
+				System.arraycopy(data, _ivLength, temp, 0, data.length
+						- _ivLength);
+			} else {
+				temp = data;
+			}
+
+			_decrypt(temp, stream);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void decrypt(byte[] data, int length, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		byte[] d = new byte[length];
+		System.arraycopy(data, 0, d, 0, length);
+		decrypt(d, stream);
+	}
+
+	private byte[] randomBytes(int size) {
+		byte[] bytes = new byte[size];
+		new SecureRandom().nextBytes(bytes);
+		return bytes;
+	}
+
+	protected abstract StreamBlockCipher getCipher(boolean isEncrypted)
+			throws InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
+
+	protected abstract SecretKey getKey();
+
+	protected abstract void _encrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream);
+
+	protected abstract void _decrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream);
+
+	protected abstract int getIVLength();
+
+	protected abstract int getKeyLength();
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `cn.wowspeeder.encryption.CryptBase.setIV` reads without synchronization from `this.cn.wowspeeder.encryption.CryptBase._encryptIV`. Potentially races with write in method `CryptBase.encrypt(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CryptBase.setIV(byte[],boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.wowspeeder.encryption.CryptBase.setIV(byte[],boolean):void.9c65d3cdf0eeee1c9e56c987f715ac95
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/cn/wowspeeder/encryption/CryptBase.java
+
+### Key:
+CryptBase.java|setIV|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+03e2447485b4f019eb9df3056332709d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2894/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2894/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac0fe9f84a9b94979f84f0dd7ddd4fa0f832726c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2894/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,953 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** find-sec-bugs
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Find Security Bugs
+ * Copyright (c) Philippe Arteau, All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.
+ */
+package com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis;
+
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.FindSecBugsGlobalConfig;
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.common.ByteCode;
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.data.TaintLocation;
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.data.UnknownSource;
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.data.UnknownSourceType;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.AbstractFrameModelingVisitor;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.DataflowAnalysisException;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.InvalidBytecodeException;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.generic.GenericSignatureParser;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.classfile.MethodDescriptor;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.util.ClassName;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.apache.bcel.Const;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.*;
+
+/**
+ * Visitor to make instruction transfer of taint values easier
+ *
+ * @author David Formanek (Y Soft Corporation, a.s.)
+ */
+public class TaintFrameModelingVisitor extends AbstractFrameModelingVisitor<Taint, TaintFrame> {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(TaintFrameModelingVisitor.class.getName());
+
+    private static final Map<String, Taint.Tag> REPLACE_TAGS;
+    private final MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor;
+    private final TaintConfig taintConfig;
+    private final TaintMethodConfig analyzedMethodConfig;
+
+    private final List<TaintFrameAdditionalVisitor> visitors;
+    private final MethodGen methodGen;
+    private String regexValue;
+
+    static {
+        REPLACE_TAGS = new HashMap<String, Taint.Tag>();
+        REPLACE_TAGS.put("\r", Taint.Tag.CR_ENCODED);
+        REPLACE_TAGS.put("\n", Taint.Tag.LF_ENCODED);
+        REPLACE_TAGS.put("\"", Taint.Tag.QUOTE_ENCODED);
+        REPLACE_TAGS.put("'", Taint.Tag.APOSTROPHE_ENCODED);
+        REPLACE_TAGS.put("<", Taint.Tag.LT_ENCODED);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs the object and stores the parameters
+     * 
+     * @param cpg constant pool gen for super class
+     * @param method descriptor of analysed method
+     * @param taintConfig current configured and derived taint summaries
+     * @throws NullPointerException if arguments method or taintConfig is null
+     */
+    public TaintFrameModelingVisitor(ConstantPoolGen cpg, MethodDescriptor method,
+            TaintConfig taintConfig, List<TaintFrameAdditionalVisitor> visitors,MethodGen methodGen) {
+        super(cpg);
+        if (method == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("null method descriptor");
+        }
+        if (taintConfig == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("null taint config");
+        }
+        this.methodDescriptor = method;
+        this.taintConfig = taintConfig;
+        this.analyzedMethodConfig = new TaintMethodConfig(false);
+        analyzedMethodConfig.setTypeSignature(methodDescriptor.getClassDescriptor().getClassName() + "." + methodDescriptor.getName() + methodDescriptor.getSignature());
+        this.visitors = visitors;
+        this.methodGen = methodGen;
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Integer> getMutableStackIndices(String signature) {
+        assert signature != null && !signature.isEmpty();
+        ArrayList<Integer> indices = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        int stackIndex = 0;
+        GenericSignatureParser parser = new GenericSignatureParser(signature);
+        Iterator<String> iterator = parser.parameterSignatureIterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            String parameter = iterator.next();
+            if ((parameter.startsWith("L") || parameter.startsWith("["))
+                    && !taintConfig.isClassImmutable(parameter)) {
+                indices.add(stackIndex);
+            }
+            if (parameter.equals("D") || parameter.equals("J")) {
+                // double and long types takes two slots
+                stackIndex += 2;
+            } else {
+                stackIndex++;
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < indices.size(); i++) {
+            int reverseIndex = stackIndex - indices.get(i) - 1;
+            assert reverseIndex >= 0;
+            indices.set(i, reverseIndex);
+        }
+        return indices;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void analyzeInstruction(Instruction ins) throws DataflowAnalysisException {
+        //Print the bytecode instruction if it is globally configured
+        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugPrintInvocationVisited()
+                && ins instanceof InvokeInstruction) {
+            //System.out.println(getFrame().toString());
+            ByteCode.printOpCode(ins, cpg);
+        } else if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugPrintInstructionVisited()) {
+            ByteCode.printOpCode(ins, cpg);
+        }
+        super.analyzeInstruction(ins);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Taint getDefaultValue() {
+        return new Taint(Taint.State.UNKNOWN);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLDC(LDC ldc) {
+        Taint taint = new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE);
+        Object value = ldc.getValue(cpg);
+        if (value instanceof String) {
+            taint.setConstantValue((String) value);
+        }
+        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+            if (value instanceof String) {
+                taint.setDebugInfo("\"" + value + "\"");
+            } else {
+                taint.setDebugInfo("LDC " + ldc.getType(cpg).getSignature());
+            }
+        }
+        getFrame().pushValue(taint);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLDC2_W(LDC2_W obj) {
+        // double and long type takes two slots in BCEL
+        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+            pushSafeDebug("partial long/double");
+            pushSafeDebug("partial long/double");
+        } else {
+            pushSafe();
+            pushSafe();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitBIPUSH(BIPUSH obj) {
+        Taint taint = new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE);
+        // assume each pushed byte is a char
+        taint.setConstantValue(String.valueOf((char) obj.getValue().byteValue()));
+        getFrame().pushValue(taint);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void visitSIPUSH(SIPUSH obj) {
+        Taint taint = new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE);
+        // assume each pushed short is a char (for non-ASCII characters)
+        taint.setConstantValue(String.valueOf((char) obj.getValue().shortValue()));
+        getFrame().pushValue(taint);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitGETSTATIC(GETSTATIC obj) {
+        // Scala uses some classes to represent null instances of objects
+        // If we find one of them, we will handle it as a Java Null
+        if (obj.getLoadClassType(getCPG()).getSignature().equals("Lscala/collection/immutable/Nil$;")) {
+
+            if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+                getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.NULL).setDebugInfo("NULL"));
+            } else {
+                getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.NULL));
+            }
+        } else {
+            //super.visitGETSTATIC(obj);
+            String fieldSig = obj.getClassName(cpg).replaceAll("\\.","/")+"."+obj.getName(cpg);
+            Taint.State state = taintConfig.getClassTaintState(fieldSig, Taint.State.UNKNOWN);
+            Taint taint = new Taint(state);
+
+            if (!state.equals(Taint.State.SAFE)){
+                taint.addLocation(getTaintLocation(), false);
+            }
+            taint.addSource(new UnknownSource(UnknownSourceType.FIELD,state).setSignatureField(fieldSig));
+
+            int numConsumed = getNumWordsConsumed(obj);
+            int numProduced = getNumWordsProduced(obj);
+            modelInstruction(obj, numConsumed, numProduced, taint);
+
+            notifyAdditionalVisitorField(obj, methodGen, getFrame(), taint, numProduced);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitACONST_NULL(ACONST_NULL obj) {
+        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+            getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.NULL).setDebugInfo("NULL"));
+        } else {
+            getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.NULL));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+     public void visitICONST(ICONST obj) {
+        Taint t = new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE);
+        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+            t.setDebugInfo("" + obj.getValue().intValue());
+        }
+        getFrame().pushValue(t);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitGETFIELD(GETFIELD obj) {
+        String fieldSig = obj.getClassName(cpg).replaceAll("\\.","/")+"."+obj.getName(cpg);
+        Taint.State state = taintConfig.getClassTaintState(fieldSig, Taint.State.UNKNOWN);
+        Taint taint = new Taint(state);
+
+        if (!state.equals(Taint.State.SAFE)){
+            taint.addLocation(getTaintLocation(), false);
+        }
+        taint.addSource(new UnknownSource(UnknownSourceType.FIELD,state).setSignatureField(fieldSig));
+        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+            taint.setDebugInfo("." + obj.getFieldName(cpg));
+        }
+        int numConsumed = getNumWordsConsumed(obj);
+        int numProduced = getNumWordsProduced(obj);
+        modelInstruction(obj, numConsumed, numProduced, taint);
+
+
+        notifyAdditionalVisitorField(obj, methodGen, getFrame(), taint, numProduced);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitPUTFIELD(PUTFIELD obj) {
+        visitPutFieldOp(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitPUTSTATIC(PUTSTATIC obj) {
+        visitPutFieldOp(obj);
+    }
+
+    public void visitPutFieldOp(FieldInstruction obj) {
+
+        int numConsumed = getNumWordsConsumed(obj);
+        int numProduced = getNumWordsProduced(obj);
+        try {
+            Taint t = getFrame().getTopValue();
+            handleNormalInstruction(obj);
+            notifyAdditionalVisitorField(obj, methodGen, getFrame(), t, numProduced);
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException e) {
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void notifyAdditionalVisitorField(FieldInstruction instruction, MethodGen methodGen, TaintFrame frame,
+                                              Taint taintValue, int numProduced) {
+        for(TaintFrameAdditionalVisitor visitor : visitors) {
+            try {
+                visitor.visitField(instruction, methodGen, frame, taintValue, numProduced, cpg);
+            }
+            catch (Throwable e) {
+                LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,"Error while executing "+visitor.getClass().getName(),e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNEW(NEW obj) {
+        Taint taint = new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE);
+        ObjectType type = obj.getLoadClassType(cpg);
+        taint.setRealInstanceClass(type);
+        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+            taint.setDebugInfo("new " + type.getClassName() + "()");
+        }
+        getFrame().pushValue(taint);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handleStoreInstruction(StoreInstruction obj) {
+        try {
+            int numConsumed = obj.consumeStack(cpg);
+            if (numConsumed == Const.UNPREDICTABLE) {
+                throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Unpredictable stack consumption");
+            }
+            int index = obj.getIndex();
+            while (numConsumed-- > 0) {
+                Taint value = new Taint(getFrame().popValue());
+                value.setVariableIndex(index);
+                getFrame().setValue(index++, value);
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException(ex.toString(), ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handleLoadInstruction(LoadInstruction load) {
+        int numProducedOrig = load.produceStack(cpg);
+        int numProduced = numProducedOrig;
+        if (numProduced == Const.UNPREDICTABLE) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Unpredictable stack production");
+        }
+        int index = load.getIndex() + numProduced;
+        while (numProduced-- > 0) {
+            Taint value = getFrame().getValue(--index);
+            //assert value.hasValidVariableIndex() :
+            if(!value.hasValidVariableIndex()) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("index not set in " + methodDescriptor);
+            }
+            if(index != value.getVariableIndex()) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("bad index in " + methodDescriptor);
+            }
+            getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(value));
+        }
+
+        for(TaintFrameAdditionalVisitor visitor : visitors) {
+            try {
+                visitor.visitLoad(load, methodGen, getFrame(), numProducedOrig, cpg);
+            }
+            catch (Throwable e) {
+                LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,"Error while executing "+visitor.getClass().getName(),e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKEINTERFACE(INVOKEINTERFACE obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKESPECIAL(INVOKESPECIAL obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKESTATIC(INVOKESTATIC obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKEVIRTUAL(INVOKEVIRTUAL obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitANEWARRAY(ANEWARRAY obj) {
+        try {
+            getFrame().popValue();
+            if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+                pushSafeDebug("new " + obj.getLoadClassType(cpg).getClassName() + "[]");
+            } else {
+                pushSafe();
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Array length not in the stack", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitAASTORE(AASTORE obj) {
+        try {
+            Taint valueTaint = getFrame().popValue(); //Value
+            getFrame().popValue(); //Array index
+            Taint arrayTaint = getFrame().popValue(); //Array ref
+
+            Taint merge = Taint.merge(valueTaint, arrayTaint);
+            setLocalVariableTaint(merge, arrayTaint);
+            Taint stackTop = null;
+            if (getFrame().getStackDepth() > 0) {
+                stackTop = getFrame().getTopValue();
+            }
+            // varargs use duplicated values
+            if (arrayTaint.equals(stackTop)) {
+                getFrame().popValue();
+                getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(merge));
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Not enough values on the stack", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitAALOAD(AALOAD obj) {
+        try {
+            getFrame().popValue(); // array index
+            // just transfer the taint from array to value at any index
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Not enough values on the stack", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitCHECKCAST(CHECKCAST obj) {
+        // cast to a safe object type
+        ObjectType objectType = obj.getLoadClassType(cpg);
+        if (objectType == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String objectTypeSignature = objectType.getSignature();
+
+        if(!taintConfig.isClassTaintSafe(objectTypeSignature)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            getFrame().popValue();
+            pushSafe();
+        }
+        catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("empty stack for checkcast", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitARETURN(ARETURN obj) {
+        Taint returnTaint = null;
+        try {
+            returnTaint = getFrame().getTopValue();
+            Taint currentTaint = analyzedMethodConfig.getOutputTaint();
+            analyzedMethodConfig.setOuputTaint(Taint.merge(returnTaint, currentTaint));
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("empty stack before reference return", ex);
+        }
+        handleNormalInstruction(obj);
+
+        for(TaintFrameAdditionalVisitor visitor : visitors) {
+            try {
+                visitor.visitReturn(methodGen, returnTaint, cpg);
+            }
+            catch (Throwable e) {
+                LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,"Error while executing "+visitor.getClass().getName(),e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Regroup the method invocations (INVOKEINTERFACE, INVOKESPECIAL,
+     * INVOKESTATIC, INVOKEVIRTUAL)
+     *
+     * @param obj one of the invoke instructions
+     */
+    private void visitInvoke(InvokeInstruction obj) {
+        assert obj != null;
+        try {
+            TaintMethodConfig methodConfig = getMethodConfig(obj);
+            ObjectType realInstanceClass = (methodConfig == null) ?
+                    null : methodConfig.getOutputTaint().getRealInstanceClass();
+            Taint taint = getMethodTaint(methodConfig);
+            assert taint != null;
+            if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isDebugTaintState()) {
+                taint.setDebugInfo(obj.getMethodName(cpg) + "()"); //TODO: Deprecated debug info
+            }
+            taint.addSource(new UnknownSource(UnknownSourceType.RETURN,taint.getState()).setSignatureMethod(obj.getClassName(cpg).replace(".","/")+"."+obj.getMethodName(cpg)+obj.getSignature(cpg)));
+            if (taint.isUnknown()) {
+                taint.addLocation(getTaintLocation(), false);
+            }
+            taintMutableArguments(methodConfig, obj);
+            transferTaintToMutables(methodConfig, taint); // adds variable index to taint too
+            Taint taintCopy = new Taint(taint);
+            // return type is not always the instance type
+            taintCopy.setRealInstanceClass(realInstanceClass);
+
+            TaintFrame tf = getFrame();
+
+            int stackDepth = tf.getStackDepth();
+            int nbParam = getNumWordsConsumed(obj);
+            List<Taint> parameters = new ArrayList<>(nbParam);
+            for(int i=0;i<Math.min(stackDepth,nbParam);i++) {
+                parameters.add(new Taint(tf.getStackValue(i)));
+            }
+
+            modelInstruction(obj, getNumWordsConsumed(obj), getNumWordsProduced(obj), taintCopy);
+
+            for(TaintFrameAdditionalVisitor visitor : visitors) {
+                try {
+                    visitor.visitInvoke(obj, methodGen, getFrame() , parameters, cpg);
+                }
+                catch (Throwable e) {
+                    LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,"Error while executing "+visitor.getClass().getName(),e);
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String className = ClassName.toSlashedClassName(obj.getReferenceType(cpg).toString());
+            String methodName = obj.getMethodName(cpg);
+            String signature = obj.getSignature(cpg);
+
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unable to call " + className + '.' + methodName + signature, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private TaintMethodConfig getMethodConfig(InvokeInstruction obj) {
+        String signature = obj.getSignature(cpg);
+        String returnType = getReturnType(signature);
+        String className = getInstanceClassName(obj);
+        String methodName = obj.getMethodName(cpg);
+        String methodId = "." + methodName + signature;
+        TaintMethodConfig config = taintConfig.getMethodConfig(getFrame(), methodDescriptor, className, methodId);
+        if (config != null) {
+            config = getConfigWithReplaceTags(config, className, methodName);
+        }
+        if (config != null && config.isConfigured()) {
+            return config;
+        }
+        if (taintConfig.isClassTaintSafe(returnType)) {
+            return TaintMethodConfig.SAFE_CONFIG;
+        }
+        if (config != null) {
+            return config;
+        }
+        String classNameSignature = "L" + className + ";";
+        if (Const.CONSTRUCTOR_NAME.equals(methodName)
+                && !taintConfig.isClassTaintSafe(classNameSignature)) {
+            try {
+                int stackSize = getFrame().getNumArgumentsIncludingObjectInstance(obj, cpg);
+                config = TaintMethodConfig.getDefaultConstructorConfig(stackSize);
+                config.setTypeSignature(className+"<init>()V");
+                return config;
+            } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+                throw new InvalidBytecodeException(ex.getMessage(), ex);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private TaintMethodConfig getConfigWithReplaceTags(TaintMethodConfig config, String className, String methodName) {
+
+        ObjectConfiguration objectConfiguration = new ObjectConfiguration(className, methodName);
+
+        if (!objectConfiguration.isAClassThatCanReplaceString()) {
+            return config;
+        }
+
+        /*
+          When Kotlin compiles the String replace method (when using regex values) Kotlin creates several instructions in its place.
+
+          One of the instructions is to create an instance of the Regex class (using the regex String as a parameter). The Regex instance is then used as a parameter to the replace method.
+          In order to have access to the regex value when the String replace method is called,
+          we need to store the value at the first pass (when the Regex instance is created) and then use it when the replace method is called.
+
+          The below if code is to identify when a Regex instance is being created and store the value, to retrieve on the next pass.
+
+         */
+        if (objectConfiguration.isKotlinRegexMethodAndConstructorMethod()) {
+            saveRegexValueForNextInstruction();
+            return config;
+        }
+
+        if (!objectConfiguration.isAReplaceMethod()) {
+            return config;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            String toReplace = objectConfiguration.getStringParameterForReplaceMethod();
+
+            if (toReplace == null) {
+                // we don't know the exact value
+                return config;
+            }
+
+            Taint taint = config.getOutputTaint();
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Taint.Tag> replaceTag : REPLACE_TAGS.entrySet()) {
+                String tagString = replaceTag.getKey();
+                if ((objectConfiguration.isAReplaceMethodWithRegexParameter() && toReplace.contains(tagString))
+                        || toReplace.equals(tagString)) {
+                    taint.addTag(replaceTag.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+
+            TaintMethodConfig configCopy = new TaintMethodConfig(config);
+            configCopy.setOuputTaint(taint);
+            return configCopy;
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException(ex.getMessage(), ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getRegexValueFromAPreviousInstruction() {
+        String tmp = regexValue;
+        regexValue = null; // clean up regex value so other instructions after the current one can't use it.
+        return tmp;
+    }
+
+    private void saveRegexValueForNextInstruction() {
+        regexValue = getFrame().getValue(getFrame().getNumSlots() - 1).getConstantValue();
+    }
+
+    private String getInstanceClassName(InvokeInstruction invoke) {
+        try {
+            int instanceIndex = getFrame().getNumArgumentsIncludingObjectInstance(invoke, cpg) - 1;
+            if (instanceIndex != -1) {
+                assert instanceIndex < getFrame().getStackDepth();
+                Taint instanceTaint = getFrame().getStackValue(instanceIndex);
+                String className = instanceTaint.getRealInstanceClassName();
+                if (className != null) {
+                    return className;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            assert false : ex.getMessage();
+        }
+        String dottedClassName = invoke.getReferenceType(cpg).toString();
+        return ClassName.toSlashedClassName(dottedClassName);
+    }
+
+    private static String getReturnType(String signature) {
+        assert signature != null && signature.contains(")");
+        return signature.substring(signature.indexOf(')') + 1);
+    }
+
+    private Taint getMethodTaint(TaintMethodConfig methodConfig) {
+        if (methodConfig == null) {
+            return getDefaultValue();
+        }
+        Taint taint = methodConfig.getOutputTaint();
+        assert taint != null;
+        assert taint != methodConfig.getOutputTaint() : "defensive copy not made";
+        Taint taintCopy = new Taint(taint);
+        if (taint.isUnknown() && taint.hasParameters()) {
+            Taint merge = mergeTransferParameters(taint.getParameters());
+            assert merge != null;
+            // merge removes tags so we made a taint copy before
+            taint = Taint.merge(Taint.valueOf(taint.getNonParametricState()), merge);
+        }
+        if (taint.isTainted()) {
+            taint.addLocation(getTaintLocation(), true);
+        }
+        // don't add tags to safe values
+        if (!taint.isSafe() && taintCopy.hasTags()) {
+            for (Taint.Tag tag : taintCopy.getTags()) {
+                taint.addTag(tag);
+            }
+        }
+        if (taintCopy.isRemovingTags()) {
+            for (Taint.Tag tag : taintCopy.getTagsToRemove()) {
+                taint.removeTag(tag);
+            }
+        }
+        return taint;
+    }
+
+    private void taintMutableArguments(TaintMethodConfig methodConfig, InvokeInstruction obj) {
+        if (methodConfig != null && methodConfig.isConfigured()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Collection<Integer> mutableStackIndices = getMutableStackIndices(obj.getSignature(cpg));
+        for (Integer index : mutableStackIndices) {
+            assert index >= 0 && index < getFrame().getStackDepth();
+            try {
+                Taint stackValue = getFrame().getStackValue(index);
+                Taint taint = Taint.merge(stackValue, getDefaultValue());
+                if (stackValue.hasValidVariableIndex()) {
+                    // set back the index removed during merging
+                    taint.setVariableIndex(stackValue.getVariableIndex());
+                }
+                taint.setRealInstanceClass(stackValue.getRealInstanceClass());
+                taint.addLocation(getTaintLocation(), false);
+                getFrame().setValue(getFrame().getStackLocation(index), taint);
+                setLocalVariableTaint(taint, taint);
+            } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+                throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Not enough values on the stack", ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Taint mergeTransferParameters(Collection<Integer> transferParameters) {
+        assert transferParameters != null && !transferParameters.isEmpty();
+        Taint taint = null;
+        for (Integer transferParameter : transferParameters) {
+            try {
+                Taint value = getFrame().getStackValue(transferParameter);
+                taint = Taint.merge(taint, value);
+            } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Bad transfer parameter specification", ex);
+            }
+        }
+        assert taint != null;
+        return taint;
+    }
+
+    private void transferTaintToMutables(TaintMethodConfig methodConfig, Taint taint) {
+        assert taint != null;
+        if (methodConfig == null || !methodConfig.hasMutableStackIndices()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            int stackDepth = getFrame().getStackDepth();
+            for (Integer mutableStackIndex : methodConfig.getMutableStackIndices()) {
+                assert mutableStackIndex >= 0;
+                if (mutableStackIndex >= stackDepth) {
+                    if (!Const.CONSTRUCTOR_NAME.equals(methodDescriptor.getName())
+                            && !Const.STATIC_INITIALIZER_NAME.equals(methodDescriptor.getName())) {
+                        assert false : "Out of bounds mutables in " + methodDescriptor + " Method Config: " + methodConfig.toString();
+                    }
+                    continue; // ignore if assertions disabled or if in constructor
+                }
+                Taint stackValue = getFrame().getStackValue(mutableStackIndex);
+                setLocalVariableTaint(taint, stackValue);
+                Taint taintCopy = new Taint(taint);
+                // do not set instance to return values, can be different type
+                taintCopy.setRealInstanceClass(stackValue.getRealInstanceClass());
+                getFrame().setValue(getFrame().getStackLocation(mutableStackIndex), taintCopy);
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            assert false : ex.getMessage(); // stack depth is checked
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setLocalVariableTaint(Taint valueTaint, Taint indexTaint) {
+        assert valueTaint != null && indexTaint != null;
+        if (!indexTaint.hasValidVariableIndex()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        int index = indexTaint.getVariableIndex();
+        if (index >= getFrame().getNumLocals()) {
+            assert false : "Out of bounds local variable index in " + methodDescriptor;
+            return; // ignore if assertions disabled
+        }
+
+        if (valueTaint.hasValidVariableIndex() && valueTaint.getVariableIndex() != index) {
+            valueTaint = new Taint(valueTaint);
+        }
+
+        valueTaint.setVariableIndex(index);
+        getFrame().setValue(index, valueTaint);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Push a value to the stack
+     */
+    private void pushSafe() {
+        getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Push a value to the stack
+     * The information passed will be viewable when the stack will be print. (See printStackState())
+     * @param debugInfo String representation of the value push
+     */
+    private void pushSafeDebug(String debugInfo) {
+        getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE).setDebugInfo(debugInfo));
+    }
+
+    private TaintLocation getTaintLocation() {
+        return new TaintLocation(methodDescriptor, getLocation().getHandle().getPosition());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method must be called from outside at the end of the method analysis
+     */
+    public void finishAnalysis() {
+        assert analyzedMethodConfig != null;
+        Taint outputTaint = analyzedMethodConfig.getOutputTaint();
+        if (outputTaint == null) {
+            // void methods
+            return;
+        }
+        String returnType = getReturnType(methodDescriptor.getSignature());
+        if (taintConfig.isClassTaintSafe(returnType) && outputTaint.getState() != Taint.State.NULL) {
+            // we do not have to store summaries with safe output
+            return;
+        }
+        String realInstanceClassName = outputTaint.getRealInstanceClassName();
+        if (returnType.equals("L" + realInstanceClassName + ";")) {
+            // storing it in method summary is useless
+            outputTaint.setRealInstanceClass(null);
+            analyzedMethodConfig.setOuputTaint(outputTaint);
+        }
+        String className = methodDescriptor.getSlashedClassName();
+        String methodId = "." + methodDescriptor.getName() + methodDescriptor.getSignature();
+        if (analyzedMethodConfig.isInformative()
+                || taintConfig.getSuperMethodConfig(className, methodId) != null) {
+            String fullMethodName = className.concat(methodId);
+            if (!taintConfig.containsKey(fullMethodName)) {
+                // prefer configured summaries to derived
+                taintConfig.put(fullMethodName, analyzedMethodConfig);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ObjectConfiguration {
+
+        private static final int JAVA_STRING_PARAMETER_INDEX = 1;
+        private static final int KOTLIN_STRING_PARAMETER_INDEX = 4;
+
+        private final String className;
+        private final String methodName;
+
+        private ObjectConfiguration(String className, String methodName) {
+            this.className = className;
+            this.methodName = methodName;
+        }
+
+        private boolean isJavaString() {
+            return "java/lang/String".equals(className);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isKotlinString() {
+            return "kotlin/text/StringsKt".equals(className);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isKotlinRegex() {
+            return "kotlin/text/Regex".equals(className);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isConstructor() {
+            return Const.CONSTRUCTOR_NAME.equals(methodName);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isKotlinRegexMethodAndConstructorMethod() {
+            return isKotlinRegex() && isConstructor();
+        }
+
+        private boolean isJavaStringWithSimpleReplace() {
+            return isJavaString() && "replace".equals(methodName);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isKotlinStringWithSimpleReplace() {
+            return isKotlinString() && "replace$default".equals(methodName);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isJavaStringWithRegexReplace() {
+            return isJavaString() && "replaceAll".equals(methodName);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isKotlinRegexWithReplace() {
+            return isKotlinRegex() && "replace".equals(methodName);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isAClassThatCanReplaceString() {
+            return isJavaString() || isKotlinString() || isKotlinRegex();
+        }
+
+        private boolean isAReplaceMethod() {
+            return isJavaStringWithRegexReplace() || isKotlinRegexWithReplace() || isJavaStringWithSimpleReplace() || isKotlinStringWithSimpleReplace();
+        }
+
+        private boolean isAReplaceMethodWithRegexParameter() {
+            return isJavaStringWithRegexReplace() || isKotlinRegexWithReplace();
+        }
+
+        private String getStringParameterForReplaceMethod() throws DataflowAnalysisException {
+
+            if (isJavaString()) {
+                return getFrame().getStackValue(JAVA_STRING_PARAMETER_INDEX).getConstantValue();
+            } else if (isKotlinString()) {
+                return getFrame().getStackValue(KOTLIN_STRING_PARAMETER_INDEX).getConstantValue();
+            } else if (isKotlinRegexWithReplace()) {
+                return getRegexValueFromAPreviousInstruction();
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `methodConfig.getOutputTaint()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 469.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TaintFrameModelingVisitor.visitInvoke(InvokeInstruction)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.TaintFrameModelingVisitor.visitInvoke(org.apache.bcel.generi.649fbe64c19bdb61a18ec525169c5f2d
+
+### File:
+findsecbugs-plugin/src/main/java/com/h3xstream/findsecbugs/taintanalysis/TaintFrameModelingVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+TaintFrameModelingVisitor.java|visitInvoke|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+19415f3644c80937d7df1c68091d1f2d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3102/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3102/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0169d403aabf0abdd6c4aa8b6994f2b9086289b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3102/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 107
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2019 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.entry;
+
+import com.jcabi.aspects.Loggable;
+import com.jcabi.log.Logger;
+import com.zerocracy.claims.ClaimGuts;
+import com.zerocracy.claims.ClaimsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.claims.ClaimsRoutine;
+import com.zerocracy.claims.MessageSink;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.S3Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.SmartFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.Props;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.sync.TestLocks;
+import com.zerocracy.radars.github.GithubRoutine;
+import com.zerocracy.radars.github.TkGithub;
+import com.zerocracy.radars.gitlab.TkGitlab;
+import com.zerocracy.radars.slack.SlackRadar;
+import com.zerocracy.radars.slack.TkSlack;
+import com.zerocracy.radars.viber.TkViber;
+import com.zerocracy.sentry.SafeSentry;
+import com.zerocracy.shutdown.ShutdownFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.TkAlias;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.TkApp;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.TkSentry;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.TkZoldCallback;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import javax.ws.rs.HttpMethod;
+import org.cactoos.func.AsyncFunc;
+import org.takes.facets.fork.FkRegex;
+import org.takes.facets.fork.TkMethods;
+import org.takes.http.Exit;
+import org.takes.http.FtCli;
+
+/**
+ * Main entry point.
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassFanOutComplexityCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.ExcessiveImports")
+public final class Main {
+
+    /**
+     * Command line args.
+     */
+    private final String[] arguments;
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param args Command line arguments
+     */
+    public Main(final String... args) {
+        this.arguments = args;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Main.
+     * @param args Command line arguments
+     * @throws IOException If fails on I/O
+     * @checkstyle IllegalCatchCheck (20 lines)
+     */
+    @Loggable
+    @SuppressWarnings("PMD.AvoidCatchingThrowable")
+    public static void main(final String... args) throws IOException {
+        final Props props = new Props();
+        if (props.has("//testing")) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "Hey, we are in the testing mode!"
+            );
+        }
+        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Runtime.getRuntime()
+                .exec("ping -c1 data.0crat.com.s3.amazonaws.com")
+                .waitFor();
+            new Main(args).exec();
+        } catch (final Throwable ex) {
+            new SafeSentry(new PropsFarm()).capture(ex);
+            Logger.error(Main.class, "The main app crashed: %[exception]s", ex);
+            throw new IOException(ex);
+        } finally {
+            Logger.info(
+                Main.class, "Finished after %[ms]s of activity",
+                System.currentTimeMillis() - start
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run it.
+     * @throws IOException If fails on I/O
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void exec() throws IOException {
+        final Path temp = Paths.get("./s3farm").normalize();
+        if (!temp.toFile().mkdir()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                String.format(
+                    "Failed to mkdir \"%s\"", temp
+                )
+            );
+        }
+        Logger.info(this, "Farm is ready to start");
+        final ShutdownFarm.Hook shutdown = new ShutdownFarm.Hook();
+        final ClaimGuts cgts = new ClaimGuts();
+        try (
+            final MessageSink farm = new MessageSink(
+                new ShutdownFarm(
+                    new ClaimsFarm(
+                        new SmartFarm(
+                            new S3Farm(new ExtBucket().value(), temp),
+                            new TestLocks()
+                        ),
+                        cgts
+                    ),
+                    shutdown
+                ),
+                shutdown
+            );
+            final SlackRadar radar = new SlackRadar(farm);
+            final ClaimsRoutine claims = new ClaimsRoutine(farm)
+        ) {
+            new ExtMongobee(farm).apply();
+            farm.start(claims.messages());
+            cgts.add(claims.messages());
+            claims.start(shutdown);
+            new AsyncFunc<>(
+                input -> {
+                    new ExtTelegram(farm).value();
+                }
+            ).exec(null);
+            new AsyncFunc<>(
+                input -> {
+                    radar.refresh();
+                }
+            ).exec(null);
+            new GithubRoutine(farm).start();
+            new Pings(farm).start();
+            new FtCli(
+                new TkApp(
+                    farm,
+                    new FkRegex("/alias", new TkAlias(farm)),
+                    new FkRegex("/slack", new TkSlack(farm, radar)),
+                    new FkRegex("/viber", new TkViber(farm)),
+                    new FkRegex(
+                        "/ghook",
+                        new TkMethods(
+                            new TkSentry(farm, new TkGithub(farm)),
+                            HttpMethod.POST
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    new FkRegex(
+                        "/glhook",
+                        new TkMethods(
+                            new TkSentry(farm, new TkGitlab()),
+                            HttpMethod.POST
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    new FkRegex(
+                        "/zcallback",
+                        new TkZoldCallback(farm)
+                    )
+                ),
+                this.arguments
+            ).start(Exit.NEVER);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm` acquired by call to `PropsFarm()` at line 96 is not released after line 96.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 94
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Main.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.entry.Main.main(java.lang.String[]):void.776c6b1138619be3281dcf1ffb361d84
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zerocracy/entry/Main.java
+
+### Key:
+Main.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da09f1a3bdf082f9cc4b638c90abb4a1
+
+### Hash:
+97666934cf51d8fe1b2f5fef724c2517
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3105/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3105/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5822b72e0945ec9bc8c5ed75d13bf7840fa90aa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3105/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pmo;
+
+import com.jcabi.aspects.Tv;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkProject;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link Speed}.
+ * @author Kirill (g4s8.public@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @since 0.17
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+public final class SpeedTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void addsSpeed() throws Exception {
+        final FkProject project = new FkProject();
+        final FkFarm farm = new FkFarm(project);
+        final Speed speed = new Speed(farm, "g4s8").bootstrap();
+        speed.add("TST000001", "gh:test/test#1", 2L);
+        speed.add("TST000002", "gh:test/test#2", 1L);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(speed.jobs(), Matchers.iterableWithSize(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void avgTest() throws Exception {
+        final FkProject project = new FkProject();
+        final FkFarm farm = new FkFarm(project);
+        final Speed speed = new Speed(farm, "fast").bootstrap();
+        speed.add("TST100001", "gh:test/fast#1", 1L);
+        speed.add("TST100002", "gh:test/fast#2", 2L);
+        // @checkstyle MagicNumber (1 line)
+        speed.add("TST100003", "gh:test/fast#3", 3L);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(speed.avg(), Matchers.equalTo(2.0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void avgEmptyTest() throws Exception {
+        final FkProject project = new FkProject();
+        final FkFarm farm = new FkFarm(project);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new Speed(farm, "user")
+                .bootstrap()
+                .avg(),
+            Matchers.equalTo(0.0)
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givesBonus() throws Exception {
+        final FkProject project = new FkProject();
+        final FkFarm farm = new FkFarm(project);
+        final Speed speed = new Speed(farm, "amihaiemil").bootstrap();
+        final String job = "gh:bonus/fast#1";
+        speed.add("TST100006", job, Tv.THOUSAND);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(speed.bonus(job), Matchers.equalTo(Tv.FIVE));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givesNoBonus() throws Exception {
+        final FkProject project = new FkProject();
+        final FkFarm farm = new FkFarm(project);
+        final Speed speed = new Speed(farm, "other").bootstrap();
+        final String job = "gh:bonus/slow#1";
+        speed.add("TST100009", job, Tv.THREE * Tv.THOUSAND);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(speed.bonus(job), Matchers.equalTo(0));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired to `farm` by call to `FkFarm(...)` at line 72 is not released after line 73.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SpeedTest.givesBonus()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pmo.SpeedTest.givesBonus():void.98fc41a3ec849486cf0ef64d994ed2a8
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/pmo/SpeedTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SpeedTest.java|givesBonus|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d482535a9ff3d98d5cdf236a727eb800
+
+### Hash:
+a75b5f4a6f8384fe5d530a4271911032
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3133/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3133/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9f5a6dbda4fb11380828bc1b12bea2367ca4dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3133/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 124
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2019 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.tk;
+
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.FkFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.People;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import org.cactoos.text.FormattedText;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.takes.Request;
+import org.takes.facets.hamcrest.HmRsHeader;
+import org.takes.facets.hamcrest.HmRsStatus;
+import org.takes.rq.RqFake;
+import org.takes.rq.RqWithBody;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link TkJoinPost}.
+ *
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals")
+public final class TkJoinPostTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void acceptRequestAndRedirectOnPost() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = FkFarm.props();
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    new RqWithUser.WithInit(
+                        farm,
+                        new RqFake("POST", "/join-post")
+                    ),
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187141"
+                )
+            ),
+            Matchers.allOf(
+                new HmRsStatus(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_SEE_OTHER),
+                new HmRsHeader("Location", "/join")
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rejectsIfAlreadyApplied() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = FkFarm.props();
+        final People people = new People(farm).bootstrap();
+        final String uid = "yegor256";
+        people.touch(uid);
+        people.apply(uid, Instant.now());
+        final Request req = new RqWithUser.WithInit(
+            farm,
+            new RqFake("POST", "/join-post")
+        );
+        people.breakup(uid);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    req,
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187241"
+                )
+            ),
+            new HmRsHeader("Set-Cookie", Matchers.iterableWithSize(2))
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void acceptIfNeverApplied() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = FkFarm.props();
+        final People people = new People(farm).bootstrap();
+        final String uid = "yegor256";
+        people.touch(uid);
+        final Request req = new RqWithUser(
+            farm,
+            new RqFake("POST", "/join-post"),
+            uid
+        );
+        people.breakup(uid);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    req,
+                    // @checkstyle LineLength (1 line)
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187241&telegram=123&about=txt"
+                )
+            ),
+            Matchers.allOf(
+                new HmRsStatus(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_SEE_OTHER),
+                new HmRsHeader("Location", "/")
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link TkJoinPost} can show that user already has a mentor.
+     * {@link TkJoinPost} must redirect and show a message to user when he or
+     * she tries to access <code>/join-post</code> but already has a mentor,
+     * which means that the user has already joined or asked for mentor for
+     * joining.
+     * @throws IOException If something goes wrong accessing page
+     */
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void showsThatUserAlreadyHasMentor() throws IOException {
+        final Farm farm = FkFarm.props();
+        final People people = new People(farm).bootstrap();
+        final String mentor = "yoda";
+        final String applicant = "luke";
+        people.touch(mentor);
+        people.touch(applicant);
+        people.invite(applicant, mentor, true);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    new RqWithUser(
+                        farm,
+                        new RqFake("GET", "/join-post"),
+                        applicant
+                    ),
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187242"
+                )
+            ),
+            Matchers.allOf(
+                new HmRsStatus(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_SEE_OTHER),
+                new HmRsHeader("Location", "/join"),
+                new HmRsHeader(
+                    "Set-Cookie",
+                    Matchers.hasItems(
+                        Matchers.containsString(
+                            URLEncoder.encode(
+                                new FormattedText(
+                                    "You already have a mentor (@%s)",
+                                    mentor
+                                ).asString(),
+                                StandardCharsets.UTF_8.displayName()
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm` acquired by call to `props()` at line 128 is not released after line 135.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 135
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TkJoinPostTest.showsThatUserAlreadyHasMentor()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.tk.TkJoinPostTest.showsThatUserAlreadyHasMentor():void.08f1888a91af6352626fd5af3d7c4c4e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/tk/TkJoinPostTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TkJoinPostTest.java|showsThatUserAlreadyHasMentor|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+68aef4cd304c794365d810cb83ab70f0
+
+### Hash:
+d3fc87cce8df347f7a18cc98c9918643
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3134/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3134/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6cc6d396b5dc96ac38993f2a3e2b79b7fd407259
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3134/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pm.cost;
+
+import com.zerocracy.Item;
+import com.zerocracy.Par;
+import com.zerocracy.Project;
+import com.zerocracy.Xocument;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import com.zerocracy.tools.Latex;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import org.cactoos.Input;
+import org.cactoos.io.ResourceOf;
+import org.cactoos.text.TextOf;
+import org.xembly.Directives;
+
+/**
+ * Equity.
+ *
+ * @author Yegor Bugayenko (yegor256@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @since 0.20
+ */
+public final class Equity {
+
+    /**
+     * Project.
+     */
+    private final Project project;
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param pkt Project
+     */
+    public Equity(final Project pkt) {
+        this.project = pkt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bootstrap it.
+     * @return Itself
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Equity bootstrap() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).bootstrap("pm/cost/equity");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get ownership of the user, in PDF.
+     * @param login The GitHub login
+     * @return PDF document
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Input pdf(final String login) throws IOException {
+        final double share = this.share(login);
+        if (share == 0.0d) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "@%s doesn't have any share in %s"
+                ).say(login, this.project.pid())
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Xocument doc = new Xocument(item);
+            String latex = new TextOf(
+                new ResourceOf("com/zerocracy/pm/cost/equity.tex")
+            ).asString();
+            latex = latex
+                .replace("[OWNER]", login)
+                .replace("[ENTITY]", doc.xpath("//entity/text()", "PROJECT"))
+                .replace("[CEO]", doc.xpath("//ceo/text()", "CEO"))
+                .replace("[SHARE]", String.format("%.2f", share))
+                .replace("[SHARES]", String.format("%.0f", this.shares()))
+                .replace("[PAR]", this.par().toString());
+            return new Latex(latex).pdf();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get ownership of the user.
+     * @param login The GitHub login
+     * @return Ownership of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String ownership(final String login) throws IOException {
+        final double share = this.share(login);
+        final String text;
+        if (share > 0.0d) {
+            final Cash value = this.par().mul((long) share);
+            text = String.format(
+                "%.2f shares = %s/%.2f%% of %s",
+                // @checkstyle MagicNumber (1 line)
+                share, value, share * 100.0d / this.shares(), this.cap()
+            );
+        } else {
+            text = "";
+        }
+        return text;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increase ownership of the user, by adding cash reward.
+     * @param login The GitHub login
+     * @param value The value to add
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void add(final String login, final Cash value) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final double inc = value.decimal().doubleValue() * this.shares()
+                / this.cap().decimal().doubleValue();
+            new Xocument(item).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/equity/owners[not(owner[@id='%s'])]", login
+                        )
+                    )
+                    .add("owner").attr("id", login).set("0")
+                    .xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/equity/owners/owner[@id='%s']", login
+                        )
+                    )
+                    .xset(String.format(". + %.8f", inc))
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cap.
+     * @return Cap
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Cash cap() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Cash.S(
+                new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                    "/equity/cap/text()"
+                ).get(0)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shares total.
+     * @return Cap
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public double shares() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return Double.parseDouble(
+                new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                    "/equity/shares/text()"
+                ).get(0)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get share per the user.
+     * @param login The GitHub login
+     * @return Shares or zero
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public double share(final String login) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> texts = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/equity/owners/owner[@id='%s']/text()", login
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            double shares = 0.0d;
+            if (texts.hasNext()) {
+                shares = Double.parseDouble(texts.next());
+            }
+            return shares;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Par value per share.
+     * @return Par value
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Cash par() throws IOException {
+        final double mul = 10000.0d;
+        return this.cap().mul((long) mul).div((long) (this.shares() * mul));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The item.
+     * @return Item
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    private Item item() throws IOException {
+        return this.project.acq("equity.xml");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `Par(...)` at line 75 is not released after line 78.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Input Equity.pdf(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pm.cost.Equity.pdf(java.lang.String):org.cactoos.Input.23d38feeec8846d5331a66e68ba7d23b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zerocracy/pm/cost/Equity.java
+
+### Key:
+Equity.java|pdf|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da4621e3cd0bc306162ff2464b4e3806
+
+### Hash:
+01afac119fb31db88ac3429fe0013bb4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3142/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3142/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d16cc9017255744fb9683b486f02bc72cad599b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3142/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 71
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.tk.profile;
+
+import com.jcabi.matchers.XhtmlMatchers;
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.Project;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkProject;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Agenda;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.People;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.RqWithUser;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.TkApp;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.View;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.takes.facets.hamcrest.HmRsStatus;
+import org.takes.rq.RqFake;
+import org.takes.rs.RsPrint;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link TkAgenda}.
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals")
+public final class TkAgendaTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersXmlAgendaPage() throws Exception {
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            XhtmlMatchers.xhtml(
+                new View(new PropsFarm(new FkFarm()), "/u/yegor256/agenda")
+                    .xml()
+            ),
+            XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths("/page")
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersHtmlAgendaPageForFirefox() throws Exception {
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            XhtmlMatchers.xhtml(
+                XhtmlMatchers.xhtml(
+                    new View(
+                        new PropsFarm(new FkFarm()), "/u/yegor256/agenda"
+                    ).html()
+                )
+            ),
+            XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths("//xhtml:body")
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void redirectsWhenAccessingNonexistentUsersAgenda()
+        throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        new People(farm).bootstrap().touch("yegor256");
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new RsPrint(
+                new TkApp(farm).act(
+                    new RqWithUser(
+                        farm,
+                        new RqFake("GET", "/u/foo-user/agenda")
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+            new HmRsStatus(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_SEE_OTHER)
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersAgendaPage() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final Agenda agenda = new Agenda(farm, "yegor256").bootstrap();
+        final Project project = new FkProject();
+        final String job = "gh:test/test#2";
+        agenda.add(project, job, "DEV");
+        final String title = "Some random title is here";
+        agenda.title(job, title);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            XhtmlMatchers.xhtml(
+                new View(farm, "/u/yegor256/agenda").html()
+            ),
+            XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths(
+                String.format("//xhtml:td[.='%s']", title)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm` acquired by call to `PropsFarm(...)` at line 74 is not released after line 76.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 76
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TkAgendaTest.redirectsWhenAccessingNonexistentUsersAgenda()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.tk.profile.TkAgendaTest.redirectsWhenAccessingNonexistentUsersAgenda():void.76f32c1a6b814c0ef2d2a3dfb0b5ae9c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/tk/profile/TkAgendaTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TkAgendaTest.java|redirectsWhenAccessingNonexistentUsersAgenda|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+852c88f9edf8a0d682b5467ac26ad847
+
+### Hash:
+d9812aeab9d1f6152acf86e6fb8a5121
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3145/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3145/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b3403223cb26baf473ef9caa74a69a1020ffaaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3145/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 82
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pm.in;
+
+import com.zerocracy.Project;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkProject;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.cost.Estimates;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.cost.Ledger;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.cost.Rates;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.scope.Wbs;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.hamcrest.collection.IsEmptyCollection;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link Orders}.
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals")
+public final class OrdersTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void assignsAndResigns() throws Exception {
+        final Project project = new FkProject();
+        final Orders orders = new Orders(new PropsFarm(), project).bootstrap();
+        final String job = "gh:yegor256/0pdd#13";
+        new Wbs(project).bootstrap().add(job);
+        orders.assign(job, "yegor256", "0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setsEstimatesOnAssign() throws Exception {
+        final Project project = new FkProject();
+        final PropsFarm farm = new PropsFarm();
+        new Ledger(farm, project).bootstrap().add(
+            new Ledger.Transaction(
+                new Cash.S("$1000"),
+                "assets", "cash",
+                "income", "sponsor",
+                "There is some funding just arrived"
+            )
+        );
+        final String login = "dmarkov";
+        new Rates(project).bootstrap().set(login, new Cash.S("$50"));
+        final String job = "gh:yegor256/0pdd#19";
+        final Wbs wbs = new Wbs(project).bootstrap();
+        wbs.add(job);
+        wbs.role(job, "REV");
+        final Orders orders = new Orders(farm, project).bootstrap();
+        orders.assign(job, login, "0");
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new Estimates(farm, project).bootstrap().get(job),
+            Matchers.equalTo(new Cash.S("$12.50"))
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removesOrder() throws Exception {
+        final Project project = new FkProject();
+        final Orders orders = new Orders(new PropsFarm(), project).bootstrap();
+        final String job = "gh:yegor256/0pdd#13";
+        new Wbs(project).bootstrap().add(job);
+        orders.assign(job, "yegor256", "0");
+        orders.remove(job);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            "Order not removed",
+            orders.iterate(),
+            new IsEmptyCollection<>()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `PropsFarm()` at line 44 is not released after line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void OrdersTest.assignsAndResigns()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pm.in.OrdersTest.assignsAndResigns():void.09c5b138f88634836e263d4913d6b0ed
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/pm/in/OrdersTest.java
+
+### Key:
+OrdersTest.java|assignsAndResigns|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b557d6b2918eb263209be8dd7349ace7
+
+### Hash:
+a50513bc7347044b578259e1dd1bb842
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3151/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3151/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1ded0c8749aee57228379c581aefb1a09c49b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3151/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 113
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2019 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.tk;
+
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.FkFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.People;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import org.cactoos.text.FormattedText;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.takes.Request;
+import org.takes.facets.hamcrest.HmRsHeader;
+import org.takes.facets.hamcrest.HmRsStatus;
+import org.takes.rq.RqFake;
+import org.takes.rq.RqWithBody;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link TkJoinPost}.
+ *
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals")
+public final class TkJoinPostTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void acceptRequestAndRedirectOnPost() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    new RqWithUser.WithInit(
+                        farm,
+                        new RqFake("POST", "/join-post")
+                    ),
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187141"
+                )
+            ),
+            Matchers.allOf(
+                new HmRsStatus(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_SEE_OTHER),
+                new HmRsHeader("Location", "/join")
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rejectsIfAlreadyApplied() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final People people = new People(farm).bootstrap();
+        final String uid = "yegor256";
+        people.touch(uid);
+        people.apply(uid, Instant.now());
+        final Request req = new RqWithUser.WithInit(
+            farm,
+            new RqFake("POST", "/join-post")
+        );
+        people.breakup(uid);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    req,
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187241"
+                )
+            ),
+            new HmRsHeader("Set-Cookie", Matchers.iterableWithSize(2))
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void acceptIfNeverApplied() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final People people = new People(farm).bootstrap();
+        final String uid = "yegor256";
+        people.touch(uid);
+        final Request req = new RqWithUser(
+            farm,
+            new RqFake("POST", "/join-post"),
+            uid
+        );
+        people.breakup(uid);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    req,
+                    // @checkstyle LineLength (1 line)
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187241&telegram=123&about=txt"
+                )
+            ),
+            Matchers.allOf(
+                new HmRsStatus(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_SEE_OTHER),
+                new HmRsHeader("Location", "/")
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link TkJoinPost} can show that user already has a mentor.
+     * {@link TkJoinPost} must redirect and show a message to user when he or
+     * she tries to access <code>/join-post</code> but already has a mentor,
+     * which means that the user has already joined or asked for mentor for
+     * joining.
+     * @throws IOException If something goes wrong accessing page
+     */
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void showsThatUserAlreadyHasMentor() throws IOException {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final People people = new People(farm).bootstrap();
+        final String mentor = "yoda";
+        final String applicant = "luke";
+        people.touch(mentor);
+        people.touch(applicant);
+        people.invite(applicant, mentor, true);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new TkApp(farm).act(
+                new RqWithBody(
+                    new RqWithUser(
+                        farm,
+                        new RqFake("GET", "/join-post"),
+                        applicant
+                    ),
+                    "personality=INTJ-A&stackoverflow=187242"
+                )
+            ),
+            Matchers.allOf(
+                new HmRsStatus(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_SEE_OTHER),
+                new HmRsHeader("Location", "/join"),
+                new HmRsHeader(
+                    "Set-Cookie",
+                    Matchers.hasItems(
+                        Matchers.containsString(
+                            URLEncoder.encode(
+                                new FormattedText(
+                                    "You already have a mentor (@%s)",
+                                    mentor
+                                ).asString(),
+                                StandardCharsets.UTF_8.displayName()
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.FkFarm` acquired by call to `FkFarm()` at line 70 is not released after line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TkJoinPostTest.rejectsIfAlreadyApplied()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.tk.TkJoinPostTest.rejectsIfAlreadyApplied():void.4baed6cb53a145841f749429be4b817d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/tk/TkJoinPostTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TkJoinPostTest.java|rejectsIfAlreadyApplied|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0e1f1497de80868e3665fce1b9909450
+
+### Hash:
+d747ec1acf9233f52988b4972a245284
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3156/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3156/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf9b6fa33285cd886ff2366634352b36518b8643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3156/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 140
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2019 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.tk.profile;
+
+import com.jcabi.matchers.XhtmlMatchers;
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.FkFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.FkProject;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.staff.Roles;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Agenda;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Awards;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Catalog;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Debts;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.People;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Pmo;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Projects;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.RqWithUser;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.TkApp;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.View;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import org.cactoos.list.ListOf;
+import org.cactoos.text.FormattedText;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.hamcrest.core.StringContains;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+import org.takes.rq.RqFake;
+import org.takes.rs.RsPrint;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link TkProfile}.
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals", "PMD.ExcessiveImports"})
+public final class TkProfileTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Temporary folder.
+     */
+    @Rule
+    public TemporaryFolder folder = new TemporaryFolder();
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersHomePage() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final String uid = "yegor";
+        new Awards(farm, uid).bootstrap().add(
+            new FkProject(), 1, "gh:test/test#1", "reason"
+        );
+        new Agenda(farm, uid).bootstrap().add(
+            new FkProject(), "gh:test/test#2", "QA"
+        );
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            XhtmlMatchers.xhtml(new View(farm, "/u/Yegor256").html()),
+            XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths("//xhtml:body")
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersProfilePageWithRateInFirefox() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final double rate = 99.99;
+        final People people = new People(farm).bootstrap();
+        people.rate(
+            "yegor256", new Cash.S(String.format("USD %f", rate))
+        );
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new View(farm, "/u/yegor256").html(),
+            Matchers.containsString(
+                String.format(
+                    "rate</a> is <span style=\"color:darkgreen\">$%.2f</span>",
+                    rate
+                )
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersProfilePageInFirefoxWithReputation() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final String user = "yegor256";
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new View(farm, String.format("/u/%s", user)).html(),
+            XhtmlMatchers.hasXPath(
+                String.format(
+                    "//xhtml:a[@href='https://github.com/%s']",
+                    user
+                )
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersProfilePageWithoutRateInFirefox() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final String uid = "yegor256";
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new View(farm, String.format("/u/%s", uid)).html(),
+            Matchers.containsString("rate</a> is not defined")
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersDebts() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm());
+        final Debts debts = new Debts(farm).bootstrap();
+        final String uid = "yegor256";
+        final String first = "details 1";
+        final String second = "details 2";
+        final String price = "$9.99";
+        final String amount = "$3.33";
+        final String reason = "reason";
+        debts.add(uid, new Cash.S(price), first, reason);
+        debts.add(uid, new Cash.S(amount), second, reason);
+        final String html = new View(farm, String.format("/u/%s", uid)).html();
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            html,
+            Matchers.allOf(
+                XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths(
+                    new FormattedText(
+                        "//xhtml:td[.='%s (%s)']", first, reason
+                    ).asString()
+                ),
+                XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths(
+                    new FormattedText(
+                        "//xhtml:td[.='%s (%s)']", second, reason
+                    ).asString()
+                ),
+                XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths(
+                    new FormattedText("//xhtml:td[.='%s']", price).asString()
+                ),
+                XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths(
+                    new FormattedText("//xhtml:td[.='%s']", amount).asString()
+                )
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void allowsPoToSeeProfile() throws Exception {
+        final Path tmp = this.folder.newFolder().toPath();
+        final FkProject project = new FkProject(tmp, "AGENDPRJ1");
+        final Farm farm = new PropsFarm(new FkFarm(project));
+        final Catalog catalog = new Catalog(new Pmo(farm)).bootstrap();
+        catalog.add(project.pid(), String.format("2017/07/%s/", project.pid()));
+        catalog.link(project.pid(), "github", "test/test");
+        final String uid = "krzyk";
+        new People(farm).bootstrap().touch(uid);
+        new Projects(farm, uid).bootstrap().add(project.pid());
+        new Roles(project).bootstrap().assign(uid, "PO");
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            XhtmlMatchers.xhtml(
+                new RsPrint(
+                    new TkApp(farm).act(
+                        new RqWithUser(
+                            farm,
+                            new RqFake(
+                                new ListOf<>(
+                                    String.format("GET /u/%s", uid),
+                                    "Host: www.example.com",
+                                    "Accept: application/vnd.zerocracy+xml"
+                                ),
+                                ""
+                            ),
+                            uid
+                        )
+                    )
+                ).printBody()
+            ),
+            XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths(
+                String.format(
+                    "/page/details/projects/project[.='%s']",
+                    project.pid()
+                )
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void showsLinkToPolicyForUnknownUser() throws Exception {
+        final String flash =
+            // @checkstyle LineLength (1 line)
+            "@nvseenu is not invited to us yet, see <a href=\"www.zerocracy.com/policy.html#1\">§1</a>";
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new View(new PropsFarm(new FkFarm()), "/").html(
+                new FormattedText(
+                    "Cookie: RsFlash=%s/WARNING",
+                    URLEncoder.encode(flash, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.toString())
+                ).asString()
+            ),
+            new StringContains(flash)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.FkFarm` acquired by call to `FkFarm()` at line 206 is not released after line 207.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TkProfileTest.showsLinkToPolicyForUnknownUser()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.tk.profile.TkProfileTest.showsLinkToPolicyForUnknownUser():void.9b59b5e21f3e1f6637bc95a4df7a6dd9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/tk/profile/TkProfileTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TkProfileTest.java|showsLinkToPolicyForUnknownUser|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2fc4377fd4ed696fe85260c195f8e500
+
+### Hash:
+2e3ef3435e9c6a3eb205d1fed2e45634
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3158/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3158/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee9095751a25ce9c6ecbf02c88fe95b7157497ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3158/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pmo.banks;
+
+import com.coinbase.api.Coinbase;
+import com.coinbase.api.CoinbaseBuilder;
+import com.coinbase.api.entity.Transaction;
+import com.coinbase.api.entity.TransactionsResponse;
+import com.coinbase.api.entity.Transfer;
+import com.coinbase.api.exception.CoinbaseException;
+import com.jcabi.aspects.Tv;
+import com.jcabi.log.Logger;
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.Par;
+import com.zerocracy.SoftException;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Currency;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.Props;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.ClaimOut;
+import com.zerocracy.pmo.Pmo;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import org.joda.money.Money;
+
+/**
+ * Coinbase payment method.
+ *
+ * @author Yegor Bugayenko (yegor256@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @since 0.21
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+final class Crypto implements Bank {
+
+    /**
+     * When to buy.
+     */
+    private static final double THRESHOLD = 0.1d;
+
+    /**
+     * How much to buy.
+     */
+    private static final double BUYIN = 0.1d;
+
+    /**
+     * Farm.
+     */
+    private final Farm farm;
+
+    /**
+     * Currency.
+     */
+    private final String currency;
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param frm The farm
+     * @param crn Currency
+     */
+    Crypto(final Farm frm, final String crn) {
+        this.farm = frm;
+        this.currency = crn;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Cash fee(final Cash amount) {
+        return amount
+            // @checkstyle MagicNumber (1 line)
+            .mul((long) (0.01d * (double) Tv.MILLION))
+            .div((long) Tv.MILLION);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String pay(final String target, final Cash amount,
+        final String details) throws IOException {
+        if (amount.compareTo(new Cash.S("$20")) < 0) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "The amount %s is too small,",
+                    "we won't send now to avoid big %s commission"
+                ).say(amount, this.currency)
+            );
+        }
+        final Props props = new Props(this.farm);
+        final Coinbase base = new CoinbaseBuilder().withApiKey(
+            props.get("//coinbase/key"), props.get("//coinbase/secret")
+        ).build();
+        this.fund(base, props.get("//coinbase/account"));
+        final Transaction trn = new Transaction();
+        trn.setTo(target);
+        trn.setAmount(
+            Money.parse(
+                String.format(
+                    "USD %.2f",
+                    amount.exchange(Currency.USD).decimal().doubleValue()
+                )
+            )
+        );
+        trn.setNotes(details);
+        trn.setInstantBuy(true);
+        try {
+            return base.sendMoney(trn).getId();
+        } catch (final CoinbaseException ex) {
+            throw new IOException(
+                String.format(
+                    "Failed to send %s to %s: %s",
+                    trn.getAmount(), trn.getTo(), trn.getNotes()
+                ),
+                ex
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fund account, if necessary.
+     * @param base Base
+     * @param account The account
+     * @throws IOException I
+     */
+    private void fund(final Coinbase base, final String account)
+        throws IOException {
+        try {
+            final Money balance = base.getBalance(account);
+            if (balance.getAmount().doubleValue() < Crypto.THRESHOLD
+                && this.permitted(base, account)) {
+                final Transfer bought = base.buy(this.money(Crypto.BUYIN));
+                new ClaimOut().type("Notify PMO").param(
+                    "message",
+                    new Par("%s purchased @ Coinbase; %s; ID=%s; %s; %s").say(
+                        bought.getBtc(),
+                        bought.getCreatedAt(),
+                        bought.getTransactionId(),
+                        bought.getStatus(),
+                        balance
+                    )
+                ).postTo(new Pmo(this.farm));
+            }
+        } catch (final CoinbaseException ex) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to buy at Coinbase", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * We can buy more right now.
+     * @param base Base
+     * @param account The account
+     * @return TRUE if we're allowed to buy more
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    private boolean permitted(final Coinbase base,
+        final String account) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            boolean permitted = true;
+            int page = 0;
+            while (true) {
+                final TransactionsResponse rsp = base.getTransactions(page);
+                for (final Transaction trn : rsp.getTransactions()) {
+                    // @checkstyle LineLength (1 line)
+                    final boolean pending = trn.getDetailedStatus() == Transaction.DetailedStatus.PENDING
+                        && trn.getRecipientAddress().equals(account);
+                    final long msec = System.currentTimeMillis()
+                        - trn.getCreatedAt().toDate().getTime();
+                    final long hours = msec / TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(1L);
+                    if (pending && hours < TimeUnit.DAYS.toHours(1L)) {
+                        Logger.info(
+                            this,
+                            // @checkstyle LineLength (1 line)
+                            "Funding request is pending for just %d hours, amount=%s, created=%s",
+                            hours, trn.getAmount(), trn.getCreatedAt()
+                        );
+                        permitted = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                ++page;
+                if (!permitted || page >= rsp.getNumPages()
+                    || page >= Tv.TWENTY) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            return permitted;
+        } catch (final CoinbaseException ex) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to list transactions", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create money.
+     * @param val Double value
+     * @return Money
+     */
+    private Money money(final double val) {
+        return Money.parse(String.format("%s %.2f", this.currency, val));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `Par(...)` at line 91 is not released after line 95.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String Crypto.pay(String,Cash,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pmo.banks.Crypto.pay(java.lang.String,com.zerocracy.cash.Cash,java.lang.String):java.l.f392e8fb58e111ed67a73d72e12afb0a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zerocracy/pmo/banks/Crypto.java
+
+### Key:
+Crypto.java|pay|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5e0bd39e7847abee7d1b5c7d7950fa0a
+
+### Hash:
+8459cf92cddd58162e90f4e1024e1087
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3160/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3160/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e41b89ddc3a71f4c3b20f2f668c404d756a81ee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3160/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 59
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.storage.curly;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.compress.BlockCompressionCodec;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.storage.ReaderResult;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.storage.map.MapReader;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+public class TestCurlyReader extends AbstractCurlyTestBase {
+  private static final String TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER = "/tmp/TestCurlyReader";
+  private static final ByteBuffer KEY5 = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[]{5, 5, 5, 5});
+
+  private static final byte[] TWENTYK_BLOB;
+
+  static {
+    TWENTYK_BLOB = new byte[20 * 1024];
+    for (int i = 0; i < TWENTYK_BLOB.length; i++) {
+      TWENTYK_BLOB[i] = (byte) i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testReader() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE);
+    s.write(new byte[]{(byte) 0x80, (byte) 0xa0, 1});
+    s.write(TWENTYK_BLOB);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{5, 0, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{10, 0, 0},
+        KEY5.array(), new byte[]{15, 0, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, 1);
+
+    // test version number
+    assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), reader.getVersionNumber());
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY5, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(20 * 1024, result.getBuffer().remaining());
+    assertEquals(ByteBuffer.wrap(TWENTYK_BLOB), result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    // Test cache
+
+    reader.get(KEY5, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    assertEquals(false, result.getL1CacheHit());
+    assertEquals(false, result.getL2CacheHit());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    assertEquals(false, result.getL1CacheHit());
+    assertEquals(true, result.getL2CacheHit());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+
+  public void testBlockCompression() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE_BLOCK_COMPRESSED);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 5, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 10, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, -1,
+        BlockCompressionCodec.SLOW_NO_COMPRESSION, 3, 2, true);
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+
+  public void testBlockCompressionGzip() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE_BLOCK_COMPRESSED_GZIP);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 5, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 10, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, -1,
+        BlockCompressionCodec.GZIP, 3, 2, true);
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+
+  public void testBlockCompressionSnappy() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE_BLOCK_COMPRESSED_SNAPPY);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 5, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 10, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, -1,
+        BlockCompressionCodec.SNAPPY, 3, 2, true);
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 187 is not released after line 221.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 188
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestCurlyReader.testBlockCompressionSnappy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.storage.curly.TestCurlyReader.testBlockCompressionSnappy():void.cc575a250657b479dfa7f6c95f955e27
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/rapleaf/hank/storage/curly/TestCurlyReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestCurlyReader.java|testBlockCompressionSnappy|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+cdd9620ccaca4afc36eb1aaa4e7ca2db
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3161/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3161/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d0a9b2b1e90c46df9c048af8a7a3d635515a4d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3161/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 50
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.partition_server;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.InvalidConfigurationException;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.PartitionServerConfigurator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.yaml.YamlPartitionServerConfigurator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.*;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.performance.HankTimer;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.util.CommandLineChecker;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.WatchedNodeListener;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.log4j.PropertyConfigurator;
+import org.apache.thrift.TException;
+import org.apache.thrift.protocol.TCompactProtocol;
+import org.apache.thrift.protocol.TProtocol;
+import org.apache.thrift.server.THsHaServer;
+import org.apache.thrift.server.THsHaServer.Args;
+import org.apache.thrift.server.TServer;
+import org.apache.thrift.transport.TFramedTransport;
+import org.apache.thrift.transport.TNonblockingServerSocket;
+import org.apache.thrift.transport.TSocket;
+import org.apache.thrift.transport.TTransportException;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static com.rapleaf.hank.util.LocalHostUtils.getHostName;
+
+public class PartitionServer implements HostCommandQueueChangeListener, WatchedNodeListener<HostCommand> {
+
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(PartitionServer.class);
+  private static final long MAIN_THREAD_STEP_SLEEP_MS = 1000;
+  private static final int UPDATE_FILESYSTEM_STATISTICS_THREAD_SLEEP_TIME_MS_DEFAULT = 2 * 60 * 1000;
+  private static final String FILESYSTEM_STATISTICS_KEY = "filesystem_statistics";
+
+  private static final int NUM_WARMUP_QUERIES_PER_THREAD = 1000;
+
+  private final PartitionServerConfigurator configurator;
+  private final Coordinator coordinator;
+
+  private boolean stopping = false;
+  private boolean hasProcessedCommandOnStartup = false;
+  private final PartitionServerAddress hostAddress;
+  private final Host host;
+
+  private Thread updateThread;
+
+  private TServer dataServer;
+  private Thread dataServerThread;
+  private boolean waitForDataServer;
+
+  private final RingGroup ringGroup;
+
+  private Thread shutdownHook;
+  private UpdateFilesystemStatisticsRunnable updateFilesystemStatisticsRunnable;
+  private Thread updateFilesystemStatisticsThread;
+
+  public PartitionServer(PartitionServerConfigurator configurator, String hostName) throws IOException {
+    this.configurator = configurator;
+    this.coordinator = configurator.createCoordinator();
+    hostAddress = new PartitionServerAddress(hostName, configurator.getServicePort());
+    ringGroup = coordinator.getRingGroup(configurator.getRingGroupName());
+    if (ringGroup == null) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Could not get ring group: " + configurator.getRingGroupName());
+    }
+    Ring ring = ringGroup.getRingForHost(hostAddress);
+    if (ring == null) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Could not get ring for host address: " + hostAddress
+          + " in ring group " + ringGroup.getName());
+    }
+    host = ring.getHostByAddress(hostAddress);
+    if (host == null) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Could not get host for host address: " + hostAddress
+          + " in ring group " + ringGroup.getName() + " ring " + ring.getRingNumber());
+    }
+    if (Hosts.isOnline(host)) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Could not start a partition server for host " + host
+          + " since it is already online.");
+    }
+    host.setCommandQueueChangeListener(this);
+    host.setCurrentCommandChangeListener(this);
+
+    // Start the update filesystem statistics thread
+    updateFilesystemStatisticsRunnable = new UpdateFilesystemStatisticsRunnable();
+    updateFilesystemStatisticsThread = new Thread(updateFilesystemStatisticsRunnable, "Update Filesystem Statistics");
+    updateFilesystemStatisticsThread.setDaemon(true);
+    updateFilesystemStatisticsThread.start();
+  }
+
+  public void run() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+    // Add shutdown hook
+    addShutdownHook();
+    // Initialize and process commands
+    setStateSynchronized(HostState.IDLE); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+    // Wait for state to propagate
+    while (host.getState() != HostState.IDLE) {
+      LOG.info("Waiting for Host state " + HostState.IDLE + " to propagate.");
+      Thread.sleep(100);
+    }
+    processCommandOnStartup();
+    while (!stopping) {
+      try {
+        Thread.sleep(MAIN_THREAD_STEP_SLEEP_MS);
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        LOG.info("Interrupted in run loop. Exiting.", e);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    // Shuting down
+    LOG.info("Partition server main thread is stopping.");
+    // Stop serving data
+    stopServingData();
+    // Stop updating if necessary
+    if (updateThread != null) {
+      LOG.info("Update thread is still running. Interrupting and waiting for it to finish...");
+      updateThread.interrupt();
+      updateThread.join(); // In case of interrupt exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+    }
+    setStateSynchronized(HostState.OFFLINE); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+    // Remove shutdown hook. We don't need it anymore as we just set the host state to OFFLINE
+    removeShutdownHook();
+  }
+
+  // Stop the partition server. Can be called from another thread.
+  public synchronized void stopSynchronized() {
+    stop();
+  }
+
+  // Stop the partition server
+  private void stop() {
+    stopping = true;
+  }
+
+  protected IfaceWithShutdown getHandler() throws IOException {
+    return new PartitionServerHandler(hostAddress, configurator, coordinator);
+  }
+
+  protected IUpdateManager getUpdateManager() throws IOException {
+    return new UpdateManager(configurator, host, ringGroup);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void onCommandQueueChange(Host host) {
+    LOG.info("Command queue changed.");
+    // Do not process anything when we have not yet tried to process a command when starting up.
+    if (!hasProcessedCommandOnStartup) {
+      LOG.info("Ignoring command queue change as commands have not yet been executed on startup.");
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      HostCommand command = host.getCurrentCommand();
+      if (command == null) {
+        // When command queue changes, and current command is empty, move on to next command
+        host.nextCommand();
+      } else {
+        // A current command was already in place, we are still executing it. Do nothing.
+        LOG.info("Ignoring command queue change as a command is currently being executed.");
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      LOG.error("Failed to move on to next command.", e);
+      stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void onWatchedNodeChange(HostCommand command) {
+    LOG.info("Current command changed: " + command);
+    // Do not process anything when stopping
+    if (stopping) {
+      LOG.error("Ignoring command " + command + " because server is stopping.");
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      if (command != null) {
+        processCommand(command, host.getState());
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      LOG.error("Failed to process current command.", e);
+      stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void processCommandOnStartup() {
+    try {
+      HostCommand command = host.getCurrentCommand();
+      if (command != null) {
+        processCommand(command, host.getState());
+      } else {
+        host.nextCommand();
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      LOG.error("Failed to process current command on startup.", e);
+      stop();
+    }
+    hasProcessedCommandOnStartup = true;
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void setStateSynchronized(HostState state) throws IOException {
+    // In case of failure to set host state, stop the partition server and rethrow the exception.
+    try {
+      host.setState(state);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      stop();
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private synchronized HostCommand nextCommandSynchronized() throws IOException {
+    // In case of failure to move on to next command, stop the partition server and rethrow the exception.
+    try {
+      return host.nextCommand();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      stop();
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void processCommand(HostCommand command, HostState state) throws IOException {
+    LOG.info("Processing command: " + command);
+    switch (command) {
+      case EXECUTE_UPDATE:
+        processExecuteUpdate(state);
+        break;
+      case GO_TO_IDLE:
+        processGoToIdle(state);
+        break;
+      case SERVE_DATA:
+        processServeData(state);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void processGoToIdle(HostState state) throws IOException {
+    switch (state) {
+      case SERVING:
+        // Set IDLE state proactively. If the shutting down hangs, it will be safe since clients will be already aware.
+        host.setState(HostState.IDLE); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+        stopServingData();
+        host.nextCommand(); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+        break;
+      default:
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+          LOG.info(ignoreIncompatibleCommandMessage(HostCommand.GO_TO_IDLE, state));
+        }
+        host.nextCommand(); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void processExecuteUpdate(HostState state) throws IOException {
+    switch (state) {
+      case IDLE:
+        host.setState(HostState.UPDATING); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+        executeUpdate();
+        // Next command is set by the updater thread
+        break;
+      default:
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+          LOG.info(ignoreIncompatibleCommandMessage(HostCommand.EXECUTE_UPDATE, state));
+        }
+        host.nextCommand(); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void processServeData(HostState state) throws IOException {
+    switch (state) {
+      case IDLE:
+        serveData();
+        host.setState(HostState.SERVING);  // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+        host.nextCommand(); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+        break;
+      default:
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+          LOG.info(ignoreIncompatibleCommandMessage(HostCommand.SERVE_DATA, state));
+        }
+        host.nextCommand(); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void executeUpdate() {
+    if (updateThread != null) {
+      LOG.error("Update got called while one is already running!");
+      return;
+    }
+    Runnable updateRunnable = new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+          IUpdateManager updateManager = getUpdateManager();
+          updateManager.update();
+          LOG.info("Update succeeded.");
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+          LOG.fatal("Update failed. Updater encountered a fatal error:", e);
+        }
+        // Go back to IDLE even in case of failure
+        try {
+          setStateSynchronized(HostState.IDLE); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          LOG.fatal("Failed to record state change.", e);
+        }
+        // Move on to next command
+        try {
+          nextCommandSynchronized(); // In case of exception, server will stop and state will be coherent.
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          LOG.fatal("Failed to move on to next command.", e);
+        }
+        // Signal that update thread is done.
+        updateThread = null;
+      }
+    };
+    updateThread = new Thread(updateRunnable, "Update manager thread");
+    updateThread.start();
+  }
+
+  protected void startThriftServer() throws TTransportException, IOException, InterruptedException {
+    IfaceWithShutdown handler = null;
+    try {
+      // Set up the service handler
+      handler = getHandler();
+      // Launch the thrift server
+      TNonblockingServerSocket serverSocket = new TNonblockingServerSocket(configurator.getServicePort());
+      Args options = new Args(serverSocket);
+      options.processor(new com.rapleaf.hank.generated.PartitionServer.Processor(handler));
+      options.workerThreads(configurator.getNumConcurrentQueries());
+      options.protocolFactory(new TCompactProtocol.Factory());
+      dataServer = new THsHaServer(options);
+      LOG.debug("Launching Thrift server...");
+      dataServer.serve();
+      LOG.debug("Thrift server exited.");
+    } finally {
+      // Always shut down the handler
+      if (handler != null) {
+        LOG.debug("Shutting down Partition Server handler.");
+        handler.shutDown();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void serveData() throws IOException {
+    waitForDataServer = true;
+    if (dataServer != null) {
+      LOG.info("Data server is already running. Cannot serve data.");
+      return;
+    }
+    Runnable r = new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+          startThriftServer();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+          // Data server is probably going down unexpectedly, stop the partition server
+          LOG.fatal("Data server thread encountered a fatal throwable and is stopping.", t);
+          // Stop waiting for data server
+          waitForDataServer = false;
+          // Stop partition server main thread
+          stopSynchronized();
+        }
+      }
+    };
+    dataServerThread = new Thread(r, "PartitionServer Thrift data server thread");
+    LOG.info("Launching data server thread...");
+    dataServerThread.start();
+    try {
+      while (dataServer == null || !dataServer.isServing()) {
+        if (!waitForDataServer) {
+          LOG.info("Data server encountered an error. Stopping to wait for it to start.");
+          break;
+        }
+        LOG.debug("Data server isn't online yet. Waiting...");
+        Thread.sleep(1000);
+      }
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      throw new IOException("Interrupted while waiting for data server thread to start", e);
+    }
+    if (dataServer == null || !dataServer.isServing()) {
+      throw new IOException("Failed to start data server");
+    } else {
+      warmUp();
+      LOG.info("Data server online and serving.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void stopServingData() {
+    if (dataServer == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    LOG.info("Stopping data server thread.");
+    dataServer.stop();
+    try {
+      dataServerThread.join();
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      LOG.debug("Interrupted while waiting for data server thread to stop. Continuing.", e);
+    }
+    dataServer = null;
+    dataServerThread = null;
+  }
+
+  private String ignoreIncompatibleCommandMessage(HostCommand command, HostState state) {
+    return String.format("Ignoring command %s because it is incompatible with state %s.", command, state);
+  }
+
+  public static Map<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator> getFilesystemStatistics(Host host) throws IOException {
+    String filesystemsStatistics = host.getStatistic(FILESYSTEM_STATISTICS_KEY);
+
+    if (filesystemsStatistics == null) {
+      return Collections.emptyMap();
+    } else {
+      TreeMap<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator> result = new TreeMap<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator>();
+      String[] filesystemStatistics = filesystemsStatistics.split("\n");
+      for (String statistics : filesystemStatistics) {
+        if (statistics.length() == 0) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        String[] tokens = statistics.split(" ");
+        String filesystemRoot = tokens[0];
+        long totalSpace = Long.parseLong(tokens[1]);
+        long usableSpace = Long.parseLong(tokens[2]);
+        result.put(filesystemRoot, new FilesystemStatisticsAggregator(totalSpace, usableSpace));
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void setFilesystemStatistics(Host host,
+                                             Map<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator> filesystemsStatistics) throws IOException {
+    StringBuilder statistics = new StringBuilder();
+    for (Map.Entry<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator> entry : filesystemsStatistics.entrySet()) {
+      statistics.append(entry.getKey());
+      statistics.append(' ');
+      statistics.append(entry.getValue().toString());
+      statistics.append('\n');
+    }
+    host.setEphemeralStatistic(FILESYSTEM_STATISTICS_KEY, statistics.toString());
+  }
+
+  private Map<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator> getFilesystemStatistics() throws IOException {
+    Map<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator> result = new HashMap<String, FilesystemStatisticsAggregator>();
+    for (String filesystemRoot : getUsedFilesystemRoots()) {
+      File filesystemRootFile = new File(filesystemRoot);
+      result.put(filesystemRoot, new FilesystemStatisticsAggregator(filesystemRootFile.getTotalSpace(), filesystemRootFile.getUsableSpace()));
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private Set<String> getUsedFilesystemRoots() throws IOException {
+    return configurator.getDataDirectories();
+    /*
+    // Create set of system roots
+    Set<String> filesystemRoots = new HashSet<String>();
+    for (File root : File.listRoots()) {
+      filesystemRoots.add(root.getCanonicalPath());
+    }
+    // Determine set of used roots
+    Set<String> result = new HashSet<String>();
+    for (String dataDirectoryPath : configurator.getDataDirectories()) {
+      String dataDirectoryCanonicalPath = new File(dataDirectoryPath).getCanonicalPath();
+      String bestFilesystemRoot = null;
+      for (String filesystemRoot : filesystemRoots) {
+        if (dataDirectoryCanonicalPath.startsWith(filesystemRoot)
+            && (bestFilesystemRoot == null || bestFilesystemRoot.length() < filesystemRoot.length())) {
+          bestFilesystemRoot = filesystemRoot;
+        }
+      }
+      if (bestFilesystemRoot == null) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unable to determine filesystem root for directory: " + dataDirectoryCanonicalPath);
+      }
+      result.add(bestFilesystemRoot);
+    }
+    return result;
+    */
+  }
+
+  private void warmUp() throws IOException {
+    LOG.info("Warming up data server...");
+    List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<Thread>();
+    for (int i = 0; i < configurator.getNumConcurrentQueries(); ++i) {
+      threads.add(new Thread(new WarmupRunnable(), "Warmup Thread #" + i));
+    }
+    HankTimer timer = new HankTimer();
+    for (Thread thread : threads) {
+      thread.start();
+    }
+    for (Thread thread : threads) {
+      try {
+        thread.join();
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        LOG.error("Failed to warm up data server", e);
+        throw new IOException("Failed to warm up data server", e);
+      }
+    }
+    long warmupDurationMs = timer.getDurationMs();
+    LOG.info("Warming up data server took " + warmupDurationMs + " ms");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This thread periodically updates statistics of the Host
+   */
+  private class UpdateFilesystemStatisticsRunnable extends UpdateStatisticsRunnable implements Runnable {
+
+    public UpdateFilesystemStatisticsRunnable() {
+      super(UPDATE_FILESYSTEM_STATISTICS_THREAD_SLEEP_TIME_MS_DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void runCore() throws IOException {
+      setFilesystemStatistics(host, getFilesystemStatistics());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void cleanup() {
+      try {
+        host.deleteStatistic(FILESYSTEM_STATISTICS_KEY);
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        LOG.error("Error while deleting runtime statistics.", e);
+        throw new RuntimeException(e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Set the host to OFFLINE on VM shutdown
+  private void addShutdownHook() {
+    if (shutdownHook == null) {
+      shutdownHook = new Thread() {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+          try {
+            if (host != null) {
+              host.setState(HostState.OFFLINE);
+            }
+          } catch (IOException e) {
+            // When VM is exiting and we fail to set host to OFFLINE, swallow the exception
+          }
+        }
+      };
+      Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void removeShutdownHook() {
+    if (shutdownHook != null) {
+      Runtime.getRuntime().removeShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InvalidConfigurationException, InterruptedException {
+    CommandLineChecker.check(args, new String[]{"configuration_file_path", "log4j_properties_file_path"},
+        PartitionServer.class);
+    String configPath = args[0];
+    String log4jprops = args[1];
+
+    PartitionServerConfigurator configurator = new YamlPartitionServerConfigurator(configPath);
+    PropertyConfigurator.configure(log4jprops);
+
+    new PartitionServer(configurator, getHostName()).run();
+  }
+
+
+  private class WarmupRunnable implements Runnable {
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+      TFramedTransport transport = null;
+      try {
+        transport = new TFramedTransport(new TSocket(host.getAddress().getHostName(),
+            host.getAddress().getPortNumber(), 0));
+        transport.open();
+        TProtocol proto = new TCompactProtocol(transport);
+        com.rapleaf.hank.generated.PartitionServer.Client client = new com.rapleaf.hank.generated.PartitionServer.Client(proto);
+        // Perform queries
+        for (int i = 0; i < NUM_WARMUP_QUERIES_PER_THREAD; i++) {
+          client.get(0, ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[0]));
+        }
+      } catch (TException e) {
+        LOG.error("Failed to warm up data server", e);
+        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to warm up data server", e);
+      } finally {
+        if (transport != null) {
+          transport.close();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.rapleaf.hank.partition_server.PartitionServer.run` reads without synchronization from `this.com.rapleaf.hank.partition_server.PartitionServer.updateThread`. Potentially races with write in method `PartitionServer.processCommandOnStartup()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PartitionServer.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.partition_server.PartitionServer.run():void.86c4b2a013a28e116bdbdc52d2f486f1
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/rapleaf/hank/partition_server/PartitionServer.java
+
+### Key:
+PartitionServer.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f9eedf9c23485d3ccc196060fe8b6905
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3167/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3167/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a381fa9a689dd38cb8b6b0329c88a63bdfb5e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3167/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 58
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.storage.curly;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.compress.BlockCompressionCodec;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.storage.ReaderResult;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.storage.map.MapReader;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+public class TestCurlyReader extends AbstractCurlyTestBase {
+  private static final String TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER = "/tmp/TestCurlyReader";
+  private static final ByteBuffer KEY5 = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[]{5, 5, 5, 5});
+
+  private static final byte[] TWENTYK_BLOB;
+
+  static {
+    TWENTYK_BLOB = new byte[20 * 1024];
+    for (int i = 0; i < TWENTYK_BLOB.length; i++) {
+      TWENTYK_BLOB[i] = (byte) i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void testReader() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE);
+    s.write(new byte[]{(byte) 0x80, (byte) 0xa0, 1});
+    s.write(TWENTYK_BLOB);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{5, 0, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{10, 0, 0},
+        KEY5.array(), new byte[]{15, 0, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, 1);
+
+    // test version number
+    assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), reader.getVersionNumber());
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY5, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(20 * 1024, result.getBuffer().remaining());
+    assertEquals(ByteBuffer.wrap(TWENTYK_BLOB), result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    // Test cache
+
+    reader.get(KEY5, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    assertEquals(false, result.getL1CacheHit());
+    assertEquals(false, result.getL2CacheHit());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    assertEquals(false, result.getL1CacheHit());
+    assertEquals(true, result.getL2CacheHit());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+
+  public void testBlockCompression() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE_BLOCK_COMPRESSED);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 5, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 10, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, -1,
+        BlockCompressionCodec.SLOW_NO_COMPRESSION, 3, 2, true);
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+
+  public void testBlockCompressionGzip() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE_BLOCK_COMPRESSED_GZIP);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 5, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 10, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, -1,
+        BlockCompressionCodec.GZIP, 3, 2, true);
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+
+  public void testBlockCompressionSnappy() throws Exception {
+    new File(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER).mkdirs();
+    OutputStream s = new FileOutputStream(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER + "/00000.base.curly");
+    s.write(EXPECTED_RECORD_FILE_BLOCK_COMPRESSED_SNAPPY);
+    s.flush();
+    s.close();
+
+    MapReader keyfileReader = new MapReader(0,
+        KEY1.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+        KEY2.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 5, 0},
+        KEY3.array(), new byte[]{0, 0, 0, 10, 0}
+    );
+
+    CurlyReader reader = new CurlyReader(CurlyReader.getLatestBase(TMP_TEST_CURLY_READER), 1024, keyfileReader, -1,
+        BlockCompressionCodec.SNAPPY, 3, 2, true);
+
+    ReaderResult result = new ReaderResult();
+
+    reader.get(KEY1, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE1, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY4, result);
+    assertFalse(result.isFound());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY3, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE3, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+
+    reader.get(KEY2, result);
+    assertTrue(result.isFound());
+    assertEquals(VALUE2, result.getBuffer());
+    result.clear();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `CurlyReader(...)` at line 198 is not released after line 198.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 198
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestCurlyReader.testBlockCompressionSnappy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.storage.curly.TestCurlyReader.testBlockCompressionSnappy():void.cc575a250657b479dfa7f6c95f955e27
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/rapleaf/hank/storage/curly/TestCurlyReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestCurlyReader.java|testBlockCompressionSnappy|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+88e8f430d5b0ed251f100050d149c08f
+
+### Hash:
+83b3d2391bc08e90eb5992cefdf155b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3173/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3173/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea0cd6f925da1a47751e941396d4396a1c126f24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3173/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.zk;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs.Ids;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.AbstractRing;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Host;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.PartDaemonAddress;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.RingGroup;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.RingState;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.RingStateChangeListener;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.ZooKeeperPlus;
+
+public class ZkRing extends AbstractRing implements Watcher {
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ZkRing.class);
+
+  private static final String UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT = "/updating_to_version";
+  private static final String CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT = "/current_version";
+  private static final Pattern RING_NUMBER_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("ring-(\\d+)", Pattern.DOTALL);
+  private static final String STATUS_PATH_SEGMENT = "/status";
+
+  private final class StateChangeWatcher implements Watcher {
+    private boolean cancelled = false;
+
+    public StateChangeWatcher() throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+      register();
+    }
+
+    private void register() throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+      zk.getData(ringPath + STATUS_PATH_SEGMENT, this, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+      switch (event.getType()) {
+      case NodeDataChanged:
+        for (RingStateChangeListener listener : stateChangeListeners) {
+          listener.onRingStateChange(ZkRing.this);
+        }
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          try {
+            register();
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("failed to reregister watch!", e);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void cancel() {
+      cancelled = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private final String ringPath;
+
+  private final Map<PartDaemonAddress, Host> hostConfigs =
+    new HashMap<PartDaemonAddress, Host>();
+  private final Set<RingStateChangeListener> stateChangeListeners = new HashSet<RingStateChangeListener>();
+  private final StateChangeWatcher stateChangeWatcher;
+
+  private final ZooKeeperPlus zk;
+
+  public ZkRing(ZooKeeperPlus zk, String ringPath, RingGroup ringGroupConfig) throws InterruptedException, KeeperException {
+    super(parseRingNum(ringPath), ringGroupConfig);
+    this.zk = zk;
+    this.ringPath = ringPath;
+
+    // enumerate hosts
+    refreshAndRegister();
+    this.stateChangeWatcher = new StateChangeWatcher();
+  }
+
+  private static int parseRingNum(String ringPath) {
+    String[] toks = ringPath.split("/");
+    String lastPathElement = toks[toks.length - 1];
+    Matcher matcher = RING_NUMBER_PATTERN.matcher(lastPathElement);
+    matcher.matches();
+    return Integer.parseInt(matcher.group(1));
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void refreshHosts()
+  throws InterruptedException, KeeperException {
+    // get the children and simultaneously reset the watch. this is important so
+    // we don't miss events.
+    List<String> hosts = zk.getChildren(ringPath + "/hosts", this);
+    if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      LOG.trace("Refreshing hosts with host strings: " + hosts);
+    }
+    for (String host : hosts) {
+      // only replace the HostConfig if we don't already have an instance.
+      // (otherwise we'll destroy their watches unnecessarily!)
+      if (!hostConfigs.containsKey(PartDaemonAddress.parse(host))) {
+        Host hostConf = new ZkHost(zk, ringPath + "/hosts/" + host);
+        hostConfigs.put(hostConf.getAddress(), hostConf);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public RingState getState() throws IOException {
+    String statusString = null;
+    try {
+      statusString = zk.getString(ringPath + STATUS_PATH_SEGMENT);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+    return RingState.valueOf(statusString);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Set<Host> getHosts() {
+    return new HashSet<Host>(hostConfigs.values());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Integer getVersionNumber() {
+    try {
+      return zk.getIntOrNull(ringPath + CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Integer getUpdatingToVersionNumber() {
+    try {
+      return zk.getIntOrNull(ringPath + UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void updateComplete() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      if (zk.exists(ringPath + CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT, false) != null) {
+        zk.setData(ringPath + CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT, getUpdatingToVersionNumber().toString().getBytes(), -1);
+      } else {
+        zk.create(ringPath + CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT, getUpdatingToVersionNumber().toString().getBytes(), Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+      }
+      zk.delete(ringPath + UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT, -1);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Host getHostByAddress(PartDaemonAddress address) {
+    return hostConfigs.get(address);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Host addHost(PartDaemonAddress address) throws IOException {
+    try {
+      return ZkHost.create(zk, ringPath + "/hosts", address);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+    LOG.debug(event);
+    switch (event.getType()) {
+      case NodeChildrenChanged:
+        refreshAndRegister();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void refreshAndRegister() {
+    try {
+      refreshHosts();
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      // eek.
+      LOG.error("Interrupted while trying to refesh hosts!", e);
+    } catch (KeeperException e) {
+      LOG.error("Unexpected KeeperException!", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static ZkRing create(ZooKeeperPlus zk, String ringGroup, int ringNum, RingGroup group, int initVersion) throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+    String ringPath = ringGroup + "/ring-" + ringNum;
+    zk.create(ringPath, null, Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+    zk.create(ringPath + UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT, ("" + initVersion).getBytes(), Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+    zk.create(ringPath + STATUS_PATH_SEGMENT, RingState.DOWN.toString().getBytes(), Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+    zk.create(ringPath + "/hosts", null, Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+    return new ZkRing(zk, ringPath, group);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setState(RingState newState) throws IOException {
+    try {
+      zk.setString(ringPath + STATUS_PATH_SEGMENT, newState.toString());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setUpdatingToVersion(int latestVersionNumber) throws IOException {
+    try {
+      zk.setOrCreate(ringPath + UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT, latestVersionNumber, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setStateChangeListener(RingStateChangeListener listener) throws IOException {
+    stateChangeListeners.add(listener);
+  }
+
+  public void close() {
+    stateChangeWatcher.cancel();
+    for (Host hostConfig : getHosts()) {
+      ((ZkHost)hostConfig).close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean removeHost(PartDaemonAddress address) throws IOException {
+    if (hostConfigs.remove(address) == null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    try {
+      String hostPath = ringPath + "/hosts/" + address;
+      if (zk.exists(hostPath, false) == null) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      zk.delete(hostPath + "/.complete", -1);
+      zk.deleteNodeRecursively(hostPath);
+
+      return true;
+    } catch (KeeperException e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getUpdatingToVersionNumber()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 168.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZkRing.updateComplete()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.zk.ZkRing.updateComplete():void.5261d325c08be8b1c843baf78246a61f
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/coordinator/zk/ZkRing.java
+
+### Key:
+ZkRing.java|updateComplete|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+05d4784a4cafd9f0eb837bc469288930
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3180/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3180/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..195050edd4bb671dddd36f375895bba13c3a6dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3180/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.rapleaf.hank.cascading;
+
+import cascading.flow.Flow;
+import cascading.flow.FlowConnector;
+import cascading.pipe.Pipe;
+import cascading.tap.Tap;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Domain;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.DomainVersion;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.hadoop.DomainBuilderOutputCommitter;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.hadoop.DomainBuilderProperties;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+public class CascadingDomainBuilder {
+
+  private final static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(CascadingDomainBuilder.class);
+
+  private final Domain domain;
+  private Tap outputTap = null;
+  private final DomainBuilderProperties properties;
+  private Pipe pipe;
+  private final String keyFieldName;
+  private final String valueFieldName;
+  private DomainVersion domainVersion = null;
+
+  public CascadingDomainBuilder(DomainBuilderProperties properties,
+                                Pipe pipe,
+                                String keyFieldName,
+                                String valueFieldName) throws IOException {
+    // Load domain
+    this.domain = properties.getDomain();
+    // Fail if unable to load domain
+    if (domain == null) {
+      throw new IOException("Could not load domain for: " + properties);
+    }
+    this.properties = properties;
+    this.pipe = pipe;
+    this.keyFieldName = keyFieldName;
+    this.valueFieldName = valueFieldName;
+  }
+
+  public void openNewVersion() throws IOException {
+    domainVersion = domain.openNewVersion();
+    if (domainVersion == null) {
+      throw new IOException("Could not open a new version of domain " +
+          properties.getDomainName());
+    }
+    // Create Tap
+    outputTap = new DomainBuilderTap(keyFieldName, valueFieldName,
+        domainVersion.getVersionNumber(), properties);
+    LOG.info("Opened new version #" + domainVersion.getVersionNumber() +
+        " of domain " + properties.getDomainName());
+  }
+
+  public void cancelNewVersion() throws IOException {
+    if (domainVersion != null) {
+      LOG.info("Cancelling new version #" + domainVersion.getVersionNumber() +
+          " of domain " + properties.getDomainName());
+      domainVersion.cancel();
+      domainVersion = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void closeNewVersion() throws IOException {
+    if (domainVersion != null) {
+      LOG.info("Closing new version #" + domainVersion.getVersionNumber() +
+          " of domain " + properties.getDomainName());
+      domainVersion.close();
+      domainVersion = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Build a single domain using one source
+  public Flow build(Properties cascadingProperties,
+                    Tap source) throws IOException {
+    return build(cascadingProperties, new TapOrTapMap(source));
+  }
+
+  // Build a single domain
+  public Flow build(Properties cascadingProperties,
+                    Map<String, Tap> sources) throws IOException {
+    return build(cascadingProperties, new TapOrTapMap(sources));
+  }
+
+  // Build a single domain
+  private Flow build(Properties cascasdingProperties,
+                     TapOrTapMap sources) throws IOException {
+
+    pipe = new DomainBuilderAssembly(properties.getDomainName(), pipe, keyFieldName, valueFieldName);
+
+    // Open new version and check for success
+    openNewVersion();
+
+    Flow flow = null;
+    try {
+
+      // Build flow
+      flow = getFlow(cascasdingProperties, sources);
+
+      // Set up job
+      DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.setupJob(properties.getDomainName(), flow.getJobConf());
+
+      // Complete flow
+      flow.complete();
+
+      // Commit job
+      DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.commitJob(properties.getDomainName(), flow.getJobConf());
+
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // In case of failure, cancel this new version
+      cancelNewVersion();
+      // Clean up job
+      if (flow != null) {
+        DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.cleanupJob(properties.getDomainName(), flow.getJobConf());
+      }
+      e.printStackTrace();
+      throw new IOException("Failed at building version " + domainVersion.getVersionNumber() +
+          " of domain " + properties.getDomainName() + ". Cancelling version.", e);
+    }
+    // Close the new version
+    closeNewVersion();
+    // Clean up job
+    DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.cleanupJob(properties.getDomainName(), flow.getJobConf());
+    return flow;
+  }
+
+  // Build multiple domains
+  public static Flow buildDomains(Properties cascadingProperties,
+                                  Map<String, Tap> sources,
+                                  Map<String, Tap> otherSinks,
+                                  Pipe[] otherTails,
+                                  CascadingDomainBuilder... domainBuilders) throws IOException {
+
+    // Info output
+    for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+      LOG.info("Building domain with " + domainBuilder.toString());
+    }
+
+    Flow flow = null;
+    try {
+      // Open new versions
+      for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+        domainBuilder.openNewVersion();
+      }
+
+      // Create tails
+      for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+        domainBuilder.pipe = new DomainBuilderAssembly(domainBuilder.properties.getDomainName(),
+            domainBuilder.pipe,
+            domainBuilder.keyFieldName,
+            domainBuilder.valueFieldName);
+      }
+
+      // Update properties
+      for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+        domainBuilder.properties.setCascadingProperties(cascadingProperties,
+            domainBuilder.domainVersion.getVersionNumber());
+      }
+
+      // Construct tails array
+      Pipe[] tails = new Pipe[domainBuilders.length + otherTails.length];
+      // Copy tails from domain builders
+      for (int i = 0; i < domainBuilders.length; ++i) {
+        tails[i] = domainBuilders[i].pipe;
+      }
+      // Copy extra tails
+      for (int i = 0; i < otherTails.length; ++i) {
+        tails[i + domainBuilders.length] = otherTails[i];
+      }
+
+      // Construct sinks map
+      Map<String, Tap> sinks = new HashMap<String, Tap>();
+      // Add domain builder sinks
+      for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+        sinks.put(domainBuilder.properties.getDomainName(), domainBuilder.outputTap);
+      }
+      // Add extra sinks
+      sinks.putAll(otherSinks);
+
+      // Create job name String
+      StringBuilder jobName = new StringBuilder("HankCascadingDomainBuilder ");
+      for (int i = 0; i < domainBuilders.length; ++i) {
+        if (i != 0) {
+          jobName.append(", ");
+        }
+        CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder = domainBuilders[i];
+        jobName.append(domainBuilder.domain.getName()).append(" version ")
+            .append(domainBuilder.domainVersion.getVersionNumber());
+      }
+
+      // Build flow
+      flow = new FlowConnector(cascadingProperties)
+          .connect(jobName.toString(), sources, sinks, tails);
+
+      // Set up jobs
+      for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+        DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.setupJob(domainBuilder.domain.getName(), flow.getJobConf());
+      }
+
+      // Complete flow
+      flow.complete();
+
+      // Commit jobs
+      for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+        DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.commitJob(domainBuilder.domain.getName(), flow.getJobConf());
+      }
+
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // In case of failure, cancel new versions
+      for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+        domainBuilder.cancelNewVersion();
+        // Clean up jobs
+        if (flow != null) {
+          DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.cleanupJob(domainBuilder.domain.getName(), flow.getJobConf());
+        }
+      }
+      e.printStackTrace();
+      throw new IOException("Failed at building domains. Cancelling open versions.", e);
+    }
+    // Close new versions
+    for (CascadingDomainBuilder domainBuilder : domainBuilders) {
+      domainBuilder.closeNewVersion();
+      // Clean up jobs
+      DomainBuilderOutputCommitter.cleanupJob(domainBuilder.domain.getName(), flow.getJobConf());
+    }
+    return flow;
+  }
+
+  // Build a single domain using a single source
+  public Flow build(Map<Object, Object> cascadingProperties,
+                    Tap source) throws IOException {
+    return build(mapToProperties(cascadingProperties), source);
+  }
+
+  // Build a single domain using a multiple sources
+  public Flow build(Map<Object, Object> cascadingProperties,
+                    Map<String, Tap> sources) throws IOException {
+    return build(mapToProperties(cascadingProperties), sources);
+  }
+
+  // Build a single domain
+  public Flow build(Map<Object, Object> cascadingProperties,
+                    TapOrTapMap sources) throws IOException {
+    return build(mapToProperties(cascadingProperties), sources);
+  }
+
+  // Build multiple domains
+  public static Flow buildDomains(Properties cascadingProperties,
+                                  Map<String, Tap> sources,
+                                  CascadingDomainBuilder... domainBuilders) throws IOException {
+    return buildDomains(cascadingProperties, sources, new HashMap<String, Tap>(), new Pipe[0], domainBuilders);
+  }
+
+  // Build multiple domains
+  public static Flow buildDomains(Map<Object, Object> cascadingProperties,
+                                  Map<String, Tap> sources,
+                                  CascadingDomainBuilder... domainBuilders) throws IOException {
+    return buildDomains(mapToProperties(cascadingProperties), sources, new HashMap<String, Tap>(), new Pipe[0], domainBuilders);
+  }
+
+  // Build multiple domains
+  public static Flow buildDomains(Map<Object, Object> cascadingProperties,
+                                  Map<String, Tap> sources,
+                                  Map<String, Tap> otherSinks,
+                                  Pipe[] otherTails,
+                                  CascadingDomainBuilder... domainBuilders) throws IOException {
+    return buildDomains(mapToProperties(cascadingProperties), sources, otherSinks, otherTails, domainBuilders);
+  }
+
+  public String toString() {
+    return "CascadingDomainBuilder: Domain: " + properties.getDomainName() + ", Output Tap: " + outputTap;
+  }
+
+  private static Properties mapToProperties(Map<Object, Object> properties) {
+    Properties newProperties = new Properties();
+    newProperties.putAll(properties);
+    return newProperties;
+  }
+
+  private String getFlowName() {
+    return "HankCascadingDomainBuilder: " +
+        properties.getDomainName() + " version " + domainVersion.getVersionNumber();
+  }
+
+  private FlowConnector getFlowConnector(Properties cascadingProperties) {
+    return new FlowConnector(properties.setCascadingProperties(cascadingProperties,
+        domainVersion.getVersionNumber()));
+  }
+
+  private Flow getFlow(Properties cascadingProperties,
+                       TapOrTapMap sources) {
+    if (sources.isTapMap()) {
+      return getFlowConnector(cascadingProperties).connect(getFlowName(), sources.getTapMap(), outputTap, pipe);
+    } else {
+      return getFlowConnector(cascadingProperties).connect(getFlowName(), sources.getTap(), outputTap, pipe);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `CascadingDomainBuilder.domainVersion` last assigned on line 131 could be null and is dereferenced at line 137.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Flow CascadingDomainBuilder.build(Properties,TapOrTapMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.cascading.CascadingDomainBuilder.build(java.util.Properties,com.rapleaf.hank.cascad.f0575841d6b6f68e2ef00561b6222e3a
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/cascading/CascadingDomainBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+CascadingDomainBuilder.java|build|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e3c557d7766c6aa2f820227d95f6c155
+
+### Hash:
+bf2a6040c2dd50eaa3ebe4f46c92a7f4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3193/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3193/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1e37bb41af18a34398e130f24dc21b759d7caaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3193/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.rapleaf.hank.client;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Host;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.HostState;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.generated.PartitionServer;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.WatchedNodeListener;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.thrift.TException;
+import org.apache.thrift.async.TAsyncClientManager;
+import org.apache.thrift.protocol.TCompactProtocol;
+import org.apache.thrift.protocol.TProtocolFactory;
+import org.apache.thrift.transport.TNonblockingSocket;
+import org.apache.thrift.transport.TNonblockingTransport;
+import org.apache.thrift.transport.TTransportException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class AsyncHostConnection implements WatchedNodeListener<HostState> {
+
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(AsyncHostConnection.class);
+
+  private final int establishConnectionTimeoutMs;
+  private final int queryTimeoutMs;
+  private final int bulkQueryTimeoutMs;
+  private final TAsyncClientManager asyncClientManager;
+  private final Host host;
+  private SocketChannel socket;
+  private TNonblockingTransport transport;
+  private PartitionServer.AsyncClient client;
+  // Note: state is volatile because it is read and written by different threads and we want to avoid the overhead
+  // of synchronize. Missing an update is fine in this case.
+  private volatile HostConnectionState state = HostConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+
+
+  private static enum HostConnectionState {
+    CONNECTED,
+    DISCONNECTED,
+    // STANDBY: we are waiting for the host to be SERVING
+    STANDBY
+  }
+
+  // A timeout of 0 means no timeout
+  public AsyncHostConnection(Host host,
+                             TAsyncClientManager asyncClientManager,
+                             int establishConnectionTimeoutMs,
+                             int queryTimeoutMs,
+                             int bulkQueryTimeoutMs) throws TException, IOException {
+    this.host = host;
+    this.establishConnectionTimeoutMs = establishConnectionTimeoutMs;
+    this.queryTimeoutMs = queryTimeoutMs;
+    this.bulkQueryTimeoutMs = bulkQueryTimeoutMs;
+    this.asyncClientManager = asyncClientManager;
+  }
+
+  public void get(int domainId, ByteBuffer key, HostConnectionGetCallback resultHandler) throws TException {
+    client.get(domainId, key, resultHandler);
+  }
+
+  public void getBulk(int domainId, List<ByteBuffer> keys, HostConnectionGetBulkCallback resultHandler) throws TException {
+    client.getBulk(domainId, keys, resultHandler);
+  }
+
+  Host getHost() {
+    return host;
+  }
+
+  boolean isAvailable() {
+    return state != HostConnectionState.STANDBY;
+  }
+
+  private boolean isDisconnected() {
+    return state == HostConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void connect() throws IOException {
+    connectNotSynchronized();
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void reconnect() throws IOException {
+    disconnectNotSynchronized();
+    connectNotSynchronized();
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void disconnectAndStandby() {
+    disconnectNotSynchronized();
+    state = HostConnectionState.STANDBY;
+  }
+
+  private void connectNotSynchronized() throws IOException {
+    if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      LOG.trace("Trying to connect to " + host.getAddress());
+    }
+    // Use connection timeout to connect
+    socket = SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress(host.getAddress().getHostName(),
+        host.getAddress().getPortNumber()));
+    transport = new TNonblockingSocket(socket);
+    try {
+      transport.open();
+      // Set socket timeout to regular mode
+      setSocketTimeout(queryTimeoutMs);
+    } catch (TTransportException e) {
+      LOG.error("Failed to establish connection to host " + host.getAddress(), e);
+      disconnectNotSynchronized();
+      throw new IOException("Failed to establish connection to host " + host.getAddress(), e);
+    }
+    TProtocolFactory factory = new TCompactProtocol.Factory();
+    client = new PartitionServer.AsyncClient(factory, asyncClientManager, transport);
+    if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      LOG.trace("Connection to " + host.getAddress() + " opened.");
+    }
+    state = HostConnectionState.CONNECTED;
+  }
+
+  private void disconnectNotSynchronized() {
+    if (transport != null) {
+      transport.close();
+    }
+    socket = null;
+    transport = null;
+    client = null;
+    state = HostConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+  }
+
+  private void setSocketTimeout(int timeout) throws IOException {
+    if (socket != null) {
+      try {
+        socket.socket().setSoTimeout(timeout);
+      } catch (SocketException e) {
+        throw new IOException("Failed to set socket timeout to " + timeout, e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onWatchedNodeChange(HostState hostState) {
+    if (hostState != null && hostState == HostState.SERVING) {
+      // Reconnect
+      try {
+        reconnect();
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        LOG.error("Error connecting to host " + host.getAddress(), e);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Disconnect and standby
+      disconnectAndStandby();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.rapleaf.hank.client.AsyncHostConnection.get` reads without synchronization from `this.com.rapleaf.hank.client.AsyncHostConnection.client`. Potentially races with write in method `AsyncHostConnection.connect()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AsyncHostConnection.get(int,ByteBuffer,HostConnectionGetCallback)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.client.AsyncHostConnection.get(int,java.nio.ByteBuffer,com.rapleaf.hank.client.Host.62fdcfc98b1e8511b15a62b96977147f
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/client/AsyncHostConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncHostConnection.java|get|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+692ab4fc6ef62a974f68c9bf738ccf7a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3194/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3194/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a8c83806fc0c5e6da5d884314c27df5d0a3827d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3194/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 54
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.rapleaf.hank.storage.curly;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.compress.BlockCompressionCodec;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.storage.Reader;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.storage.ReaderResult;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.util.*;
+import org.xerial.snappy.SnappyInputStream;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+public class CurlyReader implements Reader, ICurlyReader {
+
+  private final Reader keyFileReader;
+  private final int readBufferSize;
+  private final FileChannel recordFile;
+  private final int versionNumber;
+  private LruHashMap<ByteBuffer, ByteBuffer> cache;
+  private final BlockCompressionCodec blockCompressionCodec;
+  private final int offsetNumBytes;
+  private final int offsetInBlockNumBytes;
+  // Last decompressed block cache
+  private final boolean cacheLastDecompressedBlock;
+  private ByteBuffer lastDecompressedBlock;
+  private long lastDecompressedBlockOffset = -1;
+
+  private static class Buffers {
+
+    private UnsafeByteArrayOutputStream decompressionOutputStream;
+    private byte[] copyBuffer;
+
+    public Buffers() {
+      decompressionOutputStream = new UnsafeByteArrayOutputStream();
+      copyBuffer = new byte[IOStreamUtils.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE];
+    }
+
+    public UnsafeByteArrayOutputStream getDecompressionOutputStream() {
+      return decompressionOutputStream;
+    }
+
+    public byte[] getCopyBuffer() {
+      return copyBuffer;
+    }
+
+    public void reset() {
+      decompressionOutputStream.reset();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private final static ThreadLocal<Buffers> threadLocalBuffers = new ThreadLocal<Buffers>() {
+    @Override
+    public Buffers initialValue() {
+      return new Buffers();
+    }
+  };
+
+  public static CurlyFilePath getLatestBase(String partitionRoot) throws IOException {
+    SortedSet<CurlyFilePath> bases = Curly.getBases(partitionRoot);
+    if (bases == null || bases.size() == 0) {
+      throw new IOException("Could not detect any Curly base in " + partitionRoot);
+    }
+    return bases.last();
+  }
+
+  public CurlyReader(CurlyFilePath curlyFile,
+                     int recordFileReadBufferBytes,
+                     Reader keyFileReader,
+                     int cacheCapacity) throws IOException {
+    this(curlyFile, recordFileReadBufferBytes, keyFileReader, cacheCapacity, null, -1, -1, false);
+  }
+
+  public CurlyReader(CurlyFilePath curlyFile,
+                     int recordFileReadBufferBytes,
+                     Reader keyFileReader,
+                     int cacheCapacity,
+                     BlockCompressionCodec blockCompressionCodec,
+                     int offsetNumBytes,
+                     int offsetInBlockNumBytes,
+                     boolean cacheLastDecompressedBlock) throws IOException {
+    this.recordFile = new FileInputStream(curlyFile.getPath()).getChannel();
+    this.keyFileReader = keyFileReader;
+    this.readBufferSize = recordFileReadBufferBytes;
+    this.versionNumber = curlyFile.getVersion();
+    this.blockCompressionCodec = blockCompressionCodec;
+    this.offsetNumBytes = offsetNumBytes;
+    this.offsetInBlockNumBytes = offsetInBlockNumBytes;
+    this.cacheLastDecompressedBlock = cacheLastDecompressedBlock;
+    if (cacheCapacity > 0) {
+      this.cache = new LruHashMap<ByteBuffer, ByteBuffer>(0, cacheCapacity);
+    } else {
+      this.cache = null;
+    }
+    // Check that key file is at the same version
+    if (keyFileReader != null &&
+        keyFileReader.getVersionNumber() != null &&
+        !keyFileReader.getVersionNumber().equals(versionNumber)) {
+      throw new IOException("Curly Reader version (" + versionNumber
+          + ") does not match the provided key file Reader version (" + keyFileReader.getVersionNumber() + ")");
+    }
+    if (cacheLastDecompressedBlock) {
+      lastDecompressedBlock = ByteBuffer.allocate(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  // Note: the buffer in result must be at least readBufferSize long
+  public void readRecord(ByteBuffer location, ReaderResult result) throws IOException {
+    // Attempt to load value from the cache
+    if (cache != null && loadValueFromCache(location, result)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Deep copy the location if caching is activated, since result might point to location and overwrite it
+    ByteBuffer locationDeepCopy = cache != null ? Bytes.byteBufferDeepCopy(location) : null;
+    if (blockCompressionCodec == null) {
+      // When not using block compression, location just contains an offset. Decode it.
+      long recordFileOffset = EncodingHelper.decodeLittleEndianFixedWidthLong(location);
+      // Directly read record into result
+      readRecordAtOffset(recordFileOffset, result);
+    } else {
+      // When using block compression, location contains the block's offset and an offset in the block. Decode them.
+      long recordFileBlockOffset = EncodingHelper.decodeLittleEndianFixedWidthLong(location.array(),
+          location.arrayOffset() + location.position(), offsetNumBytes);
+      long offsetInBlock = EncodingHelper.decodeLittleEndianFixedWidthLong(location.array(),
+          location.arrayOffset() + location.position() + offsetNumBytes, offsetInBlockNumBytes);
+
+      ByteBuffer decompressedBlockByteBuffer;
+      if (cacheLastDecompressedBlock && lastDecompressedBlockOffset == recordFileBlockOffset) {
+        // This block has been decompressed just before, reuse it
+        decompressedBlockByteBuffer = lastDecompressedBlock;
+      } else {
+        // Read in the compressed block into the result
+        readRecordAtOffset(recordFileBlockOffset, result);
+        // Decompress block
+        decompressedBlockByteBuffer = decompressBlock(result.getBuffer());
+        // Cache the decompressed block if requested
+        if (cacheLastDecompressedBlock) {
+          lastDecompressedBlockOffset = recordFileBlockOffset;
+          lastDecompressedBlock = Bytes.byteBufferDeepCopy(decompressedBlockByteBuffer, lastDecompressedBlock);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Position ourselves at the beginning of the actual value
+      decompressedBlockByteBuffer.position((int) offsetInBlock);
+      // Determine result value size
+      int valueSize = EncodingHelper.decodeLittleEndianVarInt(decompressedBlockByteBuffer);
+
+      // Copy decompressed result into final result buffer
+      result.requiresBufferSize(valueSize);
+      result.getBuffer().clear();
+      // We can exactly wrap our value
+      result.getBuffer().put(
+          decompressedBlockByteBuffer.array(),
+          decompressedBlockByteBuffer.arrayOffset() + decompressedBlockByteBuffer.position(),
+          valueSize);
+      result.getBuffer().flip();
+    }
+    // Store result in cache if needed
+    if (cache != null) {
+      addValueToCache(locationDeepCopy, result.getBuffer());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private ByteBuffer decompressBlock(ByteBuffer block) throws IOException {
+    Buffers buffers = threadLocalBuffers.get();
+    buffers.reset();
+    // Decompress the block
+    InputStream blockInputStream =
+        new ByteArrayInputStream(block.array(), block.arrayOffset() + block.position(), block.remaining());
+    // Build an InputStream corresponding to the compression codec
+    InputStream decompressedBlockInputStream = getBlockCompressionInputStream(blockInputStream);
+    // Decompress into the specialized result buffer
+    IOStreamUtils.copy(decompressedBlockInputStream, buffers.getDecompressionOutputStream(), buffers.getCopyBuffer());
+    decompressedBlockInputStream.close();
+    return buffers.getDecompressionOutputStream().getByteBuffer();
+  }
+
+  private InputStream getBlockCompressionInputStream(InputStream blockInputStream) throws IOException {
+    switch (blockCompressionCodec) {
+      case GZIP:
+        return new GZIPInputStream(blockInputStream);
+      case SNAPPY:
+        return new SnappyInputStream(blockInputStream);
+      case SLOW_NO_COMPRESSION:
+        return new BufferedInputStream(blockInputStream);
+      default:
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unknown block compression codec: " + blockCompressionCodec);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Note: the buffer in result must be at least readBufferSize long
+  private void readRecordAtOffset(long recordFileOffset, ReaderResult result) throws IOException {
+    // Let's reset the buffer so we can do our read.
+    result.getBuffer().rewind();
+    // the buffer is already at least this big, so we'll extend it back out.
+    result.getBuffer().limit(readBufferSize);
+
+    // TODO: it does seem like there's a chance that this could return too few
+    // bytes to do the varint decoding.
+    recordFile.read(result.getBuffer(), recordFileOffset);
+    result.getBuffer().rewind();
+    int recordSize = EncodingHelper.decodeLittleEndianVarInt(result.getBuffer());
+
+    // now we know how many bytes to read. do the second read to get the data.
+
+    int bytesInRecordSize = result.getBuffer().position();
+
+    // we may already have read the entire value in during our first read. we
+    // can tell this if the remainin() is >= the record size.
+    if (result.getBuffer().remaining() < recordSize) {
+      // hm, looks like we didn't read the whole value the first time. bummer.
+      // the good news is that we *do* know how much to read this time. the
+      // new size we select is big enough to hold this value and its varint
+      // size. note that we won't actually be reading the varint part again -
+      // we only do this size adjustment to help prevent the next under-read
+      // from requiring a buffer resize.
+      int newSize = recordSize + EncodingHelper.MAX_VARINT_SIZE;
+      // resize the buffer
+      result.requiresBufferSize(newSize);
+      result.getBuffer().position(0);
+      result.getBuffer().limit(recordSize);
+
+      // read until we've either run out of bytes or gotten the entire record
+      int bytesRead = 0;
+      while (bytesRead < recordSize) {
+        // since we're using the stateless version of read(), we have to keep
+        // moving the offset pointer ourselves
+        int bytesReadTemp = recordFile.read(result.getBuffer(), recordFileOffset
+            + bytesInRecordSize + bytesRead);
+
+        if (bytesReadTemp == -1) {
+          // hm, actually, i think this is an error case!
+          break;
+        }
+
+        bytesRead += bytesReadTemp;
+      }
+      // we're done reading, so position back to beginning of buffer
+      result.getBuffer().position(0);
+    }
+    // the value should start at buffer.position() and go for recordSize
+    // bytes, so limit it appropriately.
+    result.getBuffer().limit(recordSize + result.getBuffer().position());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void get(ByteBuffer key, ReaderResult result) throws IOException {
+    // we want at least readBufferSize bytes of available space. we might resize
+    // again later.
+    result.requiresBufferSize(readBufferSize);
+
+    // ask the keyfile for this key
+    keyFileReader.get(key, result);
+
+    // if the key is found, then we are prepared to do the second lookup.
+    if (result.isFound()) {
+      // now we know where to look
+      readRecord(result.getBuffer(), result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Integer getVersionNumber() {
+    return versionNumber;
+  }
+
+  // Note: location should already be a deep copy that won't get modified
+  private void addValueToCache(ByteBuffer location, ByteBuffer value) {
+    synchronized (cache) {
+      cache.put(location, Bytes.byteBufferDeepCopy(value));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Return true if managed to read the corresponding value from the cache and into result
+  private boolean loadValueFromCache(ByteBuffer location, ReaderResult result) {
+    ByteBuffer value;
+    synchronized (cache) {
+      value = cache.get(location);
+    }
+    if (value != null) {
+      result.deepCopyIntoResultBuffer(value);
+      result.found();
+      result.setL2CacheHit(true);
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    if (recordFile != null) {
+      recordFile.close();
+    }
+    if (keyFileReader != null) {
+      keyFileReader.close();
+    }
+    cache = null;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.xerial.snappy.SnappyInputStream` acquired by call to `getBlockCompressionInputStream(...)` at line 189 is not released after line 193.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 191
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ByteBuffer CurlyReader.decompressBlock(ByteBuffer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.storage.curly.CurlyReader.decompressBlock(java.nio.ByteBuffer):java.nio.ByteBuffer.815d8f57dcc79e0742b35d8ef700d2a2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/rapleaf/hank/storage/curly/CurlyReader.java
+
+### Key:
+CurlyReader.java|decompressBlock|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+2311391193e92c9c24c7aa6ff26082d6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3306/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3306/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90c9205965d9460d6e8ff28f0adeeb31d0d164f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3306/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Moss
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.xujin.moss.client.endpoint;
+
+import org.xujin.moss.client.model.HaloMetricResponse;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Meter;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.MeterRegistry;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Statistic;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Tag;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.composite.CompositeMeterRegistry;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.InvalidEndpointRequestException;
+import org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.annotation.Endpoint;
+import org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.annotation.ReadOperation;
+import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
+import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
+
+import java.lang.management.GarbageCollectorMXBean;
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.lang.management.MemoryUsage;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * 获取用于展示数据的端点
+ * @author xujin
+ */
+@Endpoint(id = "metricsInfo")
+public class MossMetricsEndpoint {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private MeterRegistry registry;
+
+    private void collectNames(Set<String> names, MeterRegistry registry) {
+        if (registry instanceof CompositeMeterRegistry) {
+            ((CompositeMeterRegistry) registry).getRegistries()
+                    .forEach((member) -> collectNames(names, member));
+        }
+        else {
+            registry.getMeters().stream().map(this::getName).forEach(names::add);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getName(Meter meter) {
+        return meter.getId().getName();
+    }
+
+    @ReadOperation
+    public HaloMetricResponse HaloMetric() {
+        HaloMetricResponse haloMetricResponse=new HaloMetricResponse();
+        MetricResponse jvmThreadsLive=metric("jvm.threads.live",null);
+        haloMetricResponse.setJvmThreadslive(String.valueOf(jvmThreadsLive.getMeasurements().get(0).getValue()));
+        MetricResponse jvmNemoryUsedHeap=metric("jvm.memory.used", Arrays.asList("area:heap") );
+        haloMetricResponse.setJvmMemoryUsedHeap(String.valueOf(jvmNemoryUsedHeap.getMeasurements().get(0).getValue()));
+        MetricResponse jvmNemoryUsedNonHeap=metric("jvm.memory.used", Arrays.asList("area:nonheap") );
+        haloMetricResponse.setJvmMemoryUsedNonHeap(String.valueOf(jvmNemoryUsedNonHeap.getMeasurements().get(0).getValue()));
+
+        MetricResponse systemLoadAverage=metric("system.load.average.1m", null );
+        haloMetricResponse.setSystemloadAverage(String.valueOf(systemLoadAverage.getMeasurements().get(0).getValue()));
+
+        MetricResponse heapCommitted=metric("jvm.memory.committed", Arrays.asList("area:heap") );
+        haloMetricResponse.setHeapCommitted(String.valueOf(heapCommitted.getMeasurements().get(0).getValue()));
+        MetricResponse nonheapCommitted=metric("jvm.memory.committed", Arrays.asList("area:nonheap") );
+        haloMetricResponse.setNonheapCommitted(String.valueOf(nonheapCommitted.getMeasurements().get(0).getValue()));
+
+        MetricResponse heapMax=metric("jvm.memory.max", Arrays.asList("area:heap") );
+        haloMetricResponse.setHeapMax(String.valueOf(heapMax.getMeasurements().get(0).getValue()));
+
+
+        getGcinfo(haloMetricResponse);
+        MemoryUsage memoryUsage = ManagementFactory.getMemoryMXBean()
+                .getHeapMemoryUsage();
+        haloMetricResponse.setHeapInit(String.valueOf(memoryUsage.getInit()));
+        Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
+        haloMetricResponse.setProcessors(String.valueOf(runtime.availableProcessors()));
+        return haloMetricResponse;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 兼容Java 8和Java 10获取GC信息
+     * @param haloMetricResponse
+     */
+    private void getGcinfo(HaloMetricResponse haloMetricResponse) {
+        List<GarbageCollectorMXBean> garbageCollectorMxBeans = ManagementFactory.getGarbageCollectorMXBeans();
+        for (GarbageCollectorMXBean garbageCollectorMXBean : garbageCollectorMxBeans) {
+            String name = beautifyGcName(garbageCollectorMXBean.getName());
+            String gcCount="gc." + name + ".count";
+            String gcTime="gc." + name + ".time";
+            if(gcCount.equals("gc.ps_scavenge.count")||gcCount.equals("gc.g1_young_generation.count")){
+                haloMetricResponse.setGcPsScavengeCount(String.valueOf(garbageCollectorMXBean.getCollectionCount()));
+            }
+            if(gcTime.equals("gc.ps_scavenge.time")||gcTime.equals("gc.g1_young_generation.time")){
+                 haloMetricResponse.setGcPsScavengeTime(String.valueOf(garbageCollectorMXBean.getCollectionTime()));
+            }
+            if(gcCount.equals("gc.ps_marksweep.count")||gcCount.equals("gc.g1_old_generation.count")){
+                haloMetricResponse.setGcPsMarksweepCount(String.valueOf(garbageCollectorMXBean.getCollectionCount()));
+            }
+            if(gcTime.equals("gc.ps_marksweep.time")||gcTime.equals("gc.g1_old_generation.time")){
+                haloMetricResponse.setGcPsMarksweepTime(String.valueOf(garbageCollectorMXBean.getCollectionTime()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String beautifyGcName(String name) {
+        return StringUtils.replace(name, " ", "_").toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    public MetricResponse metric(String requiredMetricName, @Nullable List<String> tag) {
+        List<Tag> tags = parseTags(tag);
+        Collection<Meter> meters = findFirstMatchingMeters(this.registry,
+                requiredMetricName, tags);
+        if (meters.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Map<Statistic, Double> samples = getSamples(meters);
+        Map<String, Set<String>> availableTags = getAvailableTags(meters);
+        tags.forEach((t) -> availableTags.remove(t.getKey()));
+        Meter.Id meterId = meters.iterator().next().getId();
+        return new MetricResponse(requiredMetricName, meterId.getDescription(),
+                meterId.getBaseUnit(), asList(samples, Sample::new),
+                asList(availableTags, AvailableTag::new));
+
+
+    }
+
+    private List<Tag> parseTags(List<String> tags) {
+        if (tags == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        return tags.stream().map(this::parseTag).collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+
+    private Tag parseTag(String tag) {
+        String[] parts = tag.split(":", 2);
+        if (parts.length != 2) {
+            throw new InvalidEndpointRequestException(
+                    "Each tag parameter must be in the form 'key:value' but was: " + tag,
+                    "Each tag parameter must be in the form 'key:value'");
+        }
+        return Tag.of(parts[0], parts[1]);
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Meter> findFirstMatchingMeters(MeterRegistry registry, String name,
+                                                      Iterable<Tag> tags) {
+        if (registry instanceof CompositeMeterRegistry) {
+            return findFirstMatchingMeters((CompositeMeterRegistry) registry, name, tags);
+        }
+        return registry.find(name).tags(tags).meters();
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Meter> findFirstMatchingMeters(CompositeMeterRegistry composite,
+                                                      String name, Iterable<Tag> tags) {
+        return composite.getRegistries().stream()
+                .map((registry) -> findFirstMatchingMeters(registry, name, tags))
+                .filter((matching) -> !matching.isEmpty()).findFirst()
+                .orElse(Collections.emptyList());
+    }
+
+    private Map<Statistic, Double> getSamples(Collection<Meter> meters) {
+        Map<Statistic, Double> samples = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        meters.forEach((meter) -> mergeMeasurements(samples, meter));
+        return samples;
+    }
+
+    private void mergeMeasurements(Map<Statistic, Double> samples, Meter meter) {
+        meter.measure().forEach((measurement) -> samples.merge(measurement.getStatistic(),
+                measurement.getValue(), mergeFunction(measurement.getStatistic())));
+    }
+
+    private BiFunction<Double, Double, Double> mergeFunction(Statistic statistic) {
+        return Statistic.MAX.equals(statistic) ? Double::max : Double::sum;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Set<String>> getAvailableTags(Collection<Meter> meters) {
+        Map<String, Set<String>> availableTags = new HashMap<>();
+        meters.forEach((meter) -> mergeAvailableTags(availableTags, meter));
+        return availableTags;
+    }
+
+    private void mergeAvailableTags(Map<String, Set<String>> availableTags, Meter meter) {
+        meter.getId().getTags().forEach((tag) -> {
+            Set<String> value = Collections.singleton(tag.getValue());
+            availableTags.merge(tag.getKey(), value, this::merge);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private <T> Set<T> merge(Set<T> set1, Set<T> set2) {
+        Set<T> result = new HashSet<>(set1.size() + set2.size());
+        result.addAll(set1);
+        result.addAll(set2);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private <K, V, T> List<T> asList(Map<K, V> map, BiFunction<K, V, T> mapper) {
+        return map.entrySet().stream()
+                .map((entry) -> mapper.apply(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Response payload for a metric name listing.
+     */
+    public static final class ListNamesResponse {
+
+        private final Set<String> names;
+
+        ListNamesResponse(Set<String> names) {
+            this.names = names;
+        }
+
+        public Set<String> getNames() {
+            return this.names;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Response payload for a metric name selector.
+     */
+    public static final class MetricResponse {
+
+        private final String name;
+
+        private final String description;
+
+        private final String baseUnit;
+
+        private final List<Sample> measurements;
+
+        private final List<AvailableTag> availableTags;
+
+        MetricResponse(String name, String description, String baseUnit,
+                       List<Sample> measurements, List<AvailableTag> availableTags) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.description = description;
+            this.baseUnit = baseUnit;
+            this.measurements = measurements;
+            this.availableTags = availableTags;
+        }
+
+        public String getName() {
+            return this.name;
+        }
+
+        public String getDescription() {
+            return this.description;
+        }
+
+        public String getBaseUnit() {
+            return this.baseUnit;
+        }
+
+        public List<Sample> getMeasurements() {
+            return this.measurements;
+        }
+
+        public List<AvailableTag> getAvailableTags() {
+            return this.availableTags;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A set of tags for further dimensional drilldown and their potential values.
+     */
+    public static final class AvailableTag {
+
+        private final String tag;
+
+        private final Set<String> values;
+
+        AvailableTag(String tag, Set<String> values) {
+            this.tag = tag;
+            this.values = values;
+        }
+
+        public String getTag() {
+            return this.tag;
+        }
+
+        public Set<String> getValues() {
+            return this.values;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A measurement sample combining a {@link Statistic statistic} and a value.
+     */
+    public static final class Sample {
+
+        private final Statistic statistic;
+
+        private final Double value;
+
+        Sample(Statistic statistic, Double value) {
+            this.statistic = statistic;
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+
+        public Statistic getStatistic() {
+            return this.statistic;
+        }
+
+        public Double getValue() {
+            return this.value;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "MeasurementSample{" + "statistic=" + this.statistic + ", value="
+                    + this.value + '}';
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `systemLoadAverage` last assigned on line 57 could be null and is dereferenced at line 58.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HaloMetricResponse MossMetricsEndpoint.HaloMetric()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.xujin.moss.client.endpoint.MossMetricsEndpoint.HaloMetric():org.xujin.moss.client.model.HaloMetr.109f5e3243d05fc4fdff54934e94ebb3
+
+### File:
+moss-client/moss-client-2.x/src/main/java/org/xujin/moss/client/endpoint/MossMetricsEndpoint.java
+
+### Key:
+MossMetricsEndpoint.java|HaloMetric|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+565d811b3efb4a053138a53809c8591f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3308/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3308/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c7f1e6e82a616c77373ad8bdf5a14767cc625e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3308/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-maven-plugins
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+ * Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for
+ * license information.
+ */
+
+package com.microsoft.azure.maven.function;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectWriter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature;
+import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
+import com.google.gson.JsonParser;
+import com.microsoft.applicationinsights.core.dependencies.apachecommons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.Utils;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.bindings.BindingEnum;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.configurations.FunctionConfiguration;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.handlers.AnnotationHandler;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.handlers.AnnotationHandlerImpl;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.handlers.CommandHandler;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.handlers.CommandHandlerImpl;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.handlers.FunctionCoreToolsHandler;
+import com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.handlers.FunctionCoreToolsHandlerImpl;
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.BOMInputStream;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.DependencyResolutionRequiredException;
+import org.apache.maven.model.Resource;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.LifecyclePhase;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Mojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.ResolutionScope;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Generate configuration files (host.json, function.json etc.) and copy JARs to staging directory.
+ */
+@Mojo(name = "package", defaultPhase = LifecyclePhase.PACKAGE,
+        requiresDependencyResolution = ResolutionScope.COMPILE)
+public class PackageMojo extends AbstractFunctionMojo {
+    public static final String SEARCH_FUNCTIONS = "Step 1 of 7: Searching for Azure Functions entry points";
+    public static final String FOUND_FUNCTIONS = " Azure Functions entry point(s) found.";
+    public static final String NO_FUNCTIONS = "Azure Functions entry point not found, plugin will exit.";
+    public static final String GENERATE_CONFIG = "Step 2 of 7: Generating Azure Functions configurations";
+    public static final String GENERATE_SKIP = "No Azure Functions found. Skip configuration generation.";
+    public static final String GENERATE_DONE = "Generation done.";
+    public static final String VALIDATE_CONFIG = "Step 3 of 7: Validating generated configurations";
+    public static final String VALIDATE_SKIP = "No configurations found. Skip validation.";
+    public static final String VALIDATE_DONE = "Validation done.";
+    public static final String SAVE_HOST_JSON = "Step 4 of 7: Saving empty host.json";
+    public static final String SAVE_FUNCTION_JSONS = "Step 5 of 7: Saving configurations to function.json";
+    public static final String SAVE_SKIP = "No configurations found. Skip save.";
+    public static final String SAVE_FUNCTION_JSON = "Starting processing function: ";
+    public static final String SAVE_SUCCESS = "Successfully saved to ";
+    public static final String COPY_JARS = "Step 6 of 7: Copying JARs to staging directory";
+    public static final String COPY_SUCCESS = "Copied successfully.";
+    public static final String INSTALL_EXTENSIONS = "Step 7 of 7: Installing function extensions if needed";
+    public static final String SKIP_INSTALL_EXTENSIONS_HTTP = "Skip install Function extension for HTTP Trigger Functions";
+    public static final String INSTALL_EXTENSIONS_FINISH = "Function extension installation done.";
+    public static final String BUILD_SUCCESS = "Successfully built Azure Functions.";
+
+    public static final String FUNCTION_JSON = "function.json";
+    public static final String HOST_JSON = "host.json";
+    public static final String EXTENSION_BUNDLE = "extensionBundle";
+
+    private static final BindingEnum[] FUNCTION_WITHOUT_FUNCTION_EXTENSION =
+        {BindingEnum.HttpOutput, BindingEnum.HttpTrigger};
+    public static final String EXTENSION_BUNDLE_ID = "Microsoft.Azure.Functions.ExtensionBundle";
+    public static final String SKIP_INSTALL_EXTENSIONS_BUNDLE = "Extension bundle specified, skip install extension";
+    //region Entry Point
+
+    @Override
+    protected void doExecute() throws Exception {
+        final AnnotationHandler annotationHandler = getAnnotationHandler();
+
+        final Set<Method> methods = findAnnotatedMethods(annotationHandler);
+
+        if (methods.size() == 0) {
+            info(NO_FUNCTIONS);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Map<String, FunctionConfiguration> configMap = getFunctionConfigurations(annotationHandler, methods);
+
+        validateFunctionConfigurations(configMap);
+
+        final ObjectWriter objectWriter = getObjectWriter();
+
+        writeEmptyHostJsonFile(objectWriter);
+
+        writeFunctionJsonFiles(objectWriter, configMap);
+
+        copyJarsToStageDirectory();
+
+        final CommandHandler commandHandler = new CommandHandlerImpl(this.getLog());
+        final FunctionCoreToolsHandler functionCoreToolsHandler = getFunctionCoreToolsHandler(commandHandler);
+        final Set<BindingEnum> bindingClasses = this.getFunctionBindingEnums(configMap);
+
+        installExtension(functionCoreToolsHandler, bindingClasses);
+
+        info(BUILD_SUCCESS);
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Process annotations
+
+    protected AnnotationHandler getAnnotationHandler() {
+        return new AnnotationHandlerImpl(getLog());
+    }
+
+    protected Set<Method> findAnnotatedMethods(final AnnotationHandler handler) throws Exception {
+        info("");
+        info(SEARCH_FUNCTIONS);
+        Set<Method> functions;
+        try {
+            debug("ClassPath to resolve: " + getTargetClassUrl());
+            final List<URL> dependencyWithTargetClass = getDependencyArtifactUrls();
+            dependencyWithTargetClass.add(getTargetClassUrl());
+            functions = handler.findFunctions(dependencyWithTargetClass);
+        } catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+            // fallback to reflect through artifact url, for shaded project(fat jar)
+            debug("ClassPath to resolve: " + getArtifactUrl());
+            functions = handler.findFunctions(Arrays.asList(getArtifactUrl()));
+        }
+        info(functions.size() + FOUND_FUNCTIONS);
+        return functions;
+    }
+
+    protected URL getArtifactUrl() throws Exception {
+        return this.getProject().getArtifact().getFile().toURI().toURL();
+    }
+
+    protected URL getTargetClassUrl() throws Exception {
+        return outputDirectory.toURI().toURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return URLs for the classpath with compile scope needed jars
+     */
+    protected List<URL> getDependencyArtifactUrls() {
+        final List<URL> urlList = new ArrayList<>();
+        final List<String> compileClasspathElements = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            compileClasspathElements.addAll(this.getProject().getCompileClasspathElements());
+        } catch (DependencyResolutionRequiredException e) {
+            debug("Failed to resolve dependencies for compile scope, exception: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+        for (final String element : compileClasspathElements) {
+            final File f = new File(element);
+            try {
+                urlList.add(f.toURI().toURL());
+            } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                debug("Failed to get URL for file: " + f.toString());
+            }
+        }
+        return urlList;
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Generate function configurations
+
+    protected Map<String, FunctionConfiguration> getFunctionConfigurations(final AnnotationHandler handler,
+                                                                           final Set<Method> methods) throws Exception {
+        info("");
+        info(GENERATE_CONFIG);
+        final Map<String, FunctionConfiguration> configMap = handler.generateConfigurations(methods);
+        if (configMap.size() == 0) {
+            info(GENERATE_SKIP);
+        } else {
+            final String scriptFilePath = getScriptFilePath();
+            configMap.values().forEach(config -> config.setScriptFile(scriptFilePath));
+            info(GENERATE_DONE);
+        }
+
+        return configMap;
+    }
+
+    protected String getScriptFilePath() {
+        return new StringBuilder()
+                .append("..")
+                .append(File.separator)
+                .append(getFinalName())
+                .append(".jar")
+                .toString();
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Validate function configurations
+
+    protected void validateFunctionConfigurations(final Map<String, FunctionConfiguration> configMap) {
+        info("");
+        info(VALIDATE_CONFIG);
+        if (configMap.size() == 0) {
+            info(VALIDATE_SKIP);
+        } else {
+            configMap.values().forEach(config -> config.validate());
+            info(VALIDATE_DONE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Write configurations (host.json, function.json) to file
+
+    protected void writeFunctionJsonFiles(final ObjectWriter objectWriter,
+                                          final Map<String, FunctionConfiguration> configMap) throws IOException {
+        info("");
+        info(SAVE_FUNCTION_JSONS);
+        if (configMap.size() == 0) {
+            info(SAVE_SKIP);
+        } else {
+            for (final Map.Entry<String, FunctionConfiguration> config : configMap.entrySet()) {
+                writeFunctionJsonFile(objectWriter, config.getKey(), config.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void writeFunctionJsonFile(final ObjectWriter objectWriter, final String functionName,
+                                         final FunctionConfiguration config) throws IOException {
+        info(SAVE_FUNCTION_JSON + functionName);
+        final File functionJsonFile = Paths.get(getDeploymentStagingDirectoryPath(),
+                functionName, FUNCTION_JSON).toFile();
+        writeObjectToFile(objectWriter, config, functionJsonFile);
+        info(SAVE_SUCCESS + functionJsonFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    protected void writeEmptyHostJsonFile(final ObjectWriter objectWriter) throws IOException {
+        info("");
+        info(SAVE_HOST_JSON);
+        final File hostJsonFile = Paths.get(getDeploymentStagingDirectoryPath(), HOST_JSON).toFile();
+        writeObjectToFile(objectWriter, new Object(), hostJsonFile);
+        info(SAVE_SUCCESS + hostJsonFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    protected void writeObjectToFile(final ObjectWriter objectWriter, final Object object, final File targetFile)
+            throws IOException {
+        targetFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        targetFile.createNewFile();
+        objectWriter.writeValue(targetFile, object);
+    }
+
+    protected ObjectWriter getObjectWriter() {
+        return new ObjectMapper()
+                .configure(SerializationFeature.FAIL_ON_EMPTY_BEANS, false)
+                .writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter();
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Copy Jars to stage directory
+
+    protected void copyJarsToStageDirectory() throws IOException {
+        final String stagingDirectory = getDeploymentStagingDirectoryPath();
+        info("");
+        info(COPY_JARS + stagingDirectory);
+        Utils.copyResources(
+                getProject(),
+                getSession(),
+                getMavenResourcesFiltering(),
+                getResources(),
+                stagingDirectory);
+        info(COPY_SUCCESS);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Resource> getResources() {
+        final Resource resource = new Resource();
+        resource.setDirectory(getBuildDirectoryAbsolutePath());
+        resource.setTargetPath("/");
+        resource.setFiltering(false);
+        resource.setIncludes(Arrays.asList("*.jar"));
+        return Arrays.asList(resource);
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Azure Functions Core Tools task
+
+    protected FunctionCoreToolsHandler getFunctionCoreToolsHandler(final CommandHandler commandHandler) {
+        return new FunctionCoreToolsHandlerImpl(this, commandHandler);
+    }
+
+    protected void installExtension(final FunctionCoreToolsHandler handler,
+                                    Set<BindingEnum> bindingEnums) throws Exception {
+        info(INSTALL_EXTENSIONS);
+        if (!isInstallingExtensionNeeded(bindingEnums)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        handler.installExtension();
+        info(INSTALL_EXTENSIONS_FINISH);
+    }
+
+    protected Set<BindingEnum> getFunctionBindingEnums(Map<String, FunctionConfiguration> configMap) {
+        final Set<BindingEnum> result = new HashSet<>();
+        configMap.values().forEach(configuration -> configuration.getBindings().
+                forEach(binding -> result.add(binding.getBindingEnum())));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isInstallingExtensionNeeded(Set<BindingEnum> bindingTypes) {
+        final JsonObject hostJson = readHostJson();
+        final JsonObject extensionBundle = hostJson.getAsJsonObject(EXTENSION_BUNDLE);
+        if (extensionBundle != null && extensionBundle.has("id") &&
+                StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(extensionBundle.get("id").getAsString(), EXTENSION_BUNDLE_ID)) {
+            getLog().info(SKIP_INSTALL_EXTENSIONS_BUNDLE);
+            return false;
+        }
+        final boolean isNonHttpTriggersExist = bindingTypes.stream().anyMatch(binding ->
+                !Arrays.asList(FUNCTION_WITHOUT_FUNCTION_EXTENSION).contains(binding));
+        if (!isNonHttpTriggersExist) {
+            getLog().info(SKIP_INSTALL_EXTENSIONS_HTTP);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    protected JsonObject readHostJson() {
+        final JsonParser parser = new JsonParser();
+        final File hostJson = new File(project.getBasedir(), HOST_JSON);
+        try (final FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(hostJson);
+             final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new BOMInputStream(fis))) {
+            final String jsonRaw = scanner.useDelimiter("\\Z").next();
+            return parser.parse(jsonRaw).getAsJsonObject();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    // end region
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `hostJson` last assigned on line 315 could be null and is dereferenced at line 316.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean PackageMojo.isInstallingExtensionNeeded(Set)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.microsoft.azure.maven.function.PackageMojo.isInstallingExtensionNeeded(java.util.Set):boolean.ef95b64b434fed48629d0f6e1aa6a2b0
+
+### File:
+azure-functions-maven-plugin/src/main/java/com/microsoft/azure/maven/function/PackageMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+PackageMojo.java|isInstallingExtensionNeeded|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18086a76ec6f499138a84f176568ec09
+
+### Hash:
+730b9ec4703ef6c8af2f7d11e080517e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3330/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3330/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98b6fe95d6a6c39ab581cb020275be1b3b5f0761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3330/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1312 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ * 
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test {
+
+    private final Random _random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the _random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this._random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the isStringBase64 method.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsStringBase64() {
+        String nullString = null;
+        String emptyString = "";
+        String validString = "abc===defg\n\r123456\r789\r\rABC\n\nDEF==GHI\r\nJKL==============";
+        String invalidString = validString + ((char)0); // append null character
+        
+        try {
+            Base64.isBase64(nullString);
+            fail("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            assertNotNull("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.", npe);
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(empty-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(emptyString));
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(valid-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(validString));        
+        assertFalse("Base64.isStringBase64(invalid-string) is false", Base64.isBase64(invalidString));        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64() {
+        String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually) {e-acute*6}
+        byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertTrue("decode hello world", decodeString.equals("Hello World"));        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger1() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger4() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'}); // TODO do we need to check sep if len = -1?
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+        assertNotNull(base64);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length == 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes("UTF-8");
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertTrue("Dest string doesn't equal the original", dest.equals(orig));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + (new String(enc)) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec112() { // size calculation assumes always chunked
+        byte[] in = new byte[] {0};
+        byte[] out=Base64.encodeBase64(in);
+        Base64.encodeBase64(in, false, false, out.length);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownDecodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownEncodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertTrue("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    result.length == 0);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(Integer.valueOf(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertTrue("dest string does not equal original", dest.equals(original));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object origObj = original.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertTrue("dest string does not equal original", dest.equals(original));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+    
+    private void testDecodeEncode(String encodedText) {
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+    
+    private void testEncodeDecode(String plainText) {
+        String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     * 
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        byte[] b3 = null;
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        String s2 = "";
+        String s3 = null;
+        String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(byte[] data) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests a lineSeparator much bigger than DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/commons-dev/201202.mbox/%3C4F3C85D7.5060706@snafu.de%3E">dev@commons.apache.org</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testHugeLineSeparator() {
+        final int BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
+        final int Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK = 4;
+        byte[] baLineSeparator = new byte[BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE * 4 - 3];
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK, baLineSeparator);
+        String strOriginal = "Hello World";
+        String strDecoded = new String(b64.decode(b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(strOriginal))));
+        assertTrue("testDEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", strOriginal.equals(strDecoded));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `encodedContent` last assigned on line 83 could be null and is dereferenced at line 84.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testBase64()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testBase64():void.23a85d00ab5408808eb77181b633e915
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testBase64|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+79b337681cb7a7ea88ea58733c17ccad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3337/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3337/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7f745d69452d515664ccaa87f36cb7419ccb3c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3337/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Id $
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+public class Base64InputStreamTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes to {0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255}
+     */
+    private static final String ENCODED_B64 = "AAAA////";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base64OutputStream base64os = new Base64OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base64os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base64os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base64InputStream ins = new Base64InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0 because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+        int c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+
+        c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     *
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base64InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     *
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+        String line = br.readLine();
+        assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+        Base64InputStream stream = new Base64InputStream(data);
+
+        // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+
+        String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("codec-98 NPE Base64InputStream", Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(1, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase64EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base64InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping number of characters larger than the internal buffer.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipBig() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.skip(0));
+        b64stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, (byte) 255, (byte) 255, (byte) 255 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(6));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if negative arguments to skip are handled correctly.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSkipWrongArgument() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        b64stream.skip(-10);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStream` acquired to `b64stream` by call to `Base64InputStream(...)` at line 487 is not released after line 491.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64InputStreamTest.testSkipBig()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testSkipBig():void.8db172aa3b6fdaa7d60f06962503a7b9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64InputStreamTest.java|testSkipBig|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+95e6f2e2d132acb3f16b6a9912fbacac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3339/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3339/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8197287b965c70d79695c8309198808fad0c7d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3339/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Id $
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+public class Base64InputStreamTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes to {0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255}
+     */
+    private static final String ENCODED_B64 = "AAAA////";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base64OutputStream base64os = new Base64OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base64os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base64os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base64InputStream ins = new Base64InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0 because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+        int c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+
+        c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     *
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base64InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     *
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+        String line = br.readLine();
+        assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+        Base64InputStream stream = new Base64InputStream(data);
+
+        // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+
+        String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("codec-98 NPE Base64InputStream", Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(1, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase64EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base64InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping number of characters larger than the internal buffer.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipBig() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.skip(0));
+        b64stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, (byte) 255, (byte) 255, (byte) 255 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(6));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if negative arguments to skip are handled correctly.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSkipWrongArgument() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        b64stream.skip(-10);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 130 is not released after line 132.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader():void.22898544a4e53200c89c4e6be4457e56
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64InputStreamTest.java|testInputStreamReader|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+947394fd57fbf2cce76c3631e370b897
+
+### Hash:
+75e32d803eacb9c895feeaada012775c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3341/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3341/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4eb05e748570a50c9bd1748b70916ee9c1965b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3341/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class Base32InputStreamTest {
+
+    private static final String ENCODED_FOO = "MZXW6===";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base32OutputStream base32os = new Base32OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base32os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base32os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base32InputStream ins = new Base32InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // /**
+    // * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0
+    // * because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+    // *
+    // * @throws Exception for some failure scenarios.
+    // */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+    // Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bais);
+    // byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+    // int c = in.read(result);
+    // assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+    //
+    // c = in.read(result);
+    // assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     *
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base32InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     *
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+    // Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bais);
+    // InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+    // BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+    // String line = br.readLine();
+    // assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base32InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+    // Base32InputStream stream = new Base32InputStream(data);
+    //
+    // // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+    // byte[] decodedBytes = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+    //
+    // String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+    // assertEquals(
+    // "codec-98 NPE Base32InputStream", Base32TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded
+    // );
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(1, b32stream.available());
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(0, b32stream.available());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(0, b32stream.available());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase32EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase32EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase32EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.BASE32_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA======\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // // OpenSSL interop test.
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByChunk(encoded, decoded, Base32.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+        //
+        // // Single Line test.
+        // String singleLine = Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        BaseNCodec codec = new Base32();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base32TestData.randomData(codec, i);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.BASE32_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA======\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // // Single Line test.
+        // String singleLine = Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        BaseNCodec codec = new Base32();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base32TestData.randomData(codec, i);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base32InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base32 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base32 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base32 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base32 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in);
+        output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base32InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base32 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base32 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base32 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base32 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base32InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base32InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base32InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base32InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b32stream.skip(0));
+        b32stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 102, 111, 111, 0, 0, 0 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping number of characters larger than the internal buffer.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipBig() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(1024));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(3));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if negative arguments to skip are handled correctly.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSkipWrongArgument() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        b32stream.skip(-10);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStream` acquired to `in` by call to `Base32InputStream(...)` at line 418 is not released after line 420.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base32InputStreamTest.testReadNull()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStreamTest.testReadNull():void.d5a99a807ebf14af0c800ec4ef26cd01
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base32InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base32InputStreamTest.java|testReadNull|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5533a9ebb24db4f5d91393d0b35659f5
+
+### Hash:
+312960bc15c8a5c8e7e08c3ef4374cb6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3346/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3346/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dcf1f07bd9ba57fa3f1a6d845c487a6f2562906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3346/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Id $
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+public class Base64InputStreamTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes to {0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255}
+     */
+    private static final String ENCODED_B64 = "AAAA////";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base64OutputStream base64os = new Base64OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base64os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base64os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base64InputStream ins = new Base64InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0 because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+        int c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+
+        c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     *
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base64InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     *
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+        String line = br.readLine();
+        assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+        Base64InputStream stream = new Base64InputStream(data);
+
+        // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+
+        String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("codec-98 NPE Base64InputStream", Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(1, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase64EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base64InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping number of characters larger than the internal buffer.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipBig() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.skip(0));
+        b64stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, (byte) 255, (byte) 255, (byte) 255 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(6));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if negative arguments to skip are handled correctly.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSkipWrongArgument() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        b64stream.skip(-10);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStream` acquired to `b64stream` by call to `Base64InputStream(...)` at line 163 is not released after line 170.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64InputStreamTest.testAvailable()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testAvailable():void.11c7389794610f7036125a9a978e7d17
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64InputStreamTest.java|testAvailable|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+ed0769e8a7468c6582665065725a1c44
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3348/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3348/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9f2d8ac94a9b3855c1e479b28afde46955e5eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3348/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1332 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 55
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.Charsets;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ *
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test {
+
+    private final Random random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this.random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the isStringBase64 method.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsStringBase64() {
+        final String nullString = null;
+        final String emptyString = "";
+        final String validString = "abc===defg\n\r123456\r789\r\rABC\n\nDEF==GHI\r\nJKL==============";
+        final String invalidString = validString + (char)0; // append null character
+
+        try {
+            Base64.isBase64(nullString);
+            fail("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.");
+        } catch (final NullPointerException npe) {
+            assertNotNull("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.", npe);
+        }
+
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(empty-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(emptyString));
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(valid-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(validString));
+        assertFalse("Base64.isStringBase64(invalid-string) is false", Base64.isBase64(invalidString));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64() {
+        final String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually) {e-acute*6}
+        final byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        final String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertEquals("decode hello world", "Hello World", decodeString);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test our decode with pad character in the middle.
+     * (Our current implementation:  halt decode and return what we've got so far).
+     *
+     * The point of this test is not to say "this is the correct way to decode base64."
+     * The point is simply to keep us aware of the current logic since 1.4 so we
+     * don't accidentally break it without realizing.
+     *
+     * Note for historians.  The 1.3 logic would decode to:
+     * "Hello World\u0000Hello World" -- null in the middle ---
+     * and 1.4 unwittingly changed it to current logic.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithInnerPad() {
+        final String content = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=";
+        final byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(content);
+        final byte[] shouldBe = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        assertTrue("decode should halt at pad (=)", Arrays.equals(result, shouldBe));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        final byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        final String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        final byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        final byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger1() {
+        final String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        final BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger2() {
+        final String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        final BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger3() {
+        final String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        final BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger4() {
+        final String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        final BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (final NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'}); // TODO do we need to check sep if len = -1?
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+        assertNotNull(base64);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        final byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        final String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        final byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        final String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        final String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        final byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8));
+        final StringBuilder intermediate = new StringBuilder(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        final byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8);
+        final byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        final String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertEquals("Dest string doesn't equal the original", orig, dest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            final byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            final byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            final byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            final byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            final byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + new String(enc) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            final byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec112() { // size calculation assumes always chunked
+        final byte[] in = new byte[] {0};
+        final byte[] out=Base64.encodeBase64(in);
+        Base64.encodeBase64(in, false, false, out.length);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(final int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        final Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        final Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        final byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownDecodings() {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownEncodings() {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        final byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            final byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertEquals("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    0, result.length);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(Integer.valueOf(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (final DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        final String original = "Hello World!";
+        final Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8));
+
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        final Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        final byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        final String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (final EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        final String original = "Hello World!";
+        final Object origObj = original.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8);
+
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        final Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        final byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        final String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            final byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        final String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+
+    private void testDecodeEncode(final String encodedText) {
+        final String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        final String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeDecode(final String plainText) {
+        final String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        final String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            final byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            final byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            final byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            final byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            final byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     *
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        final byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        final byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        final byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        final byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        final byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            final byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            final byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        final byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        final byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        final byte[] b3 = null;
+        final byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        final String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        final String s2 = "";
+        final String s3 = null;
+        final String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        final String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        final byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(final byte[] data) {
+        final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests a lineSeparator much bigger than DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
+     *
+     * @see "<a href='http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/commons-dev/201202.mbox/%3C4F3C85D7.5060706@snafu.de%3E'>dev@commons.apache.org</a>"
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testHugeLineSeparator() {
+        final int BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
+        final int Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK = 4;
+        final byte[] baLineSeparator = new byte[BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE * 4 - 3];
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK, baLineSeparator);
+        final String strOriginal = "Hello World";
+        final String strDecoded = new String(b64.decode(b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(strOriginal))));
+        assertEquals("testDEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", strOriginal, strDecoded);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes(org.apache.commons.codec.Charsets.UTF_8))` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `String(...)` at line 542.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testObjectEncode()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testObjectEncode():void.56998d80ed03633cfd917f800ca749fb
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testObjectEncode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+45a667c56e0b83f75592ba1a2080a289
+
+### Hash:
+1822dc8b4c1f0b7788e169b8ec208ca3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3352/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3352/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af021ddafa52b466db58495a1c5cce11d3a04c4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3352/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1312 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ * 
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test {
+
+    private final Random _random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the _random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this._random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the isStringBase64 method.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsStringBase64() {
+        String nullString = null;
+        String emptyString = "";
+        String validString = "abc===defg\n\r123456\r789\r\rABC\n\nDEF==GHI\r\nJKL==============";
+        String invalidString = validString + (char)0; // append null character
+        
+        try {
+            Base64.isBase64(nullString);
+            fail("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            assertNotNull("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.", npe);
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(empty-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(emptyString));
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(valid-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(validString));        
+        assertFalse("Base64.isStringBase64(invalid-string) is false", Base64.isBase64(invalidString));        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64() {
+        String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually) {e-acute*6}
+        byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertEquals("decode hello world", "Hello World", decodeString);        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger1() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger4() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'}); // TODO do we need to check sep if len = -1?
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+        assertNotNull(base64);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes("UTF-8");
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertEquals("Dest string doesn't equal the original", orig, dest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + new String(enc) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec112() { // size calculation assumes always chunked
+        byte[] in = new byte[] {0};
+        byte[] out=Base64.encodeBase64(in);
+        Base64.encodeBase64(in, false, false, out.length);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownDecodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownEncodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertEquals("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    0, result.length);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(Integer.valueOf(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object origObj = original.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+    
+    private void testDecodeEncode(String encodedText) {
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+    
+    private void testEncodeDecode(String plainText) {
+        String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     * 
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        byte[] b3 = null;
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        String s2 = "";
+        String s3 = null;
+        String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(byte[] data) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests a lineSeparator much bigger than DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/commons-dev/201202.mbox/%3C4F3C85D7.5060706@snafu.de%3E">dev@commons.apache.org</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testHugeLineSeparator() {
+        final int BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
+        final int Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK = 4;
+        byte[] baLineSeparator = new byte[BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE * 4 - 3];
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK, baLineSeparator);
+        String strOriginal = "Hello World";
+        String strDecoded = new String(b64.decode(b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(strOriginal))));
+        assertEquals("testDEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", strOriginal, strDecoded);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes("UTF-8"))` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `String(...)` at line 427.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testKnownEncodings()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testKnownEncodings():void.670a68ecdebf6e9e5648d4b88c578642
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testKnownEncodings|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e7100ed3d2ec428549af314291e315ce
+
+### Hash:
+ee969a61429180342229417c1ab415cd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3353/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3353/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2984a17fcd2ffb2384e9ab2ac2848a7f5804d888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3353/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1312 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ * 
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test {
+
+    private final Random _random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the _random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this._random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the isStringBase64 method.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsStringBase64() {
+        String nullString = null;
+        String emptyString = "";
+        String validString = "abc===defg\n\r123456\r789\r\rABC\n\nDEF==GHI\r\nJKL==============";
+        String invalidString = validString + (char)0; // append null character
+        
+        try {
+            Base64.isBase64(nullString);
+            fail("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            assertNotNull("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.", npe);
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(empty-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(emptyString));
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(valid-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(validString));        
+        assertFalse("Base64.isStringBase64(invalid-string) is false", Base64.isBase64(invalidString));        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64() {
+        String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually) {e-acute*6}
+        byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertEquals("decode hello world", "Hello World", decodeString);        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger1() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger4() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'}); // TODO do we need to check sep if len = -1?
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+        assertNotNull(base64);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes("UTF-8");
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertEquals("Dest string doesn't equal the original", orig, dest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + new String(enc) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec112() { // size calculation assumes always chunked
+        byte[] in = new byte[] {0};
+        byte[] out=Base64.encodeBase64(in);
+        Base64.encodeBase64(in, false, false, out.length);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownDecodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownEncodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertEquals("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    0, result.length);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(Integer.valueOf(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object origObj = original.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+    
+    private void testDecodeEncode(String encodedText) {
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+    
+    private void testEncodeDecode(String plainText) {
+        String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     * 
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        byte[] b3 = null;
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        String s2 = "";
+        String s3 = null;
+        String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(byte[] data) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests a lineSeparator much bigger than DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/commons-dev/201202.mbox/%3C4F3C85D7.5060706@snafu.de%3E">dev@commons.apache.org</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testHugeLineSeparator() {
+        final int BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
+        final int Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK = 4;
+        byte[] baLineSeparator = new byte[BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE * 4 - 3];
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK, baLineSeparator);
+        String strOriginal = "Hello World";
+        String strDecoded = new String(b64.decode(b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(strOriginal))));
+        assertEquals("testDEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", strOriginal, strDecoded);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `String(...)` at line 412.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testKnownDecodings()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testKnownDecodings():void.df07bf5f9671c08215352c5c53a86942
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testKnownDecodings|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e7100ed3d2ec428549af314291e315ce
+
+### Hash:
+c2e91320816641d5290d44d9b51b35bb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3355/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3355/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1cfd70083670f2e2e00a32c1371cf9545a6442e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3355/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Id $
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+public class Base64InputStreamTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes to {0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255}
+     */
+    private static final String ENCODED_B64 = "AAAA////";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base64OutputStream base64os = new Base64OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base64os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base64os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base64InputStream ins = new Base64InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0 because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+        int c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+
+        c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     * 
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base64InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     * 
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+        String line = br.readLine();
+        assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+        Base64InputStream stream = new Base64InputStream(data);
+
+        // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+
+        String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("codec-98 NPE Base64InputStream", Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase64EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     * 
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     * 
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base64InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     * 
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.skip(0));
+        b64stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, (byte) 255, (byte) 255, (byte) 255 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     * 
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(8, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     * 
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(8, b64stream.skip(8));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStream` acquired to `b64stream` by call to `Base64InputStream(...)` at line 488 is not released after line 493.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 489
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64InputStreamTest.testSkipPastEnd()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testSkipPastEnd():void.a8eadd60cb6e2efc0727ba58e98f08a3
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64InputStreamTest.java|testSkipPastEnd|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+b51e792a66083e66be12b6f95cd5a2a9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3363/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3363/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60ccce29054b4cb09e14d3607413bca315e077a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3363/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1244 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ * 
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @author Apache Software Foundation
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test extends TestCase {
+
+    private Random _random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new instance of this test case.
+     * 
+     * @param name
+     *            Name of the test case
+     */
+    public Base64Test(String name) {
+        super(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the _random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this._random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    public void testBase64() {
+        String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually)
+        byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertTrue("decode hello world", decodeString.equals("Hello World"));        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger1() {
+        String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger2() {
+        String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger3() {
+        String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger4() {
+        String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+    }
+
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() {
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes())));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes()).length == 0);
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() {
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes())));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes());
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes();
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertTrue("Dest string doesn't equal the original", dest.equals(orig));
+    }
+
+    public void testDiscardWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes());
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes();
+        byte[] encodedNoWS = Base64.discardWhitespace(encodedWithWS);
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+        byte[] decodedNoWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedNoWS);
+
+        String destFromWS = new String(decodedWithWS);
+        String destFromNoWS = new String(decodedNoWS);
+
+        assertTrue("Dest string doesn't equal original", destFromWS.equals(orig));
+        assertTrue("Dest string doesn't equal original", destFromNoWS.equals(orig));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + (new String(enc)) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isArrayByteBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expceted
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isArrayByteBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isArrayByteBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    public void testKnownDecodings() {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testKnownEncodings() {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isArrayByteBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertTrue("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    result.length == 0);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(new Integer(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes());
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertTrue("dest string does not equal original", dest.equals(original));
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object origObj = original.getBytes();
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertTrue("dest string does not equal original", dest.equals(original));
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, Base64.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, Base64.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        //assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+    
+    private void testDecodeEncode(String encodedText) {
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+    
+    private void testEncodeDecode(String plainText) {
+        String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+    
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     * 
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        byte[] b3 = null;
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        String s2 = "";
+        String s3 = null;
+        String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(byte[] data) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes())` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `String(...)` at line 227.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testDecodePadMarkerIndex3()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testDecodePadMarkerIndex3():void.8cab67e4b25d13ce006b109b5518888b
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testDecodePadMarkerIndex3|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e7100ed3d2ec428549af314291e315ce
+
+### Hash:
+273b6cbd8d187dd8b18b5c670d9a72ba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3364/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3364/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7adee6c973eb8379d729a915e336722ccae029b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3364/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class Base32InputStreamTest {
+
+    private static final String ENCODED_FOO = "MZXW6===";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base32OutputStream base32os = new Base32OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base32os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base32os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base32InputStream ins = new Base32InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // /**
+    // * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0
+    // * because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+    // *
+    // * @throws Exception for some failure scenarios.
+    // */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+    // Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bais);
+    // byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+    // int c = in.read(result);
+    // assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+    //
+    // c = in.read(result);
+    // assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     * 
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base32InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     * 
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+    // Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bais);
+    // InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+    // BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+    // String line = br.readLine();
+    // assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base32InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+    // Base32InputStream stream = new Base32InputStream(data);
+    //
+    // // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+    // byte[] decodedBytes = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+    //
+    // String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+    // assertEquals(
+    // "codec-98 NPE Base32InputStream", Base32TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded
+    // );
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase32EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase32EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase32EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.BASE32_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA======\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // // OpenSSL interop test.
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByChunk(encoded, decoded, Base32.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+        //
+        // // Single Line test.
+        // String singleLine = Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        BaseNCodec codec = new Base32();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base32TestData.randomData(codec, i);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.BASE32_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA======\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // // Single Line test.
+        // String singleLine = Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        BaseNCodec codec = new Base32();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base32TestData.randomData(codec, i);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base32InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     * 
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base32 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base32 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base32 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base32 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in);
+        output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base32InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     * 
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base32 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base32 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base32 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base32 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base32InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base32InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base32InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base32InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     * 
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b32stream.skip(0));
+        b32stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 102, 111, 111, 0, 0, 0 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     * 
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(8, b32stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     * 
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(8, b32stream.skip(8));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStream` acquired to `b32stream` by call to `Base32InputStream(...)` at line 492 is not released after line 497.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 493
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base32InputStreamTest.testSkipToEnd()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStreamTest.testSkipToEnd():void.6a8ac1ed4422284560682250f71ce42b
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base32InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base32InputStreamTest.java|testSkipToEnd|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+619b4e5e616c9909c6b6f15e9a2cea49
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3370/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3370/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..607dc4f68d5a69ac8385378665707dcc504b59f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3370/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** EMV-NFC-Paycard-Enrollment
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.utils;
+
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+
+import org.fest.assertions.Assertions;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.EmvCard;
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.enums.ServiceCode1Enum;
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.enums.ServiceCode2Enum;
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.enums.ServiceCode3Enum;
+
+import fr.devnied.bitlib.BytesUtils;
+
+public class TrackUtilsTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void track1Test() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("70 75 9F 6C 02 00 01 9F 62 06 00 00 00 38 00 00 9F 63 06 00 00 00 00 E0 E0 56 34 42343131313131313131313131313131313f305e202f5e31373032323031313030333f313030313030303030303030303030303f30303030 9F 64 01 03 9F 65 02 1C 00 9F 66 02 03 F0 9F 6B 13 5566887766556677 D1 81 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 10 0F 9F 67 01 03 90 00"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("4111111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("02/2017");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track1NameTest() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("563A42343131313131313131313131313131313F305E446F652F4A6F686E5E31373032323031313030333F313030313030303030303030303030303F30303030"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("4111111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("02/2017");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderFirstname()).isEqualTo("John");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderLastname()).isEqualTo("Doe");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track1FormatTest() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("564C42353231313131313131313131313131315E202F2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020205E31363038323032303030303030303030303030312020303030202020202030"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5211111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("08/2016");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderFirstname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderLastname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.GOODS_SERVICES);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void track1FormatNullUser() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("564C42353231313131313131313131313131315E22202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020205E31363038323032303030303030303030303030312020303030202020202030"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5211111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("08/2016");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderFirstname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderLastname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.GOODS_SERVICES);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track2Test() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("57 13 55 66 88 77 66 55 66 77 D1 50 62 01 69 28 07 65 90 00 0F"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5566887766556677");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("06/2015");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track2Test2() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("57 15 55 55 55 66 88 77 66 55 66 7D 11 05 62 01 69 28 07 65 90 00 0F"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5555556688776655667");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("05/2011");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.NATIONAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.BY_ISSUER);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION_PIN_REQUIRED);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track2TestNullService() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("57 15 55 55 55 66 88 77 66 55 66 7D 11 05 FF F1 69 28 07 65 90 00 0F"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5555556688776655667");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("05/2011");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3()).isNull();
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void track2TestNull() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("00"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isFalse();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNull();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `card.getTrack1()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 114.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TrackUtilsTest.track1FormatNullUser()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.utils.TrackUtilsTest.track1FormatNullUser():void.e8c4a59b9695db4f8c900f3728a0469f
+
+### File:
+library/src/test/java/com/github/devnied/emvnfccard/utils/TrackUtilsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TrackUtilsTest.java|track1FormatNullUser|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+28725de26846f4ec67541a558b32800a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3377/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3377/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fffd5e3adc44d1a39e7ef1578697feafc3cae315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3377/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2003 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist.compiler;
+
+import javassist.CtClass;
+import javassist.CtField;
+import javassist.ClassPool;
+import javassist.NotFoundException;
+import javassist.compiler.ast.*;
+import javassist.bytecode.*;
+
+public class TypeChecker extends Visitor implements Opcode, TokenId {
+    static final String javaLangObject = "java.lang.Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangObject = "java/lang/Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangString = "java/lang/String";
+
+    /* The following fields are used by atXXX() methods
+     * for returning the type of the compiled expression.
+     */
+    protected int exprType;     // VOID, NULL, CLASS, BOOLEAN, INT, ...
+    protected int arrayDim;
+    protected String className; // JVM-internal representation
+
+    protected MemberResolver resolver;
+    protected CtClass   thisClass;
+    protected MethodInfo thisMethod;
+
+    public TypeChecker(CtClass cc, ClassPool cp) {
+        resolver = new MemberResolver(cp);
+        thisClass = cc;
+        thisMethod = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the currently compiled method.
+     */
+    public void setThisMethod(MethodInfo m) {
+        thisMethod = m;
+    }
+
+    protected static void fatal() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("fatal");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this class name.
+     */
+    protected String getThisName() {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(thisClass.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this super class name.
+     */
+    protected String getSuperName() throws CompileError {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(
+                        MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass).getName());
+    }
+
+    /* Converts a class name into a JVM-internal representation.
+     *
+     * It may also expand a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(ASTList name) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveClassName(name);
+    }
+
+    /* Expands a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(String jvmName) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveJvmClassName(jvmName);
+    }
+
+    public void atNewExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr.isArray())
+            atNewArrayExpr(expr);
+        else {
+            CtClass clazz = resolver.lookupClassByName(expr.getClassName());
+            String cname = clazz.getName();
+            ASTList args = expr.getArguments();
+            atMethodCallCore(clazz, MethodInfo.nameInit, args);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(cname);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atNewArrayExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int type = expr.getArrayType();
+        ASTList size = expr.getArraySize();
+        ASTList classname = expr.getClassName();
+        if (size.length() > 1)
+            atMultiNewArray(type, classname, size);
+        else {
+            size.head().accept(this);
+            exprType = type;
+            arrayDim = 1;
+            if (type == CLASS)
+                className = resolveClassName(classname);
+            else
+                className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atMultiNewArray(int type, ASTList classname, ASTList size)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int count, dim;
+        dim = size.length();
+        for (count = 0; size != null; size = size.tail()) {
+            ASTree s = size.head();
+            if (s == null)
+                break;          // int[][][] a = new int[3][4][];
+
+            ++count;
+            s.accept(this);
+        }
+
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (type == CLASS)
+            className = resolveClassName(classname);
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    public void atAssignExpr(AssignExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, >>>=
+        int op = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (left instanceof Variable)
+            atVariableAssign(expr, op, (Variable)left,
+                             ((Variable)left).getDeclarator(),
+                             right);
+        else {
+            if (left instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)left;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayAssign(expr, op, (Expr)left, right);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldAssign(expr, op, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* op is either =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, or >>>=.
+     *
+     * expr and var can be null.
+     */
+    private void atVariableAssign(Expr expr, int op, Variable var,
+                                  Declarator d, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int varType = d.getType();
+        int varArray = d.getArrayDim();
+        String varClass = d.getClassName();
+
+        if (op != '=')
+            atVariable(var);
+
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = varType;
+        arrayDim = varArray;
+        className = varClass;
+    }
+
+    private void atArrayAssign(Expr expr, int op, Expr array,
+                        ASTree right) throws CompileError
+    {
+        atArrayRead(array.oprand1(), array.oprand2());
+        int aType = exprType;
+        int aDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = aType;
+        arrayDim = aDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldAssign(Expr expr, int op, ASTree left, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(left);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int fType = exprType;
+        int fDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = fType;
+        arrayDim = fDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atCondExpr(CondExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        booleanExpr(expr.condExpr());
+        expr.thenExpr().accept(this);
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname1 = className;
+        expr.elseExpr().accept(this);
+
+        if (dim1 == 0 && dim1 == arrayDim)
+            if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, exprType))
+                expr.setThen(new CastExpr(exprType, 0, expr.thenExpr()));
+            else if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(exprType, type1)) {
+                expr.setElse(new CastExpr(type1, 0, expr.elseExpr()));
+                exprType = type1;
+            }
+    }
+
+    public void atBinExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        int k = CodeGen.lookupBinOp(token);
+        if (k >= 0) {
+            /* arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %, |, ^, &, <<, >>, >>>
+             */
+            if (token == '+') {
+                Expr e = atPlusExpr(expr);
+                if (e != null) {
+                    /* String concatenation has been translated into
+                     * an expression using StringBuffer.
+                     */
+                    e = CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', e,
+                                            new Member("toString")), null);
+                    expr.setLeft(e);
+                    expr.setOprand2(null);    // <---- look at this!
+                    className = jvmJavaLangString;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+                int type1 = exprType;
+                expr.oprand2().accept(this);
+                computeBinExprType(expr, token, type1);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* equation: &&, ||, ==, !=, <=, >=, <, >
+            */
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // expr must be a + expression.
+    private Expr atPlusExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (right == null) {
+            /* this expression has been already type-checked since it is
+               string concatenation.
+               see atBinExpr() above.
+             */
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = jvmJavaLangString;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (isPlusExpr(left)) {
+            Expr newExpr = atPlusExpr((BinExpr)left);
+            if (newExpr != null) {
+                right.accept(this);
+                exprType = CLASS;
+                arrayDim = 0;
+                className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+                return makeAppendCall(newExpr, right);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            left.accept(this);
+
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        if ((type1 == CLASS && dim1 == 0 && jvmJavaLangString.equals(cname))
+            || (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0
+                && jvmJavaLangString.equals(className))) {
+            ASTList sbufClass = ASTList.make(new Symbol("java"),
+                            new Symbol("lang"), new Symbol("StringBuffer"));
+            ASTree e = new NewExpr(sbufClass, null);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+            return makeAppendCall(makeAppendCall(e, left), right);
+        }
+        else {
+            computeBinExprType(expr, '+', type1);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isPlusExpr(ASTree expr) {
+        if (expr instanceof BinExpr) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            int token = bexpr.getOperator();
+            return token == '+';
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static Expr makeAppendCall(ASTree target, ASTree arg) {
+        return CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', target, new Member("append")),
+                                 new ASTList(arg));
+    }
+
+    private void computeBinExprType(BinExpr expr, int token, int type1)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        // arrayDim should be 0.
+        int type2 = exprType;
+        if (token == LSHIFT || token == RSHIFT || token == ARSHIFT)
+            exprType = type1;
+        else
+            insertCast(expr, type1, type2);
+
+        if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+            exprType = INT;         // type1 may be BYTE, ...
+    }
+
+    private void booleanExpr(ASTree expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int op = CodeGen.getCompOperator(expr);
+        if (op == EQ) {         // ==, !=, ...
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            int type1 = exprType;
+            int dim1 = arrayDim;
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+            if (dim1 == 0 && arrayDim == 0)
+                insertCast(bexpr, type1, exprType);
+        }
+        else if (op == '!')
+            ((Expr)expr).oprand1().accept(this);
+        else if (op == ANDAND || op == OROR) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+        }
+        else                // others
+            expr.accept(this);
+
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    private void insertCast(BinExpr expr, int type1, int type2)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, type2))
+            expr.setLeft(new CastExpr(type2, 0, expr.oprand1()));
+        else
+            exprType = type1;
+    }
+
+    public void atCastExpr(CastExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String cname = resolveClassName(expr.getClassName());
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = expr.getType();
+        arrayDim = expr.getArrayDim();
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atInstanceOfExpr(InstanceOfExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atExpr(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // array access, member access,
+        // (unary) +, (unary) -, ++, --, !, ~
+
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree oprand = expr.oprand1();
+        if (token == '.')
+            if (((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get().equals("length"))
+                atArrayLength(expr);
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        else if (token == MEMBER) {     // field read
+            if (!atClassObject(expr))   // .class
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == ARRAY)
+            atArrayRead(oprand, expr.oprand2());
+        else if (token == PLUSPLUS || token == MINUSMINUS)
+            atPlusPlus(token, oprand, expr);
+        else if (token == '!')
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        else if (token == CALL)              // method call
+            fatal();
+        else {
+            expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            if (token == '-' || token == '~')
+                if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+                    exprType = INT;         // type may be BYTE, ...
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atCallExpr(CallExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String mname = null;
+        CtClass targetClass = null;
+        ASTree method = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTList args = (ASTList)expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (method instanceof Member) {
+            mname = ((Member)method).get();
+            targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Keyword) {   // constructor
+            mname = MethodInfo.nameInit;        // <init>
+            if (((Keyword)method).get() == SUPER)
+                targetClass = MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass);
+            else
+                targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)method;
+            mname = ((Symbol)e.oprand2()).get();
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)                // static method
+                targetClass
+                        = resolver.lookupClass(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                               false);
+            else if (op == '.') {
+                ASTree target = e.oprand1();
+                try {
+                    target.accept(this);
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != target)
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    // it should be a static method.
+                    exprType = CLASS;
+                    arrayDim = 0;
+                    className = nfe.getField(); // JVM-internal
+                }
+
+                if (arrayDim > 0)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClass(javaLangObject, true);
+                else if (exprType == CLASS /* && arrayDim == 0 */)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClassByJvmName(className);
+                else
+                    badMethod();
+            }
+            else
+                badMethod();
+        }
+        else
+            fatal();
+
+        MemberResolver.Method minfo
+            = atMethodCallCore(targetClass, mname, args);
+        expr.setMethod(minfo);
+    }
+
+    private static void badMethod() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad method");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return  a pair of the class declaring the invoked method
+     *          and the MethodInfo of that method.  Never null.
+     */
+    public MemberResolver.Method atMethodCallCore(CtClass targetClass,
+                                                  String mname, ASTList args)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int nargs = getMethodArgsLength(args);
+        int[] types = new int[nargs];
+        int[] dims = new int[nargs];
+        String[] cnames = new String[nargs];
+        atMethodArgs(args, types, dims, cnames);
+
+        MemberResolver.Method found
+            = resolver.lookupMethod(targetClass, thisMethod, mname,
+                                    types, dims, cnames, false);
+        if (found == null) {
+            String msg;
+            if (mname.equals(MethodInfo.nameInit))
+                msg = "constructor not found";
+            else
+                msg = "Method " + mname + " not found in "
+                    + targetClass.getName();
+
+            throw new CompileError(msg);
+        }
+
+        String desc = found.info.getDescriptor();
+        setReturnType(desc);
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    public int getMethodArgsLength(ASTList args) {
+        return ASTList.length(args);
+    }
+
+    public void atMethodArgs(ASTList args, int[] types, int[] dims,
+                             String[] cnames) throws CompileError {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (args != null) {
+            ASTree a = args.head();
+            a.accept(this);
+            types[i] = exprType;
+            dims[i] = arrayDim;
+            cnames[i] = className;
+            ++i;
+            args = args.tail();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setReturnType(String desc) throws CompileError {
+        int i = desc.indexOf(')');
+        if (i < 0)
+            badMethod();
+
+        char c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        int dim = 0;
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (c == 'L') {
+            int j = desc.indexOf(';', i + 1);
+            if (j < 0)
+                badMethod();
+
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            className = desc.substring(i + 1, j);
+        }
+        else {
+            exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+            className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(fieldAccess(expr));
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(CtField f) throws CompileError {
+        FieldInfo finfo = f.getFieldInfo2();
+        String type = finfo.getDescriptor();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int dim = 0;
+        char c = type.charAt(i);
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = type.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+
+        if (c == 'L')
+            className = type.substring(i + 1, type.indexOf(';', i + 1));
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    protected CtField fieldAccess(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr instanceof Member) {
+            String name = ((Member)expr).get();
+            try {
+                return thisClass.getField(name);
+            }
+            catch (NotFoundException e) {
+                // EXPR might be part of a static member access?
+                throw new NoFieldException(name, expr);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (expr instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)expr;
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)
+                return resolver.lookupField(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                            (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+            else if (op == '.')
+                try {
+                    e.oprand1().accept(this);
+                    if (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0)
+                        return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName(className,
+                                                    (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != e.oprand1())
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    /* EXPR should be a static field.
+                     * If EXPR might be part of a qualified class name,
+                     * lookupFieldByJvmName2() throws NoFieldException.
+                     */
+                    Symbol fname = (Symbol)e.oprand2();
+                    return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName2(nfe.getField(),
+                                                          fname, expr);
+                }
+        }
+
+        throw new CompileError("bad filed access");
+    }
+
+    public boolean atClassObject(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (!((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get().equals("class"))
+            return false;
+
+        if (resolveClassName((ASTList)expr.oprand1()) == null)
+            return false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayLength(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+        exprType = INT;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayRead(ASTree array, ASTree index)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        array.accept(this);
+        int type = exprType;
+        int dim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        index.accept(this);
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim - 1;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    private void atPlusPlus(int token, ASTree oprand, Expr expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        boolean isPost = oprand == null;        // ++i or i++?
+        if (isPost)
+            oprand = expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (oprand instanceof Variable) {
+            Declarator d = ((Variable)oprand).getDeclarator();
+            exprType = d.getType();
+            arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        }
+        else {
+            if (oprand instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)oprand;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayRead(expr.oprand1(), expr.oprand2());
+                    // arrayDim should be 0.
+                    int t = exprType;
+                    if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+                        exprType = INT;
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldPlusPlus(oprand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldPlusPlus(ASTree oprand) throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(oprand);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int t = exprType;
+        if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+            exprType = INT;
+    }
+
+    public void atMember(Member mem) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(mem);
+    }
+
+    public void atVariable(Variable v) throws CompileError {
+        Declarator d = v.getDeclarator();
+        exprType = d.getType();
+        arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        className = d.getClassName();
+    }
+
+    public void atKeyword(Keyword k) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int token = k.get();
+        switch (token) {
+        case TRUE :
+        case FALSE :
+            exprType = BOOLEAN;
+            break;
+        case NULL :
+            exprType = NULL;
+            break;
+        case THIS :
+        case SUPER :
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            if (token == THIS)
+                className = getThisName();
+            else
+                className = getSuperName();             
+            break;
+        default :
+            fatal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atStringL(StringL s) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className = jvmJavaLangString;
+    }
+
+    public void atIntConst(IntConst i) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int type = i.getType();
+        if (type == IntConstant || type == CharConstant)
+            exprType = (type == IntConstant ? INT : CHAR);
+        else
+            exprType = LONG;
+    }
+
+    public void atDoubleConst(DoubleConst d) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        if (d.getType() == DoubleConstant)
+            exprType = DOUBLE;
+        else
+            exprType = FLOAT;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `expr.oprand2()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `atArrayRead(...)` at line 672.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TypeChecker.atPlusPlus(int,ASTree,Expr)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.compiler.TypeChecker.atPlusPlus(int,javassist.compiler.ast.ASTree,javassist.compiler.ast.E.150535f4e079d333e6bef7cb24e00887
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/compiler/TypeChecker.java
+
+### Key:
+TypeChecker.java|atPlusPlus|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+91cadb4ed8f1f253f7a3167325e59c94
+
+### Hash:
+2e2dc121172e54b795865ad9e95e6031
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3379/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3379/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d228bb2e9fac20579bdd184c590146f402adc6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3379/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist.compiler;
+
+import javassist.CtClass;
+import javassist.CtField;
+import javassist.ClassPool;
+import javassist.NotFoundException;
+import javassist.compiler.ast.*;
+import javassist.bytecode.*;
+
+public class TypeChecker extends Visitor implements Opcode, TokenId {
+    static final String javaLangObject = "java.lang.Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangObject = "java/lang/Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangString = "java/lang/String";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangClass = "java/lang/Class";
+
+    /* The following fields are used by atXXX() methods
+     * for returning the type of the compiled expression.
+     */
+    protected int exprType;     // VOID, NULL, CLASS, BOOLEAN, INT, ...
+    protected int arrayDim;
+    protected String className; // JVM-internal representation
+
+    protected MemberResolver resolver;
+    protected CtClass   thisClass;
+    protected MethodInfo thisMethod;
+
+    public TypeChecker(CtClass cc, ClassPool cp) {
+        resolver = new MemberResolver(cp);
+        thisClass = cc;
+        thisMethod = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the currently compiled method.
+     */
+    public void setThisMethod(MethodInfo m) {
+        thisMethod = m;
+    }
+
+    protected static void fatal() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("fatal");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this class name.
+     */
+    protected String getThisName() {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(thisClass.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this super class name.
+     */
+    protected String getSuperName() throws CompileError {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(
+                        MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass).getName());
+    }
+
+    /* Converts a class name into a JVM-internal representation.
+     *
+     * It may also expand a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(ASTList name) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveClassName(name);
+    }
+
+    /* Expands a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(String jvmName) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveJvmClassName(jvmName);
+    }
+
+    public void atNewExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr.isArray())
+            atNewArrayExpr(expr);
+        else {
+            CtClass clazz = resolver.lookupClassByName(expr.getClassName());
+            String cname = clazz.getName();
+            ASTList args = expr.getArguments();
+            atMethodCallCore(clazz, MethodInfo.nameInit, args);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(cname);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atNewArrayExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int type = expr.getArrayType();
+        ASTList size = expr.getArraySize();
+        ASTList classname = expr.getClassName();
+        if (size.length() > 1)
+            atMultiNewArray(type, classname, size);
+        else {
+            size.head().accept(this);
+            exprType = type;
+            arrayDim = 1;
+            if (type == CLASS)
+                className = resolveClassName(classname);
+            else
+                className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atMultiNewArray(int type, ASTList classname, ASTList size)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int count, dim;
+        dim = size.length();
+        for (count = 0; size != null; size = size.tail()) {
+            ASTree s = size.head();
+            if (s == null)
+                break;          // int[][][] a = new int[3][4][];
+
+            ++count;
+            s.accept(this);
+        }
+
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (type == CLASS)
+            className = resolveClassName(classname);
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    public void atAssignExpr(AssignExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, >>>=
+        int op = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (left instanceof Variable)
+            atVariableAssign(expr, op, (Variable)left,
+                             ((Variable)left).getDeclarator(),
+                             right);
+        else {
+            if (left instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)left;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayAssign(expr, op, (Expr)left, right);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldAssign(expr, op, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* op is either =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, or >>>=.
+     *
+     * expr and var can be null.
+     */
+    private void atVariableAssign(Expr expr, int op, Variable var,
+                                  Declarator d, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int varType = d.getType();
+        int varArray = d.getArrayDim();
+        String varClass = d.getClassName();
+
+        if (op != '=')
+            atVariable(var);
+
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = varType;
+        arrayDim = varArray;
+        className = varClass;
+    }
+
+    private void atArrayAssign(Expr expr, int op, Expr array,
+                        ASTree right) throws CompileError
+    {
+        atArrayRead(array.oprand1(), array.oprand2());
+        int aType = exprType;
+        int aDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = aType;
+        arrayDim = aDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldAssign(Expr expr, int op, ASTree left, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(left);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int fType = exprType;
+        int fDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = fType;
+        arrayDim = fDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atCondExpr(CondExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        booleanExpr(expr.condExpr());
+        expr.thenExpr().accept(this);
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname1 = className;
+        expr.elseExpr().accept(this);
+
+        if (dim1 == 0 && dim1 == arrayDim)
+            if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, exprType))
+                expr.setThen(new CastExpr(exprType, 0, expr.thenExpr()));
+            else if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(exprType, type1)) {
+                expr.setElse(new CastExpr(type1, 0, expr.elseExpr()));
+                exprType = type1;
+            }
+    }
+
+    public void atBinExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        int k = CodeGen.lookupBinOp(token);
+        if (k >= 0) {
+            /* arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %, |, ^, &, <<, >>, >>>
+             */
+            if (token == '+') {
+                Expr e = atPlusExpr(expr);
+                if (e != null) {
+                    /* String concatenation has been translated into
+                     * an expression using StringBuffer.
+                     */
+                    e = CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', e,
+                                            new Member("toString")), null);
+                    expr.setLeft(e);
+                    expr.setOprand2(null);    // <---- look at this!
+                    className = jvmJavaLangString;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+                int type1 = exprType;
+                expr.oprand2().accept(this);
+                computeBinExprType(expr, token, type1);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* equation: &&, ||, ==, !=, <=, >=, <, >
+            */
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // expr must be a + expression.
+    private Expr atPlusExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (right == null) {
+            /* this expression has been already type-checked since it is
+               string concatenation.
+               see atBinExpr() above.
+             */
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = jvmJavaLangString;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (isPlusExpr(left)) {
+            Expr newExpr = atPlusExpr((BinExpr)left);
+            if (newExpr != null) {
+                right.accept(this);
+                exprType = CLASS;
+                arrayDim = 0;
+                className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+                return makeAppendCall(newExpr, right);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            left.accept(this);
+
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        if ((type1 == CLASS && dim1 == 0 && jvmJavaLangString.equals(cname))
+            || (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0
+                && jvmJavaLangString.equals(className))) {
+            ASTList sbufClass = ASTList.make(new Symbol("java"),
+                            new Symbol("lang"), new Symbol("StringBuffer"));
+            ASTree e = new NewExpr(sbufClass, null);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+            return makeAppendCall(makeAppendCall(e, left), right);
+        }
+        else {
+            computeBinExprType(expr, '+', type1);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isPlusExpr(ASTree expr) {
+        if (expr instanceof BinExpr) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            int token = bexpr.getOperator();
+            return token == '+';
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static Expr makeAppendCall(ASTree target, ASTree arg) {
+        return CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', target, new Member("append")),
+                                 new ASTList(arg));
+    }
+
+    private void computeBinExprType(BinExpr expr, int token, int type1)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        // arrayDim should be 0.
+        int type2 = exprType;
+        if (token == LSHIFT || token == RSHIFT || token == ARSHIFT)
+            exprType = type1;
+        else
+            insertCast(expr, type1, type2);
+
+        if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+            exprType = INT;         // type1 may be BYTE, ...
+    }
+
+    private void booleanExpr(ASTree expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int op = CodeGen.getCompOperator(expr);
+        if (op == EQ) {         // ==, !=, ...
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            int type1 = exprType;
+            int dim1 = arrayDim;
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+            if (dim1 == 0 && arrayDim == 0)
+                insertCast(bexpr, type1, exprType);
+        }
+        else if (op == '!')
+            ((Expr)expr).oprand1().accept(this);
+        else if (op == ANDAND || op == OROR) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+        }
+        else                // others
+            expr.accept(this);
+
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    private void insertCast(BinExpr expr, int type1, int type2)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, type2))
+            expr.setLeft(new CastExpr(type2, 0, expr.oprand1()));
+        else
+            exprType = type1;
+    }
+
+    public void atCastExpr(CastExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String cname = resolveClassName(expr.getClassName());
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = expr.getType();
+        arrayDim = expr.getArrayDim();
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atInstanceOfExpr(InstanceOfExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atExpr(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // array access, member access,
+        // (unary) +, (unary) -, ++, --, !, ~
+
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree oprand = expr.oprand1();
+        if (token == '.') {
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("length"))
+                atArrayLength(expr);
+            else if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == MEMBER) {     // field read
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == ARRAY)
+            atArrayRead(oprand, expr.oprand2());
+        else if (token == PLUSPLUS || token == MINUSMINUS)
+            atPlusPlus(token, oprand, expr);
+        else if (token == '!')
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        else if (token == CALL)              // method call
+            fatal();
+        else {
+            expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            if (token == '-' || token == '~')
+                if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+                    exprType = INT;         // type may be BYTE, ...
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atCallExpr(CallExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String mname = null;
+        CtClass targetClass = null;
+        ASTree method = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTList args = (ASTList)expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (method instanceof Member) {
+            mname = ((Member)method).get();
+            targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Keyword) {   // constructor
+            mname = MethodInfo.nameInit;        // <init>
+            if (((Keyword)method).get() == SUPER)
+                targetClass = MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass);
+            else
+                targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)method;
+            mname = ((Symbol)e.oprand2()).get();
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)                // static method
+                targetClass
+                        = resolver.lookupClass(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                               false);
+            else if (op == '.') {
+                ASTree target = e.oprand1();
+                try {
+                    target.accept(this);
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != target)
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    // it should be a static method.
+                    exprType = CLASS;
+                    arrayDim = 0;
+                    className = nfe.getField(); // JVM-internal
+                }
+
+                if (arrayDim > 0)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClass(javaLangObject, true);
+                else if (exprType == CLASS /* && arrayDim == 0 */)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClassByJvmName(className);
+                else
+                    badMethod();
+            }
+            else
+                badMethod();
+        }
+        else
+            fatal();
+
+        MemberResolver.Method minfo
+            = atMethodCallCore(targetClass, mname, args);
+        expr.setMethod(minfo);
+    }
+
+    private static void badMethod() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad method");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return  a pair of the class declaring the invoked method
+     *          and the MethodInfo of that method.  Never null.
+     */
+    public MemberResolver.Method atMethodCallCore(CtClass targetClass,
+                                                  String mname, ASTList args)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int nargs = getMethodArgsLength(args);
+        int[] types = new int[nargs];
+        int[] dims = new int[nargs];
+        String[] cnames = new String[nargs];
+        atMethodArgs(args, types, dims, cnames);
+
+        MemberResolver.Method found
+            = resolver.lookupMethod(targetClass, thisMethod, mname,
+                                    types, dims, cnames, false);
+        if (found == null) {
+            String msg;
+            if (mname.equals(MethodInfo.nameInit))
+                msg = "constructor not found";
+            else
+                msg = "Method " + mname + " not found in "
+                    + targetClass.getName();
+
+            throw new CompileError(msg);
+        }
+
+        String desc = found.info.getDescriptor();
+        setReturnType(desc);
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    public int getMethodArgsLength(ASTList args) {
+        return ASTList.length(args);
+    }
+
+    public void atMethodArgs(ASTList args, int[] types, int[] dims,
+                             String[] cnames) throws CompileError {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (args != null) {
+            ASTree a = args.head();
+            a.accept(this);
+            types[i] = exprType;
+            dims[i] = arrayDim;
+            cnames[i] = className;
+            ++i;
+            args = args.tail();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setReturnType(String desc) throws CompileError {
+        int i = desc.indexOf(')');
+        if (i < 0)
+            badMethod();
+
+        char c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        int dim = 0;
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (c == 'L') {
+            int j = desc.indexOf(';', i + 1);
+            if (j < 0)
+                badMethod();
+
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            className = desc.substring(i + 1, j);
+        }
+        else {
+            exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+            className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(fieldAccess(expr));
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(CtField f) throws CompileError {
+        FieldInfo finfo = f.getFieldInfo2();
+        String type = finfo.getDescriptor();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int dim = 0;
+        char c = type.charAt(i);
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = type.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+
+        if (c == 'L')
+            className = type.substring(i + 1, type.indexOf(';', i + 1));
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    protected CtField fieldAccess(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr instanceof Member) {
+            String name = ((Member)expr).get();
+            try {
+                return thisClass.getField(name);
+            }
+            catch (NotFoundException e) {
+                // EXPR might be part of a static member access?
+                throw new NoFieldException(name, expr);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (expr instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)expr;
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)
+                return resolver.lookupField(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                            (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+            else if (op == '.')
+                try {
+                    e.oprand1().accept(this);
+                    if (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0)
+                        return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName(className,
+                                                    (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != e.oprand1())
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    /* EXPR should be a static field.
+                     * If EXPR might be part of a qualified class name,
+                     * lookupFieldByJvmName2() throws NoFieldException.
+                     */
+                    Symbol fname = (Symbol)e.oprand2();
+                    return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName2(nfe.getField(),
+                                                          fname, expr);
+                }
+        }
+
+        throw new CompileError("bad filed access");
+    }
+
+    public void atClassObject(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className =jvmJavaLangClass;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayLength(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+        exprType = INT;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayRead(ASTree array, ASTree index)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        array.accept(this);
+        int type = exprType;
+        int dim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        index.accept(this);
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim - 1;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    private void atPlusPlus(int token, ASTree oprand, Expr expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        boolean isPost = oprand == null;        // ++i or i++?
+        if (isPost)
+            oprand = expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (oprand instanceof Variable) {
+            Declarator d = ((Variable)oprand).getDeclarator();
+            exprType = d.getType();
+            arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        }
+        else {
+            if (oprand instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)oprand;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayRead(e.oprand1(), e.oprand2());
+                    // arrayDim should be 0.
+                    int t = exprType;
+                    if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+                        exprType = INT;
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldPlusPlus(oprand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldPlusPlus(ASTree oprand) throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(oprand);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int t = exprType;
+        if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+            exprType = INT;
+    }
+
+    public void atMember(Member mem) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(mem);
+    }
+
+    public void atVariable(Variable v) throws CompileError {
+        Declarator d = v.getDeclarator();
+        exprType = d.getType();
+        arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        className = d.getClassName();
+    }
+
+    public void atKeyword(Keyword k) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int token = k.get();
+        switch (token) {
+        case TRUE :
+        case FALSE :
+            exprType = BOOLEAN;
+            break;
+        case NULL :
+            exprType = NULL;
+            break;
+        case THIS :
+        case SUPER :
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            if (token == THIS)
+                className = getThisName();
+            else
+                className = getSuperName();             
+            break;
+        default :
+            fatal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atStringL(StringL s) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className = jvmJavaLangString;
+    }
+
+    public void atIntConst(IntConst i) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int type = i.getType();
+        if (type == IntConstant || type == CharConstant)
+            exprType = (type == IntConstant ? INT : CHAR);
+        else
+            exprType = LONG;
+    }
+
+    public void atDoubleConst(DoubleConst d) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        if (d.getType() == DoubleConstant)
+            exprType = DOUBLE;
+        else
+            exprType = FLOAT;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `expr.oprand2()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 398.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TypeChecker.atExpr(Expr)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.compiler.TypeChecker.atExpr(javassist.compiler.ast.Expr):void.66b987b941827c31e9653c679ee8d4b2
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/compiler/TypeChecker.java
+
+### Key:
+TypeChecker.java|atExpr|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+7e9a2cda38e9d24c4fe64da5e7aa07ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3390/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3390/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1aab61b10e0fb3542c230ee0f023877350eb948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3390/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** github-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+
+import com.cloudbees.jenkins.GitHubRepositoryName;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests of {@link GitHubRepositoryName}
+ */
+public class GitHubRepositoryNameTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUser() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUserNoSuffix() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `repo` last assigned on line 119 could be null and is dereferenced at line 121.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitColonUrlOtherHostNoSuffix()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github.GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitColonUrlOtherHostNoSuffix():void.76b09bb7b8a713c0b745f21a094abffd
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/coravy/hudson/plugins/github/GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java|gitColonUrlOtherHostNoSuffix|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+85cff343258cecb5e4a32969738f5b12
+
+### Hash:
+6fdd860f9937398c44ef3ec1eecb5820
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3397/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3397/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebe84d2be10181746711d85ffb45744dd0f2c8e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3397/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** github-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+
+import com.cloudbees.jenkins.GitHubRepositoryName;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests of {@link GitHubRepositoryName}
+ */
+public class GitHubRepositoryNameTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUser() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUserNoSuffix() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `repo` last assigned on line 48 could be null and is dereferenced at line 50.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitColonUrlOtherHost()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github.GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitColonUrlOtherHost():void.b346d918595a07aadbc03402e9f06755
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/coravy/hudson/plugins/github/GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java|gitColonUrlOtherHost|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+85cff343258cecb5e4a32969738f5b12
+
+### Hash:
+4a0a53c0d98f4be2badf756d2c4edb67
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3398/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3398/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a03a87ed2b455414607168cff6d35a25efa2da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3398/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** github-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.internal;
+
+import com.cloudbees.jenkins.GitHubWebHook;
+import com.squareup.okhttp.Cache;
+import com.squareup.okhttp.OkHttpClient;
+import com.squareup.okhttp.OkUrlFactory;
+import jenkins.model.Jenkins;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.GitHubPlugin;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.config.GitHubServerConfig;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.util.misc.NullSafeFunction;
+import org.kohsuke.accmod.Restricted;
+import org.kohsuke.accmod.restrictions.NoExternalUse;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GitHub;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GitHubBuilder;
+import org.kohsuke.github.HttpConnector;
+import org.kohsuke.github.RateLimitHandler;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.Proxy;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.defaultIfBlank;
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.isNotBlank;
+import static org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.GitHubPlugin.configuration;
+import static org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.config.GitHubServerConfig.GITHUB_URL;
+import static org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.config.GitHubServerConfig.tokenFor;
+
+/**
+ * Converts server config to authorized GH instance on {@link #applyNullSafe(GitHubServerConfig)}.
+ * If login process is not successful it returns null
+ *
+ * Uses okHttp (https://github.com/square/okhttp) as connector to have ability to use cache and proxy
+ * The capacity of cache can be changed in advanced section of global configuration for plugin
+ *
+ * Don't use this class in any place directly
+ * as of it have public static factory {@link GitHubServerConfig#loginToGithub()}
+ *
+ * @author lanwen (Merkushev Kirill)
+ * @see GitHubServerConfig#loginToGithub()
+ */
+@Restricted(NoExternalUse.class)
+public class GitHubLoginFunction extends NullSafeFunction<GitHubServerConfig, GitHub> {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GitHubLoginFunction.class);
+
+    /**
+     * Called by {@link #apply(Object)}
+     * Logins to GH and returns client instance
+     *
+     * @param github config where token saved
+     *
+     * @return authorized client or null on login error
+     */
+    @Override
+    @CheckForNull
+    protected GitHub applyNullSafe(@Nonnull GitHubServerConfig github) {
+        String accessToken = tokenFor(github.getCredentialsId());
+
+        GitHubBuilder builder = new GitHubBuilder()
+                .withOAuthToken(accessToken)
+                .withConnector(connector(defaultIfBlank(github.getApiUrl(), GITHUB_URL)))
+                .withRateLimitHandler(RateLimitHandler.FAIL);
+        try {
+            if (isNotBlank(github.getApiUrl())) {
+                builder.withEndpoint(github.getApiUrl());
+            }
+            LOGGER.debug("Create new GH client with creds id {}", github.getCredentialsId());
+            return builder.build();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.warn("Failed to login with creds {}", github.getCredentialsId(), e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses proxy if configured on pluginManager/advanced page
+     *
+     * @param apiUrl GitHub's url to build proxy to
+     *
+     * @return proxy to use it in connector
+     */
+    private Proxy getProxy(String apiUrl) {
+        Jenkins jenkins = GitHubWebHook.getJenkinsInstance();
+
+        if (jenkins.proxy == null) {
+            return Proxy.NO_PROXY;
+        } else {
+            return jenkins.proxy.createProxy(apiUrl);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * okHttp connector to be used as backend for GitHub client.
+     * Uses proxy of jenkins
+     * If cache size > 0, uses cache
+     *
+     * @param apiUrl to build proxy
+     *
+     * @return connector to be used as backend for client
+     */
+    private OkHttpConnector connector(String apiUrl) {
+        Jenkins jenkins = GitHubWebHook.getJenkinsInstance();
+        OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient().setProxy(getProxy(apiUrl));
+
+        if (configuration().getClientCacheSize() > 0) {
+            File cacheDir = new File(jenkins.getRootDir(), GitHubPlugin.class.getName() + ".cache");
+            Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDir, configuration().getClientCacheSize() * 1024 * 1024);
+            client.setCache(cache);
+        }
+
+        return new OkHttpConnector(new OkUrlFactory(client));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy-paste due to class loading issues
+     *
+     * @see org.kohsuke.github.extras.OkHttpConnector
+     */
+    private static class OkHttpConnector implements HttpConnector {
+        private final OkUrlFactory urlFactory;
+
+        private OkHttpConnector(OkUrlFactory urlFactory) {
+            this.urlFactory = urlFactory;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public HttpURLConnection connect(URL url) throws IOException {
+            return urlFactory.open(url);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `jenkins` last assigned on line 108 could be null and is dereferenced at line 112.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+GitHubLoginFunction$OkHttpConnector GitHubLoginFunction.connector(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.github.internal.GitHubLoginFunction.connector(java.lang.String):org.jenkinsci..b9eff69272f42e6cd69d7d111b9bb9d2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/github/internal/GitHubLoginFunction.java
+
+### Key:
+GitHubLoginFunction.java|connector|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8e95fdd25a7ed5ea2cbafe2d191775f5
+
+### Hash:
+41df62231dd1af964c83aa9c3a61e4cb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3399/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3399/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35d828730025caf74783f18a2395228e6a05c124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3399/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** github-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+
+import com.cloudbees.jenkins.GitHubRepositoryName;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests of {@link GitHubRepositoryName}
+ */
+public class GitHubRepositoryNameTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUser() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUserNoSuffix() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `repo` last assigned on line 38 could be null and is dereferenced at line 40.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitColonUrlGitHub()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github.GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitColonUrlGitHub():void.7a768ae34b5e2a2c624b09ab7048cec3
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/coravy/hudson/plugins/github/GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java|gitColonUrlGitHub|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+85cff343258cecb5e4a32969738f5b12
+
+### Hash:
+0e48dc755766d68d42714c53b7201dab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3503/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3503/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb51d148b6a09162b85bc2d533d931cd91c32224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3503/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.servicescommon;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.ZooKeeperTestingServerManager;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.DefaultZooKeeperClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.Paths;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.ZooKeeperClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.ZooKeeperOperation;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.contains;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyListOf;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest {
+
+  private static final String HOSTNAME = "host";
+  private static final String ID = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+  private static final JobId JOB_ID1 =
+      JobId.newBuilder().setName("job1").setVersion("0.1.0").build();
+  private static final JobId JOB_ID2 =
+      JobId.newBuilder().setName("job2").setVersion("0.2.0").build();
+  private static final List<JobId> JOB_IDS = ImmutableList.of(JOB_ID1, JOB_ID2);
+  private static final String JOB_STRING1 = JOB_ID1.toString();
+  private static final String JOB_STRING2 = JOB_ID2.toString();
+  private static final List<String> JOB_STRINGS = ImmutableList.of(JOB_STRING1, JOB_STRING2);
+
+  @Mock ZooKeeperClient zkClient;
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRegisterHost() throws Exception {
+    final String idPath = Paths.configHostId(HOSTNAME);
+    ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.registerHost(zkClient, idPath, HOSTNAME, ID);
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.configHost(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.configHostJobs(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.configHostPorts(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.statusHost(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).createAndSetData(idPath, ID.getBytes(UTF_8));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDeregisterHost() throws Exception {
+    ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.deregisterHost(zkClient, HOSTNAME);
+    verify(zkClient).transaction(anyListOf(ZooKeeperOperation.class));
+  }
+
+  // Verify that the re-registering:
+  // * does not change the /config/hosts/<host> subtree, except the host-id.
+  // * deletes everything under /status/hosts/<host> subtree.
+  @Test
+  public void testReRegisterHost() throws Exception {
+    ZooKeeperTestingServerManager testingServerManager = null;
+    try {
+      testingServerManager = new ZooKeeperTestingServerManager();
+      testingServerManager.awaitUp(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+      final ZooKeeperClient zkClient = new DefaultZooKeeperClient(
+          testingServerManager.curatorWithSuperAuth());
+
+      // Register the host & add some fake data to its status & config dirs
+      final String idPath = Paths.configHostId(HOSTNAME);
+      ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.registerHost(zkClient, idPath, HOSTNAME, ID);
+      zkClient.ensurePath(Paths.statusHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1));
+      zkClient.ensurePath(Paths.configHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1));
+      final Stat jobConfigStat = zkClient.stat(Paths.configHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1));
+
+      // ... and then re-register it
+      final String newId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+      ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.reRegisterHost(zkClient, HOSTNAME, newId);
+
+      // Verify that the host-id was updated
+      assertEquals(newId, new String(zkClient.getData(idPath)));
+
+      // Verify that /status/hosts/<host>/jobs exists and is EMPTY
+      assertNotNull(zkClient.exists(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME)));
+      assertThat(zkClient.listRecursive(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME)),
+                 contains(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME)));
+      // Verify that re-registering didn't change the nodes in /config/hosts/<host>/jobs
+      assertEquals(
+          jobConfigStat,
+          zkClient.stat(Paths.configHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1))
+      );
+    } finally {
+      if (testingServerManager != null) {
+        testingServerManager.close();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `zkClient.clusterIdExists` last assigned on line 92 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `exists(...)` at line 109.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.testReRegisterHost()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.testReRegisterHost():void.3bf8e8c7756c290996e8ea79f81eda49
+
+### File:
+helios-services/src/test/java/com/spotify/helios/servicescommon/ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.java|testReRegisterHost|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f133a6dfaa072505a5ed16416e655ea0
+
+### Hash:
+5550af2c88242ba6502fe9a322dd5e96
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3504/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3504/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..870bed254bb06d8b63c57ebf9379fea06f18e132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3504/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*-
+ * -\-\-
+ * Helios System Tests
+ * --
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Spotify AB
+ * --
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * -/-/-
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.system;
+
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.HostStatus.Status.UP;
+import static java.lang.Integer.toHexString;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.isIn;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.exceptions.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerConfig;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerCreation;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerExit;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.HostConfig;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class ReapingTest extends SystemTestBase {
+
+  private final DockerClient docker;
+
+  public ReapingTest() throws Exception {
+    this.docker = getNewDockerClient();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test() throws Exception {
+    startDefaultMaster();
+
+    final String id = "test-" + toHexString(new SecureRandom().nextInt());
+    final String namespace = "helios-" + id;
+    final String intruder1 = intruder(namespace);
+    final String intruder2 = intruder(namespace);
+
+    // Start a container in the agent namespace
+    startContainer(intruder1);
+
+    // Start agent
+    final HeliosClient client = defaultClient();
+    startDefaultAgent(testHost(), "--id=" + id);
+    awaitHostRegistered(client, testHost(), LONG_WAIT_SECONDS, SECONDS);
+    awaitHostStatus(client, testHost(), UP, LONG_WAIT_SECONDS, SECONDS);
+
+    // With LXC, killing a container results in exit code 0.
+    // In docker 1.5 killing a container results in exit code 137, in previous versions it's -1.
+    final List<Integer> expectedExitCodes = docker.info().executionDriver().startsWith("lxc-")
+                                            ? Collections.singletonList(0) : asList(-1, 137);
+
+    // Wait for the agent to kill the container
+    final ContainerExit exit1 = docker.waitContainer(intruder1);
+    assertThat(exit1.statusCode(), isIn(expectedExitCodes));
+
+    // Start another container in the agent namespace
+    startContainer(intruder2);
+
+    // Wait for the agent to kill the second container as well
+    final ContainerExit exit2 = docker.waitContainer(intruder2);
+    assertThat(exit2.statusCode(), isIn(expectedExitCodes));
+  }
+
+  private String intruder(final String namespace) {
+    return namespace + "-unwanted-" + toHexString(new SecureRandom().nextInt()) + "-" + testTag;
+  }
+
+  private void startContainer(final String name)
+      throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+    docker.pull(BUSYBOX);
+    final HostConfig hostConfig = HostConfig.builder().build();
+    final ContainerConfig config = ContainerConfig.builder()
+        .image(BUSYBOX)
+        .cmd(IDLE_COMMAND)
+        .hostConfig(hostConfig)
+        .build();
+    final ContainerCreation creation = docker.createContainer(config, name);
+    final String containerId = creation.id();
+    docker.startContainer(containerId);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `ReapingTest.docker.info().executionDriver()`  at line 70.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ReapingTest.test()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.system.ReapingTest.test():void.88827bebdd72b9790d33c36fc978b7aa
+
+### File:
+helios-system-tests/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/system/ReapingTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ReapingTest.java|test|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18086a76ec6f499138a84f176568ec09
+
+### Hash:
+ff1f83a1f3eeb0e5186346121843b7ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3505/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3505/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc8bd5ef094c549b378477bb211a4fbb6d72cd80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3505/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*-
+ * -\-\-
+ * Helios Tools
+ * --
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Spotify AB
+ * --
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * -/-/-
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.CharMatcher.WHITESPACE;
+import static com.google.common.base.Joiner.on;
+import static com.spotify.helios.cli.Output.table;
+import static net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments.storeTrue;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import com.spotify.helios.cli.Table;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.Json;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobStatus;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+public class JobListCommand extends ControlCommand {
+
+  private final Argument quietArg;
+  private final Argument patternArg;
+  private final Argument fullArg;
+  private final Argument deployedArg;
+
+  public JobListCommand(final Subparser parser) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("list jobs");
+
+    patternArg = parser.addArgument("pattern")
+        .nargs("?")
+        .help("Job reference to filter on");
+
+    fullArg = parser.addArgument("-f")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("Print full job id's.");
+
+    quietArg = parser.addArgument("-q")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("only print job id's");
+
+    deployedArg = parser.addArgument("-y")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("only show deployed jobs");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  int run(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client, final PrintStream out,
+          final boolean json, final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+    final boolean full = options.getBoolean(fullArg.getDest());
+    final boolean quiet = options.getBoolean(quietArg.getDest());
+    final String pattern = options.getString(patternArg.getDest());
+    final boolean deployed = options.getBoolean(deployedArg.getDest());
+
+    final Map<JobId, Job> jobs;
+    if (pattern == null) {
+      jobs = client.jobs().get();
+    } else {
+      jobs = client.jobs(pattern).get();
+    }
+
+    if (!Strings.isNullOrEmpty(pattern) && jobs.isEmpty()) {
+      if (json) {
+        out.println(Json.asPrettyStringUnchecked(jobs));
+      } else if (!quiet) {
+        out.printf("job pattern %s matched no jobs%n", pattern);
+      }
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    final Map<JobId, ListenableFuture<JobStatus>> oldFutures =
+        JobStatusFetcher.getJobsStatuses(client, jobs.keySet());
+
+    final Map<JobId, ListenableFuture<JobStatus>> futures = Maps.newHashMap();
+
+    // maybe filter on deployed jobs
+    if (!deployed) {
+      futures.putAll(oldFutures);
+    } else {
+      for (final Entry<JobId, ListenableFuture<JobStatus>> e : oldFutures.entrySet()) {
+        if (!e.getValue().get().getDeployments().isEmpty()) {
+          futures.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    final Set<JobId> sortedJobIds = Sets.newTreeSet(futures.keySet());
+
+    if (json) {
+      if (quiet) {
+        out.println(Json.asPrettyStringUnchecked(sortedJobIds));
+      } else {
+        final Map<JobId, Job> filteredJobs = Maps.newHashMap();
+        for (final Entry<JobId, Job> entry : jobs.entrySet()) {
+          if (futures.containsKey(entry.getKey())) {
+            filteredJobs.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+          }
+        }
+        out.println(Json.asPrettyStringUnchecked(filteredJobs));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (quiet) {
+        for (final JobId jobId : sortedJobIds) {
+          out.println(jobId);
+        }
+      } else {
+        final Table table = table(out);
+        table.row("JOB ID", "NAME", "VERSION", "HOSTS", "COMMAND", "ENVIRONMENT");
+        
+        for (final JobId jobId : sortedJobIds) {
+          final Job job = jobs.get(jobId);
+          final String command = on(' ').join(escape(job.getCommand()));
+          final String env = Joiner.on(" ").withKeyValueSeparator("=").join(job.getEnv());
+          final JobStatus status = futures.get(jobId).get();
+          table.row(full ? jobId : jobId.toShortString(), jobId.getName(), jobId.getVersion(),
+                    status != null ? status.getDeployments().keySet().size() : 0,
+                    command, env);
+        }
+        table.print();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  private static List<String> escape(final List<String> command) {
+    final List<String> escaped = Lists.newArrayList();
+    for (final String s : command) {
+      escaped.add(escape(s));
+    }
+    return escaped;
+  }
+
+  private static String escape(final String arg) {
+    return WHITESPACE.matchesAnyOf(arg) ? '"' + arg + '"' : arg;
+  }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `futures.get(jobId)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 148.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobListCommand.run(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobListCommand.run(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace,com.spoti.d55254def768787a2fb1fb6dc5c13f09
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobListCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobListCommand.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+82bc4705d6466a0b8509dff7973fc602
+
+### Hash:
+b87c04845148212c95955fe052e3e28d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3510/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3510/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1ec4f20f3b5939973be02e92167931d039901d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3510/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.testing;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Optional;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.common.Json;
+import com.spotify.helios.testing.descriptors.TemporaryJobEvent;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.ClassRule;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.experimental.results.PrintableResult.testResult;
+import static org.junit.experimental.results.ResultMatchers.hasSingleFailureContaining;
+
+public class TempJobFailureTest extends TemporaryJobsTestBase {
+
+  @ClassRule
+  public static final TemporaryFolder reportDir = new TemporaryFolder();
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDeploymentFailure() throws Exception {
+    final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    assertThat(testResult(TempJobFailureTestImpl.class),
+               hasSingleFailureContaining("AssertionError: Unexpected job state"));
+    final long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    assertTrue("Test should not time out", (end-start) < Jobs.TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
+
+    final byte[] testReport = Files.readAllBytes(reportDir.getRoot().listFiles()[0].toPath());
+    final TemporaryJobEvent[] events = Json.read(testReport, TemporaryJobEvent[].class);
+
+    for (final TemporaryJobEvent event : events) {
+      if (event.getStep().equals("test")) {
+        assertFalse("test should be reported as failed", event.isSuccess());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static class TempJobFailureTestImpl {
+
+    @Rule
+    public final TemporaryJobs temporaryJobs = temporaryJobsBuilder()
+        .hostFilter(".*")
+        .client(client)
+        .prober(new TestProber())
+        .testReportDirectory(reportDir.getRoot().getAbsolutePath())
+        .prefixDirectory(prefixDirectory.toString())
+        .jobPrefix(Optional.of(testTag).get())
+        .build();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testThatThisFailsQuickly() throws InterruptedException {
+      temporaryJobs.job()
+          .image(BUSYBOX)
+          .command("false")
+          .deploy(testHost1);
+      Thread.sleep(Jobs.TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `com.spotify.helios.testing.TempJobFailureTest.reportDir.getRoot().listFiles()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 53.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TempJobFailureTest.testDeploymentFailure()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.testing.TempJobFailureTest.testDeploymentFailure():void.eee7c7eb030203b79cbdf3accd2d0947
+
+### File:
+helios-testing/src/test/java/com/spotify/helios/testing/TempJobFailureTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TempJobFailureTest.java|testDeploymentFailure|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+57d951b6f33cf70bde10c0b2bb9d2d1c
+
+### Hash:
+9f08ed7c32eda3954b368ad6c2cacb1f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3517/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3517/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..382f86f434900bdad87213064a509fa78c358125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3517/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.system;
+
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.Polling;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.DockerVersion;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.HostStatus;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MINUTES;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+public class AgentReportingTest extends SystemTestBase {
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyAgentReportsDockerVersion() throws Exception {
+    startDefaultMaster();
+    startDefaultAgent(testHost());
+
+    final HeliosClient client = defaultClient();
+    final DockerVersion dockerVersion = Polling.await(
+        LONG_WAIT_MINUTES, MINUTES, new Callable<DockerVersion>() {
+          @Override
+          public DockerVersion call() throws Exception {
+            final HostStatus status = client.hostStatus(testHost()).get();
+            return status == null
+                   ? null
+                   : status.getHostInfo() == null
+                     ? null
+                     : status.getHostInfo().getDockerVersion();
+          }
+        });
+
+    final DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient(DOCKER_HOST.uri());
+    final String expectedDockerVersion = dockerClient.version().version();
+    assertThat(dockerVersion.getVersion(), is(expectedDockerVersion));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient` acquired by call to `new()` at line 60 is not released after line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AgentReportingTest.verifyAgentReportsDockerVersion()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.system.AgentReportingTest.verifyAgentReportsDockerVersion():void.ffa0124a9cecfd31d033524cb4fc2934
+
+### File:
+helios-system-tests/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/system/AgentReportingTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AgentReportingTest.java|verifyAgentReportsDockerVersion|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+abf778a0fb58a097b72f1ea16dfb9fcd
+
+### Hash:
+fce8c5fddf6927ec7118e7b38de85074
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3519/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3519/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ab9fac6f8c0fe7c22bfa8ddd4328c392a4e84b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3519/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap.Builder;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.JobValidator;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.Json;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ExecHealthCheck;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.HttpHealthCheck;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.PortMapping;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ServiceEndpoint;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ServicePorts;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.TcpHealthCheck;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.CreateJobResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static com.google.common.base.Optional.fromNullable;
+import static com.google.common.base.Strings.isNullOrEmpty;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_TOKEN;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.PortMapping.TCP;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ServiceEndpoint.HTTP;
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.regex.Pattern.compile;
+import static net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments.append;
+import static net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments.fileType;
+import static net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments.storeTrue;
+
+public class JobCreateCommand extends ControlCommand {
+
+  private static final JobValidator JOB_VALIDATOR = new JobValidator(false);
+
+  /**
+   * If any of the keys of this map are set as environment variables (i.e. an environment variable
+   * of GIT_COMMIT_ID=abcdef is set when this command is run), then an entry will be added to the
+   * job's metadata map with with key=this-maps-value, value=environment variable value.
+   *
+   * @see #defaultMetadata()
+   */
+  public static final Map<String, String> DEFAULT_METADATA_ENVVARS = ImmutableMap.of(
+      // GIT_COMMIT is set by the Git plugin in Jenkins, so for jobs created in
+      // Jenkins this will automatically set GIT_COMMIT = the sha1 of the
+      // working tree
+      "GIT_COMMIT", "GIT_COMMIT"
+  );
+
+  // allow the retrieval of environment variables to be swapped out with a different Supplier for
+  // testing purposes
+  private static final Supplier<Map<String, String>> DEFAULT_ENV_VAR_SUPPLIER =
+      new Supplier<Map<String, String>>() {
+        @Override
+        public Map<String, String> get() {
+          return System.getenv();
+        }
+      };
+
+  private final Argument fileArg;
+  private final Argument templateArg;
+  private final Argument quietArg;
+  private final Argument idArg;
+  private final Argument imageArg;
+  private final Argument hostnameArg;
+  private final Argument tokenArg;
+  private final Argument envArg;
+  private final Argument argsArg;
+  private final Argument portArg;
+  private final Argument registrationArg;
+  private final Argument registrationDomainArg;
+  private final Argument gracePeriodArg;
+  private final Argument volumeArg;
+  private final Argument expiresArg;
+  private final Argument healthCheckExecArg;
+  private final Argument healthCheckHttpArg;
+  private final Argument healthCheckTcpArg;
+  private final Argument securityOptArg;
+  private final Argument networkModeArg;
+  private final Argument metadataArg;
+  private final Supplier<Map<String, String>> envVarSupplier;
+
+  public JobCreateCommand(final Subparser parser) {
+    this(parser, DEFAULT_ENV_VAR_SUPPLIER);
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  /**
+   * Allows the supplier of environment variables to be swapped out for testing, for example to
+   * avoid unexpected environment variables being present during testing.
+   */
+  protected JobCreateCommand(final Subparser parser, Supplier<Map<String, String>> envVarSupplier) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("create a job");
+
+    fileArg = parser.addArgument("-f", "--file")
+        .type(fileType().acceptSystemIn())
+        .help("Job configuration file. Options specified on the command line will be merged with" +
+              " the contents of this file. Cannot be used together with -t/--template.");
+
+    templateArg = parser.addArgument("-t", "--template")
+        .help("Template job id. The new job will be based on this job. Cannot be used together " +
+              "with -f/--file.");
+
+    quietArg = parser.addArgument("-q")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("only print job id");
+
+    idArg = parser.addArgument("id")
+        .nargs("?")
+        .help("Job name:version[:hash]");
+
+    imageArg = parser.addArgument("image")
+        .nargs("?")
+        .help("Container image");
+
+    hostnameArg = parser.addArgument("--hostname")
+         .nargs("?")
+         .help("Container hostname");
+
+    tokenArg = parser.addArgument("--token")
+         .nargs("?")
+         .setDefault(EMPTY_TOKEN)
+         .help("Insecure access token meant to prevent accidental changes to your job " +
+               "(e.g. undeploys).");
+
+    envArg = parser.addArgument("--env")
+        .action(append())
+        .setDefault(new ArrayList<String>())
+        .help("Environment variables");
+
+    metadataArg = parser.addArgument("-m", "--metadata")
+        .action(append())
+        .setDefault(new ArrayList<String>())
+        .help("Metadata (key-value pairs) to associate with job");
+
+    portArg = parser.addArgument("-p", "--port")
+        .action(append())
+        .setDefault(new ArrayList<String>())
+        .help("Port mapping. Specify an endpoint name and a single port (e.g. \"http=8080\") for " +
+              "dynamic port mapping and a name=private:public tuple (e.g. \"http=8080:80\") for " +
+              "static port mapping. E.g., foo=4711 will map the internal port 4711 of the " +
+              "container to an arbitrary external port on the host. Specifying foo=4711:80 " +
+              "will map internal port 4711 of the container to port 80 on the host. The " +
+              "protocol will be TCP by default. For UDP, add /udp. E.g. quic=80/udp or " +
+              "dns=53:53/udp. The endpoint name can be used when specifying service registration " +
+              "using -r/--register.");
+
+    registrationArg = parser.addArgument("-r", "--register")
+        .action(append())
+        .setDefault(new ArrayList<String>())
+        .help("Service discovery registration. Specify a service name, the port name and a " +
+              "protocol on the format service/protocol=port. E.g. -r website/tcp=http will " +
+              "register the port named http with the protocol tcp. Protocol is optional and " +
+              "default is tcp. If there is only one port mapping, this will be used by " +
+              "default and it will be enough to specify only the service name, e.g. " +
+              "-r wordpress.");
+
+    registrationDomainArg = parser.addArgument("--registration-domain")
+        .setDefault("")
+        .help("If set, overrides the default domain in which discovery serviceregistration " +
+              "occurs. What is allowed here will vary based upon the discovery service plugin " +
+              "used.");
+
+    gracePeriodArg = parser.addArgument("--grace-period")
+        .type(Integer.class)
+        .setDefault((Object) null)
+        .help("if --grace-period is specified, Helios will unregister from service discovery and " +
+              "wait the specified number of seconds before undeploying, default 0 seconds");
+
+    volumeArg = parser.addArgument("--volume")
+        .action(append())
+        .setDefault(new ArrayList<String>())
+        .help("Container volumes. Specify either a single path to create a data volume, " +
+              "or a source path and a container path to mount a file or directory from the host. " +
+              "The container path can be suffixed with \"rw\" or \"ro\" to create a read-write " +
+              "or read-only volume, respectively. Format: [container-path]:[host-path]:[rw|ro].");
+
+    argsArg = parser.addArgument("args")
+        .nargs("*")
+        .help("Command line arguments");
+
+    expiresArg = parser.addArgument("-e", "--expires")
+        .help("An ISO-8601 string representing the date/time when this job should expire. The " +
+              "job will be undeployed from all hosts and removed at this time. E.g. " +
+              "2014-06-01T12:00:00Z");
+
+    healthCheckExecArg = parser.addArgument("--exec-check")
+        .help("Run `docker exec` health check with the provided command. The service will not be " +
+              "registered in service discovery until the command executes successfully in the " +
+              "container, i.e. with exit code 0. E.g. --exec-check ping google.com");
+
+    healthCheckHttpArg = parser.addArgument("--http-check")
+        .help("Run HTTP health check against the provided port name and path. The service will " +
+              "not be registered in service discovery until the container passes the HTTP health " +
+              "check. Format: [port name]:[path].");
+
+    healthCheckTcpArg = parser.addArgument("--tcp-check")
+        .help("Run TCP health check against the provided port name. The service will not be " +
+              "registered in service discovery until the container passes the TCP health check.");
+
+    securityOptArg = parser.addArgument("--security-opt")
+        .action(append())
+        .setDefault(Lists.newArrayList())
+        .help("Run the Docker container with a security option. " +
+              "See https://docs.docker.com/reference/run/#security-configuration.");
+
+    networkModeArg = parser.addArgument("--network-mode")
+        .help("Sets the networking mode for the container. Supported values are: bridge, host, and "
+              + "container:<name|id>. Docker defaults to bridge.");
+
+    this.envVarSupplier = envVarSupplier;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  int run(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client, final PrintStream out,
+          final boolean json, final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, IOException {
+
+    final boolean quiet = options.getBoolean(quietArg.getDest());
+
+    final Job.Builder builder;
+
+    final String id = options.getString(idArg.getDest());
+    final String imageIdentifier = options.getString(imageArg.getDest());
+
+    // Read job configuration from file
+
+    // TODO (dano): look for e.g. Heliosfile in cwd by default?
+
+    final String templateJobId = options.getString(templateArg.getDest());
+    final File file = options.get(fileArg.getDest());
+
+    if (file != null && templateJobId != null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Please use only one of -t/--template and -f/--file");
+    }
+
+    if (file != null) {
+      if (!file.exists() || !file.isFile() || !file.canRead()) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot read file " + file);
+      }
+      final byte[] bytes = Files.readAllBytes(file.toPath());
+      final String config = new String(bytes, UTF_8);
+      final Job job = Json.read(config, Job.class);
+      builder = job.toBuilder();
+     } else if (templateJobId != null) {
+      final Map<JobId, Job> jobs = client.jobs(templateJobId).get();
+      if (jobs.size() == 0) {
+        if (!json) {
+          out.printf("Unknown job: %s%n", templateJobId);
+        } else {
+          CreateJobResponse createJobResponse =
+              new CreateJobResponse(CreateJobResponse.Status.UNKNOWN_JOB, null, null);
+          out.printf(createJobResponse.toJsonString());
+        }
+        return 1;
+      } else if (jobs.size() > 1) {
+        if (!json) {
+          out.printf("Ambiguous job reference: %s%n", templateJobId);
+        } else {
+          CreateJobResponse createJobResponse =
+              new CreateJobResponse(CreateJobResponse.Status.AMBIGUOUS_JOB_REFERENCE, null, null);
+          out.printf(createJobResponse.toJsonString());
+        }
+        return 1;
+      }
+      final Job template = Iterables.getOnlyElement(jobs.values());
+      builder = template.toBuilder();
+      if (id == null) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Please specify new job name and version");
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (id == null || imageIdentifier == null) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+            "Please specify a file, or a template, or a job name, version and container image");
+      }
+      builder = Job.newBuilder();
+    }
+
+
+    // Merge job configuration options from command line arguments
+
+    if (id != null) {
+      final String[] parts = id.split(":");
+      switch (parts.length) {
+        case 3:
+          builder.setHash(parts[2]);
+          // fall through
+        case 2:
+          builder.setVersion(parts[1]);
+          // fall through
+        case 1:
+          builder.setName(parts[0]);
+          break;
+        default:
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid Job id: " + id);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (imageIdentifier != null) {
+      builder.setImage(imageIdentifier);
+    }
+
+    final String hostname = options.getString(hostnameArg.getDest());
+    if (!isNullOrEmpty(hostname)) {
+      builder.setHostname(hostname);
+    }
+
+    final List<String> command = options.getList(argsArg.getDest());
+    if (command != null && !command.isEmpty()) {
+      builder.setCommand(command);
+    }
+
+    final List<String> envList = options.getList(envArg.getDest());
+    // TODO (mbrown): does this mean that env config is only added when there is a CLI flag too?
+    if (!envList.isEmpty()) {
+      final Map<String, String> env = Maps.newHashMap();
+      // Add environmental variables from helios job configuration file
+      env.putAll(builder.getEnv());
+      // Add environmental variables passed in via CLI
+      // Overwrite any redundant keys to make CLI args take precedence
+      env.putAll(parseListOfPairs(envList, "environment variable"));
+
+      builder.setEnv(env);
+    }
+
+    Map<String, String> metadata = Maps.newHashMap();
+    metadata.putAll(defaultMetadata());
+    final List<String> metadataList = options.getList(metadataArg.getDest());
+    if (!metadataList.isEmpty()) {
+      // TODO (mbrown): values from job conf file (which maybe involves dereferencing env vars?)
+      metadata.putAll(parseListOfPairs(metadataList, "metadata"));
+    }
+    builder.setMetadata(metadata);
+
+    // Parse port mappings
+    final List<String> portSpecs = options.getList(portArg.getDest());
+    final Map<String, PortMapping> explicitPorts = Maps.newHashMap();
+    final Pattern portPattern = compile("(?<n>[_\\-\\w]+)=(?<i>\\d+)(:(?<e>\\d+))?(/(?<p>\\w+))?");
+    for (final String spec : portSpecs) {
+      final Matcher matcher = portPattern.matcher(spec);
+      if (!matcher.matches()) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad port mapping: " + spec);
+      }
+
+      final String portName = matcher.group("n");
+      final int internal = Integer.parseInt(matcher.group("i"));
+      final Integer external = nullOrInteger(matcher.group("e"));
+      final String protocol = fromNullable(matcher.group("p")).or(TCP);
+
+      if (explicitPorts.containsKey(portName)) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Duplicate port mapping: " + portName);
+      }
+
+      explicitPorts.put(portName, PortMapping.of(internal, external, protocol));
+    }
+
+    // Merge port mappings
+    final Map<String, PortMapping> ports = Maps.newHashMap();
+    ports.putAll(builder.getPorts());
+    ports.putAll(explicitPorts);
+    builder.setPorts(ports);
+
+    // Parse service registrations
+    final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> explicitRegistration = Maps.newHashMap();
+    final Pattern registrationPattern =
+        compile("(?<srv>[a-zA-Z][_\\-\\w]+)(?:/(?<prot>\\w+))?(?:=(?<port>[_\\-\\w]+))?");
+    final List<String> registrationSpecs = options.getList(registrationArg.getDest());
+    for (final String spec : registrationSpecs) {
+      final Matcher matcher = registrationPattern.matcher(spec);
+      if (!matcher.matches()) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad registration: " + spec);
+      }
+
+      final String service = matcher.group("srv");
+      final String proto = fromNullable(matcher.group("prot")).or(HTTP);
+      final String optionalPort = matcher.group("port");
+      final String port;
+
+      if (ports.size() == 0) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Need port mappings for service registration.");
+      }
+
+      if (optionalPort == null) {
+        if (ports.size() != 1) {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+              "Need exactly one port mapping for implicit service registration");
+        }
+        port = Iterables.getLast(ports.keySet());
+      } else {
+        port = optionalPort;
+      }
+
+      explicitRegistration.put(ServiceEndpoint.of(service, proto), ServicePorts.of(port));
+    }
+
+    builder.setRegistrationDomain(options.getString(registrationDomainArg.getDest()));
+
+    // Merge service registrations
+    final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> registration = Maps.newHashMap();
+    registration.putAll(builder.getRegistration());
+    registration.putAll(explicitRegistration);
+    builder.setRegistration(registration);
+
+    // Get grace period interval
+    final Integer gracePeriod = options.getInt(gracePeriodArg.getDest());
+    if (gracePeriod != null) {
+      builder.setGracePeriod(gracePeriod);
+    }
+
+    // Parse volumes
+    final List<String> volumeSpecs = options.getList(volumeArg.getDest());
+    for (final String spec : volumeSpecs) {
+      final String[] parts = spec.split(":", 2);
+      switch (parts.length) {
+        // Data volume
+        case 1:
+          builder.addVolume(parts[0]);
+          break;
+        // Bind mount
+        case 2:
+          final String path = parts[1];
+          final String source = parts[0];
+          builder.addVolume(path, source);
+          break;
+        default:
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid volume: " + spec);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Parse expires timestamp
+    final String expires = options.getString(expiresArg.getDest());
+    if (expires != null) {
+      // Use DateTime to parse the ISO-8601 string
+      builder.setExpires(new DateTime(expires).toDate());
+    }
+
+    // Parse health check
+    final String execString = options.getString(healthCheckExecArg.getDest());
+    final List<String> execHealthCheck =
+        (execString == null) ? null : Arrays.asList(execString.split(" "));
+    final String httpHealthCheck = options.getString(healthCheckHttpArg.getDest());
+    final String tcpHealthCheck = options.getString(healthCheckTcpArg.getDest());
+
+    int numberOfHealthChecks = 0;
+    for (final String c : asList(httpHealthCheck, tcpHealthCheck)) {
+      if (!isNullOrEmpty(c)) {
+        numberOfHealthChecks++;
+      }
+    }
+    if (execHealthCheck != null && !execHealthCheck.isEmpty()) {
+      numberOfHealthChecks++;
+    }
+
+    if (numberOfHealthChecks > 1) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Only one health check may be specified.");
+    }
+
+    if (execHealthCheck != null && !execHealthCheck.isEmpty()) {
+      builder.setHealthCheck(ExecHealthCheck.of(execHealthCheck));
+    } else if (!isNullOrEmpty(httpHealthCheck)) {
+      final String[] parts = httpHealthCheck.split(":", 2);
+      if (parts.length != 2) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid HTTP health check: " + httpHealthCheck);
+      }
+
+      builder.setHealthCheck(HttpHealthCheck.of(parts[0], parts[1]));
+    } else if (!isNullOrEmpty(tcpHealthCheck)) {
+      builder.setHealthCheck(TcpHealthCheck.of(tcpHealthCheck));
+    }
+
+    final List<String> securityOpt = options.getList(securityOptArg.getDest());
+    if (securityOpt != null && !securityOpt.isEmpty()) {
+      builder.setSecurityOpt(securityOpt);
+    }
+
+    final String networkMode = options.getString(networkModeArg.getDest());
+    if (!isNullOrEmpty(networkMode)) {
+      builder.setNetworkMode(networkMode);
+    }
+
+    final String token = options.getString(tokenArg.getDest());
+    if (!isNullOrEmpty(token)) {
+      builder.setToken(token);
+    }
+
+    // We build without a hash here because we want the hash to be calculated server-side.
+    // This allows different CLI versions to be cross-compatible with different master versions
+    // that have either more or fewer job parameters.
+    final Job job = builder.buildWithoutHash();
+
+    final Collection<String> errors = JOB_VALIDATOR.validate(job);
+    if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
+      if (!json) {
+        for (String error : errors) {
+          out.println(error);
+        }
+      } else {
+        CreateJobResponse createJobResponse = new CreateJobResponse(
+            CreateJobResponse.Status.INVALID_JOB_DEFINITION, ImmutableList.copyOf(errors),
+            job.getId().toString());
+        out.println(createJobResponse.toJsonString());
+      }
+
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (!quiet && !json) {
+      out.println("Creating job: " + job.toJsonString());
+    }
+
+    final CreateJobResponse status = client.createJob(job).get();
+    if (status.getStatus() == CreateJobResponse.Status.OK) {
+      if (!quiet && !json) {
+        out.println("Done.");
+      }
+      if (json) {
+        out.println(status.toJsonString());
+      } else {
+        out.println(status.getId());
+      }
+      return 0;
+    } else {
+      if (!quiet && !json) {
+        out.println("Failed: " + status);
+      } else if (json) {
+        out.println(status.toJsonString());
+      }
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Metadata to associate with jobs by default. Currently sets some metadata based upon environment
+   * variables set when the CLI command is run.
+   */
+  private Map<String, String> defaultMetadata() {
+
+    final Builder<String, String> builder = ImmutableMap.builder();
+
+    final Map<String, String> envVars = envVarSupplier.get();
+
+    for (final Map.Entry<String, String> entry : DEFAULT_METADATA_ENVVARS.entrySet()) {
+      final String envKey = entry.getKey();
+      final String metadataKey = entry.getValue();
+
+      final String envValue = envVars.get(envKey);
+      if (envValue != null) {
+        builder.put(metadataKey, envValue);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return builder.build();
+  }
+
+  private static Map<String, String> parseListOfPairs(final List<String> list,
+                                                      final String fieldName) {
+    return parseListOfPairs(list, fieldName, "=");
+  }
+
+  private static Map<String, String> parseListOfPairs(final List<String> list,
+                                                      final String fieldName,
+                                                      final String delimiter) {
+    final Map<String, String> pairs = new HashMap<>();
+    for (final String s : list) {
+      final String[] parts = s.split(delimiter, 2);
+      if (parts.length != 2) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+            format("Bad format for %s: '%s', expecting %s-delimited pairs",
+                fieldName,
+                s,
+                delimiter));
+      }
+      pairs.put(parts[0], parts[1]);
+    }
+    return pairs;
+  }
+
+  private Integer nullOrInteger(final String s) {
+    return s == null ? null : Integer.valueOf(s);
+  }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobCreateCommand.run(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobCreateCommand.run(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace,com.spo.739130839fd74a294847a4710f02e10c
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobCreateCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobCreateCommand.java|run|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dcf3f1b54158e02ace45239ee8b4bcd0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3521/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3521/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1f421b2b6bb73bb42fafbddff1410df1edc45c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3521/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.client;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListeningExecutorService;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.HeliosException;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.Json;
+
+import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.DefaultHostnameVerifier;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
+import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
+
+import static java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+
+class DefaultRequestDispatcher implements RequestDispatcher {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultRequestDispatcher.class);
+
+  private static final long RETRY_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = SECONDS.toMillis(60);
+  private static final long HTTP_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = SECONDS.toMillis(10);
+  private static final List<String> VALID_PROTOCOLS = ImmutableList.of("http", "https");
+  private static final String VALID_PROTOCOLS_STR =
+      String.format("[%s]", Joiner.on("|").join(VALID_PROTOCOLS));
+
+  private final Supplier<List<URI>> endpointSupplier;
+  private final ListeningExecutorService executorService;
+
+  public DefaultRequestDispatcher(final Supplier<List<URI>> endpointSupplier,
+                                  final ListeningExecutorService executorService) {
+    this.endpointSupplier = endpointSupplier;
+    this.executorService = executorService;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ListenableFuture<Response> request(final URI uri, final String method,
+                                            final byte[] entityBytes,
+                                            final Map<String, List<String>> headers) {
+    return executorService.submit(new Callable<Response>() {
+      @Override
+      public Response call() throws Exception {
+        final HttpURLConnection connection = connect(uri, method, entityBytes, headers);
+        final int status = connection.getResponseCode();
+        final InputStream rawStream;
+        if (status / 100 != 2) {
+          rawStream = connection.getErrorStream();
+        } else {
+          rawStream = connection.getInputStream();
+        }
+        final boolean gzip = isGzipCompressed(connection);
+        final InputStream stream = gzip ? new GZIPInputStream(rawStream) : rawStream;
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream payload = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        if (stream != null) {
+          int n;
+          byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
+          while ((n = stream.read(buffer, 0, buffer.length)) != -1) {
+            payload.write(buffer, 0, n);
+          }
+        }
+        URI realUri = connection.getURL().toURI();
+        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+          log.trace("rep: {} {} {} {} {} gzip:{}",
+                    method, realUri, status, payload.size(), decode(payload), gzip);
+        } else {
+          log.debug("rep: {} {} {} {} gzip:{}",
+                    method, realUri, status, payload.size(), gzip);
+        }
+
+        return new Response(
+            method, uri, status, payload.toByteArray(),
+            Collections.unmodifiableMap(Maps.newHashMap(connection.getHeaderFields())));
+      }
+
+      private boolean isGzipCompressed(final HttpURLConnection connection) {
+        final List<String> encodings = connection.getHeaderFields().get("Content-Encoding");
+        if (encodings == null) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        for (String encoding : encodings) {
+          if ("gzip".equals(encoding)) {
+            return true;
+          }
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  private String decode(final ByteArrayOutputStream payload) {
+    final byte[] bytes = payload.toByteArray();
+    try {
+      return Json.asPrettyString(Json.read(bytes, new TypeReference<Map<String, Object>>() {
+      }));
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      return new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets up a connection, retrying on connect failure.
+   */
+  private HttpURLConnection connect(final URI uri, final String method, final byte[] entity,
+                                    final Map<String, List<String>> headers)
+      throws URISyntaxException, IOException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException,
+             HeliosException {
+    final long deadline = currentTimeMillis() + RETRY_TIMEOUT_MILLIS;
+    final int offset = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt();
+    while (currentTimeMillis() < deadline) {
+      final List<URI> endpoints = endpointSupplier.get();
+      if (endpoints.isEmpty()) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("failed to resolve master");
+      }
+      log.debug("endpoint uris are {}", endpoints);
+
+      // Resolve hostname into IPs so client will round-robin and retry for multiple A records.
+      // Keep a mapping of IPs to hostnames for TLS verification.
+      final List<URI> ipEndpoints = Lists.newArrayList();
+      final Map<URI, URI> ipToHostnameUris = Maps.newHashMap();
+
+      for (final URI hnUri : endpoints) {
+        try {
+          final InetAddress[] ips = InetAddress.getAllByName(hnUri.getHost());
+          for (final InetAddress ip : ips) {
+            final URI ipUri = new URI(
+                hnUri.getScheme(), hnUri.getUserInfo(), ip.getHostAddress(), hnUri.getPort(),
+                hnUri.getPath(), hnUri.getQuery(), hnUri.getFragment());
+            ipEndpoints.add(ipUri);
+            ipToHostnameUris.put(ipUri, hnUri);
+          }
+        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+          log.warn("Unable to resolve hostname {} into IP address: {}", hnUri.getHost(), e);
+        }
+      }
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < ipEndpoints.size() && currentTimeMillis() < deadline; i++) {
+        final URI ipEndpoint = ipEndpoints.get(positive(offset + i) % ipEndpoints.size());
+        final String fullpath = ipEndpoint.getPath() + uri.getPath();
+
+        final String scheme = ipEndpoint.getScheme();
+        final String host = ipEndpoint.getHost();
+        final int port = ipEndpoint.getPort();
+        if (!VALID_PROTOCOLS.contains(scheme) || host == null || port == -1) {
+          throw new HeliosException(String.format(
+              "Master endpoints must be of the form \"%s://heliosmaster.domain.net:<port>\"",
+              VALID_PROTOCOLS_STR));
+        }
+
+        final URI realUri = new URI(scheme, host + ":" + port, fullpath, uri.getQuery(), null);
+        try {
+          log.debug("connecting to {}", realUri);
+          return connect0(realUri, method, entity, headers,
+                          ipToHostnameUris.get(ipEndpoint).getHost());
+        } catch (ConnectException | SocketTimeoutException | UnknownHostException e) {
+          // UnknownHostException happens if we can't resolve hostname into IP address.
+          // UnknownHostException's getMessage method returns just the hostname which is a useless
+          // message, so log the exception class name to provide more info.
+          log.debug(e.toString());
+          // Connecting failed, sleep a bit to avoid hammering and then try another endpoint
+          Thread.sleep(200);
+        }
+      }
+      log.warn("Failed to connect, retrying in 5 seconds.");
+      Thread.sleep(5000);
+    }
+    throw new TimeoutException("Timed out connecting to master");
+  }
+
+  private HttpURLConnection connect0(final URI ipUri, final String method, final byte[] entity,
+                                     final Map<String, List<String>> headers,
+                                     final String hostname)
+      throws IOException {
+    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      log.trace("req: {} {} {} {} {} {}", method, ipUri, headers.size(),
+                Joiner.on(',').withKeyValueSeparator("=").join(headers),
+                entity.length, Json.asPrettyStringUnchecked(entity));
+    } else {
+      log.debug("req: {} {} {} {}", method, ipUri, headers.size(), entity.length);
+    }
+
+    final URLConnection urlConnection = ipUri.toURL().openConnection();
+    final HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) urlConnection;
+
+    // We verify the TLS certificate against the original hostname since verifying against the
+    // IP address will fail
+    if (urlConnection instanceof HttpsURLConnection) {
+      System.setProperty("sun.net.http.allowRestrictedHeaders", "true");
+      connection.setRequestProperty("Host", hostname);
+      ((HttpsURLConnection) connection).setHostnameVerifier(new HostnameVerifier() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean verify(String ip, SSLSession sslSession) {
+          final String tHostname = hostname.endsWith(".") ?
+                                   hostname.substring(0, hostname.length() - 1) : hostname;
+          return new DefaultHostnameVerifier().verify(tHostname, sslSession);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+
+    connection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");
+    connection.setInstanceFollowRedirects(false);
+    connection.setConnectTimeout((int) HTTP_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
+    connection.setReadTimeout((int) HTTP_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
+    for (Map.Entry<String, List<String>> header : headers.entrySet()) {
+      for (final String value : header.getValue()) {
+        connection.addRequestProperty(header.getKey(), value);
+      }
+    }
+    if (entity.length > 0) {
+      connection.setDoOutput(true);
+      connection.getOutputStream().write(entity);
+    }
+    if (urlConnection instanceof HttpsURLConnection) {
+      setRequestMethod(connection, method, true);
+    } else {
+      setRequestMethod(connection, method, false);
+    }
+    connection.getResponseCode();
+    return connection;
+  }
+
+  private int positive(final int value) {
+    return value < 0 ? value + Integer.MAX_VALUE : value;
+  }
+
+  private void setRequestMethod(final HttpURLConnection connection,
+                                final String method,
+                                final boolean isHttps) {
+    // Nasty workaround for ancient HttpURLConnection only supporting few methods
+    final Class<?> httpURLConnectionClass = connection.getClass();
+    try {
+      Field methodField;
+      HttpURLConnection delegate;
+      if (isHttps) {
+        final Field delegateField = httpURLConnectionClass.getDeclaredField("delegate");
+        delegateField.setAccessible(true);
+        delegate = (HttpURLConnection) delegateField.get(connection);
+        methodField = delegate.getClass().getSuperclass().getSuperclass().getSuperclass()
+            .getDeclaredField("method");
+      } else {
+        delegate = connection;
+        methodField = httpURLConnectionClass.getSuperclass().getDeclaredField("method");
+      }
+
+      methodField.setAccessible(true);
+      methodField.set(delegate, method);
+    } catch (NoSuchFieldException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+      throw Throwables.propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() {
+    executorService.shutdownNow();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection` acquired by call to `openConnection()` at line 233 is not released after line 270.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 262
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HttpURLConnection DefaultRequestDispatcher.connect0(URI,String,byte[],Map,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.client.DefaultRequestDispatcher.connect0(java.net.URI,java.lang.String,byte[],jav.e6adbb600c78f656ba3dad7b00c47af4
+
+### File:
+helios-client/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/client/DefaultRequestDispatcher.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultRequestDispatcher.java|connect0|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+ff68b4b5873012326dff3c2684a2eed6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3526/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3526/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a504c94ddb1e08377c53435662e043d2cbf0b5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3526/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.cli.Utils;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.JobDeleteResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+public class JobRemoveCommand extends WildcardJobCommand {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JobRemoveCommand.class);
+
+  private final Argument tokenArg;
+  private final Argument yesArg;
+  private final Argument forceArg;
+
+  public JobRemoveCommand(Subparser parser) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("remove a job");
+
+    tokenArg = parser.addArgument("--token")
+            .nargs("?")
+            .setDefault("")
+            .help("Insecure access token");
+
+    yesArg = parser.addArgument("--yes")
+        .action(Arguments.storeTrue())
+        .help("Automatically answer 'yes' to the interactive prompt.");
+
+    // TODO (dxia) Deprecated, remove at a later date
+    forceArg = parser.addArgument("--force")
+        .action(Arguments.storeTrue())
+        .help("Automatically answer 'yes' to the interactive prompt.");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected int runWithJobId(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client,
+                             final PrintStream out, final boolean json, final JobId jobId,
+                             final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+    final boolean yes = options.getBoolean(yesArg.getDest());
+    final boolean force = options.getBoolean(forceArg.getDest());
+
+    if (force) {
+      log.warn("If you are using '--force' to skip the interactive prompt, " +
+               "note that we have deprecated it. Please use '--yes'.");
+    }
+
+    if (!yes && !force) {
+      out.printf("This will remove the job %s%n", jobId);
+      final boolean confirmed = Utils.userConfirmed(out, stdin);
+      if (!confirmed) {
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("Removing job %s%n", jobId);
+    }
+
+    int code = 0;
+
+    final String token = options.getString(tokenArg.getDest());
+    final JobDeleteResponse response = client.deleteJob(jobId, token).get();
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("%s: ", jobId);
+    }
+    if (response.getStatus() == JobDeleteResponse.Status.OK) {
+      if (json) {
+        out.printf(response.toJsonString());
+      } else {
+        out.printf("done%n");
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (json) {
+        out.printf(response.toJsonString());
+      } else {
+        out.printf("failed: %s%n", response);
+      }
+      code = 1;
+    }
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobRemoveCommand.runWithJobId(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,JobId,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobRemoveCommand.runWithJobId(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespac.e2dfb8962952f2783909c2625c475ff8
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobRemoveCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobRemoveCommand.java|runWithJobId|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+aa08bb8f1d6b0afc7ed0fa164a06c6da
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3528/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3528/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..64eff2dba2dd94d0eb31b824248d4077878e6335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3528/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Deployment;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Goal;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.SetGoalResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+public class JobStopCommand extends WildcardJobCommand {
+
+  private final Argument hostsArg;
+  private final Argument tokenArg;
+
+  public JobStopCommand(Subparser parser) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("stop a running job without undeploying it");
+
+    hostsArg = parser.addArgument("hosts")
+        .nargs("+")
+        .help("The hosts to stop the job on.");
+
+    tokenArg = parser.addArgument("--token")
+        .nargs("?")
+        .setDefault("")
+        .help("Insecure access token");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected int runWithJobId(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client,
+                             final PrintStream out, final boolean json, final JobId jobId,
+                             final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, IOException {
+    final List<String> hosts = options.getList(hostsArg.getDest());
+
+    final Deployment deployment = new Deployment.Builder()
+        .setGoal(Goal.STOP)
+        .setJobId(jobId)
+        .build();
+
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("Stopping %s on %s%n", jobId, hosts);
+    }
+
+    int code = 0;
+
+    for (final String host : hosts) {
+      if (!json) {
+        out.printf("%s: ", host);
+      }
+      final String token = options.getString(tokenArg.getDest());
+      final SetGoalResponse result = client.setGoal(deployment, host, token).get();
+      if (result.getStatus() == SetGoalResponse.Status.OK) {
+        if (json) {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        } else {
+          out.printf("done%n");
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (json) {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        } else {
+          out.printf("failed: %s%n", result);
+        }
+        code = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobStopCommand.runWithJobId(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,JobId,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobStopCommand.runWithJobId(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace,.29f546d7117b331afdc037f9a9c79e0b
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobStopCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobStopCommand.java|runWithJobId|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5f3fbe6cba6a68c29daba58e3a6549e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3532/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3532/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f389a741de1e6b5be711988115e59fc86ff554ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3532/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Deployment;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Goal;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.SetGoalResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+public class JobStartCommand extends WildcardJobCommand {
+
+  private final Argument hostsArg;
+  private final Argument tokenArg;
+
+  public JobStartCommand(Subparser parser) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("start a stopped job");
+
+    hostsArg = parser.addArgument("hosts")
+        .nargs("+")
+        .help("The hosts to start the job on.");
+
+    tokenArg = parser.addArgument("--token")
+        .nargs("?")
+        .setDefault("")
+        .help("Insecure access token");
+ }
+
+  @Override
+  protected int runWithJobId(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client,
+                             final PrintStream out, final boolean json, final JobId jobId,
+                             final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, IOException {
+
+    final List<String> hosts = options.getList(hostsArg.getDest());
+
+    final Deployment deployment = new Deployment.Builder()
+        .setGoal(Goal.START)
+        .setJobId(jobId)
+        .build();
+
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("Starting %s on %s%n", jobId, hosts);
+    }
+
+    int code = 0;
+
+    for (final String host : hosts) {
+      if (!json) {
+        out.printf("%s: ", host);
+      }
+      final String token = options.getString(tokenArg.getDest());
+      final SetGoalResponse result = client.setGoal(deployment, host, token).get();
+      if (result.getStatus() == SetGoalResponse.Status.OK) {
+        if (json) {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        } else {
+          out.printf("done%n");
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (json) {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        } else {
+          out.printf("failed: %s%n", result);
+        }
+        code = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobStartCommand.runWithJobId(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,JobId,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobStartCommand.runWithJobId(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace.453dd78361b9dd099e75352773ae0721
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobStartCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobStartCommand.java|runWithJobId|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+48a5e41c883f4cc4489ba1e15bed5ea6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3535/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3535/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..034ca0beba77bd370fabd486529afc97330f9a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3535/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.cli.Utils;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.JobDeleteResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+public class JobRemoveCommand extends WildcardJobCommand {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JobRemoveCommand.class);
+
+  private final Argument tokenArg;
+  private final Argument yesArg;
+  private final Argument forceArg;
+
+  public JobRemoveCommand(Subparser parser) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("remove a job");
+
+    tokenArg = parser.addArgument("--token")
+            .nargs("?")
+            .setDefault("")
+            .help("Insecure access token");
+
+    yesArg = parser.addArgument("--yes")
+        .action(Arguments.storeTrue())
+        .help("Automatically answer 'yes' to the interactive prompt.");
+
+    // TODO (dxia) Deprecated, remove at a later date
+    forceArg = parser.addArgument("--force")
+        .action(Arguments.storeTrue())
+        .help("Automatically answer 'yes' to the interactive prompt.");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected int runWithJobId(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client,
+                             final PrintStream out, final boolean json, final JobId jobId,
+                             final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws IOException, ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+    final boolean yes = options.getBoolean(yesArg.getDest());
+    final boolean force = options.getBoolean(forceArg.getDest());
+
+    if (force) {
+      log.warn("If you are using '--force' to skip the interactive prompt, " +
+               "note that we have deprecated it. Please use '--yes'.");
+    }
+
+    if (!yes && !force) {
+      out.printf("This will remove the job %s%n", jobId);
+      final boolean confirmed = Utils.userConfirmed(out, stdin);
+      if (!confirmed) {
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("Removing job %s%n", jobId);
+    }
+
+    int code = 0;
+
+    final String token = options.getString(tokenArg.getDest());
+    final JobDeleteResponse response = client.deleteJob(jobId, token).get();
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("%s: ", jobId);
+    }
+    if (response.getStatus() == JobDeleteResponse.Status.OK) {
+      if (json) {
+        out.printf(response.toJsonString());
+      } else {
+        out.printf("done%n");
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (json) {
+        out.printf(response.toJsonString());
+      } else {
+        out.printf("failed: %s%n", response);
+      }
+      code = 1;
+    }
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobRemoveCommand.runWithJobId(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,JobId,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobRemoveCommand.runWithJobId(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespac.e2dfb8962952f2783909c2625c475ff8
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobRemoveCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobRemoveCommand.java|runWithJobId|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+aa08bb8f1d6b0afc7ed0fa164a06c6da
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3550/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3550/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0739e21669a7f94ec238bc736dd63d181e4ab4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3550/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.*;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.*;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.mapper.*;
+import javax.annotation.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.*;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.util.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.*;
+import net.coobird.thumbnailator.Thumbnails;
+
+@Service
+public class ShowPictureServiceImpl implements ShowPictureService {
+	@Resource
+	private NodeMapper fm;
+	@Resource
+	private Gson gson;
+	@Resource
+	private FileBlockUtil fbu;
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取所有同级目录下的图片并封装为PictureViewList对象</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法用于根据请求获取预览图片列表并进行封装，对于过大图片会进行压缩。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param request
+	 *            HttpServletRequest 请求对象，需包含fileId字段（需预览的图片ID）。
+	 * @return PictureViewList 预览列表封装对象，详见其注释。
+	 * @see kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.PictureViewList
+	 */
+	private PictureViewList foundPictures(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		if (fileId != null && fileId.length() > 0) {
+			final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+			if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+				final List<Node> nodes = this.fm.queryBySomeFolder(fileId);
+				final List<Node> pictureViewList = new ArrayList<Node>();
+				int index = 0;
+				for (final Node n : nodes) {
+					final String fileName = n.getFileName();
+					final String suffix = fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf(".") + 1).toLowerCase();
+					if (suffix.equals("jpg") || suffix.equals("jpeg") || suffix.equals("gif") || suffix.equals("bmp")
+							|| suffix.equals("png")) {
+						int pSize = Integer.parseInt(n.getFileSize());
+						if (pSize > 1) {
+							n.setFilePath("homeController/showCondensedPicture.do?fileId=" + n.getFileId());
+						}
+						pictureViewList.add(n);
+						if (!n.getFileId().equals(fileId)) {
+							continue;
+						}
+						index = pictureViewList.size() - 1;
+					}
+				}
+				final PictureViewList pvl = new PictureViewList();
+				pvl.setIndex(index);
+				pvl.setPictureViewList(pictureViewList);
+				return pvl;
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	public String getPreviewPictureJson(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final PictureViewList pvl = this.foundPictures(request);
+		if (pvl != null) {
+			return gson.toJson((Object) pvl);
+		}
+		return "ERROR";
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void getCondensedPicture(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		// TODO 自动生成的方法存根
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized((String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT"),
+				AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+			if (fileId != null) {
+				Node node = fm.queryById(fileId);
+				if (node != null) {
+					File pBlock = fbu.getFileFromBlocks(node);
+					if (pBlock.exists()) {
+						try {
+							int pSize = Integer.parseInt(node.getFileSize());
+							if (pSize < 3) {
+								Thumbnails.of(pBlock).size(1024, 1024).outputFormat("JPG")
+										.toOutputStream(response.getOutputStream());
+							} else if (pSize < 5) {
+								Thumbnails.of(pBlock).size(1440, 1440).outputFormat("JPG")
+										.toOutputStream(response.getOutputStream());
+							} else {
+								Thumbnails.of(pBlock).size(1680, 1680).outputFormat("JPG")
+										.toOutputStream(response.getOutputStream());
+							}
+						} catch (IOException e) {
+							// TODO 自动生成的 catch 块
+							// 压缩失败时，尝试以源文件进行预览
+							try {
+								Files.copy(pBlock.toPath(), response.getOutputStream());
+							} catch (IOException e1) {
+								// TODO 自动生成的 catch 块
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `pBlock` last assigned on line 94 could be null and is dereferenced at line 95.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ShowPictureServiceImpl.getCondensedPicture(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.ShowPictureServiceImpl.getCondensedPicture(javax.servlet.http.Http.4e0edbc94a3d4dc66b5cc1c91256240f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/server/service/impl/ShowPictureServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ShowPictureServiceImpl.java|getCondensedPicture|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15a4d40df89c2684851c8f9cc5a6aced
+
+### Hash:
+c5d91218ca25e249741fc3c692bb621b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3559/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3559/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42b733795951b2a96bf6ff8c04abac881c33907e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3559/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.server.util;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+public class RangeFileStreamWriter {
+
+	// 使用断点续传技术提供文件下载服务
+	protected void writeRangeFileStream(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, File fo, String fname,
+			String contentType) {
+		long skipLength = 0;// 下载时跳过的字节数
+		long downLength = 0;// 需要继续下载的字节数
+		boolean hasEnd = false;// 是否具备结束字节声明
+		try {
+			response.setHeader("Accept-Ranges", "bytes");// 支持断点续传声明
+			// 获取已下载字节数和需下载字节数
+			String rangeLabel = request.getHeader("Range");// 获取下载长度声明
+			if (null != rangeLabel) {
+				// 当进行断点续传时，返回响应码206
+				response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT);
+				// 解析下载跳过长度和继续长度
+				rangeLabel = request.getHeader("Range").replaceAll("bytes=", "");
+				if (rangeLabel.indexOf('-') == rangeLabel.length() - 1) {
+					hasEnd = false;
+					rangeLabel = rangeLabel.substring(0, rangeLabel.indexOf('-'));
+					skipLength = Long.parseLong(rangeLabel.trim());
+				} else {
+					hasEnd = true;
+					String startBytes = rangeLabel.substring(0, rangeLabel.indexOf('-'));
+					String endBytes = rangeLabel.substring(rangeLabel.indexOf('-') + 1, rangeLabel.length());
+					skipLength = Long.parseLong(startBytes.trim());
+					downLength = Long.parseLong(endBytes);
+				}
+			}
+			// 设置响应中文件块声明
+			long fileLength = fo.length();// 文件长度
+			if (0 != skipLength) {
+				String contentRange = "";
+				if (hasEnd) {
+					contentRange = new StringBuffer(rangeLabel).append("/").append(new Long(fileLength).toString())
+							.toString();
+				} else {
+					contentRange = new StringBuffer("bytes").append(new Long(skipLength).toString()).append("-")
+							.append(new Long(fileLength - 1).toString()).append("/")
+							.append(new Long(fileLength).toString()).toString();
+				}
+				response.setHeader("Content-Range", contentRange);
+			}
+			// 开始执行下载
+			response.setContentType(contentType);
+			response.setHeader("Content-Length", "" + fileLength);
+			response.addHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment;fileName=" + URLEncoder.encode(fname, "UTF-8"));
+			final int buffersize = ConfigureReader.instance().getBuffSize();
+			final byte[] buffer = new byte[buffersize];
+			final RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(fo, "r");
+			final OutputStream os = (OutputStream) response.getOutputStream();
+			raf.seek(skipLength);// 跳过已经下载的字节数
+			if (hasEnd) {
+				while (raf.getFilePointer() < downLength) {
+					os.write(raf.read());
+				}
+			} else {
+				int index = 0;
+				while ((index = raf.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+					os.write(buffer, 0, index);
+				}
+			}
+			raf.close();
+			os.close();
+		} catch (Exception ex) {
+			ex.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired to `raf` by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 60 is not released after line 75.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 62
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RangeFileStreamWriter.writeRangeFileStream(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,File,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.RangeFileStreamWriter.writeRangeFileStream(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletR.c8fde744e8100af6362c12d59cd3b60d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/server/util/RangeFileStreamWriter.java
+
+### Key:
+RangeFileStreamWriter.java|writeRangeFileStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+65e957a54c7dfb0466171af6d2b3826d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3561/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3561/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a4ef90bdeaae6dada655fd2a7a6dea13e82758d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3561/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.*;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.mapper.*;
+import javax.annotation.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.*;
+import org.springframework.web.multipart.*;
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import java.net.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import com.google.gson.*;
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
+
+@Service
+public class FileServiceImpl implements FileService {
+	@Resource
+	private NodeMapper fm;
+	@Resource
+	private FileBlockUtil fbu;
+	@Resource
+	private LogUtil lu;
+	@Resource
+	private Gson gson;
+
+	public String checkUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String namelist = request.getParameter("namelist");
+		final List<String> namelistObj = gson.fromJson(namelist, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+		}.getType());
+		for (final String filename : namelistObj) {
+			if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || filename == null || filename.length() <= 0) {
+				return "errorParameter";
+			}
+			if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)) {
+				return "noAuthorized";
+			}
+			final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+			boolean duplication = false;
+			for (final Node f : files) {
+				if (f.getFileName().equals(filename)) {
+					duplication = true;
+				}
+			}
+			if (!duplication) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			return "duplicationFileName:" + filename;
+		}
+		return "permitUpload";
+	}
+
+	public String doUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final MultipartFile file) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String filename = file.getOriginalFilename();
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || filename == null || filename.length() <= 0) {
+			return "uploaderror";
+		}
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)) {
+			return "uploaderror";
+		}
+		final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+		boolean duplication = false;
+		for (final Node f : files) {
+			if (f.getFileName().equals(filename)) {
+				duplication = true;
+			}
+		}
+		if (duplication) {
+			return "uploaderror";
+		}
+		final String path = this.fbu.saveToFileBlocks(request, file);
+		final String fsize = this.fbu.getFileSize(file);
+		if (path.equals("ERROR")) {
+			return "uploaderror";
+		}
+		final Node f2 = new Node();
+		f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+		if (account != null) {
+			f2.setFileCreator(account);
+		} else {
+			f2.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+		}
+		f2.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+		f2.setFileName(filename);
+		f2.setFileParentFolder(folderId);
+		f2.setFilePath(path);
+		f2.setFileSize(fsize);
+		if (this.fm.insert(f2) > 0) {
+			this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(request, f2);
+			return "uploadsuccess";
+		}
+		return "uploaderror";
+	}
+
+	public String deleteFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return "noAuthorized";
+		}
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+			return "errorParameter";
+		}
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return "errorParameter";
+		}
+		final String fileblocks = ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath();
+		if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(fileblocks, file.getFilePath())) {
+			return "cannotDeleteFile";
+		}
+		if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) > 0) {
+			this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+			return "deleteFileSuccess";
+		}
+		return "cannotDeleteFile";
+	}
+
+	public void doDownloadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+			if (fileId != null) {
+				final Node f = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+				if (f != null) {
+					final String fileBlocks = ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath();
+					final File fo = this.fbu.getFileFromBlocks(fileBlocks, f.getFilePath());
+					try {
+						final FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(fo);
+						response.setContentType("application/force-download");
+						response.setHeader("Content-Length", "" + fo.length());
+						response.addHeader("Content-Disposition",
+								"attachment;fileName=" + URLEncoder.encode(f.getFileName(), "UTF-8"));
+						final int buffersize = ConfigureReader.instance().getBuffSize();
+						final byte[] buffer = new byte[buffersize];
+						final BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
+						final OutputStream os = (OutputStream) response.getOutputStream();
+						int index = 0;
+						while ((index = bis.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+							os.write(buffer, 0, index);
+						}
+						bis.close();
+						fis.close();
+						this.lu.writeDownloadFileEvent(request, f);
+					} catch (Exception ex) {
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String doRenameFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String newFileName = request.getParameter("newFileName");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.RENAME_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return "noAuthorized";
+		}
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0 || newFileName == null || newFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return "errorParameter";
+		}
+		if (!TextFormateUtil.instance().matcherFileName(newFileName)) {
+			return "errorParameter";
+		}
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return "errorParameter";
+		}
+		final Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
+		map.put("fileId", fileId);
+		map.put("newFileName", newFileName);
+		if (this.fm.updateFileNameById(map) > 0) {
+			this.lu.writeRenameFileEvent(request, file, newFileName);
+			return "renameFileSuccess";
+		}
+		return "cannotRenameFile";
+	}
+
+	public String deleteCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return "errorParameter";
+					}
+					final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (file == null) {
+						return "errorParameter";
+					}
+					final String fileblocks = ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath();
+					if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(fileblocks, file.getFilePath())) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+				}
+				return "deleteFileSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return "errorParameter";
+			}
+		}
+		return "noAuthorized";
+	}
+
+	public String downloadCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				if (idList.size() > 0) {
+					final String fileBlocks = ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath();
+					final String tfPath = ConfigureReader.instance().getTemporaryfilePath();
+					final String zipname = this.fbu.createZip(idList, tfPath, fileBlocks);
+					this.lu.writeDownloadCheckedFileEvent(request, idList);
+					return zipname;
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "ERROR";
+	}
+
+	public void downloadCheckedFilesZip(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response)
+			throws Exception {
+		final String zipname = request.getParameter("zipId");
+		if (zipname != null && !zipname.equals("ERROR")) {
+			final String tfPath = ConfigureReader.instance().getTemporaryfilePath();
+			final File zip = new File(tfPath, zipname);
+			if (zip.exists()) {
+				response.setContentType("application/force-download");
+				response.setHeader("Content-Length", "" + zip.length());
+				response.addHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment;fileName=" + URLEncoder
+						.encode("kiftd_" + ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay() + "_\u6253\u5305\u4e0b\u8f7d.zip", "UTF-8"));
+				final FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(zip);
+				final BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(fis);
+				final OutputStream out = (OutputStream) response.getOutputStream();
+				final byte[] buffer = new byte[ConfigureReader.instance().getBuffSize()];
+				int count = 0;
+				while ((count = bis.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+					out.write(buffer, 0, count);
+				}
+				bis.close();
+				fis.close();
+				zip.delete();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getPackTime(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				long packTime = 0L;
+				for (final String fid : idList) {
+					final Node n = this.fm.queryById(fid);
+					final File f = new File(ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath(), n.getFilePath());
+					if (f.exists()) {
+						packTime += f.length() / 25000000L;
+					}
+				}
+				if (packTime < 4L) {
+					return "\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 4L && packTime < 10L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea610\u79d2";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 10L && packTime < 35L) {
+					return "\u4e0d\u5230\u534a\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 35L && packTime < 65L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea61\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 65L) {
+					return "\u8d85\u8fc7" + packTime / 60L
+							+ "\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u8017\u65f6\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u8f7d";
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "0";
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String doMoveFiles(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		// TODO 自动生成的方法存根
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String locationpath=request.getParameter("locationpath");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.MOVE_FILES)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return "errorParameter";
+					}
+					final Node node = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (node == null) {
+						return "errorParameter";
+					}
+					Map<String, String> map=new HashMap<>();
+					map.put("fileId", fileId);
+					map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+					if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotMoveFiles";
+					}
+					this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node, locationpath);
+				}
+				return "moveFilesSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return "errorParameter";
+			}
+		}
+		return "noAuthorized";
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedInputStream` acquired to `bis` by call to `new()` at line 249 is not released after line 261.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 254
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileServiceImpl.downloadCheckedFilesZip(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.FileServiceImpl.downloadCheckedFilesZip(javax.servlet.http.HttpSer.99599f8d8f9ba01d777403546e84c3aa
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/server/service/impl/FileServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+FileServiceImpl.java|downloadCheckedFilesZip|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+3bf9fd1c54f724282c958ba255a07fb8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3566/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3566/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a669c7384fa702a9b6a329a78aca84bedfc74147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3566/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.*;
+
+import org.springframework.stereotype.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.mapper.*;
+import javax.annotation.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.CheckImportFolderRespons;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.CheckUploadFilesRespons;
+
+import org.springframework.web.multipart.*;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import com.google.gson.*;
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * <h2>文件服务功能实现类</h2>
+ * <p>
+ * 该类负责对文件相关的服务进行实现操作，例如下载和上传等，各方法功能详见接口定义。
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+ * @version 1.0
+ * @see kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.FileService
+ */
+@Service
+public class FileServiceImpl extends RangeFileStreamWriter implements FileService {
+	private static final String ERROR_PARAMETER = "errorParameter";// 参数错误标识
+	private static final String NO_AUTHORIZED = "noAuthorized";// 权限错误标识
+	private static final String UPLOADSUCCESS = "uploadsuccess";// 上传成功标识
+	private static final String UPLOADERROR = "uploaderror";// 上传失败标识
+	
+	private static Set<String> pathsKeys;//文件夹上传安全锁，避免同时对同文件夹重复导入
+
+	@Resource
+	private NodeMapper fm;
+	@Resource
+	private FolderMapper flm;
+	@Resource
+	private LogUtil lu;
+	@Resource
+	private Gson gson;
+	@Resource
+	private FileBlockUtil fbu;
+	@Resource
+	private FolderUtil fu;
+
+	private static final String CONTENT_TYPE = "application/octet-stream";
+	
+	{
+		pathsKeys = new HashSet<>();
+	}
+
+	// 检查上传文件列表的实现
+	public String checkUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String nameList = request.getParameter("namelist");
+		final String maxUploadFileSize = request.getParameter("maxSize");
+		final String maxUploadFileIndex = request.getParameter("maxFileIndex");
+		// 目标文件夹合法性检查
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() == 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		Folder folder = flm.queryById(folderId);
+		if (folder == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)
+				|| !ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(folder, account)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		// 获得上传文件名列表
+		final List<String> namelistObj = gson.fromJson(nameList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+		}.getType());
+		// 准备一个检查结果对象
+		CheckUploadFilesRespons cufr = new CheckUploadFilesRespons();
+		// 开始文件上传体积限制检查
+		try {
+			// 获取最大文件体积（以Byte为单位）
+			long mufs = Long.parseLong(maxUploadFileSize);
+			// 获取最大文件的名称
+			String mfname = namelistObj.get(Integer.parseInt(maxUploadFileIndex));
+			long pMaxUploadSize = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+			if (pMaxUploadSize >= 0) {
+				if (mufs > pMaxUploadSize) {
+					cufr.setCheckResult("fileTooLarge");
+					cufr.setMaxUploadFileSize(formatMaxUploadFileSize(pMaxUploadSize));
+					cufr.setOverSizeFile(mfname);
+					return gson.toJson(cufr);
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 开始文件命名冲突检查
+		final List<String> pereFileNameList = new ArrayList<>();
+		// 查找目标目录下是否存在与待上传文件同名的文件（或文件夹），如果有，记录在上方的列表中
+		for (final String fileName : namelistObj) {
+			if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || fileName == null || fileName.length() <= 0) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+			final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+			if (files.stream().parallel().anyMatch((n) -> n.getFileName()
+					.equals(new String(fileName.getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))) {
+				pereFileNameList.add(fileName);
+			}
+		}
+		// 如果存在同名文件，则写入同名文件的列表；否则，直接允许上传
+		if (pereFileNameList.size() > 0) {
+			cufr.setCheckResult("hasExistsNames");
+			cufr.setPereFileNameList(pereFileNameList);
+		} else {
+			cufr.setCheckResult("permitUpload");
+			cufr.setPereFileNameList(new ArrayList<String>());
+		}
+		return gson.toJson(cufr);// 以JSON格式写回该结果
+	}
+
+	// 格式化存储体积，便于返回上传文件体积的检查提示信息
+	private String formatMaxUploadFileSize(long size) {
+		double result = (double) size;
+		String unit = "B";
+		if (size <= 0) {
+			return "设置无效，请联系管理员";
+		}
+		if (size >= 1024 && size < 1048576) {
+			result = (double) size / 1024;
+			unit = "KB";
+		} else if (size >= 1048576 && size < 1073741824) {
+			result = (double) size / 1048576;
+			unit = "MB";
+		} else if (size >= 1073741824) {
+			result = (double) size / 1073741824;
+			unit = "GB";
+		}
+		return String.format("%.1f", result) + " " + unit;
+	}
+
+	// 执行上传操作，接收文件并存入文件节点
+	public String doUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response,
+			final MultipartFile file) {
+		String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String originalFileName = new String(file.getOriginalFilename().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")),
+				Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+		String fileName = originalFileName;
+		final String repeType = request.getParameter("repeType");
+		// 再次检查上传文件名与目标目录ID
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || originalFileName == null || originalFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		Folder folder = flm.queryById(folderId);
+		if (folder == null) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传权限
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)
+				|| !ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(folder, account)) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传文件体积是否超限
+		long mufs = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+		if (mufs >= 0 && file.getSize() > mufs) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查是否存在同名文件。不存在：直接存入新节点；存在：检查repeType代表的上传类型：覆盖、跳过、保留两者。
+		final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+		if (files.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(originalFileName))) {
+			// 针对存在同名文件的操作
+			if (repeType != null) {
+				switch (repeType) {
+				// 跳过则忽略上传请求并直接返回上传成功（跳过不应上传）
+				case "skip":
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				// 覆盖则找到已存在文件节点的File并将新内容写入其中，同时更新原节点信息（除了文件名、父目录和ID之外的全部信息）
+				case "cover":
+					// 其中覆盖操作同时要求用户必须具备删除权限
+					if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+						return UPLOADERROR;
+					}
+					for (Node f : files) {
+						if (f.getFileName().equals(originalFileName)) {
+							File file2 = fbu.getFileFromBlocks(f);
+							try {
+								file.transferTo(file2);
+								f.setFileSize(fbu.getFileSize(file));
+								f.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+								if (account != null) {
+									f.setFileCreator(account);
+								} else {
+									f.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+								}
+								if (fm.update(f) > 0) {
+									this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f, account);
+									return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+								} else {
+									return UPLOADERROR;
+								}
+							} catch (Exception e) {
+								return UPLOADERROR;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				// 保留两者，使用型如“xxxxx (n).xx”的形式命名新文件。其中n为计数，例如已经存在2个文件，则新文件的n记为2
+				case "both":
+					// 设置新文件名为标号形式
+					fileName = FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(originalFileName, files);
+					break;
+				default:
+					// 其他声明，容错，暂无效果
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			} else {
+				// 如果既有重复文件、同时又没声明如何操作，则直接上传失败。
+				return UPLOADERROR;
+			}
+		}
+		// 将文件存入节点并获取其存入生成路径，型如“UUID.block”形式。
+		final String path = this.fbu.saveToFileBlocks(file);
+		if (path.equals("ERROR")) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		final String fsize = this.fbu.getFileSize(file);
+		final Node f2 = new Node();
+		f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+		if (account != null) {
+			f2.setFileCreator(account);
+		} else {
+			f2.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+		}
+		f2.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+		f2.setFileName(fileName);
+		f2.setFileParentFolder(folderId);
+		f2.setFilePath(path);
+		f2.setFileSize(fsize);
+		int i = 0;
+		// 尽可能避免UUID重复的情况发生，重试10次
+		while (true) {
+			try {
+				if (this.fm.insert(f2) > 0) {
+					this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f2, account);
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				}
+				break;
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+				i++;
+			}
+			if (i >= 10) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		return UPLOADERROR;
+	}
+
+	// 删除单个文件，该功能与删除多个文件重复，计划合并二者
+	public String deleteFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		// 接收参数并接续要删除的文件
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 确认要删除的文件存在
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 从文件块删除
+		if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(file)) {
+			return "cannotDeleteFile";
+		}
+		// 从节点删除
+		if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) > 0) {
+			this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+			return "deleteFileSuccess";
+		}
+		return "cannotDeleteFile";
+	}
+
+	// 普通下载：下载单个文件
+	public void doDownloadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			// 找到要下载的文件节点
+			final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+			if (fileId != null) {
+				final Node f = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+				if (f != null) {
+					// 执行写出
+					final File fo = this.fbu.getFileFromBlocks(f);
+					if (fo != null) {
+						writeRangeFileStream(request, response, fo, f.getFileName(), CONTENT_TYPE);
+						// 日志记录（仅针对一次下载）
+						if (request.getHeader("Range") == null) {
+							this.lu.writeDownloadFileEvent(request, f);
+						}
+						return;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		try {
+			//  处理无法下载的资源
+			response.sendError(404);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 重命名文件
+	public String doRenameFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String newFileName = request.getParameter("newFileName");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.RENAME_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		// 参数检查
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0 || newFileName == null || newFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		if (!TextFormateUtil.instance().matcherFileName(newFileName) || newFileName.indexOf(".") == 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		if (!file.getFileName().equals(newFileName)) {
+			// 不允许重名
+			if (fm.queryBySomeFolder(fileId).parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(newFileName))) {
+				return "nameOccupied";
+			}
+			// 更新文件名
+			final Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
+			map.put("fileId", fileId);
+			map.put("newFileName", newFileName);
+			if (this.fm.updateFileNameById(map) == 0) {
+				// 并写入日志
+				return "cannotRenameFile";
+			}
+		}
+		this.lu.writeRenameFileEvent(request, file, newFileName);
+		return "renameFileSuccess";
+	}
+
+	// 删除所有选中文件和文件夹
+	public String deleteCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			try {
+				// 得到要删除的文件ID列表
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				// 对每个要删除的文件节点进行确认并删除
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (file == null) {
+						return "deleteFileSuccess";
+					}
+					// 删除文件块
+					if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(file)) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					// 删除文件节点
+					if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					// 日志记录
+					this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+				}
+				// 删完选中的文件，再去删文件夹
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (String fid : fidList) {
+					Folder folder = flm.queryById(fid);
+					final List<Folder> l = this.fu.getParentList(fid);
+					if (fu.deleteAllChildFolder(fid) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					} else {
+						this.lu.writeDeleteFolderEvent(request, folder, l);
+					}
+				}
+				return "deleteFileSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	// 打包下载功能：前置——压缩要打包下载的文件
+	public String downloadCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+			try {
+				// 获得要打包下载的文件ID
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				// 创建ZIP压缩包并将全部文件压缩
+				if (idList.size() > 0 || fidList.size() > 0) {
+					final String zipname = this.fbu.createZip(idList, fidList, account);
+					this.lu.writeDownloadCheckedFileEvent(request, idList);
+					// 返回生成的压缩包路径
+					return zipname;
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "ERROR";
+	}
+
+	// 打包下载功能：执行——下载压缩好的文件
+	public void downloadCheckedFilesZip(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response)
+			throws Exception {
+		final String zipname = request.getParameter("zipId");
+		if (zipname != null && !zipname.equals("ERROR")) {
+			final String tfPath = ConfigureReader.instance().getTemporaryfilePath();
+			final File zip = new File(tfPath, zipname);
+			String fname = "kiftd_" + ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay() + "_\u6253\u5305\u4e0b\u8f7d.zip";
+			if (zip.exists()) {
+				writeRangeFileStream(request, response, zip, fname, CONTENT_TYPE);
+				zip.delete();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getPackTime(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (String fid : fidList) {
+					countFolderFilesId(account, fid, fidList);
+				}
+				long packTime = 0L;
+				for (final String fid : idList) {
+					final Node n = this.fm.queryById(fid);
+					final File f = fbu.getFileFromBlocks(n);
+					if (f != null && f.exists()) {
+						packTime += f.length() / 25000000L;
+					}
+				}
+				if (packTime < 4L) {
+					return "\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 4L && packTime < 10L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea610\u79d2";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 10L && packTime < 35L) {
+					return "\u4e0d\u5230\u534a\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 35L && packTime < 65L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea61\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 65L) {
+					return "\u8d85\u8fc7" + packTime / 60L
+							+ "\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u8017\u65f6\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u8f7d";
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "0";
+	}
+
+	// 用于迭代获得全部文件夹内的文件ID（方便预测耗时）
+	private void countFolderFilesId(String account, String fid, List<String> idList) {
+		Folder f = flm.queryById(fid);
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(f, account)) {
+			idList.addAll(Arrays.asList(
+					fm.queryByParentFolderId(fid).parallelStream().map((e) -> e.getFileId()).toArray(String[]::new)));
+			List<Folder> cFolders = flm.queryByParentId(fid);
+			for (Folder cFolder : cFolders) {
+				countFolderFilesId(account, cFolder.getFolderId(), idList);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String doMoveFiles(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String strOptMap = request.getParameter("strOptMap");
+		final String locationpath = request.getParameter("locationpath");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.MOVE_FILES)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final Map<String, String> optMap = gson.fromJson(strOptMap, new TypeToken<Map<String, String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String id : idList) {
+					if (id == null || id.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node node = this.fm.queryById(id);
+					if (node == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (node.getFileParentFolder().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName()))) {
+						if (optMap.get(id) == null) {
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+						switch (optMap.get(id)) {
+						case "cover":
+							if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+								return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+							}
+							Node n = fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+									.filter((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName())).findFirst().get();
+							if (fm.deleteById(n.getFileId()) > 0) {
+								Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+								map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+								map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+								if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+									return "cannotMoveFiles";
+								}
+							} else {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+							break;
+						case "both":
+							node.setFileName(FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(node.getFileName(),
+									fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath)));
+							if (fm.update(node) <= 0) {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+							map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+							map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+							break;
+						case "skip":
+							break;
+						default:
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+					} else {
+						Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+						map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+						map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+						if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						}
+						this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+					}
+				}
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String fid : fidList) {
+					if (fid == null || fid.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Folder folder = this.flm.queryById(fid);
+					if (folder == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (folder.getFolderParent().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fid.equals(locationpath) || fu.getParentList(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderId().equals(folder.getFolderId()))) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName()))) {
+						if (optMap.get(fid) == null) {
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+						switch (optMap.get(fid)) {
+						case "cover":
+							if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+								return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+							}
+							Folder f = flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+									.filter((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName())).findFirst().get();
+							Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+							map.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+							map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.flm.moveById(map) > 0) {
+								if (fu.deleteAllChildFolder(f.getFolderId()) > 0) {
+									this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+									break;
+								}
+							}
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						case "both":
+							Map<String, String> map3 = new HashMap<>();
+							map3.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+							map3.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.flm.moveById(map3) > 0) {
+								Map<String, String> map2 = new HashMap<String, String>();
+								map2.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+								map2.put("newName", FileNodeUtil.getNewFolderName(folder.getFolderName(),
+										flm.queryByParentId(locationpath)));
+								if (flm.updateFolderNameById(map2) <= 0) {
+									return "cannotMoveFiles";
+								}
+								this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+								break;
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+							break;
+						case "skip":
+							break;
+						default:
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+					} else {
+						Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+						map.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+						map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+						if (this.flm.moveById(map) > 0) {
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+						} else {
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				return "moveFilesSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String confirmMoveFiles(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String locationpath = request.getParameter("locationpath");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.MOVE_FILES)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				List<Node> repeNodes = new ArrayList<>();
+				List<Folder> repeFolders = new ArrayList<>();
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node node = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (node == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (node.getFileParentFolder().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName()))) {
+						repeNodes.add(node);
+					}
+				}
+				for (final String folderId : fidList) {
+					if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Folder folder = this.flm.queryById(folderId);
+					if (folder == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (folder.getFolderParent().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (folderId.equals(locationpath) || fu.getParentList(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderId().equals(folder.getFolderId()))) {
+						return "CANT_MOVE_TO_INSIDE:" + folder.getFolderName();
+					}
+					if (flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName()))) {
+						repeFolders.add(folder);
+					}
+				}
+				if (repeNodes.size() > 0 || repeFolders.size() > 0) {
+					Map<String, List<? extends Object>> repeMap = new HashMap<>();
+					repeMap.put("repeFolders", repeFolders);
+					repeMap.put("repeNodes", repeNodes);
+					return "duplicationFileName:" + gson.toJson(repeMap);
+				}
+				return "confirmMoveFiles";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String checkImportFolder(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String folderName = request.getParameter("folderName");
+		final String maxUploadFileSize = request.getParameter("maxSize");
+		CheckImportFolderRespons cifr = new CheckImportFolderRespons();
+		// 先行权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)) {
+			cifr.setResult(NO_AUTHORIZED);
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		}
+		// 开始文件上传体积限制检查
+		try {
+			// 获取最大文件体积（以Byte为单位）
+			long mufs = Long.parseLong(maxUploadFileSize);
+			long pMaxUploadSize = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+			if (pMaxUploadSize >= 0) {
+				if (mufs > pMaxUploadSize) {
+					cifr.setResult("fileOverSize");
+					cifr.setMaxSize(formatMaxUploadFileSize(ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account)));
+					return gson.toJson(cifr);
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			cifr.setResult(ERROR_PARAMETER);
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		}
+		// 开始文件夹命名冲突检查，若无重名则允许上传。
+		final List<Folder> folders = flm.queryByParentId(folderId);
+		try {
+			Folder testfolder = folders.stream().parallel()
+					.filter((n) -> n.getFolderName().equals(
+							new String(folderName.getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))
+					.findAny().get();
+			// 若有重名，则判定该用户是否具备删除权限，这是能够覆盖的第一步
+			if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+				// 接下来判断其是否具备冲突文件夹的访问权限，这是能够覆盖的第二步
+				if (ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(testfolder, account)) {
+					cifr.setResult("coverOrBoth");
+					return gson.toJson(cifr);
+				}
+			}
+			// 如果上述条件不满足，则只能允许保留两者
+			cifr.setResult("onlyBoth");
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+			// 通过所有检查，允许上传
+			cifr.setResult("permitUpload");
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String doImportFolder(HttpServletRequest request, MultipartFile file) {
+		String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String originalFileName = new String(file.getOriginalFilename().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")),
+				Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+		final String folderConstraint = request.getParameter("folderConstraint");
+		// 再次检查上传文件名与目标目录ID
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || originalFileName == null || originalFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		Folder folder = flm.queryById(folderId);
+		if (folder == null) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传权限
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)
+				|| !ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(folder, account)) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传文件体积是否超限
+		long mufs = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+		if (mufs >= 0 && file.getSize() > mufs) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 计算相对路径的文件夹ID（即真正要保存的文件夹目标）
+		String[] paths = getParentPath(originalFileName);
+		//将当前操作的文件夹路径加入到安全锁中，确保同一时间内无法对该文件夹进行重复导入，避免发生文件冲突的问题。
+		String pathskey = Arrays.toString(paths);
+		synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+			if(pathsKeys.contains(pathskey)) {
+				return UPLOADERROR;
+			}else {
+				pathsKeys.add(pathskey);
+			}
+		}
+		for (String pName : paths) {
+			try {
+				Folder target = flm.queryByParentId(folderId).parallelStream()
+						.filter((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(pName)).findAny().get();
+				if (ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(target, account)) {
+					folderId = target.getFolderId();// 向下迭代直至将父路径全部迭代完毕并找到最终路径
+				} else {
+					synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+						pathsKeys.remove(pathskey);//解除安全锁，便于下一次上传
+					}
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+				Folder newFolder = fu.createNewFolder(flm.queryById(folderId), account, pName, folderConstraint);
+				if (newFolder != null) {
+					folderId = newFolder.getFolderId();
+				} else {
+					synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+						pathsKeys.remove(pathskey);//解除安全锁，便于下一次上传
+					}
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		String fileName = getFileNameFormPath(originalFileName);
+		// 检查是否存在同名文件。存在则直接失败（确保上传的文件夹内容的原始性）
+		final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+		if (files.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(fileName))) {
+			synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+				pathsKeys.remove(pathskey);//解除安全锁，便于下一次上传
+			}
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 将文件存入节点并获取其存入生成路径，型如“UUID.block”形式。
+		final String path = this.fbu.saveToFileBlocks(file);
+		if (path.equals("ERROR")) {
+			synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+				pathsKeys.remove(pathskey);//解除安全锁，便于下一次上传
+			}
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		final String fsize = this.fbu.getFileSize(file);
+		final Node f2 = new Node();
+		f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+		if (account != null) {
+			f2.setFileCreator(account);
+		} else {
+			f2.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+		}
+		f2.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+		f2.setFileName(fileName);
+		f2.setFileParentFolder(folderId);
+		f2.setFilePath(path);
+		f2.setFileSize(fsize);
+		int i = 0;
+		// 尽可能避免UUID重复的情况发生，重试10次
+		while (true) {
+			try {
+				if (this.fm.insert(f2) > 0) {
+					this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f2, account);
+					synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+						pathsKeys.remove(pathskey);//解除安全锁，便于下一次上传
+					}
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				}
+				break;
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+				i++;
+			}
+			if (i >= 10) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+			pathsKeys.remove(pathskey);
+		}
+		return UPLOADERROR;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>解析相对路径字符串</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 根据相对路径获得文件夹的层级名称，并以数组的形式返回。若无层级则返回空数组，若层级名称为空字符串则忽略。
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 示例1：输入"aaa/bbb/ccc.c"，返回["aaa","bbb"]。
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 示例2：输入"bbb.c"，返回[]。
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 示例3：输入"aaa//bbb/ccc.c"，返回["aaa","bbb"]。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param path
+	 *            java.lang.String 原路径字符串
+	 * @return java.lang.String[] 解析出的目录层级
+	 */
+	private String[] getParentPath(String path) {
+		if (path != null) {
+			String[] paths = path.split("/");
+			List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
+			for (int i = 0; i < paths.length - 1; i++) {
+				if (paths[i].length() > 0) {
+					result.add(paths[i]);
+				}
+			}
+			return result.toArray(new String[0]);
+		}
+		return new String[0];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>解析相对路径中的文件名</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 从相对路径中获得文件名，若解析失败则返回null。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param java.lang.String
+	 *            需要解析的相对路径
+	 * @return java.lang.String 文件名
+	 */
+	private String getFileNameFormPath(String path) {
+		if (path != null) {
+			String[] paths = path.split("/");
+			if (paths.length > 0) {
+				return paths[paths.length - 1];
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.FileServiceImpl.doImportFolder` indirectly reads without synchronization from `util.ConfigureReader.kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.ConfigureReader.accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread`. Potentially races with write in method `FileServiceImpl.downloadCheckedFiles(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String FileServiceImpl.doImportFolder(HttpServletRequest,MultipartFile)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.FileServiceImpl.doImportFolder(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletReque.bb57d3117bc69cb7682eff3646acee03
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/server/service/impl/FileServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+FileServiceImpl.java|doImportFolder|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+671d87872902462ba0ea17e10db62c79
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3568/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3568/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25b72aa3aac203c0b6a39f506e7582a8aa3ad700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3568/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.server.util;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.printer.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.Folder;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.nio.file.StandardWatchEventKinds;
+import java.nio.file.WatchEvent;
+import java.nio.file.WatchKey;
+import java.nio.file.WatchService;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * <h2>kiftd配置解析器</h2>
+ * <p>
+ * 该工具负责读取并解析配置文件，并将结果随时提供给kiftd服务器业务逻辑以完成相应功能（例如用户认证、权限判定、配置启动端口等）。
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class ConfigureReader {
+
+	private static ConfigureReader cr;// 自体实体
+	private KiftdProperties serverp;// 配置设置
+	private KiftdProperties accountp;// 账户设置
+	private int propertiesStatus;// 当前配置检查结果
+	private String path;
+	private String fileSystemPath;
+	private String confdir;
+	private String mustLogin;
+	private int port;
+	private String log;
+	private String vc;
+	private String FSPath;
+	private List<ExtendStores> extendStores;
+	private int bufferSize;
+	private String fileBlockPath;
+	private String fileNodePath;
+	private String TFPath;
+	private String dbURL;
+	private String dbDriver;
+	private String dbUser;
+	private String dbPwd;
+	private final String ACCOUNT_PROPERTIES_FILE = "account.properties";
+	private final String SERVER_PROPERTIES_FILE = "server.properties";
+	private final int DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 1048576;
+	private final int DEFAULT_PORT = 8080;
+	private final String DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL = "E";
+	private final String DEFAULT_VC_LEVEL = "STANDARD";
+	private final String DEFAULT_MUST_LOGIN = "O";
+	private final String DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH;
+	private final String DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH_SETTING = "DEFAULT";
+	private final String DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID = "admin";
+	private final String DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_PWD = "000000";
+	private final String DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_AUTH = "cudrm";
+	private final String DEFAULT_AUTH_OVERALL = "l";
+	public static final int INVALID_PORT = 1;
+	public static final int INVALID_LOG = 2;
+	public static final int INVALID_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH = 3;
+	public static final int INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE = 4;
+	public static final int CANT_CREATE_FILE_BLOCK_PATH = 5;
+	public static final int CANT_CREATE_FILE_NODE_PATH = 6;
+	public static final int CANT_CREATE_TF_PATH = 7;
+	public static final int CANT_CONNECT_DB = 8;
+	public static final int HTTPS_SETTING_ERROR = 9;
+	public static final int INVALID_VC = 10;
+	public static final int LEGAL_PROPERTIES = 0;
+	private static Thread accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread;
+	private String timeZone;
+	private boolean openHttps;
+	private String httpsKeyFile;
+	private String httpsKeyType;
+	private String httpsKeyPass;
+	private int httpsPort;
+
+	private ConfigureReader() {
+		this.propertiesStatus = -1;
+		this.path = System.getProperty("user.dir");// 开发环境下
+		String classPath = System.getProperty("java.class.path");
+		if (classPath.indexOf(File.pathSeparator) < 0) {
+			File f = new File(classPath);
+			classPath = f.getAbsolutePath();
+			if (classPath.endsWith(".jar")) {
+				this.path = classPath.substring(0, classPath.lastIndexOf(File.separator));// 使用环境下
+			}
+		}
+		this.DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH = this.path + File.separator + "filesystem" + File.separator;
+		this.confdir = this.path + File.separator + "conf" + File.separator;
+		this.serverp = new KiftdProperties();
+		this.accountp = new KiftdProperties();
+		extendStores = new ArrayList<>();
+		final File serverProp = new File(this.confdir + SERVER_PROPERTIES_FILE);
+		if (!serverProp.isFile()) {
+			Printer.instance.print("服务器配置文件不存在，需要初始化服务器配置。");
+			this.createDefaultServerPropertiesFile();
+		}
+		final File accountProp = new File(this.confdir + ACCOUNT_PROPERTIES_FILE);
+		if (!accountProp.isFile()) {
+			Printer.instance.print("用户账户配置文件不存在，需要初始化账户配置。");
+			this.createDefaultAccountPropertiesFile();
+		}
+		try {
+			Printer.instance.print("正在载入配置文件...");
+			final FileInputStream serverPropIn = new FileInputStream(serverProp);
+			this.serverp.load(serverPropIn);
+			final FileInputStream accountPropIn = new FileInputStream(accountProp);
+			this.accountp.load(accountPropIn);
+			Printer.instance.print("配置文件载入完毕。正在检查配置...");
+			this.propertiesStatus = this.testServerPropertiesAndEffect();
+			if (this.propertiesStatus == LEGAL_PROPERTIES) {
+				Printer.instance.print("准备就绪。");
+				startAccountRealTimeUpdateListener();
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法加载一个或多个配置文件（位于" + this.confdir + "路径下），请尝试删除旧的配置文件并重新启动本应用或查看安装路径的权限（必须可读写）。");
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static ConfigureReader instance() {
+		if (ConfigureReader.cr == null) {
+			ConfigureReader.cr = new ConfigureReader();
+		}
+		return ConfigureReader.cr;
+	}
+
+	public boolean foundAccount(final String account) {
+		final String accountPwd = this.accountp.getProperty(account + ".pwd");
+		return accountPwd != null && accountPwd.length() > 0;
+	}
+
+	public boolean checkAccountPwd(final String account, final String pwd) {
+		final String apwd = this.accountp.getProperty(account + ".pwd");
+		return apwd != null && apwd.equals(pwd);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>操作权限判别方法</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法用于判断账户是否具备执行指定操作的权限，若具备则返回true，否则返回false。在每一个用户操作执行前，均应先使用本方法进行判别。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param account
+	 *            java.lang.String 账户的ID，如果是匿名访问可传入null
+	 * @param auth
+	 *            kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.AccountAuth
+	 *            要判断的操作类型，使用枚举类中定义的各种操作作为参数传入
+	 * @param folders
+	 *            该操作所发生的文件夹序列，其中应包含该操作对应的文件夹和其所有上级文件夹的ID
+	 * @return boolean 是否具备该操作的权限，若具备返回true，否则返回false
+	 */
+	public boolean authorized(final String account, final AccountAuth auth, List<String> folders) {
+		if (account != null && account.length() > 0) {
+			final StringBuffer auths = new StringBuffer();
+			for (String id : folders) {
+				String addedAuth = accountp.getProperty(account + ".auth." + id);
+				if (addedAuth != null) {
+					auths.append(addedAuth);
+				}
+			}
+			final String accauth = this.accountp.getProperty(account + ".auth");
+			final String overall = this.accountp.getProperty("authOverall");
+			if (accauth != null) {
+				auths.append(accauth);
+			}
+			if (overall != null) {
+				auths.append(overall);
+			}
+			switch (auth) {
+			case CREATE_NEW_FOLDER: {
+				return auths.indexOf("c") >= 0;
+			}
+			case UPLOAD_FILES: {
+				return auths.indexOf("u") >= 0;
+			}
+			case DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER: {
+				return auths.indexOf("d") >= 0;
+			}
+			case RENAME_FILE_OR_FOLDER: {
+				return auths.indexOf("r") >= 0;
+			}
+			case DOWNLOAD_FILES: {
+				return auths.indexOf("l") >= 0;
+			}
+			case MOVE_FILES: {
+				return auths.indexOf("m") >= 0;
+			}
+			default: {
+				return false;
+			}
+			}
+		} else {
+			final String overall2 = this.accountp.getProperty("authOverall");
+			if (overall2 == null) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			switch (auth) {
+			case CREATE_NEW_FOLDER: {
+				return overall2.indexOf("c") >= 0;
+			}
+			case UPLOAD_FILES: {
+				return overall2.indexOf("u") >= 0;
+			}
+			case DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER: {
+				return overall2.indexOf("d") >= 0;
+			}
+			case RENAME_FILE_OR_FOLDER: {
+				return overall2.indexOf("r") >= 0;
+			}
+			case DOWNLOAD_FILES: {
+				return overall2.indexOf("l") >= 0;
+			}
+			case MOVE_FILES: {
+				return overall2.indexOf("m") >= 0;
+			}
+			default: {
+				return false;
+			}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public int getBuffSize() {
+		return this.bufferSize;
+	}
+
+	public String getInitBuffSize() {
+		if (this.serverp != null && serverp.getProperty("buff.size") != null) {
+			return serverp.getProperty("buff.size");
+		} else {
+			return DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE + "";
+		}
+	}
+
+	public boolean inspectLogLevel(final LogLevel l) {
+		int o = 0;
+		int m = 0;
+		if (l == null) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		switch (l) {
+		case None: {
+			m = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+		case Runtime_Exception: {
+			m = 1;
+		}
+		case Event: {
+			m = 2;
+			break;
+		}
+		default: {
+			m = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+		}
+		if (this.log == null) {
+			this.log = "";
+		}
+		final String log = this.log;
+		switch (log) {
+		case "N": {
+			o = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+		case "R": {
+			o = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		case "E": {
+			o = 2;
+			break;
+		}
+		default: {
+			o = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		}
+		return o >= m;
+	}
+
+	public boolean mustLogin() {
+		return this.mustLogin != null && this.mustLogin.equals("N");
+	}
+
+	public String getFileSystemPath() {
+		return this.fileSystemPath;
+	}
+
+	public String getInitFileSystemPath() {
+		if (this.serverp != null && serverp.getProperty("FS.path") != null) {
+			return serverp.getProperty("FS.path").equals("DEFAULT") ? DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH
+					: serverp.getProperty("FS.path");
+		} else {
+			return DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getFileBlockPath() {
+		return this.fileBlockPath;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取全部扩展存储区</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 得到全部扩展存储区列表，以便进行文件块的存取操作。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return java.util.List<kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.ExtendStores> 所有扩展存储区对象的列表
+	 */
+	public List<ExtendStores> getExtendStores() {
+		return extendStores;
+	}
+
+	public String getFileNodePath() {
+		return this.fileNodePath;
+	}
+
+	public String getTemporaryfilePath() {
+		return this.TFPath;
+	}
+
+	public String getPath() {
+		return this.path;
+	}
+
+	public LogLevel getLogLevel() {
+		if (this.log == null) {
+			this.log = "";
+		}
+		final String log = this.log;
+		switch (log) {
+		case "N": {
+			return LogLevel.None;
+		}
+		case "R": {
+			return LogLevel.Runtime_Exception;
+		}
+		case "E": {
+			return LogLevel.Event;
+		}
+		default: {
+			return null;
+		}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public LogLevel getInitLogLevel() {
+		if (serverp != null && serverp.getProperty("log") != null) {
+			switch (serverp.getProperty("log")) {
+			case "N": {
+				return LogLevel.None;
+			}
+			case "R": {
+				return LogLevel.Runtime_Exception;
+			}
+			case "E": {
+				return LogLevel.Event;
+			}
+			default:
+				return LogLevel.Event;
+			}
+		} else {
+			return LogLevel.Event;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获得验证码等级</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 返回设置的验证码等级枚举类（kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.VCLevel），包括：关闭（CLOSE）、简单（Simplified）、标准（Standard）
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.VCLevel 验证码等级
+	 */
+	public VCLevel getVCLevel() {
+		if (this.vc == null) {
+			this.vc = "";
+		}
+		final String vc = this.vc;
+		switch (vc) {
+		case "STANDARD": {
+			return VCLevel.Standard;
+		}
+		case "SIMP": {
+			return VCLevel.Simplified;
+		}
+		case "CLOSE": {
+			return VCLevel.Close;
+		}
+		default: {
+			return null;
+		}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public VCLevel getInitVCLevel() {
+		if (serverp != null && serverp.getProperty("VC.level") != null) {
+			switch (serverp.getProperty("VC.level")) {
+			case "STANDARD":
+				return VCLevel.Standard;
+			case "SIMP":
+				return VCLevel.Simplified;
+			case "CLOSE":
+				return VCLevel.Close;
+			default:
+				return VCLevel.Standard;
+			}
+		} else {
+			return VCLevel.Standard;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public int getPort() {
+		return this.port;
+	}
+
+	public String getInitPort() {
+		if (this.serverp != null && serverp.getProperty("port") != null) {
+			return serverp.getProperty("port");
+		} else {
+			return DEFAULT_PORT + "";
+		}
+	}
+
+	public int getPropertiesStatus() {
+		return this.propertiesStatus;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>重新检查各项设置</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 在服务器启动前再次检查各设置，实现某些设置的“即插即用”。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 */
+	public void reTestServerPropertiesAndEffect() {
+		this.propertiesStatus = testServerPropertiesAndEffect();
+	}
+
+	public boolean doUpdate(final ServerSetting ss) {
+		if (ss != null) {
+			Printer.instance.print("正在更新服务器配置...");
+			this.serverp.setProperty("mustLogin", ss.isMustLogin() ? "N" : "O");
+			this.serverp.setProperty("buff.size", ss.getBuffSize() + "");
+			String loglevelCode = "E";
+			switch (ss.getLog()) {
+			case Event: {
+				loglevelCode = "E";
+				break;
+			}
+			case Runtime_Exception: {
+				loglevelCode = "R";
+				break;
+			}
+			case None: {
+				loglevelCode = "N";
+				break;
+			}
+			}
+			this.serverp.setProperty("log", loglevelCode);
+			switch (ss.getVc()) {
+			case Standard: {
+				this.serverp.setProperty("VC.level", "STANDARD");
+				break;
+			}
+			case Close: {
+				this.serverp.setProperty("VC.level", "CLOSE");
+				break;
+			}
+			case Simplified: {
+				this.serverp.setProperty("VC.level", "SIMP");
+				break;
+			}
+			}
+			this.serverp.setProperty("port", ss.getPort() + "");
+			this.serverp.setProperty("FS.path",
+					(ss.getFsPath() + File.separator).equals(this.DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH) ? "DEFAULT"
+							: ss.getFsPath());
+			for (short i = 1; i < 32; i++) {
+				this.serverp.removeProperty("FS.extend." + i);// 清空旧的扩展存储区设置
+			}
+			for (ExtendStores es : ss.getExtendStores()) {
+				this.serverp.setProperty("FS.extend." + es.getIndex(), es.getPath().getAbsolutePath());
+			}
+			if (this.testServerPropertiesAndEffect() == 0) {
+				try {
+					this.serverp.store(new FileOutputStream(this.confdir + SERVER_PROPERTIES_FILE), null);
+					Printer.instance.print("配置更新完毕，准备就绪。");
+					return true;
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					Printer.instance.print("错误：更新设置失败，无法存入设置文件。");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>验证配置并完成赋值</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法用于对配置文件进行验证并将正确的值赋予相应的属性，必须在构造器中执行本方法。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return int 验证结果代码
+	 */
+	private int testServerPropertiesAndEffect() {
+		Printer.instance.print("正在检查服务器配置...");
+		this.mustLogin = this.serverp.getProperty("mustLogin");
+		if (this.mustLogin == null) {
+			Printer.instance.print("警告：未找到是否必须登录配置，将采用默认值（O）。");
+			this.mustLogin = "O";
+		}
+		final String ports = this.serverp.getProperty("port");
+		if (ports == null) {
+			Printer.instance.print("警告：未找到端口配置，将采用默认值（8080）。");
+			this.port = 8080;
+		} else {
+			try {
+				this.port = Integer.parseInt(ports);
+				if (this.port <= 0 || this.port > 65535) {
+					Printer.instance.print("错误：端口号配置不正确，必须使用1-65535之间的整数。");
+					return 1;
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				Printer.instance.print("错误：端口号配置不正确，必须使用1-65535之间的整数。");
+				return 1;
+			}
+		}
+		final String logs = this.serverp.getProperty("log");
+		if (logs == null) {
+			Printer.instance.print("警告：未找到日志等级配置，将采用默认值（E）。");
+			this.log = "E";
+		} else {
+			if (!logs.equals("N") && !logs.equals("R") && !logs.equals("E")) {
+				return 2;
+			}
+			this.log = logs;
+		}
+		final String vcl = this.serverp.getProperty("VC.level");
+		if (vcl == null) {
+			Printer.instance.print("警告：未找到登录验证码配置，将采用默认值（STANDARD）。");
+			this.vc = DEFAULT_VC_LEVEL;
+		} else {
+			switch (vcl) {
+			case "STANDARD":
+			case "SIMP":
+			case "CLOSE":
+				this.vc = vcl;
+				break;
+			default:
+				return INVALID_VC;
+			}
+		}
+		final String bufferSizes = this.serverp.getProperty("buff.size");
+		if (bufferSizes == null) {
+			Printer.instance.print("警告：未找到缓冲大小配置，将采用默认值（1048576）。");
+			this.bufferSize = 1048576;
+		} else {
+			try {
+				this.bufferSize = Integer.parseInt(bufferSizes);
+				if (this.bufferSize <= 0) {
+					Printer.instance.print("错误：缓冲区大小设置无效。");
+					return 4;
+				}
+			} catch (Exception e2) {
+				Printer.instance.print("错误：缓冲区大小设置无效。");
+				return 4;
+			}
+		}
+		this.FSPath = this.serverp.getProperty("FS.path");
+		if (this.FSPath == null) {
+			Printer.instance.print("警告：未找到文件系统配置，将采用默认值。");
+			this.fileSystemPath = this.DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH;
+		} else if (this.FSPath.equals("DEFAULT")) {
+			this.fileSystemPath = this.DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH;
+		} else {
+			this.fileSystemPath = this.FSPath;
+		}
+		if (!fileSystemPath.endsWith(File.separator)) {
+			fileSystemPath = fileSystemPath + File.separator;
+		}
+		extendStores.clear();
+		for (short i = 1; i < 32; i++) {
+			if (serverp.getProperty("FS.extend." + i) != null) {
+				ExtendStores es = new ExtendStores();
+				es.setPath(new File(serverp.getProperty("FS.extend." + i)));
+				es.setIndex(i);
+				extendStores.add(es);
+			}
+		}
+		final File fsFile = new File(this.fileSystemPath);
+		if (!fsFile.isDirectory() || !fsFile.canRead() || !fsFile.canWrite()) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：文件系统路径[" + this.fileSystemPath + "]无效，该路径必须指向一个具备读写权限的文件夹。");
+			return 3;
+		}
+		for (ExtendStores es : extendStores) {
+			if (!es.getPath().isDirectory() || !es.getPath().canRead() || !es.getPath().canWrite()) {
+				Printer.instance.print("错误：扩展存储区路径[" + es.getPath().getAbsolutePath() + "]无效，该路径必须指向一个具备读写权限的文件夹。");
+				return 3;
+			}
+		}
+		for (int i = 0; i < extendStores.size() - 1; i++) {
+			for (int j = i + 1; j < extendStores.size(); j++) {
+				if (extendStores.get(i).getPath().equals(extendStores.get(j).getPath())) {
+					Printer.instance.print(
+							"错误：扩展存储区路径[" + extendStores.get(j).getPath().getAbsolutePath() + "]无效，该路径已被其他扩展存储区占用。");
+					return 3;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		this.fileBlockPath = this.fileSystemPath + "fileblocks" + File.separator;
+		final File fbFile = new File(this.fileBlockPath);
+		if (!fbFile.isDirectory() && !fbFile.mkdirs()) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法创建文件块存放区[" + this.fileBlockPath + "]。");
+			return 5;
+		}
+		this.fileNodePath = this.fileSystemPath + "filenodes" + File.separator;
+		final File fnFile = new File(this.fileNodePath);
+		if (!fnFile.isDirectory() && !fnFile.mkdirs()) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法创建文件节点存放区[" + this.fileNodePath + "]。");
+			return 6;
+		}
+		this.TFPath = this.fileSystemPath + "temporaryfiles" + File.separator;
+		final File tfFile = new File(this.TFPath);
+		if (!tfFile.isDirectory() && !tfFile.mkdirs()) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法创建临时文件存放区[" + this.TFPath + "]。");
+			return 7;
+		}
+
+		if ("true".equals(serverp.getProperty("mysql.enable"))) {
+			dbDriver = "com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver";
+			String url = serverp.getProperty("mysql.url", "127.0.0.1/kift");
+			if (url.indexOf("/") <= 0 || url.substring(url.indexOf("/")).length() == 1) {
+				Printer.instance.print("错误：自定义数据库的URL中必须指定数据库名称。");
+				return 8;
+			}
+			dbURL = "jdbc:mysql://" + url + "?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8";
+			dbUser = serverp.getProperty("mysql.user", "root");
+			dbPwd = serverp.getProperty("mysql.password", "");
+			timeZone = serverp.getProperty("mysql.timezone");
+			if (timeZone != null) {
+				dbURL = dbURL + "&serverTimezone=" + timeZone;
+			}
+			try {
+				Class.forName(dbDriver).newInstance();
+				Connection testConn = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, dbUser, dbPwd);
+				testConn.close();
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				Printer.instance.print(
+						"错误：无法连接至自定义数据库：" + dbURL + "（user=" + dbUser + ",password=" + dbPwd + "），请确重新配置MySQL数据库相关项。");
+				return 8;
+			}
+		} else {
+			dbDriver = "org.h2.Driver";
+			dbURL = "jdbc:h2:file:" + fileNodePath + File.separator + "kift";
+			dbUser = "root";
+			dbPwd = "301537gY";
+		}
+		// https支持检查及生效处理
+		if ("true".equals(serverp.getProperty("https.enable"))) {
+			File keyFile = new File(path, "https.p12");
+			if (keyFile.isFile()) {
+				httpsKeyType = "PKCS12";
+			} else {
+				keyFile = new File(path, "https.jks");
+				if (keyFile.isFile()) {
+					httpsKeyType = "JKS";
+				} else {
+					Printer.instance.print(
+							"错误：无法启用https支持，因为kiftd未能找到https证书文件。您必须在应用主目录内放置PKCS12（必须命名为https.p12）或JKS（必须命名为https.jks）证书。");
+					return HTTPS_SETTING_ERROR;
+				}
+			}
+			httpsKeyFile = keyFile.getAbsolutePath();
+			httpsKeyPass = serverp.getProperty("https.keypass", "");
+			String httpsports = serverp.getProperty("https.port");
+			if (httpsports == null) {
+				Printer.instance.print("警告：未找到https端口配置，将采用默认值（443）。");
+				httpsPort = 443;
+			} else {
+				try {
+					this.httpsPort = Integer.parseInt(httpsports);
+					if (httpsPort <= 0 || httpsPort > 65535) {
+						Printer.instance.print("错误：无法启用https支持，https访问端口号配置不正确。");
+						return HTTPS_SETTING_ERROR;
+					}
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					Printer.instance.print("错误：无法启用https支持，https访问端口号配置不正确。");
+					return HTTPS_SETTING_ERROR;
+				}
+			}
+			openHttps = true;
+		}
+		Printer.instance.print("检查完毕。");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	public void createDefaultServerPropertiesFile() {
+		Printer.instance.print("正在生成初始服务器配置文件（" + this.confdir + SERVER_PROPERTIES_FILE + "）...");
+		final Properties dsp = new Properties();
+		dsp.setProperty("mustLogin", DEFAULT_MUST_LOGIN);
+		dsp.setProperty("port", DEFAULT_PORT + "");
+		dsp.setProperty("log", DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL);
+		dsp.setProperty("VC.level", DEFAULT_VC_LEVEL);
+		dsp.setProperty("FS.path", DEFAULT_FILE_SYSTEM_PATH_SETTING);
+		dsp.setProperty("buff.size", DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE + "");
+		try {
+			dsp.store(new FileOutputStream(this.confdir + SERVER_PROPERTIES_FILE),
+					"<This is the default kiftd server setting file. >");
+			Printer.instance.print("初始服务器配置文件生成完毕。");
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法生成初始服务器配置文件，存储路径不存在。");
+		} catch (IOException e2) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法生成初始服务器配置文件，写入失败。");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void createDefaultAccountPropertiesFile() {
+		Printer.instance.print("正在生成初始账户配置文件（" + this.confdir + ACCOUNT_PROPERTIES_FILE + "）...");
+		final Properties dap = new Properties();
+		dap.setProperty(DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID + ".pwd", DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_PWD);
+		dap.setProperty(DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID + ".auth", DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_AUTH);
+		dap.setProperty("authOverall", DEFAULT_AUTH_OVERALL);
+		try {
+			dap.store(new FileOutputStream(this.confdir + ACCOUNT_PROPERTIES_FILE),
+					"<This is the default kiftd account setting file. >");
+			Printer.instance.print("初始账户配置文件生成完毕。");
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法生成初始账户配置文件，存储路径不存在。");
+		} catch (IOException e2) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：无法生成初始账户配置文件，写入失败。");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>检查是否开启了mysql数据库</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 用于检查是否使用自定义的外部MySQL数据库。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return boolean 是否使用了外部MySQL数据库
+	 */
+	public boolean useMySQL() {
+		return serverp == null ? false : "true".equals(serverp.getProperty("mysql.enable"));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取文件节点数据库链接URL</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该位置为存储文件系统的数据库的链接URL，如果使用内嵌数据库则表示为一个文件路径；
+	 * 如果定义了MySQL数据库位置，则使用用户自定义URL，该数据库必须使用UTF-8编码集。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return String 用于数据源或jdbc进行连接的文件节点数据库URL地址
+	 */
+	public String getFileNodePathURL() {
+		return dbURL;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取文件节点数据库链接驱动类型</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 如设定使用MySQL，则使用外置MySQL-connector 8.0，否则使用默认内置数据库驱动。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return java.lang,String 数据库驱动类型
+	 */
+	public String getFileNodePathDriver() {
+		return dbDriver;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取文件节点数据库链接用户名</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 如设定使用MySQL，则使用用户自定义用户名，否则使用默认内置数据库用户名。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return java.lang,String 数据库用户名
+	 */
+	public String getFileNodePathUserName() {
+		return dbUser;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取文件节点数据库链接密码</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 如设定使用MySQL，则使用用户自定义密码，否则使用默认内置数据库密码。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return java.lang,String 数据库密码
+	 */
+	public String getFileNodePathPassWord() {
+		return dbPwd;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>检查某一用户是否有权限访问某一文件夹</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 当访问文件夹的约束等级为“公开的”（0）时，永远返回true； 当为“仅小组”（1）时， 如果文件夹创建者不为“匿名用户”且当前有登录账户，
+	 * 则比对当前登录账户与创建者的小组是否相同或登录账户是否与创建者相同，相同返回true。其余情况均返回false；
+	 * 当为“仅创建者”（2）时，如果文件夹创建者不为“匿名用户”且与当前登录账户相同，返回true，其余情况均返回false。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param f
+	 *            Folder 要访问的文件夹对象
+	 * @param account
+	 *            String 要访问的账户
+	 * @return boolean true允许访问，false不允许访问
+	 */
+	public boolean accessFolder(Folder f, String account) {
+		if (f == null) {
+			return false;// 访问不存在的文件夹肯定是没权限
+		}
+		int cl = f.getFolderConstraint();
+		if (cl == 0) {
+			return true;
+		} else {
+			if (account != null) {
+				if (cl == 1) {
+					if (f.getFolderCreator().equals(account)) {
+						return true;
+					}
+					String vGroup = accountp.getProperty(account + ".group");
+					String cGroup = accountp.getProperty(f.getFolderCreator() + ".group");
+					if (vGroup != null && cGroup != null) {
+						if ("*".equals(vGroup) || "*".equals(cGroup)) {
+							return true;
+						}
+						String[] vgs = vGroup.split(";");
+						String[] cgs = cGroup.split(";");
+						for (String vs : vgs) {
+							for (String cs : cgs) {
+								if (vs.equals(cs)) {
+									return true;
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if (cl == 2) {
+					if (f.getFolderCreator().equals(account)) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>启动账户配置文件实时更新监听</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法负责启动对账户配置文件account.properties的修改监听，并自动载入最新配置，设计在应用运行时执行，应用关闭自动结束。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 */
+	public void startAccountRealTimeUpdateListener() {
+		if (accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread == null) {
+			Path confPath = Paths.get(confdir);// 获取配置文件存放路径以对其中的变动进行监听
+			accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread = new Thread(() -> {
+				try {
+					while (true) {
+						WatchService ws = confPath.getFileSystem().newWatchService();
+						confPath.register(ws, StandardWatchEventKinds.ENTRY_MODIFY);
+						WatchKey wk = ws.take();
+						List<WatchEvent<?>> es = wk.pollEvents();
+						for (WatchEvent<?> we : es) {
+							if (we.kind() == StandardWatchEventKinds.ENTRY_MODIFY
+									&& ACCOUNT_PROPERTIES_FILE.equals(we.context().toString())) {
+								Printer.instance.print("正在更新账户配置信息...");
+								final File accountProp = new File(this.confdir + ACCOUNT_PROPERTIES_FILE);
+								final FileInputStream accountPropIn = new FileInputStream(accountProp);
+								this.accountp.load(accountPropIn);
+								Printer.instance.print("账户配置更新完成，已加载最新配置。");
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					Printer.instance.print("错误：用户配置文件更改监听失败，该功能已失效，kiftd无法实时更新用户配置（可尝试重启程序以恢复该功能）。");
+				}
+			});
+			accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread.setDaemon(true);
+			accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread.start();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>是否开启Https支持</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法将返回用户是否开启了https的设置项。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return boolean 是否开启
+	 */
+	public boolean openHttps() {
+		return openHttps;
+	}
+
+	public String getHttpsKeyType() {
+		return httpsKeyType;
+	}
+
+	public String getHttpsKeyFile() {
+		return httpsKeyFile;
+	}
+
+	public String getHttpsKeyPass() {
+		return httpsKeyPass;
+	}
+
+	public int getHttpsPort() {
+		return httpsPort;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获得某一账户的上传文件体积限制</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法用于判断指定用户上传的文件是否超过规定值。使用时需传入用户账户名字符串，返回该用户的最大上传限制。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param account
+	 *            java.lang.String 需要检查的账户名
+	 * @return long 以byte为单位的最大阈值，若返回0则设置错误，若小于0则不限制。
+	 */
+	public long getUploadFileSize(String account) {
+		String defaultMaxSizeP = accountp.getProperty("defaultMaxSize");
+		if (account == null) {
+			return getMaxSizeByString(defaultMaxSizeP);
+		} else {
+			String accountMaxSizeP = accountp.getProperty(account + ".maxSize");
+			return accountMaxSizeP == null ? getMaxSizeByString(defaultMaxSizeP) : getMaxSizeByString(accountMaxSizeP);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>上传文件大小设置值转化方法</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法用于将配置文件中的设置值转化为long类型的数值，例如当输入字符串“1 KB”时，输出1024，输入“5GB”时，输出5368709120。
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 输入字符串格式规则：{数值}{存储单位（可选）}。其中，存储单位可使用下列字符串之一指代（不区分大小写）：
+	 * </p>
+	 * <ul>
+	 * <li>KB 或 K</li>
+	 * <li>MB 或 M</li>
+	 * <li>GB 或 G</li>
+	 * </ul>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 当不写存储单位时，则以“B”（byte）为单位进行转换。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param in
+	 *            java.lang.String 要转换的字符串内容，格式应为“{数值}{存储单位（可选）}”，例如“1024KB”或“10mb”。
+	 * @return long 以Byte为单位计算的体积值，若为0则代表设置错误，若为负数则代表无限制
+	 */
+	private long getMaxSizeByString(String in) {
+		long r = 0L;
+		// 首先，判断是否为null，若是，则直接返回-1。
+		if (in == null || in.length() <= 0) {
+			return -1L;
+		}
+		// 接下来判断是否有单位，若字符串总长小于1，则必无单位，否则可能有单位。
+		try {
+			if (in.length() > 1) {
+				String value = in.substring(0, in.length() - 1).trim();
+				String unit = in.substring(in.length() - 1).toLowerCase();
+				if (in.length() > 2) {
+					if (in.toLowerCase().charAt(in.length() - 1) == 'b') {
+						unit = in.substring(in.length() - 2, in.length() - 1).toLowerCase();
+						value = in.substring(0, in.length() - 2).trim();
+					}
+				}
+				switch (unit) {
+				case "k":
+					r = Integer.parseInt(value) * 1024L;
+					break;
+				case "m":
+					r = Integer.parseInt(value) * 1048576L;
+					break;
+				case "g":
+					r = Integer.parseInt(value) * 1073741824L;
+					break;
+				default:
+					r = Integer.parseInt(in.trim());
+					break;
+				}
+			} else {
+				r = Integer.parseInt(in.trim());
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+		}
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	public List<String> getAllAddedAuthFoldersId() {
+		List<String> foldersId = new ArrayList<>();
+		for (Iterator<String> it = accountp.stringPropertieNames().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+			String config = it.next();
+			int index = config.lastIndexOf(".auth.");
+			if (index >= 0) {
+				foldersId.add(config.substring(index+6));
+			}
+		}
+		return foldersId;
+	}
+	
+	public boolean removeAddedAuthByFolderId(List<String> fIds) {
+		if(fIds == null || fIds.size() == 0) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		Set<String> configs=accountp.stringPropertieNames();
+		List<String> invalidConfigs = new ArrayList<>();
+		for(String fId:fIds) {
+			for (String config:configs) {
+				if(config.endsWith(".auth."+fId)) {
+					invalidConfigs.add(config);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		for(String config:invalidConfigs) {
+			accountp.removeProperty(config);
+		}
+		try {
+			accountp.store(new FileOutputStream(this.confdir + ACCOUNT_PROPERTIES_FILE), null);
+			return true;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：更新账户配置文件时出现错误，请立即检查账户配置文件。");
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 1063 is not released after line 1063.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 1063
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ConfigureReader.removeAddedAuthByFolderId(List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.ConfigureReader.removeAddedAuthByFolderId(java.util.List):boolean.ceaac491943e6019e71bc9117698bba3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/server/util/ConfigureReader.java
+
+### Key:
+ConfigureReader.java|removeAddedAuthByFolderId|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+054d9de320f8c4bb76b1e3962e114509
+
+### Hash:
+ac83db5a42c6f14b0d218f39465e6c8b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3592/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3592/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a2bd1969d0d6a2d3f95d05f0999fd38a6cdbdba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3592/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-compress
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.compress.archivers;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.AbstractTestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.utils.IOUtils;
+
+public final class ArTestCase extends AbstractTestCase {
+
+	public void testArArchiveCreation() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.ar");
+		
+		final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+		final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+		
+		final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", out);
+		os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+		IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+		os.closeArchiveEntry();
+		
+		os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+		IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+		os.closeArchiveEntry();
+		
+		os.close();
+	}
+
+	public void testArUnarchive() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.ar");
+		{
+			final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+			final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+			
+			final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+	        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", out);
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			os.close();
+			out.close();
+		}
+		
+		// UnArArchive Operation
+		final File input = output;
+		final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(input);
+		final ArchiveInputStream in = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(is));
+		final ArArchiveEntry entry = (ArArchiveEntry)in.getNextEntry();
+		
+		File target = new File(dir, entry.getName());
+        final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(target);
+        
+        IOUtils.copy(in, out);
+    
+        out.close();
+        in.close();
+        is.close();
+	}
+
+	public void testArDelete() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.ar");
+		
+		{
+			// create
+			final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+			final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+			
+			final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+	        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", out);
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			os.close();
+			out.close();
+		}
+		
+		final File output2 = new File(dir, "bla2.ar");		
+
+		{
+			// remove all but one file
+			final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(output);
+			final OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(output2);
+			final ArchiveOutputStream aos = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", os);
+			final ArchiveInputStream ais = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(is));
+			while(true) {
+				final ArArchiveEntry entry = (ArArchiveEntry)ais.getNextEntry();
+				if (entry == null) {
+					break;
+				}
+				
+				if ("test1.xml".equals(entry.getName())) {
+					aos.putArchiveEntry(entry);
+					IOUtils.copy(ais, aos);
+				} else {
+			        IOUtils.copy(ais, new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+				}
+			
+			}
+			ais.close();
+			aos.close();
+			is.close();
+			os.close();			
+		}
+
+		
+		long sum = 0;
+
+		{
+			final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(output2);
+			final ArchiveInputStream ais = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(is));
+			while(true) {
+				final ArArchiveEntry entry = (ArArchiveEntry)ais.getNextEntry();
+				if (entry == null) {
+					break;
+				}
+				
+		        IOUtils.copy(ais, new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+		        
+		        sum +=  entry.getLength();
+			}
+			ais.close();
+			is.close();			
+		}
+
+		assertEquals(76, sum);
+		
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveOutputStream` acquired by call to `createArchiveOutputStream(...)` at line 98 is not released after line 160.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 100
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ArTestCase.testArDelete()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ArTestCase.testArDelete():void.ab8e6380df3726e01d37ca4a329c1238
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/compress/archivers/ArTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+ArTestCase.java|testArDelete|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+4b43802818a9d98529b296c3c40b8133
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3700/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3700/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b99eba0943f5b8f63ba61559a24df937da74f806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3700/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** migrations
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *    Copyright 2010-2017 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.ibatis.migration.operations;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.Change;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.ConnectionProvider;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.MigrationException;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.MigrationLoader;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.hook.MigrationHook;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.options.DatabaseOperationOption;
+
+public final class VersionOperation extends DatabaseOperation {
+  private BigDecimal version;
+
+  public VersionOperation(BigDecimal version) {
+    super();
+    this.version = version;
+    if (version == null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("The version must be null.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  public VersionOperation operate(ConnectionProvider connectionProvider, MigrationLoader migrationsLoader,
+      DatabaseOperationOption option, PrintStream printStream) {
+    return operate(connectionProvider, migrationsLoader, option, printStream, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public VersionOperation operate(ConnectionProvider connectionProvider, MigrationLoader migrationsLoader,
+      DatabaseOperationOption option, PrintStream printStream, MigrationHook upHook, MigrationHook downHook) {
+    if (option == null) {
+      option = new DatabaseOperationOption();
+    }
+    ensureVersionExists(migrationsLoader);
+    Change change = getLastAppliedChange(connectionProvider, option);
+    if (change == null || version.compareTo(change.getId()) > 0) {
+      println(printStream, "Upgrading to: " + version);
+      UpOperation up = new UpOperation(1);
+      while (!version.equals(change.getId())) {
+        up.operate(connectionProvider, migrationsLoader, option, printStream, upHook);
+        change = getLastAppliedChange(connectionProvider, option);
+      }
+    } else if (version.compareTo(change.getId()) < 0) {
+      println(printStream, "Downgrading to: " + version);
+      DownOperation down = new DownOperation(1);
+      while (!version.equals(change.getId())) {
+        down.operate(connectionProvider, migrationsLoader, option, printStream, downHook);
+        change = getLastAppliedChange(connectionProvider, option);
+      }
+    } else {
+      println(printStream, "Already at version: " + version);
+    }
+    println(printStream);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  private void ensureVersionExists(MigrationLoader migrationsLoader) {
+    List<Change> migrations = migrationsLoader.getMigrations();
+    if (!migrations.contains(new Change(version))) {
+      throw new MigrationException("A migration for the specified version number does not exist.");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `change` last assigned on line 51 could be null and is dereferenced at line 55.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+VersionOperation VersionOperation.operate(ConnectionProvider,MigrationLoader,DatabaseOperationOption,PrintStream,MigrationHook,MigrationHook)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.ibatis.migration.operations.VersionOperation.operate(org.apache.ibatis.migration.Connecti.523f7eff28834757afe8515df9b73164
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/ibatis/migration/operations/VersionOperation.java
+
+### Key:
+VersionOperation.java|operate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a8e5ea4c3fb7e7356fb4a16694fe8325
+
+### Hash:
+be69b28fae634e697b820a4a6ab8efc6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3708/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3708/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..461ee192f04ca9acb5f5871ea3ca98a5e46abbcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3708/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2005, 2014 springside.github.io
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *******************************************************************************/
+package org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Counter;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.CounterMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Gauge;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Histogram;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.HistogramMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Timer;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.TimerMetric;
+
+public class ConsoleReporter implements Reporter {
+
+	private static final int CONSOLE_WIDTH = 80;
+	private PrintStream output = System.out;
+
+	@Override
+	public void report(Map<String, Gauge> gauges, Map<String, Counter> counters, Map<String, Histogram> histograms,
+			Map<String, Timer> timers) {
+
+		printWithBanner(new Date().toString(), '=');
+		output.println();
+
+		if (!gauges.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Gaugues", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Gauge> entry : gauges.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printGauge(entry.getValue());
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!counters.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Counters", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Counter> entry : counters.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printCounter(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!histograms.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Histograms", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Histogram> entry : histograms.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printHistogram(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!timers.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Timers", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Timer> entry : timers.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printTimer(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printWithBanner(String s, char c) {
+		output.print(s);
+		output.print(' ');
+		for (int i = 0; i < (CONSOLE_WIDTH - s.length() - 1); i++) {
+			output.print(c);
+		}
+		output.println();
+	}
+
+	private void printGauge(Gauge gauge) {
+		output.printf("             value = %s%n", gauge.snapshot);
+	}
+
+	private void printCounter(CounterMetric counter) {
+		output.printf("        last count = %d%n", counter.lastCount);
+		output.printf("       total count = %d%n", counter.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %d%n", counter.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %d%n", counter.meanRate);
+	}
+
+	private void printHistogram(HistogramMetric histogram) {
+		output.printf("               min = %d%n", histogram.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d%n", histogram.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f%n", histogram.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : histogram.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d %n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printTimer(TimerMetric timer) {
+		output.printf("             count = %d%n", timer.counterMetric.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.meanRate);
+		output.printf("               min = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : timer.histogramMetric.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d ms%n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+printf(...) at line 102: parameter 2 is expected to be of type java.lang.Double but java.lang.Long was given.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConsoleReporter.printTimer(TimerMetric)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter.ConsoleReporter.printTimer(org.springside.modules.metrics.Ti.1bfb9ba32c020aae731771516614ea61
+
+### File:
+modules/metrics/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/metrics/reporter/ConsoleReporter.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleReporter.java|printTimer|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+675a575894a45a82bcf2fe8c64d5d87c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3709/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3709/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3073330aac67d64ea3949ce5f3fe7ad1d21e9442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3709/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent;
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.lang.management.ThreadInfo;
+import java.lang.management.ThreadMXBean;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * 由程序触发的ThreadDump，打印到日志中.
+ * 
+ * 因为ThreadDump本身会造成JVM停顿，所以加上了开关和最少间隔时间的选项(默认不限制)
+ * 
+ * 因为ThreadInfo的toString()最多只会打印8层的StackTrace，所以加上了最大打印层数的选项.(默认为8)
+ * 
+ * @author calvin
+ */
+public class ThreadDumpper {
+
+	private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_STACK_LEVEL = 8;
+
+	private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ThreadDumpper.class);
+
+	private boolean enable = true; // 快速关闭该功能
+	private long leastIntervalMills = 0; // 每次打印ThreadDump的最小时间间隔，单位为毫秒
+	private int maxStackLevel = DEFAULT_MAX_STACK_LEVEL; // 打印StackTrace的最大深度
+
+	private ThreadMXBean threadMBean = ManagementFactory.getThreadMXBean();
+	private volatile Long lastThreadDumpTime = 0L;
+
+	public ThreadDumpper() {
+	}
+
+	public ThreadDumpper(long leastIntervalMills, int maxStackLevel) {
+		this.leastIntervalMills = leastIntervalMills;
+		this.maxStackLevel = maxStackLevel;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 符合条件则打印线程栈.
+	 */
+	public void threadDumpIfNeed() {
+		threadDumpIfNeed(null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 符合条件则打印线程栈.
+	 * 
+	 * @param reasonMsg 发生ThreadDump的原因
+	 */
+	public void threadDumpIfNeed(String reasonMsg) {
+		if (!enable) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - lastThreadDumpTime < leastIntervalMills) {
+				return;
+			} else {
+				lastThreadDumpTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			}
+		}
+
+		logger.info("Thread dump by ThreadDumpper" + reasonMsg != null ? (" for " + reasonMsg) : "");
+
+		// 参数均为false, 避免输出lockedMonitors和lockedSynchronizers导致的JVM缓慢
+		ThreadInfo[] threadInfos = threadMBean.dumpAllThreads(false, false);
+
+		StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(8192);
+		b.append('[');
+		for (int i = 0; i < threadInfos.length; i++) {
+			b.append(dumpThreadInfo(threadInfos[i])).append(", ");
+		}
+
+		// 两条日志间的时间间隔，是VM被thread dump堵塞的时间.
+		logger.info(b.toString());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 打印全部的stack，重新实现threadInfo的toString()函数，因为默认最多只打印8层的stack. 同时，不再打印lockedMonitors和lockedSynchronizers.
+	 */
+	private String dumpThreadInfo(ThreadInfo threadInfo) {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(512);
+		sb.append("\"").append(threadInfo.getThreadName()).append("\" Id=").append(threadInfo.getThreadId()).append(' ')
+				.append(threadInfo.getThreadState());
+		if (threadInfo.getLockName() != null) {
+			sb.append(" on ").append(threadInfo.getLockName());
+		}
+		if (threadInfo.getLockOwnerName() != null) {
+			sb.append(" owned by \"").append(threadInfo.getLockOwnerName()).append("\" Id=")
+					.append(threadInfo.getLockOwnerId());
+		}
+		if (threadInfo.isSuspended()) {
+			sb.append(" (suspended)");
+		}
+		if (threadInfo.isInNative()) {
+			sb.append(" (in native)");
+		}
+		sb.append('\n');
+		int i = 0;
+		StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = threadInfo.getStackTrace();
+		for (; i < Math.min(maxStackLevel, stackTrace.length); i++) {
+			StackTraceElement ste = stackTrace[i];
+			sb.append("\tat ").append(ste.toString()).append('\n');
+			if (i == 0 && threadInfo.getLockInfo() != null) {
+				Thread.State ts = threadInfo.getThreadState();
+				switch (ts) {
+				case BLOCKED:
+					sb.append("\t-  blocked on ").append(threadInfo.getLockInfo()).append('\n');
+					break;
+				case WAITING:
+					sb.append("\t-  waiting on ").append(threadInfo.getLockInfo()).append('\n');
+					break;
+				case TIMED_WAITING:
+					sb.append("\t-  time waiting on ").append(threadInfo.getLockInfo()).append('\n');
+					break;
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+		if (i < stackTrace.length) {
+			sb.append("\t...").append('\n');
+		}
+
+		sb.append('\n');
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 快速关闭打印
+	 */
+	public void setEnable(boolean enable) {
+		this.enable = enable;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 打印ThreadDump的最小时间间隔，单位为秒，默认为0不限制.
+	 */
+	public void setLeastInterval(int leastIntervalSeconds) {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			this.leastIntervalMills = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(leastIntervalSeconds);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 打印StackTrace的最大深度, 默认为8
+	 */
+	public void setMaxStackLevel(int maxStackLevel) {
+		this.maxStackLevel = maxStackLevel;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent.ThreadDumpper.threadDumpIfNeed` reads without synchronization from `this.org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent.ThreadDumpper.enable`. Potentially races with write in method `ThreadDumpper.setEnable(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ThreadDumpper.threadDumpIfNeed(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent.ThreadDumpper.threadDumpIfNeed(java.lang.String):void.cb6cbb835fe28783ae5e5de2f0a8467d
+
+### File:
+modules/utils/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/utils/concurrent/ThreadDumpper.java
+
+### Key:
+ThreadDumpper.java|threadDumpIfNeed|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6db6e4fae921ec3925d33dd40ec8df5f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3713/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3713/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdea41d967b6585cfbebeb83946dbda6b33e1c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3713/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2005, 2014 springside.github.io
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *******************************************************************************/
+package org.springside.modules.metrics;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Histogram数据类型, 主要用于计算Latency.
+ * 报告Report间隔时间内Latency最小/最大，平均值，以及某些百分比的请求Latency小于的值。
+ * 
+ * @author Calvin
+ */
+public class Histogram {
+
+	public HistogramMetric snapshot = new HistogramMetric();
+
+	private List<Long> measurements = new LinkedList<Long>();
+	private Double[] pcts;
+	private Object lock = new Object();
+
+	public Histogram(Double... pcts) {
+		this.pcts = pcts;
+	}
+
+	public void update(long value) {
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			measurements.add(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public HistogramMetric calculateMetric() {
+		// 快照当前的数据，在计算时不阻塞新的metrics update.
+		List<Long> snapshotList = null;
+
+		synchronized (lock) {
+			snapshotList = measurements;
+			measurements = new LinkedList();
+		}
+
+		if (snapshotList.isEmpty()) {
+			return createEmptyMetric();
+		}
+
+		// 按数值大小排序，以快速支持百分比过滤
+		Collections.sort(snapshotList);
+
+		int count = snapshotList.size();
+
+		HistogramMetric metric = new HistogramMetric();
+		metric.min = snapshotList.get(0);
+		metric.max = snapshotList.get(count - 1);
+
+		double sum = 0;
+		for (long value : snapshotList) {
+			sum += value;
+		}
+		metric.mean = sum / count;
+
+		for (Double pct : pcts) {
+			metric.pcts.put(pct, getPercent(snapshotList, count, pct));
+		}
+
+		snapshot = metric;
+		return metric;
+	}
+
+	private HistogramMetric createEmptyMetric() {
+		HistogramMetric metric = new HistogramMetric();
+		metric.min = 0;
+		metric.max = 0;
+		metric.mean = 0;
+		for (Double pct : pcts) {
+			metric.pcts.put(pct, 0L);
+		}
+
+		return metric;
+	}
+
+	private Long getPercent(List<Long> snapshotList, int count, double pct) {
+
+		final double pos = (pct * (count + 1)) / 100;
+
+		if (pos < 1) {
+			return snapshotList.get(0);
+		}
+
+		if (pos >= count) {
+			return snapshotList.get(count - 1);
+		}
+
+		return snapshotList.get((int) pos - 1);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return "Histogram [measurements=" + measurements + ", pcts=" + Arrays.toString(pcts) + "]";
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.springside.modules.metrics.Histogram.calculateMetric` writes to field `this.org.springside.modules.metrics.Histogram.snapshot` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HistogramMetric Histogram.calculateMetric()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.metrics.Histogram.calculateMetric():org.springside.modules.metrics.HistogramM.87f58c4a4978dc44b0675140bcbe56d8
+
+### File:
+modules/metrics/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/metrics/Histogram.java
+
+### Key:
+Histogram.java|calculateMetric|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5e56cbd200b590fcabec0c0cf688fff1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3714/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3714/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..501a369234501cc47818b1a9876fb8cc74049949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3714/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2005, 2014 springside.github.io
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *******************************************************************************/
+package org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Counter;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.CounterMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Gauge;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Histogram;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.HistogramMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Timer;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.TimerMetric;
+
+public class ConsoleReporter implements Reporter {
+
+	private static final int CONSOLE_WIDTH = 80;
+	private PrintStream output = System.out;
+
+	@Override
+	public void report(Map<String, Gauge> gauges, Map<String, Counter> counters, Map<String, Histogram> histograms,
+			Map<String, Timer> timers) {
+
+		printWithBanner(new Date().toString(), '=');
+		output.println();
+
+		if (!gauges.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Gaugues", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Gauge> entry : gauges.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printGauge(entry.getValue());
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!counters.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Counters", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Counter> entry : counters.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printCounter(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!histograms.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Histograms", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Histogram> entry : histograms.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printHistogram(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!timers.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Timers", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Timer> entry : timers.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printTimer(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printWithBanner(String s, char c) {
+		output.print(s);
+		output.print(' ');
+		for (int i = 0; i < (CONSOLE_WIDTH - s.length() - 1); i++) {
+			output.print(c);
+		}
+		output.println();
+	}
+
+	private void printGauge(Gauge gauge) {
+		output.printf("             value = %s%n", gauge.snapshot);
+	}
+
+	private void printCounter(CounterMetric counter) {
+		output.printf("        last count = %d%n", counter.lastCount);
+		output.printf("       total count = %d%n", counter.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %d%n", counter.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %d%n", counter.meanRate);
+	}
+
+	private void printHistogram(HistogramMetric histogram) {
+		output.printf("               min = %d%n", histogram.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d%n", histogram.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f%n", histogram.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : histogram.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d %n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printTimer(TimerMetric timer) {
+		output.printf("             count = %d%n", timer.counterMetric.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.meanRate);
+		output.printf("               min = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : timer.histogramMetric.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d ms%n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+printf(...) at line 101: parameter 2 is expected to be of type java.lang.Double but java.lang.Long was given.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConsoleReporter.printTimer(TimerMetric)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter.ConsoleReporter.printTimer(org.springside.modules.metrics.Ti.1bfb9ba32c020aae731771516614ea61
+
+### File:
+modules/metrics/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/metrics/reporter/ConsoleReporter.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleReporter.java|printTimer|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+675a575894a45a82bcf2fe8c64d5d87c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3722/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3722/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae9a97bcacffef1cbbb868c8d852c8dc44790af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3722/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-cloud-zuul-ratelimit
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012-2018 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.filters;
+
+import static com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.support.RateLimitConstants.REQUEST_START_TIME;
+import static org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.support.FilterConstants.POST_TYPE;
+import static org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestAttributes.SCOPE_REQUEST;
+
+import com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.config.RateLimitKeyGenerator;
+import com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.config.RateLimiter;
+import com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.config.properties.RateLimitProperties;
+import com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.support.RateLimitUtils;
+import com.netflix.zuul.context.RequestContext;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.Route;
+import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.RouteLocator;
+import org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestAttributes;
+import org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextHolder;
+import org.springframework.web.util.UrlPathHelper;
+
+/**
+ * @author Marcos Barbero
+ * @author Liel Chayoun
+ */
+public class RateLimitPostFilter extends AbstractRateLimitFilter {
+
+    private final RateLimitProperties properties;
+    private final RateLimiter rateLimiter;
+    private final RateLimitKeyGenerator rateLimitKeyGenerator;
+
+    public RateLimitPostFilter(RateLimitProperties properties, RouteLocator routeLocator,
+                               UrlPathHelper urlPathHelper, RateLimiter rateLimiter,
+                               RateLimitKeyGenerator rateLimitKeyGenerator, RateLimitUtils rateLimitUtils) {
+        super(properties, routeLocator, urlPathHelper, rateLimitKeyGenerator, rateLimitUtils);
+        this.properties = properties;
+        this.rateLimiter = rateLimiter;
+        this.rateLimitKeyGenerator = rateLimitKeyGenerator;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String filterType() {
+        return POST_TYPE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int filterOrder() {
+        return properties.getPostFilterOrder();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean shouldFilter() {
+        return super.shouldFilter() && getRequestStartTime() != null;
+    }
+
+    private Long getRequestStartTime() {
+        RequestAttributes requestAttributes = RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes();
+        return (Long) requestAttributes.getAttribute(REQUEST_START_TIME, SCOPE_REQUEST);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object run() {
+        RequestContext ctx = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
+        HttpServletRequest request = ctx.getRequest();
+        Route route = route(request);
+
+        policy(route, request).forEach(policy -> {
+            Long requestTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - getRequestStartTime();
+            String key = rateLimitKeyGenerator.key(request, route, policy);
+            rateLimiter.consume(policy, key, requestTime > 0 ? requestTime : 1);
+        });
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `requestAttributes` last assigned on line 70  at line 71.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Long RateLimitPostFilter.getRequestStartTime()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.filters.RateLimitPostFilter.getRequestStartTime.a4e7d61dce872329cd69ccdd9da63a83
+
+### File:
+spring-cloud-zuul-ratelimit-core/src/main/java/com/marcosbarbero/cloud/autoconfigure/zuul/ratelimit/filters/RateLimitPostFilter.java
+
+### Key:
+RateLimitPostFilter.java|getRequestStartTime|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cb258cd51cbaa0dce206b7a1c03fec88
+
+### Hash:
+625b72e344c2901b8a49a0dc9635b518
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3725/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3725/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b30bb16c9978c817ee70ed7e8ba0d9578b4fc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3725/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-cloud-zuul-ratelimit
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012-2018 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.config.repository;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+
+import com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.config.Rate;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate;
+
+/**
+ * @author Marcos Barbero
+ * @author Liel Chayoun
+ */
+@Slf4j
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+public class RedisRateLimiter extends AbstractCacheRateLimiter {
+
+    private final RateLimiterErrorHandler rateLimiterErrorHandler;
+    private final RedisTemplate redisTemplate;
+
+    @Override
+    protected void calcRemainingLimit(Long limit, Long refreshInterval,
+                                      Long requestTime, String key, Rate rate) {
+        if (limit != null) {
+            long usage = requestTime == null ? 1L : 0L;
+            Long current = 0L;
+            try {
+                current = redisTemplate.opsForValue().increment(key, usage);
+                // Redis returns 1 when the key is incremented for the first time, and the expiration time is set
+                if (current != null && current.equals(1L)) {
+                    this.redisTemplate.expire(key, refreshInterval, SECONDS);
+                }
+            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+                String msg = "Failed retrieving rate for " + key + ", will return limit";
+                rateLimiterErrorHandler.handleError(msg, e);
+            }
+            rate.setRemaining(Math.max(-1, limit - current));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void calcRemainingQuota(Long quota, Long refreshInterval,
+                                      Long requestTime, String key, Rate rate) {
+        if (quota != null) {
+            String quotaKey = key + QUOTA_SUFFIX;
+            handleExpiration(quotaKey, refreshInterval, rate);
+            long usage = requestTime != null ? requestTime : 0L;
+            Long current = 0L;
+            try {
+                current = this.redisTemplate.boundValueOps(quotaKey).increment(usage);
+            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+                String msg = "Failed retrieving rate for " + quotaKey + ", will return quota limit";
+                rateLimiterErrorHandler.handleError(msg, e);
+            }
+            rate.setRemainingQuota(Math.max(-1, quota - current));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleExpiration(String key, Long refreshInterval, Rate rate) {
+        Long expire = null;
+        try {
+            expire = this.redisTemplate.getExpire(key);
+            if (expire == null || expire.equals(-1L)) {
+                this.redisTemplate.expire(key, refreshInterval, SECONDS);
+                expire = refreshInterval;
+            }
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            String msg = "Failed retrieving expiration for " + key + ", will reset now";
+            rateLimiterErrorHandler.handleError(msg, e);
+        }
+        rate.setReset(SECONDS.toMillis(expire == null ? 0L : expire));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `current` last assigned on line 45 could be null and is dereferenced at line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RedisRateLimiter.calcRemainingLimit(Long,Long,Long,String,Rate)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.marcosbarbero.cloud.autoconfigure.zuul.ratelimit.config.repository.RedisRateLimiter.calcRemainin.12bfa7f29ac8af2d2f2f76a9323ce77e
+
+### File:
+spring-cloud-zuul-ratelimit-core/src/main/java/com/marcosbarbero/cloud/autoconfigure/zuul/ratelimit/config/repository/RedisRateLimiter.java
+
+### Key:
+RedisRateLimiter.java|calcRemainingLimit|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+5ca47c8820cf8452496de9a82bd2cc45
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3731/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3731/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ddbd70c8a30546d8efa44e5fab85f07e5fdc66bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3731/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** J2V8
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 EclipseSource and others.
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    EclipseSource - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.eclipsesource.v8.utils;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8ArrayBuffer;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Object;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8TypedArray;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Value;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Float32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Float64Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int16Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.TypedArray;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt16Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt8ClampedArray;
+
+/**
+ * A set of static helper methods to convert V8Objects / V8Arrays to
+ * java.util Maps and Lists and back again. These conversions
+ * perform a deep copy.
+ */
+public class V8ObjectUtils {
+
+    private static final Object IGNORE = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Map from a V8Object using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Object are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * object itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param object The root of the V8Object graph.
+     *
+     * @return A map representing a deep copy of the V8Object rooted at 'object'.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toMap(object, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a List from a V8Array using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Array are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * array itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param array The root of the V8Array graph.
+     *
+     * @return A list representing a deep copy of the V8Array rooted at 'array'.
+     */
+    public static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toList(array, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'. The result
+     * can be optionally passed in as a parameter.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     * @param result The array to use as the result. If null, a new array will be created.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType, final Object result) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            int[] intArray = (int[]) result;
+            if ((intArray == null) || (intArray.length < length)) {
+                intArray = new int[length];
+            }
+            array.getIntegers(0, length, intArray);
+            return intArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            double[] doubleArray = (double[]) result;
+            if ((doubleArray == null) || (doubleArray.length < length)) {
+                doubleArray = new double[length];
+            }
+            array.getDoubles(0, length, doubleArray);
+            return doubleArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            boolean[] booleanArray = (boolean[]) result;
+            if ((booleanArray == null) || (booleanArray.length < length)) {
+                booleanArray = new boolean[length];
+            }
+            array.getBooleans(0, length, booleanArray);
+            return booleanArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            String[] stringArray = (String[]) result;
+            if ((stringArray == null) || (stringArray.length < length)) {
+                stringArray = new String[length];
+            }
+            array.getStrings(0, length, stringArray);
+            return stringArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BYTE) {
+            byte[] byteArray = (byte[]) result;
+            if ((byteArray == null) || (byteArray.length < length)) {
+                byteArray = new byte[length];
+            }
+            array.getBytes(0, length, byteArray);
+            return byteArray;
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the Array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            return array.getIntegers(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            return array.getDoubles(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            return array.getBooleans(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            return array.getStrings(0, length);
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Object from a java.util.Map. This is a deep copy, so if the map
+     * contains other maps (or lists) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param map The map to convert to a V8Object.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Object representing the map.
+     */
+    public static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Object(v8, map, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Array from a java.util.List. This is a deep copy, so if the list
+     * contains other lists (or maps) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param list The list to convert to a V8Array.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Array representing the list.
+     */
+    public static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Array(v8, list, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an object usable with a V8 Runtime which represents
+     * the parameter 'value'. If 'value' is an Integer, Boolean, Double
+     * or String, then 'value' is simply returned as these are directly
+     * usable on V8. If 'value' is a map / list, then it's converted to
+     * a V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * If the result is a V8Value, it must be released.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create V8Values.
+     * @param value The value to convert to an object usable with V8
+     *
+     * @return An object which can be used directly with a V8 runtime.
+     */
+    public static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            Object result = getV8Result(v8, value, cache);
+            if (result instanceof V8Object) {
+                return ((V8Object) result).twin();
+            }
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pushes a Java Object to a V8Array by first converting it to a V8Value if needed.
+     * If the value is a boxed primitive, then the primitive will be pushed. If the object
+     * is a Map / List then a deep copy will be performed, converting the object to a
+     * V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create any needed V8Values.
+     * @param array The array to push the elements to.
+     * @param value The value to push to the array.
+     */
+    public static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array array, final Object value) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            pushValue(v8, array, value, cache);
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value at the given index in the V8Array.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param array The array on which to lookup the value. The array is not
+     *              released.
+     * @param index The index whose element to lookup.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given index.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(array, index, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value with the given key in the V8Object.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param object The object on which to lookup the value. The object is not
+     *               released.
+     * @param key The key to use to lookup the value.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given key.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(object, key, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyMap();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(object)) {
+            return (Map<String, ? super Object>) cache.get(object);
+        }
+        Map<String, ? super Object> result = new V8PropertyMap<Object>();
+        cache.put(object, result);
+        String[] keys = object.getKeys();
+        for (String key : keys) {
+            Object value = getValue(object, key, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.put(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (array == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(array)) {
+            return (List<? super Object>) cache.get(array);
+        }
+        List<? super Object> result = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        cache.put(array, result);
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
+            Object value = getValue(array, i, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.add(getValue(array, i, cache));
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(map)) {
+            return cache.get(map);
+        }
+        V8Object result = new V8Object(v8);
+        cache.put(map, result);
+        try {
+            for (Entry<String, ? extends Object> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+                setValue(v8, result, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue(), cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(new ListWrapper(list))) {
+            return (V8Array) cache.get(new ListWrapper(list));
+        }
+        V8Array result = new V8Array(v8);
+        cache.put(new ListWrapper(list), result);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Object value = list.get(i);
+                pushValue(v8, result, value, cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8TypedArray toV8TypedArray(final V8 v8, final TypedArray typedArray, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(typedArray)) {
+            return (V8TypedArray) cache.get(typedArray);
+        }
+        V8ArrayBuffer arrayBuffer = new V8ArrayBuffer(v8, typedArray.getBuffer());
+        try {
+            V8TypedArray result = new V8TypedArray(v8, arrayBuffer, typedArray.getType(), 0, typedArray.length());
+            cache.put(typedArray, result);
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            arrayBuffer.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(value)) {
+            return cache.get(value);
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Map<?, ?>) {
+            return toV8Object(v8, (Map<String, ? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        } else if (value instanceof List<?>) {
+            return toV8Array(v8, (List<? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        } else if (value instanceof TypedArray) {
+            return toV8TypedArray(v8, (TypedArray) value, cache);
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array result, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.pushUndefined();
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.push((Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.push(new Double((Long) value));
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.push((Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.push((Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.push((String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.push((Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof V8Object) {
+            result.push((V8Object) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof TypedArray) {
+            V8TypedArray v8TypedArray = toV8TypedArray(v8, (TypedArray) value, cache);
+            result.push(v8TypedArray);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.push(object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.push(array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void setValue(final V8 v8, final V8Object result, final String key, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.addUndefined(key);
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.add(key, (Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.add(key, (int) (long) (Long) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.add(key, (Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.add(key, (Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.add(key, (String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.add(key, (Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof V8Object) {
+            result.add(key, (V8Object) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof TypedArray) {
+            V8TypedArray typedArray = toV8TypedArray(v8, (TypedArray) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, typedArray);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = array.getType(index);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return array.getInteger(index);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return array.getDouble(index);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return array.getBoolean(index);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return array.getString(index);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY_BUFFER:
+                V8ArrayBuffer buffer = (V8ArrayBuffer) array.get(index);
+                try {
+                    return buffer.getBackingStore();
+                } finally {
+                    buffer.release();
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return toByteBuffer(typedArray);
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array arrayValue = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return toList(arrayValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (arrayValue instanceof V8Array) {
+                        arrayValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object objectValue = array.getObject(index);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(objectValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (objectValue instanceof V8Object) {
+                        objectValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for index: " + index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object toByteBuffer(final V8Array typedArray) {
+        int arrayType = typedArray.getType();
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ((V8TypedArray) typedArray).getByteBuffer();
+        switch (arrayType) {
+            case V8Value.INT_8_ARRAY:
+                return new Int8Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_8_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt8Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_8_CLAMPED_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt8ClampedArray(buffer);
+            case V8Value.INT_16_ARRAY:
+                return new Int16Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_16_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt16Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.INT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new Int32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.FLOAT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new Float32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.FLOAT_64_ARRAY:
+                return new Float64Array(buffer);
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Known Typed Array type: " + V8Value.getStringRepresentaion(arrayType));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = object.getType(key);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return object.getInteger(key);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return object.getDouble(key);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return object.getBoolean(key);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return object.getString(key);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY_BUFFER:
+                V8ArrayBuffer buffer = (V8ArrayBuffer) object.get(key);
+                try {
+                    return buffer.getBackingStore();
+                } finally {
+                    buffer.release();
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return toByteBuffer(typedArray);
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array array = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return toList(array, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (array instanceof V8Array) {
+                        array.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object child = object.getObject(key);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(child, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (child instanceof V8Object) {
+                        child.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for key: " + key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private V8ObjectUtils() {
+
+    }
+
+    static class ListWrapper {
+        private List<? extends Object> list;
+
+        public ListWrapper(final List<? extends Object> list) {
+            this.list = list;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
+            if (obj instanceof ListWrapper) {
+                return ((ListWrapper) obj).list == list;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return System.identityHashCode(list);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `typedArray` last assigned on line 489 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `toByteBuffer(...)` at line 491.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object V8ObjectUtils.getValue(V8Array,int,V8Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8ObjectUtils.getValue(com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Array,int,com.eclipsesource.fd046dbbae538a3eee439603b812e919
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/eclipsesource/v8/utils/V8ObjectUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+V8ObjectUtils.java|getValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f17ff782c14b767ab407c822b99d39cf
+
+### Hash:
+b1318d29f6e17e75ffb266f96b51c3ab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3736/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3736/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be135380e1d86c5ad894a61947cd3f28d2c0081f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3736/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** J2V8
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 EclipseSource and others.
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    EclipseSource - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.eclipsesource.v8.utils;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8ArrayBuffer;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Object;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8TypedArray;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Value;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Float32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Float64Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int16Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.TypedArray;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt16Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt8ClampedArray;
+
+/**
+ * A set of static helper methods to convert V8Objects / V8Arrays to
+ * java.util Maps and Lists and back again. These conversions
+ * perform a deep copy.
+ */
+public class V8ObjectUtils {
+
+    private static final Object IGNORE = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Map from a V8Object using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Object are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * object itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param object The root of the V8Object graph.
+     *
+     * @return A map representing a deep copy of the V8Object rooted at 'object'.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toMap(object, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a List from a V8Array using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Array are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * array itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param array The root of the V8Array graph.
+     *
+     * @return A list representing a deep copy of the V8Array rooted at 'array'.
+     */
+    public static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toList(array, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'. The result
+     * can be optionally passed in as a parameter.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     * @param result The array to use as the result. If null, a new array will be created.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType, final Object result) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            int[] intArray = (int[]) result;
+            if ((intArray == null) || (intArray.length < length)) {
+                intArray = new int[length];
+            }
+            array.getIntegers(0, length, intArray);
+            return intArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            double[] doubleArray = (double[]) result;
+            if ((doubleArray == null) || (doubleArray.length < length)) {
+                doubleArray = new double[length];
+            }
+            array.getDoubles(0, length, doubleArray);
+            return doubleArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            boolean[] booleanArray = (boolean[]) result;
+            if ((booleanArray == null) || (booleanArray.length < length)) {
+                booleanArray = new boolean[length];
+            }
+            array.getBooleans(0, length, booleanArray);
+            return booleanArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            String[] stringArray = (String[]) result;
+            if ((stringArray == null) || (stringArray.length < length)) {
+                stringArray = new String[length];
+            }
+            array.getStrings(0, length, stringArray);
+            return stringArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BYTE) {
+            byte[] byteArray = (byte[]) result;
+            if ((byteArray == null) || (byteArray.length < length)) {
+                byteArray = new byte[length];
+            }
+            array.getBytes(0, length, byteArray);
+            return byteArray;
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the Array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            return array.getIntegers(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            return array.getDoubles(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            return array.getBooleans(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            return array.getStrings(0, length);
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Object from a java.util.Map. This is a deep copy, so if the map
+     * contains other maps (or lists) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param map The map to convert to a V8Object.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Object representing the map.
+     */
+    public static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map) {
+        Map<Object, V8Value> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Value>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Object(v8, map, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Value v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Array from a java.util.List. This is a deep copy, so if the list
+     * contains other lists (or maps) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param list The list to convert to a V8Array.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Array representing the list.
+     */
+    public static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list) {
+        Map<Object, V8Value> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Value>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Array(v8, list, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Value v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an object usable with a V8 Runtime which represents
+     * the parameter 'value'. If 'value' is an Integer, Boolean, Double
+     * or String, then 'value' is simply returned as these are directly
+     * usable on V8. If 'value' is a map / list, then it's converted to
+     * a V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * If the result is a V8Value, it must be released.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create V8Values.
+     * @param value The value to convert to an object usable with V8
+     *
+     * @return An object which can be used directly with a V8 runtime.
+     */
+    public static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Map<Object, V8Value> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Value>();
+        try {
+            Object result = getV8Result(v8, value, cache);
+            if (result instanceof V8Object) {
+                return ((V8Object) result).twin();
+            }
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Value v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pushes a Java Object to a V8Array by first converting it to a V8Value if needed.
+     * If the value is a boxed primitive, then the primitive will be pushed. If the object
+     * is a Map / List then a deep copy will be performed, converting the object to a
+     * V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create any needed V8Values.
+     * @param array The array to push the elements to.
+     * @param value The value to push to the array.
+     */
+    public static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array array, final Object value) {
+        Map<Object, V8Value> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Value>();
+        try {
+            pushValue(v8, array, value, cache);
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Value v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value at the given index in the V8Array.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param array The array on which to lookup the value. The array is not
+     *              released.
+     * @param index The index whose element to lookup.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given index.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(array, index, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value with the given key in the V8Object.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param object The object on which to lookup the value. The object is not
+     *               released.
+     * @param key The key to use to lookup the value.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given key.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(object, key, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyMap();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(object)) {
+            return (Map<String, ? super Object>) cache.get(object);
+        }
+        Map<String, ? super Object> result = new V8PropertyMap<Object>();
+        cache.put(object, result);
+        String[] keys = object.getKeys();
+        for (String key : keys) {
+            Object value = getValue(object, key, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.put(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (array == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(array)) {
+            return (List<? super Object>) cache.get(array);
+        }
+        List<? super Object> result = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        cache.put(array, result);
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
+            Object value = getValue(array, i, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.add(getValue(array, i, cache));
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map, final Map<Object, V8Value> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(map)) {
+            return (V8Object) cache.get(map);
+        }
+        V8Object result = new V8Object(v8);
+        cache.put(map, result);
+        try {
+            for (Entry<String, ? extends Object> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+                setValue(v8, result, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue(), cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list, final Map<Object, V8Value> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(new ListWrapper(list))) {
+            return (V8Array) cache.get(new ListWrapper(list));
+        }
+        V8Array result = new V8Array(v8);
+        cache.put(new ListWrapper(list), result);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Object value = list.get(i);
+                pushValue(v8, result, value, cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8ArrayBuffer toV8ArrayBuffer(final V8 v8, final ByteBuffer byteBuffer, final Map<Object, V8Value> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(byteBuffer)) {
+            return (V8ArrayBuffer) cache.get(byteBuffer);
+        }
+        V8ArrayBuffer result = new V8ArrayBuffer(v8, byteBuffer);
+        cache.put(byteBuffer, result);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8TypedArray toV8TypedArray(final V8 v8, final TypedArray typedArray, final Map<Object, V8Value> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(typedArray)) {
+            return (V8TypedArray) cache.get(typedArray);
+        }
+        V8ArrayBuffer arrayBuffer = new V8ArrayBuffer(v8, typedArray.getBuffer());
+        try {
+            V8TypedArray result = new V8TypedArray(v8, arrayBuffer, typedArray.getType(), 0, typedArray.length());
+            cache.put(typedArray, result);
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            arrayBuffer.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Value> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(value)) {
+            return cache.get(value);
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Map<?, ?>) {
+            return toV8Object(v8, (Map<String, ? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        } else if (value instanceof List<?>) {
+            return toV8Array(v8, (List<? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        } else if (value instanceof TypedArray) {
+            return toV8TypedArray(v8, (TypedArray) value, cache);
+        } else if (value instanceof ByteBuffer) {
+            return toV8ArrayBuffer(v8, (ByteBuffer) value, cache);
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array result, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Value> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.pushUndefined();
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.push((Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.push(new Double((Long) value));
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.push((Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.push((Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.push((String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.push((Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof V8Object) {
+            result.push((V8Object) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof TypedArray) {
+            V8TypedArray v8TypedArray = toV8TypedArray(v8, (TypedArray) value, cache);
+            result.push(v8TypedArray);
+        } else if (value instanceof ByteBuffer) {
+            V8ArrayBuffer v8ArrayBuffer = toV8ArrayBuffer(v8, (ByteBuffer) value, cache);
+            result.push(v8ArrayBuffer);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.push(object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.push(array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void setValue(final V8 v8, final V8Object result, final String key, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Value> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.addUndefined(key);
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.add(key, (Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.add(key, (int) (long) (Long) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.add(key, (Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.add(key, (Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.add(key, (String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.add(key, (Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof V8Object) {
+            result.add(key, (V8Object) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof TypedArray) {
+            V8TypedArray typedArray = toV8TypedArray(v8, (TypedArray) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, typedArray);
+        } else if (value instanceof ByteBuffer) {
+            V8ArrayBuffer v8ArrayBuffer = toV8ArrayBuffer(v8, (ByteBuffer) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, v8ArrayBuffer);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = array.getType(index);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return array.getInteger(index);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return array.getDouble(index);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return array.getBoolean(index);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return array.getString(index);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY_BUFFER:
+                V8ArrayBuffer buffer = (V8ArrayBuffer) array.get(index);
+                try {
+                    return buffer.getBackingStore();
+                } finally {
+                    buffer.release();
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return toTypedArray(typedArray);
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array arrayValue = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return toList(arrayValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (arrayValue instanceof V8Array) {
+                        arrayValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object objectValue = array.getObject(index);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(objectValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (objectValue instanceof V8Object) {
+                        objectValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for index: " + index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object toTypedArray(final V8Array typedArray) {
+        int arrayType = typedArray.getType();
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ((V8TypedArray) typedArray).getByteBuffer();
+        switch (arrayType) {
+            case V8Value.INT_8_ARRAY:
+                return new Int8Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_8_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt8Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_8_CLAMPED_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt8ClampedArray(buffer);
+            case V8Value.INT_16_ARRAY:
+                return new Int16Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_16_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt16Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.INT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new Int32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.FLOAT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new Float32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.FLOAT_64_ARRAY:
+                return new Float64Array(buffer);
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Known Typed Array type: " + V8Value.getStringRepresentaion(arrayType));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = object.getType(key);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return object.getInteger(key);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return object.getDouble(key);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return object.getBoolean(key);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return object.getString(key);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY_BUFFER:
+                V8ArrayBuffer buffer = (V8ArrayBuffer) object.get(key);
+                try {
+                    return buffer.getBackingStore();
+                } finally {
+                    buffer.release();
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return toTypedArray(typedArray);
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array array = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return toList(array, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (array instanceof V8Array) {
+                        array.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object child = object.getObject(key);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(child, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (child instanceof V8Object) {
+                        child.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for key: " + key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private V8ObjectUtils() {
+
+    }
+
+    static class ListWrapper {
+        private List<? extends Object> list;
+
+        public ListWrapper(final List<? extends Object> list) {
+            this.list = list;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
+            if (obj instanceof ListWrapper) {
+                return ((ListWrapper) obj).list == list;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return System.identityHashCode(list);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `arrayValue` last assigned on line 515 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `toList(...)` at line 517.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object V8ObjectUtils.getValue(V8Array,int,V8Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8ObjectUtils.getValue(com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Array,int,com.eclipsesource.fd046dbbae538a3eee439603b812e919
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/eclipsesource/v8/utils/V8ObjectUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+V8ObjectUtils.java|getValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc3f80da49eedd3dac507ee1d2b00097
+
+### Hash:
+ea49ea555850954877afebc9bbed9cfa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3738/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3738/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32ff3adb9eeafc435d580282baefe2e77a5e7de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3738/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** J2V8
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 EclipseSource and others.
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    EclipseSource - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.eclipsesource.v8;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8Executor;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8Map;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8Runnable;
+
+/**
+ * An isolated V8Runtime. All JavaScript execution must exist
+ * on a single runtime, and data is not shared between runtimes.
+ * A runtime must be created and released when finished.
+ *
+ * All access to a runtime must come from the same thread, unless
+ * the thread explicitly gives up control using the V8Locker.
+ *
+ * A public static factory method can be used to create the runtime.
+ *
+ * V8 runtime = V8.createV8Runtime();
+ *
+ */
+public class V8 extends V8Object {
+
+    private static Object                lock                    = new Object();
+    private volatile static int          runtimeCounter          = 0;
+    private static String                v8Flags                 = null;
+    private static boolean               initialized             = false;
+    protected Map<Long, V8Value>         v8WeakReferences        = new HashMap<Long, V8Value>();
+
+    private Map<String, Object>          data                    = null;
+    private final V8Locker               locker;
+    private long                         objectReferences        = 0;
+    private long                         v8RuntimePtr            = 0;
+    private List<Releasable>             resources               = null;
+    private V8Map<V8Executor>            executors               = null;
+    private boolean                      forceTerminateExecutors = false;
+    private Map<Long, MethodDescriptor>  functionRegistry        = new HashMap<Long, MethodDescriptor>();
+    private LinkedList<ReferenceHandler> referenceHandlers       = new LinkedList<ReferenceHandler>();
+    private LinkedList<V8Runnable>       releaseHandlers         = new LinkedList<V8Runnable>();
+
+    private static boolean               nativeLibraryLoaded     = false;
+    private static Error                 nativeLoadError         = null;
+    private static Exception             nativeLoadException     = null;
+    private static V8Value               undefined               = new V8Object.Undefined();
+    private static Object                invalid                 = new Object();
+
+    private class MethodDescriptor {
+        Object           object;
+        Method           method;
+        JavaCallback     callback;
+        JavaVoidCallback voidCallback;
+        boolean          includeReceiver;
+    }
+
+    private synchronized static void load(final String tmpDirectory) {
+        try {
+            LibraryLoader.loadLibrary(tmpDirectory);
+            nativeLibraryLoaded = true;
+        } catch (Error e) {
+            nativeLoadError = e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            nativeLoadException = e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the native libraries are loaded.
+     *
+     * @return Returns true if the native libraries are loaded,
+     * false otherwise.
+     */
+    public static boolean isLoaded() {
+        return nativeLibraryLoaded;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the V8 flags on the platform. All runtimes will be created
+     * with the same flags. Flags must be set before the runtime is
+     * created.
+     *
+     * @param flags The flags to set on V8
+     */
+    public static void setFlags(final String flags) {
+        v8Flags = flags;
+        initialized = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new V8Runtime and loads the required
+     * native libraries if they are not already loaded.
+     * The current thread is given the lock to this runtime.
+     *
+     * @return A new isolated V8 Runtime.
+     */
+    public static V8 createV8Runtime() {
+        return createV8Runtime(null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new V8Runtime and loads the required native libraries if they
+     * are not already loaded. An alias is also set for the global scope. For example,
+     * 'window' can be set as the global scope name.
+     *
+     * The current thread is given the lock to this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param globalAlias The name to associate with the global scope.
+     *
+     * @return A new isolated V8 Runtime.
+     */
+    public static V8 createV8Runtime(final String globalAlias) {
+        return createV8Runtime(globalAlias, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new V8Runtime and loads the required native libraries if they
+     * are not already loaded. An alias is also set for the global scope. For example,
+     * 'window' can be set as the global scope name.
+     *
+     * The current thread is given the lock to this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param globalAlias The name to associate with the global scope.
+     * @param tempDirectory The name of the directory to extract the native
+     * libraries too.
+     *
+     * @return A new isolated V8 Runtime.
+     */
+    public static V8 createV8Runtime(final String globalAlias, final String tempDirectory) {
+        if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+                    load(tempDirectory);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        checkNativeLibraryLoaded();
+        if (!initialized) {
+            _setFlags(v8Flags);
+            initialized = true;
+        }
+        V8 runtime = new V8(globalAlias);
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            runtimeCounter++;
+        }
+        return runtime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a ReferenceHandler to track when new V8Objects are created.
+     *
+     * @param handler The ReferenceHandler to add
+     */
+    public void addReferenceHandler(final ReferenceHandler handler) {
+        referenceHandlers.add(0, handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a handler that will be called when the runtime is being released.
+     * The runtime will still be available when the handler is executed.
+     *
+     * @param handler The handler to invoke when the runtime, is being released
+     */
+    public void addReleaseHandler(final V8Runnable handler) {
+        releaseHandlers.add(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes an existing ReferenceHandler from the collection of reference handlers.
+     * If the ReferenceHandler does not exist in the collection, it is ignored.
+     *
+     * @param handler The reference handler to remove
+     */
+    public void removeReferenceHandler(final ReferenceHandler handler) {
+        referenceHandlers.remove(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes an existing release handler from the collection of release handlers.
+     * If the release handler does not exist in the collection, it is ignored.
+     *
+     * @param handler The handler to remove
+     */
+    public void removeReleaseHandler(final V8Runnable handler) {
+        releaseHandlers.remove(handler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Associates an arbitrary object with this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param key The key used to reference this object
+     * @param value The object to associate with this runtime
+     */
+    public synchronized void setData(final String key, final Object value) {
+        if (data == null) {
+            data = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+        }
+        data.put(key, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the data object associated with this runtime, null if no object
+     * has been associated.
+     *
+     * @param key The key used to reference this object
+     *
+     * @return The data object associated with this runtime, or null.
+     */
+    public Object getData(final String key) {
+        if (data == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return data.get(key);
+    }
+
+    private void notifyReleaseHandlers(final V8 runtime) {
+        for (V8Runnable handler : releaseHandlers) {
+            handler.run(runtime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyReferenceCreated(final V8Value object) {
+        for (ReferenceHandler referenceHandler : referenceHandlers) {
+            referenceHandler.v8HandleCreated(object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyReferenceDisposed(final V8Value object) {
+        for (ReferenceHandler referenceHandler : referenceHandlers) {
+            referenceHandler.v8HandleDisposed(object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkNativeLibraryLoaded() {
+        if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+            String vendorName = LibraryLoader.computeLibraryShortName(true);
+            String baseName = LibraryLoader.computeLibraryShortName(false);
+            String message = "J2V8 native library not loaded (" + baseName + "/" + vendorName + ")";
+
+            if (nativeLoadError != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(message, nativeLoadError);
+            } else if (nativeLoadException != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(message, nativeLoadException);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(message);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected V8() {
+        this(null);
+    }
+
+    protected V8(final String globalAlias) {
+        super(null);
+        released = false;
+        v8RuntimePtr = _createIsolate(globalAlias);
+        locker = new V8Locker(this);
+        checkThread();
+        objectHandle = _getGlobalObject(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an UNDEFINED constant.
+     *
+     * @return The UNDEFINED constant value.
+     */
+    public static V8Value getUndefined() {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of active runtimes.
+     *
+     * @return The number of active runtimes.
+     */
+    public static int getActiveRuntimes() {
+        return runtimeCounter;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of Object References for this runtime.
+     *
+     * @return The number of Object References on this runtime.
+     */
+    public long getObjectReferenceCount() {
+        return objectReferences - v8WeakReferences.size();
+    }
+
+    protected long getV8RuntimePtr() {
+        return v8RuntimePtr;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the version of the V8 engine
+     *
+     * @return The version of the V8 Engine.
+     */
+    public static String getV8Version() {
+        return _getVersion();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the revision ID of this version as specified
+     * by the source code management system. Currently we use
+     * Git, so this will return the commit ID for this revision.
+     *
+     * @return The revision ID of this version of J2V8
+     */
+    public static String getSCMRevision() {
+        return "Unknown revision ID";
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * (non-Javadoc)
+     * @see com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Value#close()
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        release(true);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * (non-Javadoc)
+     * @see com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Value#release()
+     */
+    @Override
+    @Deprecated
+    public void release() {
+        release(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Terminates any JavaScript executing on this runtime. Once
+     * the runtime is released, any executors that were spawned
+     * will also be force terminated.
+     */
+    public void terminateExecution() {
+        forceTerminateExecutors = true;
+        terminateExecution(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Release native resources associated with this runtime. Once
+     * released, a runtime cannot be reused.
+     *
+     * @param reportMemoryLeaks True if memory leaks should be
+     * reported by throwing an IllegalStateException if any
+     * objects were not released.
+     */
+    public void release(final boolean reportMemoryLeaks) {
+        if (isReleased()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        checkThread();
+        try {
+            notifyReleaseHandlers(this);
+        } finally {
+            releaseResources();
+            shutdownExecutors(forceTerminateExecutors);
+            if (executors != null) {
+                executors.clear();
+            }
+            releaseNativeMethodDescriptors();
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                runtimeCounter--;
+            }
+            _releaseRuntime(v8RuntimePtr);
+            v8RuntimePtr = 0L;
+            released = true;
+            if (reportMemoryLeaks && (getObjectReferenceCount() > 0)) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(objectReferences + " Object(s) still exist in runtime");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void releaseNativeMethodDescriptors() {
+        Set<Long> nativeMethodDescriptors = functionRegistry.keySet();
+        for (Long nativeMethodDescriptor : nativeMethodDescriptors) {
+            releaseMethodDescriptor(v8RuntimePtr, nativeMethodDescriptor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void releaseResources() {
+        if (resources != null) {
+            for (Releasable releasable : resources) {
+                releasable.release();
+            }
+            resources.clear();
+            resources = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers an executor with this runtime. An executor is another
+     * runtime with its own thread. By registering an executor, it can be
+     * terminated when this runtime is released.
+     *
+     * @param key The key to associate the executor with.
+     * @param executor The executor itself.
+     */
+    public void registerV8Executor(final V8Object key, final V8Executor executor) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            executors = new V8Map<V8Executor>();
+        }
+        executors.put(key, executor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the executor from this runtime. The executor is
+     * *NOT* shutdown, simply removed from the list of known
+     * executors.
+     *
+     * @param key The key the executor was associated with.
+     * @return The executor or null if it does not exist.
+     */
+    public V8Executor removeExecutor(final V8Object key) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return executors.remove(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the executor associated with the given key.
+     *
+     * @param key The key the executor was associated with.
+     * @return The executor or null if it does not exist.
+     */
+    public V8Executor getExecutor(final V8Object key) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return executors.get(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shutdown all executors associated with this runtime.
+     * If force terminate is specified, it will forcefully terminate
+     * the executors, otherwise it will simply signal that they
+     * should terminate.
+     *
+     * @param forceTerminate Specify if the executors should be
+     * forcefully terminated, or simply notified to shutdown when ready.
+     */
+    public void shutdownExecutors(final boolean forceTerminate) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (V8Executor executor : executors.values()) {
+            if (forceTerminate) {
+                executor.forceTermination();
+            } else {
+                executor.shutdown();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a resource with this runtime. All registered
+     * resources will be released before the runtime is released.
+     *
+     * @param resource The resource to register.
+     */
+    public void registerResource(final Releasable resource) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (resources == null) {
+            resources = new ArrayList<Releasable>();
+        }
+        resources.add(resource);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as an integer.
+     * If the result is not an integer, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as an integer, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not an integer.
+     */
+    public int executeIntegerScript(final String script) {
+        return executeIntegerScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as an integer.
+     * If the result is not an integer, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for excepton purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as an integer, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not an integer.
+     */
+    public int executeIntegerScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeIntegerScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected void createTwin(final V8Value value, final V8Value twin) {
+        checkThread();
+        createTwin(v8RuntimePtr, value.getHandle(), twin.getHandle());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a double.
+     * If the result is not a double, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a double, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a double.
+     */
+    public double executeDoubleScript(final String script) {
+        return executeDoubleScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a double.
+     * If the result is not a double, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a double, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a double.
+     */
+    public double executeDoubleScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeDoubleScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a String.
+     * If the result is not a String, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a String, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a String.
+     */
+    public String executeStringScript(final String script) {
+        return executeStringScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a String.
+     * If the result is not a String, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a String, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a String.
+     */
+    public String executeStringScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeStringScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a boolean.
+     * If the result is not a boolean, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a boolean, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a boolean.
+     */
+    public boolean executeBooleanScript(final String script) {
+        return executeBooleanScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a boolean.
+     * If the result is not a boolean, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a boolean, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a boolean.
+     */
+    public boolean executeBooleanScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeBooleanScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Array.
+     * If the result is not a V8Array, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Array, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Array.
+     */
+    public V8Array executeArrayScript(final String script) {
+        return executeArrayScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Array.
+     * If the result is not a V8Array, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Array, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Array.
+     */
+    public V8Array executeArrayScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        Object result = this.executeScript(script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+        if (result instanceof V8Array) {
+            return (V8Array) result;
+        }
+        throw new V8ResultUndefined();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a Java Object.
+     * Primitives will be boxed.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a Java Object.
+     */
+    public Object executeScript(final String script) {
+        return executeScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a Java Object.
+     * Primitives will be boxed.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a Java Object.
+     */
+    public Object executeScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeScript(getV8RuntimePtr(), UNKNOWN, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Object.
+     * If the result is not a V8Object, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Object, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Object.
+     */
+    public V8Object executeObjectScript(final String script) {
+        return this.executeObjectScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Object.
+     * If the result is not a V8Object, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Object, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Object.
+     */
+    public V8Object executeObjectScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        Object result = this.executeScript(script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+        if (result instanceof V8Object) {
+            return (V8Object) result;
+        }
+        throw new V8ResultUndefined();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     */
+    public void executeVoidScript(final String script) {
+        executeVoidScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     */
+    public void executeVoidScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        executeVoidScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the locker associated with this runtime. The locker allows
+     * threads to give up control of the runtime and other threads to acquire
+     * control.
+     *
+     * @return The locker associated with this runtime.
+     */
+    public V8Locker getLocker() {
+        return locker;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unique build ID of the native library.
+     *
+     * @return The unique build ID of the Native library.
+     */
+    public long getBuildID() {
+        return _getBuildID();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates to V8 that the system is low on memory.
+     * V8 may use this to attempt to recover space by running
+     * the garbage collector.
+     */
+    public void lowMemoryNotification() {
+        checkThread();
+        lowMemoryNotification(getV8RuntimePtr());
+    }
+
+    void checkRuntime(final V8Value value) {
+        if ((value == null) || value.isUndefined()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        V8 runtime = value.getRuntime();
+        if ((runtime == null) ||
+                runtime.isReleased() ||
+                (runtime != this)) {
+            throw new Error("Invalid target runtime");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void checkThread() {
+        locker.checkThread();
+        if (isReleased()) {
+            throw new Error("Runtime disposed error");
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void checkScript(final String script) {
+        if (script == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("Script is null");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void registerCallback(final Object object, final Method method, final long objectHandle, final String jsFunctionName, final boolean includeReceiver) {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = new MethodDescriptor();
+        methodDescriptor.object = object;
+        methodDescriptor.method = method;
+        methodDescriptor.includeReceiver = includeReceiver;
+        long methodID = registerJavaMethod(getV8RuntimePtr(), objectHandle, jsFunctionName, isVoidMethod(method));
+        functionRegistry.put(methodID, methodDescriptor);
+    }
+
+    void registerVoidCallback(final JavaVoidCallback callback, final long objectHandle, final String jsFunctionName) {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = new MethodDescriptor();
+        methodDescriptor.voidCallback = callback;
+        long methodID = registerJavaMethod(getV8RuntimePtr(), objectHandle, jsFunctionName, true);
+        functionRegistry.put(methodID, methodDescriptor);
+    }
+
+    void registerCallback(final JavaCallback callback, final long objectHandle, final String jsFunctionName) {
+        long methodID = registerJavaMethod(getV8RuntimePtr(), objectHandle, jsFunctionName, false);
+        createAndRegisterMethodDescriptor(callback, methodID);
+    }
+
+    void createAndRegisterMethodDescriptor(final JavaCallback callback, final long methodID) {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = new MethodDescriptor();
+        methodDescriptor.callback = callback;
+        functionRegistry.put(methodID, methodDescriptor);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isVoidMethod(final Method method) {
+        Class<?> returnType = method.getReturnType();
+        if (returnType.equals(Void.TYPE)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object getDefaultValue(final Class<?> type) {
+        if (type.equals(V8Object.class)) {
+            return new V8Object.Undefined();
+        } else if (type.equals(V8Array.class)) {
+            return new V8Array.Undefined();
+        }
+        return invalid;
+    }
+
+    protected void disposeMethodID(final long methodID) {
+        functionRegistry.remove(methodID);
+    }
+
+    protected void weakReferenceReleased(final long objectID) {
+        V8Value v8Value = v8WeakReferences.get(objectID);
+        if (v8Value != null) {
+            v8WeakReferences.remove(objectID);
+            try {
+                v8Value.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // Swallow these exceptions. The V8 GC is running, and
+                // if we return to V8 with Java exception on our stack,
+                // we will be in a world of hurt.
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Object callObjectJavaMethod(final long methodID, final V8Object receiver, final V8Array parameters) throws Throwable {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = functionRegistry.get(methodID);
+        if (methodDescriptor.callback != null) {
+            return checkResult(methodDescriptor.callback.invoke(receiver, parameters));
+        }
+        boolean hasVarArgs = methodDescriptor.method.isVarArgs();
+        Object[] args = getArgs(receiver, methodDescriptor, parameters, hasVarArgs);
+        checkArgs(args);
+        try {
+            Object result = methodDescriptor.method.invoke(methodDescriptor.object, args);
+            return checkResult(result);
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw e.getTargetException();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            releaseArguments(args, hasVarArgs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object checkResult(final Object result) {
+        if (result == null) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (result instanceof Float) {
+            return ((Float) result).doubleValue();
+        }
+        if ((result instanceof Integer) || (result instanceof Double) || (result instanceof Boolean)
+                || (result instanceof String)) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (result instanceof V8Value) {
+            if (((V8Value) result).isReleased()) {
+                throw new V8RuntimeException("V8Value already released");
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        throw new V8RuntimeException("Unknown return type: " + result.getClass());
+    }
+
+    protected void callVoidJavaMethod(final long methodID, final V8Object receiver, final V8Array parameters) throws Throwable {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = functionRegistry.get(methodID);
+        if (methodDescriptor.voidCallback != null) {
+            methodDescriptor.voidCallback.invoke(receiver, parameters);
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean hasVarArgs = methodDescriptor.method.isVarArgs();
+        Object[] args = getArgs(receiver, methodDescriptor, parameters, hasVarArgs);
+        checkArgs(args);
+        try {
+            methodDescriptor.method.invoke(methodDescriptor.object, args);
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw e.getTargetException();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            releaseArguments(args, hasVarArgs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkArgs(final Object[] args) {
+        for (Object argument : args) {
+            if (argument == invalid) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument type mismatch");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void releaseArguments(final Object[] args, final boolean hasVarArgs) {
+        if (hasVarArgs && ((args.length > 0) && (args[args.length - 1] instanceof Object[]))) {
+            Object[] varArgs = (Object[]) args[args.length - 1];
+            for (Object object : varArgs) {
+                if (object instanceof V8Value) {
+                    ((V8Value) object).close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (Object arg : args) {
+            if (arg instanceof V8Value) {
+                ((V8Value) arg).close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object[] getArgs(final V8Object receiver, final MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor, final V8Array parameters, final boolean hasVarArgs) {
+        int numberOfParameters = methodDescriptor.method.getParameterTypes().length;
+        int varArgIndex = hasVarArgs ? numberOfParameters - 1 : numberOfParameters;
+        Object[] args = setDefaultValues(new Object[numberOfParameters], methodDescriptor.method.getParameterTypes(), receiver, methodDescriptor.includeReceiver);
+        List<Object> varArgs = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        populateParamters(parameters, varArgIndex, args, varArgs, methodDescriptor.includeReceiver);
+        if (hasVarArgs) {
+            Object varArgContainer = getVarArgContainer(methodDescriptor.method.getParameterTypes(), varArgs.size());
+            System.arraycopy(varArgs.toArray(), 0, varArgContainer, 0, varArgs.size());
+            args[varArgIndex] = varArgContainer;
+        }
+        return args;
+    }
+
+    private Object getVarArgContainer(final Class<?>[] parameterTypes, final int size) {
+        Class<?> clazz = parameterTypes[parameterTypes.length - 1];
+        if (clazz.isArray()) {
+            clazz = clazz.getComponentType();
+        }
+        Object result = java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(clazz, size);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void populateParamters(final V8Array parameters, final int varArgIndex, final Object[] args, final List<Object> varArgs, final boolean includeReceiver) {
+        int start = 0;
+        if (includeReceiver) {
+            start = 1;
+        }
+        for (int i = start; i < (parameters.length() + start); i++) {
+            if (i >= varArgIndex) {
+                varArgs.add(getArrayItem(parameters, i - start));
+            } else {
+                args[i] = getArrayItem(parameters, i - start);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object[] setDefaultValues(final Object[] parameters, final Class<?>[] parameterTypes, final V8Object receiver, final boolean includeReceiver) {
+        int start = 0;
+        if (includeReceiver) {
+            start = 1;
+            parameters[0] = receiver;
+        }
+        for (int i = start; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+            parameters[i] = getDefaultValue(parameterTypes[i]);
+        }
+        return parameters;
+    }
+
+    private Object getArrayItem(final V8Array array, final int index) {
+        try {
+            int type = array.getType(index);
+            switch (type) {
+                case INTEGER:
+                    return array.getInteger(index);
+                case DOUBLE:
+                    return array.getDouble(index);
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                    return array.getBoolean(index);
+                case STRING:
+                    return array.getString(index);
+                case V8_ARRAY:
+                case V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                    return array.getArray(index);
+                case V8_OBJECT:
+                    return array.getObject(index);
+                case V8_FUNCTION:
+                    return array.getObject(index);
+                case V8_ARRAY_BUFFER:
+                    return array.get(index);
+                case UNDEFINED:
+                    return V8.getUndefined();
+            }
+        } catch (V8ResultUndefined e) {
+            // do nothing
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    void createNodeRuntime(final String fileName) {
+        _startNodeJS(v8RuntimePtr, fileName);
+    }
+
+    boolean pumpMessageLoop() {
+        return _pumpMessageLoop(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    boolean isRunning() {
+        return _isRunning(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected long initNewV8Object(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        return _initNewV8Object(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected long initEmptyContainer(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        return _initEmptyContainer(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected void acquireLock(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        _acquireLock(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected void releaseLock(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        _releaseLock(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected void lowMemoryNotification(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        _lowMemoryNotification(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected void createTwin(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long twinHandle) {
+        _createTwin(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, twinHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int executeIntegerScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeIntegerScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected double executeDoubleScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeDoubleScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected String executeStringScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeStringScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean executeBooleanScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeBooleanScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected Object executeScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeScript(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected void executeVoidScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        _executeVoidScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected void setWeak(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        _setWeak(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void clearWeak(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        _clearWeak(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isWeak(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _isWeak(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void release(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        _release(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean contains(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _contains(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected String[] getKeys(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _getKeys(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int getInteger(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getInteger(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean getBoolean(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getBoolean(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected double getDouble(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getDouble(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected String getString(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getString(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected Object get(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _get(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected int executeIntegerFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeIntegerFunction(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected double executeDoubleFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeDoubleFunction(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected String executeStringFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long handle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeStringFunction(v8RuntimePtr, handle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean executeBooleanFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long handle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeBooleanFunction(v8RuntimePtr, handle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected Object executeFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeFunction(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected Object executeFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long receiverHandle, final long functionHandle, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeFunction(v8RuntimePtr, receiverHandle, functionHandle, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void executeVoidFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        _executeVoidFunction(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean equals(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long that) {
+        return _equals(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, that);
+    }
+
+    protected String toString(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _toString(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean strictEquals(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long that) {
+        return _strictEquals(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, that);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean sameValue(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long that) {
+        return _sameValue(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, that);
+    }
+
+    protected int identityHash(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _identityHash(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final int value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addObject(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final long value) {
+        _addObject(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final boolean value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final double value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final String value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addUndefined(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        _addUndefined(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected void addNull(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        _addNull(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected long registerJavaMethod(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String functionName, final boolean voidMethod) {
+        return _registerJavaMethod(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, functionName, voidMethod);
+    }
+
+    protected long initNewV8ArrayBuffer(final long v8RuntimePtr, final ByteBuffer buffer, final int capacity) {
+        return _initNewV8ArrayBuffer(v8RuntimePtr, buffer, capacity);
+    }
+
+    protected long initNewV8ArrayBuffer(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int capacity) {
+        return _initNewV8ArrayBuffer(v8RuntimePtr, capacity);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8Int32Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8Int32Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8Float32Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8Float32Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8Float64Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8Float64Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8UInt32Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8UInt32Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8UInt16Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8UInt16Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8Int16Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8Int16Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8UInt8Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8UInt8Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8Int8Array(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8Int8Array(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+    public long initNewV8UInt8ClampedArray(final long runtimePtr, final long bufferHandle, final int offset, final int size) {
+        return _initNewV8UInt8ClampedArray(runtimePtr, bufferHandle, offset, size);
+    }
+
+
+    protected ByteBuffer createV8ArrayBufferBackingStore(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int capacity) {
+        return _createV8ArrayBufferBackingStore(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, capacity);
+    }
+
+    protected long initNewV8Array(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        return _initNewV8Array(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected long[] initNewV8Function(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        checkThread();
+        return _initNewV8Function(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetSize(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle) {
+        return _arrayGetSize(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetInteger(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetInteger(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean arrayGetBoolean(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetBoolean(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected byte arrayGetByte(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetByte(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected double arrayGetDouble(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetDouble(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected String arrayGetString(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetString(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected Object arrayGet(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGet(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayIntItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int value) {
+        _addArrayIntItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayBooleanItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final boolean value) {
+        _addArrayBooleanItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayDoubleItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final double value) {
+        _addArrayDoubleItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayStringItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final String value) {
+        _addArrayStringItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayObjectItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final long value) {
+        _addArrayObjectItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayUndefinedItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle) {
+        _addArrayUndefinedItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayNullItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle) {
+        _addArrayNullItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int getType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _getType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int getType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected int getType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index) {
+        return _getType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected int getArrayType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _getArrayType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int getType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _getType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected void setPrototype(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long prototypeHandle) {
+        _setPrototype(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, prototypeHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int[] arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetIntegers(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected double[] arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetDoubles(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean[] arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetBooleans(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected byte[] arrayGetBytes(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetBytes(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected String[] arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetStrings(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final int[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetIntegers(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final double[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetDoubles(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final boolean[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetBooleans(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetBytes(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final byte[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetBytes(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final String[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetStrings(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected void terminateExecution(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        _terminateExecution(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected void releaseMethodDescriptor(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long methodDescriptor) {
+        _releaseMethodDescriptor(v8RuntimePtr, methodDescriptor);
+    }
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Object(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long _initEmptyContainer(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native void _acquireLock(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native void _releaseLock(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native void _lowMemoryNotification(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native void _createTwin(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long twinHandle);
+
+    private native void _releaseRuntime(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long _createIsolate(String globalAlias);
+
+    private native int _executeIntegerScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native double _executeDoubleScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native String _executeStringScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native boolean _executeBooleanScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native Object _executeScript(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, String script, String scriptName, int lineNumber);
+
+    private native void _executeVoidScript(long v8RuntimePtr, String script, String scriptName, int lineNumber);
+
+    private native void _release(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native void _releaseMethodDescriptor(long v8RuntimePtr, long methodDescriptor);
+
+    private native boolean _contains(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native String[] _getKeys(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native int _getInteger(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native boolean _getBoolean(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native double _getDouble(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native String _getString(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native Object _get(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native int _executeIntegerFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native double _executeDoubleFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native String _executeStringFunction(long v8RuntimePtr2, long handle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native boolean _executeBooleanFunction(long v8RuntimePtr2, long handle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native Object _executeFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, long objectHandle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native Object _executeFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long receiverHandle, long functionHandle, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native void _executeVoidFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native boolean _equals(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long that);
+
+    private native String _toString(long v8RuntimePtr, long ObjectHandle);
+
+    private native boolean _strictEquals(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long that);
+
+    private native boolean _sameValue(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long that);
+
+    private native int _identityHash(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final int value);
+
+    private native void _addObject(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final long value);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final boolean value);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final double value);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final String value);
+
+    private native void _addUndefined(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native void _addNull(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native long _registerJavaMethod(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String functionName, final boolean voidMethod);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Array(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long[] _initNewV8Function(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetSize(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetInteger(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native boolean _arrayGetBoolean(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native byte _arrayGetByte(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native double _arrayGetDouble(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native String _arrayGetString(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native Object _arrayGet(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native void _addArrayIntItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayBooleanItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, boolean value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayDoubleItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, double value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayStringItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, String value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayObjectItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, long value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayUndefinedItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle);
+
+    private native void _addArrayNullItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle);
+
+    private native int _getType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native int _getType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final int index);
+
+    private native int _getArrayType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native void _setPrototype(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long prototypeHandle);
+
+    private native int _getType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native int _getType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native double[] _arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native int[] _arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native boolean[] _arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native byte[] _arrayGetBytes(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native String[] _arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, int[] resultArray);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, double[] resultArray);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, boolean[] resultArray);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetBytes(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, byte[] resultArray);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, String[] resultArray);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8ArrayBuffer(long v8RuntimePtr, int capacity);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8ArrayBuffer(long v8RuntimePtr, ByteBuffer buffer, int capacity);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Int32Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8UInt32Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Float32Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Float64Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Int16Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8UInt16Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Int8Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8UInt8Array(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8UInt8ClampedArray(long runtimePtr, long bufferHandle, int offset, int size);
+
+    private native void _setWeak(long runtimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native void _clearWeak(long runtimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native boolean _isWeak(long runtimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native ByteBuffer _createV8ArrayBufferBackingStore(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int capacity);
+
+    private native static String _getVersion();
+
+    private static native void _setFlags(String v8flags);
+
+    private native void _terminateExecution(final long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long _getGlobalObject(final long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long _getBuildID();
+
+    private native static void _startNodeJS(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String fileName);
+
+    private native static boolean _pumpMessageLoop(final long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native static boolean _isRunning(final long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native static boolean _isNodeCompatible();
+
+    public static boolean isNodeCompatible() {
+        if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+                    load(null);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return _isNodeCompatible();
+    }
+
+    void addObjRef(final V8Value reference) {
+        objectReferences++;
+        if (!referenceHandlers.isEmpty()) {
+            notifyReferenceCreated(reference);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void releaseObjRef(final V8Value reference) {
+        if (!referenceHandlers.isEmpty()) {
+            notifyReferenceDisposed(reference);
+        }
+        objectReferences--;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.eclipsesource.v8.V8.release` reads without synchronization from `this.com.eclipsesource.v8.V8.objectReferences`. Potentially races with write in method `V8.releaseObjRef(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void V8.release(boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.eclipsesource.v8.V8.release(boolean):void.650229571c63d62abea645d7076fb33c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/eclipsesource/v8/V8.java
+
+### Key:
+V8.java|release|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dd421a94f69e545b89d260630df40e30
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3754/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3754/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c69fbffff1a65c6689bb5e6b363d94532169c362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3754/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dataverse
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
+ * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
+ * and open the template in the editor.
+ */
+package edu.harvard.iq.dataverse;
+
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.util.MD5Checksum;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.datavariable.VariableServiceBean;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.Command;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.exception.CommandException;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.impl.CreateDatasetCommand;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.impl.ReleaseDatasetCommand;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.impl.UpdateDatasetCommand;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.ingest.IngestServiceBean;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.util.FileUtil;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import javax.ejb.EJB;
+import javax.ejb.EJBException;
+import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage;
+import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;
+import javax.faces.event.ActionEvent;
+import javax.faces.view.ViewScoped;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.inject.Named;
+import org.primefaces.event.FileUploadEvent;
+import org.primefaces.model.UploadedFile;
+import javax.json.Json;
+import javax.json.JsonObject;
+import javax.json.JsonArray;
+import javax.json.JsonReader;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.GetMethod;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author gdurand
+ */
+@ViewScoped
+@Named("DatasetPage")
+public class DatasetPage implements java.io.Serializable {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getCanonicalName());
+
+    public enum EditMode {
+
+        CREATE, INFO, FILE, METADATA
+    };
+
+    public enum DisplayMode {
+
+        INIT, SAVE
+    };
+
+    @EJB
+    DatasetServiceBean datasetService;
+    @EJB
+    DatasetVersionServiceBean datasetVersionService;
+    @EJB
+    DataFileServiceBean datafileService;
+    @EJB
+    PermissionServiceBean permissionServiceBean; 
+    @EJB
+    DataverseServiceBean dataverseService;
+    @EJB
+    DatasetFieldServiceBean fieldService;
+    @EJB
+    VariableServiceBean variableService;
+    @EJB
+    IngestServiceBean ingestService;
+    @EJB
+    EjbDataverseEngine commandEngine;
+    @Inject
+    DataverseSession session;
+
+    private Dataset dataset = new Dataset();
+    private EditMode editMode;
+    private Long ownerId;
+    private Long versionId;
+    private int selectedTabIndex;
+    private List<DataFile> newFiles = new ArrayList();
+    private DatasetVersion editVersion = new DatasetVersion();
+    private DatasetVersion displayVersion;
+    private DatasetVersionUI datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI();
+    private List<DatasetField> deleteRecords = new ArrayList();
+    private int releaseRadio = 1;
+    private String datasetNextMajorVersion = "1.0";
+    private String datasetNextMinorVersion = "";
+    private String dropBoxSelection = "";
+
+    private String displayCitation;
+
+    public String getDisplayCitation() {
+        return displayCitation;
+    }
+
+    public void setDisplayCitation(String displayCitation) {
+        this.displayCitation = displayCitation;
+    }
+
+    public String getDropBoxSelection() {
+        return dropBoxSelection;
+    }
+
+    public void setDropBoxSelection(String dropBoxSelection) {
+        this.dropBoxSelection = dropBoxSelection;
+    }
+
+    public Dataset getDataset() {
+        return dataset;
+    }
+
+    public void setDataset(Dataset dataset) {
+        this.dataset = dataset;
+    }
+
+    public DatasetVersion getDisplayVersion() {
+        return displayVersion;
+    }
+
+    public EditMode getEditMode() {
+        return editMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setEditMode(EditMode editMode) {
+        this.editMode = editMode;
+    }
+
+    public DatasetVersion getEditVersion() {
+        return editVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void setEditVersion(DatasetVersion editVersion) {
+        this.editVersion = editVersion;
+    }
+
+    public Long getOwnerId() {
+        return ownerId;
+    }
+
+    public void setOwnerId(Long ownerId) {
+        this.ownerId = ownerId;
+    }
+
+    public Long getVersionId() {
+        return versionId;
+    }
+
+    public void setVersionId(Long versionId) {
+        this.versionId = versionId;
+    }
+
+    public int getSelectedTabIndex() {
+        return selectedTabIndex;
+    }
+
+    public void setSelectedTabIndex(int selectedTabIndex) {
+        this.selectedTabIndex = selectedTabIndex;
+    }
+
+    public int getReleaseRadio() {
+        return releaseRadio;
+    }
+
+    public void setReleaseRadio(int releaseRadio) {
+        this.releaseRadio = releaseRadio;
+    }
+
+    public String getDatasetNextMajorVersion() {
+        return datasetNextMajorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void setDatasetNextMajorVersion(String datasetNextMajorVersion) {
+        this.datasetNextMajorVersion = datasetNextMajorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public String getDatasetNextMinorVersion() {
+        return datasetNextMinorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void setDatasetNextMinorVersion(String datasetNextMinorVersion) {
+        this.datasetNextMinorVersion = datasetNextMinorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void init() {
+        if (dataset.getId() != null) { // view mode for a dataset           
+            dataset = datasetService.find(dataset.getId());
+            if (versionId == null) {
+                if (canIssueUpdateCommand()){
+                   displayVersion = dataset.getLatestVersion(); 
+                } else {
+                   displayVersion = dataset.getReleasedVersion();
+                }                
+            } else {
+                displayVersion = datasetVersionService.find(versionId);
+            }  
+
+            ownerId = dataset.getOwner().getId();
+            //displayVersion.setDatasetFields(displayVersion.initDatasetFields());
+            if (dataset.getReleasedVersion() != null) {
+                datasetNextMajorVersion = new Integer(dataset.getReleasedVersion().getVersionNumber().intValue() + 1).toString() + ".0";
+                datasetNextMinorVersion = new Integer(dataset.getReleasedVersion().getVersionNumber().intValue()).toString() + "."
+                        + new Integer(dataset.getReleasedVersion().getMinorVersionNumber().intValue() + 1).toString();
+            }
+            
+
+            /*
+            if (!dataset.isReleased() || (dataset.isReleased() && displayVersion.equals(dataset.getLatestVersion()) && !displayVersion.isDraft())) {
+                displayCitation = dataset.getCitation(false, displayVersion);
+            } else if (dataset.isReleased() && displayVersion.isDraft()) {
+                displayCitation = dataset.getCitation(false, displayVersion.getMostRecentlyReleasedVersion());
+            } else if (dataset.isReleased() && !displayVersion.equals(dataset.getLatestVersion())) {
+                displayCitation = dataset.getCitation(false, displayVersion.getLargestMinorRelease());
+            } else {
+                displayCitation = "";
+            }
+            */
+            // show citation for current display version if draft note it on page
+            try {
+                 datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI(displayVersion);
+                 displayCitation = dataset.getCitation(false, displayVersion);
+            } catch (NullPointerException npe){
+                //This will happen when solr is down and will allow any link to be displayed.
+                throw new RuntimeException("You do not have permission to view this dataset version."); // improve error handling
+            }
+           
+            setVersionTabList(resetVersionTabList());
+
+        } else if (ownerId != null) {
+            // create mode for a new child dataset
+            editMode = EditMode.CREATE;
+            editVersion = dataset.getLatestVersion();
+            dataset.setOwner(dataverseService.find(ownerId));
+            datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI(editVersion);
+            //On create set pre-populated fields
+            for (DatasetField dsf : dataset.getEditVersion().getDatasetFields()) {
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.depositor)) {
+                    dsf.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getLastName() + ", " + session.getUser().getFirstName());
+                }
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.dateOfDeposit)) {
+                    dsf.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd").format(new Timestamp(new Date().getTime())));
+                }
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.distributorContact)) {
+                    dsf.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getEmail());
+                }
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.author)) {
+                    for (DatasetFieldCompoundValue authorValue : dsf.getDatasetFieldCompoundValues()) {
+                        for (DatasetField subField : authorValue.getChildDatasetFields()) {
+                            if (subField.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.authorName)) {
+                                subField.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getLastName() + ", " + session.getUser().getFirstName());
+                            }
+                            if (subField.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.authorAffiliation)) {
+                                subField.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getAffiliation());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "Add New Dataset", " - Enter metadata to create the dataset's citation. You can add more metadata about this dataset after it's created."));
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("On Dataset page without id or ownerid."); // improve error handling
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void edit(EditMode editMode) {
+        this.editMode = editMode;
+        if (editMode == EditMode.INFO) {
+            editVersion = dataset.getEditVersion();
+        } else if (editMode == EditMode.FILE) {
+            editVersion = dataset.getEditVersion();
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "Upload + Edit Dataset Files", " - You can drag and drop your files from your desktop, directly into the upload widget."));
+        } else if (editMode == EditMode.METADATA) {
+            editVersion = dataset.getEditVersion();
+            datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI(editVersion);
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "Edit Dataset Metadata", " - Add more metadata about your dataset to help others easily find it."));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String releaseDraft() {
+        if (releaseRadio == 1) {
+            return releaseDataset(false);
+        } else {
+            return releaseDataset(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String releaseDataset() {
+        return releaseDataset(false);
+    }
+
+    private String releaseDataset(boolean minor) {
+        Command<Dataset> cmd;
+        try {
+            if (editMode == EditMode.CREATE) {
+                cmd = new ReleaseDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser(), minor);
+            } else {
+                cmd = new ReleaseDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser(), minor);
+            }
+            dataset = commandEngine.submit(cmd);
+        } catch (CommandException ex) {
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR, "Dataset Release Failed", " - " + ex.toString()));
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+        }
+        FacesMessage message = new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "DatasetReleased", "Your dataset is now public.");
+        FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, message);
+        return "/dataset.xhtml?id=" + dataset.getId() + "&faces-redirect=true";
+    }
+
+    public void refresh(ActionEvent e) {
+        int i = 0;
+        // Go through the list of the files on the page...
+        // (I've had to switch from going through the files via dataset.getFiles(), to 
+        // .getLatestVersion().getFileMetadatas() - because that's how the page is
+        // accessing them. -- L.A.)
+        //for (DataFile dataFile : dataset.getFiles()) {
+        for (FileMetadata fileMetadata : dataset.getLatestVersion().getFileMetadatas()) {
+            DataFile dataFile = fileMetadata.getDataFile();
+            // and see if any are marked as "ingest-in-progress":
+            if (dataFile.isIngestInProgress()) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Refreshing the status of the file " + fileMetadata.getLabel() + "...");
+                // and if so, reload the file object from the database...
+                dataFile = datafileService.find(dataFile.getId());
+                if (!dataFile.isIngestInProgress()) {
+                    Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "File " + fileMetadata.getLabel() + " finished ingesting.");
+                    // and, if the status has changed - i.e., if the ingest has 
+                    // completed, or failed, update the object in the list of 
+                    // files visible to the page:
+                    fileMetadata.setDataFile(dataFile);
+                }
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String save() {
+        dataset.setOwner(dataverseService.find(ownerId));
+        //TODO get real application-wide protocol/authority
+        dataset.setProtocol("doi");
+        dataset.setAuthority("10.5072/FK2");
+        dataset.setIdentifier("5555");
+
+        /*
+         * Save and/or ingest files, if there are any:
+         */
+        if (newFiles != null && newFiles.size() > 0) {
+            try {
+                if (dataset.getFileSystemDirectory() != null && !Files.exists(dataset.getFileSystemDirectory())) {
+                    /* Note that "createDirectories()" must be used - not 
+                     * "createDirectory()", to make sure all the parent 
+                     * directories that may not yet exist are created as well. 
+                     */
+
+                    Files.createDirectories(dataset.getFileSystemDirectory());
+                }
+            } catch (IOException dirEx) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to create study directory " + dataset.getFileSystemDirectory().toString());
+            }
+
+            if (dataset.getFileSystemDirectory() != null && Files.exists(dataset.getFileSystemDirectory())) {
+                for (DataFile dFile : newFiles) {
+                    String tempFileLocation = getFilesTempDirectory() + "/" + dFile.getFileSystemName();
+                    
+                    // These are all brand new files, so they should all have 
+                    // one filemetadata total. You do NOT want to use 
+                    // getLatestFilemetadata() here - because it relies on 
+                    // comparing the object IDs of the corresponding datasetversions...
+                    // Which may not have been persisted yet. 
+                    // -- L.A. 4.0 beta.
+                    FileMetadata fileMetadata = dFile.getFileMetadatas().get(0);
+                    String fileName = fileMetadata.getLabel(); 
+
+                    //boolean ingestedAsTabular = false;
+                    boolean metadataExtracted = false;
+
+                    datasetService.generateFileSystemName(dFile);
+
+                    if (ingestService.ingestableAsTabular(dFile)) {
+                        /*
+                         * Note that we don't try to ingest the file right away - 
+                         * instead we mark it as "scheduled for ingest", then at 
+                         * the end of the save process it will be queued for async. 
+                         * ingest in the background. In the meantime, the file 
+                         * will be ingested as a regular, non-tabular file, and 
+                         * appear as such to the user, until the ingest job is
+                         * finished with the Ingest Service.
+                         */
+                        dFile.SetIngestScheduled();
+                    } else if (ingestService.fileMetadataExtractable(dFile)) {
+
+                        try {
+                            dFile.setContentType("application/fits");
+                            metadataExtracted = ingestService.extractIndexableMetadata(tempFileLocation, dFile, editVersion);
+                        } catch (IOException mex) {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Caught exception trying to extract indexable metadata from file " + fileName, mex);
+                        }
+                        if (metadataExtracted) {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Successfully extracted indexable metadata from file " + fileName);
+                        } else {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Failed to extract indexable metadata from file " + fileName);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Try to save the file in its permanent location: 
+                    //if (!ingestedAsTabular) {
+                    try {
+
+                        Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Will attempt to save the file as: " + dFile.getFileSystemLocation().toString());
+                        Files.copy(new FileInputStream(new File(tempFileLocation)), dFile.getFileSystemLocation(), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+
+                        MD5Checksum md5Checksum = new MD5Checksum();
+                        try {
+                            dFile.setmd5(md5Checksum.CalculateMD5(dFile.getFileSystemLocation().toString()));
+                        } catch (Exception md5ex) {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Could not calculate MD5 signature for the new file " + fileName);
+                        }
+
+                    } catch (IOException ioex) {
+                        Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to save the file  " + dFile.getFileSystemLocation());
+                    }
+                    //}
+
+                    // Any necessary post-processing: 
+                    ingestService.performPostProcessingTasks(dFile);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Command<Dataset> cmd;
+        try {
+            if (editMode == EditMode.CREATE) {
+                cmd = new CreateDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser());
+            } else {
+                cmd = new UpdateDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser());
+            }
+            dataset = commandEngine.submit(cmd);
+        } catch (EJBException ex) {
+            StringBuilder error = new StringBuilder();
+            error.append(ex + " ");
+            error.append(ex.getMessage() + " ");
+            Throwable cause = ex;
+            while (cause.getCause() != null) {
+                cause = cause.getCause();
+                error.append(cause + " ");
+                error.append(cause.getMessage() + " ");
+            }
+            logger.info("Couldn't save dataset: " + error.toString());
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR, "Dataset Save Failed", " - " + error.toString()));
+            return null;
+        } catch (CommandException ex) {
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR, "Dataset Save Failed", " - " + ex.toString()));
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+        }
+        newFiles.clear();
+        editMode = null;
+
+        // Queue the ingest jobs for asynchronous execution: 
+        for (DataFile dataFile : dataset.getFiles()) {
+            if (dataFile.isIngestScheduled()) {
+                dataFile.SetIngestInProgress();
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Attempting to queue the file " + dataFile.getFileMetadata().getLabel() + " for ingest.");
+                ingestService.asyncIngestAsTabular(dataFile);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return "/dataset.xhtml?id=" + dataset.getId() + "&faces-redirect=true";
+    }
+
+    private String getFilesTempDirectory() {
+        String filesRootDirectory = System.getProperty("dataverse.files.directory");
+        if (filesRootDirectory == null || filesRootDirectory.equals("")) {
+            filesRootDirectory = "/tmp/files";
+        }
+
+        String filesTempDirectory = filesRootDirectory + "/temp";
+
+        if (!Files.exists(Paths.get(filesTempDirectory))) {
+            /* Note that "createDirectories()" must be used - not 
+             * "createDirectory()", to make sure all the parent 
+             * directories that may not yet exist are created as well. 
+             */
+            try {
+                Files.createDirectories(Paths.get(filesTempDirectory));
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return filesTempDirectory;
+    }
+
+    public void cancel() {
+        // reset values
+        dataset = datasetService.find(dataset.getId());
+        ownerId = dataset.getOwner().getId();
+        newFiles.clear();
+        editMode = null;
+    }
+
+    private HttpClient getClient() {
+        // TODO: 
+        // cache the http client? -- L.A. 4.0 alpha
+        return new HttpClient();
+    }
+
+    public void handleDropBoxUpload(ActionEvent e) {
+        // Read JSON object from the output of the DropBox Chooser: 
+        JsonReader dbJsonReader = Json.createReader(new StringReader(dropBoxSelection));
+        JsonArray dbArray = dbJsonReader.readArray();
+        dbJsonReader.close();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < dbArray.size(); i++) {
+            JsonObject dbObject = dbArray.getJsonObject(i);
+
+            // Extract the payload:
+            String fileLink = dbObject.getString("link");
+            String fileName = dbObject.getString("name");
+            int fileSize = dbObject.getInt("bytes");
+
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "DropBox url: " + fileLink + ", filename: " + fileName + ", size: " + fileSize);
+
+            DataFile dFile = null;
+
+            // Make http call, download the file: 
+            GetMethod dropBoxMethod = new GetMethod(fileLink);
+            int status = 0;
+            InputStream dropBoxStream = null;
+            try {
+                status = getClient().executeMethod(dropBoxMethod);
+                if (status == 200) {
+                    dropBoxStream = dropBoxMethod.getResponseBodyAsStream();
+                    dFile = new DataFile("application/octet-stream");
+                    dFile.setOwner(dataset);
+
+                    // save the file, in the temporary location for now: 
+                    datasetService.generateFileSystemName(dFile);
+                    if (getFilesTempDirectory() != null) {
+                        Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Will attempt to save the DropBox file as: " + getFilesTempDirectory() + "/" + dFile.getFileSystemName());
+                        Files.copy(dropBoxStream, Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+                        File tempFile = Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()).toFile();
+                        if (tempFile.exists()) {
+                            long writtenBytes = tempFile.length();
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "File size, expected: " + fileSize + ", written: " + writtenBytes);
+                        } else {
+                            throw new IOException();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to access DropBox url: " + fileLink + "!");
+                continue;
+            } finally {
+                if (dropBoxMethod != null) {
+                    dropBoxMethod.releaseConnection();
+                }
+                if (dropBoxStream != null) {
+                    try {
+                        dropBoxStream.close();
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // If we've made it this far, we must have downloaded the file
+            // successfully, so let's finish processing it as a new DataFile
+            // object: 
+            FileMetadata fmd = new FileMetadata();
+            fmd.setDataFile(dFile);
+            dFile.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+            fmd.setLabel(fileName);
+            fmd.setCategory(dFile.getContentType());
+            if (editVersion.getFileMetadatas() == null) {
+                editVersion.setFileMetadatas(new ArrayList());
+            }
+            editVersion.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+            fmd.setDatasetVersion(editVersion);
+            dataset.getFiles().add(dFile);
+
+            // When uploading files from dropBox, we don't get the benefit of 
+            // having the browser recognize the mime type of the file. So we'll 
+            // have to rely on our own utilities (Jhove, etc.) to try and determine
+            // what it is. 
+            String fileType = null;
+            try {
+                fileType = FileUtil.determineFileType(Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()).toFile(), fileName);
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "File utility recognized the file as " + fileType);
+                if (fileType != null && !fileType.equals("")) {
+                    dFile.setContentType(fileType);
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to run the file utility mime type check on file " + fileName);
+            }
+
+            newFiles.add(dFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleFileUpload(FileUploadEvent event) {
+        UploadedFile uFile = event.getFile();
+        DataFile dFile = new DataFile(uFile.getContentType());
+
+        FileMetadata fmd = new FileMetadata();
+        fmd.setLabel(uFile.getFileName());
+        fmd.setCategory(dFile.getContentType());
+
+        dFile.setOwner(dataset);
+        fmd.setDataFile(dFile);
+
+        dFile.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+        
+        if (editVersion.getFileMetadatas() == null) {
+            editVersion.setFileMetadatas(new ArrayList());
+        }
+        editVersion.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+        fmd.setDatasetVersion(editVersion);
+        dataset.getFiles().add(dFile);
+
+        datasetService.generateFileSystemName(dFile);
+
+        // save the file, in the temporary location for now: 
+        if (getFilesTempDirectory() != null) {
+            try {
+
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "Will attempt to save the file as: " + getFilesTempDirectory() + "/" + dFile.getFileSystemName());
+                Files.copy(uFile.getInputstream(), Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+            } catch (IOException ioex) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to save the file  " + dFile.getFileSystemName());
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Let's try our own utilities (Jhove, etc.) to determine the file type 
+        // of the uploaded file. (we may or may not do better than the browser,
+        // which may have already recognized the type correctly...)
+        String fileType = null;
+        try {
+            fileType = FileUtil.determineFileType(Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()).toFile(), fmd.getLabel());
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "File utility recognized the file as " + fileType);
+            if (fileType != null && !fileType.equals("")) {
+                // let's look at the browser's guess regarding the mime type
+                // of the file: 
+                String bgType = dFile.getContentType();
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "Browser recognized the file as " + bgType);
+
+                if (bgType == null || bgType.equals("") || bgType.equalsIgnoreCase("application/octet-stream")) {
+                    dFile.setContentType(fileType);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to run the file utility mime type check on file " + fmd.getLabel());
+        }
+
+        newFiles.add(dFile);
+
+    }
+
+    public DatasetVersionUI getDatasetVersionUI() {
+        return datasetVersionUI;
+    }
+
+    private List<DatasetVersion> versionTabList = new ArrayList();
+
+    public List<DatasetVersion> getVersionTabList() {
+        return versionTabList;
+    }
+
+    public void setVersionTabList(List<DatasetVersion> versionTabList) {
+        this.versionTabList = versionTabList;
+    }
+    
+    private boolean canIssueUpdateCommand(){
+        try {
+            if (permissionServiceBean.on(dataset).canIssueCommand("UpdateDatasetCommand")) {
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
+
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    private List<DatasetVersion> resetVersionTabList() {
+        List <DatasetVersion> retList = new ArrayList();
+
+            if (canIssueUpdateCommand()) {
+                return dataset.getVersions();
+            } else {
+                for(DatasetVersion version: dataset.getVersions()){
+                    if (version.isReleased()){
+                        retList.add(version);
+                    }
+                }
+                return retList;
+
+            }
+    }
+ 
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `dataFile.getFileMetadata()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 475.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String DatasetPage.save()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.DatasetPage.save():java.lang.String.2929ec371abb302c2aa12cddde84302d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/edu/harvard/iq/dataverse/DatasetPage.java
+
+### Key:
+DatasetPage.java|save|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+9af1ee718fee1b2b34c4caab8d721793
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3762/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3762/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a7432d61aa3685e0ba166c72ecf8a23a65dfb04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3762/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dataverse
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
+ * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
+ * and open the template in the editor.
+ */
+
+package edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.util;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+
+/**
+ * (from v.3.6)
+ * @author xyang
+ */
+public class MD5Checksum implements java.io.Serializable {
+    
+    public MD5Checksum() {
+    }
+    
+    public synchronized String CalculateMD5 (String datafile) {
+        MessageDigest md = null;
+        try {
+            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+        } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+
+        FileInputStream fis = null;
+        try {
+            fis = new FileInputStream(datafile);
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+        }
+        byte[] dataBytes = new byte[1024];
+
+        int nread; 
+        try {
+            while ((nread = fis.read(dataBytes)) != -1) {
+                md.update(dataBytes, 0, nread);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+        }
+
+        byte[] mdbytes = md.digest();
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("");
+        for (int i = 0; i < mdbytes.length; i++) {
+            sb.append(Integer.toString((mdbytes[i] & 0xff) + 0x100, 16).substring(1));
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 34 is not released after line 49.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String MD5Checksum.CalculateMD5(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.util.MD5Checksum.CalculateMD5(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.7bbd3d5a7e12b4595b426b329acdd8ac
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/edu/harvard/iq/dataverse/util/MD5Checksum.java
+
+### Key:
+MD5Checksum.java|CalculateMD5|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8e95fdd25a7ed5ea2cbafe2d191775f5
+
+### Hash:
+533cc559e81f456bdc77c0bb3709a2c2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3765/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3765/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c602db0b44589fdc68258034ed844290ebcdd38e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3765/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,770 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dataverse
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
+ * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
+ * and open the template in the editor.
+ */
+package edu.harvard.iq.dataverse;
+
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.util.MD5Checksum;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.datavariable.VariableServiceBean;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.Command;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.exception.CommandException;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.impl.CreateDatasetCommand;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.impl.ReleaseDatasetCommand;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.engine.command.impl.UpdateDatasetCommand;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.ingest.IngestServiceBean;
+import edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.util.FileUtil;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import javax.ejb.EJB;
+import javax.ejb.EJBException;
+import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage;
+import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;
+import javax.faces.event.ActionEvent;
+import javax.faces.view.ViewScoped;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.inject.Named;
+import org.primefaces.event.FileUploadEvent;
+import org.primefaces.model.UploadedFile;
+import javax.json.Json;
+import javax.json.JsonObject;
+import javax.json.JsonArray;
+import javax.json.JsonReader;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.GetMethod;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author gdurand
+ */
+@ViewScoped
+@Named("DatasetPage")
+public class DatasetPage implements java.io.Serializable {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getCanonicalName());
+
+    public enum EditMode {
+
+        CREATE, INFO, FILE, METADATA
+    };
+
+    public enum DisplayMode {
+
+        INIT, SAVE
+    };
+
+    @EJB
+    DatasetServiceBean datasetService;
+    @EJB
+    DatasetVersionServiceBean datasetVersionService;
+    @EJB
+    DataFileServiceBean datafileService;
+    @EJB
+    DataverseServiceBean dataverseService;
+    @EJB
+    DatasetFieldServiceBean fieldService;
+    @EJB
+    VariableServiceBean variableService;
+    @EJB
+    IngestServiceBean ingestService;
+    @EJB
+    EjbDataverseEngine commandEngine;
+    @Inject
+    DataverseSession session;
+
+    private Dataset dataset = new Dataset();
+    private EditMode editMode;
+    private Long ownerId;
+    private Long versionId;
+    private int selectedTabIndex;
+    private List<DataFile> newFiles = new ArrayList();
+    private DatasetVersion editVersion = new DatasetVersion();
+    private DatasetVersion displayVersion;
+    private DatasetVersionUI datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI();
+    private List<DatasetField> deleteRecords = new ArrayList();
+    private int releaseRadio = 1;
+    private String datasetNextMajorVersion = "1.0";
+    private String datasetNextMinorVersion = "";
+    private String dropBoxSelection = "";
+
+    private String displayCitation;
+
+    public String getDisplayCitation() {
+        return displayCitation;
+    }
+
+    public void setDisplayCitation(String displayCitation) {
+        this.displayCitation = displayCitation;
+    }
+
+    public String getDropBoxSelection() {
+        return dropBoxSelection;
+    }
+
+    public void setDropBoxSelection(String dropBoxSelection) {
+        this.dropBoxSelection = dropBoxSelection;
+    }
+
+    public Dataset getDataset() {
+        return dataset;
+    }
+
+    public void setDataset(Dataset dataset) {
+        this.dataset = dataset;
+    }
+
+    public DatasetVersion getDisplayVersion() {
+        return displayVersion;
+    }
+
+    public EditMode getEditMode() {
+        return editMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setEditMode(EditMode editMode) {
+        this.editMode = editMode;
+    }
+
+    public DatasetVersion getEditVersion() {
+        return editVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void setEditVersion(DatasetVersion editVersion) {
+        this.editVersion = editVersion;
+    }
+
+    public Long getOwnerId() {
+        return ownerId;
+    }
+
+    public void setOwnerId(Long ownerId) {
+        this.ownerId = ownerId;
+    }
+
+    public Long getVersionId() {
+        return versionId;
+    }
+
+    public void setVersionId(Long versionId) {
+        this.versionId = versionId;
+    }
+
+    public int getSelectedTabIndex() {
+        return selectedTabIndex;
+    }
+
+    public void setSelectedTabIndex(int selectedTabIndex) {
+        this.selectedTabIndex = selectedTabIndex;
+    }
+
+    public int getReleaseRadio() {
+        return releaseRadio;
+    }
+
+    public void setReleaseRadio(int releaseRadio) {
+        this.releaseRadio = releaseRadio;
+    }
+
+    public String getDatasetNextMajorVersion() {
+        return datasetNextMajorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void setDatasetNextMajorVersion(String datasetNextMajorVersion) {
+        this.datasetNextMajorVersion = datasetNextMajorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public String getDatasetNextMinorVersion() {
+        return datasetNextMinorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void setDatasetNextMinorVersion(String datasetNextMinorVersion) {
+        this.datasetNextMinorVersion = datasetNextMinorVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void init() {
+        if (dataset.getId() != null) { // view mode for a dataset           
+            dataset = datasetService.find(dataset.getId());
+            if (versionId == null) {
+                displayVersion = dataset.getLatestVersion();
+            } else {
+                displayVersion = datasetVersionService.find(versionId);
+            }
+            ownerId = dataset.getOwner().getId();
+            //displayVersion.setDatasetFields(displayVersion.initDatasetFields());
+            if (dataset.getReleasedVersion() != null) {
+                datasetNextMajorVersion = new Integer(dataset.getReleasedVersion().getVersionNumber().intValue() + 1).toString() + ".0";
+                datasetNextMinorVersion = new Integer(dataset.getReleasedVersion().getVersionNumber().intValue()).toString() + "."
+                        + new Integer(dataset.getReleasedVersion().getMinorVersionNumber().intValue() + 1).toString();
+            }
+            datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI(displayVersion);
+            if (!dataset.isReleased() || (dataset.isReleased() && displayVersion.equals(dataset.getLatestVersion()) && !displayVersion.isDraft())) {
+                displayCitation = dataset.getCitation(false, displayVersion);
+            } else if (dataset.isReleased() && displayVersion.isDraft()) {
+                displayCitation = dataset.getCitation(false, displayVersion.getMostRecentlyReleasedVersion());
+            } else if (dataset.isReleased() && !displayVersion.equals(dataset.getLatestVersion())) {
+                displayCitation = dataset.getCitation(false, displayVersion.getLargestMinorRelease());
+            } else {
+                displayCitation = "";
+            }
+
+        } else if (ownerId != null) {
+            // create mode for a new child dataset
+            editMode = EditMode.CREATE;
+            editVersion = dataset.getLatestVersion();
+            dataset.setOwner(dataverseService.find(ownerId));
+            datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI(editVersion);
+            //On create set pre-populated fields
+            for (DatasetField dsf : dataset.getEditVersion().getDatasetFields()) {
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.depositor)) {
+                    dsf.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getLastName() + ", " + session.getUser().getFirstName());
+                }
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.dateOfDeposit)) {
+                    dsf.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd").format(new Timestamp(new Date().getTime())));
+                }
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.distributorContact)) {
+                    dsf.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getEmail());
+                }
+                if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.author)) {
+                    for (DatasetFieldCompoundValue authorValue : dsf.getDatasetFieldCompoundValues()) {
+                        for (DatasetField subField : authorValue.getChildDatasetFields()) {
+                            if (subField.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.authorName)) {
+                                subField.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getLastName() + ", " + session.getUser().getFirstName());
+                            }
+                            if (subField.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.authorAffiliation)) {
+                                subField.getDatasetFieldValues().get(0).setValue(session.getUser().getAffiliation());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "Add New Dataset", " - Enter metadata to create the dataset's citation. You can add more metadata about this dataset after it's created."));
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("On Dataset page without id or ownerid."); // improve error handling
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void edit(EditMode editMode) {
+        this.editMode = editMode;
+        if (editMode == EditMode.INFO) {
+            editVersion = dataset.getEditVersion();
+        } else if (editMode == EditMode.FILE) {
+            editVersion = dataset.getEditVersion();
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "Upload + Edit Dataset Files", " - You can drag and drop your files from your desktop, directly into the upload widget."));
+        } else if (editMode == EditMode.METADATA) {
+            editVersion = dataset.getEditVersion();
+            datasetVersionUI = new DatasetVersionUI(editVersion);
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "Edit Dataset Metadata", " - Add more metadata about your dataset to help others easily find it."));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String releaseDraft() {
+        if (releaseRadio == 1) {
+            return releaseDataset(false);
+        } else {
+            return releaseDataset(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String releaseDataset() {
+        return releaseDataset(false);
+    }
+
+    private String releaseDataset(boolean minor) {
+        Command<Dataset> cmd;
+        try {
+            if (editMode == EditMode.CREATE) {
+                cmd = new ReleaseDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser(), minor);
+            } else {
+                cmd = new ReleaseDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser(), minor);
+            }
+            dataset = commandEngine.submit(cmd);
+        } catch (CommandException ex) {
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR, "Dataset Release Failed", " - " + ex.toString()));
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+        }
+        FacesMessage message = new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_INFO, "DatasetReleased", "Your dataset is now public.");
+        FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, message);
+        return "/dataset.xhtml?id=" + dataset.getId() + "&faces-redirect=true";
+    }
+
+    public void refresh(ActionEvent e) {
+        int i = 0;
+        // Go through the list of the files on the page...
+        // (I've had to switch from going through the files via dataset.getFiles(), to 
+        // .getLatestVersion().getFileMetadatas() - because that's how the page is
+        // accessing them. -- L.A.)
+        //for (DataFile dataFile : dataset.getFiles()) {
+        for (FileMetadata fileMetadata : dataset.getLatestVersion().getFileMetadatas()) {
+            DataFile dataFile = fileMetadata.getDataFile();
+            // and see if any are marked as "ingest-in-progress":
+            if (dataFile.isIngestInProgress()) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Refreshing the status of the file " + fileMetadata.getLabel() + "...");
+                // and if so, reload the file object from the database...
+                dataFile = datafileService.find(dataFile.getId());
+                if (!dataFile.isIngestInProgress()) {
+                    Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "File " + fileMetadata.getLabel() + " finished ingesting.");
+                    // and, if the status has changed - i.e., if the ingest has 
+                    // completed, or failed, update the object in the list of 
+                    // files visible to the page:
+                    fileMetadata.setDataFile(dataFile);
+                }
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String save() {
+        dataset.setOwner(dataverseService.find(ownerId));
+        //TODO get real application-wide protocol/authority
+        dataset.setProtocol("doi");
+        dataset.setAuthority("10.5072/FK2");
+        dataset.setIdentifier("5555");
+        //TODO update title in page itself
+        if (replicationFor) {
+            updateTitle();
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Save and/or ingest files, if there are any:
+         */
+        if (newFiles != null && newFiles.size() > 0) {
+            try {
+                if (dataset.getFileSystemDirectory() != null && !Files.exists(dataset.getFileSystemDirectory())) {
+                    /* Note that "createDirectories()" must be used - not 
+                     * "createDirectory()", to make sure all the parent 
+                     * directories that may not yet exist are created as well. 
+                     */
+
+                    Files.createDirectories(dataset.getFileSystemDirectory());
+                }
+            } catch (IOException dirEx) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to create study directory " + dataset.getFileSystemDirectory().toString());
+            }
+
+            if (dataset.getFileSystemDirectory() != null && Files.exists(dataset.getFileSystemDirectory())) {
+                for (DataFile dFile : newFiles) {
+                    String tempFileLocation = getFilesTempDirectory() + "/" + dFile.getFileSystemName();
+                    
+                    // These are all brand new files, so they should all have 
+                    // one filemetadata total. You do NOT want to use 
+                    // getLatestFilemetadata() here - because it relies on 
+                    // comparing the object IDs of the corresponding datasetversions...
+                    // Which may not have been persisted yet. 
+                    // -- L.A. 4.0 beta.
+                    FileMetadata fileMetadata = dFile.getFileMetadatas().get(0);
+                    String fileName = fileMetadata.getLabel(); 
+
+                    //boolean ingestedAsTabular = false;
+                    boolean metadataExtracted = false;
+
+                    datasetService.generateFileSystemName(dFile);
+
+                    if (ingestService.ingestableAsTabular(dFile)) {
+                        /*
+                         * Note that we don't try to ingest the file right away - 
+                         * instead we mark it as "scheduled for ingest", then at 
+                         * the end of the save process it will be queued for async. 
+                         * ingest in the background. In the meantime, the file 
+                         * will be ingested as a regular, non-tabular file, and 
+                         * appear as such to the user, until the ingest job is
+                         * finished with the Ingest Service.
+                         */
+                        dFile.SetIngestScheduled();
+                    } else if (ingestService.fileMetadataExtractable(dFile)) {
+
+                        try {
+                            dFile.setContentType("application/fits");
+                            metadataExtracted = ingestService.extractIndexableMetadata(tempFileLocation, dFile, editVersion);
+                        } catch (IOException mex) {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Caught exception trying to extract indexable metadata from file " + fileName, mex);
+                        }
+                        if (metadataExtracted) {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Successfully extracted indexable metadata from file " + fileName);
+                        } else {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Failed to extract indexable metadata from file " + fileName);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Try to save the file in its permanent location: 
+                    //if (!ingestedAsTabular) {
+                    try {
+
+                        Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Will attempt to save the file as: " + dFile.getFileSystemLocation().toString());
+                        Files.copy(new FileInputStream(new File(tempFileLocation)), dFile.getFileSystemLocation(), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+
+                        MD5Checksum md5Checksum = new MD5Checksum();
+                        try {
+                            dFile.setmd5(md5Checksum.CalculateMD5(dFile.getFileSystemLocation().toString()));
+                        } catch (Exception md5ex) {
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Could not calculate MD5 signature for the new file " + fileName);
+                        }
+
+                    } catch (IOException ioex) {
+                        Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to save the file  " + dFile.getFileSystemLocation());
+                    }
+                    //}
+
+                    // Any necessary post-processing: 
+                    ingestService.performPostProcessingTasks(dFile);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Command<Dataset> cmd;
+        try {
+            if (editMode == EditMode.CREATE) {
+                cmd = new CreateDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser());
+            } else {
+                cmd = new UpdateDatasetCommand(dataset, session.getUser());
+            }
+            dataset = commandEngine.submit(cmd);
+        } catch (EJBException ex) {
+            StringBuilder error = new StringBuilder();
+            error.append(ex + " ");
+            error.append(ex.getMessage() + " ");
+            Throwable cause = ex;
+            while (cause.getCause() != null) {
+                cause = cause.getCause();
+                error.append(cause + " ");
+                error.append(cause.getMessage() + " ");
+            }
+            logger.info("Couldn't save dataset: " + error.toString());
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR, "Dataset Save Failed", " - " + error.toString()));
+            return null;
+        } catch (CommandException ex) {
+            FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().addMessage(null, new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR, "Dataset Save Failed", " - " + ex.toString()));
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+        }
+        newFiles.clear();
+        editMode = null;
+
+        // Queue the ingest jobs for asynchronous execution: 
+        for (DataFile dataFile : dataset.getFiles()) {
+            if (dataFile.isIngestScheduled()) {
+                dataFile.SetIngestInProgress();
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Attempting to queue the file " + dataFile.getFileMetadata().getLabel() + " for ingest.");
+                ingestService.asyncIngestAsTabular(dataFile);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return "/dataset.xhtml?id=" + dataset.getId() + "&faces-redirect=true";
+    }
+
+    private String getFilesTempDirectory() {
+        String filesRootDirectory = System.getProperty("dataverse.files.directory");
+        if (filesRootDirectory == null || filesRootDirectory.equals("")) {
+            filesRootDirectory = "/tmp/files";
+        }
+
+        String filesTempDirectory = filesRootDirectory + "/temp";
+
+        if (!Files.exists(Paths.get(filesTempDirectory))) {
+            /* Note that "createDirectories()" must be used - not 
+             * "createDirectory()", to make sure all the parent 
+             * directories that may not yet exist are created as well. 
+             */
+            try {
+                Files.createDirectories(Paths.get(filesTempDirectory));
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return filesTempDirectory;
+    }
+
+    public void cancel() {
+        // reset values
+        dataset = datasetService.find(dataset.getId());
+        ownerId = dataset.getOwner().getId();
+        newFiles.clear();
+        editMode = null;
+    }
+
+    private HttpClient getClient() {
+        // TODO: 
+        // cache the http client? -- L.A. 4.0 alpha
+        return new HttpClient();
+    }
+
+    public void handleDropBoxUpload(ActionEvent e) {
+        // Read JSON object from the output of the DropBox Chooser: 
+        JsonReader dbJsonReader = Json.createReader(new StringReader(dropBoxSelection));
+        JsonArray dbArray = dbJsonReader.readArray();
+        dbJsonReader.close();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < dbArray.size(); i++) {
+            JsonObject dbObject = dbArray.getJsonObject(i);
+
+            // Extract the payload:
+            String fileLink = dbObject.getString("link");
+            String fileName = dbObject.getString("name");
+            int fileSize = dbObject.getInt("bytes");
+
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "DropBox url: " + fileLink + ", filename: " + fileName + ", size: " + fileSize);
+
+            DataFile dFile = null;
+
+            // Make http call, download the file: 
+            GetMethod dropBoxMethod = new GetMethod(fileLink);
+            int status = 0;
+            InputStream dropBoxStream = null;
+            try {
+                status = getClient().executeMethod(dropBoxMethod);
+                if (status == 200) {
+                    dropBoxStream = dropBoxMethod.getResponseBodyAsStream();
+                    dFile = new DataFile("application/octet-stream");
+                    dFile.setOwner(dataset);
+
+                    // save the file, in the temporary location for now: 
+                    datasetService.generateFileSystemName(dFile);
+                    if (getFilesTempDirectory() != null) {
+                        Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Will attempt to save the DropBox file as: " + getFilesTempDirectory() + "/" + dFile.getFileSystemName());
+                        Files.copy(dropBoxStream, Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+                        File tempFile = Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()).toFile();
+                        if (tempFile.exists()) {
+                            long writtenBytes = tempFile.length();
+                            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "File size, expected: " + fileSize + ", written: " + writtenBytes);
+                        } else {
+                            throw new IOException();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to access DropBox url: " + fileLink + "!");
+                continue;
+            } finally {
+                if (dropBoxMethod != null) {
+                    dropBoxMethod.releaseConnection();
+                }
+                if (dropBoxStream != null) {
+                    try {
+                        dropBoxStream.close();
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // If we've made it this far, we must have downloaded the file
+            // successfully, so let's finish processing it as a new DataFile
+            // object: 
+            FileMetadata fmd = new FileMetadata();
+            fmd.setDataFile(dFile);
+            dFile.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+            fmd.setLabel(fileName);
+            fmd.setCategory(dFile.getContentType());
+            if (editVersion.getFileMetadatas() == null) {
+                editVersion.setFileMetadatas(new ArrayList());
+            }
+            editVersion.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+            fmd.setDatasetVersion(editVersion);
+            dataset.getFiles().add(dFile);
+
+            // When uploading files from dropBox, we don't get the benefit of 
+            // having the browser recognize the mime type of the file. So we'll 
+            // have to rely on our own utilities (Jhove, etc.) to try and determine
+            // what it is. 
+            String fileType = null;
+            try {
+                fileType = FileUtil.determineFileType(Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()).toFile(), fileName);
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "File utility recognized the file as " + fileType);
+                if (fileType != null && !fileType.equals("")) {
+                    dFile.setContentType(fileType);
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to run the file utility mime type check on file " + fileName);
+            }
+
+            newFiles.add(dFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleFileUpload(FileUploadEvent event) {
+        UploadedFile uFile = event.getFile();
+        DataFile dFile = new DataFile(uFile.getContentType());
+
+        FileMetadata fmd = new FileMetadata();
+        fmd.setLabel(uFile.getFileName());
+        fmd.setCategory(dFile.getContentType());
+
+        dFile.setOwner(dataset);
+        fmd.setDataFile(dFile);
+
+        dFile.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+        
+        if (editVersion.getFileMetadatas() == null) {
+            editVersion.setFileMetadatas(new ArrayList());
+        }
+        editVersion.getFileMetadatas().add(fmd);
+        fmd.setDatasetVersion(editVersion);
+        dataset.getFiles().add(dFile);
+
+        datasetService.generateFileSystemName(dFile);
+
+        // save the file, in the temporary location for now: 
+        if (getFilesTempDirectory() != null) {
+            try {
+
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "Will attempt to save the file as: " + getFilesTempDirectory() + "/" + dFile.getFileSystemName());
+                Files.copy(uFile.getInputstream(), Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+            } catch (IOException ioex) {
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to save the file  " + dFile.getFileSystemName());
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Let's try our own utilities (Jhove, etc.) to determine the file type 
+        // of the uploaded file. (we may or may not do better than the browser,
+        // which may have already recognized the type correctly...)
+        String fileType = null;
+        try {
+            fileType = FileUtil.determineFileType(Paths.get(getFilesTempDirectory(), dFile.getFileSystemName()).toFile(), fmd.getLabel());
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "File utility recognized the file as " + fileType);
+            if (fileType != null && !fileType.equals("")) {
+                // let's look at the browser's guess regarding the mime type
+                // of the file: 
+                String bgType = dFile.getContentType();
+                Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.FINE, "Browser recognized the file as " + bgType);
+
+                if (bgType == null || bgType.equals("") || bgType.equalsIgnoreCase("application/octet-stream")) {
+                    dFile.setContentType(fileType);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            Logger.getLogger(DatasetPage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to run the file utility mime type check on file " + fmd.getLabel());
+        }
+
+        newFiles.add(dFile);
+
+    }
+
+    public DatasetVersionUI getDatasetVersionUI() {
+        return datasetVersionUI;
+    }
+
+    //boolean for adding "Replication for" to title
+    private boolean replicationFor;
+
+    public boolean isReplicationFor() {
+        return replicationFor;
+    }
+
+    public void setReplicationFor(boolean replicationFor) {
+        this.replicationFor = replicationFor;
+    }
+
+    private void updateTitle() {
+        System.out.print(replicationFor);
+
+        Iterator<DatasetField> dsfIt = dataset.getEditVersion().getDatasetFields().iterator();
+        while (dsfIt.hasNext()) {
+
+            DatasetField toUpdate = dsfIt.next();
+            if (toUpdate.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.title)) {
+                //dsfIt.s
+            }
+
+        }
+        int i = 0;
+        for (DatasetField dsf : editVersion.getDatasetFields()) {
+            if (dsf.getDatasetFieldType().getName().equals(DatasetFieldConstant.title)) {
+                ArrayList<DatasetFieldValue> valList = new ArrayList();
+                DatasetFieldValue dsfv = new DatasetFieldValue(dsf);
+                String origVal = dsf.getValue();
+                dsfv.setValue("Replication for: " + origVal);
+                valList.add(dsfv);
+                editVersion.getDatasetFields().get(i).setDatasetFieldValues(valList);
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `dataFile.getFileMetadata()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 459.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String DatasetPage.save()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.harvard.iq.dataverse.DatasetPage.save():java.lang.String.2929ec371abb302c2aa12cddde84302d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/edu/harvard/iq/dataverse/DatasetPage.java
+
+### Key:
+DatasetPage.java|save|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+9af1ee718fee1b2b34c4caab8d721793
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3791/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3791/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06b5ecf9a20a5384a91dbbd5b9a9e591dd6936f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3791/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acs-aem-commons
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * ACS AEM Commons Bundle
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Adobe
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+package com.adobe.acs.commons.workflow.synthetic.impl;
+
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.workflow.synthetic.impl.testprocesses.ReadDataWorkflowProcess;
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.workflow.synthetic.impl.testprocesses.SetDataWorkflowProcess;
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.workflow.synthetic.impl.testprocesses.WFDataWorkflowProcess;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class SyntheticWorkflowRunnerImplTest {
+
+    SyntheticWorkflowRunnerImpl swr = new SyntheticWorkflowRunnerImpl();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStart_WFData() throws Exception {
+        Map<Object, Object> map = new HashMap<Object, Object>();
+
+        map.put("process.label", "test");
+        swr.bindWorkflowProcesses(new WFDataWorkflowProcess(), map);
+
+        Map<String, Map<String, Object>> metadata = new HashMap<String, Map<String, Object>>();
+
+        swr.start(null,
+                "/content/test",
+                new String[] {"test"},
+                metadata);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStart_PassingData() throws Exception {
+        Map<Object, Object> map = new HashMap<Object, Object>();
+
+        map.put("process.label", "set");
+        swr.bindWorkflowProcesses(new SetDataWorkflowProcess(), map);
+
+        map.put("process.label", "read");
+        swr.bindWorkflowProcesses(new ReadDataWorkflowProcess(), map);
+
+
+        Map<String, Map<String, Object>> metadata = new HashMap<String, Map<String, Object>>();
+
+        swr.start(null,
+                "/content/test",
+                new String[] {"set", "read"},
+                metadata);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `start(...)` at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SyntheticWorkflowRunnerImplTest.testStart_WFData()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.adobe.acs.commons.workflow.synthetic.impl.SyntheticWorkflowRunnerImplTest.testStart_WFData():voi.573edff28a893ca6a9b3a768865ab101
+
+### File:
+bundle/src/test/java/com/adobe/acs/commons/workflow/synthetic/impl/SyntheticWorkflowRunnerImplTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SyntheticWorkflowRunnerImplTest.java|testStart_WFData|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+58d78b7dff2060facf83634028ded015
+
+### Hash:
+440736094a1a27343d41662e7bc156b0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3796/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3796/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f2648b1cefbb09e85b72f6ab409ef76a3840778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3796/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acs-aem-commons
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * ACS AEM Commons Bundle
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Adobe
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+package com.adobe.acs.commons.packaging.impl;
+
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.packaging.PackageHelper;
+import com.day.cq.commons.jcr.JcrUtil;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.fs.api.FilterSet;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.fs.api.PathFilterSet;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.fs.config.DefaultWorkspaceFilter;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.packaging.JcrPackage;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.packaging.JcrPackageDefinition;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.packaging.JcrPackageManager;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.packaging.PackageId;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.packaging.Packaging;
+import com.day.jcr.vault.packaging.Version;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Component;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Reference;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Service;
+import org.apache.jackrabbit.JcrConstants;
+import org.apache.sling.api.resource.LoginException;
+import org.apache.sling.api.resource.Resource;
+import org.apache.sling.api.resource.ResourceResolver;
+import org.apache.sling.api.resource.ResourceResolverFactory;
+import org.apache.sling.commons.json.JSONArray;
+import org.apache.sling.commons.json.JSONException;
+import org.apache.sling.commons.json.JSONObject;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.jcr.Node;
+import javax.jcr.NodeIterator;
+import javax.jcr.RepositoryException;
+import javax.jcr.Session;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+@Component(
+        label = "ACS AEM Commons - Package Helper",
+        description = "..."
+)
+@Service
+public class PackageHelperImpl implements PackageHelper {
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ACLPackagerServletImpl.class);
+
+    private static final String NN_THUMBNAIL = "thumbnail.png";
+
+    private static final String JSON_EXCEPTION_MSG =
+            "{\"status\": \"error\", \"msg\": \"Error creating JSON response.\"}";
+
+    @Reference
+    private Packaging packaging;
+
+    @Reference
+    private ResourceResolverFactory resourceResolverFactory;
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public final void addThumbnail(final JcrPackage jcrPackage, Resource thumbnailResource) {
+        ResourceResolver resourceResolver = null;
+
+        if (jcrPackage == null) {
+            log.error("JCR Package is null; no package thumbnail needed for null packages!");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean useDefault = thumbnailResource == null || !thumbnailResource.isResourceType(JcrConstants.NT_FILE);
+
+        try {
+            if (useDefault) {
+                log.debug("Using default ACS AEM Commons packager package icon.");
+                resourceResolver = resourceResolverFactory.getAdministrativeResourceResolver(null);
+                thumbnailResource = resourceResolver.getResource(DEFAULT_PACKAGE_THUMBNAIL_RESOURCE_PATH);
+
+                if (thumbnailResource == null || !thumbnailResource.isResourceType(JcrConstants.NT_FILE)) {
+                    log.warn("Cannot find a specific OR a default package icon; no package icon will be used.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            final Node srcNode = thumbnailResource.adaptTo(Node.class);
+            final Node dstParentNode = jcrPackage.getDefinition().getNode();
+
+            JcrUtil.copy(srcNode, dstParentNode, NN_THUMBNAIL);
+            dstParentNode.getSession().save();
+        } catch (RepositoryException e) {
+            log.error("Could not add package thumbnail: {}", e.getMessage());
+        } catch (LoginException e) {
+            log.error("Could not add a default package thumbnail: {}", e.getMessage());
+        } finally {
+            if (resourceResolver != null) {
+                resourceResolver.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public final Version getNextVersion(final JcrPackageManager jcrPackageManager,
+                                        final String groupName, final String name,
+                                        final String version) throws RepositoryException {
+        final Node packageRoot = jcrPackageManager.getPackageRoot(false);
+        final Version configVersion = Version.create(version);
+
+        if (!packageRoot.hasNode(groupName)) {
+            return configVersion;
+        }
+
+        final Node packageGroupNode = packageRoot.getNode(groupName);
+
+        if (packageGroupNode == null) {
+            return configVersion;
+        } else {
+            final NodeIterator children = packageGroupNode.getNodes();
+            Version latestVersion = configVersion;
+            boolean configVersionEligible = true;
+
+            while (children.hasNext()) {
+                final Node child = children.nextNode();
+
+                final JcrPackage jcrPackage = jcrPackageManager.open(child, true);
+                if (!StringUtils.equals(name, jcrPackage.getDefinition().getId().getName())) {
+                    // Name mismatch - so just skip
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                final Version packageVersion = jcrPackage.getDefinition().getId().getVersion();
+
+                log.debug(packageVersion.toString() + " compareTo " + latestVersion.toString()
+                        + " = " + packageVersion.compareTo(latestVersion));
+
+                if (packageVersion.compareTo(latestVersion) >= 1) {
+                    latestVersion = packageVersion;
+                    log.debug("Found a new latest version: {}", latestVersion.toString());
+                } else if (packageVersion.compareTo(configVersion) == 0) {
+                    configVersionEligible = false;
+                    log.debug("Found a package with the same version as the config version");
+                }
+            }
+
+            log.debug("Current latest version: {}", latestVersion.toString());
+            if (configVersionEligible && latestVersion.equals(configVersion)) {
+                // If the config-specified version is newer than any existing package, jump to the config version
+                return configVersion;
+            } else {
+                // Else increment the latest known version's minor
+                latestVersion = this.normalizeVersion(latestVersion);
+                final String[] segments = latestVersion.getNormalizedSegments();
+
+                // Increment minor
+                segments[1] = String.valueOf(Integer.parseInt(segments[1]) + 1);
+
+                final Version nextVersion = Version.create(segments);
+                log.debug("Next version: {}", nextVersion);
+                return nextVersion;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Version normalizeVersion(final Version version) {
+        final int numVersionSegments = 3;
+        final String[] normalizedSegments = version.getNormalizedSegments();
+        final String[] segments = new String[numVersionSegments];
+
+
+        if (normalizedSegments.length <= 0) {
+            segments[0] = "1";
+        } else {
+            segments[0] = normalizedSegments[0];
+        }
+
+        if (normalizedSegments.length <= 1) {
+            segments[1] = "0";
+        } else {
+            segments[1] = normalizedSegments[1];
+        }
+
+        if (normalizedSegments.length <= 2) {
+            segments[2] = "0";
+        } else {
+            segments[2] = normalizedSegments[2];
+        }
+
+        return Version.create(segments);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public final void removePackage(final JcrPackageManager jcrPackageManager,
+                                    final String groupName, final String name,
+                                    final String version) throws RepositoryException {
+        final PackageId packageId = new PackageId(groupName, name, version);
+        final JcrPackage jcrPackage = jcrPackageManager.open(packageId);
+
+        if (jcrPackage != null && jcrPackage.getNode() != null) {
+            jcrPackage.getNode().remove();
+            jcrPackage.getNode().getSession().save();
+        } else {
+            log.debug("Nothing to remove at: ", packageId.getInstallationPath());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public final JcrPackage createPackage(final Set<Resource> resources, final Session session,
+                                    final String groupName, final String name, String version,
+                                    final ConflictResolution conflictResolution,
+                                    final Map<String, String> packageDefinitionProperties)
+            throws IOException, RepositoryException {
+
+        final JcrPackageManager jcrPackageManager = packaging.getPackageManager(session);
+
+        if (ConflictResolution.Replace.equals(conflictResolution)) {
+            this.removePackage(jcrPackageManager, groupName, name, version);
+        } else if (ConflictResolution.IncrementVersion.equals(conflictResolution)) {
+            version = this.getNextVersion(jcrPackageManager, groupName, name, version).toString();
+        }
+
+        final JcrPackage jcrPackage = jcrPackageManager.create(groupName, name, version);
+        final JcrPackageDefinition jcrPackageDefinition = jcrPackage.getDefinition();
+        final DefaultWorkspaceFilter workspaceFilter = new DefaultWorkspaceFilter();
+
+        for (final Resource resource : resources) {
+            workspaceFilter.add(new PathFilterSet(resource.getPath()));
+        }
+
+        jcrPackageDefinition.setFilter(workspaceFilter, true);
+
+        for (final Map.Entry<String, String> entry : packageDefinitionProperties.entrySet()) {
+            jcrPackageDefinition.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue(), false);
+        }
+
+        session.save();
+
+        return jcrPackage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public final String getSuccessJSON(final JcrPackage jcrPackage) throws JSONException, RepositoryException {
+        final JSONObject json = new JSONObject();
+
+        json.put("status", "success");
+        json.put("path", jcrPackage.getNode().getPath());
+        json.put("filterSets", new JSONArray());
+
+        final List<PathFilterSet> filterSets = jcrPackage.getDefinition().getMetaInf().getFilter().getFilterSets();
+        for (final FilterSet filterSet : filterSets) {
+            final JSONObject jsonFilterSet = new JSONObject();
+            jsonFilterSet.put("importMode", filterSet.getImportMode().name());
+            jsonFilterSet.put("rootPath", filterSet.getRoot());
+
+            json.accumulate("filterSets", jsonFilterSet);
+        }
+
+        return json.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public final String getPreviewJSON(final Set<Resource> resources) throws JSONException {
+        final JSONObject json = new JSONObject();
+
+        json.put("status", "preview");
+        json.put("path", "Not applicable (Preview)");
+        json.put("filterSets", new JSONArray());
+
+        for (final Resource resource : resources) {
+            final JSONObject tmp = new JSONObject();
+            tmp.put("importMode", "Not applicable (Preview)");
+            tmp.put("rootPath", resource.getPath());
+
+            json.accumulate("filterSets", tmp);
+        }
+
+        return json.toString();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public final String getErrorJSON(final String msg) {
+        final JSONObject json = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            json.put("status", "error");
+            json.put("msg", msg);
+            return json.toString();
+        } catch (JSONException e) {
+            log.error("Error creating JSON Error response message: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return JSON_EXCEPTION_MSG;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `thumbnailResource` last assigned on line 94 could be null and is dereferenced at line 101.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PackageHelperImpl.addThumbnail(JcrPackage,Resource)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.adobe.acs.commons.packaging.impl.PackageHelperImpl.addThumbnail(com.day.jcr.vault.packaging.JcrP.dc4fbb36d9ea87f59f560be65cf41d9d
+
+### File:
+bundle/src/main/java/com/adobe/acs/commons/packaging/impl/PackageHelperImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+PackageHelperImpl.java|addThumbnail|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a113b3a0bc633704266b026197b5bf3b
+
+### Hash:
+8ddc6acdb2655792fdeddb5b7f46b0eb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3798/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3798/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a423ca9fbfd2d07590ea1693cd7abed53969c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3798/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acs-aem-commons
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * ACS AEM Commons Bundle
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 - 2014 Adobe
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+package com.adobe.acs.commons.models.injectors.impl;
+
+import com.adobe.granite.xss.XSSAPI;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.api.Page;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.api.PageManager;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.api.components.ComponentContext;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.api.designer.Design;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.api.designer.Designer;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.api.designer.Style;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.commons.WCMUtils;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Component;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Property;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Service;
+import org.apache.sling.api.SlingHttpServletRequest;
+import org.apache.sling.api.resource.Resource;
+import org.apache.sling.api.resource.ResourceResolver;
+import org.apache.sling.models.spi.DisposalCallbackRegistry;
+import org.apache.sling.models.spi.Injector;
+import org.osgi.framework.Constants;
+
+import javax.jcr.Session;
+import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+
+/**
+ * Sling Models Injector which injects the Adobe AEM objects defined in
+ * <a href="http://bit.ly/1gmlmfE">&lt;cq:defineObjects/&gt;</a>.
+ * <p>
+ * the following objects can be injected:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li> resource the current resource
+ * <li> resourceResolver the current resource resolver
+ *
+ * <li> componentContext component context of this request
+ *
+ * <li> pageManager page manager
+ * <li> currentPage containing page addressed by the request
+ * <li> resourcePage containing page of the addressed resource
+ *
+ * <li> designer the designer
+ * <li> currentDesign design of the addressed resource
+ * <li> resourceDesign design of the addressed resource
+ *
+ * <li> currentStyle style addressed by the request
+ * <li> session the current session
+ * <li> xssApi cross site scripting provider for the current request
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * Note: This Injector requires at least org.apache.sling.models.impl version 1.0.2
+ *
+ */
+@Component
+@Service
+/*
+ * SERVICE_RANKING of this service should be lower than the ranking of the OsgiServiceInjector (5000),
+ * otherwise the generic XSSAPI service would be injected from the OSGi Service Registry instead of the
+ * pre-configured from the current request.
+ */
+@Property(name = Constants.SERVICE_RANKING, intValue = 4500)
+public final class AemObjectsInjector implements Injector {
+
+    private static final String COM_DAY_CQ_WCM_TAGS_DEFINE_OBJECTS_TAG = "com.day.cq.wcm.tags.DefineObjectsTag";
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return "define-objects";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getValue(Object adaptable, String name, Type declaredType, AnnotatedElement element,
+            DisposalCallbackRegistry callbackRegistry) {
+
+        // sanity check
+        if (!(adaptable instanceof Resource || adaptable instanceof SlingHttpServletRequest)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        ObjectType nameEnum = ObjectType.fromString(name);
+
+        switch (nameEnum) {
+        case RESOURCE:
+            return getResource(adaptable);
+        case RESOURCE_RESOLVER:
+            return getResourceResolver(adaptable);
+        case COMPONENT_CONTEXT:
+            return getComponentContext(adaptable);
+        case PAGE_MANAGER:
+            return getPageManager(adaptable);
+        case CURRENT_PAGE:
+            return getCurrentPage(adaptable);
+        case RESOURCE_PAGE:
+            return getResourcePage(adaptable);
+        case DESIGNER:
+            return getDesigner(adaptable);
+        case CURRENT_DESIGN:
+            return getCurrentDesign(adaptable);
+        case RESOURCE_DESIGN:
+            return getResourceDesign(adaptable);
+        case CURRENT_STYLE:
+            return getCurrentStyle(adaptable);
+        case SESSION:
+            return getSession(adaptable);
+        case XSS_API:
+            return getXssApi(adaptable);
+        default:
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- private stuff --
+    private Resource getResource(Object adaptable) {
+        if (adaptable instanceof SlingHttpServletRequest) {
+            return ((SlingHttpServletRequest) adaptable).getResource();
+        }
+        if (adaptable instanceof Resource) {
+            return (Resource) adaptable;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private ResourceResolver getResourceResolver(Object adaptable) {
+        if (adaptable instanceof SlingHttpServletRequest) {
+            return ((SlingHttpServletRequest) adaptable).getResourceResolver();
+        }
+        if (adaptable instanceof Resource) {
+            return ((Resource) adaptable).getResourceResolver();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private PageManager getPageManager(Object adaptable) {
+        ResourceResolver resolver = getResourceResolver(adaptable);
+
+        if (resolver != null) {
+            return resolver.adaptTo(PageManager.class);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Designer getDesigner(Object adaptable) {
+        ResourceResolver resolver = getResourceResolver(adaptable);
+
+        if (resolver != null) {
+            return resolver.adaptTo(Designer.class);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current component context.
+     * 
+     * @param adaptable a SlingHttpServletRequest
+     * @return the ComponentContext if the adaptable was a SlingHttpServletRequest, or null otherwise
+     */
+    private ComponentContext getComponentContext(Object adaptable) {
+        if (adaptable instanceof SlingHttpServletRequest) {
+            SlingHttpServletRequest request = ((SlingHttpServletRequest) adaptable);
+
+            return WCMUtils.getComponentContext(request);
+        }
+        // ComponentContext is not reachable from Resource
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Page getResourcePage(Object adaptable) {
+        PageManager pageManager = getPageManager(adaptable);
+        Resource resource = getResource(adaptable);
+
+        if (pageManager != null && resource != null) {
+            return pageManager.getContainingPage(resource);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current page.
+     *
+     * @param adaptable a SlingHttpServletRequest
+     * @return the current Page if the adaptable was a SlingHttpServletRequest, null otherwise
+     */
+    private Page getCurrentPage(Object adaptable) {
+        ComponentContext context = getComponentContext(adaptable);
+
+        return (context != null) ? context.getPage() : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current design.
+     *
+     * @param adaptable a SlingHttpServletRequest
+     * @return the current Design if the adaptable was a SlingHttpServletRequest, the default Design otherwise
+     */
+    private Design getCurrentDesign(Object adaptable) {
+        Page currentPage = getCurrentPage(adaptable);
+        Designer designer = getDesigner(adaptable);
+
+        if (currentPage != null && designer != null) {
+            return designer.getDesign(currentPage);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Design getResourceDesign(Object adaptable) {
+        Page resourcePage = getResourcePage(adaptable);
+        Designer designer = getDesigner(adaptable);
+
+        if (adaptable instanceof SlingHttpServletRequest) {
+            SlingHttpServletRequest request = (SlingHttpServletRequest) adaptable;
+
+            if (resourcePage != null && designer != null) {
+                String resourceDesignKey = COM_DAY_CQ_WCM_TAGS_DEFINE_OBJECTS_TAG + resourcePage.getPath();
+                Object cachedResourceDesign = request.getAttribute(resourceDesignKey);
+
+                if (cachedResourceDesign != null) {
+                    return (Design) cachedResourceDesign;
+                } else {
+                    Design resourceDesign = designer.getDesign(resourcePage);
+                    request.setAttribute(resourceDesignKey, resourceDesign);
+
+                    return resourceDesign;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (adaptable instanceof Resource) {
+            return designer != null ? designer.getDesign(resourcePage) : null;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current style.
+     * 
+     * @param adaptable a SlingHttpServletRequest
+     * @return the current Style if the adaptable was a SlingHttpServletRequest, null otherwise
+     */
+    private Style getCurrentStyle(Object adaptable) {
+        Design currentDesign = getCurrentDesign(adaptable);
+        ComponentContext componentContext = getComponentContext(adaptable);
+
+        if (currentDesign != null && componentContext != null) {
+            return currentDesign.getStyle(componentContext.getCell());
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the session.
+     *
+     * @param adaptable Either a SlingHttpServletRequest or a Resource
+     * @return the current Session
+     */
+    private Session getSession(Object adaptable) {
+        ResourceResolver resolver = getResourceResolver(adaptable);
+
+        return resolver != null ? resolver.adaptTo(Session.class) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the XSS API.
+     *
+     * @param adaptable a SlingHttpServletRequest
+     * @return a XSSAPI object configured for the current request, or null otherwise
+     */
+    private XSSAPI getXssApi(Object adaptable) {
+        if (adaptable instanceof SlingHttpServletRequest) {
+            SlingHttpServletRequest request = (SlingHttpServletRequest) adaptable;
+
+            return request.adaptTo(XSSAPI.class);
+        }
+        // otherwise will fetch generic XSSAPI from OSGiServiceInjector
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // --- inner classes ---
+
+    /**
+     * Enumeration which encapsulated the available objects.
+     */
+    private enum ObjectType {
+
+        RESOURCE("resource"),
+        RESOURCE_RESOLVER("resourceResolver"),
+        COMPONENT_CONTEXT("componentContext"),
+        PAGE_MANAGER("pageManager"),
+        CURRENT_PAGE("currentPage"),
+        RESOURCE_PAGE("resourcePage"),
+        DESIGNER("designer"),
+        CURRENT_DESIGN("currentDesign"),
+        RESOURCE_DESIGN("resourceDesign"),
+        CURRENT_STYLE("currentStyle"),
+        SESSION("session"),
+        XSS_API("xssApi");
+
+        private String text;
+
+        ObjectType(String text) {
+            this.text = text;
+        }
+
+        public static ObjectType fromString(String text) {
+            if (text != null) {
+                for (ObjectType b : ObjectType.values()) {
+                    if (text.equalsIgnoreCase(b.text)) {
+                        return b;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `nameEnum` last assigned on line 97 could be null and is dereferenced at line 99.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object AemObjectsInjector.getValue(Object,String,Type,AnnotatedElement,DisposalCallbackRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.adobe.acs.commons.models.injectors.impl.AemObjectsInjector.getValue(java.lang.Object,java.lang.S.c653def7cde1d8232aed61b587b05107
+
+### File:
+bundle/src/main/java/com/adobe/acs/commons/models/injectors/impl/AemObjectsInjector.java
+
+### Key:
+AemObjectsInjector.java|getValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fa5f8bce86ddf7d3115742d50d599997
+
+### Hash:
+a5d94648ded645bbf3a38ffe9e6d3c3f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3901/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3901/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f58d75c841fd9308d7aabdf552bf53b5e67f26f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3901/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** presto
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2004-present Facebook. All Rights Reserved.
+ */
+package com.facebook.presto.server;
+
+import com.facebook.presto.Range;
+import com.facebook.presto.TupleInfo;
+import com.facebook.presto.block.uncompressed.UncompressedBlock;
+import com.facebook.presto.slice.ByteArraySlice;
+import com.facebook.presto.slice.Slice;
+import com.facebook.presto.slice.SliceInput;
+import com.facebook.presto.slice.Slices;
+import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
+
+import javax.ws.rs.Consumes;
+import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
+import javax.ws.rs.WebApplicationException;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.MultivaluedMap;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.MessageBodyReader;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.MessageBodyWriter;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.Provider;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+
+import static com.facebook.presto.SizeOf.SIZE_OF_INT;
+import static com.facebook.presto.SizeOf.SIZE_OF_LONG;
+import static com.facebook.presto.server.PrestoMediaTypes.PRESTO_BLOCK;
+import static com.facebook.presto.server.PrestoMediaTypes.PRESTO_BLOCK_TYPE;
+
+@Provider
+@Consumes(PRESTO_BLOCK)
+@Produces(PRESTO_BLOCK)
+public class UncompressedBlockMapper implements MessageBodyReader<UncompressedBlock>, MessageBodyWriter<UncompressedBlock>
+{
+    @Override
+    public boolean isReadable(Class<?> type, Type genericType, Annotation[] annotations, MediaType mediaType)
+    {
+        return UncompressedBlock.class == type && mediaType.isCompatible(PRESTO_BLOCK_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public UncompressedBlock readFrom(Class<UncompressedBlock> type,
+            Type genericType,
+            Annotation[] annotations,
+            MediaType mediaType,
+            MultivaluedMap<String, String> httpHeaders,
+            InputStream input)
+            throws IOException, WebApplicationException
+    {
+        // todo where does this come from?
+        // todo do we want to pass this over the wire or should we assume it?
+        TupleInfo tupleInfo = null;
+        return readBlock(tupleInfo, input);
+    }
+
+    public static UncompressedBlock readBlock(TupleInfo tupleInfo, InputStream input)
+            throws IOException
+    {
+        byte[] blockHeader = new byte[SIZE_OF_INT + SIZE_OF_INT + SIZE_OF_LONG];
+
+        int bytesRead = ByteStreams.read(input, blockHeader, 0, blockHeader.length);
+        if (bytesRead == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (bytesRead != blockHeader.length) {
+            throw new IOException("Unexpected end of data");
+        }
+
+        SliceInput headerInput = Slices.wrappedBuffer(blockHeader).input();
+
+        int blockSize = headerInput.readInt();
+        int tupleCount = headerInput.readInt();
+        long startPosition = headerInput.readLong();
+
+        ByteArraySlice blockSlice = Slices.allocate(blockSize);
+        if (blockSlice.setBytes(0, input, blockSize) != blockSize) {
+            throw new IOException("Unexpected end of data");
+        }
+
+        Range range = Range.create(startPosition, startPosition + tupleCount - 1);
+
+        return new UncompressedBlock(range, tupleInfo, blockSlice);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isWriteable(Class<?> type, Type genericType, Annotation[] annotations, MediaType mediaType)
+    {
+        return UncompressedBlock.class == type && mediaType.isCompatible(PRESTO_BLOCK_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getSize(UncompressedBlock uncompressedBlock, Class<?> type, Type genericType, Annotation[] annotations, MediaType mediaType)
+    {
+        return SIZE_OF_INT + SIZE_OF_INT + SIZE_OF_LONG + uncompressedBlock.getSlice().length();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeTo(UncompressedBlock block,
+            Class<?> type,
+            Type genericType,
+            Annotation[] annotations,
+            MediaType mediaType,
+            MultivaluedMap<String, Object> httpHeaders,
+            OutputStream output)
+            throws IOException, WebApplicationException
+    {
+        Slice slice = block.getSlice();
+
+        // write header
+        ByteArraySlice header = Slices.allocate(SIZE_OF_INT + SIZE_OF_INT + SIZE_OF_LONG);
+        header.output()
+                .appendInt(slice.length())
+                .appendInt(block.getCount())
+                .appendLong(block.getRange().getStart());
+        output.write(header.getRawArray());
+
+        // write slice
+        slice.getBytes(0, output, slice.length());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.facebook.presto.slice.BasicSliceOutput` acquired by call to `output()` at line 115 is not released after line 118.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UncompressedBlockMapper.writeTo(UncompressedBlock,Class,Type,java.lang.annotation.Annotation[],MediaType,MultivaluedMap,OutputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.facebook.presto.server.UncompressedBlockMapper.writeTo(com.facebook.presto.block.uncompressed.Un.8f165cea0c158cbc45f7f53a2b2fab83
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/facebook/presto/server/UncompressedBlockMapper.java
+
+### Key:
+UncompressedBlockMapper.java|writeTo|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+241d42dae50053d7648ace8f5b7dfc3f
+
+### Hash:
+8c59b10c60983018b7db6c4b9465b554
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3906/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3906/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4eab38caa1588706b3d1bce7c6d0071d58238d54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3906/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** presto
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.facebook.presto;
+
+import com.facebook.presto.aggregation.AverageAggregation;
+import com.facebook.presto.aggregation.CountAggregation;
+import com.facebook.presto.aggregation.DoubleSumAggregation;
+import com.facebook.presto.block.TupleStream;
+import com.facebook.presto.block.Cursor;
+import com.facebook.presto.ingest.RowSourceBuilder;
+import com.facebook.presto.operation.DoubleLessThanComparison;
+import com.facebook.presto.operator.AggregationOperator;
+import com.facebook.presto.operator.ApplyPredicateOperator;
+import com.facebook.presto.operator.ComparisonOperator;
+import com.facebook.presto.operator.FilterOperator;
+import com.facebook.presto.operator.GroupByOperator;
+import com.facebook.presto.operator.HashAggregationOperator;
+import com.facebook.presto.slice.Slices;
+import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.base.Predicate;
+import com.google.common.base.Splitter;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.io.CharStreams;
+import com.google.common.io.InputSupplier;
+import com.google.common.io.Resources;
+import org.skife.jdbi.v2.DBI;
+import org.skife.jdbi.v2.Handle;
+import org.skife.jdbi.v2.PreparedBatch;
+import org.skife.jdbi.v2.PreparedBatchPart;
+import org.skife.jdbi.v2.StatementContext;
+import org.skife.jdbi.v2.tweak.ResultSetMapper;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterSuite;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeSuite;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import static com.facebook.presto.TupleInfo.Type.DOUBLE;
+import static com.facebook.presto.TupleInfo.Type.FIXED_INT_64;
+import static com.facebook.presto.TupleInfo.Type.VARIABLE_BINARY;
+import static com.facebook.presto.ingest.RowSourceBuilder.RowGenerator;
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
+import static io.airlift.testing.Assertions.assertEqualsIgnoreOrder;
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static java.util.Collections.nCopies;
+
+public class TestQueries
+{
+    private Handle handle;
+    private List<List<String>> ordersData;
+    private List<List<String>> lineitemData;
+
+    private enum Column
+    {
+        ORDER_ORDERKEY(0),
+        ORDER_CUSTKEY(1),
+        ORDER_ORDERSTATUS(2),
+        ORDER_TOTALPRICE(3),
+        ORDER_ORDERDATE(4),
+        ORDER_ORDERPRIORITY(5),
+        ORDER_SHIPPRIORITY(6),
+
+        LINEITEM_ORDERKEY(0),
+        LINEITEM_DISCOUNT(6),
+        LINEITEM_TAX(7);
+
+        private final int index;
+
+        Column(int index)
+        {
+            this.index = index;
+        }
+
+        public int getIndex()
+        {
+            return index;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @BeforeSuite
+    public void setupDatabase()
+            throws IOException
+    {
+        handle = DBI.open("jdbc:h2:mem:test" + System.nanoTime());
+
+        ordersData = readTestData("tpch/orders.dat.gz", 15000);
+        handle.execute("CREATE TABLE orders (\n" +
+                "  orderkey BIGINT NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  custkey BIGINT NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  orderstatus CHAR(1) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  totalprice DOUBLE NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  orderdate CHAR(10) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  orderpriority CHAR(15) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  shippriority BIGINT NOT NULL\n" +
+                ")");
+        insertRows("orders", handle, ordersData);
+
+        lineitemData = readTestData("tpch/lineitem.dat.gz", 60175);
+        handle.execute("CREATE TABLE lineitem (\n" +
+                "  orderkey BIGINT NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  partkey BIGINT NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  suppkey BIGINT NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  linenumber BIGINT NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  quantity BIGINT NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  extendedprice DOUBLE NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  discount DOUBLE NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  tax DOUBLE NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  returnflag CHAR(1) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  linestatus CHAR(1) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  shipdate CHAR(10) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  commitdate CHAR(10) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  receiptdate CHAR(10) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  shipinstruct VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,\n" +
+                "  shipmode VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL\n" +
+                ")");
+        insertRows("lineitem", handle, lineitemData);
+    }
+
+    @AfterSuite
+    public void cleanupDatabase()
+    {
+        handle.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountAll()
+    {
+        List<Tuple> expected = computeExpected("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders", FIXED_INT_64);
+
+        TupleStream orders = createBlockStream(ordersData, Column.ORDER_ORDERKEY, FIXED_INT_64);
+        AggregationOperator aggregation = new AggregationOperator(orders, CountAggregation.PROVIDER);
+
+        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(tuples(aggregation), expected);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAverageAll()
+    {
+        List<Tuple> expected = computeExpected("SELECT AVG(totalprice) FROM orders", DOUBLE);
+
+        TupleStream price = createBlockStream(ordersData, Column.ORDER_TOTALPRICE, DOUBLE);
+        AggregationOperator aggregation = new AggregationOperator(price, AverageAggregation.PROVIDER);
+
+        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(tuples(aggregation), expected);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountAllWithPredicate()
+    {
+        List<Tuple> expected = computeExpected("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE orderstatus = 'F'", FIXED_INT_64);
+
+        TupleStream orderStatus = createBlockStream(ordersData, Column.ORDER_ORDERSTATUS, VARIABLE_BINARY);
+
+        ApplyPredicateOperator filtered = new ApplyPredicateOperator(orderStatus, new Predicate<Cursor>()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean apply(Cursor input)
+            {
+                return input.getSlice(0).equals(Slices.copiedBuffer("F", Charsets.UTF_8));
+            }
+        });
+
+        AggregationOperator aggregation = new AggregationOperator(filtered, CountAggregation.PROVIDER);
+
+        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(tuples(aggregation), expected);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGroupByCount()
+    {
+        List<Tuple> expected = computeExpected("SELECT orderstatus, CAST(COUNT(*) AS INTEGER) FROM orders GROUP BY orderstatus", VARIABLE_BINARY, FIXED_INT_64);
+
+        TupleStream groupBySource = createBlockStream(ordersData, Column.ORDER_ORDERSTATUS, VARIABLE_BINARY);
+        TupleStream aggregateSource = createBlockStream(ordersData, Column.ORDER_ORDERSTATUS, VARIABLE_BINARY);
+
+        GroupByOperator groupBy = new GroupByOperator(groupBySource);
+        HashAggregationOperator aggregation = new HashAggregationOperator(groupBy, aggregateSource, CountAggregation.PROVIDER);
+
+        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(tuples(aggregation), expected);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGroupBySum()
+    {
+        List<Tuple> expected = computeExpected(
+                "SELECT orderstatus, SUM(totalprice) FROM orders GROUP BY orderstatus",
+                VARIABLE_BINARY, DOUBLE);
+
+        TupleStream groupBySource = createBlockStream(ordersData, Column.ORDER_ORDERSTATUS, VARIABLE_BINARY);
+        TupleStream aggregateSource = createBlockStream(ordersData, Column.ORDER_TOTALPRICE, DOUBLE);
+
+        GroupByOperator groupBy = new GroupByOperator(groupBySource);
+        HashAggregationOperator aggregation = new HashAggregationOperator(groupBy, aggregateSource, DoubleSumAggregation.PROVIDER);
+
+        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(tuples(aggregation), expected);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountAllWithComparison()
+    {
+        List<Tuple> expected = computeExpected("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM lineitem WHERE tax < discount", FIXED_INT_64);
+
+        TupleStream discount = createBlockStream(lineitemData, Column.LINEITEM_DISCOUNT, DOUBLE);
+        TupleStream tax = createBlockStream(lineitemData, Column.LINEITEM_TAX, DOUBLE);
+
+        ComparisonOperator comparison = new ComparisonOperator(tax, discount, new DoubleLessThanComparison());
+        AggregationOperator aggregation = new AggregationOperator(comparison, CountAggregation.PROVIDER);
+
+        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(tuples(aggregation), expected);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithComparison()
+    {
+        List<Tuple> expected = computeExpected("SELECT orderkey FROM lineitem WHERE tax < discount", FIXED_INT_64);
+
+        RowSourceBuilder orderKey = createBlockStream(lineitemData, Column.LINEITEM_ORDERKEY, FIXED_INT_64);
+        TupleStream discount = createBlockStream(lineitemData, Column.LINEITEM_DISCOUNT, DOUBLE);
+        TupleStream tax = createBlockStream(lineitemData, Column.LINEITEM_TAX, DOUBLE);
+
+        ComparisonOperator comparison = new ComparisonOperator(tax, discount, new DoubleLessThanComparison());
+        FilterOperator result = new FilterOperator(orderKey.getTupleInfo(), orderKey, comparison);
+
+        assertEqualsIgnoreOrder(tuples(result), expected);
+    }
+
+    private List<Tuple> computeExpected(final String sql, TupleInfo.Type... types)
+    {
+        TupleInfo tupleInfo = new TupleInfo(types);
+        return handle.createQuery(sql)
+                .map(tupleMapper(tupleInfo))
+                .list();
+    }
+
+    private static List<Tuple> tuples(TupleStream tupleStream)
+    {
+        Cursor cursor = tupleStream.cursor();
+        List<Tuple> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        while (cursor.advanceNextPosition()) {
+            list.add(cursor.getTuple());
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
+    private static Iterable<List<Object>> tupleValues(Iterable<Tuple> tuples)
+    {
+        return Iterables.transform(tuples, new Function<Tuple, List<Object>>()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public List<Object> apply(Tuple input)
+            {
+                return input.toValues();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static RowSourceBuilder createBlockStream(List<List<String>> data, final Column column, final TupleInfo.Type type)
+    {
+        final Iterator<List<String>> iterator = data.iterator();
+        return new RowSourceBuilder(new TupleInfo(type), new RowGenerator()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public boolean generate(RowSourceBuilder.RowBuilder rowBuilder)
+            {
+                if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                String value = iterator.next().get(column.getIndex());
+                switch (type) {
+                    case FIXED_INT_64:
+                        rowBuilder.append(Long.parseLong(value));
+                        break;
+                    case DOUBLE:
+                        rowBuilder.append(Double.parseDouble(value));
+                        break;
+                    case VARIABLE_BINARY:
+                        rowBuilder.append(value.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8));
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new AssertionError("unhandled type: " + type);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() {}
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static void insertRows(String table, Handle handle, List<List<String>> data)
+    {
+        checkArgument(!data.isEmpty(), "no data to insert");
+        int columns = data.get(0).size();
+        String vars = Joiner.on(',').join(nCopies(columns, "?"));
+        String sql = format("INSERT INTO %s VALUES (%s)", table, vars);
+
+        for (List<List<String>> rows : Lists.partition(data, 1000)) {
+            PreparedBatch batch = handle.prepareBatch(sql);
+            for (List<String> row : rows) {
+                checkArgument(row.size() == columns, "rows have differing column counts");
+                PreparedBatchPart part = batch.add();
+                for (int i = 0; i < row.size(); i++) {
+                    part.bind(i, row.get(i));
+                }
+            }
+            batch.execute();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ResultSetMapper<Tuple> tupleMapper(final TupleInfo tupleInfo)
+    {
+        return new ResultSetMapper<Tuple>()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public Tuple map(int index, ResultSet rs, StatementContext ctx)
+                    throws SQLException
+            {
+                List<TupleInfo.Type> types = tupleInfo.getTypes();
+                int count = rs.getMetaData().getColumnCount();
+                checkArgument(types.size() == count, "tuple info does not match result");
+                TupleInfo.Builder builder = tupleInfo.builder();
+                for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) {
+                    TupleInfo.Type type = types.get(i - 1);
+                    switch (type) {
+                        case FIXED_INT_64:
+                            builder.append(rs.getLong(i));
+                            break;
+                        case DOUBLE:
+                            builder.append(rs.getDouble(i));
+                            break;
+                        case VARIABLE_BINARY:
+                            String value = rs.getString(i);
+                            builder.append(Slices.wrappedBuffer(value.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            throw new AssertionError("unhandled type: " + type);
+                    }
+                }
+                return builder.build();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
+    private static ResultSetMapper<List<Object>> listMapper()
+    {
+        return new ResultSetMapper<List<Object>>()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public List<Object> map(int index, ResultSet rs, StatementContext ctx)
+                    throws SQLException
+            {
+                int count = rs.getMetaData().getColumnCount();
+                List<Object> list = new ArrayList<>(count);
+                for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) {
+                    list.add(rs.getObject(i));
+                }
+                return list;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static List<List<String>> readTestData(String name, int expectedRows)
+            throws IOException
+    {
+        List<List<String>> data = readDelimited(readResource(name));
+        checkArgument(data.size() == expectedRows, "expected %s rows, but read %s", expectedRows, data.size());
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    private static List<List<String>> readDelimited(InputSupplier<? extends Reader> inputSupplier)
+            throws IOException
+    {
+        Splitter splitter = Splitter.on('|');
+        List<List<String>> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (String line : CharStreams.readLines(inputSupplier)) {
+            list.add(ImmutableList.copyOf(splitter.split(line)));
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    private static InputSupplier<InputStreamReader> readResource(final String name)
+    {
+        return new InputSupplier<InputStreamReader>()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public InputStreamReader getInput()
+                    throws IOException
+            {
+                URL url = Resources.getResource(name);
+                GZIPInputStream gzip = new GZIPInputStream(url.openStream());
+                return new InputStreamReader(gzip, Charsets.UTF_8);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.facebook.presto.TestQueries$3` acquired by call to `createBlockStream(...)` at line 231 is not released after line 236.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestQueries.testSelectWithComparison()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.facebook.presto.TestQueries.testSelectWithComparison():void.a7604c2ebf4a4330d18347afd6eb8a90
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/facebook/presto/TestQueries.java
+
+### Key:
+TestQueries.java|testSelectWithComparison|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a3255956a511bc98342519ea7deb5829
+
+### Hash:
+9c5cb662154fe062d430fb03aa2c9b7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3908/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3908/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76147c21ec6b7e46229e70fec1806c0db4aafe33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3908/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** presto
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.facebook.presto;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.base.Predicate;
+import com.google.common.collect.AbstractIterator;
+import com.google.common.collect.DiscreteDomains;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterators;
+import com.google.common.collect.PeekingIterator;
+import com.google.common.collect.Range;
+import com.google.common.collect.Ranges;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class UncompressedValueBlock
+        implements ValueBlock
+{
+    private final Range<Long> range;
+    private final TupleInfo tupleInfo;
+    private final Slice slice;
+
+    public UncompressedValueBlock(Range<Long> range, TupleInfo tupleInfo, Slice slice)
+    {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(range, "range is null");
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(range.lowerEndpoint() >= 0, "range start position is negative");
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(tupleInfo, "tupleInfo is null");
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(slice, "data is null");
+
+        this.tupleInfo = tupleInfo;
+        this.slice = slice;
+        this.range = range;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PositionBlock selectPositions(Predicate<Tuple> predicate)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ValueBlock selectPairs(Predicate<Tuple> predicate)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build a new block with only the selected value positions
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ValueBlock filter(PositionBlock positions)
+    {
+        // find selected positions
+        Set<Integer> indexes = new HashSet<>();
+        for (long position : positions.getPositions()) {
+            if (range.contains(position)) {
+                indexes.add((int) (position - range.lowerEndpoint()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if no positions are selected, we are done
+        if (indexes.isEmpty()) {
+            return EmptyValueBlock.INSTANCE;
+        }
+
+
+        // build a buffer containing only the tuples from the selected positions
+        DynamicSliceOutput sliceOutput = new DynamicSliceOutput(1024);
+
+        int currentOffset = 0;
+        for (int index = 0; index < getCount(); ++index) {
+            Slice currentPositionToEnd = slice.slice(currentOffset, slice.length() - currentOffset);
+            int size = tupleInfo.size(currentPositionToEnd);
+
+            // only write selected tuples
+            if (indexes.contains(index)) {
+                sliceOutput.writeBytes(slice, currentOffset, size);
+            }
+
+            currentOffset += size;
+        }
+
+        // todo what is the start position
+        return new UncompressedValueBlock(Ranges.closed(0L, (long) indexes.size() - 1), tupleInfo, sliceOutput.slice());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<Tuple> iterator()
+    {
+        return new AbstractIterator<Tuple>()
+        {
+            private int currentOffset = 0;
+            private long index = 0;
+
+            @Override
+            protected Tuple computeNext()
+            {
+                if (index >= getCount()) {
+                    endOfData();
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                Slice currentPositionToEnd = slice.slice(currentOffset, slice.length() - currentOffset);
+
+                int size = tupleInfo.size(currentPositionToEnd);
+                index++;
+                currentOffset += size;
+
+                Slice row = currentPositionToEnd.slice(0, size);
+                return new Tuple(row, tupleInfo);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PeekingIterator<Pair> pairIterator()
+    {
+        return Iterators.peekingIterator(new AbstractIterator<Pair>()
+        {
+            private int currentOffset = 0;
+            private long index = 0;
+
+            @Override
+            protected Pair computeNext()
+            {
+                if (index >= getCount()) {
+                    endOfData();
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                Slice currentPositionToEnd = slice.slice(currentOffset, slice.length() - currentOffset);
+
+                int size = tupleInfo.size(currentPositionToEnd);
+                currentOffset += size;
+
+                Slice row = currentPositionToEnd.slice(0, size);
+
+                long position = index + range.lowerEndpoint();
+                index++;
+                return new Pair(position, new Tuple(row, tupleInfo));
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEmpty()
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getCount()
+    {
+        return (int) (range.upperEndpoint() - range.lowerEndpoint() + 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isSorted()
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isSingleValue()
+    {
+        return getCount() == 1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isPositionsContiguous()
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterable<Long> getPositions()
+    {
+        return range.asSet(DiscreteDomains.longs());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Range<Long> getRange()
+    {
+        return range;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString()
+    {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("FixedWidthValueBlock");
+        sb.append("{range=").append(range);
+        sb.append(", tupleInfo=").append(tupleInfo);
+        sb.append(", slice=").append(slice);
+        sb.append('}');
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.facebook.presto.DynamicSliceOutput` acquired to `sliceOutput` by call to `DynamicSliceOutput(...)` at line 68 is not released after line 84.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ValueBlock UncompressedValueBlock.filter(PositionBlock)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.facebook.presto.UncompressedValueBlock.filter(com.facebook.presto.PositionBlock):com.facebook.pr.303be68178ff00cb539c29ad40626ef8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/facebook/presto/UncompressedValueBlock.java
+
+### Key:
+UncompressedValueBlock.java|filter|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b6ef2b9cafb899f1a7eb91059b0be5ec
+
+### Hash:
+43f1b64915a5631e36c7c608a893327d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3930/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3930/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a1c10423a9ae5c4c27073e2c6a37a248da6fb0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3930/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pitest
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 Henry Coles
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pitest.coverage.execute;
+
+import static org.pitest.util.Unchecked.translateCheckedException;
+
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.pitest.Pitest;
+import org.pitest.boot.CodeCoverageStore;
+import org.pitest.boot.HotSwapAgent;
+import org.pitest.classinfo.ClassName;
+import org.pitest.coverage.CoverageTransformer;
+import org.pitest.dependency.DependencyExtractor;
+import org.pitest.extension.TestUnit;
+import org.pitest.extension.common.UnGroupedStrategy;
+import org.pitest.functional.F;
+import org.pitest.functional.FCollection;
+import org.pitest.functional.predicate.Predicate;
+import org.pitest.internal.ClassPath;
+import org.pitest.internal.ClassPathByteArraySource;
+import org.pitest.util.ExitCode;
+import org.pitest.util.Functions;
+import org.pitest.util.Log;
+import org.pitest.util.SafeDataInputStream;
+import org.pitest.util.Unchecked;
+
+public class CoverageSlave {
+
+  private final static Logger LOG = Log.getLogger();
+
+  public static void main(final String[] args) {
+
+    ExitCode exitCode = ExitCode.OK;
+    Socket s = null;
+    CoveragePipe invokeQueue = null;
+    try {
+
+      final int port = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
+      s = new Socket("localhost", port);
+
+      final SafeDataInputStream dis = new SafeDataInputStream(
+          s.getInputStream());
+
+      final CoverageOptions paramsFromParent = dis.read(CoverageOptions.class);
+
+      Log.setVerbose(paramsFromParent.isVerbose());
+
+      final DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(
+          new BufferedOutputStream(s.getOutputStream()));
+
+      invokeQueue = new CoveragePipe(dos);
+
+      CodeCoverageStore.init(invokeQueue);
+
+      HotSwapAgent.addTransformer(new CoverageTransformer(
+          convertToJVMClassFilter(paramsFromParent.getFilter())));
+
+      final List<TestUnit> tus = getTestsFromParent(dis, paramsFromParent);
+
+      LOG.info(tus.size() + " tests received");
+
+      final CoverageWorker worker = new CoverageWorker(invokeQueue, tus);
+
+      worker.run();
+
+    } catch (final Throwable ex) {
+      LOG.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error calculating coverage. Process will exit.",
+          ex);
+      ex.printStackTrace();
+      exitCode = ExitCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    } finally {
+      if (invokeQueue != null) {
+        invokeQueue.end();
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (s != null) {
+          s.close();
+        }
+      } catch (final IOException e) {
+        throw translateCheckedException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    System.exit(exitCode.getCode());
+
+  }
+
+  private static Predicate<String> convertToJVMClassFilter(
+      final Predicate<String> child) {
+    return new Predicate<String>() {
+      public Boolean apply(final String a) {
+        return child.apply(a.replace("/", "."));
+      }
+
+    };
+  }
+
+  private static List<TestUnit> getTestsFromParent(
+      final SafeDataInputStream dis, final CoverageOptions paramsFromParent)
+      throws IOException {
+    final List<ClassName> classes = receiveTestClassesFromParent(dis);
+
+    final List<TestUnit> tus = discoverTests(paramsFromParent, classes);
+
+    final List<TestUnit> filteredTus = filterTestsByDependencyAnalysis(
+        paramsFromParent, tus);
+
+    LOG.info("Dependency analysis reduced number of potential tests by "
+        + (tus.size() - filteredTus.size()));
+    return filteredTus;
+
+  }
+
+  private static List<TestUnit> discoverTests(
+      final CoverageOptions paramsFromParent, final List<ClassName> classes) {
+    final List<TestUnit> tus = Pitest.findTestUnitsForAllSuppliedClasses(
+        paramsFromParent.getPitConfig(), new UnGroupedStrategy(),
+        FCollection.flatMap(classes, Functions.nameToClass()));
+    LOG.info("Found  " + tus.size() + " tests");
+    return tus;
+  }
+
+  private static List<ClassName> receiveTestClassesFromParent(
+      final SafeDataInputStream dis) {
+    final int count = dis.readInt();
+    final List<ClassName> classes = new ArrayList<ClassName>(count);
+    for (int i = 0; i != count; i++) {
+      classes.add(new ClassName(dis.readString()));
+    }
+    LOG.fine("Receiving " + count + " tests classes from parent");
+    return classes;
+  }
+
+  private static List<TestUnit> filterTestsByDependencyAnalysis(
+      final CoverageOptions paramsFromParent, final List<TestUnit> tus) {
+    final ClassPath cp = new ClassPath();
+    final int maxDistance = paramsFromParent.getDependencyAnalysisMaxDistance();
+    if (maxDistance < 0) {
+      return tus;
+    } else {
+      return FCollection.filter(tus,
+          isWithinReach(maxDistance, paramsFromParent, cp));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static F<TestUnit, Boolean> isWithinReach(final int maxDistance,
+      final CoverageOptions paramsFromParent, final ClassPath classPath) {
+    final DependencyExtractor analyser = new DependencyExtractor(
+        new ClassPathByteArraySource(classPath), maxDistance);
+
+    return new F<TestUnit, Boolean>() {
+      private final Map<String, Boolean> cache = new HashMap<String, Boolean>();
+
+      public Boolean apply(final TestUnit a) {
+        final String each = a.getDescription().getFirstTestClass();
+        try {
+          boolean inReach;
+          if (this.cache.containsKey(each)) {
+            inReach = this.cache.get(each);
+          } else {
+            inReach = !analyser.extractCallDependenciesForPackages(each,
+                paramsFromParent.getFilter()).isEmpty();
+            this.cache.put(each, inReach);
+          }
+
+          if (inReach) {
+            return true;
+          }
+        } catch (final IOException e) {
+          throw Unchecked.translateCheckedException(e);
+        }
+
+        return false;
+      }
+
+    };
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.Socket` acquired to `s` by call to `new()` at line 61 is not released after line 109.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 95
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoverageSlave.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.pitest.coverage.execute.CoverageSlave.main(java.lang.String[]):void.cdc89fdcbeb08542065832739b6242c6
+
+### File:
+pitest/src/main/java/org/pitest/coverage/execute/CoverageSlave.java
+
+### Key:
+CoverageSlave.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+32e63f338c4828c4a71fa2361896ad9a
+
+### Hash:
+ee3a99457cb8fe9b3ce671d798f5d244
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3937/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3937/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7ffa69eb4e80158de09432a49bfc29964cd699f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3937/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+import io.jaq.mpsc.MpscConcurrentQueue;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Ruediger Moeller. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02110-1301  USA
+ *
+ * Date: 03.01.14
+ * Time: 22:19
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Implements the default dispatcher/scheduling of actors.
+ * For each actor created from "outside" (not from within another actor). A new DispatcherThread is created
+ * automatically. An actor created from within another actor inherits the dispatcher of the enclosing actor
+ * by default.
+ * Calls from actors sharing the same dispatcher are done directly (no queueing). Calls across actors in
+ * different dispatchers are put to the Channel of the receiving dispatcher. Note that cross-dispatcher calls
+ * are like 1000 times slower than inbound calls.
+ *
+ * Each dispatcher owns exactly one single thread.
+ * Note that dispatchers must be terminated if not needed any longer, as a thread is associated with them.
+ *
+ * For more sophisticated applications it might be appropriate to manually set up dispatchers (Actors.assignDispatcher()).
+ * The Actors.Channel method allows to specifiy a dedicated dispatcher on which to run the actor. This way it is possible
+ * to exactly balance and control the number of threads created and which thread operates a set of actors.
+ *
+ */
+public class DispatcherThread extends Thread {
+
+
+    public static final int PROFILE_INTERVAL = 255;
+    public static final int SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE = 10;
+    Scheduler scheduler;
+
+    /**
+     * defines the strategy applied when idling
+     */
+    ArrayList<Actor> queueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Queue queues[] = new Queue[0];
+    Queue cbQueues[]= new Queue[0];
+
+    protected int instanceNum;
+
+    protected boolean shutDown = false;
+
+    public DispatcherThread(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "DispatcherThread{" +
+                " name:"+getName()+
+                '}';
+    }
+
+    public void addActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.add(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.remove(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        int emptyCount = 0;
+        boolean isShutDown = false;
+        while( ! isShutDown ) {
+
+            if ( pollQs() ) {
+                emptyCount = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                emptyCount++;
+                scheduler.yield(emptyCount);
+                if (shutDown) // access volatile only when idle
+                    isShutDown = true;
+            }
+        }
+        scheduler.threadStopped(this);
+    }
+
+    // if list of queues to schedule has changed,
+    // apply the change. needs to be done in thread
+    public void applyQueueList() {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            if ( queueList.size() == 0 )
+                shutDown = true;
+            queues = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            cbQueues = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+                queues[i] = queueList.get(i).__mailbox;
+                cbQueues[i] = queueList.get(i).__cbQueue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // poll all queues in queue arr round robin
+    int count = 0;
+    protected CallEntry pollQueues(Queue[] cbQueues, Queue[] queueArr) {
+        if ( count >= queueArr.length ) {
+            // check for changed queueList each run FIXME: too often !
+            count = 0;
+            if ( queueArr.length != queueList.size() ) {
+                applyQueueList();
+            }
+            if ( queueArr.length == 0 ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        CallEntry res = (CallEntry) cbQueues[count].poll();
+        if ( res == null )
+            res = (CallEntry) queueArr[count].poll();
+
+        count++;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    // return true if msg was avaiable
+    int profileCounter = 0;
+    int schedCounter = 0;
+    int loadCounter=0; // counts load peaks in direct seq
+    int nextProfile = 511;
+    long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    public boolean pollQs() {
+        CallEntry poll = pollQueues(cbQueues, queues); // first callback queues
+        if (poll != null) {
+            try {
+                Actor.sender.set(poll.getTargetActor());
+                Object invoke = null;
+                profileCounter++;
+                if (  profileCounter > nextProfile && queueList.size() > 1 && poll.getTarget() instanceof Actor ) {
+                    profileCounter = 0;
+                    invoke = profiledCall(poll);
+                } else {
+                    invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null) {
+                    final Future futureCB = poll.getFutureCB();   // the future of caller side
+                    final Promise invokeResult = (Promise) invoke;  // the future returned sync from call
+                    invokeResult.then(
+                        new Callback() {
+                               @Override
+                               public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                                   futureCB.receiveResult(result, error );
+                               }
+                           }
+                        );
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch ( Exception e) {
+                if ( e instanceof InvocationTargetException && ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException() == ActorStoppedException.Instance ) {
+                    removeActor((Actor) poll.getTarget());
+                    applyQueueList();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null)
+                    poll.getFutureCB().receiveResult(null, e);
+                if (e.getCause() != null)
+                    e.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                else
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object profiledCall(CallEntry poll) throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        nextProfile = (int) (PROFILE_INTERVAL + Math.random() * 13);
+        schedCounter++;
+
+        long nanos = System.nanoTime();
+        Object invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+        nanos = System.nanoTime() - nanos;
+        ((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos = (((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos * 7 + nanos) / 8;
+
+        if (schedCounter > SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE) {
+            schedCounter = 0;
+            checkForSplit();
+        }
+        return invoke;
+    }
+
+    private void checkForSplit() {
+        int load = getLoad();
+        if (load > 80 && queueList.size() > 1 && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 100 ) {
+            loadCounter++;
+            if (loadCounter > 2) {
+                loadCounter = 0;
+                doSplit();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doSplit() {
+        scheduler.rebalance(this);
+    }
+
+    // must be called in thread
+    public void splitTo( DispatcherThread newOne ) {
+        System.out.println("SPLIT " + scheduler.getMaxThreads());
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            long myTime = 0;
+            long otherTime = 0;
+            Collections.sort(queueList, new Comparator<Actor>() {
+                @Override
+                public int compare(Actor o1, Actor o2) {
+                    return (o1.__nanos - o2.__nanos) > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            });
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            //if ( 8*myTime > otherTime && 8*otherTime > myTime )
+            //                                    {
+            myTime = otherTime = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    newOne.queueList.add(act);
+                    queueList.remove(act);
+                    i--;
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                    act.__currentDispatcher = newOne;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("distributeion " + myTime + ":" + otherTime + " actors " + queues.length);
+            created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            applyQueueList();
+            newOne.applyQueueList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int getLoad() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            MpscConcurrentQueue queue = (MpscConcurrentQueue) queues[i];
+            int load = queue.size() * 100 / queue.getCapacity();
+            if ( load > res )
+                res = load;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: bad for concurrentlinkedq
+    public int getQSize() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if DispatcherThread is not shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isShutDown() {
+        return ! shutDown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation after emptying Q
+     */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        shutDown=true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation immediately. Pending messages in Q are lost
+     */
+    public void shutDownImmediate() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unimplemented");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cbQueues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * blocking method, use for debugging only.
+     */
+    public void waitEmpty(long nanos) {
+        while( ! isEmpty() )
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(nanos);
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.run` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.cbQueues`. Potentially races with write in method `DispatcherThread.splitTo(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DispatcherThread.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.run():void.7dc16a4ec9d10d19bf1aeb2b8b2f0b53
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/DispatcherThread.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherThread.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+af4b1cfb26a4d67e27fc29234c22fb20
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3939/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3939/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5d5413b3097cb871d8c7faa67c2d11234926e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3939/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+import io.jaq.mpsc.MpscConcurrentQueue;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Ruediger Moeller. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02110-1301  USA
+ *
+ * Date: 03.01.14
+ * Time: 22:19
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Implements the default dispatcher/scheduling of actors.
+ * For each actor created from "outside" (not from within another actor). A new DispatcherThread is created
+ * automatically. An actor created from within another actor inherits the dispatcher of the enclosing actor
+ * by default.
+ * Calls from actors sharing the same dispatcher are done directly (no queueing). Calls across actors in
+ * different dispatchers are put to the Channel of the receiving dispatcher. Note that cross-dispatcher calls
+ * are like 1000 times slower than inbound calls.
+ *
+ * Each dispatcher owns exactly one single thread.
+ * Note that dispatchers must be terminated if not needed any longer, as a thread is associated with them.
+ *
+ * For more sophisticated applications it might be appropriate to manually set up dispatchers (Actors.assignDispatcher()).
+ * The Actors.Channel method allows to specifiy a dedicated dispatcher on which to run the actor. This way it is possible
+ * to exactly balance and control the number of threads created and which thread operates a set of actors.
+ *
+ */
+public class DispatcherThread extends Thread {
+
+
+    public static final int PROFILE_INTERVAL = 255;
+    public static final int SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE = 32;
+    Scheduler scheduler;
+
+    /**
+     * defines the strategy applied when idling
+     */
+    ArrayList<Actor> queueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Queue queues[] = new Queue[0];
+    Queue cbQueues[]= new Queue[0];
+
+    protected int instanceNum;
+
+    protected boolean shutDown = false;
+
+    public DispatcherThread(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "DispatcherThread{" +
+                " name:"+getName()+
+                '}';
+    }
+
+    public void addActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.add(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.remove(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        int emptyCount = 0;
+        boolean isShutDown = false;
+        while( ! isShutDown ) {
+
+            if ( pollQs() ) {
+                emptyCount = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                emptyCount++;
+                scheduler.yield(emptyCount);
+                if (shutDown) // access volatile only when idle
+                    isShutDown = true;
+                if ( scheduler.getBackoffStrategy().isSleeping(emptyCount) && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 3000 ) {
+                    if ( queueList.size() == 0 ) {
+                        shutDown = true;
+                    } else {
+                        scheduler.tryStopThread(this);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        scheduler.threadStopped(this);
+        for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ ) {
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(1000*1000*5);
+            if ( queueList.size() > 0 ) {
+                System.out.println("Severe: zombie dispatcher thread detected");
+                run(); // for now keep things going ..
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("thread died");
+    }
+
+    // if list of queues to schedule has changed,
+    // apply the change. needs to be done in thread
+    void applyQueueList() {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            Queue queues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            Queue cbQueues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+                queues[i] = queueList.get(i).__mailbox;
+                cbQueues[i] = queueList.get(i).__cbQueue;
+            }
+            this.queues = queues;
+            this.cbQueues = cbQueues;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // poll all queues in queue arr round robin
+    int count = 0;
+    protected CallEntry pollQueues(Queue[] cbQueues, Queue[] queueArr) {
+        if ( count >= queueArr.length ) {
+            // check for changed queueList each run FIXME: too often !
+            count = 0;
+            if ( queueArr.length != queueList.size() ) {
+                applyQueueList();
+            }
+            if ( queueArr.length == 0 ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        CallEntry res = (CallEntry) cbQueues[count].poll();
+        if ( res == null )
+            res = (CallEntry) queueArr[count].poll();
+
+        count++;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    // return true if msg was avaiable
+    int profileCounter = 0;
+    int schedCounter = 0;
+    int loadCounter=0; // counts load peaks in direct seq
+    int nextProfile = 511;
+    long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    public boolean pollQs() {
+        CallEntry poll = pollQueues(cbQueues, queues); // first callback queues
+        if (poll != null) {
+            try {
+                Actor.sender.set(poll.getTargetActor());
+                Object invoke = null;
+                profileCounter++;
+                if (  profileCounter > nextProfile && queueList.size() > 1 && poll.getTarget() instanceof Actor ) {
+                    profileCounter = 0;
+                    invoke = profiledCall(poll);
+                } else {
+                    invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null) {
+                    final Future futureCB = poll.getFutureCB();   // the future of caller side
+                    final Promise invokeResult = (Promise) invoke;  // the future returned sync from call
+                    invokeResult.then(
+                        new Callback() {
+                               @Override
+                               public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                                   futureCB.receiveResult(result, error );
+                               }
+                           }
+                        );
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch ( Exception e) {
+                if ( e instanceof InvocationTargetException && ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException() == ActorStoppedException.Instance ) {
+                    Actor actor = (Actor) poll.getTarget();
+                    actor.__stopped = true;
+                    removeActor(actor);
+                    applyQueueList();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null)
+                    poll.getFutureCB().receiveResult(null, e);
+                if (e.getCause() != null)
+                    e.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                else
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object profiledCall(CallEntry poll) throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        nextProfile = (int) (PROFILE_INTERVAL + Math.random() * 13);
+        schedCounter++;
+
+        long nanos = System.nanoTime();
+        Object invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+        nanos = System.nanoTime() - nanos;
+        ((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos = (((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos * 31 + nanos) / 32;
+
+        if (schedCounter > SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE) {
+            schedCounter = 0;
+            checkForSplit();
+        }
+        return invoke;
+    }
+
+    private void checkForSplit() {
+        int load = getLoad();
+        if (load > 80 && queueList.size() > 1 && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 1000 ) {
+            loadCounter++;
+            if (loadCounter > 2) {
+                loadCounter = 0;
+                scheduler.rebalance(this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // must be called in thread
+    public void splitTo( DispatcherThread newOne ) {
+        System.out.println("SPLIT " + scheduler.getMaxThreads());
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            long myTime = 0;
+            long otherTime = 0;
+            Collections.sort(queueList, new Comparator<Actor>() {
+                @Override
+                public int compare(Actor o1, Actor o2) {
+                    return (o1.__nanos - o2.__nanos) > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            });
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            //if ( 8*myTime > otherTime && 8*otherTime > myTime )
+            //                                    {
+            myTime = otherTime = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    newOne.queueList.add(act);
+                    queueList.remove(act);
+                    i--;
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                    act.__currentDispatcher = newOne;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("distributeion " + myTime + ":" + otherTime + " actors " + queues.length);
+            created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            applyQueueList();
+            newOne.applyQueueList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return percentage of queue fill of max actor
+     */
+    public int getLoad() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            MpscConcurrentQueue queue = (MpscConcurrentQueue) queues[i];
+            int load = queue.size() * 100 / queue.getCapacity();
+            if ( load > res )
+                res = load;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return profiling based load
+     */
+    public long getLoadNanos() {
+        long res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+            Actor a = queueList.get(i);
+            res += a.__nanos;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: bad for concurrentlinkedq
+    public int getQSize() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if DispatcherThread is not shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isShutDown() {
+        return ! shutDown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation after emptying Q
+     */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        shutDown=true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation immediately. Pending messages in Q are lost
+     */
+    public void shutDownImmediate() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unimplemented");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cbQueues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * blocking method, use for debugging only.
+     */
+    public void waitEmpty(long nanos) {
+        while( ! isEmpty() )
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(nanos);
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.pollQs` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.queues`. Potentially races with write in method `DispatcherThread.splitTo(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean DispatcherThread.pollQs()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.pollQs():boolean.ecee7274a6f3a0c9a209d3bc795b445b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/DispatcherThread.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherThread.java|pollQs|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fd71f4950ceac0ae1f7cd6362d7ea4c3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3941/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3941/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0638cb645a630f27b259fba8a20e12e3b403de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3941/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+import io.jaq.mpsc.MpscConcurrentQueue;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Ruediger Moeller. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02110-1301  USA
+ *
+ * Date: 03.01.14
+ * Time: 22:19
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Implements the default dispatcher/scheduling of actors.
+ * For each actor created from "outside" (not from within another actor). A new DispatcherThread is created
+ * automatically. An actor created from within another actor inherits the dispatcher of the enclosing actor
+ * by default.
+ * Calls from actors sharing the same dispatcher are done directly (no queueing). Calls across actors in
+ * different dispatchers are put to the Channel of the receiving dispatcher. Note that cross-dispatcher calls
+ * are like 1000 times slower than inbound calls.
+ *
+ * Each dispatcher owns exactly one single thread.
+ * Note that dispatchers must be terminated if not needed any longer, as a thread is associated with them.
+ *
+ * For more sophisticated applications it might be appropriate to manually set up dispatchers (Actors.assignDispatcher()).
+ * The Actors.Channel method allows to specifiy a dedicated dispatcher on which to run the actor. This way it is possible
+ * to exactly balance and control the number of threads created and which thread operates a set of actors.
+ *
+ */
+public class DispatcherThread extends Thread {
+
+
+    public static final int PROFILE_INTERVAL = 255;
+    public static final int SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE = 10;
+    Scheduler scheduler;
+
+    /**
+     * defines the strategy applied when idling
+     */
+    ArrayList<Actor> queueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Queue queues[] = new Queue[0];
+    Queue cbQueues[]= new Queue[0];
+
+    protected int instanceNum;
+
+    protected boolean shutDown = false;
+
+    public DispatcherThread(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "DispatcherThread{" +
+                " name:"+getName()+
+                '}';
+    }
+
+    public void addActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.add(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.remove(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        int emptyCount = 0;
+        boolean isShutDown = false;
+        while( ! isShutDown ) {
+
+            if ( pollQs() ) {
+                emptyCount = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                emptyCount++;
+                scheduler.yield(emptyCount);
+                if (shutDown) // access volatile only when idle
+                    isShutDown = true;
+            }
+        }
+        scheduler.threadStopped(this);
+    }
+
+    // if list of queues to schedule has changed,
+    // apply the change. needs to be done in thread
+    public void applyQueueList() {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            if ( queueList.size() == 0 )
+                shutDown = true;
+            queues = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            cbQueues = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+                queues[i] = queueList.get(i).__mailbox;
+                cbQueues[i] = queueList.get(i).__cbQueue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // poll all queues in queue arr round robin
+    int count = 0;
+    protected CallEntry pollQueues(Queue[] cbQueues, Queue[] queueArr) {
+        if ( count >= queueArr.length ) {
+            // check for changed queueList each run FIXME: too often !
+            count = 0;
+            if ( queueArr.length != queueList.size() ) {
+                applyQueueList();
+            }
+            if ( queueArr.length == 0 ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        CallEntry res = (CallEntry) cbQueues[count].poll();
+        if ( res == null )
+            res = (CallEntry) queueArr[count].poll();
+
+        count++;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    // return true if msg was avaiable
+    int profileCounter = 0;
+    int schedCounter = 0;
+    int loadCounter=0; // counts load peaks in direct seq
+    int nextProfile = 511;
+    long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    public boolean pollQs() {
+        CallEntry poll = pollQueues(cbQueues, queues); // first callback queues
+        if (poll != null) {
+            try {
+                Actor.sender.set(poll.getTargetActor());
+                Object invoke = null;
+                profileCounter++;
+                if (  profileCounter > nextProfile && queueList.size() > 1 && poll.getTarget() instanceof Actor ) {
+                    profileCounter = 0;
+                    invoke = profiledCall(poll);
+                } else {
+                    invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null) {
+                    final Future futureCB = poll.getFutureCB();   // the future of caller side
+                    final Promise invokeResult = (Promise) invoke;  // the future returned sync from call
+                    invokeResult.then(
+                        new Callback() {
+                               @Override
+                               public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                                   futureCB.receiveResult(result, error );
+                               }
+                           }
+                        );
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch ( Exception e) {
+                if ( e instanceof InvocationTargetException && ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException() == ActorStoppedException.Instance ) {
+                    removeActor((Actor) poll.getTarget());
+                    applyQueueList();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null)
+                    poll.getFutureCB().receiveResult(null, e);
+                if (e.getCause() != null)
+                    e.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                else
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object profiledCall(CallEntry poll) throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        nextProfile = (int) (PROFILE_INTERVAL + Math.random() * 13);
+        schedCounter++;
+
+        long nanos = System.nanoTime();
+        Object invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+        nanos = System.nanoTime() - nanos;
+        ((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos = (((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos * 7 + nanos) / 8;
+
+        if (schedCounter > SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE) {
+            schedCounter = 0;
+            checkForSplit();
+        }
+        return invoke;
+    }
+
+    private void checkForSplit() {
+        int load = getLoad();
+        if (load > 80 && queueList.size() > 1 && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 100 ) {
+            loadCounter++;
+            if (loadCounter > 2) {
+                loadCounter = 0;
+                doSplit();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doSplit() {
+        scheduler.rebalance(this);
+    }
+
+    // must be called in thread
+    public void splitTo( DispatcherThread newOne ) {
+        System.out.println("SPLIT " + scheduler.getMaxThreads());
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            long myTime = 0;
+            long otherTime = 0;
+            Collections.sort(queueList, new Comparator<Actor>() {
+                @Override
+                public int compare(Actor o1, Actor o2) {
+                    return (o1.__nanos - o2.__nanos) > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            });
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            //if ( 8*myTime > otherTime && 8*otherTime > myTime )
+            //                                    {
+            myTime = otherTime = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    newOne.queueList.add(act);
+                    queueList.remove(act);
+                    i--;
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                    act.__currentDispatcher = newOne;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("distributeion " + myTime + ":" + otherTime + " actors " + queues.length);
+            created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            applyQueueList();
+            newOne.applyQueueList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int getLoad() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            MpscConcurrentQueue queue = (MpscConcurrentQueue) queues[i];
+            int load = queue.size() * 100 / queue.getCapacity();
+            if ( load > res )
+                res = load;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: bad for concurrentlinkedq
+    public int getQSize() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if DispatcherThread is not shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isShutDown() {
+        return ! shutDown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation after emptying Q
+     */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        shutDown=true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation immediately. Pending messages in Q are lost
+     */
+    public void shutDownImmediate() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unimplemented");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cbQueues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * blocking method, use for debugging only.
+     */
+    public void waitEmpty(long nanos) {
+        while( ! isEmpty() )
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(nanos);
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.pollQs` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.cbQueues`. Potentially races with write in method `DispatcherThread.splitTo(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean DispatcherThread.pollQs()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.pollQs():boolean.ecee7274a6f3a0c9a209d3bc795b445b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/DispatcherThread.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherThread.java|pollQs|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+cec760a25fb756b498427aacb0b6e917
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3946/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3946/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a806955b328818c87e9b2ac2c1cc0394c89235b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3946/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+import io.jaq.mpsc.MpscConcurrentQueue;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Ruediger Moeller. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02110-1301  USA
+ *
+ * Date: 03.01.14
+ * Time: 22:19
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Implements the default dispatcher/scheduling of actors.
+ * For each actor created from "outside" (not from within another actor). A new DispatcherThread is created
+ * automatically. An actor created from within another actor inherits the dispatcher of the enclosing actor
+ * by default.
+ * Calls from actors sharing the same dispatcher are done directly (no queueing). Calls across actors in
+ * different dispatchers are put to the Channel of the receiving dispatcher. Note that cross-dispatcher calls
+ * are like 1000 times slower than inbound calls.
+ *
+ * Each dispatcher owns exactly one single thread.
+ * Note that dispatchers must be terminated if not needed any longer, as a thread is associated with them.
+ *
+ * For more sophisticated applications it might be appropriate to manually set up dispatchers (Actors.assignDispatcher()).
+ * The Actors.Channel method allows to specifiy a dedicated dispatcher on which to run the actor. This way it is possible
+ * to exactly balance and control the number of threads created and which thread operates a set of actors.
+ *
+ */
+public class DispatcherThread extends Thread {
+
+
+    public static final int PROFILE_INTERVAL = 255;
+    public static final int SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE = 32;
+    Scheduler scheduler;
+
+    /**
+     * defines the strategy applied when idling
+     */
+    ArrayList<Actor> queueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Queue queues[] = new Queue[0];
+    Queue cbQueues[]= new Queue[0];
+
+    protected int instanceNum;
+
+    protected boolean shutDown = false;
+
+    public DispatcherThread(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "DispatcherThread{" +
+                " name:"+getName()+
+                '}';
+    }
+
+    public void addActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.add(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.remove(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        int emptyCount = 0;
+        boolean isShutDown = false;
+        while( ! isShutDown ) {
+
+            if ( pollQs() ) {
+                emptyCount = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                emptyCount++;
+                scheduler.yield(emptyCount);
+                if (shutDown) // access volatile only when idle
+                    isShutDown = true;
+                if ( scheduler.getBackoffStrategy().isSleeping(emptyCount) && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 3000 ) {
+                    if ( queueList.size() == 0 ) {
+                        shutDown = true;
+                    } else {
+                        scheduler.tryStopThread(this);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        scheduler.threadStopped(this);
+        for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ ) {
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(1000*1000*5);
+            if ( queueList.size() > 0 ) {
+                System.out.println("Severe: zombie dispatcher thread detected");
+                run(); // for now keep things going ..
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("thread died");
+    }
+
+    // if list of queues to schedule has changed,
+    // apply the change. needs to be done in thread
+    void applyQueueList() {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            Queue queues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            Queue cbQueues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+                queues[i] = queueList.get(i).__mailbox;
+                cbQueues[i] = queueList.get(i).__cbQueue;
+            }
+            this.queues = queues;
+            this.cbQueues = cbQueues;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // poll all queues in queue arr round robin
+    int count = 0;
+    protected CallEntry pollQueues(Queue[] cbQueues, Queue[] queueArr) {
+        if ( count >= queueArr.length ) {
+            // check for changed queueList each run FIXME: too often !
+            count = 0;
+            if ( queueArr.length != queueList.size() ) {
+                applyQueueList();
+            }
+            if ( queueArr.length == 0 ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        CallEntry res = (CallEntry) cbQueues[count].poll();
+        if ( res == null )
+            res = (CallEntry) queueArr[count].poll();
+
+        count++;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    // return true if msg was avaiable
+    int profileCounter = 0;
+    int schedCounter = 0;
+    int loadCounter=0; // counts load peaks in direct seq
+    int nextProfile = 511;
+    long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    public boolean pollQs() {
+        CallEntry poll = pollQueues(cbQueues, queues); // first callback queues
+        if (poll != null) {
+            try {
+                Actor.sender.set(poll.getTargetActor());
+                Object invoke = null;
+                profileCounter++;
+                if (  profileCounter > nextProfile && queueList.size() > 1 && poll.getTarget() instanceof Actor ) {
+                    profileCounter = 0;
+                    invoke = profiledCall(poll);
+                } else {
+                    invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null) {
+                    final Future futureCB = poll.getFutureCB();   // the future of caller side
+                    final Promise invokeResult = (Promise) invoke;  // the future returned sync from call
+                    invokeResult.then(
+                        new Callback() {
+                               @Override
+                               public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                                   futureCB.receiveResult(result, error );
+                               }
+                           }
+                        );
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch ( Exception e) {
+                if ( e instanceof InvocationTargetException && ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException() == ActorStoppedException.Instance ) {
+                    Actor actor = (Actor) poll.getTarget();
+                    actor.__stopped = true;
+                    removeActor(actor);
+                    applyQueueList();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null)
+                    poll.getFutureCB().receiveResult(null, e);
+                if (e.getCause() != null)
+                    e.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                else
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object profiledCall(CallEntry poll) throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        nextProfile = (int) (PROFILE_INTERVAL + Math.random() * 13);
+        schedCounter++;
+
+        long nanos = System.nanoTime();
+        Object invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+        nanos = System.nanoTime() - nanos;
+        ((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos = (((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos * 31 + nanos) / 32;
+
+        if (schedCounter > SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE) {
+            schedCounter = 0;
+            checkForSplit();
+        }
+        return invoke;
+    }
+
+    private void checkForSplit() {
+        int load = getLoad();
+        if (load > 80 && queueList.size() > 1 && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 1000 ) {
+            loadCounter++;
+            if (loadCounter > 2) {
+                loadCounter = 0;
+                scheduler.rebalance(this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // must be called in thread
+    public void splitTo( DispatcherThread newOne ) {
+        System.out.println("SPLIT " + scheduler.getMaxThreads());
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            long myTime = 0;
+            long otherTime = 0;
+            Collections.sort(queueList, new Comparator<Actor>() {
+                @Override
+                public int compare(Actor o1, Actor o2) {
+                    return (o1.__nanos - o2.__nanos) > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            });
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            //if ( 8*myTime > otherTime && 8*otherTime > myTime )
+            //                                    {
+            myTime = otherTime = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    newOne.queueList.add(act);
+                    queueList.remove(act);
+                    i--;
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                    act.__currentDispatcher = newOne;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("distributeion " + myTime + ":" + otherTime + " actors " + queues.length);
+            created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            applyQueueList();
+            newOne.applyQueueList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return percentage of queue fill of max actor
+     */
+    public int getLoad() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            MpscConcurrentQueue queue = (MpscConcurrentQueue) queues[i];
+            int load = queue.size() * 100 / queue.getCapacity();
+            if ( load > res )
+                res = load;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return profiling based load
+     */
+    public long getLoadNanos() {
+        long res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+            Actor a = queueList.get(i);
+            res += a.__nanos;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: bad for concurrentlinkedq
+    public int getQSize() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if DispatcherThread is not shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isShutDown() {
+        return ! shutDown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation after emptying Q
+     */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        shutDown=true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation immediately. Pending messages in Q are lost
+     */
+    public void shutDownImmediate() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unimplemented");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cbQueues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * blocking method, use for debugging only.
+     */
+    public void waitEmpty(long nanos) {
+        while( ! isEmpty() )
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(nanos);
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.isEmpty` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.cbQueues`. Potentially races with write in method `DispatcherThread.splitTo(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean DispatcherThread.isEmpty()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.isEmpty():boolean.c21c8af742805be917f6b309d802fda7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/DispatcherThread.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherThread.java|isEmpty|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fa4c4a03917d6dd16610367889b71e3f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3948/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3948/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfb11e767451e88058621342d27a5a2908ca89d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3948/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-Lang
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Peter Lawrey
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.lang.io;
+
+import net.openhft.lang.model.constraints.NotNull;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author peter.lawrey
+ */
+public class DirectBytesTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testSimpleLock() {
+        DirectBytes bytes = new DirectStore(64).createSlice();
+        bytes.writeLong(0, -1L);
+        assertFalse(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        bytes.writeLong(0, 0L);
+        assertTrue(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        long val1 = bytes.readLong(0);
+        assertTrue(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        bytes.unlockLong(0);
+        assertEquals(val1, bytes.readLong(0));
+        bytes.unlockLong(0);
+        assertEquals(0L, bytes.readLong(0));
+        try {
+            bytes.unlockLong(0);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalMonitorStateException e) {
+            // expected.
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void manyToggles(@NotNull DirectStore store1, int lockCount, int from, int to) {
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+
+        int records = 64;
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += records) {
+            for (long j = 0; j < records * 64; j += 64) {
+                slice1.positionAndSize(j, 64);
+                boolean condition = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < 20; k++) {
+                    condition = slice1.tryLockInt(0L) || slice1.tryLockNanosInt(0L, 5 * 1000 * 1000);
+                    if (condition)
+                        break;
+                    if (k > 0)
+                        System.out.println("k: " + (5 + k * 5));
+                }
+                if (!condition)
+                    assertTrue("i= " + i, condition);
+                int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                if (toggle1 == from) {
+                    slice1.writeInt(4L, to);
+                } else {
+                    // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter,AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                    i--;
+                }
+                slice1.unlockInt(0L);
+                System.currentTimeMillis(); // small delay
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void manyLongToggles(@NotNull DirectStore store1, int lockCount, int from, int to) {
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 32);
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+
+        int records = 64;
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += records) {
+            for (long j = 0; j < records * 64; j += 64) {
+                slice1.positionAndSize(j, 64);
+                boolean condition = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < 20; k++) {
+                    condition = slice1.tryLockLong(0L) || slice1.tryLockNanosLong(0L, 5 * 1000 * 1000);
+                    if (condition)
+                        break;
+                    if (k > 0)
+                        System.out.println("k: " + (5 + k * 5));
+                }
+                if (!condition)
+                    assertTrue("i= " + i, condition);
+                long toggle1 = slice1.readLong(8);
+                if (toggle1 == from) {
+                    slice1.writeLong(8L, to);
+                } else {
+                    // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter,AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                    i--;
+                }
+                slice1.unlockLong(0L);
+                System.currentTimeMillis(); // small delay
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocate() throws Exception {
+        long size = 1L << 24; // 31; don't overload cloud-bees
+        DirectStore store = DirectStore.allocate(size);
+        assertEquals(size, store.size());
+        DirectBytes slice = store.createSlice();
+        slice.positionAndSize(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(size - 8, size);
+        store.free();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking() {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000 * 1000;
+        new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 1, 0);
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 0, 1);
+
+        store1.free();
+        long time = System.nanoTime() - start;
+        System.out.printf("Contended lock rate was %,d per second%n", (int) (lockCount * 2 * 1e9 / time));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockingLong() {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000 * 1000;
+        new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                manyLongToggles(store1, lockCount, 1, 0);
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        manyLongToggles(store1, lockCount, 0, 1);
+
+        store1.free();
+        long time = System.nanoTime() - start;
+        System.out.printf("Contended lock rate was %,d per second%n", (int) (lockCount * 2 * 1e9 / time));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking2() throws Exception {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final DirectStore store2 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 1000000;
+
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+                System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+                assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+                int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+                try {
+                    DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+                    DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+                        slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+                        slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+                        int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+                        int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+                        int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle1 == 1) {
+                            slice1.writeInt(4, 0);
+                            // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                            // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle2 == 1) {
+                            slice2.writeInt(4, 0);
+                            // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                            // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        try {
+                            slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                            slice1.unlockInt(0);
+                        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                            int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                            int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                            System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                            throw e;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        t.start();
+
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+        DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+            slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+            slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+            int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+            int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+            int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle1 == 0) {
+                slice1.writeInt(4, 1);
+                // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                i--;
+            }
+            int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle2 == 0) {
+                slice2.writeInt(4, 1);
+                // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                i--;
+            }
+            int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            try {
+                slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                slice1.unlockInt(0);
+            } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        store1.free();
+        store2.free();
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void benchmarkByteLargeArray() {
+        long length = 1L << 32;
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        DirectBytes array = DirectStore.allocateLazy(length).createSlice();
+        System.out.println("Constructor time: " + (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1e9 + " sec");
+        int iters = 2;
+        byte one = 1;
+        start = System.nanoTime();
+        for (int it = 0; it < iters; it++) {
+            for (long i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                array.writeByte(i, one);
+                array.writeByte(i, (byte) (array.readByte(i) + one));
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("Computation time: " + (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1e9 / iters + " sec");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytes` acquired by call to `createSlice()` at line 307 is not released after line 318.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DirectBytesTest.benchmarkByteLargeArray()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytesTest.benchmarkByteLargeArray():void.233ed7b782c392cd5add975d3c39dab7
+
+### File:
+lang/src/test/java/net/openhft/lang/io/DirectBytesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DirectBytesTest.java|benchmarkByteLargeArray|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e9db130065a9b634e496b1bbc9cc8a50
+
+### Hash:
+a7a7829ef807beae32e880035f5e908e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3955/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3955/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9cecb979a489809ff4e823244e70648a0d046bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3955/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-Lang
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Peter Lawrey
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.lang.io;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+/**
+ * @author peter.lawrey
+ */
+public class DirectBytesTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocate() throws Exception {
+        long size = 1L << 31;
+        DirectStore store = DirectStore.allocate(size);
+        DirectBytes slice = store.createSlice();
+        slice.writeLong(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(size - 8, size);
+        store.free();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking() throws Exception {
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final DirectStore store2 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000000;
+
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+                System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+                assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+                int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+                try {
+                    DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+                    DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+                        slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+                        slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+                        int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+                        int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+                        int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle1 == 1) {
+                            slice1.writeInt(4, 0);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle2 == 1) {
+                            slice2.writeInt(4, 0);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        try {
+                            slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                            slice1.unlockInt(0);
+                        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                            int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                            int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                            System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                            throw e;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        t.start();
+
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+        DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+            slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+            slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+            int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+            int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+            int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle1 == 0) {
+                slice1.writeInt(4, 1);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                i--;
+            }
+            int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle2 == 0) {
+                slice2.writeInt(4, 1);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                i--;
+            }
+            int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            try {
+                slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                slice1.unlockInt(0);
+            } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        store1.free();
+        store2.free();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytes` acquired to `slice2` by call to `createSlice()` at line 107 is not released after line 140.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 136
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DirectBytesTest.testLocking()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytesTest.testLocking():void.f0bee1183aae5db49899a7cc3fd07e49
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/openhft/lang/io/DirectBytesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DirectBytesTest.java|testLocking|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+cc691133a4cee9ada674ac6d6b5c953e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3962/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3962/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..293799f9a916aebaaf28a1a0ca7ea1bc93110605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3962/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3339 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-Lang
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015  higherfrequencytrading.com
+ *
+ *     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License.
+ *
+ *     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.lang.io;
+
+import net.openhft.lang.Jvm;
+import net.openhft.lang.Maths;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.serialization.BytesMarshallableSerializer;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.serialization.BytesMarshallerFactory;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.serialization.JDKZObjectSerializer;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.serialization.ObjectSerializer;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.serialization.impl.StringBuilderPool;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.serialization.impl.VanillaBytesMarshallerFactory;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.view.BytesInputStream;
+import net.openhft.lang.io.view.BytesOutputStream;
+import net.openhft.lang.model.Byteable;
+import net.openhft.lang.pool.EnumInterner;
+import net.openhft.lang.pool.StringInterner;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import static java.lang.Long.numberOfTrailingZeros;
+
+/**
+ * @author peter.lawrey
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("MagicNumber")
+public abstract class AbstractBytes implements Bytes {
+    public static final int END_OF_BUFFER = -1;
+    public static final long UNSIGNED_INT_MASK = 0xFFFFFFFFL;
+    public static final int SLEEP_THRESHOLD = 20 * 1000 * 1000;
+    // todo add tests before using in ChronicleMap
+    static final int RW_LOCK_LIMIT = 30;
+    static final long RW_READ_LOCKED = 1L << 0;
+    static final long RW_WRITE_WAITING = 1L << RW_LOCK_LIMIT;
+    static final long RW_WRITE_LOCKED = 1L << 2 * RW_LOCK_LIMIT;
+    static final int RW_LOCK_MASK = (1 << RW_LOCK_LIMIT) - 1;
+    static final char[] HEXI_DECIMAL = "0123456789ABCDEF".toCharArray();
+    private static final long BUSY_LOCK_LIMIT = 20L * 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
+    private static final int INT_LOCK_MASK;
+    private static final int UNSIGNED_BYTE_MASK = 0xFF;
+    private static final int UNSIGNED_SHORT_MASK = 0xFFFF;
+    private static final int USHORT_EXTENDED = UNSIGNED_SHORT_MASK;
+    // extra 1 for decimal place.
+    private static final int MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH = 1 + (int) Math.ceil(Math.log10(Long.MAX_VALUE));
+    private static final byte[] RADIX_PARSE = new byte[256];
+    //private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractBytes.class.getName());
+    private static final Charset ISO_8859_1 = Charset.forName("ISO-8859-1");
+    private static final byte[] MIN_VALUE_TEXT = ("" + Long.MIN_VALUE).getBytes();
+    private static final byte[] Infinity = "Infinity".getBytes();
+    private static final byte[] NaN = "NaN".getBytes();
+    private static final long MAX_VALUE_DIVIDE_5 = Long.MAX_VALUE / 5;
+    private static final byte BYTE_MIN_VALUE = Byte.MIN_VALUE;
+    private static final byte BYTE_EXTENDED = Byte.MIN_VALUE + 1;
+    private static final byte BYTE_MAX_VALUE = Byte.MIN_VALUE + 2;
+    private static final short UBYTE_EXTENDED = 0xff;
+    private static final short SHORT_MIN_VALUE = Short.MIN_VALUE;
+    private static final short SHORT_EXTENDED = Short.MIN_VALUE + 1;
+    private static final short SHORT_MAX_VALUE = Short.MIN_VALUE + 2;
+    // RandomDataInput
+    private static final int INT_MIN_VALUE = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+    private static final int INT_EXTENDED = Integer.MIN_VALUE + 1;
+    private static final int INT_MAX_VALUE = Integer.MIN_VALUE + 2;
+    private static final long MAX_VALUE_DIVIDE_10 = Long.MAX_VALUE / 10;
+    private static final byte[] RADIX = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ".getBytes();
+    private static final StringBuilderPool sbp = new StringBuilderPool();
+    private static final ThreadLocal<DateCache> dateCacheTL = new ThreadLocal<DateCache>();
+    private static final FastStringOperations STRING_OPS = createFastStringOperations();
+    private static boolean ID_LIMIT_WARNED = false;
+
+    static {
+        Arrays.fill(RADIX_PARSE, (byte) -1);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            RADIX_PARSE['0' + i] = (byte) i;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
+            RADIX_PARSE['A' + i] = RADIX_PARSE['a' + i] = (byte) (i + 10);
+        INT_LOCK_MASK = 0xFFFFFF;
+    }
+
+    final AtomicInteger refCount;
+    private final byte[] numberBuffer = new byte[MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH];
+    protected boolean finished;
+    volatile Thread singleThread = null;
+    private ObjectSerializer objectSerializer;
+    private StringInterner stringInterner = null;
+    private boolean selfTerminating = false;
+
+    AbstractBytes() {
+        this(new VanillaBytesMarshallerFactory(), new AtomicInteger(1));
+    }
+
+    AbstractBytes(BytesMarshallerFactory bytesMarshallerFactory, AtomicInteger refCount) {
+        this(BytesMarshallableSerializer.create(bytesMarshallerFactory, JDKZObjectSerializer.INSTANCE), refCount);
+    }
+
+    AbstractBytes(ObjectSerializer objectSerializer, AtomicInteger refCount) {
+        this.finished = false;
+        this.refCount = refCount;
+        setObjectSerializer(objectSerializer);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean equalsCaseIgnore(StringBuilder sb, String s) {
+        if (sb.length() != s.length())
+            return false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)
+            if (Character.toLowerCase(sb.charAt(i)) != s.charAt(i))
+                return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static double asDouble(long value, int exp, boolean negative, int decimalPlaces) {
+        if (decimalPlaces > 0 && value < Long.MAX_VALUE / 2) {
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 32)) {
+                exp -= 32;
+                value <<= 32;
+            }
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 16)) {
+                exp -= 16;
+                value <<= 16;
+            }
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 8)) {
+                exp -= 8;
+                value <<= 8;
+            }
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 4)) {
+                exp -= 4;
+                value <<= 4;
+            }
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 2)) {
+                exp -= 2;
+                value <<= 2;
+            }
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 1)) {
+                exp -= 1;
+                value <<= 1;
+            }
+        }
+        for (; decimalPlaces > 0; decimalPlaces--) {
+            exp--;
+            long mod = value % 5;
+            value /= 5;
+            int modDiv = 1;
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 4)) {
+                exp -= 4;
+                value <<= 4;
+                modDiv <<= 4;
+            }
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 2)) {
+                exp -= 2;
+                value <<= 2;
+                modDiv <<= 2;
+            }
+            if (value < Long.MAX_VALUE / (1L << 1)) {
+                exp -= 1;
+                value <<= 1;
+                modDiv <<= 1;
+            }
+            if (decimalPlaces > 1)
+                value += modDiv * mod / 5;
+            else
+                value += (modDiv * mod + 4) / 5;
+        }
+        final double d = Math.scalb((double) value, exp);
+        return negative ? -d : d;
+    }
+
+    private static void warnIdLimit(long id) {
+        LoggerHolder.LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, "High thread id may result in collisions id: " + id);
+
+        ID_LIMIT_WARNED = true;
+    }
+
+    static int returnOrThrowEndOfBuffer(boolean selfTerminating) {
+        if (selfTerminating) return END_OF_BUFFER;
+        throw new BufferUnderflowException();
+    }
+
+    public static void readUTF2(Bytes bytes, @NotNull Appendable appendable, int utflen, int count) throws IOException {
+        while (count < utflen) {
+            int c = bytes.readUnsignedByte();
+            switch (c >> 4) {
+                case 0:
+                case 1:
+                case 2:
+                case 3:
+                case 4:
+                case 5:
+                case 6:
+                case 7:
+                /* 0xxxxxxx */
+                    count++;
+                    appendable.append((char) c);
+                    break;
+
+                case 12:
+                case 13: {
+                /* 110x xxxx 10xx xxxx */
+                    count += 2;
+                    if (count > utflen)
+                        throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                                "malformed input: partial character at end");
+                    int char2 = bytes.readUnsignedByte();
+                    if ((char2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                        throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                                "malformed input around byte " + count + " was " + char2);
+                    int c2 = (char) (((c & 0x1F) << 6) |
+                            (char2 & 0x3F));
+                    appendable.append((char) c2);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case 14: {
+                /* 1110 xxxx 10xx xxxx 10xx xxxx */
+                    count += 3;
+                    if (count > utflen)
+                        throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                                "malformed input: partial character at end");
+                    int char2 = bytes.readUnsignedByte();
+                    int char3 = bytes.readUnsignedByte();
+
+                    if (((char2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((char3 & 0xC0) != 0x80))
+                        throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                                "malformed input around byte " + (count - 1) + " was " + char2 + " " + char3);
+                    int c3 = (char) (((c & 0x0F) << 12) |
+                            ((char2 & 0x3F) << 6) |
+                            (char3 & 0x3F));
+                    appendable.append((char) c3);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default:
+                /* 10xx xxxx, 1111 xxxx */
+                    throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                            "malformed input around byte " + count);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static long findUTFLength(@NotNull CharSequence str) {
+        if (str instanceof String)
+            return findUTFLength((String) str);
+        int strlen = str.length();
+        long utflen = strlen;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < strlen; i++) {
+            char c = str.charAt(i);
+            if ((c > 0x007F)) {
+                if (c > 0x07FF) {
+                    utflen += 2;
+
+                } else {
+                    utflen += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return utflen;
+    }
+
+    public static long findUTFLength(@NotNull CharSequence str, int strlen) {
+        long utflen = 0L;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < strlen; ++i) {
+            long c = (long) str.charAt(i);
+            if (c >= 0L && c <= 127L) {
+                ++utflen;
+            } else if (c > 2047L) {
+                utflen += 3L;
+            } else {
+                utflen += 2L;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return utflen;
+    }
+
+    public static long findUTFLength(@NotNull String str) {
+        return STRING_OPS.getUtf8EncodedStringLength(str);
+    }
+
+    private static FastStringOperations createFastStringOperations() {
+        try {
+            return new FastStringOperations16();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // do nothing
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return new FastStringOperations17();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new AssertionError(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void writeUTF0(Bytes bytes, @NotNull CharSequence str, int strlen) {
+        if (bytes instanceof DirectBytes) {
+            DirectBytes db = (DirectBytes) bytes;
+            if (str instanceof String)
+                writeUTF1(db, STRING_OPS.extractChars((String) str), strlen);
+            else
+                writeUTF1(db, str, strlen);
+        } else {
+            writeUTF1(bytes, str, strlen);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void writeUTF1(DirectBytes bytes, @NotNull CharSequence str, int strlen) {
+        int c;
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < strlen; i++) {
+            c = str.charAt(i);
+            if (!((c >= 0x0000) && (c <= 0x007F)))
+//            if (c + Integer.MIN_VALUE - 1 <= Integer.MIN_VALUE + 0x007F-1)
+                break;
+            NativeBytes.UNSAFE.putByte(bytes.positionAddr + i, (byte) c);
+        }
+        bytes.skip(i);
+        if (i < strlen)
+            writeUTF2(bytes, str, strlen, i);
+    }
+
+    static void writeUTF1(DirectBytes bytes, @NotNull char[] chars, int strlen) {
+        int c;
+        int i;
+        ascii:
+        {
+            for (i = 0; i < strlen; i++) {
+                c = chars[i];
+                if (!((c >= 0x0000) && (c <= 0x007F)))
+                    break ascii;
+                NativeBytes.UNSAFE.putByte(bytes.positionAddr + i, (byte) c);
+            }
+            bytes.skip(i);
+            return;
+        }
+        bytes.skip(i);
+        if (i < strlen)
+            writeUTF2(bytes, chars, strlen, i);
+    }
+
+    public static void writeUTF1(Bytes bytes, @NotNull CharSequence str, int strlen) {
+        int c;
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < strlen; i++) {
+            c = str.charAt(i);
+            if (!((c >= 0x0000) && (c <= 0x007F)))
+                break;
+            bytes.write(c);
+        }
+        if (i < strlen)
+            writeUTF2(bytes, str, strlen, i);
+    }
+
+    private static void writeUTF2(Bytes bytes, CharSequence str, int strlen, int i) {
+        int c;
+        for (; i < strlen; i++) {
+            c = str.charAt(i);
+            writeUTFchar(bytes, c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void writeUTFchar(Bytes bytes, int c) {
+        if ((c >= 0x0000) && (c <= 0x007F)) {
+            bytes.write(c);
+
+        } else if (c > 0x07FF) {
+            bytes.write((byte) (0xE0 | ((c >> 12) & 0x0F)));
+            bytes.write((byte) (0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+            bytes.write((byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3F)));
+
+        } else {
+            bytes.write((byte) (0xC0 | ((c >> 6) & 0x1F)));
+            bytes.write((byte) (0x80 | c & 0x3F));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void writeUTF2(Bytes bytes, char[] str, int strlen, int i) {
+        int c;
+        for (; i < strlen; i++) {
+            c = str[i];
+            writeUTFchar(bytes, c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void checkArrayOffs(int arrayLength, int off, int len) {
+        if ((len | off) < 0 | ((off + len) & 0xffffffffL) > arrayLength)
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * display the hex data of {@link Bytes} from the position() to the limit()
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer you wish to toString()
+     * @return hex representation of the buffer, from example [0D ,OA, FF]
+     */
+    public static String toHex(@NotNull final Bytes buffer) {
+        if (buffer.remaining() == 0)
+            return "";
+
+        final Bytes slice = buffer.slice();
+        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("[");
+
+        while (slice.remaining() > 0) {
+            final byte b = slice.readByte();
+            builder.append(((char) b) + "(" + String.format("%02X ", b).trim() + ")");
+            builder.append(",");
+        }
+
+        // remove the last comma
+        builder.deleteCharAt(builder.length() - 1);
+        builder.append("]");
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * display the buffer as a string
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer you wish to toString()
+     * @return hex representation of the buffer, from example [0D ,OA, FF]
+     */
+    public static String toString(@NotNull final Bytes buffer) {
+        final Bytes slice = buffer.slice();
+        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("");
+
+        while (slice.remaining() > 0) {
+            final byte b = slice.readByte();
+            builder.append((char) b);
+        }
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    static int rwReadLocked(long lock) {
+        return (int) (lock & RW_LOCK_MASK);
+    }
+
+    static int rwWriteWaiting(long lock) {
+        return (int) ((lock >>> RW_LOCK_LIMIT) & RW_LOCK_MASK);
+    }
+
+    static int rwWriteLocked(long lock) {
+        return (int) (lock >>> (2 * RW_LOCK_LIMIT));
+    }
+
+    public static String toHexString(@NotNull final Bytes bytes, long offset, long len) throws BufferUnderflowException {
+        if (len == 0)
+            return "";
+
+        int width = 16;
+        int[] lastLine = new int[width];
+        String sep = "";
+        long position = bytes.position();
+        long limit = bytes.limit();
+
+        try {
+
+            bytes.limit(offset + len);
+            bytes.position(offset);
+
+            final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+            long start = offset / width * width;
+            long end = (offset + len + width - 1) / width * width;
+            for (long i = start; i < end; i += width) {
+                // check for duplicate rows
+                if (i + width < end) {
+                    boolean same = true;
+
+                    for (int j = 0; j < width && i + j < offset + len; j++) {
+                        int ch = bytes.readUnsignedByte(i + j);
+                        same &= (ch == lastLine[j]);
+                        lastLine[j] = ch;
+                    }
+                    if (i > start && same) {
+                        sep = "........\n";
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                builder.append(sep);
+                sep = "";
+                String str = Long.toHexString(i);
+                for (int j = str.length(); j < 8; j++)
+                    builder.append('0');
+                builder.append(str);
+                for (int j = 0; j < width; j++) {
+                    if (j == width / 2)
+                        builder.append(' ');
+                    if (i + j < start || i + j >= offset + len) {
+                        builder.append("   ");
+
+                    } else {
+                        builder.append(' ');
+                        int ch = bytes.readUnsignedByte(i + j);
+                        builder.append(HEXI_DECIMAL[ch >> 4]);
+                        builder.append(HEXI_DECIMAL[ch & 15]);
+                    }
+                }
+                builder.append(' ');
+                for (int j = 0; j < width; j++) {
+                    if (j == width / 2)
+                        builder.append(' ');
+                    if (i + j < start || i + j >= offset + len) {
+                        builder.append(' ');
+
+                    } else {
+                        int ch = bytes.readUnsignedByte(i + j);
+                        if (ch < ' ' || ch > 126)
+                            ch = '\u00B7';
+                        builder.append((char) ch);
+                    }
+                }
+                builder.append("\n");
+            }
+            return builder.toString();
+        } finally {
+            bytes.limit(limit);
+            bytes.position(position);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setObjectSerializer(ObjectSerializer objectSerializer) {
+        this.objectSerializer = objectSerializer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * clearing the volatile singleThread is a write barrier.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void clearThreadAssociation() {
+        singleThread = null;
+    }
+
+    boolean checkSingleThread() {
+        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
+        if (singleThread != t)
+            setThreadOrThrowException(t);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void setThreadOrThrowException(Thread t) {
+        if (singleThread == null)
+            singleThread = t;
+        else
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Altered by thread " + singleThread + " and " + t);
+    }
+
+    public void readUTF0(@NotNull Appendable appendable, int utflen)
+            throws IOException {
+        int count = 0;
+
+        while (count < utflen) {
+            int c = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            if (c >= 128) {
+                position(position() - 1);
+                readUTF2(this, appendable, utflen, count);
+                break;
+            }
+            count++;
+            appendable.append((char) c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean read8bitText(@NotNull StringBuilder stringBuilder) throws StreamCorruptedException {
+        long len = readStopBit();
+        if (len < 1) {
+            stringBuilder.setLength(0);
+            if (len == -1)
+                return false;
+            if (len == 0)
+                return true;
+            throw new StreamCorruptedException("UTF length invalid " + len + " remaining: " + remaining());
+        }
+        if (len > remaining() || len > Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+            throw new StreamCorruptedException("UTF length invalid " + len + " remaining: " + remaining());
+        int ilen = (int) len;
+        for (int i = 0; i < ilen; i++)
+            stringBuilder.append((char) readUnsignedByte());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write8bitText(@Nullable CharSequence s) {
+        if (s == null) {
+            writeStopBit(-1);
+            return;
+        }
+        writeStopBit(s.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)
+            writeUnsignedByte(s.charAt(i));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long size() {
+        return capacity();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void free() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Forcing a free() via Bytes is unsafe, try reserve() + release()");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reserve() {
+        if (refCount.get() < 1) throw new IllegalStateException();
+        refCount.incrementAndGet();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean release() {
+        if (refCount.get() < 1) throw new IllegalStateException();
+        if (refCount.decrementAndGet() > 0) return false;
+        cleanup();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    protected abstract void cleanup();
+
+    @Override
+    public int refCount() {
+        return refCount.get();
+    }
+
+    StringInterner stringInterner() {
+        if (stringInterner == null)
+            stringInterner = new StringInterner(8 * 1024);
+        return stringInterner;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void selfTerminating(boolean selfTerminating) {
+        this.selfTerminating = selfTerminating;
+    }
+
+    // RandomDataOutput
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean selfTerminating() {
+        return selfTerminating;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readUnsignedByteOrThrow() throws BufferUnderflowException {
+        return readByteOrThrow(selfTerminating);
+    }
+
+    public int readByteOrThrow(boolean selfTerminating) throws BufferUnderflowException {
+        return remaining() < 1 ? returnOrThrowEndOfBuffer(selfTerminating) : readUnsignedByte();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean parseBoolean(@NotNull StopCharTester tester) {
+        StringBuilder sb = acquireStringBuilder();
+        parseUtf8(sb, tester);
+        if (sb.length() == 0)
+            return null;
+        switch (sb.charAt(0)) {
+            case 't':
+            case 'T':
+                return sb.length() == 1 || equalsCaseIgnore(sb, "true") ? true : null;
+            case 'y':
+            case 'Y':
+                return sb.length() == 1 || equalsCaseIgnore(sb, "yes") ? true : null;
+            case '0':
+                return sb.length() == 1 ? false : null;
+            case '1':
+                return sb.length() == 1 ? true : null;
+            case 'f':
+            case 'F':
+                return sb.length() == 1 || equalsCaseIgnore(sb, "false") ? false : null;
+            case 'n':
+            case 'N':
+                return sb.length() == 1 || equalsCaseIgnore(sb, "no") ? false : null;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readFully(@NotNull byte[] bytes) {
+        readFully(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readFully(@NotNull char[] data) {
+        readFully(data, 0, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int skipBytes(int n) {
+        return (int) skip(n);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean readBoolean() {
+        return readByteOrThrow(false) != 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean readBoolean(long offset) {
+        return readByte(offset) != 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readUnsignedByte() {
+        return readByte() & UNSIGNED_BYTE_MASK;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readUnsignedByte(long offset) {
+        return readByte(offset) & UNSIGNED_BYTE_MASK;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readUnsignedShort() {
+        return readShort() & UNSIGNED_SHORT_MASK;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readUnsignedShort(long offset) {
+        return readShort(offset) & UNSIGNED_SHORT_MASK;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String readLine() {
+        StringBuilder input = acquireStringBuilder();
+        EOL:
+        while (position() < capacity()) {
+            int c = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            switch (c) {
+                case END_OF_BUFFER:
+                case '\n':
+                    break EOL;
+                case '\r':
+                    long cur = position();
+                    if (cur < capacity() && readByte(cur) == '\n')
+                        position(cur + 1);
+                    break EOL;
+                default:
+                    input.append((char) c);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        return stringInterner().intern(input);
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    public String readUTFΔ() {
+        StringBuilder utfReader = acquireStringBuilder();
+        if (readUTFΔ(utfReader))
+            return utfReader.length() == 0 ? "" : stringInterner().intern(utfReader);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // locking at it temporarily changes position.
+    // todo write a version without changing the position.
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    public synchronized String readUTFΔ(long offset) throws IllegalStateException {
+        long position = position();
+        try {
+            position(offset);
+            return readUTFΔ();
+        } finally {
+            position(position);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    private StringBuilder acquireStringBuilder() {
+        return sbp.acquireStringBuilder();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean readUTFΔ(@NotNull StringBuilder stringBuilder) {
+        try {
+            stringBuilder.setLength(0);
+            return appendUTF0(stringBuilder);
+        } catch (IOException unexpected) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(unexpected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("MagicNumber")
+    private boolean appendUTF0(@NotNull Appendable appendable) throws IOException {
+        long len = readStopBit();
+        if (len == -1)
+            return false;
+        else if (len == 0)
+            return true;
+        if (len < -1 || len > remaining())
+            throw new StreamCorruptedException("UTF length invalid " + len + " remaining: " + remaining());
+        int utflen = (int) len;
+        readUTF0(appendable, utflen);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String parseUtf8(@NotNull StopCharTester tester) {
+        StringBuilder utfReader = acquireStringBuilder();
+        parseUtf8(utfReader, tester);
+        return stringInterner().intern(utfReader);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void parseUtf8(@NotNull StringBuilder builder, @NotNull StopCharTester tester) {
+        builder.setLength(0);
+        try {
+            readUTF0(builder, tester);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new AssertionError(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readUTF0(@NotNull Appendable appendable, @NotNull StopCharTester tester) throws IOException {
+        while (true) {
+            int c = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            if (c >= 128) {
+                position(position() - 1);
+                readUTF2(appendable, tester);
+                break;
+            }
+            if (tester.isStopChar(c))
+                return;
+            appendable.append((char) c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // used by Chronicle Map 3.x
+    public void readUTF2(@NotNull Appendable appendable, @NotNull StopCharTester tester) throws IOException {
+        while (true) {
+            int c = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            switch (c >> 4) {
+                case 0:
+                case 1:
+                case 2:
+                case 3:
+                case 4:
+                case 5:
+                case 6:
+                case 7:
+                /* 0xxxxxxx */
+                    if (tester.isStopChar(c))
+                        return;
+                    appendable.append((char) c);
+                    break;
+
+                case 12:
+                case 13: {
+                /* 110x xxxx 10xx xxxx */
+                    int char2 = readUnsignedByte();
+                    if ((char2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                        throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                                "malformed input around byte");
+                    int c2 = (char) (((c & 0x1F) << 6) |
+                            (char2 & 0x3F));
+                    if (tester.isStopChar(c2))
+                        return;
+                    appendable.append((char) c2);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case 14: {
+                /* 1110 xxxx 10xx xxxx 10xx xxxx */
+                    int char2 = readUnsignedByte();
+                    int char3 = readUnsignedByte();
+
+                    if (((char2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((char3 & 0xC0) != 0x80))
+                        throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                                "malformed input around byte ");
+                    int c3 = (char) (((c & 0x0F) << 12) |
+                            ((char2 & 0x3F) << 6) |
+                            (char3 & 0x3F));
+                    if (tester.isStopChar(c3))
+                        return;
+                    appendable.append((char) c3);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default:
+                /* 10xx xxxx, 1111 xxxx */
+                    throw new UTFDataFormatException(
+                            "malformed input around byte ");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean stepBackAndSkipTo(@NotNull StopCharTester tester) {
+        if (position() > 0)
+            position(position() - 1);
+        return skipTo(tester);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean skipTo(@NotNull StopCharTester tester) {
+        while (remaining() > 0) {
+            int ch = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            if (tester.isStopChar(ch))
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String readUTF() {
+        try {
+            int len = readUnsignedShort();
+            StringBuilder utfReader = acquireStringBuilder();
+            readUTF0(utfReader, len);
+            return utfReader.length() == 0 ? "" : stringInterner().intern(utfReader);
+        } catch (IOException unexpected) {
+            throw new AssertionError(unexpected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public short readCompactShort() {
+        byte b = readByte();
+        switch (b) {
+            case BYTE_MIN_VALUE:
+                return Short.MIN_VALUE;
+            case BYTE_MAX_VALUE:
+                return Short.MAX_VALUE;
+            case BYTE_EXTENDED:
+                return readShort();
+            default:
+                return b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readCompactUnsignedShort() {
+        int b = readUnsignedByte();
+        if (b == UBYTE_EXTENDED)
+            return readUnsignedShort();
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readInt24() {
+        int b = readUnsignedByte();
+        int s = readUnsignedShort();
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN)
+            return ((b << 24) + (s << 8)) >> 8;
+        // extra shifting to get sign extension.
+        return ((b << 8) + (s << 16)) >> 8;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readInt24(long offset) {
+        int b = readUnsignedByte(offset);
+        int s = readUnsignedShort(offset + 1);
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN)
+            return ((b << 24) + (s << 8)) >> 8;
+        // extra shifting to get sign extension.
+        return ((b << 8) + (s << 16)) >> 8;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readUnsignedInt() {
+        return readInt() & UNSIGNED_INT_MASK;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readUnsignedInt(long offset) {
+        return readInt(offset) & UNSIGNED_INT_MASK;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int readCompactInt() {
+        short b = readShort();
+        switch (b) {
+            case SHORT_MIN_VALUE:
+                return Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+            case SHORT_MAX_VALUE:
+                return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            case SHORT_EXTENDED:
+                return readInt();
+            default:
+                return b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readCompactUnsignedInt() {
+        int b = readUnsignedShort();
+        if (b == USHORT_EXTENDED)
+            return readUnsignedInt();
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readInt48() {
+        long s = readUnsignedShort();
+        long l = readUnsignedInt();
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN)
+            return ((s << 48) + (l << 16)) >> 16;
+        // extra shifting to get sign extension.
+        return ((s << 16) + (l << 32)) >> 16;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readInt48(long offset) {
+        long s = readUnsignedShort(offset);
+        long l = readUnsignedInt(offset + 2);
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN)
+            return ((s << 48) + (l << 16)) >> 16;
+        // extra shifting to get sign extension.
+        return ((s << 16) + (l << 32)) >> 16;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readCompactLong() {
+        int b = readInt();
+        switch (b) {
+            case INT_MIN_VALUE:
+                return Long.MIN_VALUE;
+            case INT_MAX_VALUE:
+                return Long.MAX_VALUE;
+            case INT_EXTENDED:
+                return readLong();
+            default:
+                return b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readIncompleteLong(long offset) {
+        long left = remaining();
+        if (left >= 8)
+            return readLong(offset);
+        if (left == 4)
+            return readInt(offset);
+        long l = 0;
+        for (int i = 0, remaining = (int) left; i < remaining; i++) {
+            l |= (long) readUnsignedByte(offset + i) << (i * 8);
+        }
+        return l;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long readStopBit() {
+        long l;
+        if ((l = readByte()) >= 0)
+            return l;
+        return readStopBit0(l);
+    }
+
+    private long readStopBit0(long l) {
+        l &= 0x7FL;
+        long b;
+        int count = 7;
+        while ((b = readByte()) < 0) {
+            l |= (b & 0x7FL) << count;
+            count += 7;
+        }
+        if (b != 0) {
+            if (count > 56)
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "Cannot read more than 9 stop bits of positive value");
+            return l | (b << count);
+
+        } else {
+            if (count > 63)
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "Cannot read more than 10 stop bits of negative value");
+            return ~l;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double readCompactDouble() {
+        float f = readFloat();
+        if (Float.isNaN(f))
+            return readDouble();
+        return f;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void read(@NotNull ByteBuffer bb) {
+        read(bb, bb.remaining());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void read(@NotNull ByteBuffer bb, int length) {
+        int len = (int) Math.min(length, remaining());
+        if (bb.order() == byteOrder()) {
+            while (len >= 8) {
+                bb.putLong(readLong());
+                len -= 8;
+            }
+        }
+        while (len > 0) {
+            bb.put(readByte());
+            len--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // // RandomOutputStream
+    @Override
+    public void write(@NotNull byte[] bytes) {
+        write(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+    }
+
+    private void checkWrite(long length) {
+        if (length > remaining())
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot write " + length + " only " + remaining() + " remaining");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeBoolean(boolean v) {
+        write(v ? 'Y' : 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeBoolean(long offset, boolean v) {
+        writeByte(offset, v ? 'Y' : 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeBytes(@NotNull String s) {
+        int len = s.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            write(s.charAt(i));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeChars(@NotNull String s) {
+        writeChars((CharSequence) s);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeChars(@NotNull CharSequence cs) {
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            writeChar(cs.charAt(i));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUTF(@NotNull String str) {
+        long utflen = findUTFLength(str);
+        if (utflen > 65535)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("String too long " + utflen + " when encoded, max: 65535");
+        writeUnsignedShort((int) utflen);
+        checkUFTLength(utflen);
+        writeUTF0(this, str, str.length());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUTFΔ(@Nullable CharSequence str) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+        if (str == null) {
+            writeStopBit(-1);
+            return;
+        }
+        long utflen = findUTFLength(str);
+        writeStopBit(utflen);
+        checkUFTLength(utflen);
+        writeUTF0(this, str, str.length());
+    }
+
+    // locking at it temporarily changes position.
+    // todo write a version without changing the position.
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void writeUTFΔ(long offset, int maxSize, @Nullable CharSequence s) throws IllegalStateException {
+        assert maxSize > 1;
+        long position = position();
+        try {
+            position(offset);
+            if (s == null) {
+                writeStopBit(-1);
+                return;
+            }
+            long utflen = findUTFLength(s);
+            long totalSize = IOTools.stopBitLength(utflen) + utflen;
+            if (totalSize > maxSize)
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Attempted to write " + totalSize + " byte String, when only " + maxSize + " allowed");
+
+            writeStopBit(utflen);
+            writeUTF0(this, s, s.length());
+            zeroOut(position(), offset + maxSize);
+        } finally {
+            position(position);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public ByteStringAppender append(@NotNull CharSequence str) {
+        int strlen = str.length();
+        writeUTF0(this, str, strlen);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void checkUFTLength(long utflen) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+        if (utflen > remaining())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "encoded string too long: " + utflen + " bytes, remaining=" + remaining());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeByte(int v) {
+        write(v);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUnsignedByte(int v) {
+        writeByte(v);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUnsignedByte(long offset, int v) {
+        writeByte(offset, v);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(long offset, @NotNull byte[] bytes) {
+        checkWrite(bytes.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++)
+            writeByte(offset + i, bytes[i]);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(long offset, Bytes bytes) {
+        long length = bytes.remaining();
+        checkWrite(length);
+        long i;
+        for (i = 0; i < length - 7; i += 8)
+            writeLong(offset + i, bytes.readLong());
+        for (; i < length; i++)
+            writeByte(offset + i, bytes.readByte());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
+        checkArrayOffs(bytes.length, off, len);
+        checkWrite(len);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            write(bytes[off + i]);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(long offset, byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
+        checkArrayOffs(bytes.length, off, len);
+        checkWrite(len);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            writeByte(offset + i, bytes[off + i]);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(@NotNull char[] data) {
+        write(data, 0, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(@NotNull char[] data, int off, int len) {
+        checkArrayOffs(data.length, off, len);
+        checkWrite(len * 2);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            writeChar(data[off + i]);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUnsignedShort(int v) {
+        writeShort(v);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUnsignedShort(long offset, int v) {
+        writeShort(offset, v);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeCompactShort(int v) {
+        if (v > BYTE_MAX_VALUE && v <= Byte.MAX_VALUE)
+            writeByte(v);
+        else
+            switch (v) {
+                case Short.MIN_VALUE:
+                    writeByte(BYTE_MIN_VALUE);
+                    break;
+
+                case Short.MAX_VALUE:
+                    writeByte(BYTE_MAX_VALUE);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    writeByte(BYTE_EXTENDED);
+                    writeShort(v);
+                    break;
+            }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeCompactUnsignedShort(int v) {
+        if (v >= 0 && v < USHORT_EXTENDED) {
+            writeByte(v);
+
+        } else {
+            writeUnsignedShort(USHORT_EXTENDED);
+            writeUnsignedShort(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeInt24(int v) {
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
+            writeUnsignedByte(v >>> 16);
+            writeUnsignedShort(v);
+
+        } else {
+            writeUnsignedByte(v);
+            writeUnsignedShort(v >>> 8);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeInt24(long offset, int v) {
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
+            writeUnsignedByte(offset, v >>> 16);
+            writeUnsignedShort(offset + 1, v);
+
+        } else {
+            writeUnsignedByte(offset, v);
+            writeUnsignedShort(offset + 1, v >>> 8);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUnsignedInt(long v) {
+        writeInt((int) v);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeUnsignedInt(long offset, long v) {
+        writeInt(offset, (int) v);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeCompactInt(int v) {
+        if (v > SHORT_MAX_VALUE && v <= Short.MAX_VALUE)
+            writeShort(v);
+        else
+            switch (v) {
+                case Integer.MIN_VALUE:
+                    writeShort(SHORT_MIN_VALUE);
+                    break;
+
+                case Integer.MAX_VALUE:
+                    writeShort(SHORT_MAX_VALUE);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    writeShort(SHORT_EXTENDED);
+                    writeInt(v);
+                    break;
+            }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeCompactUnsignedInt(long v) {
+        if (v >= 0 && v < USHORT_EXTENDED) {
+            writeShort((int) v);
+
+        } else {
+            writeShort(USHORT_EXTENDED);
+            writeUnsignedInt(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeInt48(long v) {
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
+            writeUnsignedShort((int) (v >>> 32));
+            writeUnsignedInt(v);
+
+        } else {
+            writeUnsignedShort((int) v);
+            writeUnsignedInt(v >>> 16);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeInt48(long offset, long v) {
+        if (byteOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
+            writeUnsignedShort(offset, (int) (v >>> 32));
+            writeUnsignedInt(offset + 2, v);
+
+        } else {
+            writeUnsignedShort(offset, (int) v);
+            writeUnsignedInt(offset + 2, v >>> 16);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeCompactLong(long v) {
+        if (v > INT_MAX_VALUE && v <= Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            writeInt((int) v);
+
+        } else if (v == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
+            writeInt(INT_MIN_VALUE);
+
+        } else if (v == Long.MAX_VALUE) {
+            writeInt(INT_MAX_VALUE);
+
+        } else {
+            writeInt(INT_EXTENDED);
+            writeLong(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeStopBit(long n) {
+        if ((n & ~0x7F) == 0) {
+            write((int) (n & 0x7f));
+            return;
+        }
+        if ((n & ~0x3FFF) == 0) {
+            write((int) ((n & 0x7f) | 0x80));
+            write((int) (n >> 7));
+            return;
+        }
+        writeStopBit0(n);
+    }
+
+    private void writeStopBit0(long n) {
+        boolean neg = false;
+        if (n < 0) {
+            neg = true;
+            n = ~n;
+        }
+
+        long n2;
+        while ((n2 = n >>> 7) != 0) {
+            write((byte) (0x80L | n));
+            n = n2;
+        }
+        // final byte
+        if (!neg) {
+            write((byte) n);
+
+        } else {
+            write((byte) (0x80L | n));
+            write(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeCompactDouble(double v) {
+        float f = (float) v;
+        if (f == v) {
+            writeFloat(f);
+
+        } else {
+            writeFloat(Float.NaN);
+            writeDouble(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(@NotNull ByteBuffer bb) {
+        if (bb.order() == byteOrder())
+            while (bb.remaining() >= 8)
+                writeLong(bb.getLong());
+        while (bb.remaining() >= 1)
+            writeByte(bb.get());
+    }
+
+    // ByteStringAppender
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(@NotNull CharSequence s, int start, int end) {
+        for (int i = start, len = Math.min(end, s.length()); i < len; i++)
+            writeByte(s.charAt(i));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(@Nullable Enum value) {
+        return value == null ? this : append(value.toString());
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(boolean b) {
+        append(b ? "true" : "false");
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(char c) {
+        writeByte(c);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(int num) {
+        return append((long) num);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(long num) {
+        if (num < 0) {
+            if (num == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
+                write(MIN_VALUE_TEXT);
+                return this;
+            }
+            writeByte('-');
+            num = -num;
+        }
+        if (num == 0) {
+            writeByte('0');
+
+        } else {
+            appendLong0(num);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(long num, int base) {
+        if (base < 2 || base > Character.MAX_RADIX)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid base: " + base);
+        if (num < 0) {
+            if (num == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
+                writeBytes(BigInteger.valueOf(num).toString(base));
+                return this;
+            }
+            writeByte('-');
+            num = -num;
+        }
+        if (num == 0) {
+            writeByte('0');
+
+        } else {
+            while (num > 0) {
+                writeByte(RADIX[((int) (num % base))]);
+                num /= base;
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender appendDateMillis(long timeInMS) {
+        DateCache dateCache = dateCacheTL.get();
+        if (dateCache == null) {
+            dateCacheTL.set(dateCache = new DateCache());
+        }
+        long date = timeInMS / 86400000;
+        if (dateCache.lastDay != date) {
+            dateCache.lastDateStr = dateCache.dateFormat.format(new Date(timeInMS)).getBytes(ISO_8859_1);
+            dateCache.lastDay = date;
+
+        } else {
+            assert dateCache.lastDateStr != null;
+        }
+        write(dateCache.lastDateStr);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender appendDateTimeMillis(long timeInMS) {
+        appendDateMillis(timeInMS);
+        writeByte('T');
+        appendTimeMillis(timeInMS % 86400000L);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender appendTimeMillis(long timeInMS) {
+        int hours = (int) (timeInMS / (60 * 60 * 1000));
+        if (hours > 99) {
+            appendLong0(hours); // can have over 24 hours.
+        } else {
+            writeByte((char) (hours / 10 + '0'));
+            writeByte((char) (hours % 10 + '0'));
+        }
+        writeByte(':');
+        int minutes = (int) ((timeInMS / (60 * 1000)) % 60);
+        writeByte((char) (minutes / 10 + '0'));
+        writeByte((char) (minutes % 10 + '0'));
+        writeByte(':');
+        int seconds = (int) ((timeInMS / 1000) % 60);
+        writeByte((char) (seconds / 10 + '0'));
+        writeByte((char) (seconds % 10 + '0'));
+        writeByte('.');
+        int millis = (int) (timeInMS % 1000);
+        writeByte((char) (millis / 100 + '0'));
+        writeByte((char) (millis / 10 % 10 + '0'));
+        writeByte((char) (millis % 10 + '0'));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(double d) {
+        long val = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(d);
+        int sign = (int) (val >>> 63);
+        int exp = (int) ((val >>> 52) & 2047);
+        long mantissa = val & ((1L << 52) - 1);
+        if (sign != 0) {
+            writeByte('-');
+        }
+        if (exp == 0 && mantissa == 0) {
+            writeByte('0');
+            return this;
+
+        } else if (exp == 2047) {
+            if (mantissa == 0) {
+                write(Infinity);
+
+            } else {
+                write(NaN);
+            }
+            return this;
+
+        } else if (exp > 0) {
+            mantissa += 1L << 52;
+        }
+        final int shift = (1023 + 52) - exp;
+        if (shift > 0) {
+            // integer and faction
+            if (shift < 53) {
+                long intValue = mantissa >> shift;
+                appendLong0(intValue);
+                mantissa -= intValue << shift;
+                if (mantissa > 0) {
+                    writeByte('.');
+                    mantissa <<= 1;
+                    mantissa++;
+                    int precision = shift + 1;
+                    long error = 1;
+
+                    long value = intValue;
+                    int decimalPlaces = 0;
+                    while (mantissa > error) {
+                        // times 5*2 = 10
+                        mantissa *= 5;
+                        error *= 5;
+                        precision--;
+                        long num = (mantissa >> precision);
+                        value = value * 10 + num;
+                        writeByte((char) ('0' + num));
+                        mantissa -= num << precision;
+
+                        final double parsedValue = asDouble(value, 0, sign != 0, ++decimalPlaces);
+                        if (parsedValue == d)
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+                return this;
+
+            } else {
+                // faction.
+                writeByte('0');
+                writeByte('.');
+                mantissa <<= 6;
+                mantissa += (1 << 5);
+                int precision = shift + 6;
+
+                long error = (1 << 5);
+
+                long value = 0;
+                int decimalPlaces = 0;
+                while (mantissa > error) {
+                    while (mantissa > MAX_VALUE_DIVIDE_5) {
+                        mantissa >>>= 1;
+                        error = (error + 1) >>> 1;
+                        precision--;
+                    }
+                    // times 5*2 = 10
+                    mantissa *= 5;
+                    error *= 5;
+                    precision--;
+                    if (precision >= 64) {
+                        decimalPlaces++;
+                        writeByte('0');
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    long num = (mantissa >>> precision);
+                    value = value * 10 + num;
+                    final char c = (char) ('0' + num);
+                    assert !(c < '0' || c > '9');
+                    writeByte(c);
+                    mantissa -= num << precision;
+                    final double parsedValue = asDouble(value, 0, sign != 0, ++decimalPlaces);
+                    if (parsedValue == d)
+                        break;
+                }
+                return this;
+            }
+        }
+        // large number
+        mantissa <<= 10;
+        int precision = -10 - shift;
+        int digits = 0;
+        while ((precision > 53 || mantissa > Long.MAX_VALUE >> precision) && precision > 0) {
+            digits++;
+            precision--;
+            long mod = mantissa % 5;
+            mantissa /= 5;
+            int modDiv = 1;
+            while (mantissa < MAX_VALUE_DIVIDE_5 && precision > 1) {
+                precision -= 1;
+                mantissa <<= 1;
+                modDiv <<= 1;
+            }
+            mantissa += modDiv * mod / 5;
+        }
+        long val2 = precision > 0 ? mantissa << precision : mantissa >>> -precision;
+
+        appendLong0(val2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < digits; i++)
+            writeByte('0');
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double parseDouble() {
+        long value = 0;
+        int exp = 0;
+        boolean negative = false;
+        int decimalPlaces = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        int ch = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+        switch (ch) {
+            case 'N':
+                if (compareRest("aN"))
+                    return Double.NaN;
+                skip(-1);
+                return Double.NaN;
+            case 'I':
+                if (compareRest("nfinity"))
+                    return Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+                skip(-1);
+                return Double.NaN;
+            case '-':
+                if (compareRest("Infinity"))
+                    return Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+                negative = true;
+                ch = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+                break;
+        }
+        while (true) {
+            if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') {
+                while (value >= MAX_VALUE_DIVIDE_10) {
+                    value >>>= 1;
+                    exp++;
+                }
+                value = value * 10 + (ch - '0');
+                decimalPlaces++;
+
+            } else if (ch == '.') {
+                decimalPlaces = 0;
+
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+            ch = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+        }
+
+        return asDouble(value, exp, negative, decimalPlaces);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean compareRest(String s) {
+        if (s.length() > remaining())
+            return false;
+        long position = position();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            if (readUnsignedByte(position + i) != s.charAt(i))
+                return false;
+        }
+        skip(s.length());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public <E> ByteStringAppender append(@NotNull Iterable<E> list, @NotNull CharSequence separator) {
+        if (list instanceof RandomAccess && list instanceof List) {
+            return append((List<E>) list, separator);
+        }
+        int i = 0;
+        for (E e : list) {
+            if (i++ > 0)
+                append(separator);
+            if (e != null)
+                append(e.toString());
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    <E> ByteStringAppender append(@NotNull List<E> list, @NotNull CharSequence separator) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+            if (i > 0)
+                append(separator);
+            E e = list.get(i);
+            if (e != null)
+                append(e.toString());
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public MutableDecimal parseDecimal(@NotNull MutableDecimal decimal) {
+        long num = 0, scale = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        boolean negative = false;
+        while (true) {
+            int b = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            // if (b >= '0' && b <= '9')
+            if ((b - ('0' + Integer.MIN_VALUE)) <= 9 + Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
+                num = num * 10 + b - '0';
+                scale++;
+
+            } else if (b == '.') {
+                scale = 0;
+
+            } else if (b == '-') {
+                negative = true;
+
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (negative)
+            num = -num;
+        decimal.set(num, scale > 0 ? (int) scale : 0);
+        return decimal;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long parseLong() {
+        long num = 0;
+        boolean negative = false;
+        while (true) {
+            int b = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            // if (b >= '0' && b <= '9')
+            if ((b - ('0' + Integer.MIN_VALUE)) <= 9 + Integer.MIN_VALUE)
+                num = num * 10 + b - '0';
+            else if (b == '-')
+                negative = true;
+            else
+                break;
+        }
+        return negative ? -num : num;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long parseLong(int base) {
+        if (base < 2 || base > Character.MAX_RADIX)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid base:" + base);
+        long num = 0;
+        boolean negative = false;
+        while (true) {
+            int b = readUnsignedByteOrThrow();
+            byte rp = RADIX_PARSE[b];
+            if (rp >= 0 && rp < base) {
+                num = num * base + rp;
+
+            } else if (b == '-')
+                negative = true;
+            else
+                break;
+        }
+        return negative ? -num : num;
+    }
+
+    private void appendLong0(long num) {
+        // Extract digits into the end of the numberBuffer
+        int endIndex = appendLong1(num);
+
+        // Bulk copy the digits into the front of the buffer
+        write(numberBuffer, endIndex, MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH - endIndex);
+    }
+
+    private int appendLong1(long num) {
+        numberBuffer[19] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 19;
+        numberBuffer[18] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 18;
+        numberBuffer[17] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 17;
+        numberBuffer[16] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 16;
+        numberBuffer[15] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 15;
+        numberBuffer[14] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 14;
+        numberBuffer[13] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 13;
+        numberBuffer[12] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 12;
+        numberBuffer[11] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 11;
+        numberBuffer[10] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 10;
+        numberBuffer[9] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 9;
+        numberBuffer[8] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 8;
+        numberBuffer[7] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 7;
+        numberBuffer[6] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 6;
+        numberBuffer[5] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 5;
+        numberBuffer[4] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 4;
+        numberBuffer[3] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 3;
+        numberBuffer[2] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0)
+            return 2;
+        numberBuffer[1] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(double d, int precision) {
+        if (precision < 0)
+            precision = 0;
+        long power10 = Maths.power10(precision);
+        if (power10 < 0)
+            power10 = 100000000000000000L;
+        if (d < 0) {
+            d = -d;
+            writeByte('-');
+        }
+        double d2 = d * power10;
+        if (d2 > Long.MAX_VALUE || d2 < Long.MIN_VALUE + 1)
+            return append(d);
+        long val = (long) (d2 + 0.5);
+        while (precision > 1 && val % 10 == 0) {
+            val /= 10;
+            precision--;
+        }
+        if (precision > 0 && val % 10 == 0) {
+            val = (val + 5) / 10;
+            precision--;
+        }
+        if (precision > 0)
+            appendDouble0(val, precision);
+        else
+            appendLong0(val);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void appendDouble0(long num, int precision) {
+        // Extract digits into the end of the numberBuffer
+        // Once desired precision is reached, write the '.'
+        int endIndex = appendDouble1(num, precision);
+
+        // Bulk copy the digits into the front of the buffer
+        // TODO: Can this be avoided with use of correctly offset bulk appends on Excerpt?
+        // Uses (numberBufferIdx - 1) because index was advanced one too many times
+
+        write(numberBuffer, endIndex, MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH - endIndex);
+    }
+
+    private int appendDouble1(long num, int precision) {
+        int endIndex = MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH;
+        int maxEnd = MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH - precision - 2;
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 1)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 2)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 3)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 4)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 5)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 6)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 7)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 8)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 9)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 10)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 11)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 12)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 13)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 14)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 15)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 16)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 17)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        num /= 10;
+        if (num <= 0 && endIndex <= maxEnd)
+            return endIndex;
+        if (precision == 18)
+            numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) '.';
+        numberBuffer[--endIndex] = (byte) (num % 10L + '0');
+        return endIndex;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ByteStringAppender append(@NotNull MutableDecimal md) {
+        StringBuilder sb = acquireStringBuilder();
+        md.toString(sb);
+        append(sb);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public InputStream inputStream() {
+        return new BytesInputStream(this);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public OutputStream outputStream() {
+        return new BytesOutputStream(this);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public ObjectSerializer objectSerializer() {
+        return objectSerializer;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public <E> void writeEnum(@Nullable E e) {
+        if (e == null) {
+            write8bitText(null);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (e instanceof CharSequence) {
+            write8bitText((CharSequence) e);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (e instanceof Enum) {
+            write8bitText(e.toString());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Class aClass = (Class) e.getClass();
+        writeInstance(aClass, e);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeEnum(long offset, int len, Object e) {
+        long pos = position();
+        long lim = limit();
+        try {
+            position(offset);
+            limit(offset + len);
+            writeEnum(e);
+        } finally {
+            limit(lim);
+            position(pos);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public <E> E readEnum(@NotNull Class<E> eClass) {
+        if (Enum.class.isAssignableFrom(eClass))
+            return (E) readEnum2((Class<Enum>) (Class) eClass);
+        if (String.class.isAssignableFrom(eClass))
+            return (E) readUTFΔ();
+        return readInstance(eClass, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <E> E readEnum(long offset, int maxSize, Class<E> eClass) {
+        long pos = position();
+        long lim = limit();
+        try {
+            position(offset);
+            limit(offset + maxSize);
+            if (Enum.class.isAssignableFrom(eClass))
+                return (E) readEnum2((Class<Enum>) (Class) eClass);
+            if (String.class.isAssignableFrom(eClass))
+                return (E) readUTFΔ();
+            return readInstance(eClass, null);
+        } finally {
+            limit(lim);
+            position(pos);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long nextSetBit(long fromIndex) {
+        if (fromIndex < 0)
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+        long maxBit = capacity() << 3;
+        long fromLongIndex = fromIndex & ~63;
+        if (fromLongIndex >= maxBit)
+            return -1;
+        long firstByte = fromLongIndex >>> 3;
+        if ((fromIndex & 63) != 0) {
+            long l = readVolatileLong(firstByte) >>> fromIndex;
+            if (l != 0) {
+                return fromIndex + numberOfTrailingZeros(l);
+            }
+            firstByte += 8;
+        }
+        for (long i = firstByte; i < capacity(); i += 8) {
+            long l = readLong(i);
+            if (l != 0)
+                return (i << 3) + numberOfTrailingZeros(l);
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private <E extends Enum<E>> E readEnum2(Class<E> eClass) {
+        try {
+            StringBuilder sb = acquireStringBuilder();
+            if (read8bitText(sb))
+                return EnumInterner.intern(eClass, sb);
+            return null;
+        } catch (StreamCorruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public <E extends Enum<E>> E parseEnum(@NotNull Class<E> eClass, @NotNull StopCharTester tester) {
+        String text = parseUtf8(tester);
+        if (text.isEmpty())
+            return null;
+        return EnumInterner.intern(eClass, text);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <E> void writeList(@NotNull Collection<E> list) {
+        writeStopBit(list.size());
+        for (E e : list)
+            writeEnum(e);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <K, V> void writeMap(@NotNull Map<K, V> map) {
+        writeStopBit(map.size());
+        for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+            writeEnum(entry.getKey());
+            writeEnum(entry.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <E> void readList(@NotNull Collection<E> list, @NotNull Class<E> eClass) {
+        long len = readStopBit();
+        if (len < 0 || len > Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid length: " + len);
+        list.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            E e = readEnum(eClass);
+            list.add(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @NotNull
+    public <K, V> Map<K, V> readMap(@NotNull Map<K, V> map, @NotNull Class<K> kClass, @NotNull Class<V> vClass) {
+        long len = readStopBit();
+        if (len < 0 || len > Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid length: " + len);
+
+        map.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            map.put(readEnum(kClass), readEnum(vClass));
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int available() {
+        return (int) Math.min(Integer.MAX_VALUE, remaining());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int read() {
+        return remaining() > 0 ? readUnsignedByte() : -1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int read(@NotNull byte[] bytes) {
+        return read(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public abstract int read(@NotNull byte[] bytes, int off, int len);
+
+    @Override
+    public long skip(long n) {
+        if (n < -position())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Skip bytes out of range, was " + n);
+        if (n > remaining())
+            n = remaining();
+        position(position() + n);
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        if (!isFinished())
+            finish();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void finish() throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
+        if (remaining() < 0)
+            throwOverflow();
+        finished = true;
+    }
+
+    private void throwOverflow() throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
+        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Buffer overflow, capacity: " + capacity() + " position: " + position());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isFinished() {
+        return finished;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public AbstractBytes clear() {
+        finished = false;
+        position(0L);
+        limit(capacity());
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Bytes flip() {
+        limit(position());
+        position(0);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void flush() {
+        checkEndOfBuffer();
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    public Object readObject() {
+        try {
+            return objectSerializer.readSerializable(this, null, null);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    public <T> T readObject(Class<T> tClass) throws IllegalStateException {
+        Object o = readObject();
+        if (o == null || tClass.isInstance(o))
+            return (T) o;
+        throw new ClassCastException("Cannot convert " + o.getClass().getName() + " to " + tClass.getName() + " was " + o);
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <T> T readInstance(@NotNull Class<T> objClass, T obj) {
+        try {
+            return objectSerializer.readSerializable(this, objClass, obj);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public void writeObject(@Nullable Object obj) {
+        try {
+            objectSerializer.writeSerializable(this, obj, null);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
+        }
+        checkEndOfBuffer();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <OBJ> void writeInstance(@NotNull Class<OBJ> objClass, @NotNull OBJ obj) {
+        try {
+            objectSerializer.writeSerializable(this, obj, objClass);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
+        }
+        checkEndOfBuffer();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean tryLockInt(long offset) {
+        return tryLockNanos4a(offset);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean tryLockNanosInt(long offset, long nanos) {
+        int limit = nanos <= 10000 ? (int) nanos / 10 : 1000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++)
+            if (tryLockNanos4a(offset))
+                return true;
+        if (nanos <= 10000)
+            return false;
+        long end = System.nanoTime() + nanos - 10000;
+        do {
+            if (tryLockNanos4a(offset))
+                return true;
+        } while (end > System.nanoTime() && !currentThread().isInterrupted());
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean tryLockNanos4a(long offset) {
+        //lowId = bottom 24 bytes of the thread id
+        int lowId = shortThreadId();
+        //Use the top 8 bytes as a counter, and the bottom 24 bytes as the thread id
+        int firstValue = ((1 << 24) | lowId);
+        //If the cas works, it was unlocked and we now atomically have the lock
+        if (compareAndSwapInt(offset, 0, firstValue))
+            return true;
+        //The cas failed so get the value of the current lock
+        int currentValue = readInt(offset);
+        //if the bottom 24 bytes match our thread id ...
+        // TODO but what if we're in a different process?
+        if ((currentValue & INT_LOCK_MASK) == lowId) {
+            //then if the counter in the top 8 bytes is 255, throw an exception
+            if ((currentValue >>> 24) >= 255)
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Reentered 255 times without an unlock - if you are using this to lock across processes, there could be a thread id conflict letting one process 'steal' the lock from another process. To avoid this, call AffinitySupport.setThreadId() during startup which will make all threads have unique ids");
+            //otherwise increase the counter in the top 8 bytes by one
+            currentValue += 1 << 24;
+            //and store it - no other threads can successfully write at this point
+            //because their cas will fail (the value is not 0), so no update concurrency
+            //conflict, but we do want other threads to read the value we write
+            writeOrderedInt(offset, currentValue);
+            //we've got the lock - and incremented it, so return true
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void busyLockInt(long offset) throws InterruptedException, IllegalStateException {
+        boolean success = tryLockNanosInt(offset, BUSY_LOCK_LIMIT);
+        if (!success)
+            if (currentThread().isInterrupted())
+                throw new InterruptedException();
+            else
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to acquire lock after " + BUSY_LOCK_LIMIT / 1e9 + " seconds.");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unlockInt(long offset) throws IllegalMonitorStateException {
+        int lowId = shortThreadId();
+        int firstValue = ((1 << 24) | lowId);
+        if (compareAndSwapInt(offset, firstValue, 0))
+            return;
+        // try to cheek the lowId and the count.
+        unlockFailedInt(offset, lowId);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetLockInt(long offset) {
+        writeOrderedInt(offset, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int threadIdForLockInt(long offset) {
+        return readVolatileInt(offset) & INT_LOCK_MASK;
+    }
+
+    int shortThreadId() {
+        return shortThreadId0();
+    }
+
+    int shortThreadId0() {
+        final int tid = (int) getId() & INT_LOCK_MASK;
+        if (!ID_LIMIT_WARNED && tid > 1 << 24) {
+            warnIdLimit(tid);
+        }
+        return tid;
+    }
+
+    Thread currentThread() {
+        return Thread.currentThread();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean tryLockLong(long offset) {
+        long id = uniqueTid();
+        return tryLockNanos8a(offset, id);
+    }
+
+    long uniqueTid() {
+        return Jvm.getUniqueTid(currentThread());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean tryLockNanosLong(long offset, long nanos) {
+        long id = uniqueTid();
+        int limit = nanos <= 10000 ? (int) nanos / 10 : 1000;
+        for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++)
+            if (tryLockNanos8a(offset, id))
+                return true;
+        if (nanos <= 10000)
+            return false;
+        return tryLockNanosLong0(offset, nanos, id);
+    }
+
+    private boolean tryLockNanosLong0(long offset, long nanos, long id) {
+        long nanos0 = Math.min(nanos, SLEEP_THRESHOLD);
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        long end0 = start + nanos0 - 10000;
+        do {
+            if (tryLockNanos8a(offset, id))
+                return true;
+        } while (end0 > System.nanoTime() && !currentThread().isInterrupted());
+
+        long end = start + nanos - SLEEP_THRESHOLD;
+        if (LoggerHolder.LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+            LoggerHolder.LOGGER.log(Level.FINE, Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", waiting for lock");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            do {
+                if (tryLockNanos8a(offset, id)) {
+                    long millis = (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1000000;
+                    if (millis > 200) {
+                        LoggerHolder.LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING,
+                                Thread.currentThread().getName() +
+                                        ", to obtain a lock took " +
+                                        millis / 1e3 + " seconds"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+                Thread.sleep(1);
+            } while (end > System.nanoTime());
+        } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean tryLockNanos8a(long offset, long id) {
+        long firstValue = (1L << 48) | id;
+        if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, 0, firstValue))
+            return true;
+        long currentValue = readLong(offset);
+        long lockedId = currentValue & ((1L << 48) - 1);
+        if (lockedId == 0) {
+            int count = (int) (currentValue >>> 48);
+            if (count != 0)
+                LoggerHolder.LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, "Lock held by threadId 0 !?");
+            return compareAndSwapLong(offset, currentValue, firstValue);
+        }
+        if (lockedId == id) {
+            if (currentValue >>> 48 == 65535)
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Reentered 65535 times without an unlock");
+            currentValue += 1L << 48;
+            writeOrderedLong(offset, currentValue);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void busyLockLong(long offset) throws InterruptedException, IllegalStateException {
+        boolean success = tryLockNanosLong(offset, BUSY_LOCK_LIMIT);
+        if (!success)
+            if (currentThread().isInterrupted())
+                throw new InterruptedException();
+            else
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to acquire lock after " + BUSY_LOCK_LIMIT / 1e9 + " seconds.");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unlockLong(long offset) throws IllegalMonitorStateException {
+        long id = Jvm.getUniqueTid();
+        long firstValue = (1L << 48) | id;
+        if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, firstValue, 0))
+            return;
+        // try to check the lowId and the count.
+        unlockFailedLong(offset, id);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetLockLong(long offset) {
+        writeOrderedLong(offset, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long threadIdForLockLong(long offset) {
+        return readVolatileLong(offset);
+    }
+
+    long getId() {
+        return currentThread().getId();
+    }
+
+    private void unlockFailedInt(long offset, int lowId) throws IllegalMonitorStateException {
+        long currentValue = readInt(offset);
+        long holderId = currentValue & INT_LOCK_MASK;
+        if (holderId == lowId) {
+            currentValue -= 1 << 24;
+            writeOrderedInt(offset, (int) currentValue);
+
+        } else if (currentValue == 0) {
+            LoggerHolder.LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, "No thread holds this lock, threadId: " + shortThreadId());
+
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalMonitorStateException("Thread " + holderId + " holds this lock, " + (currentValue >>> 24) + " times");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void unlockFailedLong(long offset, long id) throws IllegalMonitorStateException {
+        long currentValue = readLong(offset);
+        long holderId = currentValue & (-1L >>> 16);
+        if (holderId == id) {
+            currentValue -= 1L << 48;
+            writeOrderedLong(offset, currentValue);
+
+        } else if (currentValue == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalMonitorStateException("No thread holds this lock");
+
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalMonitorStateException("Process " + ((currentValue >>> 32) & 0xFFFF)
+                    + " thread " + (holderId & (-1L >>> 32))
+                    + " holds this lock, " + (currentValue >>> 48)
+                    + " times, unlock from " + Jvm.getProcessId()
+                    + " thread " + currentThread().getId());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getAndAdd(long offset, int delta) {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            int current = readVolatileInt(offset);
+            int next = current + delta;
+            if (compareAndSwapInt(offset, current, next))
+                return current;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int addAndGetInt(long offset, int delta) {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            int current = readVolatileInt(offset);
+            int next = current + delta;
+            if (compareAndSwapInt(offset, current, next))
+                return next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte addByte(long offset, byte b) {
+        byte b2 = readByte(offset);
+        b2 += b;
+        writeByte(offset, b2);
+        return b2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int addUnsignedByte(long offset, int i) {
+        int b2 = readUnsignedByte(offset);
+        b2 += i;
+        writeUnsignedByte(offset, b2);
+        return b2 & 0xFF;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public short addShort(long offset, short s) {
+        short s2 = readShort(offset);
+        s2 += s;
+        writeShort(offset, s2);
+        return s2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int addUnsignedShort(long offset, int i) {
+        int b2 = readUnsignedShort(offset);
+        b2 += i;
+        writeUnsignedShort(offset, b2);
+        return b2 & 0xFFFF;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int addInt(long offset, int i) {
+        int b2 = readInt(offset);
+        b2 += i;
+        writeInt(offset, b2);
+        return b2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long addUnsignedInt(long offset, long i) {
+        long b2 = readUnsignedInt(offset);
+        b2 += i;
+        writeUnsignedInt(offset, b2);
+        return b2 & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long addLong(long offset, long i) {
+        long b2 = readLong(offset);
+        b2 += i;
+        writeLong(offset, b2);
+        return b2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public float addFloat(long offset, float f) {
+        float b2 = readFloat(offset);
+        b2 += f;
+        writeFloat(offset, b2);
+        return b2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double addDouble(long offset, double d) {
+        double b2 = readDouble(offset);
+        b2 += d;
+        writeDouble(offset, b2);
+        return b2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int addAtomicInt(long offset, int i) {
+        return addAndGetInt(offset, i);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long addAtomicLong(long offset, long delta) {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            long current = readVolatileLong(offset);
+            long next = current + delta;
+            if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, current, next))
+                return next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public float addAtomicFloat(long offset, float delta) {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            int current = readVolatileInt(offset);
+            int next = Float.floatToRawIntBits(Float.intBitsToFloat(current) + delta);
+            if (compareAndSwapInt(offset, current, next))
+                return next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double addAtomicDouble(long offset, double delta) {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            long current = readVolatileLong(offset);
+            long next = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(Double.longBitsToDouble(current) + delta);
+            if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, current, next))
+                return next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public float readVolatileFloat(long offset) {
+        return Float.intBitsToFloat(readVolatileInt(offset));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double readVolatileDouble(long offset) {
+        return Double.longBitsToDouble(readVolatileLong(offset));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeOrderedFloat(long offset, float v) {
+        writeOrderedInt(offset, Float.floatToRawIntBits(v));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeOrderedDouble(long offset, double v) {
+        writeOrderedLong(offset, Double.doubleToRawLongBits(v));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int length() {
+        if (position() == 0)
+            return (int) Math.min(limit(), Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        else if (position() == limit() || limit() == capacity())
+            return (int) Math.min(position(), Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        else
+            throw new IllegalStateException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public char charAt(int index) {
+        if (index < 0 || index >= length())
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+        return (char) readUnsignedByte(position() + index);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readMarshallable(@NotNull Bytes in) throws IllegalStateException {
+        long len = Math.min(remaining(), in.remaining());
+        long inPosition = in.position();
+        write(in, inPosition, len);
+        in.position(inPosition + len);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeMarshallable(@NotNull Bytes out) {
+        out.write(this, position(), remaining());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(RandomDataInput bytes) {
+        long toWrite = bytes.remaining();
+        write(bytes, bytes.position(), toWrite);
+        bytes.skip(toWrite);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(RandomDataInput bytes, long position, long length) {
+        if (length > remaining())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Attempt to write " + length + " bytes with " + remaining() + " remaining");
+        if (bytes.byteOrder() == byteOrder()) {
+            while (length >= 8) {
+                writeLong(bytes.readLong(position));
+                position += 8;
+                length -= 8;
+            }
+        }
+        while (length >= 1) {
+            writeByte(bytes.readByte(position));
+            position++;
+            length--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(@NotNull Byteable byteable) {
+        if (byteable.bytes() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Attempt to write an unitialized Byteable object");
+        }
+
+        write(byteable.bytes(), byteable.offset(), byteable.maxSize());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean startsWith(RandomDataInput input) {
+        return compare(position(), input, input.position(), input.remaining());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean compare(long offset, RandomDataInput input, long inputOffset, long len) {
+        if (offset < 0 || inputOffset < 0 || len < 0)
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+        if (offset + len < 0 || offset + len > capacity() || inputOffset + len < 0 ||
+                inputOffset + len > input.capacity()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        long i = 0L;
+        for (; i < len - 7L; i += 8L) {
+            if (readLong(offset + i) != input.readLong(inputOffset + i))
+                return false;
+        }
+        if (i < len - 3L) {
+            if (readInt(offset + i) != input.readInt(inputOffset + i))
+                return false;
+            i += 4L;
+        }
+        if (i < len - 1L) {
+            if (readChar(offset + i) != input.readChar(inputOffset + i))
+                return false;
+            i += 2L;
+        }
+        if (i < len) {
+            if (readByte(offset + i) != input.readByte(inputOffset + i))
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        long remaining = remaining();
+        if (remaining < 0 || remaining > 1L << 48)
+            return "invalid remaining: " + remaining();
+        if (remaining > 1 << 20)
+            remaining = 1 << 20;
+        char[] chars = new char[(int) remaining];
+        long pos = position();
+        for (int i = 0; i < remaining; i++) {
+            chars[i] = (char) readUnsignedByte(i + pos);
+        }
+        return new String(chars);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String toDebugString() {
+        return toDebugString(64);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String toDebugString(long limit) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(200);
+        sb.append("[pos: ").append(position()).append(", lim: ").append(limit()).append(", cap: ")
+                .append(capacity()).append(" ] ");
+        toString(sb, position() - limit, position(), position() + limit);
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toHexString(long limit) {
+        return toHexString(this, position(), Math.min(remaining(), limit));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void toString(Appendable sb, long start, long position, long end) {
+        try {
+            // before
+            if (start < 0) start = 0;
+            if (position > start) {
+                for (long i = start; i < position; i++) {
+                    append(sb, i);
+                }
+                sb.append('\u2016');
+            }
+            if (end > limit())
+                end = limit();
+            // after
+            for (long i = position; i < end; i++) {
+                append(sb, i);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            try {
+                sb.append(e.toString());
+            } catch (IOException e1) {
+                throw new AssertionError(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ByteBuffer sliceAsByteBuffer(@Nullable ByteBuffer toReuse) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    private void append(Appendable sb, long i) throws IOException {
+        int b = readUnsignedByte(i);
+        if (b == 0)
+            sb.append('\u0660');
+        else if (b < 21)
+            sb.append((char) (b + 0x2487));
+        else
+            sb.append((char) b);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void asString(Appendable appendable) {
+        try {
+            for (long i = position(); i < limit(); i++)
+                append(appendable, i);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new AssertionError(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CharSequence asString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        asString(sb);
+        return sb;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean compareAndSwapDouble(long offset, double expected, double value) {
+        long exp = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(expected);
+        long val = Double.doubleToRawLongBits(value);
+        return compareAndSwapLong(offset, exp, val);
+    }
+
+    public File file() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // read/write lock support.
+    // short path in a small method so it can be inlined.
+    public boolean tryRWReadLock(long offset, long timeOutNS) throws IllegalStateException, InterruptedException {
+        long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+        int writersWaiting = rwWriteWaiting(lock);
+        int writersLocked = rwWriteLocked(lock);
+        // readers wait for waiting writers
+        if (writersLocked <= 0 && writersWaiting <= 0) {
+            // increment readers locked.
+            int readersLocked = rwReadLocked(lock);
+            if (readersLocked >= RW_LOCK_MASK)
+                throw new IllegalStateException("readersLocked has reached a limit of " + readersLocked);
+            if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock + RW_READ_LOCKED))
+                return true;
+        }
+        return tryRWReadLock0(offset, timeOutNS);
+    }
+
+    private boolean tryRWReadLock0(long offset, long timeOutNS) throws IllegalStateException, InterruptedException {
+        long end = System.nanoTime() + timeOutNS;
+        // wait for no write locks, nor waiting writes.
+        for (; ; ) {
+            long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+            int writersWaiting = rwWriteWaiting(lock);
+            int writersLocked = rwWriteLocked(lock);
+            if (writersLocked <= 0 && writersWaiting <= 0) {
+                // increment readers locked.
+                int readersLocked = rwReadLocked(lock);
+                if (readersLocked >= RW_LOCK_MASK)
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("readersLocked has reached a limit of " + readersLocked);
+                // add to the readLock count and decrease the readWaiting count.
+                if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock + RW_READ_LOCKED))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            if (System.nanoTime() > end)
+                return false;
+
+            if (currentThread().isInterrupted())
+                throw new InterruptedException("Unable to obtain lock, interrupted");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean tryRWWriteLock(long offset, long timeOutNS) throws IllegalStateException, InterruptedException {
+        long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+        int readersLocked = rwReadLocked(lock);
+        int writersLocked = rwWriteLocked(lock);
+        // writers don't wait for waiting readers.
+        if (readersLocked <= 0 && writersLocked <= 0) {
+            if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock + RW_WRITE_LOCKED))
+                return true;
+        }
+        return tryRWWriteLock0(offset, timeOutNS);
+    }
+
+    private boolean tryRWWriteLock0(long offset, long timeOutNS) throws IllegalStateException, InterruptedException {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+            int writersWaiting = rwWriteWaiting(lock);
+            if (writersWaiting >= RW_LOCK_MASK)
+                throw new IllegalStateException("writersWaiting has reached a limit of " + writersWaiting);
+            if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock + RW_WRITE_WAITING))
+                break;
+        }
+        long end = System.nanoTime() + timeOutNS;
+        // wait for no write locks.
+        for (; ; ) {
+            long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+            int readersLocked = rwReadLocked(lock);
+            int writersWaiting = rwWriteWaiting(lock);
+            int writersLocked = rwWriteLocked(lock);
+            if (readersLocked <= 0 && writersLocked <= 0) {
+                // increment readers locked.
+                if (writersWaiting <= 0) {
+                    System.err.println("writersWaiting has underflowed");
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // add to the readLock count and decrease the readWaiting count.
+                if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock + RW_WRITE_LOCKED - RW_WRITE_WAITING))
+                    return true;
+            }
+            boolean interrupted = currentThread().isInterrupted();
+            if (interrupted || System.nanoTime() > end) {
+                // release waiting
+                for (; ; ) {
+                    if (writersWaiting <= 0)
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("writersWaiting has underflowed");
+                    if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock - RW_WRITE_WAITING))
+                        break;
+                    lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+                    writersWaiting = rwWriteWaiting(lock);
+                }
+                if (interrupted)
+                    throw new InterruptedException("Unable to obtain lock, interrupted");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void unlockRWReadLock(long offset) {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+            int readersLocked = rwReadLocked(lock);
+            if (readersLocked <= 0)
+                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException("readerLock underflow");
+            if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock - RW_READ_LOCKED))
+                return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void unlockRWWriteLock(long offset) {
+        for (; ; ) {
+            long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+            int writersLocked = rwWriteLocked(lock);
+            if (writersLocked != 1)
+                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException("writersLock underflow " + writersLocked);
+            if (compareAndSwapLong(offset, lock, lock - RW_WRITE_LOCKED))
+                return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    String dumpRWLock(long offset) {
+        long lock = readVolatileLong(offset);
+        int readersLocked = rwReadLocked(lock);
+        int writersWaiting = rwWriteWaiting(lock);
+        int writersLocked = rwWriteLocked(lock);
+        return "writerLocked: " + writersLocked
+                + ", writersWaiting: " + writersWaiting
+                + ", readersLocked: " + readersLocked;
+    }
+
+    static class DateCache {
+        final SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy/MM/dd");
+        private long lastDay = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        @Nullable
+        private byte[] lastDateStr = null;
+
+        DateCache() {
+            dateFormat.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class LoggerHolder {
+        public static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AbstractBytes.class.getName());
+    }
+
+    abstract static class FastStringOperations {
+        abstract long getUtf8EncodedStringLength(@NotNull String string);
+
+        final int getUtf8CharSize(char c) {
+            if ((c > 0x007F)) {
+                if (c > 0x07FF) {
+                    return 3;
+                } else {
+                    return 2;
+                }
+            }
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        abstract char[] extractChars(String string);
+    }
+
+    private static class FastStringOperations17 extends FastStringOperations {
+        final Field valueField;
+
+        private FastStringOperations17() throws SecurityException, NoSuchFieldException {
+            valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
+            valueField.setAccessible(true);
+        }
+
+        char[] extractChars(String string) {
+            try {
+                return (char[]) valueField.get(string);
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                throw new AssertionError(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        long getUtf8EncodedStringLength(String string) {
+            char[] chars = extractChars(string);
+            long utflen = chars.length;
+            for (char c : chars) {
+                if ((c > 0x007F)) {
+                    if (c > 0x07FF) {
+                        utflen += 2;
+                    } else {
+                        utflen++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return utflen;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class FastStringOperations16 extends FastStringOperations17 {
+        private final Field offsetField, countField;
+
+        private FastStringOperations16() throws SecurityException, NoSuchFieldException {
+            super();
+            offsetField = String.class.getDeclaredField("offset");
+            offsetField.setAccessible(true);
+            countField = String.class.getDeclaredField("count");
+            countField.setAccessible(true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        long getUtf8EncodedStringLength(String string) {
+            final char[] chars = extractChars(string);
+            final int startIndex, endIndex;
+
+            try {
+                startIndex = offsetField.getInt(string);
+                endIndex = startIndex + countField.getInt(string);
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                throw new AssertionError(e);
+            }
+
+            long utflen = 0;
+            for (int i = startIndex; i < endIndex; ++i) {
+                utflen += getUtf8CharSize(chars[i]);
+            }
+            return utflen;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `net.openhft.lang.io.AbstractBytes.stringInterner` reads without synchronization from `this.net.openhft.lang.io.AbstractBytes.stringInterner`. Potentially races with write in method `AbstractBytes.readUTFΔ(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+StringInterner AbstractBytes.stringInterner()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.lang.io.AbstractBytes.stringInterner():net.openhft.lang.pool.StringInterner.25d2348edf1cf20eb7a8e8660bc6dd23
+
+### File:
+lang/src/main/java/net/openhft/lang/io/AbstractBytes.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractBytes.java|stringInterner|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+55d24bb64eff54718d3f874564c25130
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3963/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3963/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fee52cce07efae1e7d80528a5a06b258b2a563f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3963/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-Lang
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Peter Lawrey
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.lang.io;
+
+import net.openhft.lang.affinity.PosixJNAAffinity;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * @author peter.lawrey
+ */
+public class DirectBytesTest {
+    static final boolean WITH_BINDING;
+
+    static {
+        boolean binding = false;
+
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() >= 12) {
+            try {
+                PosixJNAAffinity.INSTANCE.getcpu();
+                binding = true;
+                System.out.println("binding: true");
+            } catch (Throwable ignored) {
+            }
+        }
+        WITH_BINDING = binding;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocate() throws Exception {
+        long size = 1L << 31;
+        DirectStore store = DirectStore.allocate(size);
+        DirectBytes slice = store.createSlice();
+        slice.writeLong(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(size - 8, size);
+        store.free();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking() {
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 40 * 1000 * 1000;
+        new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                if (WITH_BINDING) PosixJNAAffinity.INSTANCE.setAffinity(1L << 11);
+                manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 1, 0);
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        if (WITH_BINDING) PosixJNAAffinity.INSTANCE.setAffinity(1L << 5);
+        manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 0, 1);
+
+        store1.free();
+        long time = System.nanoTime() - start;
+        System.out.printf("Contended lock rate was %,d per second%n", (int) (lockCount * 2 * 1e9 / time));
+    }
+
+    private void manyToggles(DirectStore store1, int lockCount, int from, int to) {
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i++) {
+            assertTrue(
+                    slice1.tryLockNanosInt(0L, 5 * 1000 * 1000));
+            int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle1 == from) {
+                slice1.writeInt(4L, to);
+            } else {
+                i--;
+            }
+            slice1.unlockInt(0L);
+            System.nanoTime(); // do something small between locks
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking2() throws Exception {
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final DirectStore store2 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000000;
+
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+                System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+                assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+                int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+                try {
+                    DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+                    DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+                        slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+                        slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+                        int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+                        int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+                        int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle1 == 1) {
+                            slice1.writeInt(4, 0);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle2 == 1) {
+                            slice2.writeInt(4, 0);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        try {
+                            slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                            slice1.unlockInt(0);
+                        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                            int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                            int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                            System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                            throw e;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        t.start();
+
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+        DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+            slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+            slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+            int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+            int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+            int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle1 == 0) {
+                slice1.writeInt(4, 1);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                i--;
+            }
+            int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle2 == 0) {
+                slice2.writeInt(4, 1);
+//                            if (i % 10000== 0)
+//                            System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                i--;
+            }
+            int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            try {
+                slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                slice1.unlockInt(0);
+            } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        store1.free();
+        store2.free();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytes` acquired to `slice1` by call to `createSlice()` at line 82 is not released after line 96.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 93
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DirectBytesTest.manyToggles(DirectStore,int,int,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytesTest.manyToggles(net.openhft.lang.io.DirectStore,int,int,int):void.321bf44d766f9efa67f4ec291f9ea607
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/openhft/lang/io/DirectBytesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DirectBytesTest.java|manyToggles|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+53c1c909c16af7c19aed2a732376ea07
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3964/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3964/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..456e3607728311f85c0af40e2c6ce3aa88f3eea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3964/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-Lang
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Peter Lawrey
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.lang.io;
+
+import net.openhft.lang.model.constraints.NotNull;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author peter.lawrey
+ */
+public class DirectBytesTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testSimpleLock() {
+        DirectBytes bytes = new DirectStore(64).createSlice();
+        bytes.writeLong(0, -1L);
+        assertFalse(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        bytes.writeLong(0, 0L);
+        assertTrue(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        long val1 = bytes.readLong(0);
+        assertTrue(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        bytes.unlockLong(0);
+        assertEquals(val1, bytes.readLong(0));
+        bytes.unlockLong(0);
+        assertEquals(0L, bytes.readLong(0));
+        try {
+            bytes.unlockLong(0);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalMonitorStateException e) {
+            // expected.
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void manyToggles(@NotNull DirectStore store1, int lockCount, int from, int to) {
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+
+        int records = 64;
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += records) {
+            for (long j = 0; j < records * 64; j += 64) {
+                slice1.positionAndSize(j, 64);
+                boolean condition = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < 20; k++) {
+                    condition = slice1.tryLockInt(0L) || slice1.tryLockNanosInt(0L, 5 * 1000 * 1000);
+                    if (condition)
+                        break;
+                    if (k > 0)
+                        System.out.println("k: " + (5 + k * 5));
+                }
+                if (!condition)
+                    assertTrue("i= " + i, condition);
+                int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                if (toggle1 == from) {
+                    slice1.writeInt(4L, to);
+                } else {
+                    // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter,AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                    i--;
+                }
+                slice1.unlockInt(0L);
+                System.currentTimeMillis(); // small delay
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void manyLongToggles(@NotNull DirectStore store1, int lockCount, int from, int to) {
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 32);
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+
+        int records = 64;
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += records) {
+            for (long j = 0; j < records * 64; j += 64) {
+                slice1.positionAndSize(j, 64);
+                boolean condition = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < 20; k++) {
+                    condition = slice1.tryLockLong(0L) || slice1.tryLockNanosLong(0L, 5 * 1000 * 1000);
+                    if (condition)
+                        break;
+                    if (k > 0)
+                        System.out.println("k: " + (5 + k * 5));
+                }
+                if (!condition)
+                    assertTrue("i= " + i, condition);
+                long toggle1 = slice1.readLong(8);
+                if (toggle1 == from) {
+                    slice1.writeLong(8L, to);
+                } else {
+                    // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter,AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                    i--;
+                }
+                slice1.unlockLong(0L);
+                System.currentTimeMillis(); // small delay
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocate() throws Exception {
+        long size = 1L << 24; // 31; don't overload cloud-bees
+        DirectStore store = DirectStore.allocate(size);
+        assertEquals(size, store.size());
+        DirectBytes slice = store.createSlice();
+        slice.positionAndSize(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(size - 8, size);
+        store.free();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking() {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000 * 1000;
+        new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 1, 0);
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 0, 1);
+
+        store1.free();
+        long time = System.nanoTime() - start;
+        System.out.printf("Contended lock rate was %,d per second%n", (int) (lockCount * 2 * 1e9 / time));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockingLong() {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000 * 1000;
+        new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                manyLongToggles(store1, lockCount, 1, 0);
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        manyLongToggles(store1, lockCount, 0, 1);
+
+        store1.free();
+        long time = System.nanoTime() - start;
+        System.out.printf("Contended lock rate was %,d per second%n", (int) (lockCount * 2 * 1e9 / time));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking2() throws Exception {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final DirectStore store2 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 1000000;
+
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+                System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+                assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+                int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+                try {
+                    DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+                    DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+                        slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+                        slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+                        int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+                        int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+                        int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle1 == 1) {
+                            slice1.writeInt(4, 0);
+                            // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                            // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle2 == 1) {
+                            slice2.writeInt(4, 0);
+                            // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                            // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        try {
+                            slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                            slice1.unlockInt(0);
+                        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                            int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                            int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                            System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                            throw e;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        t.start();
+
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+        DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+            slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+            slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+            int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+            int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+            int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle1 == 0) {
+                slice1.writeInt(4, 1);
+                // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                i--;
+            }
+            int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle2 == 0) {
+                slice2.writeInt(4, 1);
+                // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                i--;
+            }
+            int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            try {
+                slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                slice1.unlockInt(0);
+            } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        store1.free();
+        store2.free();
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void benchmarkByteLargeArray() {
+        long length = 1L << 32;
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        DirectBytes array = DirectStore.allocateLazy(length).createSlice();
+        System.out.println("Constructor time: " + (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1e9 + " sec");
+        int iters = 2;
+        byte one = 1;
+        start = System.nanoTime();
+        for (int it = 0; it < iters; it++) {
+            for (long i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                array.writeByte(i, one);
+                array.writeByte(i, (byte) (array.readByte(i) + one));
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("Computation time: " + (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1e9 / iters + " sec");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytes` acquired by call to `createSlice()` at line 89 is not released after line 116.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DirectBytesTest.manyLongToggles(DirectStore,int,int,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytesTest.manyLongToggles(net.openhft.lang.io.DirectStore,int,int,int):voi.6c6f76b251a25f3a097829948432e7b0
+
+### File:
+lang/src/test/java/net/openhft/lang/io/DirectBytesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DirectBytesTest.java|manyLongToggles|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d17ff65b15f71d7c122f3ef3fc1e6e62
+
+### Hash:
+706af21592e07e05753b39015252e9ff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3970/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3970/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52c95ca6ffe7cd0c0e846d58908bc5b9ae962490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3970/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-Lang
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Peter Lawrey
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.lang.io;
+
+import net.openhft.lang.model.constraints.NotNull;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author peter.lawrey
+ */
+public class DirectBytesTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testSimpleLock() {
+        DirectBytes bytes = new DirectStore(64).createSlice();
+        bytes.writeLong(0, -1L);
+        assertFalse(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        bytes.writeLong(0, 0L);
+        assertTrue(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        long val1 = bytes.readLong(0);
+        assertTrue(bytes.tryLockLong(0));
+        bytes.unlockLong(0);
+        assertEquals(val1, bytes.readLong(0));
+        bytes.unlockLong(0);
+        assertEquals(0L, bytes.readLong(0));
+        try {
+            bytes.unlockLong(0);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalMonitorStateException e) {
+            // expected.
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void manyToggles(@NotNull DirectStore store1, int lockCount, int from, int to) {
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+
+        int records = 64;
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += records) {
+            for (long j = 0; j < records * 64; j += 64) {
+                slice1.positionAndSize(j, 64);
+                boolean condition = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < 20; k++) {
+                    condition = slice1.tryLockInt(0L) || slice1.tryLockNanosInt(0L, 5 * 1000 * 1000);
+                    if (condition)
+                        break;
+                    if (k > 0)
+                        System.out.println("k: " + (5 + k * 5));
+                }
+                if (!condition)
+                    assertTrue("i= " + i, condition);
+                int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                if (toggle1 == from) {
+                    slice1.writeInt(4L, to);
+                } else {
+                    // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter,AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                    i--;
+                }
+                slice1.unlockInt(0L);
+                System.currentTimeMillis(); // small delay
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void manyLongToggles(@NotNull DirectStore store1, int lockCount, int from, int to) {
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 32);
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+
+        int records = 64;
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += records) {
+            for (long j = 0; j < records * 64; j += 64) {
+                slice1.positionAndSize(j, 64);
+                boolean condition = false;
+                for (int k = 0; k < 20; k++) {
+                    condition = slice1.tryLockLong(0L) || slice1.tryLockNanosLong(0L, 5 * 1000 * 1000);
+                    if (condition)
+                        break;
+                    if (k > 0)
+                        System.out.println("k: " + (5 + k * 5));
+                }
+                if (!condition)
+                    assertTrue("i= " + i, condition);
+                long toggle1 = slice1.readLong(8);
+                if (toggle1 == from) {
+                    slice1.writeLong(8L, to);
+                } else {
+                    // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter,AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                    i--;
+                }
+                slice1.unlockLong(0L);
+                System.currentTimeMillis(); // small delay
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllocate() throws Exception {
+        long size = 1L << 24; // 31; don't overload cloud-bees
+        DirectStore store = DirectStore.allocate(size);
+        assertEquals(size, store.size());
+        DirectBytes slice = store.createSlice();
+        slice.positionAndSize(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(0, size);
+        slice.writeLong(size - 8, size);
+        store.free();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking() {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000 * 1000;
+        new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 1, 0);
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        manyToggles(store1, lockCount, 0, 1);
+
+        store1.free();
+        long time = System.nanoTime() - start;
+        System.out.printf("Contended lock rate was %,d per second%n", (int) (lockCount * 2 * 1e9 / time));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockingLong() {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 10 * 1000 * 1000;
+        new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                manyLongToggles(store1, lockCount, 1, 0);
+            }
+        }).start();
+
+        manyLongToggles(store1, lockCount, 0, 1);
+
+        store1.free();
+        long time = System.nanoTime() - start;
+        System.out.printf("Contended lock rate was %,d per second%n", (int) (lockCount * 2 * 1e9 / time));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLocking2() throws Exception {
+        if (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() < 2) {
+            System.err.println("Test requires 2 CPUs, skipping");
+            return;
+        }
+        // a page
+        final DirectStore store1 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final DirectStore store2 = DirectStore.allocate(1 << 12);
+        final int lockCount = 1000000;
+
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+                System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+                assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+                int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+                try {
+                    DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+                    DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+                        slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+                        slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+                        int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+                        int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+                        if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                            assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+                        int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle1 == 1) {
+                            slice1.writeInt(4, 0);
+                            // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                            // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+                        if (toggle2 == 1) {
+                            slice2.writeInt(4, 0);
+                            // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                            // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+                        } else {
+                            // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                            i--;
+                        }
+                        int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+                        try {
+                            slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                            slice1.unlockInt(0);
+                        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                            int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                            int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                            System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                                    " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                            throw e;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        t.start();
+
+        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();
+        assertEquals(0, id >>> 24);
+        int expected = (1 << 24) | (int) id;
+        System.out.println("Thread " + id);
+
+        DirectBytes slice1 = store1.createSlice();
+        DirectBytes slice2 = store2.createSlice();
+        for (int i = 0; i < lockCount; i += 2) {
+            slice1.busyLockInt(0);
+            slice2.busyLockInt(0);
+            int lockValue1 = slice1.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue1 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue1);
+            int lockValue2 = slice2.readInt(0);
+            if (lockValue2 != expected)
+                assertEquals(expected, lockValue2);
+            int toggle1 = slice1.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle1 == 0) {
+                slice1.writeInt(4, 1);
+                // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                i--;
+            }
+            int toggle2 = slice2.readInt(4);
+            if (toggle2 == 0) {
+                slice2.writeInt(4, 1);
+                // if (i % 10000== 0)
+                // System.out.println("t: " + i);
+            } else {
+                // noinspection AssignmentToForLoopParameter
+                i--;
+            }
+            int lockValue1A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            int lockValue2A = slice1.readInt(0);
+            try {
+                slice2.unlockInt(0);
+                slice1.unlockInt(0);
+            } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                int lockValue1B = slice1.readInt(0);
+                int lockValue2B = slice2.readInt(0);
+                System.err.println("i= " + i +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1A) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2A) +
+                        " lock: " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue1B) + " / " + Integer.toHexString(lockValue2B));
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        store1.free();
+        store2.free();
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void benchmarkByteLargeArray() {
+        long length = 1L << 32;
+        long start = System.nanoTime();
+        DirectBytes array = DirectStore.allocateLazy(length).createSlice();
+        System.out.println("Constructor time: " + (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1e9 + " sec");
+        int iters = 2;
+        byte one = 1;
+        start = System.nanoTime();
+        for (int it = 0; it < iters; it++) {
+            for (long i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+                array.writeByte(i, one);
+                array.writeByte(i, (byte) (array.readByte(i) + one));
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("Computation time: " + (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1e9 / iters + " sec");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytes` acquired by call to `createSlice()` at line 55 is not released after line 82.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DirectBytesTest.manyToggles(DirectStore,int,int,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.lang.io.DirectBytesTest.manyToggles(net.openhft.lang.io.DirectStore,int,int,int):void.321bf44d766f9efa67f4ec291f9ea607
+
+### File:
+lang/src/test/java/net/openhft/lang/io/DirectBytesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DirectBytesTest.java|manyToggles|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d17ff65b15f71d7c122f3ef3fc1e6e62
+
+### Hash:
+3f1366136501c80ad6a85f9a8310bcbe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3977/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3977/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1481ca6e4020d8e068ffa608363b9cb4697f7126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3977/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 66
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.network.message.impl;
+
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.event.BaseEvent;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.date.TimeService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.NodeDataService;
+import io.nuls.network.entity.Node;
+import io.nuls.network.entity.NodeTransferTool;
+import io.nuls.network.exception.NetworkMessageException;
+import io.nuls.network.message.NetworkCacheService;
+import io.nuls.network.message.NetworkEventResult;
+import io.nuls.network.message.entity.VersionEvent;
+import io.nuls.network.message.handler.NetWorkEventHandler;
+import io.nuls.network.service.NetworkService;
+
+/**
+ * @author vivi
+ * @date 2017/11/21
+ */
+public class VersionEventHandler implements NetWorkEventHandler {
+
+    private static final VersionEventHandler INSTANCE = new VersionEventHandler();
+
+    private NodeDataService nodeDao;
+
+    private NetworkCacheService cacheService;
+
+    private NetworkService networkService;
+
+    private VersionEventHandler() {
+        cacheService = NetworkCacheService.getInstance();
+    }
+
+    public static VersionEventHandler getInstance() {
+        return INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NetworkEventResult process(BaseEvent networkEvent, Node node) {
+        VersionEvent event = (VersionEvent) networkEvent;
+
+//        String key = event.getHeader().getEventType() + "-" + node.getId();
+//        if (cacheService.existEvent(key)) {
+//            Log.info("----------VersionEventHandler  cacheService  existEvent--------");
+//            getNetworkService().removeNode(node.getId());
+//            return null;
+//        }
+//        cacheService.putEvent(key, event, true);
+
+        if (event.getBestBlockHeight() < 0) {
+            throw new NetworkMessageException(ErrorCode.NET_MESSAGE_ERROR);
+        }
+        node.setVersionMessage(event);
+        checkVersion(event.getNulsVersion());
+
+        if (!node.isHandShake()) {
+            node.setStatus(Node.HANDSHAKE);
+            node.setPort(event.getExternalPort());
+            node.setLastTime(TimeService.currentTimeMillis());
+            getNodeDao().saveChange(NodeTransferTool.toPojo(node));
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    private void checkVersion(String version) {
+        int newVersion = Integer.parseInt(version.replace(".", ""));
+        int myVersion = Integer.parseInt(NulsContext.VERSION.replace(".", ""));
+        if (newVersion > myVersion) {
+            NulsContext.NEWEST_VERSION = version;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private NodeDataService getNodeDao() {
+        if (nodeDao == null) {
+            nodeDao = NulsContext.getServiceBean(NodeDataService.class);
+        }
+        return nodeDao;
+    }
+
+    private NetworkService getNetworkService() {
+        if (networkService == null) {
+            networkService = NulsContext.getServiceBean(NetworkService.class);
+        }
+        return networkService;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getNodeDao(this)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 84.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+NetworkEventResult VersionEventHandler.process(BaseEvent,Node)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.network.message.impl.VersionEventHandler.process(io.nuls.core.event.BaseEvent,io.nuls.networ.2559ae4a266c3eb7234fa431c7722a42
+
+### File:
+network-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/network/message/impl/VersionEventHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+VersionEventHandler.java|process|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4ed1e22ad62c2c868c4c69a81c9ef951
+
+### Hash:
+9f42b3b567c77898fd698239659e714a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3979/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3979/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad3dfd223553b50cbd9c6fea8f45bd9665162c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3979/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 50
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.consensus.utils;
+
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.block.TemporaryCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.ReceivedTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.GetSmallBlockParam;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.GetTxGroupParam;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.RedPunishData;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.GetSmallBlockRequest;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.GetTxGroupRequest;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.notice.AssembledBlockNotice;
+import io.nuls.consensus.manager.BlockManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.thread.ConsensusMeetingRunner;
+import io.nuls.consensus.thread.DataDownloadThread;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.*;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.NulsConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.SeverityLevelEnum;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.thread.manager.TaskManager;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.str.StringUtils;
+import io.nuls.core.validate.ValidateResult;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.NodePo;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2018/1/12
+ */
+public class DownloadDataUtils {
+
+    private static final DownloadDataUtils INSTANCE = new DownloadDataUtils();
+
+    private DownloadDataUtils() {
+        TaskManager.createAndRunThread(NulsConstant.MODULE_ID_CONSENSUS, "data-download-consensu", new DataDownloadThread());
+    }
+
+    public static DownloadDataUtils getInstance() {
+        return INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster = NulsContext.getServiceBean(EventBroadcaster.class);
+    private ReceivedTxCacheManager txCacheManager = ReceivedTxCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private TemporaryCacheManager temporaryCacheManager = TemporaryCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private BlockManager blockManager = BlockManager.getInstance();
+
+
+    private final Map<String, Long> smbRequest = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, Long> tgRequest = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, Integer> smbRequestCount = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, Integer> tgRequestCount = new HashMap<>();
+
+    public void requestSmallBlock(NulsDigestData blockHash, String nodeId) {
+        GetSmallBlockRequest request = new GetSmallBlockRequest();
+        GetSmallBlockParam param = new GetSmallBlockParam();
+        param.setBlockHash(blockHash);
+        request.setEventBody(param);
+        smbRequest.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), System.currentTimeMillis());
+        Integer value = smbRequestCount.get(blockHash.getDigestHex());
+        if (value == null) {
+            value = 0;
+        }
+        smbRequestCount.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), 1 + value);
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(nodeId)) {
+            eventBroadcaster.broadcastAndCache(request, false);
+        } else {
+            eventBroadcaster.sendToNode(request, nodeId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void requestTxGroup(NulsDigestData blockHash, String nodeId) {
+        GetTxGroupRequest request = new GetTxGroupRequest();
+        GetTxGroupParam data = new GetTxGroupParam();
+        data.setBlockHash(blockHash);
+        List<NulsDigestData> txHashList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        SmallBlock smb = temporaryCacheManager.getSmallBlock(blockHash.getDigestHex());
+        for (NulsDigestData txHash : smb.getTxHashList()) {
+            boolean exist = txCacheManager.txExist(txHash);
+            if (!exist) {
+                txHashList.add(txHash);
+            }
+        }
+        if (txHashList.isEmpty()) {
+            BlockHeader header = temporaryCacheManager.getBlockHeader(smb.getBlockHash().getDigestHex());
+            if (null == header) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Block block = new Block();
+            block.setHeader(header);
+            List<Transaction> txs = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (NulsDigestData txHash : smb.getTxHashList()) {
+                Transaction tx = txCacheManager.getTx(txHash);
+                if (null == tx) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR);
+                }
+                txs.add(tx);
+            }
+            block.setTxs(txs);
+            ValidateResult<RedPunishData> vResult = block.verify();
+            if (null == vResult || vResult.isFailed()) {
+                if (vResult.getLevel() == SeverityLevelEnum.FLAGRANT_FOUL) {
+                    RedPunishData redPunishData = vResult.getObject();
+                    ConsensusMeetingRunner.putPunishData(redPunishData);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            blockManager.addBlock(block, false,nodeId);
+            AssembledBlockNotice notice = new AssembledBlockNotice();
+            notice.setEventBody(header);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            return;
+        }
+        data.setTxHashList(txHashList);
+        request.setEventBody(data);
+        tgRequest.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), System.currentTimeMillis());
+        Integer value = tgRequestCount.get(blockHash.getDigestHex());
+        if (null == value) {
+            value = 0;
+        }
+        tgRequestCount.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), 1 + value);
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(nodeId)) {
+            eventBroadcaster.broadcastAndCache(request, false);
+        } else {
+            eventBroadcaster.sendToNode(request, nodeId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeSmallBlock(String blockHash) {
+        smbRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        smbRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+    }
+
+    public void removeTxGroup(String blockHash) {
+        tgRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        tgRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+    }
+
+    public void remove(String blockHash) {
+        smbRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        tgRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        smbRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+        tgRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+    }
+
+    public void reRequest() {
+        this.reRequestSmallBlock();
+        this.reReqesetTxGroup();
+    }
+
+    private void reReqesetTxGroup() {
+        for (String hash : this.tgRequest.keySet()) {
+            Long time = tgRequest.get(hash);
+            if (null != time && (System.currentTimeMillis() - time) >= 1000L) {
+                this.requestTxGroup(NulsDigestData.fromDigestHex(hash), null);
+            }
+            if (tgRequestCount.get(hash) >= 10) {
+                this.removeTxGroup(hash);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void reRequestSmallBlock() {
+        for (String hash : this.tgRequest.keySet()) {
+            Long time = tgRequest.get(hash);
+            if (null != time && (System.currentTimeMillis() - time) >= 1000L) {
+                this.requestSmallBlock(NulsDigestData.fromDigestHex(hash), null);
+            }
+            if (smbRequestCount.get(hash) >= 10) {
+                this.removeTxGroup(hash);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `vResult` last assigned on line 128 could be null and is dereferenced at line 130.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DownloadDataUtils.requestTxGroup(NulsDigestData,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.consensus.utils.DownloadDataUtils.requestTxGroup(io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData,ja.643614b7508a701ef6b3efa267b81d8c
+
+### File:
+consensus-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/consensus/utils/DownloadDataUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+DownloadDataUtils.java|requestTxGroup|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f23d47be0f1e6dd1b1b5de25de00f8d9
+
+### Hash:
+d84a86664180c0a9534776e3b2d928ea
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3983/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3983/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..499cf9fc147fc58f16b1b7023fcbf15800aa1fca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3983/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ * <p>
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * <p>
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * <p>
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.account.service.impl;
+
+import io.nuls.account.constant.AccountConstant;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Account;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Address;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Alias;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.tx.AliasTransaction;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.validator.AliasValidator;
+import io.nuls.account.event.*;
+import io.nuls.account.service.intf.AccountService;
+import io.nuls.account.service.tx.AliasTxService;
+import io.nuls.account.util.AccountTool;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsSignData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Result;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.manager.TransactionManager;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.NulsConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.AESEncrypt;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.ECKey;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.VarInt;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsException;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.thread.manager.TaskManager;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.crypto.Hex;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.date.DateUtil;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.date.TimeService;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.io.NulsByteBuffer;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.param.AssertUtil;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.spring.lite.annotation.Autowired;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.str.StringUtils;
+import io.nuls.core.validate.ValidateResult;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.AccountDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.AccountAliasDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.AliasDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.AccountPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.AliasPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.TransactionLocalPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.TransactionPo;
+import io.nuls.db.transactional.annotation.DbSession;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.CoinTransferData;
+import io.nuls.ledger.event.TransactionEvent;
+import io.nuls.ledger.service.intf.LedgerService;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransferTool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2017/10/30
+ */
+public class AccountServiceImpl implements AccountService {
+
+    private Lock locker = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private AccountCacheService accountCacheService = AccountCacheService.getInstance();
+    @Autowired
+    private AccountDataService accountDao;
+    @Autowired
+    private AccountAliasDataService accountAliasDBService;
+    @Autowired
+    private AliasDataService aliasDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster;
+    @Autowired
+    private LedgerService ledgerService;
+
+    private volatile boolean isLockNow = true;
+
+    @Override
+    public void init() {
+        AliasValidator.getInstance().setAliasDataService(aliasDataService);
+        AliasTxService.getInstance().setDataService(accountAliasDBService);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void start() {
+        List<Account> accounts = getAccountList();
+        Set<String> addressList = new HashSet<>();
+        if (accounts != null && !accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID = accounts.get(0).getAddress().getBase58();
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                addressList.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+            }
+            NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST = addressList;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() {
+        accountCacheService.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroy() {
+        accountCacheService.destroy();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public Account createAccount(String passwd) {
+        locker.lock();
+        try {
+            Account account = AccountTool.createAccount();
+            account.encrypt(passwd);
+            signAccount(account);
+            AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+            AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+            this.accountDao.save(po);
+            this.accountCacheService.putAccount(account);
+            NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+            AccountCreateNotice notice = new AccountCreateNotice();
+            notice.setEventBody(account);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            return account;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "create account failed!");
+        } finally {
+            locker.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public Result<List<String>> createAccount(int count, String password) {
+        if (count <= 0 || count > AccountTool.CREATE_MAX_SIZE) {
+            return new Result<>(false, "between 0 and 100 can be created at once");
+        }
+
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(password)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+
+        Account defaultAccount = getDefaultAccount();
+        if (defaultAccount != null) {
+            defaultAccount.decrypt(password);
+            if (defaultAccount.isEncrypted()) {
+                return new Result(false, "incorrect password");
+            }
+        }
+
+        locker.lock();
+        try {
+            List<Account> accounts = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<AccountPo> accountPos = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<String> resultList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                Account account = AccountTool.createAccount();
+                signAccount(account);
+                account.encrypt(password);
+                AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+                AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+
+                accounts.add(account);
+                accountPos.add(po);
+                resultList.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+            }
+
+            accountDao.save(accountPos);
+            accountCacheService.putAccountList(accounts);
+            NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.addAll(resultList);
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                AccountCreateNotice notice = new AccountCreateNotice();
+                notice.setEventBody(account);
+                eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            }
+            return new Result<>(true, "OK", resultList);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "create account failed!");
+        } finally {
+            locker.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public Account getDefaultAccount() {
+        if (NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return getAccount(NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Account getAccount(String address) {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(address, "");
+        Account account = accountCacheService.getAccountByAddress(address);
+        if (account == null) {
+            AliasPo aliasPo = aliasDataService.getByAddress(address);
+            if (aliasPo != null) {
+                try {
+                    account = new Account();
+                    account.setAddress(Address.fromHashs(address));
+                    account.setAlias(aliasPo.getAlias());
+                } catch (NulsException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isMine(String address) {
+        return accountCacheService.contains(address);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Account> getAccountList() {
+        List<Account> list = this.accountCacheService.getAccountList();
+        if (null != list && !list.isEmpty()) {
+            return list;
+        }
+        list = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<AccountPo> poList = this.accountDao.getList();
+        Set<String> addressList = new HashSet<>();
+        if (null == poList || poList.isEmpty()) {
+            return list;
+        }
+        for (AccountPo po : poList) {
+            Account account = new Account();
+            AccountTool.toBean(po, account);
+            list.add(account);
+            addressList.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+        }
+        this.accountCacheService.putAccountList(list);
+        NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST = addressList;
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Address getAddress(String pubKey) {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(pubKey, "");
+        try {
+            return AccountTool.newAddress(ECKey.fromPublicOnly(Hex.decode(pubKey)));
+        } catch (NulsException e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result getPrivateKey(String address, String password) {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(address, "");
+        Account account = accountCacheService.getAccountByAddress(address);
+        if (account == null) {
+            return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.ACCOUNT_NOT_EXIST);
+        }
+        if (!account.isEncrypted()) {
+            Result result = new Result(true, "OK", Hex.encode(account.getPriKey()));
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            account.unlock(password);
+            if (account.isEncrypted()) {
+                return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+            }
+            byte[] publicKeyBytes = account.getPriKey();
+            account.lock();
+            return new Result(true, "OK", Hex.encode(publicKeyBytes));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setDefaultAccount(String id) {
+        Account account = accountCacheService.getAccountById(id);
+        if (null != account) {
+            NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID = id;
+        } else {
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "The account not exist,id:" + id);
+        }
+        DefaultAccountChangeNotice notice = new DefaultAccountChangeNotice();
+        notice.setEventBody(account);
+        eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result encryptAccount(String password) {
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(password)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No account was found");
+        }
+        try {
+            List<AccountPo> accountPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                if (account.isEncrypted()) {
+                    return new Result(false, "password has been set up");
+                } else {
+                    account.encrypt(password);
+                    AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+                    AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+                    accountDao.update(po);
+                }
+            }
+            if (accountPoList.size() > 0) {
+                accountDao.update(accountPoList);
+            }
+
+            accountCacheService.putAccountList(accounts);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "set password failed");
+        }
+
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result changePassword(String oldPassword, String newPassword) {
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(oldPassword)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(newPassword)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No account was found");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Account acct = accounts.get(0);
+            if (!acct.isEncrypted()) {
+                return new Result(false, "No password has been set up yet");
+            }
+
+            List<AccountPo> accountPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                if (!account.decrypt(oldPassword)) {
+                    return new Result(false, "old password error");
+                }
+
+                account.decrypt(oldPassword);
+                account.encrypt(newPassword);
+
+                AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+                AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+                accountPoList.add(po);
+            }
+            accountDao.update(accountPoList);
+            accountCacheService.putAccountList(accounts);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "change password failed");
+        }
+        this.eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(new PasswordChangeNotice());
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEncrypted() {
+        if (!isLockNow) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.size() == 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        Account account = accounts.get(0);
+        return account.isEncrypted();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result unlockAccounts(final String password, int seconds) {
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No account was found");
+        }
+        Account acct = accounts.get(0);
+        if (!acct.isEncrypted()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No password has been set up yet");
+        }
+
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(password)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+
+        for (Account account : accounts) {
+            if (!account.decrypt(password)) {
+                return new Result(false, "password error");
+            }
+        }
+
+        isLockNow = false;
+        TaskManager.createAndRunThread(NulsConstant.MODULE_ID_ACCOUNT, "unlockAccountThread", new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                isLockNow = true;
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(seconds * 1000);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    Log.error(e);
+                }
+                resetKeys(password);
+                isLockNow = false;
+            }
+        });
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(byte[] bytes, String password) {
+        return this.signData(bytes, this.getDefaultAccount(), password);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(byte[] bytes, byte[] priKey) {
+        //todo
+        return NulsSignData.EMPTY_SIGN;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(NulsDigestData digestData, String password) {
+        return this.signData(digestData, this.getDefaultAccount(), password);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(byte[] bytes, Account account, String password) {
+        if (null == bytes || bytes.length == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (account.isEncrypted()) {
+            return this.signData(bytes, AESEncrypt.decrypt(account.getEncryptedPriKey(), password));
+        } else {
+            return this.signData(bytes, account.getPriKey());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(NulsDigestData digestData, Account account, String password) {
+        if (null == digestData) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.signData(digestData.getWholeBytes(), account, password);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result verifySign(byte[] bytes, NulsSignData data) {
+        //todo
+        return new Result(true, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result setAlias(String address, String password, String alias) {
+        Account account = getAccount(address);
+        if (account == null) {
+            return new Result(false, "Account not found");
+        }
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(account.getAlias())) {
+            return new Result(false, "Alias has been set up");
+        }
+        if (!StringUtils.validAlias(alias)) {
+            return new Result(false, "The alias is between 3 to 20 characters");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            TransactionEvent event = new TransactionEvent();
+            CoinTransferData coinData = new CoinTransferData(AccountConstant.ALIAS_NA, address, null);
+            AliasTransaction aliasTx = new AliasTransaction(coinData, password);
+            aliasTx.setHash(NulsDigestData.calcDigestData(aliasTx.serialize()));
+            aliasTx.setSign(signData(aliasTx.getHash(), account, password));
+            ValidateResult validate = aliasTx.verify();
+            if (validate.isFailed()) {
+                return new Result(false, validate.getMessage());
+            }
+
+            event.setEventBody(aliasTx);
+            eventBroadcaster.broadcastAndCache(event, true);
+            SetAliasNotice notice = new SetAliasNotice();
+            notice.setEventBody(aliasTx);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, e.getMessage());
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    //    @Override
+    public Result exportAccount(String filePath) {
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(filePath)) {
+            return new Result(false, "filePath is required");
+        }
+        Account account = getDefaultAccount();
+        if (account == null) {
+            return new Result(false, "no account can export");
+        }
+        Result result = backUpFile(filePath);
+        if (!result.isSuccess()) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        return exportAccount(account, (File) result.getObject());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result exportAccount(String address, String password) {
+        Account account = null;
+        if (!StringUtils.isBlank(address)) {
+            account = accountCacheService.getAccountByAddress(address);
+            if (account == null) {
+                return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.DATA_NOT_FOUND);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!account.decrypt(password)) {
+            return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+        }
+
+        Result result = backUpFile("");
+        if (!result.isSuccess()) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        return exportAccount(account, (File) result.getObject());
+    }
+
+    //    @Override
+    public Result exportAccounts() {
+
+        List<AccountPo> poList = this.accountDao.getList();
+        if (null == poList || poList.isEmpty()) {
+            return Result.getFailed("no account can export");
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK", poList);
+    }
+
+
+    private Result<File> backUpFile(String filePath) {
+        File backupFile = new File(filePath);
+        //Does the superior directory exist
+        if (!backupFile.getParentFile().exists() && !backupFile.getParentFile().mkdirs()) {
+            return new Result(false, "create parent directory failed");
+        }
+        //if isDirectory(), rename backupFile
+        if (backupFile.isDirectory()) {
+            if (!backupFile.exists() && !backupFile.mkdir()) {
+                return new Result<>(false, "create directory failed");
+            }
+            backupFile = new File(backupFile, "wallet_backup_".concat(DateUtil.convertDate(new Date(TimeService.currentTimeMillis()), "yyyyMMddHHmm")).concat(".dat"));
+        }
+        //create backupFile
+        try {
+            if (!backupFile.exists() && !backupFile.createNewFile()) {
+                return new Result<>(false, "create file failed");
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "create file failed");
+        }
+
+        return new Result<>(true, "OK", backupFile);
+    }
+
+    private Result exportAccount(Account account, File backupFile) {
+        FileOutputStream fos = null;
+        try {
+            fos = new FileOutputStream(backupFile);
+            fos.write(1);   //account length
+            fos.write(account.serialize());
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "export failed");
+        } finally {
+            if (fos != null) {
+                try {
+                    fos.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    Log.error(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    private Result exportAccounts(List<Account> accounts, File backupFile) {
+        FileOutputStream fos = null;
+        List<TransactionPo> txList;
+        TransactionPo tx;
+        try {
+            fos = new FileOutputStream(backupFile);
+            fos.write(new VarInt(accounts.size()).encode());   //account length
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "export failed");
+        } finally {
+            if (fos != null) {
+                try {
+                    fos.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result importAccount(String priKey) {
+        String address = new ECKey().getPublicKeyAsHex(true);
+
+        AccountPo accountPo = accountDao.get(address);
+        if (accountPo != null) {
+            return Result.getSuccess();
+        }
+        ledgerService.saveTxInLocal(address);
+        AliasPo aliasPo = aliasDataService.getByAddress(address);
+        if (aliasPo != null) {
+            accountPo.setAlias(aliasPo.getAlias());
+            accountDao.updateAlias(accountPo);
+        }
+
+        ledgerService.getBalance(address);
+        Account account = new Account();
+        AccountTool.toBean(accountPo, account);
+        accountCacheService.putAccount(account);
+        NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.add(address);
+        AccountImportedNotice notice = new AccountImportedNotice();
+        notice.setEventBody(account);
+        eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+        return Result.getSuccess();
+    }
+
+    //    @Override
+    public Result importAccountsFile(String walletFilePath) {
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(walletFilePath)) {
+            return new Result(false, "walletFilePath is required");
+        }
+        File walletFile = new File(walletFilePath);
+        if (!walletFile.exists()) {
+            return new Result(false, "file not found");
+        }
+
+        FileInputStream fis = null;
+        try {
+            fis = new FileInputStream(walletFile);
+            byte[] datas = new byte[fis.available()];
+            fis.read(datas);
+
+            NulsByteBuffer buffer = new NulsByteBuffer(datas);
+            int accountSize = (int) buffer.readVarInt();
+            List<Account> accounts = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < accountSize; i++) {
+                Account account = new Account(buffer);
+                if (accountExist(account)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                int txSize = (int) buffer.readVarInt();
+                List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (int j = 0; j < txSize; j++) {
+                    Transaction tx = TransactionManager.getInstance(buffer);
+                    txList.add(tx);
+                }
+                account.setMyTxs(txList);
+                accounts.add(account);
+            }
+
+            //save database
+            importSave(accounts);
+
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                accountCacheService.putAccount(account);
+                AccountImportedNotice notice = new AccountImportedNotice();
+                notice.setEventBody(account);
+                eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "import failed, file is broken");
+        } finally {
+            if (fis != null) {
+                try {
+                    fis.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    Log.error(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    private boolean accountExist(Account account) {
+        return accountCacheService.accountExist(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+    }
+
+    private void importSave(List<Account> accounts) throws Exception {
+        List<AccountPo> accountPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Account account : accounts) {
+            AccountPo accountPo = new AccountPo();
+            AccountTool.toPojo(account, accountPo);
+
+            List<TransactionLocalPo> transactionPos = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Transaction tx : account.getMyTxs()) {
+                TransactionLocalPo po = UtxoTransferTool.toLocalTransactionPojo(tx);
+                transactionPos.add(po);
+            }
+            accountPo.setMyTxs(transactionPos);
+            accountPoList.add(accountPo);
+        }
+        accountAliasDBService.importAccount(accountPoList);
+    }
+
+    private void resetKeys(String password) {
+        //todo
+    }
+
+    private void signAccount(Account account) {
+        if (null == account || account.getEcKey() == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        //todo
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `account` last assigned on line 535 could be null and is dereferenced at line 542.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Result AccountServiceImpl.exportAccount(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.account.service.impl.AccountServiceImpl.exportAccount(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):io..20b77204946db4087ea900448f1eb72b
+
+### File:
+account-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/account/service/impl/AccountServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+AccountServiceImpl.java|exportAccount|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4eddd8129303a848ebdb7c8b41ac5e57
+
+### Hash:
+7378f86a3221530e99e2d3b80cfa224d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3984/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3984/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f559d9e21b86024f5f76900f410a7fb63dacebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3984/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,877 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ * <p>
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * <p>
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * <p>
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.account.service.impl;
+
+import io.nuls.account.constant.AccountConstant;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Account;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Address;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Alias;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.tx.AliasTransaction;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.validator.AliasValidator;
+import io.nuls.account.event.*;
+import io.nuls.account.service.intf.AccountService;
+import io.nuls.account.service.tx.AliasTxService;
+import io.nuls.account.util.AccountTool;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsSignData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Result;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.manager.TransactionManager;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.NulsConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.AESEncrypt;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.ECKey;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.MD5Util;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.VarInt;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsException;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.thread.manager.TaskManager;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.crypto.Hex;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.date.DateUtil;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.date.TimeService;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.io.NulsByteBuffer;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.param.AssertUtil;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.spring.lite.annotation.Autowired;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.str.StringUtils;
+import io.nuls.core.validate.ValidateResult;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.AccountAliasDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.AccountDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.AliasDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.AccountPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.AliasPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.TransactionLocalPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.TransactionPo;
+import io.nuls.db.transactional.annotation.DbSession;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.CoinTransferData;
+import io.nuls.ledger.event.TransactionEvent;
+import io.nuls.ledger.service.intf.LedgerService;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransferTool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2017/10/30
+ */
+public class AccountServiceImpl implements AccountService {
+
+    private Lock locker = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private AccountCacheService accountCacheService = AccountCacheService.getInstance();
+    @Autowired
+    private AccountDataService accountDao;
+    @Autowired
+    private AccountAliasDataService accountAliasDBService;
+    @Autowired
+    private AliasDataService aliasDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster;
+    @Autowired
+    private LedgerService ledgerService;
+
+    private volatile boolean isLockNow = true;
+
+    @Override
+    public void init() {
+        AliasValidator.getInstance().setAliasDataService(aliasDataService);
+        AliasTxService.getInstance().setDataService(accountAliasDBService);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void start() {
+        List<Account> accounts = getAccountList();
+        Set<String> addressList = new HashSet<>();
+        if (accounts != null && !accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID = accounts.get(0).getAddress().getBase58();
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                addressList.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+            }
+            NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST = addressList;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() {
+        accountCacheService.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroy() {
+        accountCacheService.destroy();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public Account createAccount(String passwd) {
+        locker.lock();
+        try {
+            Account account = AccountTool.createAccount();
+            account.encrypt(passwd);
+            signAccount(account);
+            AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+            AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+            this.accountDao.save(po);
+            this.accountCacheService.putAccount(account);
+            NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+            AccountCreateNotice notice = new AccountCreateNotice();
+            notice.setEventBody(account);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            return account;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "create account failed!");
+        } finally {
+            locker.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public Result<List<String>> createAccount(int count, String password) {
+        if (count <= 0 || count > AccountTool.CREATE_MAX_SIZE) {
+            return new Result<>(false, "between 0 and 100 can be created at once");
+        }
+
+        //todo need to recover the status of the wallet.
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(password)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+
+        Account defaultAccount = getDefaultAccount();
+        if (defaultAccount != null && defaultAccount.isEncrypted()) {
+            if (!defaultAccount.unlock(password)) {
+                return new Result(false, "incorrect password");
+            }
+        }
+
+        locker.lock();
+        try {
+            List<Account> accounts = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<AccountPo> accountPos = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<String> resultList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                Account account = AccountTool.createAccount();
+                signAccount(account);
+                account.encrypt(password);
+                AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+                AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+
+                accounts.add(account);
+                accountPos.add(po);
+                resultList.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+            }
+
+            accountDao.save(accountPos);
+            accountCacheService.putAccountList(accounts);
+            NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.addAll(resultList);
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                AccountCreateNotice notice = new AccountCreateNotice();
+                notice.setEventBody(account);
+                eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            }
+
+            return new Result<>(true, "OK", resultList);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            //todo remove newaccounts
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "create account failed!");
+        } finally {
+
+            locker.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public Account getDefaultAccount() {
+        if (NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return getAccount(NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Account getAccount(String address) {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(address, "");
+        Account account = accountCacheService.getAccountByAddress(address);
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isMine(String address) {
+        return accountCacheService.contains(address);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Account> getAccountList() {
+        List<Account> list = this.accountCacheService.getAccountList();
+        if (null != list && !list.isEmpty()) {
+            return list;
+        }
+        list = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<AccountPo> poList = this.accountDao.getList();
+        Set<String> addressList = new HashSet<>();
+        if (null == poList || poList.isEmpty()) {
+            return list;
+        }
+        for (AccountPo po : poList) {
+            Account account = new Account();
+            AccountTool.toBean(po, account);
+            list.add(account);
+            addressList.add(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+        }
+        this.accountCacheService.putAccountList(list);
+        NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST = addressList;
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Address getAddress(String pubKey) {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(pubKey, "");
+        try {
+            return AccountTool.newAddress(ECKey.fromPublicOnly(Hex.decode(pubKey)));
+        } catch (NulsException e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result getPrivateKey(String address, String password) {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(address, "");
+        Account account = accountCacheService.getAccountByAddress(address);
+        if (account == null) {
+            return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.ACCOUNT_NOT_EXIST);
+        }
+        if (!account.isLocked()) {
+            Result result = new Result(true, "OK", Hex.encode(account.getPriKey()));
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            if (!account.unlock(password)) {
+                return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+            }
+            byte[] publicKeyBytes = account.getPriKey();
+            account.lock();
+            return new Result(true, "OK", Hex.encode(publicKeyBytes));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setDefaultAccount(String id) {
+        Account account = accountCacheService.getAccountById(id);
+        if (null != account) {
+            NulsContext.DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID = id;
+        } else {
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "The account not exist,id:" + id);
+        }
+        DefaultAccountChangeNotice notice = new DefaultAccountChangeNotice();
+        notice.setEventBody(account);
+        eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result encryptAccount(String password) {
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(password)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No account was found");
+        }
+        try {
+            List<AccountPo> accountPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                if (account.isEncrypted()) {
+                    return new Result(false, "password has been set up");
+                } else {
+                    account.encrypt(password);
+                    AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+                    AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+                    accountPoList.add(po);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (accountPoList.size() > 0) {
+                accountDao.update(accountPoList);
+            }
+            accountCacheService.putAccountList(accounts);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "set password failed");
+        }
+
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result changePassword(String oldPassword, String newPassword) {
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(oldPassword)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(newPassword)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No account was found");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Account acct = accounts.get(0);
+            if (!acct.isEncrypted()) {
+                return new Result(false, "No password has been set up yet");
+            }
+
+            List<AccountPo> accountPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                if (!account.unlock(oldPassword)) {
+                    return new Result(false, "old password error");
+                }
+                account.encrypt(newPassword);
+
+                AccountPo po = new AccountPo();
+                AccountTool.toPojo(account, po);
+                accountPoList.add(po);
+            }
+
+            if (accountPoList.size() > 0) {
+                accountDao.update(accountPoList);
+            }
+            accountCacheService.putAccountList(accounts);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "change password failed");
+        }
+        this.eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(new PasswordChangeNotice());
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEncrypted() {
+        if (!isLockNow) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.size() == 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        Account account = accounts.get(0);
+        return account.isEncrypted();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result unlockAccounts(final String password, int seconds) {
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        if (accounts == null || accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No account was found");
+        }
+        Account acct = accounts.get(0);
+        if (!acct.isEncrypted()) {
+            return new Result(false, "No password has been set up yet");
+        }
+
+        if (!StringUtils.validPassword(password)) {
+            return new Result(false, "Length between 8 and 20, the combination of characters and numbers");
+        }
+
+        for (Account account : accounts) {
+            if (!account.unlock(password)) {
+                return new Result(false, "password error");
+            }
+        }
+
+        isLockNow = false;
+        TaskManager.createAndRunThread(NulsConstant.MODULE_ID_ACCOUNT, "unlockAccountThread", new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                isLockNow = true;
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(seconds * 1000);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    Log.error(e);
+                }
+                try {
+                    resetKeys(password);
+                } catch (NulsException e) {
+                    Log.error("unlockAccounts resetKey error", e);
+                }
+                isLockNow = false;
+            }
+        });
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(byte[] bytes, String password) {
+        return this.signData(bytes, this.getDefaultAccount(), password);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(byte[] bytes, byte[] priKey) {
+        //todo
+        return NulsSignData.EMPTY_SIGN;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(NulsDigestData digestData, String password) {
+        return this.signData(digestData, this.getDefaultAccount(), password);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(byte[] bytes, Account account, String password) {
+        if (null == bytes || bytes.length == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (account.isEncrypted()) {
+            return this.signData(bytes, AESEncrypt.decrypt(account.getEncryptedPriKey(), password));
+        } else {
+            return this.signData(bytes, account.getPriKey());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NulsSignData signData(NulsDigestData digestData, Account account, String password) {
+        if (null == digestData) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.signData(digestData.getWholeBytes(), account, password);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result verifySign(byte[] bytes, NulsSignData data) {
+        //todo
+        return new Result(true, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result setAlias(String address, String password, String alias) {
+        Account account = getAccount(address);
+        if (account == null) {
+            return new Result(false, "Account not found");
+        }
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(account.getAlias())) {
+            return new Result(false, "Alias has been set up");
+        }
+        if (!StringUtils.validAlias(alias)) {
+            return new Result(false, "The alias is between 3 to 20 characters");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            TransactionEvent event = new TransactionEvent();
+            CoinTransferData coinData = new CoinTransferData(AccountConstant.ALIAS_NA, address, null);
+            AliasTransaction aliasTx = new AliasTransaction(coinData, password);
+            aliasTx.setHash(NulsDigestData.calcDigestData(aliasTx.serialize()));
+            aliasTx.setSign(signData(aliasTx.getHash(), account, password));
+            ValidateResult validate = aliasTx.verify();
+            if (validate.isFailed()) {
+                return new Result(false, validate.getMessage());
+            }
+
+            event.setEventBody(aliasTx);
+            eventBroadcaster.broadcastAndCache(event, true);
+            SetAliasNotice notice = new SetAliasNotice();
+            notice.setEventBody(aliasTx);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, e.getMessage());
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    //    @Override
+    public Result exportAccount(String filePath) {
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(filePath)) {
+            return new Result(false, "filePath is required");
+        }
+        Account account = getDefaultAccount();
+        if (account == null) {
+            return new Result(false, "no account can export");
+        }
+        Result result = backUpFile(filePath);
+        if (!result.isSuccess()) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        return exportAccount(account, (File) result.getObject());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result exportAccount(String address, String password) {
+        Account account = null;
+        if (!StringUtils.isBlank(address)) {
+            account = accountCacheService.getAccountByAddress(address);
+            if (account == null) {
+                return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.DATA_NOT_FOUND);
+            }
+            if (account.isEncrypted()) {
+                if (!StringUtils.validPassword(password) || !account.decrypt(password)) {
+                    return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Result result = backUpFile("");
+        if (!result.isSuccess()) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        return exportAccount(account, (File) result.getObject());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result exportAccounts(String password) {
+        List<Account> accounts = accountCacheService.getAccountList();
+        if (null == accounts || accounts.isEmpty()) {
+            return Result.getFailed("no account can export");
+        }
+        List<String> prikeyList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Account account : accounts) {
+            account.unlock(password);
+//            if (account.isEncrypted()) {
+//                return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+//            }
+            prikeyList.add(Hex.encode(account.getPriKey()));
+            try {
+                account.encrypt(password);
+            } catch (NulsException e) {
+                return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
+        map.put("prikeys", prikeyList);
+        map.put("password", MD5Util.md5(password));
+        return new Result(true, "OK", map);
+    }
+
+
+    private Result<File> backUpFile(String filePath) {
+        File backupFile = new File(filePath);
+        //Does the superior directory exist
+        if (!backupFile.getParentFile().exists() && !backupFile.getParentFile().mkdirs()) {
+            return new Result(false, "create parent directory failed");
+        }
+        //if isDirectory(), rename backupFile
+        if (backupFile.isDirectory()) {
+            if (!backupFile.exists() && !backupFile.mkdir()) {
+                return new Result<>(false, "create directory failed");
+            }
+            backupFile = new File(backupFile, "wallet_backup_".concat(DateUtil.convertDate(new Date(TimeService.currentTimeMillis()), "yyyyMMddHHmm")).concat(".dat"));
+        }
+        //create backupFile
+        try {
+            if (!backupFile.exists() && !backupFile.createNewFile()) {
+                return new Result<>(false, "create file failed");
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "create file failed");
+        }
+
+        return new Result<>(true, "OK", backupFile);
+    }
+
+    private Result exportAccount(Account account, File backupFile) {
+        FileOutputStream fos = null;
+        try {
+            fos = new FileOutputStream(backupFile);
+            fos.write(1);   //account length
+            fos.write(account.serialize());
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "export failed");
+        } finally {
+            if (fos != null) {
+                try {
+                    fos.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    Log.error(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    private Result exportAccounts(List<Account> accounts, File backupFile) {
+        FileOutputStream fos = null;
+        List<TransactionPo> txList;
+        TransactionPo tx;
+        try {
+            fos = new FileOutputStream(backupFile);
+            fos.write(new VarInt(accounts.size()).encode());   //account length
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "export failed");
+        } finally {
+            if (fos != null) {
+                try {
+                    fos.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public Result importAccount(String priKey, String password) {
+        Account account = null;
+        try {
+            account = AccountTool.createAccount(priKey);
+        } catch (NulsException e) {
+            return Result.getFailed("invalid prikey");
+        }
+
+        AccountPo accountPo = accountDao.get(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+        if (accountPo != null) {
+            return Result.getSuccess();
+        } else {
+            accountPo = new AccountPo();
+        }
+
+        Account defaultAcct = getDefaultAccount();
+        if (!defaultAcct.decrypt(password)) {
+            return Result.getFailed(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            defaultAcct.encrypt(password);
+            account.encrypt(password);
+        } catch (NulsException e) {
+
+        }
+        // save db
+        AccountTool.toPojo(account, accountPo);
+        AliasPo aliasPo = aliasDataService.getByAddress(accountPo.getAddress());
+        if (aliasPo != null) {
+            account.setAlias(aliasPo.getAlias());
+            accountPo.setAlias(aliasPo.getAlias());
+        }
+        accountDao.save(accountPo);
+        ledgerService.saveTxInLocal(accountPo.getAddress());
+
+        // save cache
+        accountCacheService.putAccount(account);
+        NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.add(accountPo.getAddress());
+        ledgerService.getBalance(accountPo.getAddress());
+        AccountImportedNotice notice = new AccountImportedNotice();
+        notice.setEventBody(account);
+        eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+        return Result.getSuccess();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result importAccountsFile(String walletFilePath) {
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(walletFilePath)) {
+            return new Result(false, "walletFilePath is required");
+        }
+        File walletFile = new File(walletFilePath);
+        if (!walletFile.exists()) {
+            return new Result(false, "file not found");
+        }
+
+        FileInputStream fis = null;
+        try {
+            fis = new FileInputStream(walletFile);
+            byte[] datas = new byte[fis.available()];
+            fis.read(datas);
+
+            NulsByteBuffer buffer = new NulsByteBuffer(datas);
+            int accountSize = (int) buffer.readVarInt();
+            List<Account> accounts = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < accountSize; i++) {
+                Account account = new Account(buffer);
+                if (accountExist(account)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                int txSize = (int) buffer.readVarInt();
+                List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (int j = 0; j < txSize; j++) {
+                    Transaction tx = TransactionManager.getInstance(buffer);
+                    txList.add(tx);
+                }
+                account.setMyTxs(txList);
+                accounts.add(account);
+            }
+
+            //save database
+            importSave(accounts);
+
+            for (Account account : accounts) {
+                accountCacheService.putAccount(account);
+                AccountImportedNotice notice = new AccountImportedNotice();
+                notice.setEventBody(account);
+                eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, "import failed, file is broken");
+        } finally {
+            if (fis != null) {
+                try {
+                    fis.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    Log.error(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Alias getAlias(String address) {
+        AliasPo aliasPo = aliasDataService.getByAddress(address);
+        if (aliasPo == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Alias alias = new Alias(aliasPo.getAddress(), aliasPo.getAlias());
+        return alias;
+    }
+
+    private boolean accountExist(Account account) {
+        return accountCacheService.accountExist(account.getAddress().getBase58());
+    }
+
+    private void importSave(List<Account> accounts) throws Exception {
+        List<AccountPo> accountPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Account account : accounts) {
+            AccountPo accountPo = new AccountPo();
+            AccountTool.toPojo(account, accountPo);
+
+            List<TransactionLocalPo> transactionPos = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Transaction tx : account.getMyTxs()) {
+                TransactionLocalPo po = UtxoTransferTool.toLocalTransactionPojo(tx);
+                transactionPos.add(po);
+            }
+            accountPo.setMyTxs(transactionPos);
+            accountPoList.add(accountPo);
+        }
+        accountAliasDBService.importAccount(accountPoList);
+    }
+
+    private void resetKeys(String password) throws NulsException {
+        List<Account> accounts = this.getAccountList();
+        for (Account account : accounts) {
+            account.encrypt(password);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void signAccount(Account account) {
+        if (null == account || account.getEcKey() == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        //todo
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `io.nuls.account.service.impl.AccountServiceImpl.start` indirectly writes to field `n$2.[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$2 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$2.[_] might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AccountServiceImpl.start()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.account.service.impl.AccountServiceImpl.start():void.cd321a9d061c518f9341cf32af154049
+
+### File:
+account-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/account/service/impl/AccountServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+AccountServiceImpl.java|start|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7623cee51b5c317ff08ab6dcc0545d97
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3990/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3990/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0930cdfd3aaca98a03fa4f3447445eb3a5f91c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3990/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 58
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.ledger.service.impl;
+
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Account;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Address;
+import io.nuls.account.service.intf.AccountService;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Na;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.TransactionConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.TxStatusEnum;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsException;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.script.P2PKHScript;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.io.NulsByteBuffer;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.spring.lite.annotation.Autowired;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.TxAccountRelationDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.UtxoInputDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.UtxoOutputDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.TxAccountRelationPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.UtxoInputPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.UtxoOutputPo;
+import io.nuls.db.transactional.annotation.DbSession;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.*;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.Coin;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.CoinTransferData;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.LockNulsTransaction;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.UnlockNulsTransaction;
+import io.nuls.ledger.service.intf.CoinDataProvider;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransactionTool;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransferTool;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2017/12/21
+ */
+public class UtxoCoinDataProvider implements CoinDataProvider {
+
+    private LedgerCacheService ledgerCacheService = LedgerCacheService.getInstance();
+    @Autowired
+    private UtxoOutputDataService outputDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private UtxoInputDataService inputDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private TxAccountRelationDataService relationDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private AccountService accountService;
+
+    private UtxoCoinManager coinManager = UtxoCoinManager.getInstance();
+
+    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @Override
+    public CoinData parse(NulsByteBuffer byteBuffer) throws NulsException {
+        CoinData coinData = byteBuffer.readNulsData(new UtxoData());
+        return coinData;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void approve(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) throws NulsException {
+        //spent the transaction specified output in the cache when the newly received transaction is approved.
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+        for (UtxoInput input : utxoData.getInputs()) {
+            input.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+        }
+        for (UtxoOutput output : utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+            output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+        }
+
+        List<UtxoOutput> unSpends = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<String> addressSet = new HashSet<>();
+        try {
+            //update inputs referenced utxo status
+            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getInputs().size(); i++) {
+                UtxoInput input = utxoData.getInputs().get(i);
+                UtxoOutput unSpend = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(input.getKey());
+                if (null == unSpend) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR, "the output is not exist!");
+                }
+                if (!unSpend.isUsable()) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.UTXO_UNUSABLE);
+                }
+                if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND == unSpend.getStatus()) {
+                    unSpend.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND == unSpend.getStatus()) {
+                    unSpend.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND);
+                }
+                unSpends.add(unSpend);
+                addressSet.add(unSpend.getAddress());
+            }
+
+            //cache new utxo ,it is unConfirm
+            approveProcessOutput(utxoData.getOutputs(), tx, addressSet);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            //rollback
+            for (UtxoOutput output : unSpends) {
+                if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND.equals(output.getStatus())) {
+                    ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(output.getKey(), OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND, OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND.equals(output.getStatus())) {
+                    ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(output.getKey(), OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND, OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND);
+                }
+            }
+            // remove cache new utxo
+            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getOutputs().size(); i++) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+            }
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            //calc balance
+            for (String address : addressSet) {
+                UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(address, false);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void approveProcessOutput(List<UtxoOutput> outputs, Transaction tx, Set<String> addressSet) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < outputs.size(); i++) {
+            UtxoOutput output = outputs.get(i);
+            if (tx instanceof LockNulsTransaction && i == 0) {
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+            } else if (output.getLockTime() > 0) {
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_TIME_LOCK);
+            } else {
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+            }
+            ledgerCacheService.putUtxo(output.getKey(), output);
+            addressSet.add(output.getAddress());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 1. change spending output status  (cache and database)
+     * 2. save new input
+     * 3. save new unSpend output (cache and database)
+     * 4. finally, calc balance
+     */
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void save(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) throws NulsException {
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+
+        List<UtxoInputPo> inputPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<UtxoOutput> spends = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<UtxoOutputPo> spendPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<TxAccountRelationPo> txRelations = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<String> addressSet = new HashSet<>();
+
+        try {
+            processDataInput(utxoData, inputPoList, spends, spendPoList, addressSet);
+
+            List<UtxoOutputPo> outputPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getOutputs().size(); i++) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                output = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(output.getKey());
+                if (output == null) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_NOT_FOUND);
+                }
+                if (output.isConfirm() || OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_SPENT == output.getStatus()) {
+                    Log.error("-----------------------------------save() output status is" + output.getStatus().name());
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR, "use a not legal utxo");
+                }
+
+                if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_TIME_LOCK == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_TIME_LOCK);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+                }
+
+                UtxoOutputPo outputPo = UtxoTransferTool.toOutputPojo(output);
+                outputPoList.add(outputPo);
+                addressSet.add(Address.fromHashs(output.getAddress()).getBase58());
+            }
+
+            for (String address : addressSet) {
+                TxAccountRelationPo relationPo = new TxAccountRelationPo(tx.getHash().getDigestHex(), address);
+                txRelations.add(relationPo);
+            }
+
+            outputDataService.updateStatus(spendPoList);
+
+            inputDataService.save(inputPoList);
+
+            outputDataService.save(outputPoList);
+
+            relationDataService.save(txRelations);
+
+            afterSaveDatabase(spends, utxoData, tx);
+
+            for (String address : addressSet) {
+                UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(address, true);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            //rollback
+//            Log.warn(e.getMessage(), e);
+//            for (UtxoOutput output : utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+//                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+//            }
+//            for (UtxoOutput spend : spends) {
+//                ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(spend.getKey(), UtxoOutput.UTXO_CONFIRM_LOCK, UtxoOutput.UTXO_SPENT);
+//            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    //Check if the input referenced output has been spent
+    private void processDataInput(UtxoData utxoData, List<UtxoInputPo> inputPoList,
+                                  List<UtxoOutput> spends, List<UtxoOutputPo> spendPoList,
+                                  Set<String> addressSet) {
+        boolean update;
+        for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getInputs().size(); i++) {
+            UtxoInput input = utxoData.getInputs().get(i);
+            UtxoOutput spend = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(input.getKey());
+            if (spend == null) {
+                throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_NOT_FOUND, "the output is not exist!");
+            }
+            //change utxo status,
+            update = ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(spend.getKey(), OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_SPENT, OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+            if (!update) {
+                Log.error("-----------------------------------save() input referenced status is" + spend.getStatus().name());
+                throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.UTXO_STATUS_CHANGE);
+            }
+            spends.add(spend);
+            spendPoList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toOutputPojo(spend));
+            inputPoList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toInputPojo(input));
+            addressSet.add(spend.getAddress());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void afterSaveDatabase(List<UtxoOutput> spends, UtxoData utxoData, Transaction tx) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < spends.size(); i++) {
+            ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(spends.get(i).getKey());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void rollback(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) {
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+        if (utxoData == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Set<String> addressSet = new HashSet<>();
+        if (TxStatusEnum.AGREED.equals(tx.getStatus())) {
+            for (UtxoInput input : utxoData.getInputs()) {
+                UtxoOutput from = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(input.getKey());
+                if (from != null) {
+                    if (from.getStatus() == OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_SPENT) {
+                        from.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    } else if (from.getStatus() == OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND) {
+                        from.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    } else if (from.getStatus() == OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND) {
+                        from.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    }
+                    addressSet.add(from.getAddress());
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = utxoData.getOutputs().size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+                addressSet.add(output.getAddress());
+            }
+        } else if (tx.getStatus().equals(TxStatusEnum.CONFIRMED)) {
+            //process output
+            outputDataService.deleteByHash(tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+            for (int i = utxoData.getOutputs().size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+                addressSet.add(output.getAddress());
+            }
+
+            //process input
+            //1. delete input (database)
+            //2. change input referenced output status (database)
+            //3. cache and calc balance
+            inputDataService.deleteByHash(tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+            Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<>();
+            for (int i = utxoData.getInputs().size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                UtxoInput input = utxoData.getInputs().get(i);
+                keyMap.clear();
+                keyMap.put("txHash", input.getFromHash().getDigestHex());
+                keyMap.put("outIndex", input.getFromIndex());
+                UtxoOutputPo outputPo = outputDataService.get(keyMap);
+                outputPo.setStatus(UtxoOutputPo.USABLE);
+                outputDataService.updateStatus(outputPo);
+                addressSet.add(outputPo.getAddress());
+
+                UtxoOutput output = UtxoTransferTool.toOutput(outputPo);
+                ledgerCacheService.putUtxo(output.getKey(), output);
+            }
+            relationDataService.deleteRelation(tx.getHash().getDigestHex(), addressSet);
+        }
+
+        for (String address : addressSet) {
+            UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(address, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CoinData createByTransferData(Transaction tx, CoinTransferData coinParam, String password) throws NulsException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            UtxoData utxoData = new UtxoData();
+            List<UtxoInput> inputs = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<UtxoOutput> outputs = new ArrayList<>();
+            // Na totalNa = Na.ZERO;
+
+            if (coinParam.getTotalNa().equals(Na.ZERO)) {
+                utxoData.setInputs(inputs);
+                utxoData.setOutputs(outputs);
+                return utxoData;
+            }
+
+            long inputValue = 0;
+            if (!coinParam.getFrom().isEmpty()) {
+                //find unSpends to create inputs for this tx
+                Na totalFee = Na.ZERO;
+                if (tx instanceof UnlockNulsTransaction) {
+                    totalFee = coinParam.getFee();
+                } else {
+                    totalFee = coinParam.getTotalNa().add(coinParam.getFee());
+                }
+
+                List<UtxoOutput> unSpends = coinManager.getAccountsUnSpend(coinParam.getFrom(), totalFee);
+                if (unSpends.isEmpty()) {
+                    throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.BALANCE_NOT_ENOUGH);
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < unSpends.size(); i++) {
+                    UtxoOutput output = unSpends.get(i);
+                    UtxoInput input = new UtxoInput();
+                    input.setFrom(output);
+                    input.setFromHash(output.getTxHash());
+                    input.setFromIndex(output.getIndex());
+                    input.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+                    input.setIndex(i);
+                    inputValue += output.getValue();
+
+                    inputs.add(input);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //get EcKey for output's script
+            Account account = null;
+            byte[] priKey = null;
+            if (coinParam.getPriKey() != null) {
+                priKey = coinParam.getPriKey();
+            } else if (!coinParam.getFrom().isEmpty()) {
+                account = accountService.getAccount(coinParam.getFrom().get(0));
+                if (account == null) {
+                    throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.ACCOUNT_NOT_EXIST);
+                }
+                if (account.isEncrypted() && account.isLocked()) {
+                    if (!account.unlock(password)) {
+                        throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+                    }
+                    priKey = account.getPriKey();
+                    account.lock();
+                } else {
+                    priKey = account.getPriKey();
+                }
+            }
+
+            //create outputs
+            int i = 0;
+            long outputValue = 0;
+            for (Map.Entry<String, List<Coin>> entry : coinParam.getToMap().entrySet()) {
+                String address = entry.getKey();
+                List<Coin> coinList = entry.getValue();
+                for (Coin coin : coinList) {
+                    UtxoOutput output = new UtxoOutput();
+                    output.setAddress(address);
+                    output.setValue(coin.getNa().getValue());
+                    if (output.getLockTime() > 0) {
+                        output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_TIME_LOCK);
+                    } else if (tx instanceof LockNulsTransaction) {
+                        output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+                    } else {
+                        output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    }
+
+                    output.setIndex(i);
+                    P2PKHScript p2PKHScript = new P2PKHScript(new NulsDigestData(NulsDigestData.DIGEST_ALG_SHA160, new Address(address).getHash160()));
+                    output.setP2PKHScript(p2PKHScript);
+                    if (coin.getUnlockHeight() > 0) {
+                        output.setLockTime(coin.getUnlockHeight());
+                    } else if (coin.getUnlockTime() > 0) {
+                        output.setLockTime(coin.getUnlockTime());
+                    } else {
+                        output.setLockTime(0L);
+                    }
+                    output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+                    outputValue += output.getValue();
+                    outputs.add(output);
+
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            //the balance leave to myself
+            long balance = 0;
+            if (outputValue > 0) {
+                balance = inputValue - outputValue - coinParam.getFee().getValue();
+            } else {
+                balance = inputValue - coinParam.getTotalNa().getValue() - coinParam.getFee().getValue();
+            }
+            if (balance > 0) {
+                UtxoOutput output = new UtxoOutput();
+                output.setAddress(inputs.get(0).getFrom().getAddress());
+                output.setValue(balance);
+                output.setIndex(i);
+                output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                P2PKHScript p2PKHScript = new P2PKHScript(new NulsDigestData(NulsDigestData.DIGEST_ALG_SHA160, account.getHash160()));
+                output.setP2PKHScript(p2PKHScript);
+                outputs.add(output);
+            }
+            utxoData.setInputs(inputs);
+            utxoData.setOutputs(outputs);
+            return utxoData;
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void afterParse(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) {
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+        if (null != utxoData.getInputs()) {
+            for (UtxoInput input : utxoData.getInputs()) {
+                input.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+            }
+        }
+        if (tx instanceof LockNulsTransaction) {
+            utxoData.getOutputs().get(0).setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+        }
+//        Na totalNa = Na.ZERO;
+//        if (null != utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+//            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getOutputs().size(); i++) {
+//                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+//                output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+//            }
+//        }
+//        coinData.setTotalNa(totalNa);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `io.nuls.ledger.service.impl.UtxoCoinDataProvider.save` indirectly writes to field `i18n.I18nUtils.io.nuls.core.i18n.I18nUtils.nowMapping` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UtxoCoinDataProvider.save(CoinData,Transaction)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.ledger.service.impl.UtxoCoinDataProvider.save(io.nuls.ledger.entity.CoinData,io.nuls.core.ch.0c83d26b58a47f09cc866c6ce00bf0b7
+
+### File:
+ledger-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/ledger/service/impl/UtxoCoinDataProvider.java
+
+### Key:
+UtxoCoinDataProvider.java|save|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+30f9f02a44a118095d7213c7c8e3b9ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3997/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3997/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa88d5c2d61b2924904cd87e5bd5da4e1616a8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3997/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.core.utils.io;
+
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.BaseNulsData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsSignData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.manager.TransactionManager;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.NulsConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.crypto.VarInt;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsException;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.crypto.Utils;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2017/11/2
+ */
+public class NulsByteBuffer {
+
+    private final byte[] payload;
+
+    private int cursor;
+
+    public NulsByteBuffer(byte[] bytes) {
+        this(bytes, 0);
+    }
+
+    public NulsByteBuffer(byte[] bytes, int cursor) {
+        if (null == bytes || bytes.length == 0 || cursor < 0) {
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "create byte buffer faild!");
+        }
+        this.payload = bytes;
+        this.cursor = cursor;
+    }
+
+    public long readUint32LE() throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            long u = Utils.readUint32LE(payload, cursor);
+            cursor += 4;
+            return u;
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public short readInt16LE() throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            short s = Utils.readInt16LE(payload, cursor);
+            cursor += 2;
+            return s;
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int readInt32LE() throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            int u = Utils.readInt32LE(payload, cursor);
+            cursor += 4;
+            return u;
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public long readUint32() throws NulsException {
+        return (long) readInt32LE();
+    }
+
+    public long readInt64() throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            long u = Utils.readInt64LE(payload, cursor);
+            cursor += 8;
+            return u;
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public long readVarInt() throws NulsException {
+        return readVarInt(0);
+    }
+
+    public long readVarInt(int offset) throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            VarInt varint = new VarInt(payload, cursor + offset);
+            cursor += offset + varint.getOriginalSizeInBytes();
+            return varint.value;
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public byte readByte() throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            byte b = payload[cursor];
+            cursor += 1;
+            return b;
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public byte[] readBytes(int length) throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            byte[] b = new byte[length];
+            System.arraycopy(payload, cursor, b, 0, length);
+            cursor += length;
+            return b;
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public byte[] readByLengthByte() throws NulsException {
+        long length = this.readVarInt();
+        if (length == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return readBytes((int) length);
+    }
+
+    public boolean readBoolean() throws NulsException {
+        byte b = readByte();
+        return 1 == b;
+    }
+
+    public NulsDigestData readHash() throws NulsException {
+        return this.readNulsData(new NulsDigestData());
+    }
+
+    public void resetCursor() {
+        this.cursor = 0;
+    }
+
+    public short readShort() throws NulsException {
+        return Utils.bytes2Short(readBytes(2));
+    }
+
+    public String readString() throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            return new String(this.readByLengthByte(), NulsContext.DEFAULT_ENCODING);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw new NulsException(e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public double readDouble() throws NulsException {
+        return Utils.bytes2Double(this.readByLengthByte());
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFinished() {
+        return this.payload.length == cursor;
+    }
+
+    public byte[] getPayloadByCursor() {
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[payload.length - cursor];
+        System.arraycopy(this.payload, cursor, bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    public byte[] getPayload() {
+        return payload;
+    }
+
+    public <T extends BaseNulsData> T readNulsData(T nulsData) throws NulsException {
+        if (payload == null || payload.length == 0 || NulsConstant.PLACE_HOLDER == payload[0]) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        int length = payload.length - cursor;
+        byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
+        System.arraycopy(payload, cursor, bytes, 0, length);
+        nulsData.parse(bytes);
+        cursor += nulsData.size();
+        return nulsData;
+    }
+
+    public NulsSignData readSign() throws NulsException {
+        return this.readNulsData(new NulsSignData());
+    }
+
+    public Transaction readTransaction() throws NulsException {
+        try {
+            return TransactionManager.getInstance(this);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.DATA_PARSE_ERROR);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `readByLengthByte()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `bytes2Double(...)` at line 180.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+double NulsByteBuffer.readDouble()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.core.utils.io.NulsByteBuffer.readDouble():double.d22d24b4ebde3ad57830a607b9223bb6
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/io/nuls/core/utils/io/NulsByteBuffer.java
+
+### Key:
+NulsByteBuffer.java|readDouble|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+265ba86214678cae77b0c9ab2eedcb6d
+
+### Hash:
+3db228a9a528e7fcdccb7557e760157f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3999/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3999/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d11f55ec3c9b132d9c5dfcb1a17d4ea9ca3465f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3999/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ * <p>
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * <p>
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * <p>
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.consensus.utils;
+
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.ConfirmingTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.ReceivedTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.DownloadRound;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.NodeDownloadingStatus;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.GetBlockRequest;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.block.BlockCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.service.intf.BlockService;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Block;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Result;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.queue.service.impl.QueueService;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.str.StringUtils;
+import io.nuls.core.validate.ValidateResult;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.NodePo;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+import io.nuls.network.service.NetworkService;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2017/12/11
+ */
+public class BlockBatchDownloadUtils {
+
+    private static final int DOWNLOAD_NODE_COUNT = 10;
+    //todo
+    private static final int DOWNLOAD_BLOCKS_PER_TIME = 2;
+    /**
+     * unit:ms
+     */
+    private static final long DOWNLOAD_IDLE_TIME_OUT = 1000;
+
+    private static final BlockBatchDownloadUtils INSTANCE = new BlockBatchDownloadUtils();
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster = NulsContext.getServiceBean(EventBroadcaster.class);
+    private QueueService<String> queueService = new QueueService<>();
+    private BlockCacheManager blockCacheManager = BlockCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private NetworkService networkService = NulsContext.getServiceBean(NetworkService.class);
+    private BlockService blockService = NulsContext.getServiceBean(BlockService.class);
+
+
+    private ReceivedTxCacheManager receivedTxCacheManager = ReceivedTxCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private ConfirmingTxCacheManager confirmingTxCacheManager = ConfirmingTxCacheManager.getInstance();
+
+    private String queueId = StringUtils.getNewUUID();
+
+    private Map<String, NodeDownloadingStatus> nodeStatusMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private Map<Long, Block> blockMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private boolean finished = true;
+    private List<DownloadRound> roundList = new ArrayList<>();
+    private DownloadRound currentRound;
+    private List<String> nodeIdList;
+    private BlockInfo blocksHash;
+
+    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private boolean working = false;
+
+    private BlockBatchDownloadUtils() {
+    }
+
+    public static BlockBatchDownloadUtils getInstance() {
+        return INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    private void init(List<String> nodeIdList) {
+        this.nodeIdList = nodeIdList;
+        if (!this.queueService.exist(queueId)) {
+            this.queueService.createQueue(queueId, (long) nodeIdList.size(), false);
+        }
+        for (String nodeId : nodeIdList) {
+            this.queueService.offer(queueId, nodeId);
+        }
+        nodeStatusMap.clear();
+        blockMap.clear();
+    }
+
+    public void request(List<String> nodeIdList, long startHeight, long endHeight) throws InterruptedException {
+        lock.lock();
+        if (working) {
+            return;
+        }
+        working = true;
+        this.init(nodeIdList);
+        try {
+            blocksHash = DistributedBlockInfoRequestUtils.getInstance().request(startHeight, endHeight, DOWNLOAD_BLOCKS_PER_TIME);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            working = false;
+            return;
+        }
+        request(startHeight, endHeight);
+        while (!finished){
+            Thread.sleep(100L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void request(long startHeight, long endHeight) throws InterruptedException {
+        finished = false;
+        roundList.clear();
+        long i = startHeight;
+        while (true) {
+            long start = i;
+            int nodeCount = DOWNLOAD_NODE_COUNT;
+            if (this.nodeIdList.size() < DOWNLOAD_NODE_COUNT) {
+                nodeCount = nodeIdList.size();
+            }
+            long end = i + DOWNLOAD_BLOCKS_PER_TIME * nodeCount - 1;
+            if (end > endHeight) {
+                end = endHeight;
+            }
+            DownloadRound round = new DownloadRound();
+            round.setEnd(end);
+            round.setStart(start);
+            if (i == startHeight) {
+                currentRound = round;
+                startDownload();
+            } else {
+                roundList.add(round);
+            }
+            i = end+1;
+            if (i >= endHeight) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void startDownload() {
+        try {
+            Set<String> nodeSet = new HashSet<>();
+            if (this.nodeIdList.size() <= DOWNLOAD_NODE_COUNT) {
+                nodeSet.addAll(this.nodeIdList);
+            } else {
+                Random random = new Random();
+                while (true) {
+                    if (nodeSet.size() >= DOWNLOAD_NODE_COUNT) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    int index = random.nextInt(nodeIdList.size());
+                    nodeSet.add(this.nodeIdList.get(index));
+                }
+            }
+            List<String> roundNodeList = new ArrayList<>(nodeSet);
+            currentRound.setNodeIdList(roundNodeList);
+            long end = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; end < currentRound.getEnd(); i++) {
+                long start = currentRound.getStart() + i * DOWNLOAD_BLOCKS_PER_TIME;
+                end = start + DOWNLOAD_BLOCKS_PER_TIME - 1;
+                if (end > currentRound.getEnd()) {
+                    end = currentRound.getEnd();
+                }
+                String nodeId = roundNodeList.get(i);
+                this.sendRequest(start, end, nodeId);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void sendRequest(long start, long end, String nodeId) {
+        NodeDownloadingStatus status = new NodeDownloadingStatus();
+        status.setStart(start);
+        status.setEnd(end);
+        status.setNodeId(nodeId);
+        Log.info("send ask:start:"+start+",end:"+end+",node:"+nodeId);
+        this.eventBroadcaster.sendToNode(new GetBlockRequest(start, end), nodeId);
+        status.setUpdateTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        nodeStatusMap.put(nodeId, status);
+    }
+
+
+    public boolean downloadedBlock(String nodeId, Block block) {
+        System.out.println("downloaded:"+block.getHeader().getHeight());
+        NodeDownloadingStatus status = nodeStatusMap.get(nodeId);
+        if (null == status) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!status.containsHeight(block.getHeader().getHeight())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        blockMap.put(block.getHeader().getHeight(), block);
+        status.downloaded(block.getHeader().getHeight());
+        status.setUpdateTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        if (status.finished()) {
+            this.queueService.offer(queueId, nodeId);
+        }
+        verify();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void verify() {
+        boolean done = true;
+        for (NodeDownloadingStatus status : nodeStatusMap.values()) {
+            if (!done  ) {
+                break;
+            }
+            done = status.finished();
+        }
+        if (!done) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Result result;
+        try {
+            result = checkHash();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (null == result || result.isFailed()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (long i = currentRound.getStart(); i <= currentRound.getEnd(); i++) {
+            Block block = blockMap.get(i);
+            ValidateResult result1 = block.verify();
+            if (result1.isFailed()) {
+                Log.info(result1.getMessage());
+                try {
+                    failedExecute(block.getHeader().getHeight());
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    Log.error(e);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            blockCacheManager.cacheBlock(block);
+            receivedTxCacheManager.removeTx(block.getTxHashList());
+            confirmingTxCacheManager.putTxList(block.getTxs());
+        }
+        finished();
+    }
+
+    private void failedExecute(long height) throws InterruptedException {
+        NodeDownloadingStatus nodeStatus = null;
+        for (NodeDownloadingStatus status : nodeStatusMap.values()) {
+            if (status.containsHeight(height)) {
+                nodeStatus = status;
+            }
+        }
+        if (null == nodeStatus) {
+            return;
+        }
+        networkService.blackNode(nodeStatus.getNodeId(), NodePo.YELLOW);
+        this.nodeIdList.remove(nodeIdList);
+        this.queueService.remove(queueId, nodeStatus.getNodeId());
+        if(this.queueService.size(queueId)>0){
+            this.sendRequest(nodeStatus.getStart(), nodeStatus.getEnd(), this.queueService.take(queueId));
+        }else{
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED,"download block error!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Result checkHash() throws InterruptedException {
+        for (long i = currentRound.getStart(); i >= currentRound.getEnd(); i++) {
+            Block block = blockMap.get(i);
+            if ((i - currentRound.getStart()) % DOWNLOAD_BLOCKS_PER_TIME == 0) {
+                NulsDigestData mustHash = blocksHash.getHash(block.getHeader().getHeight());
+                NulsDigestData hash = block.getHeader().getHash();
+                if (null == hash || null == mustHash || !mustHash.getDigestHex().equals(hash.getDigestHex())) {
+                    failedExecute(block.getHeader().getHeight());
+                    return Result.getFailed("hash wrong!");
+                }
+            }
+            String preHash = block.getHeader().getPreHash().getDigestHex();
+            Block preBlock = blockMap.get(preHash);
+            if (preBlock == null) {
+                preBlock = blockService.getBlock(preHash);
+            }
+            if (null == preBlock || preBlock.getHeader().getHeight() != (block.getHeader().getHeight() - 1)) {
+                failedExecute(block.getHeader().getHeight());
+                return Result.getFailed("prehash wrong!");
+            }
+        }
+        return Result.getSuccess();
+    }
+
+    private void finished() {
+        if (!roundFinished()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!roundList.isEmpty()) {
+            currentRound = roundList.get(0);
+            roundList.remove(0);
+            startDownload();
+            return;
+        }
+        this.finished = true;
+        this.queueService.destroyQueue(queueId);
+        this.nodeStatusMap.clear();
+        working = false;
+        lock.unlock();
+    }
+
+    private boolean roundFinished() {
+        boolean result = true;
+        for (String nodeId : currentRound.getNodeIdList()) {
+            if (!result) {
+                break;
+            }
+            result = nodeStatusMap.get(nodeId).finished();
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFinished() {
+        return finished;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isWorking() {
+        return working;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `io.nuls.consensus.utils.BlockBatchDownloadUtils.downloadedBlock` indirectly reads without synchronization from `i18n.I18nUtils.io.nuls.core.i18n.I18nUtils.nowMapping`. Potentially races with write in method `BlockBatchDownloadUtils.request(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean BlockBatchDownloadUtils.downloadedBlock(String,Block)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.consensus.utils.BlockBatchDownloadUtils.downloadedBlock(java.lang.String,io.nuls.core.chain..3850770d6197cdfc74b5e32c03bcadf0
+
+### File:
+consensus-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/consensus/utils/BlockBatchDownloadUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+BlockBatchDownloadUtils.java|downloadedBlock|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e628da8c0c7fbf1d690d9ec64db7ed75
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4112/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4112/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d86536a169fbd8e2ccd77ebc0b35fe3fc51bc97e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4112/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-cloud-commons
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012-2019 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.cloud.loadbalancer.config;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.CacheAutoConfiguration;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.util.TestPropertyValues;
+import org.springframework.cache.CacheManager;
+import org.springframework.cache.support.NoOpCacheManager;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
+import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link LoadBalancerCacheAutoConfiguration}.
+ *
+ * @author Olga Maciaszek-Sharma
+ */
+
+class LoadBalancerCacheAutoConfigurationTests {
+
+	@Test
+	void shouldAutoEnableCaching() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = setup("");
+		assertThat(context.getBeansOfType(CacheManager.class)).isNotEmpty();
+		assertThat(context.getBeansOfType(CacheManager.class).get("cacheManager"))
+				.isNotInstanceOf(NoOpCacheManager.class);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	void shouldUseNoOpCacheIfCacheTypeNone() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = setup("spring.cache.type=none");
+		assertThat(context.getBeansOfType(CacheManager.class)).isNotEmpty();
+		assertThat(context.getBeansOfType(CacheManager.class).get("cacheManager"))
+				.isInstanceOf(NoOpCacheManager.class);
+	}
+
+	private AnnotationConfigApplicationContext setup(String property) {
+		List<Class> config = new ArrayList<>();
+		config.add(LoadBalancerCacheAutoConfiguration.class);
+		config.add(CacheAutoConfiguration.class);
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
+		if (StringUtils.hasText(property)) {
+			TestPropertyValues.of(property).applyTo(context);
+		}
+		context.register(config.toArray(new Class[0]));
+		context.refresh();
+		return context;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext` acquired to `context` by call to `setup(...)` at line 43 is not released after line 45.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LoadBalancerCacheAutoConfigurationTests.shouldAutoEnableCaching()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springframework.cloud.loadbalancer.config.LoadBalancerCacheAutoConfigurationTests.shouldAutoEnab.1c309bf4d4a9e1e5681f686669a343c4
+
+### File:
+spring-cloud-loadbalancer/src/test/java/org/springframework/cloud/loadbalancer/config/LoadBalancerCacheAutoConfigurationTests.java
+
+### Key:
+LoadBalancerCacheAutoConfigurationTests.java|shouldAutoEnableCaching|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+a35be0241c2d0f1ac89ba5e255a32801
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4115/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4115/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54d9382baf5b4d33592575ce68f5ec0c3095656c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4115/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-cloud-commons
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012-2020 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.cloud.commons.httpclient;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContextSpi;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+
+import org.apache.http.config.Lookup;
+import org.apache.http.conn.HttpClientConnectionManager;
+import org.apache.http.conn.socket.ConnectionSocketFactory;
+import org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultHttpClientConnectionOperator;
+import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.springframework.util.ReflectionUtils;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.BDDAssertions.then;
+
+/**
+ * @author Ryan Baxter
+ * @author Michael Wirth
+ */
+public class DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactoryTests {
+
+	@Test
+	public void newConnectionManager() throws Exception {
+		HttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = new DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactory()
+				.newConnectionManager(false, 2, 6);
+		then(((PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager) connectionManager)
+				.getDefaultMaxPerRoute()).isEqualTo(6);
+		then(((PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager) connectionManager).getMaxTotal())
+				.isEqualTo(2);
+		Object pool = getField(((PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager) connectionManager),
+				"pool");
+		then((Long) getField(pool, "timeToLive")).isEqualTo(new Long(-1));
+		TimeUnit timeUnit = getField(pool, "tunit");
+		then(timeUnit).isEqualTo(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void newConnectionManagerWithTTL() throws Exception {
+		HttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = new DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactory()
+				.newConnectionManager(false, 2, 6, 56L, TimeUnit.DAYS, null);
+		then(((PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager) connectionManager)
+				.getDefaultMaxPerRoute()).isEqualTo(6);
+		then(((PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager) connectionManager).getMaxTotal())
+				.isEqualTo(2);
+		Object pool = getField(((PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager) connectionManager),
+				"pool");
+		then((Long) getField(pool, "timeToLive")).isEqualTo(new Long(56));
+		TimeUnit timeUnit = getField(pool, "tunit");
+		then(timeUnit).isEqualTo(TimeUnit.DAYS);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void newConnectionManagerWithSSL() throws Exception {
+		HttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = new DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactory()
+				.newConnectionManager(false, 2, 6);
+
+		Lookup<ConnectionSocketFactory> socketFactoryRegistry = getConnectionSocketFactoryLookup(
+				connectionManager);
+		then(socketFactoryRegistry.lookup("https")).isNotNull();
+		then(getX509TrustManager(socketFactoryRegistry).getAcceptedIssuers()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void newConnectionManagerWithDisabledSSLValidation() throws Exception {
+		HttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager = new DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactory()
+				.newConnectionManager(true, 2, 6);
+
+		Lookup<ConnectionSocketFactory> socketFactoryRegistry = getConnectionSocketFactoryLookup(
+				connectionManager);
+		then(socketFactoryRegistry.lookup("https")).isNotNull();
+		then(getX509TrustManager(socketFactoryRegistry).getAcceptedIssuers()).isNull();
+	}
+
+	private Lookup<ConnectionSocketFactory> getConnectionSocketFactoryLookup(
+			HttpClientConnectionManager connectionManager) {
+		DefaultHttpClientConnectionOperator connectionOperator = getField(
+				connectionManager, "connectionOperator");
+		return getField(connectionOperator, "socketFactoryRegistry");
+	}
+
+	private X509TrustManager getX509TrustManager(
+			Lookup<ConnectionSocketFactory> socketFactoryRegistry) {
+		ConnectionSocketFactory connectionSocketFactory = socketFactoryRegistry
+				.lookup("https");
+		SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = getField(connectionSocketFactory,
+				"socketfactory");
+		SSLContextSpi sslContext = getField(sslSocketFactory, "context");
+		return getField(sslContext, "trustManager");
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	protected <T> T getField(Object target, String name) {
+		Field field = ReflectionUtils.findField(target.getClass(), name);
+		ReflectionUtils.makeAccessible(field);
+		Object value = ReflectionUtils.getField(field, target);
+		return (T) value;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager` acquired by call to `newConnectionManager(...)` at line 46 is not released after line 51.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactoryTests.newConnectionManager()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springframework.cloud.commons.httpclient.DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactoryTests.ne.9f3dcac03bb20462fe87a6974347c6f5
+
+### File:
+spring-cloud-commons/src/test/java/org/springframework/cloud/commons/httpclient/DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactoryTests.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultApacheHttpClientConnectionManagerFactoryTests.java|newConnectionManager|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4bcd3361873facb57365f509682f71b1
+
+### Hash:
+6c422d82a517b2170b544f6f59c4953c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4123/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4123/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6c67f56585e378f801ad27bf0baaba2c4834dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4123/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sonar-python
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * SonarQube Python Plugin
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2019 SonarSource SA
+ * mailto:info AT sonarsource DOT com
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
+ */
+package org.sonar.python.semantic;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.sonar.plugins.python.api.tree.ClassDef;
+import org.sonar.plugins.python.api.tree.FileInput;
+import org.sonar.plugins.python.api.tree.Tree;
+import org.sonar.python.PythonTestUtils;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.tuple;
+
+
+public class ClassSymbolTest {
+  @Test
+  public void no_field() {
+    ClassDef empty = parseClass(
+      "class C: ",
+      "  pass");
+    assertThat(empty.classFields()).isEmpty();
+    assertThat(empty.instanceFields()).isEmpty();
+
+    ClassDef empty2 = parseClass(
+      "class C:",
+      "  def f(): pass");
+    assertThat(empty2.classFields()).isEmpty();
+    assertThat(empty2.instanceFields()).isEmpty();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void class_fields() {
+    ClassDef c = parseClass(
+      "class C: ",
+      "  f1 = 1",
+      "  f1 = 2",
+      "  f2 = 3");
+    assertThat(c.classFields()).extracting(Symbol::name).containsExactlyInAnyOrder("f1", "f2");
+    assertThat(c.instanceFields()).isEmpty();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void instance_fields() {
+    ClassDef c1 = parseClass(
+      "class C: ",
+      "  def f(self):",
+      "    self.a = 1",
+      "    self.b = 2",
+      "    x = 2",
+      "  def g(self):",
+      "    self.a = 3",
+      "    self.c = 4");
+    assertThat(c1.classFields()).isEmpty();
+    assertThat(c1.instanceFields()).extracting(Symbol::name).containsExactlyInAnyOrder("a", "b", "c");
+
+    ClassDef c2 = parseClass(
+      "class C:",
+      "  def f(self):",
+      "     print(self.a)",
+      "  def g(self):",
+      "     self.a = 1");
+    assertThat(c2.classFields()).isEmpty();
+    assertThat(c2.instanceFields()).extracting(Symbol::name).containsExactlyInAnyOrder("a");
+    Symbol field = c2.instanceFields().iterator().next();
+    assertThat(field.usages())
+      .extracting(Usage::kind, u -> u.tree().firstToken().line())
+      .containsExactlyInAnyOrder(
+        tuple(Usage.Kind.OTHER, 3),
+        tuple(Usage.Kind.ASSIGNMENT_LHS, 5));
+  }
+
+  private ClassDef parseClass(String... lines) {
+    FileInput fileInput = PythonTestUtils.parse(lines);
+    return PythonTestUtils.getFirstChild(fileInput, t -> t.is(Tree.Kind.CLASSDEF));
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `empty2` last assigned on line 41 could be null and is dereferenced at line 44.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClassSymbolTest.no_field()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sonar.python.semantic.ClassSymbolTest.no_field():void.53659b5a33c02b0dd4be6bc9c1187203
+
+### File:
+python-frontend/src/test/java/org/sonar/python/semantic/ClassSymbolTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClassSymbolTest.java|no_field|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+350e108e851ff94e981881e6fe22b7cc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4124/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4124/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e483f5af0e5d21a5ea73c956dc7064818dabd2e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4124/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sonar-python
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Sonar Python Plugin
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Waleri Enns
+ * dev@sonar.codehaus.org
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02
+ */
+
+package org.sonar.plugins.python;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.sonar.api.utils.SonarException;
+
+public final class Utils {
+  public static List<String> callCommand(String command, String[] environ) {
+    List<String> lines = new LinkedList<String>();
+
+    PythonPlugin.LOG.debug("Calling command: '{}'", command);
+
+    BufferedReader stdInput = null;
+    try {
+      Process p = null;
+      if(environ == null){
+        p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);
+      } else {
+        p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command, environ);
+      }
+
+      stdInput = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
+      String s = null;
+
+      while ((s = stdInput.readLine()) != null) {
+        lines.add(s);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new SonarException("Error calling command '" + command +
+                               "', details: '" + e + "'");
+    } finally {
+      IOUtils.closeQuietly(stdInput);
+    }
+
+    return lines;
+  }
+
+  private Utils() {
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `p` by call to `exec(...)` at line 44 is not released after line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List Utils.callCommand(String,java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sonar.plugins.python.Utils.callCommand(java.lang.String,java.lang.String[]):java.util.List.fe3962a33e4a5af11698ce1f018c60dd
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/sonar/plugins/python/Utils.java
+
+### Key:
+Utils.java|callCommand|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f748901dd4397edfbdee348a6a4d2996
+
+### Hash:
+1aa94e66d24bb1ea67bb4013ae8fe489
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4146/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4146/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe287ce4bc14ef9a892d3e4f626322e74e07fece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4146/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** yacy_search_server
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// kelondroAbstractRA.java 
+// -----------------------
+// part of The Kelondro Database
+// (C) by Michael Peter Christen; mc@anomic.de
+// first published on http://www.anomic.de
+// Frankfurt, Germany, 2004
+// last major change: 09.02.2004
+//
+// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+// Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+//
+// Using this software in any meaning (reading, learning, copying, compiling,
+// running) means that you agree that the Author(s) is (are) not responsible
+// for cost, loss of data or any harm that may be caused directly or indirectly
+// by usage of this softare or this documentation. The usage of this software
+// is on your own risk. The installation and usage (starting/running) of this
+// software may allow other people or application to access your computer and
+// any attached devices and is highly dependent on the configuration of the
+// software which must be done by the user of the software; the author(s) is
+// (are) also not responsible for proper configuration and usage of the
+// software, even if provoked by documentation provided together with
+// the software.
+//
+// Any changes to this file according to the GPL as documented in the file
+// gpl.txt aside this file in the shipment you received can be done to the
+// lines that follows this copyright notice here, but changes must not be
+// done inside the copyright notive above. A re-distribution must contain
+// the intact and unchanged copyright notice.
+// Contributions and changes to the program code must be marked as such.
+
+package de.anomic.kelondro;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import de.anomic.server.*;
+
+abstract class kelondroAbstractRA implements kelondroRA {
+
+    // logging support
+    protected String name = null;
+    public String name() {
+        return name;
+    }
+    
+    // pseudo-native methods:
+    abstract public int read() throws IOException;
+    abstract public void write(int b) throws IOException;
+
+    abstract public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException;
+    abstract public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException;
+
+    abstract public void seek(long pos) throws IOException;
+    abstract public void close() throws IOException;
+
+    // derivated methods:
+    public byte readByte() throws IOException {
+	int ch = this.read();
+	if (ch < 0) throw new IOException();
+	return (byte)(ch);
+    }
+
+    public void writeByte(int v) throws IOException {
+	this.write(v);
+    }
+
+    public short readShort() throws IOException {
+	int ch1 = this.read();
+	int ch2 = this.read();
+	if ((ch1 | ch2) < 0) throw new IOException();
+	return (short) ((ch1 << 8) + (ch2 << 0));
+    }
+
+    public void writeShort(int v) throws IOException {
+	this.write((v >>> 8) & 0xFF); this.write((v >>> 0) & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    public int readInt() throws IOException {
+	int ch1 = this.read();
+	int ch2 = this.read();
+	int ch3 = this.read();
+	int ch4 = this.read();
+	if ((ch1 | ch2 | ch3 | ch4) < 0) throw new IOException("kelondroAbstractRA.readInt: wrong values; ch1=" + ch1 + ", ch2=" + ch2 + ", ch3=" + ch3 + ", ch4=" + ch4);
+	return ((ch1 << 24) + (ch2 << 16) + (ch3 << 8) + (ch4 << 0));
+    }
+
+    public void writeInt(int v) throws IOException {
+	this.write((v >>> 24) & 0xFF); this.write((v >>> 16) & 0xFF);
+	this.write((v >>>  8) & 0xFF); this.write((v >>>  0) & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    public long readLong() throws IOException {
+	return ((long) (readInt()) << 32) + (readInt() & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
+    }
+
+    public void writeLong(long v) throws IOException {
+	this.write((int) (v >>> 56) & 0xFF); this.write((int) (v >>> 48) & 0xFF);
+	this.write((int) (v >>> 40) & 0xFF); this.write((int) (v >>> 32) & 0xFF);
+	this.write((int) (v >>> 24) & 0xFF); this.write((int) (v >>> 16) & 0xFF);
+	this.write((int) (v >>>  8) & 0xFF); this.write((int) (v >>>  0) & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    public void write(byte[] b) throws IOException {
+	this.write(b, 0, b.length);
+    }
+
+    private static final byte cr = 13;
+    private static final byte lf = 10;
+    private static final String crlf = new String(new byte[] {cr, lf});
+
+    public void writeLine(String line) throws IOException {
+	this.write((line + crlf).getBytes());
+    }
+
+    public String readLine() throws IOException {
+	// with these functions, we consider a line as always terminated by CRLF
+	serverByteBuffer sb = new serverByteBuffer();
+	int c;
+	while (true) {
+	    c = read();
+	    if (c < 0) {
+		if (sb.length() == 0) return null; else return sb.toString();
+	    }
+	    if (c == cr) continue;
+	    if (c == lf) return sb.toString();
+	    sb.append((byte) c);
+	}
+    }
+
+    public void writeProperties(Properties props, String comment) throws IOException {
+	this.seek(0);
+	writeLine("# " + comment);
+	Enumeration e = props.propertyNames();
+	String key, value;
+	while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
+	    key = (String) e.nextElement();
+	    value = props.getProperty(key, "");
+	    writeLine(key + "=" + value);
+	}
+	writeLine("# EOF");
+    }
+
+    public Properties readProperties() throws IOException {
+	this.seek(0);
+	Properties props = new Properties();
+	String line;
+	int pos;
+	while ((line = readLine()) != null) {
+	    line = line.trim();
+	    if (line.equals("# EOF")) return props;
+	    if ((line.length() == 0) || (line.startsWith("#"))) continue;
+	    pos = line.indexOf("=");
+	    if (pos < 0) continue;
+	    props.setProperty(line.substring(0, pos).trim(), line.substring(pos + 1).trim());
+	}
+	return props;
+    }
+
+    public void writeMap(Map map, String comment) throws IOException {
+	this.seek(0);
+	writeLine("# " + comment);
+	Iterator i = map.keySet().iterator();
+	String key, value;
+	while (i.hasNext()) {
+	    key = (String) i.next();
+	    value = (String) map.get(key);
+	    writeLine(key + "=" + value);
+	}
+	writeLine("# EOF");
+    }
+
+    public Map readMap() throws IOException {
+	this.seek(0);
+	TreeMap map = new TreeMap();
+	String line;
+	int pos;
+	while ((line = readLine()) != null) { // very slow readLine????
+	    line = line.trim();
+	    if (line.equals("# EOF")) return map;
+	    if ((line.length() == 0) || (line.startsWith("#"))) continue;
+	    pos = line.indexOf("=");
+	    if (pos < 0) continue;
+	    map.put(line.substring(0, pos), line.substring(pos + 1));
+	}
+	return map;
+    }
+
+    public void writeArray(byte[] b) throws IOException {
+	// this does not write the content to the see position
+	// but to the very beginning of the record
+	// some additional bytes will ensure that we know the correct content size later on
+	seek(0);
+	writeInt(b.length);
+	write(b);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] readArray() throws IOException {
+	seek(0);
+	int l = readInt();
+	byte[] b = new byte[l];
+	read(b, 0, l);
+	return b;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `de.anomic.server.serverByteBuffer` acquired to `sb` by call to `new()` at line 128 is not released after line 136.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String kelondroAbstractRA.readLine()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.anomic.kelondro.kelondroAbstractRA.readLine():java.lang.String.556d4b1ec883d1df5a6d59be35b15fe7
+
+### File:
+source/de/anomic/kelondro/kelondroAbstractRA.java
+
+### Key:
+kelondroAbstractRA.java|readLine|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+403b923eb008d1cc6b180a4b1bc6a1bb
+
+### Hash:
+f68339996b5191e10da0e95236b7fbd4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4152/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4152/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69574aa959dabcf036613556aad2a69a6b376ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4152/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mybatis-PageHelper
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2017 abel533@gmail.com
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.github.pagehelper;
+
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.Cache;
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.CacheFactory;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.MSUtils;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.ibatis.cache.CacheKey;
+import org.apache.ibatis.executor.Executor;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.BoundSql;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.MappedStatement;
+import org.apache.ibatis.plugin.*;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.Configuration;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.ResultHandler;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.RowBounds;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/**
+ * Mybatis - 通用分页拦截器<br/>
+ * 项目地址 : http://git.oschina.net/free/Mybatis_PageHelper
+ *
+ * @author liuzh/abel533/isea533
+ * @version 5.0.0
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
+@Intercepts(
+    {
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class}),
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class, CacheKey.class, BoundSql.class}),
+    }
+)
+public class PageInterceptor implements Interceptor {
+    //缓存count查询的ms
+    protected Cache<String, MappedStatement> msCountMap = null;
+    private volatile Dialect dialect;
+    private String default_dialect_class = "com.github.pagehelper.PageHelper";
+    private Field additionalParametersField;
+    private String countSuffix = "_COUNT";
+
+    @Override
+    public Object intercept(Invocation invocation) throws Throwable {
+        try {
+            Object[] args = invocation.getArgs();
+            MappedStatement ms = (MappedStatement) args[0];
+            Object parameter = args[1];
+            RowBounds rowBounds = (RowBounds) args[2];
+            ResultHandler resultHandler = (ResultHandler) args[3];
+            Executor executor = (Executor) invocation.getTarget();
+            CacheKey cacheKey;
+            BoundSql boundSql;
+            //由于逻辑关系，只会进入一次
+            if(args.length == 4){
+                //4 个参数时
+                boundSql = ms.getBoundSql(parameter);
+                cacheKey = executor.createCacheKey(ms, parameter, rowBounds, boundSql);
+            } else {
+                //6 个参数时
+                cacheKey = (CacheKey) args[4];
+                boundSql = (BoundSql) args[5];
+            }
+
+            // Spring bean 方式配置时，如果没有配置属性就不会执行下面的 setProperties 方法，就不会初始化
+            // 因此这里会出现 null 的情况 fixed #26
+            if(dialect == null){
+                synchronized (default_dialect_class){
+                    if(dialect == null){
+                        setProperties(new Properties());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            List resultList;
+            //调用方法判断是否需要进行分页，如果不需要，直接返回结果
+            if (!dialect.skip(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                //反射获取动态参数
+                String msId = ms.getId();
+                Configuration configuration = ms.getConfiguration();
+                Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+                //判断是否需要进行 count 查询
+                if (dialect.beforeCount(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    String countMsId = msId + countSuffix;
+                    Long count;
+                    //先判断是否存在手写的 count 查询
+                    MappedStatement countMs = getExistedMappedStatement(configuration, countMsId);
+                    if(countMs != null){
+                        count = executeManualCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, resultHandler);
+                    } else {
+                        countMs = msCountMap.get(countMsId);
+                        //自动创建
+                        if (countMs == null) {
+                            //根据当前的 ms 创建一个返回值为 Long 类型的 ms
+                            countMs = MSUtils.newCountMappedStatement(ms, countMsId);
+                            msCountMap.put(countMsId, countMs);
+                        }
+                        count = executeAutoCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, rowBounds, resultHandler);
+                    }
+                    //处理查询总数
+                    //返回 true 时继续分页查询，false 时直接返回
+                    if (!dialect.afterCount(count, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                        //当查询总数为 0 时，直接返回空的结果
+                        return dialect.afterPage(new ArrayList(), parameter, rowBounds);
+                    }
+                }
+                //判断是否需要进行分页查询
+                if (dialect.beforePage(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    //生成分页的缓存 key
+                    CacheKey pageKey = cacheKey;
+                    //处理参数对象
+                    parameter = dialect.processParameterObject(ms, parameter, boundSql, pageKey);
+                    //调用方言获取分页 sql
+                    String pageSql = dialect.getPageSql(ms, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, pageKey);
+                    BoundSql pageBoundSql = new BoundSql(configuration, pageSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+                    //设置动态参数
+                    for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+                        pageBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+                    }
+                    //执行分页查询
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, pageKey, pageBoundSql);
+                } else {
+                    //不执行分页的情况下，也不执行内存分页
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+                }
+            } else {
+                //rowBounds用参数值，不使用分页插件处理时，仍然支持默认的内存分页
+                resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, rowBounds, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+            }
+            return dialect.afterPage(resultList, parameter, rowBounds);
+        } finally {
+            dialect.afterAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行手动设置的 count 查询，该查询支持的参数必须和被分页的方法相同
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeManualCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = countMs.getBoundSql(parameter);
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = ((Number) ((List) countResultList).get(0)).longValue();
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行自动生成的 count 查询
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param rowBounds
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeAutoCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   RowBounds rowBounds, ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+        //创建 count 查询的缓存 key
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        //调用方言获取 count sql
+        String countSql = dialect.getCountSql(countMs, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, countKey);
+        //countKey.update(countSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = new BoundSql(countMs.getConfiguration(), countSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+        //当使用动态 SQL 时，可能会产生临时的参数，这些参数需要手动设置到新的 BoundSql 中
+        for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+            countBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+        }
+        //执行 count 查询
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = (Long) ((List) countResultList).get(0);
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 尝试获取已经存在的在 MS，提供对手写count和page的支持
+     *
+     * @param configuration
+     * @param msId
+     * @return
+     */
+    private MappedStatement getExistedMappedStatement(Configuration configuration, String msId){
+        MappedStatement mappedStatement = null;
+        try {
+            mappedStatement = configuration.getMappedStatement(msId, false);
+        } catch (Throwable t){
+            //ignore
+        }
+        return mappedStatement;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object plugin(Object target) {
+        return Plugin.wrap(target, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
+        //缓存 count ms
+        msCountMap = CacheFactory.createCache(properties.getProperty("msCountCache"), "ms", properties);
+        String dialectClass = properties.getProperty("dialect");
+        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(dialectClass)) {
+            dialectClass = default_dialect_class;
+        }
+        try {
+            Class<?> aClass = Class.forName(dialectClass);
+            dialect = (Dialect) aClass.newInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+        dialect.setProperties(properties);
+
+        String countSuffix = properties.getProperty("countSuffix");
+        if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(countSuffix)) {
+            this.countSuffix = countSuffix;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            //反射获取 BoundSql 中的 additionalParameters 属性
+            additionalParametersField = BoundSql.class.getDeclaredField("additionalParameters");
+            additionalParametersField.setAccessible(true);
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.setProperties` writes to field `this.com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.countSuffix` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PageInterceptor.setProperties(Properties)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.setProperties(java.util.Properties):void.7f6f30bd159da648d37afbfa1aa82ef6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/pagehelper/PageInterceptor.java
+
+### Key:
+PageInterceptor.java|setProperties|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e173b6205472e6c8f1f3b058ed4a0ea8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4155/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4155/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bf98e49257c486494afa0e18913d0abf90ca13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4155/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mybatis-PageHelper
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2017 abel533@gmail.com
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.github.pagehelper;
+
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.Cache;
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.CacheFactory;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.MSUtils;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.ibatis.cache.CacheKey;
+import org.apache.ibatis.executor.Executor;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.BoundSql;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.MappedStatement;
+import org.apache.ibatis.plugin.*;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.Configuration;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.ResultHandler;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.RowBounds;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/**
+ * Mybatis - 通用分页拦截器<br/>
+ * 项目地址 : http://git.oschina.net/free/Mybatis_PageHelper
+ *
+ * @author liuzh/abel533/isea533
+ * @version 5.0.0
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
+@Intercepts(
+    {
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class}),
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class, CacheKey.class, BoundSql.class}),
+    }
+)
+public class PageInterceptor implements Interceptor {
+    //缓存count查询的ms
+    protected Cache<String, MappedStatement> msCountMap = null;
+    private volatile Dialect dialect;
+    private String default_dialect_class = "com.github.pagehelper.PageHelper";
+    private Field additionalParametersField;
+    private String countSuffix = "_COUNT";
+
+    @Override
+    public Object intercept(Invocation invocation) throws Throwable {
+        try {
+            Object[] args = invocation.getArgs();
+            MappedStatement ms = (MappedStatement) args[0];
+            Object parameter = args[1];
+            RowBounds rowBounds = (RowBounds) args[2];
+            ResultHandler resultHandler = (ResultHandler) args[3];
+            Executor executor = (Executor) invocation.getTarget();
+            CacheKey cacheKey;
+            BoundSql boundSql;
+            //由于逻辑关系，只会进入一次
+            if(args.length == 4){
+                //4 个参数时
+                boundSql = ms.getBoundSql(parameter);
+                cacheKey = executor.createCacheKey(ms, parameter, rowBounds, boundSql);
+            } else {
+                //6 个参数时
+                cacheKey = (CacheKey) args[4];
+                boundSql = (BoundSql) args[5];
+            }
+
+            // Spring bean 方式配置时，如果没有配置属性就不会执行下面的 setProperties 方法，就不会初始化
+            // 因此这里会出现 null 的情况 fixed #26
+            if(dialect == null){
+                synchronized (default_dialect_class){
+                    if(dialect == null){
+                        setProperties(new Properties());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            List resultList;
+            //调用方法判断是否需要进行分页，如果不需要，直接返回结果
+            if (!dialect.skip(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                //反射获取动态参数
+                String msId = ms.getId();
+                Configuration configuration = ms.getConfiguration();
+                Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+                //判断是否需要进行 count 查询
+                if (dialect.beforeCount(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    String countMsId = msId + countSuffix;
+                    Long count;
+                    //先判断是否存在手写的 count 查询
+                    MappedStatement countMs = getExistedMappedStatement(configuration, countMsId);
+                    if(countMs != null){
+                        count = executeManualCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, resultHandler);
+                    } else {
+                        countMs = msCountMap.get(countMsId);
+                        //自动创建
+                        if (countMs == null) {
+                            //根据当前的 ms 创建一个返回值为 Long 类型的 ms
+                            countMs = MSUtils.newCountMappedStatement(ms, countMsId);
+                            msCountMap.put(countMsId, countMs);
+                        }
+                        count = executeAutoCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, rowBounds, resultHandler);
+                    }
+                    //处理查询总数
+                    //返回 true 时继续分页查询，false 时直接返回
+                    if (!dialect.afterCount(count, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                        //当查询总数为 0 时，直接返回空的结果
+                        return dialect.afterPage(new ArrayList(), parameter, rowBounds);
+                    }
+                }
+                //判断是否需要进行分页查询
+                if (dialect.beforePage(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    //生成分页的缓存 key
+                    CacheKey pageKey = cacheKey;
+                    //处理参数对象
+                    parameter = dialect.processParameterObject(ms, parameter, boundSql, pageKey);
+                    //调用方言获取分页 sql
+                    String pageSql = dialect.getPageSql(ms, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, pageKey);
+                    BoundSql pageBoundSql = new BoundSql(configuration, pageSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+                    //设置动态参数
+                    for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+                        pageBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+                    }
+                    //执行分页查询
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, pageKey, pageBoundSql);
+                } else {
+                    //不执行分页的情况下，也不执行内存分页
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+                }
+            } else {
+                //rowBounds用参数值，不使用分页插件处理时，仍然支持默认的内存分页
+                resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, rowBounds, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+            }
+            return dialect.afterPage(resultList, parameter, rowBounds);
+        } finally {
+            dialect.afterAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行手动设置的 count 查询，该查询支持的参数必须和被分页的方法相同
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeManualCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = countMs.getBoundSql(parameter);
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = ((Number) ((List) countResultList).get(0)).longValue();
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行自动生成的 count 查询
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param rowBounds
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeAutoCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   RowBounds rowBounds, ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+        //创建 count 查询的缓存 key
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        //调用方言获取 count sql
+        String countSql = dialect.getCountSql(countMs, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, countKey);
+        //countKey.update(countSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = new BoundSql(countMs.getConfiguration(), countSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+        //当使用动态 SQL 时，可能会产生临时的参数，这些参数需要手动设置到新的 BoundSql 中
+        for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+            countBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+        }
+        //执行 count 查询
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = (Long) ((List) countResultList).get(0);
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 尝试获取已经存在的在 MS，提供对手写count和page的支持
+     *
+     * @param configuration
+     * @param msId
+     * @return
+     */
+    private MappedStatement getExistedMappedStatement(Configuration configuration, String msId){
+        MappedStatement mappedStatement = null;
+        try {
+            mappedStatement = configuration.getMappedStatement(msId, false);
+        } catch (Throwable t){
+            //ignore
+        }
+        return mappedStatement;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object plugin(Object target) {
+        return Plugin.wrap(target, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
+        //缓存 count ms
+        msCountMap = CacheFactory.createCache(properties.getProperty("msCountCache"), "ms", properties);
+        String dialectClass = properties.getProperty("dialect");
+        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(dialectClass)) {
+            dialectClass = default_dialect_class;
+        }
+        try {
+            Class<?> aClass = Class.forName(dialectClass);
+            dialect = (Dialect) aClass.newInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+        dialect.setProperties(properties);
+
+        String countSuffix = properties.getProperty("countSuffix");
+        if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(countSuffix)) {
+            this.countSuffix = countSuffix;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            //反射获取 BoundSql 中的 additionalParameters 属性
+            additionalParametersField = BoundSql.class.getDeclaredField("additionalParameters");
+            additionalParametersField.setAccessible(true);
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.setProperties` writes to field `this.com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.additionalParametersField` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PageInterceptor.setProperties(Properties)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.setProperties(java.util.Properties):void.7f6f30bd159da648d37afbfa1aa82ef6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/pagehelper/PageInterceptor.java
+
+### Key:
+PageInterceptor.java|setProperties|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1dc27470ba75ddda9bc8cacb0faa307c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4163/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4163/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
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+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** giraph
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.giraph.zk;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.giraph.graph.GiraphJob;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileStatus;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerMain;
+
+/**
+ * Manages the election of ZooKeeper servers, starting/stopping the services,
+ * etc.
+ */
+public class ZooKeeperManager {
+    /** Job context (mainly for progress) */
+    private Mapper<?, ?, ?, ?>.Context context;
+    /** Hadoop configuration */
+    private final Configuration conf;
+    /** Class logger */
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ZooKeeperManager.class);
+    /** Task partition, to ensure uniqueness */
+    private final int taskPartition;
+    /** HDFS base directory for all file-based coordination */
+    private final Path baseDirectory;
+    /**
+     * HDFS task ZooKeeper candidate/completed
+     * directory for all file-based coordination
+     */
+    private final Path taskDirectory;
+    /**
+     * HDFS ZooKeeper server ready/done directory
+     * for all file-based coordination
+     */
+    private final Path serverDirectory;
+    /** HDFS path to whether the task is done */
+    private final Path myClosedPath;
+    /** Polling msecs timeout */
+    private final int pollMsecs;
+    /** Server count */
+    private final int serverCount;
+    /** File system */
+    private final FileSystem fs;
+    /** ZooKeeper process */
+    private Process zkProcess = null;
+    /** Thread that gets the zkProcess output */
+    private StreamCollector zkProcessCollector = null;
+    /** ZooKeeper local file system directory */
+    private String zkDir = null;
+    /** ZooKeeper config file path */
+    private String configFilePath = null;
+    /** ZooKeeper server list */
+    private final Map<String, Integer> zkServerPortMap =
+        new TreeMap<String, Integer>();
+    /** ZooKeeper base port */
+    private int zkBasePort = -1;
+    /** Final ZooKeeper server port list (for clients) */
+    private String zkServerPortString;
+    /** My hostname */
+    private String myHostname = null;
+    /** Job id, to ensure uniqueness */
+    private final String jobId;
+    /**
+     * Default local ZooKeeper prefix directory to use (where ZooKeeper server
+     * files will go)
+     */
+    private final String zkDirDefault;
+
+
+    /** Separates the hostname and task in the candidate stamp */
+    private static final String HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR = " ";
+    /** The ZooKeeperString filename prefix */
+    private static final String ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX =
+        "zkServerList_";
+    /** Denotes that the computation is done for a partition */
+    private static final String COMPUTATION_DONE_SUFFIX = ".COMPUTATION_DONE";
+    /** State of the application */
+    public enum State {
+        FAILED,
+        FINISHED
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate the final ZooKeeper coordination directory on HDFS
+     *
+     * @return directory path with job id
+     */
+    final private String getFinalZooKeeperPath() {
+        return GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_MANAGER_DIR_DEFAULT + "/" + jobId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collects the output of a stream and dumps it to the log.
+     */
+    private static class StreamCollector extends Thread {
+        /** Input stream to dump */
+        private final InputStream is;
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor.
+         * @param is InputStream to dump to LOG.info
+         */
+        public StreamCollector(final InputStream is) {
+            super(StreamCollector.class.getName());
+            this.is = is;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            InputStreamReader streamReader = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(streamReader);
+            String line = null;
+            try {
+                while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
+                    LOG.debug(line);
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.error("run: Ignoring IOException", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ZooKeeperManager(Mapper<?, ?, ?, ?>.Context context)
+            throws IOException {
+        this.context = context;
+        conf = context.getConfiguration();
+        taskPartition = conf.getInt("mapred.task.partition", -1);
+        jobId = conf.get("mapred.job.id", "Unknown Job");
+        baseDirectory =
+            new Path(conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_MANAGER_DIRECTORY,
+                                getFinalZooKeeperPath()));
+        taskDirectory = new Path(baseDirectory,
+                                   "_task");
+        serverDirectory = new Path(baseDirectory,
+                                    "_zkServer");
+        myClosedPath = new Path(taskDirectory,
+                                  Integer.toString(taskPartition) +
+                                  COMPUTATION_DONE_SUFFIX);
+        pollMsecs = conf.getInt(
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVERLIST_POLL_MSECS,
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVERLIST_POLL_MSECS_DEFAULT);
+        serverCount = conf.getInt(
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_COUNT,
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_COUNT_DEFAULT);
+        String jobLocalDir = conf.get("job.local.dir");
+        if (jobLocalDir != null) { // for non-local jobs
+            zkDirDefault = jobLocalDir +
+                "/_bspZooKeeper";
+        } else {
+            zkDirDefault = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/_bspZooKeeper";
+        }
+        zkDir = conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_DIR, zkDirDefault);
+        configFilePath = zkDir + "/zoo.cfg";
+        zkBasePort = conf.getInt(
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_PORT,
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_PORT_DEFAULT);
+
+
+        myHostname = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getCanonicalHostName();
+        fs = FileSystem.get(conf);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the candidate stamps and decide on the servers to start if
+     * you are partition 0.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void setup() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        createCandidateStamp();
+        getZooKeeperServerList();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a HDFS stamp for this task.  If another task already
+     * created it, then this one will fail, which is fine.
+     * @return true if create, false otherwise
+     */
+    public void createCandidateStamp() {
+        try {
+            fs.mkdirs(baseDirectory);
+            LOG.info("createCandidateStamp: Made the directory " +
+                      baseDirectory);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("createCandidateStamp: Failed to mkdirs " +
+                      baseDirectory);
+        }
+
+        Path myCandidacyPath = new Path(
+            taskDirectory, myHostname +
+            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR + taskPartition);
+        try {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("createCandidateStamp: Creating my filestamp " +
+                         myCandidacyPath);
+            }
+            fs.createNewFile(myCandidacyPath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("createCandidateStamp: Failed (maybe previous task " +
+                      "failed) to create filestamp " + myCandidacyPath, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Every task must create a stamp to let the ZooKeeper servers know that
+     * they can shutdown.  This also lets the task know that it was already
+     * completed.
+     */
+    private void createZooKeeperClosedStamp() {
+        try {
+            LOG.info("createZooKeeperClosedStamp: Creating my filestamp " +
+                     myClosedPath);
+            fs.createNewFile(myClosedPath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("createZooKeeperClosedStamp: Failed (maybe previous task " +
+                      "failed) to create filestamp " + myClosedPath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if all the computation is done.
+     * @return true if all computation is done.
+     */
+    public boolean computationDone() {
+        try {
+            return fs.exists(myClosedPath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Task 0 will call this to create the ZooKeeper server list.  The result is
+     * a file that describes the ZooKeeper servers through the filename.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private void createZooKeeperServerList()
+            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        int candidateRetrievalAttempt = 0;
+        Map<String, Integer> hostnameTaskMap =
+            new TreeMap<String, Integer>();
+        while (true) {
+            FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+                fs.listStatus(taskDirectory);
+            hostnameTaskMap.clear();
+            if (fileStatusArray.length > 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < fileStatusArray.length; ++i) {
+                    String[] hostnameTaskArray =
+                        fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName().split(
+                            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR);
+                    if (hostnameTaskArray.length != 2) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException(
+                            "getZooKeeperServerList: Task 0 failed " +
+                            "to parse " +
+                            fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName());
+                    }
+                    if (!hostnameTaskMap.containsKey(hostnameTaskArray[0])) {
+                        hostnameTaskMap.put(hostnameTaskArray[0],
+                                            new Integer(hostnameTaskArray[1]));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("getZooKeeperServerList: Got " +
+                             hostnameTaskMap.keySet() + " " +
+                             hostnameTaskMap.size() + " hosts from " +
+                             fileStatusArray.length + " candidates when " +
+                             serverCount + " required (polling period is " +
+                             pollMsecs + ") on attempt " +
+                             candidateRetrievalAttempt);
+                }
+                if (hostnameTaskMap.size() >= serverCount) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                ++candidateRetrievalAttempt;
+                Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+            }
+        }
+        StringBuffer serverListFile =
+            new StringBuffer(ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX);
+        int numServers = 0;
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> hostnameTask :
+            hostnameTaskMap.entrySet()) {
+            serverListFile.append(hostnameTask.getKey() +
+            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR + hostnameTask.getValue() +
+            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR);
+            if (++numServers == serverCount) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        Path serverListPath =
+            new Path(baseDirectory, serverListFile.toString());
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("createZooKeeperServerList: Creating the final " +
+                     "ZooKeeper file '" + serverListPath + "'");
+        }
+        fs.createNewFile(serverListPath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make an attempt to get the server list file by looking for a file in
+     * the appropriate directory with the prefix
+     * ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX.
+     * @return null if not found or the filename if found
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private String getServerListFile() throws IOException {
+        String serverListFile = null;
+        FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+            fs.listStatus(baseDirectory);
+        for (FileStatus fileStatus : fileStatusArray) {
+            if (fileStatus.getPath().getName().startsWith(
+                    ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX)) {
+                serverListFile = fileStatus.getPath().getName();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return serverListFile;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Task 0 is the designated master and will generate the server list
+     * (unless it has already done so).  Other
+     * tasks will consume the file after it is created (just the filename).
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private void getZooKeeperServerList()
+            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        int serverListFileAttempt = 0;
+        String serverListFile = null;
+
+        if (taskPartition == 0) {
+            serverListFile = getServerListFile();
+            if (serverListFile == null) {
+                createZooKeeperServerList();
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            serverListFile = getServerListFile();
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("getZooKeeperServerList: For task " + taskPartition +
+                         ", got file '" + serverListFile +
+                         "' (polling period is " +
+                         pollMsecs + ")");
+            }
+            if (serverListFile != null) {
+                break;
+            }
+            ++serverListFileAttempt;
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                LOG.warn("getZooKeeperServerList: Strange interrupted " +
+                         "exception " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        List<String> serverHostList = Arrays.asList(serverListFile.substring(
+            ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX.length()).split(
+                HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR));
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("getZooKeeperServerList: Found " + serverHostList + " " +
+                     serverHostList.size() +
+                     " hosts in filename '" + serverListFile + "'");
+        }
+        if (serverHostList.size() != serverCount * 2) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "getZooKeeperServerList: Impossible " +
+                " that " + serverHostList.size() +
+                " != 2 * " +
+                serverCount + " asked for.");
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < serverHostList.size(); i += 2) {
+            zkServerPortMap.put(serverHostList.get(i),
+                                  Integer.parseInt(serverHostList.get(i+1)));
+        }
+        zkServerPortString = "";
+        for (String server : zkServerPortMap.keySet()) {
+            if (zkServerPortString.length() > 0) {
+                zkServerPortString += ",";
+            }
+            zkServerPortString += server + ":" + zkBasePort;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Users can get the server port string to connect to ZooKeeper
+     * @return server port string - comma separated
+     */
+    public String getZooKeeperServerPortString() {
+        return zkServerPortString;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whoever is elected to be a ZooKeeper server must generate a config file
+     * locally.
+     */
+    private void generateZooKeeperConfigFile(List<String> serverList) {
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("generateZooKeeperConfigFile: Creating file " +
+                     configFilePath + " in " + zkDir + " with base port " +
+                     zkBasePort);
+        }
+        try {
+            File zkDirFile = new File(this.zkDir);
+            zkDirFile.mkdirs();
+            File configFile = new File(configFilePath);
+            configFile.delete();
+            configFile.createNewFile();
+            configFile.setWritable(true, false); // writable by everybody
+            OutputStreamWriter writer = new FileWriter(configFilePath);
+            writer.write("tickTime=" + GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_TICK_TIME + "\n");
+            writer.write("dataDir=" + this.zkDir + "\n");
+            writer.write("clientPort=" + zkBasePort + "\n");
+            writer.write("maxClientCnxns=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_MAX_CLIENT_CNXNS +"\n");
+            writer.write("minSessionTimeout=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_MIN_SESSION_TIMEOUT +"\n");
+            writer.write("maxSessionTimeout=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_MAX_SESSION_TIMEOUT +"\n");
+            writer.write("initLimit=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_INIT_LIMIT + "\n");
+            writer.write("syncLimit=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_SYNC_LIMIT + "\n");
+            writer.write("snapCount=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_SNAP_COUNT + "\n");
+            if (serverList.size() != 1) {
+                writer.write("electionAlg=0\n");
+                for (int i = 0; i < serverList.size(); ++i) {
+                    writer.write("server." + i + "=" + serverList.get(i) +
+                                 ":" + (zkBasePort + 1) +
+                                 ":" + (zkBasePort + 2) + "\n");
+                    if (myHostname.equals(serverList.get(i))) {
+                        OutputStreamWriter myidWriter = new FileWriter(
+                                                            zkDir + "/myid");
+                        myidWriter.write(i + "\n");
+                        myidWriter.close();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            writer.flush();
+            writer.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "generateZooKeeperConfigFile: Failed to write file", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If this task has been selected, online a ZooKeeper server.  Otherwise,
+     * wait until this task knows that the ZooKeeper servers have been onlined.
+     */
+    public void onlineZooKeeperServers() {
+        Integer taskId = zkServerPortMap.get(myHostname);
+        if ((taskId != null) && (taskId.intValue() == taskPartition)) {
+            File zkDirFile = new File(this.zkDir);
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Trying to delete old " +
+                             "directory " + this.zkDir);
+                }
+                FileUtils.deleteDirectory(zkDirFile);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed to delete " +
+                         "directory " + this.zkDir);
+            }
+            generateZooKeeperConfigFile(
+                new ArrayList<String>(zkServerPortMap.keySet()));
+            ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder();
+            List<String> commandList = new ArrayList<String>();
+            String javaHome = System.getProperty("java.home");
+            if (javaHome == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "onlineZooKeeperServers: java.home is not set!");
+            }
+            commandList.add(javaHome + "/bin/java");
+            commandList.add(conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_JAVA_OPTS,
+                        GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_JAVA_OPTS_DEFAULT));
+            commandList.add("-cp");
+            Path fullJarPath = new Path(conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_JAR));
+            commandList.add(fullJarPath.toString());
+            commandList.add(QuorumPeerMain.class.getName());
+            commandList.add(configFilePath);
+            processBuilder.command(commandList);
+            File execDirectory = new File(zkDir);
+            processBuilder.directory(execDirectory);
+            processBuilder.redirectErrorStream(true);
+            LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Attempting to start ZooKeeper " +
+                "server with command " + commandList);
+            try {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    zkProcess = processBuilder.start();
+                }
+                zkProcessCollector =
+                    new StreamCollector(zkProcess.getInputStream());
+                zkProcessCollector.start();
+                Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+                    public void run() {
+                        synchronized (this) {
+                            if (zkProcess != null) {
+                                LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: "+
+                                    "Forced a shutdown hook kill of the " +
+                                    "ZooKeeper process.");
+                                zkProcess.destroy();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+                Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(runnable));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.error("onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed to start " +
+                          "ZooKeeper process");
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Once the server is up and running, notify that this server is up
+             * and running by dropping a ready stamp.
+             */
+            int connectAttempts = 0;
+            while (connectAttempts < 5) {
+                try {
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Connect attempt " +
+                                 connectAttempts + " trying to connect to " +
+                                 myHostname + ":" + zkBasePort +
+                                 " with poll msecs = " + pollMsecs);
+                    }
+                    InetSocketAddress zkServerAddress =
+                        new InetSocketAddress(myHostname, zkBasePort);
+                    Socket testServerSock = new Socket();
+                    testServerSock.connect(zkServerAddress, 5000);
+                    LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Connected!");
+                    break;
+                } catch (SocketTimeoutException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                             "SocketTimeoutException", e);
+                } catch (ConnectException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                             "ConnectException", e);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                             "IOException", e);
+                }
+
+                ++connectAttempts;
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Sleep of " + pollMsecs +
+                             " interrupted - " + e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+            if (connectAttempts == 5) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed to connect in 5 tries!");
+            }
+            Path myReadyPath = new Path(
+                    serverDirectory, myHostname +
+                    HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR + taskPartition);
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Creating my filestamp " +
+                             myReadyPath);
+                }
+                fs.createNewFile(myReadyPath);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.error("onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed (maybe previous " +
+                          "task failed) to create filestamp " + myReadyPath);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            List<String> foundList = new ArrayList<String>();
+            int readyRetrievalAttempt = 0;
+            while (true) {
+                try {
+                    FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+                        fs.listStatus(serverDirectory);
+                    foundList.clear();
+                    if ((fileStatusArray != null) &&
+                        (fileStatusArray.length > 0)) {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < fileStatusArray.length; ++i) {
+                            String[] hostnameTaskArray =
+                                fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName().split(
+                                    HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR);
+                            if (hostnameTaskArray.length != 2) {
+                                throw new RuntimeException(
+                                    "getZooKeeperServerList: Task 0 failed " +
+                                    "to parse " +
+                                    fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName());
+                            }
+                            foundList.add(hostnameTaskArray[0]);
+                        }
+                        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                                     foundList + " " +
+                                     foundList.size() + " hosts from " +
+                                     fileStatusArray.length +
+                                     " ready servers when " +
+                                     serverCount +
+                                     " required (polling period is " +
+                                     pollMsecs + ") on attempt " +
+                                     readyRetrievalAttempt);
+                        }
+                        if (foundList.containsAll(zkServerPortMap.keySet())) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperSErvers: Empty " +
+                                     "directory " + serverDirectory +
+                                     ", waiting " + pollMsecs + " msecs.");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+                    ++readyRetrievalAttempt;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Strange interrupt from " +
+                             e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wait for all map tasks to signal completion.
+     *
+     * @param totalMapTasks Number of map tasks to wait for
+     */
+    private void waitUntilAllTasksDone(int totalMapTasks) {
+        int attempt = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+                    fs.listStatus(taskDirectory);
+                int totalDone = 0;
+                if (fileStatusArray.length > 0) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < fileStatusArray.length; ++i) {
+                        if (fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName().endsWith(
+                            COMPUTATION_DONE_SUFFIX)) {
+                            ++totalDone;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                LOG.info("waitUntilAllTasksDone: Got " + totalDone +
+                         " and " + totalMapTasks +
+                         " desired (polling period is " +
+                         pollMsecs + ") on attempt " +
+                         attempt);
+                if (totalDone >= totalMapTasks) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                ++attempt;
+                Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+               context.progress();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.warn("waitUntilAllTasksDone: Got IOException.", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                LOG.warn("waitUntilAllTasksDone: Got InterruptedException" + e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the ZooKeeper servers that this partition is done with all
+     * ZooKeeper communication.  If this task is running a ZooKeeper server,
+     * kill it when all partitions are done and wait for
+     * completion.  Clean up the ZooKeeper local directory as well.
+     *
+     * @param success when true, call @createZooKeeperClosedStamp
+     */
+    public void offlineZooKeeperServers(State state) {
+        if (state == State.FINISHED) {
+            createZooKeeperClosedStamp();
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (zkProcess != null) {
+                int totalMapTasks = conf.getInt("mapred.map.tasks", -1);
+                waitUntilAllTasksDone(totalMapTasks);
+                zkProcess.destroy();
+                int exitValue = -1;
+                File zkDirFile = null;
+                try {
+                    zkProcessCollector.join();
+                    exitValue = zkProcess.waitFor();
+                    zkDirFile = new File(zkDir);
+                    FileUtils.deleteDirectory(zkDirFile);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("offlineZooKeeperServers: " +
+                             "InterruptedException, but continuing ",
+                             e);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("offlineZooKeeperSevers: " +
+                             "IOException, but continuing",
+                             e);
+                }
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("offlineZooKeeperServers: waitFor returned " +
+                             exitValue + " and deleted directory " + zkDir);
+                }
+                zkProcess = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Is this task running a ZooKeeper server?  Only could be true if called
+     *  after onlineZooKeeperServers().
+     *
+     *  @return true if running a ZooKeeper server, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean runsZooKeeper() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            return zkProcess != null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.giraph.zk.ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.giraph.zk.ZooKeeperManager.zkProcessCollector`. Potentially races with write in method `ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.giraph.zk.ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers():void.a727034a4ecf5b9abafcf564c09ce0d5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/giraph/zk/ZooKeeperManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ZooKeeperManager.java|onlineZooKeeperServers|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+508e00e94254f607f7a152e4c60e2998
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4164/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4164/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13783c2cd764e621c9df1fb826a6d10a6653ebbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4164/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1407 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** giraph
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to Yahoo! under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  Yahoo! licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.giraph.graph;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
+
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.giraph.bsp.CentralizedServiceWorker;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FSDataOutputStream;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Writable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableComparable;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
+import org.apache.hadoop.util.ReflectionUtils;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.EventType;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs.Ids;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+
+/**
+ * ZooKeeper-based implementation of {@link CentralizedServiceWorker}.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BspServiceWorker<
+        I extends WritableComparable,
+        V extends Writable,
+        E extends Writable,
+        M extends Writable>
+        extends BspService<I, V, E, M>
+        implements CentralizedServiceWorker<I, V, E, M> {
+    /** Number of input splits */
+    private int inputSplitCount = -1;
+    /** Cached aggregate number of vertices in the entire application */
+    private long totalVertices = -1;
+    /** Cached aggregate number of edges in the entire application */
+    private long totalEdges = -1;
+    /** My process health znode */
+    private String myHealthZnode;
+    /** Final server RPC port */
+    private final int finalRpcPort;
+    /** List of aggregators currently in use */
+    private Set<String> aggregatorInUse = new TreeSet<String>();
+    /** Class logger */
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(BspServiceWorker.class);
+
+    public BspServiceWorker(String serverPortList,
+                            int sessionMsecTimeout,
+                            Mapper<?, ?, ?, ?>.Context context,
+                            GraphMapper<I, V, E, M> graphMapper) {
+        super(serverPortList, sessionMsecTimeout, context, graphMapper);
+        this.finalRpcPort =
+            getConfiguration().getInt(GiraphJob.RPC_INITIAL_PORT,
+                          GiraphJob.RPC_INITIAL_PORT_DEFAULT) +
+                          getTaskPartition();
+    }
+
+    public int getPort() {
+        return finalRpcPort;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Intended to check the health of the node.  For instance, can it ssh,
+     * dmesg, etc. For now, does nothing.
+     */
+    public boolean isHealthy() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use an aggregator in this superstep.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @return boolean (false when aggregator not registered)
+     */
+    public boolean useAggregator(String name) {
+        if (getAggregatorMap().get(name) == null) {
+            LOG.error("userAggregator: Aggregator=" + name + " not registered");
+            return false;
+        }
+        aggregatorInUse.add(name);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to reserve an InputSplit for loading.  While InputSplits exists that
+     * are not finished, wait until they are.
+     *
+     * @return reserved InputSplit or null if no unfinished InputSplits exist
+     */
+    private String reserveInputSplit() {
+        List<String> inputSplitPathList = null;
+        try {
+            inputSplitPathList =
+                getZkExt().getChildrenExt(INPUT_SPLIT_PATH, false, false, true);
+            if (inputSplitCount == -1) {
+                inputSplitCount = inputSplitPathList.size();
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        String reservedInputSplitPath = null;
+        Stat reservedStat = null;
+        while (true) {
+            int finishedInputSplits = 0;
+            for (String inputSplitPath : inputSplitPathList) {
+                String tmpInputSplitFinishedPath =
+                    inputSplitPath + INPUT_SPLIT_FINISHED_NODE;
+                try {
+                    reservedStat =
+                        getZkExt().exists(tmpInputSplitFinishedPath, true);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+                if (reservedStat != null) {
+                    ++finishedInputSplits;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String tmpInputSplitReservedPath =
+                    inputSplitPath + INPUT_SPLIT_RESERVED_NODE;
+                try {
+                    reservedStat =
+                        getZkExt().exists(tmpInputSplitReservedPath, true);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+                if (reservedStat == null) {
+                    try {
+                        // Attempt to reserve this InputSplit
+                        getZkExt().createExt(tmpInputSplitReservedPath,
+                                       null,
+                                       Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                       CreateMode.EPHEMERAL,
+                                       false);
+                        reservedInputSplitPath = inputSplitPath;
+                        LOG.info("reserveInputSplit: Reserved input split " +
+                                 "path " + reservedInputSplitPath);
+                        return reservedInputSplitPath;
+                    } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+                        LOG.info("reserveInputSplit: Couldn't reserve (already " +
+                                 "reserved) inputSplit" +
+                                 " at " + tmpInputSplitReservedPath);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("reserveInputSplit: reservedPath = " +
+                         reservedInputSplitPath + ", " + finishedInputSplits +
+                         " of " + inputSplitPathList.size() +
+                         " InputSplits are finished.");
+            }
+            if (finishedInputSplits == inputSplitPathList.size()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            // Wait for either a reservation to go away or a notification that
+            // an InputSplit has finished.
+            getInputSplitsStateChangedEvent().waitForever();
+            getInputSplitsStateChangedEvent().reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Each worker will set the vertex ranges that it has found for a given
+     * InputSplit. After this, the InputSplit is considered finished.
+     *
+     * @param inputSplitPath path to the input split znode
+     * @param maxIndexStatMap maps max vertex indexes to a list containing
+     *        the number of vertices (index 0) and the number of edges (index 1)
+     *        in each partition (can be null, where nothing is written)
+     */
+    private void setInputSplitVertexRanges(
+            String inputSplitPath,
+            Map<I, List<Long>> maxIndexStatMap) {
+        String inputSplitFinishedPath =
+            inputSplitPath + INPUT_SPLIT_FINISHED_NODE;
+        byte [] zkData = null;
+        JSONArray statArray = new JSONArray();
+        if (maxIndexStatMap != null) {
+            for (Map.Entry<I, List<Long>> entry : maxIndexStatMap.entrySet()) {
+                try {
+                    ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream =
+                        new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                    DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);
+                    ((Writable) entry.getKey()).write(output);
+
+                    JSONObject vertexRangeObj = new JSONObject();
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY,
+                                       entry.getValue().get(0));
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY,
+                                       entry.getValue().get(1));
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_HOSTNAME_ID_KEY,
+                                       getHostnamePartitionId());
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_MAX_VERTEX_INDEX_KEY,
+                                       Base64.encodeBase64String(
+                                           outputStream.toByteArray()));
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_MESSAGES_KEY, 0L);
+                    statArray.put(vertexRangeObj);
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("setInputSplitVertexRanges: " +
+                                 "Trying to add vertexRangeObj " +
+                                 "(max vertex index = " + entry.getKey() + " " +
+                                 vertexRangeObj + " to InputSplit path " +
+                                 inputSplitPath);
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(
+                        "setInputSplitVertexRanges: Failed to add " +
+                        "vertex range " + entry.getKey(), e);
+                }
+            }
+            zkData = statArray.toString().getBytes();
+        }
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(inputSplitFinishedPath,
+                                 zkData,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            LOG.warn("setLocalVertexRanges: " + inputSplitFinishedPath +
+                     " already exists!");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("setInputSplitVertexRanges: Finished loading " +
+                     inputSplitPath + " with vertexRanges - " + statArray);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load the vertices from the user-defined VertexReader into our partitions
+     * of vertex ranges.  Do this until all the InputSplits have been processed.
+     * All workers will try to do as many InputSplits as they can.  The master
+     * will monitor progress and stop this once all the InputSplits have been
+     * loaded and check-pointed.  The InputSplits must be sorted.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws InstantiationException
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private void loadVertices() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException,
+            InterruptedException, InstantiationException,
+            IllegalAccessException {
+        List<Vertex<I, V, E, M>> vertexList =
+            new ArrayList<Vertex<I, V, E, M>>();
+        String inputSplitPath = null;
+        while ((inputSplitPath = reserveInputSplit()) != null) {
+            // ZooKeeper has a limit of the data in a single znode of 1 MB and
+            // each entry can go be on the average somewhat more than 300 bytes
+            final long maxVertexRangesPerInputSplit =
+                1024 * 1024 / 350 / inputSplitCount;
+
+            byte[] splitList;
+            try {
+                splitList = getZkExt().getData(inputSplitPath, false, null);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "loadVertices: KeeperException on " + inputSplitPath, e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "loadVertices: IllegalStateException on " +
+                    inputSplitPath, e);
+            }
+            getContext().progress();
+
+            DataInputStream inputStream =
+                new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(splitList));
+            String inputSplitClass = Text.readString(inputStream);
+            InputSplit inputSplit = (InputSplit)
+                ReflectionUtils.newInstance(
+                    getConfiguration().getClassByName(inputSplitClass),
+                    getConfiguration());
+            ((Writable) inputSplit).readFields(inputStream);
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("loadVertices: Reserved " + inputSplitPath +
+                         " from ZooKeeper and got input split '" +
+                         inputSplit.toString() + "'");
+            }
+            VertexInputFormat<I, V, E> vertexInputFormat =
+                BspUtils.<I, V, E>createVertexInputFormat(getConfiguration());
+            VertexReader<I, V, E> vertexReader =
+                vertexInputFormat.createVertexReader(inputSplit, getContext());
+            vertexReader.initialize(inputSplit, getContext());
+            vertexList.clear();
+            Vertex<I, V, E, M> readerVertex =
+                BspUtils.<I, V, E, M>createVertex(getConfiguration());
+            while (vertexReader.next(readerVertex)) {
+                if (readerVertex.getVertexId() == null) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "loadVertices: Vertex reader returned a vertex " +
+                        "without an id!  - " + readerVertex);
+                }
+                if (readerVertex.getVertexValue() == null) {
+                    readerVertex.setVertexValue(
+                        BspUtils.<V>createVertexValue(getConfiguration()));
+                }
+                // Vertices must be ordered
+                if (!vertexList.isEmpty()) {
+                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                    int compareTo =
+                        vertexList.get(vertexList.size() - 1).
+                        getVertexId().compareTo(readerVertex.getVertexId());
+                    if (compareTo > 0) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "loadVertices: Illegal out of order vertices " +
+                            "from vertex reader previous vertex = " +
+                            vertexList.get(vertexList.size() - 1) +
+                            ", next vertex = " + readerVertex);
+                    }
+                }
+                vertexList.add(readerVertex);
+                readerVertex =
+                    BspUtils.<I, V, E, M>createVertex(getConfiguration());
+                getContext().progress();
+            }
+            vertexReader.close();
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("loadVertices: Got " + vertexList.size() +
+                         " vertices from input split " + inputSplit);
+            }
+            if (vertexList.isEmpty()) {
+                // TODO: Need to add checkpoints
+                setInputSplitVertexRanges(inputSplitPath, null);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Separate all the vertices in this InputSplit into vertex ranges.
+            // The number of vertex ranges is up to half of the number of
+            // available workers and must reach a minimum size.  Then two passes
+            // over the vertexList.  First, find the maximum vertex ranges.
+            // Then fill them in.
+            NavigableMap<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> vertexRangeMap =
+                new TreeMap<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>>();
+            long vertexRangesPerInputSplit = (long) (inputSplitCount *
+                getConfiguration().getFloat(
+                    GiraphJob.TOTAL_INPUT_SPLIT_MULTIPLIER,
+                    GiraphJob.TOTAL_INPUT_SPLIT_MULTIPLIER_DEFAULT));
+            if (vertexRangesPerInputSplit == 0) {
+                vertexRangesPerInputSplit = 1;
+            }
+            else if (vertexRangesPerInputSplit > maxVertexRangesPerInputSplit) {
+                LOG.warn("loadVertices: Using " + maxVertexRangesPerInputSplit +
+                         " instead of " + vertexRangesPerInputSplit +
+                         " vertex ranges on input split " + inputSplit);
+                vertexRangesPerInputSplit = maxVertexRangesPerInputSplit;
+            }
+
+            long vertexRangeSize =
+                vertexList.size() / vertexRangesPerInputSplit;
+            long minPerVertexRange =
+                getConfiguration().getLong(
+                    GiraphJob.MIN_VERTICES_PER_RANGE,
+                    GiraphJob.MIN_VERTICES_PER_RANGE_DEFAULT);
+            if (vertexRangeSize < minPerVertexRange) {
+                vertexRangeSize = minPerVertexRange;
+            }
+            I vertexIdMax = null;
+            for (int i = 0; i < vertexList.size(); ++i) {
+                if ((vertexIdMax != null) && ((i % vertexRangeSize) == 0)) {
+                    VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange =
+                        new VertexRange<I, V, E, M>(
+                            null, -1, null, vertexIdMax, null);
+                    vertexRangeMap.put(vertexIdMax, vertexRange);
+                    vertexIdMax = null;
+                }
+
+                if (vertexIdMax == null) {
+                    vertexIdMax = vertexList.get(i).getVertexId();
+                } else {
+                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                    int compareTo =
+                        vertexList.get(i).getVertexId().compareTo(vertexIdMax);
+                    if (compareTo > 0) {
+                        vertexIdMax = vertexList.get(i).getVertexId();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (vertexIdMax == null) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("loadVertices: Encountered " +
+                                           "impossible null vertexIdMax.");
+            }
+            VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange =
+                new VertexRange<I, V, E, M>(
+                    null, -1, null, vertexIdMax, null);
+            vertexRangeMap.put(vertexIdMax, vertexRange);
+
+            Iterator<I> maxIndexVertexMapIt =
+                vertexRangeMap.keySet().iterator();
+            I currentVertexIndexMax = maxIndexVertexMapIt.next();
+            for (Vertex<I, V, E, M> vertex : vertexList) {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                int compareTo =
+                    vertex.getVertexId().compareTo(
+                        currentVertexIndexMax);
+                if (compareTo > 0) {
+                    if (!maxIndexVertexMapIt.hasNext()) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException(
+                            "loadVertices: Impossible that vertex " +
+                            vertex.getVertexId() + " > " +
+                            currentVertexIndexMax);
+                    }
+                    currentVertexIndexMax = maxIndexVertexMapIt.next();
+                }
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("loadVertices: Adding vertex with index = " +
+                              vertex.getVertexId() + " to vertex range max = " +
+                              currentVertexIndexMax);
+                }
+                if (vertexRangeMap.get(currentVertexIndexMax).
+                        getVertexMap().put(vertex.getVertexId(),
+                                           vertex) != null) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "loadVertices: Already contains vertex " +
+                        vertex.toString() + " in vertex range max " +
+                        currentVertexIndexMax);
+                }
+            }
+            Map<I, List<Long>> maxIndexStatMap = new TreeMap<I, List<Long>>();
+            for (Entry<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> entry :
+                    vertexRangeMap.entrySet()) {
+                List<Long> statList = new ArrayList<Long>();
+                long vertexRangeEdgeCount = 0;
+                for (BasicVertex<I, V, E, M> vertex :
+                        entry.getValue().getVertexMap().values()) {
+                    vertexRangeEdgeCount += vertex.getOutEdgeMap().size();
+                }
+                statList.add(Long.valueOf
+                                 (entry.getValue().getVertexMap().size()));
+                statList.add(Long.valueOf(vertexRangeEdgeCount));
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("loadVertices: Got " + statList.get(0) +
+                             " vertices and " + statList.get(1) +
+                             " edges from vertex range max index " +
+                             entry.getKey());
+                }
+                maxIndexStatMap.put(entry.getKey(), statList);
+
+                // Add the local vertex ranges to the stored vertex ranges
+                getVertexRangeMap().put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+            }
+            setInputSplitVertexRanges(inputSplitPath, maxIndexStatMap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setup() {
+        // Unless doing a restart, prepare for computation:
+        // 1. Start superstep 0 (no computation)
+        // 2. Wait for the INPUT_SPLIT_READY_PATH node has been created
+        // 3. Process input splits until there are no more.
+        // 4. Wait for superstep 0 to complete.
+        if (getRestartedSuperstep() < -1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "setup: Invalid superstep to restart - " +
+                getRestartedSuperstep());
+        }
+        else if (getRestartedSuperstep() > 0) {
+            setCachedSuperstep(getRestartedSuperstep());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        JSONObject jobState = getJobState();
+        if (jobState != null) {
+            try {
+                if ((State.valueOf(jobState.getString(JSONOBJ_STATE_KEY)) ==
+                        State.START_SUPERSTEP) &&
+                        jobState.getLong(JSONOBJ_SUPERSTEP_KEY) ==
+                            getSuperstep()) {
+                    LOG.info("setup: Restarting from an automated " +
+                             "checkpointed superstep " +
+                             getSuperstep() + ", attempt " +
+                             getApplicationAttempt());
+                    setRestartedSuperstep(getSuperstep());
+                    return;
+                }
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(
+                    "setup: Failed to get key-values from " +
+                    jobState.toString(), e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        startSuperstep();
+
+        // Ensure the InputSplits are ready for processing before processing
+        while (true) {
+            Stat inputSplitsReadyStat;
+            try {
+                inputSplitsReadyStat =
+                    getZkExt().exists(INPUT_SPLITS_ALL_READY_PATH, true);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            if (inputSplitsReadyStat != null) {
+                break;
+            }
+            getInputSplitsAllReadyEvent().waitForever();
+            getInputSplitsAllReadyEvent().reset();
+        }
+
+        getContext().progress();
+        try {
+            loadVertices();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("setup: loadVertices failed - ", e);
+            throw new IllegalStateException("setup: loadVertices failed", e);
+        }
+
+        long workerVertices = 0;
+        long workerEdges = 0;
+        for (VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange :
+                getVertexRangeMap().values()) {
+            workerVertices += vertexRange.getVertexCount();
+            workerEdges += vertexRange.getEdgeCount();
+        }
+
+        finishSuperstep(0, workerVertices, workerEdges, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Marshal the aggregator values of to a JSONArray that will later be
+     *  aggregated by master.  Reset the 'use' of aggregators in the next
+     *  superstep
+     *
+     * @param superstep
+     */
+    private JSONArray marshalAggregatorValues(long superstep) {
+        JSONArray aggregatorArray = new JSONArray();
+        if (superstep == 0 || aggregatorInUse.size() == 0) {
+            return aggregatorArray;
+        }
+
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        for (String name : aggregatorInUse) {
+            try {
+                Aggregator<Writable> aggregator = getAggregatorMap().get(name);
+                ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream =
+                    new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);
+                aggregator.getAggregatedValue().write(output);
+
+                JSONObject aggregatorObj = new JSONObject();
+                aggregatorObj.put(AGGREGATOR_NAME_KEY, name);
+                aggregatorObj.put(AGGREGATOR_CLASS_NAME_KEY,
+                                  aggregator.getClass().getName());
+                aggregatorObj.put(
+                    AGGREGATOR_VALUE_KEY,
+                    base64.encodeToString(outputStream.toByteArray()));
+                aggregatorArray.put(aggregatorObj);
+                LOG.info("marshalAggregatorValues: " +
+                         "Found aggregatorObj " +
+                         aggregatorObj + ", value (" +
+                         aggregator.getAggregatedValue() + ")");
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        LOG.info("marshalAggregatorValues: Finished assembling " +
+                 "aggregator values in JSONArray - " + aggregatorArray);
+        aggregatorInUse.clear();
+        return aggregatorArray;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get values of aggregators aggregated by master in previous superstep.
+     *
+     * @param superstep
+     */
+    private void getAggregatorValues(long superstep) {
+        if (superstep <= 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+        String mergedAggregatorPath =
+            getMergedAggregatorPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep - 1);
+        JSONArray aggregatorArray = null;
+        try {
+            byte[] zkData =
+                getZkExt().getData(mergedAggregatorPath, false, null);
+            aggregatorArray = new JSONArray(new String(zkData));
+        } catch (KeeperException.NoNodeException e) {
+            LOG.info("getAggregatorValues: no aggregators in " +
+                     mergedAggregatorPath + " on superstep " + superstep);
+            return;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < aggregatorArray.length(); ++i) {
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("getAggregatorValues: " +
+                              "Getting aggregators from " +
+                              aggregatorArray.getJSONObject(i));
+                }
+                String aggregatorName = aggregatorArray.getJSONObject(i).
+                    getString(AGGREGATOR_NAME_KEY);
+                Aggregator<Writable> aggregator =
+                    getAggregatorMap().get(aggregatorName);
+                if (aggregator == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Writable aggregatorValue = aggregator.getAggregatedValue();
+                InputStream input =
+                    new ByteArrayInputStream(
+                        Base64.decodeBase64(aggregatorArray.getJSONObject(i).
+                            getString(AGGREGATOR_VALUE_KEY)));
+                aggregatorValue.readFields(
+                    new DataInputStream(input));
+                aggregator.setAggregatedValue(aggregatorValue);
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("getAggregatorValues: " +
+                             "Got aggregator=" + aggregatorName + " value=" +
+                             aggregatorValue);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("getAggregatorValues: Finished loading " +
+                     mergedAggregatorPath + " with aggregator values " +
+                     aggregatorArray);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register the health of this worker for a given superstep
+     *
+     * @param superstep Superstep to register health on
+     */
+    private void registerHealth(long superstep) {
+        JSONArray hostnamePort = new JSONArray();
+        hostnamePort.put(getHostname());
+
+        hostnamePort.put(finalRpcPort);
+
+        String myHealthPath = null;
+        if (isHealthy()) {
+            myHealthPath = getWorkerHealthyPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                                getSuperstep());
+        }
+        else {
+            myHealthPath = getWorkerUnhealthyPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                                  getSuperstep());
+        }
+        myHealthPath = myHealthPath + "/" + getHostnamePartitionId();
+        try {
+            myHealthZnode =
+                getZkExt().createExt(myHealthPath,
+                                     hostnamePort.toString().getBytes(),
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.EPHEMERAL,
+                                     true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            LOG.warn("registerHealth: myHealthPath already exists (likely " +
+                     "from previous failure): " + myHealthPath +
+                     ".  Waiting for change in attempts " +
+                     "to re-join the application");
+            getApplicationAttemptChangedEvent().waitForever();
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("registerHealth: Got application " +
+                         "attempt changed event, killing self");
+            }
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "registerHealth: Trying " +
+                "to get the new application attempt by killing self", e);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("registerHealth: Created my health node for attempt=" +
+                     getApplicationAttempt() + ", superstep=" +
+                     getSuperstep() + " with " + myHealthZnode +
+                     " and hostnamePort = " + hostnamePort.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean startSuperstep() {
+        // Algorithm:
+        // 1. Register my health for the next superstep.
+        // 2. Wait until the vertex range assignment is complete (unless
+        //    superstep 0).
+        registerHealth(getSuperstep());
+
+        String vertexRangeAssignmentsNode = null;
+        if (getSuperstep() > 0) {
+            vertexRangeAssignmentsNode =
+                getVertexRangeAssignmentsPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                              getSuperstep());
+            try {
+                while (getZkExt().exists(vertexRangeAssignmentsNode, true) ==
+                        null) {
+                    getVertexRangeAssignmentsReadyChangedEvent().waitForever();
+                    getVertexRangeAssignmentsReadyChangedEvent().reset();
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("startSuperstep: Ready for computation since worker " +
+                     "selection and vertex range assignments are done in " +
+                     vertexRangeAssignmentsNode);
+        }
+
+        getAggregatorValues(getSuperstep());
+        getContext().setStatus("startSuperstep: " +
+                               getGraphMapper().getMapFunctions().toString() +
+                               " - Attempt=" + getApplicationAttempt() +
+                               ", Superstep=" + getSuperstep());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean finishSuperstep(long workerFinishedVertices,
+                                   long workerVertices,
+                                   long workerEdges,
+                                   long workersSentMessages) {
+        // This barrier blocks until success (or the master signals it to
+        // restart).
+        //
+        // Master will coordinate the barriers and aggregate "doneness" of all
+        // the vertices.  Each worker will:
+        // 1. Save aggregator values that are in use.
+        // 2. Report the statistiscs (vertices, edges, messages, etc.)
+        // of this worker
+        // 3. Let the master know it is finished.
+        // 4. Then it waits for the master to say whether to stop or not.
+        JSONArray aggregatorValueArray =
+            marshalAggregatorValues(getSuperstep());
+        JSONObject workerFinishedInfoObj = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            workerFinishedInfoObj.put(JSONOBJ_AGGREGATOR_VALUE_ARRAY_KEY,
+                                      aggregatorValueArray);
+            workerFinishedInfoObj.put(JSONOBJ_FINISHED_VERTICES_KEY,
+                                      workerFinishedVertices);
+            workerFinishedInfoObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY,
+                                      workerVertices);
+            workerFinishedInfoObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY,
+                                      workerEdges);
+            workerFinishedInfoObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_MESSAGES_KEY,
+                                      workersSentMessages);
+        } catch (JSONException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        String finishedWorkerPath =
+            getWorkerFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(), getSuperstep()) +
+            "/" + getHostnamePartitionId();
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(finishedWorkerPath,
+                                 workerFinishedInfoObj.toString().getBytes(),
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            LOG.warn("finishSuperstep: finished worker path " +
+                     finishedWorkerPath + " already exists!");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+
+        String superstepFinishedNode =
+            getSuperstepFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(), getSuperstep());
+        JSONObject globalStatsObject = null;
+        try {
+            while (getZkExt().exists(superstepFinishedNode, true) == null) {
+                getSuperstepFinishedEvent().waitForever();
+                getSuperstepFinishedEvent().reset();
+            }
+            globalStatsObject = new JSONObject(
+                new String(getZkExt().getData(superstepFinishedNode,
+                                              false,
+                                              null)));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "finishSuperstep: Failed while waiting for master to " +
+                "signal completion of superstep " + getSuperstep(), e);
+        }
+        long finishedVertices =
+            globalStatsObject.optLong(JSONOBJ_FINISHED_VERTICES_KEY);
+        totalVertices =
+            globalStatsObject.optLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY);
+        totalEdges =
+            globalStatsObject.optLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY);
+        long sentMessages =
+            globalStatsObject.optLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_MESSAGES_KEY);
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("finishSuperstep: Completed superstep " + getSuperstep() +
+                     " with total finished vertices = " + finishedVertices +
+                     " of out total vertices = " + totalVertices +
+                     ", total edges = " + totalEdges + ", sent messages = " +
+                     sentMessages);
+        }
+        incrCachedSuperstep();
+        getContext().setStatus("finishSuperstep: " +
+                               getGraphMapper().getMapFunctions().toString() +
+                               " - Attempt=" + getApplicationAttempt() +
+                               ", Superstep=" + getSuperstep());
+        return (finishedVertices == totalVertices) && (sentMessages == 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getTotalVertices() {
+        return totalVertices;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getTotalEdges() {
+        return totalEdges;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Save the vertices using the user-defined VertexOutputFormat from our
+     * vertexArray based on the split.
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private void saveVertices() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        if (getConfiguration().get(GiraphJob.VERTEX_OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS)
+                == null) {
+            LOG.warn("saveVertices: " + GiraphJob.VERTEX_OUTPUT_FORMAT_CLASS +
+                     " not specified -- there will be no saved output");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        VertexOutputFormat<I, V, E> vertexOutputFormat =
+            BspUtils.<I, V, E>createVertexOutputFormat(getConfiguration());
+        VertexWriter<I, V, E> vertexWriter =
+            vertexOutputFormat.createVertexWriter(getContext());
+        vertexWriter.initialize(getContext());
+        for (Map.Entry<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> entry :
+            getVertexRangeMap().entrySet()) {
+            for (BasicVertex<I, V, E, M> vertex :
+                entry.getValue().getVertexMap().values()) {
+                vertexWriter.writeVertex(vertex);
+            }
+        }
+        vertexWriter.close(getContext());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cleanup() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        setCachedSuperstep(getSuperstep() - 1);
+        saveVertices();
+         // All worker processes should denote they are done by adding special
+         // znode.  Once the number of znodes equals the number of partitions
+         // for workers and masters, the master will clean up the ZooKeeper
+         // znodes associated with this job.
+        String cleanedUpPath = CLEANED_UP_PATH  + "/" +
+            getTaskPartition() + WORKER_SUFFIX;
+        try {
+            String finalFinishedPath =
+                getZkExt().createExt(cleanedUpPath,
+                                     null,
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                     true);
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("cleanup: Notifying master its okay to cleanup with " +
+                     finalFinishedPath);
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("cleanup: Couldn't create finished node '" +
+                         cleanedUpPath);
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            // Cleaning up, it's okay to fail after cleanup is successful
+            LOG.error("cleanup: Got KeeperException on notifcation " +
+                      "to master about cleanup", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            // Cleaning up, it's okay to fail after cleanup is successful
+            LOG.error("cleanup: Got InterruptedException on notifcation " +
+                      "to master about cleanup", e);
+        }
+        try {
+            getZkExt().close();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            // cleanup phase -- just log the error
+            LOG.error("cleanup: Zookeeper failed to close with " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public VertexRange<I, V, E, M> getVertexRange(long superstep, I index) {
+        I maxVertexIndex = getVertexRangeMap(superstep).ceilingKey(index);
+
+        if (maxVertexIndex == null) {
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("getVertexRange: no partition for " +
+                          "destination vertex " +
+                          index + " -- returning last partition");
+            }
+            return getVertexRangeMap(superstep).lastEntry().getValue();
+        }
+        else {
+            return getVertexRangeMap(superstep).get(maxVertexIndex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void storeCheckpoint() throws IOException {
+        // Algorithm:
+        // For each partition, dump vertices and messages
+        Path metadataFilePath =
+            new Path(getCheckpointBasePath(getSuperstep()) + "." +
+                     getHostnamePartitionId() +
+                     CHECKPOINT_METADATA_POSTFIX);
+        Path verticesFilePath =
+            new Path(getCheckpointBasePath(getSuperstep()) + "." +
+                     getHostnamePartitionId() +
+                     CHECKPOINT_VERTICES_POSTFIX);
+        Path validFilePath =
+            new Path(getCheckpointBasePath(getSuperstep()) + "." +
+                     getHostnamePartitionId() +
+                     CHECKPOINT_VALID_POSTFIX);
+
+        // Remove these files if they already exist
+        try {
+            getFs().delete(validFilePath, false);
+            LOG.warn("storeCheckpoint: Removed file " + validFilePath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+        }
+        try {
+            getFs().delete(metadataFilePath, false);
+            LOG.warn("storeCheckpoint: Removed file " + metadataFilePath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+        }
+        try {
+            getFs().delete(verticesFilePath, false);
+            LOG.warn("storeCheckpoint: Removed file " + verticesFilePath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+        }
+
+        FSDataOutputStream verticesOutputStream =
+            getFs().create(verticesFilePath);
+        ByteArrayOutputStream metadataByteStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        DataOutput metadataOutput = new DataOutputStream(metadataByteStream);
+        long workerVertexRanges = 0;
+        for (Map.Entry<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> entry :
+                getVertexRangeMap().entrySet()) {
+            // Only write out the partitions the worker is responsible for
+            if (!entry.getValue().getHostnameId().equals(
+                    getHostnamePartitionId())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            ++workerVertexRanges;
+            // Write the vertices (index, data, edges and messages)
+            // Format:
+            // <vertex count>
+            //   <v0 id><v0 value>
+            //     <v0 num edges>
+            //       <v0 edge 0 dest><v0 edge 0 value>
+            //       <v0 edge 1 dest><v0 edge 1 value>...
+            //     <v0 message count>
+            //       <v0 msg 0><v0 msg 1>...
+            long startPos = verticesOutputStream.getPos();
+            verticesOutputStream.writeLong(
+                entry.getValue().getVertexMap().size());
+            for (BasicVertex<I, V, E, M> vertex :
+                    entry.getValue().getVertexMap().values()) {
+                ByteArrayOutputStream vertexByteStream =
+                    new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                DataOutput vertexOutput =
+                    new DataOutputStream(vertexByteStream);
+                ((MutableVertex<I, V, E, M>) vertex).write(vertexOutput);
+                verticesOutputStream.write(vertexByteStream.toByteArray());
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("storeCheckpoint: Wrote vertex id = " +
+                              vertex.getVertexId() + " with " +
+                              vertex.getOutEdgeMap().size() + " edges and " +
+                              vertex.getMsgList().size() + " messages (" +
+                              vertexByteStream.size() + " total bytes)");
+                }
+            }
+            // Write the metadata for this vertex range
+            // Format:
+            // <index count>
+            //   <index 0 start pos><# vertices><# edges><max index 0>
+            //   <index 1 start pos><# vertices><# edges><max index 1>...
+            metadataOutput.writeLong(startPos);
+            metadataOutput.writeLong(entry.getValue().getVertexMap().size());
+            long edgeCount = 0;
+            for (BasicVertex<I, V, E, M> vertex :
+                    entry.getValue().getVertexMap().values()) {
+                edgeCount += vertex.getOutEdgeMap().size();
+            }
+            metadataOutput.writeLong(edgeCount);
+            entry.getKey().write(metadataOutput);
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("storeCheckpoint: Vertex file starting " +
+                          "offset = " + startPos + ", length = " +
+                          (verticesOutputStream.getPos() - startPos) +
+                          ", max index of vertex range = " + entry.getKey());
+            }
+        }
+        // Metadata is buffered and written at the end since it's small and
+        // needs to know how many vertex ranges this worker owns
+        FSDataOutputStream metadataOutputStream =
+            getFs().create(metadataFilePath);
+        metadataOutputStream.writeLong(workerVertexRanges);
+        metadataOutputStream.write(metadataByteStream.toByteArray());
+        metadataOutputStream.close();
+        verticesOutputStream.close();
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("storeCheckpoint: Finished metadata (" +
+                     metadataFilePath + ") and vertices (" + verticesFilePath
+                     + ").");
+        }
+
+        getFs().createNewFile(validFilePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a single vertex range from checkpoint files.
+     *
+     * @param maxIndex denotes the vertex range
+     * @param dataFileName name of the data file
+     * @param startPos position to start from in data file
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws InstantiationException
+     */
+    private void loadVertexRange(I maxIndex,
+                                 String dataFileName,
+                                 long startPos)
+        throws IOException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException {
+        // Read in the reverse order from storeCheckpoint()
+        DataInputStream dataStream = getFs().open(new Path(dataFileName));
+        if (dataStream.skip(startPos) != startPos) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "loadVertexRange: Failed to skip " + startPos);
+        }
+        long vertexCount = dataStream.readLong();
+        VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange = getVertexRangeMap().get(maxIndex);
+        for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i) {
+            Vertex<I, V, E, M> vertex =
+                BspUtils.<I, V, E, M>createVertex(getConfiguration());
+            vertex.readFields(dataStream);
+            // Add the vertex
+            if (vertexRange.getVertexMap().put(vertex.getVertexId(), vertex)
+                    != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "loadVertexRange: Vertex "  + vertex + " already exists");
+            }
+        }
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("loadVertexRange: " + vertexCount + " vertices in " +
+                     dataFileName);
+        }
+        dataStream.close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void loadCheckpoint(long superstep) {
+        // Algorithm:
+        // Check all the vertex ranges for this worker and load the ones
+        // that match my hostname and id.
+        I maxVertexIndex = BspUtils.<I>createVertexIndex(getConfiguration());
+        long startPos = -1;
+        long vertexRangeCount = -1;
+        for (VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange :
+                getVertexRangeMap().values()) {
+            if (vertexRange.getHostnameId().compareTo(
+                    getHostnamePartitionId()) == 0) {
+                String metadataFile =
+                    vertexRange.getCheckpointFilePrefix() +
+                    CHECKPOINT_METADATA_POSTFIX;
+                try {
+                    DataInputStream metadataStream =
+                        getFs().open(new Path(metadataFile));
+                    vertexRangeCount = metadataStream.readLong();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < vertexRangeCount; ++i) {
+                        startPos = metadataStream.readLong();
+                        // Skip the vertex count
+                        metadataStream.readLong();
+                        // Skip the edge count
+                        metadataStream.readLong();
+                        maxVertexIndex.readFields(metadataStream);
+                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                        int compareTo =
+                            vertexRange.getMaxIndex().compareTo(maxVertexIndex);
+                        LOG.debug("loadCheckpoint: Comparing " +
+                                  vertexRange.getMaxIndex() + " and " +
+                                  maxVertexIndex + " = " + compareTo);
+                        if (compareTo == 0) {
+                            loadVertexRange(
+                                vertexRange.getMaxIndex(),
+                                vertexRange.getCheckpointFilePrefix() +
+                                    CHECKPOINT_VERTICES_POSTFIX,
+                                startPos);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    metadataStream.close();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void exchangeVertexRanges() {
+        boolean syncRequired = false;
+        for (Entry<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> entry :
+                getVertexRangeMap().entrySet()) {
+            final int previousPort = entry.getValue().getPreviousPort();
+            final String previousHostname =
+                entry.getValue().getPreviousHostname();
+            final int port = entry.getValue().getPort();
+            final String hostname = entry.getValue().getHostname();
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("exchangeVertexRanges: For max index " +
+                          entry.getKey() + ", count " +
+                          entry.getValue().getVertexMap().size() +
+                          ", has previous port " +
+                          previousPort + ", previous hostname "
+                          + previousHostname +
+                          ", port " + port + ", hostname " + hostname);
+            }
+            if (previousPort == -1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ((previousPort == finalRpcPort) &&
+                    getHostname().equals(previousHostname) &&
+                    ((port != finalRpcPort) ||
+                            !(getHostname().equals(hostname)))) {
+                if (!syncRequired) {
+                    getGraphMapper().getWorkerCommunications().
+                        cleanCachedVertexAddressMap();
+                }
+                List<BasicVertex<I, V, E, M>> vertexList =
+                    new ArrayList<BasicVertex<I, V, E, M>>(
+                        entry.getValue().getVertexMap().values());
+                if (vertexList != null) {
+                    LOG.info("exchangeVertexRanges: Sending vertex range " +
+                             entry.getKey() + " with " +
+                             vertexList.size() + " elements to " + hostname +
+                             ":" + port);
+                    getGraphMapper().getWorkerCommunications().sendVertexListReq(
+                        entry.getKey(), vertexList);
+                    vertexList.clear();
+                    entry.getValue().getVertexMap().clear();
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("exchangeVertexRanges: Sent vertex range " +
+                                 entry.getKey() + " with " +
+                                 vertexList.size() +
+                                 " elements to " + hostname +
+                                 ":" + port + " " + vertexList.size() + " " +
+                                 entry.getValue().getVertexMap().size());
+                    }
+                }
+                syncRequired = true;
+            }
+            else if ((port == finalRpcPort) &&
+                    getHostname().equals(hostname) &&
+                    ((previousPort != finalRpcPort) ||
+                            !(getHostname().equals(previousHostname)))) {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("exchangeVertexRanges: Receiving " +
+                             entry.getKey() + " from " +
+                             previousHostname + ":" + previousPort);
+                }
+                if (!syncRequired) {
+                    getGraphMapper().getWorkerCommunications().
+                        cleanCachedVertexAddressMap();
+                }
+                VertexRange<I, V, E, M> destVertexRange =
+                    getVertexRangeMap().get(entry.getKey());
+                if ((destVertexRange.getVertexMap() != null) &&
+                        !destVertexRange.getVertexMap().isEmpty()) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(
+                        "exchangeVertexRanges: Cannot receive max index " +
+                        entry.getKey() + " since already have " +
+                        destVertexRange.getVertexMap().size() + " elements.");
+                }
+                syncRequired = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // All senders and receivers must agree they are finished
+        if (syncRequired) {
+            String myVertexRangeExchangePath =
+                getVertexRangeExchangePath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                           getSuperstep()) +
+                                           "/" + getHostnamePartitionId();
+            String vertexRangeExchangeFinishedPath =
+                getVertexRangeExchangeFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                                   getSuperstep());
+            LOG.info("exchangeVertexRanges: Ready with path " +
+                     myVertexRangeExchangePath);
+            try {
+                getZkExt().createExt(myVertexRangeExchangePath,
+                                     null,
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                     true);
+                LOG.info("exchangeVertexRanges: Waiting on change to " +
+                         vertexRangeExchangeFinishedPath);
+                while (getZkExt().exists(vertexRangeExchangeFinishedPath, true)
+                        == null) {
+                    getVertexRangeExchangeFinishedChangedEvent().waitForever();
+                    getVertexRangeExchangeFinishedChangedEvent().reset();
+                }
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add the vertices that were sent earlier.
+        Map<I, List<Vertex<I, V, E, M>>> inVertexRangeMap =
+            getGraphMapper().getWorkerCommunications().getInVertexRangeMap();
+        synchronized (inVertexRangeMap) {
+            for (Entry<I, List<Vertex<I, V, E, M>>> entry :
+                    inVertexRangeMap.entrySet()) {
+                if (entry.getValue() == null || entry.getValue().isEmpty()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                SortedMap<I, BasicVertex<I, V, E, M>> vertexMap =
+                    getVertexRangeMap().get(entry.getKey()).getVertexMap();
+                if (vertexMap.size() != 0) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(
+                        "exchangeVertexRanges: Failed to import vertex range " +
+                        entry.getKey() + " of size " + entry.getValue().size() +
+                        " since it is already of size " + vertexMap.size() +
+                        " but should be empty!");
+                }
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("exchangeVertexRanges: Adding " +
+                             entry.getValue().size() +
+                             " vertices for max index " + entry.getKey());
+                }
+                for (BasicVertex<I, V, E, M> vertex : entry.getValue()) {
+                    if (vertexMap.put(vertex.getVertexId(), vertex) != null) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException(
+                            "exchangeVertexRanges: Vertex " + vertex +
+                            " already exists!");
+                    }
+                }
+                entry.getValue().clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NavigableMap<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> getVertexRangeMap() {
+        return getVertexRangeMap(getSuperstep());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean processEvent(WatchedEvent event) {
+        boolean foundEvent = false;
+        if (event.getPath().startsWith(MASTER_JOB_STATE_PATH) &&
+                (event.getType() == EventType.NodeChildrenChanged)) {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("processEvent: Job state changed, checking " +
+                         "to see if it needs to restart");
+            }
+            JSONObject jsonObj = getJobState();
+            try {
+                if ((State.valueOf(jsonObj.getString(JSONOBJ_STATE_KEY)) ==
+                        State.START_SUPERSTEP) &&
+                        jsonObj.getLong(JSONOBJ_APPLICATION_ATTEMPT_KEY) !=
+                        getApplicationAttempt() &&
+                        getSuperstep() > 0) {
+                    LOG.fatal("processEvent: Worker will restart " +
+                              "from command - " + jsonObj.toString());
+                    System.exit(-1);
+                }
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(
+                    "processEvent: Couldn't properly get job state from " +
+                    jsonObj.toString());
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return foundEvent;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.giraph.graph.BspServiceWorker.processEvent` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.giraph.graph.BspService.cachedApplicationAttempt`. Potentially races with write in method `BspServiceWorker.exchangeVertexRanges()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean BspServiceWorker.processEvent(WatchedEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.giraph.graph.BspServiceWorker.processEvent(org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent):boolean.cb34dbaa09eb53f4a030948441a7ae2d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/giraph/graph/BspServiceWorker.java
+
+### Key:
+BspServiceWorker.java|processEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dec0f8baa3e16feabaecb9f1e3bf6c1a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4170/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4170/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f646aeb66f625f568fc543469bc740f7864bf8e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4170/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3678 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** underscore-java
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright 2015-2018 Valentyn Kolesnikov
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.github.underscore.lodash;
+
+import com.github.underscore.BinaryOperator;
+import com.github.underscore.BiFunction;
+import com.github.underscore.Consumer;
+import com.github.underscore.Function;
+import com.github.underscore.Function3;
+import com.github.underscore.Predicate;
+import com.github.underscore.PredicateIndexed;
+import com.github.underscore.Tuple;
+import com.github.underscore.Optional;
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class U<T> extends com.github.underscore.U<T> {
+    private static final int DEFAULT_TRUNC_LENGTH = 30;
+    private static final String DEFAULT_TRUNC_OMISSION = "...";
+    private static final String NULL = "null";
+    private static final String ELEMENT = "<element>";
+    private static final String CLOSED_ELEMENT = "</element>";
+    private static final String EMPTY_ELEMENT = ELEMENT + CLOSED_ELEMENT;
+    private static final String NULL_ELEMENT = ELEMENT + NULL + CLOSED_ELEMENT;
+    private static final java.util.regex.Pattern RE_LATIN_1 = java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(
+        "[\\xc0-\\xd6\\xd8-\\xde\\xdf-\\xf6\\xf8-\\xff]");
+    private static final java.util.regex.Pattern RE_PROP_NAME = java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(
+        "[^.\\[\\]]+|\\[(?:(-?\\d+(?:\\.\\d+)?)|([\"'])((?:(?!\2)\\[^\\]|\\.)*?)\2)\\]|(?=(\\.|\\[\\])(?:\4|$))");
+    private static final Map<String, String> DEBURRED_LETTERS = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>() { {
+        put("\u00c0", "A"); put("\u00c1", "A"); put("\u00c2", "A"); put("\u00c3", "A");
+        put("\u00c4", "A"); put("\u00c5", "A");
+        put("\u00e0", "a"); put("\u00e1", "a"); put("\u00e2", "a"); put("\u00e3", "a");
+        put("\u00e4", "a"); put("\u00e5", "a");
+        put("\u00c7", "C"); put("\u00e7", "c");
+        put("\u00d0", "D"); put("\u00f0", "d");
+        put("\u00c8", "E"); put("\u00c9", "E"); put("\u00ca", "E"); put("\u00cb", "E");
+        put("\u00e8", "e"); put("\u00e9", "e"); put("\u00ea", "e"); put("\u00eb", "e");
+        put("\u00cC", "I"); put("\u00cd", "I"); put("\u00ce", "I"); put("\u00cf", "I");
+        put("\u00eC", "i"); put("\u00ed", "i"); put("\u00ee", "i"); put("\u00ef", "i");
+        put("\u00d1", "N"); put("\u00f1", "n");
+        put("\u00d2", "O"); put("\u00d3", "O"); put("\u00d4", "O"); put("\u00d5", "O");
+        put("\u00d6", "O"); put("\u00d8", "O");
+        put("\u00f2", "o"); put("\u00f3", "o"); put("\u00f4", "o"); put("\u00f5", "o");
+        put("\u00f6", "o"); put("\u00f8", "o");
+        put("\u00d9", "U"); put("\u00da", "U"); put("\u00db", "U"); put("\u00dc", "U");
+        put("\u00f9", "u"); put("\u00fa", "u"); put("\u00fb", "u"); put("\u00fc", "u");
+        put("\u00dd", "Y"); put("\u00fd", "y"); put("\u00ff", "y");
+        put("\u00c6", "Ae"); put("\u00e6", "ae");
+        put("\u00de", "Th"); put("\u00fe", "th");
+        put("\u00df", "ss");
+    } };
+    private static final Map<String, List<String>> DEFAULT_HEADER_FIELDS = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
+    private static final Set<String> SUPPORTED_HTTP_METHODS = new HashSet<String>(
+        Arrays.asList("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"));
+    private static final int BUFFER_LENGTH_1024 = 1024;
+    private static final int RESPONSE_CODE_400 = 400;
+    private static String upper = "[A-Z\\xc0-\\xd6\\xd8-\\xde\\u0400-\\u04FF]";
+    private static String lower = "[a-z\\xdf-\\xf6\\xf8-\\xff]+";
+    private static java.util.regex.Pattern reWords = java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(
+        upper + "+(?=" + upper + lower + ")|" + upper + "?" + lower + "|" + upper + "+|[0-9]+");
+
+    static {
+        DEFAULT_HEADER_FIELDS.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json", "charset=utf-8"));
+    }
+
+    public U(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        super(iterable);
+    }
+
+    public U(final String string) {
+        super(string);
+    }
+
+    public static class Chain<T> extends com.github.underscore.U.Chain<T> {
+        public Chain(final T item) {
+            super(item);
+        }
+        public Chain(final List<T> list) {
+            super(list);
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> first() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.first(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> first(int n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.first(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> firstOrNull() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.firstOrNull(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> firstOrNull(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.firstOrNull(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> initial() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.initial(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> initial(int n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.initial(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> last() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.last(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> last(int n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.last(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> lastOrNull() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.lastOrNull(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> lastOrNull(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.lastOrNull(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> rest() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.rest(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> rest(int n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.rest(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> compact() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.compact(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> compact(final T falsyValue) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.compact(value(), falsyValue));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain flatten() {
+            return new Chain(U.flatten(value()));
+        }
+
+        public <F> Chain<F> map(final Function<? super T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.map(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        public <F> Chain<F> mapIndexed(final BiFunction<Integer, ? super T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.mapIndexed(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> filter(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.filter(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> filterIndexed(final PredicateIndexed<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.filterIndexed(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> rejectIndexed(final PredicateIndexed<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.rejectIndexed(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> reject(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.reject(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> filterFalse(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.filterFalse(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public <F> Chain<F> reduce(final BiFunction<F, T, F> func, final F zeroElem) {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.reduce(value(), func, zeroElem));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Optional<T>> reduce(final BinaryOperator<T> func) {
+            return new Chain<Optional<T>>(U.reduce(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        public <F> Chain<F> reduceRight(final BiFunction<F, T, F> func, final F zeroElem) {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.reduceRight(value(), func, zeroElem));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Optional<T>> reduceRight(final BinaryOperator<T> func) {
+            return new Chain<Optional<T>>(U.reduceRight(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Optional<T>> find(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<Optional<T>>(U.find(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Optional<T>> findLast(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<Optional<T>>(U.findLast(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Comparable> max() {
+            return new Chain<Comparable>(U.max((Collection) value()));
+        }
+
+        public <F extends Comparable<? super F>> Chain<T> max(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.max(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Comparable> min() {
+            return new Chain<Comparable>(U.min((Collection) value()));
+        }
+
+        public <F extends Comparable<? super F>> Chain<T> min(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.min(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Comparable> sort() {
+            return new Chain<Comparable>(U.sort((List<Comparable>) value()));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public <F extends Comparable<? super F>> Chain<F> sortWith(final Comparator<F> comparator) {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.sortWith((List<F>) value(), comparator));
+        }
+
+        public <F extends Comparable<? super F>> Chain<T> sortBy(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.sortBy(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public <K> Chain<Map<K, Comparable>> sortBy(final K key) {
+            return new Chain<Map<K, Comparable>>(U.sortBy((List<Map<K, Comparable>>) value(), key));
+        }
+
+        public <F> Chain<Map<F, List<T>>> groupBy(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<Map<F, List<T>>>(U.groupBy(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        public <F> Chain<Map<F, Optional<T>>> groupBy(final Function<T, F> func,
+            final BinaryOperator<T> binaryOperator) {
+            return new Chain<Map<F, Optional<T>>>(U.groupBy(value(), func, binaryOperator));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Map<Object, List<T>>> indexBy(final String property) {
+            return new Chain<Map<Object, List<T>>>(U.indexBy(value(), property));
+        }
+
+        public <F> Chain<Map<F, Integer>> countBy(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<Map<F, Integer>>(U.countBy(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> shuffle() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.shuffle(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> sample() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.sample(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> sample(final int howMany) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.newArrayList(U.sample(value(), howMany)));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> tap(final Consumer<T> func) {
+            U.tap(value(), func);
+            return new Chain<T>(value());
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> forEach(final Consumer<T> func) {
+            U.forEach(value(), func);
+            return new Chain<T>(value());
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> forEachRight(final Consumer<T> func) {
+            U.forEachRight(value(), func);
+            return new Chain<T>(value());
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Boolean> every(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<Boolean>(U.every(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Boolean> some(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<Boolean>(U.some(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Boolean> contains(final T elem) {
+            return new Chain<Boolean>(U.contains(value(), elem));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> invoke(final String methodName, final List<Object> args) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.invoke(value(), methodName, args));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> invoke(final String methodName) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.invoke(value(), methodName));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Object> pluck(final String propertyName) {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.pluck(value(), propertyName));
+        }
+
+        public <E> Chain<T> where(final List<Tuple<String, E>> properties) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.where(value(), properties));
+        }
+
+        public <E> Chain<Optional<T>> findWhere(final List<Tuple<String, E>> properties) {
+            return new Chain<Optional<T>>(U.findWhere(value(), properties));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> uniq() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.uniq(value()));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public <F> Chain<T> uniq(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.newArrayList(U.uniq(value(), func)));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> distinct() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.uniq(value()));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public <F> Chain<F> distinctBy(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.newArrayList((Iterable<F>) U.uniq(value(), func)));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<T> union(final List<T> ... lists) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.union(value(), lists));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<T> intersection(final List<T> ... lists) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.intersection(value(), lists));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<T> difference(final List<T> ... lists) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.difference(value(), lists));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Integer> range(final int stop) {
+            return new Chain<Integer>(newIntegerList(U.range(stop)));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Integer> range(final int start, final int stop) {
+            return new Chain<Integer>(newIntegerList(U.range(start, stop)));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Integer> range(final int start, final int stop, final int step) {
+            return new Chain<Integer>(newIntegerList(U.range(start, stop, step)));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<List<T>> chunk(final int size) {
+            return new Chain<List<T>>(U.chunk(value(), size));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<T> concat(final List<T> ... lists) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.concat(value(), lists));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> slice(final int start) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.slice(value(), start));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> slice(final int start, final int end) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.slice(value(), start, end));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> reverse() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.reverse(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> join() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.join(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> join(final String separator) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.join(value(), separator));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> skip(final int numberToSkip) {
+            return new Chain<T>(value().subList(numberToSkip, value().size()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> limit(final int size) {
+            return new Chain<T>(value().subList(0, size));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public <K, V> Chain<Map<K, V>> toMap() {
+            return new Chain<Map<K, V>>(U.toMap((Iterable<Map.Entry<K, V>>) value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> drop() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.drop(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> drop(final Integer n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.drop(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> dropRight() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.dropRight(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> dropRight(final Integer n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.dropRight(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> dropWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.dropWhile(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> dropRightWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.dropRightWhile(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Object> fill(final Object value) {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.fill((List<Object>) value(), value));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Object> fill(final Object value, final Integer start, final Integer end) {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.fill((List<Object>) value(), value, start, end));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Object> flattenDeep() {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.flattenDeep(value()));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Object> pull(final Object ... values) {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.pull((List<Object>) value(), values));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Object> pullAt(final Integer ... indexes) {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.pullAt((List<Object>) value(), indexes));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> remove(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.remove(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> take() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.take(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> takeRight() {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.takeRight(value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> take(final Integer n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.take(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> takeRight(final Integer n) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.takeRight(value(), n));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> takeWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.takeWhile(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> takeRightWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.takeRightWhile(value(), pred));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<T> xor(final List<T> list) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.xor(value(), list));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<T> at(final Integer ... indexes) {
+            return new Chain<T>(U.at(value(), indexes));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public <F extends Number> Chain<F> sum() {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.sum((List<F>) value()));
+        }
+
+        public <F extends Number> Chain<F> sum(final Function<T, F> func) {
+            return new Chain<F>(U.sum(value(), func));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Double> mean() {
+            return new Chain<Double>(U.mean((List<Number>) value()));
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<Double> median() {
+            return new Chain<Double>(U.median((List<Number>) value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> camelCase() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.camelCase((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> lowerFirst() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.lowerFirst((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> upperFirst() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.upperFirst((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> capitalize() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.capitalize((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> deburr() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.deburr((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Boolean> endsWith(final String target) {
+            return new Chain<Boolean>(U.endsWith((String) item(), target));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Boolean> endsWith(final String target, final Integer position) {
+            return new Chain<Boolean>(U.endsWith((String) item(), target, position));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> kebabCase() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.kebabCase((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> repeat(final int length) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.repeat((String) item(), length));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> pad(final int length) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.pad((String) item(), length));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> pad(final int length, final String chars) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.pad((String) item(), length, chars));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> padStart(final int length) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.padStart((String) item(), length));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> padStart(final int length, final String chars) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.padStart((String) item(), length, chars));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> padEnd(final int length) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.padEnd((String) item(), length));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> padEnd(final int length, final String chars) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.padEnd((String) item(), length, chars));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> snakeCase() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.snakeCase((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> startCase() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.startCase((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Boolean> startsWith(final String target) {
+            return new Chain<Boolean>(U.startsWith((String) item(), target));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Boolean> startsWith(final String target, final Integer position) {
+            return new Chain<Boolean>(U.startsWith((String) item(), target, position));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trim() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trim((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trim(final String chars) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trim((String) item(), chars));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trimStart() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trimStart((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trimStart(final String chars) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trimStart((String) item(), chars));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trimEnd() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trimEnd((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trunc() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trunc((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trunc(final int length) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trunc((String) item(), length));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> trimEnd(final String chars) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.trimEnd((String) item(), chars));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> uncapitalize() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.uncapitalize((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> words() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.words((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> toJson() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.toJson((Collection) value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Object> fromJson() {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.fromJson((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> toXml() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.toXml((Collection) value()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<Object> fromXml() {
+            return new Chain<Object>(U.fromXml((String) item()));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> fetch() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.fetch((String) item()).text());
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> fetch(final String method, final String body) {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.fetch((String) item(), method, body).text());
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Chain<List<T>> createPermutationWithRepetition(final int permutationLength) {
+            return new Chain<List<T>>(U.createPermutationWithRepetition((List<T>) value(), permutationLength));
+        }
+
+        public Chain<String> toJsonJavaString() {
+            return new Chain<String>(U.toJsonJavaString((Collection) value()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Chain<String> chain(final String item) {
+        return new U.Chain<String>(item);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> Chain<T> chain(final List<T> list) {
+        return new U.Chain<T>(list);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> Chain<T> chain(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        return new U.Chain<T>(newArrayList(iterable));
+    }
+
+    public static <T> Chain<T> chain(final Iterable<T> iterable, int size) {
+        return new U.Chain<T>(newArrayList(iterable, size));
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> Chain<T> chain(final T ... list) {
+        return new U.Chain<T>(Arrays.asList(list));
+    }
+
+    public static Chain<Integer> chain(final int[] array) {
+        return new U.Chain<Integer>(newIntegerList(array));
+    }
+
+    public Chain<T> chain() {
+        return new U.Chain<T>(newArrayList(value()));
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> drop(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        return rest(newArrayList(iterable));
+    }
+
+    public List<T> drop() {
+        return drop(getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> drop(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Integer n) {
+        return rest(newArrayList(iterable), n);
+    }
+
+    public List<T> drop(final Integer n) {
+        return drop(getIterable(), n);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> dropRight(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        return initial(newArrayList(iterable));
+    }
+
+    public List<T> dropRight() {
+        return dropRight(getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> dropRight(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Integer n) {
+        return initial(newArrayList(iterable), n);
+    }
+
+    public List<T> dropRight(final Integer n) {
+        return dropRight(getIterable(), n);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> dropWhile(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return rest(newArrayList(iterable), findIndex(newArrayList(iterable), negate(pred)));
+    }
+
+    public List<T> dropWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return dropWhile(getIterable(), pred);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> dropRightWhile(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return reverse(dropWhile(reverse(iterable), pred));
+    }
+
+    public List<T> dropRightWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return dropRightWhile(getIterable(), pred);
+    }
+
+    public static List<Object> fill(final List<Object> list, Object value) {
+        for (int index = 0; index < list.size(); index += 1) {
+            list.set(index, value);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public List<Object> fill(Object value) {
+        return fill((List<Object>) getIterable(), value);
+    }
+
+    public static List<Object> fill(final List<Object> list, Object value, Integer start, Integer end) {
+        for (int index = start; index < end; index += 1) {
+            list.set(index, value);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public List<Object> fill(Object value, Integer start, Integer end) {
+        return fill((List<Object>) getIterable(), value, start, end);
+    }
+
+    public static <E> List<E> flattenDeep(final List<?> list) {
+        return flatten(list, false);
+    }
+
+    public List<T> flattenDeep() {
+        return flattenDeep((List<?>) getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static List<Object> pull(final List<Object> list, Object ... values) {
+        final List<Object> valuesList = Arrays.asList(values);
+        for (final Iterator<Object> iterator = list.iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
+            final Object object = iterator.next();
+            if (valuesList.contains(object)) {
+                iterator.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public List<Object> pull(Object ... values) {
+        return pull((List<Object>) getIterable(), values);
+    }
+
+    public static List<Object> pullAt(final List<Object> list, final Integer ... indexes) {
+        final List<Object> result = newArrayList();
+        final List<Integer> indexesList = Arrays.asList(indexes);
+        int index = 0;
+        for (final Iterator<Object> iterator = list.iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
+            final Object object = iterator.next();
+            if (indexesList.contains(index)) {
+                result.add(object);
+                iterator.remove();
+            }
+            index += 1;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public List<Object> pullAt(final Integer ... indexes) {
+        return pullAt((List<Object>) getIterable(), indexes);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> remove(final List<T> list, final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        final List<T> result = newArrayList();
+        for (final Iterator<T> iterator = list.iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
+            final T object = iterator.next();
+            if (pred.test(object)) {
+                result.add(object);
+                iterator.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public List<T> remove(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return remove((List<T>) getIterable(), pred);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> take(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        return first(newArrayList(iterable), 1);
+    }
+
+    public List<T> take() {
+        return take(getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> takeRight(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        return last(newArrayList(iterable), 1);
+    }
+
+    public List<T> takeRight() {
+        return takeRight(getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> take(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Integer n) {
+        return first(newArrayList(iterable), n);
+    }
+
+    public List<T> take(final Integer n) {
+        return take(getIterable(), n);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> takeRight(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Integer n) {
+        return last(newArrayList(iterable), n);
+    }
+
+    public List<T> takeRight(final Integer n) {
+        return takeRight(getIterable(), n);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> takeWhile(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return first(newArrayList(iterable), findIndex(newArrayList(iterable), negate(pred)));
+    }
+
+    public List<T> takeWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return takeWhile(getIterable(), pred);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> takeRightWhile(final Iterable<T> iterable, final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return reverse(takeWhile(reverse(iterable), pred));
+    }
+
+    public List<T> takeRightWhile(final Predicate<T> pred) {
+        return takeRightWhile(getIterable(), pred);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> List<T> xor(final List<T> ... lists) {
+        int index = -1;
+        int length = lists.length;
+        List<T> result = null;
+        while (++index < length) {
+            final List<T> array = lists[index];
+            result = result == null ? array : concat(difference(result, array), difference(array, result));
+        }
+        return uniq(result);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public List<T> xor(final List<T> list) {
+        return xor((List<T>) getIterable(), list);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> at(final List<T> list, final Integer ... indexes) {
+        final List<T> result = newArrayList();
+        final List<Integer> indexesList = Arrays.asList(indexes);
+        int index = 0;
+        for (final Iterator<T> iterator = list.iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
+            final T object = iterator.next();
+            if (indexesList.contains(index)) {
+                result.add(object);
+            }
+            index += 1;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public List<T> at(final Integer ... indexes) {
+        return at((List<T>) getIterable(), indexes);
+    }
+
+    public static <T extends Number> T sum(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        T result = null;
+        for (final T item : iterable) {
+            result = add(result, item);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public static <E, F extends  Number> F sum(final Iterable<E> iterable, final Function<E, F> func) {
+        F result = null;
+        for (final E item : iterable) {
+            result = add(result, func.apply(item));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <F extends Number> F sum() {
+        return sum((List<F>) getIterable());
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <E, F extends  Number> F sum(final Function<E, F> func) {
+        return sum((List<E>) getIterable(), func);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T extends Number> T add(final T first, final T second) {
+        if (first == null) {
+            return second;
+        } else if (second == null) {
+            return first;
+        } else if (first instanceof java.math.BigDecimal) {
+            return (T) sum((java.math.BigDecimal) first, (java.math.BigDecimal) second);
+        } else if (second instanceof java.math.BigInteger) {
+            return (T) sum((java.math.BigInteger) first, (java.math.BigInteger) second);
+        } else if (first instanceof Byte) {
+            return (T) sum((Byte) first, (Byte) second);
+        } else if (first instanceof Double) {
+            return (T) sum((Double) first, (Double) second);
+        } else if (first instanceof Float) {
+            return (T) sum((Float) first, (Float) second);
+        } else if (first instanceof Integer) {
+            return (T) sum((Integer) first, (Integer) second);
+        } else if (first instanceof Long) {
+            return (T) sum((Long) first, (Long) second);
+        } else if (first instanceof Short) {
+            return (T) sum((Short) first, (Short) second);
+        } else {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Sum only supports official subclasses of Number");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static java.math.BigDecimal sum(java.math.BigDecimal first, java.math.BigDecimal second) {
+        return first.add(second);
+    }
+
+    private static java.math.BigInteger sum(java.math.BigInteger first, java.math.BigInteger second) {
+        return first.add(second);
+    }
+
+    private static Byte sum(Byte first, Byte second) {
+        return (byte) (first + second);
+    }
+
+    private static Double sum(Double first, Double second) {
+        return first + second;
+    }
+
+    private static Float sum(Float first, Float second) {
+        return first + second;
+    }
+
+    private static Integer sum(Integer first, Integer second) {
+        return first + second;
+    }
+
+    private static Long sum(Long first, Long second) {
+        return first + second;
+    }
+
+    private static Short sum(Short first, Short second) {
+        return (short) (first + second);
+    }
+
+    public static <T extends Number> double mean(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        T result = null;
+        int count = 0;
+        for (final T item : iterable) {
+            result = add(result, item);
+            count += 1;
+        }
+        return result.doubleValue() / count;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public double mean() {
+        return mean((Iterable<Number>) getIterable());
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T extends Number> double median(final Iterable<T> iterable) {
+        final List<T> result = newArrayList((Collection) iterable);
+        final int size = size(iterable);
+        if (size == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Iterable cannot be empty");
+        }
+        if (size % 2 != 0) {
+            return result.get(size / 2).doubleValue();
+        }
+        return (result.get(size / 2 - 1).doubleValue() + result.get(size / 2).doubleValue()) / 2;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public double median() {
+        return median((Iterable<Number>) getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static String camelCase(final String string) {
+        return createCompounder(new Function3<String, String, Integer, String>() {
+            public String apply(final String result, final String word, final Integer index) {
+                final String localWord = word.toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault());
+                return result + (index > 0 ? word.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault())
+                    + word.substring(1) : localWord);
+            }
+        }).apply(string);
+    }
+
+    public static String lowerFirst(final String string) {
+        return createCaseFirst("toLowerCase").apply(string);
+    }
+
+    public static String upperFirst(final String string) {
+        return createCaseFirst("toUpperCase").apply(string);
+    }
+
+    public static String capitalize(final String string) {
+        return upperFirst(baseToString(string).toLowerCase());
+    }
+
+    public static String uncapitalize(final String string) {
+        return lowerFirst(baseToString(string).toLowerCase());
+    }
+
+    private static String baseToString(String value) {
+        return value == null ? "" : value;
+    }
+
+    public static String deburr(final String string) {
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (final String str : localString.split("")) {
+            if (RE_LATIN_1.matcher(str).matches()) {
+                sb.append(DEBURRED_LETTERS.get(str));
+            } else {
+                sb.append(str);
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static List<String> words(final String string) {
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+        final List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
+        final java.util.regex.Matcher matcher = reWords.matcher(localString);
+        while (matcher.find()) {
+            result.add(matcher.group());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static Function<String, String> createCompounder(
+        final Function3<String, String, Integer, String> callback) {
+        return new Function<String, String>() {
+            public String apply(final String string) {
+                int index = -1;
+                List<String> array = words(deburr(string));
+                int length = array.size();
+                String result = "";
+
+                while (++index < length) {
+                    result = callback.apply(result, array.get(index), index);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static Function<String, String> createCaseFirst(final String methodName) {
+        return new Function<String, String>() {
+            public String apply(final String string) {
+                final String localString = baseToString(string);
+                final String chr = localString.isEmpty() ? "" : localString.substring(0, 1);
+                final String trailing = localString.length() > 1 ? localString.substring(1) : "";
+                return U.invoke(Arrays.asList(chr), methodName).get(0) + trailing;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static boolean endsWith(final String string, final String target) {
+        return endsWith(string, target, null);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean endsWith(final String string, final String target, final Integer position) {
+        if (string == null || target == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+
+        final int length = localString.length();
+        final int localPosition = position == null ? length
+          : Math.min(position < 0 ? 0 : position, length);
+
+        final int localPosition2 = localPosition - target.length();
+      return localPosition2 >= 0 && localString.indexOf(target, localPosition2) == localPosition2;
+    }
+
+    public static String kebabCase(final String string) {
+        return createCompounder(new Function3<String, String, Integer, String>() {
+            public String apply(final String result, final String word, final Integer index) {
+                return result + (index > 0 ? "-" : "") + word.toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault());
+            }
+        }).apply(string);
+    }
+
+    public static String repeat(final String string, final int length) {
+        final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+        final StringBuilder localString = new StringBuilder(baseToString(string));
+        if (length < 1 || string == null) {
+            return result.toString();
+        }
+        int n = length;
+        do {
+            if (n % 2 != 0) {
+                result.append(localString);
+            }
+            n = (int) Math.floor(n / (double) 2);
+            localString.append(localString.toString());
+        } while (n > 0);
+        return result.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static String createPadding(final String string, final int length, final String chars) {
+        final int strLength = string.length();
+        final int padLength = length - strLength;
+        final String localChars = chars == null ? " " : chars;
+        return repeat(localChars, (int) Math.ceil(padLength / (double) localChars.length())).substring(0, padLength);
+    }
+
+    public static String pad(final String string, final int length) {
+        return pad(string, length, null);
+    }
+
+    public static String pad(final String string, final int length, final String chars) {
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+        final int strLength = string.length();
+        if (strLength >= length) {
+            return localString;
+        }
+        final double mid = (length - strLength) / (double) 2;
+        final int leftLength = (int) Math.floor(mid);
+        final int rightLength = (int) Math.ceil(mid);
+        final String localChars = createPadding("", rightLength, chars);
+        return localChars.substring(0, leftLength) + string + localChars;
+    }
+
+    private static Function3<String, Integer, String, String> createPadDir(final boolean fromRight) {
+        return new Function3<String, Integer, String, String>() {
+            public String apply(String string, Integer length, String chars) {
+                final String localString = baseToString(string);
+                return (fromRight ? localString : "") + createPadding(localString, length, chars)
+                    + (fromRight ? "" : localString);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static String padStart(final String string, final Integer length) {
+         return createPadDir(false).apply(string, length, null);
+    }
+
+    public static String padStart(final String string, final Integer length, final String chars) {
+         return createPadDir(false).apply(string, length, chars);
+    }
+
+    public static String padEnd(final String string, final Integer length) {
+         return createPadDir(true).apply(string, length, null);
+    }
+
+    public static String padEnd(final String string, final Integer length, final String chars) {
+         return createPadDir(true).apply(string, length, chars);
+    }
+
+    public static String snakeCase(final String string) {
+        return createCompounder(new Function3<String, String, Integer, String>() {
+            public String apply(final String result, final String word, final Integer index) {
+                return result + (index > 0 ? "_" : "") + word.toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault());
+            }
+        }).apply(string);
+    }
+
+    public static String startCase(final String string) {
+        return createCompounder(new Function3<String, String, Integer, String>() {
+            public String apply(final String result, final String word, final Integer index) {
+                return result + (index > 0 ? " " : "") + word.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault())
+                    + word.substring(1);
+            }
+        }).apply(string);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean startsWith(final String string, final String target) {
+        return startsWith(string, target, null);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean startsWith(final String string, final String target, final Integer position) {
+        if (string == null || target == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+
+        final int length = localString.length();
+        final int localPosition = position == null ? 0
+          : Math.min(position < 0 ? 0 : position, length);
+
+        return localString.lastIndexOf(target, localPosition) == localPosition;
+    }
+
+    private static int charsLeftIndex(final String string, final String chars) {
+        int index = 0;
+        final int length = string.length();
+        while (index < length && chars.indexOf(string.charAt(index)) > -1) {
+            index += 1;
+        }
+        return index == length ? -1 : index;
+    }
+
+    private static int charsRightIndex(final String string, final String chars) {
+        int index = string.length() - 1;
+        while (index >= 0 && chars.indexOf(string.charAt(index)) > -1) {
+            index -= 1;
+        }
+        return index;
+    }
+
+    public static String trim(final String string) {
+        return trim(string, null);
+    }
+
+    public static String trim(final String string, final String chars) {
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+        if (localString.isEmpty()) {
+            return localString;
+        }
+        final String localChars;
+        if (chars == null) {
+            localChars = " ";
+        } else {
+            localChars = chars;
+        }
+        final int leftIndex = charsLeftIndex(localString, localChars);
+        final int rightIndex = charsRightIndex(localString, localChars);
+        return leftIndex > -1 ? localString.substring(leftIndex, rightIndex + 1) : localString;
+    }
+
+    public static String trimStart(final String string) {
+        return trimStart(string, null);
+    }
+
+    public static String trimStart(final String string, final String chars) {
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+        if (localString.isEmpty()) {
+            return localString;
+        }
+        final String localChars;
+        if (chars == null) {
+            localChars = " ";
+        } else {
+            localChars = chars;
+        }
+        final int leftIndex = charsLeftIndex(localString, localChars);
+        return leftIndex > -1 ? localString.substring(leftIndex, localString.length()) : localString;
+    }
+
+    public static String trimEnd(final String string) {
+        return trimEnd(string, null);
+    }
+
+    public static String trimEnd(final String string, final String chars) {
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+        if (localString.isEmpty()) {
+            return localString;
+        }
+        final String localChars;
+        if (chars == null) {
+            localChars = " ";
+        } else {
+            localChars = chars;
+        }
+        final int rightIndex = charsRightIndex(localString, localChars);
+        return rightIndex > -1 ? localString.substring(0, rightIndex + 1) : localString;
+    }
+
+    public static String trunc(final String string) {
+        return trunc(string, DEFAULT_TRUNC_LENGTH);
+    }
+
+    public static String trunc(final String string, final Integer length) {
+        final String localString = baseToString(string);
+        final String omission = DEFAULT_TRUNC_OMISSION;
+        if (length >= localString.length()) {
+            return localString;
+        }
+        final int end = length - omission.length();
+        final String result = string.substring(0, end);
+        return result + omission;
+    }
+
+    public static List<String> stringToPath(final String string) {
+        final List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
+        final java.util.regex.Matcher matcher = RE_PROP_NAME.matcher(baseToString(string));
+        while (matcher.find()) {
+            result.add(matcher.group(1) == null ? matcher.group(0) : matcher.group(1));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static <T> T baseGet(final Map<String, Object> object, final String path) {
+        final List<String> paths = stringToPath(path);
+        int index = 0;
+        final int length = paths.size();
+
+        Object localObject = object;
+        while (localObject != null && index < length) {
+            if (localObject instanceof Map) {
+                localObject = ((Map) localObject).get(paths.get(index));
+            } else if (localObject instanceof List) {
+                localObject = ((List) localObject).get(Integer.parseInt(paths.get(index)));
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+            index += 1;
+        }
+        if (index > 0 && index == length) {
+            return (T) localObject;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T get(final Map<String, Object> object, final String path) {
+        return baseGet(object, path);
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonStringBuilder {
+        private final StringBuilder builder;
+        private int ident;
+
+        public JsonStringBuilder() {
+            builder = new StringBuilder();
+        }
+
+        public JsonStringBuilder append(final char character) {
+            builder.append(character);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonStringBuilder append(final String string) {
+            builder.append(string);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonStringBuilder fillSpaces() {
+            for (int index = 0; index < ident; index += 1) {
+                builder.append(' ');
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonStringBuilder incIdent() {
+            ident += 2;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonStringBuilder decIdent() {
+            ident -= 2;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonStringBuilder newLine() {
+            builder.append("\n");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return builder.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonArray {
+        public static void writeJson(Collection collection, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (collection == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Iterator iter = collection.iterator();
+
+            builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+            while (iter.hasNext()) {
+                Object value = iter.next();
+                if (value == null) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                builder.fillSpaces();
+                JsonValue.writeJson(value, builder);
+                if (iter.hasNext()) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine();
+                }
+            }
+            builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(byte[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(short[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(int[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(long[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(float[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(double[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(boolean[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(char[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append('\"').append(String.valueOf(array[0])).append('\"');
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append('\"').append(String.valueOf(array[i])).append('\"');
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(Object[] array, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').newLine().incIdent().fillSpaces();
+                JsonValue.writeJson(array[0], builder);
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    JsonValue.writeJson(array[i], builder);
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonObject {
+        public static void writeJson(Map map, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (map == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
+
+            builder.append('{').incIdent();
+            if (!map.isEmpty()) {
+                builder.newLine();
+            }
+            while (iter.hasNext()) {
+                Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iter.next();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append('\"');
+                builder.append(JsonValue.unescapeName(String.valueOf(entry.getKey())));
+                builder.append('\"');
+                builder.append(':').append(' ');
+                JsonValue.writeJson(entry.getValue(), builder);
+                if (iter.hasNext()) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine();
+                }
+            }
+            builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append('}');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonValue {
+        public static void writeJson(Object value, JsonStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (value == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (value instanceof String) {
+                builder.append('"').append(escape((String) value)).append('"');
+            } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+                if (((Double) value).isInfinite() || ((Double) value).isNaN()) {
+                    builder.append(NULL);
+                } else {
+                    builder.append(value.toString());
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+                if (((Float) value).isInfinite() || ((Float) value).isNaN()) {
+                    builder.append(NULL);
+                } else {
+                    builder.append(value.toString());
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof Number) {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+                JsonObject.writeJson((Map) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof Collection) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((Collection) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof byte[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((byte[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof short[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((short[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof int[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((int[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof long[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((long[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof float[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((float[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof double[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((double[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof boolean[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((boolean[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof char[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((char[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof Object[]) {
+                JsonArray.writeJson((Object[]) value, builder);
+            } else {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static String unescapeName(final String name) {
+            final int length = name.length();
+            if (length == 0 || "__EE__EMPTY__EE__".equals(name)) {
+                return "";
+            }
+            if ("-__EE__EMPTY__EE__".equals(name)) {
+                return "-";
+            }
+            StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+            int underlineCount = 0;
+            StringBuilder lastChars = new StringBuilder();
+            outer:
+            for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+                char ch = name.charAt(i);
+                if (ch == '_') {
+                    lastChars.append(ch);
+                } else {
+                    if (lastChars.length() == 2) {
+                        StringBuilder nameToDecode = new StringBuilder();
+                        for (int j = i; j < length; ++j) {
+                            if (name.charAt(j) == '_') {
+                                underlineCount += 1;
+                                if (underlineCount == 2) {
+                                    result.append(Base32.decode(nameToDecode.toString()));
+                                    i = j;
+                                    underlineCount = 0;
+                                    lastChars.setLength(0);
+                                    continue outer;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                nameToDecode.append(name.charAt(j));
+                                underlineCount = 0;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    result.append(lastChars).append(ch);
+                    lastChars.setLength(0);
+                }
+            }
+            return result.append(lastChars).toString();
+        }
+
+        public static String escape(String s) {
+            if (s == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            escape(s, sb);
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+
+        private static void escape(String s, StringBuilder sb) {
+            final int len = s.length();
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                char ch = s.charAt(i);
+                switch (ch) {
+                case '"':
+                    sb.append("\\\"");
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    sb.append("\\\\");
+                    break;
+                case '\b':
+                    sb.append("\\b");
+                    break;
+                case '\f':
+                    sb.append("\\f");
+                    break;
+                case '\n':
+                    sb.append("\\n");
+                    break;
+                case '\r':
+                    sb.append("\\r");
+                    break;
+                case '\t':
+                    sb.append("\\t");
+                    break;
+                case '/':
+                    sb.append("\\/");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if (ch <= '\u001F' || ch >= '\u007F' && ch <= '\u009F'
+                        || ch >= '\u2000' && ch <= '\u20FF') {
+                        String ss = Integer.toHexString(ch);
+                        sb.append("\\u");
+                        for (int k = 0; k < 4 - ss.length(); k++) {
+                            sb.append('0');
+                        }
+                        sb.append(ss.toUpperCase());
+                    } else {
+                        sb.append(ch);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String toJson(Collection collection) {
+        final JsonStringBuilder builder = new JsonStringBuilder();
+
+        JsonArray.writeJson(collection, builder);
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    public String toJson() {
+        return toJson((Collection) getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static String toJson(Map map) {
+        final JsonStringBuilder builder = new JsonStringBuilder();
+
+        JsonObject.writeJson(map, builder);
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static class XmlStringBuilder {
+        protected final StringBuilder builder;
+        private int ident;
+
+        public XmlStringBuilder() {
+            builder = new StringBuilder("<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<root>\n");
+            ident = 2;
+        }
+
+        public XmlStringBuilder(StringBuilder builder, int ident) {
+            this.builder = builder;
+            this.ident = ident;
+        }
+
+        public XmlStringBuilder append(final String string) {
+            builder.append(string);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public XmlStringBuilder fillSpaces() {
+            for (int index = 0; index < ident; index += 1) {
+                builder.append(' ');
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public XmlStringBuilder incIdent() {
+            ident += 2;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public XmlStringBuilder decIdent() {
+            ident -= 2;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public XmlStringBuilder newLine() {
+            builder.append("\n");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public int getIdent() {
+            return ident;
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return builder.toString() + "\n</root>";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class XmlStringBuilderWithoutRoot extends XmlStringBuilder {
+        public XmlStringBuilderWithoutRoot() {
+            super(new StringBuilder("<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n"), 0);
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return builder.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class XmlStringBuilderWithoutHeader extends XmlStringBuilder {
+        public XmlStringBuilderWithoutHeader(int ident) {
+            super(new StringBuilder(""), ident);
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return builder.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class XmlArray {
+        public static void writeXml(Collection collection, String name, XmlStringBuilder builder,
+            boolean parentTextFound) {
+            if (collection == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (name != null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append("<").append(name).append(">").incIdent();
+                if (!collection.isEmpty()) {
+                    builder.newLine();
+                }
+            }
+            writeXml(collection, builder, name, parentTextFound);
+            if (name != null) {
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces().append("</").append(name).append(">");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void writeXml(Collection collection, XmlStringBuilder builder, String name,
+            boolean parentTextFound) {
+            Iterator iter = collection.iterator();
+            while (iter.hasNext()) {
+                Object value = iter.next();
+                if (value == null) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append("<" + (name == null ? "element" : name) + ">"
+                            + NULL + "</" + (name == null ? "element" : name) + ">");
+                } else {
+                    XmlValue.writeXml(value, name == null ? "element" : name, builder, parentTextFound);
+                    parentTextFound = false;
+                }
+                if (iter.hasNext()) {
+                    builder.newLine();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(byte[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(short[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(int[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(long[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(float[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(double[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(boolean[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(char[] array, XmlStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(ELEMENT);
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                    builder.append(CLOSED_ELEMENT);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeXml(Object[] array, String name, XmlStringBuilder builder, boolean parentTextFound) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL_ELEMENT);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(EMPTY_ELEMENT);
+            } else {
+                for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    XmlValue.writeXml(array[i], name == null ? "element" : name, builder, parentTextFound);
+                    if (i != array.length - 1) {
+                        builder.newLine();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class XmlObject {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public static void writeXml(Map map, String name, XmlStringBuilder builder, boolean parentTextFound) {
+            if (map == null) {
+                XmlValue.writeXml(map, name, builder, false);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            List<XmlStringBuilder> elems = newArrayList();
+            List<XmlStringBuilder> textElems = newArrayList();
+            List<String> attrs = newArrayList();
+            int ident = builder.getIdent() + (name == null ? 0 : 2);
+            boolean textFoundSave = false;
+            List<Map.Entry> entries = newArrayList(map.entrySet());
+            for (int index = 0; index < entries.size(); index += 1) {
+                Map.Entry entry = entries.get(index);
+                if (String.valueOf(entry.getKey()).startsWith("-") && !(entry.getValue() instanceof Map)
+                    && !(entry.getValue() instanceof List)) {
+                    attrs.add(" " + XmlValue.escapeName(String.valueOf(entry.getKey()).substring(1))
+                        + "=\"" + escape(String.valueOf(entry.getValue())) + "\"");
+                } else if ("#text".equals(escape(String.valueOf(entry.getKey())))) {
+                    if (elems.isEmpty()) {
+                        textFoundSave = true;
+                    }
+                    if (entry.getValue() instanceof List) {
+                        for (Object value : (List) entry.getValue()) {
+                            textElems.add(new XmlStringBuilderWithoutHeader(ident).append(escape((String) value)));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        textElems.add(new XmlStringBuilderWithoutHeader(ident).append(
+                            escape((String) entry.getValue())));
+                    }
+                } else if ("#comment".equals(escape(String.valueOf(entry.getKey())))) {
+                    addComment(entry, ident, index < entries.size() - 1
+                        && !"#text".equals(String.valueOf(entries.get(index + 1).getKey())), elems, "<!--", "-->");
+                } else if ("#cdata-section".equals(escape(String.valueOf(entry.getKey())))) {
+                    addComment(entry, ident, index < entries.size() - 1, elems, "<![CDATA[", "]]>");
+                } else if (entry.getValue() instanceof List && !((List) entry.getValue()).isEmpty()) {
+                    XmlStringBuilder localBuilder = new XmlStringBuilderWithoutHeader(ident);
+                    XmlArray.writeXml((List) entry.getValue(), localBuilder,
+                        XmlValue.escapeName(String.valueOf(entry.getKey())), !textElems.isEmpty());
+                    if (index < entries.size() - 1) {
+                        localBuilder.newLine();
+                    }
+                    if (!textElems.isEmpty()) {
+                        elems.add(textElems.remove(0));
+                    }
+                    elems.add(localBuilder);
+                } else {
+                    XmlStringBuilder localBuilder = new XmlStringBuilderWithoutHeader(ident);
+                    XmlValue.writeXml(entry.getValue(),
+                        XmlValue.escapeName(String.valueOf(entry.getKey())), localBuilder, !textElems.isEmpty());
+                    if (!textElems.isEmpty()) {
+                        elems.add(textElems.remove(0));
+                    }
+                    if (index < entries.size() - 1
+                            && !"#text".equals(String.valueOf(entries.get(index + 1).getKey()))
+                            && textElems.isEmpty()) {
+                        localBuilder.newLine();
+                    }
+                    elems.add(localBuilder);
+                }
+            }
+            for (XmlStringBuilder localBuilder : textElems) {
+                elems.add(localBuilder);
+            }
+            if (name != null) {
+                if (!parentTextFound) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces();
+                }
+                builder.append("<").append(name).append(U.join(attrs, "")).append(">").incIdent();
+                if (!textFoundSave && !elems.isEmpty()) {
+                    builder.newLine();
+                }
+            }
+            for (XmlStringBuilder localBuilder : elems) {
+                builder.append(localBuilder.toString());
+            }
+            if (name != null) {
+                builder.decIdent();
+                if (textElems.isEmpty()) {
+                    builder.newLine().fillSpaces();
+                }
+                builder.append("</").append(name).append(">");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void addComment(Map.Entry entry, int ident, boolean addNewLine,
+                List<XmlStringBuilder> elems, String openElement, String closeElement) {
+            if (entry.getValue() instanceof List) {
+                for (Iterator iterator = ((List) entry.getValue()).iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
+                    addCommentValue(ident, (String) iterator.next(),
+                            iterator.hasNext() || addNewLine, elems, openElement, closeElement);
+                }
+            } else {
+                addCommentValue(ident, (String) entry.getValue(), addNewLine, elems,
+                        openElement, closeElement);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void addCommentValue(int ident, String value, boolean addNewLine,
+                List<XmlStringBuilder> elems, String openElement, String closeElement) {
+            XmlStringBuilder localBuilder = new XmlStringBuilderWithoutHeader(ident)
+                    .fillSpaces().append(openElement).append(value).append(closeElement);
+            if (addNewLine) {
+                localBuilder.newLine();
+            }
+            elems.add(localBuilder);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class XmlValue {
+        public static void writeXml(Object value, String name, XmlStringBuilder builder, boolean parentTextFound) {
+            if (value instanceof Map) {
+                XmlObject.writeXml((Map) value,  name, builder, parentTextFound);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (value instanceof Collection) {
+                XmlArray.writeXml((Collection) value, name, builder, parentTextFound);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!parentTextFound) {
+                builder.fillSpaces();
+            }
+            builder.append("<" + name + ">");
+            if (value == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (value instanceof String) {
+                builder.append(escape((String) value));
+            } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+                if (((Double) value).isInfinite() || ((Double) value).isNaN()) {
+                    builder.append(NULL);
+                } else {
+                    builder.append(value.toString());
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+                if (((Float) value).isInfinite() || ((Float) value).isNaN()) {
+                    builder.append(NULL);
+                } else {
+                    builder.append(value.toString());
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof Number) {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            } else if (value instanceof byte[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((byte[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof short[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((short[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof int[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((int[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof long[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((long[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof float[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((float[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof double[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((double[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof boolean[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((boolean[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof char[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((char[]) value, builder);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else if (value instanceof Object[]) {
+                builder.newLine().incIdent();
+                XmlArray.writeXml((Object[]) value, name, builder, parentTextFound);
+                builder.decIdent().newLine().fillSpaces();
+            } else {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            }
+            builder.append("</" + name + ">");
+        }
+
+        public static String escapeName(String name) {
+            final int length = name.length();
+            if (length == 0) {
+                return "__EE__EMPTY__EE__";
+            }
+            final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+            char ch = name.charAt(0);
+            if (com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.util.XMLChar.isNameStart(ch)) {
+                result.append(ch);
+            } else {
+                result.append("__").append(Base32.encode(Character.toString(ch))).append("__");
+            }
+            for (int i = 1; i < length; ++i) {
+                ch = name.charAt(i);
+                if (com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.util.XMLChar.isName(ch)) {
+                    result.append(ch);
+                } else {
+                    result.append("__").append(Base32.encode(Character.toString(ch))).append("__");
+                }
+            }
+            return result.toString();
+        }
+
+        public static String escape(String s) {
+            if (s == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            escape(s, sb);
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+
+        private static void escape(String s, StringBuilder sb) {
+            final int len = s.length();
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                char ch = s.charAt(i);
+                switch (ch) {
+                case '"':
+                    sb.append("&quot;");
+                    break;
+                case '\'':
+                    sb.append("&apos;");
+                    break;
+                case '&':
+                    sb.append("&amp;");
+                    break;
+                case '<':
+                    sb.append("&lt;");
+                    break;
+                case '>':
+                    sb.append("&gt;");
+                    break;
+                case '\b':
+                    sb.append("\\b");
+                    break;
+                case '\f':
+                    sb.append("\\f");
+                    break;
+                case '\n':
+                    sb.append("\n");
+                    break;
+                case '\r':
+                    sb.append("\\r");
+                    break;
+                case '\t':
+                    sb.append("\\t");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if (ch <= '\u001F' || ch >= '\u007F' && ch <= '\u009F'
+                        || ch >= '\u2000' && ch <= '\u20FF') {
+                        String ss = Integer.toHexString(ch);
+                        sb.append("&#x");
+                        for (int k = 0; k < 4 - ss.length(); k++) {
+                            sb.append('0');
+                        }
+                        sb.append(ss.toUpperCase()).append(";");
+                    } else {
+                        sb.append(ch);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String toXml(Collection collection) {
+        final XmlStringBuilder builder = new XmlStringBuilder();
+
+        XmlArray.writeXml(collection, null, builder, false);
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    public String toXml() {
+        return toXml((Collection) getIterable());
+    }
+
+    public static String toXml(Map map) {
+        final XmlStringBuilder builder = new XmlStringBuilderWithoutRoot();
+        if (map == null || map.size() != 1
+            || ((String) ((Map.Entry) map.entrySet().iterator().next()).getKey()).startsWith("-")
+            || ((Map.Entry) map.entrySet().iterator().next()).getValue() instanceof List) {
+            XmlObject.writeXml(map, "root", builder, false);
+        } else {
+            XmlObject.writeXml(map, null, builder, false);
+        }
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static class ParseException extends RuntimeException {
+        private final int offset;
+        private final int line;
+        private final int column;
+
+        public ParseException(String message, int offset, int line, int column) {
+            super(message + " at " + line + ":" + column);
+            this.offset = offset;
+            this.line = line;
+            this.column = column;
+        }
+
+        public int getOffset() {
+            return offset;
+        }
+
+        public int getLine() {
+            return line;
+        }
+
+        public int getColumn() {
+            return column;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonParser {
+        private final String json;
+        private int index;
+        private int line;
+        private int lineOffset;
+        private int current;
+        private StringBuilder captureBuffer;
+        private int captureStart;
+
+        public JsonParser(String string) {
+            this.json = string;
+            line = 1;
+            captureStart = -1;
+        }
+
+        public Object parse() {
+            read();
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            final Object result = readValue();
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            if (!isEndOfText()) {
+                throw error("Unexpected character");
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private Object readValue() {
+            switch (current) {
+            case 'n':
+                return readNull();
+            case 't':
+                return readTrue();
+            case 'f':
+                return readFalse();
+            case '"':
+                return readString();
+            case '[':
+                return readArray();
+            case '{':
+                return readObject();
+            case '-':
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':
+                return readNumber();
+            default:
+                throw expected("value");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private List<Object> readArray() {
+            read();
+            List<Object> array = newArrayList();
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            if (readChar(']')) {
+                return array;
+            }
+            do {
+                skipWhiteSpace();
+                array.add(readValue());
+                skipWhiteSpace();
+            } while (readChar(','));
+            if (!readChar(']')) {
+                throw expected("',' or ']'");
+            }
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        private Map<String, Object> readObject() {
+            read();
+            Map<String, Object> object = newLinkedHashMap();
+            skipWhiteSpace();
+            if (readChar('}')) {
+                return object;
+            }
+            do {
+                skipWhiteSpace();
+                String name = readName();
+                skipWhiteSpace();
+                if (!readChar(':')) {
+                    throw expected("':'");
+                }
+                skipWhiteSpace();
+                object.put(name, readValue());
+                skipWhiteSpace();
+            } while (readChar(','));
+            if (!readChar('}')) {
+                throw expected("',' or '}'");
+            }
+            return object;
+        }
+
+        private String readName() {
+            if (current != '"') {
+                throw expected("name");
+            }
+            return readString();
+        }
+
+        private String readNull() {
+            read();
+            readRequiredChar('u');
+            readRequiredChar('l');
+            readRequiredChar('l');
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private Boolean readTrue() {
+            read();
+            readRequiredChar('r');
+            readRequiredChar('u');
+            readRequiredChar('e');
+            return Boolean.TRUE;
+        }
+
+        private Boolean readFalse() {
+            read();
+            readRequiredChar('a');
+            readRequiredChar('l');
+            readRequiredChar('s');
+            readRequiredChar('e');
+            return Boolean.FALSE;
+        }
+
+        private void readRequiredChar(char ch) {
+            if (!readChar(ch)) {
+                throw expected("'" + ch + "'");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private String readString() {
+            read();
+            startCapture();
+            while (current != '"') {
+                if (current == '\\') {
+                    pauseCapture();
+                    readEscape();
+                    startCapture();
+                } else if (current < 0x20) {
+                    throw expected("valid string character");
+                } else {
+                    read();
+                }
+            }
+            String string = endCapture();
+            read();
+            return string;
+        }
+
+        private void readEscape() {
+            read();
+            switch (current) {
+            case '"':
+            case '/':
+            case '\\':
+                captureBuffer.append((char) current);
+                break;
+            case 'b':
+                captureBuffer.append('\b');
+                break;
+            case 'f':
+                captureBuffer.append('\f');
+                break;
+            case 'n':
+                captureBuffer.append('\n');
+                break;
+            case 'r':
+                captureBuffer.append('\r');
+                break;
+            case 't':
+                captureBuffer.append('\t');
+                break;
+            case 'u':
+                char[] hexChars = new char[4];
+                boolean isHexCharsDigits = true;
+                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                    read();
+                    if (!isHexDigit()) {
+                        isHexCharsDigits = false;
+                    }
+                    hexChars[i] = (char) current;
+                }
+                if (isHexCharsDigits) {
+                    captureBuffer.append((char) Integer.parseInt(new String(hexChars), 16));
+                } else {
+                    captureBuffer.append("\\u").append(hexChars[0]).append(hexChars[1]).append(hexChars[2])
+                        .append(hexChars[3]);
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw expected("valid escape sequence");
+            }
+            read();
+        }
+
+        private Number readNumber() {
+            startCapture();
+            readChar('-');
+            int firstDigit = current;
+            if (!readDigit()) {
+                throw expected("digit");
+            }
+            if (firstDigit != '0') {
+                while (readDigit()) {
+                }
+            }
+            readFraction();
+            readExponent();
+            final String number = endCapture();
+            if (number.contains(".") || number.contains("e") || number.contains("E")) {
+                return Double.valueOf(number);
+            } else {
+                return Long.valueOf(number);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private boolean readFraction() {
+            if (!readChar('.')) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!readDigit()) {
+                throw expected("digit");
+            }
+            while (readDigit()) {
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean readExponent() {
+            if (!readChar('e') && !readChar('E')) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!readChar('+')) {
+                readChar('-');
+            }
+            if (!readDigit()) {
+                throw expected("digit");
+            }
+            while (readDigit()) {
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean readChar(char ch) {
+            if (current != ch) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            read();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private boolean readDigit() {
+            if (!isDigit()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            read();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private void skipWhiteSpace() {
+            while (isWhiteSpace()) {
+                read();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void read() {
+            if (index == json.length()) {
+                current = -1;
+                return;
+            }
+            if (current == '\n') {
+                line++;
+                lineOffset = index;
+            }
+            current = json.charAt(index++);
+        }
+
+        private void startCapture() {
+            if (captureBuffer == null) {
+                captureBuffer = new StringBuilder();
+            }
+            captureStart = index - 1;
+        }
+
+        private void pauseCapture() {
+            captureBuffer.append(json.substring(captureStart, index - 1));
+            captureStart = -1;
+        }
+
+        private String endCapture() {
+            int end = current == -1 ? index : index - 1;
+            String captured;
+            if (captureBuffer.length() > 0) {
+                captureBuffer.append(json.substring(captureStart, end));
+                captured = captureBuffer.toString();
+                captureBuffer.setLength(0);
+            } else {
+                captured = json.substring(captureStart, end);
+            }
+            captureStart = -1;
+            return captured;
+        }
+
+        private ParseException expected(String expected) {
+            if (isEndOfText()) {
+                return error("Unexpected end of input");
+            }
+            return error("Expected " + expected);
+        }
+
+        private ParseException error(String message) {
+            int absIndex = index;
+            int column = absIndex - lineOffset;
+            int offset = isEndOfText() ? absIndex : absIndex - 1;
+            return new ParseException(message, offset, line, column - 1);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isWhiteSpace() {
+            return current == ' ' || current == '\t' || current == '\n' || current == '\r';
+        }
+
+        private boolean isDigit() {
+            return current >= '0' && current <= '9';
+        }
+
+        private boolean isHexDigit() {
+            return isDigit() || current >= 'a' && current <= 'f' || current >= 'A'
+                    && current <= 'F';
+        }
+
+        private boolean isEndOfText() {
+            return current == -1;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static Object fromJson(String string) {
+        return new JsonParser(string).parse();
+    }
+
+    public Object fromJson() {
+        return fromJson(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Object getValue(final Object value) {
+        if (value instanceof Map && ((Map<String, Object>) value).entrySet().size() == 1) {
+            final Map.Entry<String, Object> entry = ((Map<String, Object>) value).entrySet().iterator().next();
+            if (entry.getKey().equals("#text") || entry.getKey().equals("element")) {
+                return entry.getValue();
+            }
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Map<String, Object> createMap(final org.w3c.dom.Node node,
+        final Function<Object, Object> nodeMapper, Map<String, Object> attrMap) {
+        final Map<String, Object> map = newLinkedHashMap();
+        map.putAll(attrMap);
+        final org.w3c.dom.NodeList nodeList = node.getChildNodes();
+        for (int index = 0; index < nodeList.getLength(); index++) {
+            final org.w3c.dom.Node currentNode = nodeList.item(index);
+            final String name = currentNode.getNodeName();
+            final Object value;
+            final int attributesLength = currentNode.getAttributes() == null
+                    ? 0 : currentNode.getAttributes().getLength();
+            if (currentNode.getNodeType() == org.w3c.dom.Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                final Map<String, Object> attrMapLocal = newLinkedHashMap();
+                for (int indexAttr = 0; indexAttr < attributesLength; indexAttr += 1) {
+                    final org.w3c.dom.Node currentNodeAttr = currentNode.getAttributes().item(indexAttr);
+                    addNodeValue(attrMapLocal, '-' + currentNodeAttr.getNodeName(),
+                            currentNodeAttr.getTextContent(), nodeMapper);
+                }
+                value = createMap(currentNode, nodeMapper, attrMapLocal);
+            } else {
+                value = currentNode.getTextContent();
+            }
+            if ("#text".equals(name) && value.toString().trim().isEmpty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            addNodeValue(map, name, value, nodeMapper);
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static void addNodeValue(final Map<String, Object> map, final String name, final Object value,
+            final Function<Object, Object> nodeMapper) {
+        if (map.containsKey(name)) {
+            final Object object = map.get(name);
+            if (object instanceof List) {
+                ((List<Object>) object).add(getValue(value));
+            } else {
+                final List<Object> objects = newArrayList();
+                objects.add(object);
+                objects.add(getValue(value));
+                map.put(name, objects);
+            }
+        } else {
+            map.put(name, nodeMapper.apply(getValue(value)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static Object fromXml(final String xml) {
+        if (xml == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        try {
+            final java.io.InputStream stream = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(xml.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+            final javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory factory =
+                javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            factory.setNamespaceAware(true);
+            final org.w3c.dom.Document document = factory.newDocumentBuilder().parse(stream);
+            final Object result = createMap(document, new Function<Object, Object>() {
+                public Object apply(Object object) {
+                    return object;
+                }
+            }, Collections.<String, Object>emptyMap());
+            if (((Map.Entry) ((Map) result).entrySet().iterator().next()).getKey().equals("root")
+                && (((Map.Entry) ((Map) result).entrySet().iterator().next()).getValue() instanceof List
+                || ((Map.Entry) ((Map) result).entrySet().iterator().next()).getValue() instanceof Map)) {
+                return ((Map.Entry) ((Map) result).entrySet().iterator().next()).getValue();
+            }
+            return result;
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Object fromXmlMakeArrays(final String xml) {
+        try {
+            final java.io.InputStream stream = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(xml.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+            final javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory factory =
+                javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            factory.setNamespaceAware(true);
+            final org.w3c.dom.Document document = factory.newDocumentBuilder().parse(stream);
+            return createMap(document, new Function<Object, Object>() {
+                public Object apply(Object object) {
+                    return object instanceof List ? object : newArrayList(Arrays.asList(object));
+                }
+            }, Collections.<String, Object>emptyMap());
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Object fromXml() {
+        return fromXml(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonJavaStringBuilder {
+        private final StringBuilder builder;
+        private int ident;
+
+        public JsonJavaStringBuilder() {
+            builder = new StringBuilder("\"");
+        }
+
+        public JsonJavaStringBuilder append(final char character) {
+            builder.append(character);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonJavaStringBuilder append(final String string) {
+            builder.append(string);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonJavaStringBuilder fillSpaces() {
+            for (int index = 0; index < ident; index += 1) {
+                builder.append(' ');
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonJavaStringBuilder incIdent() {
+            ident += 2;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonJavaStringBuilder decIdent() {
+            ident -= 2;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JsonJavaStringBuilder newLine() {
+            builder.append("\\n\"\n + \"");
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return builder.toString() + "\";";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonJavaArray {
+        public static void writeJson(Collection collection, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (collection == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Iterator iter = collection.iterator();
+
+            builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+            while (iter.hasNext()) {
+                Object value = iter.next();
+                if (value == null) {
+                    builder.fillSpaces().append(NULL);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                builder.fillSpaces();
+                JsonJavaValue.writeJson(value, builder);
+                if (iter.hasNext()) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine();
+                }
+            }
+            builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(byte[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(short[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(int[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(long[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(float[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(double[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(boolean[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append(String.valueOf(array[0]));
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append(String.valueOf(array[i]));
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(char[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').incIdent().newLine();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append('\"').append(String.valueOf(array[0])).append('\"');
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    builder.append('\"').append(String.valueOf(array[i])).append('\"');
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void writeJson(Object[] array, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (array == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (array.length == 0) {
+                builder.append("[]");
+            } else {
+                builder.append('[').newLine().incIdent().fillSpaces();
+                JsonJavaValue.writeJson(array[0], builder);
+
+                for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine().fillSpaces();
+                    JsonJavaValue.writeJson(array[i], builder);
+                }
+
+                builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append(']');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonJavaObject {
+        public static void writeJson(Map map, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (map == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
+
+            builder.append('{').newLine().incIdent();
+            while (iter.hasNext()) {
+                Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iter.next();
+                builder.fillSpaces().append("\\\"");
+                builder.append(escape(String.valueOf(entry.getKey())));
+                builder.append("\\\"");
+                builder.append(':').append(' ');
+                JsonJavaValue.writeJson(entry.getValue(), builder);
+                if (iter.hasNext()) {
+                    builder.append(',').newLine();
+                }
+            }
+            builder.newLine().decIdent().fillSpaces().append('}');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class JsonJavaValue {
+        public static void writeJson(Object value, JsonJavaStringBuilder builder) {
+            if (value == null) {
+                builder.append(NULL);
+            } else if (value instanceof String) {
+                builder.append("\\\"").append(escape((String) value)).append("\\\"");
+            } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+                if (((Double) value).isInfinite() || ((Double) value).isNaN()) {
+                    builder.append(NULL);
+                } else {
+                    builder.append(value.toString());
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+                if (((Float) value).isInfinite() || ((Float) value).isNaN()) {
+                    builder.append(NULL);
+                } else {
+                    builder.append(value.toString());
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof Number) {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+                JsonJavaObject.writeJson((Map) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof Collection) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((Collection) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof byte[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((byte[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof short[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((short[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof int[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((int[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof long[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((long[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof float[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((float[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof double[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((double[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof boolean[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((boolean[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof char[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((char[]) value, builder);
+            } else if (value instanceof Object[]) {
+                JsonJavaArray.writeJson((Object[]) value, builder);
+            } else {
+                builder.append(value.toString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static String escape(String s) {
+            if (s == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            escape(s, sb);
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+
+        private static void escape(String s, StringBuilder sb) {
+            final int len = s.length();
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                char ch = s.charAt(i);
+                switch (ch) {
+                case '"':
+                    sb.append("\\\"");
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    sb.append("\\\\");
+                    break;
+                case '\b':
+                    sb.append("\\b");
+                    break;
+                case '\f':
+                    sb.append("\\f");
+                    break;
+                case '\n':
+                    sb.append("\\n");
+                    break;
+                case '\r':
+                    sb.append("\\r");
+                    break;
+                case '\t':
+                    sb.append("\\t");
+                    break;
+                case '/':
+                    sb.append("\\/");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if (ch <= '\u001F' || ch >= '\u007F' && ch <= '\u009F'
+                        || ch >= '\u2000' && ch <= '\u20FF') {
+                        String ss = Integer.toHexString(ch);
+                        sb.append("\\u");
+                        for (int k = 0; k < 4 - ss.length(); k++) {
+                            sb.append('0');
+                        }
+                        sb.append(ss.toUpperCase());
+                    } else {
+                        sb.append(ch);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String toJsonJavaString(Collection collection) {
+        final JsonJavaStringBuilder builder = new JsonJavaStringBuilder();
+
+        JsonJavaArray.writeJson(collection, builder);
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    public String toJsonJavaString() {
+        return toJsonJavaString((Collection) getIterable());
+    }
+
+
+    public static String toJsonJavaString(Map map) {
+        final JsonJavaStringBuilder builder = new JsonJavaStringBuilder();
+
+        JsonJavaObject.writeJson(map, builder);
+        return builder.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static class FetchResponse {
+        private final boolean ok;
+        private final int status;
+        private final Map<String, List<String>> headerFields;
+        private final java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream stream;
+
+        public FetchResponse(final boolean ok, final int status, final Map<String, List<String>> headerFields,
+            final java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+            this.ok = ok;
+            this.status = status;
+            this.stream = stream;
+            this.headerFields = headerFields;
+        }
+
+        public boolean isOk() {
+            return ok;
+        }
+
+        public int getStatus() {
+            return status;
+        }
+
+        public Map<String, List<String>> getHeaderFields() {
+            return headerFields;
+        }
+
+        public byte[] blob() {
+            return stream.toByteArray();
+        }
+
+        public String text() {
+            try {
+                return stream.toString("UTF-8");
+            } catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException ex) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Object json() {
+            return U.fromJson(text());
+        }
+
+        public Object xml() {
+            return U.fromXml(text());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static FetchResponse fetch(final String url) {
+        return fetch(url, null, null, DEFAULT_HEADER_FIELDS, null, null);
+    }
+
+    public static FetchResponse fetch(final String url, final Integer connectTimeout, final Integer readTimeout) {
+        return fetch(url, null, null, DEFAULT_HEADER_FIELDS, connectTimeout, readTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public static FetchResponse fetch(final String url, final String method, final String body) {
+        return fetch(url, method, body, DEFAULT_HEADER_FIELDS, null, null);
+    }
+
+    private static class BaseHttpSSLSocketFactory extends javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory {
+        private javax.net.ssl.SSLContext getSSLContext() {
+            return createEasySSLContext();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.net.Socket createSocket(java.net.InetAddress arg0, int arg1, java.net.InetAddress arg2,
+                        int arg3) throws java.io.IOException {
+                return getSSLContext().getSocketFactory().createSocket(arg0, arg1,
+                                arg2, arg3);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.net.Socket createSocket(String arg0, int arg1, java.net.InetAddress arg2, int arg3)
+                throws java.io.IOException {
+            return getSSLContext().getSocketFactory().createSocket(arg0, arg1,
+                    arg2, arg3);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.net.Socket createSocket(java.net.InetAddress arg0, int arg1) throws java.io.IOException {
+            return getSSLContext().getSocketFactory().createSocket(arg0, arg1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.net.Socket createSocket(String arg0, int arg1) throws java.io.IOException {
+            return getSSLContext().getSocketFactory().createSocket(arg0, arg1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String[] getSupportedCipherSuites() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String[] getDefaultCipherSuites() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public java.net.Socket createSocket(java.net.Socket arg0, String arg1, int arg2, boolean arg3)
+                throws java.io.IOException {
+            return getSSLContext().getSocketFactory().createSocket(arg0, arg1,
+                    arg2, arg3);
+        }
+
+        private javax.net.ssl.SSLContext createEasySSLContext() {
+            try {
+                javax.net.ssl.SSLContext context = javax.net.ssl.SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
+                context.init(null, new javax.net.ssl.TrustManager[] { MyX509TrustManager.manger }, null);
+                return context;
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static class MyX509TrustManager implements javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager {
+
+            static MyX509TrustManager manger = new MyX509TrustManager();
+
+            public MyX509TrustManager() {
+            }
+
+            public java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            public void checkClientTrusted(java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
+            }
+
+            public void checkServerTrusted(java.security.cert.X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class NoHostnameVerifier implements javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier {
+        public boolean verify(String hostname, javax.net.ssl.SSLSession session) {
+              return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void setupConnection(final java.net.HttpURLConnection connection, final String method,
+        final Map<String, List<String>> headerFields, final Integer connectTimeout, final Integer readTimeout)
+        throws java.io.IOException {
+        final String localMethod;
+        if (SUPPORTED_HTTP_METHODS.contains(method)) {
+            localMethod = method;
+        } else {
+            localMethod = "GET";
+        }
+        connection.setRequestMethod(localMethod);
+        if (connectTimeout != null) {
+            connection.setConnectTimeout(connectTimeout);
+        }
+        if (readTimeout != null) {
+            connection.setReadTimeout(readTimeout);
+        }
+        if (connection instanceof javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection) {
+            ((javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection) connection).setSSLSocketFactory(new BaseHttpSSLSocketFactory());
+            ((javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection) connection).setHostnameVerifier(new NoHostnameVerifier());
+        }
+        if (headerFields != null) {
+            for (final Map.Entry<String, List<String>> header : headerFields.entrySet()) {
+                connection.setRequestProperty(header.getKey(), join(header.getValue(), ";"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static FetchResponse fetch(final String url, final String method, final String body,
+        final Map<String, List<String>> headerFields, final Integer connectTimeout, final Integer readTimeout) {
+        try {
+            final java.net.URL localUrl = new java.net.URL(url);
+            final java.net.HttpURLConnection connection = (java.net.HttpURLConnection) localUrl.openConnection();
+            setupConnection(connection, method, headerFields, connectTimeout, readTimeout);
+            if (body != null) {
+                connection.setDoOutput(true);
+                final java.io.DataOutputStream outputStream =
+                    new java.io.DataOutputStream(connection.getOutputStream());
+                outputStream.writeBytes(body);
+                outputStream.close();
+            }
+            final int responseCode = connection.getResponseCode();
+            final java.io.InputStream inputStream;
+            if (responseCode < RESPONSE_CODE_400) {
+                inputStream = connection.getInputStream();
+            } else {
+                inputStream = connection.getErrorStream();
+            }
+            final java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream result = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            final byte[] buffer = new byte[BUFFER_LENGTH_1024];
+            int length;
+            while ((length = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+                result.write(buffer, 0, length);
+            }
+            inputStream.close();
+            return new FetchResponse(responseCode < RESPONSE_CODE_400, responseCode, connection.getHeaderFields(),
+                result);
+        } catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String camelCase() {
+        return camelCase(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String lowerFirst() {
+        return lowerFirst(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String upperFirst() {
+        return upperFirst(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String capitalize() {
+        return capitalize(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String deburr() {
+        return deburr(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public boolean endsWith(final String target) {
+        return endsWith(getString().get(), target);
+    }
+
+    public boolean endsWith(final String target, final Integer position) {
+        return endsWith(getString().get(), target, position);
+    }
+
+    public String kebabCase() {
+        return kebabCase(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String repeat(final int length) {
+        return repeat(getString().get(), length);
+    }
+
+    public String pad(final int length) {
+        return pad(getString().get(), length);
+    }
+
+    public String pad(final int length, final String chars) {
+        return pad(getString().get(), length, chars);
+    }
+
+    public String padStart(final int length) {
+        return padStart(getString().get(), length);
+    }
+
+    public String padStart(final int length, final String chars) {
+        return padStart(getString().get(), length, chars);
+    }
+
+    public String padEnd(final int length) {
+        return padEnd(getString().get(), length);
+    }
+
+    public String padEnd(final int length, final String chars) {
+        return padEnd(getString().get(), length, chars);
+    }
+
+    public String snakeCase() {
+        return snakeCase(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String startCase() {
+        return startCase(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public boolean startsWith(final String target) {
+        return startsWith(getString().get(), target);
+    }
+
+    public boolean startsWith(final String target, final Integer position) {
+        return startsWith(getString().get(), target, position);
+    }
+
+    public String trim() {
+        return trim(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String trimWith(final String chars) {
+        return trim(getString().get(), chars);
+    }
+
+    public String trimStart() {
+        return trimStart(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String trimStartWith(final String chars) {
+        return trimStart(getString().get(), chars);
+    }
+
+    public String trimEnd() {
+        return trimEnd(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String trimEndWith(final String chars) {
+        return trimEnd(getString().get(), chars);
+    }
+
+    public String trunc() {
+        return trunc(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public String trunc(final int length) {
+        return trunc(getString().get(), length);
+    }
+
+    public String uncapitalize() {
+        return uncapitalize(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public List<String> words() {
+        return words(getString().get());
+    }
+
+    public static class LRUCache<K, V> {
+        private static final boolean SORT_BY_ACCESS = true;
+        private static final float LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75F;
+        private final Map<K, V> lruCacheMap;
+        private final int capacity;
+
+        public LRUCache(int capacity) {
+            this.capacity = capacity;
+            this.lruCacheMap = new LinkedHashMap<K, V>(capacity, LOAD_FACTOR, SORT_BY_ACCESS);
+        }
+
+        public V get(K key) {
+            return lruCacheMap.get(key);
+        }
+
+        public void put(K key, V value) {
+            if (lruCacheMap.containsKey(key)) {
+                lruCacheMap.remove(key);
+            } else if (lruCacheMap.size() >= capacity) {
+                lruCacheMap.remove(lruCacheMap.keySet().iterator().next());
+            }
+            lruCacheMap.put(key, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <K, V> LRUCache<K, V> createLRUCache(final int capacity) {
+        return new LRUCache<K, V>(capacity);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<List<T>> createPermutationWithRepetition(final List<T> list, final int permutationLength) {
+        final long resultSize = (long) Math.pow(list.size(), permutationLength);
+        final List<List<T>> result = new ArrayList<List<T>>((int) resultSize);
+        final int[] bitVector = new int[permutationLength];
+        for (int index = 0; index < resultSize; index += 1) {
+            List<T> result2 = new ArrayList<T>(permutationLength);
+            for (int index2 = 0; index2 < permutationLength; index2 += 1) {
+                result2.add(list.get(bitVector[index2]));
+            }
+            int index3 = 0;
+            while (index3 < permutationLength && bitVector[index3] == list.size() - 1) {
+                bitVector[index3] = 0;
+                index3 += 1;
+            }
+            if (index3 < permutationLength) {
+                bitVector[index3] += 1;
+            }
+            result.add(result2);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public List<List<T>> createPermutationWithRepetition(final int permutationLength) {
+        return createPermutationWithRepetition((List<T>) value(), permutationLength);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static String jsonToXml(String json) {
+        Object result = fromJson(json);
+        if (result instanceof Map) {
+            return toXml((Map) result);
+        }
+        return toXml((List) result);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static String xmlToJson(String xml) {
+        Object result = fromXml(xml);
+        if (result instanceof Map) {
+            return toJson((Map) result);
+        }
+        return toJson((List) result);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 999 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1005.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+double U.mean(Iterable)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.underscore.lodash.U.mean(java.lang.Iterable):double.97fd3489ae62d889bfb7a838a41391cb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/underscore/lodash/U.java
+
+### Key:
+U.java|mean|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d093e46438a41c6ac69cd97675261345
+
+### Hash:
+292d707819d05f4de81836bd462dc8a5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4177/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4177/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9037ede067c2dc9a75f6cab0d653938991d6e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4177/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Chronicle-Bytes
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015  higherfrequencytrading.com
+ *
+ *     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License.
+ *
+ *     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.chronicle.bytes;
+
+import net.openhft.chronicle.core.OS;
+import net.openhft.chronicle.core.ReferenceCounted;
+import net.openhft.chronicle.core.ReferenceCounter;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.FileLock;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+/**
+ * A memory mapped files which can be randomly accessed in chunks.
+ * It has overlapping regions to avoid wasting bytes at the end of chunks.
+ */
+public class MappedFile implements ReferenceCounted {
+
+    public static final long DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 1L << 40;
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MappedFile.class);
+    @NotNull
+    private final RandomAccessFile raf;
+    private final FileChannel fileChannel;
+    private final long chunkSize;
+    private final long overlapSize;
+    private final List<WeakReference<MappedBytesStore>> stores = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final ReferenceCounter refCount = ReferenceCounter.onReleased(this::performRelease);
+    private final AtomicBoolean closed = new AtomicBoolean();
+    private final long capacity;
+    @NotNull
+    private final File file;
+
+    protected MappedFile(@NotNull File file, @NotNull RandomAccessFile raf, long chunkSize, long overlapSize, long capacity) {
+        this.file = file;
+        this.raf = raf;
+        this.fileChannel = raf.getChannel();
+        this.chunkSize = OS.mapAlign(chunkSize);
+        this.overlapSize = OS.mapAlign(overlapSize);
+        this.capacity = capacity;
+    }
+
+    public static MappedFile of(@NotNull File file, long chunkSize, long overlapSize) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw");
+        return new MappedFile(file, raf, chunkSize, overlapSize, DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public static MappedFile mappedFile(@NotNull File file, long chunkSize) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        return mappedFile(file, chunkSize, OS.pageSize());
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public static MappedFile mappedFile(@NotNull String filename, long chunkSize) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        return mappedFile(filename, chunkSize, OS.pageSize());
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public static MappedFile mappedFile(@NotNull String filename, long chunkSize, long overlapSize) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        return mappedFile(new File(filename), chunkSize, overlapSize);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public static MappedFile mappedFile(@NotNull File file, long chunkSize, long overlapSize) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        return MappedFile.of(file, chunkSize, overlapSize);
+    }
+
+    public MappedFile withSizes(long chunkSize, long overlapSize) {
+        chunkSize = OS.mapAlign(chunkSize);
+        overlapSize = OS.mapAlign(overlapSize);
+        if (chunkSize == this.chunkSize && overlapSize == this.overlapSize)
+            return this;
+        try {
+            return new MappedFile(file, raf, chunkSize, overlapSize, capacity);
+        } finally {
+            release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public File file() {
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public MappedBytesStore acquireByteStore(long position) throws IOException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException {
+        return acquireByteStore(position, (owner, start, address, capacity1, safeCapacity) -> new
+                MappedBytesStore(owner, start, address, capacity1, safeCapacity, this));
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public <T extends MappedBytesStore> T acquireByteStore(long position, MappedBytesStoreFactory<T> mappedBytesStoreFactory) throws IOException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException {
+        if (closed.get())
+            throw new IOException("Closed");
+        int chunk = (int) (position / chunkSize);
+        synchronized (stores) {
+            while (stores.size() <= chunk) {
+                stores.add(null);
+            }
+            WeakReference<MappedBytesStore> mbsRef = stores.get(chunk);
+            if (mbsRef != null) {
+                T mbs = (T) mbsRef.get();
+                if (mbs != null && mbs.tryReserve()) {
+                    return mbs;
+                }
+            }
+            long minSize = (chunk + 1L) * chunkSize + overlapSize;
+            long size = fileChannel.size();
+            if (size < minSize) {
+                // handle a possible race condition between processes.
+                try (FileLock lock = fileChannel.lock()) {
+                    size = fileChannel.size();
+                    if (size < minSize) {
+                        raf.setLength(minSize);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            long start = System.nanoTime();
+            long mappedSize = chunkSize + overlapSize;
+            long address = OS.map(fileChannel, FileChannel.MapMode.READ_WRITE, chunk * chunkSize, mappedSize);
+            T mbs2 = mappedBytesStoreFactory.create(this, chunk * chunkSize, address, mappedSize, chunkSize);
+            stores.set(chunk, new WeakReference<>(mbs2));
+            mbs2.reserve();
+            LOG.warn(String.format("Took %,d us to acquire chunk %,d",
+                    (System.nanoTime() - start) / 1000,
+                    chunk));
+//            new Throwable("chunk "+chunk).printStackTrace();
+            return mbs2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method so you don't need to release the BytesStore
+     */
+    public Bytes acquireBytesForRead(long position)
+            throws IOException, IllegalStateException, IllegalArgumentException {
+        MappedBytesStore mbs = acquireByteStore(position);
+        Bytes bytes = mbs.bytesForRead();
+        bytes.readPosition(position);
+        mbs.release();
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    public void acquireBytesForRead(long position, @NotNull VanillaBytes bytes)
+            throws IOException, IllegalStateException, IllegalArgumentException {
+        MappedBytesStore mbs = acquireByteStore(position);
+        bytes.bytesStore(mbs, position, mbs.capacity() - position);
+    }
+
+    public Bytes acquireBytesForWrite(long position)
+            throws IOException, IllegalStateException, IllegalArgumentException {
+        MappedBytesStore mbs = acquireByteStore(position);
+        MappedBytes bytes = mbs.bytesForWrite();
+        bytes.writePosition(position);
+        mbs.release();
+        return bytes;
+    }
+
+    public void acquireBytesForWrite(long position, @NotNull VanillaBytes bytes)
+            throws IOException, IllegalStateException, IllegalArgumentException {
+        MappedBytesStore mbs = acquireByteStore(position);
+        bytes.bytesStore(mbs, position, mbs.capacity() - position);
+        bytes.writePosition(position);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reserve() throws IllegalStateException {
+        refCount.reserve();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void release() throws IllegalStateException {
+        refCount.release();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long refCount() {
+        return refCount.get();
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        if (!closed.compareAndSet(false, true))
+            return;
+        try {
+            synchronized (stores) {
+                ReferenceCounted.releaseAll((List) stores);
+            }
+            release();
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            LOG.error("", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void performRelease() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < stores.size(); i++) {
+            WeakReference<MappedBytesStore> storeRef = stores.get(i);
+            if (storeRef == null)
+                continue;
+            MappedBytesStore mbs = storeRef.get();
+            if (mbs != null) {
+                long count = mbs.refCount();
+                if (count > 0) {
+                    try {
+                        mbs.release();
+                    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+                        LOG.error("", e);
+                    }
+                    if (count > 1)
+                        continue;
+                }
+            }
+            stores.set(i, null);
+        }
+        try {
+            fileChannel.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public String referenceCounts() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append("refCount: ").append(refCount());
+        for (WeakReference<MappedBytesStore> store : stores) {
+            long count = 0;
+            if (store != null) {
+                MappedBytesStore mbs = store.get();
+                if (mbs != null)
+                    count = mbs.refCount();
+            }
+            sb.append(", ").append(count);
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public long capacity() {
+        return capacity;
+    }
+
+    public long chunkSize() {
+        return chunkSize;
+    }
+
+    public long overlapSize() {
+        return overlapSize;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedBytes` acquired to `bytes` by call to `bytesForWrite()` at line 176 is not released after line 179.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 177
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Bytes MappedFile.acquireBytesForWrite(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedFile.acquireBytesForWrite(long):net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.Bytes.173dd7ece0afe94de15f140bbfc685d0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/openhft/chronicle/bytes/MappedFile.java
+
+### Key:
+MappedFile.java|acquireBytesForWrite|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+ed61108bf0de2a002452a0a916a44692
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4179/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4179/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..488010e572a4a895d4293d65aac41f2bd54d0d5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4179/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Chronicle-Bytes
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 higherfrequencytrading.com
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.ref;
+
+import net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.BytesStore;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.nio.BufferOverflowException;
+import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;
+
+public class BinaryLongReference extends AbstractReference implements LongReference {
+    public static final long LONG_NOT_COMPLETE = -1;
+    @Nullable
+    private static Set<WeakReference<BinaryLongReference>> binaryLongReferences;
+
+    /**
+     * only used for testing
+     */
+    public static void startCollecting() {
+        binaryLongReferences = new CopyOnWriteArraySet<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * only used for testing
+     */
+    public static void forceAllToNotCompleteState() {
+        binaryLongReferences.forEach(x -> {
+            @Nullable BinaryLongReference binaryLongReference = x.get();
+            if (binaryLongReference != null) {
+                binaryLongReference.setValue(LONG_NOT_COMPLETE);
+            }
+        });
+        binaryLongReferences = null;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+    @Override
+    public void bytesStore(@NotNull final BytesStore bytes, final long offset, final long length) throws IllegalStateException, IllegalArgumentException, BufferOverflowException, BufferUnderflowException {
+        if (length != maxSize())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+
+        super.bytesStore(bytes, offset, length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long maxSize() {
+        return 8;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public String toString() {
+        return bytes == null ? "bytes is null" : "value: " + getValue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getValue() {
+        return bytes == null ? 0L : bytes.readLong(offset);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setValue(long value) {
+        bytes.writeLong(offset, value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getVolatileValue() {
+        return bytes.readVolatileLong(offset);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setOrderedValue(long value) {
+        bytes.writeOrderedLong(offset, value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long addValue(long delta) {
+        return bytes.addAndGetLong(offset, delta);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long addAtomicValue(long delta) {
+        return addValue(delta);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean compareAndSwapValue(long expected, long value) {
+        if (value == LONG_NOT_COMPLETE && binaryLongReferences != null)
+            binaryLongReferences.add(new WeakReference<>(this));
+        return bytes.compareAndSwapLong(offset, expected, value);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `AbstractReference.bytes` last accessed on line 106  at line 106.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean BinaryLongReference.compareAndSwapValue(long,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.ref.BinaryLongReference.compareAndSwapValue(long,long):boolean.347bcc7ce46b1c97edd916349fd7a518
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/openhft/chronicle/bytes/ref/BinaryLongReference.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryLongReference.java|compareAndSwapValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bfb83f70d05c0617dc9f0aed69919a8c
+
+### Hash:
+1ad342ece6c401d4dbcab3ba10bdbbc1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4184/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4184/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33f9dea62f76448b10bce4dec10a08c9c6d617f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4184/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Chronicle-Bytes
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015  higherfrequencytrading.com
+ *
+ *     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License.
+ *
+ *     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.chronicle.bytes;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BytesTest {
+/*
+    public static void testSliceOfBytes(Bytes bytes) {
+        // move the position by 1
+        bytes.readByte();
+        // and reduce the limit
+        long limit1 = bytes.readLimit() - 1;
+        bytes.limit(limit1);
+
+        Bytes bytes1 = bytes.bytes();
+        assertFalse(bytes1.isElastic());
+        assertEquals(1, bytes1.start());
+        assertEquals(limit1, bytes1.capacity());
+        assertEquals(bytes1.limit(), bytes1.capacity());
+        assertEquals(1, bytes1.position());
+
+        // move the position by 8 more
+        bytes1.readLong();
+        // reduce the limit by 8
+        long limit9 = bytes1.limit() - 8;
+        bytes1.limit(limit9);
+
+        Bytes bytes9 = bytes1.bytes();
+        assertEquals(1 + 8, bytes9.start());
+        assertEquals(limit9, bytes9.capacity());
+        assertEquals(bytes9.limit(), bytes9.capacity());
+        assertEquals(9, bytes9.position());
+
+        long num = 0x0123456789ABCDEFL;
+        bytes.writeLong(9, num);
+
+        long num1 = bytes1.readLong(bytes1.start() + 8);
+        assertEquals(Long.toHexString(num1), num, num1);
+        long num9 = bytes9.readLong(bytes9.start());
+        assertEquals(Long.toHexString(num9), num, num9);
+    }
+
+    public static void testSliceOfZeroedBytes(Bytes bytes) {
+        // move the position by 1
+        bytes.readByte();
+        // and reduce the limit
+        bytes.limit(bytes.limit() - 1);
+
+        Bytes bytes1 = bytes.bytes();
+        assertFalse(bytes1.isElastic());
+
+        assertEquals(1, bytes1.start());
+        // capacity is notional in this case.
+//        assertEquals(bytes.capacity() - 1, bytes1.capacity());
+        assertEquals(bytes1.limit(), bytes1.capacity());
+        assertEquals(1, bytes1.position());
+
+        // move the position by 8 more
+        bytes1.readLong();
+        // reduce the limit by 8
+        bytes1.limit(bytes1.limit() - 8);
+
+        Bytes bytes9 = bytes1.bytes();
+        assertEquals(1 + 8, bytes9.start());
+//        assertEquals(bytes1.capacity() - 8 - 8, bytes9.capacity());
+        assertEquals(bytes9.limit(), bytes9.capacity());
+        assertEquals(9, bytes9.position());
+
+        long num = 0x0123456789ABCDEFL;
+        bytes.writeLong(9, num);
+
+        long num1 = bytes1.readLong(bytes1.start() + 8);
+        assertEquals(Long.toHexString(num1), num, num1);
+        long num9 = bytes9.readLong(bytes9.start());
+        assertEquals(Long.toHexString(num9), num, num9);
+    }
+*/
+
+    @Test
+    public void testName() {
+        NativeBytesStore<Void> nativeStore = NativeBytesStore.nativeStoreWithFixedCapacity(30);
+        Bytes<Void> bytes = nativeStore.bytesForWrite();
+
+        long expected = 12345L;
+        int offset = 5;
+
+        bytes.writeLong(offset, expected);
+        bytes.writePosition(offset + 8);
+        assertEquals(expected, bytes.readLong(offset));
+    }
+/*
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSliceOfBytes() {
+        testSliceOfBytes(Bytes.wrap(new byte[1024]));
+        testSliceOfBytes(Bytes.wrap(ByteBuffer.allocate(1024)));
+        testSliceOfBytes(Bytes.wrap(ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(1024)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSliceOfZeroedBytes() {
+        testSliceOfZeroedBytes(NativeBytes.vanillaBytes(1024));
+    }
+*/
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCopy() {
+        Bytes<ByteBuffer> bbb = Bytes.wrapForWrite(ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(1024));
+        for (int i = 'a'; i <= 'z'; i++)
+            bbb.writeUnsignedByte(i);
+        bbb.readPosition(4);
+        bbb.readLimit(16);
+        BytesStore<Bytes<ByteBuffer>, ByteBuffer> copy = bbb.copy();
+        bbb.writeUnsignedByte(10, '0');
+        assertEquals("[pos: 0, rlim: 12, wlim: 12, cap: 12 ] efghijklmnop", copy.toDebugString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void toHexString() {
+        Bytes bytes = NativeBytes.nativeBytes(1020);
+        bytes.append("Hello World");
+        assertEquals("00000000 48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 57 6F  72 6C 64                Hello Wo rld     \n", bytes.toHexString());
+        bytes.readLimit(bytes.realCapacity());
+        assertEquals("00000000 48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 57 6F  72 6C 64 00 00 00 00 00 Hello Wo rld·····\n" +
+                "00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ········ ········\n" +
+                "........\n" +
+                "000003f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00             ········ ····    \n", bytes.toHexString());
+
+        assertEquals("00000000 48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 57 6F  72 6C 64 00 00 00 00 00 Hello Wo rld·····\n" +
+                "00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ········ ········\n" +
+                "........\n" +
+                "000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ········ ········\n" +
+                ".... truncated", bytes.toHexString(256));
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.NativeBytesStore` acquired by call to `nativeStoreWithFixedCapacity(...)` at line 100 is not released after line 108.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BytesTest.testName()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.BytesTest.testName():void.d59fa671770d754680dbd9ac9248ed75
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/openhft/chronicle/bytes/BytesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BytesTest.java|testName|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+ed7e9e1010bbc3abe7c68a87eaf0f31f
+
+### Hash:
+a7d516f7df2d1b188b9e2032d63b3644
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4197/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4197/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbda08a7fbc9baa653d836cc37ec0b62cc86377a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4197/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 104
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.io;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.MalformedChunkCodingException;
+import org.apache.http.impl.SessionInputBufferMock;
+import org.apache.http.impl.SessionOutputBufferMock;
+import org.apache.http.io.SessionInputBuffer;
+import org.apache.http.util.EncodingUtils;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestChunkCoding {
+
+    private static final String CONTENT_CHARSET = "ISO-8859-1";
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            new ChunkedInputStream((SessionInputBuffer)null);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        new MalformedChunkCodingException();
+        new MalformedChunkCodingException("");
+    }
+
+    private final static String CHUNKED_INPUT
+        = "10;key=\"value\"\r\n1234567890123456\r\n5\r\n12345\r\n0\r\nFooter1: abcde\r\nFooter2: fghij\r\n";
+
+    private final static String CHUNKED_RESULT
+        = "123456789012345612345";
+
+    // Test for when buffer is larger than chunk size
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamLargeBuffer() throws IOException {
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(CHUNKED_INPUT, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+
+        in.close();
+
+        final String result = EncodingUtils.getString(out.toByteArray(), CONTENT_CHARSET);
+        Assert.assertEquals(result, CHUNKED_RESULT);
+
+        final Header[] footers = in.getFooters();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(footers);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, footers.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer1", footers[0].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("abcde", footers[0].getValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer2", footers[1].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("fghij", footers[1].getValue());
+    }
+
+    //Test for when buffer is smaller than chunk size.
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamSmallBuffer() throws IOException {
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                            EncodingUtils.getBytes(CHUNKED_INPUT, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[7];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+
+        in.close();
+
+        EncodingUtils.getString(out.toByteArray(), CONTENT_CHARSET);
+        final Header[] footers = in.getFooters();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(footers);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, footers.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer1", footers[0].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("abcde", footers[0].getValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer2", footers[1].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("fghij", footers[1].getValue());
+    }
+
+    // One byte read
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamOneByteRead() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        int ch;
+        int i = '0';
+        while ((ch = in.read()) != -1) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(i, ch);
+            i++;
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read());
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read());
+
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n12345\r\n0\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, in.available());
+        in.read();
+        Assert.assertEquals(4, in.available());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamClose() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        in.close();
+        in.close();
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[10];
+        try {
+            in.read(tmp);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            in.read(tmp, 0, tmp.length);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStreamClose() throws IOException {
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(
+                2048, new SessionOutputBufferMock());
+        out.close();
+        out.close();
+        try {
+            out.write(new byte[] {1,2,3});
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            out.write(1);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Missing closing chunk
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamNoClosingChunk() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[5];
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, in.read(tmp));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read());
+    }
+
+    // Missing \r\n at the end of the first chunk
+    @Test
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamMissingCRLF() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n012345\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        try {
+            while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+                out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+            }
+            Assert.fail("MalformedChunkCodingException should have been thrown");
+        } catch(final MalformedChunkCodingException e) {
+            /* expected exception */
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Missing LF
+    @Test
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamMissingLF() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("MalformedChunkCodingException should have been thrown");
+        } catch(final MalformedChunkCodingException e) {
+            /* expected exception */
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Invalid chunk size
+    @Test
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamInvalidSize() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "whatever\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("MalformedChunkCodingException should have been thrown");
+        } catch(final MalformedChunkCodingException e) {
+            /* expected exception */
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Negative chunk size
+    @Test
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamNegativeSize() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "-5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("MalformedChunkCodingException should have been thrown");
+        } catch(final MalformedChunkCodingException e) {
+            /* expected exception */
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Truncated chunk
+    @Test
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamTruncatedChunk() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "3\r\n12";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, in.read(buffer));
+        try {
+            in.read(buffer);
+            Assert.fail("MalformedChunkCodingException should have been thrown");
+        } catch(final MalformedChunkCodingException e) {
+            /* expected exception */
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Invalid footer
+    @Test
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamInvalidFooter() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "1\r\n0\r\n0\r\nstuff\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(s, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("MalformedChunkCodingException should have been thrown");
+        } catch(final MalformedChunkCodingException e) {
+            /* expected exception */
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyChunkedInputStream() throws IOException {
+        final String input = "0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        EncodingUtils.getBytes(input, CONTENT_CHARSET)));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, out.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedConsistence() throws IOException {
+        final String input = "76126;27823abcd;:q38a-\nkjc\rk%1ad\tkh/asdui\r\njkh+?\\suweb";
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final OutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2048, new SessionOutputBufferMock(buffer));
+        out.write(EncodingUtils.getBytes(input, CONTENT_CHARSET));
+        out.flush();
+        out.close();
+        out.close();
+        buffer.close();
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                        buffer.toByteArray()));
+
+        final byte[] d = new byte[10];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream result = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len = 0;
+        while ((len = in.read(d)) > 0) {
+            result.write(d, 0, len);
+        }
+
+        final String output = EncodingUtils.getString(result.toByteArray(), CONTENT_CHARSET);
+        Assert.assertEquals(input, output);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStream() throws IOException {
+        final SessionOutputBufferMock buffer = new SessionOutputBufferMock();
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2, buffer);
+        out.write('1');
+        out.write('2');
+        out.write('3');
+        out.write('4');
+        out.finish();
+        out.close();
+
+        final byte [] rawdata =  buffer.getData();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(19, rawdata.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[0]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[1]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[2]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[3]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[4]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[5]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[6]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[7]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[8]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[9]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('3', rawdata[10]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('4', rawdata[11]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[12]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[13]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('0', rawdata[14]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[15]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[16]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[17]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[18]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStreamLargeChunk() throws IOException {
+        final SessionOutputBufferMock buffer = new SessionOutputBufferMock();
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2, buffer);
+        out.write(new byte[] {'1', '2', '3', '4'});
+        out.finish();
+        out.close();
+
+        final byte [] rawdata =  buffer.getData();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(14, rawdata.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals('4', rawdata[0]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[1]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[2]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[3]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[4]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('3', rawdata[5]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('4', rawdata[6]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[7]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[8]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('0', rawdata[9]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[10]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[11]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[12]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[13]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStreamSmallChunk() throws IOException {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2, new SessionOutputBufferMock(buffer));
+        out.write('1');
+        out.finish();
+        out.close();
+
+        final byte [] rawdata =  buffer.toByteArray();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(11, rawdata.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[0]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[1]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[2]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[3]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[4]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[5]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('0', rawdata[6]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[7]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[8]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[9]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[10]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResumeOnSocketTimeoutInData() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n5\0006789\r\na\r\n0123\000456789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final SessionInputBuffer sessbuf = new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                new TimeoutByteArrayInputStream(s.getBytes("ISO-8859-1")), 16);
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(sessbuf);
+
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[3];
+
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        int timeouts = 0;
+
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i != -1) {
+            try {
+                i = in.read(tmp);
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    bytesRead += i;
+                }
+            } catch (final InterruptedIOException ex) {
+                timeouts++;
+            }
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(20, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, timeouts);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResumeOnSocketTimeoutInChunk() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\000\r\000\n\00001234\r\n\0005\r\n56789\r\na\r\n0123456789\r\n\0000\r\n";
+        final SessionInputBuffer sessbuf = new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                new TimeoutByteArrayInputStream(s.getBytes("ISO-8859-1")), 16);
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(sessbuf);
+
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[3];
+
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        int timeouts = 0;
+
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i != -1) {
+            try {
+                i = in.read(tmp);
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    bytesRead += i;
+                }
+            } catch (final InterruptedIOException ex) {
+                timeouts++;
+            }
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(20, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, timeouts);
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.impl.io.ChunkedInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 340 is not released after line 349.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestChunkCoding.testChunkedConsistence()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.io.TestChunkCoding.testChunkedConsistence():void.f71c48e723aef18401c412014e062b39
+
+### File:
+httpcore/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/io/TestChunkCoding.java
+
+### Key:
+TestChunkCoding.java|testChunkedConsistence|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+eb8dc6a9d15b5d9ef43c733543a2ca6c
+
+### Hash:
+8e11bc6ff23bceba4f16d38349b4f099
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4199/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4199/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1093ee9e2ab64c6d8ddc59886fabbda8450b7618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4199/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 68
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
+import java.nio.channels.CancelledKeyException;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedSelectorException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOReactor;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOReactorException;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOReactorStatus;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOSession;
+
+/**
+ * Generic implementation of {@link IOReactor} that can used as a subclass
+ * for more specialized I/O reactors. It is based on a single {@link Selector}
+ * instance.
+ *
+ * @since 4.0
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractIOReactor implements IOReactor {
+
+    private volatile IOReactorStatus status;
+
+    private final Object statusMutex;
+    private final long selectTimeout;
+    private final boolean interestOpsQueueing;
+    private final Selector selector;
+    private final Set<IOSession> sessions;
+    private final Queue<InterestOpEntry> interestOpsQueue;
+    private final Queue<IOSession> closedSessions;
+    private final Queue<ChannelEntry> newChannels;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates new AbstractIOReactor instance.
+     *
+     * @param selectTimeout the select timeout.
+     * @throws IOReactorException in case if a non-recoverable I/O error.
+     */
+    public AbstractIOReactor(long selectTimeout) throws IOReactorException {
+        this(selectTimeout, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates new AbstractIOReactor instance.
+     *
+     * @param selectTimeout the select timeout.
+     * @param interestOpsQueueing Ops queueing flag.
+     *
+     * @throws IOReactorException in case if a non-recoverable I/O error.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1
+     */
+    public AbstractIOReactor(long selectTimeout, boolean interestOpsQueueing) throws IOReactorException {
+        super();
+        if (selectTimeout <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Select timeout may not be negative or zero");
+        }
+        this.selectTimeout = selectTimeout;
+        this.interestOpsQueueing = interestOpsQueueing;
+        this.sessions = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<IOSession>());
+        this.interestOpsQueue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<InterestOpEntry>();
+        this.closedSessions = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<IOSession>();
+        this.newChannels = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<ChannelEntry>();
+        try {
+            this.selector = Selector.open();
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new IOReactorException("Failure opening selector", ex);
+        }
+        this.statusMutex = new Object();
+        this.status = IOReactorStatus.INACTIVE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered when the key signals {@link SelectionKey#OP_ACCEPT} readiness.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key.
+     */
+    protected abstract void acceptable(SelectionKey key);
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered when the key signals {@link SelectionKey#OP_CONNECT} readiness.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key.
+     */
+    protected abstract void connectable(SelectionKey key);
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered when the key signals {@link SelectionKey#OP_READ} readiness.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key.
+     */
+    protected abstract void readable(SelectionKey key);
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered when the key signals {@link SelectionKey#OP_WRITE} readiness.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key.
+     */
+    protected abstract void writable(SelectionKey key);
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered to validate keys currently registered with the selector. This
+     * method is called after each I/O select loop.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to run validity checks on
+     * active sessions and include additional processing that needs to be
+     * executed after each I/O select loop.
+     *
+     * @param keys all selection keys registered with the selector.
+     */
+    protected abstract void validate(Set<SelectionKey> keys);
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered when new session has been created.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key.
+     * @param session new I/O session.
+     */
+    protected void sessionCreated(final SelectionKey key, final IOSession session) {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered when a session has been closed.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param session closed I/O session.
+     */
+    protected void sessionClosed(final IOSession session) {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered when a session has timed out.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param session timed out I/O session.
+     */
+    protected void sessionTimedOut(final IOSession session) {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Obtains {@link IOSession} instance associated with the given selection
+     * key.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key.
+     * @return I/O session.
+     */
+    protected IOSession getSession(final SelectionKey key) {
+        Object attachment = key.attachment();
+        if (attachment instanceof SessionHandle) {
+            SessionHandle handle = (SessionHandle) attachment;
+            return handle.getSession();
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public IOReactorStatus getStatus() {
+        return this.status;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <code>true</code> if interest Ops queueing is enabled, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     *
+     * @since 4.1
+     */
+    public boolean getInterestOpsQueueing() {
+        return this.interestOpsQueueing;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds new channel entry. The channel will be asynchronously registered
+     * with the selector.
+     *
+     * @param channelEntry the channel entry.
+     */
+    public void addChannel(final ChannelEntry channelEntry) {
+        if (channelEntry == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Channel entry may not be null");
+        }
+        this.newChannels.add(channelEntry);
+        this.selector.wakeup();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Activates the I/O reactor. The I/O reactor will start reacting to
+     * I/O events and triggering notification methods.
+     * <p>
+     * This method will enter the infinite I/O select loop on
+     * the {@link Selector} instance associated with this I/O reactor.
+     * <p>
+     * The method will remain blocked unto the I/O reactor is shut down or the
+     * execution thread is interrupted.
+     *
+     * @see #acceptable(SelectionKey)
+     * @see #connectable(SelectionKey)
+     * @see #readable(SelectionKey)
+     * @see #writable(SelectionKey)
+     * @see #timeoutCheck(SelectionKey, long)
+     * @see #validate(Set)
+     * @see #sessionCreated(SelectionKey, IOSession)
+     * @see #sessionClosed(IOSession)
+     *
+     * @throws InterruptedIOException if the dispatch thread is interrupted.
+     * @throws IOReactorException in case if a non-recoverable I/O error.
+     */
+    protected void execute() throws InterruptedIOException, IOReactorException {
+        this.status = IOReactorStatus.ACTIVE;
+
+        try {
+            for (;;) {
+
+                int readyCount;
+                try {
+                    readyCount = this.selector.select(this.selectTimeout);
+                } catch (InterruptedIOException ex) {
+                    throw ex;
+                } catch (IOException ex) {
+                    throw new IOReactorException("Unexpected selector failure", ex);
+                }
+
+                if (this.status == IOReactorStatus.SHUT_DOWN) {
+                    // Hard shut down. Exit select loop immediately
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (this.status == IOReactorStatus.SHUTTING_DOWN) {
+                    // Graceful shutdown in process
+                    // Try to close things out nicely
+                    closeSessions();
+                    closeNewChannels();
+                }
+
+                // Process selected I/O events
+                if (readyCount > 0) {
+                    processEvents(this.selector.selectedKeys());
+                }
+
+                // Validate active channels
+                validate(this.selector.keys());
+
+                // Process closed sessions
+                processClosedSessions();
+
+                // If active process new channels
+                if (this.status == IOReactorStatus.ACTIVE) {
+                    processNewChannels();
+                }
+
+                // Exit select loop if graceful shutdown has been completed
+                if (this.status.compareTo(IOReactorStatus.ACTIVE) > 0
+                        && this.sessions.isEmpty()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (this.interestOpsQueueing) {
+                    // process all pending interestOps() operations
+                    processPendingInterestOps();
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        } catch (ClosedSelectorException ex) {
+        } finally {
+            hardShutdown();
+            synchronized (this.statusMutex) {
+                this.statusMutex.notifyAll();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processEvents(final Set<SelectionKey> selectedKeys) {
+        for (Iterator<SelectionKey> it = selectedKeys.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+
+            SelectionKey key = it.next();
+            processEvent(key);
+
+        }
+        selectedKeys.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Processes new event on the given selection key.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key that triggered an event.
+     */
+    protected void processEvent(final SelectionKey key) {
+        SessionHandle handle = (SessionHandle) key.attachment();
+        IOSession session = handle.getSession();
+        try {
+            if (key.isAcceptable()) {
+                acceptable(key);
+            }
+            if (key.isConnectable()) {
+                connectable(key);
+            }
+            if (key.isReadable()) {
+                handle.resetLastRead();
+                readable(key);
+            }
+            if (key.isWritable()) {
+                handle.resetLastWrite();
+                writable(key);
+            }
+        } catch (CancelledKeyException ex) {
+            queueClosedSession(session);
+            key.attach(null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queues the given I/O session to be processed asynchronously as closed.
+     *
+     * @param session the closed I/O session.
+     */
+    protected void queueClosedSession(final IOSession session) {
+        if (session != null) {
+            this.closedSessions.add(session);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processNewChannels() throws IOReactorException {
+        ChannelEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = this.newChannels.poll()) != null) {
+
+            SocketChannel channel;
+            SelectionKey key;
+            try {
+                channel = entry.getChannel();
+                channel.configureBlocking(false);
+                key = channel.register(this.selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+            } catch (ClosedChannelException ex) {
+                SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = entry.getSessionRequest();
+                if (sessionRequest != null) {
+                    sessionRequest.failed(ex);
+                }
+                return;
+
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                throw new IOReactorException("Failure registering channel " +
+                        "with the selector", ex);
+            }
+
+            SessionClosedCallback sessionClosedCallback = new SessionClosedCallback() {
+
+                public void sessionClosed(IOSession session) {
+                    queueClosedSession(session);
+                }
+
+            };
+
+            InterestOpsCallback interestOpsCallback = null;
+            if (this.interestOpsQueueing) {
+                interestOpsCallback = new InterestOpsCallback() {
+
+                    public void addInterestOps(final InterestOpEntry entry) {
+                        queueInterestOps(entry);
+                    }
+
+                };
+            }
+
+            IOSession session = new IOSessionImpl(key, interestOpsCallback, sessionClosedCallback);
+
+            int timeout = 0;
+            try {
+                timeout = channel.socket().getSoTimeout();
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                // Very unlikely to happen and is not fatal
+                // as the protocol layer is expected to overwrite
+                // this value anyways
+            }
+
+            session.setAttribute(IOSession.ATTACHMENT_KEY, entry.getAttachment());
+            session.setSocketTimeout(timeout);
+            this.sessions.add(session);
+
+            try {
+                SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = entry.getSessionRequest();
+                if (sessionRequest != null) {
+                    sessionRequest.completed(session);
+                }
+                SessionHandle handle = new SessionHandle(session);
+                key.attach(handle);
+                sessionCreated(key, session);
+            } catch (CancelledKeyException ex) {
+                queueClosedSession(session);
+                key.attach(null);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processClosedSessions() {
+        IOSession session;
+        while ((session = this.closedSessions.poll()) != null) {
+            if (this.sessions.remove(session)) {
+                try {
+                    sessionClosed(session);
+                } catch (CancelledKeyException ex) {
+                    // ignore and move on
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processPendingInterestOps() {
+        // validity check
+        if (!this.interestOpsQueueing) {
+            return;
+        }
+        InterestOpEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = this.interestOpsQueue.poll()) != null) {
+            // obtain the operation's details
+            SelectionKey key = entry.getSelectionKey();
+            int eventMask = entry.getEventMask();
+            if (key.isValid()) {
+                key.interestOps(eventMask);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean queueInterestOps(final InterestOpEntry entry) {
+        // validity checks
+        if (!this.interestOpsQueueing) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Interest ops queueing not enabled");
+        }
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // add this operation to the interestOps() queue
+        this.interestOpsQueue.add(entry);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Triggered to verify whether the I/O session associated with the
+     * given selection key has not timed out.
+     * <p>
+     * Super-classes can implement this method to react to the event.
+     *
+     * @param key the selection key.
+     * @param now current time as long value.
+     */
+    protected void timeoutCheck(final SelectionKey key, long now) {
+        Object attachment = key.attachment();
+        if (attachment instanceof SessionHandle) {
+            SessionHandle handle = (SessionHandle) key.attachment();
+            IOSession session = handle.getSession();
+            int timeout = session.getSocketTimeout();
+            if (timeout > 0) {
+                if (handle.getLastAccessTime() + timeout < now) {
+                    sessionTimedOut(session);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Closes out all I/O sessions maintained by this I/O reactor.
+     */
+    protected void closeSessions() {
+        synchronized (this.sessions) {
+            for (Iterator<IOSession> it = this.sessions.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+                IOSession session = it.next();
+                session.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes out all new channels pending registration with the selector of
+     * this I/O reactor.
+     * @throws IOReactorException - not thrown currently
+     */
+    protected void closeNewChannels() throws IOReactorException {
+        ChannelEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = this.newChannels.poll()) != null) {
+            SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = entry.getSessionRequest();
+            if (sessionRequest != null) {
+                sessionRequest.cancel();
+            }
+            SocketChannel channel = entry.getChannel();
+            try {
+                channel.close();
+            } catch (IOException ignore) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes out all active channels registered with the selector of
+     * this I/O reactor.
+     * @throws IOReactorException - not thrown currently
+     */
+    protected void closeActiveChannels() throws IOReactorException {
+        try {
+            Set<SelectionKey> keys = this.selector.keys();
+            for (Iterator<SelectionKey> it = keys.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+                SelectionKey key = it.next();
+                IOSession session = getSession(key);
+                if (session != null) {
+                    session.close();
+                }
+            }
+            this.selector.close();
+        } catch (IOException ignore) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts graceful shutdown of this I/O reactor.
+     */
+    public void gracefulShutdown() {
+        synchronized (this.statusMutex) {
+            if (this.status != IOReactorStatus.ACTIVE) {
+                // Already shutting down
+                return;
+            }
+            this.status = IOReactorStatus.SHUTTING_DOWN;
+        }
+        this.selector.wakeup();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attempts force-shutdown of this I/O reactor.
+     */
+    public void hardShutdown() throws IOReactorException {
+        synchronized (this.statusMutex) {
+            if (this.status == IOReactorStatus.SHUT_DOWN) {
+                // Already shut down
+                return;
+            }
+            this.status = IOReactorStatus.SHUT_DOWN;
+        }
+
+        closeNewChannels();
+        closeActiveChannels();
+        processClosedSessions();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Blocks for the given period of time in milliseconds awaiting
+     * the completion of the reactor shutdown.
+     *
+     * @param timeout the maximum wait time.
+     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted.
+     */
+    public void awaitShutdown(long timeout) throws InterruptedException {
+        synchronized (this.statusMutex) {
+            long deadline = System.currentTimeMillis() + timeout;
+            long remaining = timeout;
+            while (this.status != IOReactorStatus.SHUT_DOWN) {
+                this.statusMutex.wait(remaining);
+                if (timeout > 0) {
+                    remaining = deadline - System.currentTimeMillis();
+                    if (remaining <= 0) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown(long gracePeriod) throws IOReactorException {
+        if (this.status != IOReactorStatus.INACTIVE) {
+            gracefulShutdown();
+            try {
+                awaitShutdown(gracePeriod);
+            } catch (InterruptedException ignore) {
+            }
+        }
+        if (this.status != IOReactorStatus.SHUT_DOWN) {
+            hardShutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() throws IOReactorException {
+        shutdown(1000);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.AbstractIOReactor.processEvent` indirectly writes to field `handle.org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.SessionHandle.lastReadTime` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path handle has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on handle.org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.SessionHandle.lastReadTime might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractIOReactor.processEvent(SelectionKey)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.AbstractIOReactor.processEvent(java.nio.channels.SelectionKey):void.b0372577064ec3826e58318bdb6a9245
+
+### File:
+httpcore-nio/src/main/java/org/apache/http/impl/nio/reactor/AbstractIOReactor.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractIOReactor.java|processEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5fdc9eed458ff4cbb2438fcc485f7410
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4311/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4311/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84484a2a649fdf270966b0f10c6e073992d06fbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4311/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 113
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.io;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.http.impl.SessionOutputBufferMock;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestContentLengthOutputStream {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() throws Exception {
+        new ContentLengthOutputStream(new SessionOutputBufferMock(), 10L);
+        try {
+            new ContentLengthOutputStream(null, 10L);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            new ContentLengthOutputStream(new SessionOutputBufferMock(), -10);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasics() throws Exception {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final SessionOutputBufferMock datatransmitter = new SessionOutputBufferMock(buffer);
+        final OutputStream out = new ContentLengthOutputStream(datatransmitter, 15L);
+
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[10];
+        out.write(tmp, 0, 10);
+        out.write(1);
+        out.write(tmp, 0, 10);
+        out.write(tmp, 0, 10);
+        out.write(tmp);
+        out.write(1);
+        out.write(2);
+        out.flush();
+        out.close();
+        final byte[] data = datatransmitter.getData();
+        Assert.assertEquals(15, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final SessionOutputBufferMock datatransmitter = new SessionOutputBufferMock(buffer);
+        final OutputStream out = new ContentLengthOutputStream(datatransmitter, 15L);
+        out.close();
+        out.close();
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[10];
+        try {
+            out.write(tmp);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            out.write(1);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.impl.io.ContentLengthOutputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 42 is not released after line 42.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestContentLengthOutputStream.testConstructors()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.io.TestContentLengthOutputStream.testConstructors():void.6aa2486e3232917f0c4b16f0a788e075
+
+### File:
+httpcore/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/io/TestContentLengthOutputStream.java
+
+### Key:
+TestContentLengthOutputStream.java|testConstructors|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+917276c9f5c04383fc4ffc09ef58b965
+
+### Hash:
+dc52d164b8b36e0ef5a68083fe6db6cc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4316/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4316/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8742cfbbbb7334eb683a7754f7adecbaa1c0736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4316/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * $HeadURL$
+ * $Revision$
+ * $Date$
+ *
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.channels.CancelledKeyException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.ConnectingIOReactor;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOReactorException;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOReactorStatus;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.SessionRequest;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.SessionRequestCallback;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpConnectionParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+
+public class DefaultConnectingIOReactor extends AbstractMultiworkerIOReactor 
+        implements ConnectingIOReactor {
+
+    private final Queue<SessionRequestImpl> requestQueue;
+    
+    private long lastTimeoutCheck;
+    
+    public DefaultConnectingIOReactor(
+            int workerCount, 
+            final ThreadFactory threadFactory,
+            final HttpParams params) throws IOReactorException {
+        super(workerCount, threadFactory, params);
+        this.requestQueue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<SessionRequestImpl>();
+        this.lastTimeoutCheck = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+
+    public DefaultConnectingIOReactor(
+            int workerCount, 
+            final HttpParams params) throws IOReactorException {
+        this(workerCount, null, params);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void cancelRequests() throws IOReactorException {
+        SessionRequestImpl request;
+        while ((request = this.requestQueue.poll()) != null) {
+            request.cancel();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void processEvents(int readyCount) throws IOReactorException {
+        processSessionRequests();
+        
+        if (readyCount > 0) {
+            Set<SelectionKey> selectedKeys = this.selector.selectedKeys();
+            for (Iterator<SelectionKey> it = selectedKeys.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+                
+                SelectionKey key = it.next();
+                processEvent(key);
+                
+            }
+            selectedKeys.clear();
+        }
+        
+        long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if ((currentTime - this.lastTimeoutCheck) >= this.selectTimeout) {
+            this.lastTimeoutCheck = currentTime;
+            Set<SelectionKey> keys = this.selector.keys();
+            synchronized (keys) {
+                processTimeouts(keys);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processEvent(final SelectionKey key) {
+        try {
+            
+            if (key.isConnectable()) {
+
+                SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+                // Get request handle
+                SessionRequestHandle requestHandle = (SessionRequestHandle) key.attachment();
+                SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = requestHandle.getSessionRequest();
+                
+                // Finish connection process
+                try {
+                    channel.finishConnect();
+                } catch (IOException ex) {
+                    sessionRequest.failed(ex);
+                }
+                key.cancel();
+                if (channel.isConnected()) {
+                    try {
+                        try {
+                            prepareSocket(channel.socket());
+                        } catch (IOException ex) {
+                            if (this.exceptionHandler == null || !this.exceptionHandler.handle(ex)) {
+                                throw new IOReactorException("Failure initalizing socket", ex);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ChannelEntry entry = new ChannelEntry(channel, sessionRequest); 
+                        addChannel(entry);
+                    } catch (IOException ex) {
+                        sessionRequest.failed(ex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+                        
+        } catch (CancelledKeyException ex) {
+            key.attach(null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processTimeouts(final Set<SelectionKey> keys) {
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        for (Iterator<SelectionKey> it = keys.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+            SelectionKey key = it.next();
+            Object attachment = key.attachment();
+            
+            if (attachment instanceof SessionRequestHandle) {
+                SessionRequestHandle handle = (SessionRequestHandle) key.attachment();
+                SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = handle.getSessionRequest();
+                int timeout = sessionRequest.getConnectTimeout();
+                if (timeout > 0) {
+                    if (handle.getRequestTime() + timeout < now) {
+                        sessionRequest.timeout();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+        }
+    }
+
+    public SessionRequest connect(
+            final SocketAddress remoteAddress, 
+            final SocketAddress localAddress,
+            final Object attachment,
+            final SessionRequestCallback callback) {
+
+        if (this.status.compareTo(IOReactorStatus.ACTIVE) > 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("I/O reactor has been shut down");
+        }
+        SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = new SessionRequestImpl(
+                remoteAddress, localAddress, attachment, callback);
+        sessionRequest.setConnectTimeout(HttpConnectionParams.getConnectionTimeout(this.params));
+        
+        this.requestQueue.add(sessionRequest);
+        this.selector.wakeup();
+        
+        return sessionRequest;
+    }
+    
+    private void validateAddress(final SocketAddress address) throws UnknownHostException {
+        if (address == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (address instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
+            InetSocketAddress endpoint = (InetSocketAddress) address;
+            if (endpoint.isUnresolved()) {
+                throw new UnknownHostException(endpoint.getHostName());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void processSessionRequests() throws IOReactorException {
+        SessionRequestImpl request;
+        while ((request = this.requestQueue.poll()) != null) {
+            if (request.isCompleted()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            SocketChannel socketChannel;
+            try {
+                socketChannel = SocketChannel.open();
+                socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                throw new IOReactorException("Failure opening socket", ex);
+            }
+            try {
+                validateAddress(request.getLocalAddress());
+                validateAddress(request.getRemoteAddress());
+                
+                if (request.getLocalAddress() != null) {
+                    socketChannel.socket().bind(request.getLocalAddress());
+                }
+                boolean connected = socketChannel.connect(request.getRemoteAddress());
+                if (connected) {
+                    prepareSocket(socketChannel.socket());
+                    ChannelEntry entry = new ChannelEntry(socketChannel, request); 
+                    addChannel(entry);
+                    return;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                request.failed(ex);
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            SelectionKey key;
+            try {
+                key = socketChannel.register(this.selector, 0);
+                request.setKey(key);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                throw new IOReactorException("Failure registering channel " +
+                        "with the selector", ex);
+            }
+
+            SessionRequestHandle requestHandle = new SessionRequestHandle(request); 
+            try {
+                key.attach(requestHandle);
+                key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
+            } catch (CancelledKeyException ex) {
+                // Ignore cancelled keys
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.DefaultConnectingIOReactor.processEvents` writes to field `this.org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.DefaultConnectingIOReactor.lastTimeoutCheck` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultConnectingIOReactor.processEvents(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.DefaultConnectingIOReactor.processEvents(int):void.f9b44701049bc2602cbc06cc567fb74a
+
+### File:
+module-nio/src/main/java/org/apache/http/impl/nio/reactor/DefaultConnectingIOReactor.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultConnectingIOReactor.java|processEvents|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f323d5e1e5332d69cc3995bd75a33640
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4318/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4318/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38944ebf764febc15097a568e93e8a95ee084fd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4318/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.nio.codecs;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+import org.apache.http.impl.io.HttpTransportMetricsImpl;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.SessionInputBufferImpl;
+import org.apache.http.mockup.ReadableByteChannelMockup;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.SessionInputBuffer;
+import org.apache.http.params.BasicHttpParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+
+/**
+ * Simple tests for {@link LengthDelimitedDecoder}.
+ *
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class TestLengthDelimitedDecoder extends TestCase {
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------ Constructor
+    public TestLengthDelimitedDecoder(String testName) {
+        super(testName);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------- Main
+    public static void main(String args[]) {
+        String[] testCaseName = { TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.class.getName() };
+        junit.textui.TestRunner.main(testCaseName);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------- TestCase Methods
+
+    public static Test suite() {
+        return new TestSuite(TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.class);
+    }
+
+    private static String convert(final ByteBuffer src) {
+        src.flip();
+        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(src.remaining()); 
+        while (src.hasRemaining()) {
+            buffer.append((char)(src.get() & 0xff));
+        }
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+    
+    private static String readFromFile(final File file) throws Exception {
+        FileInputStream filestream = new FileInputStream(file);
+        InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(filestream);
+        try {
+            StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
+            char[] tmp = new char[2048];
+            int l;
+            while ((l = reader.read(tmp)) != -1) {
+                buffer.append(tmp, 0, l);
+            }
+            return buffer.toString();
+        } finally {
+            reader.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testBasicDecoding() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+    
+    public void testCodingBeyondContentLimit() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;", 
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    public void testBasicDecodingSmallBuffer() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(4); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuf", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(4, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(2, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("f;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(10, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals(" stu", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(14, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(2, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("ff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+    
+    public void testDecodingFromSessionBuffer1() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+        
+        assertEquals(6, inbuf.length());
+        
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(0, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(10, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(10, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodingFromSessionBuffer2() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;", 
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+        
+        assertEquals(38, inbuf.length());
+        
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(16, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(0, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(0, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    public void testBasicDecodingFile() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff; ", "more stuff; ", "a lot more stuff!!!"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 36); 
+        
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw"); 
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+            
+        long pos = 0;
+        while (!decoder.isCompleted()) {
+            long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, pos, 10);
+            if (bytesRead > 0) {
+                pos += bytesRead;
+            }
+        }
+        assertEquals(testfile.length(), metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        fchannel.close();
+        
+        assertEquals("stuff; more stuff; a lot more stuff!", readFromFile(fileHandle));
+        
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+    
+    private void deleteWithCheck(File handle){
+        if (!handle.delete()){
+            System.err.println("Failed to delete: "+handle.getPath());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodingFileWithBufferedSessionData() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff; ", "more stuff; ", "a lot more stuff!!!"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 36); 
+        
+        int i = inbuf.fill(channel);
+        assertEquals(7, i);
+        
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw"); 
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+            
+        long pos = 0;
+        while (!decoder.isCompleted()) {
+            long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, pos, 10);
+            if (bytesRead > 0) {
+                pos += bytesRead;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        assertEquals(testfile.length() - 7, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        fchannel.close();
+        
+        assertEquals("stuff; more stuff; a lot more stuff!", readFromFile(fileHandle));
+        
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+    
+    public void testDecodingFileWithOffsetAndBufferedSessionData() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff; ", "more stuff; ", "a lot more stuff!"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 36); 
+        
+        int i = inbuf.fill(channel);
+        assertEquals(7, i);
+        
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        byte[] beginning = "beginning; ".getBytes("US-ASCII");
+        testfile.write(beginning);
+        testfile.close();
+        
+        testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+            
+        long pos = beginning.length;
+        while (!decoder.isCompleted()) {
+            if(testfile.length() < pos)
+                testfile.setLength(pos);
+            long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, pos, 10);
+            if (bytesRead > 0) {
+                pos += bytesRead;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // count everything except the initial 7 bytes that went to the session buffer
+        assertEquals(testfile.length() - 7 - beginning.length, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        fchannel.close();
+        
+        assertEquals("beginning; stuff; more stuff; a lot more stuff!", readFromFile(fileHandle));
+        
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+    
+    public void testWriteBeyondFileSize() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"a"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 1); 
+        
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+        assertEquals(0, testfile.length());
+            
+        try {
+            decoder.transfer(fchannel, 5, 10);
+            fail("expected IOException");
+        } catch(IOException iox) {}
+        
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+    
+    public void testCodingBeyondContentLimitFile() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;", 
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+        RandomAccessFile testfile  = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+        
+        long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 6);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel,0 , 10);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 1);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+    
+    public void testInvalidConstructor() {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(null, null, null, 10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, null, null, 10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, inbuf, null, 10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, inbuf, metrics, -10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        String s = "stuff";
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {s}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+    
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 3);
+        
+        try {
+            decoder.read(null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 413 is not released after line 423.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 415
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.testWriteBeyondFileSize()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.nio.codecs.TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.testWriteBeyondFileSize():void.04cb521ae156ad2f2dcf24f482979adc
+
+### File:
+httpcore-nio/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/nio/codecs/TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.java|testWriteBeyondFileSize|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+95ced91ca0473a6646194f1eb482b307
+
+### Hash:
+8901b0fa9a1461d80d0c7f4ed6dcbc2f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4320/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4320/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e641a042081ef3f50450efcc4848b05476ca86d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4320/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cmb
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2012 Comcast Corporation
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.comcast.cns.io;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
+import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.HttpVersion;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpRequestBase;
+import org.apache.http.conn.params.ConnRoutePNames;
+import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.PlainSocketFactory;
+import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.Scheme;
+import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.SchemeRegistry;
+import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
+import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingClientConnectionManager;
+import org.apache.http.params.BasicHttpParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpConnectionParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpProtocolParams;
+import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.comcast.cmb.common.util.CMBErrorCodes;
+import com.comcast.cmb.common.util.CMBException;
+import com.comcast.cmb.common.util.CMBProperties;
+
+/**
+ * Following class uses the HttpClient library version 4.2.1 
+ * @author aseem, bwolf
+ */
+public class HTTPEndpointSyncPublisher extends AbstractEndpointPublisher {
+
+	private final static SchemeRegistry schemeRegistry = new SchemeRegistry();
+	private final static PoolingClientConnectionManager cm;
+	private final static HttpClient httpClient;
+
+	static {
+
+		int timeoutMillis = CMBProperties.getInstance().getCNSPublisherHttpTimeoutSeconds() * 1000;
+
+		HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+		if (CMBProperties.getInstance().getCNSHttpProxy() != null && !CMBProperties.getInstance().getCNSHttpProxy().equals("")) {
+			String p[] = CMBProperties.getInstance().getCNSHttpProxy().split(":");
+			if (p.length == 2) {
+				HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost(p[0], Integer.parseInt(p[1]), "http");
+				params.setParameter(ConnRoutePNames.DEFAULT_PROXY, proxy);
+			}
+		}
+
+		HttpProtocolParams.setVersion(params, HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1); 
+
+		schemeRegistry.register(new Scheme("http", 80, PlainSocketFactory.getSocketFactory()));
+		schemeRegistry.register(new Scheme("https", 443, SSLSocketFactory.getSocketFactory()));
+
+		HttpConnectionParams.setConnectionTimeout(params, timeoutMillis);
+		HttpConnectionParams.setSoTimeout(params, timeoutMillis);
+
+		cm = new PoolingClientConnectionManager(schemeRegistry);
+		// increase max total connection to 250
+		cm.setMaxTotal(CMBProperties.getInstance().getCNSPublisherHttpEndpointConnectionPoolSize());
+		// increase default max connection per route to 20
+		cm.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(CMBProperties.getInstance().getCNSPublisherHttpEndpointConnectionsPerRouteSize());
+
+		httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient(cm, params);
+	}
+
+	private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(HTTPEndpointSyncPublisher.class);
+
+	public static int getNumConnectionsInPool() {
+		return cm.getTotalStats().getAvailable();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void send() throws Exception {
+
+		logger.debug("event=send_sync_http_request endpoint=" + endpoint + "\" message=\"" + message + "\"");
+
+		if ((message == null) || (endpoint == null)) {
+			logger.debug("event=send_http_request error_code=MissingParameters endpoint=" + endpoint + "\" message=\"" + message + "\"");
+			throw new Exception("Message and Endpoint must both be set");
+		}
+
+		HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(endpoint);
+		StringEntity stringEntity = new StringEntity(message);
+		httpPost.setEntity(stringEntity);
+		composeHeader(httpPost);
+
+
+		HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
+		int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+
+		HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
+
+		// accept all 2xx status codes
+
+		if (statusCode > 200 || statusCode >= 300) {
+
+			if (entity != null) {
+
+				InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
+				InputStreamReader responseReader = new InputStreamReader(instream);
+				StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
+
+				char []arr = new char[1024];
+				int size = 0;
+
+				while ((size = responseReader.read(arr, 0, arr.length)) != -1) {
+					buffer.append(arr, 0, size);
+				}      
+
+				instream.close();
+			}
+
+			logger.debug("event=http_post_error endpoint=" + endpoint + " error_code=" + statusCode);
+			throw new CMBException(new CMBErrorCodes(statusCode, "HttpError"), "Unreachable endpoint " + endpoint + " returns status code " + statusCode);
+
+		} else {
+
+			if (entity != null) {
+				EntityUtils.consume(entity);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void composeHeader(HttpRequestBase httpRequest) {		
+
+		httpRequest.setHeader("x-amz-sns-message-type", this.getMessageType());
+		httpRequest.setHeader("x-amz-sns-message-id", this.getMessageId());
+		httpRequest.setHeader("x-amz-sns-topic-arn", this.getTopicArn());
+		httpRequest.setHeader("x-amz-sns-subscription-arn", this.getSubscriptionArn());
+		httpRequest.setHeader("User-Agent", "Cloud Notification Service Agent");
+
+		if (this.getRawMessageDelivery()) {
+			httpRequest.addHeader("x-amz-raw-message", "true");
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired to `responseReader` by call to `new()` at line 122 is not released after line 144.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 128
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HTTPEndpointSyncPublisher.send()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.comcast.cns.io.HTTPEndpointSyncPublisher.send():void.cd30e6532543915140451784cb0e1e1e
+
+### File:
+src/com/comcast/cns/io/HTTPEndpointSyncPublisher.java
+
+### Key:
+HTTPEndpointSyncPublisher.java|send|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+3834acf39bca30a17f6b3e86ddd5ead0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4327/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4327/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..298a40b23f1c4685da7e4ff8148779037a227bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4327/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1295 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sql2o
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.sql2o;
+
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDataSource;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+import org.joda.time.LocalTime;
+import org.joda.time.Period;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.sql2o.data.LazyTable;
+import org.sql2o.data.Row;
+import org.sql2o.data.Table;
+import org.sql2o.pojos.*;
+import org.sql2o.tools.IOUtils;
+
+import javax.naming.Context;
+import javax.naming.InitialContext;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.sql.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
+ * User: lars
+ * Date: 5/21/11
+ * Time: 9:25 PM
+ * Most sql2o tests are in this class.
+ */
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
+public class Sql2oTest {
+
+    @Parameterized.Parameters(name = "{index} - {4}")
+    public static Collection<Object[]> getData(){
+        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
+                {null, "jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1","sa", "", "H2 test" },
+                {new jdbcDriver(), "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:testmemdb", "SA", "", "HyperSQL DB test"}
+        });
+    }
+
+
+    private final Sql2o sql2o;// = new Sql2o(this.url, this.user, this.pass);
+    private String url;
+    private String user;
+    private String pass;
+    private boolean isHyperSql;
+
+    public Sql2oTest(Driver driverToRegister, String url, String user, String pass, String testName){
+
+        if (driverToRegister != null) {
+            try {
+                DriverManager.registerDriver(driverToRegister);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("could not register driver '" + driverToRegister.getClass().getName() + "'", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.sql2o = new Sql2o(url, user, pass);
+
+        HashMap<String, String> defaultColumnMap = new HashMap<String,String>();
+        defaultColumnMap.put("ID", "id");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("NAME", "name");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("EMAIL", "email");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("TEXT", "text");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("ANUMBER", "aNumber");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("ALONGNUMBER", "aLongNumber");
+        sql2o.setDefaultColumnMappings(defaultColumnMap);
+
+        this.url = url;
+        this.user = user;
+        this.pass = pass;
+        this.isHyperSql = "HyperSQL DB test".equals( testName );
+
+        if (this.isHyperSql) {
+            sql2o.createQuery("set database sql syntax MSS true").executeUpdate();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int insertIntoUsers = 0;
+
+    //@Test  TODO. commented out. Can't get test to work without an application server.
+    public void testCreateSql2oFromJndi() throws Exception {
+        System.setProperty(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, "org.apache.naming.java.javaURLContextFactory");
+        System.setProperty(Context.URL_PKG_PREFIXES, "org.apache.naming");
+
+        InitialContext ic = new InitialContext();
+
+        ic.createSubcontext("java:");
+        ic.createSubcontext("java:comp");
+        ic.createSubcontext("java:comp/env");
+
+        JDBCDataSource datasource = new JDBCDataSource();
+        datasource.setUrl(url);
+        datasource.setUser(user);
+        datasource.setPassword(pass);
+
+        ic.bind("java:comp/env/Sql2o", datasource);
+
+        System.out.println("Datasource initialized.");
+
+        Sql2o jndiSql2o = new Sql2o("Sql2o");
+
+        assertTrue(jndiSql2o != null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetch(){
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Date before = new Date();
+        List<User> allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+        Date after = new Date();
+        long span = after.getTime() - before.getTime();
+        System.out.println(String.format("Fetched %s user: %s ms", insertIntoUsers, span));
+
+        // repeat this
+        before = new Date();
+        allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+        after = new Date();
+        span = after.getTime() - before.getTime();
+        System.out.println(String.format("Again Fetched %s user: %s ms", insertIntoUsers, span));
+
+        assertTrue(allUsers.size() == insertIntoUsers);
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetchWithNulls(){
+        String sql =
+                "create table testExecWithNullsTbl (" +
+                "id int identity primary key, " +
+                "text varchar(255), " +
+                "aNumber int, " +
+                "aLongNumber bigint)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(sql, "testExecuteAndFetchWithNulls").executeUpdate();
+
+
+        Connection connection = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+        Query insQuery = connection.createQuery("insert into testExecWithNullsTbl (text, aNumber, aLongNumber) values(:text, :number, :lnum)");
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", 2).addParameter("lnum", 10L).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", (Integer)null).addParameter("lnum", 10L).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", (String)null).addParameter("number", 21).addParameter("lnum", (Long)null).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", 1221).addParameter("lnum", 10).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", 2311).addParameter("lnum", 12).executeUpdate();
+        connection.commit();
+
+        List<Entity> fetched = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testExecWithNullsTbl").executeAndFetch(Entity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(fetched.size() == 5);
+        assertNull(fetched.get(2).text);
+        assertNotNull(fetched.get(3).text);
+
+        assertNull(fetched.get(1).aNumber);
+        assertNotNull(fetched.get(2).aNumber);
+
+        assertNull(fetched.get(2).aLongNumber);
+        assertNotNull(fetched.get(3).aLongNumber);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatch(){
+        sql2o.createQuery(
+                "create table User(\n" +
+                "id int identity primary key,\n" +
+                "name varchar(20),\n" +
+                "email varchar(255),\n" +
+                "text varchar(100))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insQuery = "insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)";
+
+        Connection con = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+        int[] inserted = con.createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("name", "test").addParameter("email", "test@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test2").addParameter("email", "test2@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting too").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test3").addParameter("email", "test3@test.com").addParameter("text", "blablabla").addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch().getBatchResult();
+        con.commit();
+
+        assertEquals(3, inserted.length);
+        for (int i : inserted){
+            assertEquals(1, i);
+        }
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteScalar(){
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Object o = sql2o.createQuery("select text from User where id = 2").executeScalar();
+        assertTrue(o.getClass().equals(String.class));
+
+        Object o2 = sql2o.createQuery("select 10").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(o2, 10);
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchNoTransaction(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery(
+                "create table User(\n" +
+                "id int identity primary key,\n" +
+                "name varchar(20),\n" +
+                "email varchar(255),\n" +
+                "text varchar(100))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insQuery = "insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)";
+
+        sql2o.createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("name", "test").addParameter("email", "test@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test2").addParameter("email", "test2@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting too").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test3").addParameter("email", "test3@test.com").addParameter("text", "blablabla").addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch();
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaseInsensitive(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testCI(id2 int primary key, value2 varchar(20), sometext varchar(20), valwithgetter varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        Query query = sql2o.createQuery("insert into testCI(id2, value2, sometext, valwithgetter) values(:id, :value, :someText, :valwithgetter)");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++){
+            query.addParameter("id", i).addParameter("value", "some text " + i).addParameter("someText", "whatever " + i).addParameter("valwithgetter", "spaz" + i).addToBatch();
+        }
+        query.executeBatch();
+
+        List<CIEntity> ciEntities = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testCI").setCaseSensitive(false).executeAndFetch(CIEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(ciEntities.size() == 20);
+
+
+        // test defaultCaseSensitive;
+        sql2o.setDefaultCaseSensitive(false);
+        List<CIEntity> ciEntities2 = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testCI").executeAndFetch(CIEntity.class);
+        assertTrue(ciEntities2.size() == 20);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetchResultSet() throws SQLException {
+        List<Integer> list = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 val from (values(0)) union select 2 from (values(0)) union select 3 from (values(0))").executeScalarList(Integer.class);
+
+        assertEquals((int)list.get(0), 1);
+        assertEquals((int)list.get(1), 2);
+        assertEquals((int)list.get(2), 3);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJodaTime(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testjoda(id int primary key, joda1 datetime, joda2 datetime)").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into testjoda(id, joda1, joda2) values(:id, :joda1, :joda2)")
+                .addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("joda1", new DateTime()).addParameter("joda2", new DateTime().plusDays(-1)).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 2).addParameter("joda1", new DateTime().plusYears(1)).addParameter("joda2", new DateTime().plusDays(-2)).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 3).addParameter("joda1", new DateTime().plusYears(2)).addParameter("joda2", new DateTime().plusDays(-3)).addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch();
+
+        List<JodaEntity> list = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testjoda").executeAndFetch(JodaEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(list.size() == 3);
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).getJoda2().isBeforeNow());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUtilDate(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testutildate(id int primary key, d1 datetime, d2 timestamp, d3 date)").executeUpdate();
+
+        Date now = new Date();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into testutildate(id, d1, d2, d3) values(:id, :d1, :d2, :d3)")
+                .addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("d1", now).addParameter("d2", now).addParameter("d3", now).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 2).addParameter("d1", now).addParameter("d2", now).addParameter("d3", now).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 3).addParameter("d1", now).addParameter("d2", now).addParameter("d3", now).addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch();
+
+        List<UtilDateEntity> list = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testutildate").executeAndFetch(UtilDateEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(list.size() == 3);
+
+        // make sure d1, d2, d3 were properly inserted and selected
+        for (UtilDateEntity e : list) {
+            assertEquals(now, e.d1);
+            assertEquals(now, e.getD2());
+            Date dateOnly = new DateTime(now).toDateMidnight().toDate();
+            assertEquals(dateOnly, e.getD3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConversion(){
+
+        String sql = "select cast(1 as smallint) as val1, 2 as val2 from (values(0)) union select cast(3 as smallint) as val1, 4 as val2 from (values(0))";
+        List<TypeConvertEntity> entities = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetch(TypeConvertEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(entities.size() == 2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateNoTransaction() throws SQLException {
+        String ddlQuery = "create table testUpdateNoTransaction(id int primary key, value varchar(50))";
+        Connection connection = sql2o.createQuery(ddlQuery).executeUpdate();
+
+        assertTrue(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed());
+
+        String insQuery = "insert into testUpdateNoTransaction(id, value) values (:id, :value)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("id",1).addParameter("value", "test1").executeUpdate()
+                .createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("id", 2).addParameter("value","val2").executeUpdate();
+
+        assertTrue(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNullDate(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table nullDateTest(id integer primary key, somedate datetime)").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into nullDateTest(id, somedate) values(:id, :date)")
+                .addParameter("id", 1)
+                .addParameter("date", (Date)null).executeUpdate();
+
+        Date d = (Date)sql2o.createQuery("select somedate from nullDateTest where id = 1").executeScalar();
+        assertNull(d);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetResult(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table get_result_test(id integer primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insertSql =
+                "insert into get_result_test(id, value) " +
+                "select 1, 'hello' from (values(0)) union " +
+                "select 2, 'hello2' from (values(0)) union " +
+                "select 3, 'hello3' from (values(0))";
+
+        int result = sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).executeUpdate().getResult();
+
+        assertEquals(3, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetKeys(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table get_keys_test(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into get_keys_test(value) values(:val)";
+//        try{
+//            Integer key = (Integer)sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate().getKey();
+//            throw new RuntimeException("Sql2oException expected in code line above");
+//        }
+//        catch(Sql2oException ex){
+//            assertTrue(ex.getMessage().contains("executeUpdate(true)"));
+//        }
+
+        Integer key = (Integer)sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate().getKey();
+
+        assertNotNull(key);
+        assertTrue(key >= 0);
+
+        String multiInsertSql = "insert into get_keys_test(value) select 'a val' col1 from (values(0)) union select 'another val' col1 from (values(0))";
+        Object[] keys = sql2o.createQuery(multiInsertSql).executeUpdate().getKeys();
+
+        assertNotNull(keys);
+
+        // return value of auto generated keys is DB dependent.
+        // H2 will always just return the last generated identity.
+        // HyperSQL returns all generated identities (which is more ideal).
+        if (this.isHyperSql) {
+            assertTrue(keys.length == 2);
+        }
+        else {
+            assertTrue(keys.length > 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteBatchGetKeys() {
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table get_keys_test2(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into get_keys_test2(value) values(:val)";
+
+        List<String> vals = new ArrayList<String>(){{
+            add("something1");
+            add("something2");
+            add("something3");
+        }};
+
+        Query query = sql2o.createQuery(insertSql, true);
+
+        for (String val : vals) {
+            query.addParameter("val", val);
+            query.addToBatch();
+        }
+
+        List<Integer> keys = query.executeBatch().getKeys(Integer.class);
+
+        assertNotNull(keys);
+        for (Integer key : keys) {
+            assertTrue(key >= 0);
+        }
+
+        // return value of auto generated keys is DB dependent.
+        // H2 will always just return the last generated identity.
+        // HyperSQL returns all generated identities (which is more ideal).
+        if (this.isHyperSql) {
+            assertTrue(keys.size() == vals.size());
+        }
+        else {
+            assertTrue(keys.size() > 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRollback(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table test_rollback_table(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(25))").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o
+                //first insert something, and commit it.
+                .beginTransaction()
+                .createQuery("insert into test_rollback_table(value) values (:val)")
+                .addParameter("val", "something")
+                .executeUpdate()
+                .commit()
+
+                        // insert something else, and roll it back.
+                .beginTransaction()
+                .createQuery("insert into test_rollback_table(value) values (:val)")
+                .addParameter("val", "something to rollback")
+                .executeUpdate()
+                .rollback();
+        long rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from test_rollback_table").executeScalar();
+
+        assertEquals(1, rowCount);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBigDecimals(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table bigdectesttable (id integer identity primary key, val1 numeric(5,3), val2 integer)").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into bigdectesttable(val1, val2) values(:val1, :val2)").addParameter("val1",1.256).addParameter("val2", 4).executeUpdate();
+
+        BigDecimalPojo pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select * from bigdectesttable").executeAndFetchFirst(BigDecimalPojo.class);
+
+        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("1.256"), pojo.val1);
+        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("4.0"), pojo.val2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryDbMappings(){
+        Entity entity = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 as id, 'something' as caption, cast('2011-01-01' as date) as theTime from (values(0))")
+                .addColumnMapping("caption", "text")
+                .addColumnMapping("theTime", "time").executeAndFetchFirst(Entity.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, entity.id);
+        assertEquals("something", entity.text);
+        assertEquals(new DateTime(2011,1,1,0,0,0,0).toDate(), entity.time);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGlobalDbMappings(){
+        Sql2o sql2o1 = new Sql2o(url, user, pass);
+
+        Map<String,String> defaultColMaps = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        defaultColMaps.put("caption", "text");
+        defaultColMaps.put("theTime", "time");
+
+        sql2o1.setDefaultColumnMappings(defaultColMaps);
+
+        Entity entity = sql2o1.createQuery("select 1 as id, 'something' as caption, cast('2011-01-01' as date) as theTime from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(Entity.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, entity.id);
+        assertEquals("something", entity.text);
+        assertEquals(new DateTime(2011,1,1,0,0,0,0).toDate(), entity.time);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPrivateFields(){
+        EntityWithPrivateFields entity = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 id, 'hello' value from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(EntityWithPrivateFields.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, entity.getId());
+        assertEquals("hello1", entity.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFetchTable(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table tabletest(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20), value2 decimal(5,1))").executeUpdate();
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into tabletest(value,value2) values (:value, :value2)")
+                .addParameter("value", "something").addParameter("value2", new BigDecimal("3.4")).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("value", "bla").addParameter("value2", new BigDecimal("5.5")).addToBatch().executeBatch();
+
+
+        Table table = sql2o.createQuery("select * from tabletest order by id").executeAndFetchTable();
+
+        assertEquals(3, table.columns().size());
+        assertEquals("ID", table.columns().get(0).getName());
+        assertEquals("VALUE", table.columns().get(1).getName());
+        assertEquals("VALUE2", table.columns().get(2).getName());
+
+        assertEquals(2, table.rows().size());
+
+        Row row0 = table.rows().get(0);
+        Row row1 = table.rows().get(1);
+
+        assertTrue(0 <= row0.getInteger("ID"));
+        assertEquals("something", row0.getString(1));
+        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("3.4"), row0.getBigDecimal("VALUE2"));
+
+        assertTrue(1 <= row1.getInteger(0));
+        assertEquals("bla", row1.getString("VALUE"));
+        assertEquals(5.5D, row1.getDouble(2), 0.00001);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTable_asList() {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Table table = sql2o.createQuery("select * from user").executeAndFetchTable();
+
+        List<Map<String, Object>> rows = table.asList();
+
+        assertEquals(insertIntoUsers, rows.size());
+
+        for (Map<String, Object> row : rows) {
+            assertEquals(4, row.size());
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("id"));
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("name"));
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("email"));
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("text"));
+        }
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringConversion(){
+        StringConversionPojo pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select '1' val1, '2  ' val2, '' val3, '' val4, null val5 from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(StringConversionPojo.class);
+
+        assertEquals((Integer)1, pojo.val1);
+        assertEquals(2l, pojo.val2);
+        assertNull(pojo.val3);
+        assertEquals(0, pojo.val4);
+        assertNull(pojo.val5);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSuperPojo(){
+        SuperPojo pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 id, 'something' value from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(SuperPojo.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, pojo.getId());
+        assertEquals("something1", pojo.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplexTypes(){
+        ComplexEntity pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 id, 1 \"entity.id\", 'something' \"entity.value\" from (values(0))", "testComplexTypes").executeAndFetchFirst(ComplexEntity.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, pojo.id);
+        assertEquals(1, pojo.entity.getId());
+        assertEquals("something1", pojo.entity.getValue());
+    }
+
+//    public void testMultiResult(){
+//        sql2o.createQuery("create table multi1(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+//        sql2o.createQuery("create table multi2(id integer identity primary key, value2 varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+//
+//        sql2o.createQuery("insert into multi1(value) values (:val)")
+//                .addParameter("val", "test1").addToBatch()
+//                .addParameter("val", "test2").addToBatch()
+//                .executeBatch();
+//
+//        sql2o.createQuery("insert into multi2(value2) values (:val)")
+//                .addParameter("val", "test3").addToBatch()
+//                .addParameter("val", "test4").addToBatch()
+//                .executeBatch();
+//
+//        List[] results = sql2o.createQuery("select * from multi1 order by id; select * from multi2 order by id").executeAndFetchMultiple(Multi1.class, Multi2.class);
+//        //List<Multi1> results = sql2o.createQuery("select * from multi1 order by id; select * from multi2 order by id").executeAndFetch(Multi1.class);
+//
+//        List<Multi1> res1 = results[0];
+//        List<Multi2> res2 = results[1];
+//
+//        assertEquals((Long)1L, res1.get(0).getId());
+//        assertEquals("test2", res1.get(1).getValue());
+//
+//        assertEquals("test3", res2.get(0).getValue2());
+//        assertEquals(4, res2.get(1).getId());
+//    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRunInsideTransaction(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table runinsidetransactiontable(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(50))").executeUpdate();
+        boolean failed = false;
+
+        try{
+            sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+                public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into runinsidetransactiontable(value) values(:value)")
+                            .addParameter("value", "test").executeUpdate();
+
+                    throw new RuntimeException("ouch!");
+
+
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        catch(Sql2oException ex){
+            failed = true;
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(failed);
+        long rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from runinsidetransactiontable").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(0, rowCount);
+
+        sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                connection.createQuery("insert into runinsidetransactiontable(value) values(:value)")
+                        .addParameter("value", "test").executeUpdate();
+            }
+        });
+
+        rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from runinsidetransactiontable").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(1, rowCount);
+
+
+        String argument = "argument test";
+
+        sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                Integer id = connection.createQuery("insert into runinsidetransactiontable(value) values(:value)")
+                        .addParameter("value", argument).executeUpdate().getKey(Integer.class);
+
+                String insertedValue = connection.createQuery("select value from runinsidetransactiontable where id = :id").addParameter("id", id).executeScalar(String.class);
+                assertEquals("argument test", insertedValue);
+            }
+        }, argument);
+
+        rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from runinsidetransactiontable").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(2, rowCount);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRunInsideTransactionWithResult(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testRunInsideTransactionWithResultTable(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(50))").executeUpdate();
+
+    }
+
+    private static class runnerWithResultTester implements StatementRunnableWithResult{
+
+        public Object run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+            String[] vals = (String[])argument;
+            List<Integer> keys = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+            for (String val : vals){
+                Integer key = connection.createQuery("insert into testRunInsideTransactionWithResultTable(value) values(:val)", "runnerWithResultTester")
+                        .addParameter("val", val)
+                        .executeUpdate().getKey(Integer.class);
+                keys.add(key);
+            }
+
+            return keys;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDynamicExecuteScalar(){
+        Object origVal = sql2o.createQuery("select 1").executeScalar();
+        assertTrue(Integer.class.equals(origVal.getClass()));
+        assertEquals(1, origVal);
+
+        Long intVal = sql2o.createQuery("select 1").executeScalar(Long.class);
+        assertEquals((Long)1l, intVal);
+
+        Short shortVal = sql2o.createQuery("select 2").executeScalar(Short.class);
+        Short expected = 2;
+        assertEquals(expected, shortVal);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNulls() {
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testUpdateWithNulls_2(id integer identity primary key, value integer)").executeUpdate();
+
+        Integer nullInt = null;
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into testUpdateWithNulls_2(value) values(:val)").addParameter("val", 2).addToBatch().addParameter("val", nullInt).addToBatch().executeBatch();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionInRunnable() {
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testExceptionInRunnable(id integer primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        try{
+            sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+                public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                            .addParameter("id", 1)
+                            .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                            .addParameter("id", 1)
+                            .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+                }
+            });
+        } catch(Throwable t) {
+
+        }
+
+        int c = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testExceptionInRunnable").executeScalar(Integer.class);
+        assertEquals(0, c);
+
+
+        sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                        .addParameter("id", 1)
+                        .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+
+                try{
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                            .addParameter("id", 1)
+                            .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+                } catch(Sql2oException ex){
+
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        c = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testExceptionInRunnable").executeScalar(Integer.class);
+        assertEquals(1, c);
+
+    }
+
+    public static enum TestEnum{
+        HELLO, WORLD;
+    }
+
+    public static class EntityWithEnum{
+        public int id;
+        public TestEnum val;
+        public TestEnum val2;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnums() {
+        sql2o.createQuery( "create table EnumTest(id int identity primary key, enum_val varchar(10), enum_val2 int) ").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into EnumTest(enum_val, enum_val2) values (:val, :val2)")
+                .addParameter("val", TestEnum.HELLO).addParameter("val2", TestEnum.HELLO.ordinal()).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("val", TestEnum.WORLD).addParameter("val2", TestEnum.WORLD.ordinal()).addToBatch().executeBatch();
+
+        List<EntityWithEnum> list = sql2o.createQuery("select id, enum_val val, enum_val2 val2 from EnumTest").executeAndFetch(EntityWithEnum.class);
+
+        assertThat(list.get(0).val, is(TestEnum.HELLO));
+        assertThat(list.get(0).val2, is(TestEnum.HELLO));
+        assertThat(list.get(1).val, is(TestEnum.WORLD));
+        assertThat(list.get(1).val2, is(TestEnum.WORLD));
+
+        TestEnum testEnum = sql2o.createQuery("select 'HELLO' from (values(0))").executeScalar(TestEnum.class);
+        assertThat(testEnum, is(TestEnum.HELLO));
+
+        TestEnum testEnum2 = sql2o.createQuery("select NULL from (values(0))").executeScalar(TestEnum.class);
+        assertThat(testEnum2, is(nullValue()));
+    }
+
+    public static class BooleanPOJO {
+        public boolean val1;
+        public Boolean val2;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBooleanConverter() {
+        String sql = "select true as val1, false as val2 from (values(0))";
+
+        BooleanPOJO pojo = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BooleanPOJO.class);
+        assertTrue(pojo.val1);
+        assertFalse(pojo.val2);
+
+        String sql2 = "select null as val1, null as val2 from (values(0))";
+        BooleanPOJO pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(sql2).executeAndFetchFirst(BooleanPOJO.class);
+        assertFalse(pojo2.val1);
+        assertNull(pojo2.val2);
+
+        String sql3 = "select 'false' as val1, 'true' as val2 from (values(0))";
+        BooleanPOJO pojo3 = sql2o.createQuery(sql3).executeAndFetchFirst(BooleanPOJO.class);
+        assertFalse(pojo3.val1);
+        assertTrue(pojo3.val2);
+    }
+
+    public static class BlobPOJO1{
+        public int id;
+        public byte[] data;
+    }
+
+    public static class BlobPOJO2{
+        public int id;
+        public InputStream data;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlob() throws IOException {
+        String createSql = "create table blobtbl2(id int identity primary key, data blob)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(createSql).executeUpdate();
+
+        String dataString = "test";
+        byte[] data = dataString.getBytes();
+        String insertSql = "insert into blobtbl2(data) values(:data)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("data", data).executeUpdate();
+
+        // select
+        String sql = "select id, data from blobtbl2";
+        BlobPOJO1 pojo1 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO1.class);
+        BlobPOJO2 pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO2.class);
+
+        String pojo1DataString = new String(pojo1.data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo1DataString)));
+
+        byte[] pojo2Data = IOUtils.toByteArray(pojo2.data);
+        String pojo2DataString = new String(pojo2Data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo2DataString)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInputStream() throws IOException {
+        String createSql = "create table blobtbl(id int identity primary key, data blob)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(createSql).executeUpdate();
+
+        String dataString = "test";
+        byte[] data = dataString.getBytes();
+
+        InputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream( data );
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into blobtbl(data) values(:data)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("data", inputStream).executeUpdate();
+
+        // select
+        String sql = "select id, data from blobtbl";
+        BlobPOJO1 pojo1 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO1.class);
+        BlobPOJO2 pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO2.class);
+
+        String pojo1DataString = new String(pojo1.data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo1DataString)));
+
+        byte[] pojo2Data = IOUtils.toByteArray(pojo2.data);
+        String pojo2DataString = new String(pojo2Data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo2DataString)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTimeConverter(){
+        String sql = "select current_time as col1 from (values(0))";
+
+        Time sqlTime = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeScalar(Time.class);
+
+        Period p = new Period(new LocalTime(sqlTime), new LocalTime());
+
+
+        assertThat(sqlTime, is(notNullValue()));
+        assertTrue(p.getMinutes() == 0);
+
+        Date date = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeScalar(Date.class);
+        assertThat(date, is(notNullValue()));
+
+        LocalTime jodaTime = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeScalar(LocalTime.class);
+        assertTrue(jodaTime.getMillisOfDay() > 0);
+        assertThat(jodaTime.getHourOfDay(), is(equalTo(new LocalTime().getHourOfDay())));
+    }
+
+    public static class BindablePojo{
+        String data1;
+        private Timestamp data2;
+        private Long data3;
+        private Float data4;
+        public Timestamp getData2() {
+            return data2;
+        }
+
+        public Long getData3() {
+            return data3;
+        }
+        public Float getData4() { return data4; }
+        public void setData2(Timestamp data2) {
+            this.data2 = data2;
+        }
+        public void setData3(Long data3) {
+            this.data3 = data3;
+        }
+        public void setData4(Float data4) { this.data4 = data4; }
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if((obj != null) && (obj instanceof BindablePojo)){
+                BindablePojo other = (BindablePojo)obj;
+                /*System.out.println(data1 + " == " + other.data1);
+                System.out.println(data2 + " == " + other.data2);
+                System.out.println(data3 + " == " + other.data3);*/
+                boolean res = data1.equals(other.data1) && data2.equals(other.data2) && data3.equals(other.data3);
+                return res;
+            }else
+                return false;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBindPojo(){
+        String createSql = "create table bindtbl(id int identity primary key, data1 varchar(10), data2 timestamp, data3 bigint)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(createSql).executeUpdate();
+
+        // Anonymous class inherits POJO
+        BindablePojo pojo1 = new BindablePojo(){
+            {
+                // Field access
+                data1="Foo";
+                setData2(new Timestamp(new Date().getTime()));
+                setData3(789456123L);
+                setData4(4.5f);
+            }
+        };
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into bindtbl(data1, data2, data3) values(:data1, :data2, :data3)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).bind(pojo1).executeUpdate();
+
+        String selectSql = "select data1, data2, data3 from bindtbl";
+        BindablePojo pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(selectSql).executeAndFetchFirst(BindablePojo.class);
+
+        assertTrue(pojo1.equals(pojo2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRowGetObjectWithConverters() {
+        String sql = "select 1 col1, '23' col2 from (values(0))";
+        Table t = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchTable();
+        Row r = t.rows().get(0);
+
+        String col1AsString = r.getObject("col1", String.class);
+        Integer col1AsInteger = r.getObject("col1", Integer.class);
+        Long col1AsLong = r.getObject("col1", Long.class);
+
+        assertThat(col1AsString, is(equalTo("1")));
+        assertThat(col1AsInteger, is(equalTo(1)));
+        assertThat(col1AsLong, is(equalTo(1L)));
+
+        String col2AsString = r.getObject("col2", String.class);
+        Integer col2AsInteger = r.getObject("col2", Integer.class);
+        Long col2AsLong = r.getObject("col2", Long.class);
+
+        assertThat(col2AsString, is(equalTo("23")));
+        assertThat(col2AsInteger, is(equalTo(23)));
+        assertThat(col2AsLong, is(equalTo(23L)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetchLazy(){
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        ResultSetIterable<User> allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetchLazy(User.class);
+
+        // read in batches, because maybe we are bulk exporting and can't fit them all into a list
+        int totalSize = 0;
+        int batchSize = 500;
+        List<User> batch = new ArrayList<User>(batchSize);
+        for (User u : allUsers) {
+            totalSize++;
+            if (batch.size() == batchSize) {
+                System.out.println(String.format("Read batch of %d users, great!", batchSize));
+                batch.clear();
+            }
+            batch.add(u);
+        }
+
+        allUsers.close();
+
+        assertTrue(totalSize == insertIntoUsers);
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResultSetIterator_multipleHasNextWorks() {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        ResultSetIterable<User> allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetchLazy(User.class);
+
+        Iterator<User> usersIterator = allUsers.iterator();
+
+        // call hasNext a few times, should have no effect
+        usersIterator.hasNext();
+        usersIterator.hasNext();
+        usersIterator.hasNext();
+
+        int totalSize = 0;
+        while (usersIterator.hasNext()) {
+            totalSize++;
+            usersIterator.next();
+        }
+
+        allUsers.close();
+
+        assertTrue(totalSize == insertIntoUsers);
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetch_fallbackToExecuteScalar() {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        // this should NOT fallback to executeScalar
+        List<User> users = sql2o.createQuery("select name from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+
+        // only the name should be set
+        for (User u : users) {
+            assertNotNull(u.name);
+        }
+
+        // this SHOULD fallback to executeScalar
+        List<String> userNames = sql2o.createQuery("select name from User").executeAndFetch(String.class);
+
+        assertEquals(users.size(), userNames.size());
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLazyTable() throws SQLException {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Query q = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User");
+        LazyTable lt = null;
+        try {
+            lt = q.executeAndFetchTableLazy();
+            for (Row r : lt.rows()){
+                String name = r.getString("name");
+
+                assertThat(name, notNullValue());
+            }
+
+            // still in autoClosable scope. Expecting connection to be open.
+            assertThat(q.getConnection().getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(false));
+        } finally {
+            // simulate autoClose.
+            lt.close();
+        }
+
+        // simulated autoClosable scope exited. Expecting connection to be closed.
+        assertThat(q.getConnection().getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactionAutoClosable() {
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testTransactionAutoClosable(id int primary key, val varchar(20) not null)").executeUpdate();
+
+        Connection connection = null;
+        try {
+            connection = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+            String sql = "insert into testTransactionAutoClosable(id, val) values (:id, :val);";
+            connection.createQuery(sql).addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("val", "foo").executeUpdate();
+        } finally {
+            // autoclosing
+            connection.close();
+        }
+
+        int count = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testTransactionAutoClosable").executeAndFetchFirst(Integer.class);
+        assertThat(count, is(equalTo(0)));
+
+        connection = null;
+        try {
+            connection = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+            String sql = "insert into testTransactionAutoClosable(id, val) values (:id, :val);";
+            connection.createQuery(sql).addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("val", "foo").executeUpdate();
+
+            connection.commit();
+        } finally {
+            // autoclosing
+            connection.close();
+        }
+
+        count = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testTransactionAutoClosable").executeAndFetchFirst(Integer.class);
+        assertThat(count, is(equalTo(1)));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenConnection() throws SQLException {
+
+        Connection connection = sql2o.open();
+
+        createAndFillUserTable(connection);
+
+        assertThat(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(false));
+
+        List<User> users = connection.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+
+        assertThat(users.size(), is(equalTo(10000)));
+        assertThat(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(false));
+
+        connection.close();
+
+        assertThat(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWithConnection() {
+
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        final String insertsql = "insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)";
+
+
+        sql2o.withConnection(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+
+                connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                        .addParameter("name", "Sql2o")
+                        .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                        .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                        .executeUpdate();
+
+                connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                        .addParameter("name", "Sql2o2")
+                        .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                        .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                        .executeUpdate();
+
+                connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                        .addParameter("name", "Sql2o3")
+                        .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                        .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                        .executeUpdate();
+
+            }
+        });
+
+        List<User> users = sql2o.withConnection(new StatementRunnableWithResult() {
+            public Object run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                return sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+            }
+        });
+
+        assertThat(users.size(), is(equalTo(10003)));
+
+        try{
+            sql2o.withConnection(new StatementRunnable() {
+                public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+
+                    connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                            .addParameter("name", "Sql2o")
+                            .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                            .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                            .executeUpdate();
+
+                    throw new RuntimeException("whaa!");
+
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // ignore. expected
+        }
+
+        List<User> users2 = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+
+        // expect that that the last insert was committed, as this should not be run in a transaction.
+        assertThat(users2.size(), is(equalTo(10004)));
+    }
+
+    /************** Helper stuff ******************/
+
+    private void createAndFillUserTable() {
+        Connection connection = sql2o.open();
+
+        createAndFillUserTable(connection);
+
+        connection.close();
+    }
+
+    private void createAndFillUserTable(Connection connection){
+
+        try{
+            connection.createQuery("drop table User").executeUpdate();
+        } catch(Sql2oException e) {
+            // if it fails, its because the User table doesn't exists. Just ignore this.
+        }
+
+        int rowCount = 10000;
+        connection.createQuery(
+                "create table User(\n" +
+                "id int identity primary key,\n" +
+                "name varchar(20),\n" +
+                "email varchar(255),\n" +
+                "text varchar(100))").executeUpdate();
+
+        Query insQuery = connection.createQuery("insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)");
+        Date before = new Date();
+        for (int idx = 0; idx < rowCount; idx++){
+            insQuery.addParameter("name", "a name " + idx)
+                    .addParameter("email", String.format("test%s@email.com", idx))
+                    .addParameter("text", "some text").addToBatch();
+        }
+        insQuery.executeBatch();
+        Date after = new Date();
+        Long span = after.getTime() - before.getTime();
+
+        System.out.println(String.format("inserted %d rows into User table. Time used: %s ms", rowCount, span));
+
+        insertIntoUsers += rowCount;
+    }
+
+    private void deleteUserTable(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("drop table User").executeUpdate();
+        insertIntoUsers = 0;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.sql2o.Connection` acquired by call to `createQuery(...)` at line 125 is not released after line 125.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Sql2oTest.testExecuteAndFetch()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sql2o.Sql2oTest.testExecuteAndFetch():void.a71e92c1e6ce11b792ba72f9589a8b47
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/org/sql2o/Sql2oTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Sql2oTest.java|testExecuteAndFetch|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+939bacd846f19fa9053d3f2bc15017ae
+
+### Hash:
+632798ba6efa128d207a5aeea933ea83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4329/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4329/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e6321d4e1ef3f1b3d1f077779e1456edabacf29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4329/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1295 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sql2o
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.sql2o;
+
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDataSource;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+import org.joda.time.LocalTime;
+import org.joda.time.Period;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.sql2o.data.LazyTable;
+import org.sql2o.data.Row;
+import org.sql2o.data.Table;
+import org.sql2o.pojos.*;
+import org.sql2o.tools.IOUtils;
+
+import javax.naming.Context;
+import javax.naming.InitialContext;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.sql.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
+ * User: lars
+ * Date: 5/21/11
+ * Time: 9:25 PM
+ * Most sql2o tests are in this class.
+ */
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
+public class Sql2oTest {
+
+    @Parameterized.Parameters(name = "{index} - {4}")
+    public static Collection<Object[]> getData(){
+        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
+                {null, "jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1","sa", "", "H2 test" },
+                {new jdbcDriver(), "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:testmemdb", "SA", "", "HyperSQL DB test"}
+        });
+    }
+
+
+    private final Sql2o sql2o;// = new Sql2o(this.url, this.user, this.pass);
+    private String url;
+    private String user;
+    private String pass;
+    private boolean isHyperSql;
+
+    public Sql2oTest(Driver driverToRegister, String url, String user, String pass, String testName){
+
+        if (driverToRegister != null) {
+            try {
+                DriverManager.registerDriver(driverToRegister);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("could not register driver '" + driverToRegister.getClass().getName() + "'", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.sql2o = new Sql2o(url, user, pass);
+
+        HashMap<String, String> defaultColumnMap = new HashMap<String,String>();
+        defaultColumnMap.put("ID", "id");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("NAME", "name");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("EMAIL", "email");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("TEXT", "text");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("ANUMBER", "aNumber");
+        defaultColumnMap.put("ALONGNUMBER", "aLongNumber");
+        sql2o.setDefaultColumnMappings(defaultColumnMap);
+
+        this.url = url;
+        this.user = user;
+        this.pass = pass;
+        this.isHyperSql = "HyperSQL DB test".equals( testName );
+
+        if (this.isHyperSql) {
+            sql2o.createQuery("set database sql syntax MSS true").executeUpdate();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int insertIntoUsers = 0;
+
+    //@Test  TODO. commented out. Can't get test to work without an application server.
+    public void testCreateSql2oFromJndi() throws Exception {
+        System.setProperty(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, "org.apache.naming.java.javaURLContextFactory");
+        System.setProperty(Context.URL_PKG_PREFIXES, "org.apache.naming");
+
+        InitialContext ic = new InitialContext();
+
+        ic.createSubcontext("java:");
+        ic.createSubcontext("java:comp");
+        ic.createSubcontext("java:comp/env");
+
+        JDBCDataSource datasource = new JDBCDataSource();
+        datasource.setUrl(url);
+        datasource.setUser(user);
+        datasource.setPassword(pass);
+
+        ic.bind("java:comp/env/Sql2o", datasource);
+
+        System.out.println("Datasource initialized.");
+
+        Sql2o jndiSql2o = new Sql2o("Sql2o");
+
+        assertTrue(jndiSql2o != null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetch(){
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Date before = new Date();
+        List<User> allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+        Date after = new Date();
+        long span = after.getTime() - before.getTime();
+        System.out.println(String.format("Fetched %s user: %s ms", insertIntoUsers, span));
+
+        // repeat this
+        before = new Date();
+        allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+        after = new Date();
+        span = after.getTime() - before.getTime();
+        System.out.println(String.format("Again Fetched %s user: %s ms", insertIntoUsers, span));
+
+        assertTrue(allUsers.size() == insertIntoUsers);
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetchWithNulls(){
+        String sql =
+                "create table testExecWithNullsTbl (" +
+                "id int identity primary key, " +
+                "text varchar(255), " +
+                "aNumber int, " +
+                "aLongNumber bigint)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(sql, "testExecuteAndFetchWithNulls").executeUpdate();
+
+
+        Connection connection = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+        Query insQuery = connection.createQuery("insert into testExecWithNullsTbl (text, aNumber, aLongNumber) values(:text, :number, :lnum)");
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", 2).addParameter("lnum", 10L).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", (Integer)null).addParameter("lnum", 10L).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", (String)null).addParameter("number", 21).addParameter("lnum", (Long)null).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", 1221).addParameter("lnum", 10).executeUpdate();
+        insQuery.addParameter("text", "some text").addParameter("number", 2311).addParameter("lnum", 12).executeUpdate();
+        connection.commit();
+
+        List<Entity> fetched = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testExecWithNullsTbl").executeAndFetch(Entity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(fetched.size() == 5);
+        assertNull(fetched.get(2).text);
+        assertNotNull(fetched.get(3).text);
+
+        assertNull(fetched.get(1).aNumber);
+        assertNotNull(fetched.get(2).aNumber);
+
+        assertNull(fetched.get(2).aLongNumber);
+        assertNotNull(fetched.get(3).aLongNumber);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatch(){
+        sql2o.createQuery(
+                "create table User(\n" +
+                "id int identity primary key,\n" +
+                "name varchar(20),\n" +
+                "email varchar(255),\n" +
+                "text varchar(100))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insQuery = "insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)";
+
+        Connection con = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+        int[] inserted = con.createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("name", "test").addParameter("email", "test@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test2").addParameter("email", "test2@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting too").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test3").addParameter("email", "test3@test.com").addParameter("text", "blablabla").addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch().getBatchResult();
+        con.commit();
+
+        assertEquals(3, inserted.length);
+        for (int i : inserted){
+            assertEquals(1, i);
+        }
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteScalar(){
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Object o = sql2o.createQuery("select text from User where id = 2").executeScalar();
+        assertTrue(o.getClass().equals(String.class));
+
+        Object o2 = sql2o.createQuery("select 10").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(o2, 10);
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchNoTransaction(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery(
+                "create table User(\n" +
+                "id int identity primary key,\n" +
+                "name varchar(20),\n" +
+                "email varchar(255),\n" +
+                "text varchar(100))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insQuery = "insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)";
+
+        sql2o.createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("name", "test").addParameter("email", "test@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test2").addParameter("email", "test2@test.com").addParameter("text", "something exciting too").addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("name", "test3").addParameter("email", "test3@test.com").addParameter("text", "blablabla").addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch();
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaseInsensitive(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testCI(id2 int primary key, value2 varchar(20), sometext varchar(20), valwithgetter varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        Query query = sql2o.createQuery("insert into testCI(id2, value2, sometext, valwithgetter) values(:id, :value, :someText, :valwithgetter)");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++){
+            query.addParameter("id", i).addParameter("value", "some text " + i).addParameter("someText", "whatever " + i).addParameter("valwithgetter", "spaz" + i).addToBatch();
+        }
+        query.executeBatch();
+
+        List<CIEntity> ciEntities = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testCI").setCaseSensitive(false).executeAndFetch(CIEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(ciEntities.size() == 20);
+
+
+        // test defaultCaseSensitive;
+        sql2o.setDefaultCaseSensitive(false);
+        List<CIEntity> ciEntities2 = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testCI").executeAndFetch(CIEntity.class);
+        assertTrue(ciEntities2.size() == 20);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetchResultSet() throws SQLException {
+        List<Integer> list = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 val from (values(0)) union select 2 from (values(0)) union select 3 from (values(0))").executeScalarList(Integer.class);
+
+        assertEquals((int)list.get(0), 1);
+        assertEquals((int)list.get(1), 2);
+        assertEquals((int)list.get(2), 3);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJodaTime(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testjoda(id int primary key, joda1 datetime, joda2 datetime)").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into testjoda(id, joda1, joda2) values(:id, :joda1, :joda2)")
+                .addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("joda1", new DateTime()).addParameter("joda2", new DateTime().plusDays(-1)).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 2).addParameter("joda1", new DateTime().plusYears(1)).addParameter("joda2", new DateTime().plusDays(-2)).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 3).addParameter("joda1", new DateTime().plusYears(2)).addParameter("joda2", new DateTime().plusDays(-3)).addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch();
+
+        List<JodaEntity> list = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testjoda").executeAndFetch(JodaEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(list.size() == 3);
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).getJoda2().isBeforeNow());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUtilDate(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testutildate(id int primary key, d1 datetime, d2 timestamp, d3 date)").executeUpdate();
+
+        Date now = new Date();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into testutildate(id, d1, d2, d3) values(:id, :d1, :d2, :d3)")
+                .addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("d1", now).addParameter("d2", now).addParameter("d3", now).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 2).addParameter("d1", now).addParameter("d2", now).addParameter("d3", now).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("id", 3).addParameter("d1", now).addParameter("d2", now).addParameter("d3", now).addToBatch()
+                .executeBatch();
+
+        List<UtilDateEntity> list = sql2o.createQuery("select * from testutildate").executeAndFetch(UtilDateEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(list.size() == 3);
+
+        // make sure d1, d2, d3 were properly inserted and selected
+        for (UtilDateEntity e : list) {
+            assertEquals(now, e.d1);
+            assertEquals(now, e.getD2());
+            Date dateOnly = new DateTime(now).toDateMidnight().toDate();
+            assertEquals(dateOnly, e.getD3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConversion(){
+
+        String sql = "select cast(1 as smallint) as val1, 2 as val2 from (values(0)) union select cast(3 as smallint) as val1, 4 as val2 from (values(0))";
+        List<TypeConvertEntity> entities = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetch(TypeConvertEntity.class);
+
+        assertTrue(entities.size() == 2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateNoTransaction() throws SQLException {
+        String ddlQuery = "create table testUpdateNoTransaction(id int primary key, value varchar(50))";
+        Connection connection = sql2o.createQuery(ddlQuery).executeUpdate();
+
+        assertTrue(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed());
+
+        String insQuery = "insert into testUpdateNoTransaction(id, value) values (:id, :value)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("id",1).addParameter("value", "test1").executeUpdate()
+                .createQuery(insQuery).addParameter("id", 2).addParameter("value","val2").executeUpdate();
+
+        assertTrue(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNullDate(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table nullDateTest(id integer primary key, somedate datetime)").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into nullDateTest(id, somedate) values(:id, :date)")
+                .addParameter("id", 1)
+                .addParameter("date", (Date)null).executeUpdate();
+
+        Date d = (Date)sql2o.createQuery("select somedate from nullDateTest where id = 1").executeScalar();
+        assertNull(d);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetResult(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table get_result_test(id integer primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insertSql =
+                "insert into get_result_test(id, value) " +
+                "select 1, 'hello' from (values(0)) union " +
+                "select 2, 'hello2' from (values(0)) union " +
+                "select 3, 'hello3' from (values(0))";
+
+        int result = sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).executeUpdate().getResult();
+
+        assertEquals(3, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetKeys(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table get_keys_test(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into get_keys_test(value) values(:val)";
+//        try{
+//            Integer key = (Integer)sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate().getKey();
+//            throw new RuntimeException("Sql2oException expected in code line above");
+//        }
+//        catch(Sql2oException ex){
+//            assertTrue(ex.getMessage().contains("executeUpdate(true)"));
+//        }
+
+        Integer key = (Integer)sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate().getKey();
+
+        assertNotNull(key);
+        assertTrue(key >= 0);
+
+        String multiInsertSql = "insert into get_keys_test(value) select 'a val' col1 from (values(0)) union select 'another val' col1 from (values(0))";
+        Object[] keys = sql2o.createQuery(multiInsertSql).executeUpdate().getKeys();
+
+        assertNotNull(keys);
+
+        // return value of auto generated keys is DB dependent.
+        // H2 will always just return the last generated identity.
+        // HyperSQL returns all generated identities (which is more ideal).
+        if (this.isHyperSql) {
+            assertTrue(keys.length == 2);
+        }
+        else {
+            assertTrue(keys.length > 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteBatchGetKeys() {
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table get_keys_test2(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into get_keys_test2(value) values(:val)";
+
+        List<String> vals = new ArrayList<String>(){{
+            add("something1");
+            add("something2");
+            add("something3");
+        }};
+
+        Query query = sql2o.createQuery(insertSql, true);
+
+        for (String val : vals) {
+            query.addParameter("val", val);
+            query.addToBatch();
+        }
+
+        List<Integer> keys = query.executeBatch().getKeys(Integer.class);
+
+        assertNotNull(keys);
+        for (Integer key : keys) {
+            assertTrue(key >= 0);
+        }
+
+        // return value of auto generated keys is DB dependent.
+        // H2 will always just return the last generated identity.
+        // HyperSQL returns all generated identities (which is more ideal).
+        if (this.isHyperSql) {
+            assertTrue(keys.size() == vals.size());
+        }
+        else {
+            assertTrue(keys.size() > 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRollback(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table test_rollback_table(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(25))").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o
+                //first insert something, and commit it.
+                .beginTransaction()
+                .createQuery("insert into test_rollback_table(value) values (:val)")
+                .addParameter("val", "something")
+                .executeUpdate()
+                .commit()
+
+                        // insert something else, and roll it back.
+                .beginTransaction()
+                .createQuery("insert into test_rollback_table(value) values (:val)")
+                .addParameter("val", "something to rollback")
+                .executeUpdate()
+                .rollback();
+        long rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from test_rollback_table").executeScalar();
+
+        assertEquals(1, rowCount);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBigDecimals(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table bigdectesttable (id integer identity primary key, val1 numeric(5,3), val2 integer)").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into bigdectesttable(val1, val2) values(:val1, :val2)").addParameter("val1",1.256).addParameter("val2", 4).executeUpdate();
+
+        BigDecimalPojo pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select * from bigdectesttable").executeAndFetchFirst(BigDecimalPojo.class);
+
+        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("1.256"), pojo.val1);
+        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("4.0"), pojo.val2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryDbMappings(){
+        Entity entity = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 as id, 'something' as caption, cast('2011-01-01' as date) as theTime from (values(0))")
+                .addColumnMapping("caption", "text")
+                .addColumnMapping("theTime", "time").executeAndFetchFirst(Entity.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, entity.id);
+        assertEquals("something", entity.text);
+        assertEquals(new DateTime(2011,1,1,0,0,0,0).toDate(), entity.time);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGlobalDbMappings(){
+        Sql2o sql2o1 = new Sql2o(url, user, pass);
+
+        Map<String,String> defaultColMaps = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        defaultColMaps.put("caption", "text");
+        defaultColMaps.put("theTime", "time");
+
+        sql2o1.setDefaultColumnMappings(defaultColMaps);
+
+        Entity entity = sql2o1.createQuery("select 1 as id, 'something' as caption, cast('2011-01-01' as date) as theTime from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(Entity.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, entity.id);
+        assertEquals("something", entity.text);
+        assertEquals(new DateTime(2011,1,1,0,0,0,0).toDate(), entity.time);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetPrivateFields(){
+        EntityWithPrivateFields entity = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 id, 'hello' value from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(EntityWithPrivateFields.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, entity.getId());
+        assertEquals("hello1", entity.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFetchTable(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table tabletest(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20), value2 decimal(5,1))").executeUpdate();
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into tabletest(value,value2) values (:value, :value2)")
+                .addParameter("value", "something").addParameter("value2", new BigDecimal("3.4")).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("value", "bla").addParameter("value2", new BigDecimal("5.5")).addToBatch().executeBatch();
+
+
+        Table table = sql2o.createQuery("select * from tabletest order by id").executeAndFetchTable();
+
+        assertEquals(3, table.columns().size());
+        assertEquals("ID", table.columns().get(0).getName());
+        assertEquals("VALUE", table.columns().get(1).getName());
+        assertEquals("VALUE2", table.columns().get(2).getName());
+
+        assertEquals(2, table.rows().size());
+
+        Row row0 = table.rows().get(0);
+        Row row1 = table.rows().get(1);
+
+        assertTrue(0 <= row0.getInteger("ID"));
+        assertEquals("something", row0.getString(1));
+        assertEquals(new BigDecimal("3.4"), row0.getBigDecimal("VALUE2"));
+
+        assertTrue(1 <= row1.getInteger(0));
+        assertEquals("bla", row1.getString("VALUE"));
+        assertEquals(5.5D, row1.getDouble(2), 0.00001);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTable_asList() {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Table table = sql2o.createQuery("select * from user").executeAndFetchTable();
+
+        List<Map<String, Object>> rows = table.asList();
+
+        assertEquals(insertIntoUsers, rows.size());
+
+        for (Map<String, Object> row : rows) {
+            assertEquals(4, row.size());
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("id"));
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("name"));
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("email"));
+            assertTrue(row.containsKey("text"));
+        }
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringConversion(){
+        StringConversionPojo pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select '1' val1, '2  ' val2, '' val3, '' val4, null val5 from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(StringConversionPojo.class);
+
+        assertEquals((Integer)1, pojo.val1);
+        assertEquals(2l, pojo.val2);
+        assertNull(pojo.val3);
+        assertEquals(0, pojo.val4);
+        assertNull(pojo.val5);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSuperPojo(){
+        SuperPojo pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 id, 'something' value from (values(0))").executeAndFetchFirst(SuperPojo.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, pojo.getId());
+        assertEquals("something1", pojo.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplexTypes(){
+        ComplexEntity pojo = sql2o.createQuery("select 1 id, 1 \"entity.id\", 'something' \"entity.value\" from (values(0))", "testComplexTypes").executeAndFetchFirst(ComplexEntity.class);
+
+        assertEquals(1, pojo.id);
+        assertEquals(1, pojo.entity.getId());
+        assertEquals("something1", pojo.entity.getValue());
+    }
+
+//    public void testMultiResult(){
+//        sql2o.createQuery("create table multi1(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+//        sql2o.createQuery("create table multi2(id integer identity primary key, value2 varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+//
+//        sql2o.createQuery("insert into multi1(value) values (:val)")
+//                .addParameter("val", "test1").addToBatch()
+//                .addParameter("val", "test2").addToBatch()
+//                .executeBatch();
+//
+//        sql2o.createQuery("insert into multi2(value2) values (:val)")
+//                .addParameter("val", "test3").addToBatch()
+//                .addParameter("val", "test4").addToBatch()
+//                .executeBatch();
+//
+//        List[] results = sql2o.createQuery("select * from multi1 order by id; select * from multi2 order by id").executeAndFetchMultiple(Multi1.class, Multi2.class);
+//        //List<Multi1> results = sql2o.createQuery("select * from multi1 order by id; select * from multi2 order by id").executeAndFetch(Multi1.class);
+//
+//        List<Multi1> res1 = results[0];
+//        List<Multi2> res2 = results[1];
+//
+//        assertEquals((Long)1L, res1.get(0).getId());
+//        assertEquals("test2", res1.get(1).getValue());
+//
+//        assertEquals("test3", res2.get(0).getValue2());
+//        assertEquals(4, res2.get(1).getId());
+//    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRunInsideTransaction(){
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table runinsidetransactiontable(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(50))").executeUpdate();
+        boolean failed = false;
+
+        try{
+            sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+                public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into runinsidetransactiontable(value) values(:value)")
+                            .addParameter("value", "test").executeUpdate();
+
+                    throw new RuntimeException("ouch!");
+
+
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        catch(Sql2oException ex){
+            failed = true;
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(failed);
+        long rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from runinsidetransactiontable").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(0, rowCount);
+
+        sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                connection.createQuery("insert into runinsidetransactiontable(value) values(:value)")
+                        .addParameter("value", "test").executeUpdate();
+            }
+        });
+
+        rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from runinsidetransactiontable").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(1, rowCount);
+
+
+        String argument = "argument test";
+
+        sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                Integer id = connection.createQuery("insert into runinsidetransactiontable(value) values(:value)")
+                        .addParameter("value", argument).executeUpdate().getKey(Integer.class);
+
+                String insertedValue = connection.createQuery("select value from runinsidetransactiontable where id = :id").addParameter("id", id).executeScalar(String.class);
+                assertEquals("argument test", insertedValue);
+            }
+        }, argument);
+
+        rowCount = (Long)sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from runinsidetransactiontable").executeScalar();
+        assertEquals(2, rowCount);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRunInsideTransactionWithResult(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testRunInsideTransactionWithResultTable(id integer identity primary key, value varchar(50))").executeUpdate();
+
+    }
+
+    private static class runnerWithResultTester implements StatementRunnableWithResult{
+
+        public Object run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+            String[] vals = (String[])argument;
+            List<Integer> keys = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+            for (String val : vals){
+                Integer key = connection.createQuery("insert into testRunInsideTransactionWithResultTable(value) values(:val)", "runnerWithResultTester")
+                        .addParameter("val", val)
+                        .executeUpdate().getKey(Integer.class);
+                keys.add(key);
+            }
+
+            return keys;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDynamicExecuteScalar(){
+        Object origVal = sql2o.createQuery("select 1").executeScalar();
+        assertTrue(Integer.class.equals(origVal.getClass()));
+        assertEquals(1, origVal);
+
+        Long intVal = sql2o.createQuery("select 1").executeScalar(Long.class);
+        assertEquals((Long)1l, intVal);
+
+        Short shortVal = sql2o.createQuery("select 2").executeScalar(Short.class);
+        Short expected = 2;
+        assertEquals(expected, shortVal);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNulls() {
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testUpdateWithNulls_2(id integer identity primary key, value integer)").executeUpdate();
+
+        Integer nullInt = null;
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into testUpdateWithNulls_2(value) values(:val)").addParameter("val", 2).addToBatch().addParameter("val", nullInt).addToBatch().executeBatch();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExceptionInRunnable() {
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testExceptionInRunnable(id integer primary key, value varchar(20))").executeUpdate();
+
+        try{
+            sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+                public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                            .addParameter("id", 1)
+                            .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                            .addParameter("id", 1)
+                            .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+                }
+            });
+        } catch(Throwable t) {
+
+        }
+
+        int c = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testExceptionInRunnable").executeScalar(Integer.class);
+        assertEquals(0, c);
+
+
+        sql2o.runInTransaction(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                        .addParameter("id", 1)
+                        .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+
+                try{
+                    connection.createQuery("insert into testExceptionInRunnable(id, value) values(:id, :val)")
+                            .addParameter("id", 1)
+                            .addParameter("val", "something").executeUpdate();
+                } catch(Sql2oException ex){
+
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        c = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testExceptionInRunnable").executeScalar(Integer.class);
+        assertEquals(1, c);
+
+    }
+
+    public static enum TestEnum{
+        HELLO, WORLD;
+    }
+
+    public static class EntityWithEnum{
+        public int id;
+        public TestEnum val;
+        public TestEnum val2;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnums() {
+        sql2o.createQuery( "create table EnumTest(id int identity primary key, enum_val varchar(10), enum_val2 int) ").executeUpdate();
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("insert into EnumTest(enum_val, enum_val2) values (:val, :val2)")
+                .addParameter("val", TestEnum.HELLO).addParameter("val2", TestEnum.HELLO.ordinal()).addToBatch()
+                .addParameter("val", TestEnum.WORLD).addParameter("val2", TestEnum.WORLD.ordinal()).addToBatch().executeBatch();
+
+        List<EntityWithEnum> list = sql2o.createQuery("select id, enum_val val, enum_val2 val2 from EnumTest").executeAndFetch(EntityWithEnum.class);
+
+        assertThat(list.get(0).val, is(TestEnum.HELLO));
+        assertThat(list.get(0).val2, is(TestEnum.HELLO));
+        assertThat(list.get(1).val, is(TestEnum.WORLD));
+        assertThat(list.get(1).val2, is(TestEnum.WORLD));
+
+        TestEnum testEnum = sql2o.createQuery("select 'HELLO' from (values(0))").executeScalar(TestEnum.class);
+        assertThat(testEnum, is(TestEnum.HELLO));
+
+        TestEnum testEnum2 = sql2o.createQuery("select NULL from (values(0))").executeScalar(TestEnum.class);
+        assertThat(testEnum2, is(nullValue()));
+    }
+
+    public static class BooleanPOJO {
+        public boolean val1;
+        public Boolean val2;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBooleanConverter() {
+        String sql = "select true as val1, false as val2 from (values(0))";
+
+        BooleanPOJO pojo = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BooleanPOJO.class);
+        assertTrue(pojo.val1);
+        assertFalse(pojo.val2);
+
+        String sql2 = "select null as val1, null as val2 from (values(0))";
+        BooleanPOJO pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(sql2).executeAndFetchFirst(BooleanPOJO.class);
+        assertFalse(pojo2.val1);
+        assertNull(pojo2.val2);
+
+        String sql3 = "select 'false' as val1, 'true' as val2 from (values(0))";
+        BooleanPOJO pojo3 = sql2o.createQuery(sql3).executeAndFetchFirst(BooleanPOJO.class);
+        assertFalse(pojo3.val1);
+        assertTrue(pojo3.val2);
+    }
+
+    public static class BlobPOJO1{
+        public int id;
+        public byte[] data;
+    }
+
+    public static class BlobPOJO2{
+        public int id;
+        public InputStream data;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlob() throws IOException {
+        String createSql = "create table blobtbl2(id int identity primary key, data blob)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(createSql).executeUpdate();
+
+        String dataString = "test";
+        byte[] data = dataString.getBytes();
+        String insertSql = "insert into blobtbl2(data) values(:data)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("data", data).executeUpdate();
+
+        // select
+        String sql = "select id, data from blobtbl2";
+        BlobPOJO1 pojo1 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO1.class);
+        BlobPOJO2 pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO2.class);
+
+        String pojo1DataString = new String(pojo1.data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo1DataString)));
+
+        byte[] pojo2Data = IOUtils.toByteArray(pojo2.data);
+        String pojo2DataString = new String(pojo2Data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo2DataString)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInputStream() throws IOException {
+        String createSql = "create table blobtbl(id int identity primary key, data blob)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(createSql).executeUpdate();
+
+        String dataString = "test";
+        byte[] data = dataString.getBytes();
+
+        InputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream( data );
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into blobtbl(data) values(:data)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).addParameter("data", inputStream).executeUpdate();
+
+        // select
+        String sql = "select id, data from blobtbl";
+        BlobPOJO1 pojo1 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO1.class);
+        BlobPOJO2 pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchFirst(BlobPOJO2.class);
+
+        String pojo1DataString = new String(pojo1.data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo1DataString)));
+
+        byte[] pojo2Data = IOUtils.toByteArray(pojo2.data);
+        String pojo2DataString = new String(pojo2Data);
+        assertThat(dataString, is(equalTo(pojo2DataString)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTimeConverter(){
+        String sql = "select current_time as col1 from (values(0))";
+
+        Time sqlTime = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeScalar(Time.class);
+
+        Period p = new Period(new LocalTime(sqlTime), new LocalTime());
+
+
+        assertThat(sqlTime, is(notNullValue()));
+        assertTrue(p.getMinutes() == 0);
+
+        Date date = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeScalar(Date.class);
+        assertThat(date, is(notNullValue()));
+
+        LocalTime jodaTime = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeScalar(LocalTime.class);
+        assertTrue(jodaTime.getMillisOfDay() > 0);
+        assertThat(jodaTime.getHourOfDay(), is(equalTo(new LocalTime().getHourOfDay())));
+    }
+
+    public static class BindablePojo{
+        String data1;
+        private Timestamp data2;
+        private Long data3;
+        private Float data4;
+        public Timestamp getData2() {
+            return data2;
+        }
+
+        public Long getData3() {
+            return data3;
+        }
+        public Float getData4() { return data4; }
+        public void setData2(Timestamp data2) {
+            this.data2 = data2;
+        }
+        public void setData3(Long data3) {
+            this.data3 = data3;
+        }
+        public void setData4(Float data4) { this.data4 = data4; }
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if((obj != null) && (obj instanceof BindablePojo)){
+                BindablePojo other = (BindablePojo)obj;
+                /*System.out.println(data1 + " == " + other.data1);
+                System.out.println(data2 + " == " + other.data2);
+                System.out.println(data3 + " == " + other.data3);*/
+                boolean res = data1.equals(other.data1) && data2.equals(other.data2) && data3.equals(other.data3);
+                return res;
+            }else
+                return false;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBindPojo(){
+        String createSql = "create table bindtbl(id int identity primary key, data1 varchar(10), data2 timestamp, data3 bigint)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(createSql).executeUpdate();
+
+        // Anonymous class inherits POJO
+        BindablePojo pojo1 = new BindablePojo(){
+            {
+                // Field access
+                data1="Foo";
+                setData2(new Timestamp(new Date().getTime()));
+                setData3(789456123L);
+                setData4(4.5f);
+            }
+        };
+
+        String insertSql = "insert into bindtbl(data1, data2, data3) values(:data1, :data2, :data3)";
+        sql2o.createQuery(insertSql).bind(pojo1).executeUpdate();
+
+        String selectSql = "select data1, data2, data3 from bindtbl";
+        BindablePojo pojo2 = sql2o.createQuery(selectSql).executeAndFetchFirst(BindablePojo.class);
+
+        assertTrue(pojo1.equals(pojo2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRowGetObjectWithConverters() {
+        String sql = "select 1 col1, '23' col2 from (values(0))";
+        Table t = sql2o.createQuery(sql).executeAndFetchTable();
+        Row r = t.rows().get(0);
+
+        String col1AsString = r.getObject("col1", String.class);
+        Integer col1AsInteger = r.getObject("col1", Integer.class);
+        Long col1AsLong = r.getObject("col1", Long.class);
+
+        assertThat(col1AsString, is(equalTo("1")));
+        assertThat(col1AsInteger, is(equalTo(1)));
+        assertThat(col1AsLong, is(equalTo(1L)));
+
+        String col2AsString = r.getObject("col2", String.class);
+        Integer col2AsInteger = r.getObject("col2", Integer.class);
+        Long col2AsLong = r.getObject("col2", Long.class);
+
+        assertThat(col2AsString, is(equalTo("23")));
+        assertThat(col2AsInteger, is(equalTo(23)));
+        assertThat(col2AsLong, is(equalTo(23L)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetchLazy(){
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        ResultSetIterable<User> allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetchLazy(User.class);
+
+        // read in batches, because maybe we are bulk exporting and can't fit them all into a list
+        int totalSize = 0;
+        int batchSize = 500;
+        List<User> batch = new ArrayList<User>(batchSize);
+        for (User u : allUsers) {
+            totalSize++;
+            if (batch.size() == batchSize) {
+                System.out.println(String.format("Read batch of %d users, great!", batchSize));
+                batch.clear();
+            }
+            batch.add(u);
+        }
+
+        allUsers.close();
+
+        assertTrue(totalSize == insertIntoUsers);
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResultSetIterator_multipleHasNextWorks() {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        ResultSetIterable<User> allUsers = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetchLazy(User.class);
+
+        Iterator<User> usersIterator = allUsers.iterator();
+
+        // call hasNext a few times, should have no effect
+        usersIterator.hasNext();
+        usersIterator.hasNext();
+        usersIterator.hasNext();
+
+        int totalSize = 0;
+        while (usersIterator.hasNext()) {
+            totalSize++;
+            usersIterator.next();
+        }
+
+        allUsers.close();
+
+        assertTrue(totalSize == insertIntoUsers);
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExecuteAndFetch_fallbackToExecuteScalar() {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        // this should NOT fallback to executeScalar
+        List<User> users = sql2o.createQuery("select name from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+
+        // only the name should be set
+        for (User u : users) {
+            assertNotNull(u.name);
+        }
+
+        // this SHOULD fallback to executeScalar
+        List<String> userNames = sql2o.createQuery("select name from User").executeAndFetch(String.class);
+
+        assertEquals(users.size(), userNames.size());
+
+        deleteUserTable();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLazyTable() throws SQLException {
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        Query q = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User");
+        LazyTable lt = null;
+        try {
+            lt = q.executeAndFetchTableLazy();
+            for (Row r : lt.rows()){
+                String name = r.getString("name");
+
+                assertThat(name, notNullValue());
+            }
+
+            // still in autoClosable scope. Expecting connection to be open.
+            assertThat(q.getConnection().getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(false));
+        } finally {
+            // simulate autoClose.
+            lt.close();
+        }
+
+        // simulated autoClosable scope exited. Expecting connection to be closed.
+        assertThat(q.getConnection().getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactionAutoClosable() {
+
+        sql2o.createQuery("create table testTransactionAutoClosable(id int primary key, val varchar(20) not null)").executeUpdate();
+
+        Connection connection = null;
+        try {
+            connection = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+            String sql = "insert into testTransactionAutoClosable(id, val) values (:id, :val);";
+            connection.createQuery(sql).addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("val", "foo").executeUpdate();
+        } finally {
+            // autoclosing
+            connection.close();
+        }
+
+        int count = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testTransactionAutoClosable").executeAndFetchFirst(Integer.class);
+        assertThat(count, is(equalTo(0)));
+
+        connection = null;
+        try {
+            connection = sql2o.beginTransaction();
+            String sql = "insert into testTransactionAutoClosable(id, val) values (:id, :val);";
+            connection.createQuery(sql).addParameter("id", 1).addParameter("val", "foo").executeUpdate();
+
+            connection.commit();
+        } finally {
+            // autoclosing
+            connection.close();
+        }
+
+        count = sql2o.createQuery("select count(*) from testTransactionAutoClosable").executeAndFetchFirst(Integer.class);
+        assertThat(count, is(equalTo(1)));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenConnection() throws SQLException {
+
+        Connection connection = sql2o.open();
+
+        createAndFillUserTable(connection);
+
+        assertThat(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(false));
+
+        List<User> users = connection.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+
+        assertThat(users.size(), is(equalTo(10000)));
+        assertThat(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(false));
+
+        connection.close();
+
+        assertThat(connection.getJdbcConnection().isClosed(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWithConnection() {
+
+        createAndFillUserTable();
+
+        final String insertsql = "insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)";
+
+
+        sql2o.withConnection(new StatementRunnable() {
+            public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+
+                connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                        .addParameter("name", "Sql2o")
+                        .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                        .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                        .executeUpdate();
+
+                connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                        .addParameter("name", "Sql2o2")
+                        .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                        .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                        .executeUpdate();
+
+                connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                        .addParameter("name", "Sql2o3")
+                        .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                        .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                        .executeUpdate();
+
+            }
+        });
+
+        List<User> users = sql2o.withConnection(new StatementRunnableWithResult() {
+            public Object run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+                return sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+            }
+        });
+
+        assertThat(users.size(), is(equalTo(10003)));
+
+        try{
+            sql2o.withConnection(new StatementRunnable() {
+                public void run(Connection connection, Object argument) throws Throwable {
+
+                    connection.createQuery(insertsql)
+                            .addParameter("name", "Sql2o")
+                            .addParameter("email", "sql2o@sql2o.org")
+                            .addParameter("text", "bla bla")
+                            .executeUpdate();
+
+                    throw new RuntimeException("whaa!");
+
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // ignore. expected
+        }
+
+        List<User> users2 = sql2o.createQuery("select * from User").executeAndFetch(User.class);
+
+        // expect that that the last insert was committed, as this should not be run in a transaction.
+        assertThat(users2.size(), is(equalTo(10004)));
+    }
+
+    /************** Helper stuff ******************/
+
+    private void createAndFillUserTable() {
+        Connection connection = sql2o.open();
+
+        createAndFillUserTable(connection);
+
+        connection.close();
+    }
+
+    private void createAndFillUserTable(Connection connection){
+
+        try{
+            connection.createQuery("drop table User").executeUpdate();
+        } catch(Sql2oException e) {
+            // if it fails, its because the User table doesn't exists. Just ignore this.
+        }
+
+        int rowCount = 10000;
+        connection.createQuery(
+                "create table User(\n" +
+                "id int identity primary key,\n" +
+                "name varchar(20),\n" +
+                "email varchar(255),\n" +
+                "text varchar(100))").executeUpdate();
+
+        Query insQuery = connection.createQuery("insert into User(name, email, text) values (:name, :email, :text)");
+        Date before = new Date();
+        for (int idx = 0; idx < rowCount; idx++){
+            insQuery.addParameter("name", "a name " + idx)
+                    .addParameter("email", String.format("test%s@email.com", idx))
+                    .addParameter("text", "some text").addToBatch();
+        }
+        insQuery.executeBatch();
+        Date after = new Date();
+        Long span = after.getTime() - before.getTime();
+
+        System.out.println(String.format("inserted %d rows into User table. Time used: %s ms", rowCount, span));
+
+        insertIntoUsers += rowCount;
+    }
+
+    private void deleteUserTable(){
+        sql2o.createQuery("drop table User").executeUpdate();
+        insertIntoUsers = 0;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.sql2o.Connection` acquired to `connection` by call to `beginTransaction()` at line 145 is not released after line 152.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Sql2oTest.testExecuteAndFetchWithNulls()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sql2o.Sql2oTest.testExecuteAndFetchWithNulls():void.468c0bac03ae5b43c1fae71597e59f86
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/org/sql2o/Sql2oTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Sql2oTest.java|testExecuteAndFetchWithNulls|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+0f021f86f0a4522980b8a1674b1eebed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4342/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4342/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49834e9540e1262f218287f441a299e9477ef20e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4342/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.core.bean;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.bean.copier.CopyOptions;
+import cn.hutool.core.bean.copier.ValueProvider;
+import cn.hutool.core.collection.CollUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.map.MapUtil;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.beans.PropertyDescriptor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+/**
+ * Bean工具单元测试
+ *
+ * @author Looly
+ *
+ */
+public class BeanUtilTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void isBeanTest() {
+
+		// HashMap不包含setXXX方法，不是bean
+		boolean isBean = BeanUtil.isBean(HashMap.class);
+		Assert.assertFalse(isBean);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void fillBeanTest() {
+		Person person = BeanUtil.fillBean(new Person(), new ValueProvider<String>() {
+
+			@Override
+			public Object value(String key, Type valueType) {
+				switch (key) {
+				case "name":
+					return "张三";
+				case "age":
+					return 18;
+				}
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public boolean containsKey(String key) {
+				// 总是存在key
+				return true;
+			}
+
+		}, CopyOptions.create());
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getName(), "张三");
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getAge(), 18);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void fillBeanWithMapIgnoreCaseTest() {
+		HashMap<String, Object> map = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("Name", "Joe");
+		map.put("aGe", 12);
+		map.put("openId", "DFDFSDFWERWER");
+		SubPerson person = BeanUtil.fillBeanWithMapIgnoreCase(map, new SubPerson(), false);
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getName(), "Joe");
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getAge(), 12);
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getOpenid(), "DFDFSDFWERWER");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void mapToBeanIgnoreCaseTest() {
+		HashMap<String, Object> map = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("Name", "Joe");
+		map.put("aGe", 12);
+
+		Person person = BeanUtil.mapToBeanIgnoreCase(map, Person.class, false);
+		Assert.assertEquals("Joe", person.getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(12, person.getAge());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void mapToBeanTest() {
+		HashMap<String, Object> map = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("a_name", "Joe");
+		map.put("b_age", 12);
+
+		// 别名，用于对应bean的字段名
+		HashMap<String, String> mapping = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		mapping.put("a_name", "name");
+		mapping.put("b_age", "age");
+
+		Person person = BeanUtil.mapToBean(map, Person.class, CopyOptions.create().setFieldMapping(mapping));
+		Assert.assertEquals("Joe", person.getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(12, person.getAge());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void beanToMapTest() {
+		SubPerson person = new SubPerson();
+		person.setAge(14);
+		person.setOpenid("11213232");
+		person.setName("测试A11");
+		person.setSubName("sub名字");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = BeanUtil.beanToMap(person);
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试A11", map.get("name"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(14, map.get("age"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("11213232", map.get("openid"));
+		// static属性应被忽略
+		Assert.assertFalse(map.containsKey("SUBNAME"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void beanToMapTest2() {
+		SubPerson person = new SubPerson();
+		person.setAge(14);
+		person.setOpenid("11213232");
+		person.setName("测试A11");
+		person.setSubName("sub名字");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = BeanUtil.beanToMap(person, true, true);
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub名字", map.get("sub_name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void getPropertyTest() {
+		SubPerson person = new SubPerson();
+		person.setAge(14);
+		person.setOpenid("11213232");
+		person.setName("测试A11");
+		person.setSubName("sub名字");
+
+		Object name = BeanUtil.getProperty(person, "name");
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试A11", name);
+		Object subName = BeanUtil.getProperty(person, "subName");
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub名字", subName);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void getPropertyDescriptorsTest() {
+		HashSet<Object> set = CollUtil.newHashSet();
+		PropertyDescriptor[] propertyDescriptors = BeanUtil.getPropertyDescriptors(SubPerson.class);
+		for (PropertyDescriptor propertyDescriptor : propertyDescriptors) {
+			set.add(propertyDescriptor.getName());
+		}
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("age"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("id"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("name"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("openid"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("slow"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("subName"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void copyPropertiesHasBooleanTest() {
+		SubPerson p1 = new SubPerson();
+		p1.setSlow(true);
+
+		// 测试boolean参数值isXXX形式
+		SubPerson p2 = new SubPerson();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, p2);
+		Assert.assertTrue(p2.isSlow());
+
+		// 测试boolean参数值非isXXX形式
+		SubPerson2 p3 = new SubPerson2();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, p3);
+		Assert.assertTrue(p3.isSlow());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void copyPropertiesBeanToMapTest() {
+		// 测试BeanToMap
+		SubPerson p1 = new SubPerson();
+		p1.setSlow(true);
+		p1.setName("测试");
+		p1.setSubName("sub测试");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = MapUtil.newHashMap();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, map);
+		Assert.assertTrue((Boolean) map.get("isSlow"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试", map.get("name"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub测试", map.get("subName"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void copyPropertiesMapToMapTest() {
+		// 测试MapToMap
+		Map<String, Object> p1 = new HashMap<>();
+		p1.put("isSlow", true);
+		p1.put("name", "测试");
+		p1.put("subName", "sub测试");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = MapUtil.newHashMap();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, map);
+		Assert.assertTrue((Boolean) map.get("isSlow"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试", map.get("name"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub测试", map.get("subName"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void trimBeanStrFieldsTest() {
+		Person person = new Person();
+		person.setAge(1);
+		person.setName("  张三 ");
+		person.setOpenid(null);
+		Person person2 = BeanUtil.trimStrFields(person);
+
+		// 是否改变原对象
+		Assert.assertEquals("张三", person.getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("张三", person2.getName());
+	}
+
+	// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public static class SubPerson extends Person {
+
+		public static final String SUBNAME = "TEST";
+
+		private UUID id;
+		private String subName;
+		private Boolean isSlow;
+
+		public UUID getId() {
+			return id;
+		}
+
+		public void setId(UUID id) {
+			this.id = id;
+		}
+
+		public String getSubName() {
+			return subName;
+		}
+
+		public void setSubName(String subName) {
+			this.subName = subName;
+		}
+
+		public Boolean isSlow() {
+			return isSlow;
+		}
+
+		public void setSlow(Boolean isSlow) {
+			this.isSlow = isSlow;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static class SubPerson2 extends Person {
+		private String subName;
+		// boolean参数值非isXXX形式
+		private Boolean slow;
+
+		public String getSubName() {
+			return subName;
+		}
+
+		public void setSubName(String subName) {
+			this.subName = subName;
+		}
+
+		public Boolean isSlow() {
+			return slow;
+		}
+
+		public void setSlow(Boolean isSlow) {
+			this.slow = isSlow;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static class Person {
+		private String name;
+		private int age;
+		private String openid;
+
+		public String getName() {
+			return name;
+		}
+
+		public void setName(String name) {
+			this.name = name;
+		}
+
+		public int getAge() {
+			return age;
+		}
+
+		public void setAge(int age) {
+			this.age = age;
+		}
+
+		public String getOpenid() {
+			return openid;
+		}
+
+		public void setOpenid(String openid) {
+			this.openid = openid;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `map.get("isSlow")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 183.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BeanUtilTest.copyPropertiesBeanToMapTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.core.bean.BeanUtilTest.copyPropertiesBeanToMapTest():void.49426086b2ecc993f082d09a56f344ab
+
+### File:
+hutool-core/src/test/java/cn/hutool/core/bean/BeanUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BeanUtilTest.java|copyPropertiesBeanToMapTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cec911882795962a5c1a6b4bae2d5de6
+
+### Hash:
+1ecb15e1c95b1c1a8c7851c6d0a9879e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4344/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4344/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c849060956cd25e44fa925110c3f87df99e5644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4344/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.core.bean;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.bean.copier.CopyOptions;
+import cn.hutool.core.bean.copier.ValueProvider;
+import cn.hutool.core.collection.CollUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.map.MapUtil;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.beans.PropertyDescriptor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+/**
+ * Bean工具单元测试
+ *
+ * @author Looly
+ *
+ */
+public class BeanUtilTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void isBeanTest() {
+
+		// HashMap不包含setXXX方法，不是bean
+		boolean isBean = BeanUtil.isBean(HashMap.class);
+		Assert.assertFalse(isBean);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void fillBeanTest() {
+		Person person = BeanUtil.fillBean(new Person(), new ValueProvider<String>() {
+
+			@Override
+			public Object value(String key, Type valueType) {
+				switch (key) {
+				case "name":
+					return "张三";
+				case "age":
+					return 18;
+				}
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public boolean containsKey(String key) {
+				// 总是存在key
+				return true;
+			}
+
+		}, CopyOptions.create());
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getName(), "张三");
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getAge(), 18);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void fillBeanWithMapIgnoreCaseTest() {
+		HashMap<String, Object> map = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("Name", "Joe");
+		map.put("aGe", 12);
+		map.put("openId", "DFDFSDFWERWER");
+		SubPerson person = BeanUtil.fillBeanWithMapIgnoreCase(map, new SubPerson(), false);
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getName(), "Joe");
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getAge(), 12);
+		Assert.assertEquals(person.getOpenid(), "DFDFSDFWERWER");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void mapToBeanIgnoreCaseTest() {
+		HashMap<String, Object> map = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("Name", "Joe");
+		map.put("aGe", 12);
+
+		Person person = BeanUtil.mapToBeanIgnoreCase(map, Person.class, false);
+		Assert.assertEquals("Joe", person.getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(12, person.getAge());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void mapToBeanTest() {
+		HashMap<String, Object> map = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("a_name", "Joe");
+		map.put("b_age", 12);
+
+		// 别名，用于对应bean的字段名
+		HashMap<String, String> mapping = CollUtil.newHashMap();
+		mapping.put("a_name", "name");
+		mapping.put("b_age", "age");
+
+		Person person = BeanUtil.mapToBean(map, Person.class, CopyOptions.create().setFieldMapping(mapping));
+		Assert.assertEquals("Joe", person.getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(12, person.getAge());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void beanToMapTest() {
+		SubPerson person = new SubPerson();
+		person.setAge(14);
+		person.setOpenid("11213232");
+		person.setName("测试A11");
+		person.setSubName("sub名字");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = BeanUtil.beanToMap(person);
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试A11", map.get("name"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(14, map.get("age"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("11213232", map.get("openid"));
+		// static属性应被忽略
+		Assert.assertFalse(map.containsKey("SUBNAME"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void beanToMapTest2() {
+		SubPerson person = new SubPerson();
+		person.setAge(14);
+		person.setOpenid("11213232");
+		person.setName("测试A11");
+		person.setSubName("sub名字");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = BeanUtil.beanToMap(person, true, true);
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub名字", map.get("sub_name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void getPropertyTest() {
+		SubPerson person = new SubPerson();
+		person.setAge(14);
+		person.setOpenid("11213232");
+		person.setName("测试A11");
+		person.setSubName("sub名字");
+
+		Object name = BeanUtil.getProperty(person, "name");
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试A11", name);
+		Object subName = BeanUtil.getProperty(person, "subName");
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub名字", subName);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void getPropertyDescriptorsTest() {
+		HashSet<Object> set = CollUtil.newHashSet();
+		PropertyDescriptor[] propertyDescriptors = BeanUtil.getPropertyDescriptors(SubPerson.class);
+		for (PropertyDescriptor propertyDescriptor : propertyDescriptors) {
+			set.add(propertyDescriptor.getName());
+		}
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("age"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("id"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("name"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("openid"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("slow"));
+		Assert.assertTrue(set.contains("subName"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void copyPropertiesHasBooleanTest() {
+		SubPerson p1 = new SubPerson();
+		p1.setSlow(true);
+
+		// 测试boolean参数值isXXX形式
+		SubPerson p2 = new SubPerson();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, p2);
+		Assert.assertTrue(p2.isSlow());
+
+		// 测试boolean参数值非isXXX形式
+		SubPerson2 p3 = new SubPerson2();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, p3);
+		Assert.assertTrue(p3.isSlow());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void copyPropertiesBeanToMapTest() {
+		// 测试BeanToMap
+		SubPerson p1 = new SubPerson();
+		p1.setSlow(true);
+		p1.setName("测试");
+		p1.setSubName("sub测试");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = MapUtil.newHashMap();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, map);
+		Assert.assertTrue((Boolean) map.get("isSlow"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试", map.get("name"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub测试", map.get("subName"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void copyPropertiesMapToMapTest() {
+		// 测试MapToMap
+		Map<String, Object> p1 = new HashMap<>();
+		p1.put("isSlow", true);
+		p1.put("name", "测试");
+		p1.put("subName", "sub测试");
+
+		Map<String, Object> map = MapUtil.newHashMap();
+		BeanUtil.copyProperties(p1, map);
+		Assert.assertTrue((Boolean) map.get("isSlow"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("测试", map.get("name"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("sub测试", map.get("subName"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void trimBeanStrFieldsTest() {
+		Person person = new Person();
+		person.setAge(1);
+		person.setName("  张三 ");
+		person.setOpenid(null);
+		Person person2 = BeanUtil.trimStrFields(person);
+
+		// 是否改变原对象
+		Assert.assertEquals("张三", person.getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("张三", person2.getName());
+	}
+
+	// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public static class SubPerson extends Person {
+
+		public static final String SUBNAME = "TEST";
+
+		private UUID id;
+		private String subName;
+		private Boolean isSlow;
+
+		public UUID getId() {
+			return id;
+		}
+
+		public void setId(UUID id) {
+			this.id = id;
+		}
+
+		public String getSubName() {
+			return subName;
+		}
+
+		public void setSubName(String subName) {
+			this.subName = subName;
+		}
+
+		public Boolean isSlow() {
+			return isSlow;
+		}
+
+		public void setSlow(Boolean isSlow) {
+			this.isSlow = isSlow;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static class SubPerson2 extends Person {
+		private String subName;
+		// boolean参数值非isXXX形式
+		private Boolean slow;
+
+		public String getSubName() {
+			return subName;
+		}
+
+		public void setSubName(String subName) {
+			this.subName = subName;
+		}
+
+		public Boolean isSlow() {
+			return slow;
+		}
+
+		public void setSlow(Boolean isSlow) {
+			this.slow = isSlow;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static class Person {
+		private String name;
+		private int age;
+		private String openid;
+
+		public String getName() {
+			return name;
+		}
+
+		public void setName(String name) {
+			this.name = name;
+		}
+
+		public int getAge() {
+			return age;
+		}
+
+		public void setAge(int age) {
+			this.age = age;
+		}
+
+		public String getOpenid() {
+			return openid;
+		}
+
+		public void setOpenid(String openid) {
+			this.openid = openid;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `p2.isSlow()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 165.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BeanUtilTest.copyPropertiesHasBooleanTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.core.bean.BeanUtilTest.copyPropertiesHasBooleanTest():void.6dd317984d2184d391c5a04a37df43a9
+
+### File:
+hutool-core/src/test/java/cn/hutool/core/bean/BeanUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BeanUtilTest.java|copyPropertiesHasBooleanTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+43a810e951428c436a1aca929b306031
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4345/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4345/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57ef29d328d2c76f7de43b71baa4bc965ac0afd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4345/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.extra.template;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.lang.Dict;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.TemplateConfig.ResourceMode;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.beetl.BeetlEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.enjoy.EnjoyEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.freemarker.FreemarkerEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.rythm.RythmEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.thymeleaf.ThymeleafEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.velocity.VelocityEngine;
+
+/**
+ * 模板引擎单元测试
+ * 
+ * @author looly
+ *
+ */
+public class TemplateUtilTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void createEngineTest() {
+		// 默认模板引擎，此处为Beetl
+		TemplateEngine engine = TemplateUtil.createEngine(new TemplateConfig());
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void beetlEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+
+		// classpath中获取模板
+		engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		Template template2 = engine.getTemplate("beetl_test.btl");
+		String result2 = template2.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result2);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void rythmEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new RythmEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,@name");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+
+		// classpath中获取模板
+		Template template2 = engine.getTemplate("rythm_test.tmpl");
+		String result2 = template2.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result2);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void freemarkerEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new FreemarkerEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.STRING));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new FreemarkerEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("freemarker_test.ftl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void velocityEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new VelocityEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.STRING));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("你好,$name");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("你好,hutool", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new VelocityEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("templates/velocity_test.vtl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("你好,hutool", result);
+		
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void enjoyEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new EnjoyEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("#(x + 123)");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("x", 1));
+		Assert.assertEquals("124", result);
+
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new EnjoyEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("enjoy_test.etl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("x", 1));
+		Assert.assertEquals("124", result);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thymeleafEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new ThymeleafEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("<h3 th:text=\"${message}\"></h3>");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("message", "Hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("<h3>Hutool</h3>", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new ThymeleafEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("thymeleaf_test.ttl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("message", "Hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("<h3>Hutool</h3>", result);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	@Ignore
+	public void renderToFileTest() {
+		TemplateEngine engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("freemarker_test.ftl");
+
+		final Map<String, Object> bindingMap = new HashMap<>();
+		bindingMap.put("name", "aa");
+		File outputFile = new File("e:/test.txt");
+		template.render(bindingMap, outputFile);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `template` last assigned on line 107 could be null and is dereferenced at line 108.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TemplateUtilTest.enjoyEngineTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.extra.template.TemplateUtilTest.enjoyEngineTest():void.4d70ef3e6c7752e7eb680e937daaade3
+
+### File:
+hutool-extra/src/test/java/cn/hutool/extra/template/TemplateUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateUtilTest.java|enjoyEngineTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8935e57d7b3f0838a904c444170f4f1f
+
+### Hash:
+6417fff33715eb1ef6a44f42a3d6022a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4351/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4351/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e468ae66aa3dc6f8bdfc61bec88c25800d5bef0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4351/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.poi.excel;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.exceptions.DependencyException;
+import cn.hutool.core.io.FileUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.io.IoUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.ObjectUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.ReUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.StrUtil;
+import cn.hutool.poi.PoiChecker;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.cell.CellLocation;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.Excel03SaxReader;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.Excel07SaxReader;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.handler.RowHandler;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+/**
+ * Excel工具类,不建议直接使用index直接操作sheet，在wps/excel中sheet显示顺序与index无关，还有隐藏sheet
+ * 
+ * @author Looly
+ *
+ */
+public class ExcelUtil {
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Read by Sax start
+	/**
+	 * 通过Sax方式读取Excel，同时支持03和07格式
+	 * 
+	 * @param path Excel文件路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static void readBySax(String path, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		BufferedInputStream in = null;
+		try {
+			in = FileUtil.getInputStream(path);
+			readBySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		} finally {
+			IoUtil.close(in);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过Sax方式读取Excel，同时支持03和07格式
+	 * 
+	 * @param file Excel文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static void readBySax(File file, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		BufferedInputStream in = null;
+		try {
+			in = FileUtil.getInputStream(file);
+			readBySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		} finally {
+			IoUtil.close(in);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过Sax方式读取Excel，同时支持03和07格式
+	 * 
+	 * @param in Excel流
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static void readBySax(InputStream in, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		in = IoUtil.toMarkSupportStream(in);
+		if (ExcelFileUtil.isXlsx(in)) {
+			read07BySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		} else {
+			read03BySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel07
+	 * 
+	 * @param in 输入流
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel07SaxReader read07BySax(InputStream in, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel07SaxReader(rowHandler).read(in, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel07
+	 * 
+	 * @param file 文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel07SaxReader read07BySax(File file, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel07SaxReader(rowHandler).read(file, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel07
+	 * 
+	 * @param path 路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel07SaxReader read07BySax(String path, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel07SaxReader(rowHandler).read(path, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel03
+	 * 
+	 * @param in 输入流
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel03SaxReader read03BySax(InputStream in, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel03SaxReader(rowHandler).read(in, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel03
+	 * 
+	 * @param file 文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel03SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel03SaxReader read03BySax(File file, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel03SaxReader(rowHandler).read(file, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel03
+	 * 
+	 * @param path 路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel03SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel03SaxReader read03BySax(String path, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel03SaxReader(rowHandler).read(path, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Read by Sax end
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ getReader
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFilePath Excel文件路径，绝对路径或相对于ClassPath路径
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 3.1.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(String bookFilePath) {
+		return getReader(bookFilePath, 0);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFile Excel文件
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(File bookFile) {
+		return getReader(bookFile, 0);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFilePath Excel文件路径，绝对路径或相对于ClassPath路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 3.1.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(String bookFilePath, int sheetIndex) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookFilePath, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFile Excel文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(File bookFile, int sheetIndex) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookFile, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFile Excel文件
+	 * @param sheetName sheet名，第一个默认是sheet1
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(File bookFile, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookFile, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet，读取结束自动关闭流
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream) {
+		return getReader(bookStream, 0, true);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param closeAfterRead 读取结束是否关闭流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 4.0.3
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, boolean closeAfterRead) {
+		try {
+			return getReader(bookStream, 0, closeAfterRead);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 读取结束自动关闭流
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, int sheetIndex) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @param closeAfterRead 读取结束是否关闭流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 4.0.3
+	 * @deprecated 使用完毕无论是否closeAfterRead，poi会关闭流，此参数无意义。
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, int sheetIndex, boolean closeAfterRead) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 读取结束自动关闭流
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetName sheet名，第一个默认是sheet1
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetName sheet名，第一个默认是sheet1
+	 * @param closeAfterRead 读取结束是否关闭流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @deprecated 使用完毕无论是否closeAfterRead，poi会关闭流，此参数无意义。
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, String sheetName, boolean closeAfterRead) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ getWriter
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link ExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link ExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 3.2.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter() {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter();
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link ExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link ExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @param isXlsx 是否为xlsx格式
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 3.2.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(boolean isXlsx) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(isXlsx);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(String destFilePath) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFilePath);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param sheetName Sheet名
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 4.5.18
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriterWithSheet(String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter((File)null, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet，名字为sheet1
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(File destFile) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFile);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(String destFilePath, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFilePath, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(File destFile, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFile, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ getBigWriter
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link BigExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link BigExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 4.1.13
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getBigWriter() {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter();
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link BigExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link BigExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @param rowAccessWindowSize 在内存中的行数
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 4.1.13
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getBigWriter(int rowAccessWindowSize) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(rowAccessWindowSize);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(String destFilePath) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFilePath);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet，名字为sheet1
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(File destFile) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFile);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(String destFilePath, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFilePath, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(File destFile, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFile, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 将Sheet列号变为列名
+	 * 
+	 * @param index 列号, 从0开始
+	 * @return 0-》A; 1-》B...26-》AA
+	 * @since 4.1.20
+	 */
+	public static String indexToColName(int index) {
+		if (index < 0) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		final StringBuilder colName = StrUtil.builder();
+		do {
+			if (colName.length() > 0) {
+				index--;
+			}
+			int remainder = index % 26;
+			colName.append((char) (remainder + 'A'));
+			index = (index - remainder) / 26;
+		} while (index > 0);
+		return colName.reverse().toString();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 根据表元的列名转换为列号
+	 * 
+	 * @param colName 列名, 从A开始
+	 * @return A1-》0; B1-》1...AA1-》26
+	 * @since 4.1.20
+	 */
+	public static int colNameToIndex(String colName) {
+		int length = colName.length();
+		char c;
+		int index = -1;
+		for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			c = Character.toUpperCase(colName.charAt(i));
+			if (Character.isDigit(c)) {
+				break;// 确定指定的char值是否为数字
+			}
+			index = (index + 1) * 26 + (int) c - 'A';
+		}
+		return index;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 将Excel中地址标识符（例如A11，B5）等转换为行列表示<br>
+	 * 例如：A11 -》 x:0,y:10，B5-》x:1,y:4
+	 *
+	 * @param locationRef 单元格地址标识符，例如A11，B5
+	 * @return 坐标点，x表示行，从0开始，y表示列，从0开始
+	 * @since 5.1.4
+	 */
+	public static CellLocation toLocation(String locationRef){
+		final int x = colNameToIndex(locationRef);
+		final int y = ReUtil.getFirstNumber(locationRef) -1;
+		return new CellLocation(x, y);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedInputStream` acquired by call to `readBySax(...)` at line 40 is not released after line 40.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExcelUtil.readBySax(String,int,RowHandler)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.poi.excel.ExcelUtil.readBySax(java.lang.String,int,cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.handler.RowHand.d02169ad6fd2322c751c3a56e5db2a05
+
+### File:
+hutool-poi/src/main/java/cn/hutool/poi/excel/ExcelUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+ExcelUtil.java|readBySax|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+fc67138ce986369883fddc4e7451427c
+
+### Hash:
+b6ee04f383d7a84b3650b7ab5ba455bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4356/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4356/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edf13c4fae64ef7b640fb558276d738aa6d41be5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4356/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric;
+
+import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
+import java.security.PrivateKey;
+import java.security.PublicKey;
+
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.CipherParameters;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.ECPrivateKeyParameters;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.ECPublicKeyParameters;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.ParametersWithID;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.ParametersWithRandom;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.signers.SM2Signer;
+import org.bouncycastle.jcajce.provider.asymmetric.util.ECUtil;
+
+import cn.hutool.crypto.CryptoException;
+import cn.hutool.crypto.SecureUtil;
+import cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric.SM2Engine.SM2Mode;
+
+/**
+ * 国密SM2算法实现，基于BC库<br>
+ * SM2算法只支持公钥加密，私钥解密<br>
+ * 参考：https://blog.csdn.net/pridas/article/details/86118774
+ * 
+ * @author looly
+ * @since 4.3.2
+ */
+public class SM2 extends AbstractAsymmetricCrypto<SM2> {
+
+	/** 算法EC */
+	private static final String ALGORITHM_SM2 = "SM2";
+
+	protected SM2Engine engine;
+	protected SM2Signer signer;
+
+	private SM2Mode mode;
+	private ECPublicKeyParameters publicKeyParams;
+	private ECPrivateKeyParameters privateKeyParams;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------ Constructor start
+	/**
+	 * 构造，生成新的私钥公钥对
+	 */
+	public SM2() {
+		this((byte[]) null, (byte[]) null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 构造<br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥同时为空时生成一对新的私钥和公钥<br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥可以单独传入一个，如此则只能使用此钥匙来做加密或者解密
+	 * 
+	 * @param privateKeyStr 私钥Hex或Base64表示
+	 * @param publicKeyStr 公钥Hex或Base64表示
+	 */
+	public SM2(String privateKeyStr, String publicKeyStr) {
+		this(SecureUtil.decode(privateKeyStr), SecureUtil.decode(publicKeyStr));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 构造 <br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥同时为空时生成一对新的私钥和公钥<br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥可以单独传入一个，如此则只能使用此钥匙来做加密或者解密
+	 * 
+	 * @param privateKey 私钥
+	 * @param publicKey 公钥
+	 */
+	public SM2(byte[] privateKey, byte[] publicKey) {
+		this(//
+				SecureUtil.generatePrivateKey(ALGORITHM_SM2, privateKey), //
+				SecureUtil.generatePublicKey(ALGORITHM_SM2, publicKey)//
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 构造 <br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥同时为空时生成一对新的私钥和公钥<br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥可以单独传入一个，如此则只能使用此钥匙来做加密或者解密
+	 * 
+	 * @param privateKey 私钥
+	 * @param publicKey 公钥
+	 */
+	public SM2(PrivateKey privateKey, PublicKey publicKey) {
+		super(ALGORITHM_SM2, privateKey, publicKey);
+	}
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------ Constructor end
+
+	/**
+	 * 初始化<br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥同时为空时生成一对新的私钥和公钥<br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥可以单独传入一个，如此则只能使用此钥匙来做加密（签名）或者解密（校验）
+	 * 
+	 * @param privateKey 私钥
+	 * @param publicKey 公钥
+	 * @return this
+	 */
+	public SM2 init(PrivateKey privateKey, PublicKey publicKey) {
+		return this.init(ALGORITHM_SM2, privateKey, publicKey);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected SM2 init(String algorithm, PrivateKey privateKey, PublicKey publicKey) {
+		super.init(algorithm, privateKey, publicKey);
+		return initCipherParams();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Encrypt
+	/**
+	 * 加密，SM2非对称加密的结果由C1,C2,C3三部分组成，其中：
+	 * 
+	 * <pre>
+	 * C1 生成随机数的计算出的椭圆曲线点
+	 * C2 密文数据
+	 * C3 SM3的摘要值
+	 * </pre>
+	 * 
+	 * @param data 被加密的bytes
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 加密后的bytes
+	 * @throws CryptoException 包括InvalidKeyException和InvalidCipherTextException的包装异常
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, KeyType keyType) throws CryptoException {
+		if (KeyType.PublicKey != keyType) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Encrypt is only support by public key");
+		}
+		ckeckKey(keyType);
+
+		lock.lock();
+		final SM2Engine engine = getEngine();
+		try {
+			engine.init(true, new ParametersWithRandom(getCipherParameters(keyType)));
+			return engine.processBlock(data, 0, data.length);
+		} finally {
+			lock.unlock();
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Decrypt
+	/**
+	 * 解密
+	 * 
+	 * @param data SM2密文，实际包含三部分：ECC公钥、真正的密文、公钥和原文的SM3-HASH值
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 加密后的bytes
+	 * @throws CryptoException 包括InvalidKeyException和InvalidCipherTextException的包装异常
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, KeyType keyType) throws CryptoException {
+		if (KeyType.PrivateKey != keyType) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Decrypt is only support by private key");
+		}
+		ckeckKey(keyType);
+
+		lock.lock();
+		final SM2Engine engine = getEngine();
+		try {
+			engine.init(false, getCipherParameters(keyType));
+			return engine.processBlock(data, 0, data.length);
+		} finally {
+			lock.unlock();
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sign and Verify
+	/**
+	 * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
+	 * 
+	 * @param data 加密数据
+	 * @return 签名
+	 */
+	public byte[] sign(byte[] data) {
+		return sign(data, null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
+	 * 
+	 * @param data 加密数据
+	 * @param id 可以为null，若为null，则默认withId为字节数组:"1234567812345678".getBytes()
+	 * @return 签名
+	 */
+	public byte[] sign(byte[] data, byte[] id) {
+		lock.lock();
+		final SM2Signer signer = getSigner();
+		try {
+			CipherParameters param = new ParametersWithRandom(getCipherParameters(KeyType.PrivateKey));
+			if (id != null) {
+				param = new ParametersWithID(param, id);
+			}
+			signer.init(true, param);
+			signer.update(data, 0, data.length);
+			return signer.generateSignature();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new CryptoException(e);
+		} finally {
+			lock.unlock();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 用公钥检验数字签名的合法性
+	 * 
+	 * @param data 数据
+	 * @param sign 签名
+	 * @return 是否验证通过
+	 */
+	public boolean verify(byte[] data, byte[] sign) {
+		return verify(data, sign, null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 用公钥检验数字签名的合法性
+	 * 
+	 * @param data 数据
+	 * @param sign 签名
+	 * @param id 可以为null，若为null，则默认withId为字节数组:"1234567812345678".getBytes()
+	 * @return 是否验证通过
+	 */
+	public boolean verify(byte[] data, byte[] sign, byte[] id) {
+		lock.lock();
+		final SM2Signer signer = getSigner();
+		try {
+			CipherParameters param = getCipherParameters(KeyType.PublicKey);
+			if (id != null) {
+				param = new ParametersWithID(param, id);
+			}
+			signer.init(false, param);
+			signer.update(data, 0, data.length);
+			return signer.verifySignature(sign);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new CryptoException(e);
+		} finally {
+			lock.unlock();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 设置加密类型
+	 * 
+	 * @param mode {@link SM2Mode}
+	 * @return this
+	 */
+	public SM2 setMode(SM2Mode mode) {
+		this.mode = mode;
+		if (null != this.engine) {
+			this.engine.setMode(mode);
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Private method start
+	/**
+	 * 初始化加密解密参数
+	 * 
+	 * @return this
+	 */
+	private SM2 initCipherParams() {
+		try {
+			if (null != this.publicKey) {
+				this.publicKeyParams = (ECPublicKeyParameters) ECUtil.generatePublicKeyParameter(this.publicKey);
+			}
+			if (null != privateKey) {
+				this.privateKeyParams = (ECPrivateKeyParameters) ECUtil.generatePrivateKeyParameter(this.privateKey);
+			}
+		} catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
+			throw new CryptoException(e);
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取密钥类型对应的加密参数对象{@link CipherParameters}
+	 * 
+	 * @param keyType Key类型枚举，包括私钥或公钥
+	 * @return {@link CipherParameters}
+	 */
+	private CipherParameters getCipherParameters(KeyType keyType) {
+		switch (keyType) {
+		case PublicKey:
+			return this.publicKeyParams;
+		case PrivateKey:
+			return this.privateKeyParams;
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 检查对应类型的Key是否存在
+	 * 
+	 * @param keyType key类型
+	 */
+	private void ckeckKey(KeyType keyType) {
+		switch (keyType) {
+		case PublicKey:
+			if (null == this.publicKey) {
+				throw new NullPointerException("No public key provided");
+			}
+			break;
+		case PrivateKey:
+			if (null == this.privateKey) {
+				throw new NullPointerException("No private key provided");
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取{@link SM2Engine}
+	 * 
+	 * @return {@link SM2Engine}
+	 */
+	private SM2Engine getEngine() {
+		if (null == this.engine) {
+			this.engine = new SM2Engine(this.mode);
+		}
+		return this.engine;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 获取{@link SM2Signer}
+	 * 
+	 * @return {@link SM2Signer}
+	 */
+	private SM2Signer getSigner() {
+		if (null == this.signer) {
+			this.signer = new SM2Signer();
+		}
+		return this.signer;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Private method end
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric.SM2.encrypt` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric.BaseAsymmetric.privateKey`. Potentially races with write in method `SM2.init(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] SM2.encrypt(byte[],KeyType)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric.SM2.encrypt(byte[],cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric.KeyType):byte[].6b5b61c9a717a17ddd5ba214d2a8fd1e
+
+### File:
+hutool-crypto/src/main/java/cn/hutool/crypto/asymmetric/SM2.java
+
+### Key:
+SM2.java|encrypt|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6a5350dc2543901959720521c7eb8319
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4360/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4360/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71fb682bf0874ee65d2dc8b30835e261532f1990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4360/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.json;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.collection.CollectionUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.date.DateUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.map.MapUtil;
+import cn.hutool.json.test.bean.Price;
+import cn.hutool.json.test.bean.UserA;
+import cn.hutool.json.test.bean.UserC;
+
+public class JSONUtilTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void toJsonStrTest() {
+		UserA a1 = new UserA();
+		a1.setA("aaaa");
+		a1.setDate(DateUtil.date());
+		a1.setName("AAAAName");
+		UserA a2 = new UserA();
+		a2.setA("aaaa222");
+		a2.setDate(DateUtil.date());
+		a2.setName("AAAA222Name");
+
+		ArrayList<UserA> list = CollectionUtil.newArrayList(a1, a2);
+		HashMap<String, Object> map = CollectionUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("total", 13);
+		map.put("rows", list);
+
+		String str = JSONUtil.toJsonPrettyStr(map);
+		Assert.assertNotNull(str);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void toJsonStrTest2() {
+		Map<String, Object> model = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+		model.put("mobile", "17610836523");
+		model.put("type", 1);
+
+		Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+		data.put("model", model);
+		data.put("model2", model);
+
+		JSONObject jsonObject = JSONUtil.parseObj(data);
+
+		Assert.assertTrue(jsonObject.containsKey("model"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(1, jsonObject.getJSONObject("model").getInt("type").intValue());
+		Assert.assertEquals("17610836523", jsonObject.getJSONObject("model").getStr("mobile"));
+		// Assert.assertEquals("{\"model\":{\"type\":1,\"mobile\":\"17610836523\"}}", jsonObject.toString());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void toJsonStrTest3() {
+		// 验证某个字段为JSON字符串时转义是否规范
+		JSONObject object = new JSONObject(true);
+		object.put("name", "123123");
+		object.put("value", "\\");
+		object.put("value2", "</");
+
+		HashMap<String, String> map = MapUtil.newHashMap();
+		map.put("user", object.toString());
+
+		JSONObject json = JSONUtil.parseObj(map);
+		Assert.assertEquals("{\"name\":\"123123\",\"value\":\"\\\\\",\"value2\":\"<\\/\"}", json.get("user"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("{\"user\":\"{\\\"name\\\":\\\"123123\\\",\\\"value\\\":\\\"\\\\\\\\\\\",\\\"value2\\\":\\\"<\\\\/\\\"}\"}", json.toString());
+
+		JSONObject json2 = JSONUtil.parseObj(json.toString());
+		Assert.assertEquals("{\"name\":\"123123\",\"value\":\"\\\\\",\"value2\":\"<\\/\"}", json2.get("user"));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 泛型多层嵌套测试
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void toBeanTest() {
+		String json = "{\"ADT\":[[{\"BookingCode\":[\"N\",\"N\"]}]]}";
+
+		Price price = JSONUtil.toBean(json, Price.class);
+		Assert.assertEquals("N", price.getADT().get(0).get(0).getBookingCode().get(0));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void toBeanTest2() {
+		// 测试JSONObject转为Bean中字符串字段的情况
+		String json = "{\"id\":123,\"name\":\"张三\",\"prop\":{\"gender\":\"男\", \"age\":18}}";
+		UserC user = JSONUtil.toBean(json, UserC.class);
+		Assert.assertNotNull(user.getProp());
+		String prop = user.getProp();
+		JSONObject propJson = JSONUtil.parseObj(prop);
+		Assert.assertEquals("男", propJson.getStr("gender"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(18, propJson.getInt("age").intValue());
+		// Assert.assertEquals("{\"age\":18,\"gender\":\"男\"}", user.getProp());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void putByPathTest() {
+		JSONObject json = new JSONObject();
+		json.putByPath("aa.bb", "BB");
+		Assert.assertEquals("{\"aa\":{\"bb\":\"BB\"}}", json.toString());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void getStrTest() {
+		String html = "{\"name\":\"Something must have been changed since you leave\"}";
+		JSONObject jsonObject = JSONUtil.parseObj(html);
+		Assert.assertEquals("Something must have been changed since you leave", jsonObject.getStr("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void getStrTest2() {
+		String html = "{\"name\":\"Something\\u00a0must have been changed since you leave\"}";
+		JSONObject jsonObject = JSONUtil.parseObj(html);
+		Assert.assertEquals("Something\\u00a0must\\u00a0have\\u00a0been\\u00a0changed\\u00a0since\\u00a0you\\u00a0leave", jsonObject.getStrEscaped("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseFromXmlTest() {
+		String s = "<sfzh>640102197312070614</sfzh><sfz>640102197312070614X</sfz><name>aa</name><gender>1</gender>";
+		JSONObject json = JSONUtil.parseFromXml(s);
+		Assert.assertEquals(640102197312070614L, json.get("sfzh"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("640102197312070614X", json.get("sfz"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("aa", json.get("name"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(1, json.get("gender"));
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `jsonObject.getJSONObject("model")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 52.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JSONUtilTest.toJsonStrTest2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.json.JSONUtilTest.toJsonStrTest2():void.723fe8d6adad07312d1e09f000be8090
+
+### File:
+hutool-json/src/test/java/cn/hutool/json/JSONUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JSONUtilTest.java|toJsonStrTest2|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+7f3c5ebfd779deb569b1b2777b88dd3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4367/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4367/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e9b9dc194de0ccc681389a71f49fe5e8210a8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4367/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 50
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async;
+
+import io.opencensus.common.Scope;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.google.api.core.ApiClock;
+import com.google.api.gax.retrying.ExponentialRetryAlgorithm;
+import com.google.api.gax.retrying.RetrySettings;
+import com.google.api.gax.retrying.TimedAttemptSettings;
+import com.google.bigtable.v2.ReadRowsRequest;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.Logger;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.CallOptionsFactory;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ChannelPool;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.scanner.BigtableRetriesExhaustedException;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.metrics.Timer;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.AbstractFuture;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+
+import io.grpc.CallOptions;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall;
+import io.grpc.Deadline;
+import io.grpc.Metadata;
+import io.grpc.Status;
+import io.grpc.Status.Code;
+import io.opencensus.contrib.grpc.util.StatusConverter;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Annotation;
+import io.opencensus.trace.AttributeValue;
+import io.opencensus.trace.EndSpanOptions;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Span;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Tracer;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Tracing;
+import org.threeten.bp.Duration;
+import org.threeten.bp.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ClientCall.Listener} that retries a {@link BigtableAsyncRpc} request.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+public abstract class AbstractRetryingOperation<RequestT, ResponseT, ResultT>
+    extends ClientCall.Listener<ResponseT>  {
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+  private static final ClientCall NULL_CALL = new ClientCall() {
+
+    @Override
+    public void start(Listener responseListener, Metadata headers) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void request(int numMessages) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel(String message, Throwable cause) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void halfClose() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void sendMessage(Object message) {
+    }
+  };
+
+  /** Constant <code>LOG</code> */
+  protected static final Logger LOG = new Logger(AbstractRetryingOperation.class);
+  private static final Tracer TRACER = Tracing.getTracer();
+  private static final EndSpanOptions END_SPAN_OPTIONS_WITH_SAMPLE_STORE =
+      EndSpanOptions.builder().setSampleToLocalSpanStore(true).build();
+
+  // The server-side has a 5 minute timeout. Unary operations should be timed-out on the client side
+  // after 6 minutes.
+  protected static final long UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES = 6l;
+
+  private static String makeSpanName(String prefix, String fullMethodName) {
+    return prefix + "." + fullMethodName.replace('/', '.');
+  }
+
+  protected class GrpcFuture<RespT> extends AbstractFuture<RespT> {
+    /**
+     * This gets called from {@link Future#cancel(boolean)} for cancel(true). If a user explicitly
+     * cancels the Future, that should trigger a cancellation of the RPC.
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void interruptTask() {
+      if (!isDone()) {
+        AbstractRetryingOperation.this.cancel("Request interrupted.");
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean set(@Nullable RespT resp) {
+      return super.set(resp);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean setException(Throwable throwable) {
+      return super.setException(throwable);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private final ExponentialRetryAlgorithm exponentialRetryAlgorithm;
+  private final ApiClock clock;
+  private TimedAttemptSettings currentBackoff;
+
+  protected final BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> rpc;
+  protected final RetryOptions retryOptions;
+  protected final ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService;
+
+  private final RequestT request;
+  private final CallOptions callOptions;
+  private final Metadata originalMetadata;
+
+  protected int failedCount = 0;
+
+  protected final GrpcFuture<ResultT> completionFuture;
+  private Object callLock = new String("");
+  private ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> call = NULL_CALL;
+  protected Timer.Context operationTimerContext;
+  protected Timer.Context rpcTimerContext;
+
+  protected final Span operationSpan;
+
+  /**
+   * <p>Constructor for AbstractRetryingRpcListener.</p>
+   *
+   * @param retryOptions a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions} object.
+   * @param request a RequestT object.
+   * @param retryableRpc a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.BigtableAsyncRpc} object.
+   * @param callOptions a {@link io.grpc.CallOptions} object.
+   * @param retryExecutorService a {@link java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService} object.
+   * @param originalMetadata a {@link io.grpc.Metadata} object.
+   * @param clock a {@link ApiClock} object
+   */
+  public AbstractRetryingOperation(
+          RetryOptions retryOptions,
+          RequestT request,
+          BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> retryableRpc,
+          CallOptions callOptions,
+          ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService,
+          Metadata originalMetadata,
+          ApiClock clock) {
+    this.retryOptions = retryOptions;
+    this.request = request;
+    this.rpc = retryableRpc;
+    this.callOptions = callOptions;
+    this.retryExecutorService = retryExecutorService;
+    this.originalMetadata = originalMetadata;
+    this.completionFuture = new GrpcFuture<>();
+    String spanName = makeSpanName("Operation", rpc.getMethodDescriptor().getFullMethodName());
+    this.operationSpan = TRACER.spanBuilder(spanName).setRecordEvents(true).startSpan();
+    this.clock = clock;
+    this.exponentialRetryAlgorithm = createRetryAlgorithm(clock);
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void onClose(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+    try (Scope scope = TRACER.withSpan(operationSpan)) {
+      synchronized (callLock) {
+        call = NULL_CALL;
+      }
+      rpcTimerContext.close();
+      // OK
+      if (status.isOk()) {
+        if (onOK(trailers)) {
+          finalizeStats(status);
+        }
+      } else {
+        onError(status, trailers);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      setException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void finalizeStats(Status status) {
+    operationTimerContext.close();
+    if (operationSpan != null) {
+      operationSpan.setStatus(StatusConverter.fromGrpcStatus(status));
+      operationSpan.end(END_SPAN_OPTIONS_WITH_SAMPLE_STORE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void onError(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+    Code code = status.getCode();
+    // CANCELLED
+    if (code == Status.Code.CANCELLED) {
+      setException(status.asRuntimeException());
+      // An explicit user cancellation is not considered a failure.
+      finalizeStats(status);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    String channelId = ChannelPool.extractIdentifier(trailers);
+    // Non retry scenario
+    if (!retryOptions.enableRetries() || !retryOptions.isRetryable(code)
+    // Unauthenticated is special because the request never made it to
+    // to the server, so all requests are retryable
+        || !(isRequestRetryable() || code == Code.UNAUTHENTICATED || code == Code.UNAVAILABLE)) {
+      LOG.error("Could not complete RPC. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s.\nTrailers: %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId, trailers);
+      rpc.getRpcMetrics().markFailure();
+      finalizeStats(status);
+      setException(status.asRuntimeException());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Attempt retry with backoff
+    Long nextBackOff = getNextBackoff();
+    failedCount += 1;
+
+    // Backoffs timed out.
+    if (nextBackOff == null) {
+      LOG.error("All retries were exhausted. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s.\nTrailers: %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId, trailers);
+      setException(getExhaustedRetriesException(status));
+    } else {
+      LOG.warn("Retrying failed call. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s.\nTrailers: %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId, trailers);
+      performRetry(nextBackOff);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected BigtableRetriesExhaustedException getExhaustedRetriesException(Status status) {
+    operationSpan.addAnnotation("exhaustedRetries");
+    rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetriesExhasted();
+    finalizeStats(status);
+    String message = String.format("Exhausted retries after %d failures.", failedCount);
+    return new BigtableRetriesExhaustedException(message, status.asRuntimeException());
+  }
+
+  protected void performRetry(long nextBackOff) {
+    operationSpan.addAnnotation("retryWithBackoff",
+      ImmutableMap.of("backoff", AttributeValue.longAttributeValue(nextBackOff)));
+    rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetry();
+    retryExecutorService.schedule(getRunnable(), nextBackOff, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+  }
+
+  protected Runnable getRunnable() {
+    return new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        AbstractRetryingOperation.this.run();
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected boolean isRequestRetryable() {
+    return rpc.isRetryable(getRetryRequest());
+  }
+
+  protected void setException(Exception exception) {
+    completionFuture.setException(exception);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A subclass has the opportunity to perform the final operations it needs now that the RPC is
+   * successfully complete. If a subclass has to retry, due to the message, this method will return
+   * false
+   * @return true if the operation was really completed.
+   */
+  protected abstract boolean onOK(Metadata trailers);
+
+  protected Long getNextBackoff() {
+    if (currentBackoff == null) {
+      // Historically, the client waited for "total timeout" after the first failure.  For now,
+      // that behavior is preserved, even though that's not the ideal.
+      //
+      // TODO: Think through retries, and create policy that works with the mental model most
+      //       users would have of relating to retries.  That would likely involve updating some
+      //       default settings in addition to changing the algorithm.
+      currentBackoff = exponentialRetryAlgorithm.createFirstAttempt();
+    }
+    currentBackoff = exponentialRetryAlgorithm.createNextAttempt(currentBackoff);
+    if (!exponentialRetryAlgorithm.shouldRetry(currentBackoff)) {
+
+      // TODO: consider creating a subclass of exponentialRetryAlgorithm to encapsulate this logic
+      long timeLeftNs =  currentBackoff.getGlobalSettings().getTotalTimeout().toNanos() -
+          (clock.nanoTime() - currentBackoff.getFirstAttemptStartTimeNanos());
+      long timeLeftMs = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(timeLeftNs);
+
+      if (timeLeftMs > currentBackoff.getGlobalSettings().getInitialRetryDelay().toMillis()) {
+        // The backoff algorithm doesn't always wait until the timeout is achieved.  Wait
+        // one final time so that retries hit
+        return timeLeftMs;
+      } else {
+
+        // Finish for real.
+        return null;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return currentBackoff.getRetryDelay().toMillis();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  public boolean inRetryMode() {
+    return currentBackoff != null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Either a response was found, or a timeout event occurred. Reset the information relating to
+   * Status oriented exception handling.
+   */
+  protected void resetStatusBasedBackoff() {
+    this.currentBackoff = null;
+    this.failedCount = 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>createBackoff.</p>
+   *
+   * @return a {@link ExponentialRetryAlgorithm} object.
+   */
+  private ExponentialRetryAlgorithm createRetryAlgorithm(ApiClock clock) {
+    long timeoutMs = retryOptions.getMaxElapsedBackoffMillis();
+
+    Deadline deadline = getOperationCallOptions().getDeadline();
+    if (deadline != null) {
+      timeoutMs = deadline.timeRemaining(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    RetrySettings retrySettings = RetrySettings.newBuilder()
+
+        .setJittered(true)
+
+        // How long should the sleep be between RPC failure and the next RPC retry?
+        .setInitialRetryDelay(toDuration(retryOptions.getInitialBackoffMillis()))
+
+        // How fast should the retry delay increase?
+        .setRetryDelayMultiplier(retryOptions.getBackoffMultiplier())
+
+        // What is the maximum amount of sleep time between retries?
+        // There needs to be some sane number for max retry delay, and it's unclear what that
+        // number ought to be.  1 Minute time was chosen because some number is needed.
+        .setMaxRetryDelay(Duration.of(1, ChronoUnit.MINUTES))
+
+        // How long should we wait before giving up retries after the first failure?
+        .setTotalTimeout(toDuration(timeoutMs))
+
+        .build();
+    return new ExponentialRetryAlgorithm(retrySettings, clock);
+  }
+
+  private static Duration toDuration(long millis) {
+    return Duration.of(millis, ChronoUnit.MILLIS);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calls {@link BigtableAsyncRpc#newCall(CallOptions)} and
+   * {@link BigtableAsyncRpc#start(Object, io.grpc.ClientCall.Listener, Metadata, ClientCall)} }
+   * with this as the listener so that retries happen correctly.
+   */
+  protected void run() {
+    try (Scope scope = TRACER.withSpan(operationSpan)) {
+      rpcTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeRpc();
+      operationSpan.addAnnotation(Annotation.fromDescriptionAndAttributes("rpcStart",
+        ImmutableMap.of("attempt", AttributeValue.longAttributeValue(failedCount))));
+      Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
+      metadata.merge(originalMetadata);
+      synchronized (callLock) {
+        // There's a subtle race condition in RetryingStreamOperation which requires a separate
+        // newCall/start split. The call variable needs to be set before onMessage() happens; that
+        // usually will occur, but some unit tests broke with a merged newCall and start.
+        call = rpc.newCall(getRpcCallOptions());
+        rpc.start(getRetryRequest(), this, metadata, call);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      setException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> getCall() {
+    return call;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the {@link CallOptions} that a user set for the entire Operation, which can span multiple RPCs/retries.
+   * @return The {@link CallOptions}
+   */
+  protected CallOptions getOperationCallOptions() {
+    return callOptions;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link CallOptions} that has a fail safe RPC deadline to make sure that unary
+   * operations don't hang. This will have to be overridden for streaming RPCs like read rows.
+   * <p>
+   * The logic is as follows:
+   * <ol>
+   *   <li> If the user provides a deadline, use the deadline</li>
+   *   <li> Else If this is a streaming read, don't set an explicit deadline.  The
+   *   {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.Watchdog} will handle hanging</li>
+   *   <li> Else Set a deadline of {@link #UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES} minutes deadline.</li>
+   * </ol>
+   *
+   * @see com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.Watchdog Watchdog which handles hanging for streaming
+   * reads.
+   *
+   * @return a {@link CallOptions}
+   */
+  protected CallOptions getRpcCallOptions() {
+    if (callOptions.getDeadline() != null || isStreamingRead()) {
+      // If the user set a deadline, honor it.
+      // If this is a streaming read, then the Watchdog will take affect and ensure that hanging does not occur.
+      return getOperationCallOptions();
+    } else {
+      // Unary calls should fail after 6 minutes, if there isn't any response from the server.
+      return callOptions.withDeadlineAfter(UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // TODO(sduskis): This is only required because BigtableDataGrpcClient doesn't always use
+  //      RetryingReadRowsOperation like it should.
+  protected boolean isStreamingRead() {
+    return request instanceof ReadRowsRequest &&
+            !CallOptionsFactory.ConfiguredCallOptionsFactory.isGet((ReadRowsRequest) request);
+  }
+
+  protected RequestT getRetryRequest() {
+    return request;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initial execution of the RPC.
+   */
+  public ListenableFuture<ResultT> getAsyncResult() {
+    Preconditions.checkState(operationTimerContext == null);
+    operationTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeOperation();
+    run();
+    return completionFuture;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC.
+   */
+  public void cancel() {
+    cancel("User requested cancelation.");
+  }
+
+  public ResultT getBlockingResult() {
+    try {
+      return getAsyncResult().get();
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.CANCELLED.withCause(e).asRuntimeException();
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.fromThrowable(e).asRuntimeException();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC with a specific message.
+   *
+   * @param message
+   */
+  protected void cancel(final String message) {
+    call.cancel(message, null);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose` reads without synchronization from `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.rpcTimerContext`. Potentially races with write in method `AbstractRetryingOperation.run()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(Status,Metadata)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(io.grpc.Status,io.grpc.Metada.e53f52ce0617da69325438994065534b
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/async/AbstractRetryingOperation.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractRetryingOperation.java|onClose|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2498bdfbffb1c6dd81da682ccf6524b4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4369/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4369/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..293c24ecbaf5a622e3c0bc6951db2a4211598b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4369/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 57
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 Google LLC.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc;
+
+import com.google.api.core.ApiFunction;
+import com.google.api.gax.core.NoCredentialsProvider;
+import com.google.api.gax.grpc.InstantiatingGrpcChannelProvider;
+import com.google.api.gax.rpc.ApiClientHeaderProvider;
+import com.google.api.gax.rpc.FixedHeaderProvider;
+import com.google.api.gax.rpc.HeaderProvider;
+import com.google.bigtable.v2.BigtableGrpc.BigtableImplBase;
+import com.google.bigtable.v2.ReadRowsRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v2.ReadRowsResponse;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.BigtableOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.BigtableVeneerSettingsFactory;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.Logger;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.data.v2.BigtableDataClient;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.data.v2.BigtableDataSettings;
+import com.google.common.io.Resources;
+import io.grpc.ForwardingServerCall;
+import io.grpc.ManagedChannelBuilder;
+import io.grpc.Metadata;
+import io.grpc.Server;
+import io.grpc.ServerBuilder;
+import io.grpc.ServerCall;
+import io.grpc.ServerCallHandler;
+import io.grpc.ServerInterceptor;
+import io.grpc.ServerInterceptors;
+import io.grpc.netty.shaded.io.grpc.netty.GrpcSslContexts;
+import io.grpc.netty.shaded.io.grpc.netty.NettyChannelBuilder;
+import io.grpc.netty.shaded.io.netty.handler.ssl.SslContext;
+import io.grpc.netty.shaded.io.netty.handler.ssl.SslContextBuilder;
+import io.grpc.stub.StreamObserver;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLException;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+import static io.grpc.internal.GrpcUtil.USER_AGENT_KEY;
+
+/**
+ * This class tests value present in User-Agent's on netty server.
+ */
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class TestHeaders {
+
+  private static final Logger logger = new Logger(TestHeaders.class);
+
+  private static final String TEST_PROJECT_ID = "ProjectId";
+  private static final String TEST_INSTANCE_ID = "InstanceId";
+  private static final String TEST_USER_AGENT = "test-user-agent";
+  private static final Pattern EXPECTED_HEADER_PATTERN =
+      Pattern.compile(".*" + TEST_USER_AGENT + ".*");
+  private static final String TABLE_ID = "my-table-id";
+  private static final String ROWKEY = "row-key";
+
+  private BigtableDataSettings dataSettings;
+  private BigtableDataClient dataClient;
+  private Server server;
+  private AtomicBoolean serverPasses = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+  private Pattern xGoogApiPattern;
+
+  @After
+  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+    if(dataClient != null){
+      dataClient.close();
+      dataClient = null;
+    }
+    if (server != null) {
+      server.shutdown();
+      server.awaitTermination();
+      server = null;
+    }
+    serverPasses.set(false);
+    xGoogApiPattern = null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * To Test Headers & PlainText Negotiation type
+   * when cloud-bigtable-client {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableDataClient}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCBC_UserAgentUsingPlainTextNegotiation() throws Exception{
+    ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(0);
+    final int availablePort = serverSocket.getLocalPort();
+    serverSocket.close();
+
+    //Creates non-ssl server.
+    createServer(availablePort);
+
+    BigtableOptions bigtableOptions =
+        BigtableOptions.builder()
+            .setDataHost("localhost")
+            .setAdminHost("localhost")
+            .setProjectId(TEST_PROJECT_ID)
+            .setInstanceId(TEST_INSTANCE_ID)
+            .setUserAgent(TEST_USER_AGENT)
+            .setUsePlaintextNegotiation(true)
+            .setCredentialOptions(CredentialOptions.nullCredential())
+            .setPort(availablePort)
+            .build();
+
+    xGoogApiPattern = Pattern.compile(".* cbt/.*");
+    new BigtableSession(bigtableOptions).getDataClient()
+        .readFlatRows(ReadRowsRequest.getDefaultInstance()).next();
+    Assert.assertTrue(serverPasses.get());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * To Test UserAgent & PlainText Negotiation type
+   * when {@link BigtableDataSettings} is created using {@link BigtableOptions}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGCJ_UserAgentUsingPlainTextNegotiation() throws Exception {
+    ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(0);
+    final int availablePort = serverSocket.getLocalPort();
+    serverSocket.close();
+
+    //Creates non-ssl server.
+    createServer(availablePort);
+
+    BigtableOptions bigtableOptions =
+        BigtableOptions.builder()
+            .setDataHost("localhost")
+            .setAdminHost("localhost")
+            .setProjectId(TEST_PROJECT_ID)
+            .setInstanceId(TEST_INSTANCE_ID)
+            .setUserAgent(TEST_USER_AGENT)
+            .setUsePlaintextNegotiation(true)
+            .setCredentialOptions(CredentialOptions.nullCredential())
+            .setPort(availablePort)
+            .build();
+
+    dataSettings = BigtableVeneerSettingsFactory.createBigtableDataSettings(bigtableOptions);
+
+    xGoogApiPattern = Pattern.compile(".* gapic/.*");
+    dataClient = BigtableDataClient.create(dataSettings);
+    dataClient.readRow(TABLE_ID, ROWKEY);
+    Assert.assertTrue(serverPasses.get());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verify userAgent on TLS Negotiation with {@link InstantiatingGrpcChannelProvider} using SSL
+   * enabled server.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGCJ_UserAgentUsingTLSNegotiation() throws Exception {
+    ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(0);
+    final int availablePort = serverSocket.getLocalPort();
+    serverSocket.close();
+
+    //Creates SSL enabled server.
+    createSecuredServer(availablePort);
+
+    BigtableDataSettings.Builder builder =
+        BigtableDataSettings.newBuilder()
+            .setProjectId(TEST_PROJECT_ID)
+            .setInstanceId(TEST_INSTANCE_ID)
+            .setCredentialsProvider(NoCredentialsProvider.create());
+
+    //Loads secured Certificate
+    final SslContext sslContext  = buildSslContext();
+
+    final String endpoint = "localhost" + ":" + availablePort;
+    HeaderProvider headers = FixedHeaderProvider.create(USER_AGENT_KEY.name(), TEST_USER_AGENT);
+
+    builder.setTransportChannelProvider(InstantiatingGrpcChannelProvider.newBuilder()
+        .setHeaderProvider(headers)
+        .setEndpoint(endpoint)
+        .setChannelConfigurator(new ApiFunction<ManagedChannelBuilder, ManagedChannelBuilder>() {
+          @Override
+          public ManagedChannelBuilder apply(ManagedChannelBuilder input) {
+            return ((NettyChannelBuilder)input).sslContext(sslContext);
+          }
+        })
+        .build());
+
+    // Setting this to null, because as of 3/4/2019 the header doesn't get passed through.
+    xGoogApiPattern = null;
+    dataClient = BigtableDataClient.create(builder.build());
+    dataClient.readRow(TABLE_ID, ROWKEY);
+    Assert.assertTrue(serverPasses.get());
+  }
+
+  /** Creates simple server to intercept plainText Negotiation RPCs. */
+  private void createServer(int port) throws Exception{
+    server = ServerBuilder.forPort(port).addService(
+        ServerInterceptors.intercept(new BigtableExtendedImpl(), new HeaderServerInterceptor()))
+        .build();
+    server.start();
+  }
+
+  /** Creates secured server to intercept TLS Negotiation RPCs. */
+  private void createSecuredServer(int port) throws Exception {
+    ServerBuilder builder = ServerBuilder.forPort(port).addService(
+        ServerInterceptors.intercept(new BigtableExtendedImpl(), new HeaderServerInterceptor()));
+
+    try {
+      URL serverCertChain = Resources.getResource("sslCertificates/server_trust.crt");
+      URL privateKey = Resources.getResource("sslCertificates/server_key.pem");
+
+      builder.useTransportSecurity(new File(serverCertChain.getFile()),
+          new File(privateKey.getFile()));
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      throw new AssertionError("No server certificates found");
+    }
+    server = builder.build();
+    server.start();
+  }
+
+  /** Creates SSLContext from certificate & private key provided in classpath. */
+  private static SslContext buildSslContext() throws SSLException {
+    SslContextBuilder builder = GrpcSslContexts.forClient();
+
+    try {
+      URL url = Resources.getResource("sslCertificates/client_trust.crt");
+      builder.trustManager(new File(url.getFile()));
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      throw new AssertionError("No client trust certificate found");
+    }
+
+    return builder.build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Overrides {@link BigtableImplBase#readRows(ReadRowsRequest, StreamObserver)} and returns
+   * dummy response.
+   * */
+  private static class BigtableExtendedImpl extends BigtableImplBase {
+    @Override
+    public void readRows(ReadRowsRequest request,
+        StreamObserver<ReadRowsResponse> responseObserver) {
+      responseObserver.onNext(ReadRowsResponse.getDefaultInstance());
+      responseObserver.onCompleted();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Asserts value of UserAgent header with EXPECTED_HEADER_PATTERN passed to the
+   * {@link InstantiatingGrpcChannelProvider}.
+   *
+   * Throws {@link AssertionError} when UserAgent's pattern does not match.
+   */
+  private class HeaderServerInterceptor implements ServerInterceptor {
+    @Override
+    public <ReqT, RespT> ServerCall.Listener<ReqT> interceptCall(ServerCall<ReqT, RespT> call,
+        final Metadata requestHeaders, ServerCallHandler<ReqT, RespT> next) {
+
+      //Logging all available headers.
+      logger.info("headers received from BigtableDataClient:" + requestHeaders);
+
+      testHeader(requestHeaders, "user-agent", EXPECTED_HEADER_PATTERN);
+      if (xGoogApiPattern != null) {
+        testHeader(requestHeaders, ApiClientHeaderProvider.getDefaultApiClientHeaderKey(),
+            xGoogApiPattern);
+      }
+
+      // Add a test for the prefix header.  As of 3/4/2019, cloud-bigtable-client uses a different
+      // header than google-cloud-java
+
+      serverPasses.set(true);
+
+      return next.startCall(new ForwardingServerCall.SimpleForwardingServerCall<ReqT, RespT>(call) {
+      }, requestHeaders);
+    }
+
+    protected void testHeader(Metadata requestHeaders, String keyName, Pattern pattern) {
+      Metadata.Key<String> key =
+          Metadata.Key.of(keyName, Metadata.ASCII_STRING_MARSHALLER);
+      String headerValue = requestHeaders.get(key);
+
+      //In case of user-agent not matching, throwing AssertionError.
+      if (headerValue == null || !pattern.matcher(headerValue).matches()) {
+        throw new AssertionError(keyName + "'s format did not match.  header: " + headerValue);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableSession` acquired by call to `new()` at line 125 is not released after line 125.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestHeaders.testCBC_UserAgentUsingPlainTextNegotiation()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.TestHeaders.testCBC_UserAgentUsingPlainTextNegotiation():void.b58949ff0a5ba7942b3a8da67dc5ddf6
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/TestHeaders.java
+
+### Key:
+TestHeaders.java|testCBC_UserAgentUsingPlainTextNegotiation|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f00206ba0136fa0bdac6b50640c31b92
+
+### Hash:
+dbe31a8a25677bde6a814978892abea0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4373/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4373/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7f84503ca72245ccdab01a6c93271daaef3045e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4373/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 56
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase;
+
+import com.google.bigtable.v2.MutateRowsRequest;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.data.v2.internal.RequestContext;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.data.v2.models.RowMutation;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Append;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Increment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.BigtableOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.Logger;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableSession;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableTableName;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AsyncExecutor;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.BulkMutation;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase.adapters.HBaseRequestAdapter;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.RowMutations;
+
+/**
+ * A helper for Bigtable's {@link org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutator} implementations.
+ * @author sduskis
+ * @version $Id: $Id
+ */
+public class BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper {
+
+  /** Constant <code>LOG</code> */
+  protected static final Logger LOG = new Logger(BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper.class);
+
+  private final Configuration configuration;
+
+  /**
+   * Makes sure that mutations and flushes are safe to proceed.  Ensures that while the mutator
+   * is closing, there will be no additional writes.
+   */
+  private final ReentrantReadWriteLock isClosedLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+  private final ReadLock closedReadLock = isClosedLock.readLock();
+  private final WriteLock closedWriteLock = isClosedLock.writeLock();
+
+  private boolean closed = false;
+
+  private final HBaseRequestAdapter adapter;
+  private final AsyncExecutor asyncExecutor;
+
+  private final BulkMutation bulkMutation;
+
+  private final BigtableOptions options;
+  // Once the IBigtableDataClient interface is implemented this will be removed
+  protected final RequestContext requestContext;
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Constructor for BigtableBufferedMutator.
+   * </p>
+   * @param adapter Converts HBase objects to Bigtable protos
+   * @param configuration For Additional configuration. TODO: move this to options
+   * @param session a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableSession} to get
+   *          {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.BigtableOptions},
+   *          {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AsyncExecutor} and
+   *          {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.BulkMutation} objects from starting the
+   *          async operations on the BigtableDataClient.
+   */
+  public BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper(
+      HBaseRequestAdapter adapter,
+      Configuration configuration,
+      BigtableSession session) {
+    this.adapter = adapter;
+    this.configuration = configuration;
+    this.options = session.getOptions();
+    this.asyncExecutor = session.createAsyncExecutor();
+    BigtableTableName tableName = this.adapter.getBigtableTableName();
+    this.bulkMutation = session.createBulkMutation(tableName);
+    this.requestContext = session.getDataRequestContext();
+  }
+
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    closedWriteLock.lock();
+    try {
+      flush();
+      asyncExecutor.flush();
+      closed = true;
+    } finally {
+      closedWriteLock.unlock();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void flush() throws IOException {
+    // If there is a bulk mutation in progress, then send it.
+    if (bulkMutation != null) {
+      try {
+        bulkMutation.flush();
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        throw new IOException("flush() was interrupted", e);
+      }
+    }
+    asyncExecutor.flush();
+  }
+
+  public void sendUnsent() {
+    if (bulkMutation != null) {
+      bulkMutation.sendUnsent();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Configuration getConfiguration() {
+    return this.configuration;
+  }
+
+  public TableName getName() {
+    return this.adapter.getTableName();
+  }
+
+  public long getWriteBufferSize() {
+    return this.options.getBulkOptions().getMaxMemory();
+  }
+
+  public List<ListenableFuture<?>> mutate(List<? extends Mutation> mutations) {
+    closedReadLock.lock();
+    try {
+      if (closed) {
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot mutate when the BufferedMutator is closed.");
+      }
+      List<ListenableFuture<?>> futures = new ArrayList<>(mutations.size());
+      for (Mutation mutation : mutations) {
+        futures.add(offer(mutation));
+      }
+      return futures;
+    } finally {
+      closedReadLock.unlock();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Being a Mutation. This method will block if either of the following are true:
+   * 1) There are more than {@code maxInflightRpcs} RPCs in flight
+   * 2) There are more than {@link #getWriteBufferSize()} bytes pending
+   * @return 
+   */
+  public ListenableFuture<?> mutate(final Mutation mutation) {
+    closedReadLock.lock();
+    try {
+      if (closed) {
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot mutate when the BufferedMutator is closed.");
+      }
+      return offer(mutation);
+    } finally {
+      closedReadLock.unlock();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param mutation
+   * @return
+   */
+  public ListenableFuture<?> mutate(final RowMutations mutation) {
+    closedReadLock.lock();
+    try {
+      if (closed) {
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot mutate when the BufferedMutator is closed.");
+      }
+      if (mutation == null) {
+        return Futures.immediateFailedFuture(
+            new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot perform a mutation on a null object."));
+      } else {
+        return bulkMutation.add(toEntry(adapter.adaptEntry(mutation)));
+      }
+    } finally {
+      closedReadLock.unlock();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Send the operations to the async executor asynchronously.  The conversion from hbase
+   * object to cloud bigtable proto and the async call both take time (microseconds worth) that
+   * could be parallelized, or at least removed from the user's thread.
+   */
+  private ListenableFuture<?> offer(Mutation mutation) {
+    ListenableFuture<?> future = null;
+    try {
+      if (mutation == null) {
+        future = Futures.immediateFailedFuture(
+          new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot perform a mutation on a null object."));
+      } else if (mutation instanceof Put) {
+        future = bulkMutation.add(toEntry(adapter.adaptEntry((Put) mutation)));
+      } else if (mutation instanceof Delete) {
+        future = bulkMutation.add(toEntry(adapter.adaptEntry((Delete) mutation)));
+      } else if (mutation instanceof Increment) {
+        future =
+            asyncExecutor.readModifyWriteRowAsync(
+                adapter.adapt((Increment) mutation).toProto(requestContext));
+      } else if (mutation instanceof Append) {
+        future = asyncExecutor.readModifyWriteRowAsync(
+            adapter.adapt((Append) mutation).toProto(requestContext));
+      } else {
+        future = Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new IllegalArgumentException(
+            "Encountered unknown mutation type: " + mutation.getClass()));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // issueRequest(mutation) could throw an Exception for validation issues. Remove the heapsize
+      // and inflight rpc count.
+      future = Futures.immediateFailedFuture(e);
+    }
+    return future;
+  }
+
+  private MutateRowsRequest.Entry toEntry(RowMutation rowMutation) {
+    return rowMutation.toBulkProto(requestContext).getEntries(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>hasInflightRequests.</p>
+   *
+   * @return a boolean.
+   */
+  public boolean hasInflightRequests() {
+    return this.asyncExecutor.hasInflightRequests()
+        || (bulkMutation != null && !bulkMutation.isFlushed());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase.BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper.flush` indirectly writes to field `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase.BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper.asyncExecutor.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AsyncExecutor.operationsAccountant.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.OperationAccountant.noSuccessCheckDeadlineNanos` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper.flush()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase.BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper.flush():void.0d6ea074f5219986af30f1c164d172e1
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-hbase/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/hbase/BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper.java
+
+### Key:
+BigtableBufferedMutatorHelper.java|flush|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fb2834d89f9e172c8bd094cba62f99bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4374/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4374/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e05dcba267dc49cf5990d4311156bc9c453d9ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4374/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async;
+
+import io.opencensus.common.Scope;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import com.google.api.core.ApiClock;
+import com.google.api.gax.retrying.ExponentialRetryAlgorithm;
+import com.google.api.gax.retrying.RetrySettings;
+import com.google.api.gax.retrying.TimedAttemptSettings;
+import com.google.bigtable.v2.ReadRowsRequest;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.Logger;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.CallOptionsFactory;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ChannelPool;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.scanner.BigtableRetriesExhaustedException;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.metrics.Timer;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.AbstractFuture;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+
+import io.grpc.CallOptions;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall;
+import io.grpc.Deadline;
+import io.grpc.Metadata;
+import io.grpc.Status;
+import io.grpc.Status.Code;
+import io.opencensus.contrib.grpc.util.StatusConverter;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Annotation;
+import io.opencensus.trace.AttributeValue;
+import io.opencensus.trace.EndSpanOptions;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Span;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Tracer;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Tracing;
+import org.threeten.bp.Duration;
+import org.threeten.bp.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ClientCall.Listener} that retries a {@link BigtableAsyncRpc} request.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+public abstract class AbstractRetryingOperation<RequestT, ResponseT, ResultT>
+    extends ClientCall.Listener<ResponseT>  {
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+  private static final ClientCall NULL_CALL = new ClientCall() {
+
+    @Override
+    public void start(Listener responseListener, Metadata headers) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void request(int numMessages) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel(String message, Throwable cause) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void halfClose() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void sendMessage(Object message) {
+    }
+  };
+
+  /** Constant <code>LOG</code> */
+  protected static final Logger LOG = new Logger(AbstractRetryingOperation.class);
+  private static final Tracer TRACER = Tracing.getTracer();
+  private static final EndSpanOptions END_SPAN_OPTIONS_WITH_SAMPLE_STORE =
+      EndSpanOptions.builder().setSampleToLocalSpanStore(true).build();
+
+  // The server-side has a 5 minute timeout. Unary operations should be timed-out on the client side
+  // after 6 minutes.
+  protected static final long UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES = 6l;
+
+  private static String makeSpanName(String prefix, String fullMethodName) {
+    return prefix + "." + fullMethodName.replace('/', '.');
+  }
+
+  protected class GrpcFuture<RespT> extends AbstractFuture<RespT> {
+    /**
+     * This gets called from {@link Future#cancel(boolean)} for cancel(true). If a user explicitly
+     * cancels the Future, that should trigger a cancellation of the RPC.
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void interruptTask() {
+      if (!isDone()) {
+        AbstractRetryingOperation.this.cancel("Request interrupted.");
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean set(@Nullable RespT resp) {
+      return super.set(resp);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean setException(Throwable throwable) {
+      return super.setException(throwable);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private final ExponentialRetryAlgorithm exponentialRetryAlgorithm;
+  private final ApiClock clock;
+  private TimedAttemptSettings currentBackoff;
+
+  protected final BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> rpc;
+  protected final RetryOptions retryOptions;
+  protected final ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService;
+
+  private final RequestT request;
+  private final CallOptions callOptions;
+  private final Metadata originalMetadata;
+
+  protected int failedCount = 0;
+
+  protected final GrpcFuture<ResultT> completionFuture;
+  private Object callLock = new String("");
+  private ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> call = NULL_CALL;
+  protected Timer.Context operationTimerContext;
+  protected Timer.Context rpcTimerContext;
+
+  protected final Span operationSpan;
+
+  /**
+   * <p>Constructor for AbstractRetryingRpcListener.</p>
+   *
+   * @param retryOptions a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions} object.
+   * @param request a RequestT object.
+   * @param retryableRpc a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.BigtableAsyncRpc} object.
+   * @param callOptions a {@link io.grpc.CallOptions} object.
+   * @param retryExecutorService a {@link java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService} object.
+   * @param originalMetadata a {@link io.grpc.Metadata} object.
+   * @param clock a {@link ApiClock} object
+   */
+  public AbstractRetryingOperation(
+          RetryOptions retryOptions,
+          RequestT request,
+          BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> retryableRpc,
+          CallOptions callOptions,
+          ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService,
+          Metadata originalMetadata,
+          ApiClock clock) {
+    this.retryOptions = retryOptions;
+    this.request = request;
+    this.rpc = retryableRpc;
+    this.callOptions = callOptions;
+    this.retryExecutorService = retryExecutorService;
+    this.originalMetadata = originalMetadata;
+    this.completionFuture = new GrpcFuture<>();
+    String spanName = makeSpanName("Operation", rpc.getMethodDescriptor().getFullMethodName());
+    this.operationSpan = TRACER.spanBuilder(spanName).setRecordEvents(true).startSpan();
+    this.clock = clock;
+    this.exponentialRetryAlgorithm = createRetryAlgorithm(clock);
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void onClose(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+    try (Scope scope = TRACER.withSpan(operationSpan)) {
+      synchronized (callLock) {
+        call = NULL_CALL;
+      }
+      rpcTimerContext.close();
+      // OK
+      if (status.isOk()) {
+        if (onOK(trailers)) {
+          finalizeStats(status);
+        }
+      } else {
+        onError(status, trailers);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      setException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void finalizeStats(Status status) {
+    operationTimerContext.close();
+    if (operationSpan != null) {
+      operationSpan.setStatus(StatusConverter.fromGrpcStatus(status));
+      operationSpan.end(END_SPAN_OPTIONS_WITH_SAMPLE_STORE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void onError(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+    Code code = status.getCode();
+    // CANCELLED
+    if (code == Status.Code.CANCELLED) {
+      setException(status.asRuntimeException());
+      // An explicit user cancellation is not considered a failure.
+      finalizeStats(status);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    String channelId = ChannelPool.extractIdentifier(trailers);
+    // Non retry scenario
+    if (!retryOptions.enableRetries() || !retryOptions.isRetryable(code)
+    // Unauthenticated is special because the request never made it to
+    // to the server, so all requests are retryable
+        || !(isRequestRetryable() || code == Code.UNAUTHENTICATED || code == Code.UNAVAILABLE)) {
+      LOG.error("Could not complete RPC. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s.\nTrailers: %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId, trailers);
+      rpc.getRpcMetrics().markFailure();
+      finalizeStats(status);
+      setException(status.asRuntimeException());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Attempt retry with backoff
+    Long nextBackOff = getNextBackoff();
+    failedCount += 1;
+
+    // Backoffs timed out.
+    if (nextBackOff == null) {
+      LOG.error("All retries were exhausted. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s.\nTrailers: %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId, trailers);
+      setException(getExhaustedRetriesException(status));
+    } else {
+      LOG.warn("Retrying failed call. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s.\nTrailers: %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId, trailers);
+      performRetry(nextBackOff);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected BigtableRetriesExhaustedException getExhaustedRetriesException(Status status) {
+    operationSpan.addAnnotation("exhaustedRetries");
+    rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetriesExhasted();
+    finalizeStats(status);
+    String message = String.format("Exhausted retries after %d failures.", failedCount);
+    return new BigtableRetriesExhaustedException(message, status.asRuntimeException());
+  }
+
+  protected void performRetry(long nextBackOff) {
+    operationSpan.addAnnotation("retryWithBackoff",
+      ImmutableMap.of("backoff", AttributeValue.longAttributeValue(nextBackOff)));
+    rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetry();
+    retryExecutorService.schedule(getRunnable(), nextBackOff, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+  }
+
+  protected Runnable getRunnable() {
+    return new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        AbstractRetryingOperation.this.run();
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected boolean isRequestRetryable() {
+    return rpc.isRetryable(getRetryRequest());
+  }
+
+  protected void setException(Exception exception) {
+    completionFuture.setException(exception);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A subclass has the opportunity to perform the final operations it needs now that the RPC is
+   * successfully complete. If a subclass has to retry, due to the message, this method will return
+   * false
+   * @return true if the operation was really completed.
+   */
+  protected abstract boolean onOK(Metadata trailers);
+
+  protected Long getNextBackoff() {
+    if (currentBackoff == null) {
+      // Historically, the client waited for "total timeout" after the first failure.  For now,
+      // that behavior is preserved, even though that's not the ideal.
+      //
+      // TODO: Think through retries, and create policy that works with the mental model most
+      //       users would have of relating to retries.  That would likely involve updating some
+      //       default settings in addition to changing the algorithm.
+      currentBackoff = exponentialRetryAlgorithm.createFirstAttempt();
+    }
+    currentBackoff = exponentialRetryAlgorithm.createNextAttempt(currentBackoff);
+    if (!exponentialRetryAlgorithm.shouldRetry(currentBackoff)) {
+
+      // TODO: consider creating a subclass of exponentialRetryAlgorithm to encapsulate this logic
+      long timeLeftNs =  currentBackoff.getGlobalSettings().getTotalTimeout().toNanos() -
+          (clock.nanoTime() - currentBackoff.getFirstAttemptStartTimeNanos());
+      long timeLeftMs = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(timeLeftNs);
+
+      if (timeLeftMs > currentBackoff.getGlobalSettings().getInitialRetryDelay().toMillis()) {
+        // The backoff algorithm doesn't always wait until the timeout is achieved.  Wait
+        // one final time so that retries hit
+        return timeLeftMs;
+      } else {
+
+        // Finish for real.
+        return null;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return currentBackoff.getRetryDelay().toMillis();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  public boolean inRetryMode() {
+    return currentBackoff != null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Either a response was found, or a timeout event occurred. Reset the information relating to
+   * Status oriented exception handling.
+   */
+  protected void resetStatusBasedBackoff() {
+    this.currentBackoff = null;
+    this.failedCount = 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>createBackoff.</p>
+   *
+   * @return a {@link ExponentialRetryAlgorithm} object.
+   */
+  private ExponentialRetryAlgorithm createRetryAlgorithm(ApiClock clock) {
+    long timeoutMs = retryOptions.getMaxElapsedBackoffMillis();
+
+    Deadline deadline = getOperationCallOptions().getDeadline();
+    if (deadline != null) {
+      timeoutMs = deadline.timeRemaining(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    RetrySettings retrySettings = RetrySettings.newBuilder()
+
+        .setJittered(true)
+
+        // How long should the sleep be between RPC failure and the next RPC retry?
+        .setInitialRetryDelay(toDuration(retryOptions.getInitialBackoffMillis()))
+
+        // How fast should the retry delay increase?
+        .setRetryDelayMultiplier(retryOptions.getBackoffMultiplier())
+
+        // What is the maximum amount of sleep time between retries?
+        // There needs to be some sane number for max retry delay, and it's unclear what that
+        // number ought to be.  1 Minute time was chosen because some number is needed.
+        .setMaxRetryDelay(Duration.of(1, ChronoUnit.MINUTES))
+
+        // How long should we wait before giving up retries after the first failure?
+        .setTotalTimeout(toDuration(timeoutMs))
+
+        .build();
+    return new ExponentialRetryAlgorithm(retrySettings, clock);
+  }
+
+  private static Duration toDuration(long millis) {
+    return Duration.of(millis, ChronoUnit.MILLIS);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calls {@link BigtableAsyncRpc#newCall(CallOptions)} and
+   * {@link BigtableAsyncRpc#start(Object, io.grpc.ClientCall.Listener, Metadata, ClientCall)} }
+   * with this as the listener so that retries happen correctly.
+   */
+  protected void run() {
+    try (Scope scope = TRACER.withSpan(operationSpan)) {
+      rpcTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeRpc();
+      operationSpan.addAnnotation(Annotation.fromDescriptionAndAttributes("rpcStart",
+        ImmutableMap.of("attempt", AttributeValue.longAttributeValue(failedCount))));
+      Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
+      metadata.merge(originalMetadata);
+      synchronized (callLock) {
+        // There's a subtle race condition in RetryingStreamOperation which requires a separate
+        // newCall/start split. The call variable needs to be set before onMessage() happens; that
+        // usually will occur, but some unit tests broke with a merged newCall and start.
+        call = rpc.newCall(getRpcCallOptions());
+        rpc.start(getRetryRequest(), this, metadata, call);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      setException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> getCall() {
+    return call;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the {@link CallOptions} that a user set for the entire Operation, which can span multiple RPCs/retries.
+   * @return The {@link CallOptions}
+   */
+  protected CallOptions getOperationCallOptions() {
+    return callOptions;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link CallOptions} that has a fail safe RPC deadline to make sure that unary
+   * operations don't hang. This will have to be overridden for streaming RPCs like read rows.
+   * <p>
+   * The logic is as follows:
+   * <ol>
+   *   <li> If the user provides a deadline, use the deadline</li>
+   *   <li> Else If this is a streaming read, don't set an explicit deadline.  The
+   *   {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.Watchdog} will handle hanging</li>
+   *   <li> Else Set a deadline of {@link #UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES} minutes deadline.</li>
+   * </ol>
+   *
+   * @see com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.Watchdog Watchdog which handles hanging for streaming
+   * reads.
+   *
+   * @return a {@link CallOptions}
+   */
+  protected CallOptions getRpcCallOptions() {
+    if (callOptions.getDeadline() != null || isStreamingRead()) {
+      // If the user set a deadline, honor it.
+      // If this is a streaming read, then the Watchdog will take affect and ensure that hanging does not occur.
+      return getOperationCallOptions();
+    } else {
+      // Unary calls should fail after 6 minutes, if there isn't any response from the server.
+      return callOptions.withDeadlineAfter(UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // TODO(sduskis): This is only required because BigtableDataGrpcClient doesn't always use
+  //      RetryingReadRowsOperation like it should.
+  protected boolean isStreamingRead() {
+    return request instanceof ReadRowsRequest &&
+            !CallOptionsFactory.ConfiguredCallOptionsFactory.isGet((ReadRowsRequest) request);
+  }
+
+  protected RequestT getRetryRequest() {
+    return request;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initial execution of the RPC.
+   */
+  public ListenableFuture<ResultT> getAsyncResult() {
+    Preconditions.checkState(operationTimerContext == null);
+    operationTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeOperation();
+    run();
+    return completionFuture;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC.
+   */
+  public void cancel() {
+    cancel("User requested cancelation.");
+  }
+
+  public ResultT getBlockingResult() {
+    try {
+      return getAsyncResult().get();
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.CANCELLED.withCause(e).asRuntimeException();
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.fromThrowable(e).asRuntimeException();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC with a specific message.
+   *
+   * @param message
+   */
+  protected void cancel(final String message) {
+    call.cancel(message, null);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.operationTimerContext`. Potentially races with write in method `AbstractRetryingOperation.getBlockingResult()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(Status,Metadata)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(io.grpc.Status,io.grpc.Metada.e53f52ce0617da69325438994065534b
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/async/AbstractRetryingOperation.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractRetryingOperation.java|onClose|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2300305cd38c3fdacd0e5a01f1b84b66
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4380/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4380/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c00c558f9c8be4e68c2936ae9ff7673b90114277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4380/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async;
+
+import io.grpc.Status.Code;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import com.google.api.client.util.BackOff;
+import com.google.api.client.util.Sleeper;
+import com.google.bigtable.v2.BigtableGrpc;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.Logger;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.CallOptionsFactory;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ChannelPool;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.scanner.BigtableRetriesExhaustedException;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.metrics.Timer;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.AbstractFuture;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+
+import io.grpc.CallOptions;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall;
+import io.grpc.Metadata;
+import io.grpc.MethodDescriptor;
+import io.grpc.MethodDescriptor.MethodType;
+import io.grpc.Status;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ClientCall.Listener} that retries a {@link BigtableAsyncRpc} request.
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractRetryingOperation<RequestT, ResponseT, ResultT>
+    extends ClientCall.Listener<ResponseT>  {
+
+  /** Constant <code>LOG</code> */
+  protected static final Logger LOG = new Logger(AbstractRetryingOperation.class);
+
+  // The server-side has a 5 minute timeout. Unary operations should be timed-out on the client side
+  // after 6 minutes.
+  protected static final long UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES = 6l;
+
+  protected class GrpcFuture<RespT> extends AbstractFuture<RespT> {
+    /**
+     * This gets called from {@link Future#cancel(boolean)} for cancel(true). If a user explicitly
+     * cancels the Future, that should trigger a cancellation of the RPC.
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void interruptTask() {
+      if (!isDone()) {
+        AbstractRetryingOperation.this.cancel("Request interrupted.");
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean set(@Nullable RespT resp) {
+      return super.set(resp);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean setException(Throwable throwable) {
+      return super.setException(throwable);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected BackOff currentBackoff;
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  Sleeper sleeper = Sleeper.DEFAULT;
+
+  protected final BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> rpc;
+  protected final RetryOptions retryOptions;
+  protected final ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService;
+
+  private final RequestT request;
+  private final CallOptions callOptions;
+  private final Metadata originalMetadata;
+
+  protected int failedCount = 0;
+
+  protected final GrpcFuture<ResultT> completionFuture;
+  protected Object callLock = new String("");
+  protected ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> call;
+  protected Timer.Context operationTimerContext;
+  protected Timer.Context rpcTimerContext;
+
+  /**
+   * <p>Constructor for AbstractRetryingRpcListener.</p>
+   *
+   * @param retryOptions a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions} object.
+   * @param request a RequestT object.
+   * @param retryableRpc a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.BigtableAsyncRpc} object.
+   * @param callOptions a {@link io.grpc.CallOptions} object.
+   * @param retryExecutorService a {@link java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService} object.
+   * @param originalMetadata a {@link io.grpc.Metadata} object.
+   */
+  public AbstractRetryingOperation(
+          RetryOptions retryOptions,
+          RequestT request,
+          BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> retryableRpc,
+          CallOptions callOptions,
+          ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService,
+          Metadata originalMetadata) {
+    this.retryOptions = retryOptions;
+    this.request = request;
+    this.rpc = retryableRpc;
+    this.callOptions = callOptions;
+    this.retryExecutorService = retryExecutorService;
+    this.originalMetadata = originalMetadata;
+    this.completionFuture = new GrpcFuture<>();
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void onClose(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+    synchronized (callLock) {
+      call = null;
+    }
+    rpcTimerContext.close();
+
+    // OK
+    if (status.isOk()) {
+      if (onOK(trailers)) {
+        operationTimerContext.close();
+      }
+    } else {
+      onError(status, trailers);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void onError(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+    Code code = status.getCode();
+    // CANCELLED
+    if (code == Status.Code.CANCELLED) {
+      completionFuture.setException(status.asRuntimeException());
+      // An explicit user cancellation is not considered a failure.
+      operationTimerContext.close();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Non retry scenario
+    if (!retryOptions.enableRetries()
+        || !retryOptions.isRetryable(code)
+        // Unauthenticated is special because the request never made it to
+        // to the server, so all requests are retryable
+        || !(isRequestRetryable() || code == Code.UNAUTHENTICATED || code == Code.UNAVAILABLE)) {
+      rpc.getRpcMetrics().markFailure();
+      operationTimerContext.close();
+      setException(status.asRuntimeException());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Attempt retry with backoff
+    long nextBackOff = getNextBackoff();
+    failedCount += 1;
+
+    // Backoffs timed out.
+    if (nextBackOff == BackOff.STOP) {
+      setException(getExhaustedRetriesException(status));
+    } else {
+      String channelId = ChannelPool.extractIdentifier(trailers);
+      LOG.info("Retrying failed call. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId);
+      performRetry(nextBackOff);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected BigtableRetriesExhaustedException getExhaustedRetriesException(Status status) {
+    rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetriesExhasted();
+    operationTimerContext.close();
+    String message = String.format("Exhausted retries after %d failures.", failedCount);
+    return new BigtableRetriesExhaustedException(message, status.asRuntimeException());
+  }
+
+  protected void performRetry(long nextBackOff) {
+    rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetry();
+    retryExecutorService.schedule(getRunnable(), nextBackOff, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+  }
+
+  protected Runnable getRunnable() {
+    return new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        AbstractRetryingOperation.this.run();
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected boolean isRequestRetryable() {
+    return rpc.isRetryable(getRetryRequest());
+  }
+
+  protected void setException(Exception exception) {
+    completionFuture.setException(exception);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A subclass has the opportunity to perform the final operations it needs now that the RPC is
+   * successfully complete. If a subclass has to retry, due to the message, this method will return
+   * false
+   * @return true if the operation was really completed.
+   */
+  protected abstract boolean onOK(Metadata trailers);
+
+  protected long getNextBackoff() {
+    if (currentBackoff == null) {
+      currentBackoff = retryOptions.createBackoff();
+    }
+    try {
+      return currentBackoff.nextBackOffMillis();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      return BackOff.STOP;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calls {@link BigtableAsyncRpc#newCall(CallOptions)} and
+   * {@link BigtableAsyncRpc#start(Object, io.grpc.ClientCall.Listener, Metadata, ClientCall)} }
+   * with this as the listener so that retries happen correctly.
+   */
+  protected void run() {
+    rpcTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeRpc();
+    Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
+    metadata.merge(originalMetadata);
+    synchronized (callLock) {
+      // There's a subtle race condition in RetryingStreamOperation which requires a separate
+      // newCall/start split. The call variable needs to be set before onMessage() happens; that
+      // usually will occur, but some unit tests broke with a merged newCall and start.
+      call = rpc.newCall(getCallOptions());
+      rpc.start(getRetryRequest(), this, metadata, call);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected CallOptions getCallOptions() {
+    if (callOptions.getDeadline() != null) {
+      return callOptions;
+    }
+    MethodDescriptor<RequestT, ResponseT> methodDescriptor = rpc.getMethodDescriptor();
+    if (methodDescriptor.getType() != MethodType.UNARY) {
+      if (methodDescriptor == BigtableGrpc.METHOD_READ_ROWS
+          && !CallOptionsFactory.ConfiguredCallOptionsFactory.isGet(request)) {
+        // This is a streaming read.
+        return callOptions;
+      } // else this is a 1) mutateRows or 2) SampleRowKeys or 3) a get, all of which can benefit
+        // from a timeout equal to a unary operation.
+    }
+    return callOptions.withDeadlineAfter(UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+  }
+
+  protected RequestT getRetryRequest() {
+    return request;
+  }
+
+  public final RequestT getOriginalRequest() {
+    return request;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initial execution of the RPC.
+   */
+  public ListenableFuture<ResultT> getAsyncResult() {
+    Preconditions.checkState(operationTimerContext == null);
+    operationTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeOperation();
+    run();
+    return completionFuture;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC.
+   */
+  public void cancel() {
+    cancel("User requested cancelation.");
+  }
+
+  public ResultT getBlockingResult() {
+    try {
+      return getAsyncResult().get();
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.CANCELLED.withCause(e).asRuntimeException();
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.fromThrowable(e).asRuntimeException();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC with a specific message.
+   *
+   * @param message
+   */
+  protected void cancel(final String message) {
+    synchronized (callLock) {
+      if (call != null) {
+        call.cancel(message, null);
+        call = null;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose` indirectly writes to field `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.failedCount` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(Status,Metadata)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(io.grpc.Status,io.grpc.Metada.e53f52ce0617da69325438994065534b
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/async/AbstractRetryingOperation.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractRetryingOperation.java|onClose|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d64257f6e994777d82f37c061e283efc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4387/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4387/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f36957450d6dbaf4451b2e3c2e43e6bb8934c104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4387/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async;
+
+import io.grpc.Status.Code;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import com.google.api.client.util.BackOff;
+import com.google.api.client.util.Sleeper;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.Logger;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ChannelPool;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.scanner.BigtableRetriesExhaustedException;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.metrics.Timer;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.AbstractFuture;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+
+import io.grpc.CallOptions;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall;
+import io.grpc.Metadata;
+import io.grpc.Status;
+import io.grpc.StatusRuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link com.google.common.util.concurrent.AsyncFunction} that retries a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.BigtableAsyncRpc} request.
+ *
+ * @author sduskis
+ * @version $Id: $Id
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractRetryingOperation<RequestT, ResponseT, ResultT>
+    extends ClientCall.Listener<ResponseT>  {
+
+  /** Constant <code>LOG</code> */
+  protected final static Logger LOG = new Logger(AbstractRetryingOperation.class);
+
+  // The server-side has a 5 minute timeout. Unary operations should be timed-out on the client side
+  // after 6 minutes.
+  protected final static long UNARY_DEADLINE_MINUTES = 6l;
+
+  protected class GrpcFuture<RespT> extends AbstractFuture<RespT> {
+    @Override
+    protected void interruptTask() {
+      AbstractRetryingOperation.this.cancel("Request interrupted.");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean set(@Nullable RespT resp) {
+      return super.set(resp);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean setException(Throwable throwable) {
+      return super.setException(throwable);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected BackOff currentBackoff;
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  Sleeper sleeper = Sleeper.DEFAULT;
+
+  protected final BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> rpc;
+  protected final RetryOptions retryOptions;
+  protected final ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService;
+
+  private final RequestT request;
+  private final CallOptions callOptions;
+  private final Metadata originalMetadata;
+
+  protected int failedCount = 0;
+
+  protected final GrpcFuture<ResultT> completionFuture;
+  protected Object callLock = new String("");
+  protected ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> call;
+  private Timer.Context operationTimerContext;
+  protected Timer.Context rpcTimerContext;
+
+  /**
+   * <p>Constructor for AbstractRetryingRpcListener.</p>
+   *
+   * @param retryOptions a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions} object.
+   * @param request a RequestT object.
+   * @param retryableRpc a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.BigtableAsyncRpc} object.
+   * @param callOptions a {@link io.grpc.CallOptions} object.
+   * @param retryExecutorService a {@link java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService} object.
+   * @param originalMetadata a {@link io.grpc.Metadata} object.
+   */
+  public AbstractRetryingOperation(
+          RetryOptions retryOptions,
+          RequestT request,
+          BigtableAsyncRpc<RequestT, ResponseT> retryableRpc,
+          CallOptions callOptions,
+          ScheduledExecutorService retryExecutorService,
+          Metadata originalMetadata) {
+    this.retryOptions = retryOptions;
+    this.request = request;
+    this.rpc = retryableRpc;
+    this.callOptions = callOptions;
+    this.retryExecutorService = retryExecutorService;
+    this.originalMetadata = originalMetadata;
+    this.completionFuture = createCompletionFuture();
+  }
+
+  protected GrpcFuture<ResultT> createCompletionFuture() {
+    return new GrpcFuture<>();
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void onClose(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+    synchronized (callLock) {
+      call = null;
+    }
+    rpcTimerContext.close();
+
+    Status.Code code = status.getCode();
+
+    // OK
+    if (code == Status.Code.OK) {
+      if (onOK()) {
+        operationTimerContext.close();
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // CANCELLED
+    if (code == Status.Code.CANCELLED) {
+      // An explicit user cancellation is not considered a failure.
+      operationTimerContext.close();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Non retry scenario
+    if (!retryOptions.enableRetries()
+        || !retryOptions.isRetryable(code)
+        // Unauthenticated is special because the request never made it to
+        // to the server, so all requests are retryable
+        || !(isRequestRetryable() || code == Code.UNAUTHENTICATED)) {
+      rpc.getRpcMetrics().markFailure();
+      operationTimerContext.close();
+      setException(status.asRuntimeException());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Attempt retry with backoff
+    long nextBackOff = getNextBackoff();
+    failedCount += 1;
+
+    // Backoffs timed out.
+    if (nextBackOff == BackOff.STOP) {
+      rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetriesExhasted();
+      operationTimerContext.close();
+
+      String message = String.format("Exhausted retries after %d failures.", failedCount);
+      StatusRuntimeException cause = status.asRuntimeException();
+      setException(new BigtableRetriesExhaustedException(message, cause));
+      return;
+    } else {
+      String channelId = ChannelPool.extractIdentifier(trailers);
+      LOG.info("Retrying failed call. Failure #%d, got: %s on channel %s",
+          status.getCause(), failedCount, status, channelId);
+    }
+
+    performRetry(nextBackOff);
+  }
+
+  protected void performRetry(long nextBackOff) {
+    rpc.getRpcMetrics().markRetry();
+    retryExecutorService.schedule(getRunnable(), nextBackOff, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+  }
+
+  protected Runnable getRunnable() {
+    return new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        AbstractRetryingOperation.this.run();
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  protected boolean isRequestRetryable() {
+    return rpc.isRetryable(getRetryRequest());
+  }
+
+  protected void setException(Exception exception) {
+    completionFuture.setException(exception);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A subclass has the opportunity to perform the final operations it needs now that the RPC is
+   * successfully complete. If a subclass has to retry, due to the message, this method will return
+   * false
+   * @return true if the operation was really completed.
+   */
+  protected abstract boolean onOK();
+
+  protected long getNextBackoff() {
+    if (currentBackoff == null) {
+      currentBackoff = retryOptions.createBackoff();
+    }
+    try {
+      return currentBackoff.nextBackOffMillis();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      return BackOff.STOP;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calls {@link BigtableAsyncRpc#startNewCall(CallOptions, Object, io.grpc.ClientCall.Listener,
+   * Metadata)} with this as the listener so that retries happen correctly.
+   */
+  protected void run() {
+    rpcTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeRpc();
+    Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
+    metadata.merge(originalMetadata);
+    synchronized (callLock) {
+      call = rpc.startNewCall(getCallOptions(), getRetryRequest(), this, metadata);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected CallOptions getCallOptions() {
+    return callOptions;
+  }
+
+  protected RequestT getRetryRequest() {
+    return request;
+  }
+
+  public final RequestT getOriginalRequest() {
+    return request;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initial execution of the RPC.
+   */
+  public ListenableFuture<ResultT> getAsyncResult() {
+    Preconditions.checkState(operationTimerContext == null);
+    operationTimerContext = rpc.getRpcMetrics().timeOperation();
+    run();
+    return completionFuture;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC.
+   */
+  public void cancel() {
+    cancel("User requested cancelation.");
+  }
+
+  public ResultT getBlockingResult() {
+    try {
+      return getAsyncResult().get();
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.CANCELLED.withCause(e).asRuntimeException();
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      cancel();
+      throw Status.fromThrowable(e).asRuntimeException();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancels the RPC with a specific message.
+   *
+   * @param message
+   */
+  protected void cancel(final String message) {
+    synchronized (callLock) {
+      if (call != null) {
+        call.cancel(message, null);
+        call = null;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose` writes to field `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.failedCount` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(Status,Metadata)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AbstractRetryingOperation.onClose(io.grpc.Status,io.grpc.Metada.e53f52ce0617da69325438994065534b
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/async/AbstractRetryingOperation.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractRetryingOperation.java|onClose|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5d0168e6d8a355aa31e42368c157f690
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4389/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4389/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9ce095a4bf5477bfff5dd355a93227f50ddf0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4389/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.containsString;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.Clock;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.SettableFuture;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.AccessToken;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.CacheState;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.HeaderCacheElement;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
+
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest {
+
+  private static ExecutorService executorService;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setup() {
+    executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+  }
+
+  @AfterClass
+  public static void shtudown() {
+    executorService.shutdownNow();
+  }
+
+  private RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor underTest;
+
+  @Mock
+  private OAuth2Credentials credentials;
+
+  @Before
+  public void setupMocks() {
+    MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    setTimeInMillieconds(0L);
+  }
+
+  private void setTimeInMillieconds(final long timeMs) {
+    RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.clock = new Clock() {
+      @Override
+      public long currentTimeMillis() {
+        return timeMs;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSyncRefresh() throws IOException {
+    initialize(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRefresh() throws IOException {
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenReturn(
+        new AccessToken("", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1)));
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(MoreExecutors.newDirectExecutorService(),
+        credentials);
+    underTest.syncRefresh();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing());
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutorProblem() throws IOException {
+    ExecutorService mockExecutor = Mockito.mock(ExecutorService.class);
+    when(mockExecutor.submit(any(Callable.class))).thenThrow(new RuntimeException(""));
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(mockExecutor, credentials);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Exception, underTest.getHeaderSafe().getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStaleAndExpired() throws IOException {
+    long expiration = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1;
+    initialize(expiration);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    long startTime = 2L;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(startTime);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    long expiredStaleDiff =
+        HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS - HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(startTime + expiredStaleDiff);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullExpiration() {
+    setTimeInMillieconds(100);
+    HeaderCacheElement element = new HeaderCacheElement(new AccessToken("", null));
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, element.getCacheState());
+
+    // Make sure that the header doesn't expire in the distant future.
+    setTimeInMillieconds(100000000000L);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, element.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRefreshAfterFailure() throws Exception {
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+
+    final AccessToken accessToken = new AccessToken("hi", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1));
+
+    //noinspection unchecked
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken())
+        // First call will throw Exception & bypass retries
+        .thenThrow(new IOException())
+        // Second call will succeed
+        .thenReturn(accessToken);
+
+    // First call
+    HeaderCacheElement firstResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Exception, firstResult.getCacheState());
+
+    // Now the second token should be available
+    HeaderCacheElement secondResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, secondResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(secondResult.header, containsString("hi"));
+    // Make sure that the token was only requested twice: once for the first failure & second time for background recovery
+    Mockito.verify(credentials, times(2)).refreshAccessToken();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRefreshAfterStale() throws Exception {
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+
+    long expires = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1;
+    final AccessToken staleToken = new AccessToken("stale", new Date(expires));
+    AccessToken goodToken =
+        new AccessToken("good", new Date(expires + HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1));
+
+    //noinspection unchecked
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken())
+        // First call will setup a stale token
+        .thenReturn(staleToken)
+        // Second call will give a good token
+        .thenReturn(goodToken);
+
+    // First call - setup
+    HeaderCacheElement firstResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, firstResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(firstResult.header, containsString("stale"));
+
+    // Fast forward until token is stale
+    setTimeInMillieconds(10);
+
+    // Second call - return stale token, but schedule refresh
+    HeaderCacheElement secondResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, secondResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(secondResult.header, containsString("stale"));
+
+    // forward to expired
+    setTimeInMillieconds(expires);
+
+    // Third call - now returns good token
+    HeaderCacheElement thirdResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, thirdResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(thirdResult.header, containsString("good"));
+
+    // Make sure that the token was only requested twice: once for the stale token & second time for the good token
+    Mockito.verify(credentials, times(2)).refreshAccessToken();
+  }
+
+  @Test(timeout=30000)
+  /*
+   * Test that checks that concurrent requests to RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor refresh
+   * logic doesn't cause hanging behavior.  Specifically, when an Expired condition occurs it
+   * triggers a call to syncRefresh() which potentially waits for refresh that was initiated
+   * from another thread either through syncRefresh() or asyncRefresh().  This test case simulates
+   * that condition.
+   */
+  public void testRefreshDoesntHang() throws Exception {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+      MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+      testHanging();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void testHanging()
+      throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+    // Assume that the user starts at this time... it's an arbitrarily big number which will
+    // assure that subtracting HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS and TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS will not
+    // be negative.
+    long start = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS * 10;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(start);
+
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor will show that the access token is stale.
+    final long expiration = start + HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS + 1;
+
+    // Create a mechanism that will allow us to control when the accessToken is returned.
+    // credentials.refreshAccessToken() will get called asynchronously and will wait until the
+    // lock is notified before returning.  That will allow us to set up multiple concurrent calls
+    final FutureAnswer<AccessToken> answer = new FutureAnswer<>();
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenAnswer(answer);
+
+    underTest =
+        new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+
+    // At this point, the access token wasn't retrieved yet. The
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor considers null to be Expired.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+
+    syncCall(answer, new Date(expiration));
+
+    // Check to make sure that the AccessToken was retrieved.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+
+    // Check to make sure we're no longer refreshing.
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing());
+
+    answer.reset();
+
+    // Kick off 100 asynchronous refreshes. Kicking off more than one shouldn't be
+    // necessary, but also should not be harmful, since there are likely to be multiple concurrent
+    // requests that call asyncRefresh() when the token turns stale.
+    Future<HeaderCacheElement> previous = underTest.asyncRefresh();
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+      Future<HeaderCacheElement> current = underTest.asyncRefresh();
+      Assert.assertEquals(previous, current);
+      previous = current;
+    }
+
+    syncCall(answer, new Date(expiration + HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS + 1));
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing());
+  }
+
+  private static class FutureAnswer<T> implements Answer<T>{
+
+    private SettableFuture<T> future = SettableFuture.create();
+
+    @Override
+    public T answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
+      return future.get();
+    }
+
+    void set(T value) {
+      future.set(value);
+    }
+
+    void reset() {
+      future = SettableFuture.create();;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void syncCall(FutureAnswer<AccessToken> answer, Date expirationTime)
+      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+
+    // There should be a single thread kicked off by the underTest.asyncRefresh() calls about
+    // actually doing a refresh at this point; the other ones will have see that a refresh is in
+    // progress and finish the invocation of the Thread without performing a refresh().. Make sure
+    // that at least 1 refresh process is in progress.
+    Assert.assertTrue(underTest.isRefreshing());
+
+    answer.set(new AccessToken("hi", expirationTime));
+    // Wait for no more than a second to make sure that the call to underTest.syncRefresh()
+    // completes properly.  If a second passes without syncRefresh() completing, future.get(..)
+    // will throw a TimeoutException.
+    underTest.asyncRefresh().get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+  }
+
+  private void initialize(long expiration) throws IOException {
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenReturn(
+        new AccessToken("", new Date(expiration)));
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.syncRefresh();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+UNSAFE_GUARDED_BY_ACCESS
+
+### Qualifier:
+The field `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.headerCache` is annotated with `@GuardedBy("lock")`, but the lock `lock` is not held during the access to the field at line 91. Since the current method is non-private, it can be called from outside the current class without synchronization. Consider wrapping the access in a `synchronized(lock)` block or making the method private.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testSyncRefresh()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testSyncRefresh():void.877712d25d5de28799229480912c4cab
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/io/RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java|testSyncRefresh|UNSAFE_GUARDED_BY_ACCESS
+
+### Node Key:
+eec9b9bdbace0f088e73c48cbea69935
+
+### Hash:
+643878a8ae664ec82992772fe2a6b9c8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Unsafe Guarded By Access
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4393/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4393/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6ec4b1ccfbb9fd79497a20b9e521b49c7b4db8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4393/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
+ * a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable
+ * law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
+ * BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.Clock;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.AccessToken;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.CacheState;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.HeaderCacheElement;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest {
+
+  private static ExecutorService executorService;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setup() {
+    executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+  }
+
+  @AfterClass
+  public static void shtudown() {
+    executorService.shutdownNow();
+  }
+
+  private RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor underTest;
+
+  @Mock
+  private OAuth2Credentials credentials;
+
+  @Before
+  public void setupMocks() {
+    MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    setTime(0L);
+  }
+
+  private void setTime(final long time) {
+    RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.clock = new Clock() {
+      @Override
+      public long currentTimeMillis() {
+        return time;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSyncRefresh() throws IOException {
+    initialize(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good,
+      RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.getCacheState(underTest.headerCache.get()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStaleAndExpired() throws IOException {
+    int expiration = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1;
+    initialize(expiration);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good,
+      RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.getCacheState(underTest.headerCache.get()));
+    setTime(2L);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale,
+      RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.getCacheState(underTest.headerCache.get()));
+    long expiredStaleDiff =
+        HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS - HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS;
+    setTime(2L + expiredStaleDiff);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired,
+      RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.getCacheState(underTest.headerCache.get()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  /**
+   * Test that checks that concurrent requests to RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor refresh
+   * logic doesn't cause hanging behavior.  Specifically, when an Expired condition occurs it 
+   * triggers a call to syncRefresh() which potentially waits for refresh that was initiated
+   * from another thread either through syncRefresh() or asyncRefresh().  This test case simulates
+   * that condition. 
+   */
+  public void testRefreshDoesntHang() throws Exception,
+      TimeoutException {
+    // Assume that the user starts at this time... it's an arbitrarily big number which will
+    // assure that subtracting HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS and TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS will not 
+    // be negative.
+    long start = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS * 10;
+    setTime(start);
+    
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor will show that the access token is stale.
+    final long expiration = start + HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS + 1;
+    
+    // Create a mechanism that will allow us to control when the accessToken is returned.  
+    // credentials.refreshAccessToken() will get called asynchronously and will wait until the 
+    // lock is notified before returning.  That will allow us to set up multiple concurrent calls
+    final Object lock = new String("");
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenAnswer(new Answer<AccessToken>() {
+      @Override
+      public AccessToken answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+          lock.wait();
+        }
+        return new AccessToken("", new Date(expiration));
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Force a synchronous refresh.  This ought to wait until a refresh happening in another thread
+    // completes.
+    Callable<Void> syncRefreshCallable = new Callable<Void>() {
+      @Override
+      public Void call() throws Exception {
+        underTest.syncRefresh();
+        return null;
+      }
+    };
+
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+
+    // At this point, the access token wasn't retrieved yet. The
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor considers null to be Expired.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired,
+      RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.getCacheState(underTest.headerCache.get()));
+
+    Future<Void> future = executorService.submit(syncRefreshCallable);
+    
+    // let the Thread running syncRefreshCallable() have a turn so that it can initiate the call
+    // to refreshAccessToken().
+    Thread.yield();
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      lock.notifyAll();
+    }
+
+    // Try to get the access token, which should be calculated at this point.  There's
+    // a possibility that some hanging occurs in the test code.  If the operation times out
+    // so timeout after 1 second, this will throw a TimeoutException.
+    future.get(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+    // Check to make sure that the AccessToken was retrieved.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale,
+      RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.getCacheState(underTest.headerCache.get()));
+
+    // Check to make sure we're no longer refreshing.
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing.get());
+
+    // Kick off a couple of asynchronous refreshes. Kicking off more than one shouldn't be
+    // necessary, but also should not be harmful, since there are likely to be multiple concurrent
+    // requests that call asyncRefresh() when the token turns stale.
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+
+    future = executorService.submit(syncRefreshCallable);
+    // Let the asyncRefreshes do their thing.
+    Thread.yield();
+    
+    // There should be a single thread kicked off by the underTest.asyncRefresh() calls about
+    // actually doing a refresh at this point; the other ones will have see that a refresh is in
+    // progress and finish the invocation of the Thread without performing a refres().. Make sure
+    // that at least 1 refresh process is in progress.
+    Assert.assertTrue(underTest.isRefreshing.get());
+
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      // Release the lock so that all of the async refreshing can complete.
+      lock.notifyAll();
+    }
+    // Wait for no more than a second to make sure that the call to underTest.syncRefresh()
+    // completes properly.  If a second passes without syncRefresh() completing, future.get(..)
+    // will throw a TimeoutException.
+    future.get(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing.get());
+  }
+
+  private void initialize(long expiration) throws IOException {
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenReturn(
+      new AccessToken("", new Date(expiration)));
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    Assert.assertTrue(underTest.doRefresh());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshDoesntHang` indirectly writes to field `io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.clock` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshDoesntHang()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshDoesntHang().451abf0723812ab6e1b099c9789a65f4
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/io/RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java|testRefreshDoesntHang|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e6c7afc6124a0144052e3afd7dc518ff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4394/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4394/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29c711718b94cbeb4df6a463040c11fe18252a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4394/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.same;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.NanoClock;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.BigtableServiceGrpc;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.CheckAndMutateRowRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.CheckAndMutateRowResponse;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.MutateRowRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.MutateRowsRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.MutateRowsRequest.Entry;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.MutateRowsResponse;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation.SetCell;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.ReadRowsRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.RowRange;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.BigtableOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.RetryOptionsUtil;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ChannelPool;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ClientCallService;
+import com.google.common.base.Predicate;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.SettableFuture;
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+
+import io.grpc.CallOptions;
+import io.grpc.Channel;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall;
+import io.grpc.MethodDescriptor;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+public class BigtableDataGrpcClientTests {
+
+  private static ExecutorService executor;
+
+  @Mock
+  ChannelPool channelPool;
+
+  @Mock
+  Channel channel;
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+  @Mock
+  ClientCall clientCall;
+
+  @Mock
+  ClientCallService clientCallService;
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+  SettableFuture future;
+
+  @Mock
+  NanoClock nanoClock;
+
+  BigtableDataGrpcClient underTest;
+
+  @After
+  public void turndownExecutor() {
+    executor.shutdownNow();
+  }
+  
+  @Before
+  public void setup() {
+    executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
+    MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    future = SettableFuture.create();
+    RetryOptions retryOptions = RetryOptionsUtil.createTestRetryOptions(nanoClock);
+    BigtableOptions options = new BigtableOptions.Builder().setRetryOptions(retryOptions).build();
+    underTest =
+        new BigtableDataGrpcClient(
+            channelPool,
+            BigtableSessionSharedThreadPools.getInstance().getBatchThreadPool(),
+            options,
+            clientCallService);
+    when(channelPool.newCall(any(MethodDescriptor.class), any(CallOptions.class))).thenReturn(
+      clientCall);
+    when(channel.newCall(any(MethodDescriptor.class), any(CallOptions.class))).thenReturn(
+      clientCall);
+    when(clientCallService.listenableAsyncCall(any(ClientCall.class), any())).thenReturn(future);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRetyableMutateRow() throws InterruptedException {
+    final MutateRowRequest request = MutateRowRequest.getDefaultInstance();
+    final AtomicBoolean done = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    executor.submit(new Callable<Void>(){
+      @Override
+      public Void call() throws Exception {
+        underTest.mutateRow(request);
+        done.set(true);
+        synchronized (done) {
+          done.notify();
+        }
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+    Thread.sleep(100);
+    future.set(MutateRowsResponse.getDefaultInstance());
+    synchronized (done) {
+      done.wait(1000);
+    }
+    assertTrue(done.get());
+    verify(clientCallService, times(1)).listenableAsyncCall(any(ClientCall.class), same(request));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRetyableMutateRowAsync() {
+    MutateRowRequest request = MutateRowRequest.getDefaultInstance();
+    future.set(MutateRowsResponse.getDefaultInstance());
+    underTest.mutateRowAsync(request);
+    verify(clientCallService).listenableAsyncCall(any(ClientCall.class), same(request));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRetyableCheckAndMutateRow() throws InterruptedException {
+    final CheckAndMutateRowRequest request = CheckAndMutateRowRequest.getDefaultInstance();
+    final AtomicBoolean done = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    executor.submit(new Callable<Void>(){
+      @Override
+      public Void call() throws Exception {
+        underTest.checkAndMutateRow(request);
+        done.set(true);
+        synchronized (done) {
+          done.notify();
+        }
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+    Thread.sleep(100);
+    future.set(CheckAndMutateRowResponse.getDefaultInstance());
+    synchronized (done) {
+      done.wait(1000);
+    }
+    assertTrue(done.get());
+    verify(clientCallService, times(1)).listenableAsyncCall(any(ClientCall.class), same(request));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRetyableCheckAndMutateRowAsync() {
+    CheckAndMutateRowRequest request = CheckAndMutateRowRequest.getDefaultInstance();
+    underTest.checkAndMutateRowAsync(request);
+    verify(clientCallService).listenableAsyncCall(any(ClientCall.class), same(request));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMutateRowPredicate() {
+    Predicate<MutateRowRequest> predicate = BigtableDataGrpcClient.IS_RETRYABLE_MUTATION;
+    assertFalse(predicate.apply(null));
+
+    MutateRowRequest.Builder request = MutateRowRequest.newBuilder();
+    assertTrue(predicate.apply(request.build()));
+
+    request.addMutations(
+        Mutation.newBuilder().setSetCell(SetCell.newBuilder().setTimestampMicros(-1)));
+    assertFalse(predicate.apply(request.build()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMutateRowsPredicate() {
+    Predicate<MutateRowsRequest> predicate = BigtableDataGrpcClient.ARE_RETRYABLE_MUTATIONS;
+    assertFalse(predicate.apply(null));
+
+    MutateRowsRequest.Builder request = MutateRowsRequest.newBuilder();
+    assertTrue(predicate.apply(request.build()));
+
+    request.addEntries(Entry.newBuilder().addMutations(
+        Mutation.newBuilder().setSetCell(SetCell.newBuilder().setTimestampMicros(-1))));
+    assertFalse(predicate.apply(request.build()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCheckAndMutateRowPredicate() {
+    Predicate<CheckAndMutateRowRequest> predicate =
+        BigtableDataGrpcClient.IS_RETRYABLE_CHECK_AND_MUTATE;
+    assertFalse(predicate.apply(null));
+
+    CheckAndMutateRowRequest.Builder request = CheckAndMutateRowRequest.newBuilder();
+    assertTrue(predicate.apply(request.build()));
+
+    request.addTrueMutations(
+        Mutation.newBuilder().setSetCell(SetCell.newBuilder().setTimestampMicros(-1)));
+    assertFalse(predicate.apply(request.build()));
+
+    request.clearTrueMutations();
+    request.addFalseMutations(
+        Mutation.newBuilder().setSetCell(SetCell.newBuilder().setTimestampMicros(-1)));
+    assertFalse(predicate.apply(request.build()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSingleRowRead() {
+    ReadRowsRequest request =
+        ReadRowsRequest.newBuilder().setRowKey(ByteString.copyFrom(new byte[0])).build();
+    underTest.readRows(request);
+    verify(channelPool, times(1)).newCall(eq(BigtableServiceGrpc.METHOD_READ_ROWS),
+      same(CallOptions.DEFAULT));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultiRowRead() {
+    ReadRowsRequest request =
+        ReadRowsRequest.newBuilder().setRowRange(RowRange.getDefaultInstance()).build();
+    underTest.readRows(request);
+    verify(channelPool, times(1)).newCall(eq(BigtableServiceGrpc.METHOD_READ_ROWS),
+      same(CallOptions.DEFAULT));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.testRetyableCheckAndMutateRow` reads without synchronization from `grpc.BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.executor`. Potentially races with write in method `BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.setup()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.testRetyableCheckAndMutateRow()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.testRetyableCheckAndMutateRow():void.fc4ecfc07d4235d52554709e5fa24b51
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.java
+
+### Key:
+BigtableDataGrpcClientTests.java|testRetyableCheckAndMutateRow|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f70cd510ad3502448622488b86529e12
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4500/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4500/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d891242e73745b367d1f89c4c3bbc4832e5e3a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4500/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1672 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan 2014
+ */
+package org.sikuli.basics;
+
+import org.sikuli.script.RunTime;
+import java.awt.Desktop;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.Proxy;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLDecoder;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.security.CodeSource;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.jar.JarOutputStream;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream;
+import java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream;
+import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
+import javax.swing.JFrame;
+import org.sikuli.script.Image;
+import org.sikuli.script.ImagePath;
+import org.sikuli.script.Sikulix;
+
+/**
+ * INTERNAL USE: Support for accessing files and other ressources
+ */
+public class FileManager {
+
+  private static String me = "FileManager";
+  private static int lvl = 3;
+
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, me + ": " + message, args);
+  }
+
+  static final int DOWNLOAD_BUFFER_SIZE = 153600;
+  private static SplashFrame _progress = null;
+  private static final String EXECUTABLE = "#executable";
+
+  public static int tryGetFileSize(URL url) {
+    HttpURLConnection conn = null;
+    try {
+      if (getProxy() != null) {
+        conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(getProxy());
+      } else {
+        conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
+      }
+      conn.setConnectTimeout(30000);
+      conn.setReadTimeout(30000);
+      conn.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
+      conn.getInputStream();
+      return conn.getContentLength();
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+//      log0(-1, "Download: getFileSize: not accessible:\n" + ex.getMessage());
+      return -1;
+    } finally {
+      conn.disconnect();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static Proxy getProxy() {
+    Proxy proxy = Settings.proxy;
+    if (!Settings.proxyChecked) {
+      String phost = Settings.proxyName;
+      String padr = Settings.proxyIP;
+      String pport = Settings.proxyPort;
+      InetAddress a = null;
+      int p = -1;
+      if (phost != null) {
+        a = getProxyAddress(phost);
+      }
+      if (a == null && padr != null) {
+        a = getProxyAddress(padr);
+      }
+      if (a != null && pport != null) {
+        p = getProxyPort(pport);
+      }
+      if (a != null && p > 1024) {
+        proxy = new Proxy(Proxy.Type.HTTP, new InetSocketAddress(a, p));
+        log(lvl, "Proxy defined: %s : %d", a.getHostAddress(), p);
+      }
+      Settings.proxyChecked = true;
+      Settings.proxy = proxy;
+    }
+    return proxy;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean setProxy(String pName, String pPort) {
+    InetAddress a = null;
+    String host = null;
+    String adr = null;
+    int p = -1;
+    if (pName != null) {
+      a = getProxyAddress(pName);
+      if (a == null) {
+        a = getProxyAddress(pName);
+        if (a != null) {
+          adr = pName;
+        }
+      } else {
+        host = pName;
+      }
+    }
+    if (a != null && pPort != null) {
+      p = getProxyPort(pPort);
+    }
+    if (a != null && p > 1024) {
+      log(lvl, "Proxy stored: %s : %d", a.getHostAddress(), p);
+      Settings.proxyChecked = true;
+      Settings.proxyName = host;
+      Settings.proxyIP = adr;
+      Settings.proxyPort = pPort;
+      Settings.proxy = new Proxy(Proxy.Type.HTTP, new InetSocketAddress(a, p));
+      PreferencesUser prefs = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+      prefs.put("ProxyName", (host == null ? "" : host));
+      prefs.put("ProxyIP", (adr == null ? "" : adr));
+      prefs.put("ProxyPort", ""+p);
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * download a file at the given url to a local folder
+   *
+   * @param url a valid url
+   * @param localPath the folder where the file should go (will be created if necessary)
+   * @return the absolute path to the downloaded file or null on any error
+   */
+  public static String downloadURL(URL url, String localPath) {
+    String[] path = url.getPath().split("/");
+    String filename = path[path.length - 1];
+    String targetPath = null;
+    int srcLength = 1;
+    int srcLengthKB = 0;
+    int done;
+    int totalBytesRead = 0;
+    File fullpath = new File(localPath);
+    if (fullpath.exists()) {
+      if (fullpath.isFile()) {
+        log(-1, "download: target path must be a folder:\n%s", localPath);
+        fullpath = null;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!fullpath.mkdirs()) {
+        log(-1, "download: could not create target folder:\n%s", localPath);
+        fullpath = null;
+      }
+    }
+    if (fullpath != null) {
+      srcLength = tryGetFileSize(url);
+			if (srcLength < 0) {
+				srcLength = 0;
+			}
+      srcLengthKB = (int) (srcLength / 1024);
+      if (srcLength > 0) {
+        log(lvl, "Downloading %s having %d KB", filename, srcLengthKB);
+			} else {
+        log(lvl, "Downloading %s with unknown size", filename);
+			}
+			fullpath = new File(localPath, filename);
+			targetPath = fullpath.getAbsolutePath();
+			done = 0;
+			if (_progress != null) {
+				_progress.setProFile(filename);
+				_progress.setProSize(srcLengthKB);
+				_progress.setProDone(0);
+				_progress.setVisible(true);
+			}
+			InputStream reader = null;
+			try {
+				FileOutputStream writer = new FileOutputStream(fullpath);
+				if (getProxy() != null) {
+					reader = url.openConnection(getProxy()).getInputStream();
+				} else {
+					reader = url.openConnection().getInputStream();
+				}
+				byte[] buffer = new byte[DOWNLOAD_BUFFER_SIZE];
+				int bytesRead = 0;
+				long begin_t = (new Date()).getTime();
+				long chunk = (new Date()).getTime();
+				while ((bytesRead = reader.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+					writer.write(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
+					totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+					if (srcLength > 0) {
+						done = (int) ((totalBytesRead / (double) srcLength) * 100);
+					} else {
+						done = (int) (totalBytesRead / 1024);
+					}
+					if (((new Date()).getTime() - chunk) > 1000) {
+						if (_progress != null) {
+							_progress.setProDone(done);
+						}
+						chunk = (new Date()).getTime();
+					}
+				}
+				writer.close();
+				log(lvl, "downloaded %d KB to:\n%s", (int) (totalBytesRead / 1024), targetPath);
+				log(lvl, "download time: %d", (int) (((new Date()).getTime() - begin_t) / 1000));
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+				log(-1, "problems while downloading\n%s", ex);
+				targetPath = null;
+			} finally {
+				if (reader != null) {
+					try {
+						reader.close();
+					} catch (IOException ex) {
+					}
+				}
+			}
+      if (_progress != null) {
+        if (targetPath == null) {
+          _progress.setProDone(-1);
+        } else {
+          if (srcLength <= 0) {
+            _progress.setProSize((int) (totalBytesRead / 1024));
+          }
+          _progress.setProDone(100);
+        }
+        _progress.closeAfter(3);
+        _progress = null;
+      }
+    }
+    return targetPath;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * download a file at the given url to a local folder
+   *
+   * @param url a string representing a valid url
+   * @param localPath the folder where the file should go (will be created if necessary)
+   * @return the absolute path to the downloaded file or null on any error
+   */
+  public static String downloadURL(String url, String localPath) {
+    URL src = null;
+    try {
+      src = new URL(url);
+    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+      log(-1, "download: bad URL: " + url);
+      return null;
+    }
+    return downloadURL(src, localPath);
+  }
+
+  public static String downloadURL(String url, String localPath, JFrame progress) {
+    _progress = (SplashFrame) progress;
+    return downloadURL(url, localPath);
+  }
+
+  public static String downloadURLtoString(String src) {
+    URL url = null;
+    try {
+      url = new URL(src);
+    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+      log(-1, "download: bad URL: " + src);
+      return null;
+    }
+    String[] path = url.getPath().split("/");
+    String filename = path[path.length - 1];
+    String target = "";
+    int srcLength = 1;
+    int srcLengthKB = 0;
+		int totalBytesRead = 0;
+		srcLength = tryGetFileSize(url);
+		if (srcLength > 0) {
+			srcLengthKB = (int) (srcLength / 1024);
+			log(lvl, "Downloading %s having %d KB", filename, srcLengthKB);
+			InputStream reader = null;
+			try {
+				if (getProxy() != null) {
+					reader = url.openConnection(getProxy()).getInputStream();
+				} else {
+					reader = url.openConnection().getInputStream();
+				}
+          byte[] buffer = new byte[DOWNLOAD_BUFFER_SIZE];
+          int bytesRead = 0;
+		      while ((bytesRead = reader.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+						target += (new String(Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer, 0, bytesRead), Charset.forName("utf-8")));
+          }
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+				log(-1, "problems while downloading\n" + ex.getMessage());
+				target= null;
+			} finally {
+				if (reader != null) {
+					try {
+						reader.close();
+					} catch (IOException ex) {
+					}
+				}
+			}
+    }
+    return target;
+  }
+
+  public static String downloadURLtoString(URL uSrc) {
+    String target = "";
+    InputStream reader = null;
+    try {
+      if (getProxy() != null) {
+        reader = uSrc.openConnection(getProxy()).getInputStream();
+      } else {
+        reader = uSrc.openConnection().getInputStream();
+      }
+      byte[] buffer = new byte[DOWNLOAD_BUFFER_SIZE];
+      int bytesRead = 0;
+      while ((bytesRead = reader.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+        target += (new String(Arrays.copyOfRange(buffer, 0, bytesRead), Charset.forName("utf-8")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "problems while downloading\n" + ex.getMessage());
+      target = null;
+    } finally {
+      if (reader != null) {
+        try {
+          reader.close();
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return target;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * open the given url in the standard browser
+   *
+   * @param url string representing a valid url
+   * @return false on error, true otherwise
+   */
+  public static boolean openURL(String url) {
+    try {
+      URL u = new URL(url);
+      Desktop.getDesktop().browse(u.toURI());
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "show in browser: bad URL: " + url);
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static File createTempDir(String path) {
+    File fTempDir = new File(RunTime.get().fpBaseTempPath, path);
+    log(lvl, "createTempDir:\n%s", fTempDir);
+    if (!fTempDir.exists()) {
+      fTempDir.mkdirs();
+    } else {
+      FileManager.resetFolder(fTempDir);
+    }
+    if (!fTempDir.exists()) {
+      log(-1, "createTempDir: not possible: %s", fTempDir);
+      return null;
+    }
+    return fTempDir;
+  }
+
+  public static File createTempDir() {
+    File fTempDir = createTempDir("tmp-" + getRandomInt() + ".sikuli");
+    if (null != fTempDir) {
+      fTempDir.deleteOnExit();
+    }
+    return fTempDir;
+  }
+  
+  public static int getRandomInt() {
+    int rand = 1 + new Random().nextInt();
+    return (rand < 0 ? rand * -1 : rand);
+  }
+
+  public static void deleteTempDir(String path) {
+    if (!deleteFileOrFolder(path)) {
+      log(-1, "deleteTempDir: not possible");
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static boolean deleteFileOrFolder(File fPath, FileFilter filter) {
+    return doDeleteFileOrFolder(fPath, filter);
+	}
+
+  public static boolean deleteFileOrFolder(File fPath) {
+    return doDeleteFileOrFolder(fPath, null);
+	}
+
+  public static boolean deleteFileOrFolder(String fpPath, FileFilter filter) {
+    if (fpPath.startsWith("#")) {
+      fpPath = fpPath.substring(1);
+    } else {
+  		log(lvl, "deleteFileOrFolder: %s\n%s", (filter == null ? "" : "filtered: "), fpPath);
+    }
+    return doDeleteFileOrFolder(new File(fpPath), filter);
+	}
+
+  public static boolean deleteFileOrFolder(String fpPath) {
+    if (fpPath.startsWith("#")) {
+      fpPath = fpPath.substring(1);
+    } else {
+  		log(lvl, "deleteFileOrFolder:\n%s", fpPath);
+    }
+    return doDeleteFileOrFolder(new File(fpPath), null);
+  }
+
+  public static void resetFolder(File fPath) {
+		log(lvl, "resetFolder:\n%s", fPath);
+    doDeleteFileOrFolder(fPath, null);
+    fPath.mkdirs();
+  }
+
+  private static boolean doDeleteFileOrFolder(File fPath, FileFilter filter) {
+    if (fPath == null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    File aFile;
+    String[] entries;
+    boolean somethingLeft = false;
+    if (fPath.isDirectory()) {
+      entries = fPath.list();
+      for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+        aFile = new File(fPath, entries[i]);
+        if (filter != null && !filter.accept(aFile)) {
+          somethingLeft = true;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (aFile.isDirectory()) {
+          if (!doDeleteFileOrFolder(aFile, filter)) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        } else {
+          try {
+            aFile.delete();
+          } catch (Exception ex) {
+            log(-1, "deleteFile: not deleted:\n%s\n%s", aFile, ex);
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // deletes intermediate empty directories and finally the top now empty dir
+    if (!somethingLeft && fPath.exists()) {
+      try {
+        fPath.delete();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "deleteFolder: not deleted:\n" + fPath.getAbsolutePath() + "\n" + ex.getMessage());
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static File createTempFile(String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  public static File createTempFile(String suffix, String path) {
+    String temp1 = "sikuli-";
+    String temp2 = "." + suffix;
+    File fpath = new File(RunTime.get().fpBaseTempPath);
+    if (path != null) {
+      fpath = new File(path);
+    }
+    try {
+      fpath.mkdirs();
+      File temp = File.createTempFile(temp1, temp2, fpath);
+      temp.deleteOnExit();
+      log(lvl, "tempfile create:\n%s", temp.getAbsolutePath());
+      return temp;
+    } catch (IOException ex) {
+      log(-1, "createTempFile: IOException: %s\n%s", ex.getMessage(),
+              fpath + File.separator + temp1 + "12....56" + temp2);
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static String saveTmpImage(BufferedImage img) {
+    return saveTmpImage(img, null);
+  }
+
+  public static String saveTmpImage(BufferedImage img, String path) {
+    File tempFile;
+    try {
+      tempFile = createTempFile("png", path);
+      if (tempFile != null) {
+        ImageIO.write(img, "png", tempFile);
+        return tempFile.getAbsolutePath();
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+  
+  public static String saveTimedImage(BufferedImage img) {
+    return saveTimedImage(img, ImagePath.getBundlePath(), null);
+  }
+
+  public static String saveTimedImage(BufferedImage img, String path) {
+    return saveTimedImage(img, path, null);
+  }
+  
+  public static String saveTimedImage(BufferedImage img, String path, String name) {
+    RunTime.pause(0.01f);
+    File fImage = new File(path, String.format("%s-%d.png", name, new Date().getTime()));
+    try {
+      ImageIO.write(img, "png", fImage);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    return fImage.getAbsolutePath();
+  }
+
+  public static void unzip(String zip, String path) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
+    final int BUF_SIZE = 2048;
+    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(zip);
+    ZipInputStream zis = new ZipInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(fis));
+    ZipEntry entry;
+    while ((entry = zis.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+      int count;
+      byte data[] = new byte[BUF_SIZE];
+      FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(
+              new File(path, entry.getName()));
+      BufferedOutputStream dest = new BufferedOutputStream(fos, BUF_SIZE);
+      while ((count = zis.read(data, 0, BUF_SIZE)) != -1) {
+        dest.write(data, 0, count);
+      }
+      dest.close();
+    }
+    zis.close();
+  }
+
+  public static boolean unzip(File fZip, File fTarget) {
+    String fpZip = null;
+    String fpTarget = null;
+    try {
+      fpZip = fZip.getCanonicalPath();
+      if (!fZip.exists()) {
+        log(-1, "unzip: source not found:\n%s", fpZip);
+        return false;
+      }
+      fTarget.mkdirs();
+      fpTarget = fTarget.getCanonicalPath();
+      if (!fZip.exists()) {
+        log(-1, "unzip: target not found:\n%s", fTarget);
+        return false;
+      }
+      final int BUF_SIZE = 2048;
+      ZipInputStream isZip = new ZipInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(fZip)));
+      ZipEntry entry;
+      while ((entry = isZip.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+        int count;
+        byte data[] = new byte[BUF_SIZE];
+        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(fTarget, entry.getName()));
+        BufferedOutputStream dest = new BufferedOutputStream(fos, BUF_SIZE);
+        while ((count = isZip.read(data, 0, BUF_SIZE)) != -1) {
+          dest.write(data, 0, count);
+        }
+        dest.close();
+      }
+      isZip.close();
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "unzip: not possible: source:\n%s\ntarget:\n%s\n%s", fpZip, fpTarget, ex);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean xcopy(File fSrc, File fDest) {
+    if (fSrc == null || fDest == null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    try {
+      doXcopy(fSrc, fDest, null);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(lvl, "xcopy from: %s\nto: %s\n%s", fSrc, fDest, ex);
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+	}
+
+  public static boolean xcopy(File fSrc, File fDest, FileFilter filter) {
+    if (fSrc == null || fDest == null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    try {
+      doXcopy(fSrc, fDest, filter);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(lvl, "xcopy from: %s\nto: %s\n%s", fSrc, fDest, ex);
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+	}
+
+  public static void xcopy(String src, String dest) throws IOException {
+		doXcopy(new File(src), new File(dest), null);
+	}
+
+  public static void xcopy(String src, String dest, FileFilter filter) throws IOException {
+		doXcopy(new File(src), new File(dest), filter);
+	}
+
+  private static void doXcopy(File fSrc, File fDest, FileFilter filter) throws IOException {
+    if (fSrc.getAbsolutePath().equals(fDest.getAbsolutePath())) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (fSrc.isDirectory()) {
+			if (filter == null || filter.accept(fSrc)) {
+				if (!fDest.exists()) {
+					fDest.mkdirs();
+				}
+				String[] children = fSrc.list();
+				for (String child : children) {
+					if (child.equals(fDest.getName())) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					doXcopy(new File(fSrc, child), new File(fDest, child), filter);
+
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (filter == null || filter.accept(fSrc)) {
+				if (fDest.isDirectory()) {
+					fDest = new File(fDest, fSrc.getName());
+				}
+				InputStream in = new FileInputStream(fSrc);
+				OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(fDest);
+				// Copy the bits from instream to outstream
+				byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+				int len;
+				while ((len = in.read(buf)) > 0) {
+					out.write(buf, 0, len);
+				}
+				in.close();
+				out.close();
+			}
+		}
+  }
+
+  private static String makeFileListString;
+  private static String makeFileListPrefix;
+
+  public static String makeFileList(File path, String prefix) {
+    makeFileListPrefix = prefix;
+    return makeFileListDo(path, true);
+  }
+
+  private static String makeFileListDo(File path, boolean starting) {
+    String x;
+    if (starting) {
+      makeFileListString = "";
+    }
+    if (!path.exists()) {
+      return makeFileListString;
+    }
+    if (path.isDirectory()) {
+      String[] fcl = path.list();
+      for (String fc : fcl) {
+        makeFileListDo(new File(path, fc), false);
+      }
+    } else {
+      x = path.getAbsolutePath();
+      if (!makeFileListPrefix.isEmpty()) {
+        x = x.replace(makeFileListPrefix, "").replace("\\", "/");
+        if (x.startsWith("/")) {
+          x = x.substring(1);
+        }
+      }
+      makeFileListString += x + "\n";
+    }
+    return makeFileListString;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copy a file *src* to the path *dest* and check if the file name conflicts. If a file with the
+   * same name exists in that path, rename *src* to an alternative name.
+	 * @param src source file
+	 * @param dest destination path
+	 * @return the destination file if ok, null otherwise
+	 * @throws java.io.IOException on failure
+   */
+  public static File smartCopy(String src, String dest) throws IOException {
+    File fSrc = new File(src);
+    String newName = fSrc.getName();
+    File fDest = new File(dest, newName);
+    if (fSrc.equals(fDest)) {
+      return fDest;
+    }
+    while (fDest.exists()) {
+      newName = getAltFilename(newName);
+      fDest = new File(dest, newName);
+    }
+    xcopy(src, fDest.getAbsolutePath());
+    if (fDest.exists()) {
+      return fDest;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  public static String convertStreamToString(InputStream is) {
+    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
+    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+    String line;
+    try {
+      while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+        sb.append(line).append("\n");
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } finally {
+      try {
+        is.close();
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        e.printStackTrace();
+      }
+    }
+    return sb.toString();
+  }
+
+  public static String getAltFilename(String filename) {
+    int pDot = filename.lastIndexOf('.');
+    int pDash = filename.lastIndexOf('-');
+    int ver = 1;
+    String postfix = filename.substring(pDot);
+    String name;
+    if (pDash >= 0) {
+      name = filename.substring(0, pDash);
+      ver = Integer.parseInt(filename.substring(pDash + 1, pDot));
+      ver++;
+    } else {
+      name = filename.substring(0, pDot);
+    }
+    return name + "-" + ver + postfix;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean exists(String path) {
+    File f = new File(path);
+    return f.exists();
+  }
+
+  public static void mkdir(String path) {
+    File f = new File(path);
+    if (!f.exists()) {
+      f.mkdirs();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static String getName(String filename) {
+    File f = new File(filename);
+    return f.getName();
+  }
+
+  public static String slashify(String path, Boolean isDirectory) {
+    if (path != null) {
+      if (path.contains("%")) {
+        try {
+          path = URLDecoder.decode(path, "UTF-8");
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+					log(lvl, "slashify: decoding problem with %s\nwarning: filename might not be useable.", path);
+        }
+      }
+      if (File.separatorChar != '/') {
+        path = path.replace(File.separatorChar, '/');
+      }
+      if (isDirectory != null) {
+        if (isDirectory) {
+          if (!path.endsWith("/")) {
+            path = path + "/";
+          }
+        } else if (path.endsWith("/")) {
+          path = path.substring(0, path.length() - 1);
+        }
+      }
+			if (path.startsWith("./")) {
+				path = path.substring(2);
+			}
+      return path;
+    } else {
+      return "";
+    }
+  }
+
+	public static String normalize(String filename) {
+		return slashify(filename, false);
+	}
+
+	public static String normalizeAbsolute(String filename, boolean withTrailingSlash) {
+    filename = slashify(filename, false);
+    String jarSuffix = "";
+    int nJarSuffix;
+    if (-1 < (nJarSuffix = filename.indexOf(".jar!/"))) {
+      jarSuffix = filename.substring(nJarSuffix + 4);
+      filename = filename.substring(0, nJarSuffix + 4);
+    }
+    File aFile = new File(filename);
+    try {
+      filename = aFile.getCanonicalPath();
+      aFile = new File(filename);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+    }
+    String fpFile = aFile.getAbsolutePath();
+    if (!fpFile.startsWith("/")) {
+      fpFile = "/" + fpFile;
+    }
+		return slashify(fpFile + jarSuffix, withTrailingSlash);
+	}
+
+	public static boolean isFilenameDotted(String name) {
+		String nameParent = new File(name).getParent();
+		if (nameParent != null && nameParent.contains(".")) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the directory that contains the images used by the ScriptRunner.
+   *
+   * @param scriptFile The file containing the script.
+   * @return The directory containing the images.
+   */
+  public static File resolveImagePath(File scriptFile) {
+    if (!scriptFile.isDirectory()) {
+      return scriptFile.getParentFile();
+    }
+    return scriptFile;
+  }
+
+  public static URL makeURL(String fName) {
+    return makeURL(fName, "file");
+  }
+
+  public static URL makeURL(String fName, String type) {
+    try {
+      if ("file".equals(type)) {
+        fName = normalizeAbsolute(fName, false);
+        if (!fName.startsWith("/")) {
+          fName = "/" + fName;
+        }
+      }
+			if ("jar".equals(type)) {
+				if (!fName.contains("!/")) {
+					fName += "!/";
+				}
+				return new URL("jar:" + fName);
+			} else if ("file".equals(type)) {
+        File aFile = new File(fName);
+        if (aFile.exists() && aFile.isDirectory()) {
+          if (!fName.endsWith("/")) {
+            fName += "/";
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return new URL(type, null, fName);
+    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static URL makeURL(URL path, String fName) {
+    try {
+			if ("file".equals(path.getProtocol())) {
+				return makeURL(new File(path.getFile(), fName).getAbsolutePath());
+			} else if ("jar".equals(path.getProtocol())) {
+				String jp = path.getPath();
+				if (!jp.contains("!/")) {
+					jp += "!/";
+				}
+				String jpu = "jar:" + jp + "/" + fName;
+				return new URL(jpu);
+			}
+      return new URL(path, slashify(fName, false));
+    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static URL getURLForContentFromURL(URL uRes, String fName) {
+    URL aURL = null;
+    if ("jar".equals(uRes.getProtocol())) {
+      return makeURL(uRes, fName);
+    } else if ("file".equals(uRes.getProtocol())) {
+      aURL = makeURL(new File(slashify(uRes.getPath(), false), slashify(fName, false)).getPath(), uRes.getProtocol());
+    } else if (uRes.getProtocol().startsWith("http")) {
+      String sRes = uRes.toString();
+			if (!sRes.endsWith("/")) {
+				sRes += "/";
+			}
+			try {
+				aURL = new URL(sRes + fName);
+				if (1 == isUrlUseabel(aURL)) {
+					return aURL;
+				} else {
+					return null;
+				}
+			} catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+				return null;
+			}
+    }
+    try {
+      if (aURL != null) {
+        aURL.getContent();
+        return aURL;
+      }
+    } catch (IOException ex) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return aURL;
+  }
+
+	public static int isUrlUseabel(String sURL) {
+		try {
+			return isUrlUseabel(new URL(sURL));
+		} catch (Exception ex) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public static int isUrlUseabel(URL aURL) {
+		try {
+//			HttpURLConnection.setFollowRedirects(false);
+			HttpURLConnection con = (HttpURLConnection) aURL.openConnection();
+//			con.setInstanceFollowRedirects(false);
+			con.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
+			int retval = con.getResponseCode();
+//				HttpURLConnection.HTTP_BAD_METHOD 405
+//				HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND 404
+			if (retval == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+				return 1;
+			} else if (retval == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND) {
+				return 0;
+			} else if (retval == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN) {
+				return 0;
+			} else {
+				return -1;
+			}
+		} catch (Exception ex) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	public static boolean checkJarContent(String jarPath, String jarContent) {
+		URL jpu = makeURL(jarPath, "jar");
+		if (jpu != null && jarContent != null) {
+			jpu = makeURL(jpu, jarContent);
+		}
+		if (jpu != null) {
+			try {
+			  jpu.getContent();
+				return true;
+			} catch (IOException ex) {
+        ex.getMessage();
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+  public static int getPort(String p) {
+    int port;
+    int pDefault = 50000;
+    if (p != null) {
+      try {
+        port = Integer.parseInt(p);
+      } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return pDefault;
+    }
+    if (port < 1024) {
+      port += pDefault;
+    }
+    return port;
+  }
+
+  public static int getProxyPort(String p) {
+    int port;
+    int pDefault = 8080;
+    if (p != null) {
+      try {
+        port = Integer.parseInt(p);
+      } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return pDefault;
+    }
+    return port;
+  }
+
+  public static String getAddress(String arg) {
+    try {
+      if (arg == null) {
+        return InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostAddress();
+      }
+      return InetAddress.getByName(arg).getHostAddress();
+    } catch (UnknownHostException ex) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static InetAddress getProxyAddress(String arg) {
+    try {
+      return InetAddress.getByName(arg);
+    } catch (UnknownHostException ex) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static String saveImage(BufferedImage img, String sImage, String bundlePath) {
+    final int MAX_ALT_NUM = 3;
+    String fullpath = bundlePath;
+    File fBundle = new File(fullpath);
+    if (!fBundle.exists()) {
+      fBundle.mkdir();
+    }
+    if (!sImage.endsWith(".png")) {
+      sImage += ".png";
+    }
+    File fImage = new File(fBundle, sImage);
+    boolean shouldReload = false;
+    int count = 0;
+    String msg = fImage.getName() + " exists - using ";
+    while (count < MAX_ALT_NUM) {
+      if (fImage.exists()) {
+        if (Settings.OverwriteImages) {
+          shouldReload = true;
+          break;
+        } else {
+          fImage = new File(fBundle, FileManager.getAltFilename(fImage.getName()));
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (count > 0) {
+          Debug.log(msg + fImage.getName() + " (Utils.saveImage)");
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      count++;
+    }
+    if (count >= MAX_ALT_NUM) {
+      fImage = new File(fBundle, Settings.getTimestamp() + ".png");
+      Debug.log(msg + fImage.getName() + " (Utils.saveImage)");
+    }
+    String fpImage = fImage.getAbsolutePath();
+    fpImage = fpImage.replaceAll("\\\\", "/");
+    try {
+      ImageIO.write(img, "png", new File(fpImage));
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      Debug.error("Util.saveImage: Problem trying to save image file: %s\n%s", fpImage, e.getMessage());
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (shouldReload) {
+      Image.reload(fpImage);
+    }
+    return fpImage;
+  }
+
+  //TODO consolidate with FileManager and Settings
+  public static void zip(String path, String outZip) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
+    ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(outZip));
+    zipDir(path, zos);
+    zos.close();
+  }
+
+  private static void zipDir(String dir, ZipOutputStream zos) throws IOException {
+    File zipDir = new File(dir);
+    String[] dirList = zipDir.list();
+    byte[] readBuffer = new byte[1024];
+    int bytesIn;
+    for (int i = 0; i < dirList.length; i++) {
+      File f = new File(zipDir, dirList[i]);
+      if (f.isFile()) {
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(f);
+        ZipEntry anEntry = new ZipEntry(f.getName());
+        zos.putNextEntry(anEntry);
+        while ((bytesIn = fis.read(readBuffer)) != -1) {
+          zos.write(readBuffer, 0, bytesIn);
+        }
+        fis.close();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+	public static void deleteNotUsedImages(String bundle, Set<String> usedImages) {
+		File scriptFolder = new File(bundle);
+		if (!scriptFolder.isDirectory()) {
+			return;
+		}
+		String path;
+		for (File image : scriptFolder.listFiles(new FilenameFilter() {
+					@Override
+					public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+						if ((name.endsWith(".png") || name.endsWith(".jpg") || name.endsWith(".jpeg"))) {
+							if (!name.startsWith("_")) {
+                return true;
+              }
+						}
+						return false;
+					}
+				})) {
+			if (!usedImages.contains(image.getName())) {
+				Debug.log(3, "FileManager: delete not used: %s", image.getName());
+				image.delete();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static boolean isBundle(String dir) {
+		return dir.endsWith(".sikuli");
+	}
+
+//  public static IResourceLoader getNativeLoader(String name, String[] args) {
+//    if (nativeLoader != null) {
+//      return nativeLoader;
+//    }
+//    IResourceLoader nl = null;
+//    ServiceLoader<IResourceLoader> loader = ServiceLoader.load(IResourceLoader.class);
+//    Iterator<IResourceLoader> resourceLoaderIterator = loader.iterator();
+//    while (resourceLoaderIterator.hasNext()) {
+//      IResourceLoader currentLoader = resourceLoaderIterator.next();
+//      if ((name != null && currentLoader.getName().toLowerCase().equals(name.toLowerCase()))) {
+//        nl = currentLoader;
+//        nl.init(args);
+//        break;
+//      }
+//    }
+//    if (nl == null) {
+//      log0(-1, "Fatal error 121: Could not load any NativeLoader!");
+//      (121);
+//    } else {
+//      nativeLoader = nl;
+//    }
+//    return nativeLoader;
+//  }
+//
+  public static String getJarParentFolder() {
+    CodeSource src = FileManager.class.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
+    String jarParentPath = "--- not known ---";
+    String RunningFromJar = "Y";
+    if (src.getLocation() != null) {
+      String jarPath = src.getLocation().getPath();
+      if (!jarPath.endsWith(".jar")) RunningFromJar = "N";
+      jarParentPath = FileManager.slashify((new File(jarPath)).getParent(), true);
+    } else {
+      log(-1, "Fatal Error 101: Not possible to access the jar files!");
+      Sikulix.terminate(101);
+    }
+    return RunningFromJar + jarParentPath;
+  }
+
+  public static String getJarPath(Class cname) {
+    CodeSource src = cname.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
+    if (src.getLocation() != null) {
+      return new File(src.getLocation().getPath()).getAbsolutePath();
+    }
+    return "";
+  }
+
+  public static String getJarName(Class cname) {
+		String jp = getJarPath(cname);
+		if (jp.isEmpty()) {
+			return "";
+		}
+		return new File(jp).getName();
+  }
+
+  public static boolean writeStringToFile(String text, String path) {
+    return writeStringToFile(text, new File(path));
+  }
+
+  public static boolean writeStringToFile(String text, File fPath) {
+    PrintStream out = null;
+    try {
+      out = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(fPath));
+      out.print(text);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log(-1,"writeStringToFile: did not work: " + fPath + "\n" + e.getMessage());
+    }
+    if (out != null) {
+      out.close();
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  public static String readFileToString(File fPath) {
+    try {
+      return doRreadFileToString(fPath);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      return "";
+    }
+  }
+  
+  private static String doRreadFileToString(File fPath) throws IOException {
+    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+    BufferedReader reader = null;
+    try {
+      reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fPath));
+      char[] buf = new char[1024];
+      int r = 0;
+      while ((r = reader.read(buf)) != -1) {
+        result.append(buf, 0, r);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (reader != null) {
+        reader.close();
+      }
+    }
+    return result.toString();
+  }
+
+  public static boolean packJar(String folderName, String jarName, String prefix) {
+    jarName = FileManager.slashify(jarName, false);
+    if (!jarName.endsWith(".jar")) {
+      jarName += ".jar";
+    }
+    folderName = FileManager.slashify(folderName, true);
+    if (!(new File(folderName)).isDirectory()) {
+      log(-1, "packJar: not a directory or does not exist: " + folderName);
+      return false;
+    }
+    try {
+      File dir = new File((new File(jarName)).getAbsolutePath()).getParentFile();
+      if (dir != null) {
+        if (!dir.exists()) {
+          dir.mkdirs();
+        }
+      } else {
+        throw new Exception("workdir is null");
+      }
+      log(lvl, "packJar: %s from %s in workDir %s", jarName, folderName, dir.getAbsolutePath());
+      if (!folderName.startsWith("http://") && !folderName.startsWith("https://")) {
+        folderName = "file://" + (new File(folderName)).getAbsolutePath();
+      }
+      URL src = new URL(folderName);
+      JarOutputStream jout = new JarOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(jarName));
+      addToJar(jout, new File(src.getFile()), prefix);
+      jout.close();
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "packJar: " + ex.getMessage());
+      return false;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "packJar: completed");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean buildJar(String targetJar, String[] jars,
+          String[] files, String[] prefixs, FileManager.JarFileFilter filter) {
+    boolean logShort = false;
+    if (targetJar.startsWith("#")) {
+      logShort = true;
+      targetJar = targetJar.substring(1);
+      log(lvl, "buildJar: %s", new File(targetJar).getName());
+    } else {
+      log(lvl, "buildJar:\n%s", targetJar);
+    }
+    try {
+      JarOutputStream jout = new JarOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(targetJar));
+      ArrayList done = new ArrayList();
+      for (int i = 0; i < jars.length; i++) {
+        if (jars[i] == null) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (logShort) {
+          log(lvl, "buildJar: adding: %s", new File(jars[i]).getName());
+        } else {
+          log(lvl, "buildJar: adding:\n%s", jars[i]);
+        }
+        BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(jars[i]));
+        ZipInputStream zin = new ZipInputStream(bin);
+        for (ZipEntry zipentry = zin.getNextEntry(); zipentry != null; zipentry = zin.getNextEntry()) {
+          if (filter == null || filter.accept(zipentry, jars[i])) {
+            if (!done.contains(zipentry.getName())) {
+              jout.putNextEntry(zipentry);
+              if (!zipentry.isDirectory()) {
+                bufferedWrite(zin, jout);
+              }
+              done.add(zipentry.getName());
+              log(lvl+1, "adding: %s", zipentry.getName());
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        zin.close();
+        bin.close();
+      }
+      if (files != null) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
+					if (files[i] == null) {
+						continue;
+					}
+          if (logShort) {
+            log(lvl, "buildJar: adding %s at %s", new File(files[i]).getName(), prefixs[i]);
+          } else {
+            log(lvl, "buildJar: adding %s at %s", files[i], prefixs[i]);
+          }
+         addToJar(jout, new File(files[i]), prefixs[i]);
+        }
+      }
+      jout.close();
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "buildJar: %s", ex);
+      return false;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "buildJar: completed");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * unpack a jar file to a folder
+   * @param jarName absolute path to jar file
+   * @param folderName absolute path to the target folder
+   * @param del true if the folder should be deleted before unpack
+   * @param strip true if the path should be stripped
+   * @param filter to select specific content
+   * @return true if success,  false otherwise
+   */
+  public static boolean unpackJar(String jarName, String folderName, boolean del, boolean strip,
+          FileManager.JarFileFilter filter) {
+    jarName = FileManager.slashify(jarName, false);
+    if (!jarName.endsWith(".jar")) {
+      jarName += ".jar";
+    }
+    if (!new File(jarName).isAbsolute()) {
+      log(-1, "unpackJar: jar path not absolute");
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (folderName == null) {
+      folderName = jarName.substring(0, jarName.length() - 4);
+    } else if (!new File(folderName).isAbsolute()) {
+      log(-1, "unpackJar: folder path not absolute");
+      return false;
+    }
+    folderName = FileManager.slashify(folderName, true);
+    ZipInputStream in;
+    BufferedOutputStream out;
+    try {
+      if (del) {
+        FileManager.deleteFileOrFolder(folderName);
+      }
+      in = new ZipInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(jarName)));
+      log(lvl, "unpackJar: %s to %s", jarName, folderName);
+      boolean isExecutable;
+      int n;
+      File f;
+      for (ZipEntry z = in.getNextEntry(); z != null; z = in.getNextEntry()) {
+        if (filter == null || filter.accept(z, null)) {
+          if (z.isDirectory()) {
+            (new File(folderName, z.getName())).mkdirs();
+          } else {
+            n = z.getName().lastIndexOf(EXECUTABLE);
+            if (n >= 0) {
+              f = new File(folderName, z.getName().substring(0, n));
+              isExecutable = true;
+            } else {
+              f = new File(folderName, z.getName());
+              isExecutable = false;
+            }
+            if (strip) {
+              f = new File(folderName, f.getName());
+            } else {
+              f.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+            }
+            out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(f));
+            bufferedWrite(in, out);
+            out.close();
+            if (isExecutable) {
+              f.setExecutable(true, false);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      in.close();
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "unpackJar: " + ex.getMessage());
+      return false;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "unpackJar: completed");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private static void addToJar(JarOutputStream jar, File dir, String prefix) throws IOException {
+    File[] content;
+    prefix = prefix == null ? "" : prefix;
+    if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+      content  = dir.listFiles();
+      for (int i = 0, l = content.length; i < l; ++i) {
+        if (content[i].isDirectory()) {
+          jar.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(prefix + (prefix.equals("") ? "" : "/") + content[i].getName() + "/"));
+          addToJar(jar, content[i], prefix + (prefix.equals("") ? "" : "/") + content[i].getName());
+        } else {
+          addToJarWriteFile(jar, content[i], prefix);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      addToJarWriteFile(jar, dir, prefix);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void addToJarWriteFile(JarOutputStream jar, File file, String prefix) throws IOException {
+    if (file.getName().startsWith(".")) {
+      return;
+    }
+    String suffix = "";
+//TODO buildjar: suffix EXECUTABL
+//    if (file.canExecute()) {
+//      suffix = EXECUTABLE;
+//    }
+    jar.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(prefix + (prefix.equals("") ? "" : "/") + file.getName() + suffix));
+    FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
+    bufferedWrite(in, jar);
+    in.close();
+  }
+
+  public static File[] getScriptFile(File fScriptFolder) {
+    if (fScriptFolder == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    String scriptName;
+    String scriptType = "";
+    String fpUnzippedSkl = null;
+    File[] content = null;
+
+    if (fScriptFolder.getName().endsWith(".skl") || fScriptFolder.getName().endsWith(".zip")) {
+      fpUnzippedSkl = FileManager.unzipSKL(fScriptFolder.getAbsolutePath());
+      if (fpUnzippedSkl == null) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      scriptType = "sikuli-zipped";
+      fScriptFolder = new File(fpUnzippedSkl);
+    }
+
+    int pos = fScriptFolder.getName().lastIndexOf(".");
+    if (pos == -1) {
+      scriptName = fScriptFolder.getName();
+      scriptType = "sikuli-plain";
+    } else {
+      scriptName = fScriptFolder.getName().substring(0, pos);
+      scriptType = fScriptFolder.getName().substring(pos + 1);
+    }
+
+    boolean success = true;
+    if (!fScriptFolder.exists()) {
+      if ("sikuli-plain".equals(scriptType)) {
+        fScriptFolder = new File(fScriptFolder.getAbsolutePath() + ".sikuli");
+        if (!fScriptFolder.exists()) {
+          success = false;
+        }
+      } else {
+        success = false;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!success) {
+      log(-1, "Not a valid Sikuli script project:\n%s", fScriptFolder.getAbsolutePath());
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (scriptType.startsWith("sikuli")) {
+      content = fScriptFolder.listFiles(new FileFilterScript(scriptName + "."));
+      if (content == null || content.length == 0) {
+        log(-1, "Script project %s \n has no script file %s.xxx", fScriptFolder, scriptName);
+        return null;
+      }
+    } else if ("jar".equals(scriptType)) {
+      log(-1, "Sorry, script projects as jar-files are not yet supported;");
+      //TODO try to load and run as extension
+      return null; // until ready
+    }
+    return content;
+  }
+
+  private static class FileFilterScript implements FilenameFilter {
+    private String _check;
+    public FileFilterScript(String check) {
+      _check = check;
+    }
+    @Override
+    public boolean accept(File dir, String fileName) {
+      return fileName.startsWith(_check);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static String unzipSKL(String fpSkl) {
+    File fSkl = new File(fpSkl);
+    if (!fSkl.exists()) {
+      log(-1, "unzipSKL: file not found: %s", fpSkl);
+    }
+    String name = fSkl.getName();
+    name = name.substring(0, name.lastIndexOf('.'));
+    File fSikuliDir = FileManager.createTempDir(name + ".sikuli");
+    if (null != fSikuliDir) {
+      fSikuliDir.deleteOnExit();
+      FileManager.unzip(fSkl, fSikuliDir);
+    }
+    if (null == fSikuliDir) {
+      log(-1, "unzipSKL: not possible for:\n%s", fpSkl);
+      return null;
+    }
+    return fSikuliDir.getAbsolutePath();
+  }
+
+  public interface JarFileFilter {
+    public boolean accept(ZipEntry entry, String jarname);
+  }
+
+  public interface FileFilter {
+    public boolean accept(File entry);
+  }
+
+  public static String extractResourceAsLines(String src) {
+    String res = null;
+    ClassLoader cl = FileManager.class.getClassLoader();
+    InputStream isContent = cl.getResourceAsStream(src);
+    if (isContent != null) {
+      res = "";
+      String line;
+      try {
+        BufferedReader cnt = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(isContent));
+        line = cnt.readLine();
+        while (line != null) {
+          res += line + "\n";
+          line = cnt.readLine();
+        }
+        cnt.close();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "extractResourceAsLines: %s\n%s", src, ex);
+      }
+    }
+    return res;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean extractResource(String src, File tgt) {
+    ClassLoader cl = FileManager.class.getClassLoader();
+    InputStream isContent = cl.getResourceAsStream(src);
+    if (isContent != null) {
+      try {
+        log(lvl + 1, "extractResource: %s to %s", src, tgt);
+        tgt.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        OutputStream osTgt = new FileOutputStream(tgt);
+        bufferedWrite(isContent, osTgt);
+        osTgt.close();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "extractResource:\n%s", src, ex);
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private static synchronized void bufferedWrite(InputStream in, OutputStream out) throws IOException {
+    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024 * 512];
+    int read;
+    while (true) {
+      read = in.read(buffer);
+      if (read == -1) {
+        break;
+      }
+      out.write(buffer, 0, read);
+    }
+    out.flush();
+  }
+
+	/**
+	 * compares to path strings using java.io.File.equals()
+	 * @param path1 string
+	 * @param path2 string
+	 * @return true if same file or folder
+	 */
+	public static boolean pathEquals(String path1, String path2) {
+    File f1 = new File(path1);
+    File f2 = new File(path2);
+    boolean isEqual = f1.equals(f2);
+    return isEqual;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.HttpURLConnection` acquired to `con` by call to `openConnection()` at line 943 is not released after line 946.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int FileManager.isUrlUseabel(URL)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.basics.FileManager.isUrlUseabel(java.net.URL):int.b8b3789c4b8e8038c75975ff048d10b8
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/basics/FileManager.java
+
+### Key:
+FileManager.java|isUrlUseabel|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d004d9b6aedcd665cadfbca8be450dad
+
+### Hash:
+34685f5ca045b7a8e97f5150a75547ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4507/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4507/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..961d3e406a132fa89c0259a6a7ba41e47118c95e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4507/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan 2013
+ */
+package org.sikuli.ide;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.event.*;
+import java.awt.image.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import javax.imageio.*;
+import javax.swing.*;
+import javax.swing.event.*;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.script.Finder;
+import org.sikuli.script.Location;
+import org.sikuli.script.Match;
+import org.sikuli.script.Region;
+import org.sikuli.script.Screen;
+import org.sikuli.script.ScreenImage;
+
+class PatternPaneTargetOffset extends JPanel implements MouseListener, MouseWheelListener, ChangeListener {
+
+  final static String me = "PatternPaneTargetOffset: ";
+	final static int DEFAULT_H = 300;
+	final static float DEFAULT_PATTERN_RATIO = 0.4f;
+	private static final Color COLOR_BG_LINE = new Color(210, 210, 210, 130);
+	ScreenImage _simg;
+	BufferedImage _img;
+	Match _match = null;
+	int _viewX, _viewY, _viewW, _viewH;
+	float _zoomRatio, _ratio;
+	Location _tar = new Location(0, 0);
+	Location _offset = new Location(0, 0);
+	JSpinner txtX, txtY;
+	private LoadingSpinner _loading;
+	private boolean _finding = true;
+
+	public PatternPaneTargetOffset(ScreenImage simg, String patFilename, Location initOffset) {
+		_simg = simg;
+		_ratio = DEFAULT_PATTERN_RATIO;
+		Rectangle r = _simg.getROI();
+		int w = DEFAULT_H / r.height * r.width;
+		setPreferredSize(new Dimension(w, DEFAULT_H));
+
+		addMouseListener(this);
+		addMouseWheelListener(this);
+
+		_loading = new LoadingSpinner();
+		findTarget(patFilename, initOffset);
+	}
+
+	void findTarget(final String patFilename, final Location initOffset) {
+		Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+        Region screenUnion = Region.create(0, 0, 1, 1);
+				Finder f = new Finder(_simg, screenUnion);
+				try {
+					f.find(patFilename);
+					if (f.hasNext()) {
+//TODO rewrite completely for ScreenUnion
+            Screen s = (Screen) screenUnion.getScreen();
+            s.setAsScreenUnion();
+						_match = f.next();
+            s.setAsScreen();
+						if (initOffset != null) {
+							setTarget(initOffset.x, initOffset.y);
+						} else {
+							setTarget(0, 0);
+						}
+					}
+					_img = ImageIO.read(new File(patFilename));
+				} catch (IOException e) {
+					Debug.error(me + "Can't load " + patFilename);
+				}
+				synchronized (PatternPaneTargetOffset.this) {
+					_finding = false;
+				}
+				repaint();
+			}
+		});
+		thread.start();
+	}
+
+	static String _I(String key, Object... args) {
+		return SikuliIDEI18N._I(key, args);
+	}
+
+	public void setTarget(int dx, int dy) {
+		Debug.log(4, me + "new target: " + dx + "," + dy);
+		if (_match != null) {
+			Location center = _match.getCenter();
+			_tar.x = center.x + dx;
+			_tar.y = center.y + dy;
+		} else {
+			_tar.x = dx;
+			_tar.y = dy;
+		}
+
+		_offset = new Location(dx, dy);
+		if (txtX != null) {
+			txtX.setValue(new Integer(dx));
+			txtY.setValue(new Integer(dy));
+		}
+		repaint();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) {
+		Location tar = convertViewToScreen(me.getPoint());
+		Debug.log(4, "click: " + me.getPoint() + " -> " + tar.toStringShort());
+		if (_match != null) {
+			Location center = _match.getCenter();
+			setTarget(tar.x - center.x, tar.y - center.y);
+		} else {
+			setTarget(tar.x, tar.y);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void mouseWheelMoved(MouseWheelEvent e) {
+		int rot = e.getWheelRotation();
+		int patW = (int) (getWidth() * _ratio);
+		float zoomRatio = patW / (float) _img.getWidth();
+		int patH = (int) (_img.getHeight() * _zoomRatio);
+		if (rot < 0) {
+			if (patW < 2 * getWidth() && patH < 2 * getHeight()) {
+				_ratio *= 1.1;
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (patW > 20 && patH > 20) {
+				_ratio *= 0.9;
+			}
+		}
+		repaint();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
+		Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
+		if (getWidth() > 0 && getHeight() > 0) {
+			if (_match != null) {
+				zoomToMatch();
+				paintSubScreen(g2d);
+				paintMatch(g2d);
+			} else {
+				paintPatternOnly(g2d);
+			}
+			paintRulers(g2d);
+			paintTarget(g2d);
+			synchronized (this) {
+				if (_finding) {
+					paintLoading(g2d);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void zoomToMatch() {
+		_viewW = (int) (_match.w / _ratio);
+		_zoomRatio = getWidth() / (float) _viewW;
+		_viewH = (int) (getHeight() / _zoomRatio);
+		_viewX = _match.x + _match.w / 2 - _viewW / 2;
+		_viewY = _match.y + _match.h / 2 - _viewH / 2;
+	}
+
+	void paintSubScreen(Graphics g2d) {
+		if (_viewX < 0 || _viewY < 0) {
+			paintBackground(g2d);
+		}
+		int subX = _viewX < 0 ? 0 : _viewX, subY = _viewY < 0 ? 0 : _viewY;
+		int subW = _viewW - (subX - _viewX), subH = _viewH - (subY - _viewY);
+		BufferedImage img = _simg.getImage();
+		if (subX + subW >= img.getWidth()) {
+			subW = img.getWidth() - subX;
+		}
+		if (subY + subH >= img.getHeight()) {
+			subH = img.getHeight() - subY;
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage clip = img.getSubimage(subX, subY, subW, subH);
+		int destX = (int) ((subX - _viewX) * _zoomRatio),
+						destY = (int) ((subY - _viewY) * _zoomRatio);
+		int destW = (int) (subW * _zoomRatio),
+						destH = (int) (subH * _zoomRatio);
+		g2d.drawImage(clip, destX, destY, destW, destH, null);
+	}
+
+	void paintMatch(Graphics2D g2d) {
+		int w = (int) (getWidth() * _ratio),
+						h = (int) ((float) w / _img.getWidth() * _img.getHeight());
+		int x = getWidth() / 2 - w / 2, y = getHeight() / 2 - h / 2;
+		Color c = PatternSimilaritySlider.getScoreColor(_match.getScore());
+		g2d.setColor(c);
+		g2d.fillRect(x, y, w, h);
+		g2d.drawRect(x, y, w - 1, h - 1);
+	}
+
+	void paintBackground(Graphics g2d) {
+		g2d.setColor(Color.WHITE);
+		g2d.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
+	}
+
+	void paintPatternOnly(Graphics g2d) {
+		int patW = (int) (getWidth() * _ratio);
+		_zoomRatio = patW / (float) _img.getWidth();
+		int patH = (int) (_img.getHeight() * _zoomRatio);
+		int patX = getWidth() / 2 - patW / 2, patY = getHeight() / 2 - patH / 2;
+		paintBackground(g2d);
+		g2d.drawImage(_img, patX, patY, patW, patH, null);
+	}
+
+	void paintLoading(Graphics2D g2d) {
+		int w = getWidth(), h = getHeight();
+		g2d.setColor(new Color(0, 0, 0, 200));
+		g2d.fillRect(0, 0, w, h);
+		BufferedImage spinner = _loading.getFrame();
+		g2d.drawImage(spinner, null, w / 2 - spinner.getWidth() / 2, h / 2 - spinner.getHeight() / 2);
+		repaint();
+	}
+
+	void paintTarget(Graphics2D g2d) {
+		final int CROSS_LEN = 20 / 2;
+		Point l = convertScreenToView(_tar);
+		g2d.setColor(Color.BLACK);
+		g2d.drawLine(l.x - CROSS_LEN, l.y + 1, l.x + CROSS_LEN, l.y + 1);
+		g2d.drawLine(l.x + 1, l.y - CROSS_LEN, l.x + 1, l.y + CROSS_LEN);
+		g2d.setColor(Color.WHITE);
+		g2d.drawLine(l.x - CROSS_LEN, l.y, l.x + CROSS_LEN, l.y);
+		g2d.drawLine(l.x, l.y - CROSS_LEN, l.x, l.y + CROSS_LEN);
+	}
+
+	void paintRulers(Graphics g2d) {
+		int step = (int) (10 * _zoomRatio);
+		if (step < 2) {
+			step = 2;
+		}
+		int h = getHeight(), w = getWidth();
+		if (h % 2 == 1) {
+			h--;
+		}
+		if (w % 2 == 1) {
+			w--;
+		}
+		g2d.setColor(COLOR_BG_LINE);
+		for (int x = w / 2; x >= 0; x -= step) {
+			g2d.drawLine(x, 0, x, h);
+			g2d.drawLine(w - x, 0, w - x, h);
+		}
+		for (int y = h / 2; y >= 0; y -= step) {
+			g2d.drawLine(0, y, w, y);
+			g2d.drawLine(0, h - y, w, h - y);
+		}
+	}
+
+	Location convertViewToScreen(Point p) {
+		Location ret = new Location(0, 0);
+		if (_match != null) {
+			ret.x = (int) (p.x / _zoomRatio + _viewX);
+			ret.y = (int) (p.y / _zoomRatio + _viewY);
+		} else {
+			ret.x = (int) ((p.x - getWidth() / 2) / _zoomRatio);
+			ret.y = (int) ((p.y - getHeight() / 2) / _zoomRatio);
+		}
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	Point convertScreenToView(Location loc) {
+		Point ret = new Point();
+		if (_match != null) {
+			ret.x = (int) ((loc.x - _viewX) * _zoomRatio);
+			ret.y = (int) ((loc.y - _viewY) * _zoomRatio);
+		} else {
+			ret.x = (int) (getWidth() / 2 + loc.x * _zoomRatio);
+			ret.y = (int) (getHeight() / 2 + loc.y * _zoomRatio);
+		}
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	public JComponent createControls() {
+		JPanel pane = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
+		JLabel lblTargetX = new JLabel(_I("lblTargetOffsetX"));
+		JLabel lblY = new JLabel(_I("lblTargetOffsetY"));
+
+		int x = _offset != null ? _offset.x : 0;
+		int y = _offset != null ? _offset.y : 0;
+		txtX = new JSpinner(new SpinnerNumberModel(x, -999, 999, 1));
+		txtY = new JSpinner(new SpinnerNumberModel(y, -999, 999, 1));
+		txtX.addChangeListener(this);
+		txtY.addChangeListener(this);
+
+		GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
+
+		c.fill = 1;
+		c.gridy = 0;
+		pane.add(lblTargetX, c);
+		pane.add(txtX, c);
+		pane.add(lblY, c);
+		pane.add(txtY, c);
+
+		return pane;
+
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void stateChanged(javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent e) {
+		int x = (Integer) txtX.getValue();
+		int y = (Integer) txtY.getValue();
+		setTarget(x, y);
+	}
+
+	public Location getTargetOffset() {
+		return new Location(_offset);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.sikuli.ide.PatternPaneTargetOffset.paintComponent` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.sikuli.ide.PatternPaneTargetOffset._zoomRatio`. Potentially races with write in method `PatternPaneTargetOffset.paintPatternOnly(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PatternPaneTargetOffset.paintComponent(Graphics)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.ide.PatternPaneTargetOffset.paintComponent(java.awt.Graphics):void.96cb69a9c6ae21f91cfec791b9141aaf
+
+### File:
+IDE/src/main/java/org/sikuli/ide/PatternPaneTargetOffset.java
+
+### Key:
+PatternPaneTargetOffset.java|paintComponent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+312fafc05e537e85b9c19b513b0248ba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4509/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4509/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b546c371c93b64cead232ebd228ca5c5e5b4df89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4509/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4471 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, Sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan
+ */
+package org.sikuli.script;
+
+import edu.unh.iol.dlc.VNCScreen;
+import java.awt.Rectangle;
+import java.awt.event.InputEvent;
+import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+import org.sikuli.util.JythonHelper;
+import org.sikuli.util.ScreenHighlighter;
+
+/**
+ * A Region is a rectengular area and lies always completely inside its parent screen
+ *
+ */
+public class Region {
+
+  static RunTime runTime = RunTime.get();
+
+  private static String me = "Region: ";
+  private static int lvl = 3;
+
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, me + message, args);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The Screen containing the Region
+   */
+  private IScreen scr;
+  protected boolean otherScreen = false;
+
+  /**
+   * The ScreenHighlighter for this Region
+   */
+  private ScreenHighlighter overlay = null;
+  /**
+   * X-coordinate of the Region
+   */
+  public int x;
+  /**
+   * Y-coordinate of the Region
+   */
+  public int y;
+  /**
+   * Width of the Region
+   */
+  public int w;
+  /**
+   * Height of the Region
+   */
+  public int h;
+  /**
+   * Setting, how to react if an image is not found {@link FindFailed}
+   */
+  private FindFailedResponse findFailedResponse = FindFailed.defaultFindFailedResponse;
+  private Object findFailedHandler = FindFailed.getHandler();
+  /**
+   * Setting {@link Settings}, if exception is thrown if an image is not found
+   */
+  private boolean throwException = Settings.ThrowException;
+  /**
+   * Default time to wait for an image {@link Settings}
+   */
+  private double autoWaitTimeout = Settings.AutoWaitTimeout;
+  private float waitScanRate = Settings.WaitScanRate;
+  /**
+   * Flag, if an observer is running on this region {@link Settings}
+   */
+  private boolean observing = false;
+  private float observeScanRate = Settings.ObserveScanRate;
+  private int repeatWaitTime = Settings.RepeatWaitTime;
+  /**
+   * The {@link Observer} Singleton instance
+   */
+  private Observer regionObserver = null;
+
+  /**
+   * The last found {@link Match} in the Region
+   */
+  private Match lastMatch = null;
+  /**
+   * The last found {@link Match}es in the Region
+   */
+  private Iterator<Match> lastMatches = null;
+  private long lastSearchTime = -1;
+  private long lastFindTime = -1;
+  private boolean isScreenUnion = false;
+  private boolean isVirtual = false;
+  private long lastSearchTimeRepeat = -1;
+
+  /**
+   * in case of not found the total wait time
+   *
+   * @return the duration of the last find op
+   */
+  public long getLastTime() {
+    return lastFindTime;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * the area constants for use with get()
+   */
+  public static final int NW = 300, NORTH_WEST = NW, TL = NW;
+  public static final int NM = 301, NORTH_MID = NM, TM = NM;
+  public static final int NE = 302, NORTH_EAST = NE, TR = NE;
+  public static final int EM = 312, EAST_MID = EM, RM = EM;
+  public static final int SE = 322, SOUTH_EAST = SE, BR = SE;
+  public static final int SM = 321, SOUTH_MID = SM, BM = SM;
+  public static final int SW = 320, SOUTH_WEST = SW, BL = SW;
+  public static final int WM = 310, WEST_MID = WM, LM = WM;
+  public static final int MM = 311, MIDDLE = MM, M3 = MM;
+  public static final int TT = 200;
+  public static final int RR = 201;
+  public static final int BB = 211;
+  public static final int LL = 210;
+  public static final int NH = 202, NORTH = NH, TH = NH;
+  public static final int EH = 221, EAST = EH, RH = EH;
+  public static final int SH = 212, SOUTH = SH, BH = SH;
+  public static final int WH = 220, WEST = WH, LH = WH;
+  public static final int MV = 441, MID_VERTICAL = MV, CV = MV;
+  public static final int MH = 414, MID_HORIZONTAL = MH, CH = MH;
+  public static final int M2 = 444, MIDDLE_BIG = M2, C2 = M2;
+  public static final int EN = NE, EAST_NORTH = NE, RT = TR;
+  public static final int ES = SE, EAST_SOUTH = SE, RB = BR;
+  public static final int WN = NW, WEST_NORTH = NW, LT = TL;
+  public static final int WS = SW, WEST_SOUTH = SW, LB = BL;
+
+  /**
+   * to support a raster over the region
+   */
+  private int rows;
+  private int cols = 0;
+  private int rowH = 0;
+  private int colW = 0;
+  private int rowHd = 0;
+  private int colWd = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   *
+   * @return the description
+   */
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return String.format("R[%d,%d %dx%d]@%s E:%s, T:%.1f",
+            x, y, w, h, (getScreen() == null ? "Screen null" : getScreen().toStringShort()),
+            throwException ? "Y" : "N", autoWaitTimeout);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return a compact description
+   */
+  public String toStringShort() {
+    return String.format("R[%d,%d %dx%d]@S(%s)", x, y, w, h, (getScreen() == null ? "?" : getScreen().getID()));
+  }
+
+  public String toJSON() {
+    return String.format("[\"R\", %d, %d, %d, %d]", x, y, w, h);
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="OFF: Specials for scripting environment">
+  /*
+   public Object __enter__() {
+   Debug.error("Region: with(__enter__): Trying to make it a Jython Region for with: usage");
+   IScriptRunner runner = Settings.getScriptRunner("jython", null, null);
+   if (runner != null) {
+   Object[] jyreg = new Object[]{this};
+   if (runner.doSomethingSpecial("createRegionForWith", jyreg)) {
+   if (jyreg[0] != null) {
+   return jyreg[0];
+   }
+   }
+   }
+   Debug.error("Region: with(__enter__): Sorry, not possible");
+   return null;
+   }
+
+   public void __exit__(Object type, Object value, Object traceback) {
+   Debug.error("Region: with(__exit__): Sorry, not a Jython Region and not posssible!");
+   }
+   */
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Initialization">
+  /**
+   * Detects on which Screen the Region is present. The region is cropped to the intersection with the given screen or
+   * the screen with the largest intersection
+   *
+   * @param iscr The Screen containing the Region
+   */
+  public void initScreen(IScreen iscr) {
+    // check given screen first
+    Rectangle rect, screenRect;
+    IScreen screen, screenOn;
+    if (iscr != null) {
+      if (iscr.isOtherScreen()) {
+        if (x < 0) {
+          w = w + x;
+          x = 0;
+        }
+        if (y < 0) {
+          h = h + y;
+          y = 0;
+        }
+        this.scr = iscr;
+        this.otherScreen = true;
+        return;
+      }
+      if (iscr.getID() > -1) {
+        rect = regionOnScreen(iscr);
+        if (rect != null) {
+          x = rect.x;
+          y = rect.y;
+          w = rect.width;
+          h = rect.height;
+          this.scr = iscr;
+          return;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // is ScreenUnion
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    // check all possible screens if no screen was given or the region is not on given screen
+    // crop to the screen with the largest intersection
+    screenRect = new Rectangle(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    screenOn = null;
+    boolean isVNC;
+    if (iscr == null) {
+      isVNC = scr instanceof VNCScreen;
+    } else {
+      isVNC = iscr instanceof VNCScreen;
+    }
+    if (!isVNC) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < Screen.getNumberScreens(); i++) {
+        screen = Screen.getScreen(i);
+        rect = regionOnScreen(screen);
+        if (rect != null) {
+          if (rect.width * rect.height > screenRect.width * screenRect.height) {
+            screenRect = rect;
+            screenOn = screen;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (int i = 0; i < VNCScreen.getNumberScreens(); i++) {
+        screen = VNCScreen.getScreen(i);
+        rect = regionOnScreen(screen);
+        if (rect != null) {
+          if (rect.width * rect.height > screenRect.width * screenRect.height) {
+            screenRect = rect;
+            screenOn = screen;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (screenOn != null) {
+      x = screenRect.x;
+      y = screenRect.y;
+      w = screenRect.width;
+      h = screenRect.height;
+      this.scr = screenOn;
+    } else {
+      // no screen found
+      this.scr = null;
+      Debug.error("Region(%d,%d,%d,%d) outside any screen - subsequent actions might not work as expected", x, y, w, h);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Location checkAndSetRemote(Location loc) {
+    if (!isOtherScreen()) {
+      return loc;
+    }
+    return loc.setOtherScreen(scr);
+  }
+
+  public static Region virtual(Rectangle rect) {
+    Region reg = new Region();
+    reg.x = rect.x;
+    reg.y = rect.y;
+    reg.w = rect.width;
+    reg.h = rect.height;
+    reg.setVirtual(true);
+    reg.scr = Screen.getPrimaryScreen();
+    return reg;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE - EXPERIMENTAL if true: this region is not bound to any screen
+   *
+   * @return the current state
+   */
+  public boolean isVirtual() {
+    return isVirtual;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE - EXPERIMENTAL
+   *
+   * @param state if true: this region is not bound to any screen
+   */
+  public void setVirtual(boolean state) {
+    isVirtual = state;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: checks wether this region belongs to a non-Desktop screen
+   *
+   * @return true/false
+   */
+  public boolean isOtherScreen() {
+    return otherScreen;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: flags this region as belonging to a non-Desktop screen
+   */
+  public void setOtherScreen() {
+    otherScreen = true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the Screen contains the Region.
+   *
+   * @param screen The Screen in which the Region might be
+   * @return True, if the Region is on the Screen. False if the Region is not inside the Screen
+   */
+  protected Rectangle regionOnScreen(IScreen screen) {
+    if (screen == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    // get intersection of Region and Screen
+    Rectangle rect = screen.getRect().intersection(getRect());
+    // no Intersection, Region is not on the Screen
+    if (rect.isEmpty()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return rect;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check wether thie Region is contained by any of the available screens
+   *
+   * @return true if yes, false otherwise
+   */
+  public boolean isValid() {
+    return scr != null && w != 0 && h != 0;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Constructors to be used with Jython">
+  /**
+   * Create a region with the provided coordinate / size and screen
+   *
+   * @param X X position
+   * @param Y Y position
+   * @param W width
+   * @param H heigth
+   * @param screenNumber The number of the screen containing the Region
+   */
+  public Region(int X, int Y, int W, int H, int screenNumber) {
+    this(X, Y, W, H, Screen.getScreen(screenNumber));
+    this.rows = 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region with the provided coordinate / size and screen
+   *
+   * @param X X position
+   * @param Y Y position
+   * @param W width
+   * @param H heigth
+   * @param parentScreen the screen containing the Region
+   */
+  public Region(int X, int Y, int W, int H, IScreen parentScreen) {
+    this.rows = 0;
+    this.x = X;
+    this.y = Y;
+    this.w = W > 1 ? W : 1;
+    this.h = H > 1 ? H : 1;
+    initScreen(parentScreen);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region with the provided coordinate / size
+   *
+   * @param X X position
+   * @param Y Y position
+   * @param W width
+   * @param H heigth
+   */
+  public Region(int X, int Y, int W, int H) {
+    this(X, Y, W, H, null);
+    this.rows = 0;
+    log(lvl, "init: (%d, %d, %d, %d)", X, Y, W, H);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region from a Rectangle
+   *
+   * @param r the Rectangle
+   */
+  public Region(Rectangle r) {
+    this(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height, null);
+    this.rows = 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new region from another region<br>including the region's settings
+   *
+   * @param r the region
+   */
+  public Region(Region r) {
+    init(r);
+  }
+
+  public void init(Region r) {
+    if (!r.isValid()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    x = r.x;
+    y = r.y;
+    w = r.w;
+    h = r.h;
+    scr = r.getScreen();
+    otherScreen = r.isOtherScreen();
+    rows = 0;
+    autoWaitTimeout = r.autoWaitTimeout;
+    findFailedResponse = r.findFailedResponse;
+    throwException = r.throwException;
+    waitScanRate = r.waitScanRate;
+    observeScanRate = r.observeScanRate;
+    repeatWaitTime = r.repeatWaitTime;
+  }
+
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Quasi-Constructors to be used in Java">
+  /**
+   * internal use only, used for new Screen objects to get the Region behavior
+   */
+  protected Region() {
+    this.rows = 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * internal use only, used for new Screen objects to get the Region behavior
+   */
+  protected Region(boolean isScreenUnion) {
+    this.isScreenUnion = isScreenUnion;
+    this.rows = 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region with the provided top left corner and size
+   *
+   * @param X top left X position
+   * @param Y top left Y position
+   * @param W width
+   * @param H heigth
+   * @return then new region
+   */
+  public static Region create(int X, int Y, int W, int H) {
+    return Region.create(X, Y, W, H, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region with the provided top left corner and size
+   *
+   * @param X top left X position
+   * @param Y top left Y position
+   * @param W width
+   * @param H heigth
+   * @param scr the source screen
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  private static Region create(int X, int Y, int W, int H, IScreen scr) {
+    return new Region(X, Y, W, H, scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region with the provided top left corner and size
+   *
+   * @param loc top left corner
+   * @param w width
+   * @param h height
+   * @return then new region
+   */
+  public static Region create(Location loc, int w, int h) {
+    return Region.create(loc.x, loc.y, w, h, loc.getScreen());
+  }
+  /**
+   * Flag for the {@link #create(Location, int, int, int, int)} method. Sets the Location to be on the left corner of
+   * the new Region.
+   */
+  public final static int CREATE_X_DIRECTION_LEFT = 0;
+  /**
+   * Flag for the {@link #create(Location, int, int, int, int)} method. Sets the Location to be on the right corner of
+   * the new Region.
+   */
+  public final static int CREATE_X_DIRECTION_RIGHT = 1;
+  /**
+   * Flag for the {@link #create(Location, int, int, int, int)} method. Sets the Location to be on the top corner of the
+   * new Region.
+   */
+  public final static int CREATE_Y_DIRECTION_TOP = 0;
+  /**
+   * Flag for the {@link #create(Location, int, int, int, int)} method. Sets the Location to be on the bottom corner of
+   * the new Region.
+   */
+  public final static int CREATE_Y_DIRECTION_BOTTOM = 1;
+
+  /**
+   * create a region with a corner at the given point<br>as specified with x y<br> 0 0 top left<br> 0 1 bottom left<br>
+   * 1 0 top right<br> 1 1 bottom right<br>
+   *
+   * @param loc the refence point
+   * @param create_x_direction == 0 is left side !=0 is right side
+   * @param create_y_direction == 0 is top side !=0 is bottom side
+   * @param w the width
+   * @param h the height
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public static Region create(Location loc, int create_x_direction, int create_y_direction, int w, int h) {
+    int X;
+    int Y;
+    int W = w;
+    int H = h;
+    if (create_x_direction == CREATE_X_DIRECTION_LEFT) {
+      if (create_y_direction == CREATE_Y_DIRECTION_TOP) {
+        X = loc.x;
+        Y = loc.y;
+      } else {
+        X = loc.x;
+        Y = loc.y - h;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (create_y_direction == CREATE_Y_DIRECTION_TOP) {
+        X = loc.x - w;
+        Y = loc.y;
+      } else {
+        X = loc.x - w;
+        Y = loc.y - h;
+      }
+    }
+    return Region.create(X, Y, W, H, loc.getScreen());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region with a corner at the given point<br>as specified with x y<br> 0 0 top left<br> 0 1 bottom left<br>
+   * 1 0 top right<br> 1 1 bottom right<br>same as the corresponding create method, here to be naming compatible with
+   * class Location
+   *
+   * @param loc the refence point
+   * @param x ==0 is left side !=0 is right side
+   * @param y ==0 is top side !=0 is bottom side
+   * @param w the width
+   * @param h the height
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public static Region grow(Location loc, int x, int y, int w, int h) {
+    return Region.create(loc, x, y, w, h);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region from a Rectangle
+   *
+   * @param r the Rectangle
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public static Region create(Rectangle r) {
+    return Region.create(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region from a Rectangle on a given Screen
+   *
+   * @param r the Rectangle
+   * @param parentScreen the new parent screen
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  protected static Region create(Rectangle r, IScreen parentScreen) {
+    return Region.create(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height, parentScreen);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a region from another region<br>including the region's settings
+   *
+   * @param r the region
+   * @return then new region
+   */
+  public static Region create(Region r) {
+    Region reg = Region.create(r.x, r.y, r.w, r.h, r.getScreen());
+    reg.autoWaitTimeout = r.autoWaitTimeout;
+    reg.findFailedResponse = r.findFailedResponse;
+    reg.throwException = r.throwException;
+    return reg;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region with the given point as center and the given size
+   *
+   * @param loc the center point
+   * @param w the width
+   * @param h the height
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public static Region grow(Location loc, int w, int h) {
+    int X = loc.x - (int) w / 2;
+    int Y = loc.y - (int) h / 2;
+    return Region.create(X, Y, w, h, loc.getScreen());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a minimal region at given point with size 1 x 1
+   *
+   * @param loc the point
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public static Region grow(Location loc) {
+    return Region.create(loc.x, loc.y, 1, 1, loc.getScreen());
+  }
+
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="handle coordinates">
+  /**
+   * check if current region contains given point
+   *
+   * @param point Point
+   * @return true/false
+   */
+  public boolean contains(Location point) {
+    return getRect().contains(point.x, point.y);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * check if mouse pointer is inside current region
+   *
+   * @return true/false
+   */
+  public boolean containsMouse() {
+    return contains(Mouse.at());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * new region with same offset to current screen's top left on given screen
+   *
+   * @param scrID number of screen
+   * @return new region
+   */
+  public Region copyTo(int scrID) {
+    return copyTo(Screen.getScreen(scrID));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * new region with same offset to current screen's top left on given screen
+   *
+   * @param screen new parent screen
+   * @return new region
+   */
+  public Region copyTo(IScreen screen) {
+    Location o = new Location(getScreen().getBounds().getLocation());
+    Location n = new Location(screen.getBounds().getLocation());
+    return Region.create(n.x + x - o.x, n.y + y - o.y, w, h, screen);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * used in Observer.callChangeObserving, Finder.next to adjust region relative coordinates of matches to screen
+   * coordinates
+   *
+   * @param m
+   * @return the modified match
+   */
+  protected Match toGlobalCoord(Match m) {
+    m.x += x;
+    m.y += y;
+    return m;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="handle Settings">
+  //TODO should be possible to reset to current global value resetXXX()
+  /**
+   * true - (initial setting) should throw exception FindFailed if findX unsuccessful in this region<br> false - do not
+   * abort script on FindFailed (might leed to null pointer exceptions later)
+   *
+   * @param flag true/false
+   */
+  public void setThrowException(boolean flag) {
+    throwException = flag;
+    if (throwException) {
+      findFailedResponse = FindFailedResponse.ABORT;
+    } else {
+      findFailedResponse = FindFailedResponse.SKIP;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * current setting for this region (see setThrowException)
+   *
+   * @return true/false
+   */
+  public boolean getThrowException() {
+    return throwException;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * the time in seconds a find operation should wait for the appearence of the target in this region<br> initial value
+   * is the global AutoWaitTimeout setting at time of Region creation
+   *
+   * @param sec seconds
+   */
+  public void setAutoWaitTimeout(double sec) {
+    autoWaitTimeout = sec;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * current setting for this region (see setAutoWaitTimeout)
+   *
+   * @return value of seconds
+   */
+  public double getAutoWaitTimeout() {
+    return autoWaitTimeout;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * FindFailedResponse.<br>
+   * ABORT - (initial value) abort script on FindFailed (= setThrowException(true) )<br> 
+   * SKIP - ignore FindFailed (same as setThrowException(false) )<br>
+   * PROMPT - display prompt on FindFailed to let user decide how to proceed<br>
+   * RETRY - continue to wait for appearence after FindFailed (caution: endless loop)
+   *
+   * @param response the FindFailedResponse
+   */
+  public void setFindFailedResponse(FindFailedResponse response) {
+    findFailedResponse = response;
+  }
+  
+  public void setFindFailedHandler(Object handler) {
+    findFailedResponse = FindFailedResponse.HANDLE;
+    if (handler != null && (handler.getClass().getName().contains("org.python")
+            || handler.getClass().getName().contains("org.jruby"))) {
+      handler = new ObserverCallBack(handler, ObserveEvent.Type.FINDFAILED);
+    }
+    findFailedHandler = handler;
+    log(lvl, "Setting FindFailedHandler");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the current setting (see setFindFailedResponse)
+   */
+  public FindFailedResponse getFindFailedResponse() {
+    return findFailedResponse;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the regions current WaitScanRate
+   */
+  public float getWaitScanRate() {
+    return waitScanRate;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions individual WaitScanRate
+   *
+   * @param waitScanRate decimal number
+   */
+  public void setWaitScanRate(float waitScanRate) {
+    this.waitScanRate = waitScanRate;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the regions current ObserveScanRate
+   */
+  public float getObserveScanRate() {
+    return observeScanRate;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions individual ObserveScanRate
+   *
+   * @param observeScanRate decimal number
+   */
+  public void setObserveScanRate(float observeScanRate) {
+    this.observeScanRate = observeScanRate;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: Observe
+   *
+   * @return the regions current RepeatWaitTime time in seconds
+   */
+  public int getRepeatWaitTime() {
+    return repeatWaitTime;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: Observe set the regions individual WaitForVanish
+   *
+   * @param time in seconds
+   */
+  public void setRepeatWaitTime(int time) {
+    repeatWaitTime = time;
+  }
+
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="getters / setters / modificators">
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the Screen object containing the region
+   */
+  public IScreen getScreen() {
+    return scr;
+  }
+
+  // to avoid NPE for Regions being outside any screen
+  private IRobot getRobotForRegion() {
+    if (getScreen() == null || isScreenUnion) {
+      return Screen.getPrimaryScreen().getRobot();
+    }
+    return getScreen().getRobot();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the screen, that contains the top left corner of the region. Returns primary screen if outside of any
+   * screen.
+   * @deprecated Only for compatibility, to get the screen containing this region, use {@link #getScreen()}
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public IScreen getScreenContaining() {
+    return getScreen();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets a new Screen for this region.
+   *
+   * @param scr the containing screen object
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  protected Region setScreen(IScreen scr) {
+    initScreen(scr);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets a new Screen for this region.
+   *
+   * @param id the containing screen object's id
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  protected Region setScreen(int id) {
+    return setScreen(Screen.getScreen(id));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * synonym for showMonitors
+   */
+  public void showScreens() {
+    Screen.showMonitors();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * synonym for resetMonitors
+   */
+  public void resetScreens() {
+    Screen.resetMonitors();
+  }
+
+  // ************************************************
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the center pixel location of the region
+   */
+  public Location getCenter() {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(getX() + getW() / 2, getY() + getH() / 2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * convenience method
+   *
+   * @return the region's center
+   */
+  public Location getTarget() {
+    return getCenter();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moves the region to the area, whose center is the given location
+   *
+   * @param loc the location which is the new center of the region
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setCenter(Location loc) {
+    Location c = getCenter();
+    x = x - c.x + loc.x;
+    y = y - c.y + loc.y;
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return top left corner Location
+   */
+  public Location getTopLeft() {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x, y));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moves the region to the area, whose top left corner is the given location
+   *
+   * @param loc the location which is the new top left point of the region
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setTopLeft(Location loc) {
+    return setLocation(loc);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return top right corner Location
+   */
+  public Location getTopRight() {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x + w - 1, y));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moves the region to the area, whose top right corner is the given location
+   *
+   * @param loc the location which is the new top right point of the region
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setTopRight(Location loc) {
+    Location c = getTopRight();
+    x = x - c.x + loc.x;
+    y = y - c.y + loc.y;
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return bottom left corner Location
+   */
+  public Location getBottomLeft() {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x, y + h - 1));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moves the region to the area, whose bottom left corner is the given location
+   *
+   * @param loc the location which is the new bottom left point of the region
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setBottomLeft(Location loc) {
+    Location c = getBottomLeft();
+    x = x - c.x + loc.x;
+    y = y - c.y + loc.y;
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return bottom right corner Location
+   */
+  public Location getBottomRight() {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x + w - 1, y + h - 1));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Moves the region to the area, whose bottom right corner is the given location
+   *
+   * @param loc the location which is the new bottom right point of the region
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setBottomRight(Location loc) {
+    Location c = getBottomRight();
+    x = x - c.x + loc.x;
+    y = y - c.y + loc.y;
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  // ************************************************
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return x of top left corner
+   */
+  public int getX() {
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return y of top left corner
+   */
+  public int getY() {
+    return y;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return width of region
+   */
+  public int getW() {
+    return w;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return height of region
+   */
+  public int getH() {
+    return h;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param X new x position of top left corner
+   */
+  public void setX(int X) {
+    x = X;
+    initScreen(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param Y new y position of top left corner
+   */
+  public void setY(int Y) {
+    y = Y;
+    initScreen(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param W new width
+   */
+  public void setW(int W) {
+    w = W > 1 ? W : 1;
+    initScreen(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param H new height
+   */
+  public void setH(int H) {
+    h = H > 1 ? H : 1;
+    initScreen(null);
+  }
+
+  // ************************************************
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param W new width
+   * @param H new height
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setSize(int W, int H) {
+    w = W > 1 ? W : 1;
+    h = H > 1 ? H : 1;
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the AWT Rectangle of the region
+   */
+  public Rectangle getRect() {
+    return new Rectangle(x, y, w, h);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions position/size<br>this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * @param r the AWT Rectangle to use for position/size
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setRect(Rectangle r) {
+    return setRect(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions position/size<br>this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * @param X new x of top left corner
+   * @param Y new y of top left corner
+   * @param W new width
+   * @param H new height
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setRect(int X, int Y, int W, int H) {
+    x = X;
+    y = Y;
+    w = W > 1 ? W : 1;
+    h = H > 1 ? H : 1;
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions position/size<br>this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * @param r the region to use for position/size
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setRect(Region r) {
+    return setRect(r.x, r.y, r.w, r.h);
+  }
+
+  // ****************************************************
+  /**
+   * resets this region (usually a Screen object) to the coordinates of the containing screen
+   *
+   * Because of the wanted side effect for the containing screen, this should only be used with screen objects. For
+   * Region objects use setRect() instead.
+   */
+  public void setROI() {
+    setROI(getScreen().getBounds());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * resets this region to the given location, and size <br> this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * <br>Because of the wanted side effect for the containing screen, this should only be used with screen objects.
+   * <br>For Region objects use setRect() instead.
+   *
+   * @param X new x
+   * @param Y new y
+   * @param W new width
+   * @param H new height
+   */
+  public void setROI(int X, int Y, int W, int H) {
+    x = X;
+    y = Y;
+    w = W > 1 ? W : 1;
+    h = H > 1 ? H : 1;
+    initScreen(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * resets this region to the given rectangle <br> this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * <br>Because of the wanted side effect for the containing screen, this should only be used with screen objects.
+   * <br>For Region objects use setRect() instead.
+   *
+   * @param r AWT Rectangle
+   */
+  public void setROI(Rectangle r) {
+    setROI(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * resets this region to the given region <br> this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * <br>Because of the wanted side effect for the containing screen, this should only be used with screen objects.
+   * <br>For Region objects use setRect() instead.
+   *
+   * @param reg Region
+   */
+  public void setROI(Region reg) {
+    setROI(reg.getX(), reg.getY(), reg.getW(), reg.getH());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A function only for backward compatibility - Only makes sense with Screen objects
+   *
+   * @return the Region being the current ROI of the containing Screen
+   */
+  public Region getROI() {
+    return new Region(getScreen().getRect());
+  }
+
+  // ****************************************************
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the region itself
+   * @deprecated only for backward compatibility
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public Region inside() {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions position<br>this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * @param loc new top left corner
+   * @return the region itself
+   * @deprecated to be like AWT Rectangle API use setLocation()
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public Region moveTo(Location loc) {
+    return setLocation(loc);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions position<br>this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * @param loc new top left corner
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region setLocation(Location loc) {
+    x = loc.x;
+    y = loc.y;
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the regions position/size<br>this might move the region even to another screen
+   *
+   * @param r Region
+   * @return the region itself
+   * @deprecated to be like AWT Rectangle API use setRect() instead
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public Region morphTo(Region r) {
+    return setRect(r);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * resize the region using the given padding values<br>might be negative
+   *
+   * @param l padding on left side
+   * @param r padding on right side
+   * @param t padding at top side
+   * @param b padding at bottom side
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region add(int l, int r, int t, int b) {
+    x = x - l;
+    y = y - t;
+    w = w + l + r;
+    if (w < 1) {
+      w = 1;
+    }
+    h = h + t + b;
+    if (h < 1) {
+      h = 1;
+    }
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * extend the region, so it contains the given region<br>but only the part inside the current screen
+   *
+   * @param r the region to include
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region add(Region r) {
+    Rectangle rect = getRect();
+    rect.add(r.getRect());
+    setRect(rect);
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * extend the region, so it contains the given point<br>but only the part inside the current screen
+   *
+   * @param loc the point to include
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region add(Location loc) {
+    Rectangle rect = getRect();
+    rect.add(loc.x, loc.y);
+    setRect(rect);
+    initScreen(null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  // ************************************************
+  /**
+   * a find operation saves its match on success in the used region object<br>unchanged if not successful
+   *
+   * @return the Match object from last successful find in this region
+   */
+  public Match getLastMatch() {
+    return lastMatch;
+  }
+
+  // ************************************************
+  /**
+   * a searchAll operation saves its matches on success in the used region object<br>unchanged if not successful
+   *
+   * @return a Match-Iterator of matches from last successful searchAll in this region
+   */
+  public Iterator<Match> getLastMatches() {
+    return lastMatches;
+  }
+
+  // ************************************************
+  /**
+   * get the last image taken on this regions screen
+   *
+   * @return the stored ScreenImage
+   */
+  public ScreenImage getLastScreenImage() {
+    return getScreen().getLastScreenImageFromScreen();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * stores the lastScreenImage in the current bundle path with a created unique name
+   *
+   * @return the absolute file name
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if not possible
+   */
+  public String getLastScreenImageFile() throws IOException {
+    return getScreen().getLastScreenImageFile(ImagePath.getBundlePath(), null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * stores the lastScreenImage in the current bundle path with the given name
+   *
+   * @param name file name (.png is added if not there)
+   * @return the absolute file name
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if not possible
+   */
+  public String getLastScreenImageFile(String name) throws IOException {
+    return getScreen().getLastScreenImageFromScreen().getFile(ImagePath.getBundlePath(), name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * stores the lastScreenImage in the given path with the given name
+   *
+   * @param path path to use
+   * @param name file name (.png is added if not there)
+   * @return the absolute file name
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if not possible
+   */
+  public String getLastScreenImageFile(String path, String name) throws IOException {
+    return getScreen().getLastScreenImageFromScreen().getFile(path, name);
+  }
+
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="spatial operators - new regions">
+  /**
+   * check if current region contains given region
+   *
+   * @param region the other Region
+   * @return true/false
+   */
+  public boolean contains(Region region) {
+    return getRect().contains(region.getRect());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a Location object, that can be used as an offset taking the width and hight of this Region
+   *
+   * @return a new Location object with width and height as x and y
+   */
+  public Location asOffset() {
+    return new Location(w, h);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create region with same size at top left corner offset
+   *
+   * @param loc use its x and y to set the offset
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region offset(Location loc) {
+    return Region.create(x + loc.x, y + loc.y, w, h, scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create region with same size at top left corner offset
+   *
+   * @param x horizontal offset
+   * @param y vertical offset
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region offset(int x, int y) {
+    return Region.create(this.x + x, this.y + y, w, h, scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region enlarged Settings.DefaultPadding pixels on each side
+   *
+   * @return the new region
+   * @deprecated to be like AWT Rectangle API use grow() instead
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public Region nearby() {
+    return grow(Settings.DefaultPadding, Settings.DefaultPadding);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region enlarged range pixels on each side
+   *
+   * @param range the margin to be added around
+   * @return the new region
+   * @deprecated to be like AWT Rectangle API use grow() instaed
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public Region nearby(int range) {
+    return grow(range, range);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region enlarged n pixels on each side (n = Settings.DefaultPadding = 50 default)
+   *
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region grow() {
+    return grow(Settings.DefaultPadding, Settings.DefaultPadding);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region enlarged range pixels on each side
+   *
+   * @param range the margin to be added around
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region grow(int range) {
+    return grow(range, range);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region enlarged w pixels on left and right side and h pixels at top and bottom
+   *
+   * @param w pixels horizontally
+   * @param h pixels vertically
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region grow(int w, int h) {
+    Rectangle r = getRect();
+    r.grow(w, h);
+    return Region.create(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height, scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region enlarged l pixels on left and r pixels right side and t pixels at top side and b pixels a bottom
+   * side. negative values go inside (shrink)
+   *
+   * @param l add to the left
+   * @param r add to right
+   * @param t add above
+   * @param b add beneath
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region grow(int l, int r, int t, int b) {
+    return Region.create(x - l, y - t, w + l + r, h + t + b, scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * point middle on right edge
+   *
+   * @return point middle on right edge
+   */
+  public Location rightAt() {
+    return rightAt(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * positive offset goes to the right. might be off current screen
+   *
+   * @param offset pixels
+   * @return point with given offset horizontally to middle point on right edge
+   */
+  public Location rightAt(int offset) {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x + w + offset, y + h / 2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region right of the right side with same height. the new region extends to the right screen border<br>
+   * use grow() to include the current region
+   *
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region right() {
+    int distToRightScreenBorder = getScreen().getX() + getScreen().getW() - (getX() + getW());
+    return right(distToRightScreenBorder);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region right of the right side with same height and given width. negative width creates the right part
+   * with width inside the region<br>
+   * use grow() to include the current region
+   *
+   * @param width pixels
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region right(int width) {
+    int _x;
+    if (width < 0) {
+      _x = x + w + width;
+    } else {
+      _x = x + w;
+    }
+    return Region.create(_x, y, Math.abs(width), h, scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return point middle on left edge
+   */
+  public Location leftAt() {
+    return leftAt(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * negative offset goes to the left <br>might be off current screen
+   *
+   * @param offset pixels
+   * @return point with given offset horizontally to middle point on left edge
+   */
+  public Location leftAt(int offset) {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x + offset, y + h / 2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region left of the left side with same height<br> the new region extends to the left screen border<br> use
+   * grow() to include the current region
+   *
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region left() {
+    int distToLeftScreenBorder = getX() - getScreen().getX();
+    return left(distToLeftScreenBorder);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region left of the left side with same height and given width<br>
+   * negative width creates the left part with width inside the region use grow() to include the current region <br>
+   *
+   * @param width pixels
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region left(int width) {
+    int _x;
+    if (width < 0) {
+      _x = x;
+    } else {
+      _x = x - width;
+    }
+    return Region.create(getScreen().getBounds().intersection(new Rectangle(_x, y, Math.abs(width), h)), scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return point middle on top edge
+   */
+  public Location aboveAt() {
+    return aboveAt(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * negative offset goes towards top of screen <br>might be off current screen
+   *
+   * @param offset pixels
+   * @return point with given offset vertically to middle point on top edge
+   */
+  public Location aboveAt(int offset) {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x + w / 2, y + offset));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region above the top side with same width<br> the new region extends to the top screen border<br> use
+   * grow() to include the current region
+   *
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region above() {
+    int distToAboveScreenBorder = getY() - getScreen().getY();
+    return above(distToAboveScreenBorder);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region above the top side with same width and given height<br>
+   * negative height creates the top part with height inside the region use grow() to include the current region
+   *
+   * @param height pixels
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region above(int height) {
+    int _y;
+    if (height < 0) {
+      _y = y;
+    } else {
+      _y = y - height;
+    }
+    return Region.create(getScreen().getBounds().intersection(new Rectangle(x, _y, w, Math.abs(height))), scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return point middle on bottom edge
+   */
+  public Location belowAt() {
+    return belowAt(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * positive offset goes towards bottom of screen <br>might be off current screen
+   *
+   * @param offset pixels
+   * @return point with given offset vertically to middle point on bottom edge
+   */
+  public Location belowAt(int offset) {
+    return checkAndSetRemote(new Location(x + w / 2, y + h - offset));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region below the bottom side with same width<br> the new region extends to the bottom screen border<br>
+   * use grow() to include the current region
+   *
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region below() {
+    int distToBelowScreenBorder = getScreen().getY() + getScreen().getH() - (getY() + getH());
+    return below(distToBelowScreenBorder);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region below the bottom side with same width and given height<br>
+   * negative height creates the bottom part with height inside the region use grow() to include the current region
+   *
+   * @param height pixels
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region below(int height) {
+    int _y;
+    if (height < 0) {
+      _y = y + h + height;
+    } else {
+      _y = y + h;
+    }
+    return Region.create(x, _y, w, Math.abs(height), scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a new region containing both regions
+   *
+   * @param ur region to unite with
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region union(Region ur) {
+    Rectangle r = getRect().union(ur.getRect());
+    return Region.create(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height, scr);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * create a region that is the intersection of the given regions
+   *
+   * @param ir the region to intersect with like AWT Rectangle API
+   * @return the new region
+   */
+  public Region intersection(Region ir) {
+    Rectangle r = getRect().intersection(ir.getRect());
+    return Region.create(r.x, r.y, r.width, r.height, scr);
+  }
+
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="parts of a Region">
+  /**
+   * select the specified part of the region.
+   *
+   * <br>Constants for the top parts of a region (Usage: Region.CONSTANT)<br>
+   * shown in brackets: possible shortcuts for the part constant<br>
+   * NORTH (NH, TH) - upper half <br>
+   * NORTH_WEST (NW, TL) - left third in upper third <br>
+   * NORTH_MID (NM, TM) - middle third in upper third <br>
+   * NORTH_EAST (NE, TR) - right third in upper third <br>
+   * ... similar for the other directions: <br>
+   * right side: EAST (Ex, Rx)<br>
+   * bottom part: SOUTH (Sx, Bx) <br>
+   * left side: WEST (Wx, Lx)<br>
+   * <br>
+   * specials for quartered:<br>
+   * TT top left quarter<br>
+   * RR top right quarter<br>
+   * BB bottom right quarter<br>
+   * LL bottom left quarter<br>
+   * <br>
+   * specials for the center parts:<br>
+   * MID_VERTICAL (MV, CV) half of width vertically centered <br>
+   * MID_HORIZONTAL (MH, CH) half of height horizontally centered <br>
+   * MID_BIG (M2, C2) half of width / half of height centered <br>
+   * MID_THIRD (MM, CC) third of width / third of height centered <br>
+   * <br>
+   * Based on the scheme behind these constants there is another possible usage:<br>
+   * specify part as e 3 digit integer where the digits xyz have the following meaning<br>
+   * 1st x: use a raster of x rows and x columns<br>
+   * 2nd y: the row number of the wanted cell<br>
+   * 3rd z: the column number of the wanted cell<br>
+   * y and z are counting from 0<br>
+   * valid numbers: 200 up to 999 (&lt; 200 are invalid and return the region itself) <br>
+   * example: get(522) will use a raster of 5 rows and 5 columns and return the cell in the middle<br>
+   * special cases:<br>
+   * if either y or z are == or &gt; x: returns the respective row or column<br>
+   * example: get(525) will use a raster of 5 rows and 5 columns and return the row in the middle<br>
+   * <br>
+   * internally this is based on {@link #setRaster(int, int) setRaster} and {@link #getCell(int, int) getCell} <br>
+   * <br>
+   * If you need only one row in one column with x rows or only one column in one row with x columns you can use
+   * {@link #getRow(int, int) getRow} or {@link #getCol(int, int) getCol}
+   *
+   * @param part the part to get (Region.PART long or short)
+   * @return new region
+   */
+  public Region get(int part) {
+    return Region.create(getRectangle(getRect(), part));
+  }
+
+  protected static Rectangle getRectangle(Rectangle rect, int part) {
+    if (part < 200 || part > 999) {
+      return rect;
+    }
+    Region r = Region.create(rect);
+    int pTyp = (int) (part / 100);
+    int pPos = part - pTyp * 100;
+    int pRow = (int) (pPos / 10);
+    int pCol = pPos - pRow * 10;
+    r.setRaster(pTyp, pTyp);
+    if (pTyp == 3) {
+      // NW = 300, NORTH_WEST = NW;
+      // NM = 301, NORTH_MID = NM;
+      // NE = 302, NORTH_EAST = NE;
+      // EM = 312, EAST_MID = EM;
+      // SE = 322, SOUTH_EAST = SE;
+      // SM = 321, SOUTH_MID = SM;
+      // SW = 320, SOUTH_WEST = SW;
+      // WM = 310, WEST_MID = WM;
+      // MM = 311, MIDDLE = MM, M3 = MM;
+      return r.getCell(pRow, pCol).getRect();
+    }
+    if (pTyp == 2) {
+      // NH = 202, NORTH = NH;
+      // EH = 221, EAST = EH;
+      // SH = 212, SOUTH = SH;
+      // WH = 220, WEST = WH;
+      if (pRow > 1) {
+        return r.getCol(pCol).getRect();
+      } else if (pCol > 1) {
+        return r.getRow(pRow).getRect();
+      }
+      return r.getCell(pRow, pCol).getRect();
+    }
+    if (pTyp == 4) {
+      // MV = 441, MID_VERTICAL = MV;
+      // MH = 414, MID_HORIZONTAL = MH;
+      // M2 = 444, MIDDLE_BIG = M2;
+      if (pRow > 3) {
+        if (pCol > 3) {
+          return r.getCell(1, 1).union(r.getCell(2, 2)).getRect();
+        }
+        return r.getCell(0, 1).union(r.getCell(3, 2)).getRect();
+      } else if (pCol > 3) {
+        return r.getCell(1, 0).union(r.getCell(2, 3)).getRect();
+      }
+      return r.getCell(pRow, pCol).getRect();
+    }
+    return rect;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store info: this region is divided vertically into n even rows <br>
+   * a preparation for using getRow()
+   *
+   * @param n number of rows
+   * @return the top row
+   */
+  public Region setRows(int n) {
+    return setRaster(n, 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store info: this region is divided horizontally into n even columns <br>
+   * a preparation for using getCol()
+   *
+   * @param n number of columns
+   * @return the leftmost column
+   */
+  public Region setCols(int n) {
+    return setRaster(0, n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the number of rows or null
+   */
+  public int getRows() {
+    return rows;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the row height or 0
+   */
+  public int getRowH() {
+    return rowH;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the number of columns or 0
+   */
+  public int getCols() {
+    return cols;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return the columnwidth or 0
+   */
+  public int getColW() {
+    return colW;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Can be used to check, wether the Region currently has a valid raster
+   *
+   * @return true if it has a valid raster (either getCols or getRows or both would return &gt; 0) false otherwise
+   */
+  public boolean isRasterValid() {
+    return (rows > 0 || cols > 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store info: this region is divided into a raster of even cells <br>
+   * a preparation for using getCell()<br>
+   *
+   * @param r number of rows
+   * @param c number of columns
+   * @return the topleft cell
+   */
+  public Region setRaster(int r, int c) {
+    rows = Math.max(r, h);
+    cols = Math.max(c, w);
+    if (r > 0) {
+      rowH = (int) (h / r);
+      rowHd = h - r * rowH;
+    }
+    if (c > 0) {
+      colW = (int) (w / c);
+      colWd = w - c * colW;
+    }
+    return getCell(0, 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * get the specified row counting from 0, if rows or raster are setup negative counts reverse from the end (last = -1)
+   * values outside range are 0 or last respectively
+   *
+   * @param r row number
+   * @return the row as new region or the region itself, if no rows are setup
+   */
+  public Region getRow(int r) {
+    if (rows == 0) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    if (r < 0) {
+      r = rows + r;
+    }
+    r = Math.max(0, r);
+    r = Math.min(r, rows - 1);
+    return Region.create(x, y + r * rowH, w, rowH);
+  }
+
+  public Region getRow(int r, int n) {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * get the specified column counting from 0, if columns or raster are setup negative counts reverse from the end (last
+   * = -1) values outside range are 0 or last respectively
+   *
+   * @param c column number
+   * @return the column as new region or the region itself, if no columns are setup
+   */
+  public Region getCol(int c) {
+    if (cols == 0) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    if (c < 0) {
+      c = cols + c;
+    }
+    c = Math.max(0, c);
+    c = Math.min(c, cols - 1);
+    return Region.create(x + c * colW, y, colW, h);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * divide the region in n columns and select column c as new Region
+   *
+   * @param c the column to select counting from 0 or negative to count from the end
+   * @param n how many columns to devide in
+   * @return the selected part or the region itself, if parameters are invalid
+   */
+  public Region getCol(int c, int n) {
+    Region r = new Region(this);
+    r.setCols(n);
+    return r.getCol(c);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * get the specified cell counting from (0, 0), if a raster is setup <br>
+   * negative counts reverse from the end (last = -1) values outside range are 0 or last respectively
+   *
+   * @param r row number
+   * @param c column number
+   * @return the cell as new region or the region itself, if no raster is setup
+   */
+  public Region getCell(int r, int c) {
+    if (rows == 0) {
+      return getCol(c);
+    }
+    if (cols == 0) {
+      return getRow(r);
+    }
+    if (rows == 0 && cols == 0) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    if (r < 0) {
+      r = rows - r;
+    }
+    if (c < 0) {
+      c = cols - c;
+    }
+    r = Math.max(0, r);
+    r = Math.min(r, rows - 1);
+    c = Math.max(0, c);
+    c = Math.min(c, cols - 1);
+    return Region.create(x + c * colW, y + r * rowH, colW, rowH);
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="highlight">
+  protected void updateSelf() {
+    if (overlay != null) {
+      highlight(false, null);
+      highlight(true, null);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected Region silentHighlight(boolean onOff) {
+    if (onOff && overlay == null) {
+      return doHighlight(true, null, true);
+    }
+    if (!onOff && overlay != null) {
+      return doHighlight(false, null, true);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Toggle the regions Highlight visibility (red frame)
+   *
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region highlight() {
+    // Pass true if overlay is null, false otherwise
+    highlight(overlay == null, null);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Toggle the regions Highlight visibility (frame of specified color)<br>
+   * allowed color specifications for frame color: <br>
+   * - a color name out of: black, blue, cyan, gray, green, magenta, orange, pink, red, white, yellow (lowercase and
+   * uppercase can be mixed, internally transformed to all uppercase) <br>
+   * - these colornames exactly written: lightGray, LIGHT_GRAY, darkGray and DARK_GRAY <br>
+   * - a hex value like in HTML: #XXXXXX (max 6 hex digits) - an RGB specification as: #rrrgggbbb where rrr, ggg, bbb
+   * are integer values in range 0 - 255 padded with leading zeros if needed (hence exactly 9 digits)
+   *
+   * @param color Color of frame
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region highlight(String color) {
+    // Pass true if overlay is null, false otherwise
+    highlight(overlay == null, color);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the regions Highlighting border
+   *
+   * @param toEnable set overlay enabled or disabled
+   * @param color Color of frame (see method highlight(color))
+   */
+  private Region highlight(boolean toEnable, String color) {
+    return doHighlight(toEnable, color, false);
+  }
+
+  private Region doHighlight(boolean toEnable, String color, boolean silent) {
+    if (isOtherScreen()) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    if (!silent) {
+      Debug.action("toggle highlight " + toString() + ": " + toEnable
+              + (color != null ? " color: " + color : ""));
+    }
+    if (toEnable) {
+      overlay = new ScreenHighlighter(getScreen(), color);
+      overlay.setWaitAfter(silent);
+      overlay.highlight(this);
+    } else {
+      if (overlay != null) {
+        overlay.close();
+        overlay = null;
+      }
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * show the regions Highlight for the given time in seconds (red frame) if 0 - use the global Settings.SlowMotionDelay
+   *
+   * @param secs time in seconds
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region highlight(float secs) {
+    return highlight(secs, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * show the regions Highlight for the given time in seconds (frame of specified color) if 0 - use the global
+   * Settings.SlowMotionDelay
+   *
+   * @param secs time in seconds
+   * @param color Color of frame (see method highlight(color))
+   * @return the region itself
+   */
+  public Region highlight(float secs, String color) {
+    if (isOtherScreen()) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    if (secs < 0.1) {
+      return highlight((int) secs, color);
+    }
+    Debug.action("highlight " + toString() + " for " + secs + " secs"
+            + (color != null ? " color: " + color : ""));
+    ScreenHighlighter _overlay = new ScreenHighlighter(getScreen(), color);
+    _overlay.highlight(this, secs);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * hack to implement the getLastMatch() convenience 0 means same as highlight() &lt; 0 same as highlight(secs) if
+   * available the last match is highlighted
+   *
+   * @param secs seconds
+   * @return this region
+   */
+  public Region highlight(int secs) {
+    return highlight(secs, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Show highlight in selected color
+   *
+   * @param secs time in seconds
+   * @param color Color of frame (see method highlight(color))
+   * @return this region
+   */
+  public Region highlight(int secs, String color) {
+    if (isOtherScreen()) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    if (secs > 0) {
+      return highlight((float) secs, color);
+    }
+    if (lastMatch != null) {
+      if (secs < 0) {
+        return lastMatch.highlight((float) -secs, color);
+      }
+      return lastMatch.highlight(Settings.DefaultHighlightTime, color);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="find public methods">
+  /**
+   * WARNING: wait(long timeout) is taken by Java Object as final. This method catches any interruptedExceptions
+   *
+   * @param timeout The time to wait
+   */
+  public void wait(double timeout) {
+    try {
+      Thread.sleep((long) (timeout * 1000L));
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the image of the given Pattern, String or Image
+   *
+   * @param target The Pattern, String or Image
+   * @return the Image
+   */
+  private <PSI> Image getImage(PSI target) {
+    if (target instanceof Pattern) {
+      return ((Pattern) target).getImage();
+    } else if (target instanceof String) {
+      return Image.get((String) target);
+    } else if (target instanceof Image) {
+      return (Image) target;
+    } else {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * return false to skip <br>
+   * return true to try again <br>
+   * throw FindFailed to abort
+   *
+   * @param target Handles a failed find action
+   * @throws FindFailed
+   */
+  private Boolean handleFindFailed(Image target) {
+    FindFailedResponse response = handleFindFailedShowDialog(target, false);
+    Boolean state = null;
+    if (FindFailedResponse.ABORT.equals(response)) {
+      state = null;
+    } else if (FindFailedResponse.SKIP.equals(response)) {
+      state = false;
+    } else if (FindFailedResponse.RETRY.equals(response)) {
+      state = true;
+    } else if (FindFailedResponse.HANDLE.equals(response)) {
+      log(-1, "handleFindFailed: FindFailedResponse.HANDLE not implemented");
+    } 
+    return state;
+  }
+
+  private Boolean handleImageMissing(Image img) {
+    FindFailedResponse response = handleFindFailedShowDialog(img, true);
+    if (findFailedResponse.RETRY.equals(response)) {
+      getRobotForRegion().delay(500);
+      ScreenImage simg = getScreen().userCapture("capture missing " + img.getName());
+      if (simg != null) {
+        String path = ImagePath.getBundlePath();
+        if (path == null) {
+          log(-1, "handleImageMissing: no bundle path - aborting");
+          return null;
+        }
+        simg.getFile(path, img.getImageName());
+        Image.set(img);
+        if (img.isValid()) {
+          log(lvl, "handleImageMissing: captured: %s", img);
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return null;
+    } else if (findFailedResponse.HANDLE.equals(response)) {
+      log(-1, "handleImageMissing: HANDLE: not implemented");
+      return null;
+    } else if (findFailedResponse.ABORT.equals(response)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "handleImageMissing: skip requested");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private FindFailedResponse handleFindFailedShowDialog(Image img, boolean shouldCapture) {
+    FindFailedResponse response = findFailedResponse;
+    if (response == FindFailedResponse.PROMPT) {
+      FindFailedDialog fd = new FindFailedDialog(img, shouldCapture);
+      fd.setVisible(true);
+      response = fd.getResponse();
+      fd.dispose();
+      wait(0.5);
+    }
+    if (response == FindFailedResponse.SKIP) {
+      // TODO HACK to allow recapture on FindFailed PROMPT
+      if (img.backup()) {
+        Boolean bResponse = handleImageMissing(img);
+        if (bResponse == null || !bResponse) {
+          if (!img.restore()) {
+            bResponse = null;
+          }
+        }
+        if (bResponse == null) {
+          response = FindFailedResponse.ABORT;
+        } else if (bResponse) {
+          response = FindFailedResponse.RETRY;
+        } else {
+          response = FindFailedResponse.SKIP;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return response;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * finds the given Pattern, String or Image in the region and returns the best match. If AutoWaitTimeout is set, this
+   * is equivalent to wait(). Otherwise only one search attempt will be done.
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target A search criteria
+   * @return If found, the element. null otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation failed
+   */
+  public <PSI> Match find(PSI target) throws FindFailed {
+    if (autoWaitTimeout > 0) {
+      return wait(target, autoWaitTimeout);
+    }
+    lastMatch = null;
+    Image img = getImage(target);
+    String targetStr = img.getName();
+    Boolean response = true;
+    if (!img.isValid() && img.hasIOException()) {
+      response = handleImageMissing(img);
+    }
+    while (null != response && response) {
+      log(lvl, "find: waiting 0 secs for %s to appear in %s", targetStr, this.toStringShort());
+      lastMatch = doFind(img, null);
+      if (lastMatch != null) {
+        lastMatch.setImage(img);
+        if (img != null) {
+          img.setLastSeen(lastMatch.getRect(), lastMatch.getScore());
+        }
+        log(lvl, "find: %s has appeared \nat %s", targetStr, lastMatch);
+        break;
+      }
+      log(lvl, "find: %s has not appeared [%d msec]", targetStr, lastFindTime);
+      if (null == lastMatch) {
+        response = handleFindFailed(img);
+        if (null != response && response) {
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (null == response) {
+      throw FindFailed.createdefault(this, img);
+    }
+    return lastMatch;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if target exists (with the default autoWaitTimeout)
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+   * @return the match (null if not found or image file missing)
+   */
+  public <PSI> Match exists(PSI target) {
+    return exists(target, autoWaitTimeout);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Check if target exists with a specified timeout<br>
+   * timout = 0: returns immediately after first search
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target The target to search for
+   * @param timeout Timeout in seconds
+   * @return the match (null if not found or image file missing)
+   */
+  public <PSI> Match exists(PSI target, double timeout) {
+    lastMatch = null;
+    FindFailed shouldAbort = null;
+    String targetStr = target.toString();
+    if (target instanceof String) {
+      targetStr = targetStr.trim();
+    }
+    RepeatableFind rf = new RepeatableFind(target);
+    Image img = rf._image;
+    boolean shouldDoFind = true;
+    if (!img.isValid() && img.hasIOException()) {
+      shouldDoFind = handleImageMissing(img);
+    }
+    while (shouldDoFind) {
+//      try {
+        log(lvl, "exists: waiting %.1f secs for %s to appear in %s", timeout, targetStr, this.toStringShort());
+        if (rf.repeat(timeout)) {
+          lastMatch = rf.getMatch();
+          lastMatch.setImage(img);
+          if (img != null) {
+            img.setLastSeen(lastMatch.getRect(), lastMatch.getScore());
+          }
+          log(lvl, "exists: %s has appeared \nat %s", targetStr, lastMatch);
+          return lastMatch;
+        } else {
+        Boolean response = handleFindFailed(img);
+        if (null == response) {
+          shouldAbort = FindFailed.createdefault(this, img);
+        } else if (response) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (shouldAbort != null) {
+      Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
+      String where = "unknown";
+      if (runTime.isJythonReady) {
+        where = JythonHelper.get().getCurrentLine();
+      }
+      log(-1, "Exists: Abort: %s", where);
+      log(-1, shouldAbort.toStringShort());
+      current.interrupt();
+      current.stop();
+    } else {
+      log(lvl, "exists: %s has not appeared [%d msec]", targetStr, lastFindTime);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * finds all occurences of the given Pattern, String or Image in the region and returns an Iterator of Matches.
+   *
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target A search criteria
+   * @return All elements matching
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation failed
+   */
+  public <PSI> Iterator<Match> findAll(PSI target) throws FindFailed {
+    lastMatches = null;
+    Image img = null;
+    String targetStr = target.toString();
+    if (target instanceof String) {
+      targetStr = targetStr.trim();
+    }
+    while (true) {
+      try {
+        if (autoWaitTimeout > 0) {
+          RepeatableFindAll rf = new RepeatableFindAll(target);
+          rf.repeat(autoWaitTimeout);
+          lastMatches = rf.getMatches();
+        } else {
+          lastMatches = doFindAll(target, null);
+        }
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        if (ex instanceof IOException) {
+          if (handleImageMissing(img)) {
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        throw new FindFailed(ex.getMessage());
+      }
+      if (lastMatches != null) {
+        return lastMatches;
+      }
+      if (!handleFindFailed(img)) {
+        return null;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public <PSI> Match[] findAllByRow(PSI target) {
+    Match[] matches = new Match[0];
+    List<Match> mList = findAllCollect(target);
+    if (mList.isEmpty()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    Collections.sort(mList, new Comparator<Match>() {
+      @Override
+      public int compare(Match m1, Match m2) {
+        if (m1.y == m2.y) {
+          return m1.x - m2.x;
+        }
+        return m1.y - m2.y;
+      }
+    });
+    return mList.toArray(matches);
+  }
+
+  public <PSI> Match[] findAllByColumn(PSI target) {
+    Match[] matches = new Match[0];
+    List<Match> mList = findAllCollect(target);
+    if (mList.isEmpty()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    Collections.sort(mList, new Comparator<Match>() {
+      @Override
+      public int compare(Match m1, Match m2) {
+        if (m1.x == m2.x) {
+          return m1.y - m2.y;
+        }
+        return m1.x - m2.x;
+      }
+    });
+    return mList.toArray(matches);
+  }
+
+  private <PSI> List<Match> findAllCollect(PSI target) {
+    Iterator<Match> mIter = null;
+    try {
+      mIter = findAll(target);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      Debug.error("findAllByRow: %s", ex.getMessage());
+      return null;
+    }
+    List<Match> mList = new ArrayList<Match>();
+    while (mIter.hasNext()) {
+      mList.add(mIter.next());
+    }
+    return mList;
+  }
+
+  public Match findBest(Object... args) {
+    Debug.log(lvl, "findBest: enter");
+    Match mResult = null;
+    List<Match> mList = findAnyCollect(args);
+    if (mList != null) {
+      Collections.sort(mList, new Comparator<Match>() {
+        @Override
+        public int compare(Match m1, Match m2) {
+          double ms = m2.getScore() - m1.getScore();
+          if (ms < 0) {
+            return -1;
+          } else if (ms > 0) {
+            return 1;
+          }
+          return 0;
+        }
+      });
+      mResult = mList.get(0);
+    }
+    return mResult;
+  }
+
+  private List<Match> findAnyCollect(Object... args) {
+    if (args == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    List<Match> mList = new ArrayList<Match>();
+    Match[] mArray = new Match[args.length];
+    SubFindRun[] theSubs = new SubFindRun[args.length];
+    int nobj = 0;
+    ScreenImage base = getScreen().capture(this);
+    for (Object obj : args) {
+      mArray[nobj] = null;
+      if (obj instanceof Pattern || obj instanceof String || obj instanceof Image) {
+        theSubs[nobj] = new SubFindRun(mArray, nobj, base, obj, this);
+        new Thread(theSubs[nobj]).start();
+      }
+      nobj++;
+    }
+    Debug.log(lvl, "findAnyCollect: waiting for SubFindRuns");
+    nobj = 0;
+    boolean all = false;
+    while (!all) {
+      all = true;
+      for (SubFindRun sub : theSubs) {
+        all &= sub.hasFinished();
+      }
+    }
+    Debug.log(lvl, "findAnyCollect: SubFindRuns finished");
+    nobj = 0;
+    for (Match match : mArray) {
+      if (match != null) {
+        match.setIndex(nobj);
+        mList.add(match);
+      } else {
+      }
+      nobj++;
+    }
+    return mList;
+  }
+
+  private class SubFindRun implements Runnable {
+
+    Match[] mArray;
+    ScreenImage base;
+    Object target;
+    Region reg;
+    boolean finished = false;
+    int subN;
+
+    public SubFindRun(Match[] pMArray, int pSubN,
+            ScreenImage pBase, Object pTarget, Region pReg) {
+      subN = pSubN;
+      base = pBase;
+      target = pTarget;
+      reg = pReg;
+      mArray = pMArray;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+      try {
+        mArray[subN] = reg.findInImage(base, target);
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "findAnyCollect: image file not found:\n", target);
+      }
+      hasFinished(true);
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasFinished() {
+      return hasFinished(false);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean hasFinished(boolean state) {
+      if (state) {
+        finished = true;
+      }
+      return finished;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Match findInImage(ScreenImage base, Object target) throws IOException {
+    Finder finder = null;
+    Match match = null;
+    boolean findingText = false;
+    Image img = null;
+    if (target instanceof String) {
+      if (((String) target).startsWith("\t") && ((String) target).endsWith("\t")) {
+        findingText = true;
+      } else {
+        img = Image.create((String) target);
+        if (img.isValid()) {
+          finder = doCheckLastSeenAndCreateFinder(base, img, 0.0, null);
+          if (!finder.hasNext()) {
+            runFinder(finder, img);
+          }
+        } else if (img.isText()) {
+          findingText = true;
+        } else {
+          throw new IOException("Region: findInImage: Image not loadable: " + target.toString());
+        }
+      }
+      if (findingText) {
+        if (TextRecognizer.getInstance() != null) {
+          log(lvl, "findInImage: Switching to TextSearch");
+          finder = new Finder(getScreen().capture(x, y, w, h), this);
+          finder.findText((String) target);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (target instanceof Pattern) {
+      if (((Pattern) target).isValid()) {
+        img = ((Pattern) target).getImage();
+        finder = doCheckLastSeenAndCreateFinder(base, img, 0.0, (Pattern) target);
+        if (!finder.hasNext()) {
+          runFinder(finder, target);
+        }
+      } else {
+        throw new IOException("Region: findInImage: Image not loadable: " + target.toString());
+      }
+    } else if (target instanceof Image) {
+      if (((Image) target).isValid()) {
+        img = ((Image) target);
+        finder = doCheckLastSeenAndCreateFinder(base, img, 0.0, null);
+        if (!finder.hasNext()) {
+          runFinder(finder, img);
+        }
+      } else {
+        throw new IOException("Region: findInImage: Image not loadable: " + target.toString());
+      }
+    } else {
+      log(-1, "findInImage: invalid parameter: %s", target);
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (finder.hasNext()) {
+      match = finder.next();
+      match.setImage(img);
+      img.setLastSeen(match.getRect(), match.getScore());
+    }
+    return match;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Waits for the Pattern, String or Image to appear until the AutoWaitTimeout value is exceeded.
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target The target to search for
+   * @return The found Match
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation finally failed
+   */
+  public <PSI> Match wait(PSI target) throws FindFailed {
+    if (target instanceof Float || target instanceof Double) {
+      wait(0.0 + ((Double) target));
+      return null;
+    }
+    return wait(target, autoWaitTimeout);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Waits for the Pattern, String or Image to appear or timeout (in second) is passed
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target The target to search for
+   * @param timeout Timeout in seconds
+   * @return The found Match
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation finally failed
+   */
+  public <PSI> Match wait(PSI target, double timeout) throws FindFailed {
+    RepeatableFind rf;
+    lastMatch = null;
+    //Image img = null;
+    String targetStr = target.toString();
+    if (target instanceof String) {
+      targetStr = targetStr.trim();
+    }
+    while (true) {
+      try {
+        log(lvl, "find: waiting %.1f secs for %s to appear in %s", timeout, targetStr, this.toStringShort());
+        rf = new RepeatableFind(target);
+        rf.repeat(timeout);
+        lastMatch = rf.getMatch();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        if (ex instanceof IOException) {
+        }
+        throw new FindFailed(ex.getMessage());
+      }
+      if (lastMatch != null) {
+        lastMatch.setImage(rf._image);
+        if (rf._image != null) {
+          rf._image.setLastSeen(lastMatch.getRect(), lastMatch.getScore());
+        }
+        log(lvl, "find: %s has appeared \nat %s", targetStr, lastMatch);
+        break;
+      }
+      Image img = rf._image;
+      if (handleImageMissing(img)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      log(lvl, "find: %s has not appeared [%d msec]", targetStr, lastFindTime);
+      if (!handleFindFailed(img)) {
+        return null;
+      }
+    }
+    return lastMatch;
+  }
+
+//TODO 1.2.0 Region.compare as time optimized Region.exists
+  /**
+   * time optimized Region.exists, when image-size == region-size<br>
+   * 1.1.x: just using exists(img, 0), sizes not checked
+   *
+   * @param img image file name
+   * @return the match or null if not equal
+   */
+  public Match compare(String img) {
+    return compare(Image.create(img));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * time optimized Region.exists, when image-size == region-size<br>
+   * 1.1.x: just using exists(img, 0), sizes not checked
+   *
+   * @param img Image object
+   * @return the match or null if not equal
+   */
+  public Match compare(Image img) {
+    return exists(img, 0);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Use findText() instead of find() in cases where the given string could be misinterpreted as an image filename
+   *
+   * @param text text
+   * @param timeout time
+   * @return the matched region containing the text
+   * @throws org.sikuli.script.FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public Match findText(String text, double timeout) throws FindFailed {
+    // the leading/trailing tab is used to internally switch to text search directly
+    return wait("\t" + text + "\t", timeout);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Use findText() instead of find() in cases where the given string could be misinterpreted as an image filename
+   *
+   * @param text text
+   * @return the matched region containing the text
+   * @throws org.sikuli.script.FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public Match findText(String text) throws FindFailed {
+    return findText(text, autoWaitTimeout);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Use findAllText() instead of findAll() in cases where the given string could be misinterpreted as an image filename
+   *
+   * @param text text
+   * @return the matched region containing the text
+   * @throws org.sikuli.script.FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public Iterator<Match> findAllText(String text) throws FindFailed {
+    // the leading/trailing tab is used to internally switch to text search directly
+    return findAll("\t" + text + "\t");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * waits until target vanishes or timeout (in seconds) is passed (AutoWaitTimeout)
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target The target to wait for it to vanish
+   * @return true if the target vanishes, otherwise returns false.
+   */
+  public <PSI> boolean waitVanish(PSI target) {
+    return waitVanish(target, autoWaitTimeout);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * waits until target vanishes or timeout (in seconds) is passed
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param timeout time in seconds
+   * @return true if target vanishes, false otherwise and if imagefile is missing.
+   */
+  public <PSI> boolean waitVanish(PSI target, double timeout) {
+    RepeatableVanish rv = null;
+    while (true) {
+      try {
+        log(lvl, "waiting for " + target + " to vanish");
+        rv = new RepeatableVanish(target);
+        if (rv.repeat(timeout)) {
+          log(lvl, "" + target + " has vanished");
+          return true;
+        }
+        log(lvl, "" + target + " has not vanished before timeout");
+        return false;
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        if (ex instanceof IOException) {
+          if (handleImageMissing(rv._image)) {
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="find internal methods">
+  /**
+   * Match doFind( Pattern/String/Image ) finds the given pattern on the screen and returns the best match without
+   * waiting.
+   */
+  private <PSI> Match doFind(PSI ptn, RepeatableFind repeating) {
+    Finder f = null;
+    Match m = null;
+    IScreen s = null;
+    boolean findingText = false;
+    lastFindTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+    ScreenImage simg;
+    double findTimeout = autoWaitTimeout;
+    if (repeating != null) {
+      findTimeout = repeating.getFindTimeOut();
+    }
+    if (repeating != null && repeating._finder != null) {
+      simg = getScreen().capture(this);
+      f = repeating._finder;
+      f.setScreenImage(simg);
+      f.setRepeating();
+      if (Settings.FindProfiling) {
+        Debug.logp("[FindProfiling] Region.doFind repeat: %d msec",
+                new Date().getTime() - lastSearchTimeRepeat);
+      }
+      lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+      f.findRepeat();
+    } else {
+      s = getScreen();
+      Image img = null;
+      if (ptn instanceof String) {
+        if (((String) ptn).startsWith("\t") && ((String) ptn).endsWith("\t")) {
+          findingText = true;
+        } else {
+          img = Image.create((String) ptn);
+          if (img.isValid()) {
+            lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+            f = checkLastSeenAndCreateFinder(img, findTimeout, null);
+            if (!f.hasNext()) {
+              runFinder(f, img);
+              //f.find(img);
+            }
+          } else if (img.isText()) {
+            findingText = true;
+          }
+        }
+        if (findingText) {
+          if (TextRecognizer.getInstance() != null) {
+            log(lvl, "doFind: Switching to TextSearch");
+            f = new Finder(getScreen().capture(x, y, w, h), this);
+            lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+            f.findText((String) ptn);
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (ptn instanceof Pattern) {
+        img = ((Pattern) ptn).getImage();
+        if (img.isValid()) {
+          lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+          f = checkLastSeenAndCreateFinder(img, findTimeout, (Pattern) ptn);
+          if (!f.hasNext()) {
+            runFinder(f, ptn);
+            //f.find((Pattern) ptn);
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (ptn instanceof Image) {
+        img = ((Image) ptn);
+        if (img.isValid()) {
+          lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+          f = checkLastSeenAndCreateFinder(img, findTimeout, null);
+          if (!f.hasNext()) {
+            runFinder(f, img);
+            //f.find(img);
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        log(-1, "doFind: invalid parameter: %s", ptn);
+        Sikulix.terminate(999);
+      }
+      if (repeating != null) {
+        repeating._finder = f;
+        repeating._image = img;
+      }
+    }
+    if (f != null) {
+      lastSearchTimeRepeat = lastSearchTime;
+      lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime() - lastSearchTime;
+      lastFindTime = (new Date()).getTime() - lastFindTime;
+      if (f.hasNext()) {
+        m = f.next();
+        m.setTimes(lastFindTime, lastSearchTime);
+        if (Settings.FindProfiling) {
+          Debug.logp("[FindProfiling] Region.doFind final: %d msec", lastSearchTime);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return m;
+  }
+
+  private void runFinder(Finder f, Object target) {
+    if (Debug.shouldHighlight()) {
+      if (this.scr.getW() > w + 20 && this.scr.getH() > h + 20) {
+        highlight(2, "#000255000");
+      }
+    }
+    if (target instanceof Image) {
+      f.find((Image) target);
+    } else if (target instanceof Pattern) {
+      f.find((Pattern) target);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Finder checkLastSeenAndCreateFinder(Image img, double findTimeout, Pattern ptn) {
+    return doCheckLastSeenAndCreateFinder(null, img, findTimeout, ptn);
+  }
+
+  private Finder doCheckLastSeenAndCreateFinder(ScreenImage base, Image img, double findTimeout, Pattern ptn) {
+    if (base == null) {
+      base = getScreen().capture(this);
+    }
+    if (!Settings.UseImageFinder && Settings.CheckLastSeen && null != img.getLastSeen()) {
+      Region r = Region.create(img.getLastSeen());
+      float score = (float) (img.getLastSeenScore() - 0.01);
+      if (this.contains(r)) {
+        Finder f = null;
+        if (this.scr instanceof VNCScreen) {
+          f = new Finder(new VNCScreen().capture(r), r);
+        } else {
+          f = new Finder(base.getSub(r.getRect()), r);
+          if (Debug.shouldHighlight()) {
+            if (this.scr.getW() > w + 10 && this.scr.getH() > h + 10) {
+              highlight(2, "#000255000");
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (ptn == null) {
+          f.find(new Pattern(img).similar(score));
+        } else {
+          f.find(new Pattern(ptn).similar(score));
+        }
+        if (f.hasNext()) {
+          log(lvl, "checkLastSeen: still there");
+          return f;
+        }
+        log(lvl, "checkLastSeen: not there");
+      }
+    }
+    if (Settings.UseImageFinder) {
+      ImageFinder f = new ImageFinder(this);
+      f.setFindTimeout(findTimeout);
+      return f;
+    } else {
+      return new Finder(base, this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void saveLastScreenImage() {
+    ScreenImage simg = getScreen().getLastScreenImageFromScreen();
+    if (simg != null) {
+      simg.saveLastScreenImage(runTime.fSikulixStore);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Match findAllNow( Pattern/String/Image ) finds all the given pattern on the screen and returns the best matches
+   * without waiting.
+   */
+  private <PSI> Iterator<Match> doFindAll(PSI ptn, RepeatableFindAll repeating) {
+    boolean findingText = false;
+    Finder f;
+    ScreenImage simg = getScreen().capture(x, y, w, h);
+    if (repeating != null && repeating._finder != null) {
+      f = repeating._finder;
+      f.setScreenImage(simg);
+      f.setRepeating();
+      f.findAllRepeat();
+    } else {
+      f = new Finder(simg, this);
+      Image img = null;
+      if (ptn instanceof String) {
+        if (((String) ptn).startsWith("\t") && ((String) ptn).endsWith("\t")) {
+          findingText = true;
+        } else {
+          img = Image.create((String) ptn);
+          if (img.isValid()) {
+            f.findAll(img);
+          } else if (img.isText()) {
+            findingText = true;
+          }
+        }
+        if (findingText) {
+          if (TextRecognizer.getInstance() != null) {
+            log(lvl, "doFindAll: Switching to TextSearch");
+            f.findAllText((String) ptn);
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (ptn instanceof Pattern) {
+        if (((Pattern) ptn).isValid()) {
+          img = ((Pattern) ptn).getImage();
+          f.findAll((Pattern) ptn);
+        }
+      } else if (ptn instanceof Image) {
+        if (((Image) ptn).isValid()) {
+          img = ((Image) ptn);
+          f.findAll((Image) ptn);
+        }
+      } else {
+        log(-1, "doFind: invalid parameter: %s", ptn);
+        Sikulix.terminate(999);
+      }
+      if (repeating != null) {
+        repeating._finder = f;
+        repeating._image = img;
+      }
+    }
+    if (f.hasNext()) {
+      return f;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // Repeatable Find ////////////////////////////////
+  private abstract class Repeatable {
+
+    private double findTimeout;
+
+    abstract void run();
+
+    abstract boolean ifSuccessful();
+
+    double getFindTimeOut() {
+      return findTimeout;
+    }
+
+    // return TRUE if successful before timeout
+    // return FALSE if otherwise
+    // throws Exception if any unexpected error occurs
+    boolean repeat(double timeout) {
+      findTimeout = timeout;
+      int MaxTimePerScan = (int) (1000.0 / waitScanRate);
+      int timeoutMilli = (int) (timeout * 1000);
+      long begin_t = (new Date()).getTime();
+      do {
+        long before_find = (new Date()).getTime();
+        run();
+        if (ifSuccessful()) {
+          return true;
+        } else if (timeoutMilli < MaxTimePerScan || Settings.UseImageFinder) {
+          // instant return on first search failed if timeout very small or 0
+          // or when using new ImageFinder
+          return false;
+        }
+        long after_find = (new Date()).getTime();
+        if (after_find - before_find < MaxTimePerScan) {
+          getRobotForRegion().delay((int) (MaxTimePerScan - (after_find - before_find)));
+        } else {
+          getRobotForRegion().delay(10);
+        }
+      } while (begin_t + timeout * 1000 > (new Date()).getTime());
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private class RepeatableFind extends Repeatable {
+
+    Object _target;
+    Match _match = null;
+    Finder _finder = null;
+    Image _image = null;
+
+    public <PSI> RepeatableFind(PSI target) {
+      _target = target;
+    }
+
+    public Match getMatch() {
+      if (_finder != null) {
+        _finder.destroy();
+      }
+      return (_match == null) ? _match : new Match(_match);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+      _match = doFind(_target, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    boolean ifSuccessful() {
+      return _match != null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private class RepeatableVanish extends RepeatableFind {
+
+    public <PSI> RepeatableVanish(PSI target) {
+      super(target);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    boolean ifSuccessful() {
+      return _match == null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private class RepeatableFindAll extends Repeatable {
+
+    Object _target;
+    Iterator<Match> _matches = null;
+    Finder _finder = null;
+    Image _image = null;
+
+    public <PSI> RepeatableFindAll(PSI target) {
+      _target = target;
+    }
+
+    public Iterator<Match> getMatches() {
+      return _matches;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+      _matches = doFindAll(_target, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    boolean ifSuccessful() {
+      return _matches != null;
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Find internal support">
+//  private <PatternStringRegionMatch> Region getRegionFromTarget(PatternStringRegionMatch target) throws FindFailed {
+//    if (target instanceof Pattern || target instanceof String || target instanceof Image) {
+//      Match m = find(target);
+//      if (m != null) {
+//        return m.setScreen(scr);
+//      }
+//      return null;
+//    }
+//    if (target instanceof Region) {
+//      return ((Region) target).setScreen(scr);
+//    }
+//    return null;
+//  }
+  private <PSIMRL> Location getLocationFromTarget(PSIMRL target) throws FindFailed {
+    if (target instanceof Pattern || target instanceof String || target instanceof Image) {
+      Match m = find(target);
+      if (m != null) {
+        if (isOtherScreen()) {
+          return m.getTarget().setOtherScreen(scr);
+        } else {
+          return m.getTarget();
+        }
+      }
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (target instanceof Match) {
+      return ((Match) target).getTarget();
+    }
+    if (target instanceof Region) {
+      return ((Region) target).getCenter();
+    }
+    if (target instanceof Location) {
+      return new Location((Location) target);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Observing">
+  protected Observer getObserver() {
+    if (regionObserver == null) {
+      regionObserver = new Observer(this);
+    }
+    return regionObserver;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * evaluate if at least one event observer is defined for this region (the observer need not be running)
+   *
+   * @return true, if the region has an observer with event observers
+   */
+  public boolean hasObserver() {
+    if (regionObserver != null) {
+      return regionObserver.hasObservers();
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return true if an observer is running for this region
+   */
+  public boolean isObserving() {
+    return observing;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return true if any events have happened for this region, false otherwise
+   */
+  public boolean hasEvents() {
+    return Observing.hasEvents(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * the region's events are removed from the list
+   *
+   * @return the region's happened events as array if any (size might be 0)
+   */
+  public ObserveEvent[] getEvents() {
+    return Observing.getEvents(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * the event is removed from the list
+   *
+   * @param name event's name
+   * @return the named event if happened otherwise null
+   */
+  public ObserveEvent getEvent(String name) {
+    return Observing.getEvent(name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the observer with the given name inactive (not checked while observing)
+   *
+   * @param name observers name
+   */
+  public void setInactive(String name) {
+    if (!hasObserver()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    Observing.setActive(name, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set the observer with the given name active (not checked while observing)
+   *
+   * @param name observers name
+   */
+  public void setActive(String name) {
+    if (!hasObserver()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    Observing.setActive(name, true);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for target and notify the given observer about this
+   * event<br>
+   * for details about the observe event handler: {@link ObserverCallBack}<br>
+   * for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param observer ObserverCallBack
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public <PSI> String onAppear(PSI target, Object observer) {
+    return onEvent(target, observer, ObserveEvent.Type.APPEAR);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for target success and details about the event can be
+   * obtained using @{link Observing}<br>
+   * for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public <PSI> String onAppear(PSI target) {
+    return onEvent(target, null, ObserveEvent.Type.APPEAR);
+  }
+
+  private <PSIC> String onEvent(PSIC targetThreshhold, Object observer, ObserveEvent.Type obsType) {
+    if (observer != null && (observer.getClass().getName().contains("org.python")
+            || observer.getClass().getName().contains("org.jruby"))) {
+      observer = new ObserverCallBack(observer, obsType);
+    }
+    String name = Observing.add(this, (ObserverCallBack) observer, obsType, targetThreshhold);
+    log(lvl, "%s: observer %s %s: %s with: %s", toStringShort(), obsType,
+            (observer == null ? "" : " with callback"), name, targetThreshhold);
+    return name;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for the target to vanish and notify the given observer
+   * about this event<br>
+   * for details about the observe event handler: {@link ObserverCallBack}<br>
+   * for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param observer ObserverCallBack
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public <PSI> String onVanish(PSI target, Object observer) {
+    return onEvent(target, observer, ObserveEvent.Type.VANISH);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for the target to vanish success and details about the
+   * event can be obtained using @{link Observing}<br>
+   * for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+   * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public <PSI> String onVanish(PSI target) {
+    return onEvent(target, null, ObserveEvent.Type.VANISH);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for changes in the region and notify the given observer
+   * about this event for details about the observe event handler: {@link ObserverCallBack} for details about
+   * APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}
+   *
+   * @param threshold minimum size of changes (rectangle threshhold x threshold)
+   * @param observer ObserverCallBack
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public String onChange(int threshold, Object observer) {
+    return onEvent((threshold > 0 ? threshold : Settings.ObserveMinChangedPixels),
+            observer, ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for changes in the region success and details about the
+   * event can be obtained using @{link Observing}<br>
+   * for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}
+   *
+   * @param threshold minimum size of changes (rectangle threshhold x threshold)
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public String onChange(int threshold) {
+    return onEvent((threshold > 0 ? threshold : Settings.ObserveMinChangedPixels),
+            null, ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for changes in the region and notify the given observer
+   * about this event <br>
+   * minimum size of changes used: Settings.ObserveMinChangedPixels for details about the observe event handler:
+   * {@link ObserverCallBack} for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}
+   *
+   * @param observer ObserverCallBack
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public String onChange(Object observer) {
+    return onEvent(Settings.ObserveMinChangedPixels, observer, ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * a subsequently started observer in this region should wait for changes in the region success and details about the
+   * event can be obtained using @{link Observing}<br>
+   * minimum size of changes used: Settings.ObserveMinChangedPixels for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events:
+   * {@link ObserveEvent}
+   *
+   * @return the event's name
+   */
+  public String onChange() {
+    return onEvent(Settings.ObserveMinChangedPixels, null, ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE);
+  }
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="obsolete">
+//	/**
+//	 *INTERNAL USE ONLY: for use with scripting API bridges
+//	 * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+//	 * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+//	 * @param observer ObserverCallBack
+//	 * @return the event's name
+//	 */
+//	public <PSI> String onAppearJ(PSI target, Object observer) {
+//		return onEvent(target, observer, ObserveEvent.Type.APPEAR);
+//	}
+//
+//	/**
+//	 *INTERNAL USE ONLY: for use with scripting API bridges
+//	 * @param <PSI> Pattern, String or Image
+//	 * @param target Pattern, String or Image
+//	 * @param observer ObserverCallBack
+//	 * @return the event's name
+//	 */
+//	public <PSI> String onVanishJ(PSI target, Object observer) {
+//		return onEvent(target, observer, ObserveEvent.Type.VANISH);
+//	}
+//
+//	/**
+//	 *INTERNAL USE ONLY: for use with scripting API bridges
+//	 * @param threshold min pixel size - 0 = ObserveMinChangedPixels
+//	 * @param observer ObserverCallBack
+//	 * @return the event's name
+//	 */
+//	public String onChangeJ(int threshold, Object observer) {
+//		return onEvent( (threshold > 0 ? threshold : Settings.ObserveMinChangedPixels),
+//						observer, ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE);
+//	}
+//
+//</editor-fold>
+  public String onChangeDo(int threshold, Object observer) {
+    String name = Observing.add(this, (ObserverCallBack) observer, ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE, threshold);
+    log(lvl, "%s: onChange%s: %s minSize: %d", toStringShort(),
+            (observer == null ? "" : " with callback"), name, threshold);
+    return name;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * start an observer in this region that runs forever (use stopObserving() in handler) for details about the observe
+   * event handler: {@link ObserverCallBack} for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}
+   *
+   * @return false if not possible, true if events have happened
+   */
+  public boolean observe() {
+    return observe(Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * start an observer in this region for the given time for details about the observe event handler:
+   * {@link ObserverCallBack} for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}
+   *
+   * @param secs time in seconds the observer should run
+   * @return false if not possible, true if events have happened
+   */
+  public boolean observe(double secs) {
+    return observeDo(secs);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE ONLY: for use with scripting API bridges
+   *
+   * @param secs time in seconds the observer should run
+   * @param bg run in background true/false
+   * @return false if not possible, true if events have happened
+   */
+  public boolean observeJ(double secs, boolean bg) {
+    if (bg) {
+      return observeInBackground(secs);
+    } else {
+      return observeDo(secs);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean observeDo(double secs) {
+    if (regionObserver == null) {
+      Debug.error("Region: observe: Nothing to observe (Region might be invalid): " + this.toStringShort());
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (observing) {
+      Debug.error("Region: observe: already running for this region. Only one allowed!");
+      return false;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "observe: starting in " + this.toStringShort() + " for " + secs + " seconds");
+    int MaxTimePerScan = (int) (1000.0 / observeScanRate);
+    long begin_t = (new Date()).getTime();
+    long stop_t;
+    if (secs > Long.MAX_VALUE) {
+      stop_t = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+    } else {
+      stop_t = begin_t + (long) (secs * 1000);
+    }
+    regionObserver.initialize();
+    observing = true;
+    Observing.addRunningObserver(this);
+    while (observing && stop_t > (new Date()).getTime()) {
+      long before_find = (new Date()).getTime();
+      ScreenImage simg = getScreen().capture(x, y, w, h);
+      if (!regionObserver.update(simg)) {
+        observing = false;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!observing) {
+        break;
+      }
+      long after_find = (new Date()).getTime();
+      try {
+        if (after_find - before_find < MaxTimePerScan) {
+          Thread.sleep((int) (MaxTimePerScan - (after_find - before_find)));
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+      }
+    }
+    boolean observeSuccess = false;
+    if (observing) {
+      observing = false;
+      log(lvl, "observe: stopped due to timeout in "
+              + this.toStringShort() + " for " + secs + " seconds");
+    } else {
+      log(lvl, "observe: ended successfully: " + this.toStringShort());
+      observeSuccess = Observing.hasEvents(this);
+    }
+    return observeSuccess;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * start an observer in this region for the given time that runs in background for details about the observe event
+   * handler: {@link ObserverCallBack} for details about APPEAR/VANISH/CHANGE events: {@link ObserveEvent}
+   *
+   * @param secs time in seconds the observer should run
+   * @return false if not possible, true otherwise
+   */
+  public boolean observeInBackground(double secs) {
+    if (observing) {
+      Debug.error("Region: observeInBackground: already running for this region. Only one allowed!");
+      return false;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "entering observeInBackground for %f secs", secs);
+    Thread observeThread = new Thread(new ObserverThread(secs));
+    observeThread.start();
+    log(lvl, "observeInBackground now running");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private class ObserverThread implements Runnable {
+
+    private double time;
+
+    ObserverThread(double time) {
+      this.time = time;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+      observe(time);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * stops a running observer
+   */
+  public void stopObserver() {
+    log(lvl, "observe: request to stop observer for " + this.toStringShort());
+    observing = false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * stops a running observer printing an info message
+   *
+   * @param message text
+   */
+  public void stopObserver(String message) {
+    Debug.info(message);
+    stopObserver();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Mouse actions - clicking">
+  public Location checkMatch() {
+    if (lastMatch != null) {
+      return lastMatch.getTarget();
+    }
+    return getTarget();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse pointer to region's last successful match <br>use center if no lastMatch <br>
+   * if region is a match: move to targetOffset <br>same as mouseMove
+   *
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int hover() {
+    try { // needed to cut throw chain for FindFailed
+      return hover(checkMatch());
+    } catch (FindFailed ex) {
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse pointer to the given target location<br> same as mouseMove<br> Pattern or Filename - do a find
+   * before and use the match<br> Region - position at center<br> Match - position at match's targetOffset<br> Location
+   * - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> to search: Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int hover(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    log(lvl, "hover: " + target);
+    return mouseMove(target);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * left click at the region's last successful match <br>use center if no lastMatch <br>if region is a match: click
+   * targetOffset
+   *
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int click() {
+    try { // needed to cut throw chain for FindFailed
+      return click(checkMatch(), 0);
+    } catch (FindFailed ex) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * left click at the given target location<br> Pattern or Filename - do a find before and use the match<br> Region -
+   * position at center<br> Match - position at match's targetOffset<br>
+   * Location - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> to search: Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int click(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    return click(target, 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * left click at the given target location<br> holding down the given modifier keys<br>
+   * Pattern or Filename - do a find before and use the match<br> Region - position at center<br>
+   * Match - position at match's targetOffset<br> Location - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> to search: Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param modifiers the value of the resulting bitmask (see KeyModifier)
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int click(PFRML target, Integer modifiers) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc = getLocationFromTarget(target);
+    int ret = Mouse.click(loc, InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK, modifiers, false, this);
+
+    //TODO      SikuliActionManager.getInstance().clickTarget(this, target, _lastScreenImage, _lastMatch);
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * double click at the region's last successful match <br>use center if no lastMatch <br>if region is a match: click
+   * targetOffset
+   *
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int doubleClick() {
+    try { // needed to cut throw chain for FindFailed
+      return doubleClick(checkMatch(), 0);
+    } catch (FindFailed ex) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * double click at the given target location<br> Pattern or Filename - do a find before and use the match<br> Region -
+   * position at center<br> Match - position at match's targetOffset<br>
+   * Location - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int doubleClick(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    return doubleClick(target, 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * double click at the given target location<br> holding down the given modifier keys<br>
+   * Pattern or Filename - do a find before and use the match<br> Region - position at center<br > Match - position at
+   * match's targetOffset<br> Location - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param modifiers the value of the resulting bitmask (see KeyModifier)
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int doubleClick(PFRML target, Integer modifiers) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc = getLocationFromTarget(target);
+    int ret = Mouse.click(loc, InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK, modifiers, true, this);
+
+    //TODO      SikuliActionManager.getInstance().doubleClickTarget(this, target, _lastScreenImage, _lastMatch);
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * right click at the region's last successful match <br>use center if no lastMatch <br>if region is a match: click
+   * targetOffset
+   *
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int rightClick() {
+    try { // needed to cut throw chain for FindFailed
+      return rightClick(checkMatch(), 0);
+    } catch (FindFailed ex) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * right click at the given target location<br> Pattern or Filename - do a find before and use the match<br> Region -
+   * position at center<br> Match - position at match's targetOffset<br > Location - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int rightClick(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    return rightClick(target, 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * right click at the given target location<br> holding down the given modifier keys<br>
+   * Pattern or Filename - do a find before and use the match<br> Region - position at center<br > Match - position at
+   * match's targetOffset<br> Location - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param modifiers the value of the resulting bitmask (see KeyModifier)
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int rightClick(PFRML target, Integer modifiers) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc = getLocationFromTarget(target);
+    int ret = Mouse.click(loc, InputEvent.BUTTON3_MASK, modifiers, false, this);
+
+    //TODO      SikuliActionManager.getInstance().rightClickTarget(this, target, _lastScreenImage, _lastMatch);
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * time in milliseconds to delay between button down/up at next click only (max 1000)
+   *
+   * @param millisecs value
+   */
+  public void delayClick(int millisecs) {
+    Settings.ClickDelay = millisecs;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Mouse actions - drag & drop">
+  /**
+   * Drag from region's last match and drop at given target <br>applying Settings.DelayAfterDrag and DelayBeforeDrop
+   * <br> using left mouse button
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation failed
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int dragDrop(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    return dragDrop(lastMatch, target);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Drag from a position and drop to another using left mouse button<br>applying Settings.DelayAfterDrag and
+   * DelayBeforeDrop
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param t1 source position
+   * @param t2 destination position
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation failed
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int dragDrop(PFRML t1, PFRML t2) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc1 = getLocationFromTarget(t1);
+    Location loc2 = getLocationFromTarget(t2);
+    int retVal = 0;
+    if (loc1 != null && loc2 != null) {
+      IRobot r1 = loc1.getRobotForPoint("drag");
+      IRobot r2 = loc2.getRobotForPoint("drop");
+      if (r1 != null && r2 != null) {
+        Mouse.use(this);
+        r1.smoothMove(loc1);
+        r1.delay((int) (Settings.DelayBeforeMouseDown * 1000));
+        r1.mouseDown(InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK);
+        double DelayBeforeDrag = Settings.DelayBeforeDrag;
+        if (DelayBeforeDrag < 0.0) {
+          DelayBeforeDrag = Settings.DelayAfterDrag;
+        }
+        r1.delay((int) (DelayBeforeDrag * 1000));
+        r2.smoothMove(loc2);
+        r2.delay((int) (Settings.DelayBeforeDrop * 1000));
+        r2.mouseUp(InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK);
+        Mouse.let(this);
+        retVal = 1;
+      }
+    }
+    Settings.DelayBeforeMouseDown = Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayAfterDrag = Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayBeforeDrag = -Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayBeforeDrop = Settings.DelayValue;
+    return retVal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prepare a drag action: move mouse to given target <br>press and hold left mouse button <br >wait
+   * Settings.DelayAfterDrag
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int drag(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc = getLocationFromTarget(target);
+    int retVal = 0;
+    if (loc != null) {
+      IRobot r = loc.getRobotForPoint("drag");
+      if (r != null) {
+        Mouse.use(this);
+        r.smoothMove(loc);
+        r.delay((int) (Settings.DelayBeforeMouseDown * 1000));
+        r.mouseDown(InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK);
+        double DelayBeforeDrag = Settings.DelayBeforeDrag;
+        if (DelayBeforeDrag < 0.0) {
+          DelayBeforeDrag = Settings.DelayAfterDrag;
+        }
+        r.delay((int) (DelayBeforeDrag * 1000));
+        r.waitForIdle();
+        Mouse.let(this);
+        retVal = 1;
+      }
+    }
+    Settings.DelayBeforeMouseDown = Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayAfterDrag = Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayBeforeDrag = -Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayBeforeDrop = Settings.DelayValue;
+    return retVal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * finalize a drag action with a drop: move mouse to given target <br>
+   * wait Settings.DelayBeforeDrop <br>
+   * before releasing the left mouse button
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int dropAt(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc = getLocationFromTarget(target);
+    int retVal = 0;
+    if (loc != null) {
+      IRobot r = loc.getRobotForPoint("drag");
+      if (r != null) {
+        Mouse.use(this);
+        r.smoothMove(loc);
+        r.delay((int) (Settings.DelayBeforeDrop * 1000));
+        r.mouseUp(InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK);
+        r.waitForIdle();
+        Mouse.let(this);
+        retVal = 1;
+      }
+    }
+    Settings.DelayBeforeMouseDown = Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayAfterDrag = Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayBeforeDrag = -Settings.DelayValue;
+    Settings.DelayBeforeDrop = Settings.DelayValue;
+    return retVal;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Mouse actions - low level + Wheel">
+  /**
+   * press and hold the specified buttons - use + to combine Button.LEFT left mouse button Button.MIDDLE middle mouse
+   * button Button.RIGHT right mouse button
+   *
+   * @param buttons spec
+   */
+  public void mouseDown(int buttons) {
+    Mouse.down(buttons, this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * release all currently held buttons
+   */
+  public void mouseUp() {
+    Mouse.up(0, this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * release the specified mouse buttons (see mouseDown) if buttons==0, all currently held buttons are released
+   *
+   * @param buttons spec
+   */
+  public void mouseUp(int buttons) {
+    Mouse.up(buttons, this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse pointer to the region's last successful match<br>same as hover<br>
+   *
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int mouseMove() {
+    if (lastMatch != null) {
+      try {
+        return mouseMove(lastMatch);
+      } catch (FindFailed ex) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse pointer to the given target location<br> same as hover<br> Pattern or Filename - do a find before
+   * and use the match<br> Region - position at center<br> Match - position at match's targetOffset<br>
+   * Location - position at that point<br>
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed for Pattern or Filename
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int mouseMove(PFRML target) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc = getLocationFromTarget(target);
+    return Mouse.move(loc, this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse from the current position to the offset position given by the parameters
+   *
+   * @param xoff horizontal offset (&lt; 0 left, &gt; 0 right)
+   * @param yoff vertical offset (&lt; 0 up, &gt; 0 down)
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int mouseMove(int xoff, int yoff) {
+    try {
+      return mouseMove(Mouse.at().offset(xoff, yoff));
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Move the wheel at the current mouse position<br> the given steps in the given direction: <br >Button.WHEEL_DOWN,
+   * Button.WHEEL_UP
+   *
+   * @param direction to move the wheel
+   * @param steps the number of steps
+   * @return 1 in any case
+   */
+  public int wheel(int direction, int steps) {
+    Mouse.wheel(direction, steps, this);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse pointer to the given target location<br> and move the wheel the given steps in the given direction:
+   * <br>Button.WHEEL_DOWN, Button.WHEEL_UP
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location target
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param direction to move the wheel
+   * @param steps the number of steps
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation failed
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int wheel(PFRML target, int direction, int steps) throws FindFailed {
+    return wheel(target, direction, steps, Mouse.WHEEL_STEP_DELAY);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse pointer to the given target location<br> and move the wheel the given steps in the given direction:
+   * <br>Button.WHEEL_DOWN, Button.WHEEL_UP
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location target
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param direction to move the wheel
+   * @param steps the number of steps
+   * @param stepDelay number of miliseconds to wait when incrementing the step value
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if the Find operation failed
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int wheel(PFRML target, int direction, int steps, int stepDelay) throws FindFailed {
+    Location loc = getLocationFromTarget(target);
+    if (loc != null) {
+      Mouse.use(this);
+      Mouse.keep(this);
+      Mouse.move(loc, this);
+      Mouse.wheel(direction, steps, this, stepDelay);
+      Mouse.let(this);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @return current location of mouse pointer
+   * @deprecated use {@link Mouse#at()} instead
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public static Location atMouse() {
+    return Mouse.at();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Keyboard actions + paste">
+  /**
+   * press and hold the given key use a constant from java.awt.event.KeyEvent which might be special in the current
+   * machine/system environment
+   *
+   * @param keycode Java KeyCode
+   */
+  public void keyDown(int keycode) {
+    getRobotForRegion().keyDown(keycode);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * press and hold the given keys including modifier keys <br>use the key constants defined in class Key, <br>which
+   * only provides a subset of a US-QWERTY PC keyboard layout <br>might be mixed with simple characters
+   * <br>use + to concatenate Key constants
+   *
+   * @param keys valid keys
+   */
+  public void keyDown(String keys) {
+    getRobotForRegion().keyDown(keys);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * release all currently pressed keys
+   */
+  public void keyUp() {
+    getRobotForRegion().keyUp();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * release the given keys (see keyDown(keycode) )
+   *
+   * @param keycode Java KeyCode
+   */
+  public void keyUp(int keycode) {
+    getRobotForRegion().keyUp(keycode);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * release the given keys (see keyDown(keys) )
+   *
+   * @param keys valid keys
+   */
+  public void keyUp(String keys) {
+    getRobotForRegion().keyUp(keys);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compact alternative for type() with more options <br>
+   * - special keys and options are coded as #XN. or #X+ or #X- <br>
+   * where X is a refrence for a special key and N is an optional repeat factor <br>
+   * A modifier key as #X. modifies the next following key<br>
+   * the trailing . ends the special key, the + (press and hold) or - (release) does the same, <br>
+   * but signals press-and-hold or release additionally.<br>
+   * except #W / #w all special keys are not case-sensitive<br>
+   * a #wn. inserts a wait of n millisecs or n secs if n less than 60 <br>
+   * a #Wn. sets the type delay for the following keys (must be &gt; 60 and denotes millisecs) - otherwise taken as
+   * normal wait<br>
+   * Example: wait 2 secs then type CMD/CTRL - N then wait 1 sec then type DOWN 3 times<br>
+   * Windows/Linux: write("#w2.#C.n#W1.#d3.")<br>
+   * Mac: write("#w2.#M.n#W1.#D3.")<br>
+   * for more details about the special key codes and examples consult the docs <br>
+   *
+   * @param text a coded text interpreted as a series of key actions (press/hold/release)
+   * @return 0 for success 1 otherwise
+   */
+  public int write(String text) {
+    Debug.info("Write: " + text);
+    char c;
+    String token, tokenSave;
+    String modifier = "";
+    int k;
+    IRobot robot = getRobotForRegion();
+    int pause = 20 + (Settings.TypeDelay > 1 ? 1000 : (int) (Settings.TypeDelay * 1000));
+    Settings.TypeDelay = 0.0;
+    robot.typeStarts();
+    for (int i = 0; i < text.length(); i++) {
+      log(lvl + 1, "write: (%d) %s", i, text.substring(i));
+      c = text.charAt(i);
+      token = null;
+      boolean isModifier = false;
+      if (c == '#') {
+        if (text.charAt(i + 1) == '#') {
+          log(lvl, "write at: %d: %s", i, c);
+          i += 1;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (text.charAt(i + 2) == '+' || text.charAt(i + 2) == '-') {
+          token = text.substring(i, i + 3);
+          isModifier = true;
+        } else if (-1 < (k = text.indexOf('.', i))) {
+          if (k > -1) {
+            token = text.substring(i, k + 1);
+            if (token.length() > Key.keyMaxLength || token.substring(1).contains("#")) {
+              token = null;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      Integer key = -1;
+      if (token == null) {
+        log(lvl + 1, "write: %d: %s", i, c);
+      } else {
+        log(lvl + 1, "write: token at %d: %s", i, token);
+        int repeat = 0;
+        if (token.toUpperCase().startsWith("#W")) {
+          if (token.length() > 3) {
+            i += token.length() - 1;
+            int t = 0;
+            try {
+              t = Integer.parseInt(token.substring(2, token.length() - 1));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+            }
+            if ((token.startsWith("#w") && t > 60)) {
+              pause = 20 + (t > 1000 ? 1000 : t);
+              log(lvl + 1, "write: type delay: " + t);
+            } else {
+              log(lvl + 1, "write: wait: " + t);
+              robot.delay((t < 60 ? t * 1000 : t));
+            }
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        tokenSave = token;
+        token = token.substring(0, 2).toUpperCase() + ".";
+        if (Key.isRepeatable(token)) {
+          try {
+            repeat = Integer.parseInt(tokenSave.substring(2, tokenSave.length() - 1));
+          } catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+            token = tokenSave;
+          }
+        } else if (tokenSave.length() == 3 && Key.isModifier(tokenSave.toUpperCase())) {
+          i += tokenSave.length() - 1;
+          modifier += tokenSave.substring(1, 2).toUpperCase();
+          continue;
+        } else {
+          token = tokenSave;
+        }
+        if (-1 < (key = Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText(token))) {
+          if (repeat > 0) {
+            log(lvl + 1, "write: %s Repeating: %d", token, repeat);
+          } else {
+            log(lvl + 1, "write: %s", tokenSave);
+            repeat = 1;
+          }
+          i += tokenSave.length() - 1;
+          if (isModifier) {
+            if (tokenSave.endsWith("+")) {
+              robot.keyDown(key);
+            } else {
+              robot.keyUp(key);
+            }
+            continue;
+          }
+          if (repeat > 1) {
+            for (int n = 0; n < repeat; n++) {
+              robot.typeKey(key.intValue());
+            }
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (!modifier.isEmpty()) {
+        log(lvl + 1, "write: modifier + " + modifier);
+        for (int n = 0; n < modifier.length(); n++) {
+          robot.keyDown(Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText(String.format("#%s.", modifier.substring(n, n + 1))));
+        }
+      }
+      if (key > -1) {
+        robot.typeKey(key.intValue());
+      } else {
+        robot.typeChar(c, IRobot.KeyMode.PRESS_RELEASE);
+      }
+      if (!modifier.isEmpty()) {
+        log(lvl + 1, "write: modifier - " + modifier);
+        for (int n = 0; n < modifier.length(); n++) {
+          robot.keyUp(Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText(String.format("#%s.", modifier.substring(n, n + 1))));
+        }
+      }
+      robot.delay(pause);
+      modifier = "";
+    }
+
+    robot.typeEnds();
+    robot.waitForIdle();
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * enters the given text one character/key after another using keyDown/keyUp
+   * <br>about the usable Key constants see keyDown(keys) <br>Class Key only provides a subset of a US-QWERTY PC
+   * keyboard layout<br>the text is entered at the current position of the focus/carret
+   *
+   * @param text containing characters and/or Key constants
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int type(String text) {
+    try {
+      return keyin(null, text, 0);
+    } catch (FindFailed ex) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * enters the given text one character/key after another using keyDown/keyUp<br>while holding down the given modifier
+   * keys <br>about the usable Key constants see keyDown(keys) <br>Class Key only provides a subset of a US-QWERTY PC
+   * keyboard layout<br>the text is entered at the current position of the focus/carret
+   *
+   * @param text containing characters and/or Key constants
+   * @param modifiers constants according to class KeyModifiers
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int type(String text, int modifiers) {
+    try {
+      return keyin(null, text, modifiers);
+    } catch (FindFailed findFailed) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * enters the given text one character/key after another using
+   *
+   * keyDown/keyUp<br>while holding down the given modifier keys <br>about the usable Key constants see keyDown(keys)
+   * <br>Class Key only provides a subset of a US-QWERTY PC keyboard layout<br>the text is entered at the current
+   * position of the focus/carret
+   *
+   *
+   * @param text containing characters and/or Key constants
+   * @param modifiers constants according to class Key - combine using +
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public int type(String text, String modifiers) {
+    String target = null;
+    int modifiersNew = Key.convertModifiers(modifiers);
+    if (modifiersNew == 0) {
+      target = text;
+      text = modifiers;
+    }
+    try {
+      return keyin(target, text, modifiersNew);
+    } catch (FindFailed findFailed) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * first does a click(target) at the given target position to gain focus/carret <br>enters the given text one
+   * character/key after another using keyDown/keyUp <br>about the usable Key constants see keyDown(keys)
+   * <br>Class Key only provides a subset of a US-QWERTY PC keyboard layout
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param text containing characters and/or Key constants
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int type(PFRML target, String text) throws FindFailed {
+    return keyin(target, text, 0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * first does a click(target) at the given target position to gain focus/carret <br>enters the given text one
+   * character/key after another using keyDown/keyUp <br>while holding down the given modifier keys<br>about the usable
+   * Key constants see keyDown(keys) <br>Class Key only provides a subset of a US-QWERTY PC keyboard layout
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param text containing characters and/or Key constants
+   * @param modifiers constants according to class KeyModifiers
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int type(PFRML target, String text, int modifiers) throws FindFailed {
+    return keyin(target, text, modifiers);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * first does a click(target) at the given target position to gain focus/carret <br>enters the given text one
+   * character/key after another using keyDown/keyUp <br>while holding down the given modifier keys<br>about the usable
+   * Key constants see keyDown(keys) <br>Class Key only provides a subset of a US-QWERTY PC keyboard layout
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param text containing characters and/or Key constants
+   * @param modifiers constants according to class Key - combine using +
+   * @return 1 if possible, 0 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int type(PFRML target, String text, String modifiers) throws FindFailed {
+    int modifiersNew = Key.convertModifiers(modifiers);
+    return keyin(target, text, modifiersNew);
+  }
+
+  private <PFRML> int keyin(PFRML target, String text, int modifiers)
+          throws FindFailed {
+    if (target != null && 0 == click(target, 0)) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    Debug profiler = Debug.startTimer("Region.type");
+    if (text != null && !"".equals(text)) {
+      String showText = "";
+      for (int i = 0; i < text.length(); i++) {
+        showText += Key.toJavaKeyCodeText(text.charAt(i));
+      }
+      String modText = "";
+      String modWindows = null;
+      if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.WIN) != 0) {
+        modifiers -= KeyModifier.WIN;
+        modifiers |= KeyModifier.META;
+        log(lvl, "Key.WIN as modifier");
+        modWindows = "Windows";
+      }
+      if (modifiers != 0) {
+        modText = String.format("( %s ) ", KeyEvent.getKeyModifiersText(modifiers));
+        if (modWindows != null) {
+          modText = modText.replace("Meta", modWindows);
+        }
+      }
+      Debug.action("%s TYPE \"%s\"", modText, showText);
+      log(lvl, "%s TYPE \"%s\"", modText, showText);
+      profiler.lap("before getting Robot");
+      IRobot r = getRobotForRegion();
+      int pause = 20 + (Settings.TypeDelay > 1 ? 1000 : (int) (Settings.TypeDelay * 1000));
+      Settings.TypeDelay = 0.0;
+      profiler.lap("before typing");
+      r.typeStarts();
+      for (int i = 0; i < text.length(); i++) {
+        r.pressModifiers(modifiers);
+        r.typeChar(text.charAt(i), IRobot.KeyMode.PRESS_RELEASE);
+        r.releaseModifiers(modifiers);
+        r.delay(pause);
+      }
+      r.typeEnds();
+      profiler.lap("after typing, before waitForIdle");
+      r.waitForIdle();
+      profiler.end();
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * time in milliseconds to delay between each character at next type only (max 1000)
+   *
+   * @param millisecs value
+   */
+  public void delayType(int millisecs) {
+    Settings.TypeDelay = millisecs;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * pastes the text at the current position of the focus/carret <br>using the clipboard and strg/ctrl/cmd-v (paste
+   * keyboard shortcut)
+   *
+   * @param text a string, which might contain unicode characters
+   * @return 0 if possible, 1 otherwise
+   */
+  public int paste(String text) {
+    try {
+      return paste(null, text);
+    } catch (FindFailed ex) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * first does a click(target) at the given target position to gain focus/carret <br> and then pastes the text <br>
+   * using the clipboard and strg/ctrl/cmd-v (paste keyboard shortcut)
+   *
+   * @param <PFRML> Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location target
+   * @param target Pattern, Filename, Text, Region, Match or Location
+   * @param text a string, which might contain unicode characters
+   * @return 0 if possible, 1 otherwise
+   * @throws FindFailed if not found
+   */
+  public <PFRML> int paste(PFRML target, String text) throws FindFailed {
+    if (target != null) {
+      click(target, 0);
+    }
+    if (text != null) {
+      App.setClipboard(text);
+      int mod = Key.getHotkeyModifier();
+      IRobot r = getRobotForRegion();
+      r.keyDown(mod);
+      r.keyDown(KeyEvent.VK_V);
+      r.keyUp(KeyEvent.VK_V);
+      r.keyUp(mod);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="OCR - read text from Screen">
+  /**
+   * STILL EXPERIMENTAL: tries to read the text in this region<br> might contain misread characters, NL characters and
+   * other stuff, when interpreting contained grafics as text<br>
+   * Best results: one line of text with no grafics in the line
+   *
+   * @return the text read (utf8 encoded)
+   */
+  public String text() {
+    if (Settings.OcrTextRead) {
+      ScreenImage simg = getScreen().capture(x, y, w, h);
+      TextRecognizer tr = TextRecognizer.getInstance();
+      if (tr == null) {
+        Debug.error("text: text recognition is now switched off");
+        return "--- no text ---";
+      }
+      String textRead = tr.recognize(simg);
+      log(lvl, "text: #(" + textRead + ")#");
+      return textRead;
+    }
+    Debug.error("text: text recognition is currently switched off");
+    return "--- no text ---";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * VERY EXPERIMENTAL: returns a list of matches, that represent single words, that have been found in this region<br>
+   * the match's x,y,w,h the region of the word<br> Match.getText() returns the word (utf8) at this match<br>
+   * Match.getScore() returns a value between 0 ... 1, that represents some OCR-confidence value<br > (the higher, the
+   * better the OCR engine thinks the result is)
+   *
+   * @return a list of matches
+   */
+  public List<Match> listText() {
+    if (Settings.OcrTextRead) {
+      ScreenImage simg = getScreen().capture(x, y, w, h);
+      TextRecognizer tr = TextRecognizer.getInstance();
+      if (tr == null) {
+        Debug.error("text: text recognition is now switched off");
+        return null;
+      }
+      log(lvl, "listText: scanning %s", this);
+      return tr.listText(simg, this);
+    }
+    Debug.error("text: text recognition is currently switched off");
+    return null;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  public String saveScreenCapture() {
+    return getScreen().capture(this).save();
+  }
+
+  public String saveScreenCapture(String path) {
+    return getScreen().capture(this).save(path);
+  }
+
+  public String saveScreenCapture(String path, String name) {
+    return getScreen().capture(this).save(path, name);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `img` last assigned on line 2335 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `handleFindFailed(...)` at line 2360.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Iterator Region.findAll(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.script.Region.findAll(java.lang.Object):java.util.Iterator.0ffcb573485c1798dbc7919ae29c445e
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/script/Region.java
+
+### Key:
+Region.java|findAll|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+44db0e05afc6ced8a4648b049fe84022
+
+### Hash:
+49b469c729140f2b28f514a440b4d01b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4512/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4512/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f4082859d9c3f2cba43fa5d02d63948156609e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4512/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,671 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, SikulixUtil.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan
+ */
+package org.sikuli.script;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.CodeSource;
+import javax.swing.Box;
+import javax.swing.BoxLayout;
+import javax.swing.JLabel;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import javax.swing.JPanel;
+import javax.swing.JPasswordField;
+import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
+import javax.swing.JTextArea;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.basics.FileManager;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyManager;
+import org.sikuli.basics.PreferencesUser;
+import org.sikuli.basics.ResourceLoader;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+
+/**
+ * global services for package API
+ */
+public class Sikulix {
+
+  private static int lvl = 3;
+
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, "Sikulix: " + message, args);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean runningFromJar;
+  private static String jarPath;
+  private static String jarParentPath;
+  private static final String prefNonSikuli = "nonSikuli_";
+
+  static {
+    rt = RunTime.get();
+    if (Debug.getDebugLevel() == 0) {
+      Debug.setDebugLevel(1);
+    }
+    CodeSource codeSrc = Sikulix.class.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
+    if (codeSrc != null && codeSrc.getLocation() != null) {
+      URL jarURL = codeSrc.getLocation();
+      jarPath = FileManager.slashify(new File(jarURL.getPath()).getAbsolutePath(), false);
+      jarParentPath = (new File(jarPath)).getParent();
+      if (jarPath.endsWith(".jar")) {
+        runningFromJar = true;
+      } else {
+        jarPath += "/";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static RunTime rt = null;
+  public static int testNumber = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * checking parameter -d on commandline<br>
+   * 0 - list all available tests<br>
+   * 1 - run all available tests<br>
+   * n - run the test with that number if available
+   *
+   * @param args currently only -d is evaluated
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+    System.out.println("********** Running Sikulix.main");
+
+    int dl = RunTime.checkArgs(args, RunTime.Type.API);
+    if (dl > -1) {
+      testNumber = dl;
+      Debug.on(3);
+    }
+    
+    rt = RunTime.get();
+    testNumber = rt.getOptionNumber("testing.test", -1);
+
+    if (testNumber > -1) {
+      rt = RunTime.get();
+      if (!rt.testing) {
+        rt.show();
+        rt.testing = true;
+      }            
+      Tests.runTest(testNumber);
+      System.exit(1);
+    } else {
+      rt = RunTime.get();
+      Debug.on(3);
+      
+      if (rt.runningWinApp) {        
+        popup("Hello World\nNot much else to do ( yet ;-)", rt.fSxBaseJar.getName());
+        try {
+        Screen scr = new Screen();
+        scr.find(new Image(scr.userCapture("grab something to find"))).highlight(3);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+          popup("Uuups :-(\n" + ex.getMessage(), rt.fSxBaseJar.getName());
+        }
+        popup("Hello World\nNothing else to do ( yet ;-)", rt.fSxBaseJar.getName());
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+      rt.terminate(1,"Sikulix::main: nothing to test");
+    }
+  }
+  
+  private static boolean addFromProject(String project, String aJar) {
+    File aFile = null;
+    if (rt.fSxProject == null) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      aFile = new File(rt.fSxProject, project);
+    }
+    aFile = new File(aFile, "target/" + aJar);
+    return rt.addToClasspath(aFile.getAbsolutePath());
+  }
+
+  public static boolean isRunningFromJar() {
+    return runningFromJar;
+  }
+
+  public static String getJarPath() {
+    return jarPath;
+  }
+
+  public static String getJarParentPath() {
+    return jarParentPath;
+  }
+
+  private static boolean runningSikulixapi = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   *
+   * @return the value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   */
+  public static boolean isRunningSikulixapi() {
+    return runningSikulixapi;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   *
+   * @param runningAPI new value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   */
+  public static void setRunningSikulixapi(boolean runningAPI) {
+    runningSikulixapi = runningAPI;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * call this, to initialize Sikuli up to useability
+   *
+   * @return the primary screen object or null if headless
+   */
+  public static Screen init() {
+    if (!canRun()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+//TODO collect initializations here
+    Mouse.init();
+    Keys.init();
+    return new Screen();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Can SikuliX be run on this machine?
+   *
+   * @return true if not running headless false otherwise
+   */
+  public static boolean canRun() {
+    return !RunTime.get().isHeadless();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: convenience function: runs {@link #cleanUp(int)}, prints a message endNormal and terminates with
+   * returncode
+   *
+   * @param n
+   */
+  public static void endNormal(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "endNormal: %d", n);
+    cleanUp(n);
+    System.exit(n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: convenience function: runs {@link #cleanUp(int)}, prints a message endWarning and terminates with
+   * returncode
+   *
+   * @param n returncode
+   */
+  public static void endWarning(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "endWarning: %d", n);
+    cleanUp(n);
+    System.exit(n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: convenience function: runs {@link #cleanUp(int)}, prints a message endError and terminates with
+   * returncode
+   *
+   * @param n
+   */
+  public static void endError(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "endError: %d", n);
+    cleanUp(n);
+    System.exit(n);
+  }
+
+  public static void terminate(int n) {
+    String msg = "***** Terminating SikuliX Setup after a fatal error"
+            + (n == 0 ? "*****\n" : " %d *****\n")
+            + "SikuliX is not useable!\n"
+            + "Check the error log at " + Debug.logfile;
+    if (Settings.runningSetup) {
+      if (Settings.noPupUps) {
+        log(-1, msg, n);
+      } else {
+        popError(String.format(msg, n));
+      }
+    } else {
+      Debug.error("***** Terminating SikuliX after a fatal error"
+              + (n == 0 ? "*****\n" : " %d *****\n")
+              + "It makes no sense to continue!\n"
+              + "If you do not have any idea about the error cause or solution, run again\n"
+              + "with a Debug level of 3. You might paste the output to the Q&A board.", n);
+      cleanUp(0);
+    }
+    System.exit(1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: resets stateful Sikuli X features: ScreenHighlighter, Observing, Mouse, Key, Hotkeys When in IDE:
+   * resets selected options to defaults (TODO)
+   *
+   * @param n returncode
+   */
+  public static void cleanUp(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "cleanUp: %d", n);
+    ScreenHighlighter.closeAll();
+    Observing.cleanUp();
+    Mouse.reset();
+    //TODO move to class Keys after implementation
+    Screen.getPrimaryScreen().getRobot().keyUp();
+    //TODO what about remote screen sessions????
+    HotkeyManager.reset();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: used in setup: tests basic SikulixUtil features
+   *
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public static boolean testSetup() {
+    return doTestSetup("Java API", false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: used in setup: tests basic SikulixUtil features
+   *
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public static boolean testSetup(String src) {
+    return doTestSetup(src, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: used in setup: tests basic SikulixUtil features
+   *
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public static boolean testSetupSilent() {
+    Settings.noPupUps = true;
+    return doTestSetup("Java API", true);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean doTestSetup(String testSetupSource, boolean silent) {
+    Region r = Region.create(0, 0, 100, 100);
+    Image img = new Image(r.getScreen().capture(r).getImage());
+    Pattern p = new Pattern(img);
+    Finder f = new Finder(img);
+    boolean success = (null != f.find(p));
+    log(lvl, "testSetup: Finder setup with image %s", (!success ? "did not work" : "worked"));
+    if (success &= f.hasNext()) {
+      success = (null != f.find(img.asFile()));
+      log(lvl, "testSetup: Finder setup with image file %s", (!success ? "did not work" : "worked"));
+      success &= f.hasNext();
+      String screenFind = "Screen.find(imagefile)";
+      try {
+        ((Screen) r.getScreen()).find(img.asFile());
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: %s worked", screenFind);
+        screenFind = "repeated Screen.find(imagefile)";
+        ((Screen) r.getScreen()).find(img.asFile());
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: %s worked", screenFind);
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: %s did not work", screenFind);
+        success = false;
+      }
+    }
+    if (success) {
+      if (!silent) {
+        popup("Hallo from Sikulix.testSetup: " + testSetupSource + "\n"
+                + "SikuliX seems to be working!\n\nHave fun!");
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: Finder.find: worked");
+      } else {
+        System.out.println("[info] RunSetup: Sikulix.testSetup: Java Sikuli seems to be working!");
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "testSetup: last Screen/Finder.find: did not work");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  public static boolean addToClasspath(String jar) {
+    return RunTime.get().addToClasspath(jar);
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  public static boolean isOnClasspath(String artefact) {
+    return null != RunTime.get().isOnClasspath(artefact);
+  }
+
+  public static String run(String cmdline) {
+    return run(new String[]{cmdline});
+  }
+
+  public static String run(String[] cmd) {
+    return ResourceLoader.get().runcmd(cmd);
+  }
+
+  public static void popError(String message) {
+    popError(message, "Sikuli");
+  }
+
+  public static void popError(String message, String title) {
+    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, title, JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * request user's input as one line of text <br>
+   * with hidden = true: <br>
+   * the dialog works as password input (input text hidden as bullets) <br>
+   * take care to destroy the return value as soon as possible (internally the password is deleted on return)
+   *
+   * @param msg
+   * @param preset
+   * @param title
+   * @param hidden
+   * @return the text entered
+   */
+  public static String input(String msg, String preset, String title, boolean hidden) {
+    if (!hidden) {
+      if ("".equals(title)) {
+        title = "Sikuli input request";
+      }
+      return (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, msg, title, JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE, null, null, preset);
+    } else {
+      preset = "";
+      JTextArea tm = new JTextArea(msg);
+      tm.setColumns(20);
+      tm.setLineWrap(true);
+      tm.setWrapStyleWord(true);
+      tm.setEditable(false);
+      tm.setBackground(new JLabel().getBackground());
+      JPasswordField pw = new JPasswordField(preset);
+      JPanel pnl = new JPanel();
+      pnl.setLayout(new BoxLayout(pnl, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
+      pnl.add(pw);
+      pnl.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
+      pnl.add(tm);
+      if (0 == JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, pnl, title, JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION)) {
+        char[] pwc = pw.getPassword();
+        String pwr = "";
+        for (int i = 0; i < pwc.length; i++) {
+          pwr = pwr + pwc[i];
+          pwc[i] = 0;
+        }
+        return pwr;
+      } else {
+        return "";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, String title, boolean hidden) {
+    return input(msg, "", title, hidden);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, boolean hidden) {
+    return input(msg, "", "", hidden);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, String preset, String title) {
+    return input(msg, preset, title, false);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, String preset) {
+    return input(msg, preset, "", false);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg) {
+    return input(msg, "", "", false);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean popAsk(String msg) {
+    return popAsk(msg, null);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean popAsk(String msg, String title) {
+    if (title == null) {
+      title = "... something to decide!";
+    }
+    int ret = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, msg, title, JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION);
+    if (ret == JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION || ret == JOptionPane.NO_OPTION) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static void popup(String message) {
+    popup(message, "Sikuli");
+  }
+
+  public static void popup(String message, String title) {
+    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, title, JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String[] options, String preset) {
+    return popSelect(msg, null, options, preset);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String[] options) {
+    if (options.length == 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    return popSelect(msg, null, options, options[0]);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String title, String[] options) {
+    if (options.length == 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    return popSelect(msg, title, options, options[0]);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String title, String[] options, String preset) {
+    if (title == null || "".equals(title)) {
+      title = "... something to select!";
+    }
+    if (options.length == 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    if (preset == null) {
+      preset = options[0];
+    }
+    return (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, msg, title, JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE, null, options, preset);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Shows a dialog request to enter text in a multiline text field <br>
+   * Though not all text might be visible, everything entered is delivered with the returned text <br>
+   * The main purpose for this feature is to allow pasting text from somewhere preserving line breaks <br>
+   *
+   * @param msg the message to display.
+   * @param title the title for the dialog (default: Sikuli input request)
+   * @param lines the maximum number of lines visible in the text field (default 9)
+   * @param width the maximum number of characters visible in one line (default 20)
+   * @return The user's input including the line breaks.
+   */
+  public static String inputText(String msg, String title, int lines, int width) {
+    width = Math.max(20, width);
+    lines = Math.max(9, lines);
+    if ("".equals(title)) {
+      title = "Sikuli input request";
+    }
+    JTextArea ta = new JTextArea("");
+    int w = width * ta.getFontMetrics(ta.getFont()).charWidth('m');
+    int h = (int) (lines * ta.getFontMetrics(ta.getFont()).getHeight());
+    ta.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(w, h));
+    ta.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(w, 2 * h));
+    JScrollPane sp = new JScrollPane(ta);
+    sp.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER);
+    JTextArea tm = new JTextArea(msg);
+    tm.setColumns(width);
+    tm.setLineWrap(true);
+    tm.setWrapStyleWord(true);
+    tm.setEditable(false);
+    tm.setBackground(new JLabel().getBackground());
+    JPanel pnl = new JPanel();
+    pnl.setLayout(new BoxLayout(pnl, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
+    pnl.add(sp);
+    pnl.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
+    pnl.add(tm);
+    pnl.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
+    if (0 == JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, pnl, title, JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION)) {
+      return ta.getText();
+    } else {
+      return "";
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void pause(int time) {
+    try {
+      Thread.sleep(time * 1000);
+    } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void pause(float time) {
+    try {
+      Thread.sleep((int) (time * 1000));
+    } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static boolean importPrefs(String path) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static String arrayToString(String[] args) {
+    String ret = "";
+    for (String s : args) {
+      if (s.contains(" ")) {
+        s = "\"" + s + "\"";
+      }
+      ret += s + " ";
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean exportPrefs(String path) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store a key-value-pair in Javas persistent preferences storage that is used by SikuliX to save settings and
+   * information between IDE sessions<br>
+   * this allows, to easily make some valuable information persistent
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item
+   * @param value item content
+   */
+  public static void prefStore(String key, String value) {
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().put(prefNonSikuli + key, value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * retrieve the value of a previously stored a key-value-pair from Javas persistent preferences storage that is used
+   * by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item
+   * @return the item content or empty string if not stored yet
+   */
+  public static String prefLoad(String key) {
+    return PreferencesUser.getInstance().get(prefNonSikuli + key, "");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * retrieve the value of a previously stored a key-value-pair from Javas persistent preferences storage that is used
+   * by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item
+   * @param value the item content or the given value if not stored yet (default)
+   * @return the item content or the given default
+   */
+  public static String prefLoad(String key, String value) {
+    return PreferencesUser.getInstance().get(prefNonSikuli + key, value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * permanently remove the previously stored key-value-pair having the given key from Javas persistent preferences
+   * storage that is used by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item to permanently remove
+   * @return the item content that would be returned by prefLoad(key)
+   */
+  public static String prefRemove(String key) {
+    String val = prefLoad(key);
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().remove(prefNonSikuli + key);
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * permanently remove all previously stored key-value-pairs (by prefsStore()) from Javas persistent preferences
+   * storage that is used by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   */
+  public static void prefRemove() {
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().removeAll(prefNonSikuli);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `scr.userCapture("grab something to find")` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `Image(...)` at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Sikulix.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.script.Sikulix.main(java.lang.String[]):void.a4bc8b2c8be83782f8726e015b22a8e2
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/script/Sikulix.java
+
+### Key:
+Sikulix.java|main|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+76cd470d1554883dec93cf214c5154a8
+
+### Hash:
+017dfc28ad7bb35a7cb7ba5b54942ebf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4513/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4513/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..04853f8b19d51fc1eda7ce21f2cfc958bb878165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4513/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2015, Sikuli.org, sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * RaiMan 2015
+ */
+package org.sikuli.script;
+
+import java.awt.GraphicsEnvironment;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLClassLoader;
+import java.security.CodeSource;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.prefs.Preferences;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.basics.FileManager;
+import org.sikuli.basics.ResourceLoader;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+import org.sikuli.basics.SysJNA;
+
+/**
+ * INTERNAL USE: Intended to concentrate all, that is needed at startup of sikulix or sikulixapi
+ */
+public class RunTime {
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="logging">
+  private final String me = "RunTime%s: ";
+  private int lvl = 3;
+  private int minLvl = lvl;
+  private static String preLogMessages = "";
+
+  private void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, String.format(me, runType) + message, args);
+  }
+
+  private void logp(String message, Object... args) {
+    if (runningWinApp) {
+      log(0, message, args);
+    } else {
+      System.out.println(String.format(message, args));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void logp(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    if (level <= Debug.getDebugLevel()) {
+      logp(message, args);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void terminate(int retval, String message, Object... args) {
+    log(-1, "*** terminating: " + message, args);
+    System.exit(retval);
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="instance">
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE
+   */
+  private RunTime() {
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE to initialize the runtime environment for SikuliX<br>
+   * for public use: use RunTime.get() to get the existing instance
+   *
+   * @param typ IDE or API
+   * @return the RunTime singleton instance
+   */
+  public static synchronized RunTime get(Type typ) {
+    if (runTime == null) {
+      runTime = new RunTime();
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="versions">
+    String vJava = System.getProperty("java.runtime.version");
+    String vVM = System.getProperty("java.vm.version");
+    String vClass = System.getProperty("java.class.version");
+    String vSysArch = System.getProperty("os.arch");
+    runTime.javaVersion = Integer.parseInt(vJava.substring(2, 3));
+    if (vSysArch.contains("64")) {
+      runTime.javaArch = 64;
+    }
+
+    runTime.javaShow = String.format("java %d-%d version %s vm %s class %s arch %s",
+            runTime.javaVersion, runTime.javaArch, vJava, vVM, vClass, vSysArch);
+
+    if (Debug.getDebugLevel() > runTime.minLvl) {
+      runTime.dumpSysProps();
+    }
+
+    runTime.osVersion = runTime.osVersionSysProp;
+    String os = runTime.osNameSysProp.toLowerCase();
+    if (os.startsWith("windows")) {
+      runTime.runningOn = theSystem.WIN;
+      runTime.sysName = "windows";
+      runTime.osName = "Windows";
+      runTime.runningWindows = true;
+    } else if (os.startsWith("mac")) {
+      runTime.runningOn = theSystem.MAC;
+      runTime.sysName = "mac";
+      runTime.osName = "Mac OSX";
+      runTime.runningMac = true;
+    } else if (os.startsWith("linux")) {
+      runTime.runningOn = theSystem.LUX;
+      runTime.sysName = "linux";
+      runTime.osName = "Linux";
+      runTime.runningLinux = true;
+    } else {
+      runTime.terminate(-1, "running on not supported System: %s (%s)", os, runTime.osVersion);
+    }
+//</editor-fold>
+      
+      debugLevelSaved = Debug.getDebugLevel();
+      debugLogfileSaved = Debug.logfile;
+      runTime.loadOptions(typ);
+      int dl = runTime.getOptionNumber("debug.level");
+      if (dl > 0 && Debug.getDebugLevel() < 2) {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(dl);
+      }
+      if (Type.SETUP.equals(typ)) {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(3);
+      }
+      if (Debug.getDebugLevel() > 1) {
+        runTime.dumpOptions();
+      }
+
+      Settings.init(); // force Settings initialization
+      runTime.initSikulixOptions();
+
+      runTime.init(typ);
+      if (Type.IDE.equals(typ)) {
+        runTime.initIDEbefore();
+        runTime.initAPI();
+        runTime.initIDEafter();
+      } else {
+        runTime.initAPI();
+        if (Type.SETUP.equals(typ)) {
+          runTime.initSetup();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (testingWinApp && !runTime.runningWindows) {
+      runTime.terminate(1, "***** for testing winapp: not running on Windows");
+    }
+    return runTime;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * get the initialized RunTime singleton instance
+   *
+   * @return
+   */
+  public static synchronized RunTime get() {
+    if (runTime == null) {
+      return get(Type.API);
+    }
+    return runTime;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE get a new initialized RunTime singleton instance
+   *
+   * @return
+   */
+  public static synchronized RunTime reset(Type typ) {
+    if (runTime != null) {
+      preLogMessages += "RunTime: resetting RunTime instance;";
+      if (Sikulix.testNumber == 1) {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(debugLevelSaved);
+      }
+      Debug.setLogFile(debugLogfileSaved);
+      runTime = null;
+    }
+    return get(typ);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE get a new initialized RunTime singleton instance
+   *
+   * @return
+   */
+  public static synchronized RunTime reset() {
+    return reset(Type.API);
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="variables">
+  public enum Type {
+
+    IDE, API, SETUP, INIT
+  }
+
+  private enum theSystem {
+
+    WIN, MAC, LUX, FOO
+  }
+
+  private static RunTime runTime = null;
+  private static int debugLevelSaved;
+  private static String debugLogfileSaved;
+  public static boolean testing = false;
+  public static boolean testingWinApp = false;
+
+  private Type runType = Type.INIT;
+
+  public String sxBuild = "";
+  public String sxBuildStamp = "";
+  public String jreVersion = java.lang.System.getProperty("java.runtime.version");
+  public Preferences optionsIDE = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(Sikulix.class);
+  public ClassLoader classLoader = RunTime.class.getClassLoader();
+  public String baseJar = "";
+  public String userName = "";
+  public String BaseTempPath = "";
+
+  private Class clsRef = RunTime.class;
+  private List<URL> classPath = new ArrayList<URL>();
+  public File fTempPath = null;
+  public File fBaseTempPath = null;
+  public File fLibsFolder = null;
+  public String fpJarLibs = "/sikulixlibs/";
+  boolean areLibsExported = false;
+  private Map<String, Boolean> libsLoaded = new HashMap<String, Boolean>();
+  public File fUserDir = null;
+  public File fWorkDir = null;
+  public File fTestFolder = null;
+  public File fTestFile = null;
+
+  private File fOptions = null;
+  private Properties options = null;
+  private String fnOptions = "SikulixOptions.txt";
+
+  public File fSxBase = null;
+  public File fSxBaseJar = null;
+  public File fSxProject = null;
+  public String fpContent = "sikulixcontent";
+
+  public boolean runningJar = true;
+  public boolean runningWindows = false;
+  public boolean runningMac = false;
+  public boolean runningLinux = false;
+  public boolean runningWinApp = false;
+  public boolean runningMacApp = false;
+  private theSystem runningOn = theSystem.FOO;
+  private final String osNameSysProp = System.getProperty("os.name");
+  private final String osVersionSysProp = System.getProperty("os.version");
+  public String javaShow = "not-set";
+  public int javaArch = 32;
+  public int javaVersion = 0;
+  public String osName = "NotKnown";
+  public String sysName = "NotKnown";
+  public String osVersion = "";
+  private String appType = null;
+
+//</editor-fold>
+  
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="global init">
+  private void init(Type typ) {
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="general">
+    if ("winapp".equals(getOption("testing"))) {
+      log(lvl, "***** for testing: simulating WinApp");
+      testingWinApp = true;
+    }
+    for (String line : preLogMessages.split(";")) {
+      if (!line.isEmpty()) {
+        log(lvl, line);
+      }
+    }
+    log(lvl, "global init: entering as: %s", typ);
+
+    sxBuild = SikuliVersionBuild;
+    sxBuildStamp = sxBuild.replace("_", "").replace("-", "").replace(":", "").substring(0, 12);
+
+    if (System.getProperty("user.name") != null) {
+      userName = System.getProperty("user.name");
+    }
+    if (userName.isEmpty()) {
+      userName = "unknown";
+    }
+
+    String tmpdir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+    if (tmpdir != null && !tmpdir.isEmpty()) {
+      fTempPath = new File(tmpdir);
+    } else {
+      terminate(1, "init: java.io.tmpdir not valid (null or empty");
+    }
+    fBaseTempPath = new File(fTempPath, "Sikulix");
+    fBaseTempPath.mkdirs();
+    BaseTempPath = fBaseTempPath.getAbsolutePath();
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="classpath">        
+    try {
+      if (Type.IDE.equals(typ)) {
+        clsRef = Class.forName("org.sikuli.ide.SikuliIDE");
+      } else if (Type.SETUP.equals(typ)) {
+        clsRef = Class.forName("org.sikuli.setup.RunSetup");
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+    }
+    CodeSource codeSrc = clsRef.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
+    String base = null;
+    if (codeSrc != null && codeSrc.getLocation() != null) {
+      base = codeSrc.getLocation().getPath();
+    }
+    appType = "from a jar";
+    if (base != null) {
+      fSxBaseJar = new File(base);
+      String jn = fSxBaseJar.getName();
+      fSxBase = fSxBaseJar.getParentFile();
+      log(lvl, "runs as %s in: %s", jn, fSxBase.getAbsolutePath());
+      if (jn.contains("classes")) {
+        runningJar = false;
+        fSxProject = fSxBase.getParentFile().getParentFile();
+        log(lvl, "not jar - supposing Maven project: %s", fSxProject);
+        appType = "in Maven project from classes";
+      } else if ("target".equals(fSxBase.getName())) {
+        fSxProject = fSxBase.getParentFile().getParentFile();
+        log(lvl, "folder target detected - supposing Maven project: %s", fSxProject);
+        appType = "in Maven project from some jar";
+      } else {
+        if (runningWindows) {
+          if (jn.endsWith(".exe")) {
+            runningWinApp = true;
+            runningJar = false;
+            appType = "as application .exe";
+          }
+        } else if (runningMac) {
+          if (fSxBase.getAbsolutePath().contains("SikuliX.app/Content")) {
+            runningMacApp = true;
+            appType = "as application .app";
+            if (!fSxBase.getAbsolutePath().startsWith("/Applications")) {
+              appType += " (not from /Applications folder)";
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      terminate(1, "no valid Java context for SikuliX available (java.security.CodeSource.getLocation() is null)");
+    }
+//</editor-fold>
+    
+    if (!Type.SETUP.equals(typ)) {
+      libsExport(typ);
+    }
+
+    runType = typ;
+    if (Debug.getDebugLevel() == minLvl) {
+      show();
+    }
+    log(lvl, "global init: leaving");
+  }
+  
+  class LibsFilter implements FilenameFilter {  
+    String sAccept = "";    
+    public LibsFilter(String toAccept) {
+      sAccept = toAccept;
+    }
+    @Override
+    public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+      if (dir.getPath().contains(sAccept)) return true;
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+  
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="libs export">
+  private void libsExport(Type typ) {
+    boolean shouldExport = false;
+    URL uLibsFrom = null;
+    fLibsFolder = new File(fTempPath, "SikulixLibs_" + sxBuildStamp);
+    if (testing) {
+      logp("***** for testing: delete libsfolder");
+      FileManager.deleteFileOrFolder(fLibsFolder);
+    }
+    if (!fLibsFolder.exists()) {
+      fLibsFolder.mkdirs();
+      if (!fLibsFolder.exists()) {
+        terminate(1, "libs folder not available: " + fLibsFolder.toString());
+      }
+      log(lvl, "new libs folder at: %s", fLibsFolder);
+      String[] fpList = fTempPath.list(new FilenameFilter() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+          if (name.contains("SikulixLibs")) {
+            return true;
+          }
+          return false;
+        }
+      });
+      if (fpList.length > 1) {
+        log(lvl, "deleting obsolete libs folders");
+        for (String entry : fpList) {
+          if (entry.endsWith(sxBuildStamp)) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          FileManager.deleteFileOrFolder(new File(fTempPath, entry));
+        }
+      }
+      shouldExport = true;
+    } 
+    log(lvl, "exists libs folder at: %s", fLibsFolder);
+    if (!checkLibs(fLibsFolder)) {
+      FileManager.deleteFileOrFolder(fLibsFolder);
+      fLibsFolder.mkdirs();
+      shouldExport = true;
+      if (!fLibsFolder.exists()) {
+        terminate(1, "libs folder not available: " + fLibsFolder.toString());
+      }
+    }
+    if (shouldExport) {
+      String sysShort = "win";
+      if (!runningWinApp && !testingWinApp) {
+        sysShort = runningOn.toString().toLowerCase();
+        fpJarLibs += sysName + "/libs" + javaArch;        
+      } else {
+        fpJarLibs += "windows";
+      }      
+      String fpLibsFrom = "";
+      if (runningJar) {
+        fpLibsFrom = fSxBaseJar.getAbsolutePath();
+      } else {
+          String fSrcFolder = typ.toString();
+          if (Type.SETUP.toString().equals(fSrcFolder)) {
+            fSrcFolder = "Setup";
+          }
+          fpLibsFrom = fSxBaseJar.getPath().replace(fSrcFolder, "Libs" + sysShort) + "/";
+      }
+      boolean shouldAddLibsJar = false;
+      if (testing && !runningJar) {
+        if (testingWinApp || testSwitch()) {
+          logp("***** for testing: exporting from classes");
+        } else {
+          
+          logp("***** for testing: exporting from jar");
+          shouldAddLibsJar = true;
+        }
+      }
+      if (shouldAddLibsJar || (fSxProject != null && RunTime.Type.SETUP.equals(typ))) {
+        fpLibsFrom = new File(fSxProject,
+                String.format("Libs%s/target/sikulixlibs%s-1.1.0.jar", sysShort, sysShort)).getAbsolutePath();
+      }
+      log(lvl, "now exporting libs");
+      if (!fpLibsFrom.isEmpty()) {
+        addToClasspath(fpLibsFrom);
+      }
+      uLibsFrom = clsRef.getResource(fpJarLibs);
+      if (testing || uLibsFrom == null) {
+        dumpClassPath();
+      }
+      if (uLibsFrom == null) {
+        terminate(1, "libs to export not found on above classpath: " + fpJarLibs);
+      }
+      log(lvl, "libs to export are at:\n%s", uLibsFrom);
+      if (runningWinApp || testingWinApp) {
+        String libsAccepted = "libs" + javaArch;
+        extractResourcesToFolder(fpJarLibs, fLibsFolder, new LibsFilter(libsAccepted));
+        File fCurrentLibs = new File(fLibsFolder, libsAccepted);
+        if (FileManager.xcopy(fCurrentLibs, fLibsFolder)) {
+          FileManager.deleteFileOrFolder(fCurrentLibs);
+        } else {
+          terminate(1, "could not create libs folder for Windows --- see log");
+        }
+      } else {
+        extractResourcesToFolder(fpJarLibs, fLibsFolder, null);
+      }
+    }
+    for (String aFile : fLibsFolder.list()) {
+      libsLoaded.put(aFile, false);
+    }
+    if (runningWindows) {
+      if (!addToWindowsSystemPath(fLibsFolder)) {
+        terminate(1, "Problems setting up on Windows - see errors");
+      }
+    }
+    areLibsExported = true;
+  }
+//</editor-fold>  
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="init for IDE">
+  private File isRunning = null;
+  private FileOutputStream isRunningFile = null;
+
+  private void initIDEbefore() {
+    log(lvl, "initIDEbefore: entering");
+    Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        log(lvl, "final cleanup");
+        if (isRunning != null) {
+          try {
+            isRunningFile.close();
+          } catch (IOException ex) {
+          }
+          isRunning.delete();
+        }
+        FileManager.cleanTemp();
+      }
+    });
+
+    new File(BaseTempPath).mkdirs();
+    isRunning = new File(BaseTempPath, "sikuli-ide-isrunning");
+    try {
+      isRunning.createNewFile();
+      isRunningFile = new FileOutputStream(isRunning);
+      if (null == isRunningFile.getChannel().tryLock()) {
+        Sikulix.popError("Terminating on FatalError: IDE already running");
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      Sikulix.popError("Terminating on FatalError: cannot access IDE lock for/n" + isRunning);
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (jreVersion.startsWith("1.6")) {
+      String jyversion = "";
+      Properties prop = new Properties();
+      String fp = "org/python/version.properties";
+      InputStream ifp = null;
+      try {
+        ifp = classLoader.getResourceAsStream(fp);
+        if (ifp != null) {
+          prop.load(ifp);
+          ifp.close();
+          jyversion = prop.getProperty("jython.version");
+        }
+      } catch (IOException ex) {
+      }
+      if (!jyversion.isEmpty() && !jyversion.startsWith("2.5")) {
+        Sikulix.popError(String.format("The bundled Jython %s\n"
+                + "cannot be used on Java 6!\n"
+                + "Run setup again in this environment.\n"
+                + "Click OK to terminate now", jyversion));
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Settings.isRunningIDE = true;
+
+    if (runningMac) {
+      System.setProperty("apple.laf.useScreenMenuBar", "true");
+      if (!runningMacApp) {
+        if (!Sikulix.popAsk("This use of SikuliX is not supported\n"
+                + "and might lead to misbehavior!\n"
+                + "Click YES to continue (you should be sure)\n"
+                + "Click NO to terminate and check the situation.")) {
+          System.exit(1);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    log(lvl, "initIDEbefore: leaving");
+  }
+
+  private void initIDEafter() {
+//    log(lvl, "initIDEafter: entering");
+//    log(lvl, "initIDEafter: leaving");
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="init for API">
+  private void initAPI() {
+//    log(lvl, "initAPI: entering");
+//    log(lvl, "initAPI: leaving");
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="init for Setup">
+  private void initSetup() {
+//    log(lvl, "initSetup: entering");
+//    log(lvl, "initSetup: leaving");
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="helpers">
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: to check whether we are running in compiled classes context
+   *
+   * @return true if the code source location is a folder ending with classes (Maven convention)
+   */
+  public boolean isRunningFromJar() {
+    return runningJar;
+  }
+
+  public void show() {
+    if (hasOptions()) {
+      dumpOptions();
+    }
+    logp("***** show environment for %s", runType);
+    logp("user.home: %s", fUserDir);
+    logp("user.dir (work dir): %s", fWorkDir);
+    logp("user.name: %s", userName);
+    logp("java.io.tmpdir: %s", fTempPath);
+    logp("running %dBit on %s (%s) %s", javaArch, osName, osVersion, appType);
+    logp(javaShow);
+    logp("libs folder: %s", fLibsFolder);
+    if (runningJar) {
+      logp("executing jar: %s", fSxBaseJar);
+    }
+    if (Debug.getDebugLevel() > minLvl - 1) {
+      dumpClassPath("sikulix");
+    }
+    logp("***** show environment end");
+  }
+
+  public boolean testSwitch() {
+    if (0 == (new Date().getTime() / 10000) % 2) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  
+  public String getVersionShortBasic() {
+    return sversion.substring(0, 3);
+  }
+
+  public String getVersionShort() {
+    if (SikuliVersionBetaN > 0 && SikuliVersionBetaN < 99) {
+      return bversion;
+    } else {
+      return sversion;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public String getSystemInfo() {
+    return String.format("%s/%s/%s", SikuliVersionLong, SikuliSystemVersion, SikuliJavaVersion);
+  }
+
+  public boolean isVersionRelease() {
+    return SikuliVersionType.isEmpty();
+  }
+
+  public String getVersion() {
+    return SikuliVersion;
+  }
+  
+  public void getStatus() {
+    System.out.println("***** System Information Dump *****");
+    System.out.println(String.format("*** SystemInfo\n%s", getSystemInfo()));
+    System.getProperties().list(System.out);
+    System.out.println("*** System Environment");
+    for (String key : System.getenv().keySet()) {
+      System.out.println(String.format("%s = %s", key, System.getenv(key)));
+    }
+    System.out.println("*** Java Class Path");
+    URLClassLoader sysLoader = (URLClassLoader) ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+    URL[] urls = sysLoader.getURLs();
+    for (int i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
+      System.out.println(String.format("%d: %s", i, urls[i]));
+    }
+    System.out.println("***** System Information Dump ***** end *****");
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="native libs handling">
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: load a native library from the libs folder
+   *
+   * @param libname name of library without prefix/suffix/ending
+   */
+  public static void loadLibrary(String libname) {
+    RunTime.get().loadLib(libname);
+  }
+
+  private boolean loadLib(String libName) {
+    if (!areLibsExported) {
+      libsExport(runType);
+    }
+    if (!areLibsExported) {
+      terminate(1, "loadLib: deferred exporting of libs did not work");
+    }
+    if (runningWindows) {
+      libName += ".dll";
+    } else if (runningMac) {
+      libName = "lib" + libName + ".dylib";
+    } else if (runningLinux) {
+      libName = "lib" + libName + ".so";
+    }
+    File fLib = new File(fLibsFolder, libName);
+    Boolean vLib = libsLoaded.get(libName);
+    if (vLib == null || !fLib.exists()) {
+      terminate(1, String.format("lib: %s not available in %s", libName, fLibsFolder));
+    }
+    String msg = "loadLib: %s";
+    int level = lvl;
+    if (vLib) {
+      level++;
+      msg += " already loaded";
+    }
+    log(level, msg, libName);
+    if (vLib) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    try {
+      System.load(new File(fLibsFolder, libName).getAbsolutePath());
+    } catch (Error e) {
+      log(-1, "Problematic lib: %s (...TEMP...)", fLib);
+      log(-1, "%s loaded, but it might be a problem with needed dependent libraries\nERROR: %s",
+              libName, e.getMessage().replace(fLib.getAbsolutePath(), "...TEMP..."));
+      terminate(1, "problem with native library: " + libName);
+    }
+    libsLoaded.put(libName, true);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private boolean checkLibs(File flibsFolder) {
+    // 1.1-MadeForSikuliX64M.txt
+    String name = String.format("1.1-MadeForSikuliX%d%s.txt", javaArch, runningOn.toString().substring(0, 1));
+    if (!new File(flibsFolder, name).exists()) {
+      log(lvl, "libs folder empty or has wrong content");
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private boolean addToWindowsSystemPath(File fLibsFolder) {
+    String syspath = SysJNA.WinKernel32.getEnvironmentVariable("PATH");
+    if (syspath == null) {
+      terminate(1, "addToWindowsSystemPath: cannot access system path");
+    } else {
+      String libsPath = (fLibsFolder.getAbsolutePath()).replaceAll("/", "\\");
+      if (!syspath.toUpperCase().contains(libsPath.toUpperCase())) {
+        if (!SysJNA.WinKernel32.setEnvironmentVariable("PATH", libsPath + ";" + syspath)) {
+          Sikulix.terminate(999);
+        }
+        syspath = SysJNA.WinKernel32.getEnvironmentVariable("PATH");
+        if (!syspath.toUpperCase().contains(libsPath.toUpperCase())) {
+          log(-1, "addToWindowsSystemPath: adding to system path did not work:\n%s", syspath);
+          terminate(1, "addToWindowsSystemPath: did not work - see error");
+        }
+        log(lvl, "addToWindowsSystemPath: added to systempath:\n%s", libsPath);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!checkJavaUsrPath(fLibsFolder)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private boolean checkJavaUsrPath(File fLibsFolder) {
+    String fpLibsFolder = fLibsFolder.getAbsolutePath();
+    Field usrPathsField = null;
+    boolean contained = false;
+    try {
+      usrPathsField = ClassLoader.class.getDeclaredField("usr_paths");
+    } catch (NoSuchFieldException ex) {
+      log(-1, "checkJavaUsrPath: get\n%s", ex);
+    } catch (SecurityException ex) {
+      log(-1, "checkJavaUsrPath: get\n%s", ex);
+    }
+    if (usrPathsField != null) {
+      usrPathsField.setAccessible(true);
+      try {
+        //get array of paths
+        String[] javapaths = (String[]) usrPathsField.get(null);
+        //check if the path to add is already present
+        for (String p : javapaths) {
+          if (new File(p).equals(fLibsFolder)) {
+            contained = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        //add the new path
+        if (!contained) {
+          final String[] newPaths = Arrays.copyOf(javapaths, javapaths.length + 1);
+          newPaths[newPaths.length - 1] = fpLibsFolder;
+          usrPathsField.set(null, newPaths);
+          log(lvl, "checkJavaUsrPath: added to ClassLoader.usrPaths");
+          contained = true;
+        }
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
+        log(-1, "checkJavaUsrPath: set\n%s", ex);
+      } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+        log(-1, "checkJavaUsrPath: set\n%s", ex);
+      }
+      return contained;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="options handling">
+  private void loadOptions(Type typ) {
+
+    String tmpdir = System.getProperty("user.home");
+    if (tmpdir != null && !tmpdir.isEmpty()) {
+      fUserDir = new File(tmpdir);
+    } else {
+      fUserDir = new File(fTempPath, "SikuliXuser_" + userName);
+      FileManager.resetFolder(runTime.fUserDir);
+      log(-1, "init: user.home not valid (null or empty) - using empty:\n%s", fUserDir);
+    }
+    fTestFolder = new File(fUserDir, "SikulixTest");
+    fTestFile = new File(fTestFolder, "SikulixTest.txt");
+
+    tmpdir = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+    if (tmpdir != null && !tmpdir.isEmpty()) {
+      fWorkDir = new File(tmpdir);
+    } else {
+      fWorkDir = new File(fTempPath, "SikuliXwork");
+      FileManager.resetFolder(fWorkDir);
+      log(-1, "init: user.dir (working folder) not valid (null or empty) - using empty:\n%s", fWorkDir);
+    }
+
+    File fDebug = new File(fUserDir, "SikulixDebug.txt");
+    if (fDebug.exists()) {
+      if (Debug.getDebugLevel() == 0) {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(3);
+      }
+      Debug.setLogFile(fDebug.getAbsolutePath());
+      if (Type.IDE.equals(typ)) {
+        System.setProperty("sikuli.console", "false");
+      }
+      logp("auto-debugging with level %d into %s", Debug.getDebugLevel(), fDebug);
+    }
+
+    fOptions = new File(fWorkDir, fnOptions);
+    if (!fOptions.exists()) {
+      fOptions = new File(fUserDir, fnOptions);
+      if (!fOptions.exists()) {
+        fOptions = null;
+      }
+    }
+    if (fOptions != null) {
+      options = new Properties();
+      try {
+        InputStream is;
+        is = new FileInputStream(fOptions);
+        options.load(is);
+        is.close();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "while checking Options file: %s", fOptions);
+        fOptions = null;
+        options = null;
+      }
+      testing = isOption("testing", false);
+      if (testing) {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(3);
+      }
+      log(lvl, "found Options file at: %s", fOptions);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * NOT IMPLEMENTED YET load an options file, that is merged with an existing options store (same key overwrites value)
+   *
+   * @param fpOptions path to a file containing options
+   */
+  public void loadOptions(String fpOptions) {
+    log(-1, "loadOptions: not yet implemented");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * NOT IMPLEMENTED YET saves the current option store to a file (overwritten)
+   *
+   * @param fpOptions path to a file
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public boolean saveOptions(String fpOptions) {
+    log(-1, "saveOptions: not yet implemented");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * NOT IMPLEMENTED YET saves the current option store to the file it was created from (overwritten)
+   *
+   * @return success, false if the current store was not created from file
+   */
+  public boolean saveOptions() {
+    log(-1, "saveOptions: not yet implemented");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * CONVENIENCE: look into the option file if any (if no option file is found, the option is taken as not existing)
+   *
+   * @param pName the option key (case-sensitive)
+   * @return true only if option exists and has yes or true (not case-sensitive), in all other cases false
+   */
+  public boolean isOption(String pName) {
+    if (options == null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    String pVal = options.getProperty(pName, "false").toLowerCase();
+    if (pVal.isEmpty() || pVal.contains("yes") || pVal.contains("true")) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * CONVENIENCE: look into the option file if any (if no option file is found, the option is taken as not existing)
+   *
+   * @param pName the option key (case-sensitive)
+   * @param bDefault the default to be returned if option absent or empty
+   * @return true if option has yes or no, false for no or false (not case-sensitive)
+   */
+  public boolean isOption(String pName, Boolean bDefault) {
+    if (options == null) {
+      return bDefault;
+    }
+    String pVal = options.getProperty(pName, bDefault.toString()).toLowerCase();
+    if (pVal.isEmpty()) {
+      return bDefault;
+    } else if (pVal.contains("yes") || pVal.contains("true") || pVal.contains("on")) {
+      return true;
+    } else if (pVal.contains("no") || pVal.contains("false") || pVal.contains("off")) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * look into the option file if any (if no option file is found, the option is taken as not existing)
+   *
+   * @param pName the option key (case-sensitive)
+   * @return the associated value, empty string if absent
+   */
+  public String getOption(String pName) {
+    if (options == null) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    String pVal = options.getProperty(pName, "").toLowerCase();
+    return pVal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * look into the option file if any (if no option file is found, the option is taken as not existing)<br>
+   * side-effect: if no options file is there, an options store will be created in memory<br>
+   * in this case and when the option is absent or empty, the given default will be stored<br>
+   * you might later save the options store to a file with storeOptions()
+   *
+   * @param pName the option key (case-sensitive)
+   * @param sDefault the default to be returned if option absent or empty
+   * @return the associated value, the default value if absent or empty
+   */
+  public String getOption(String pName, String sDefault) {
+    if (options == null) {
+      options = new Properties();
+      options.setProperty(pName, sDefault);
+      return sDefault;
+    }
+    String pVal = options.getProperty(pName, sDefault).toLowerCase();
+    if (pVal.isEmpty()) {
+      options.setProperty(pName, sDefault);
+      return sDefault;
+    }
+    return pVal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store an option key-value pair, overwrites existing value<br>
+   * new option store is created if necessary and can later be saved to a file
+   *
+   * @param pName
+   * @param sValue
+   */
+  public void setOption(String pName, String sValue) {
+    if (options == null) {
+      options = new Properties();
+    }
+    options.setProperty(pName, sValue);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * CONVENIENCE: look into the option file if any (if no option file is found, the option is taken as not existing)<br>
+   * tries to convert the stored string value into an integer number (gives 0 if not possible)<br>
+   *
+   * @param pName the option key (case-sensitive)
+   * @return the converted integer number, 0 if absent or not possible
+   */
+  public int getOptionNumber(String pName) {
+    if (options == null) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    String pVal = options.getProperty(pName, "0").toLowerCase();
+    int nVal = 0;
+    try {
+      nVal = Integer.decode(pVal);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+    }
+    return nVal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * CONVENIENCE: look into the option file if any (if no option file is found, the option is taken as not existing)<br>
+   * tries to convert the stored string value into an integer number (gives 0 if not possible)<br>
+   *
+   * @param pName the option key (case-sensitive)
+   * @param nDefault the default to be returned if option absent, empty or not convertable
+   * @return the converted integer number, default if absent, empty or not possible
+   */
+  public int getOptionNumber(String pName, Integer nDefault) {
+    if (options == null) {
+      return nDefault;
+    }
+    String pVal = options.getProperty(pName, nDefault.toString()).toLowerCase();
+    int nVal = nDefault;
+    try {
+      nVal = Integer.decode(pVal);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+    }
+    return nVal;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * all options and their values
+   *
+   * @return a map of key-value pairs containing the found options, empty if no options file found
+   */
+  public Map<String, String> getOptions() {
+    Map<String, String> mapOptions = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    if (options != null) {
+      Enumeration<?> optionNames = options.propertyNames();
+      String optionName;
+      while (optionNames.hasMoreElements()) {
+        optionName = (String) optionNames.nextElement();
+        mapOptions.put(optionName, getOption(optionName));
+      }
+    }
+    return mapOptions;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * check whether options are defined
+   *
+   * @return true if at lest one option defined else false
+   */
+  public boolean hasOptions() {
+    return options != null && options.size() > 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * all options and their values written to sysout as key = value
+   */
+  public void dumpOptions() {
+    if (hasOptions()) {
+      logp("*** options dump %s", (fOptions != null ? "" : fOptions));
+      for (String sOpt : getOptions().keySet()) {
+        logp("%s = %s", sOpt, getOption(sOpt));
+      }
+      logp("*** options dump end");
+    }
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+  
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Sikulix options handling">
+  public int SikuliVersionMajor;
+	public int SikuliVersionMinor;
+	public int SikuliVersionSub;
+	public int SikuliVersionBetaN;
+	public String SikuliProjectVersionUsed = "";
+	public String SikuliProjectVersion = "";
+	public String SikuliVersionBuild;
+	public String SikuliVersionType;
+	public String SikuliVersionTypeText;
+	public String downloadBaseDirBase;
+	public String downloadBaseDirWeb;
+	public String downloadBaseDir;
+	// used for download of production versions
+	private final String dlProdLink = "https://launchpad.net/raiman/sikulix2013+/";
+	private final String dlProdLink1 = ".0";
+	private final String dlProdLink2 = "/+download/";
+	// used for download of development versions (nightly builds)
+	private final String dlDevLink = "http://nightly.sikuli.de/";
+	public String SikuliRepo;
+	public String SikuliLocalRepo = "";
+	public String[] ServerList = {"http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/42895525/SikuliX"};
+	private String sversion;
+	private String bversion;
+	public String SikuliVersionDefault;
+	public String SikuliVersionBeta;
+	public String SikuliVersionDefaultIDE;
+	public String SikuliVersionBetaIDE;
+	public String SikuliVersionDefaultScript;
+	public String SikuliVersionBetaScript;
+	public String SikuliVersion;
+	public String SikuliVersionIDE;
+	public String SikuliVersionScript;
+	public String SikuliJythonVersion;
+	public String SikuliJythonVersion25 = "2.5.4-rc1";
+	public String SikuliJythonMaven;
+	public String SikuliJythonMaven25;
+	public String SikuliJython;
+	public String SikuliJRubyVersion;
+	public String SikuliJRuby;
+	public String SikuliJRubyMaven;
+	public String dlMavenRelease = "https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/";
+	public String dlMavenSnapshot = "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/groups/public/";
+
+	public Map<String, String> tessData = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+	//TODO needed ???
+	public final String libOpenCV = "libopencv_java248";
+
+  public String SikuliVersionLong;
+  public String SikuliSystemVersion;
+  public String SikuliJavaVersion;
+  
+  private void initSikulixOptions() {
+		SikuliRepo = null;
+		Properties prop = new Properties();
+		String svf = "sikulixversion.txt";
+		try {
+			InputStream is;
+			is = clsRef.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("Settings/" + svf);
+      if (is == null) {
+        terminate(1, "initSikulixOptions: not found on classpath: %s", "Settings/" + svf);
+      }
+			prop.load(is);
+			is.close();
+			String svt = prop.getProperty("sikulixdev");
+			SikuliVersionMajor = Integer.decode(prop.getProperty("sikulixvmaj"));
+			SikuliVersionMinor = Integer.decode(prop.getProperty("sikulixvmin"));
+			SikuliVersionSub = Integer.decode(prop.getProperty("sikulixvsub"));
+			SikuliVersionBetaN = Integer.decode(prop.getProperty("sikulixbeta"));
+			String ssxbeta = "";
+			if (SikuliVersionBetaN > 0) {
+				ssxbeta = String.format("-Beta%d", SikuliVersionBetaN);
+			}
+			SikuliVersionBuild = prop.getProperty("sikulixbuild");
+			log(lvl + 1, "%s version from %s: %d.%d.%d%s build: %s", svf,
+							SikuliVersionMajor, SikuliVersionMinor, SikuliVersionSub, ssxbeta,
+							SikuliVersionBuild, svt);
+			sversion = String.format("%d.%d.%d",
+							SikuliVersionMajor, SikuliVersionMinor, SikuliVersionSub);
+			bversion = String.format("%d.%d.%d-Beta%d",
+							SikuliVersionMajor, SikuliVersionMinor, SikuliVersionSub, SikuliVersionBetaN);
+			SikuliVersionDefault = "SikuliX " + sversion;
+			SikuliVersionBeta = "Sikuli " + bversion;
+			SikuliVersionDefaultIDE = "SikulixIDE " + sversion;
+			SikuliVersionBetaIDE = "SikulixIDE " + bversion;
+			SikuliVersionDefaultScript = "SikulixScript " + sversion;
+			SikuliVersionBetaScript = "SikulixScript " + bversion;
+
+			if ("release".equals(svt)) {
+				downloadBaseDirBase = dlProdLink;
+				downloadBaseDirWeb = downloadBaseDirBase + getVersionShortBasic() + dlProdLink1;
+				downloadBaseDir = downloadBaseDirWeb + dlProdLink2;
+        SikuliVersionType = "";
+        SikuliVersionTypeText = "";
+			} else {
+				downloadBaseDirBase = dlDevLink;
+				downloadBaseDirWeb = dlDevLink;
+				downloadBaseDir = dlDevLink;
+        SikuliVersionTypeText = "nightly";
+        SikuliVersionBuild += SikuliVersionTypeText;
+        SikuliVersionType = svt;
+			}
+			if (SikuliVersionBetaN > 0) {
+				SikuliVersion = SikuliVersionBeta;
+				SikuliVersionIDE = SikuliVersionBetaIDE;
+				SikuliVersionScript = SikuliVersionBetaScript;
+        SikuliVersionLong = bversion + "(" + SikuliVersionBuild + ")";
+			} else {
+				SikuliVersion = SikuliVersionDefault;
+				SikuliVersionIDE = SikuliVersionDefaultIDE;
+				SikuliVersionScript = SikuliVersionDefaultScript;
+        SikuliVersionLong = sversion + "(" + SikuliVersionBuild + ")";
+			}
+			SikuliProjectVersionUsed = prop.getProperty("sikulixvused");
+			SikuliProjectVersion = prop.getProperty("sikulixvproject");
+      String osn = "UnKnown";
+      String os = System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase();
+      if (os.startsWith("mac")) {
+        osn = "Mac";
+      } else if (os.startsWith("windows")) {
+        osn = "Windows";
+      } else if (os.startsWith("linux")) {
+        osn = "Linux";
+      }
+
+			SikuliLocalRepo = FileManager.slashify(prop.getProperty("sikulixlocalrepo"), true);
+			SikuliJythonVersion = prop.getProperty("sikulixvjython");
+			SikuliJythonMaven = "org/python/jython-standalone/" +
+							 SikuliJythonVersion + "/jython-standalone-" + SikuliJythonVersion + ".jar";
+			SikuliJythonMaven25 = "org/python/jython-standalone/" +
+							 SikuliJythonVersion25 + "/jython-standalone-" + SikuliJythonVersion25 + ".jar";
+			SikuliJython = SikuliLocalRepo + SikuliJythonMaven;
+			SikuliJRubyVersion = prop.getProperty("sikulixvjruby");
+			SikuliJRubyMaven = "org/jruby/jruby-complete/" +
+							 SikuliJRubyVersion + "/jruby-complete-" + SikuliJRubyVersion + ".jar";
+			SikuliJRuby = SikuliLocalRepo + SikuliJRubyMaven;
+
+      SikuliSystemVersion = osn + System.getProperty("os.version");
+      SikuliJavaVersion = "Java" + javaVersion + "(" + javaArch + ")" + jreVersion;
+//TODO this should be in RunSetup only
+//TODO debug version: where to do in sikulixapi.jar
+//TODO need a function: reveal all environment and system information
+//      log(lvl, "%s version: downloading from %s", svt, downloadBaseDir);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			Debug.error("Settings: load version file %s did not work", svf);
+			Sikulix.terminate(999);
+		}
+		tessData.put("eng", "http://tesseract-ocr.googlecode.com/files/tesseract-ocr-3.02.eng.tar.gz");
+    Env.setSikuliVersion(SikuliVersion);
+  }
+  
+//</editor-fold>
+  
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="handling resources from classpath">
+  /**
+   * export all resource files from the given subtree on classpath to the given folder retaining the subtree<br>
+   * to export a specific file from classpath use extractResourceToFile or extractResourceToString
+   *
+   * @param fpRessources path of the subtree relative to root 
+   * @param fFolder folder where to export (if null, only list - no export)
+   * @param filter implementation of interface FilenameFilter or null for no filtering
+   * @return the filtered list of files (compact sikulixcontent format)
+   */
+  public List<String> extractResourcesToFolder(String fpRessources, File fFolder, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    List<String> content = null;
+    content = resourceList(fpRessources, filter);
+    if (content == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (fFolder == null) {
+      return content;
+    }
+    int count = 0;
+    int ecount = 0;
+    String subFolder = "";
+    if (content != null && content.size() > 0) {
+      for (String eFile : content) {
+        if (eFile == null) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (eFile.endsWith("/")) {
+          subFolder = eFile.substring(0, eFile.length() - 1);
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (!subFolder.isEmpty()) {
+          eFile = new File(subFolder, eFile).getPath();
+        }
+        if (extractResourceToFile(fpRessources, eFile, fFolder, eFile)) {
+          log(lvl + 1, "extractResourceToFile done: %s", eFile);
+          count++;
+        } else {
+          ecount++;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (ecount > 0) {
+      log(lvl, "files exported: %d - skipped: %d from %s to:\n %s", count, ecount, fpRessources, fFolder);
+    } else {
+      log(lvl, "files exported: %d from: %s to:\n %s", count, fpRessources, fFolder);
+    }
+    return content;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * export all resource files from the given subtree in given jar to the given folder retaining the subtree
+   *
+   * @param aJar absolute path to an existing jar or a string identifying the jar on classpath (no leading /)
+   * @param fpRessources path of the subtree or file relative to root 
+   * @param fFolder folder where to export  (if null, only list - no export)
+   * @param filter implementation of interface FilenameFilter or null for no filtering
+   * @return the filtered list of files (compact sikulixcontent format)
+   */
+  public List<String> extractResourcesToFolderFromJar(String aJar, String fpRessources, File fFolder, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    List<String> content = new ArrayList<String>();
+    File faJar = new File(aJar); 
+    URL uaJar = null;
+    fpRessources = FileManager.slashify(fpRessources, false);
+    if (faJar.isAbsolute()) {
+      if (!faJar.exists()) {
+        log(-1, "extractResourcesToFolderFromJar: does not exist:\n%s", faJar);
+        return null;
+      }
+      try {
+        uaJar = new URL("jar", null, faJar.getAbsolutePath());
+      } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+        log(-1, "extractResourcesToFolderFromJar: bad URL for:\n%s", faJar);
+        return null;
+      }
+    } else {
+      uaJar = fromClasspath(aJar);
+      if (uaJar == null) {
+        log(-1, "extractResourcesToFolderFromJar: not on classpath: %s", aJar);
+        return null;
+      }
+      try {
+        String sJar = "file:" + uaJar.getPath() + "!/";
+        uaJar = new URL("jar", null, sJar);
+      } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+        log(-1, "extractResourcesToFolderFromJar: bad URL for:\n%s", uaJar);
+        return null;
+      }
+    }
+    content = doResourceListJar(uaJar, fpRessources, content, filter);
+    if (fFolder == null) {
+      return content;
+    }
+    copyFromJarToFolderWithList(uaJar, fpRessources, content, fFolder);
+    return content;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store a resource found on classpath to a file in the given folder
+   *
+   * @param inPrefix a subtree found in classpath
+   * @param inFile the filename combined with the prefix on classpath
+   * @param outDir a folder where to export
+   * @param outFile the filename for export
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public boolean extractResourceToFile(String inPrefix, String inFile, File outDir, String outFile) {
+    InputStream aIS;
+    FileOutputStream aFileOS;
+    String content = inPrefix + "/" + inFile;
+    try {
+      content = runningWindows ? content.replace("\\", "/") : content;
+      if (!content.startsWith("/")) content = "/" + content;
+      aIS = (InputStream) clsRef.getResourceAsStream(content);
+      if (aIS == null) {
+        throw new IOException("resource not accessible");
+      }
+      File out = new File(outDir, inFile);
+      if (!out.getParentFile().exists()) {
+        out.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+      }
+      aFileOS = new FileOutputStream(out);
+      copy(aIS, aFileOS);
+      aIS.close();
+      aFileOS.close();
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "extractResourceToFile: %s\n%s", content, ex);
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store the content of a resource found on classpath in the returned string
+   *
+   * @param inPrefix a subtree from root found in classpath (leading /)
+   * @param inFile the filename combined with the prefix on classpath
+   * @param encoding
+   * @return file content
+   */
+  public String extractResourceToString(String inPrefix, String inFile, String encoding) {
+    InputStream aIS = null;
+    String out = null;
+    String content = inPrefix + "/" + inFile;
+    if (!content.startsWith("/")) content = "/" + content;
+    try {
+      content = runningWindows ? content.replace("\\", "/") : content;
+      aIS = (InputStream) clsRef.getResourceAsStream(content);
+      if (aIS == null) {
+        throw new IOException("resource not accessible");
+      }
+      if (encoding == null) {
+        encoding = "RAW-BYTE";
+        out = new String(copy(aIS));
+      } else if (encoding.isEmpty()) {
+        out = new String(copy(aIS), "UTF-8");
+      } else {
+        out = new String(copy(aIS), encoding);
+      }
+      aIS.close();
+      aIS = null;
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "extractResourceToString as %s from:\n%s\n%s", encoding, content, ex);
+    }
+    try {
+      if (aIS != null) {
+        aIS.close();
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {}
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  private List<String> resourceList(String folder, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    List<String> files = new ArrayList<String>();
+    if (!folder.startsWith("/")) folder = "/" + folder;
+    URL uFolder = clsRef.getResource(folder);
+    if (uFolder == null) {
+      return files;
+    }
+    URL uContentList = clsRef.getResource(folder + "/" + fpContent);
+    if (uContentList != null) {
+      return doResourceListWithList(folder, files, filter);
+    }
+    File fFolder = null;
+    try {
+      fFolder = new File(uFolder.toURI());
+      String sFolder = uFolder.getPath();
+      if (":".equals(sFolder.substring(2, 3))) {
+        sFolder = sFolder.substring(1);
+      }
+      if (sFolder.endsWith("/")) {
+        sFolder = sFolder.substring(0, sFolder.length() - 1);
+      }
+      files.add(sFolder);
+      files =  doResourceListFolder(fFolder, files, filter);
+      files.remove(0);
+      return files;
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      if (!"jar".equals(uFolder.getProtocol())) {
+        log(lvl, "resourceList:\n%s", folder);
+        log(-1, "resourceList: URL neither folder nor jar:\n%s", ex);
+        return null;
+      }
+    }
+    String[] parts = uFolder.getPath().split("!");
+    if (parts.length < 2 || !parts[0].startsWith("file:")) {
+      log(lvl, "resourceList:\n%s", folder);
+      log(-1, "resourceList: not a valid jar URL: " + uFolder.getPath());
+      return null;
+    }
+    String fpFolder = parts[1];
+    return doResourceListJar(uFolder, fpFolder, files, filter);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * write the list produced by calling extractResourcesToFolder to the given file with system line separator<br>
+   * non-compact format: every file with full path
+   * @param folder path of the subtree relative to root with leading /
+   * @param target the file to write the list (if null, only list - no file)
+   * @param filter implementation of interface FilenameFilter or null for no filtering
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public String[] resourceListAsFile(String folder, File target, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    String content = resourceListAsString(folder, filter);
+    if (content == null) {
+      log(-1, "resourceListAsFile: did not work: %s", folder);
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (target != null) {
+      try {
+        FileManager.deleteFileOrFolder(target.getAbsolutePath());
+        target.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        PrintWriter aPW =new PrintWriter(target);
+        aPW.write(content);
+        aPW.close();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "resourceListAsFile: %s:\n%s", target, ex);
+      }
+    }
+    return content.split(System.getProperty("line.separator"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * write the list produced by calling extractResourcesToFolder to the given file with system line separator<br>
+   * compact sikulixcontent format
+   * 
+   * @param folder path of the subtree relative to root with leading /
+   * @param targetFolder the folder where to store the file sikulixcontent (if null, only list - no export)
+   * @param filter implementation of interface FilenameFilter or null for no filtering
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public String[] resourceListAsSikulixContent(String folder, File targetFolder, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    List<String> contentList = resourceList(folder, filter);
+    if (contentList == null) {
+      log(-1, "resourceListAsSikulixContent: did not work: %s", folder);
+      return null;
+    }
+    File target = null;
+    String arrString[] = new String[contentList.size()]; 
+    try {
+      PrintWriter aPW = null;
+      if (targetFolder != null) {
+        target = new File(targetFolder, fpContent);
+        FileManager.deleteFileOrFolder(target.getAbsolutePath());
+        target.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        aPW =new PrintWriter(target);
+      }
+      int n = 0;
+      for (String line : contentList) {
+        arrString[n++] = line;
+        if (targetFolder != null) {
+          aPW.println(line);
+        }
+      }
+      if (targetFolder != null) {
+        aPW.close();
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "resourceListAsFile: %s:\n%s", target, ex);
+    }
+    return arrString;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * write the list produced by calling extractResourcesToFolder to the returned string with system line separator<br>
+   * non-compact format: every file with full path
+   * @param folder path of the subtree relative to root with leading /
+   * @param filter implementation of interface FilenameFilter or null for no filtering
+   * @return the resulting string
+   */
+  public String resourceListAsString(String folder, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    return resourceListAsString(folder, filter, null);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * write the list produced by calling extractResourcesToFolder to the returned string with given separator<br>
+   * non-compact format: every file with full path
+   * @param folder path of the subtree relative to root with leading /
+   * @param filter implementation of interface FilenameFilter or null for no filtering
+   * @param separator to be used to separate the entries 
+   * @return the resulting string
+   */
+  public String resourceListAsString(String folder, FilenameFilter filter, String separator) {
+    List<String> aList = resourceList(folder, filter);
+    if (aList == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (separator == null) {
+      separator = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+    }
+    String out = "";
+    String subFolder = "";
+    if (aList != null && aList.size() > 0) {
+      for (String eFile : aList) {
+        if (eFile == null) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (eFile.endsWith("/")) {
+          subFolder = eFile.substring(0, eFile.length() - 1);
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (!subFolder.isEmpty()) {
+          eFile = new File(subFolder, eFile).getPath();
+        }
+        out += eFile.replace("\\", "/") + separator;
+      }
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  
+  private List<String> doResourceListFolder(File fFolder, List<String> files, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    int localLevel = testing ? lvl : lvl + 1;
+    String subFolder = "";
+    if (fFolder.isDirectory()) {
+      if (!FileManager.pathEquals(fFolder.getPath(), files.get(0))) {
+        subFolder = fFolder.getPath().substring(files.get(0).length() + 1).replace("\\", "/") + "/";
+        if (filter != null && !filter.accept(new File(files.get(0), subFolder), "")) {
+          return files;
+        }
+      } else {
+        logp(localLevel, "scanning folder:\n%s", fFolder);
+        subFolder = "/";
+        files.add(subFolder);
+      }
+      String[] subList = fFolder.list();
+      for (String entry : subList) {
+        File fEntry = new File(fFolder, entry);
+        if (fEntry.isDirectory()) {
+          files.add(fEntry.getAbsolutePath().substring(1 + files.get(0).length()).replace("\\", "/") + "/");
+          doResourceListFolder(fEntry, files, filter);
+          files.add(subFolder);
+        } else {
+          if (filter != null && !filter.accept(fFolder, entry)) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          logp(localLevel, "from %s adding: %s", (subFolder.isEmpty() ? "." : subFolder), entry);
+          files.add(fEntry.getAbsolutePath().substring(1 + fFolder.getPath().length()));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return files;
+  }
+
+  private List<String> doResourceListWithList(String folder, List<String> files, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    String content = extractResourceToString(folder, fpContent, "");
+    String[] contentList = content.split(content.indexOf("\r") != -1 ? "\r\n" : "\n");
+    if (filter == null) {
+      files.addAll(Arrays.asList(contentList));      
+    } else {
+      for (String fpFile : contentList) {
+        if (filter.accept(new File(fpFile), "")) {
+          files.add(fpFile);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return files;
+  }
+
+  private List<String> doResourceListJar(URL uJar, String fpResource, List<String> files, FilenameFilter filter) {
+    ZipInputStream zJar;
+    String fpJar = uJar.getPath().split("!")[0];
+    int localLevel = testing ? lvl : lvl + 1;
+    String fileSep = "/";
+    if (!fpJar.endsWith(".jar")) {
+      return files;
+    }
+    logp(localLevel, "scanning jar:\n%s", uJar);
+    fpResource = fpResource.startsWith("/") ? fpResource.substring(1) : fpResource;
+    File fFolder = new File(fpResource);
+    File fSubFolder = null;
+    ZipEntry zEntry;
+    String subFolder = "";
+    boolean skip = false;
+    try {
+      zJar = new ZipInputStream(new URL(fpJar).openStream());
+      while ((zEntry = zJar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+        if (zEntry.getName().endsWith("/")) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        String zePath = zEntry.getName();
+        if (zePath.startsWith(fpResource)) {
+          if (fpResource.length() == zePath.length()) {
+            files.add(zePath);
+            return files;
+          }
+          String zeName = zePath.substring(fpResource.length() + 1);
+          int nSep = zeName.lastIndexOf(fileSep);
+          String zefName = zeName.substring(nSep + 1, zeName.length());
+          String zeSub = "";
+          if (nSep > -1) {
+            zeSub = zeName.substring(0, nSep + 1);
+            if (!subFolder.equals(zeSub)) {
+              subFolder = zeSub;
+              fSubFolder = new File(fFolder, subFolder);
+              skip = false;
+              if (filter != null && !filter.accept(fSubFolder, "")) {
+                skip = true;
+                continue;
+              }
+              files.add(zeSub);
+            }
+            if (skip) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          } else {
+            if (!subFolder.isEmpty()) { 
+              subFolder = "";
+              fSubFolder = fFolder;
+              files.add("/");
+            }
+          }
+          if (filter != null && !filter.accept(fSubFolder, zefName)) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          files.add(zefName);
+          logp(localLevel, "from %s adding: %s", (zeSub.isEmpty() ? "." : zeSub), zefName);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "doResourceListJar: %s", ex);
+      return files;
+    }
+    return files;
+  }
+  
+  private boolean copyFromJarToFolderWithList(URL uJar, String fpRessource, List<String> files, File fFolder) {
+    if (files == null || files.isEmpty()) {
+      log(lvl, "copyFromJarToFolderWithList: list of files is empty");
+      return false;
+    }
+    String fpJar = uJar.getPath().split("!")[0];
+    if (!fpJar.endsWith(".jar")) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    int localLevel = testing ? lvl : lvl + 1;
+    logp(localLevel, "scanning jar:\n%s", uJar);
+    fpRessource = fpRessource.startsWith("/") ? fpRessource.substring(1) : fpRessource;
+
+    String subFolder = "";
+
+    int maxFiles = files.size() - 1;
+    int nFiles = 0;
+    
+    ZipEntry zEntry;
+    ZipInputStream zJar;
+    String zPath;
+    int prefix = fpRessource.length();
+    fpRessource += !fpRessource.isEmpty() ? "/" : "";
+    String current = files.get(nFiles++);
+    boolean shouldStop = false;
+    try {
+      zJar = new ZipInputStream(new URL(fpJar).openStream());
+      while ((zEntry = zJar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+        zPath = zEntry.getName();
+        if (zPath.endsWith("/")) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        while (current.endsWith("/")) {
+          if (nFiles > maxFiles) {
+            shouldStop = true;
+            break;
+          }
+          subFolder = current.length() == 1 ? "" : current;
+          current = files.get(nFiles++);
+          if (!current.endsWith("/")) {
+            current = fpRessource + subFolder + current;
+            break;
+          }
+        } 
+        if (shouldStop) {
+          break;
+        }
+        if (zPath.startsWith(current)) {
+          if (zPath.length() == fpRessource.length()-1) {
+            log(-1, "extractResourcesToFolderFromJar: only ressource folders allowed - use filter");
+            return false;
+          }
+          logp(lvl, "copying: %s", zPath);
+          File out = new File(fFolder, zPath.substring(prefix));
+          if (!out.getParentFile().exists()) {
+            out.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+          }
+          FileOutputStream aFileOS = new FileOutputStream(out);
+          copy(zJar, aFileOS);
+          aFileOS.close();
+          if (nFiles > maxFiles) {
+            break;
+          }
+          current = files.get(nFiles++);
+          if (!current.endsWith("/")) {
+            current = fpRessource + subFolder + current;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      zJar.close();
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "doResourceListJar: %s", ex);
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }  
+
+  private void copy(InputStream in, OutputStream out) throws IOException {
+    byte[] tmp = new byte[8192];
+    int len;
+    while (true) {
+      len = in.read(tmp);
+      if (len <= 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      out.write(tmp, 0, len);
+    }
+    out.flush();
+  }
+  
+  private byte[] copy(InputStream inputStream) throws IOException {
+    ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
+    int length = 0;
+    while ((length = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+      baos.write(buffer, 0, length);
+    }
+    return baos.toByteArray();
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="classpath handling">
+  private void storeClassPath() {
+    URLClassLoader sysLoader = (URLClassLoader) ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+    classPath = Arrays.asList(sysLoader.getURLs());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * print the current classpath entries to sysout
+   */
+  public void dumpClassPath() {
+    dumpClassPath(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * print the current classpath entries to sysout whose path name contain the given string
+   *
+   * @param filter the fileter string
+   */
+  public void dumpClassPath(String filter) {
+    filter = filter == null ? "" : filter;
+    logp("*** classpath dump %s", filter);
+    storeClassPath();
+    String sEntry;
+    filter = filter.toUpperCase();
+    int n = 0;
+    for (URL uEntry : classPath) {
+      sEntry = uEntry.getPath();
+      if (!filter.isEmpty()) {
+        if (!sEntry.toUpperCase().contains(filter)) {
+          n++;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      logp("%3d: %s", n, sEntry);
+      n++;
+    }
+    logp("*** classpath dump end");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * check wether a classpath entry contains the given identifying string, stops on first match
+   *
+   * @param artefact the identifying string
+   * @return the absolute path of the entry found
+   */
+  public String isOnClasspath(String artefact) {
+    artefact = FileManager.slashify(artefact, false).toUpperCase();
+    String cpe = null;
+    if (classPath.isEmpty()) {
+      storeClassPath();
+    }
+    for (URL entry : classPath) {
+      String sEntry = FileManager.slashify(new File(entry.getPath()).getPath(), false);
+      if (sEntry.toUpperCase().contains(artefact)) {
+        cpe = new File(entry.getPath()).getPath();
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return cpe;
+  }
+
+  public URL fromClasspath(String artefact) {
+    artefact = FileManager.slashify(artefact, false).toUpperCase();
+    URL cpe = null;
+    if (classPath.isEmpty()) {
+      storeClassPath();
+    }
+    for (URL entry : classPath) {
+      String sEntry = FileManager.slashify(new File(entry.getPath()).getPath(), false);
+      if (sEntry.toUpperCase().contains(artefact)) {
+        return entry;
+      }
+    }
+    return cpe;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * check wether a the given URL is on classpath
+   *
+   * @param path URL to look for
+   * @return true if found else otherwise
+   */
+  public boolean isOnClasspath(URL path) {
+    if (classPath.isEmpty()) {
+      storeClassPath();
+    }
+    for (URL entry : classPath) {
+      if (new File(path.getPath()).equals(new File(entry.getPath()))) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * adds the given folder or jar to the end of the current classpath
+   *
+   * @param jarOrFolder absolute path to a folder or jar
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public boolean addToClasspath(String jarOrFolder) {
+    URL uJarOrFolder = FileManager.makeURL(jarOrFolder);
+    if (isOnClasspath(uJarOrFolder)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "addToClasspath: %s", uJarOrFolder);
+    if (!new File(jarOrFolder).exists()) {
+      log(-1, "does not exist - not added");
+      return false;
+    }
+    Method method;
+    URLClassLoader sysLoader = (URLClassLoader) ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+    Class sysclass = URLClassLoader.class;
+    try {
+      method = sysclass.getDeclaredMethod("addURL", new Class[]{URL.class});
+      method.setAccessible(true);
+      method.invoke(sysLoader, new Object[]{uJarOrFolder});
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      log(-1, "Did not work: %s", ex.getMessage());
+      return false;
+    }
+    storeClassPath();
+    return true;
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="system enviroment">
+  /**
+   * print the current java system properties key-value pairs sorted by key
+   */
+  public void dumpSysProps() {
+    dumpSysProps(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * print the current java system properties key-value pairs sorted by key but only keys containing filter
+   *
+   * @param filter the filter string
+   */
+  public void dumpSysProps(String filter) {
+    filter = filter == null ? "" : filter;
+    logp("*** system properties dump " + filter);
+    Properties sysProps = System.getProperties();
+    ArrayList<String> keysProp = new ArrayList<String>();
+    Integer nL = 0;
+    String entry;
+    for (Object e : sysProps.keySet()) {
+      entry = (String) e;
+      if (entry.length() > nL) {
+        nL = entry.length();
+      }
+      if (filter.isEmpty() || !filter.isEmpty() && entry.contains(filter)) {
+        keysProp.add(entry);
+      }
+    }
+    Collections.sort(keysProp);
+    String form = "%-" + nL.toString() + "s = %s";
+    for (Object e : keysProp) {
+      logp(form, e, sysProps.get(e));
+    }
+    logp("*** system properties dump end" + filter);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * checks, whether Java runs with a valid GraphicsEnvironment (usually means real screens connected)
+   *
+   * @return false if Java thinks it has access to screen(s), true otherwise
+   */
+  public boolean isHeadless() {
+    return GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless();
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="runcmd">
+  /**
+   * run a system command finally using Java::Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args) and waiting for completion
+   *
+   * @param cmd the command as it would be given on command line, quoting is preserved
+   * @return the output produced by the command (sysout [+ "*** error ***" + syserr] if the syserr part is present, the
+   * command might have failed
+   */
+  public String runcmd(String cmd) {
+    return runcmd(new String[]{cmd});
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * run a system command finally using Java::Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args) and waiting for completion
+   *
+   * @param cmd the command as it would be given on command line splitted into the space devided parts, first part is
+   * the command, the rest are parameters and their values
+   * @return the output produced by the command (sysout [+ "*** error ***" + syserr] if the syserr part is present, the
+   * command might have failed
+   */
+  public String runcmd(String args[]) {
+    if (args.length == 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    if (args.length == 1) {
+      String separator = "\"";
+      ArrayList<String> argsx = new ArrayList<String>();
+      StringTokenizer toks;
+      String tok;
+      String cmd = args[0];
+      if (Settings.isWindows()) {
+        cmd = cmd.replaceAll("\\\\ ", "%20;");
+      }
+      toks = new StringTokenizer(cmd);
+      while (toks.hasMoreTokens()) {
+        tok = toks.nextToken(" ");
+        if (tok.length() == 0) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (separator.equals(tok)) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (tok.startsWith(separator)) {
+          if (tok.endsWith(separator)) {
+            tok = tok.substring(1, tok.length() - 1);
+          } else {
+            tok = tok.substring(1);
+            tok += toks.nextToken(separator);
+          }
+        }
+        argsx.add(tok.replaceAll("%20;", " "));
+      }
+      args = argsx.toArray(new String[0]);
+    }
+//    if (args[0].startsWith("#")) {
+//      String pgm = args[0].substring(1);
+//      args[0] = (new File(libsDir, pgm)).getAbsolutePath();
+//      runcmd(new String[]{"chmod", "ugo+x", args[0]});
+//    }
+    String result = "";
+    String error = "*** error ***\n";
+    boolean hasError = false;
+    int retVal;
+    try {
+      if (lvl <= Debug.getDebugLevel()) {
+        log(lvl, Sikulix.arrayToString(args));
+      } else {
+        Debug.info("runcmd: " + Sikulix.arrayToString(args));
+      }
+      Process process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args);
+      BufferedReader stdInput = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(process.getInputStream()));
+      BufferedReader stdError = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(process.getErrorStream()));
+      String s;
+      while ((s = stdInput.readLine()) != null) {
+        if (!s.isEmpty()) {
+          result += s + "\n";
+        }
+      }
+      if ((s = stdError.readLine()) != null) {
+        hasError = true;
+        if (!s.isEmpty()) {
+          error += s + "\n";
+        }
+      }
+      process.waitFor();
+      retVal = process.exitValue();
+      process.destroy();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log(-1, "fatal error: " + e);
+      result = String.format(error + "%s", e);
+      retVal = 9999;
+      hasError = true;
+    }
+    result = String.format("%d\n%s", retVal, result);
+    if (hasError) {
+      result += error;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="args handling for scriptrunner">
+  private String[] args = new String[0];
+  private String[] sargs = new String[0];
+
+  public void setArgs(String[] args, String[] sargs) {
+    this.args = args;
+    this.sargs = sargs;
+  }
+
+  public String[] getSikuliArgs() {
+    return sargs;
+  }
+
+  public String[] getArgs() {
+    return args;
+  }
+
+  public void printArgs() {
+    if (Debug.getDebugLevel() < lvl) {
+      return;
+    }
+    String[] xargs = getSikuliArgs();
+    if (xargs.length > 0) {
+      Debug.log(lvl, "--- Sikuli parameters ---");
+      for (int i = 0; i < xargs.length; i++) {
+        Debug.log(lvl, "%d: %s", i + 1, xargs[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    xargs = getArgs();
+    if (xargs.length > 0) {
+      Debug.log(lvl, "--- User parameters ---");
+      for (int i = 0; i < xargs.length; i++) {
+        Debug.log(lvl, "%d: %s", i + 1, xargs[i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static int checkArgs(String[] args) {
+    int debugLevel = -1;
+    List<String> options = new ArrayList<String>();
+    options.addAll(Arrays.asList(args));
+    for (int n = 0; n < options.size(); n++) {
+      String opt = options.get(n);
+      if (!opt.startsWith("-")) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (opt.startsWith("-d")) {
+        int nD = -1;
+        try {
+          nD = n + 1 == options.size() ? 1 : Integer.decode(options.get(n + 1));
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+          nD = 1;
+        }
+        if (nD > -1) {
+          debugLevel = nD;
+          Debug.setDebugLevel(nD);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return debugLevel;
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 1189.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RunTime.initSikulixOptions()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.script.RunTime.initSikulixOptions():void.31fc9fab98f313b720d03a1120902416
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/script/RunTime.java
+
+### Key:
+RunTime.java|initSikulixOptions|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+68b31cca27b924f94ae699c1ab537d98
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4514/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4514/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8617371f5abe49e99c07c2b91a9e41667763c3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4514/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, SikuliX.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan
+ */
+package org.sikuli.script;
+
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyManager;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import java.awt.AWTException;
+import java.awt.Color;
+import java.awt.MouseInfo;
+import java.awt.Point;
+import java.awt.PointerInfo;
+import java.awt.Rectangle;
+import java.awt.Robot;
+import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * INTERNAL USE Implemenation of IRobot making a DeskTopRobot using java.awt.Robot
+ */
+public class RobotDesktop extends Robot implements IRobot {
+
+  final static int MAX_DELAY = 60000;
+  private static int heldButtons = 0;
+  private static String heldKeys = "";
+  private static ArrayList<Integer> heldKeyCodes = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+  private Screen scr = null;
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isRemote() {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Screen getScreen() {
+    return scr;
+  }
+
+  public RobotDesktop(Screen screen) throws AWTException {
+    super(screen.getGraphicsDevice());
+//    super();
+    scr = screen;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void smoothMove(Location dest) {
+    smoothMove(Region.atMouse(), dest, (long) (Settings.MoveMouseDelay * 1000L));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void smoothMove(Location src, Location dest, long ms) {
+    Debug.log(4, "RobotDesktop: smoothMove (%.1f): " + src.toString() + "---" + dest.toString(), Settings.MoveMouseDelay);
+    if (ms == 0) {
+//      Screen s = dest.getScreen();
+//      Location p = new Location(dest.x - s.x, dest.y - s.y);
+//      s.getRobot().mouseMove(p.x, p.y);
+//      moveMouseAndCheckPos(p, s);
+      Screen.getMouseRobot().mouseMove(dest.x, dest.y);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    OverlayAnimator aniX = new TimeBasedAnimator(
+            new OutQuarticEase(src.x, dest.x, ms));
+    OverlayAnimator aniY = new TimeBasedAnimator(
+            new OutQuarticEase(src.y, dest.y, ms));
+    while (aniX.running()) {
+      float x = aniX.step();
+      float y = aniY.step();
+//      Screen s = (new Location(x, y)).getScreen();
+//      Location p = new Location(x - s.x, y - s.y);
+//      moveMouseAndCheckPos(p, s);
+//      delay(50);
+      Screen.getMouseRobot().mouseMove((int) x, (int) y);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void moveMouseAndCheckPos(Location p, Screen s) {
+    //TODO Why? need to correct double correction of gdLoc (top left of screen grafic area) when not (0,0)
+    //Check at initScreens
+    s.getRobot().mouseMove(p.x, p.y);
+    PointerInfo mp = MouseInfo.getPointerInfo();
+    Point pc;
+    if (mp == null) {
+      p.translate(-s.x, -s.y);
+      s.getRobot().mouseMove(p.x, p.y);
+    } else {
+      pc = mp.getLocation();
+      if (pc.x != p.x || pc.y != p.y) {
+        p.translate(-s.x, -s.y);
+        s.getRobot().mouseMove(p.x, p.y);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void mouseDown(int buttons) {
+    if (heldButtons != 0) {
+      Debug.error("mouseDown: buttons still pressed - using all", buttons, heldButtons);
+      heldButtons |= buttons;
+    } else {
+      heldButtons = buttons;
+    }
+    mousePress(heldButtons);
+    waitForIdle();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int mouseUp(int buttons) {
+    if (buttons == 0) {
+      mouseRelease(heldButtons);
+      heldButtons = 0;
+    } else {
+      mouseRelease(buttons);
+      heldButtons &= ~buttons;
+    }
+    waitForIdle();
+    return heldButtons;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void clickStarts() {
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void clickEnds() {
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void delay(int ms) {
+    if (ms < 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    while (ms > MAX_DELAY) {
+      super.delay(MAX_DELAY);
+      ms -= MAX_DELAY;
+    }
+    super.delay(ms);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ScreenImage captureScreen(Rectangle rect) {
+    Rectangle s = scr.getBounds();
+    rect.translate(-s.x, -s.y);
+    BufferedImage img = createScreenCapture(rect);
+    Debug.log(4, "RobotDesktop: captureScreen: on %d using %s", scr.getID(), rect);
+    return new ScreenImage(rect, img);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Color getColorAt(int x, int y) {
+    return getPixelColor(x, y);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void pressModifiers(int modifiers) {
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.SHIFT) != 0) {
+      keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_SHIFT);
+    }
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.CTRL) != 0) {
+      keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL);
+    }
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.ALT) != 0) {
+      keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ALT);
+    }
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.META) != 0) {
+      if (Settings.isWindows()) {
+        keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_WINDOWS);
+      } else {
+        keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_META);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void releaseModifiers(int modifiers) {
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.SHIFT) != 0) {
+      keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_SHIFT);
+    }
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.CTRL) != 0) {
+      keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL);
+    }
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.ALT) != 0) {
+      keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ALT);
+    }
+    if ((modifiers & KeyModifier.META) != 0) {
+      if (Settings.isWindows()) {
+        keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_WINDOWS);
+      } else {
+        keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_META);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void keyDown(String keys) {
+    if (keys != null && !"".equals(keys)) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < keys.length(); i++) {
+        if (heldKeys.indexOf(keys.charAt(i)) == -1) {
+          Debug.log(5, "press: " + keys.charAt(i));
+          typeChar(keys.charAt(i), IRobot.KeyMode.PRESS_ONLY);
+          heldKeys += keys.charAt(i);
+        }
+      }
+      waitForIdle();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void keyDown(int code) {
+    if (!heldKeyCodes.contains(code)) {
+      keyPress(code);
+      heldKeyCodes.add(code);
+    }
+    waitForIdle();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void keyUp(String keys) {
+    if (keys != null && !"".equals(keys)) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < keys.length(); i++) {
+        int pos;
+        if ((pos = heldKeys.indexOf(keys.charAt(i))) != -1) {
+          Debug.log(5, "release: " + keys.charAt(i));
+          typeChar(keys.charAt(i), IRobot.KeyMode.RELEASE_ONLY);
+          heldKeys = heldKeys.substring(0, pos)
+                  + heldKeys.substring(pos + 1);
+        }
+      }
+      waitForIdle();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void keyUp(int code) {
+    if (heldKeyCodes.contains(code)) {
+      keyRelease(code);
+      heldKeyCodes.remove((Object) code);
+    }
+    waitForIdle();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void keyUp() {
+    keyUp(heldKeys);
+    for (int code : heldKeyCodes) {
+      keyUp(code);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void doType(KeyMode mode, int... keyCodes) {
+    if (mode == KeyMode.PRESS_ONLY) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < keyCodes.length; i++) {
+        keyPress(keyCodes[i]);
+      }
+    } else if (mode == KeyMode.RELEASE_ONLY) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < keyCodes.length; i++) {
+        keyRelease(keyCodes[i]);
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (int i = 0; i < keyCodes.length; i++) {
+        keyPress(keyCodes[i]);
+      }
+      for (int i = 0; i < keyCodes.length; i++) {
+        keyRelease(keyCodes[i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void typeChar(char character, KeyMode mode) {
+    Debug.log(3, "Robot: doType: %s ( %d )",
+            KeyEvent.getKeyText(Key.toJavaKeyCode(character)[0]).toString(),
+            Key.toJavaKeyCode(character)[0]);
+    doType(mode, Key.toJavaKeyCode(character));
+    waitForIdle();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void typeKey(int key) {
+    Debug.log(3, "Robot: doType: %s ( %d )", KeyEvent.getKeyText(key), key);
+    if (Settings.isMac()) {
+      if (key == Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#N.")) {
+        doType(KeyMode.PRESS_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#C."));
+        doType(KeyMode.PRESS_RELEASE, key);
+        doType(KeyMode.RELEASE_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#C."));
+        return;
+      } else if (key == Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#T.")) {
+        doType(KeyMode.PRESS_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#C."));
+        doType(KeyMode.PRESS_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#A."));
+        doType(KeyMode.PRESS_RELEASE, key);
+        doType(KeyMode.RELEASE_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#A."));
+        doType(KeyMode.RELEASE_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#C."));
+        return;
+      } else if (key == Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#X.")) {
+        key = Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#T.");
+        doType(KeyMode.PRESS_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#A."));
+        doType(KeyMode.PRESS_RELEASE, key);
+        doType(KeyMode.RELEASE_ONLY, Key.toJavaKeyCodeFromText("#A."));
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    doType(KeyMode.PRESS_RELEASE, key);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void typeStarts() {
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void typeEnds() {
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().cleanUp();
+    keyUp();
+    mouseUp(0);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getInstance()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 320.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RobotDesktop.cleanup()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.script.RobotDesktop.cleanup():void.cc8c67ec623ac37161e98e0ec3cf0d4e
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/script/RobotDesktop.java
+
+### Key:
+RobotDesktop.java|cleanup|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a30857171d1de5be120ba3ce65c98218
+
+### Hash:
+429d1f1f6f45a8aa79e0cf5e0c5750a7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4522/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4522/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d572eb2aecf1cb22d161f7e9917b2dd4e82554b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4522/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2683 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan 2014
+ */
+package org.sikuli.ide;
+
+//TODO
+// dirty pane handling: on individual tab
+import com.explodingpixels.macwidgets.MacUtils;
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.Clipboard;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection;
+import java.awt.event.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.URL;
+//import java.util.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import javax.swing.*;
+import javax.swing.event.*;
+import javax.swing.text.*;
+import javax.swing.undo.*;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXCollapsiblePane;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXSearchField;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXTaskPane;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXTaskPaneContainer;
+import org.sikuli.script.EventObserver;
+import org.sikuli.script.EventSubject;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyEvent;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyListener;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyManager;
+import org.sikuli.script.Location;
+import org.sikuli.script.OverlayCapturePrompt;
+import org.sikuli.script.Screen;
+import org.sikuli.script.ScreenImage;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.basics.FileManager;
+import org.sikuli.scriptrunner.IScriptRunner;
+import org.sikuli.basics.PreferencesUser;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+import org.sikuli.idesupport.IIDESupport;
+import org.sikuli.script.ImagePath;
+import org.sikuli.basics.SplashFrame;
+import org.sikuli.basics.ResourceLoader;
+import org.sikuli.scriptrunner.ScriptRunner;
+import org.sikuli.idesupport.IDESupport;
+import org.sikuli.script.Key;
+import org.sikuli.script.Sikulix;
+
+public class SikuliIDE extends JFrame {
+
+  private static String me = "IDE: ";
+  private static int lvl = 3;
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, me + message, args);
+  }
+  // RaiMan not used final static boolean ENABLE_RECORDING = false;
+  final static boolean ENABLE_UNIFIED_TOOLBAR = true;
+  final static Color COLOR_SEARCH_FAILED = Color.red;
+  final static Color COLOR_SEARCH_NORMAL = Color.black;
+  final static int WARNING_CANCEL = 2;
+  final static int WARNING_ACCEPTED = 1;
+  final static int WARNING_DO_NOTHING = 0;
+  final static int IS_SAVE_ALL = 3;
+  private static NativeSupport nativeSupport;
+  private Dimension _windowSize = null;
+  private Point _windowLocation = null;
+  private int commandBarHeight = 800;
+  private CloseableTabbedPane tabPane;
+  private EditorLineNumberView lineNumberColumn;
+  private JSplitPane _mainSplitPane;
+  private JTabbedPane msgPane;
+  private boolean msgPaneCollapsed = false;
+  private EditorConsolePane _console;
+  private JXCollapsiblePane _cmdList;
+  private SikuliIDEStatusBar _status = null;
+  private ButtonCapture _btnCapture;
+  private ButtonRun _btnRun, _btnRunViz;
+  private boolean ideIsRunningScript = false;
+  private JXSearchField _searchField;
+  private JMenuBar _menuBar = new JMenuBar();
+  private JMenu _fileMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuFile"));
+  private JMenu _editMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuEdit"));
+  private UndoAction _undoAction = new UndoAction();
+  private RedoAction _redoAction = new RedoAction();
+  private FindAction _findHelper;
+  private JMenu _runMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuRun"));
+  private JMenu _viewMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuView"));
+  private JMenu _toolMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuTool"));
+  private JMenu _helpMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuHelp"));
+  private JXCollapsiblePane _sidePane;
+  private JCheckBoxMenuItem _chkShowUnitTest;
+  private JMenuItem chkShowCmdList = null;
+  private JCheckBoxMenuItem chkShowThumbs;
+  //private UnitTestRunner _testRunner;
+  private static CommandLine cmdLine;
+  private static String cmdValue;
+  private static String[] loadScripts = null;
+  private static String[] runScripts = null;
+  private static String[] testScripts = null;
+  private static SikuliIDE sikulixIDE = null;
+  private boolean _inited = false;
+  private static boolean runMe = false;
+  private int restoredScripts = 0;
+  private int alreadyOpenedTab = -1;
+  private PreferencesUser prefs;
+  private boolean ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = false;
+  private static JFrame splash;
+  private boolean firstRun = true;
+  private static long start;
+  private static File isRunning = null;
+  private static FileOutputStream isRunningFile = null;
+
+  static {
+  }
+  
+  private SikuliIDE() {
+    super("SikuliX-IDE");
+  }
+
+  public static synchronized SikuliIDE getInstance(String args[]) {
+    if (sikulixIDE == null) {
+      sikulixIDE = new SikuliIDE();
+      sikulixIDE.initSikuliIDE(args);
+    }
+    return sikulixIDE;
+  }
+
+  public static synchronized SikuliIDE getInstance() {
+    return getInstance(null);
+  }
+
+  public static IIDESupport getIDESupport(String ending) {
+    return IDESupport.ideSupporter.get(ending);
+  }
+
+  public static String _I(String key, Object... args) {
+    try {
+      return SikuliIDEI18N._I(key, args);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      Debug.log(3, "[I18N] " + key);
+      return key;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static ImageIcon getIconResource(String name) {
+    URL url = SikuliIDE.class.getResource(name);
+    if (url == null) {
+      Debug.error("Warning: could not load \"" + name + "\" icon");
+      return null;
+    }
+    return new ImageIcon(url);
+  }
+
+//TODO run only one windowed instance of IDE
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    String[] splashArgs = new String[]{
+      "splash", "#", "#" + Settings.SikuliVersionIDE, "", "#", "#... starting - please wait ..."};
+
+    Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+          log(lvl, "final cleanup");
+          if (isRunning != null) {
+            try {
+              isRunningFile.close();
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+            }
+            isRunning.delete();
+          }
+          FileManager.cleanTemp();
+        }
+    });
+
+    if (System.getProperty("sikuli.FromCommandLine") == null) {
+      String[] userOptions = collectOptions("IDE", args);
+      if (userOptions == null) {
+        System.exit(0);
+      }
+      if (userOptions.length > 0) {
+        for (String e : userOptions) {
+          log(lvl, "arg: " + e);
+        }
+        args = userOptions;
+      }
+    }
+
+    start = (new Date()).getTime();
+
+    ScriptRunner.initScriptingSupport();
+		IDESupport.initIDESupport();
+
+    CommandArgs cmdArgs = new CommandArgs("IDE");
+    cmdLine = cmdArgs.getCommandLine(CommandArgs.scanArgs(args));
+
+    if (cmdLine == null) {
+      Debug.error("Did not find any valid option on command line!");
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption("h")) {
+      cmdArgs.printHelp();
+      System.exit(0);
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption("c")) {
+      System.setProperty("sikuli.console", "false");
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.LOGFILE.shortname())) {
+      cmdValue = cmdLine.getOptionValue(CommandArgsEnum.LOGFILE.longname());
+      if (!Debug.setLogFile(cmdValue == null ? "" : cmdValue)) {
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.USERLOGFILE.shortname())) {
+      cmdValue = cmdLine.getOptionValue(CommandArgsEnum.USERLOGFILE.longname());
+      if (!Debug.setUserLogFile(cmdValue == null ? "" : cmdValue)) {
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.DEBUG.shortname())) {
+      cmdValue = cmdLine.getOptionValue(CommandArgsEnum.DEBUG.longname());
+      if (cmdValue == null) {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(3);
+        Debug.setLogFile("");
+        Settings.LogTime = true;
+      } else {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(cmdValue);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.LOAD.shortname())) {
+      loadScripts = cmdLine.getOptionValues(CommandArgsEnum.LOAD.longname());
+      log(lvl, "requested to load: " + loadScripts);
+      if (loadScripts[0].endsWith(".skl")) {
+        log(lvl, "Switching to ScriptRunner to run " + loadScripts[0]);
+        ScriptRunner.runscript(args);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.RUN.shortname())
+            || cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.TEST.shortname())
+            || cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.INTERACTIVE.shortname())) {
+      log(lvl, "Switching to ScriptRunner with option -r, -t or -i");
+      ScriptRunner.runscript(args);
+    }
+
+    new File(Settings.BaseTempPath).mkdirs();
+    isRunning = new File(Settings.BaseTempPath, "sikuli-ide-isrunning");
+    try {
+      isRunning.createNewFile();
+      isRunningFile = new FileOutputStream(isRunning);
+      if (null == isRunningFile.getChannel().tryLock()) {
+        splashArgs[5] = "Terminating on FatalError: IDE already running";
+        splash = new SplashFrame(splashArgs);
+        log(-1, splashArgs[5]);
+        Sikulix.pause(3);
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      splashArgs[5] = "Terminating on FatalError: cannot access IDE lock ";
+      splash = new SplashFrame(splashArgs);
+      log(-1, splashArgs[5] + "\n" + isRunning.getAbsolutePath());
+      Sikulix.pause(3);
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    Settings.setArgs(cmdArgs.getUserArgs(), cmdArgs.getSikuliArgs());
+    Settings.showJavaInfo();
+    Settings.printArgs();
+
+    initNativeSupport();
+    try {
+      UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
+      //UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getCrossPlatformLookAndFeelClassName());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log(-1, "Problem loading UIManager!\nError: %s", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    if (nativeSupport != null) {
+      nativeSupport.initApp(Debug.getDebugLevel() > 2 ? true : false);
+      try {
+        Thread.sleep(1000);
+      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+      }
+    }
+    SikuliIDE.getInstance(args);
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="IDE setup and general">
+  private void initSikuliIDE(String[] args) {
+    prefs = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    if (prefs.getUserType() < 0) {
+      prefs.setUserType(PreferencesUser.NEWBEE);
+      prefs.setIdeSession("");
+      prefs.setDefaults(prefs.getUserType());
+    }
+
+    if (nativeSupport != null) {
+      nativeSupport.initIDE(this);
+    }
+
+    ResourceLoader.get().check(Settings.SIKULI_LIB);
+
+    _windowSize = prefs.getIdeSize();
+    _windowLocation = prefs.getIdeLocation();
+    Screen m = (Screen) (new Location(_windowLocation)).getScreen();
+    if (m == null) {
+      Debug.error("IDE: remembered window not valid - going to primary screen");
+      m = Screen.getPrimaryScreen();
+      _windowSize.width = 0;
+    }
+    Rectangle s = m.getBounds();
+    if (_windowSize.width == 0 || _windowSize.width > s.width
+            || _windowSize.height > s.height) {
+      if (s.width < 1025) {
+        _windowSize = new Dimension(1024, 700);
+        _windowLocation = new Point(0, 0);
+      } else {
+        _windowSize = new Dimension(s.width - 150, s.height - 100);
+        _windowLocation = new Point(75, 0);
+      }
+    }
+    setSize(_windowSize);
+    setLocation(_windowLocation);
+
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: Adding components to window");
+    initMenuBars(this);
+    final Container c = getContentPane();
+    c.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: creating tabbed editor");
+    initTabPane();
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: creating message area");
+    initMsgPane(prefs.getPrefMoreMessage() == PreferencesUser.HORIZONTAL);
+// RaiMan not used		initSidePane(); // IDE UnitTest
+
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: creating combined work window");
+    JPanel codeAndUnitPane = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
+    codeAndUnitPane.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(0, 8, 0, 0));
+    codeAndUnitPane.add(tabPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+// RaiMan not used		codeAndUnitPane.add(_sidePane, BorderLayout.EAST);
+    if (prefs.getPrefMoreMessage() == PreferencesUser.VERTICAL) {
+      _mainSplitPane = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT, codeAndUnitPane, msgPane);
+    } else {
+      _mainSplitPane = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.VERTICAL_SPLIT, codeAndUnitPane, msgPane);
+    }
+    _mainSplitPane.setResizeWeight(0.6);
+    _mainSplitPane.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(0, 0, 0, 0));
+
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: Putting all together");
+    JPanel editPane = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(0, 0));
+
+    JComponent cp = createCommandPane();
+
+    if (PreferencesUser.getInstance().getPrefMoreCommandBar()) {
+      editPane.add(cp, BorderLayout.WEST);
+    }
+
+    editPane.add(_mainSplitPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+    c.add(editPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+
+    JToolBar tb = initToolbar();
+    c.add(tb, BorderLayout.NORTH); // the buttons
+
+    c.add(initStatusbar(), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
+    c.doLayout();
+
+    initShortcutKeys();
+    initHotkeys();
+    setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
+    initWindowListener();
+    initTooltip();
+
+    autoCheckUpdate();
+
+    _inited = true;
+    try {
+      getCurrentCodePane().requestFocus();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+    }
+//    splash.dispose();
+//TODO restore selected tab
+    restoreSession();
+    makeTabNull();
+    Debug.log(3, "Sikuli-IDE startup: " + ((new Date()).getTime() - start));
+    setVisible(true);
+    _mainSplitPane.setDividerLocation(0.6);
+    return; // as breakpoint
+  }
+
+  public void makeTabNull() {
+    if (tabPane.getTabCount() == 0) {
+      (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+    }
+    tabPane.setSelectedIndex(0);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setTitle(String title) {
+    super.setTitle(SikuliIDESettings.SikuliVersion + " - " + title);
+  }
+
+  static private void initNativeSupport() {
+//TODO IDE native Support
+//    String jb = FileManager.getJarName();
+//    ClassPool pool  = ClassPool.getDefault();
+//    try {
+//      pool.appendClassPath(jb);
+//      pool.find("resources.NativeSupportMac");
+//      CtClass nsm = pool.get("resources.NativeSupportMac");
+//      nativeSupport = (NativeSupport) nsm.toClass().newInstance();
+//    } catch (Exception ex) {
+//      log(-1, "JavAssist: problem:%s", ex.getMessage());
+//    }
+    String os = "unknown";
+    if (Settings.isWindows()) {
+      os = "Windows";
+    } else if (Settings.isMac()) {
+      os = "Mac";
+    } else if (Settings.isLinux()) {
+      os = "Linux";
+    }
+    String className = "org.sikuli.ide.NativeSupport" + os;
+    try {
+      Class c = Class.forName(className);
+      Constructor constr = c.getConstructor();
+      nativeSupport = (NativeSupport) constr.newInstance();
+      log(lvl, "Native support found for " + os);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log(lvl, "No native support for %s (%s)", os, e.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+	//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="save / restore session">
+  private boolean saveSession(int action, boolean quitting) {
+    int nTab = tabPane.getTabCount();
+    StringBuilder sbuf = new StringBuilder();
+    for (int tabIndex = 0; tabIndex < nTab; tabIndex++) {
+      try {
+        JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(tabIndex);
+        EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+        if (action == WARNING_DO_NOTHING) {
+          if (quitting) {
+            codePane.setDirty(false);
+//            if (codePane.isSourceBundleTemp()) {
+//              FileManager.deleteTempDir(codePane.getSrcBundle());
+//            }
+          }
+          if (codePane.getCurrentFilename() == null) {
+            continue;
+          }
+        } else if (codePane.isDirty()) {
+          if (!(new FileAction()).doSaveIntern(tabIndex)) {
+            if (quitting) {
+              codePane.setDirty(false);
+            }
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        if (action == IS_SAVE_ALL) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        File f = codePane.getCurrentFile();
+        if (f != null) {
+          String bundlePath = codePane.getSrcBundle();
+          Debug.log(5, "save session: " + bundlePath);
+          if (tabIndex != 0) {
+            sbuf.append(";");
+          }
+          sbuf.append(bundlePath);
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        log(-1, "Problem while trying to save all changed-not-saved scripts!\nError: %s", e.getMessage());
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().setIdeSession(sbuf.toString());
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private void restoreSession() {
+    String session_str = prefs.getIdeSession();
+    String[] filenames = null;
+    if (session_str == null && loadScripts == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    filenames = session_str.split(";");
+    for (int i = 0; i < filenames.length; i++) {
+      if (filenames[i].isEmpty()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      Debug.log(3, "restore session at %d: " + filenames[i], restoredScripts + 1);
+      File f = new File(filenames[i]);
+      if (f.exists()) {
+        if (restoreScriptFromSession(filenames[i])) {
+          restoredScripts += 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (loadScripts == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    int ao;
+    for (int i = 0; i < loadScripts.length; i++) {
+      if (loadScripts[i].isEmpty()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      File f = new File(loadScripts[i]);
+      if (f.exists()) {
+        if (restoreScriptFromSession(loadScripts[i])) {
+          ao = isAlreadyOpen(getCurrentCodePane().getCurrentSrcDir());
+          if (ao < 0) {
+            restoredScripts += 1;
+            Debug.log(3, "preload script at %d: " + loadScripts[i], restoredScripts + 1);
+          } else {
+            tabPane.remove(ao);
+            Debug.log(3, "preload session script at %d: " + loadScripts[i], restoredScripts + 1);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean restoreScriptFromSession(String file) {
+    (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+    getCurrentCodePane().loadFile(file);
+    if (getCurrentCodePane().hasEditingFile()) {
+      setCurrentFileTabTitle(file);
+      return true;
+    }
+    Debug.error("Can't load file " + file + " --- check available runners!");
+//    (new FileAction()).doCloseTab(null);
+    return false;
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Support SikuliIDE">
+  public JMenu getFileMenu() {
+    return _fileMenu;
+  }
+
+  public JMenu getRunMenu() {
+    return _runMenu;
+  }
+
+  public CloseableTabbedPane getTabPane() {
+    return tabPane;
+  }
+
+  public EditorPane getCurrentCodePane() {
+    if (tabPane.getSelectedIndex() == -1) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getSelectedComponent();
+    EditorPane pane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+    return pane;
+  }
+
+  public void setCurrentFileTabTitle(String fname) {
+    int tabIndex = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    setFileTabTitle(fname, tabIndex);
+  }
+
+  public String getCurrentFileTabTitle() {
+    String fname = tabPane.getTitleAt(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+    if (fname.startsWith("*")) {
+      return fname.substring(1);
+    } else {
+      return fname;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setCurrentFileTabTitleDirty(boolean isDirty) {
+    int i = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    String title = tabPane.getTitleAt(i);
+    if (!isDirty && title.startsWith("*")) {
+      title = title.substring(1);
+      tabPane.setTitleAt(i, title);
+    } else if (isDirty && !title.startsWith("*")) {
+      title = "*" + title;
+      tabPane.setTitleAt(i, title);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setFileTabTitle(String fname, int tabIndex) {
+    String fullName = fname;
+    if (fname.endsWith("/")) {
+      fname = fname.substring(0, fname.length() - 1);
+    }
+    fname = fname.substring(fname.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
+    fname = fname.substring(0, fname.lastIndexOf("."));
+    tabPane.setTitleAt(tabIndex, fname);
+    this.setTitle(fullName);
+  }
+
+  public ArrayList<String> getOpenedFilenames() {
+    int nTab = tabPane.getTabCount();
+    File file = null;
+    String filePath;
+    ArrayList<String> filenames = new ArrayList<String>(0);
+    if (nTab > 0) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < nTab; i++) {
+        JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+        EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+        file = codePane.getCurrentFile(false);
+        if (file != null) {
+          filePath = FileManager.slashify(file.getAbsolutePath(), false);
+          filePath = filePath.substring(0, filePath.lastIndexOf("/"));
+          filenames.add(filePath);
+        } else {
+          filenames.add("");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return filenames;
+  }
+
+  public int isAlreadyOpen(String filename) {
+    int aot = getOpenedFilenames().indexOf(filename);
+    if (aot > -1 && aot < (tabPane.getTabCount() - 1)) {
+      alreadyOpenedTab = aot;
+      return aot;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  private void autoCheckUpdate() {
+    PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    if (!pref.getCheckUpdate()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    long last_check = pref.getCheckUpdateTime();
+    long now = (new Date()).getTime();
+    if (now - last_check > 1000 * 604800) {
+      Debug.log(3, "autocheck update");
+      (new HelpAction()).checkUpdate(true);
+    }
+    pref.setCheckUpdateTime();
+  }
+
+  public synchronized boolean isRunningScript() {
+    return ideIsRunningScript;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void setIsRunningScript(boolean state) {
+    ideIsRunningScript = state;
+  }
+
+  protected boolean doBeforeRun() {
+    int action;
+    if (checkDirtyPanes()) {
+      if (prefs.getPrefMoreRunSave()) {
+        action = WARNING_ACCEPTED;
+      } else {
+        action = askForSaveAll("Run");
+        if (action < 0) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      saveSession(action, false);
+    }
+    Settings.ActionLogs = prefs.getPrefMoreLogActions();
+    Settings.DebugLogs = prefs.getPrefMoreLogDebug();
+    Settings.InfoLogs = prefs.getPrefMoreLogInfo();
+    Settings.Highlight = prefs.getPrefMoreHighlight();
+    Settings.OcrTextSearch = prefs.getPrefMoreTextSearch();
+    Settings.OcrTextRead = prefs.getPrefMoreTextOCR();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  protected boolean doBeforeQuit() {
+    if (checkDirtyPanes()) {
+      int action = askForSaveAll("Quit");
+      if (action < 0) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return saveSession(action, true);
+    }
+    return saveSession(WARNING_DO_NOTHING, true);
+  }
+
+  private int askForSaveAll(String typ) {
+//TODO I18N
+    String warn = "Some scripts are not saved yet!";
+    String title = SikuliIDEI18N._I("dlgAskCloseTab");
+    String[] options = new String[3];
+    options[WARNING_DO_NOTHING] = typ + " immediately";
+    options[WARNING_ACCEPTED] = "Save all and " + typ;
+    options[WARNING_CANCEL] = SikuliIDEI18N._I("cancel");
+    int ret = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(this, warn, title, 0, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE, null, options, options[2]);
+    if (ret == WARNING_CANCEL || ret == JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  public void doAbout() {
+    //TODO full featured About
+    String info = "You are running " + Settings.SikuliVersionIDE
+            + "\n\nNeed help? -> start with Help Menu\n\n"
+            + "*** Have fun ;-)\n\n"
+            + "Tsung-Hsiang Chang aka vgod\n"
+            + "Tom Yeh\n"
+            + "Raimund Hocke aka RaiMan\n\n"
+            + "\n\nBuild: " + Settings.SikuliVersionBuild;
+    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, info,
+            "Sikuli About", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
+  }
+
+  private static String[] collectOptions(String type, String[] args) {
+    List<String> resArgs = new ArrayList<String>();
+    if (args != null) {
+      resArgs.addAll(Arrays.asList(args));
+    }
+    String msg = "-----------------------   You might set some options    -----------------------";
+    msg += "\n\n";
+    msg += "-r name       ---   Run script name: foo[.sikuli] or foo.skl (no IDE window)";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-u [file]        ---   Write user log messages to file (default: <WorkingFolder>/UserLog.txt )";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-f [file]         ---   Write Sikuli log messages to file (default: <WorkingFolder>/SikuliLog.txt)";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-d n             ---   Set a higher level n for Sikuli's debug messages (default: 0)";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-- …more…         All space delimited entries after -- go to sys.argv";
+    msg += "\n                           \"<some text>\" makes one parameter (may contain intermediate blanks)";
+    msg += "\n\n";
+    msg += "-------------------------------------------------------------------------";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-d                Special debugging option in case of mysterious errors:";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "                    Debug level is set to 3 and debug output goes to <WorkingFolder>/SikuliLog.txt";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "                    Content might be used to ask questions or report bugs";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-------------------------------------------------------------------------";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "                    Just click OK to start IDE with no options - defaults will be used";
+
+    String ret = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, msg, "SikuliX: collect runtime options",
+            JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
+
+    if (ret == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    log(3, "collectOptions: returned [" + ret + "]");
+    if (!ret.isEmpty()) {
+      System.setProperty("sikuli.SIKULI_COMMAND", ret);
+      resArgs.addAll(Arrays.asList(ret.split(" +")));
+    }
+    return resArgs.toArray(new String[0]);
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="isInited --- RaiMan not used">
+  public boolean isInited() {
+    return _inited;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  private JMenuItem createMenuItem(JMenuItem item, KeyStroke shortcut, ActionListener listener) {
+    if (shortcut != null) {
+      item.setAccelerator(shortcut);
+    }
+    item.addActionListener(listener);
+    return item;
+  }
+
+  private JMenuItem createMenuItem(String name, KeyStroke shortcut, ActionListener listener) {
+    JMenuItem item = new JMenuItem(name);
+    return createMenuItem(item, shortcut, listener);
+  }
+
+  class MenuAction implements ActionListener {
+
+    protected Method actMethod = null;
+    protected String action;
+
+    public MenuAction() {
+    }
+
+    public MenuAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      Class[] paramsWithEvent = new Class[1];
+      try {
+        paramsWithEvent[0] = Class.forName("java.awt.event.ActionEvent");
+        actMethod = this.getClass().getMethod(item, paramsWithEvent);
+        action = item;
+      } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
+        log(-1, "Can't find menu action: " + cnfe);
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+      if (actMethod != null) {
+        try {
+          Debug.log(3, "MenuAction." + action);
+          Object[] params = new Object[1];
+          params[0] = e;
+          actMethod.invoke(this, params);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+          log(-1, "Problem when trying to invoke menu action %s\nError: %s",
+                  action, ex.getMessage());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static JMenu recentMenu = null;
+  private static Map<String, String> recentProjects = new HashMap<String, String>();
+  private static java.util.List<String> recentProjectsMenu = new ArrayList<String>();
+  private static int recentMax = 10;
+  private static int recentMaxMax = recentMax + 10;
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init FileMenu">
+  private void initFileMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    JMenuItem jmi;
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _fileMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_F);
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac()) {
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem("About SikuliX",
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_A, scMask),
+              new FileAction(FileAction.ABOUT)));
+      _fileMenu.addSeparator();
+    }
+
+    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileNew"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_N, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.NEW)));
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileOpen"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_O, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.OPEN)));
+    jmi.setName("OPEN");
+
+    recentMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuRecent"));
+
+    if (Settings.experimental) {
+      _fileMenu.add(recentMenu);
+    }
+
+    if (Settings.isMac() && !Settings.handlesMacBundles) {
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem("Open folder.sikuli ...",
+              null,
+              //            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_O, scMask),
+              new FileAction(FileAction.OPEN_FOLDER)));
+    }
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileSave"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE)));
+    jmi.setName("SAVE");
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileSaveAs"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S,
+                    InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK | scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE_AS)));
+    jmi.setName("SAVE_AS");
+
+    if (Settings.isMac() && !Settings.handlesMacBundles) {
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("Save as folder.sikuli ..."),
+              //            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S,
+              //            InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK | scMask),
+              null,
+              new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE_AS_FOLDER)));
+    }
+
+//TODO    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileSaveAll"),
+    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem("Save all",
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S,
+                    InputEvent.CTRL_MASK | scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE_ALL)));
+
+    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileExport"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_E,
+                    InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK | scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.EXPORT)));
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileCloseTab"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_W, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.CLOSE_TAB)));
+    jmi.setName("CLOSE_TAB");
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac()) {
+      _fileMenu.addSeparator();
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFilePreferences"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_P, scMask),
+              new FileAction(FileAction.PREFERENCES)));
+    }
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac()) {
+      _fileMenu.addSeparator();
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileQuit"),
+              null, new FileAction(FileAction.QUIT)));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public FileAction getFileAction(int tabIndex) {
+    return new FileAction(tabIndex);
+  }
+
+  class FileAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String ABOUT = "doAbout";
+    static final String NEW = "doNew";
+    static final String INSERT = "doInsert";
+    static final String OPEN = "doLoad";
+    static final String RECENT = "doRecent";
+    static final String OPEN_FOLDER = "doLoadFolder";
+    static final String SAVE = "doSave";
+    static final String SAVE_AS = "doSaveAs";
+    static final String SAVE_AS_FOLDER = "doSaveAsFolder";
+    static final String SAVE_ALL = "doSaveAll";
+    static final String EXPORT = "doExport";
+    static final String CLOSE_TAB = "doCloseTab";
+    static final String PREFERENCES = "doPreferences";
+    static final String QUIT = "doQuit";
+    static final String ENTRY = "doRecent";
+    private int targetTab = -1;
+
+    public FileAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public FileAction(int tabIndex) {
+      super();
+      targetTab = tabIndex;
+    }
+
+    public FileAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void doAbout(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE.getInstance().doAbout();
+    }
+
+    public void doQuit(ActionEvent ae) {
+			log(lvl, "doQuit requested");
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      if (!doBeforeQuit()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      while (true) {
+        EditorPane codePane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+        if (codePane == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        if (!ide.closeCurrentTab()) {
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      Sikulix.cleanUp(0);
+      System.exit(0);
+    }
+
+    public void doPreferences(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE.getInstance().showPreferencesWindow();
+    }
+
+    public void doNew(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doNew(ae, -1).initBeforeLoad(null);
+    }
+
+    public EditorPane doNew(ActionEvent ae, int tabIndex) {
+      EditorPane codePane = new EditorPane(SikuliIDE.getInstance());
+      JScrollPane scrPane = new JScrollPane(codePane);
+      lineNumberColumn = new EditorLineNumberView(codePane);
+      scrPane.setRowHeaderView(lineNumberColumn);
+      if (ae == null) {
+        if (tabIndex < 0 || tabIndex >= tabPane.getTabCount()) {
+          tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUntitled"), scrPane);
+        } else {
+          tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUntitled"), scrPane, tabIndex);
+        }
+        tabPane.setSelectedIndex(tabIndex < 0 ? tabPane.getTabCount() - 1 : tabIndex);
+      } else {
+        tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUntitled"), scrPane, 0);
+        tabPane.setSelectedIndex(0);
+      }
+      codePane.getSrcBundle();
+      codePane.requestFocus();
+      return codePane;
+    }
+
+    public void doInsert(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doLoad(null);
+    }
+
+    public void doLoad(ActionEvent ae) {
+      boolean accessingAsFile = false;
+      if (Settings.isMac()) {
+        accessingAsFile = !ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER;
+        ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = false;
+      }
+      alreadyOpenedTab = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+      String fname = tabPane.getLastClosed();
+      try {
+        doNew(null, targetTab);
+        EditorPane codePane = getCurrentCodePane();
+        if (ae != null || fname == null) {
+          codePane.isSourceBundleTemp();
+          fname = codePane.loadFile(accessingAsFile);
+        } else {
+          codePane.loadFile(fname);
+          if (codePane.hasEditingFile()) {
+            setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+          } else {
+            fname = null;
+          }
+        }
+        if (fname != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+        } else {
+          if (ae != null) {
+            doCloseTab(null);
+          }
+          tabPane.setSelectedIndex(alreadyOpenedTab);
+        }
+        doRecentAdd(getCurrentCodePane());
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to load %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, eio.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    private void doRecentAdd(EditorPane codePane ) {
+      String fPath = new File(codePane.getSrcBundle()).getAbsolutePath();
+      if (Settings.experimental) {
+        log(3, "doRecentAdd: %s", fPath);
+        String fName = new File(fPath).getName();
+        if (recentProjectsMenu.contains(fName)) {
+          recentProjectsMenu.remove(fName);
+        } else {
+          recentProjects.put(fName, fPath);
+          if (recentProjectsMenu.size() == recentMaxMax) {
+            String fObsolete = recentProjectsMenu.remove(recentMax - 1);
+            recentProjects.remove(fObsolete);
+          }
+        }
+        recentProjectsMenu.add(0, fName);
+        recentMenu.removeAll();
+        for (String entry : recentProjectsMenu.subList(1, recentProjectsMenu.size())) {
+          if (isAlreadyOpen(recentProjects.get(entry)) > -1) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          try {
+            recentMenu.add(createMenuItem(entry,
+                    null,
+                    new FileAction(FileAction.ENTRY)));
+          } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void doRecent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      log(3, "doRecent: menuOpenRecent: %s", ae.getActionCommand());
+    }
+
+    public void doLoadFolder(ActionEvent ae) {
+      Debug.log(3, "IDE: doLoadFolder requested");
+      ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = true;
+      doLoad(ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doSave(ActionEvent ae) {
+      String fname = null;
+      try {
+        EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+        fname = codePane.saveFile();
+        if (fname != null) {
+          fname = codePane.getSrcBundle();
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+          tabPane.setLastClosed(fname);
+        }
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to save %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, eio.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    public boolean doSaveIntern(int tabIndex) {
+      int currentTab = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+      tabPane.setSelectedIndex(tabIndex);
+      boolean retval = true;
+      JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(tabIndex);
+      EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+      String fname = null;
+      try {
+        fname = codePane.saveFile();
+        if (fname != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setFileTabTitle(fname, tabIndex);
+        } else {
+          retval = false;
+        }
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to save %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, eio.getMessage());
+        retval = false;
+      }
+      tabPane.setSelectedIndex(currentTab);
+      return retval;
+    }
+
+    public void doSaveAs(ActionEvent ae) {
+      boolean accessingAsFile = false;
+      if (Settings.isMac()) {
+        accessingAsFile = !ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER;
+        ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = false;
+      }
+      String fname = null;
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+			String orgName = codePane.getCurrentShortFilename();
+			log(lvl, "doSaveAs requested: %s", orgName);
+      try {
+        fname = codePane.saveAsFile(accessingAsFile);
+        if (fname != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+        } else {
+	        log(-1, "doSaveAs: %s not completed", orgName);
+				}
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "doSaveAs: %s Error: %s", orgName, eio.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void doSaveAsFolder(ActionEvent ae) {
+      log(lvl, "doSaveAsFolder requested");
+      ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = true;
+      doSaveAs(ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doSaveAll(ActionEvent ae) {
+			log(lvl, "doSaveAll requested");
+      if (!checkDirtyPanes()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      saveSession(IS_SAVE_ALL, false);
+    }
+
+    public void doExport(ActionEvent ae) {
+			EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+			String orgName = codePane.getCurrentShortFilename();
+			log(lvl, "doExport requested: %s", orgName);
+      String fname = null;
+      try {
+        fname = codePane.exportAsZip();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to save %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, ex.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void doCloseTab(ActionEvent ae) {
+      if (ae == null) {
+        tabPane.remove(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+        return;
+      }
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+			String orgName = codePane.getCurrentShortFilename();
+			log(lvl, "doCloseTab requested: %s", orgName);
+      try {
+        if (codePane.close()) {
+          tabPane.remove(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+        }
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        Debug.info("Can't close this tab: " + e.getStackTrace());
+      }
+      codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+      if (codePane != null) {
+        codePane.requestFocus();
+      } else if (ae != null) {
+        (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void showPreferencesWindow() {
+    PreferencesWin pwin = new PreferencesWin();
+    pwin.setAlwaysOnTop(true);
+    pwin.setDefaultCloseOperation(DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);
+    if (!Settings.isJava7()) {
+      pwin.setLocation(SikuliIDE.getInstance().getLocation());
+    }
+    pwin.setVisible(true);
+  }
+
+  public boolean closeCurrentTab() {
+    EditorPane pane = getCurrentCodePane();
+    (new FileAction()).doCloseTab(null);
+    if (pane == getCurrentCodePane()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  protected boolean quit() {
+    SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+    (new FileAction()).doQuit(null);
+    if (ide.getCurrentCodePane() == null) {
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected boolean checkDirtyPanes() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < tabPane.getTabCount(); i++) {
+      try {
+        JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+        EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+        if (codePane.isDirty()) {
+          //RaiMan not used: getRootPane().putClientProperty("Window.documentModified", true);
+          return true;
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        Debug.error("checkDirtyPanes: " + e.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+    //RaiMan not used: getRootPane().putClientProperty("Window.documentModified", false);
+    return false;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init EditMenu">
+  private void initEditMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _editMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_E);
+    JMenuItem undoItem = _editMenu.add(_undoAction);
+    undoItem.setAccelerator(
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_Z, scMask));
+    JMenuItem redoItem = _editMenu.add(_redoAction);
+    redoItem.setAccelerator(
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_Z, scMask | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK));
+    _editMenu.addSeparator();
+
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditCut"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_X, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.CUT)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditCopy"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_C, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.COPY)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditPaste"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_V, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.PASTE)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditSelectAll"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_A, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.SELECT_ALL)));
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac10()) {
+      _editMenu.addSeparator();
+      JMenu findMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuFind"));
+      _findHelper = new FindAction();
+      findMenu.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F);
+      findMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFindFind"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_F, scMask),
+              new FindAction(FindAction.FIND)));
+      findMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFindFindNext"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_G, scMask),
+              new FindAction(FindAction.FIND_NEXT)));
+      findMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFindFindPrev"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_G, scMask | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK),
+              new FindAction(FindAction.FIND_PREV)));
+      _editMenu.add(findMenu);
+    }
+    
+    _editMenu.addSeparator();
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditIndent"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB, 0),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.INDENT)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditUnIndent"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB, InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.UNINDENT)));
+  }
+
+  class EditAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String CUT = "doCut";
+    static final String COPY = "doCopy";
+    static final String PASTE = "doPaste";
+    static final String SELECT_ALL = "doSelectAll";
+    static final String INDENT = "doIndent";
+    static final String UNINDENT = "doUnindent";
+
+    public EditAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public EditAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    private void performEditorAction(String action, ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane pane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      pane.getActionMap().get(action).actionPerformed(ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doCut(ActionEvent ae) {
+//TODO delete current line if no selection
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.cutAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doCopy(ActionEvent ae) {
+//TODO copy current line if no selection
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.copyAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doPaste(ActionEvent ae) {
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.pasteAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doSelectAll(ActionEvent ae) {
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.selectAllAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doIndent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane pane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      (new SikuliEditorKit.InsertTabAction()).actionPerformed(pane);
+    }
+
+    public void doUnindent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane pane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      (new SikuliEditorKit.DeindentAction()).actionPerformed(pane);
+    }
+  }
+
+  class OpenRecent extends MenuAction {
+
+    public OpenRecent() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public void openRecent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      log(lvl, "openRecent: %s", ae.getActionCommand());
+    }
+  }
+
+  class FindAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String FIND = "doFind";
+    static final String FIND_NEXT = "doFindNext";
+    static final String FIND_PREV = "doFindPrev";
+
+    public FindAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public FindAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void doFind(ActionEvent ae) {
+      _searchField.selectAll();
+      _searchField.requestFocus();
+    }
+
+    public void doFindNext(ActionEvent ae) {
+      findNext(_searchField.getText());
+    }
+
+    public void doFindPrev(ActionEvent ae) {
+      findPrev(_searchField.getText());
+    }
+
+    private boolean _find(String str, int begin, boolean forward) {
+      if (str == "!") {
+        return false;
+      }
+      EditorPane codePane = getCurrentCodePane();
+      int pos = codePane.search(str, begin, forward);
+      Debug.log(7, "find \"" + str + "\" at " + begin + ", found: " + pos);
+      if (pos < 0) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    public boolean findStr(String str) {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null) {
+        return _find(str, getCurrentCodePane().getCaretPosition(), true);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean findPrev(String str) {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null) {
+        return _find(str, getCurrentCodePane().getCaretPosition(), false);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean findNext(String str) {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null) {
+        return _find(str,
+                getCurrentCodePane().getCaretPosition() + str.length(),
+                true);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    public void setFailed(boolean failed) {
+      Debug.log(7, "search failed: " + failed);
+      _searchField.setBackground(Color.white);
+      if (failed) {
+        _searchField.setForeground(COLOR_SEARCH_FAILED);
+      } else {
+        _searchField.setForeground(COLOR_SEARCH_NORMAL);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  class UndoAction extends AbstractAction {
+
+    public UndoAction() {
+      super(_I("menuEditUndo"));
+      setEnabled(false);
+    }
+
+    public void updateUndoState() {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null
+              && getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager().canUndo()) {
+        setEnabled(true);
+      } else {
+        setEnabled(false);
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+      EditorUndoManager undo = getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager();
+      try {
+        undo.undo();
+      } catch (CannotUndoException ex) {
+      }
+      updateUndoState();
+      _redoAction.updateRedoState();
+    }
+  }
+
+  class RedoAction extends AbstractAction {
+
+    public RedoAction() {
+      super(_I("menuEditRedo"));
+      setEnabled(false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+      EditorUndoManager undo = getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager();
+      try {
+        undo.redo();
+      } catch (CannotRedoException ex) {
+      }
+      updateRedoState();
+      _undoAction.updateUndoState();
+    }
+
+    protected void updateRedoState() {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null
+              && getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager().canRedo()) {
+        setEnabled(true);
+      } else {
+        setEnabled(false);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void updateUndoRedoStates() {
+    _undoAction.updateUndoState();
+    _redoAction.updateRedoState();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init Run Menu">
+  private void initRunMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    JMenuItem item;
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _runMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_R);
+    item = _runMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuRunRun"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_R, scMask),
+            new RunAction(RunAction.RUN)));
+    item.setName("RUN");
+    item = _runMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuRunRunAndShowActions"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_R,
+                    InputEvent.ALT_MASK | scMask),
+            new RunAction(RunAction.RUN_SHOW_ACTIONS)));
+    item.setName("RUN_SLOWLY");
+
+    PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    item = createMenuItem(_I("menuRunStop"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
+                    pref.getStopHotkey(), pref.getStopHotkeyModifiers()),
+            new RunAction(RunAction.RUN_SHOW_ACTIONS));
+    item.setEnabled(false);
+    _runMenu.add(item);
+  }
+
+  class RunAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String RUN = "run";
+    static final String RUN_SHOW_ACTIONS = "runShowActions";
+
+    public RunAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public RunAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void run(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doRun(_btnRun);
+    }
+
+    public void runShowActions(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doRun(_btnRunViz);
+    }
+
+    private void doRun(ButtonRun btn) {
+      btn.runCurrentScript();
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init View Menu">
+  private void initViewMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _viewMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_V);
+
+    if (prefs.getPrefMoreCommandBar()) {
+      chkShowCmdList = new JCheckBoxMenuItem(_I("menuViewCommandList"), true);
+      _viewMenu.add(createMenuItem(chkShowCmdList,
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_L, scMask),
+              new ViewAction(ViewAction.CMD_LIST)));
+    }
+
+    chkShowThumbs = new JCheckBoxMenuItem(_I("menuViewShowThumbs"), false);
+    _viewMenu.add(createMenuItem(chkShowThumbs,
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_T, scMask),
+            new ViewAction(ViewAction.SHOW_THUMBS)));
+
+//TODO Message Area clear
+//TODO Message Area LineBreak
+  }
+
+  class ViewAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String UNIT_TEST = "toggleUnitTest";
+    static final String CMD_LIST = "toggleCmdList";
+    static final String SHOW_THUMBS = "toggleShowThumbs";
+
+    public ViewAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public ViewAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void toggleCmdList(ActionEvent ae) {
+      _cmdList.setCollapsed(!_cmdList.isCollapsed());
+    }
+
+    public void toggleShowThumbs(ActionEvent ae) {
+      getCurrentCodePane().showThumbs = chkShowThumbs.getState();
+      if (!getCurrentCodePane().reparse()) {
+        chkShowThumbs.setState(!chkShowThumbs.getState());
+        getCurrentCodePane().showThumbs = chkShowThumbs.getState();
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void toggleUnitTest(ActionEvent ae) {
+      if (_chkShowUnitTest.getState()) {
+        _sidePane.setCollapsed(false);
+      } else {
+        _sidePane.setCollapsed(true);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init ToolMenu">
+  private void initToolMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _toolMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_T);
+
+      _toolMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuToolExtensions"),
+              null,
+              new ToolAction(ToolAction.EXTENSIONS)));
+  }
+
+  class ToolAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String EXTENSIONS = "extensions";
+
+    public ToolAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public ToolAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void extensions(ActionEvent ae) {
+      showExtensionsFrame();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void showExtensionsFrame() {
+//    String warn = "You might proceed, if you\n"
+//            + "- have some programming skills\n"
+//            + "- read the docs about extensions\n"
+//            + "- know what you are doing\n\n"
+//            + "Otherwise you should press Cancel!";
+    String warn = "Not available yet - click what you like ;-)";
+    String title = "Need your attention!";
+    String[] options = new String[3];
+    options[WARNING_DO_NOTHING] = "OK";
+    options[WARNING_ACCEPTED] = "Be quiet!";
+    options[WARNING_CANCEL] = "Cancel";
+    int ret = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(this, warn, title, 0, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE, null, options, options[2]);
+    if (ret == WARNING_CANCEL || ret == JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (ret == WARNING_ACCEPTED) {
+      //TODO set prefs to be quiet on extensions warning
+    };
+    ExtensionManagerFrame extmg = ExtensionManagerFrame.getInstance();
+    if (extmg != null) {
+      extmg.setVisible(true);
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init Help Menu">
+  private void initHelpMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _helpMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_H);
+
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpQuickStart"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.QUICK_START)));
+    _helpMenu.addSeparator();
+
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpGuide"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_DOC)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpDocumentations"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_GUIDE)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpFAQ"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_FAQ)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpAsk"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_ASK)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpBugReport"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_BUG_REPORT)));
+
+//    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpTranslation"),
+//            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_TRANSLATION)));
+    _helpMenu.addSeparator();
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpHomepage"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_HOMEPAGE)));
+
+    _helpMenu.addSeparator();
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpCheckUpdate"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.CHECK_UPDATE)));
+  }
+
+  class HelpAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String CHECK_UPDATE = "doCheckUpdate";
+    static final String QUICK_START = "openQuickStart";
+    static final String OPEN_DOC = "openDoc";
+    static final String OPEN_GUIDE = "openTutor";
+    static final String OPEN_FAQ = "openFAQ";
+    static final String OPEN_ASK = "openAsk";
+    static final String OPEN_BUG_REPORT = "openBugReport";
+    static final String OPEN_TRANSLATION = "openTranslation";
+    static final String OPEN_HOMEPAGE = "openHomepage";
+
+    public HelpAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public HelpAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void openQuickStart(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://www.sikulix.com/quickstart.html");
+    }
+
+    public void openDoc(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://sikulix-2014.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html");
+    }
+
+    public void openTutor(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://www.sikuli.org/videos.html");
+    }
+
+    public void openFAQ(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("https://answers.launchpad.net/sikuli/+faqs");
+    }
+
+    public void openAsk(ActionEvent ae) {
+      String title = "SikuliX - Ask a question";
+      String msg = "If you want to ask a question about SikuliX\n%s\n" +
+              "\nplease do the following:" +
+              "\n- after having clicked yes" +
+              "\n   the page on Launchpad should open in your browser." +
+              "\n- You should first check using Launchpad's search funktion," +
+              "\n   wether similar questions have already been asked." +
+              "\n- If you decide to ask a new question," +
+              "\n   try to enter a short but speaking title" +
+              "\n- In a new questions's text field first paste using ctrl/cmd-v" +
+              "\n   which should enter the SikuliX version/system/java info" +
+              "\n   that was internally stored in the clipboard before" +
+              "\n\nIf you do not want to ask a question now: click No";
+      askBugOrAnswer(msg, title, "https://answers.launchpad.net/sikuli");
+    }
+
+    public void openBugReport(ActionEvent ae) {
+      String title = "SikuliX - Report a bug";
+      String msg = "If you want to report a bug for SikuliX\n%s\n" +
+              "\nplease do the following:" +
+              "\n- after having clicked yes" +
+              "\n   the page on Launchpad should open in your browser" +
+              "\n- fill in a short but speaking bug title and create the bug" +
+              "\n- in the bug's text field first paste using ctrl/cmd-v" +
+              "\n   which should enter the SikuliX version/system/java info" +
+              "\n   that was internally stored in the clipboard before" +
+              "\n\nIf you do not want to report a bug now: click No";
+      askBugOrAnswer(msg, title, "https://bugs.launchpad.net/sikuli/+filebug");
+    }
+
+    private void askBugOrAnswer(String msg, String title, String url) {
+      String si = Settings.getSystemInfo();
+      System.out.println(si);
+      msg = String.format(msg, si);
+      if (Sikulix.popAsk(msg, title)) {
+        Clipboard clb = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard();
+        StringSelection sic = new StringSelection(si.toString());
+        clb.setContents(sic, sic);
+        FileManager.openURL(url);
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void openTranslation(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("https://translations.launchpad.net/sikuli/sikuli-x/+translations");
+    }
+
+    public void openHomepage(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://sikulix.com");
+    }
+
+    public void doCheckUpdate(ActionEvent ae) {
+      if (!checkUpdate(false)) {
+        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
+                _I("msgNoUpdate"), SikuliIDESettings.SikuliVersion,
+                JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+      }
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkUpdate(boolean isAutoCheck) {
+      JFrame f = null;
+      String ver = "";
+      String details;
+      AutoUpdater au = new AutoUpdater();
+      if (!isAutoCheck) {
+//TODO replace this hack: wait update check
+        f = au.showUpdateFrame("Checking for new version ... please wait!",
+                "Checking for new version ... please wait! Checking for new version ... please wait!", -1);
+      }
+      PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+      Debug.log(3, "being asked to check update");
+      int whatUpdate = au.checkUpdate();
+      if (f != null) {
+        f.dispose();
+      }
+      if (whatUpdate >= AutoUpdater.SOMEBETA) {
+//TODO add Prefs wantBeta check
+        whatUpdate -= AutoUpdater.SOMEBETA;
+      }
+      if (whatUpdate > 0) {
+        if (whatUpdate == AutoUpdater.BETA) {
+          ver = au.getBeta();
+          details = au.getBetaDetails();
+        } else {
+          ver = au.getVersion();
+          details = au.getDetails();
+        }
+        if (isAutoCheck && pref.getLastSeenUpdate().equals(ver)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        au.showUpdateFrame(_I("dlgUpdateAvailable", ver), details, whatUpdate);
+        PreferencesUser.getInstance().setLastSeenUpdate(ver);
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void initMenuBars(JFrame frame) {
+    try {
+      initFileMenu();
+      initEditMenu();
+      initRunMenu();
+      initViewMenu();
+      initToolMenu();
+      initHelpMenu();
+    } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+      log(-1, "Problem when initializing menues\nError: %s", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    _menuBar.add(_fileMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_editMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_runMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_viewMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_toolMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_helpMenu);
+    frame.setJMenuBar(_menuBar);
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init LeftBar Commands">
+  private String[] getCommandCategories() {
+    String[] CommandCategories = {
+      _I("cmdListFind"),
+      _I("cmdListMouse"),
+      _I("cmdListKeyboard"),
+      _I("cmdListObserver")
+    };
+    return CommandCategories;
+  }
+
+  private String[][] getCommandsOnToolbar() {
+    String[][] CommandsOnToolbar = {
+      {"find"}, {"PATTERN"},
+      {_I("cmdFind")},
+      {"findAll"}, {"PATTERN"},
+      {_I("cmdFindAll")},
+      {"wait"}, {"PATTERN", "[timeout]"},
+      {_I("cmdWait")},
+      {"waitVanish"}, {"PATTERN", "[timeout]"},
+      {_I("cmdWaitVanish")},
+      {"exists"}, {"PATTERN", "[timeout]"},
+      {_I("cmdExists")},
+      {"----"}, {}, {},
+      {"click"}, {"PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdClick")},
+      {"doubleClick"}, {"PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdDoubleClick")},
+      {"rightClick"}, {"PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdRightClick")},
+      {"hover"}, {"PATTERN"},
+      {_I("cmdHover")},
+      {"dragDrop"}, {"PATTERN", "PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdDragDrop")},
+      /* RaiMan not used
+       * {"drag"}, {"PATTERN"},
+       * {"dropAt"}, {"PATTERN", "[delay]"},
+       * RaiMan not used */
+      {"----"}, {}, {},
+      {"type"}, {"_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdType")},
+      {"type"}, {"PATTERN", "_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdType2")},
+      {"paste"}, {"_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdPaste")},
+      {"paste"}, {"PATTERN", "_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdPaste2")},
+      {"----"}, {}, {},
+      {"onAppear"}, {"PATTERN", "_hnd"},
+      {_I("cmdOnAppear")},
+      {"onVanish"}, {"PATTERN", "_hnd"},
+      {_I("cmdOnVanish")},
+      {"onChange"}, {"_hnd"},
+      {_I("cmdOnChange")},
+      {"observe"}, {"[time]", "[background]"},
+      {_I("cmdObserve")},};
+    return CommandsOnToolbar;
+  }
+
+  private JComponent createCommandPane() {
+    JXTaskPaneContainer con = new JXTaskPaneContainer();
+
+    PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    JCheckBox chkAutoCapture
+            = new JCheckBox(_I("cmdListAutoCapture"),
+                    pref.getAutoCaptureForCmdButtons());
+    chkAutoCapture.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void stateChanged(javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent e) {
+        boolean flag = ((JCheckBox) e.getSource()).isSelected();
+        PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+        pref.setAutoCaptureForCmdButtons(flag);
+      }
+    });
+    JXTaskPane setPane = new JXTaskPane();
+    setPane.setTitle(_I("cmdListSettings"));
+    setPane.add(chkAutoCapture);
+    setPane.setCollapsed(true);
+    con.add(setPane);
+    int cat = 0;
+    JXTaskPane taskPane = new JXTaskPane();
+    taskPane.setTitle(getCommandCategories()[cat++]);
+    con.add(taskPane);
+    String[][] CommandsOnToolbar = getCommandsOnToolbar();
+    boolean collapsed;
+    for (int i = 0; i < CommandsOnToolbar.length; i++) {
+      String cmd = CommandsOnToolbar[i++][0];
+      String[] params = CommandsOnToolbar[i++];
+      String[] desc = CommandsOnToolbar[i];
+//TODO: more elegeant way, to handle special cases
+      if (cmd.equals("----")) {
+        if (cat == 2) {
+          collapsed = true;
+        } else {
+          collapsed = false;
+        }
+        if (cat == 3) {
+          if (prefs.getUserType() == PreferencesUser.NEWBEE) {
+            break;
+          } else {
+            collapsed = true;
+          }
+        }
+        taskPane = new JXTaskPane();
+        taskPane.setTitle(getCommandCategories()[cat++]);
+        con.add(taskPane);
+        taskPane.setCollapsed(collapsed);
+      } else {
+        taskPane.add(new ButtonGenCommand(cmd, desc[0], params));
+      }
+    }
+    Dimension conDim = con.getSize();
+    con.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(250, 1000));
+    _cmdList = new JXCollapsiblePane(JXCollapsiblePane.Direction.LEFT);
+    _cmdList.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(0, 0));
+    _cmdList.add(new JScrollPane(con));
+    _cmdList.setCollapsed(false);
+    return _cmdList;
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="RaiMan obsolete">
+  private JToolBar initCmdToolbar() {
+    JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar(JToolBar.VERTICAL);
+    toolbar.add(createCommandPane());
+    return toolbar;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init ToolBar Buttons">
+  private JToolBar initToolbar() {
+    if (ENABLE_UNIFIED_TOOLBAR) {
+      MacUtils.makeWindowLeopardStyle(this.getRootPane());
+    }
+
+    JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
+    JButton btnInsertImage = new ButtonInsertImage();
+    _btnCapture = new ButtonCapture();
+    JButton btnSubregion = new ButtonSubregion();
+    toolbar.add(_btnCapture);
+    toolbar.add(btnInsertImage);
+    toolbar.add(btnSubregion);
+    toolbar.add(Box.createHorizontalGlue());
+    /* RaiMan not used
+     * if( ENABLE_RECORDING ){
+     * JToggleButton btnRecord = new ButtonRecord();
+     * toolbar.add(btnRecord);
+     * }
+     * RaiMan not used */
+    _btnRun = new ButtonRun();
+    toolbar.add(_btnRun);
+    _btnRunViz = new ButtonRunViz();
+    toolbar.add(_btnRunViz);
+    toolbar.add(Box.createHorizontalGlue());
+    
+//TODO get it working for OSX 10.10     
+    if (!Settings.isMac10()) {
+      toolbar.add(createSearchField());
+    }
+    
+    toolbar.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(7, 0)));
+    toolbar.setFloatable(false);
+    //toolbar.setMargin(new Insets(0, 0, 0, 5));
+    return toolbar;
+  }
+
+  class ButtonInsertImage extends ButtonOnToolbar implements ActionListener {
+
+    public ButtonInsertImage() {
+      super();
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/insert-image-icon.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      setText(SikuliIDE._I("btnInsertImageLabel"));
+      //setMaximumSize(new Dimension(26,26));
+      setToolTipText(SikuliIDE._I("btnInsertImageHint"));
+      addActionListener(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+      File file = new SikuliIDEFileChooser(SikuliIDE.getInstance()).loadImage();
+      if (file == null) {
+        return;
+      }
+      String path = FileManager.slashify(file.getAbsolutePath(), false);
+      Debug.info("load image: " + path);
+      EditorPatternButton icon;
+      String img = codePane.copyFileToBundle(path).getAbsolutePath();
+      if (prefs.getDefaultThumbHeight() > 0) {
+        icon = new EditorPatternButton(codePane, img);
+        codePane.insertComponent(icon);
+      } else {
+        codePane.insertString("\"" + (new File(img)).getName() + "\"");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ButtonSubregion extends ButtonOnToolbar implements ActionListener, EventObserver {
+
+    public ButtonSubregion() {
+      super();
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/region-icon.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      setText(SikuliIDE._I("btnRegionLabel"));
+      //setMaximumSize(new Dimension(26,26));
+      setToolTipText(SikuliIDE._I("btnRegionHint"));
+      addActionListener(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane codePane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      ide.setVisible(false);
+      OverlayCapturePrompt prompt = new OverlayCapturePrompt(null, this);
+      prompt.prompt(SikuliIDE._I("msgCapturePrompt"), 500);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void update(EventSubject s) {
+      if (s instanceof OverlayCapturePrompt) {
+        complete((OverlayCapturePrompt) s);
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void complete(OverlayCapturePrompt cp) {
+      int x, y, w, h;
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane codePane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      ScreenImage r = cp.getSelection();
+      cp.close();
+      if (r != null) {
+        Rectangle roi = r.getROI();
+        x = (int) roi.getX();
+        y = (int) roi.getY();
+        w = (int) roi.getWidth();
+        h = (int) roi.getHeight();
+        ide.setVisible(false);
+        if (codePane.showThumbs) {
+          if (prefs.getPrefMoreImageThumbs()) {
+            codePane.insertComponent(new EditorRegionButton(codePane, x, y, w, h));
+          } else {
+            codePane.insertComponent(new EditorRegionLabel(codePane,
+                    new EditorRegionButton(codePane, x, y, w, h).toString()));
+          }
+        } else {
+          codePane.insertString(codePane.getRegionString(x, y, w, h));
+        }
+      }
+      ide.setVisible(true);
+      codePane.requestFocus();
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ButtonRun extends ButtonOnToolbar implements ActionListener {
+
+    private Thread _runningThread = null;
+
+    public ButtonRun() {
+      super();
+
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/run_big_green.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      initTooltip();
+      addActionListener(this);
+      setText(_I("btnRunLabel"));
+      //setMaximumSize(new Dimension(45,45));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
+      runCurrentScript();
+    }
+
+		public void runCurrentScript() {
+			SikuliIDE.getStatusbar().setMessage("... PLEASE WAIT ... checking IDE state before running script");
+			SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+			if (ideIsRunningScript || !ide.doBeforeRun()) {
+				return;
+			}
+			SikuliIDE.getStatusbar().resetMessage();
+			ide.setVisible(false);
+			if (ide.firstRun) {
+//        SikulixUtil.displaySplashFirstTime(new String[0]);
+				ide.firstRun = false;
+			}
+			ide.setIsRunningScript(true);
+			final IScriptRunner[] srunners = new IScriptRunner[] {null};
+			_runningThread = new Thread() {
+				@Override
+				public void run() {
+					EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+					File tmpFile;
+					tmpFile = FileManager.createTempFile(ScriptRunner.TypeEndings.get(codePane.getSikuliContentType()));
+					if (tmpFile == null) {
+						return;
+					}
+					try {
+						BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(
+										new OutputStreamWriter(
+														new FileOutputStream(tmpFile),
+														"UTF8"));
+						codePane.write(bw);
+						//SikuliIDE.getInstance().setVisible(false);
+						_console.clear();
+						resetErrorMark();
+//            runScript(tmpFile, codePane);
+						File path = new File(SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentBundlePath());
+						File parent = path.getParentFile();
+						//TODO implement alternative script types
+						String runnerType = null;
+						String cType = codePane.getContentType();
+						runnerType = cType.equals(ScriptRunner.CPYTHON) ? ScriptRunner.RPYTHON : ScriptRunner.RRUBY;
+						IScriptRunner srunner = ScriptRunner.getScriptRunner(runnerType, null, Settings.getArgs());
+						if (srunner == null) {
+							Debug.error("Could not load a script runner for: %s (%s)", cType, runnerType);
+							return;
+						}
+						addScriptCode(srunner);
+						srunners[0] = srunner;
+						try {
+							ImagePath.reset(path.getAbsolutePath());
+							String tabtitle = tabPane.getTitleAt(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+							if (tabtitle.startsWith("*")) {
+								tabtitle = tabtitle.substring(1);
+							}
+							int ret = srunner.runScript(tmpFile, path, Settings.getArgs(),
+											new String[]{parent.getAbsolutePath(), tabtitle});
+							addErrorMark(ret);
+							srunner.close();
+							srunners[0] = null;
+						} catch (Exception e) {
+							srunner.close();
+							srunners[0] = null;
+							throw e;
+						}
+					} catch (Exception e) {
+					} finally {
+						SikuliIDE.getInstance().setIsRunningScript(false);
+						SikuliIDE.getInstance().setVisible(true);
+						_runningThread = null;
+						Sikulix.cleanUp(0);
+					}
+				}
+			};
+			_runningThread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(new Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler() {
+				@Override
+				public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
+					Debug.error("Jython UncaughtExceptionHandler: trying to cleanup.\n%s", e.getMessage());
+					if (srunners[0] != null) {
+						srunners[0].close();
+					}
+					SikuliIDE.getInstance().setIsRunningScript(false);
+					SikuliIDE.getInstance().setVisible(true);
+					_runningThread = null;
+					Sikulix.cleanUp(0);
+				}
+			});
+			_runningThread.start();
+		}
+
+    protected void addScriptCode(IScriptRunner srunner) {
+      srunner.execBefore(null);
+      srunner.execBefore(new String[]{"Settings.setShowActions(Settings.FALSE)"});
+    }
+
+    public void stopRunning() {
+      if (_runningThread != null) {
+        _runningThread.interrupt();
+        _runningThread.stop();
+      }
+    }
+
+    private void initTooltip() {
+      PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+      String strHotkey = Key.convertKeyToText(
+              pref.getStopHotkey(), pref.getStopHotkeyModifiers());
+      String stopHint = _I("btnRunStopHint", strHotkey);
+      setToolTipText(_I("btnRun", stopHint));
+    }
+
+    public void addErrorMark(int line) {
+      if (line < 0) {
+        line *= -1;
+      } else {
+        return;
+      }
+      JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getSelectedComponent();
+      EditorLineNumberView lnview = (EditorLineNumberView) (scrPane.getRowHeader().getView());
+      lnview.addErrorMark(line);
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.this.getCurrentCodePane();
+      codePane.jumpTo(line);
+      codePane.requestFocus();
+    }
+
+    public void resetErrorMark() {
+      JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getSelectedComponent();
+      EditorLineNumberView lnview = (EditorLineNumberView) (scrPane.getRowHeader().getView());
+      lnview.resetErrorMark();
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ButtonRunViz extends ButtonRun {
+
+    public ButtonRunViz() {
+      super();
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/run_big_yl.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      setToolTipText(_I("menuRunRunAndShowActions"));
+      setText(_I("btnRunSlowMotionLabel"));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void addScriptCode(IScriptRunner srunner) {
+      srunner.execBefore(null);
+      srunner.execBefore(new String[]{"Settings.setShowActions(Settings.TRUE)"});
+    }
+  }
+
+  public String getCurrentBundlePath() {
+    EditorPane pane = getCurrentCodePane();
+    return pane.getSrcBundle();
+  }
+
+  private JComponent createSearchField() {
+    _searchField = new JXSearchField("Find");
+    _searchField.setUseNativeSearchFieldIfPossible(true);
+    //_searchField.setLayoutStyle(JXSearchField.LayoutStyle.MAC);
+    _searchField.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(220, 30));
+    _searchField.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(220, 30));
+    _searchField.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(380, 30));
+    _searchField.setMargin(new Insets(0, 3, 0, 3));
+    _searchField.setToolTipText("Search is case sensitive - "
+            + "start with ! to make search not case sensitive");
+
+    _searchField.setCancelAction(new ActionListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
+        getCurrentCodePane().requestFocus();
+        _findHelper.setFailed(false);
+      }
+    });
+    _searchField.setFindAction(new ActionListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
+        //FIXME: On Linux the found selection disappears somehow
+        if (!Settings.isLinux()) //HACK
+        {
+          _searchField.selectAll();
+        }
+        boolean ret = _findHelper.findNext(_searchField.getText());
+        _findHelper.setFailed(!ret);
+      }
+    });
+    _searchField.addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() {
+      @Override
+      public void keyReleased(java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke) {
+        boolean ret;
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_ENTER) {
+          //FIXME: On Linux the found selection disappears somehow
+          if (!Settings.isLinux()) //HACK
+          {
+            _searchField.selectAll();
+          }
+          ret = _findHelper.findNext(_searchField.getText());
+        } else {
+          ret = _findHelper.findStr(_searchField.getText());
+        }
+        _findHelper.setFailed(!ret);
+      }
+    });
+    return _searchField;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  private void initTabPane() {
+    tabPane = new CloseableTabbedPane();
+    tabPane.setUI(new AquaCloseableTabbedPaneUI());
+    tabPane.addCloseableTabbedPaneListener(
+            new CloseableTabbedPaneListener() {
+              @Override
+              public boolean closeTab(int i) {
+                EditorPane codePane;
+                try {
+                  JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+                  codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+                  tabPane.setLastClosed(codePane.getSrcBundle());
+                  Debug.log(4, "close tab " + i + " n:" + tabPane.getComponentCount());
+                  boolean ret = codePane.close();
+                  Debug.log(4, "after close tab n:" + tabPane.getComponentCount());
+                  if (ret && tabPane.getTabCount() < 2) {
+                    (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+                  }
+                  return ret;
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                  log(-1, "Problem closing tab %d\nError: %s", i, e.getMessage());
+                  return false;
+                }
+              }
+            });
+
+    tabPane.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void stateChanged(javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent e) {
+        EditorPane codePane = null;
+        JTabbedPane tab = (JTabbedPane) e.getSource();
+        int i = tab.getSelectedIndex();
+        if (i >= 0) {
+          JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+          codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+          String fname = codePane.getCurrentSrcDir();
+          if (fname == null) {
+            SikuliIDE.this.setTitle(tab.getTitleAt(i));
+          } else {
+            ImagePath.setBundlePath(fname);
+            SikuliIDE.this.setTitle(fname);
+          }
+          SikuliIDE.this.chkShowThumbs.setState(SikuliIDE.this.getCurrentCodePane().showThumbs);
+        }
+        updateUndoRedoStates();
+        if (codePane != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getStatusbar().setCurrentContentType(
+                  SikuliIDE.this.getCurrentCodePane().getSikuliContentType());
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+  }
+
+  private void initMsgPane(boolean atBottom) {
+    msgPane = new JTabbedPane();
+    _console = new EditorConsolePane();
+    msgPane.addTab(_I("paneMessage"), null, _console, "DoubleClick to hide/unhide");
+    if (Settings.isWindows() || Settings.isLinux()) {
+      msgPane.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(5, 8, 5, 8));
+    }
+    msgPane.addMouseListener(new MouseListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) {
+        if (me.getClickCount() < 2) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (msgPaneCollapsed) {
+          _mainSplitPane.setDividerLocation(_mainSplitPane.getLastDividerLocation());
+          msgPaneCollapsed = false;
+        } else {
+          int pos = _mainSplitPane.getWidth() - 35;
+          if (prefs.getPrefMoreMessage() == PreferencesUser.HORIZONTAL) {
+            pos = _mainSplitPane.getHeight() - 35;
+          }
+          _mainSplitPane.setDividerLocation(pos);
+          msgPaneCollapsed = true;
+        }
+      }
+      //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="mouse events not used">
+
+      @Override
+      public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+      //</editor-fold>
+    });
+  }
+
+  public Container getMsgPane() {
+    return msgPane;
+  }
+
+  private SikuliIDEStatusBar initStatusbar() {
+    _status = new SikuliIDEStatusBar();
+    return _status;
+  }
+
+  public static SikuliIDEStatusBar getStatusbar() {
+    if (sikulixIDE == null) {
+      return null;
+    } else {
+      return sikulixIDE._status;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void initWindowListener() {
+    setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);
+    addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
+      @Override
+      public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
+        SikuliIDE.this.quit();
+      }
+    });
+    addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() {
+      @Override
+      public void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) {
+        PreferencesUser.getInstance().setIdeSize(SikuliIDE.this.getSize());
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void componentMoved(ComponentEvent e) {
+        PreferencesUser.getInstance().setIdeLocation(SikuliIDE.this.getLocation());
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  private void initTooltip() {
+    ToolTipManager tm = ToolTipManager.sharedInstance();
+    tm.setDismissDelay(30000);
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init ShortCuts HotKeys">
+  private void nextTab() {
+    int i = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    int next = (i + 1) % tabPane.getTabCount();
+    tabPane.setSelectedIndex(next);
+  }
+
+  private void prevTab() {
+    int i = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    int prev = (i - 1 + tabPane.getTabCount()) % tabPane.getTabCount();
+    tabPane.setSelectedIndex(prev);
+  }
+
+  private void initShortcutKeys() {
+    final int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().addAWTEventListener(new AWTEventListener() {
+      private boolean isKeyNextTab(java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke) {
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB
+                && ke.getModifiers() == InputEvent.CTRL_MASK) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_CLOSE_BRACKET
+                && ke.getModifiers() == (InputEvent.META_MASK | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      private boolean isKeyPrevTab(java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke) {
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB
+                && ke.getModifiers() == (InputEvent.CTRL_MASK | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_OPEN_BRACKET
+                && ke.getModifiers() == (InputEvent.META_MASK | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      public void eventDispatched(AWTEvent e) {
+        java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke = (java.awt.event.KeyEvent) e;
+        //Debug.log(ke.toString());
+        if (ke.getID() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED) {
+          if (isKeyNextTab(ke)) {
+            nextTab();
+          } else if (isKeyPrevTab(ke)) {
+            prevTab();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }, AWTEvent.KEY_EVENT_MASK);
+
+  }
+
+  public void removeCaptureHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().removeHotkey("Capture");
+  }
+
+  public void installCaptureHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().addHotkey("Capture", new HotkeyListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void hotkeyPressed(HotkeyEvent e) {
+        if (!SikuliIDE.getInstance().isRunningScript()) {
+          onQuickCapture();
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  public void onQuickCapture() {
+    onQuickCapture(null);
+  }
+
+  public void onQuickCapture(String arg) {
+    Debug.log(3, "QuickCapture");
+    _btnCapture.capture(0);
+  }
+
+  public void removeStopHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().removeHotkey("Abort");
+  }
+
+  public void installStopHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().addHotkey("Abort", new HotkeyListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void hotkeyPressed(HotkeyEvent e) {
+        onStopRunning();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  public void onStopRunning() {
+    Debug.log(3, "StopRunning after AbortKey");
+    _btnRun.stopRunning();
+    _btnRunViz.stopRunning();
+    org.sikuli.script.Sikulix.cleanUp(-1);
+    this.setVisible(true);
+  }
+
+  private void initHotkeys() {
+    installCaptureHotkey();
+    installStopHotkey();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+	//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="IDE Unit Testing --- RaiMan not used">
+  /*
+   private void initSidePane() {
+   initUnitPane();
+   _sidePane = new JXCollapsiblePane(JXCollapsiblePane.Direction.RIGHT);
+   _sidePane.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(0, 0));
+   CloseableTabbedPane tabPane = new CloseableTabbedPane();
+   _sidePane.getContentPane().add(tabPane);
+   tabPane.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(0, 0));
+   tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUnitTest"), _unitPane);
+   tabPane.addCloseableTabbedPaneListener(new CloseableTabbedPaneListener() {
+   @Override
+   public boolean closeTab(int tabIndexToClose) {
+   _sidePane.setCollapsed(true);
+   _chkShowUnitTest.setState(false);
+   return false;
+   }
+   });
+   _sidePane.setCollapsed(true);
+   }
+
+   private void initUnitPane() {
+   _testRunner = new UnitTestRunner();
+   _unitPane = _testRunner.getPanel();
+   _chkShowUnitTest.setState(false);
+   addAuxTab(_I("paneTestTrace"), _testRunner.getTracePane());
+   }
+   */
+  public void addAuxTab(String tabName, JComponent com) {
+    msgPane.addTab(tabName, com);
+  }
+
+  public void jumpTo(String funcName) throws BadLocationException {
+    EditorPane pane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+    pane.jumpTo(funcName);
+    pane.grabFocus();
+  }
+
+  public void jumpTo(int lineNo) throws BadLocationException {
+    EditorPane pane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+    pane.jumpTo(lineNo);
+    pane.grabFocus();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.sikuli.ide.SikuliIDE.main` indirectly reads without synchronization from `basics.HotkeyManager.org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyManager._instance`. Potentially races with write in method `SikuliIDE.getInstance()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SikuliIDE.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.ide.SikuliIDE.main(java.lang.String[]):void.f9a630d62a070c87f87b708406eb84f0
+
+### File:
+IDE/src/main/java/org/sikuli/ide/SikuliIDE.java
+
+### Key:
+SikuliIDE.java|main|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+cd37ca82a1d421a7b965ac771a5aae01
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4525/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4525/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82ac34686defda7265a6f169e462e7320bbdf640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4525/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, SikulixUtil.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan
+ */
+package org.sikuli.script;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.CodeSource;
+import javax.swing.Box;
+import javax.swing.BoxLayout;
+import javax.swing.JLabel;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import javax.swing.JPanel;
+import javax.swing.JPasswordField;
+import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
+import javax.swing.JTextArea;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.basics.FileManager;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyManager;
+import org.sikuli.basics.PreferencesUser;
+import org.sikuli.basics.ResourceLoader;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+
+/**
+ * global services for package API
+ */
+public class Sikulix {
+
+  private static int lvl = 3;
+
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, "Sikulix: " + message, args);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean runningFromJar;
+  private static String jarPath;
+  private static String jarParentPath;
+  private static final String prefNonSikuli = "nonSikuli_";
+
+  static {
+    rt = RunTime.get();
+    if (Debug.getDebugLevel() == 0) {
+      Debug.setDebugLevel(1);
+    }
+    CodeSource codeSrc = Sikulix.class.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
+    if (codeSrc != null && codeSrc.getLocation() != null) {
+      URL jarURL = codeSrc.getLocation();
+      jarPath = FileManager.slashify(new File(jarURL.getPath()).getAbsolutePath(), false);
+      jarParentPath = (new File(jarPath)).getParent();
+      if (jarPath.endsWith(".jar")) {
+        runningFromJar = true;
+      } else {
+        jarPath += "/";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static RunTime rt = null;
+  public static int testNumber = -1;
+
+  /**
+   * checking parameter -d on commandline<br>
+   * 0 - list all available tests<br>
+   * 1 - run all available tests<br>
+   * n - run the test with that number if available
+   *
+   * @param args currently only -d is evaluated
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+    System.out.println("********** Running Sikulix.main");
+
+    int dl = RunTime.checkArgs(args);
+    if (dl > -1) {
+      testNumber = dl;
+    }
+    
+    if (RunTime.testing) {
+     rt = RunTime.get();
+     testNumber = rt.getOptionNumber("testing.test", -1);
+    }
+
+    if (testNumber > -1) {
+      rt = RunTime.get();
+      if (!rt.testing) {
+        rt.show();
+        rt.testing = true;
+        Debug.on(3);
+      }            
+      Tests.runTest(testNumber);
+      System.exit(1);
+    } else {
+      rt = RunTime.get();
+      if (rt.runningWinApp) {
+        popup("Hello World\nNot much else to do ( yet ;-)", rt.fSxBaseJar.getName());
+        try {
+        Screen scr = new Screen();
+        scr.find(new Image(scr.userCapture("grab something to find"))).highlight(3);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+          popup("Uuups :-(\n" + ex.getMessage(), rt.fSxBaseJar.getName());
+        }
+        popup("Hello World\nNothing else to do ( yet ;-)", rt.fSxBaseJar.getName());
+      }
+      System.out.println("nothing to do (yet)");
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static boolean isRunningFromJar() {
+    return runningFromJar;
+  }
+
+  public static String getJarPath() {
+    return jarPath;
+  }
+
+  public static String getJarParentPath() {
+    return jarParentPath;
+  }
+
+  private static boolean runningSikulixapi = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   *
+   * @return the value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   */
+  public static boolean isRunningSikulixapi() {
+    return runningSikulixapi;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   *
+   * @param runningAPI new value of runningSikulixUtilapi
+   */
+  public static void setRunningSikulixapi(boolean runningAPI) {
+    runningSikulixapi = runningAPI;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * call this, to initialize Sikuli up to useability
+   *
+   * @return the primary screen object or null if headless
+   */
+  public static Screen init() {
+    if (!canRun()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+//TODO collect initializations here
+    Mouse.init();
+    Keys.init();
+    return new Screen();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Can SikuliX be run on this machine?
+   *
+   * @return true if not running headless false otherwise
+   */
+  public static boolean canRun() {
+    return !RunTime.get().isHeadless();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: convenience function: runs {@link #cleanUp(int)}, prints a message endNormal and terminates with
+   * returncode
+   *
+   * @param n
+   */
+  public static void endNormal(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "endNormal: %d", n);
+    cleanUp(n);
+    System.exit(n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: convenience function: runs {@link #cleanUp(int)}, prints a message endWarning and terminates with
+   * returncode
+   *
+   * @param n returncode
+   */
+  public static void endWarning(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "endWarning: %d", n);
+    cleanUp(n);
+    System.exit(n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: convenience function: runs {@link #cleanUp(int)}, prints a message endError and terminates with
+   * returncode
+   *
+   * @param n
+   */
+  public static void endError(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "endError: %d", n);
+    cleanUp(n);
+    System.exit(n);
+  }
+
+  public static void terminate(int n) {
+    String msg = "***** Terminating SikuliX Setup after a fatal error"
+            + (n == 0 ? "*****\n" : " %d *****\n")
+            + "SikuliX is not useable!\n"
+            + "Check the error log at " + Debug.logfile;
+    if (Settings.runningSetup) {
+      if (Settings.noPupUps) {
+        log(-1, msg, n);
+      } else {
+        popError(String.format(msg, n));
+      }
+    } else {
+      Debug.error("***** Terminating SikuliX after a fatal error"
+              + (n == 0 ? "*****\n" : " %d *****\n")
+              + "It makes no sense to continue!\n"
+              + "If you do not have any idea about the error cause or solution, run again\n"
+              + "with a Debug level of 3. You might paste the output to the Q&A board.", n);
+      cleanUp(0);
+    }
+    System.exit(1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: resets stateful Sikuli X features: ScreenHighlighter, Observing, Mouse, Key, Hotkeys When in IDE:
+   * resets selected options to defaults (TODO)
+   *
+   * @param n returncode
+   */
+  public static void cleanUp(int n) {
+    log(lvl, "cleanUp: %d", n);
+    ScreenHighlighter.closeAll();
+    Observing.cleanUp();
+    Mouse.reset();
+    //TODO move to class Keys after implementation
+    Screen.getPrimaryScreen().getRobot().keyUp();
+    //TODO what about remote screen sessions????
+    HotkeyManager.reset();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: used in setup: tests basic SikulixUtil features
+   *
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public static boolean testSetup() {
+    return doTestSetup("Java API", false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: used in setup: tests basic SikulixUtil features
+   *
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public static boolean testSetup(String src) {
+    return doTestSetup(src, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * INTERNAL USE: used in setup: tests basic SikulixUtil features
+   *
+   * @return success
+   */
+  public static boolean testSetupSilent() {
+    Settings.noPupUps = true;
+    return doTestSetup("Java API", true);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean doTestSetup(String testSetupSource, boolean silent) {
+    Region r = Region.create(0, 0, 100, 100);
+    Image img = new Image(r.getScreen().capture(r).getImage());
+    Pattern p = new Pattern(img);
+    Finder f = new Finder(img);
+    boolean success = (null != f.find(p));
+    log(lvl, "testSetup: Finder setup with image %s", (!success ? "did not work" : "worked"));
+    if (success &= f.hasNext()) {
+      success = (null != f.find(img.asFile()));
+      log(lvl, "testSetup: Finder setup with image file %s", (!success ? "did not work" : "worked"));
+      success &= f.hasNext();
+      String screenFind = "Screen.find(imagefile)";
+      try {
+        ((Screen) r.getScreen()).find(img.asFile());
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: %s worked", screenFind);
+        screenFind = "repeated Screen.find(imagefile)";
+        ((Screen) r.getScreen()).find(img.asFile());
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: %s worked", screenFind);
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: %s did not work", screenFind);
+        success = false;
+      }
+    }
+    if (success) {
+      if (!silent) {
+        popup("Hallo from Sikulix.testSetup: " + testSetupSource + "\n"
+                + "SikuliX seems to be working!\n\nHave fun!");
+        log(lvl, "testSetup: Finder.find: worked");
+      } else {
+        System.out.println("[info] RunSetup: Sikulix.testSetup: Java Sikuli seems to be working!");
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+    log(lvl, "testSetup: last Screen/Finder.find: did not work");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  public static boolean addToClasspath(String jar) {
+    return RunTime.get().addToClasspath(jar);
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  public static boolean isOnClasspath(String artefact) {
+    return null != RunTime.get().isOnClasspath(artefact);
+  }
+
+  public static String run(String cmdline) {
+    return run(new String[]{cmdline});
+  }
+
+  public static String run(String[] cmd) {
+    return ResourceLoader.get().runcmd(cmd);
+  }
+
+  public static void popError(String message) {
+    popError(message, "Sikuli");
+  }
+
+  public static void popError(String message, String title) {
+    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, title, JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * request user's input as one line of text <br>
+   * with hidden = true: <br>
+   * the dialog works as password input (input text hidden as bullets) <br>
+   * take care to destroy the return value as soon as possible (internally the password is deleted on return)
+   *
+   * @param msg
+   * @param preset
+   * @param title
+   * @param hidden
+   * @return the text entered
+   */
+  public static String input(String msg, String preset, String title, boolean hidden) {
+    if (!hidden) {
+      if ("".equals(title)) {
+        title = "Sikuli input request";
+      }
+      return (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, msg, title, JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE, null, null, preset);
+    } else {
+      preset = "";
+      JTextArea tm = new JTextArea(msg);
+      tm.setColumns(20);
+      tm.setLineWrap(true);
+      tm.setWrapStyleWord(true);
+      tm.setEditable(false);
+      tm.setBackground(new JLabel().getBackground());
+      JPasswordField pw = new JPasswordField(preset);
+      JPanel pnl = new JPanel();
+      pnl.setLayout(new BoxLayout(pnl, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
+      pnl.add(pw);
+      pnl.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
+      pnl.add(tm);
+      if (0 == JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, pnl, title, JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION)) {
+        char[] pwc = pw.getPassword();
+        String pwr = "";
+        for (int i = 0; i < pwc.length; i++) {
+          pwr = pwr + pwc[i];
+          pwc[i] = 0;
+        }
+        return pwr;
+      } else {
+        return "";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, String title, boolean hidden) {
+    return input(msg, "", title, hidden);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, boolean hidden) {
+    return input(msg, "", "", hidden);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, String preset, String title) {
+    return input(msg, preset, title, false);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg, String preset) {
+    return input(msg, preset, "", false);
+  }
+
+  public static String input(String msg) {
+    return input(msg, "", "", false);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean popAsk(String msg) {
+    return popAsk(msg, null);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean popAsk(String msg, String title) {
+    if (title == null) {
+      title = "... something to decide!";
+    }
+    int ret = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, msg, title, JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION);
+    if (ret == JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION || ret == JOptionPane.NO_OPTION) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static void popup(String message) {
+    popup(message, "Sikuli");
+  }
+
+  public static void popup(String message, String title) {
+    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, message, title, JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String[] options, String preset) {
+    return popSelect(msg, null, options, preset);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String[] options) {
+    if (options.length == 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    return popSelect(msg, null, options, options[0]);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String title, String[] options) {
+    if (options.length == 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    return popSelect(msg, title, options, options[0]);
+  }
+
+  public static String popSelect(String msg, String title, String[] options, String preset) {
+    if (title == null || "".equals(title)) {
+      title = "... something to select!";
+    }
+    if (options.length == 0) {
+      return "";
+    }
+    if (preset == null) {
+      preset = options[0];
+    }
+    return (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, msg, title, JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE, null, options, preset);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Shows a dialog request to enter text in a multiline text field <br>
+   * Though not all text might be visible, everything entered is delivered with the returned text <br>
+   * The main purpose for this feature is to allow pasting text from somewhere preserving line breaks <br>
+   *
+   * @param msg the message to display.
+   * @param title the title for the dialog (default: Sikuli input request)
+   * @param lines the maximum number of lines visible in the text field (default 9)
+   * @param width the maximum number of characters visible in one line (default 20)
+   * @return The user's input including the line breaks.
+   */
+  public static String inputText(String msg, String title, int lines, int width) {
+    width = Math.max(20, width);
+    lines = Math.max(9, lines);
+    if ("".equals(title)) {
+      title = "Sikuli input request";
+    }
+    JTextArea ta = new JTextArea("");
+    int w = width * ta.getFontMetrics(ta.getFont()).charWidth('m');
+    int h = (int) (lines * ta.getFontMetrics(ta.getFont()).getHeight());
+    ta.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(w, h));
+    ta.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(w, 2 * h));
+    JScrollPane sp = new JScrollPane(ta);
+    sp.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER);
+    JTextArea tm = new JTextArea(msg);
+    tm.setColumns(width);
+    tm.setLineWrap(true);
+    tm.setWrapStyleWord(true);
+    tm.setEditable(false);
+    tm.setBackground(new JLabel().getBackground());
+    JPanel pnl = new JPanel();
+    pnl.setLayout(new BoxLayout(pnl, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
+    pnl.add(sp);
+    pnl.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
+    pnl.add(tm);
+    pnl.add(Box.createVerticalStrut(10));
+    if (0 == JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, pnl, title, JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION)) {
+      return ta.getText();
+    } else {
+      return "";
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void pause(int time) {
+    try {
+      Thread.sleep(time * 1000);
+    } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void pause(float time) {
+    try {
+      Thread.sleep((int) (time * 1000));
+    } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static boolean importPrefs(String path) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static String arrayToString(String[] args) {
+    String ret = "";
+    for (String s : args) {
+      if (s.contains(" ")) {
+        s = "\"" + s + "\"";
+      }
+      ret += s + " ";
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean exportPrefs(String path) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * store a key-value-pair in Javas persistent preferences storage that is used by SikuliX to save settings and
+   * information between IDE sessions<br>
+   * this allows, to easily make some valuable information persistent
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item
+   * @param value item content
+   */
+  public static void prefStore(String key, String value) {
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().put(prefNonSikuli + key, value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * retrieve the value of a previously stored a key-value-pair from Javas persistent preferences storage that is used
+   * by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item
+   * @return the item content or empty string if not stored yet
+   */
+  public static String prefLoad(String key) {
+    return PreferencesUser.getInstance().get(prefNonSikuli + key, "");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * retrieve the value of a previously stored a key-value-pair from Javas persistent preferences storage that is used
+   * by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item
+   * @param value the item content or the given value if not stored yet (default)
+   * @return the item content or the given default
+   */
+  public static String prefLoad(String key, String value) {
+    return PreferencesUser.getInstance().get(prefNonSikuli + key, value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * permanently remove the previously stored key-value-pair having the given key from Javas persistent preferences
+   * storage that is used by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   *
+   * @param key name of the item to permanently remove
+   * @return the item content that would be returned by prefLoad(key)
+   */
+  public static String prefRemove(String key) {
+    String val = prefLoad(key);
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().remove(prefNonSikuli + key);
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * permanently remove all previously stored key-value-pairs (by prefsStore()) from Javas persistent preferences
+   * storage that is used by SikuliX to save settings and information between IDE sessions<br>
+   */
+  public static void prefRemove() {
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().removeAll(prefNonSikuli);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `scr.userCapture("grab something to find")` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `Image(...)` at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Sikulix.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.script.Sikulix.main(java.lang.String[]):void.a4bc8b2c8be83782f8726e015b22a8e2
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/script/Sikulix.java
+
+### Key:
+Sikulix.java|main|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+76cd470d1554883dec93cf214c5154a8
+
+### Hash:
+017dfc28ad7bb35a7cb7ba5b54942ebf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4531/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4531/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c88dac94fcf216d641d9d2485d78f380b636e7ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4531/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** anserini
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.anserini.kg.freebase;
+
+import io.anserini.kg.freebase.IndexTopics.TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.DirectoryReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.BM25Similarity;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.Similarity;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.IndexSearcher;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.core.SimpleAnalyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.MultiFieldQueryParser;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParser;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.TopDocs;
+import io.anserini.rerank.ScoredDocuments;
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.CmdLineException;
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.CmdLineParser;
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.Option;
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.OptionHandlerFilter;
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.ParserProperties;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+
+/**
+ * Lookups a Freebase mid and returns all properties associated with it.
+ */
+public class LookupTopic implements Closeable {
+  private static final Logger LOG = LogManager.getLogger(LookupTopic.class);
+
+  private final IndexReader reader;
+
+  static final class Args {
+    // Required arguments
+
+    @Option(name = "-index", metaVar = "[Path]", required = true, usage = "index path")
+    public String index;
+
+    @Option(name = "-query", metaVar = "[query]", required =  true, usage = "topic name to query for")
+    public String query;
+  }
+
+  private LookupTopic(String indexDir) throws IOException {
+    // Initialize index reader
+    LOG.info("Reading index from " + indexDir);
+
+    Path indexPath = Paths.get(indexDir);
+
+    if (!Files.exists(indexPath) || !Files.isDirectory(indexPath) || !Files.isReadable(indexPath)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(indexDir + " does not exist or is not a directory.");
+    }
+
+    this.reader = DirectoryReader.open(FSDirectory.open(indexPath));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    reader.close();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prints query results to the standard output stream.
+   *
+   * @param queryName the entity name to search
+   * @throws Exception on error
+   */
+  public void search(String queryName) throws Exception {
+    LOG.info("Querying started...");
+
+    // Initialize index searcher
+    IndexSearcher searcher = new IndexSearcher(reader);
+    SimpleAnalyzer analyzer = new SimpleAnalyzer();
+    int numHits = 20;
+
+    // find exact title
+    QueryParser titleParser = new QueryParser(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TITLE, analyzer);
+    Query titleQuery = titleParser.parse(queryName);
+    TopDocs rs = searcher.search(titleQuery, numHits);
+    ScoredDocuments docs = ScoredDocuments.fromTopDocs(rs, searcher);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < docs.documents.length; i++) {
+      String resultDoc = String.format("%d - SCORE: %f\nTOPIC_MID: %s\nWIKI_TITLE: %s\nW3_LABEL: %s\n\n",
+              (i + 1),
+              docs.scores[i],
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TOPIC_MID).stringValue(),
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TITLE).stringValue(),
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_LABEL).stringValue());
+      System.out.println(resultDoc);
+    }
+
+    if (docs.documents.length != 0) {
+      System.out.println("Exact WIKI_TITLE found! Ending search.");
+      return;
+    } else {
+      System.out.println("Exact WIKI_TITLE not found. Searching for the label...");
+    }
+    System.out.println();
+
+    // find exact label
+    QueryParser labelParser = new QueryParser(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_LABEL, analyzer);
+    Query labelQuery = labelParser.parse(queryName);
+    rs = searcher.search(labelQuery, numHits);
+    docs = ScoredDocuments.fromTopDocs(rs, searcher);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < docs.documents.length; i++) {
+      String resultDoc = String.format("%d - SCORE: %f\nTOPIC_MID: %s\nWIKI_TITLE: %s\nW3_LABEL: %s\n\n",
+              (i + 1),
+              docs.scores[i],
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TOPIC_MID).stringValue(),
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TITLE).stringValue(),
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_LABEL).stringValue());
+      System.out.println(resultDoc);
+    }
+
+    if (docs.documents.length != 0) {
+      System.out.println("Exact W3_LABEL found! Ending search.");
+      return;
+    } else {
+      System.out.println("Exact W3_LABEL not found. Ranking the topics using BM25 according the text/title/label...");
+    }
+    System.out.println();
+
+    float k1 = 1.5f;
+    float b = 0.75f;
+    Similarity similarity = new BM25Similarity(k1, b);
+    searcher.setSimilarity(similarity);
+    MultiFieldQueryParser queryParser = new MultiFieldQueryParser(
+            new String[]{ TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TITLE,
+                    TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_LABEL,
+                    TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TEXT },
+            analyzer);
+    queryParser.setDefaultOperator(QueryParser.Operator.OR);
+    Query query = queryParser.parse(queryName);
+
+    rs = searcher.search(query, numHits);
+    docs = ScoredDocuments.fromTopDocs(rs, searcher);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < docs.documents.length; i++) {
+      String resultDoc = String.format("%d - SCORE: %f\nTOPIC_MID: %s\nWIKI_TITLE: %s\nW3_LABEL: %s\n",
+              (i + 1),
+              docs.scores[i],
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TOPIC_MID).stringValue(),
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_TITLE).stringValue(),
+              docs.documents[i].getField(TopicLuceneDocumentGenerator.FIELD_LABEL).stringValue() );
+      System.out.println(resultDoc);
+    }
+
+    LOG.info("Querying completed.");
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+    Args searchArgs = new Args();
+
+    // Parse args
+    CmdLineParser parser = new CmdLineParser(searchArgs,
+            ParserProperties.defaults().withUsageWidth(90));
+
+    try {
+      parser.parseArgument(args);
+    } catch (CmdLineException e) {
+      System.err.println(e.getMessage());
+      parser.printUsage(System.err);
+      System.err.println("Example command: "+ LookupTopic.class.getSimpleName() +
+              parser.printExample(OptionHandlerFilter.REQUIRED));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    new LookupTopic(searchArgs.index).search(searchArgs.query);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `io.anserini.kg.freebase.LookupTopic` acquired by call to `new()` at line 174 is not released after line 174.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LookupTopic.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.anserini.kg.freebase.LookupTopic.main(java.lang.String[]):void.023fdac0bfe135b8a317161239ae3945
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/anserini/kg/freebase/LookupTopic.java
+
+### Key:
+LookupTopic.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4625b021cd614c8b668b9597e76f2f28
+
+### Hash:
+765385dbc756ac1bad70c1c22def647a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4536/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4536/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..195a3d75cd2907d3a9536b4c3f0e464489cdbf4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4536/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1371 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2012-2014 Gunnar Morling (http://www.gunnarmorling.de/)
+ *  and/or other contributors as indicated by the @authors tag. See the
+ *  copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full listing of all
+ *  contributors.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap.processor;
+
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import javax.annotation.processing.Messager;
+import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeKind;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.util.ElementFilter;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Elements;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Types;
+import javax.tools.Diagnostic.Kind;
+import org.mapstruct.CollectionMappingStrategy;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Assignment;
+import static org.mapstruct.ap.model.Assignment.AssignmentType.DIRECT;
+import static org.mapstruct.ap.model.Assignment.AssignmentType.TYPE_CONVERTED;
+import static org.mapstruct.ap.model.Assignment.AssignmentType.TYPE_CONVERTED_MAPPED;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.BeanMappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Decorator;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.DefaultMapperReference;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.DelegatingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.EnumMappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.FactoryMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.IterableMappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MapMappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Mapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MapperReference;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.PropertyMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.AdderWrapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.AssignmentFactory;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.GetterCollectionOrMapWrapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.LocalVarWrapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.NewCollectionOrMapWrapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.NullCheckWrapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.SetterCollectionOrMapWrapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.assignment.SetterWrapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.common.Parameter;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.common.Type;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.common.TypeFactory;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.EnumMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.ForgedMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Mapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Method;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.SourceMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.selector.MethodSelectors;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.option.Options;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.option.ReportingPolicy;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.prism.DecoratedWithPrism;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.prism.MapperPrism;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.processor.creation.MappingResolver;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Executables;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.MapperConfig;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Strings;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ModelElementProcessor} which creates a {@link Mapper} from the given
+ * list of {@link SourceMethod}s.
+ *
+ * @author Gunnar Morling
+ */
+public class MapperCreationProcessor implements ModelElementProcessor<List<SourceMethod>, Mapper> {
+
+    private enum TargetAccessorType {
+        GETTER,
+        SETTER,
+        ADDER
+    }
+
+    private Elements elementUtils;
+    private Types typeUtils;
+    private Messager messager;
+    private Options options;
+    private TypeFactory typeFactory;
+    private MappingResolver mappingResolver;
+    private final List<MappingMethod> mappingsToGenerate = new ArrayList<MappingMethod>();
+
+    @Override
+    public Mapper process(ProcessorContext context, TypeElement mapperTypeElement, List<SourceMethod> sourceModel) {
+        this.elementUtils = context.getElementUtils();
+        this.typeUtils = context.getTypeUtils();
+        this.messager = context.getMessager();
+        this.options = context.getOptions();
+        this.typeFactory = context.getTypeFactory();
+        this.mappingResolver = new MappingResolver( messager, typeFactory, elementUtils, typeUtils );
+
+        return getMapper( mapperTypeElement, sourceModel );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getPriority() {
+        return 1000;
+    }
+
+    private Mapper getMapper(TypeElement element, List<SourceMethod> methods) {
+        List<MapperReference> mapperReferences = getReferencedMappers( element );
+        List<MappingMethod> mappingMethods = getMappingMethods( mapperReferences, methods, element );
+        mappingMethods.addAll( mappingResolver.getVirtualMethodsToGenerate() );
+        mappingMethods.addAll( mappingsToGenerate );
+
+        Mapper mapper = new Mapper.Builder()
+            .element( element )
+            .mappingMethods( mappingMethods )
+            .mapperReferences( mapperReferences )
+            .suppressGeneratorTimestamp( options.isSuppressGeneratorTimestamp() )
+            .decorator( getDecorator( element, methods ) )
+            .typeFactory( typeFactory )
+            .elementUtils( elementUtils )
+            .extraImports( getExtraImports( element ) )
+            .build();
+
+        return mapper;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the effective policy for reporting unmapped getReturnType properties. If
+     * explicitly set via {@code Mapper}, this value will be returned. Otherwise
+     * the value from the corresponding processor option will be returned. If
+     * that is not set either, the default value from
+     * {@code Mapper#unmappedTargetPolicy()} will be returned.
+     *
+     * @param element The type declaring the generated mapper type
+     *
+     * @return The effective policy for reporting unmapped getReturnType properties.
+     */
+    private ReportingPolicy getEffectiveUnmappedTargetPolicy(TypeElement element) {
+        MapperConfig mapperSettings = MapperConfig.getInstanceOn( element );
+        boolean setViaAnnotation = mapperSettings.isSetUnmappedTargetPolicy();
+        ReportingPolicy annotationValue = ReportingPolicy.valueOf( mapperSettings.unmappedTargetPolicy() );
+
+        if ( setViaAnnotation ||
+            options.getUnmappedTargetPolicy() == null ) {
+            return annotationValue;
+        }
+        else {
+            return options.getUnmappedTargetPolicy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CollectionMappingStrategy getEffectiveCollectionMappingStrategy(TypeElement element) {
+        MapperConfig mapperSettings = MapperConfig.getInstanceOn( element );
+        return mapperSettings.getCollectionMappingStrategy();
+    }
+
+    private Decorator getDecorator(TypeElement element, List<SourceMethod> methods) {
+        DecoratedWithPrism decoratorPrism = DecoratedWithPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+
+        if ( decoratorPrism == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        TypeElement decoratorElement = (TypeElement) typeUtils.asElement( decoratorPrism.value() );
+
+        if ( !typeUtils.isAssignable( decoratorElement.asType(), element.asType() ) ) {
+            messager.printMessage(
+                Kind.ERROR,
+                String.format( "Specified decorator type is no subtype of the annotated mapper type." ),
+                element,
+                decoratorPrism.mirror
+            );
+        }
+
+        List<MappingMethod> mappingMethods = new ArrayList<MappingMethod>( methods.size() );
+
+        for ( SourceMethod mappingMethod : methods ) {
+            boolean implementationRequired = true;
+            for ( ExecutableElement method : ElementFilter.methodsIn( decoratorElement.getEnclosedElements() ) ) {
+                if ( elementUtils.overrides( method, mappingMethod.getExecutable(), decoratorElement ) ) {
+                    implementationRequired = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            Type declaringMapper = mappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper();
+            if ( implementationRequired ) {
+                if ( ( declaringMapper == null ) || declaringMapper.equals( typeFactory.getType( element ) ) ) {
+                    mappingMethods.add( new DelegatingMethod( mappingMethod ) );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean hasDelegateConstructor = false;
+        boolean hasDefaultConstructor = false;
+        for ( ExecutableElement constructor : ElementFilter.constructorsIn( decoratorElement.getEnclosedElements() ) ) {
+            if ( constructor.getParameters().isEmpty() ) {
+                hasDefaultConstructor = true;
+            }
+            else if ( constructor.getParameters().size() == 1 ) {
+                if ( typeUtils.isAssignable(
+                    element.asType(),
+                    constructor.getParameters().iterator().next().asType()
+                ) ) {
+                    hasDelegateConstructor = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( !hasDelegateConstructor && !hasDefaultConstructor ) {
+            messager.printMessage(
+                Kind.ERROR,
+                String.format(
+                    "Specified decorator type has no default constructor nor a constructor with a single " +
+                        "parameter accepting the decorated mapper type."
+                ),
+                element,
+                decoratorPrism.mirror
+            );
+        }
+
+        return Decorator.getInstance(
+            elementUtils,
+            typeFactory,
+            element,
+            decoratorPrism,
+            mappingMethods,
+            hasDelegateConstructor,
+            options.isSuppressGeneratorTimestamp()
+        );
+    }
+
+   private List<MapperReference> getReferencedMappers(TypeElement element) {
+        List<MapperReference> mapperReferences = new LinkedList<MapperReference>();
+        List<String> variableNames = new LinkedList<String>();
+
+        MapperConfig mapperPrism = MapperConfig.getInstanceOn( element );
+
+        for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+            DefaultMapperReference mapperReference = DefaultMapperReference.getInstance(
+                typeFactory.getType( usedMapper ),
+                MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( typeUtils.asElement( usedMapper ) ) != null,
+                typeFactory,
+                variableNames
+            );
+
+            mapperReferences.add( mapperReference );
+            variableNames.add( mapperReference.getVariableName() );
+        }
+
+        return mapperReferences;
+    }
+
+    private SortedSet<Type> getExtraImports(TypeElement element) {
+
+        SortedSet<Type> extraImports = new TreeSet<Type>();
+
+        MapperConfig mapperPrism = MapperConfig.getInstanceOn( element );
+
+        for ( TypeMirror extraImport : mapperPrism.imports() ) {
+            Type type = typeFactory.getType( extraImport );
+            extraImports.add( type );
+        }
+
+        return extraImports;
+    }
+
+    private List<MappingMethod> getMappingMethods(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences, List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                                  TypeElement element) {
+        List<MappingMethod> mappingMethods = new ArrayList<MappingMethod>();
+
+        for ( SourceMethod method : methods ) {
+            if ( !method.overridesMethod() ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            SourceMethod reverseMappingMethod = getReverseMappingMethod( methods, method );
+
+            boolean hasFactoryMethod = false;
+            if ( method.isIterableMapping() ) {
+                if ( method.getIterableMapping() == null && reverseMappingMethod != null &&
+                    reverseMappingMethod.getIterableMapping() != null ) {
+                    method.setIterableMapping( reverseMappingMethod.getIterableMapping() );
+                }
+
+                String dateFormat = null;
+                List<TypeMirror> qualifiers = null;
+                if ( method.getIterableMapping() != null ) {
+                    dateFormat = method.getIterableMapping().getDateFormat();
+                    qualifiers = method.getIterableMapping().getQualifiers();
+                }
+
+                IterableMappingMethod iterableMappingMethod = getIterableMappingMethod(
+                        mapperReferences,
+                        methods,
+                        method,
+                        dateFormat,
+                        qualifiers
+                );
+                hasFactoryMethod = iterableMappingMethod.getFactoryMethod() != null;
+                mappingMethods.add( iterableMappingMethod );
+            }
+            else if ( method.isMapMapping() ) {
+                if ( method.getMapMapping() == null && reverseMappingMethod != null &&
+                    reverseMappingMethod.getMapMapping() != null ) {
+                    method.setMapMapping( reverseMappingMethod.getMapMapping() );
+                }
+                String keyDateFormat = null;
+                String valueDateFormat = null;
+                List<TypeMirror> keyQualifiers = null;
+                List<TypeMirror> valueQualifiers = null;
+                if ( method.getMapMapping() != null ) {
+                    keyDateFormat = method.getMapMapping().getKeyFormat();
+                    valueDateFormat = method.getMapMapping().getValueFormat();
+                    keyQualifiers = method.getMapMapping().getKeyQualifiers();
+                    valueQualifiers = method.getMapMapping().getValueQualifiers();
+                }
+
+                MapMappingMethod mapMappingMethod = getMapMappingMethod(
+                        mapperReferences,
+                        methods,
+                        method,
+                        keyDateFormat,
+                        valueDateFormat,
+                        keyQualifiers,
+                        valueQualifiers
+                );
+                hasFactoryMethod = mapMappingMethod.getFactoryMethod() != null;
+                mappingMethods.add( mapMappingMethod );
+            }
+            else if ( method.isEnumMapping() ) {
+                if ( method.getMappings().isEmpty() ) {
+                    if ( reverseMappingMethod != null && !reverseMappingMethod.getMappings().isEmpty() ) {
+                        method.setMappings( reverse( reverseMappingMethod.getMappings() ) );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                MappingMethod enumMappingMethod = getEnumMappingMethod( method );
+
+                if ( enumMappingMethod != null ) {
+                    mappingMethods.add( enumMappingMethod );
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if ( method.getMappings().isEmpty() ) {
+                    if ( reverseMappingMethod != null && !reverseMappingMethod.getMappings().isEmpty() ) {
+                        method.setMappings( reverse( reverseMappingMethod.getMappings() ) );
+                    }
+                }
+                BeanMappingMethod beanMappingMethod = getBeanMappingMethod(
+                    mapperReferences,
+                    methods,
+                    method,
+                    element
+                );
+                if ( beanMappingMethod != null ) {
+                    hasFactoryMethod = beanMappingMethod.getFactoryMethod() != null;
+                    mappingMethods.add( beanMappingMethod );
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( !hasFactoryMethod ) {
+                // A factory method  is allowed to return an interface type and hence, the generated
+                // implementation as well. The check below must only be executed if there's no factory
+                // method that could be responsible.
+                reportErrorIfNoImplementationTypeIsRegisteredForInterfaceReturnType( method );
+            }
+        }
+        return mappingMethods;
+    }
+
+    private FactoryMethod getFactoryMethod(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences, List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                           Type returnType) {
+        FactoryMethod result = null;
+        for ( SourceMethod method : methods ) {
+            if ( !method.overridesMethod() && !method.isIterableMapping() && !method.isMapMapping()
+                && method.getSourceParameters().isEmpty() ) {
+
+                List<Type> parameterTypes =
+                    MethodSelectors.getParameterTypes( typeFactory, method.getParameters(), null, returnType );
+
+                if ( method.matches( parameterTypes, returnType ) ) {
+                    if ( result == null ) {
+                        MapperReference mapperReference = findMapperReference( mapperReferences, method );
+                        result = AssignmentFactory.createFactory( method, mapperReference );
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        messager.printMessage(
+                            Kind.ERROR,
+                            String.format(
+                                "Ambiguous factory methods: \"%s\" conflicts with \"%s\".",
+                                result,
+                                method
+                            ),
+                            method.getExecutable()
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfNoImplementationTypeIsRegisteredForInterfaceReturnType(SourceMethod method) {
+        if ( method.getReturnType().getTypeMirror().getKind() != TypeKind.VOID &&
+            method.getReturnType().isInterface() &&
+            method.getReturnType().getImplementationType() == null ) {
+            messager.printMessage(
+                Kind.ERROR,
+                String.format(
+                    "No implementation type is registered for return type %s.",
+                    method.getReturnType()
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, List<Mapping>> reverse(Map<String, List<Mapping>> mappings) {
+        Map<String, List<Mapping>> reversed = new HashMap<String, List<Mapping>>();
+
+        for ( List<Mapping> mappingList : mappings.values() ) {
+            for ( Mapping mapping : mappingList ) {
+
+                Mapping reverseMapping = mapping.reverse();
+                if ( reverseMapping != null ) {
+                    if ( !reversed.containsKey( mapping.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                        reversed.put( mapping.getTargetName(), new ArrayList<Mapping>() );
+                    }
+                    reversed.get( mapping.getTargetName() ).add( reverseMapping );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return reversed;
+    }
+
+    private PropertyMapping getPropertyMapping(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences,
+                                               List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                               SourceMethod method,
+                                               ExecutableElement targetAccessor,
+                                               String targetPropertyName,
+                                               Parameter parameter) {
+
+        // check if there's a mapping defined
+        Mapping mapping = method.getMappingByTargetPropertyName( targetPropertyName );
+        String dateFormat = null;
+        List<TypeMirror> qualifiers = null;
+        String sourcePropertyName;
+        if ( mapping != null ) {
+            dateFormat = mapping.getDateFormat();
+            qualifiers = mapping.getQualifiers();
+            sourcePropertyName = mapping.getSourcePropertyName();
+        }
+        else {
+            sourcePropertyName = targetPropertyName;
+        }
+
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters = parameter.getType().getGetters();
+
+        // then iterate over source accessors (assuming the source is a bean)
+        for ( ExecutableElement sourceAccessor : sourceGetters ) {
+
+            List<Mapping> sourceMappings = method.getMappings().get( sourcePropertyName );
+            if ( method.getMappings().containsKey( sourcePropertyName ) ) {
+                for ( Mapping sourceMapping : sourceMappings ) {
+                    boolean mapsToOtherTarget = !sourceMapping.getTargetName().equals( targetPropertyName );
+                    if ( Executables.getPropertyName( sourceAccessor ).equals( sourcePropertyName ) &&
+                        !mapsToOtherTarget ) {
+                        return getPropertyMapping(
+                            mapperReferences,
+                            methods,
+                            method,
+                            parameter,
+                            sourceAccessor,
+                            targetAccessor,
+                            targetPropertyName,
+                            dateFormat,
+                            qualifiers
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if ( Executables.getPropertyName( sourceAccessor ).equals( sourcePropertyName ) ) {
+                return getPropertyMapping(
+                    mapperReferences,
+                    methods,
+                    method,
+                    parameter,
+                    sourceAccessor,
+                    targetAccessor,
+                    targetPropertyName,
+                    dateFormat,
+                    qualifiers
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private BeanMappingMethod getBeanMappingMethod(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences, List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                                   SourceMethod method, TypeElement element) {
+
+        // fetch settings from element to implement
+        ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy = getEffectiveUnmappedTargetPolicy( element );
+        CollectionMappingStrategy cmStrategy = getEffectiveCollectionMappingStrategy( element );
+
+        List<PropertyMapping> propertyMappings = new ArrayList<PropertyMapping>();
+        Set<String> mappedTargetProperties = new HashSet<String>();
+        Set<String> ignoredTargetProperties = new HashSet<String>();
+
+        if ( !reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist( method ) ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // collect all target accessors
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetAccessors = new ArrayList<ExecutableElement>();
+        targetAccessors.addAll( method.getResultType().getSetters() );
+        targetAccessors.addAll( method.getResultType().getAlternativeTargetAccessors() );
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement targetAccessor : targetAccessors ) {
+            String targetPropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( targetAccessor );
+
+            Mapping mapping = method.getMappingByTargetPropertyName( targetPropertyName );
+
+            if ( mapping != null && mapping.isIgnored() ) {
+                ignoredTargetProperties.add( targetPropertyName );
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // A target access is in general a setter method on the target object. However, in case of collections,
+            // the current target accessor can also be a getter method.
+            //
+            // The following if block, checks if the target accessor should be overruled by an add method.
+            if ( cmStrategy.equals( CollectionMappingStrategy.SETTER_PREFERRED ) ||
+                cmStrategy.equals( CollectionMappingStrategy.ADDER_PREFERRED ) ) {
+
+                // first check if there's a setter method.
+                ExecutableElement adderMethod = null;
+                if ( Executables.isSetterMethod( targetAccessor ) ) {
+                    Type targetType = typeFactory.getSingleParameter( targetAccessor ).getType();
+                    // ok, the current accessor is a setter. So now the strategy determines what to use
+                    if ( cmStrategy.equals( CollectionMappingStrategy.ADDER_PREFERRED ) ) {
+                        adderMethod = method.getResultType().getAdderForType( targetType, targetPropertyName );
+                    }
+                }
+                else if ( Executables.isGetterMethod( targetAccessor ) ) {
+                    // the current accessor is a getter (no setter available). But still, an add method is according
+                    // to the above strategy (SETTER_PREFERRED || ADDER_PREFERRED) preferred over the getter.
+                    Type targetType = typeFactory.getReturnType( targetAccessor );
+                    adderMethod = method.getResultType().getAdderForType( targetType, targetPropertyName );
+                }
+                if ( adderMethod != null ) {
+                    // an adder has been found (according strategy) so overrule current choice.
+                    targetAccessor = adderMethod;
+                }
+            }
+
+            PropertyMapping propertyMapping = null;
+            if ( mapping != null ) {
+                if ( mapping.getSourceParameterName() != null ) {
+                    // this is a parameterized property, so sourceParameter.property
+                    Parameter parameter = method.getSourceParameter( mapping.getSourceParameterName() );
+                    propertyMapping = getPropertyMapping(
+                            mapperReferences,
+                            methods,
+                            method,
+                            targetAccessor,
+                            targetPropertyName,
+                            parameter
+                    );
+                }
+                else if ( Executables.isSetterMethod( targetAccessor ) ) {
+
+                    if ( !mapping.getConstant().isEmpty() ) {
+                        // its a constant
+                        propertyMapping = getConstantMapping(
+                                mapperReferences,
+                                methods,
+                                method,
+                                "\"" + mapping.getConstant() + "\"",
+                                targetAccessor,
+                                mapping.getDateFormat(),
+                                mapping.getQualifiers()
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    else if ( !mapping.getJavaExpression().isEmpty() ) {
+                        // its an expression
+                        propertyMapping = getJavaExpressionMapping(
+                                method,
+                                mapping.getJavaExpression(),
+                                targetAccessor
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( propertyMapping == null ) {
+                for ( Parameter sourceParameter : method.getSourceParameters() ) {
+                    PropertyMapping newPropertyMapping = getPropertyMapping(
+                        mapperReferences,
+                        methods,
+                        method,
+                        targetAccessor,
+                        targetPropertyName,
+                        sourceParameter
+                    );
+                    if ( propertyMapping != null && newPropertyMapping != null ) {
+                        messager.printMessage(
+                            Kind.ERROR,
+                            "Several possible source properties for target property \"" + targetPropertyName + "\".",
+                            method.getExecutable()
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    else if ( newPropertyMapping != null ) {
+                        propertyMapping = newPropertyMapping;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( propertyMapping != null ) {
+                propertyMappings.add( propertyMapping );
+                mappedTargetProperties.add( targetPropertyName );
+            }
+        }
+
+        Set<String> targetProperties = Executables.getPropertyNames( targetAccessors );
+
+        reportErrorForUnmappedTargetPropertiesIfRequired(
+            method,
+            unmappedTargetPolicy,
+            targetProperties,
+            mappedTargetProperties,
+            ignoredTargetProperties
+        );
+
+        FactoryMethod factoryMethod = getFactoryMethod( mapperReferences, methods, method.getReturnType() );
+        return new BeanMappingMethod( method, propertyMappings, factoryMethod );
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorForUnmappedTargetPropertiesIfRequired(SourceMethod method,
+                                                                  ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy,
+                                                                  Set<String> targetProperties,
+                                                                  Set<String> mappedTargetProperties,
+                                                                  Set<String> ignoredTargetProperties) {
+
+        Set<String> unmappedTargetProperties = new HashSet<String>();
+
+        for ( String property : targetProperties ) {
+            if ( !mappedTargetProperties.contains( property ) && !ignoredTargetProperties.contains( property ) ) {
+                unmappedTargetProperties.add( property );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( !unmappedTargetProperties.isEmpty() && unmappedTargetPolicy.requiresReport() ) {
+            messager.printMessage(
+                unmappedTargetPolicy.getDiagnosticKind(),
+                MessageFormat.format(
+                    "Unmapped target {0,choice,1#property|1<properties}: \"{1}\"",
+                    unmappedTargetProperties.size(),
+                    Strings.join( unmappedTargetProperties, ", " )
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private SourceMethod getReverseMappingMethod(List<SourceMethod> rawMethods, SourceMethod method) {
+        for ( SourceMethod oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.reverses( method ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasSourceProperty(SourceMethod method, String propertyName) {
+        for ( Parameter parameter : method.getSourceParameters() ) {
+            if ( hasSourceProperty( parameter, propertyName ) ) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasSourceProperty(Parameter parameter, String propertyName) {
+        List<ExecutableElement> getters = parameter.getType().getGetters();
+        return Executables.getPropertyNames( getters ).contains( propertyName );
+    }
+
+    private boolean reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist(SourceMethod method) {
+        // only report errors if this method itself is configured
+        if ( method.isConfiguredByReverseMappingMethod() ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // collect all target accessors
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetAccessors = new ArrayList<ExecutableElement>();
+        targetAccessors.addAll( method.getResultType().getSetters() );
+        targetAccessors.addAll( method.getResultType().getAlternativeTargetAccessors() );
+
+        Set<String> targetProperties = Executables.getPropertyNames( targetAccessors );
+
+        boolean foundUnmappedProperty = false;
+
+        for ( List<Mapping> mappedProperties : method.getMappings().values() ) {
+            for ( Mapping mappedProperty : mappedProperties ) {
+                if ( mappedProperty.isIgnored() ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ( mappedProperty.getSourceParameterName() != null ) {
+                    Parameter sourceParameter = method.getSourceParameter( mappedProperty.getSourceParameterName() );
+
+                    if ( sourceParameter == null ) {
+                        messager.printMessage(
+                            Kind.ERROR,
+                            String.format(
+                                "Method has no parameter named \"%s\".",
+                                mappedProperty.getSourceParameterName()
+                            ),
+                            method.getExecutable(),
+                            mappedProperty.getMirror(),
+                            mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                        );
+                        foundUnmappedProperty = true;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        if ( !hasSourceProperty( sourceParameter, mappedProperty.getSourcePropertyName() ) ) {
+                            messager.printMessage(
+                                Kind.ERROR,
+                                String.format(
+                                    "The type of parameter \"%s\" has no property named \"%s\".",
+                                    mappedProperty.getSourceParameterName(),
+                                    mappedProperty.getSourcePropertyName()
+                                ),
+                                method.getExecutable(),
+                                mappedProperty.getMirror(),
+                                mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                            );
+                            foundUnmappedProperty = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                }
+                else if ( mappedProperty.getConstant().isEmpty() &&
+                    mappedProperty.getJavaExpression().isEmpty() &&
+                    !hasSourceProperty( method, mappedProperty.getSourcePropertyName() ) ) {
+                    messager.printMessage(
+                        Kind.ERROR,
+                        String.format(
+                            "No property named \"%s\" exists in source parameter(s).",
+                            mappedProperty.getSourceName()
+                        ),
+                        method.getExecutable(),
+                        mappedProperty.getMirror(),
+                        mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                    );
+                    foundUnmappedProperty = true;
+                }
+                if ( !targetProperties.contains( mappedProperty.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                    messager.printMessage(
+                        Kind.ERROR,
+                        String.format(
+                            "Unknown property \"%s\" in return type %s.",
+                            mappedProperty.getTargetName(),
+                            method.getResultType()
+                        ),
+                        method.getExecutable(),
+                        mappedProperty.getMirror(),
+                        mappedProperty.getTargetAnnotationValue()
+                    );
+                    foundUnmappedProperty = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return !foundUnmappedProperty;
+    }
+
+    private PropertyMapping getPropertyMapping(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences,
+                                               List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                               SourceMethod method,
+                                               Parameter parameter,
+                                               ExecutableElement sourceAccessor,
+                                               ExecutableElement targetAccessor,
+                                               String targetPropertyName,
+                                               String dateFormat,
+                                               List<TypeMirror> qualifiers) {
+
+        Type sourceType;
+        Type targetType;
+        TargetAccessorType targetAccessorType;
+        String sourceReference = parameter.getName() + "." + sourceAccessor.getSimpleName().toString() + "()";
+        String iteratorReference = null;
+        boolean sourceIsCollection = false;
+        if ( Executables.isSetterMethod( targetAccessor ) ) {
+            sourceType = typeFactory.getReturnType( sourceAccessor );
+            targetType = typeFactory.getSingleParameter( targetAccessor ).getType();
+            targetAccessorType = TargetAccessorType.SETTER;
+        }
+        else if ( Executables.isAdderMethod( targetAccessor ) ) {
+            sourceType = typeFactory.getReturnType( sourceAccessor );
+            if ( sourceType.isCollectionType() ) {
+                sourceIsCollection = true;
+                sourceType = sourceType.getTypeParameters().get( 0 );
+                iteratorReference = Executables.getElementNameForAdder( targetAccessor );
+            }
+            targetType = typeFactory.getSingleParameter( targetAccessor ).getType();
+            targetAccessorType = TargetAccessorType.ADDER;
+        }
+        else {
+            sourceType = typeFactory.getReturnType( sourceAccessor );
+            targetType = typeFactory.getReturnType( targetAccessor );
+            targetAccessorType = TargetAccessorType.GETTER;
+        }
+        String sourcePropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( sourceAccessor );
+        String mappedElement = "property '" + sourcePropertyName + "'";
+
+        Assignment assignment = mappingResolver.getTargetAssignment(
+            method,
+            mappedElement,
+            mapperReferences,
+            methods,
+            sourceType,
+            targetType,
+            targetPropertyName,
+            dateFormat,
+            qualifiers,
+            iteratorReference != null ? iteratorReference : sourceReference
+        );
+
+        if ( assignment == null ) {
+            assignment = forgeMapping(
+                    mapperReferences,
+                    methods,
+                    sourceType,
+                    targetType,
+                    sourceReference,
+                    method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ( assignment != null ) {
+
+            if ( targetType.isCollectionOrMapType() ) {
+
+                // wrap the setter in the collection / map initializers
+                if ( targetAccessorType == TargetAccessorType.SETTER ) {
+
+                    // wrap the assignment in a new Map or Collection implementation if this is not done in a mapping
+                    // method. Note, typeconversons do not apply to collections or maps
+                    Assignment newCollectionOrMap = null;
+                    if ( assignment.getType() == DIRECT ) {
+                        newCollectionOrMap = new NewCollectionOrMapWrapper( assignment, targetType.getImportTypes() );
+                        newCollectionOrMap = new SetterWrapper( newCollectionOrMap, method.getThrownTypes() );
+                    }
+
+                    // wrap the assignment in the setter method
+                    assignment = new SetterWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+
+                    // target accessor is setter, so wrap the setter in setter map/ collection handling
+                    assignment = new SetterCollectionOrMapWrapper(
+                        assignment,
+                        targetAccessor.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                        newCollectionOrMap
+                    );
+                }
+                else {
+                    // wrap the assignment in the setter method
+                    assignment = new SetterWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+
+                    // target accessor is getter, so wrap the setter in getter map/ collection handling
+                    assignment = new GetterCollectionOrMapWrapper( assignment );
+                }
+
+                // For collections and maps include a null check, when the assignment type is DIRECT.
+                // for mapping methods (builtin / custom), the mapping method is responsible for the
+                // null check. Typeconversions do not apply to collections and maps.
+                if ( assignment.getType() == DIRECT ) {
+                    assignment = new NullCheckWrapper( assignment );
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if ( targetAccessorType == TargetAccessorType.SETTER ) {
+                    assignment = new SetterWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+                    if ( !sourceType.isPrimitive() &&
+                        ( assignment.getType() == TYPE_CONVERTED ||
+                            assignment.getType() == TYPE_CONVERTED_MAPPED ||
+                            assignment.getType() == DIRECT && targetType.isPrimitive() ) ) {
+                        // for primitive types null check is not possible at all, but a conversion needs
+                        // a null check.
+                        assignment = new NullCheckWrapper( assignment );
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    // TargetAccessorType must be ADDER
+                    if ( sourceIsCollection ) {
+                        assignment =
+                            new AdderWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes(), sourceReference, sourceType );
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        // Possibly adding null to a target collection. So should be surrounded by an null check.
+                        assignment = new SetterWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+                        assignment = new NullCheckWrapper( assignment );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            messager.printMessage(
+                Kind.ERROR,
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    sourceType,
+                    sourcePropertyName,
+                    targetType,
+                    targetPropertyName
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+        return new PropertyMapping(
+            parameter.getName(),
+            targetAccessor.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            targetType,
+            assignment
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a {@link PropertyMapping} representing the mapping of the given constant expression into the target
+     * property.
+     */
+    private PropertyMapping getConstantMapping(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences,
+                                               List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                               SourceMethod method,
+                                               String constantExpression,
+                                               ExecutableElement targetAccessor,
+                                               String dateFormat,
+                                               List<TypeMirror> qualifiers) {
+
+        // source
+        String mappedElement = "constant '" + constantExpression + "'";
+        Type sourceType = typeFactory.getType( String.class );
+
+        // target
+        Type targetType = typeFactory.getSingleParameter( targetAccessor ).getType();
+        String targetPropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( targetAccessor );
+
+        Assignment assignment = mappingResolver.getTargetAssignment(
+            method,
+            mappedElement,
+            mapperReferences,
+            methods,
+            sourceType,
+            targetType,
+            targetPropertyName,
+            dateFormat,
+            qualifiers,
+            constantExpression
+        );
+
+        if ( assignment != null ) {
+
+            // target accessor is setter, so decorate assignment as setter
+            assignment = new SetterWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+        }
+        else {
+            messager.printMessage(
+                Kind.ERROR,
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    sourceType,
+                    constantExpression,
+                    targetType,
+                    targetPropertyName
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+
+        return new PropertyMapping( targetAccessor.getSimpleName().toString(), targetType, assignment );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a {@link PropertyMapping} representing the mapping of the given java expression into the target
+     * property.
+     */
+    private PropertyMapping getJavaExpressionMapping(SourceMethod method,
+                                                     String javaExpression,
+                                                     ExecutableElement targetAcessor) {
+
+        Type targetType = typeFactory.getSingleParameter( targetAcessor ).getType();
+        Assignment assignment = AssignmentFactory.createSimple( javaExpression );
+        assignment = new SetterWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+        return new PropertyMapping( targetAcessor.getSimpleName().toString(), targetType, assignment );
+    }
+
+    private IterableMappingMethod getIterableMappingMethod(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences,
+                                                           List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                                           Method method,
+                                                           String dateFormat,
+                                                           List<TypeMirror> qualifiers) {
+        Type sourceElementType = method.getSourceParameters().iterator().next().getType().getTypeParameters().get( 0 );
+        Type targetElementType = method.getResultType().getTypeParameters().get( 0 );
+        String conversionStr = Strings.getSaveVariableName( sourceElementType.getName(), method.getParameterNames() );
+
+        Assignment assignment = mappingResolver.getTargetAssignment(
+            method,
+            "collection element",
+            mapperReferences,
+            methods,
+            sourceElementType,
+            targetElementType,
+            null, // there is no targetPropertyName
+            dateFormat,
+            qualifiers,
+            conversionStr
+        );
+
+        if ( assignment == null ) {
+            String message = String.format(
+                    "Can't create implementation of method %s. Found no method nor built-in conversion for mapping "
+                    + "source element type into target element type.",
+                    method
+            );
+            method.printMessage( messager, Kind.ERROR, message );
+        }
+
+        // target accessor is setter, so decorate assignment as setter
+        assignment = new SetterWrapper( assignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+
+        FactoryMethod factoryMethod = getFactoryMethod( mapperReferences, methods, method.getReturnType() );
+        return new IterableMappingMethod( method, assignment, factoryMethod );
+    }
+
+    private MapMappingMethod getMapMappingMethod(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences,
+                                                 List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                                 Method method,
+                                                 String keyDateFormat,
+                                                 String valueDateFormat,
+                                                 List<TypeMirror> keyQualifiers,
+                                                 List<TypeMirror> valueQualifiers     ) {
+        List<Type> sourceTypeParams = method.getSourceParameters().iterator().next().getType().getTypeParameters();
+        List<Type> resultTypeParams = method.getResultType().getTypeParameters();
+
+        // find mapping method or conversion for key
+        Type keySourceType = sourceTypeParams.get( 0 );
+        Type keyTargetType = resultTypeParams.get( 0 );
+
+        Assignment keyAssignment = mappingResolver.getTargetAssignment(
+            method,
+            "map key",
+            mapperReferences,
+            methods,
+            keySourceType,
+            keyTargetType,
+            null, // there is no targetPropertyName
+            keyDateFormat,
+            keyQualifiers,
+            "entry.getKey()"
+        );
+
+        if ( keyAssignment == null ) {
+            String message = String.format( "Can't create implementation of method %s. Found no method nor built-in "
+                    + "conversion for mapping source key type to target key type.", method );
+            method.printMessage( messager, Kind.ERROR, message );
+        }
+
+        // find mapping method or conversion for value
+        Type valueSourceType = sourceTypeParams.get( 1 );
+        Type valueTargetType = resultTypeParams.get( 1 );
+
+        Assignment valueAssignment = mappingResolver.getTargetAssignment(
+            method,
+            "map value",
+            mapperReferences,
+            methods,
+            valueSourceType,
+            valueTargetType,
+            null, // there is no targetPropertyName
+            valueDateFormat,
+            valueQualifiers,
+            "entry.getValue()"
+        );
+
+        if ( valueAssignment == null ) {
+            String message = String.format( "Can't create implementation of method %s. Found no method nor built-in "
+                    + "conversion for mapping source value type to target value type.", method );
+            method.printMessage( messager, Kind.ERROR, message );
+        }
+
+        FactoryMethod factoryMethod = getFactoryMethod( mapperReferences, methods, method.getReturnType() );
+
+        keyAssignment = new LocalVarWrapper( keyAssignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+        valueAssignment = new LocalVarWrapper( valueAssignment, method.getThrownTypes() );
+
+        return new MapMappingMethod( method, keyAssignment, valueAssignment, factoryMethod );
+    }
+
+    private EnumMappingMethod getEnumMappingMethod(SourceMethod method) {
+        if ( !reportErrorIfMappedEnumConstantsDontExist( method ) ||
+            !reportErrorIfSourceEnumConstantsWithoutCorrespondingTargetConstantAreNotMapped( method ) ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        List<EnumMapping> enumMappings = new ArrayList<EnumMapping>();
+
+        List<String> sourceEnumConstants = method.getSourceParameters().iterator().next().getType().getEnumConstants();
+        Map<String, List<Mapping>> mappings = method.getMappings();
+
+        for ( String enumConstant : sourceEnumConstants ) {
+            List<Mapping> mappedConstants = mappings.get( enumConstant );
+
+            if ( mappedConstants == null ) {
+                enumMappings.add( new EnumMapping( enumConstant, enumConstant ) );
+            }
+            else if ( mappedConstants.size() == 1 ) {
+                enumMappings.add( new EnumMapping( enumConstant, mappedConstants.iterator().next().getTargetName() ) );
+            }
+            else {
+                List<String> targetConstants = new ArrayList<String>( mappedConstants.size() );
+                for ( Mapping mapping : mappedConstants ) {
+                    targetConstants.add( mapping.getTargetName() );
+                }
+                messager.printMessage(
+                    Kind.ERROR,
+                    String.format(
+                        "One enum constant must not be mapped to more than one target constant, but constant %s is " +
+                            "mapped to %s.",
+                        enumConstant,
+                        Strings.join( targetConstants, ", " )
+                    ),
+                    method.getExecutable()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new EnumMappingMethod( method, enumMappings );
+    }
+
+    private boolean reportErrorIfMappedEnumConstantsDontExist(SourceMethod method) {
+        // only report errors if this method itself is configured
+        if ( method.isConfiguredByReverseMappingMethod() ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        List<String> sourceEnumConstants = method.getSourceParameters().iterator().next().getType().getEnumConstants();
+        List<String> targetEnumConstants = method.getReturnType().getEnumConstants();
+
+        boolean foundIncorrectMapping = false;
+
+        for ( List<Mapping> mappedConstants : method.getMappings().values() ) {
+            for ( Mapping mappedConstant : mappedConstants ) {
+                if ( mappedConstant.getSourceName() == null ) {
+                    messager.printMessage(
+                        Kind.ERROR,
+                        "A source constant must be specified for mappings of an enum mapping method.",
+                        method.getExecutable(),
+                        mappedConstant.getMirror()
+                    );
+                    foundIncorrectMapping = true;
+                }
+                else if ( !sourceEnumConstants.contains( mappedConstant.getSourceName() ) ) {
+                    messager.printMessage(
+                        Kind.ERROR,
+                        String.format(
+                            "Constant %s doesn't exist in enum type %s.",
+                            mappedConstant.getSourceName(),
+                            method.getSourceParameters().iterator().next().getType()
+                        ),
+                        method.getExecutable(),
+                        mappedConstant.getMirror(),
+                        mappedConstant.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                    );
+                    foundIncorrectMapping = true;
+                }
+                if ( mappedConstant.getTargetName() == null ) {
+                    messager.printMessage(
+                        Kind.ERROR,
+                        "A target constant must be specified for mappings of an enum mapping method.",
+                        method.getExecutable(),
+                        mappedConstant.getMirror()
+                    );
+                    foundIncorrectMapping = true;
+                }
+                else if ( !targetEnumConstants.contains( mappedConstant.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                    messager.printMessage(
+                        Kind.ERROR,
+                        String.format(
+                            "Constant %s doesn't exist in enum type %s.",
+                            mappedConstant.getTargetName(),
+                            method.getReturnType()
+                        ),
+                        method.getExecutable(),
+                        mappedConstant.getMirror(),
+                        mappedConstant.getTargetAnnotationValue()
+                    );
+                    foundIncorrectMapping = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return !foundIncorrectMapping;
+    }
+
+    private boolean reportErrorIfSourceEnumConstantsWithoutCorrespondingTargetConstantAreNotMapped(
+        SourceMethod method) {
+
+        List<String> sourceEnumConstants = method.getSourceParameters().iterator().next().getType().getEnumConstants();
+        List<String> targetEnumConstants = method.getReturnType().getEnumConstants();
+        Set<String> mappedSourceEnumConstants = method.getMappings().keySet();
+        List<String> unmappedSourceEnumConstants = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+        for ( String sourceEnumConstant : sourceEnumConstants ) {
+            if ( !targetEnumConstants.contains( sourceEnumConstant ) &&
+                !mappedSourceEnumConstants.contains( sourceEnumConstant ) ) {
+                unmappedSourceEnumConstants.add( sourceEnumConstant );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( !unmappedSourceEnumConstants.isEmpty() ) {
+            messager.printMessage(
+                Kind.ERROR,
+                String.format(
+                    "The following constants from the source enum have no corresponding constant in the target enum " +
+                        "and must be be mapped via @Mapping: %s",
+                    Strings.join( unmappedSourceEnumConstants, ", " )
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+
+        return unmappedSourceEnumConstants.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    private MapperReference findMapperReference(List<MapperReference> mapperReferences, SourceMethod method) {
+        for ( MapperReference ref : mapperReferences ) {
+            if ( ref.getType().equals( method.getDeclaringMapper() ) ) {
+                return ref;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Assignment forgeMapping( List<MapperReference> mapperReferences,
+                                    List<SourceMethod> methods,
+                                    Type sourceType,
+                                    Type targetType,
+                                    String sourceReference,
+                                    Element element) {
+        Assignment assignment = null;
+        if ( sourceType.isCollectionType() && targetType.isCollectionType() ) {
+
+            ForgedMethod methodToGenerate
+                    = new ForgedMethod( sourceType, targetType, element );
+            IterableMappingMethod iterableMappingMethod
+                    = getIterableMappingMethod( mapperReferences, methods, methodToGenerate, null, null );
+            if ( !mappingsToGenerate.contains( iterableMappingMethod ) ) {
+                mappingsToGenerate.add( iterableMappingMethod );
+            }
+            assignment = AssignmentFactory.createMethodReference( methodToGenerate, null, targetType );
+            assignment.setAssignment( AssignmentFactory.createSimple( sourceReference ) );
+
+        }
+        else if ( sourceType.isMapType() && targetType.isMapType() ) {
+
+            ForgedMethod methodToGenerate
+                    = new ForgedMethod( sourceType, targetType, element );
+            MapMappingMethod mapMappingMethod
+                    = getMapMappingMethod( mapperReferences, methods, methodToGenerate, null, null, null, null );
+            if ( !mappingsToGenerate.contains( mapMappingMethod ) ) {
+                mappingsToGenerate.add( mapMappingMethod );
+            }
+            assignment = AssignmentFactory.createMethodReference( methodToGenerate, null, targetType );
+            assignment.setAssignment( AssignmentFactory.createSimple( sourceReference ) );
+        }
+        return assignment;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `MapperCreationProcessor.typeFactory.getSingleParameter(targetAccessor)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 964.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PropertyMapping MapperCreationProcessor.getConstantMapping(List,List,SourceMethod,String,ExecutableElement,String,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.processor.MapperCreationProcessor.getConstantMapping(java.util.List,java.util.List,.8fd612dc27e65ba0f5be09899f6a822b
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/processor/MapperCreationProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+MapperCreationProcessor.java|getConstantMapping|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+36314f811a915d92afdc5e29532be9f8
+
+### Hash:
+62c98587c95092b759727b5a34a966a5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4538/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4538/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65ce6ef72b84ba8b82dd335ccb1f3cca92c27a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4538/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,781 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2012-2013 Gunnar Morling (http://www.gunnarmorling.de/)
+ *  and/or other contributors as indicated by the @authors tag. See the
+ *  copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full listing of all
+ *  contributors.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap;
+
+import java.beans.Introspector;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.annotation.processing.ProcessingEnvironment;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationValue;
+import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ElementVisitor;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.VariableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.DeclaredType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.util.ElementKindVisitor6;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Elements;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Types;
+import javax.tools.JavaFileObject;
+
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversion;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversions;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.BeanMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Mapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Options;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.PropertyMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.ReportingPolicy;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Type;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.MappedProperty;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Mapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Method;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Parameter;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Executables;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Filters;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Strings;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.TypeUtil;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.writer.ModelWriter;
+
+import static javax.lang.model.util.ElementFilter.methodsIn;
+
+/**
+ * An {@link ElementVisitor} which generates the implementations for mapper
+ * interfaces (interfaces annotated with {@code @Mapper}.
+ * </p>
+ * Implementation notes:
+ * </p>
+ * The mapper generation happens by building up a model representation of
+ * the mapper to be generated (a {@link Mapper} object), which is then written
+ * into a file using the FreeMarker template engine.
+ * </p>
+ * The model instantiation happens in two phases/passes: The first one retrieves
+ * the mapping methods of the given interfaces and their configuration (the
+ * <i>source</i> model). In the second pass the individual methods are
+ * aggregated into the <i>target</i> model, which contains a {@link BeanMapping}
+ * each pair of source and target type which has references to forward and
+ * reverse mapping methods as well as the methods for mapping the element types
+ * (if it is a collection mapping) and {@link Conversion}s if applicable.
+ * </p>
+ * For reading annotation attributes, prisms as generated with help of the <a
+ * href="https://java.net/projects/hickory">Hickory</a> tool are used. These
+ * prisms allow a comfortable access to annotations and their attributes without
+ * depending on their class objects.
+ *
+ * @author Gunnar Morling
+ */
+public class MapperGenerationVisitor extends ElementKindVisitor6<Void, Void> {
+
+    private static final String IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX = "Impl";
+
+    private final ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment;
+    private final Types typeUtils;
+    private final Elements elementUtils;
+    private final TypeUtil typeUtil;
+    private final Options options;
+
+    private boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+    public MapperGenerationVisitor(ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment, Options options) {
+        this.processingEnvironment = processingEnvironment;
+        this.typeUtils = processingEnvironment.getTypeUtils();
+        this.elementUtils = processingEnvironment.getElementUtils();
+        this.typeUtil = new TypeUtil( elementUtils, typeUtils );
+        this.options = options;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Void visitTypeAsInterface(TypeElement element, Void p) {
+        Mapper model = retrieveModel( element );
+
+        if ( !mappingErroneous ) {
+            String sourceFileName = element.getQualifiedName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX;
+            writeModelToSourceFile( sourceFileName, model );
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void writeModelToSourceFile(String fileName, Mapper model) {
+        JavaFileObject sourceFile;
+        try {
+            sourceFile = processingEnvironment.getFiler().createSourceFile( fileName );
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e ) {
+            throw new RuntimeException( e );
+        }
+
+        ModelWriter modelWriter = new ModelWriter( "mapper-implementation.ftl" );
+        modelWriter.writeModel( sourceFile, model );
+    }
+
+    private Mapper retrieveModel(TypeElement element) {
+        //1.) build up "source" model
+        List<Method> methods = retrieveMethods( element, true );
+
+        //2.) build up aggregated "target" model
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = getMappings(
+            methods,
+            ReportingPolicy.valueOf( MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element ).unmappedTargetPolicy() )
+        );
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = getUsedMapperTypes( element );
+
+        Mapper mapper = new Mapper(
+            elementUtils.getPackageOf( element ).getQualifiedName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX,
+            mappings,
+            usedMapperTypes,
+            options
+        );
+
+        return mapper;
+    }
+
+    private List<BeanMapping> getMappings(List<Method> methods,
+                                          ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy) {
+        Conversions conversions = new Conversions( elementUtils, typeUtils, typeUtil );
+
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = new ArrayList<BeanMapping>();
+        Set<Method> processedMethods = new HashSet<Method>();
+
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( processedMethods.contains( method ) ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            MappingMethod mappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                method.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                method.getName(),
+                method.getParameterName(),
+                getElementMappingMethod( methods, method )
+            );
+
+            MappingMethod reverseMappingMethod = null;
+            Method rawReverseMappingMethod = getReverseMappingMethod( methods, method );
+            if ( rawReverseMappingMethod != null ) {
+                processedMethods.add( rawReverseMappingMethod );
+
+                reverseMappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getName(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getParameterName(),
+                    getElementMappingMethod( methods, rawReverseMappingMethod )
+                );
+            }
+
+            List<PropertyMapping> propertyMappings = new ArrayList<PropertyMapping>();
+            Set<String> mappedSourceProperties = new HashSet<String>();
+            Set<String> mappedTargetProperties = new HashSet<String>();
+
+            for ( MappedProperty property : method.getMappedProperties() ) {
+                mappedSourceProperties.add( property.getSourceName() );
+                mappedTargetProperties.add( property.getTargetName() );
+
+                Method propertyMappingMethod = getPropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Method reversePropertyMappingMethod = getReversePropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( property.getSourceType(), property.getTargetType() );
+
+                reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(
+                    method,
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod,
+                    property,
+                    propertyMappingMethod,
+                    reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                    conversion
+                );
+
+                propertyMappings.add(
+                    new PropertyMapping(
+                        property.getSourceReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceType(),
+                        property.getTargetReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetType(),
+                        propertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null ? conversion.to(
+                            mappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getSourceReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getTargetType()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null && reverseMappingMethod != null ? conversion.from(
+                            reverseMappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getTargetReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getSourceType()
+                        ) : null
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+
+            boolean isIterableMapping = method.getSourceType().isIterableType() && method.getTargetType()
+                .isIterableType();
+
+            if ( mappingMethod.isGenerationRequired() && !isIterableMapping ) {
+                reportErrorForUnmappedTargetPropertiesIfRequired(
+                    method.getExecutable(),
+                    unmappedTargetPolicy,
+                    method.getTargetProeprties(),
+                    mappedTargetProperties
+                );
+            }
+            if ( reverseMappingMethod != null && reverseMappingMethod.isGenerationRequired() && !isIterableMapping ) {
+                reportErrorForUnmappedTargetPropertiesIfRequired(
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getExecutable(),
+                    unmappedTargetPolicy,
+                    method.getSourceProperties(),
+                    mappedSourceProperties
+                );
+            }
+
+            String toConversionString = null;
+            String fromConversionString = null;
+
+            if ( isIterableMapping ) {
+                toConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    true
+                );
+                fromConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    false
+                );
+            }
+
+            BeanMapping mapping = new BeanMapping(
+                method.getSourceType(),
+                method.getTargetType(),
+                propertyMappings,
+                mappingMethod,
+                reverseMappingMethod,
+                toConversionString,
+                fromConversionString
+            );
+
+            mappings.add( mapping );
+        }
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorForUnmappedTargetPropertiesIfRequired(ExecutableElement method,
+                                                                  ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy,
+                                                                  Set<String> targetProperties,
+                                                                  Set<String> mappedTargetProperties) {
+
+        if ( targetProperties.size() > mappedTargetProperties.size() && unmappedTargetPolicy.requiresReport() ) {
+            targetProperties.removeAll( mappedTargetProperties );
+            printMessage(
+                unmappedTargetPolicy,
+                MessageFormat.format(
+                    "Unmapped target {0,choice,1#property|1<properties}: \"{1}\"",
+                    targetProperties.size(),
+                    Strings.join( targetProperties, ", " )
+                ),
+                method
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(Method method, Method reverseMethod, MappedProperty property,
+                                                     Method propertyMappingMethod, Method reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                                                     Conversion conversion) {
+        if ( property.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        //no mapping method nor conversion nor collection with default implementation
+        if ( !(
+            propertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getTargetType().isCollectionType() && property.getTargetType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            printMessage(
+                ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName(),
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName()
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ( reverseMethod == null ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ( !(
+            reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getSourceType().isCollectionType() && property.getSourceType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            printMessage(
+                ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName(),
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName()
+                ),
+                reverseMethod.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getIterableConversionString(Conversions conversions, Type sourceElementType, Type targetElementType,
+                                               boolean isToConversion) {
+        Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( sourceElementType, targetElementType );
+
+        if ( conversion == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return conversion.to(
+            Introspector.decapitalize( sourceElementType.getName() ),
+            targetElementType
+        );
+    }
+
+    private List<Type> getUsedMapperTypes(TypeElement element) {
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = new LinkedList<Type>();
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+        for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+            usedMapperTypes.add( typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ) );
+        }
+        return usedMapperTypes;
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethod getElementMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, Method method) {
+        Method elementMappingMethod = null;
+        for ( Method oneMethod : methods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( method.getSourceType().getElementType() ) ) {
+                elementMappingMethod = oneMethod;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return elementMappingMethod == null ? null : new MappingMethod(
+            elementMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getName(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Method getPropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> rawMethods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( property.getSourceType() ) && oneMethod.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReversePropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( method.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) && method.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getSourceType() ) ) {
+                return method;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReverseMappingMethod(List<Method> rawMethods,
+                                           Method method) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.reverses( method ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the mapping methods declared by the given mapper type.
+     *
+     * @param element The type of interest
+     * @param implementationRequired Whether an implementation of this type must be generated or
+     * not. {@code true} if the type is the currently processed
+     * mapper interface, {@code false} if the given type is one
+     * referred to via {@code Mapper#uses()}.
+     *
+     * @return All mapping methods declared by the given type
+     */
+    private List<Method> retrieveMethods(TypeElement element, boolean implementationRequired) {
+        List<Method> methods = new ArrayList<Method>();
+
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = implementationRequired ? MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element ) : null;
+
+        //TODO Extract to separate method
+        for ( ExecutableElement method : methodsIn( element.getEnclosedElements() ) ) {
+            Parameter parameter = retrieveParameter( method );
+            Type returnType = retrieveReturnType( method );
+            Element returnTypeElement = typeUtils.asElement( method.getReturnType() );
+            Element parameterElement = typeUtils.asElement( method.getParameters().get( 0 ).asType() );
+
+            boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+            if ( implementationRequired ) {
+                if ( parameter.getType().isIterableType() && !returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    printMessage(
+                        ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                        "Can't generate mapping method from iterable type to non-iterable type.",
+                        method
+                    );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( !parameter.getType().isIterableType() && returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    printMessage(
+                        ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                        "Can't generate mapping method from non-iterable type to iterable type.",
+                        method
+                    );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( parameter.getType().isPrimitive() ) {
+                    printMessage(
+                        ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                        "Can't generate mapping method with primitive parameter type.",
+                        method
+                    );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( returnType.isPrimitive() ) {
+                    printMessage(
+                        ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                        "Can't generate mapping method with primitive return type.",
+                        method
+                    );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+
+                if ( mappingErroneous ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            //add method with property mappings if an implementation needs to be generated
+            if ( implementationRequired ) {
+                Set<String> sourceProperties = Executables.getPropertyNames(
+                    Filters.getterMethodsIn( parameterElement.getEnclosedElements() )
+                );
+                Set<String> targetProperties = Executables.getPropertyNames(
+                    Filters.setterMethodsIn( returnTypeElement.getEnclosedElements() )
+                );
+
+                methods.add(
+                    Method.forMethodRequiringImplementation(
+                        method,
+                        parameter.getName(),
+                        parameter.getType(),
+                        returnType,
+                        sourceProperties,
+                        targetProperties,
+                        retrieveMappedProperties( method, sourceProperties, targetProperties )
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+            //otherwise add reference to existing mapper method
+            else {
+                methods.add(
+                    Method.forReferencedMethod(
+                        typeUtil.getType( typeUtils.getDeclaredType( element ) ),
+                        method,
+                        parameter.getName(),
+                        parameter.getType(),
+                        returnType
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        //Add all methods of used mappers in order to reference them in the aggregated model
+        if ( implementationRequired ) {
+            for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+                methods.addAll(
+                    retrieveMethods(
+                        (TypeElement) ( (DeclaredType) usedMapper ).asElement(),
+                        false
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return methods;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all properties of the parameter type of the given method which
+     * are mapped to a corresponding property of the return type of the given
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param method The method of interest
+     * @param targetProperties
+     * @param sourceProperties
+     *
+     * @return All mapped properties for the given method
+     */
+    private List<MappedProperty> retrieveMappedProperties(ExecutableElement method, Set<String> sourceProperties,
+                                                          Set<String> targetProperties) {
+
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = getMappings( method );
+
+        TypeElement returnTypeElement = (TypeElement) typeUtils.asElement( method.getReturnType() );
+        TypeElement parameterElement = (TypeElement) typeUtils.asElement( method.getParameters().get( 0 ).asType() );
+
+        List<MappedProperty> properties = new ArrayList<MappedProperty>();
+
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( parameterElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( returnTypeElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( parameterElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( returnTypeElement )
+        );
+
+        reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist( method, sourceProperties, targetProperties, mappings );
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement getterMethod : sourceGetters ) {
+            String sourcePropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( getterMethod );
+            Mapping mapping = mappings.get( sourcePropertyName );
+
+            for ( ExecutableElement setterMethod : targetSetters ) {
+                String targetPropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( setterMethod );
+
+                if ( targetPropertyName.equals( mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : sourcePropertyName ) ) {
+                    ExecutableElement correspondingSetter = Executables.getCorrespondingPropertyAccessor(
+                        getterMethod,
+                        sourceSetters
+                    );
+                    ExecutableElement correspondingGetter = Executables.getCorrespondingPropertyAccessor(
+                        setterMethod,
+                        targetGetters
+                    );
+                    properties.add(
+                        new MappedProperty(
+                            sourcePropertyName,
+                            getterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            correspondingSetter != null ? correspondingSetter.getSimpleName().toString() : null,
+                            retrieveReturnType( getterMethod ),
+                            mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : targetPropertyName,
+                            correspondingGetter != null ? correspondingGetter.getSimpleName().toString() : null,
+                            setterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            retrieveParameter( setterMethod ).getType()
+                        )
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return properties;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist(ExecutableElement method, Set<String> sourcePropertyNames,
+                                                        Set<String> targetPropertyNames,
+                                                        Map<String, Mapping> mappings) {
+
+        for ( Mapping mappedProperty : mappings.values() ) {
+            if ( !sourcePropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getSourceName() ) ) {
+                printMessage(
+                    ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in parameter type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getSourceName(),
+                        retrieveParameter( method ).getType()
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+            if ( !targetPropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                printMessage(
+                    ReportingPolicy.ERROR,
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in return type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getTargetName(),
+                        retrieveReturnType( method )
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getTargetAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the mappings configured via {@code @Mapping} from the given
+     * method.
+     *
+     * @param method The method of interest
+     *
+     * @return The mappings for the given method, keyed by source property name
+     */
+    private Map<String, Mapping> getMappings(ExecutableElement method) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        MappingPrism mappingAnnotation = MappingPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+        MappingsPrism mappingsAnnotation = MappingsPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+
+        if ( mappingAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.put( mappingAnnotation.source(), Mapping.fromMappingPrism( mappingAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        if ( mappingsAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.putAll( Mapping.fromMappingsPrism( mappingsAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private Parameter retrieveParameter(ExecutableElement method) {
+        List<? extends VariableElement> parameters = method.getParameters();
+
+        if ( parameters.size() != 1 ) {
+            //TODO: Log error
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        VariableElement parameter = parameters.get( 0 );
+
+        return new Parameter(
+            parameter.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            typeUtil.retrieveType( parameter.asType() )
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Type retrieveReturnType(ExecutableElement method) {
+        return typeUtil.retrieveType( method.getReturnType() );
+    }
+
+    private void printMessage(ReportingPolicy reportingPolicy, String message, Element element) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager().printMessage( reportingPolicy.getDiagnosticKind(), message, element );
+        if ( reportingPolicy.failsBuild() ) {
+            mappingErroneous = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void printMessage(ReportingPolicy reportingPolicy, String message, Element element,
+                              AnnotationMirror annotationMirror, AnnotationValue annotationValue) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager()
+            .printMessage( reportingPolicy.getDiagnosticKind(), message, element, annotationMirror, annotationValue );
+        if ( reportingPolicy.failsBuild() ) {
+            mappingErroneous = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getInstanceOn(element)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 144.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Mapper MapperGenerationVisitor.retrieveModel(TypeElement)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.MapperGenerationVisitor.retrieveModel(javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement):org.map.cfed5c19b76d9d0ee197e3a09da35169
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/MapperGenerationVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+MapperGenerationVisitor.java|retrieveModel|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+201c200990d92eb22d59f4259341e184
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4540/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4540/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37b1d1e1d8c4f553ae4df81dfebeeb936be4b9e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4540/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2012-2013 Gunnar Morling (http://www.gunnarmorling.de/)
+ *  and/or other contributors as indicated by the @authors tag. See the
+ *  copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full listing of all
+ *  contributors.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap;
+
+import java.beans.Introspector;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.annotation.processing.ProcessingEnvironment;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationValue;
+import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.VariableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.DeclaredType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.util.ElementKindVisitor6;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Elements;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Types;
+import javax.tools.Diagnostic.Kind;
+import javax.tools.JavaFileObject;
+
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversion;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversions;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.BeanMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Mapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Options;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.PropertyMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Type;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.MappedProperty;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Mapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Method;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Parameter;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Executables;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Filters;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.TypeUtil;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.writer.ModelWriter;
+
+import static javax.lang.model.util.ElementFilter.methodsIn;
+
+public class MapperGenerationVisitor extends ElementKindVisitor6<Void, Void> {
+
+    private static final String IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX = "Impl";
+
+    private final ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment;
+    private final Types typeUtils;
+    private final Elements elementUtils;
+    private final TypeUtil typeUtil;
+    private final Options options;
+
+    private boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+    public MapperGenerationVisitor(ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment, Options options) {
+        this.processingEnvironment = processingEnvironment;
+        this.typeUtils = processingEnvironment.getTypeUtils();
+        this.elementUtils = processingEnvironment.getElementUtils();
+        this.typeUtil = new TypeUtil( elementUtils, typeUtils );
+        this.options = options;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Void visitTypeAsInterface(TypeElement element, Void p) {
+        Mapper model = retrieveModel( element );
+
+        if ( !mappingErroneous ) {
+            String sourceFileName = element.getQualifiedName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX;
+            writeModelToSourceFile( sourceFileName, model );
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void writeModelToSourceFile(String fileName, Mapper model) {
+        JavaFileObject sourceFile;
+        try {
+            sourceFile = processingEnvironment.getFiler().createSourceFile( fileName );
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e ) {
+            throw new RuntimeException( e );
+        }
+
+        ModelWriter modelWriter = new ModelWriter( "mapper-implementation.ftl" );
+        modelWriter.writeModel( sourceFile, model );
+    }
+
+    private Mapper retrieveModel(TypeElement element) {
+        List<Method> methods = retrieveMethods( null, element );
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = getMappings( methods );
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = getUsedMapperTypes( element );
+
+        Mapper mapper = new Mapper(
+            elementUtils.getPackageOf( element ).getQualifiedName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX,
+            mappings,
+            usedMapperTypes,
+            options
+        );
+
+        return mapper;
+    }
+
+    private List<BeanMapping> getMappings(List<Method> methods) {
+        Conversions conversions = new Conversions( elementUtils, typeUtils, typeUtil );
+
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = new ArrayList<BeanMapping>();
+        Set<Method> processedMethods = new HashSet<Method>();
+
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( processedMethods.contains( method ) ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            MappingMethod mappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                method.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                method.getName(),
+                method.getParameterName(),
+                getElementMappingMethod( methods, method )
+            );
+
+            MappingMethod reverseMappingMethod = null;
+            Method rawReverseMappingMethod = getReverseMappingMethod( methods, method );
+            if ( rawReverseMappingMethod != null ) {
+                processedMethods.add( rawReverseMappingMethod );
+
+                reverseMappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getName(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getParameterName(),
+                    getElementMappingMethod( methods, rawReverseMappingMethod )
+                );
+            }
+
+            List<PropertyMapping> propertyMappings = new ArrayList<PropertyMapping>();
+
+            for ( MappedProperty property : method.getMappedProperties() ) {
+                Method propertyMappingMethod = getPropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Method reversePropertyMappingMethod = getReversePropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( property.getSourceType(), property.getTargetType() );
+
+                reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(
+                    method,
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod,
+                    property,
+                    propertyMappingMethod,
+                    reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                    conversion
+                );
+
+                propertyMappings.add(
+                    new PropertyMapping(
+                        property.getSourceReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceType(),
+                        property.getTargetReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetType(),
+                        propertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null ? conversion.to(
+                            mappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getSourceReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getTargetType()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null && reverseMappingMethod != null ? conversion.from(
+                            reverseMappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getTargetReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getSourceType()
+                        ) : null
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+
+            boolean isIterableMapping = method.getSourceType().isIterableType() && method.getTargetType()
+                .isIterableType();
+
+            String toConversionString = null;
+            String fromConversionString = null;
+
+            if ( isIterableMapping ) {
+                toConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    true
+                );
+                fromConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    false
+                );
+            }
+
+            BeanMapping mapping = new BeanMapping(
+                method.getSourceType(),
+                method.getTargetType(),
+                propertyMappings,
+                mappingMethod,
+                reverseMappingMethod,
+                toConversionString,
+                fromConversionString
+            );
+
+            mappings.add( mapping );
+        }
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(Method method, Method reverseMethod, MappedProperty property,
+                                                     Method propertyMappingMethod, Method reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                                                     Conversion conversion) {
+        if ( property.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        //no mapping method nor conversion nor collection with default implementation
+        if ( !(
+            propertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getTargetType().isCollectionType() && property.getTargetType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            reportError(
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName(),
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName()
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ( reverseMethod == null ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ( !(
+            reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getSourceType().isCollectionType() && property.getSourceType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            reportError(
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName(),
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName()
+                ),
+                reverseMethod.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getIterableConversionString(Conversions conversions, Type sourceElementType, Type targetElementType,
+                                               boolean isToConversion) {
+        Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( sourceElementType, targetElementType );
+
+        if ( conversion == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return conversion.to(
+            Introspector.decapitalize( sourceElementType.getName() ),
+            targetElementType
+        );
+    }
+
+    private List<Type> getUsedMapperTypes(TypeElement element) {
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = new LinkedList<Type>();
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+        for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+            usedMapperTypes.add( typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ) );
+        }
+        return usedMapperTypes;
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethod getElementMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, Method method) {
+        Method elementMappingMethod = null;
+        for ( Method oneMethod : methods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( method.getSourceType().getElementType() ) ) {
+                elementMappingMethod = oneMethod;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return elementMappingMethod == null ? null : new MappingMethod(
+            elementMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getName(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Method getPropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> rawMethods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( property.getSourceType() ) && oneMethod.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReversePropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( method.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) && method.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getSourceType() ) ) {
+                return method;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReverseMappingMethod(List<Method> rawMethods,
+                                           Method method) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.reverses( method ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private List<Method> retrieveMethods(Type declaringMapper, Element element) {
+        List<Method> methods = new ArrayList<Method>();
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement method : methodsIn( element.getEnclosedElements() ) ) {
+            Parameter parameter = retrieveParameter( method );
+            Type returnType = retrieveReturnType( method );
+            boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+            if ( declaringMapper == null ) {
+                if ( parameter.getType().isIterableType() && !returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method from iterable type to non-iterable type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( !parameter.getType().isIterableType() && returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method from non-iterable type to iterable type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( parameter.getType().isPrimitive() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method with primitive parameter type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( returnType.isPrimitive() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method with primitive return type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+
+                if ( mappingErroneous ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            //retrieve property mappings if an implementation for the method needs to be generated
+            List<MappedProperty> properties = declaringMapper == null ? retrieveMappedProperties( method ) : Collections
+                .<MappedProperty>emptyList();
+
+            methods.add(
+                new Method(
+                    declaringMapper,
+                    method,
+                    parameter.getName(),
+                    parameter.getType(),
+                    returnType,
+                    properties
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+
+        if ( mapperPrism != null ) {
+            for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+                methods.addAll(
+                    retrieveMethods(
+                        typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ),
+                        ( (DeclaredType) usedMapper ).asElement()
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return methods;
+    }
+
+    private List<MappedProperty> retrieveMappedProperties(ExecutableElement method) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        MappingPrism mappingAnnotation = MappingPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+        MappingsPrism mappingsAnnotation = MappingsPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+
+        if ( mappingAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.put( mappingAnnotation.source(), getMapping( mappingAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        if ( mappingsAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.putAll( getMappings( mappingsAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        return getMappedProperties( method, mappings );
+    }
+
+    private List<MappedProperty> getMappedProperties(ExecutableElement method, Map<String, Mapping> mappings) {
+        TypeElement returnTypeElement = (TypeElement) typeUtils.asElement( method.getReturnType() );
+        TypeElement parameterElement = (TypeElement) typeUtils.asElement( method.getParameters().get( 0 ).asType() );
+
+        List<MappedProperty> properties = new ArrayList<MappedProperty>();
+
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( parameterElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( returnTypeElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( parameterElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( returnTypeElement )
+        );
+
+        reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist( method, mappings, sourceGetters, targetSetters );
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement getterMethod : sourceGetters ) {
+            String sourcePropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( getterMethod );
+            Mapping mapping = mappings.get( sourcePropertyName );
+
+            for ( ExecutableElement setterMethod : targetSetters ) {
+                String targetPropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( setterMethod );
+
+                if ( targetPropertyName.equals( mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : sourcePropertyName ) ) {
+                    properties.add(
+                        new MappedProperty(
+                            sourcePropertyName,
+                            getterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            Executables.getCorrespondingPropertyAccessor( getterMethod, sourceSetters )
+                                .getSimpleName()
+                                .toString(),
+                            retrieveReturnType( getterMethod ),
+                            mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : targetPropertyName,
+                            Executables.getCorrespondingPropertyAccessor( setterMethod, targetGetters )
+                                .getSimpleName()
+                                .toString(),
+                            setterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            retrieveParameter( setterMethod ).getType()
+                        )
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return properties;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist(ExecutableElement method, Map<String, Mapping> mappings,
+                                                        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters,
+                                                        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters) {
+
+        Set<String> sourcePropertyNames = getPropertyNames( sourceGetters );
+        Set<String> targetPropertyNames = getPropertyNames( targetSetters );
+
+        for ( Mapping mappedProperty : mappings.values() ) {
+            if ( !sourcePropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getSourceName() ) ) {
+                reportError(
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in parameter type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getSourceName(),
+                        retrieveParameter( method ).getType()
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+            if ( !targetPropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                reportError(
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in return type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getTargetName(),
+                        retrieveReturnType( method )
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getTargetAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Set<String> getPropertyNames(List<ExecutableElement> propertyAccessors) {
+        Set<String> propertyNames = new HashSet<String>();
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement executableElement : propertyAccessors ) {
+            propertyNames.add( Executables.getPropertyName( executableElement ) );
+        }
+
+        return propertyNames;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Mapping> getMappings(MappingsPrism mappingsAnnotation) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        for ( MappingPrism mapping : mappingsAnnotation.value() ) {
+            mappings.put( mapping.source(), getMapping( mapping ) );
+        }
+
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private Mapping getMapping(MappingPrism mapping) {
+        return new Mapping(
+            mapping.source(),
+            mapping.target(),
+            mapping.mirror,
+            mapping.values.source(),
+            mapping.values.target()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Parameter retrieveParameter(ExecutableElement method) {
+        List<? extends VariableElement> parameters = method.getParameters();
+
+        if ( parameters.size() != 1 ) {
+            //TODO: Log error
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        VariableElement parameter = parameters.get( 0 );
+
+        return new Parameter(
+            parameter.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            typeUtil.retrieveType( parameter.asType() )
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Type retrieveReturnType(ExecutableElement method) {
+        return typeUtil.retrieveType( method.getReturnType() );
+    }
+
+    private void reportError(String message, Element element) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager().printMessage( Kind.ERROR, message, element );
+        mappingErroneous = true;
+    }
+
+    private void reportError(String message, Element element, AnnotationMirror annotationMirror,
+                             AnnotationValue annotationValue) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager()
+            .printMessage( Kind.ERROR, message, element, annotationMirror, annotationValue );
+        mappingErroneous = true;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getCorrespondingPropertyAccessor(setterMethod,targetGetters)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 476.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List MapperGenerationVisitor.getMappedProperties(ExecutableElement,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.MapperGenerationVisitor.getMappedProperties(javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElem.49646e974612d07891d63d0d43e37f13
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/MapperGenerationVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+MapperGenerationVisitor.java|getMappedProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+431c046112b44589f43732d40e0b82a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4547/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4547/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..303429603885d708942e8628bf3c8b7424286ec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4547/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2012-2013 Gunnar Morling (http://www.gunnarmorling.de/)
+ *  and/or other contributors as indicated by the @authors tag. See the
+ *  copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full listing of all
+ *  contributors.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap;
+
+import java.beans.Introspector;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.annotation.processing.ProcessingEnvironment;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationValue;
+import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.VariableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.DeclaredType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.util.ElementKindVisitor6;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Elements;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Types;
+import javax.tools.Diagnostic.Kind;
+import javax.tools.JavaFileObject;
+
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversion;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversions;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.BeanMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Mapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Options;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.PropertyMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Type;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.MappedProperty;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Mapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Method;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Parameter;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Executables;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Filters;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.TypeUtil;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.writer.ModelWriter;
+
+import static javax.lang.model.util.ElementFilter.methodsIn;
+
+public class MapperGenerationVisitor extends ElementKindVisitor6<Void, Void> {
+
+    private static final String IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX = "Impl";
+
+    private final ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment;
+    private final Types typeUtils;
+    private final Elements elementUtils;
+    private final TypeUtil typeUtil;
+    private final Options options;
+
+    private boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+    public MapperGenerationVisitor(ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment, Options options) {
+        this.processingEnvironment = processingEnvironment;
+        this.typeUtils = processingEnvironment.getTypeUtils();
+        this.elementUtils = processingEnvironment.getElementUtils();
+        this.typeUtil = new TypeUtil( elementUtils, typeUtils );
+        this.options = options;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Void visitTypeAsInterface(TypeElement element, Void p) {
+        Mapper model = retrieveModel( element );
+
+        if ( !mappingErroneous ) {
+            String sourceFileName = element.getQualifiedName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX;
+            writeModelToSourceFile( sourceFileName, model );
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void writeModelToSourceFile(String fileName, Mapper model) {
+        JavaFileObject sourceFile;
+        try {
+            sourceFile = processingEnvironment.getFiler().createSourceFile( fileName );
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e ) {
+            throw new RuntimeException( e );
+        }
+
+        ModelWriter modelWriter = new ModelWriter( "mapper-implementation.ftl" );
+        modelWriter.writeModel( sourceFile, model );
+    }
+
+    private Mapper retrieveModel(TypeElement element) {
+        List<Method> methods = retrieveMethods( null, element );
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = getMappings( methods );
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = getUsedMapperTypes( element );
+
+        Mapper mapper = new Mapper(
+            elementUtils.getPackageOf( element ).getQualifiedName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX,
+            mappings,
+            usedMapperTypes,
+            options
+        );
+
+        return mapper;
+    }
+
+    private List<BeanMapping> getMappings(List<Method> methods) {
+        Conversions conversions = new Conversions( elementUtils, typeUtils, typeUtil );
+
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = new ArrayList<BeanMapping>();
+        Set<Method> processedMethods = new HashSet<Method>();
+
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( processedMethods.contains( method ) ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            MappingMethod mappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                method.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                method.getName(),
+                method.getParameterName(),
+                getElementMappingMethod( methods, method )
+            );
+
+            MappingMethod reverseMappingMethod = null;
+            Method rawReverseMappingMethod = getReverseMappingMethod( methods, method );
+            if ( rawReverseMappingMethod != null ) {
+                processedMethods.add( rawReverseMappingMethod );
+
+                reverseMappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getName(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getParameterName(),
+                    getElementMappingMethod( methods, rawReverseMappingMethod )
+                );
+            }
+
+            List<PropertyMapping> propertyMappings = new ArrayList<PropertyMapping>();
+
+            for ( MappedProperty property : method.getMappedProperties() ) {
+                Method propertyMappingMethod = getPropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Method reversePropertyMappingMethod = getReversePropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( property.getSourceType(), property.getTargetType() );
+
+                reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(
+                    method,
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod,
+                    property,
+                    propertyMappingMethod,
+                    reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                    conversion
+                );
+
+                propertyMappings.add(
+                    new PropertyMapping(
+                        property.getSourceReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceType(),
+                        property.getTargetReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetType(),
+                        propertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null ? conversion.to(
+                            mappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getSourceReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getTargetType()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null && reverseMappingMethod != null ? conversion.from(
+                            reverseMappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getTargetReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getSourceType()
+                        ) : null
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+
+            boolean isIterableMapping = method.getSourceType().isIterableType() && method.getTargetType()
+                .isIterableType();
+
+            String toConversionString = null;
+            String fromConversionString = null;
+
+            if ( isIterableMapping ) {
+                toConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    true
+                );
+                fromConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    false
+                );
+            }
+
+            BeanMapping mapping = new BeanMapping(
+                method.getSourceType(),
+                method.getTargetType(),
+                propertyMappings,
+                mappingMethod,
+                reverseMappingMethod,
+                toConversionString,
+                fromConversionString
+            );
+
+            mappings.add( mapping );
+        }
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(Method method, Method reverseMethod, MappedProperty property,
+                                                     Method propertyMappingMethod, Method reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                                                     Conversion conversion) {
+        if ( property.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        //no mapping method nor conversion nor collection with default implementation
+        if ( !(
+            propertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getTargetType().isCollectionType() && property.getTargetType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            reportError(
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName(),
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName()
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ( reverseMethod == null ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ( !(
+            reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getSourceType().isCollectionType() && property.getSourceType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            reportError(
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName(),
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName()
+                ),
+                reverseMethod.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getIterableConversionString(Conversions conversions, Type sourceElementType, Type targetElementType,
+                                               boolean isToConversion) {
+        Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( sourceElementType, targetElementType );
+
+        if ( conversion == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return conversion.to(
+            Introspector.decapitalize( sourceElementType.getName() ),
+            targetElementType
+        );
+    }
+
+    private List<Type> getUsedMapperTypes(TypeElement element) {
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = new LinkedList<Type>();
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+        for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+            usedMapperTypes.add( typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ) );
+        }
+        return usedMapperTypes;
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethod getElementMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, Method method) {
+        Method elementMappingMethod = null;
+        for ( Method oneMethod : methods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( method.getSourceType().getElementType() ) ) {
+                elementMappingMethod = oneMethod;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return elementMappingMethod == null ? null : new MappingMethod(
+            elementMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getName(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Method getPropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> rawMethods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( property.getSourceType() ) && oneMethod.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReversePropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( method.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) && method.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getSourceType() ) ) {
+                return method;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReverseMappingMethod(List<Method> rawMethods,
+                                           Method method) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.reverses( method ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private List<Method> retrieveMethods(Type declaringMapper, Element element) {
+        List<Method> methods = new ArrayList<Method>();
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement method : methodsIn( element.getEnclosedElements() ) ) {
+            Parameter parameter = retrieveParameter( method );
+            Type returnType = retrieveReturnType( method );
+            boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+            if ( declaringMapper == null ) {
+                if ( parameter.getType().isIterableType() && !returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method from iterable type to non-iterable type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( !parameter.getType().isIterableType() && returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method from non-iterable type to iterable type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( parameter.getType().isPrimitive() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method with primitive parameter type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( returnType.isPrimitive() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method with primitive return type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+
+                if ( mappingErroneous ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            //retrieve property mappings if an implementation for the method needs to be generated
+            List<MappedProperty> properties = declaringMapper == null ? retrieveMappedProperties( method ) : Collections
+                .<MappedProperty>emptyList();
+
+            methods.add(
+                new Method(
+                    declaringMapper,
+                    method,
+                    parameter.getName(),
+                    parameter.getType(),
+                    returnType,
+                    properties
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+
+        if ( mapperPrism != null ) {
+            for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+                methods.addAll(
+                    retrieveMethods(
+                        typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ),
+                        ( (DeclaredType) usedMapper ).asElement()
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return methods;
+    }
+
+    private List<MappedProperty> retrieveMappedProperties(ExecutableElement method) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        MappingPrism mappingAnnotation = MappingPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+        MappingsPrism mappingsAnnotation = MappingsPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+
+        if ( mappingAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.put( mappingAnnotation.source(), getMapping( mappingAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        if ( mappingsAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.putAll( getMappings( mappingsAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        return getMappedProperties( method, mappings );
+    }
+
+    private List<MappedProperty> getMappedProperties(ExecutableElement method, Map<String, Mapping> mappings) {
+        TypeElement returnTypeElement = (TypeElement) typeUtils.asElement( method.getReturnType() );
+        TypeElement parameterElement = (TypeElement) typeUtils.asElement( method.getParameters().get( 0 ).asType() );
+
+        List<MappedProperty> properties = new ArrayList<MappedProperty>();
+
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( parameterElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( returnTypeElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( parameterElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( returnTypeElement )
+        );
+
+        reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist( method, mappings, sourceGetters, targetSetters );
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement getterMethod : sourceGetters ) {
+            String sourcePropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( getterMethod );
+            Mapping mapping = mappings.get( sourcePropertyName );
+
+            for ( ExecutableElement setterMethod : targetSetters ) {
+                String targetPropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( setterMethod );
+
+                if ( targetPropertyName.equals( mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : sourcePropertyName ) ) {
+                    properties.add(
+                        new MappedProperty(
+                            sourcePropertyName,
+                            getterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            Executables.getCorrespondingPropertyAccessor( getterMethod, sourceSetters )
+                                .getSimpleName()
+                                .toString(),
+                            retrieveReturnType( getterMethod ),
+                            mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : targetPropertyName,
+                            Executables.getCorrespondingPropertyAccessor( setterMethod, targetGetters )
+                                .getSimpleName()
+                                .toString(),
+                            setterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            retrieveParameter( setterMethod ).getType()
+                        )
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return properties;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist(ExecutableElement method, Map<String, Mapping> mappings,
+                                                        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters,
+                                                        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters) {
+
+        Set<String> sourcePropertyNames = getPropertyNames( sourceGetters );
+        Set<String> targetPropertyNames = getPropertyNames( targetSetters );
+
+        for ( Mapping mappedProperty : mappings.values() ) {
+            if ( !sourcePropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getSourceName() ) ) {
+                reportError(
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in parameter type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getSourceName(),
+                        retrieveParameter( method ).getType()
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+            if ( !targetPropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                reportError(
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in return type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getTargetName(),
+                        retrieveReturnType( method )
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getTargetAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Set<String> getPropertyNames(List<ExecutableElement> propertyAccessors) {
+        Set<String> propertyNames = new HashSet<String>();
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement executableElement : propertyAccessors ) {
+            propertyNames.add( Executables.getPropertyName( executableElement ) );
+        }
+
+        return propertyNames;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Mapping> getMappings(MappingsPrism mappingsAnnotation) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        for ( MappingPrism mapping : mappingsAnnotation.value() ) {
+            mappings.put( mapping.source(), getMapping( mapping ) );
+        }
+
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private Mapping getMapping(MappingPrism mapping) {
+        return new Mapping(
+            mapping.source(),
+            mapping.target(),
+            mapping.mirror,
+            mapping.values.source(),
+            mapping.values.target()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Parameter retrieveParameter(ExecutableElement method) {
+        List<? extends VariableElement> parameters = method.getParameters();
+
+        if ( parameters.size() != 1 ) {
+            //TODO: Log error
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        VariableElement parameter = parameters.get( 0 );
+
+        return new Parameter(
+            parameter.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            typeUtil.retrieveType( parameter.asType() )
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Type retrieveReturnType(ExecutableElement method) {
+        return typeUtil.retrieveType( method.getReturnType() );
+    }
+
+    private void reportError(String message, Element element) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager().printMessage( Kind.ERROR, message, element );
+        mappingErroneous = true;
+    }
+
+    private void reportError(String message, Element element, AnnotationMirror annotationMirror,
+                             AnnotationValue annotationValue) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager()
+            .printMessage( Kind.ERROR, message, element, annotationMirror, annotationValue );
+        mappingErroneous = true;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `retrieveParameter(this,setterMethod)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 479.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List MapperGenerationVisitor.getMappedProperties(ExecutableElement,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.MapperGenerationVisitor.getMappedProperties(javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElem.49646e974612d07891d63d0d43e37f13
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/MapperGenerationVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+MapperGenerationVisitor.java|getMappedProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+495f8d0ad7c7214a9da667edc8229099
+
+### Hash:
+675bb6513fd3948ce791e06e3baa5d0f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4549/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4549/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1012ddcc41c4517dc16ea3f9c50e7bc61e5a08f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4549/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright MapStruct Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License version 2.0, available at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap.internal.model.common;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.NavigableSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentNavigableMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
+import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ElementKind;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.VariableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.ArrayType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.DeclaredType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.ExecutableType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.PrimitiveType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeKind;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeVariable;
+import javax.lang.model.type.WildcardType;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Elements;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Types;
+
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.gem.BuilderGem;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.AnnotationProcessingException;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.Collections;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.Extractor;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.FormattingMessager;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.JavaStreamConstants;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.Message;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.NativeTypes;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.RoundContext;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.Strings;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.internal.util.accessor.Accessor;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.spi.AstModifyingAnnotationProcessor;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.spi.BuilderInfo;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.spi.MoreThanOneBuilderCreationMethodException;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.spi.TypeHierarchyErroneousException;
+
+import static org.mapstruct.ap.internal.model.common.ImplementationType.withDefaultConstructor;
+import static org.mapstruct.ap.internal.model.common.ImplementationType.withInitialCapacity;
+import static org.mapstruct.ap.internal.model.common.ImplementationType.withLoadFactorAdjustment;
+
+/**
+ * Factory creating {@link Type} instances.
+ *
+ * @author Gunnar Morling
+ */
+public class TypeFactory {
+
+    private static final Extractor<BuilderInfo, String> BUILDER_INFO_CREATION_METHOD_EXTRACTOR =
+        builderInfo -> {
+            ExecutableElement builderCreationMethod = builderInfo.getBuilderCreationMethod();
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder( builderCreationMethod.getSimpleName() );
+
+            sb.append( '(' );
+            for ( VariableElement parameter : builderCreationMethod.getParameters() ) {
+                sb.append( parameter );
+            }
+
+            sb.append( ')' );
+            return sb.toString();
+        };
+
+    private final Elements elementUtils;
+    private final Types typeUtils;
+    private final FormattingMessager messager;
+    private final RoundContext roundContext;
+
+    private final TypeMirror iterableType;
+    private final TypeMirror collectionType;
+    private final TypeMirror mapType;
+    private final TypeMirror streamType;
+
+    private final Map<String, ImplementationType> implementationTypes = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, String> toBeImportedTypes = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, String> notToBeImportedTypes;
+
+    private final boolean loggingVerbose;
+
+    public TypeFactory(Elements elementUtils, Types typeUtils, FormattingMessager messager, RoundContext roundContext,
+                       Map<String, String> notToBeImportedTypes, boolean loggingVerbose) {
+        this.elementUtils = elementUtils;
+        this.typeUtils = typeUtils;
+        this.messager = messager;
+        this.roundContext = roundContext;
+        this.notToBeImportedTypes = notToBeImportedTypes;
+
+        iterableType = typeUtils.erasure( elementUtils.getTypeElement( Iterable.class.getCanonicalName() ).asType() );
+        collectionType =
+            typeUtils.erasure( elementUtils.getTypeElement( Collection.class.getCanonicalName() ).asType() );
+        mapType = typeUtils.erasure( elementUtils.getTypeElement( Map.class.getCanonicalName() ).asType() );
+        TypeElement streamTypeElement = elementUtils.getTypeElement( JavaStreamConstants.STREAM_FQN );
+        streamType = streamTypeElement == null ? null : typeUtils.erasure( streamTypeElement.asType() );
+
+        implementationTypes.put( Iterable.class.getName(), withInitialCapacity( getType( ArrayList.class ) ) );
+        implementationTypes.put( Collection.class.getName(), withInitialCapacity( getType( ArrayList.class ) ) );
+        implementationTypes.put( List.class.getName(), withInitialCapacity( getType( ArrayList.class ) ) );
+
+        implementationTypes.put( Set.class.getName(), withLoadFactorAdjustment( getType( HashSet.class ) ) );
+        implementationTypes.put( SortedSet.class.getName(), withDefaultConstructor( getType( TreeSet.class ) ) );
+        implementationTypes.put( NavigableSet.class.getName(), withDefaultConstructor( getType( TreeSet.class ) ) );
+
+        implementationTypes.put( Map.class.getName(), withLoadFactorAdjustment( getType( HashMap.class ) ) );
+        implementationTypes.put( SortedMap.class.getName(), withDefaultConstructor( getType( TreeMap.class ) ) );
+        implementationTypes.put( NavigableMap.class.getName(), withDefaultConstructor( getType( TreeMap.class ) ) );
+        implementationTypes.put(
+            ConcurrentMap.class.getName(),
+            withLoadFactorAdjustment( getType( ConcurrentHashMap.class ) )
+        );
+        implementationTypes.put(
+            ConcurrentNavigableMap.class.getName(),
+            withDefaultConstructor( getType( ConcurrentSkipListMap.class ) )
+        );
+
+        this.loggingVerbose = loggingVerbose;
+    }
+
+    public Type getTypeForLiteral(Class<?> type) {
+        return type.isPrimitive() ? getType( getPrimitiveType( type ), true )
+            : getType( type.getCanonicalName(), true );
+    }
+
+    public Type getType(Class<?> type) {
+        return type.isPrimitive() ? getType( getPrimitiveType( type ) ) : getType( type.getCanonicalName() );
+    }
+
+    public Type getType(String canonicalName) {
+        return getType( canonicalName, false );
+    }
+
+    private Type getType(String canonicalName, boolean isLiteral) {
+        TypeElement typeElement = elementUtils.getTypeElement( canonicalName );
+
+        if ( typeElement == null ) {
+            throw new AnnotationProcessingException(
+                "Couldn't find type " + canonicalName + ". Are you missing a dependency on your classpath?"
+            );
+        }
+
+        return getType( typeElement, isLiteral );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the type with the given full qualified name is part of the classpath
+     *
+     * @param canonicalName Name of the type to be checked for availability
+     * @return true if the type with the given full qualified name is part of the classpath.
+     */
+    public boolean isTypeAvailable(String canonicalName) {
+        return null != elementUtils.getTypeElement( canonicalName );
+    }
+
+    public Type getWrappedType(Type type ) {
+        Type result = type;
+        if ( type.isPrimitive() ) {
+            PrimitiveType typeMirror = (PrimitiveType) type.getTypeMirror();
+            result = getType( typeUtils.boxedClass( typeMirror ) );
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public Type getType(TypeElement typeElement) {
+        return getType( typeElement.asType(), false );
+    }
+
+    private Type getType(TypeElement typeElement, boolean isLiteral) {
+        return getType( typeElement.asType(), isLiteral );
+    }
+
+    public Type getType(TypeMirror mirror) {
+        return getType( mirror, false );
+    }
+
+    private Type getType(TypeMirror mirror, boolean isLiteral) {
+        if ( !canBeProcessed( mirror ) ) {
+            throw new TypeHierarchyErroneousException( mirror );
+        }
+
+        ImplementationType implementationType = getImplementationType( mirror );
+
+        boolean isIterableType = typeUtils.isSubtype( mirror, iterableType );
+        boolean isCollectionType = typeUtils.isSubtype( mirror, collectionType );
+        boolean isMapType = typeUtils.isSubtype( mirror, mapType );
+        boolean isStreamType = streamType != null && typeUtils.isSubtype( mirror, streamType );
+
+        boolean isEnumType;
+        boolean isInterface;
+        String name;
+        String packageName;
+        String qualifiedName;
+        TypeElement typeElement;
+        Type componentType;
+        Boolean toBeImported = null;
+
+        if ( mirror.getKind() == TypeKind.DECLARED ) {
+            DeclaredType declaredType = (DeclaredType) mirror;
+
+            isEnumType = declaredType.asElement().getKind() == ElementKind.ENUM;
+            isInterface = declaredType.asElement().getKind() == ElementKind.INTERFACE;
+            name = declaredType.asElement().getSimpleName().toString();
+
+            typeElement = (TypeElement) declaredType.asElement();
+
+            if ( typeElement != null ) {
+                packageName = elementUtils.getPackageOf( typeElement ).getQualifiedName().toString();
+                qualifiedName = typeElement.getQualifiedName().toString();
+            }
+            else {
+                packageName = null;
+                qualifiedName = name;
+            }
+
+            componentType = null;
+        }
+        else if ( mirror.getKind() == TypeKind.ARRAY ) {
+            TypeMirror componentTypeMirror = getComponentType( mirror );
+            StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("[]");
+
+            while ( componentTypeMirror.getKind() == TypeKind.ARRAY ) {
+                componentTypeMirror = getComponentType( componentTypeMirror );
+                builder.append( "[]" );
+            }
+
+            if ( componentTypeMirror.getKind() == TypeKind.DECLARED ) {
+                DeclaredType declaredType = (DeclaredType) componentTypeMirror;
+                TypeElement componentTypeElement = (TypeElement) declaredType.asElement();
+
+                String arraySuffix = builder.toString();
+                name = componentTypeElement.getSimpleName().toString() + arraySuffix;
+                packageName = elementUtils.getPackageOf( componentTypeElement ).getQualifiedName().toString();
+                qualifiedName = componentTypeElement.getQualifiedName().toString() + arraySuffix;
+            }
+            else if (componentTypeMirror.getKind().isPrimitive()) {
+                // When the component type is primitive and is annotated with ElementType.TYPE_USE then
+                // the typeMirror#toString returns (@CustomAnnotation :: byte) for the javac compiler
+                name = NativeTypes.getName( componentTypeMirror.getKind() ) + builder.toString();
+                packageName = null;
+                // for primitive types only name (e.g. byte, short..) required as qualified name
+                qualifiedName = name;
+                toBeImported = false;
+            }
+            else {
+                name = mirror.toString();
+                packageName = null;
+                qualifiedName = name;
+                toBeImported = false;
+            }
+
+            isEnumType = false;
+            isInterface = false;
+            typeElement = null;
+            componentType = getType( getComponentType( mirror ) );
+        }
+        else {
+            isEnumType = false;
+            isInterface = false;
+            name = mirror.toString();
+            packageName = null;
+            qualifiedName = name;
+            typeElement = null;
+            componentType = null;
+            toBeImported = false;
+        }
+
+        return new Type(
+            typeUtils, elementUtils, this,
+            roundContext.getAnnotationProcessorContext().getAccessorNaming(),
+            mirror,
+            typeElement,
+            getTypeParameters( mirror, false ),
+            implementationType,
+            componentType,
+            packageName,
+            name,
+            qualifiedName,
+            isInterface,
+            isEnumType,
+            isIterableType,
+            isCollectionType,
+            isMapType,
+            isStreamType,
+            toBeImportedTypes,
+            notToBeImportedTypes,
+            toBeImported,
+            isLiteral,
+            loggingVerbose
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Type that represents the declared Class type of the given type. For primitive types, the boxed class
+     * will be used. Examples:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If type represents {@code java.lang.Integer}, it will return the type that represents {@code Class<Integer>}.
+     * </li>
+     * <li>If type represents {@code int}, it will return the type that represents {@code Class<Integer>}.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param type the type to return the declared class type for
+     * @return the type representing {@code Class<type>}.
+     */
+    public Type classTypeOf(Type type) {
+        TypeMirror typeToUse;
+        if ( type.isVoid() ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        else if ( type.isPrimitive() ) {
+            typeToUse = typeUtils.boxedClass( (PrimitiveType) type.getTypeMirror() ).asType();
+        }
+        else {
+            typeToUse = type.getTypeMirror();
+        }
+
+        return getType( typeUtils.getDeclaredType( elementUtils.getTypeElement( "java.lang.Class" ), typeToUse ) );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ExecutableType for given method as part of usedMapper. Possibly parameterized types in method declaration
+     * will be evaluated to concrete types then.
+     *
+     * <b>IMPORTANT:</b> This should only be used from the Processors, as they are operating over executable elements.
+     * The internals should not be using this function and should not be using the {@link ExecutableElement} directly.
+     *
+     * @param includingType the type on which's scope the method type shall be evaluated
+     * @param method the method
+     * @return the ExecutableType representing the method as part of usedMapper
+     */
+    public ExecutableType getMethodType(DeclaredType includingType, ExecutableElement method) {
+        TypeMirror asMemberOf = typeUtils.asMemberOf( includingType, method );
+        return (ExecutableType) asMemberOf;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Type for given method as part of usedMapper. Possibly parameterized types in method declaration will be
+     * evaluated to concrete types then.
+     *
+     * @param includingType the type on which's scope the method type shall be evaluated
+     * @param method the method
+     *
+     * @return the ExecutableType representing the method as part of usedMapper
+     */
+    public TypeMirror getMethodType(DeclaredType includingType, Element method) {
+        return typeUtils.asMemberOf( includingType, method );
+    }
+
+    public Parameter getSingleParameter(DeclaredType includingType, Accessor method) {
+        if ( method.getAccessorType().isFieldAssignment() ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        ExecutableElement executable = (ExecutableElement) method.getElement();
+        List<? extends VariableElement> parameters = executable.getParameters();
+
+        if ( parameters.size() != 1 ) {
+            //TODO: Log error
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return Collections.first( getParameters( includingType, method ) );
+    }
+
+    public List<Parameter> getParameters(DeclaredType includingType, Accessor accessor) {
+        ExecutableElement method = (ExecutableElement) accessor.getElement();
+        return getParameters( includingType, method );
+    }
+
+    public List<Parameter> getParameters(DeclaredType includingType, ExecutableElement method) {
+        ExecutableType methodType = getMethodType( includingType, method );
+        if ( method == null || methodType.getKind() != TypeKind.EXECUTABLE ) {
+            return new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+        return getParameters( methodType, method );
+    }
+
+    public List<Parameter> getParameters(ExecutableType methodType, ExecutableElement method) {
+        List<? extends TypeMirror> parameterTypes = methodType.getParameterTypes();
+        List<? extends VariableElement> parameters = method.getParameters();
+        List<Parameter> result = new ArrayList<>( parameters.size() );
+
+        Iterator<? extends VariableElement> varIt = parameters.iterator();
+        Iterator<? extends TypeMirror> typesIt = parameterTypes.iterator();
+
+        while ( varIt.hasNext() ) {
+            VariableElement parameter = varIt.next();
+            TypeMirror parameterType = typesIt.next();
+
+            Type type = getType( parameterType );
+
+            // if the method has varargs and this is the last parameter
+            // we know that this parameter should be used as varargs
+            boolean isVarArgs = !varIt.hasNext() && method.isVarArgs();
+
+            result.add( Parameter.forElementAndType( parameter, type, isVarArgs ) );
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public Type getReturnType(DeclaredType includingType, Accessor accessor) {
+        Type type;
+        TypeMirror accessorType = getMethodType( includingType, accessor.getElement() );
+        if ( isExecutableType( accessorType ) ) {
+            type = getType( ( (ExecutableType) accessorType ).getReturnType() );
+        }
+        else {
+            type = getType( accessorType );
+        }
+
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isExecutableType(TypeMirror accessorType) {
+        return accessorType.getKind() == TypeKind.EXECUTABLE;
+    }
+
+    public Type getReturnType(ExecutableType method) {
+        return getType( method.getReturnType() );
+    }
+
+    public List<Type> getThrownTypes(ExecutableType method) {
+        return extractTypes( method.getThrownTypes() );
+    }
+
+    public List<Type> getThrownTypes(Accessor accessor) {
+        if (accessor.getAccessorType().isFieldAssignment()) {
+            return new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+        return extractTypes( ( (ExecutableElement) accessor.getElement() ).getThrownTypes() );
+    }
+
+    private List<Type> extractTypes(List<? extends TypeMirror> typeMirrors) {
+        Set<Type> types = new HashSet<>( typeMirrors.size() );
+
+        for ( TypeMirror typeMirror : typeMirrors ) {
+            types.add( getType( typeMirror ) );
+        }
+
+        return new ArrayList<>( types );
+    }
+
+    private List<Type> getTypeParameters(TypeMirror mirror, boolean isImplementationType) {
+        if ( mirror.getKind() != TypeKind.DECLARED ) {
+            return java.util.Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+
+        DeclaredType declaredType = (DeclaredType) mirror;
+        List<Type> typeParameters = new ArrayList<>( declaredType.getTypeArguments().size() );
+
+        for ( TypeMirror typeParameter : declaredType.getTypeArguments() ) {
+            if ( isImplementationType ) {
+                typeParameters.add( getType( typeParameter ).getTypeBound() );
+            }
+            else {
+                typeParameters.add( getType( typeParameter ) );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return typeParameters;
+    }
+
+    private TypeMirror getPrimitiveType(Class<?> primitiveType) {
+        return primitiveType == byte.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.BYTE ) :
+            primitiveType == short.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.SHORT ) :
+                primitiveType == int.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.INT ) :
+                    primitiveType == long.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.LONG ) :
+                        primitiveType == float.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.FLOAT ) :
+                            primitiveType == double.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.DOUBLE ) :
+                                primitiveType == boolean.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.BOOLEAN ) :
+                                    primitiveType == char.class ? typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.CHAR ) :
+                                        typeUtils.getPrimitiveType( TypeKind.VOID );
+    }
+
+    private ImplementationType getImplementationType(TypeMirror mirror) {
+        if ( mirror.getKind() != TypeKind.DECLARED ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        DeclaredType declaredType = (DeclaredType) mirror;
+
+        ImplementationType implementation = implementationTypes.get(
+            ( (TypeElement) declaredType.asElement() ).getQualifiedName()
+                .toString()
+        );
+
+        if ( implementation != null ) {
+            Type implementationType = implementation.getType();
+            Type replacement = new Type(
+                typeUtils,
+                elementUtils,
+                this,
+                roundContext.getAnnotationProcessorContext().getAccessorNaming(),
+                typeUtils.getDeclaredType(
+                    implementationType.getTypeElement(),
+                    declaredType.getTypeArguments().toArray( new TypeMirror[] { } )
+                ),
+                implementationType.getTypeElement(),
+                getTypeParameters( mirror, true ),
+                null,
+                null,
+                implementationType.getPackageName(),
+                implementationType.getName(),
+                implementationType.getFullyQualifiedName(),
+                implementationType.isInterface(),
+                implementationType.isEnumType(),
+                implementationType.isIterableType(),
+                implementationType.isCollectionType(),
+                implementationType.isMapType(),
+                implementationType.isStreamType(),
+                toBeImportedTypes,
+                notToBeImportedTypes,
+                null,
+                implementationType.isLiteral(),
+                loggingVerbose
+            );
+            return implementation.createNew( replacement );
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private BuilderInfo findBuilder(TypeMirror type, BuilderGem builderGem, boolean report) {
+        if ( builderGem != null && builderGem.disableBuilder().get() ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        try {
+            return roundContext.getAnnotationProcessorContext()
+                .getBuilderProvider()
+                .findBuilderInfo( type );
+        }
+        catch ( MoreThanOneBuilderCreationMethodException ex ) {
+            if ( report ) {
+                messager.printMessage(
+                        typeUtils.asElement( type ),
+                        Message.BUILDER_MORE_THAN_ONE_BUILDER_CREATION_METHOD,
+                        type,
+                        Strings.join( ex.getBuilderInfo(), ", ", BUILDER_INFO_CREATION_METHOD_EXTRACTOR )
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private TypeMirror getComponentType(TypeMirror mirror) {
+        if ( mirror.getKind() != TypeKind.ARRAY ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        ArrayType arrayType = (ArrayType) mirror;
+        return arrayType.getComponentType();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * creates a void return type
+     *
+     * @return void type
+     */
+    public Type createVoidType() {
+        return getType( typeUtils.getNoType( TypeKind.VOID ) );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Establishes the type bound:
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>{@code <? extends Number>}, returns Number</li>
+     * <li>{@code <? super Number>}, returns Number</li>
+     * <li>{@code <?>}, returns Object</li>
+     * <li>{@code <T extends Number>, returns Number}</li>
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param typeMirror the type to return the bound for
+     * @return the bound for this parameter
+     */
+    public TypeMirror getTypeBound(TypeMirror typeMirror) {
+        if ( typeMirror.getKind() == TypeKind.WILDCARD ) {
+            WildcardType wildCardType = (WildcardType) typeMirror;
+            if ( wildCardType.getExtendsBound() != null ) {
+                return wildCardType.getExtendsBound();
+            }
+
+            if ( wildCardType.getSuperBound() != null ) {
+                return wildCardType.getSuperBound();
+            }
+
+            String wildCardName = wildCardType.toString();
+            if ( "?".equals( wildCardName ) ) {
+                return elementUtils.getTypeElement( Object.class.getCanonicalName() ).asType();
+            }
+        }
+        else if ( typeMirror.getKind() == TypeKind.TYPEVAR ) {
+            TypeVariable typeVariableType = (TypeVariable) typeMirror;
+            if ( typeVariableType.getUpperBound() != null ) {
+                return typeVariableType.getUpperBound();
+            }
+            // Lowerbounds intentionally left out: Type variables otherwise have a lower bound of NullType.
+        }
+
+        return typeMirror;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the given type is ready to be processed or not. It can be processed if it is not of kind
+     * {@link TypeKind#ERROR} and all {@link AstModifyingAnnotationProcessor}s (if any) indicated that they've fully
+     * processed the type.
+     */
+    private boolean canBeProcessed(TypeMirror type) {
+        if ( type.getKind() == TypeKind.ERROR ) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if ( type.getKind() != TypeKind.DECLARED ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if ( roundContext.isReadyForProcessing( type ) ) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        List<AstModifyingAnnotationProcessor> astModifyingAnnotationProcessors = roundContext
+                .getAnnotationProcessorContext()
+                .getAstModifyingAnnotationProcessors();
+
+        for ( AstModifyingAnnotationProcessor processor : astModifyingAnnotationProcessors ) {
+            if ( !processor.isTypeComplete( type ) ) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        roundContext.addTypeReadyForProcessing( type );
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public BuilderType builderTypeFor( Type type, BuilderGem builder ) {
+        if ( type != null ) {
+            BuilderInfo builderInfo = findBuilder( type.getTypeMirror(), builder, true );
+            return BuilderType.create( builderInfo, type, this, this.typeUtils );
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Type effectiveResultTypeFor( Type type, BuilderGem builder ) {
+        if ( type != null ) {
+            BuilderInfo builderInfo = findBuilder( type.getTypeMirror(), builder, false );
+            BuilderType builderType = BuilderType.create( builderInfo, type, this, this.typeUtils );
+            return builderType != null ? builderType.getBuilder() : type;
+        }
+        return type;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `componentTypeMirror` last assigned on line 236 could be null and is dereferenced at line 239.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Type TypeFactory.getType(TypeMirror,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.internal.model.common.TypeFactory.getType(javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror,boolean).b96aed16544f8123fb71c16c2c5d33f2
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/internal/model/common/TypeFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+TypeFactory.java|getType|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+10191f8c08f0f55b0f21d4df138c80b1
+
+### Hash:
+2e4fa6c5f6e571ed95c1db1e572fe46b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4571/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4571/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a1527747278568b13ec6c0005f5983860b0183d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4571/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.Location;
+import org.bukkit.command.CommandSender;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+import org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.FunnyGuilds;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.Guild;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.User;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.util.Executor;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.Messages;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.Settings;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.MessagesConfig;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.PluginConfig;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.LocationUtils;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.StringUtils;
+
+public class ExcBase implements Executor {
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute(CommandSender sender, String[] args) {
+        PluginConfig c = Settings.getConfig();
+        MessagesConfig m = Messages.getInstance();
+        Player p = (Player) sender;
+        User user = User.get(p);
+
+        if (!c.baseEnable) {
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseTeleportationDisabled);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!user.hasGuild()) {
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseHasNotGuild);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Guild guild = user.getGuild();
+
+        if (user.getTeleportation() != null) {
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseIsTeleportation);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ItemStack[] items = Settings.getConfig().baseItems.toArray(new ItemStack[0]);
+        
+        for (ItemStack is : items) {
+            if (!p.getInventory().containsAtLeast(is, is.getAmount())) {
+                String msg = m.baseItems;
+                if (msg.contains("{ITEM}")) {
+                    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+                    sb.append(is.getAmount());
+                    sb.append(" ");
+                    sb.append(is.getType().toString().toLowerCase());
+                    msg = msg.replace("{ITEM}", sb.toString());
+                }
+                
+                if (msg.contains("{ITEMS}")) {
+                    ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
+                    for (ItemStack it : items) {
+                        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+                        sb.append(it.getAmount());
+                        sb.append(" ");
+                        sb.append(it.getType().toString().toLowerCase());
+                        list.add(sb.toString());
+                    }
+                    
+                    msg = msg.replace("{ITEMS}", StringUtils.toString(list, true));
+                }
+                
+                p.sendMessage(msg);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        p.getInventory().removeItem(items);
+
+        int time = Settings.getConfig().baseDelay;
+        if (time < 1) {
+            p.teleport(guild.getHome());
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseTeleport);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        p.sendMessage(m.baseDontMove.replace("{TIME}", Integer.toString(time)));
+
+        Location before = p.getLocation();
+        AtomicInteger i = new AtomicInteger(1);
+
+        user.setTeleportation(Bukkit.getScheduler().runTaskTimer(FunnyGuilds.getInstance(), () -> {
+            if (!p.isOnline()) {
+                user.getTeleportation().cancel();
+                user.setTeleportation(null);
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            if (!LocationUtils.equals(p.getLocation(), before)) {
+                user.getTeleportation().cancel();
+                p.sendMessage(m.baseMove);
+                user.setTeleportation(null);
+                p.getInventory().addItem(items);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (i.getAndIncrement() > time) {
+                user.getTeleportation().cancel();
+                p.sendMessage(m.baseTeleport);
+                p.teleport(guild.getHome());
+                user.setTeleportation(null);
+            }
+        }, 0L, 20L));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `m` last assigned on line 28 could be null and is dereferenced at line 38.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExcBase.execute(CommandSender,java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.ExcBase.execute(org.bukkit.command.CommandSender,java.lang.String[].3b8a0afc3494b2c5d83e205751f8c0c5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/command/ExcBase.java
+
+### Key:
+ExcBase.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+eeffbfa1c50fa7a8039346a6916aef17
+
+### Hash:
+4a20d5f1a2280705ab4710f93dc9bd50
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4576/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4576/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c501800bc1249a35b07a1573de8abb9a2e58047e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4576/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.commons.bukkit;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.FunnyGuildsLogger;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.nms.Reflections;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+
+public class PingUtils {
+
+    public static int getPing(Player player) {
+        int ping = 0;
+
+        if (player == null) {
+            return ping;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Class<?> craftPlayer = Reflections.getCraftBukkitClass("entity.CraftPlayer");
+            Object cp = craftPlayer.cast(player);
+            Object handle = craftPlayer.getMethod("getHandle").invoke(cp);
+            ping = (int) handle.getClass().getField("ping").get(handle);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (FunnyGuildsLogger.exception(e.getCause())) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ping;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `craftPlayer` last assigned on line 17 could be null and is dereferenced at line 18.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int PingUtils.getPing(Player)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.commons.bukkit.PingUtils.getPing(org.bukkit.entity.Player):int.bf18b27c7304b6e6b1bbed867057b42d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/util/commons/bukkit/PingUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+PingUtils.java|getPing|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e59d4f13a13a32109c447461abe95ea0
+
+### Hash:
+ab3670444b525bd87e7bd4cee9e207db
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4578/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4578/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cae2759faa6bc4132ea9a879e270e95900d4043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4578/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.element;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.FunnyGuilds;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.reflect.Reflections;
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.Location;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class NotificationBar {
+
+    private static PlayerMap<FakeDragon> bars = new PlayerMap<FakeDragon>();
+
+    public static void remove(Player player) {
+        if (has(player)) {
+            sendPacket(player, bars.get(player).getDestroyPacket());
+            bars.remove(player);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void set(final Player player, String text, float percent, int time) {
+
+        remove(player);
+        FakeDragon dragon = bars.containsKey(player) ? bars.get(player) : null;
+
+        if (text.length() > 64) {
+            text = text.substring(0, 63);
+        }
+        if (percent > 1.0f) {
+            percent = 1.0f;
+        }
+        if (percent < 0.05f) {
+            percent = 0.05f;
+        }
+
+        if (text.isEmpty() && dragon != null) {
+            remove(player);
+        }
+
+        if (dragon == null) {
+            dragon = new FakeDragon(player.getLocation().add(0, -200, 0), text, percent);
+            sendPacket(player, dragon.getSpawnPacket());
+            bars.put(player, dragon);
+        } else {
+            dragon.setName(text);
+            dragon.setHealth(percent);
+            sendPacket(player, dragon.getMetaPacket(dragon.getWatcher()));
+            sendPacket(player, dragon.getTeleportPacket(player.getLocation().add(0, -200, 0)));
+        }
+
+        Bukkit.getScheduler().runTaskLater(FunnyGuilds.getInstance(), new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                NotificationBar.remove(player);
+            }
+        }, time * 20);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean has(Player player) {
+        return bars.containsKey(player) && bars.get(player) != null;
+    }
+
+    private static void sendPacket(Player player, Object packet) {
+        try {
+            Object nmsPlayer = Reflections.getHandle(player);
+            Field connectionField = nmsPlayer.getClass().getField("playerConnection");
+            Object connection = connectionField.get(nmsPlayer);
+            Method sendPacket = Reflections.getMethod(connection.getClass(), "sendPacket");
+            sendPacket.invoke(connection, packet);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (FunnyGuilds.exception(e.getCause())) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class FakeDragon {
+
+        private static final int MAX_HEALTH = 200;
+        private int id;
+        private int x;
+        private int y;
+        private int z;
+        private int pitch = 0;
+        private int yaw = 0;
+        private byte xvel = 0;
+        private byte yvel = 0;
+        private byte zvel = 0;
+        private float health;
+        private boolean visible = false;
+        private String name;
+        private Object world;
+
+        private Object dragon;
+
+        public FakeDragon(Location loc, String name, float percent) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.x = loc.getBlockX();
+            this.y = loc.getBlockY();
+            this.z = loc.getBlockZ();
+            this.health = percent * MAX_HEALTH;
+            this.world = Reflections.getHandle(loc.getWorld());
+        }
+
+        public Object getMetaPacket(Object watcher) {
+            try {
+                Class<?> watcherClass = Reflections.getCraftClass("DataWatcher");
+                Class<?> packetClass = Reflections.getCraftClass("PacketPlayOutEntityMetadata");
+                return packetClass.getConstructor(new Class<?>[]{int.class, watcherClass, boolean.class}).newInstance(id, watcher, true);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (FunnyGuilds.exception(e.getCause())) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Object getTeleportPacket(Location loc) {
+            try {
+                Class<?> packetClass = Reflections.getCraftClass("PacketPlayOutEntityTeleport");
+                return packetClass.getConstructor(new Class<?>[]{int.class, int.class, int.class, int.class, byte.class, byte.class}).newInstance(
+                        this.id, loc.getBlockX() * 32, loc.getBlockY() * 32, loc.getBlockZ() * 32, (byte) ((int) loc.getYaw() * 256 / 360), (byte) ((int) loc.getPitch() * 256 / 360));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (FunnyGuilds.exception(e.getCause())) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void setHealth(float percent) {
+            this.health = percent / MAX_HEALTH;
+        }
+
+        public void setName(String name) {
+            this.name = name;
+        }
+
+        public Object getSpawnPacket() {
+            Class<?> Entity = Reflections.getCraftClass("Entity");
+            Class<?> EntityLiving = Reflections.getCraftClass("EntityLiving");
+            Class<?> EntityEnderDragon = Reflections.getCraftClass("EntityEnderDragon");
+
+            try {
+                dragon = EntityEnderDragon.getConstructor(Reflections.getCraftClass("World")).newInstance(world);
+
+                Reflections.getMethod(EntityEnderDragon, "setLocation", double.class, double.class, double.class, float.class, float.class).invoke(dragon, x, y, z, pitch, yaw);
+                Reflections.getMethod(EntityEnderDragon, "setInvisible", boolean.class).invoke(dragon, visible);
+                Reflections.getMethod(EntityEnderDragon, "setCustomName", String.class).invoke(dragon, name);
+                Reflections.getMethod(EntityEnderDragon, "setHealth", float.class).invoke(dragon, health);
+
+                Reflections.getField(Entity, "motX").set(dragon, xvel);
+                Reflections.getField(Entity, "motY").set(dragon, yvel);
+                Reflections.getField(Entity, "motZ").set(dragon, zvel);
+
+                this.id = (Integer) Reflections.getMethod(EntityEnderDragon, "getId").invoke(dragon);
+
+                Class<?> packetClass = Reflections.getCraftClass("PacketPlayOutSpawnEntityLiving");
+                return packetClass.getConstructor(new Class<?>[]{EntityLiving}).newInstance(dragon);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (FunnyGuilds.exception(e.getCause())) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Object getDestroyPacket() {
+            try {
+                Class<?> packetClass = Reflections.getCraftClass("PacketPlayOutEntityDestroy");
+                return packetClass.getConstructor(new Class<?>[]{int[].class}).newInstance(new int[]{id});
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (FunnyGuilds.exception(e.getCause())) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Object getWatcher() {
+            Class<?> Entity = Reflections.getCraftClass("Entity");
+            Class<?> DataWatcher = Reflections.getCraftClass("DataWatcher");
+
+            try {
+                Object watcher = DataWatcher.getConstructor(new Class<?>[]{Entity}).newInstance(dragon);
+                Method a = Reflections.getMethod(DataWatcher, "a", int.class, Object.class);
+
+                a.invoke(watcher, 0, visible ? (byte) 0 : (byte) 0x20);
+                a.invoke(watcher, 6, health);
+                a.invoke(watcher, 7, 0);
+                a.invoke(watcher, 8, (byte) 0);
+                a.invoke(watcher, 10, name);
+                a.invoke(watcher, 11, (byte) 1);
+                return watcher;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (FunnyGuilds.exception(e.getCause())) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private static class PlayerMap<V> implements Map<Player, V> {
+
+        private final V defaultValue;
+        private final Map<String, V> contents;
+
+        public PlayerMap() {
+            contents = new HashMap<String, V>();
+            defaultValue = null;
+        }
+
+        public void clear() {
+            contents.clear();
+        }
+
+        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+            if (key instanceof Player) {
+                return contents.containsKey(((Player) key).getName());
+            }
+            if (key instanceof String) {
+                return contents.containsKey(key);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
+            return contents.containsValue(value);
+        }
+
+        public Set<Entry<Player, V>> entrySet() {
+            Set<Entry<Player, V>> toReturn = new HashSet<Entry<Player, V>>();
+            for (String name : contents.keySet()) {
+                toReturn.add(new PlayerEntry(Bukkit.getPlayer(name), contents.get(name)));
+            }
+            return toReturn;
+        }
+
+        public V get(Object key) {
+            V result = null;
+            if (key instanceof Player) {
+                result = contents.get(((Player) key).getName());
+            }
+            if (key instanceof String) {
+                result = contents.get(key);
+            }
+            return (result == null) ? defaultValue : result;
+        }
+
+        public Set<Player> keySet() {
+            Set<Player> toReturn = new HashSet<Player>();
+            for (String name : contents.keySet()) {
+                toReturn.add(Bukkit.getPlayer(name));
+            }
+            return toReturn;
+        }
+
+        public V put(Player key, V value) {
+            if (key == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return contents.put(key.getName(), value);
+        }
+
+        public void putAll(Map<? extends Player, ? extends V> map) {
+            for (Entry<? extends Player, ? extends V> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+                put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return contents.size();
+        }
+
+        public Collection<V> values() {
+            return contents.values();
+        }
+
+        public V remove(Object key) {
+            if (key instanceof Player) {
+                return contents.remove(((Player) key).getName());
+            }
+            if (key instanceof String) {
+                return contents.remove(key);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public boolean isEmpty() {
+            return contents.isEmpty();
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return contents.toString();
+        }
+
+        public class PlayerEntry implements Map.Entry<Player, V> {
+
+            private Player key;
+            private V value;
+
+            public PlayerEntry(Player key, V value) {
+                this.key = key;
+                this.value = value;
+            }
+
+            public V setValue(V value) {
+                V toReturn = this.value;
+                this.value = value;
+                return toReturn;
+            }
+
+            public Player getKey() {
+                return key;
+            }
+
+            public V getValue() {
+                return value;
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.element.NotificationBar.bars.get(player)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 19.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NotificationBar.remove(Player)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.element.NotificationBar.remove(org.bukkit.entity.Player):void.d9258bc6423236f98d693c998d8498c4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/util/element/NotificationBar.java
+
+### Key:
+NotificationBar.java|remove|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7b83ded5bd7bf85cff744c5107be1fc2
+
+### Hash:
+17fc0f3deed3df2a3786af41f3bf7aff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4585/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4585/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01204af3e95f930da70095b1115bbe0d8e4eb50e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4585/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.Location;
+import org.bukkit.command.CommandSender;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+import org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.FunnyGuilds;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.Guild;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.User;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.util.Executor;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.Messages;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.Settings;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.MessagesConfig;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.PluginConfig;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.LocationUtils;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.StringUtils;
+
+public class ExcBase implements Executor {
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute(CommandSender sender, String[] args) {
+        PluginConfig c = Settings.getConfig();
+        MessagesConfig m = Messages.getInstance();
+        Player p = (Player) sender;
+        User user = User.get(p);
+
+        if (!c.baseEnable) {
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseTeleportationDisabled);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!user.hasGuild()) {
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseHasNotGuild);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Guild guild = user.getGuild();
+
+        if (user.getTeleportation() != null) {
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseIsTeleportation);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ItemStack[] items = Settings.getConfig().baseItems.toArray(new ItemStack[0]);
+        
+        for (ItemStack is : items) {
+            if (!p.getInventory().containsAtLeast(is, is.getAmount())) {
+                String msg = m.baseItems;
+                if (msg.contains("{ITEM}")) {
+                    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+                    sb.append(is.getAmount());
+                    sb.append(" ");
+                    sb.append(is.getType().toString().toLowerCase());
+                    msg = msg.replace("{ITEM}", sb.toString());
+                }
+                
+                if (msg.contains("{ITEMS}")) {
+                    ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
+                    for (ItemStack it : items) {
+                        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+                        sb.append(it.getAmount());
+                        sb.append(" ");
+                        sb.append(it.getType().toString().toLowerCase());
+                        list.add(sb.toString());
+                    }
+                    
+                    msg = msg.replace("{ITEMS}", StringUtils.toString(list, true));
+                }
+                
+                p.sendMessage(msg);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        p.getInventory().removeItem(items);
+
+        int time = Settings.getConfig().baseDelay;
+        if (time < 1) {
+            p.teleport(guild.getHome());
+            p.sendMessage(m.baseTeleport);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        p.sendMessage(m.baseDontMove.replace("{TIME}", Integer.toString(time)));
+
+        Location before = p.getLocation();
+        AtomicInteger i = new AtomicInteger(1);
+
+        user.setTeleportation(Bukkit.getScheduler().runTaskTimer(FunnyGuilds.getInstance(), () -> {
+            if (!p.isOnline()) {
+                user.getTeleportation().cancel();
+                user.setTeleportation(null);
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            if (!LocationUtils.equals(p.getLocation(), before)) {
+                user.getTeleportation().cancel();
+                p.sendMessage(m.baseMove);
+                user.setTeleportation(null);
+                p.getInventory().addItem(items);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (i.getAndIncrement() > time) {
+                user.getTeleportation().cancel();
+                p.sendMessage(m.baseTeleport);
+                p.teleport(guild.getHome());
+                user.setTeleportation(null);
+            }
+        }, 0L, 20L));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `m` last assigned on line 28 could be null and is dereferenced at line 33.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExcBase.execute(CommandSender,java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.ExcBase.execute(org.bukkit.command.CommandSender,java.lang.String[].3b8a0afc3494b2c5d83e205751f8c0c5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/command/ExcBase.java
+
+### Key:
+ExcBase.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0b5e17163ea9147bd34f0a081dfe9ce7
+
+### Hash:
+4a20d5f1a2280705ab4710f93dc9bd50
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4703/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4703/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..930239245ca5bd1abac5e94985f5d7fcc13d7ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4703/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file, but will be eventually open under GNU General Public License Version 3
+ * see the README.md for when this clause will take effect
+ *
+ * Version 1.3.8
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.jobs.repository;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeOwner;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.RepositoryChanged;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Properties;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.SearchcodeLib;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.UniqueRepoQueue;
+import org.quartz.*;
+
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
+import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
+
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.file.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * This job is responsible for pulling and indexing svn repositories
+ *
+ * TODO add more tests as they are lacking
+ * TODO use inheritance/template methods to combine the common stuff between this and git job then subclass
+ */
+@PersistJobDataAfterExecution
+@DisallowConcurrentExecution
+public class IndexSvnRepoJob extends IndexBaseRepoJob {
+
+    private String SVNBINARYPATH;
+    private boolean ENABLED = true;
+
+    public IndexSvnRepoJob() {
+        this.LOWMEMORY = true;
+        this.SVNBINARYPATH = Properties.getProperties().getProperty(Values.SVNBINARYPATH, Values.DEFAULTSVNBINARYPATH);
+
+        File f = new File(this.SVNBINARYPATH);
+        if (!f.exists()) {
+            this.ENABLED = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe("\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Property svn_binary_path in properties file appears to be incorrect.  //\n// will not be able to index any SVN repository until this is resolved.  //\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RepositoryChanged updateExistingRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String repoBranch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        return this.updateSvnRepository(repoName, repoRemoteLocation, repoUserName, repoPassword, repoLocations, useCredentials);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RepositoryChanged getNewRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String repoBranch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        return this.checkoutSvnRepository(repoName, repoRemoteLocation, repoUserName, repoPassword, repoLocations, useCredentials);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public UniqueRepoQueue getNextQueuedRepo() {
+        return Singleton.getUniqueSvnRepoQueue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getCodeOwner(List<String> codeLines, String newString, String repoName, String fileRepoLocations, SearchcodeLib scl) {
+        return getInfoExternal(codeLines.size(), repoName, fileRepoLocations, newString).getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEnabled() {
+        return this.ENABLED;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean ignoreFile(String fileParent) {
+        if (fileParent.endsWith("/.svn") || fileParent.contains("/.svn/")) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void updateIndex(String repoName, String repoLocations, String repoRemoteLocation, boolean existingRepo, RepositoryChanged repositoryChanged) {
+        String repoSvnLocation = repoLocations + repoName;
+        Path docDir = Paths.get(repoSvnLocation);
+
+        // Was the previous index sucessful? if not then index by path
+        boolean indexsucess = checkIndexSucess(repoSvnLocation);
+        deleteIndexSuccess(repoSvnLocation);
+
+        if (!repositoryChanged.isClone() && indexsucess == false) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Failed to index " + repoName + " fully, performing a full index.");
+        }
+
+        if (repositoryChanged.isClone() || indexsucess == false) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Doing full index of files for " + repoName);
+            this.indexDocsByPath(docDir, repoName, repoLocations, repoRemoteLocation, existingRepo);
+        }
+        else {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Doing delta index of files " + repoName);
+            this.indexDocsByDelta(docDir, repoName, repoLocations, repoRemoteLocation, repositoryChanged);
+        }
+
+        // Write file indicating that the index was sucessful
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Sucessfully processed writing index success for " + repoName);
+        createIndexSuccess(repoSvnLocation);
+    }
+
+    private CodeOwner getInfoExternal(int codeLinesSize, String repoName, String repoLocations, String fileName) {
+        CodeOwner owner = new CodeOwner("Unknown", codeLinesSize, (int)(System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000));
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "info", "--xml", fileName);
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+            StringBuilder bf = new StringBuilder();
+
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                bf.append(Helpers.removeUTF8BOM(line));
+            }
+
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
+            Document doc = dBuilder.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(bf.toString().getBytes()));
+            doc.getDocumentElement().normalize();
+
+            NodeList nList = doc.getElementsByTagName("entry");
+
+            for (int temp = 0; temp < nList.getLength(); temp++) {
+                Node nNode = nList.item(temp);
+
+                if (nNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                    Element eElement = (Element) nNode;
+
+                    Node node = eElement.getElementsByTagName("commit").item(0);
+                    Element e = (Element) node;
+
+                    owner.setName(e.getElementsByTagName("author").item(0).getTextContent());
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException | ParserConfigurationException | SAXException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " getInfoExternal for " + repoName + " " + fileName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return owner;
+    }
+
+
+    public RepositoryChanged updateSvnRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean changed = false;
+        List<String> changedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> deletedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("SVN: attempting to pull latest from " + repoRemoteLocation + " for " + repoName);
+
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder;
+        if (useCredentials) {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "update");
+        }
+        else {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "update", "--username", repoUserName, "--password", repoPassword);
+        }
+
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            String previousRevision = this.getCurrentRevision(repoLocations, repoName);
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("SVN: update previous revision " + previousRevision);
+
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info("svn update: " + line);
+            }
+
+            String currentRevision = this.getCurrentRevision(repoLocations, repoName);
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("SVN: update current revision " + currentRevision);
+
+            if (!previousRevision.equals(currentRevision)) {
+                return this.getDiffBetweenRevisions(repoLocations, repoName, previousRevision);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException | InvalidPathException ex) {
+            changed = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " updateSvnRepository for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return new RepositoryChanged(changed, changedFiles, deletedFiles);
+    }
+
+    public RepositoryChanged getDiffBetweenRevisions(String repoLocations, String repoName, String startRevision) {
+        // svn diff -r 4000:HEAD --summarize --xml
+
+        List<String> changedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> deletedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "diff", "-r", startRevision + ":HEAD", "--summarize", "--xml");
+
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info("svn diff: " + line);
+                sb.append(Helpers.removeUTF8BOM(line));
+            }
+
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Before XML parsing: " + sb.toString());
+
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
+            Document doc = dBuilder.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(sb.toString().getBytes()));
+            doc.getDocumentElement().normalize();
+
+            Element node = (Element)doc.getElementsByTagName("diff").item(0);
+            node = (Element)node.getElementsByTagName("paths").item(0);
+
+            NodeList nList = node.getElementsByTagName("path");
+
+            for (int temp = 0; temp < nList.getLength(); temp++) {
+                Node nNode = nList.item(temp);
+
+                if (nNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                    Element eElement = (Element) nNode;
+
+                    String type = eElement.getAttribute("item");
+                    String path = eElement.getTextContent();
+
+                    if ("modified".equals(type) || "added".equals(type)) {
+                        changedFiles.add(path);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        deletedFiles.add(path);
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch(IOException | ParserConfigurationException | SAXException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " getDiffBetweenRevisions for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return new RepositoryChanged(true, changedFiles, deletedFiles);
+    }
+
+    public String getCurrentRevision(String repoLocations, String repoName) {
+        String currentRevision = "";
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "info", "--xml");
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            String line;
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                sb.append(Helpers.removeUTF8BOM(line));
+            }
+
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
+
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("getCurrentRevision: " + repoName + " " + sb.toString());
+
+            Document doc = dBuilder.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(sb.toString().getBytes()));
+            doc.getDocumentElement().normalize();
+
+            NodeList nList = doc.getElementsByTagName("entry");
+
+            for (int temp = 0; temp < nList.getLength(); temp++) {
+                Node nNode = nList.item(temp);
+
+                if (nNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                    Element eElement = (Element) nNode;
+                    currentRevision = eElement.getAttribute("revision");
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException | ParserConfigurationException | SAXException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() +  " getCurrentRevision for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return currentRevision;
+    }
+
+
+    public RepositoryChanged checkoutSvnRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean successful = false;
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Attempting to checkout " + repoRemoteLocation);
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder;
+
+        // http://serverfault.com/questions/158349/how-to-stop-subversion-from-prompting-about-server-certificate-verification-fai
+        // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34687/subversion-ignoring-password-and-username-options#38386
+        if (useCredentials) {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "checkout", "--no-auth-cache", "--non-interactive", repoRemoteLocation, repoName);
+        }
+        else {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "checkout", "--no-auth-cache", "--non-interactive", "--username", repoUserName, "--password", repoPassword, repoRemoteLocation, repoName);
+        }
+
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations));
+
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            File f = new File(repoLocations);
+            if (!f.exists()) {
+                f.mkdir();
+            }
+
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info(line);
+            }
+
+            successful = true;
+
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " checkoutSvnRepository for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        RepositoryChanged repositoryChanged = new RepositoryChanged(successful);
+        repositoryChanged.setClone(true);
+
+        return repositoryChanged;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 301 is not released after line 328.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 306
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String IndexSvnRepoJob.getCurrentRevision(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.jobs.repository.IndexSvnRepoJob.getCurrentRevision(java.lang.String,java.lang.Str.94979f3f4c56aa1600d57dc38a474ad9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/jobs/repository/IndexSvnRepoJob.java
+
+### Key:
+IndexSvnRepoJob.java|getCurrentRevision|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+d98435f1109c4c12457a0e5737215de3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4704/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4704/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..106d2700b7d6dbb6d7297054bdb92fcd375cfc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4704/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file, but will be eventually open under GNU General Public License Version 3
+ * see the README.md for when this clause will take effect
+ *
+ * Version 1.3.8
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.jobs.repository;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeOwner;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.RepositoryChanged;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Properties;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.SearchcodeLib;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.UniqueRepoQueue;
+import org.quartz.*;
+
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
+import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
+
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.file.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * This job is responsible for pulling and indexing svn repositories
+ *
+ * TODO add more tests as they are lacking
+ * TODO use inheritance/template methods to combine the common stuff between this and git job then subclass
+ */
+@PersistJobDataAfterExecution
+@DisallowConcurrentExecution
+public class IndexSvnRepoJob extends IndexBaseRepoJob {
+
+    private String SVNBINARYPATH;
+    private boolean ENABLED = true;
+
+    public IndexSvnRepoJob() {
+        this.LOWMEMORY = true;
+        this.SVNBINARYPATH = Properties.getProperties().getProperty(Values.SVNBINARYPATH, Values.DEFAULTSVNBINARYPATH);
+
+        File f = new File(this.SVNBINARYPATH);
+        if (!f.exists()) {
+            this.ENABLED = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe("\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Property svn_binary_path in properties file appears to be incorrect.  //\n// will not be able to index any SVN repository until this is resolved.  //\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RepositoryChanged updateExistingRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String repoBranch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        return this.updateSvnRepository(repoName, repoRemoteLocation, repoUserName, repoPassword, repoLocations, useCredentials);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RepositoryChanged getNewRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String repoBranch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        return this.checkoutSvnRepository(repoName, repoRemoteLocation, repoUserName, repoPassword, repoLocations, useCredentials);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public UniqueRepoQueue getNextQueuedRepo() {
+        return Singleton.getUniqueSvnRepoQueue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getCodeOwner(List<String> codeLines, String newString, String repoName, String fileRepoLocations, SearchcodeLib scl) {
+        return getInfoExternal(codeLines.size(), repoName, fileRepoLocations, newString).getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEnabled() {
+        return this.ENABLED;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean ignoreFile(String fileParent) {
+        if (fileParent.endsWith("/.svn") || fileParent.contains("/.svn/")) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void updateIndex(String repoName, String repoLocations, String repoRemoteLocation, boolean existingRepo, RepositoryChanged repositoryChanged) {
+        String repoSvnLocation = repoLocations + repoName;
+        Path docDir = Paths.get(repoSvnLocation);
+
+        // Was the previous index sucessful? if not then index by path
+        boolean indexsucess = checkIndexSucess(repoSvnLocation);
+        deleteIndexSuccess(repoSvnLocation);
+
+        if (!repositoryChanged.isClone() && indexsucess == false) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Failed to index " + repoName + " fully, performing a full index.");
+        }
+
+        if (repositoryChanged.isClone() || indexsucess == false) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Doing full index of files for " + repoName);
+            this.indexDocsByPath(docDir, repoName, repoLocations, repoRemoteLocation, existingRepo);
+        }
+        else {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Doing delta index of files " + repoName);
+            this.indexDocsByDelta(docDir, repoName, repoLocations, repoRemoteLocation, repositoryChanged);
+        }
+
+        // Write file indicating that the index was sucessful
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Sucessfully processed writing index success for " + repoName);
+        createIndexSuccess(repoSvnLocation);
+    }
+
+    private CodeOwner getInfoExternal(int codeLinesSize, String repoName, String repoLocations, String fileName) {
+        CodeOwner owner = new CodeOwner("Unknown", codeLinesSize, (int)(System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000));
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "info", "--xml", fileName);
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+            StringBuilder bf = new StringBuilder();
+
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                bf.append(Helpers.removeUTF8BOM(line));
+            }
+
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
+            Document doc = dBuilder.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(bf.toString().getBytes()));
+            doc.getDocumentElement().normalize();
+
+            NodeList nList = doc.getElementsByTagName("entry");
+
+            for (int temp = 0; temp < nList.getLength(); temp++) {
+                Node nNode = nList.item(temp);
+
+                if (nNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                    Element eElement = (Element) nNode;
+
+                    Node node = eElement.getElementsByTagName("commit").item(0);
+                    Element e = (Element) node;
+
+                    owner.setName(e.getElementsByTagName("author").item(0).getTextContent());
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException | ParserConfigurationException | SAXException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " getInfoExternal for " + repoName + " " + fileName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return owner;
+    }
+
+
+    public RepositoryChanged updateSvnRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean changed = false;
+        List<String> changedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> deletedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("SVN: attempting to pull latest from " + repoRemoteLocation + " for " + repoName);
+
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder;
+        if (useCredentials) {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "update");
+        }
+        else {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "update", "--username", repoUserName, "--password", repoPassword);
+        }
+
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            String previousRevision = this.getCurrentRevision(repoLocations, repoName);
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("SVN: update previous revision " + previousRevision);
+
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info("svn update: " + line);
+            }
+
+            String currentRevision = this.getCurrentRevision(repoLocations, repoName);
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("SVN: update current revision " + currentRevision);
+
+            if (!previousRevision.equals(currentRevision)) {
+                return this.getDiffBetweenRevisions(repoLocations, repoName, previousRevision);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException | InvalidPathException ex) {
+            changed = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " updateSvnRepository for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return new RepositoryChanged(changed, changedFiles, deletedFiles);
+    }
+
+    public RepositoryChanged getDiffBetweenRevisions(String repoLocations, String repoName, String startRevision) {
+        // svn diff -r 4000:HEAD --summarize --xml
+
+        List<String> changedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> deletedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "diff", "-r", startRevision + ":HEAD", "--summarize", "--xml");
+
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info("svn diff: " + line);
+                sb.append(Helpers.removeUTF8BOM(line));
+            }
+
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("Before XML parsing: " + sb.toString());
+
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
+            Document doc = dBuilder.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(sb.toString().getBytes()));
+            doc.getDocumentElement().normalize();
+
+            Element node = (Element)doc.getElementsByTagName("diff").item(0);
+            node = (Element)node.getElementsByTagName("paths").item(0);
+
+            NodeList nList = node.getElementsByTagName("path");
+
+            for (int temp = 0; temp < nList.getLength(); temp++) {
+                Node nNode = nList.item(temp);
+
+                if (nNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                    Element eElement = (Element) nNode;
+
+                    String type = eElement.getAttribute("item");
+                    String path = eElement.getTextContent();
+
+                    if ("modified".equals(type) || "added".equals(type)) {
+                        changedFiles.add(path);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        deletedFiles.add(path);
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch(IOException | ParserConfigurationException | SAXException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " getDiffBetweenRevisions for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return new RepositoryChanged(true, changedFiles, deletedFiles);
+    }
+
+    public String getCurrentRevision(String repoLocations, String repoName) {
+        String currentRevision = "";
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "info", "--xml");
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + repoName));
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            String line;
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                sb.append(Helpers.removeUTF8BOM(line));
+            }
+
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
+
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("getCurrentRevision: " + repoName + " " + sb.toString());
+
+            Document doc = dBuilder.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(sb.toString().getBytes()));
+            doc.getDocumentElement().normalize();
+
+            NodeList nList = doc.getElementsByTagName("entry");
+
+            for (int temp = 0; temp < nList.getLength(); temp++) {
+                Node nNode = nList.item(temp);
+
+                if (nNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                    Element eElement = (Element) nNode;
+                    currentRevision = eElement.getAttribute("revision");
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException | ParserConfigurationException | SAXException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() +  " getCurrentRevision for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return currentRevision;
+    }
+
+
+    public RepositoryChanged checkoutSvnRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean successful = false;
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Attempting to checkout " + repoRemoteLocation);
+
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder;
+
+        // http://serverfault.com/questions/158349/how-to-stop-subversion-from-prompting-about-server-certificate-verification-fai
+        // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34687/subversion-ignoring-password-and-username-options#38386
+        if (useCredentials) {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "checkout", "--no-auth-cache", "--non-interactive", repoRemoteLocation, repoName);
+        }
+        else {
+            processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.SVNBINARYPATH, "checkout", "--no-auth-cache", "--non-interactive", "--username", repoUserName, "--password", repoPassword, repoRemoteLocation, repoName);
+        }
+
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations));
+
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            File f = new File(repoLocations);
+            if (!f.exists()) {
+                f.mkdir();
+            }
+
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info(line);
+            }
+
+            successful = true;
+
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " checkoutSvnRepository for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        RepositoryChanged repositoryChanged = new RepositoryChanged(successful);
+        repositoryChanged.setClone(true);
+
+        return repositoryChanged;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 199 is not released after line 213.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 193
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RepositoryChanged IndexSvnRepoJob.updateSvnRepository(String,String,String,String,String,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.jobs.repository.IndexSvnRepoJob.updateSvnRepository(java.lang.String,java.lang.St.545147db038e194863ced35762960feb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/jobs/repository/IndexSvnRepoJob.java
+
+### Key:
+IndexSvnRepoJob.java|updateSvnRepository|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+7663c19fe246a30fdfb204bb50af5765
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4710/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4710/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..465ab6709641815575cb239f5bbe212c14890912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4710/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file, but will be eventually open under GNU General Public License Version 3
+ * see the README.md for when this clause will take effect
+ *
+ * Version 1.3.8
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.jobs.repository;
+
+// Useful for the future
+// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1685228/how-to-cat-a-file-in-jgit
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeOwner;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.RepositoryChanged;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Properties;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.SearchcodeLib;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.UniqueRepoQueue;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.BlameCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.CloneCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.Git;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.PullCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.GitAPIException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.blame.BlameResult;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.diff.DiffEntry;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.FileRepository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.*;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevCommit;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.transport.UsernamePasswordCredentialsProvider;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.CanonicalTreeParser;
+import org.quartz.DisallowConcurrentExecution;
+import org.quartz.PersistJobDataAfterExecution;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.file.InvalidPathException;
+import java.text.DateFormat;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * This job is responsible for pulling and indexing git repositories
+ *
+ * TODO add more tests as they are lacking
+ */
+@PersistJobDataAfterExecution
+@DisallowConcurrentExecution
+public class IndexGitRepoJob extends IndexBaseRepoJob {
+
+    private String GITBINARYPATH;
+    private boolean USESYSTEMGIT;
+
+    public IndexGitRepoJob() {
+        this.GITBINARYPATH = Properties.getProperties().getProperty(Values.GITBINARYPATH, Values.DEFAULTGITBINARYPATH);
+        this.USESYSTEMGIT = Boolean.parseBoolean(Properties.getProperties().getProperty(Values.USESYSTEMGIT, Values.DEFAULTUSESYSTEMGIT));
+
+        File f = new File(this.GITBINARYPATH);
+        if (USESYSTEMGIT && !f.exists()) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Property git_binary_path in properties file appears to be incorrect.  //\n// Please check the path. Falling back to internal git implementation.   //\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////");
+
+            this.USESYSTEMGIT = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RepositoryChanged updateExistingRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String repoBranch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        return this.updateGitRepository(repoName, repoRemoteLocation, repoUserName, repoPassword, repoLocations, repoBranch, useCredentials);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RepositoryChanged getNewRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String repoBranch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        return this.cloneGitRepository(repoName, repoRemoteLocation, repoUserName, repoPassword, repoLocations, repoBranch, useCredentials);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public UniqueRepoQueue getNextQueuedRepo() {
+        return Singleton.getUniqueGitRepoQueue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getCodeOwner(List<String> codeLines, String newString, String repoName, String fileRepoLocations, SearchcodeLib scl) {
+        List<CodeOwner> owners;
+        if (this.USESYSTEMGIT) {
+            owners = this.getBlameInfoExternal(codeLines.size(), repoName, fileRepoLocations, newString);
+        } else {
+            owners = this.getBlameInfo(codeLines.size(), repoName, fileRepoLocations, newString);
+        }
+
+        return scl.codeOwner(owners);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEnabled() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean ignoreFile(String fileParent) {
+        if (fileParent.endsWith("/.git") || fileParent.contains("/.git/")) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Only works if we have path to GIT
+     */
+    public List<CodeOwner> getBlameInfoExternal(int codeLinesSize, String repoName, String repoLocations, String fileName) {
+        List<CodeOwner> codeOwners = new ArrayList<>(codeLinesSize);
+
+        // -w is to ignore whitespace bug
+        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(this.GITBINARYPATH, "blame", "-c", "-w", fileName);
+        // The / part is required due to centos bug for version 1.1.1
+        processBuilder.directory(new File(repoLocations + "/" + repoName));
+
+        Process process = null;
+
+        try {
+            process = processBuilder.start();
+
+            InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+            InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+            String line;
+            DateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-mm-dd kk:mm:ss");
+
+            HashMap<String, CodeOwner> owners = new HashMap<>();
+
+            boolean foundSomething = false;
+
+            while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info("Blame line " + repoName + fileName + ": " + line);
+                String[] split = line.split("\t");
+
+                if (split.length > 2 && split[1].length() != 0) {
+                    foundSomething = true;
+                    String author = split[1].substring(1);
+                    int commitTime = (int) (System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000);
+                    try {
+                        commitTime = (int) (df.parse(split[2]).getTime() / 1000);
+                    }
+                    catch(ParseException ex) {
+                        Singleton.getLogger().info("time parse expection for " + repoName + fileName);
+                    }
+
+                    if (owners.containsKey(author)) {
+                        CodeOwner codeOwner = owners.get(author);
+                        codeOwner.incrementLines();
+
+                        int timestamp = codeOwner.getMostRecentUnixCommitTimestamp();
+
+                        if (commitTime > timestamp) {
+                            codeOwner.setMostRecentUnixCommitTimestamp(commitTime);
+                        }
+                        owners.put(author, codeOwner);
+                    } else {
+                        owners.put(author, new CodeOwner(author, 1, commitTime));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (foundSomething == false) {
+                // External call for CentOS issue
+                String[] split = fileName.split("/");
+
+                if ( split.length != 1) {
+                    codeOwners = getBlameInfoExternal(codeLinesSize, repoName, repoLocations, String.join("/", Arrays.asList(split).subList(1, split.length)));
+                }
+
+            } else {
+                codeOwners = new ArrayList<>(owners.values());
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException | StringIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("getBlameInfoExternal repoloc: " + repoLocations + "/" + repoName);
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("getBlameInfoExternal fileName: " + fileName);
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() + " getBlameInfoExternal for " + repoName + " " + fileName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(process);
+        }
+
+        return codeOwners;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uses the inbuilt git
+     * TODO this method appears to leak memory like crazy... need to investigate
+     * TODO lots of hairy bits in here need tests to capture issues
+     */
+    public List<CodeOwner> getBlameInfo(int codeLinesSize, String repoName, String repoLocations, String fileName) {
+        List<CodeOwner> codeOwners = new ArrayList<>(codeLinesSize);
+        try {
+            // The / part is required due to centos bug for version 1.1.1
+            // This appears to be correct
+            String repoLoc = repoLocations + "/" + repoName + "/.git";
+
+            Repository localRepository = new FileRepository(new File(repoLoc));
+            BlameCommand blamer = new BlameCommand(localRepository);
+
+            ObjectId commitID = localRepository.resolve("HEAD");
+
+            if (commitID == null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info("getBlameInfo commitID is null for " + repoLoc + " " + fileName);
+                return codeOwners;
+            }
+
+            BlameResult blame;
+
+            // Somewhere in here appears to be wrong...
+            blamer.setStartCommit(commitID);
+            blamer.setFilePath(fileName);
+            blame = blamer.call();
+
+            // Hail mary attempt to solve issue on CentOS Attempt to set at all costs
+            if (blame == null) { // This one appears to solve the issue so don't remove it
+                String[] split = fileName.split("/");
+                blamer.setStartCommit(commitID);
+                if ( split.length != 1) {
+                    blamer.setFilePath(String.join("/", Arrays.asList(split).subList(1, split.length)));
+                }
+                blame = blamer.call();
+            }
+            if (blame == null) {
+                String[] split = fileName.split("/");
+                blamer.setStartCommit(commitID);
+                if ( split.length != 1) {
+                    blamer.setFilePath("/" + String.join("/", Arrays.asList(split).subList(1, split.length)));
+                }
+                blame = blamer.call();
+            }
+
+            if (blame == null) {
+                Singleton.getLogger().info("getBlameInfo blame is null for " + repoLoc + " " + fileName);
+            }
+
+            if (blame != null) {
+                // Get all the owners their number of commits and most recent commit
+                HashMap<String, CodeOwner> owners = new HashMap<>();
+                RevCommit commit;
+                PersonIdent authorIdent;
+
+                try {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < codeLinesSize; i++) {
+                        commit = blame.getSourceCommit(i);
+                        authorIdent = commit.getAuthorIdent();
+
+                        if (owners.containsKey(authorIdent.getName())) {
+                            CodeOwner codeOwner = owners.get(authorIdent.getName());
+                            codeOwner.incrementLines();
+
+                            int timestamp = codeOwner.getMostRecentUnixCommitTimestamp();
+
+                            if (commit.getCommitTime() > timestamp) {
+                                codeOwner.setMostRecentUnixCommitTimestamp(commit.getCommitTime());
+                            }
+                            owners.put(authorIdent.getName(), codeOwner);
+                        } else {
+                            owners.put(authorIdent.getName(), new CodeOwner(authorIdent.getName(), 1, commit.getCommitTime()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                catch(IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
+                    // Ignore this as its not really a problem or is it?
+                    Singleton.getLogger().info("IndexOutOfBoundsException when trying to get blame for " + repoName + " " + fileName);
+                }
+
+                codeOwners = new ArrayList<>(owners.values());
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("IOException getBlameInfo when trying to get blame for " + repoName + " " + fileName + " " + ex.toString());
+        } catch (GitAPIException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("GitAPIException getBlameInfo when trying to get blame for " + repoName + " " + fileName + " " + ex.toString());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().info("IllegalArgumentException getBlameInfo when trying to get blame for " + repoName + " " + fileName + " " + ex.toString());
+        }
+
+        System.gc(); // Try to clean up
+        return codeOwners;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Update a git repository and return if it has changed and the differences
+     */
+    public RepositoryChanged updateGitRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String branch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean changed = false;
+        List<String> changedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> deletedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Attempting to pull latest from " + repoRemoteLocation + " for " + repoName);
+
+        Repository localRepository = null;
+        Git git = null;
+
+        try {
+            localRepository = new FileRepository(new File(repoLocations + "/" + repoName + "/.git"));
+
+            Ref head = localRepository.getRef("HEAD");
+            git = new Git(localRepository);
+
+            git.reset();
+            git.clean();
+
+            PullCommand pullCmd = git.pull();
+
+            if (useCredentials) {
+                pullCmd.setCredentialsProvider(new UsernamePasswordCredentialsProvider(repoUserName, repoPassword));
+            }
+
+            pullCmd.call();
+            Ref newHEAD = localRepository.getRef("HEAD");
+
+            if (!head.toString().equals(newHEAD.toString())) {
+                changed = true;
+
+                // Get the differences between the the heads which we updated at
+                // and use these to just update the differences between them
+                ObjectId oldHead = localRepository.resolve(head.getObjectId().getName() + "^{tree}");
+                ObjectId newHead = localRepository.resolve(newHEAD.getObjectId().getName() + "^{tree}");
+
+                ObjectReader reader = localRepository.newObjectReader();
+
+                CanonicalTreeParser oldTreeIter = new CanonicalTreeParser();
+                oldTreeIter.reset(reader, oldHead);
+
+                CanonicalTreeParser newTreeIter = new CanonicalTreeParser();
+                newTreeIter.reset(reader, newHead);
+
+
+                List<DiffEntry> entries = git.diff()
+                                            .setNewTree(newTreeIter)
+                                            .setOldTree(oldTreeIter)
+                                            .call();
+
+
+                for( DiffEntry entry : entries ) {
+                    if ("DELETE".equals(entry.getChangeType().name())) {
+                        deletedFiles.add(FilenameUtils.separatorsToUnix(entry.getOldPath()));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        changedFiles.add(FilenameUtils.separatorsToUnix(entry.getNewPath()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException | GitAPIException | InvalidPathException ex) {
+            changed = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() +  " updateGitRepository for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(localRepository);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(git);
+        }
+
+        return new RepositoryChanged(changed, changedFiles, deletedFiles);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Clones the repository from scratch
+     */
+    public RepositoryChanged cloneGitRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String branch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean successful = false;
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Attempting to clone " + repoRemoteLocation);
+
+        Git call = null;
+
+        try {
+            CloneCommand cloneCommand = Git.cloneRepository();
+            cloneCommand.setURI(repoRemoteLocation);
+            cloneCommand.setDirectory(new File(repoLocations + "/" + repoName + "/"));
+            cloneCommand.setCloneAllBranches(true);
+            cloneCommand.setBranch(branch);
+
+            if (useCredentials) {
+                cloneCommand.setCredentialsProvider(new UsernamePasswordCredentialsProvider(repoUserName, repoPassword));
+            }
+
+            call = cloneCommand.call();
+            successful = true;
+        } catch (GitAPIException | InvalidPathException ex) {
+            successful = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() +  " cloneGitRepository for " + repoName + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(call);
+        }
+
+        RepositoryChanged repositoryChanged = new RepositoryChanged(successful);
+        repositoryChanged.setClone(true);
+
+        return repositoryChanged;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 132 is not released after line 184.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 141
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List IndexGitRepoJob.getBlameInfoExternal(int,String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.jobs.repository.IndexGitRepoJob.getBlameInfoExternal(int,java.lang.String,java.la.dd988cd3134a59bed4593061cb9c5683
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/jobs/repository/IndexGitRepoJob.java
+
+### Key:
+IndexGitRepoJob.java|getBlameInfoExternal|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+8f5821f736b1f7b76bca6963dd987f86
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4717/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4717/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc15b9c61748ba674f77a73ade31ac6310d56e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4717/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.searchcode.app.dao;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.SQLiteMemoryDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.ApiResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.AssertionsForInterfaceTypes.assertThat;
+
+public class ApiTest extends TestCase {
+
+    private Api api;
+
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        this.api = new Api(new SQLiteMemoryDatabaseConfig(), new Helpers());
+        this.api.createTableIfMissing();
+    }
+
+    public void testMultipleCreateTable() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+            this.api.createTableIfMissing();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSaveDelete() {
+        String randomApiString = this.getRandomString();
+
+        this.api.saveApi(new ApiResult(0, randomApiString, "privateKey", "", ""));
+        this.api.deleteApiByPublicKey(randomApiString);
+    }
+
+    public void testSaveRetrieve() {
+        String randomApiString = this.getRandomString();
+
+        this.api.saveApi(new ApiResult(0, randomApiString, "privateKey", "", ""));
+        ApiResult apiResult = this.api.getApiByPublicKey(randomApiString);
+
+        assertThat(apiResult.getPublicKey()).isEqualTo(randomApiString);
+        assertThat(apiResult.getPrivateKey()).isEqualTo("privateKey");
+
+        this.api.deleteApiByPublicKey(randomApiString);
+    }
+
+    public void testMultipleRetrieveCache() {
+        String randomApiString = this.getRandomString();
+
+        this.api.saveApi(new ApiResult(0, randomApiString, "privateKey", "", ""));
+
+        for(int i=0; i < 500; i++) {
+            ApiResult apiResult = this.api.getApiByPublicKey(randomApiString);
+
+            assertThat(apiResult.getPublicKey()).isEqualTo(randomApiString);
+            assertThat(apiResult.getPrivateKey()).isEqualTo("privateKey");
+        }
+
+        this.api.deleteApiByPublicKey(randomApiString);
+    }
+
+    public void testGetAllApi() {
+        String randomApi1 = this.getRandomString();
+        String randomApi2 = this.getRandomString();
+
+        this.api.saveApi(new ApiResult(0, randomApi1, "privateKey", "", ""));
+        this.api.saveApi(new ApiResult(0, randomApi2, "privateKey", "", ""));
+
+        assertThat(this.api.getAllApi().size()).isEqualTo(2);
+
+        this.api.deleteApiByPublicKey(randomApi1);
+        this.api.deleteApiByPublicKey(randomApi2);
+    }
+
+    private String getRandomString() {
+        Random random = new Random();
+        return RandomStringUtils.randomAscii(random.nextInt(20) + 20);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `apiResult` last assigned on line 55 could be null and is dereferenced at line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ApiTest.testMultipleRetrieveCache()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.dao.ApiTest.testMultipleRetrieveCache():void.9d69c61b81049b9acb52d9e4eca4ff88
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/searchcode/app/dao/ApiTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ApiTest.java|testMultipleRetrieveCache|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+36314f811a915d92afdc5e29532be9f8
+
+### Hash:
+ccb6197f46ce4dde6d49847d2e723457
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4720/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4720/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7048bb9b21ffea9bfa1a91e3e166eed1930864b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4720/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.searchcode.app.util;
+
+import com.google.common.reflect.TypeToken;
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
+import com.google.gson.JsonSyntaxException;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.FileClassifierResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * This class uses the database from the scc project in order to classify files under a specific language.
+ * It used to work by allowing for duplicate entries, but now assumes that there is only 1 extension for each
+ * file type.
+ */
+public class FileClassifier {
+
+    private String DATABASEPATH = Properties.getProperties().getProperty(Values.CLASSIFIER_DATABASE_LOCATION, Values.DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_DATABASE_LOCATION);
+    private HashMap<String, FileClassifierResult> database;
+
+    public FileClassifier() {
+        this.database = this.loadDatabase();
+    }
+
+    public FileClassifier(HashMap<String, FileClassifierResult> database) {
+        this.database = database;
+    }
+
+    public HashMap<String, FileClassifierResult> getDatabase() {
+        return this.database;
+    }
+
+    public void setDatabase(HashMap<String, FileClassifierResult> database) {
+        this.database = database;
+    }
+
+    public String getExtension(String fileName) {
+        int loc = fileName.lastIndexOf(".");
+
+        if (loc == 0 || loc == -1) {
+            return fileName;
+        }
+
+        return fileName.substring(loc + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a filename guesses the file type
+     */
+    public String languageGuesser(String fileName) {
+
+        fileName = fileName.toLowerCase();
+        String extension = this.getExtension(fileName);
+
+        for (String key: database.keySet()) {
+            FileClassifierResult fileClassifierResult = database.get(key);
+
+            for (String ext: fileClassifierResult.extensions) {
+                if (extension.equals(ext)) {
+                    return key;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Values.UNKNOWN_LANGUAGE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the File Classifier database from a JSON file on disk
+     */
+    private HashMap<String, FileClassifierResult> loadDatabase() {
+        HashMap<String, FileClassifierResult> database = new HashMap<>();
+
+        try {
+            Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().create();
+            Type type = new TypeToken<HashMap<String, FileClassifierResult>>(){}.getType();
+            database = gson.fromJson(new FileReader(this.DATABASEPATH),  type);
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException | JsonSyntaxException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("Unable to load '" + DATABASEPATH+ "' file. File classification will not work. " + ex.toString());
+        }
+
+        return database;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fileClassifierResult` last assigned on line 61 could be null and is dereferenced at line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String FileClassifier.languageGuesser(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.util.FileClassifier.languageGuesser(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.f7487e9207b85f31daba801ab6d7b2e7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/util/FileClassifier.java
+
+### Key:
+FileClassifier.java|languageGuesser|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b483deab413a7638f08f3cef6077212f
+
+### Hash:
+618b7a5858426b859feabfb1fe56bd8b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4721/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4721/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce636de9a22b0057293cdba420a269c35e7584c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4721/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.searchcode.app.dao;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.IDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.MySQLDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeIndexDocument;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.SourceCodeDTO;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.CodeResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.searchcode.SearchcodeCodeResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+
+import java.sql.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public class SourceCode {
+    private final Helpers helpers;
+    private final IDatabaseConfig dbConfig;
+
+    public SourceCode() {
+        this(new MySQLDatabaseConfig(), Singleton.getHelpers());
+    }
+
+    public SourceCode(IDatabaseConfig dbConfig, Helpers helpers) {
+        this.dbConfig = dbConfig;
+        this.helpers = helpers;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int getMaxId() {
+        int maxId = 0;
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select id from code order by id desc limit 1;");
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                maxId = rs.getInt(1);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return maxId;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<CodeResult> getByIds(List<Integer> codeIds) {
+        List<CodeResult> codeResultList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+        for (Integer codeId: codeIds) {
+            stringBuffer.append(codeId).append(",");
+        }
+        String codeIdsString = StringUtils.substring(stringBuffer.toString(), 0, -1);
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select c.id,c.filename,c.location," +
+                    "substring(uncompress(c.content),1,500000) as content," +
+                    "c.hash, r.name as reponame, c.simhash, c.linescount," +
+                    "lt.type as languagetype," +
+                    "s.name as sourcename, r.sourceurl, r.url, c.blank, c.comment, r.username " +
+                    "from code c " +
+                    "join repo r ON c.repoid = r.id " +
+                    "join languagetype lt ON c.languagename = lt.id " +
+                    "join source s ON s.id = r.sourceid " +
+                    "where c.id in (" +
+                    codeIdsString +
+                    ") order by field(c.id, " +
+                    codeIdsString +
+                    ");");
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+//            while (rs.next()) {
+//                codeResultList.add(new SearchcodeSearchResult(
+//                        rs.getInt("id"),
+//                        rs.getString("filename"),
+//                        rs.getString("location"),
+//                        rs.getString("content"),
+//                        rs.getString("hash"),
+//                        rs.getString("reponame"),
+//                        rs.getString("simhash"),
+//                        rs.getInt("linescount"),
+//                        rs.getString("languagetype"),
+//                        rs.getString("sourcename"),
+//                        rs.getString("sourceurl"),
+//                        rs.getString("url"),
+//                        rs.getInt("blank"),
+//                        rs.getInt("comment"),
+//                        rs.getString("username")
+//                ));
+//            }
+        }
+        catch (SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return codeResultList;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<SearchcodeCodeResult> getCodeBetween(int start, int end) {
+
+        List<SearchcodeCodeResult> codeResultList = new ArrayList<>(end - start);
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT c.id, c.repoid, c.filetypeid, c.languagename, r.sourceid, " +
+                    "UNCOMPRESS(c.content) AS content, " +
+                    "c.filename, " +
+                    "c.linescount " +
+                    "FROM code c " +
+                    "JOIN repo r ON r.id = c.repoid " +
+                    "WHERE c.id >= ? AND c.id <= ? AND c.deleted = 0 " +
+                    "AND c.languagename not in (select id from languagetype where type in ('text', 'Unknown', 'xml', 'xaml', 'css', 'MSBuild scripts'))");
+            stmt.setInt(1, start);
+            stmt.setInt(2, end);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                codeResultList.add(new SearchcodeCodeResult(
+                        rs.getInt("id"),
+                        rs.getInt("repoid"),
+                        rs.getInt("filetypeid"),
+                        rs.getInt("languagename"),
+                        rs.getInt("sourceid"),
+                        rs.getString("content"),
+                        rs.getString("filename"),
+                        rs.getInt("linescount")
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        catch (SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return codeResultList;
+    }
+
+    public Optional<SourceCodeDTO> getByCodeIndexDocument(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) {
+        Optional<SourceCodeDTO> result = Optional.empty();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+
+            String query = "SELECT sourcecode.id, repoid, languageid, sourceid, ownerid, licenseid, location, filename, UNCOMPRESS(content) AS content, hash, simhash, linescount, data, languagetype.type as languagename" +
+                    " FROM sourcecode" +
+                    " INNER JOIN languagetype ON languagetype.id = sourcecode.languageid" +
+                    //"repoid=? AND location=? AND filename=?";
+                    " WHERE location=? AND filename=? LIMIT 1;";
+
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement(query, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
+            stmt.setString(1, this.getLocation(codeIndexDocument));
+            stmt.setString(2, codeIndexDocument.getFileName());
+
+            resultSet = stmt.executeQuery();
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                result = Optional.of(new SourceCodeDTO(
+                        resultSet.getInt("id"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("repoid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("languageid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("languagename"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("sourceid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("ownerid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("licenseid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("location"),
+                        resultSet.getString("filename"),
+                        resultSet.getString("content"),
+                        resultSet.getString("hash"),
+                        resultSet.getString("simhash"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("linescount"),
+                        resultSet.getString("data")
+                        ));
+            }
+
+        }
+        catch (SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public Optional<SourceCodeDTO> getById(int id) {
+        Optional<SourceCodeDTO> result = Optional.empty();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+
+            String query = "SELECT sourcecode.id, repoid, languageid, sourceid, ownerid, licenseid, location, filename, UNCOMPRESS(content) AS content, hash, simhash, linescount, data, languagetype.type as languagename" +
+                    " FROM sourcecode" +
+                    " INNER JOIN languagetype ON languagetype.id = sourcecode.languageid" +
+                    " WHERE sourcecode.id=? LIMIT 1;";
+
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement(query);
+            stmt.setInt(1, id);
+
+            resultSet = stmt.executeQuery();
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                result = Optional.of(new SourceCodeDTO(
+                        resultSet.getInt("id"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("repoid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("languageid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("languagename"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("sourceid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("ownerid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("licenseid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("location"),
+                        resultSet.getString("filename"),
+                        resultSet.getString("content"),
+                        resultSet.getString("hash"),
+                        resultSet.getString("simhash"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("linescount"),
+                        resultSet.getString("data")
+                ));
+            }
+
+        }
+        catch (SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public SourceCodeDTO saveCode(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) {
+
+        Optional<SourceCodeDTO> existing = this.getByCodeIndexDocument(codeIndexDocument);
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            String query = "INSERT INTO `sourcecode` (`id`, `repoid`, `languageid`, `sourceid`, `ownerid`, `licenseid`, `location`, `filename`, `content`, `hash`, `simhash`, `linescount`, `data`) VALUES " +
+                    "(NULL, ?, (SELECT id FROM languagetype WHERE type = ?), ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, COMPRESS(?), ?, ?, ?, ?)";
+
+            if (existing.isPresent()) {
+                return existing.get();
+            }
+
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement(query, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
+            stmt.setInt(1, 31337);
+            stmt.setString(2, codeIndexDocument.getLanguageName());
+            stmt.setInt(3, 31337);
+            stmt.setInt(4, 31337);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 31337);
+            stmt.setString(6, this.getLocation(codeIndexDocument));
+            stmt.setString(7, codeIndexDocument.getFileName());
+            stmt.setString(8, codeIndexDocument.getContents());
+            stmt.setString(9, codeIndexDocument.getHash());
+            stmt.setString(10, "simhash");
+            stmt.setInt(11, codeIndexDocument.getCodeLines());
+            stmt.setString(12, "{}");
+
+            stmt.execute();
+            ResultSet tableKeys = stmt.getGeneratedKeys();
+            tableKeys.next();
+            int autoGeneratedID = tableKeys.getInt(1);
+            return this.getById(autoGeneratedID).get();
+        }
+        catch (SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+//            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String getLocation(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) {
+        if (codeIndexDocument == null || codeIndexDocument.getDisplayLocation() == null || codeIndexDocument.getFileName() == null) {
+            return Values.EMPTYSTRING;
+        }
+
+        return codeIndexDocument.getDisplayLocation().substring(0, codeIndexDocument.getDisplayLocation().length() - codeIndexDocument.getFileName().length());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `stmt` last assigned on line 281 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `closeQuietly(...)` at line 316.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+SourceCodeDTO SourceCode.saveCode(CodeIndexDocument)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.dao.SourceCode.saveCode(com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeIndexDocument):com.searchcode..0dc9d7352723a20546d4b1d7466f3da4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/dao/SourceCode.java
+
+### Key:
+SourceCode.java|saveCode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3e01c2ad396a24baf97e722606f35194
+
+### Hash:
+3c2794ed1f46a32254b68c4f16ecb765
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4726/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4726/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7a19a718b1befd5ec28e4c5ed4256e1b8cc3315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4726/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.jobs;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeIndexDocument;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.RepositoryChanged;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.CodeIndexer;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.GitService;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.CloneCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.Git;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.PullCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.ResetCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.GitAPIException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.diff.DiffEntry;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.MissingObjectException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.FileRepository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectReader;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevCommit;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.transport.UsernamePasswordCredentialsProvider;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.CanonicalTreeParser;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk;
+import org.quartz.Job;
+import org.quartz.JobDataMap;
+import org.quartz.JobExecutionContext;
+import org.quartz.JobExecutionException;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.InvalidPathException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Iterates through every revision of a git repository indexing the file differences between them.
+ * This allows searching through time to find when some code was added to a repository or when
+ * it was removed
+ */
+public class IndexGitHistoryJob implements Job {
+
+    public int MAXFILELINEDEPTH = Helpers.tryParseInt(com.searchcode.app.util.Properties.getProperties().getProperty(Values.MAXFILELINEDEPTH, Values.DEFAULTMAXFILELINEDEPTH), Values.DEFAULTMAXFILELINEDEPTH);
+
+    public void execute(JobExecutionContext context) throws JobExecutionException {
+        if (Singleton.getBackgroundJobsEnabled() == false) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Thread.currentThread().setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
+
+        JobDataMap data = context.getJobDetail().getJobDataMap();
+        String repoLocations = data.get("REPOLOCATIONS").toString();
+
+        // Get all the current change sets for the project
+        // loop through each and get the changes and index
+
+    }
+
+    public void getGitChangeSets() throws IOException, GitAPIException {
+        Repository localRepository = new FileRepository(new File("./repo/server/.git"));
+
+        Git git = new Git(localRepository);
+        Iterable<RevCommit> logs = git.log().call();
+
+        List<String> revisions = new ArrayList<>();
+        for(RevCommit rev: logs) {
+            System.out.println(rev.getCommitTime() + " " + rev.getName());
+            revisions.add(rev.getName());
+        }
+        revisions = Lists.reverse(revisions);
+
+        // TODO currently this is ignoring the very first commit changes need to include those
+        for (int i = 1; i < revisions.size(); i++) {
+            System.out.println("///////////////////////////////////////////////");
+            this.getRevisionChanges(revisions.get(i - 1), revisions.get(i));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void getRevisionChanges(String oldRevison, String newRevision) throws IOException, GitAPIException {
+        Repository localRepository = new FileRepository(new File("./repo/server/.git"));
+        Git git = new Git(localRepository);
+
+        ObjectId oldHead = localRepository.resolve(oldRevison + "^{tree}");
+        ObjectId newHead = localRepository.resolve(newRevision + "^{tree}");
+
+        ObjectReader reader = localRepository.newObjectReader();
+
+        CanonicalTreeParser oldTreeIter = new CanonicalTreeParser();
+        oldTreeIter.reset(reader, oldHead);
+
+        CanonicalTreeParser newTreeIter = new CanonicalTreeParser();
+        newTreeIter.reset(reader, newHead);
+
+
+        List<DiffEntry> entries = git.diff()
+                .setNewTree(newTreeIter)
+                .setOldTree(oldTreeIter)
+                .call();
+
+        GitService gs = new GitService();
+
+
+        for( DiffEntry entry : entries ) {
+            if ("DELETE".equals(entry.getChangeType().name())) {
+                System.out.println("DEL " + entry.getOldPath());
+            }
+            else {
+                System.out.println("ADD " + entry.getNewPath());
+                String contents = gs.fetchFileRevision("./repo/server/.git", newRevision, entry.getNewPath());
+
+                CodeIndexDocument cd = new CodeIndexDocument(entry.getNewPath(), "server", entry.getNewPath(), entry.getNewPath(), entry.getNewPath(), "md5hash", "Java", contents.split("\\r?\\n").length, contents, "", "someone");
+                cd.setRevision(newRevision);
+                cd.setYearMonthDay("20160101");
+                CodeIndexer.indexTimeDocument(cd);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.eclipse.jgit.api.Git` acquired to `git` by call to `new()` at line 76 is not released after line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IndexGitHistoryJob.getGitChangeSets()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.jobs.IndexGitHistoryJob.getGitChangeSets():void.3496b8fea0b8a7b0a9c52bbe5298f5d7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/jobs/IndexGitHistoryJob.java
+
+### Key:
+IndexGitHistoryJob.java|getGitChangeSets|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+abf778a0fb58a097b72f1ea16dfb9fcd
+
+### Hash:
+3919ed8a44b3660b8d80b5b5145662bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4728/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4728/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d2f66acbaf36515730f84cd21a145b05b4c9d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4728/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.jobs;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.RepositoryChanged;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.CloneCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.Git;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.PullCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.GitAPIException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.diff.DiffEntry;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.FileRepository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectReader;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevCommit;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.transport.UsernamePasswordCredentialsProvider;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.CanonicalTreeParser;
+import org.quartz.Job;
+import org.quartz.JobDataMap;
+import org.quartz.JobExecutionContext;
+import org.quartz.JobExecutionException;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.InvalidPathException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Iterates through every revision of a git repository indexing the file differences between them.
+ * This allows searching through time to find when some code was added to a repository or when
+ * it was removed
+ */
+public class IndexGitHistoryJob implements Job {
+
+    public int MAXFILELINEDEPTH = Helpers.tryParseInt(com.searchcode.app.util.Properties.getProperties().getProperty(Values.MAXFILELINEDEPTH, Values.DEFAULTMAXFILELINEDEPTH), Values.DEFAULTMAXFILELINEDEPTH);
+
+    public void execute(JobExecutionContext context) throws JobExecutionException {
+        if (Singleton.getBackgroundJobsEnabled() == false) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Thread.currentThread().setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
+
+        JobDataMap data = context.getJobDetail().getJobDataMap();
+        String repoLocations = data.get("REPOLOCATIONS").toString();
+
+        // Clone the repository then
+    }
+
+
+    public RepositoryChanged cloneGitRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String branch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean successful = false;
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Attempting to clone " + repoRemoteLocation);
+
+        try {
+            CloneCommand cloneCommand = Git.cloneRepository();
+            cloneCommand.setURI(repoRemoteLocation);
+            cloneCommand.setDirectory(new File(repoLocations + "/" + repoName + "/"));
+            cloneCommand.setCloneAllBranches(true);
+            cloneCommand.setBranch(branch);
+
+            if(useCredentials) {
+                cloneCommand.setCredentialsProvider(new UsernamePasswordCredentialsProvider(repoUserName, repoPassword));
+            }
+
+            cloneCommand.call();
+
+            successful = true;
+
+        } catch (GitAPIException | InvalidPathException ex) {
+            successful = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() +  "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        RepositoryChanged repositoryChanged = new RepositoryChanged(successful);
+        repositoryChanged.setClone(true);
+
+        return repositoryChanged;
+    }
+
+
+    public void getGitChangeSets() throws IOException, GitAPIException {
+        Repository localRepository = new FileRepository(new File("./repo/.timelord/test/.git"));
+
+        Git git = new Git(localRepository);
+        Iterable<RevCommit> logs = git.log().call();
+
+        for(RevCommit rev: logs) {
+            System.out.println(rev.getName());
+            git.checkout().setName(rev.getName()).call();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a git repository and return if it has changed and the differences
+     */
+    public RepositoryChanged updateGitRepository(String repoName, String repoRemoteLocation, String repoUserName, String repoPassword, String repoLocations, String branch, boolean useCredentials) {
+        boolean changed = false;
+        List<String> changedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> deletedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        Singleton.getLogger().info("Attempting to pull latest from " + repoRemoteLocation + " for " + repoName);
+
+        try {
+            Repository localRepository = new FileRepository(new File(repoLocations + "/" + repoName + "/.git"));
+
+            Ref head = localRepository.getRef("HEAD");
+
+            Git git = new Git(localRepository);
+            git.reset();
+            git.clean();
+
+            PullCommand pullCmd = git.pull();
+
+            if(useCredentials) {
+                pullCmd.setCredentialsProvider(new UsernamePasswordCredentialsProvider(repoUserName, repoPassword));
+            }
+
+            pullCmd.call();
+            Ref newHEAD = localRepository.getRef("HEAD");
+
+            if(!head.toString().equals(newHEAD.toString())) {
+                changed = true;
+
+                // Get the differences between the the heads which we updated at
+                // and use these to just update the differences between them
+                ObjectId oldHead = localRepository.resolve(head.getObjectId().getName() + "^{tree}");
+                ObjectId newHead = localRepository.resolve(newHEAD.getObjectId().getName() + "^{tree}");
+
+                ObjectReader reader = localRepository.newObjectReader();
+
+                CanonicalTreeParser oldTreeIter = new CanonicalTreeParser();
+                oldTreeIter.reset(reader, oldHead);
+
+                CanonicalTreeParser newTreeIter = new CanonicalTreeParser();
+                newTreeIter.reset(reader, newHead);
+
+
+                List<DiffEntry> entries = git.diff()
+                        .setNewTree(newTreeIter)
+                        .setOldTree(oldTreeIter)
+                        .call();
+
+
+                for( DiffEntry entry : entries ) {
+                    if ("DELETE".equals(entry.getChangeType().name())) {
+                        deletedFiles.add(FilenameUtils.separatorsToUnix(entry.getOldPath()));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        changedFiles.add(FilenameUtils.separatorsToUnix(entry.getNewPath()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException | GitAPIException | InvalidPathException ex) {
+            changed = false;
+            Singleton.getLogger().warning("ERROR - caught a " + ex.getClass() + " in " + this.getClass() +  "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        return new RepositoryChanged(changed, changedFiles, deletedFiles);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.eclipse.jgit.api.Git` acquired by call to `new()` at line 96 is not released after line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IndexGitHistoryJob.getGitChangeSets()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.jobs.IndexGitHistoryJob.getGitChangeSets():void.3496b8fea0b8a7b0a9c52bbe5298f5d7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/jobs/IndexGitHistoryJob.java
+
+### Key:
+IndexGitHistoryJob.java|getGitChangeSets|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+af124b9e4e475ec1dcf4a48bafb14056
+
+### Hash:
+0ad8fcee547595ae2f7e5814d216cf1e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4732/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4732/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fc0b1d5bb550a03b6582bd3a0a715e4d76112f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4732/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file, but will be eventually open under GNU General Public License Version 3
+ * see the README.md for when this clause will take effect
+ *
+ * Version 1.3.8
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.dao;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.IDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.ApiResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.LoggerWrapper;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.AbstractMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to all methods required to get API details from the database.
+ * Note that we use an in memory cache to avoid hitting the database too much. This was because when hit really hard
+ * that there would be timeouts and other database connection issues with the dreaded "Too many connections".
+ */
+public class Api implements IApi {
+    private IDatabaseConfig dbConfig;
+
+    public Api(IDatabaseConfig dbConfig) {
+        this.dbConfig = dbConfig;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<ApiResult> getAllApi() {
+        List<ApiResult> apiResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("select rowid,publickey,privatekey,lastused,data from api;");
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                int rowId = resultSet.getInt("rowid");
+                String d_publicKey = resultSet.getString("publickey");
+                String privateKey = resultSet.getString("privatekey");
+                String lastUsed = resultSet.getString("lastused");
+                String data = resultSet.getString("data");
+
+                apiResults.add(new ApiResult(rowId, d_publicKey, privateKey, lastUsed, data));
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return apiResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized ApiResult getApiByPublicKey(String publicKey) {
+        ApiResult result = null;
+
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("select rowid,publickey,privatekey,lastused,data from api where publickey=?;");
+
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, publicKey);
+
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                int rowId = resultSet.getInt("rowid");
+                String d_publicKey = resultSet.getString("publickey");
+                String privateKey = resultSet.getString("privatekey");
+                String lastUsed = resultSet.getString("lastused");
+                String data = resultSet.getString("data");
+
+                result = new ApiResult(rowId, d_publicKey, privateKey, lastUsed, data);
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean saveApi(ApiResult apiResult) {
+        boolean successful = false;
+
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO \"api\" (\"publickey\",\"privatekey\",\"lastused\",\"data\") VALUES (?,?,?,?)");
+
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, apiResult.getPublicKey());
+            preparedStatement.setString(2, apiResult.getPrivateKey());
+            preparedStatement.setString(3, apiResult.getLastUsed());
+            preparedStatement.setString(4, apiResult.getData());
+
+            preparedStatement.execute();
+
+            successful = true;
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return successful;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void deleteApiByPublicKey(String publicKey) {
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("delete from api where publickey=?;");
+
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, publicKey);
+
+            preparedStatement.execute();
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Avoid migrations by creating if its missing
+    public synchronized void createTableIfMissing() {
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='api';");
+
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+            String value = Values.EMPTYSTRING;
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                value = resultSet.getString("name");
+            }
+
+            if (Helpers.isNullEmptyOrWhitespace(value)) {
+                preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("CREATE  TABLE \"main\".\"api\" (\"publickey\" VARCHAR PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL , \"privatekey\" VARCHAR NOT NULL , \"lastused\" VARCHAR, \"data\" VARCHAR);");
+                preparedStatement.execute();
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            Singleton.getLogger().severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resultSet` last assigned on line 114 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `closeQuietly(...)` at line 133.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Api.saveApi(ApiResult)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.dao.Api.saveApi(com.searchcode.app.model.ApiResult):boolean.03422ad086bd4bb3a7ee2a2df4862341
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/dao/Api.java
+
+### Key:
+Api.java|saveApi|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b7c5f22f48bc0a1441764827913f1891
+
+### Hash:
+9b30903688e26d359510dfab321969cf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4735/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4735/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b4dc4a322197400567c29bed152eae05ce7850a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4735/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1324 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** aliyun-oss-java-sdk
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+   IniEditor is Copyright (c) 2003-2013, Nik Haldimann
+   All rights reserved. Distributed under a BSD-style license.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+   met:
+
+   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+     documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
+   IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+   TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER
+   OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+   EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+   PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+   PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+   NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+*/
+
+package com.aliyun.oss.common.utils;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * Loads, edits and saves INI-style configuration files. While loading from and
+ * saving to streams and files, <code>IniEditor</code> preserves comments and
+ * blank lines as well as the order of sections and lines in general.
+ * <p>
+ * <code>IniEditor</code> assumes configuration files to be split in sections. A
+ * section starts out with a header, which consists of the section name enclosed
+ * in brackets (<code>'['</code> and <code>']'</code>). Everything before the
+ * first section header is ignored when loading from a stream or file. The
+ * <code>{@link IniEditor.Section}</code> class can be used to load
+ * configuration files without sections (ie Java-style properties).
+ * <p>
+ * A "common section" may be named. All sections inherit the options of this
+ * section but can overwrite them.
+ * <p>
+ * <code>IniEditor</code> represents an INI file (or rather, its sections) line
+ * by line, as comment, blank and option lines. A comment is a line which has a
+ * comment delimiter as its first non-white space character. The default comment
+ * delimiters, which may be overwritten, are <code>'#'</code> and
+ * <code>';'</code>.
+ * <p>
+ * A blank line is any line that consists only of white space.
+ * <p>
+ * Everything else is an option line. Option names and values are separated by
+ * option delimiters <code>'='</code>, <code>':'</code> or white space (spaces
+ * and tabs).
+ * <p>
+ * Here's a minimal example. Suppose, we have this in a file called
+ * <code>users.ini</code>:
+ * 
+ * <pre>
+ *   [root]
+ *   role = administrator
+ *   last_login = 2003-05-04
+ *
+ *   [joe]
+ *   role = author
+ *   last_login = 2003-05-13
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * Let's load that file, add something to it and save the changes:
+ * 
+ * <pre>
+ * IniEditor users = new IniEditor();
+ * users.load("users.ini");
+ * users.set("root", "last_login", "2003-05-16");
+ * users.addComment("root", "Must change password often");
+ * users.set("root", "change_pwd", "10 days");
+ * users.addBlankLine("root");
+ * users.save("users.ini");
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * Now, the file looks like this:
+ * 
+ * <pre>
+ *   [root]
+ *   role = administrator
+ *   last_login = 2003-05-16
+ *
+ *   # Must change password often
+ *   change_pwd = 10 days
+ *
+ *   [joe]
+ *   role = author
+ *   last_login = 2003-05-13
+ * </pre>
+ * <p>
+ * IniEditor provides services simliar to the standard Java API class
+ * <code>java.util.Properties</code>. It uses its own parser, though, which
+ * differs in these respects from that of <code>Properties</code>:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>Line continuations (backslashes at the end of an option line) are not
+ * supported.</li>
+ * <li>No kind of character escaping is performed or recognized. Characters are
+ * read and written in in the default character encoding. If you want to use a
+ * different character encoding, use the {@link #load(InputStreamReader)} and
+ * {@link #save(OutputStreamWriter)} methods with a reader and writer tuned to
+ * the desired character encoding.</li>
+ * <li>As a consequence, option names may not contain option/value separators
+ * (normally <code>'='</code>, <code>':'</code> and white space).</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * @author Nik Haldimann, nhaldimann at gmail dot com
+ * @version r5 (3/4/2013)
+ */
+public class IniEditor {
+
+    private static boolean DEFAULT_CASE_SENSITIVITY = false;
+
+    private Map<String, Section> sections;
+    private List<String> sectionOrder;
+    private String commonName;
+    private char[] commentDelims;
+    private boolean isCaseSensitive;
+    private OptionFormat optionFormat;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new bare IniEditor instance.
+     */
+    public IniEditor() {
+        this(null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new bare IniEditor instance specifying case-sensitivity.
+     *
+     * @param isCaseSensitive
+     *            section and option names are case-sensitive if this is true
+     */
+    public IniEditor(boolean isCaseSensitive) {
+        this(null, null, isCaseSensitive);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new IniEditor instance with a common section. Options in the
+     * common section are used as defaults for all other sections.
+     *
+     * @param commonName
+     *            name of the common section
+     */
+    public IniEditor(String commonName) {
+        this(commonName, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new IniEditor instance with a common section. Options in the
+     * common section are used as defaults for all other sections.
+     *
+     * @param commonName
+     *            name of the common section
+     * @param isCaseSensitive
+     *            section and option names are case-sensitive if this is true
+     */
+    public IniEditor(String commonName, boolean isCaseSensitive) {
+        this(commonName, null, isCaseSensitive);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new IniEditor defining comment delimiters.
+     *
+     * @param delims
+     *            an array of characters to be recognized as starters of comment
+     *            lines; the first of them will be used for newly created
+     *            comments
+     */
+    public IniEditor(char[] delims) {
+        this(null, delims);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new IniEditor defining comment delimiters.
+     *
+     * @param delims
+     *            an array of characters to be recognized as starters of comment
+     *            lines; the first of them will be used for newly created
+     *            comments
+     * @param isCaseSensitive
+     *            section and option names are case-sensitive if this is true
+     */
+    public IniEditor(char[] delims, boolean isCaseSensitive) {
+        this(null, delims, isCaseSensitive);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new IniEditor instance with a common section, defining comment
+     * delimiters. Options in the common section are used as defaults for all
+     * other sections.
+     *
+     * @param commonName
+     *            name of the common section
+     * @param delims
+     *            an array of characters to be recognized as starters of comment
+     *            lines; the first of them will be used for newly created
+     *            comments
+     */
+    public IniEditor(String commonName, char[] delims) {
+        this(commonName, delims, DEFAULT_CASE_SENSITIVITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs new IniEditor instance with a common section, defining comment
+     * delimiters. Options in the common section are used as defaults for all
+     * other sections.
+     *
+     * @param commonName
+     *            name of the common section
+     * @param delims
+     *            an array of characters to be recognized as starters of comment
+     *            lines; the first of them will be used for newly created
+     *            comments
+     */
+    public IniEditor(String commonName, char[] delims, boolean isCaseSensitive) {
+        this.sections = new HashMap<String, Section>();
+        this.sectionOrder = new LinkedList<String>();
+        this.isCaseSensitive = isCaseSensitive;
+        if (commonName != null) {
+            this.commonName = commonName;
+            addSection(this.commonName);
+        }
+        this.commentDelims = delims;
+        this.optionFormat = new OptionFormat(Section.DEFAULT_OPTION_FORMAT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the option format for this instance to the given string. Options
+     * will be rendered according to the given format string when printed. The
+     * string must contain <code>%s</code> three times, these will be replaced
+     * with the option name, the option separator and the option value in this
+     * order. Literal percentage signs must be escaped by preceding them with
+     * another percentage sign (i.e., <code>%%</code> corresponds to one
+     * percentage sign). The default format string is <code>"%s %s %s"</code>.
+     *
+     * Option formats may look like format strings as supported by Java 1.5, but
+     * the string is in fact parsed in a custom fashion to guarantee backwards
+     * compatibility. So don't try clever stuff like using format conversion
+     * types other than <code>%s</code>.
+     *
+     * @param formatString
+     *            a format string, containing <code>%s</code> exactly three
+     *            times
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+     *             if the format string is illegal
+     */
+    public void setOptionFormatString(String formatString) {
+        this.optionFormat = new OptionFormat(formatString);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value of a given option in a given section or null if either
+     * the section or the option don't exist. If a common section was defined
+     * options are also looked up there if they're not present in the specific
+     * section.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @param option
+     *            the option's name
+     * @return the option's value
+     * @throws NullPointerException
+     *             any of the arguments is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public String get(String section, String option) {
+        if (hasSection(section)) {
+            Section sect = getSection(section);
+            if (sect.hasOption(option)) {
+                return sect.get(option);
+            }
+            if (this.commonName != null) {
+                return getSection(this.commonName).get(option);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a map of a given section with option/value pairs or null if the
+     * section doesn't exist.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @return HashMap of option/value pairs from the section
+     * @throws NullPointerException
+     *             if section is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSectionMap(String section) {
+        Map<String, String> sectionMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        if (hasSection(section)) {
+            Section sect = getSection(section);
+            for (String key : sect.options.keySet()) {
+                sectionMap.put(key, sect.options.get(key).value);
+            }
+            return sectionMap;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the value of an option in a section, if the option exist, otherwise
+     * adds the option to the section. Trims white space from the start and the
+     * end of the value and deletes newline characters it might contain.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @param option
+     *            the option's name
+     * @param value
+     *            the option's value
+     * @throws IniEditor.NoSuchSectionException
+     *             no section with the given name exists
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+     *             the option name is illegal, ie contains a '=' character or
+     *             consists only of white space
+     * @throws NullPointerException
+     *             section or option are <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public void set(String section, String option, String value) {
+        if (hasSection(section)) {
+            getSection(section).set(option, value);
+        } else {
+            throw new NoSuchSectionException(section);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes an option from a section if it exists. Will not remove options
+     * from the common section if it's not directly addressed.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @param option
+     *            the option's name
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the option was actually removed
+     * @throws IniEditor.NoSuchSectionException
+     *             no section with the given name exists
+     */
+    public boolean remove(String section, String option) {
+        if (hasSection(section)) {
+            return getSection(section).remove(option);
+        } else {
+            throw new NoSuchSectionException(section);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether an option exists in a given section. Options in the common
+     * section are assumed to not exist in particular sections, unless they're
+     * overwritten.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @param option
+     *            the option's name
+     * @return true if the given section has the option
+     */
+    public boolean hasOption(String section, String option) {
+        return hasSection(section) && getSection(section).hasOption(option);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether a section with a particular name exists in this instance.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     *            the name of the section
+     * @return true if the section exists
+     */
+    public boolean hasSection(String name) {
+        return this.sections.containsKey(normSection(name));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a section if it doesn't exist yet.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     *            the name of the section
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the section didn't already exist
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+     *             the name is illegal, ie contains one of the characters '['
+     *             and ']' or consists only of white space
+     */
+    public boolean addSection(String name) {
+        String normName = normSection(name);
+        if (!hasSection(normName)) {
+            // Section constructor might throw IllegalArgumentException
+            Section section = new Section(normName, this.commentDelims, this.isCaseSensitive);
+            section.setOptionFormat(this.optionFormat);
+            this.sections.put(normName, section);
+            this.sectionOrder.add(normName);
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a section if it exists.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     *            the section's name
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the section actually existed
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+     *             when trying to remove the common section
+     */
+    public boolean removeSection(String name) {
+        String normName = normSection(name);
+        if (this.commonName != null && this.commonName.equals(normName)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't remove common section");
+        }
+        if (hasSection(normName)) {
+            this.sections.remove(normName);
+            this.sectionOrder.remove(normName);
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all section names in this instance minus the common section if
+     * one was defined.
+     *
+     * @return list of the section names in original/insertion order
+     */
+    public List<String> sectionNames() {
+        List<String> sectList = new ArrayList<String>(this.sectionOrder);
+        if (this.commonName != null) {
+            sectList.remove(this.commonName);
+        }
+        return sectList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all option names of a section, not including options from the
+     * common section.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @return list of option names
+     * @throws IniEditor.NoSuchSectionException
+     *             no section with the given name exists
+     */
+    public List<String> optionNames(String section) {
+        if (hasSection(section)) {
+            return getSection(section).optionNames();
+        } else {
+            throw new NoSuchSectionException(section);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a comment line to the end of a section. A comment spanning several
+     * lines (ie with line breaks) will be split up, one comment line for each
+     * line.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @param comment
+     *            the comment
+     * @throws IniEditor.NoSuchSectionException
+     *             no section with the given name exists
+     */
+    public void addComment(String section, String comment) {
+        if (hasSection(section)) {
+            getSection(section).addComment(comment);
+        } else {
+            throw new NoSuchSectionException(section);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a blank line to the end of a section.
+     *
+     * @param section
+     *            the section's name
+     * @throws IniEditor.NoSuchSectionException
+     *             no section with the given name exists
+     */
+    public void addBlankLine(String section) {
+        if (hasSection(section)) {
+            getSection(section).addBlankLine();
+        } else {
+            throw new NoSuchSectionException(section);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes this instance in INI format to a file.
+     *
+     * @param filename
+     *            the file to write to
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void save(String filename) throws IOException {
+        save(new File(filename));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes this instance in INI format to a file.
+     *
+     * @param file
+     *            where to save to
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void save(File file) throws IOException {
+        OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
+        save(out);
+        out.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes this instance in INI format to an output stream. This method takes
+     * an <code>OutputStream</code> for maximum flexibility, internally it does
+     * of course use a writer for character based output.
+     *
+     * @param stream
+     *            where to write
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void save(OutputStream stream) throws IOException {
+        save(new OutputStreamWriter(stream));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes this instance in INI format to an output stream writer.
+     *
+     * @param streamWriter
+     *            where to write
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void save(OutputStreamWriter streamWriter) throws IOException {
+        Iterator<String> it = this.sectionOrder.iterator();
+        PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(streamWriter, true);
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            Section sect = getSection(it.next());
+            writer.println(sect.header());
+            sect.save(writer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads INI formatted input from a file into this instance, using the
+     * default character encoding. Everything in the file before the first
+     * section header is ignored.
+     *
+     * @param filename
+     *            file to read from
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void load(String filename) throws IOException {
+        load(new File(filename));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads INI formatted input from a file into this instance, using the
+     * default character encoding. Everything in the file before the first
+     * section header is ignored.
+     *
+     * @param file
+     *            file to read from
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void load(File file) throws IOException {
+        InputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
+        load(in);
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads INI formatted input from a stream into this instance, using the
+     * default character encoding. This method takes an <code>InputStream</code>
+     * for maximum flexibility, internally it does use a reader (using the
+     * default character encoding) for character based input. Everything in the
+     * stream before the first section header is ignored.
+     *
+     * @param stream
+     *            where to read from
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void load(InputStream stream) throws IOException {
+        load(new InputStreamReader(stream));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads INI formatted input from a stream reader into this instance.
+     * Everything in the stream before the first section header is ignored.
+     *
+     * @param streamReader
+     *            where to read from
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             at an I/O problem
+     */
+    public void load(InputStreamReader streamReader) throws IOException {
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(streamReader);
+        String curSection = null;
+        String line = null;
+
+        while (reader.ready()) {
+            line = reader.readLine().trim();
+            if (line.length() > 0 && line.charAt(0) == Section.HEADER_START) {
+                int endIndex = line.indexOf(Section.HEADER_END);
+                if (endIndex >= 0) {
+                    curSection = line.substring(1, endIndex);
+                    addSection(curSection);
+                }
+            }
+            if (curSection != null) {
+                Section sect = getSection(curSection);
+                sect.load(reader);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a section by name or <code>null</code> if not found.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     *            the section's name
+     * @return the section
+     */
+    private Section getSection(String name) {
+        return sections.get(normSection(name));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normalizes an arbitrary string for use as a section name. Currently only
+     * makes the string lower-case (provided this instance isn't case-
+     * sensitive) and trims leading and trailing white space. Note that
+     * normalization isn't enforced by the Section class.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     *            the string to be used as section name
+     * @return a normalized section name
+     */
+    private String normSection(String name) {
+        if (!this.isCaseSensitive) {
+            name = name.toLowerCase();
+        }
+        return name.trim();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads, edits and saves a section of an INI-style configuration file. This
+     * class does actually belong to the internals of {@link IniEditor} and
+     * should rarely ever be used directly. It's exposed because it can be
+     * useful for plain, section-less configuration files (Java-style
+     * properties, for example).
+     */
+    public static class Section {
+
+        private String name;
+        private Map<String, Option> options;
+        private List<Line> lines;
+        private char[] optionDelims;
+        private char[] optionDelimsSorted;
+        private char[] commentDelims;
+        private char[] commentDelimsSorted;
+        private boolean isCaseSensitive;
+        private OptionFormat optionFormat;
+
+        private static final char[] DEFAULT_OPTION_DELIMS = new char[] { '=', ':' };
+        private static final char[] DEFAULT_COMMENT_DELIMS = new char[] { '#', ';' };
+        private static final char[] OPTION_DELIMS_WHITESPACE = new char[] { ' ', '\t' };
+        private static final boolean DEFAULT_CASE_SENSITIVITY = false;
+        public static final String DEFAULT_OPTION_FORMAT = "%s %s %s";
+
+        public static final char HEADER_START = '[';
+        public static final char HEADER_END = ']';
+        private static final int NAME_MAXLENGTH = 1024;
+        private static final char[] INVALID_NAME_CHARS = { HEADER_START, HEADER_END };
+
+        /**
+         * Constructs a new section.
+         *
+         * @param name
+         *            the section's name
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+         *             the section's name is illegal
+         */
+        public Section(String name) {
+            this(name, null);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Constructs a new section, specifying case-sensitivity.
+         *
+         * @param name
+         *            the section's name
+         * @param isCaseSensitive
+         *            option names are case-sensitive if this is true
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+         *             the section's name is illegal
+         */
+        public Section(String name, boolean isCaseSensitive) {
+            this(name, null, isCaseSensitive);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Constructs a new section, defining comment delimiters.
+         *
+         * @param name
+         *            the section's name
+         * @param delims
+         *            an array of characters to be recognized as starters of
+         *            comment lines; the first of them will be used for newly
+         *            created comments
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+         *             the section's name is illegal
+         */
+        public Section(String name, char[] delims) {
+            this(name, delims, DEFAULT_CASE_SENSITIVITY);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Constructs a new section, defining comment delimiters.
+         *
+         * @param name
+         *            the section's name
+         * @param delims
+         *            an array of characters to be recognized as starters of
+         *            comment lines; the first of them will be used for newly
+         *            created comments
+         * @param isCaseSensitive
+         *            option names are case-sensitive if this is true
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+         *             the section's name is illegal
+         */
+        public Section(String name, char[] delims, boolean isCaseSensitive) {
+            if (!validName(name)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal section name:" + name);
+            }
+            this.name = name;
+            this.isCaseSensitive = isCaseSensitive;
+            this.options = new HashMap<String, Option>();
+            this.lines = new LinkedList<Line>();
+            this.optionDelims = DEFAULT_OPTION_DELIMS;
+            this.commentDelims = (delims == null ? DEFAULT_COMMENT_DELIMS : delims);
+            this.optionFormat = new OptionFormat(DEFAULT_OPTION_FORMAT);
+            // sorting so we can later use binary search
+            this.optionDelimsSorted = new char[this.optionDelims.length];
+            System.arraycopy(this.optionDelims, 0, this.optionDelimsSorted, 0, this.optionDelims.length);
+            this.commentDelimsSorted = new char[this.commentDelims.length];
+            System.arraycopy(this.commentDelims, 0, this.commentDelimsSorted, 0, this.commentDelims.length);
+            Arrays.sort(this.optionDelimsSorted);
+            Arrays.sort(this.commentDelimsSorted);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the option format for this section to the given string. Options
+         * in this section will be rendered according to the given format
+         * string. The string must contain <code>%s</code> three times, these
+         * will be replaced with the option name, the option separator and the
+         * option value in this order. Literal percentage signs must be escaped
+         * by preceding them with another percentage sign (i.e., <code>%%</code>
+         * corresponds to one percentage sign). The default format string is
+         * <code>"%s %s %s"</code>.
+         *
+         * Option formats may look like format strings as supported by Java 1.5,
+         * but the string is in fact parsed in a custom fashion to guarantee
+         * backwards compatibility. So don't try clever stuff like using format
+         * conversion types other than <code>%s</code>.
+         *
+         * @param formatString
+         *            a format string, containing <code>%s</code> exactly three
+         *            times
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+         *             if the format string is illegal
+         */
+        public void setOptionFormatString(String formatString) {
+            this.setOptionFormat(new OptionFormat(formatString));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the option format for this section. Options will be rendered
+         * according to the given format when printed.
+         *
+         * @param format
+         *            a compiled option format
+         */
+        public void setOptionFormat(OptionFormat format) {
+            this.optionFormat = format;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the names of all options in this section.
+         *
+         * @return list of names of this section's options in original/insertion
+         *         order
+         */
+        public List<String> optionNames() {
+            List<String> optNames = new LinkedList<String>();
+            Iterator<Line> it = this.lines.iterator();
+            while (it.hasNext()) {
+                Line line = it.next();
+                if (line instanceof Option) {
+                    optNames.add(((Option) line).name());
+                }
+            }
+            return optNames;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Checks whether a given option exists in this section.
+         *
+         * @param name
+         *            the name of the option to test for
+         * @return true if the option exists in this section
+         */
+        public boolean hasOption(String name) {
+            return this.options.containsKey(normOption(name));
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns an option's value.
+         *
+         * @param option
+         *            the name of the option
+         * @return the requested option's value or <code>null</code> if no
+         *         option with the specified name exists
+         */
+        public String get(String option) {
+            String normed = normOption(option);
+            if (hasOption(normed)) {
+                return getOption(normed).value();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets an option's value and creates the option if it doesn't exist.
+         *
+         * @param option
+         *            the option's name
+         * @param value
+         *            the option's value
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+         *             the option name is illegal, ie contains a '=' character
+         *             or consists only of white space
+         */
+        public void set(String option, String value) {
+            set(option, value, this.optionDelims[0]);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets an option's value and creates the option if it doesn't exist.
+         *
+         * @param option
+         *            the option's name
+         * @param value
+         *            the option's value
+         * @param delim
+         *            the delimiter between name and value for this option
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+         *             the option name is illegal, ie contains a '=' character
+         *             or consists only of white space
+         */
+        public void set(String option, String value, char delim) {
+            String normed = normOption(option);
+            if (hasOption(normed)) {
+                getOption(normed).set(value);
+            } else {
+                // Option constructor might throw IllegalArgumentException
+                Option opt = new Option(normed, value, delim, this.optionFormat);
+                this.options.put(normed, opt);
+                this.lines.add(opt);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Removes an option if it exists.
+         *
+         * @param option
+         *            the name of the option
+         * @return <code>true</code> if the option was actually removed
+         */
+        public boolean remove(String option) {
+            String normed = normOption(option);
+            if (hasOption(normed)) {
+                this.lines.remove(getOption(normed));
+                this.options.remove(normed);
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Adds a comment line to the end of this section. A comment spanning
+         * several lines (ie with line breaks) will be split up, one comment
+         * line for each line.
+         *
+         * @param comment
+         *            the comment
+         */
+        public void addComment(String comment) {
+            addComment(comment, this.commentDelims[0]);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Adds a comment line to the end of this section. A comment spanning
+         * several lines (ie with line breaks) will be split up, one comment
+         * line for each line.
+         *
+         * @param comment
+         *            the comment
+         * @param delim
+         *            the delimiter used to mark the start of this comment
+         */
+        public void addComment(String comment, char delim) {
+            StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(comment.trim(), NEWLINE_CHARS);
+            while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+                this.lines.add(new Comment(st.nextToken(), delim));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static final String NEWLINE_CHARS = "\n\r";
+
+        /**
+         * Adds a blank line to the end of this section.
+         */
+        public void addBlankLine() {
+            this.lines.add(BLANK_LINE);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Loads options from a reader into this instance. Will read from the
+         * stream until it hits a section header, ie a '[' character, and resets
+         * the reader to point to this character.
+         *
+         * @param reader
+         *            where to read from
+         * @throws IOException
+         *             at an I/O problem
+         */
+        public void load(BufferedReader reader) throws IOException {
+            while (reader.ready()) {
+                reader.mark(NAME_MAXLENGTH);
+                String line = reader.readLine().trim();
+
+                // Check for section header
+                if (line.length() > 0 && line.charAt(0) == HEADER_START) {
+                    reader.reset();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                int delimIndex = -1;
+                // blank line
+                if (line.equals("")) {
+                    this.addBlankLine();
+                }
+                // comment line
+                else if ((delimIndex = Arrays.binarySearch(this.commentDelimsSorted, line.charAt(0))) >= 0) {
+                    addComment(line.substring(1), this.commentDelimsSorted[delimIndex]);
+                }
+                // option line
+                else {
+                    delimIndex = -1;
+                    int delimNum = -1;
+                    int lastSpaceIndex = -1;
+                    for (int i = 0, l = line.length(); i < l && delimIndex < 0; i++) {
+                        delimNum = Arrays.binarySearch(this.optionDelimsSorted, line.charAt(i));
+                        if (delimNum >= 0) {
+                            delimIndex = i;
+                        } else {
+                            boolean isSpace = Arrays.binarySearch(Section.OPTION_DELIMS_WHITESPACE, line.charAt(i)) >= 0;
+                            if (!isSpace && lastSpaceIndex >= 0) {
+                                break;
+                            } else if (isSpace) {
+                                lastSpaceIndex = i;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // delimiter at start of line
+                    if (delimIndex == 0) {
+                        // XXX what's a man got to do?
+                    }
+                    // no delimiter found
+                    else if (delimIndex < 0) {
+                        if (lastSpaceIndex < 0) {
+                            this.set(line, "");
+                        } else {
+                            this.set(line.substring(0, lastSpaceIndex), line.substring(lastSpaceIndex + 1));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // delimiter found
+                    else {
+                        this.set(line.substring(0, delimIndex), line.substring(delimIndex + 1),
+                                line.charAt(delimIndex));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Prints this section to a print writer.
+         *
+         * @param writer
+         *            where to write
+         * @throws IOException
+         *             at an I/O problem
+         */
+        public void save(PrintWriter writer) throws IOException {
+            Iterator<Line> it = this.lines.iterator();
+            while (it.hasNext()) {
+                writer.println(it.next().toString());
+            }
+            if (writer.checkError()) {
+                throw new IOException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns an actual Option instance.
+         *
+         * @param option
+         *            the name of the option, assumed to be normed already (!)
+         * @return the requested Option instance
+         * @throws NullPointerException
+         *             if no option with the specified name exists
+         */
+        private Option getOption(String name) {
+            return this.options.get(name);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the bracketed header of this section as appearing in an
+         * actual INI file.
+         *
+         * @return the section's name in brackets
+         */
+        private String header() {
+            return HEADER_START + this.name + HEADER_END;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Checks a string for validity as a section name. It can't contain the
+         * characters '[' and ']'. An empty string or one consisting only of
+         * white space isn't allowed either.
+         *
+         * @param name
+         *            the name to validate
+         * @return true if the name validates as a section name
+         */
+        private static boolean validName(String name) {
+            if (name.trim().equals("")) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < INVALID_NAME_CHARS.length; i++) {
+                if (name.indexOf(INVALID_NAME_CHARS[i]) >= 0) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Normalizes an arbitrary string for use as an option name, ie makes it
+         * lower-case (provided this section isn't case-sensitive) and trims
+         * leading and trailing white space.
+         *
+         * @param name
+         *            the string to be used as option name
+         * @return a normalized option name
+         */
+        private String normOption(String name) {
+            if (!this.isCaseSensitive) {
+                name = name.toLowerCase();
+            }
+            return name.trim();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private interface Line {
+        public String toString();
+    }
+
+    private static final Line BLANK_LINE = new Line() {
+        public String toString() {
+            return "";
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static class Option implements Line {
+
+        private String name;
+        private String value;
+        private char separator;
+        private OptionFormat format;
+
+        private static final String ILLEGAL_VALUE_CHARS = "\n\r";
+
+        public Option(String name, String value, char separator, OptionFormat format) {
+            if (!validName(name, separator)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal option name:" + name);
+            }
+            this.name = name;
+            this.separator = separator;
+            this.format = format;
+            set(value);
+        }
+
+        public String name() {
+            return this.name;
+        }
+
+        public String value() {
+            return this.value;
+        }
+
+        public void set(String value) {
+            if (value == null) {
+                this.value = value;
+            } else {
+                StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(value.trim(), ILLEGAL_VALUE_CHARS);
+                StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+                // XXX this might not be particularly efficient
+                while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+                    sb.append(st.nextToken());
+                }
+                this.value = sb.toString();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return this.format.format(this.name, this.value, this.separator);
+        }
+
+        private static boolean validName(String name, char separator) {
+            if (name.trim().equals("")) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (name.indexOf(separator) >= 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private static class Comment implements Line {
+
+        private String comment;
+        private char delimiter;
+
+        public Comment(String comment, char delimiter) {
+            this.comment = comment.trim();
+            this.delimiter = delimiter;
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return this.delimiter + " " + this.comment;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private static class OptionFormat {
+
+        private static final int EXPECTED_TOKENS = 4;
+
+        private String[] formatTokens;
+
+        public OptionFormat(String formatString) {
+            this.formatTokens = this.compileFormat(formatString);
+        }
+
+        public String format(String name, String value, char separator) {
+            String[] t = this.formatTokens;
+            return t[0] + name + t[1] + separator + t[2] + value + t[3];
+        }
+
+        private String[] compileFormat(String formatString) {
+            String[] tokens = { "", "", "", "" };
+            int tokenCount = 0;
+            boolean seenPercent = false;
+            StringBuffer token = new StringBuffer();
+            for (int i = 0; i < formatString.length(); i++) {
+                switch (formatString.charAt(i)) {
+                case '%':
+                    if (seenPercent) {
+                        token.append("%");
+                        seenPercent = false;
+                    } else {
+                        seenPercent = true;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 's':
+                    if (seenPercent) {
+                        if (tokenCount >= EXPECTED_TOKENS) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal option format. Too many %s placeholders.");
+                        }
+                        tokens[tokenCount] = token.toString();
+                        tokenCount++;
+                        token = new StringBuffer();
+                        seenPercent = false;
+                    } else {
+                        token.append("s");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if (seenPercent) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal option format. Unknown format specifier.");
+                    }
+                    token.append(formatString.charAt(i));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (tokenCount != EXPECTED_TOKENS - 1) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal option format. Not enough %s placeholders.");
+            }
+            tokens[tokenCount] = token.toString();
+            return tokens;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Thrown when an non-existent section is addressed.
+     */
+    public static class NoSuchSectionException extends RuntimeException {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 5680119666410718328L;
+
+        public NoSuchSectionException() {
+            super();
+        }
+
+        public NoSuchSectionException(String msg) {
+            super(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 580 is not released after line 583.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 581
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IniEditor.load(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.aliyun.oss.common.utils.IniEditor.load(java.io.File):void.3c1e6b4debb574fc4887052ba4710832
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/aliyun/oss/common/utils/IniEditor.java
+
+### Key:
+IniEditor.java|load|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+ab876d1bf3a6b35316bb98f88b69558a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4743/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4743/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d13784fd561a5106f5131eb9496a0b0fef1b35d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4743/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3051 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 68
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL 2.0
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 The Codehaus
+ * Mike Brock, Dhanji Prasanna, John Graham, Mark Proctor
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mvel2.optimizers.impl.asm;
+
+import org.mvel2.*;
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert;
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.convert;
+import static org.mvel2.MVEL.eval;
+import static org.mvel2.MVEL.isAdvancedDebugging;
+import org.mvel2.asm.ClassWriter;
+import org.mvel2.asm.Label;
+import org.mvel2.asm.MethodVisitor;
+import org.mvel2.asm.Opcodes;
+import static org.mvel2.asm.Opcodes.*;
+import static org.mvel2.asm.Type.*;
+import org.mvel2.ast.Function;
+import org.mvel2.ast.TypeDescriptor;
+import static org.mvel2.ast.TypeDescriptor.getClassReference;
+import org.mvel2.compiler.*;
+import org.mvel2.integration.GlobalListenerFactory;
+import static org.mvel2.integration.GlobalListenerFactory.hasGetListeners;
+import static org.mvel2.integration.GlobalListenerFactory.notifyGetListeners;
+import org.mvel2.integration.PropertyHandler;
+import static org.mvel2.integration.PropertyHandlerFactory.*;
+import org.mvel2.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+import org.mvel2.optimizers.AbstractOptimizer;
+import org.mvel2.optimizers.AccessorOptimizer;
+import org.mvel2.optimizers.OptimizationNotSupported;
+import org.mvel2.optimizers.impl.refl.nodes.Union;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ArrayTools.findFirst;
+import org.mvel2.util.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ParseTools.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.getReturnType;
+
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.System.getProperty;
+import static java.lang.Thread.currentThread;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import static java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength;
+import static java.lang.reflect.Modifier.FINAL;
+import static java.lang.reflect.Modifier.STATIC;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the MVEL Just-in-Time (JIT) compiler for Property Accessors using the ASM bytecode
+ * engineering library.
+ * <p/>
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"TypeParameterExplicitlyExtendsObject", "unchecked", "UnusedDeclaration"})
+public class ASMAccessorOptimizer extends AbstractOptimizer implements AccessorOptimizer {
+    private static final String MAP_IMPL = "java/util/HashMap";
+
+    private static String LIST_IMPL;
+    private static String NAMESPACE;
+    private static final int OPCODES_VERSION;
+
+    static {
+        final String javaVersion = getProperty("java.version");
+        if (javaVersion.startsWith("1.4"))
+            OPCODES_VERSION = Opcodes.V1_4;
+        else if (javaVersion.startsWith("1.5"))
+            OPCODES_VERSION = Opcodes.V1_5;
+        else if (javaVersion.startsWith("1.6") || javaVersion.startsWith("1.7"))
+            OPCODES_VERSION = Opcodes.V1_6;
+        else
+            OPCODES_VERSION = Opcodes.V1_2;
+
+
+        String defaultNameSapce = getProperty("mvel2.namespace");
+        if (defaultNameSapce == null) NAMESPACE = "org/mvel2/";
+        else NAMESPACE = defaultNameSapce;
+
+        String jitListImpl = getProperty("mvel2.jit.list_impl");
+        if (jitListImpl == null) LIST_IMPL = NAMESPACE + "util/FastList";
+        else LIST_IMPL = jitListImpl;
+    }
+
+    private Object ctx;
+    private Object thisRef;
+
+    private VariableResolverFactory variableFactory;
+
+    private static final Object[] EMPTYARG = new Object[0];
+    private static final Class[] EMPTYCLS = new Class[0];
+
+    private boolean first = true;
+    private boolean noinit = false;
+    private boolean deferFinish = false;
+    private boolean literal = false;
+
+    private boolean propNull = false;
+    private boolean methNull = false;
+
+    private String className;
+    private ClassWriter cw;
+    private MethodVisitor mv;
+
+    private Object val;
+    private int stacksize = 1;
+    private int maxlocals = 1;
+    private long time;
+
+    private ArrayList<ExecutableStatement> compiledInputs;
+
+    private Class ingressType;
+    private Class returnType;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"StringBufferField"})
+    private StringAppender buildLog;
+
+    public ASMAccessorOptimizer() {
+        //do this to confirm we're running the correct version
+        //otherwise should create a verification error in VM
+        new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does all the boilerplate for initiating the JIT.
+     */
+    private void _initJIT() {
+        if (isAdvancedDebugging()) {
+            buildLog = new StringAppender();
+        }
+
+        cw = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS + ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES);
+
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+            cw.visit(OPCODES_VERSION, Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC + Opcodes.ACC_SUPER, className = "ASMAccessorImpl_"
+                    + valueOf(cw.hashCode()).replaceAll("\\-", "_") + (System.currentTimeMillis() / 10) +
+                    ((int) Math.random() * 100),
+                    null, "java/lang/Object", new String[]{NAMESPACE + "compiler/Accessor"});
+        }
+
+        MethodVisitor m = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "<init>", "()V", null, null);
+
+        m.visitCode();
+        m.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ALOAD, 0);
+        m.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Object",
+                "<init>", "()V");
+        m.visitInsn(RETURN);
+
+        m.visitMaxs(1, 1);
+        m.visitEnd();
+
+        (mv = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "getValue",
+                "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;)Ljava/lang/Object;", null, null)).visitCode();
+    }
+
+
+    private void _initJIT2() {
+        if (isAdvancedDebugging()) {
+            buildLog = new StringAppender();
+        }
+
+        cw = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS + ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES);
+
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+            cw.visit(OPCODES_VERSION, Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC + Opcodes.ACC_SUPER, className = "ASMAccessorImpl_"
+                    + valueOf(cw.hashCode()).replaceAll("\\-", "_") + (System.currentTimeMillis() / 10) +
+                    ((int) Math.random() * 100),
+                    null, "java/lang/Object", new String[]{NAMESPACE + "compiler/Accessor"});
+        }
+
+        MethodVisitor m = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "<init>", "()V", null, null);
+
+        m.visitCode();
+        m.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ALOAD, 0);
+        m.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Object",
+                "<init>", "()V");
+        m.visitInsn(RETURN);
+
+        m.visitMaxs(1, 1);
+        m.visitEnd();
+
+        (mv = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "setValue",
+                "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;", null, null)).visitCode();
+
+    }
+
+    public Accessor optimizeAccessor(ParserContext pCtx, char[] property, Object staticContext,
+                                     Object thisRef, VariableResolverFactory factory, boolean root, Class ingressType) {
+        time = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        compiledInputs = new ArrayList<ExecutableStatement>();
+
+        start = cursor = 0;
+
+        this.first = true;
+        this.val = null;
+
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.expr = property;
+        this.ctx = staticContext;
+        this.thisRef = thisRef;
+        this.variableFactory = factory;
+        this.ingressType = ingressType;
+
+        if (!noinit) _initJIT();
+        return compileAccessor();
+    }
+
+    public Accessor optimizeSetAccessor(ParserContext pCtx, char[] property, Object ctx, Object thisRef,
+                                        VariableResolverFactory factory, boolean rootThisRef, Object value, Class ingressType) {
+        this.start = this.cursor = 0;
+        this.first = true;
+        this.ingressType = ingressType;
+
+        compiledInputs = new ArrayList<ExecutableStatement>();
+
+        this.length = (this.expr = property).length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.thisRef = thisRef;
+        this.variableFactory = factory;
+
+        char[] root = null;
+
+        PropertyVerifier verifier = new PropertyVerifier(property, this.pCtx = pCtx);
+
+        int split = findLastUnion();
+
+        if (split != -1) {
+            root = subset(property, 0, split++);
+            property = subset(property, split, property.length - split);
+        }
+
+        AccessorNode rootAccessor = null;
+
+        _initJIT2();
+
+        if (root != null) {
+            this.length = (this.expr = root).length;
+
+            // run the compiler but don't finish building.
+            deferFinish = true;
+            noinit = true;
+
+            compileAccessor();
+            ctx = this.val;
+        }
+        else {
+            assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+            mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            this.length = (this.expr = property).length;
+            this.cursor = this.start = 0;
+
+            whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+            if (collection) {
+                int start = cursor;
+                whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+                if (cursor == length)
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                if (scanTo(']'))
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                String ex = new String(property, start, cursor - start);
+
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + ctx.getClass().getName());
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(ctx.getClass()));
+
+
+                if (ctx instanceof Map) {
+                    if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_OVERRIDE_ALL_PROPHANDLING && hasPropertyHandler(Map.class)) {
+                        propHandlerByteCodePut(ex, ctx, Map.class, value);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        //noinspection unchecked
+                        ((Map) ctx).put(eval(ex, ctx, variableFactory), convert(value, returnType = verifier.analyze()));
+
+                        writeLiteralOrSubexpression(subCompileExpression(ex.toCharArray()));
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                        if (value != null & returnType != value.getClass()) {
+                            dataConversion(returnType);
+                            checkcast(returnType);
+                        }
+
+                        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE Map.put");
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/Map", "put", "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                        assert debug("POP");
+                        mv.visitInsn(POP);
+
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (ctx instanceof List) {
+                    if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_OVERRIDE_ALL_PROPHANDLING && hasPropertyHandler(List.class)) {
+                        propHandlerByteCodePut(ex, ctx, List.class, value);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        //noinspection unchecked
+                        ((List) ctx).set(eval(ex, ctx, variableFactory, Integer.class), convert(value, returnType = verifier.analyze()));
+
+                        writeLiteralOrSubexpression(subCompileExpression(ex.toCharArray()));
+                        unwrapPrimitive(int.class);
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                        if (value != null & !value.getClass().isAssignableFrom(returnType)) {
+                            // if (value != null & !returnType.isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+
+//                            if (returnType == Integer.class) {
+//                                throw new RuntimeException();
+//                            }
+
+                            dataConversion(returnType);
+                            checkcast(returnType);
+                        }
+
+
+                        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE List.set");
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/List", "set", "(ILjava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_OVERRIDE_ALL_PROPHANDLING && hasPropertyHandler(ctx.getClass())) {
+                    propHandlerByteCodePut(ex, ctx, ctx.getClass(), value);
+                }
+                else if (ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+                    if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_OVERRIDE_ALL_PROPHANDLING && hasPropertyHandler(Array.class)) {
+                        propHandlerByteCodePut(ex, ctx, Array.class, value);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        Class type = getBaseComponentType(ctx.getClass());
+
+                        Object idx = eval(ex, ctx, variableFactory);
+
+                        writeLiteralOrSubexpression(subCompileExpression(ex.toCharArray()), int.class);
+                        if (!(idx instanceof Integer)) {
+                            dataConversion(Integer.class);
+                            idx = DataConversion.convert(idx, Integer.class);
+                            unwrapPrimitive(int.class);
+                        }
+
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                        if (!type.equals(value.getClass())) {
+                            dataConversion(type);
+                        }
+                        if (type.isPrimitive()) wrapPrimitive(type);
+
+
+                        arrayStore(type);
+
+                        //noinspection unchecked
+                        Array.set(ctx, (Integer) idx, convert(value, type));
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("cannot bind to collection property: " + new String(property) + ": not a recognized collection type: " + ctx.getClass());
+                }
+
+                deferFinish = false;
+                noinit = false;
+
+                _finishJIT();
+
+                try {
+                    deferFinish = false;
+                    return _initializeAccessor();
+                }
+                catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new CompileException("could not generate accessor", e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            String tk = new String(property);
+            Member member = getFieldOrWriteAccessor(ctx.getClass(), tk, ingressType);
+
+            if (GlobalListenerFactory.hasSetListeners()) {
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+                mv.visitLdcInsn(tk);
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, NAMESPACE + "integration/GlobalListenerFactory", "notifySetListeners", "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/String;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;Ljava/lang/Object;)V");
+
+                GlobalListenerFactory.notifySetListeners(ctx, tk, variableFactory, value);
+            }
+
+
+            if (member instanceof Field) {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + ctx.getClass().getName());
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(ctx.getClass()));
+
+
+                Field fld = (Field) member;
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + fld.getType().getName());
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(fld.getType()));
+
+
+                if (value != null && !fld.getType().isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(fld.getType(), value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + fld.getType());
+                    }
+
+                    dataConversion(fld.getType());
+                    fld.set(ctx, convert(value, fld.getType()));
+                }
+                else {
+                    fld.set(ctx, value);
+                }
+
+                assert debug("PUTFIELD " + getInternalName(fld.getDeclaringClass()) + "." + tk);
+                mv.visitFieldInsn(PUTFIELD, getInternalName(fld.getDeclaringClass()), tk, getDescriptor(fld.getType()));
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+            }
+            else if (member != null) {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(ctx.getClass()));
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(ctx.getClass()));
+
+                Method meth = (Method) member;
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                Class targetType = meth.getParameterTypes()[0];
+
+                if (value != null && !targetType.isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(targetType, value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + meth.getParameterTypes()[0]);
+                    }
+
+                    dataConversion(getWrapperClass(targetType));
+                    if (targetType.isPrimitive()) {
+                        unwrapPrimitive(targetType);
+                    }
+                    else checkcast(targetType);
+                    meth.invoke(ctx, convert(value, meth.getParameterTypes()[0]));
+                }
+                else {
+                    checkcast(targetType);
+                    meth.invoke(ctx, value);
+                }
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL " + getInternalName(meth.getDeclaringClass()) + "." + meth.getName());
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, getInternalName(meth.getDeclaringClass()), meth.getName(),
+                        getMethodDescriptor(meth));
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+
+            }
+            else if (ctx instanceof Map) {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(ctx.getClass()));
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(ctx.getClass()));
+
+                assert debug("LDC '" + tk + "'");
+                mv.visitLdcInsn(tk);
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/util/HashMap.put");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/util/HashMap", "put", "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                //noinspection unchecked
+                ((Map) ctx).put(tk, value);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property (" + tk + ") in: " + ingressType.getName());
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            deferFinish = false;
+            noinit = false;
+
+            _finishJIT();
+            return _initializeAccessor();
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+
+            throw new CompileException("could not generate accessor", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void _finishJIT() {
+        if (deferFinish) return;
+
+        if (returnType != null && returnType.isPrimitive()) {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            wrapPrimitive(returnType);
+        }
+
+        if (returnType == void.class) {
+            assert debug("ACONST_NULL");
+            mv.visitInsn(ACONST_NULL);
+        }
+
+        assert debug("ARETURN");
+        mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+
+        assert debug("\n{METHOD STATS (maxstack=" + stacksize + ")}\n");
+
+        mv.visitMaxs(stacksize, maxlocals);
+        mv.visitEnd();
+
+
+        mv = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "getKnownEgressType", "()Ljava/lang/Class;", null, null);
+        mv.visitCode();
+        mv.visitLdcInsn(org.mvel2.asm.Type.getType(returnType != null ? returnType : Object.class));
+        mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+
+        mv.visitMaxs(1, 1);
+        mv.visitEnd();
+
+        if (propNull) {
+            cw.visitField(ACC_PUBLIC, "nullPropertyHandler", "L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/PropertyHandler;", null, null).visitEnd();
+        }
+
+        if (methNull) {
+            cw.visitField(ACC_PUBLIC, "nullMethodHandler", "L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/PropertyHandler;", null, null).visitEnd();
+        }
+
+        buildInputs();
+
+        if (buildLog != null && buildLog.length() != 0 && expr != null) {
+//           mv = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "toString", "()Ljava/lang/String;", null, null);
+//            mv.visitCode();
+//            mv.visitLdcInsn(buildLog.toString());
+//            mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+
+            mv = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "toString", "()Ljava/lang/String;", null, null);
+            mv.visitCode();
+            Label l0 = new Label();
+            mv.visitLabel(l0);
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(buildLog.toString() + "\n\n## { " + new String(expr) + " }" );
+            mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+            Label l1 = new Label();
+            mv.visitLabel(l1);
+            mv.visitMaxs(1, 1);            
+            mv.visitEnd();
+        }
+
+        cw.visitEnd();
+
+        dumpAdvancedDebugging(); // dump advanced debugging if necessary
+    }
+
+    private Accessor _initializeAccessor() throws Exception {
+        if (deferFinish) return null;
+
+        /**
+         * Hot load the class we just generated.
+         */
+        Class cls = loadClass(className, cw.toByteArray());
+
+        assert debug("[MVEL JIT Completed Optimization <<" + (expr != null ? new String(expr) : "") + ">>]::" + cls + " (time: " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - time) + "ms)");
+
+        Object o;
+
+        try {
+            if (compiledInputs.size() == 0) {
+                o = cls.newInstance();
+            }
+            else {
+                Class[] parms = new Class[compiledInputs.size()];
+                for (int i = 0; i < compiledInputs.size(); i++) {
+                    parms[i] = ExecutableStatement.class;
+                }
+                o = cls.getConstructor(parms).newInstance(compiledInputs.toArray(new ExecutableStatement[compiledInputs.size()]));
+            }
+
+            if (propNull) cls.getField("nullPropertyHandler").set(o, getNullPropertyHandler());
+            if (methNull) cls.getField("nullMethodHandler").set(o, getNullMethodHandler());
+
+        }
+        catch (VerifyError e) {
+            System.out.println("**** COMPILER BUG! REPORT THIS IMMEDIATELY AT http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/mvel2");
+            System.out.println("Expression: " + (expr == null ? null : new String(expr)));
+            throw e;
+        }
+
+        return (Accessor) o;
+    }
+
+    private Accessor compileAccessor() {
+        assert debug("<<INITIATE COMPILE>>");
+
+        Object curr = ctx;
+
+        try {
+
+            if (!MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_OVERRIDE_ALL_PROPHANDLING) {
+                while (cursor < length) {
+                    switch (nextSubToken()) {
+                        case BEAN:
+                            curr = getBeanProperty(curr, capture());
+                            break;
+                        case METH:
+                            curr = getMethod(curr, capture());
+                            break;
+                        case COL:
+                            curr = getCollectionProperty(curr, capture());
+                            break;
+                        case WITH:
+                            curr = getWithProperty(curr);
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    // check to see if a null safety is enabled on this property.
+                    if (fields == -1) {
+                        if (curr == null) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            fields = 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    first = false;
+
+                    if (nullSafe && cursor < length) {
+                        assert debug("DUP");
+                        mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+                        Label j = new Label();
+
+                        assert debug("IFNONNULL : jump");
+                        mv.visitJumpInsn(IFNONNULL, j);
+
+                        assert debug("ARETURN");
+                        mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+
+                        assert debug("LABEL:jump");
+                        mv.visitLabel(j);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                while (cursor < length) {
+                    switch (nextSubToken()) {
+                        case BEAN:
+                            curr = getBeanPropertyAO(curr, capture());
+                            break;
+                        case METH:
+                            curr = getMethod(curr, capture());
+                            break;
+                        case COL:
+                            curr = getCollectionPropertyAO(curr, capture());
+                            break;
+                        case WITH:
+                            curr = getWithProperty(curr);
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    // check to see if a null safety is enabled on this property.
+                    if (fields == -1) {
+                        if (curr == null) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            fields = 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    first = false;
+
+                    if (nullSafe && cursor < length) {
+                        assert debug("DUP");
+                        mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+                        Label j = new Label();
+
+                        assert debug("IFNONNULL : jump");
+                        mv.visitJumpInsn(IFNONNULL, j);
+
+                        assert debug("ARETURN");
+                        mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+
+                        assert debug("LABEL:jump");
+                        mv.visitLabel(j);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            val = curr;
+
+            _finishJIT();
+
+            return _initializeAccessor();
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException(new String(expr), e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException(new String(expr), e);
+        }
+        catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException(new String(expr), e);
+        }
+        catch (PropertyAccessException e) {
+            throw new CompileException(e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException(new String(expr), e);
+        }
+        catch (OptimizationNotSupported e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new CompileException(e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object getWithProperty(Object ctx) {
+        assert debug("\n  ** ENTER -> {with}");
+
+        if (first) {
+            assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+            mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        String root = new String(expr, 0, cursor - 1).trim();
+
+        int start = cursor + 1;
+        int[] res = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, cursor, '{');
+        cursor = res[0];
+        (pCtx = getParserContext()).incrementLineCount(res[1]);
+
+        this.returnType = ctx != null ? ctx.getClass() : null;
+
+        for (WithStatementPair aPvp : parseWithExpressions(root, subset(expr, start, cursor++ - start))) {
+            assert debug("DUP");
+            mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+            if (aPvp.getParm() == null) {
+                // Execute this interpretively now.
+                MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory);
+
+                addSubstatement((ExecutableStatement) subCompileExpression(aPvp.getValue().toCharArray()));
+            }
+            else {
+                // Execute interpretively.
+                MVEL.setProperty(ctx, aPvp.getParm(), MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory));
+                compiledInputs.add(((ExecutableStatement) MVEL.compileSetExpression(aPvp.getParm(),
+                        getReturnType(ingressType, aPvp.getParm(), pCtx), pCtx)));
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+
+                assert debug("GETFIELD p" + (compiledInputs.size() - 1));
+                mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, className, "p" + (compiledInputs.size() - 1), "L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;");
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 2");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+                addSubstatement((ExecutableStatement) subCompileExpression(aPvp.getValue().toCharArray()));
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE Accessor.setValue");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement",
+                        "setValue",
+                        "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;L"
+                                + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                assert debug("POP");
+                mv.visitInsn(POP);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ctx;
+
+    }
+
+    private Object getBeanPropertyAO(Object ctx, String property)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        if (ctx != null && hasPropertyHandler(ctx.getClass())) {
+            return propHandlerByteCode(property, ctx, ctx.getClass());
+        }
+        return getBeanProperty(ctx, property);
+    }
+
+    private Object getBeanProperty(Object ctx, String property)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+
+        assert debug("\n  **  ENTER -> {bean: " + property + "; ctx=" + ctx + "}");
+
+        if (returnType != null && returnType.isPrimitive()) {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            wrapPrimitive(returnType);
+        }
+
+        Class cls = (ctx instanceof Class ? ((Class) ctx) : ctx != null ? ctx.getClass() : null);
+
+        if (hasPropertyHandler(cls)) {
+            PropertyHandler prop = getPropertyHandler(cls);
+            if (prop instanceof ProducesBytecode) {
+                ((ProducesBytecode) prop).produceBytecodeGet(mv, property, variableFactory);
+                return prop.getProperty(property, ctx, variableFactory);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new RuntimeException("unable to compile: custom accessor does not support producing bytecode: "
+                        + prop.getClass().getName());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Member member = cls != null ? getFieldOrAccessor(cls, property) : null;
+
+        if (member != null && hasGetListeners()) {
+            mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(member.getName());
+            mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, NAMESPACE + "integration/GlobalListenerFactory", "notifyGetListeners", "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/String;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;)V");
+
+            notifyGetListeners(ctx, member.getName(), variableFactory);
+        }
+
+        if (first) {
+            if ("this".equals(property)) {
+                assert debug("ALOAD 2");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);
+                return thisRef;
+            }
+            else if (variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(property)) {
+                if (variableFactory.isIndexedFactory() && variableFactory.isTarget(property)) {
+                    int idx;
+                    try {
+                        loadVariableByIndex(idx = variableFactory.variableIndexOf(property));
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception e) {
+                        throw new OptimizationFailure(property);
+                    }
+
+                    return variableFactory.getIndexedVariableResolver(idx).getValue();
+                }
+                else {
+                    try {
+                        loadVariableByName(property);
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception e) {
+                        throw new OptimizationFailure("critical error in JIT", e);
+                    }
+
+                    return variableFactory.getVariableResolver(property).getValue();
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (member instanceof Field) {
+            Object o = ((Field) member).get(ctx);
+
+
+            if (first) {
+                assert debug("ALOAD 1 (A)");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+            }
+
+            if (((member.getModifiers() & (STATIC | FINAL)) != 0)) {
+                // Check if the static field reference is a constant and a primitive.
+                if ((member.getModifiers() & FINAL) != 0 && (o instanceof String || o.getClass().isPrimitive())) {
+                    o = ((Field) member).get(null);
+                    assert debug("LDC " + valueOf(o));
+                    mv.visitLdcInsn(o);
+                    wrapPrimitive(o.getClass());
+
+
+                    if (hasNullPropertyHandler()) {
+                        if (o == null) {
+                            o = getNullPropertyHandler().getProperty(member.getName(), ctx, variableFactory);
+                        }
+
+                        writeOutNullHandler(member, 0);
+                    }
+
+                    return o;
+                }
+                else {
+                    assert debug("GETSTATIC " + getDescriptor(member.getDeclaringClass()) + "."
+                            + member.getName() + "::" + getDescriptor(((Field) member).getType()));
+
+                    mv.visitFieldInsn(GETSTATIC, getInternalName(member.getDeclaringClass()),
+                            member.getName(), getDescriptor(returnType = ((Field) member).getType()));
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(cls));
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(cls));
+
+                assert debug("GETFIELD " + property + ":" + getDescriptor(((Field) member).getType()));
+                mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, getInternalName(cls), property, getDescriptor(returnType = ((Field) member).getType()));
+            }
+
+            returnType = ((Field) member).getType();
+
+            if (hasNullPropertyHandler()) {
+                if (o == null) {
+                    o = getNullPropertyHandler().getProperty(member.getName(), ctx, variableFactory);
+                }
+
+                writeOutNullHandler(member, 0);
+            }
+
+            return o;
+        }
+        else if (member != null) {
+            Object o;
+
+            if (first) {
+                assert debug("ALOAD 1 (B)");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                o = ((Method) member).invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+
+                if (returnType != member.getDeclaringClass()) {
+                    assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(member.getDeclaringClass()));
+                    mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(member.getDeclaringClass()));
+                }
+
+                returnType = ((Method) member).getReturnType();
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL " + member.getName() + ":" + returnType);
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, getInternalName(member.getDeclaringClass()), member.getName(),
+                        getMethodDescriptor((Method) member));
+            }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                Method iFaceMeth = determineActualTargetMethod((Method) member);
+                if (iFaceMeth == null)
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access field: " + cls.getName() + "." + property);
+
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(iFaceMeth.getDeclaringClass()));
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(iFaceMeth.getDeclaringClass()));
+
+                returnType = iFaceMeth.getReturnType();
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE " + member.getName() + ":" + returnType);
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, getInternalName(iFaceMeth.getDeclaringClass()), member.getName(),
+                        getMethodDescriptor((Method) member));
+
+                o = iFaceMeth.invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+            }
+
+            if (hasNullPropertyHandler()) {
+                if (o == null) o = getNullPropertyHandler().getProperty(member.getName(), ctx, variableFactory);
+                writeOutNullHandler(member, 0);
+            }
+
+            return o;
+
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Map && ((Map) ctx).containsKey(property)) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/util/Map");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/util/Map");
+
+            assert debug("LDC: \"" + property + "\"");
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(property);
+
+            assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE: get");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/Map", "get", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(property);
+        }
+        else if (first && "this".equals(property)) {
+            assert debug("ALOAD 2");
+            mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2); // load the thisRef value.
+
+            return this.thisRef;
+        }
+        else if ("length".equals(property) && ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            anyArrayCheck(ctx.getClass());
+
+            assert debug("ARRAYLENGTH");
+            mv.visitInsn(ARRAYLENGTH);
+
+            wrapPrimitive(int.class);
+            return getLength(ctx);
+        }
+        else if (LITERALS.containsKey(property)) {
+            Object lit = LITERALS.get(property);
+
+            if (lit instanceof Class) {
+                ldcClassConstant((Class) lit);
+            }
+
+            return lit;
+        }
+        else {
+            Object ts = tryStaticAccess();
+
+            if (ts != null) {
+                if (ts instanceof Class) {
+                    ldcClassConstant((Class) ts);
+                    return ts;
+                }
+                else if (ts instanceof Method) {
+                    writeFunctionPointerStub(((Method) ts).getDeclaringClass(), (Method) ts);
+                    return ts;
+                }
+                else {
+                    Field f = (Field) ts;
+
+                    if ((f.getModifiers() & FINAL) != 0) {
+                        Object finalVal = f.get(null);
+                        assert debug("LDC " + valueOf(finalVal));
+                        mv.visitLdcInsn(finalVal);
+                        wrapPrimitive(finalVal.getClass());
+                        return finalVal;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        assert debug("GETSTATIC " + getInternalName(f.getDeclaringClass()) + "."
+                                + ((Field) ts).getName() + "::" + getDescriptor(f.getType()));
+
+                        mv.visitFieldInsn(GETSTATIC, getInternalName(f.getDeclaringClass()),
+                                f.getName(), getDescriptor(returnType = f.getType()));
+
+
+                        return f.get(null);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (ctx instanceof Class) {
+                /**
+                 * This is our ugly support for function pointers.  This works but needs to be re-thought out at some
+                 * point.
+                 */
+                Class c = (Class) ctx;
+                for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
+                    if (property.equals(m.getName())) {
+                        if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_NAKED_METH_CALL) {
+                            assert debug("POP");
+                            mv.visitInsn(POP);
+                            assert debug("INVOKESTATIC " + m.getName());
+                            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()), m.getName(), getMethodDescriptor(m));
+
+                            returnType = m.getReturnType();
+
+                            return m.invoke(null, EMPTY_OBJ_ARR);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            writeFunctionPointerStub(c, m);
+                            return m;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                try {
+                    Class subClass = findClass(variableFactory, c.getName() + "$" + property, pCtx);
+                    ldcClassConstant(subClass);
+                    return subClass;
+                }
+                catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
+                    // fall through.
+                }
+
+            }
+            else if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_NAKED_METH_CALL) {
+                return getMethod(ctx, property);
+            }
+
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access: " + property);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void writeFunctionPointerStub(Class c, Method m) {
+        ldcClassConstant(c);
+
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Class", "getMethods", "()[Ljava/lang/reflect/Method;");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ASTORE, 7);
+        mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, 5);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 7);
+        mv.visitInsn(ARRAYLENGTH);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ISTORE, 6);
+        Label l1 = new Label();
+        mv.visitJumpInsn(GOTO, l1);
+        Label l2 = new Label();
+        mv.visitLabel(l2);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 7);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 5);
+        mv.visitInsn(AALOAD);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ASTORE, 4);
+        Label l3 = new Label();
+        mv.visitLabel(l3);
+        mv.visitLdcInsn(m.getName());
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/reflect/Method", "getName", "()Ljava/lang/String;");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/String", "equals", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z");
+        Label l4 = new Label();
+        mv.visitJumpInsn(IFEQ, l4);
+        Label l5 = new Label();
+        mv.visitLabel(l5);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+        mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+        mv.visitLabel(l4);
+        mv.visitIincInsn(5, 1);
+        mv.visitLabel(l1);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 5);
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ILOAD, 6);
+        mv.visitJumpInsn(IF_ICMPLT, l2);
+        Label l6 = new Label();
+        mv.visitLabel(l6);
+        mv.visitInsn(ACONST_NULL);
+        mv.visitInsn(ARETURN);
+
+        deferFinish = true;
+    }
+
+
+    private Object getCollectionProperty(Object ctx, String prop)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        if (prop.length() > 0) {
+            ctx = getBeanProperty(ctx, prop);
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        assert debug("\n  **  ENTER -> {collections: " + prop + "; ctx=" + ctx + "}");
+
+        if (first) {
+            assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+            mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+        }
+
+        int start = ++cursor;
+
+        whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+        if (cursor == length)
+            throw new CompileException("unterminated '['");
+
+        if (scanTo(']'))
+            throw new CompileException("unterminated '['");
+
+        String tk = new String(expr, start, cursor - start);
+
+        assert debug("{collection token: [" + tk + "]}");
+
+        ExecutableStatement compiled = (ExecutableStatement) subCompileExpression(tk.toCharArray());
+        Object item = compiled.getValue(ctx, variableFactory);
+
+        ++cursor;
+
+        if (ctx instanceof Map) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/util/Map");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/util/Map");
+
+            Class c = writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled);
+            if (c != null && c.isPrimitive()) {
+                wrapPrimitive(c);
+            }
+
+            assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE: get");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/Map", "get", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof List) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/util/List");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/util/List");
+
+            writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled, int.class);
+
+            assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE: java/util/List.get");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/List", "get", "(I)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+            return ((List) ctx).get(convert(item, Integer.class));
+
+        }
+        else if (ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getDescriptor(ctx.getClass()));
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getDescriptor(ctx.getClass()));
+
+            writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled, int.class, item.getClass());
+
+            Class cls = getBaseComponentType(ctx.getClass());
+            if (cls.isPrimitive()) {
+                if (cls == int.class) {
+                    assert debug("IALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(IALOAD);
+                }
+                else if (cls == char.class) {
+                    assert debug("CALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(CALOAD);
+                }
+                else if (cls == boolean.class) {
+                    assert debug("BALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(BALOAD);
+                }
+                else if (cls == double.class) {
+                    assert debug("DALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(DALOAD);
+                }
+                else if (cls == float.class) {
+                    assert debug("FALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(FALOAD);
+                }
+                else if (cls == short.class) {
+                    assert debug("SALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(SALOAD);
+                }
+                else if (cls == long.class) {
+                    assert debug("LALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(LALOAD);
+                }
+                else if (cls == byte.class) {
+                    assert debug("BALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(BALOAD);
+                }
+
+                wrapPrimitive(cls);
+            }
+            else {
+                assert debug("AALOAD");
+                mv.visitInsn(AALOAD);
+            }
+
+            return Array.get(ctx, convert(item, Integer.class));
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof CharSequence) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/CharSequence");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/CharSequence");
+
+            if (item instanceof Integer) {
+                intPush((Integer) item);
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE java/lang/CharSequence.charAt");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/lang/CharSequence", "charAt", "(I)C");
+
+                wrapPrimitive(char.class);
+
+                return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt((Integer) item);
+            }
+            else {
+                writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled, Integer.class);
+                unwrapPrimitive(int.class);
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE java/lang/CharSequence.charAt");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/lang/CharSequence", "charAt", "(I)C");
+
+                wrapPrimitive(char.class);
+
+                return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt(convert(item, Integer.class));
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            TypeDescriptor tDescr = new TypeDescriptor(expr, 0);
+            if (tDescr.isArray()) {
+                try {
+                    Class cls = getClassReference((Class) ctx, tDescr, variableFactory, pCtx);
+                    //   rootNode = new StaticReferenceAccessor(cls);
+                    ldcClassConstant(cls);
+                    return cls;
+                }
+                catch (Exception e) {
+                    //fall through
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new CompileException("illegal use of []: unknown type: " + (ctx == null ? null : ctx.getClass().getName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object getCollectionPropertyAO(Object ctx, String prop)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        if (prop.length() > 0) ctx = getBeanProperty(ctx, prop);
+
+        assert debug("\n  **  ENTER -> {collections: " + prop + "; ctx=" + ctx + "}");
+
+        int start = ++cursor;
+
+        whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+        if (cursor == length)
+            throw new CompileException("unterminated '['");
+
+        if (scanTo(']'))
+            throw new CompileException("unterminated '['");
+
+        String tk = new String(expr, start, cursor - start);
+
+        assert debug("{collection token:<<" + tk + ">>}");
+
+        ExecutableStatement compiled = (ExecutableStatement) subCompileExpression(tk.toCharArray());
+        Object item = compiled.getValue(ctx, variableFactory);
+
+        ++cursor;
+
+        if (ctx instanceof Map) {
+            if (hasPropertyHandler(Map.class)) {
+                return propHandlerByteCode(tk, ctx, Map.class);
+            }
+            else {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST java/util/Map");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/util/Map");
+
+                Class c = writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled);
+                if (c != null && c.isPrimitive()) {
+                    wrapPrimitive(c);
+                }
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE: Map.get");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/Map", "get", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+            }
+
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof List) {
+            if (hasPropertyHandler(List.class)) {
+                return propHandlerByteCode(tk, ctx, List.class);
+            }
+            else {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST java/util/List");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/util/List");
+
+                writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled, int.class);
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE: java/util/List.get");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/List", "get", "(I)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                return ((List) ctx).get(convert(item, Integer.class));
+            }
+        }
+        else if (ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            if (hasPropertyHandler(Array.class)) {
+                return propHandlerByteCode(tk, ctx, Array.class);
+            }
+            else {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getDescriptor(ctx.getClass()));
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getDescriptor(ctx.getClass()));
+
+                writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled, int.class, item.getClass());
+
+                Class cls = getBaseComponentType(ctx.getClass());
+                if (cls.isPrimitive()) {
+                    if (cls == int.class) {
+                        assert debug("IALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(IALOAD);
+                    }
+                    else if (cls == char.class) {
+                        assert debug("CALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(CALOAD);
+                    }
+                    else if (cls == boolean.class) {
+                        assert debug("BALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(BALOAD);
+                    }
+                    else if (cls == double.class) {
+                        assert debug("DALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(DALOAD);
+                    }
+                    else if (cls == float.class) {
+                        assert debug("FALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(FALOAD);
+                    }
+                    else if (cls == short.class) {
+                        assert debug("SALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(SALOAD);
+                    }
+                    else if (cls == long.class) {
+                        assert debug("LALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(LALOAD);
+                    }
+                    else if (cls == byte.class) {
+                        assert debug("BALOAD");
+                        mv.visitInsn(BALOAD);
+                    }
+
+                    wrapPrimitive(cls);
+                }
+                else {
+                    assert debug("AALOAD");
+                    mv.visitInsn(AALOAD);
+                }
+
+                return Array.get(ctx, convert(item, Integer.class));
+            }
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof CharSequence) {
+            if (hasPropertyHandler(CharSequence.class)) {
+                return propHandlerByteCode(tk, ctx, CharSequence.class);
+            }
+            else {
+                assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/CharSequence");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/CharSequence");
+
+                if (item instanceof Integer) {
+                    intPush((Integer) item);
+
+                    assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE java/lang/CharSequence.charAt");
+                    mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/lang/CharSequence", "charAt", "(I)C");
+
+                    wrapPrimitive(char.class);
+
+                    return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt((Integer) item);
+                }
+                else {
+                    writeLiteralOrSubexpression(compiled, Integer.class);
+                    unwrapPrimitive(int.class);
+
+                    assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE java/lang/CharSequence.charAt");
+                    mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/lang/CharSequence", "charAt", "(I)C");
+
+                    wrapPrimitive(char.class);
+
+                    return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt(convert(item, Integer.class));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            TypeDescriptor tDescr = new TypeDescriptor(expr, 0);
+            if (tDescr.isArray()) {
+                try {
+                    Class cls = getClassReference((Class) ctx, tDescr, variableFactory, pCtx);
+                    //   rootNode = new StaticReferenceAccessor(cls);
+                    ldcClassConstant(cls);
+                    return cls;
+                }
+                catch (Exception e) {
+                    //fall through
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new CompileException("illegal use of []: unknown type: " + (ctx == null ? null : ctx.getClass().getName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    private Object getMethod(Object ctx, String name)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        assert debug("\n  **  {method: " + name + "}");
+
+        int st = cursor;
+        String tk = cursor != length && expr[cursor] == '(' && ((cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, '(')) - st) > 1 ?
+                new String(expr, st + 1, cursor - st - 1) : "";
+        cursor++;
+
+        Object[] preConvArgs;
+        Object[] args;
+        ExecutableStatement[] es;
+
+        if (tk.length() == 0) {
+            args = preConvArgs = EMPTYARG;
+            es = null;
+        }
+        else {
+            String[] subtokens = parseParameterList(tk.toCharArray(), 0, -1);
+
+            es = new ExecutableStatement[subtokens.length];
+            args = new Object[subtokens.length];
+            preConvArgs = new Object[es.length];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < subtokens.length; i++) {
+                assert debug("subtoken[" + i + "] { " + subtokens[i] + " }");
+                preConvArgs[i] = args[i] = (es[i] = (ExecutableStatement) subCompileExpression(subtokens[i].toCharArray())).getValue(this.ctx, this.thisRef, variableFactory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (first && variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(name)) {
+            Object ptr = variableFactory.getVariableResolver(name).getValue();
+
+            if (ptr instanceof Method) {
+                ctx = ((Method) ptr).getDeclaringClass();
+                name = ((Method) ptr).getName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof MethodStub) {
+                ctx = ((MethodStub) ptr).getClassReference();
+                name = ((MethodStub) ptr).getMethodName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof Function) {
+
+                if (es != null && es.length != 0) {
+                    compiledInputs.addAll(Arrays.asList(es));
+
+                    intPush(es.length);
+
+                    assert debug("ANEWARRAY [" + es.length + "]");
+                    mv.visitTypeInsn(ANEWARRAY, "java/lang/Object");
+
+                    assert debug("ASTORE 4");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ASTORE, 4);
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i < es.length; i++) {
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+                        intPush(i);
+                        loadField(i);
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+                        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+
+                        assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+                        mv.visitIntInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+                        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE ExecutableStatement.getValue");
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement", "getValue",
+                                "(Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                        assert debug("AASTORE");
+                        mv.visitInsn(AASTORE);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    assert debug("ACONST_NULL");
+                    mv.visitInsn(ACONST_NULL);
+
+                    assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Object");
+                    mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                    assert debug("ASTORE 4");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ASTORE, 4);
+                }
+
+                if (variableFactory.isIndexedFactory() && variableFactory.isTarget(name)) {
+                    loadVariableByIndex(variableFactory.variableIndexOf(name));
+                }
+                else {
+                    loadVariableByName(name);
+                }
+
+                checkcast(Function.class);
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 2");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+                assert debug("ALOAD 4");
+                mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 4);
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL Function.call");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL,
+                        getInternalName(Function.class),
+                        "call",
+                        "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+//                Object[] parm = null;
+//
+//                if (es != null) {
+//                    parm = new Object[es.length];
+//                    for (int i = 0; i < es.length; i++) {
+//                        parm[i] = es[i].getValue(ctx, thisRef, variableFactory);
+//                    }
+//                }
+
+                return ((Function) ptr).call(ctx, thisRef, variableFactory, args);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new OptimizationFailure("attempt to optimize a method call for a reference that does not point to a method: "
+                        + name + " (reference is type: " + (ctx != null ? ctx.getClass().getName() : null) + ")");
+            }
+
+            first = false;
+        }
+        else if (returnType != null && returnType.isPrimitive()) {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            wrapPrimitive(returnType);
+        }
+
+        int inputsOffset = compiledInputs.size();
+
+        if (es != null) {
+            for (ExecutableStatement e : es) {
+                if (e instanceof ExecutableLiteral) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                compiledInputs.add(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (first) {
+            assert debug("ALOAD 1 (D) ");
+            mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If the target object is an instance of java.lang.Class itself then do not
+         * adjust the Class scope target.
+         */
+        Class cls = ctx instanceof Class ? (Class) ctx : ctx.getClass();
+
+        Method m;
+        Class[] parameterTypes = null;
+
+        /**
+         * Try to find an instance method from the class target.
+         */
+        if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getMethods(), false)) != null) {
+            parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+        }
+
+        if (m == null) {
+            /**
+             * If we didn't find anything, maybe we're looking for the actual java.lang.Class methods.
+             */
+            if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getClass().getDeclaredMethods(), false)) != null) {
+                parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (m == null) {
+            StringAppender errorBuild = new StringAppender();
+
+            if (parameterTypes != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                    errorBuild.append(parameterTypes[i] != null ? parameterTypes[i].getClass().getName() : null);
+                    if (i < args.length - 1) errorBuild.append(", ");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ("size".equals(name) && args.length == 0 && cls.isArray()) {
+                anyArrayCheck(cls);
+
+                assert debug("ARRAYLENGTH");
+                mv.visitInsn(ARRAYLENGTH);
+
+                wrapPrimitive(int.class);
+                return getLength(ctx);
+            }
+
+            throw new CompileException("unable to resolve method: " + cls.getName() + "." + name + "(" + errorBuild.toString() + ") [arglength=" + args.length + "]");
+        }
+        else {
+            m = getWidenedTarget(m);
+
+            if (es != null) {
+                ExecutableStatement cExpr;
+                for (int i = 0; i < es.length; i++) {
+                    if ((cExpr = es[i]).getKnownIngressType() == null) {
+                        cExpr.setKnownIngressType(parameterTypes[i]);
+                        cExpr.computeTypeConversionRule();
+                    }
+                    if (!cExpr.isConvertableIngressEgress()) {
+                        args[i] = convert(args[i], parameterTypes[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /**
+                 * Coerce any types if required.
+                 */
+                for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                    args[i] = convert(args[i], parameterTypes[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (m.getParameterTypes().length == 0) {
+                if ((m.getModifiers() & STATIC) != 0) {
+                    assert debug("INVOKESTATIC " + m.getName());
+                    mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()), m.getName(), getMethodDescriptor(m));
+                }
+                else {
+                    assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()));
+                    mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()));
+
+                    if (m.getDeclaringClass().isInterface()) {
+                        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE " + m.getName());
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()), m.getName(),
+                                getMethodDescriptor(m));
+
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL " + m.getName());
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()), m.getName(),
+                                getMethodDescriptor(m));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                returnType = m.getReturnType();
+
+                stacksize++;
+            }
+            else {
+                if ((m.getModifiers() & STATIC) == 0) {
+                    assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(cls));
+                    mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(cls));
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < es.length; i++) {
+                    if (es[i] instanceof ExecutableLiteral) {
+                        ExecutableLiteral literal = (ExecutableLiteral) es[i];
+
+                        if (literal.getLiteral() == null) {
+                            assert debug("ICONST_NULL");
+                            mv.visitInsn(ACONST_NULL);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else if (parameterTypes[i] == int.class && literal.intOptimized()) {
+                            intPush(literal.getInteger32());
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else if (parameterTypes[i] == int.class && preConvArgs[i] instanceof Integer) {
+                            intPush((Integer) preConvArgs[i]);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else if (parameterTypes[i] == boolean.class) {
+                            boolean bool = DataConversion.convert(literal.getLiteral(), Boolean.class);
+                            assert debug(bool ? "ICONST_1" : "ICONST_0");
+                            mv.visitInsn(bool ? ICONST_1 : ICONST_0);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            Object lit = literal.getLiteral();
+
+                            if (parameterTypes[i] == Object.class) {
+                                if (isPrimitiveWrapper(lit.getClass())) {
+                                    if (lit.getClass() == Integer.class) {
+                                        intPush((Integer) lit);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        assert debug("LDC " + lit);
+                                        mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+                                    }
+
+                                    wrapPrimitive(lit.getClass());
+                                }
+                                else if (lit instanceof String) {
+                                    mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+                                    checkcast(Object.class);
+                                }
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            else if (canConvert(parameterTypes[i], lit.getClass())) {
+                                assert debug("LDC " + lit + " (" + lit.getClass().getName() + ")");
+                                mv.visitLdcInsn(convert(lit, parameterTypes[i]));
+
+                                if (isPrimitiveWrapper(parameterTypes[i])) {
+                                    wrapPrimitive(lit.getClass());
+                                }
+
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+
+                    assert debug("GETFIELD p" + inputsOffset);
+                    mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, className, "p" + inputsOffset, "L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;");
+
+                    inputsOffset++;
+
+                    assert debug("ALOAD 2");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);
+
+                    assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+                    assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE ExecutableStatement.getValue");
+                    mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, getInternalName(ExecutableStatement.class), "getValue",
+                            "(Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                    if (parameterTypes[i].isPrimitive()) {
+                        if (preConvArgs[i] == null ||
+                                (parameterTypes[i] != String.class &&
+                                        !parameterTypes[i].isAssignableFrom(preConvArgs[i].getClass()))) {
+
+                            ldcClassConstant(getWrapperClass(parameterTypes[i]));
+
+                            assert debug("INVOKESTATIC DataConversion.convert");
+                            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, NAMESPACE + "DataConversion", "convert",
+                                    "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Class;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+                        }
+
+                        unwrapPrimitive(parameterTypes[i]);
+                    }
+                    else if (preConvArgs[i] == null ||
+                            (parameterTypes[i] != String.class &&
+                                    !parameterTypes[i].isAssignableFrom(preConvArgs[i].getClass()))) {
+
+                        ldcClassConstant(parameterTypes[i]);
+
+                        assert debug("INVOKESTATIC DataConversion.convert");
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, NAMESPACE + "DataConversion", "convert",
+                                "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Class;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                        assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(parameterTypes[i]));
+                        mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(parameterTypes[i]));
+                    }
+                    else if (parameterTypes[i] == String.class) {
+                        assert debug("<<<DYNAMIC TYPE OPTIMIZATION STRING>>");
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/String", "valueOf", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/String;");
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        assert debug("<<<DYNAMIC TYPING BYPASS>>>");
+                        assert debug("<<<OPT. JUSTIFICATION " + parameterTypes[i] + "=" + preConvArgs[i].getClass() + ">>>");
+
+                        assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(parameterTypes[i]));
+                        mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(parameterTypes[i]));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ((m.getModifiers() & STATIC) != 0) {
+                    assert debug("INVOKESTATIC: " + m.getName());
+                    mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()), m.getName(), getMethodDescriptor(m));
+                }
+                else {
+                    if (m.getDeclaringClass() != cls && m.getDeclaringClass().isInterface()) {
+                        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE: " + getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()) + "." + m.getName());
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, getInternalName(m.getDeclaringClass()), m.getName(),
+                                getMethodDescriptor(m));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL: " + getInternalName(cls) + "." + m.getName());
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, getInternalName(cls), m.getName(),
+                                getMethodDescriptor(m));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                returnType = m.getReturnType();
+
+                stacksize++;
+            }
+
+            Object o = m.invoke(ctx, args);
+
+            if (hasNullMethodHandler()) {
+                writeOutNullHandler(m, 1);
+                if (o == null) o = getNullMethodHandler().getProperty(m.getName(), ctx, variableFactory);
+            }
+
+            return o;
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dataConversion(Class target) {
+        if (target.equals(Object.class)) return;
+
+        ldcClassConstant(target);
+        assert debug("INVOKESTATIC " + NAMESPACE + "DataConversion.convert");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, NAMESPACE + "DataConversion", "convert", "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Class;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+    }
+
+    private static MVELClassLoader classLoader;
+
+    public static void setMVELClassLoader(MVELClassLoader cl) {
+        classLoader = cl;
+    }
+
+    public static MVELClassLoader getMVELClassLoader() {
+        return classLoader;
+    }
+
+    public void init() {
+        try {
+            classLoader = new JITClassLoader(currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private java.lang.Class loadClass(String className, byte[] b) throws Exception {
+        /**
+         * This must be synchronized.  Two classes cannot be simultaneously deployed in the JVM.
+         */
+
+        return classLoader.defineClassX(className, b, 0, b.length);
+    }
+
+    private boolean debug(String instruction) {
+        if (buildLog != null) {
+            buildLog.append(instruction).append("\n");
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"SameReturnValue"})
+    public String getName() {
+        return "ASM";
+    }
+
+    public Object getResultOptPass() {
+        return val;
+    }
+
+    private Class getWrapperClass(Class cls) {
+        if (cls == boolean.class) {
+            return Boolean.class;
+        }
+        else if (cls == int.class) {
+            return Integer.class;
+        }
+        else if (cls == float.class) {
+            return Float.class;
+        }
+        else if (cls == double.class) {
+            return Double.class;
+        }
+        else if (cls == short.class) {
+            return Short.class;
+        }
+        else if (cls == long.class) {
+            return Long.class;
+        }
+        else if (cls == byte.class) {
+            return Byte.class;
+        }
+        else if (cls == char.class) {
+            return Character.class;
+        }
+
+        return cls;
+    }
+
+    private void unwrapPrimitive(Class cls) {
+        if (cls == boolean.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Boolean");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Boolean");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Boolean.booleanValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Boolean", "booleanValue", "()Z");
+        }
+        else if (cls == int.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Integer");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Integer");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Integer.intValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Integer", "intValue", "()I");
+        }
+        else if (cls == float.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Float");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Float");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Float.floatValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Float", "floatValue", "()F");
+        }
+        else if (cls == double.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Double");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Double");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Double.doubleValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Double", "doubleValue", "()D");
+        }
+        else if (cls == short.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Short");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Short");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Short.shortValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Short", "shortValue", "()S");
+        }
+        else if (cls == long.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Long");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Long");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Long.longValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Long", "longValue", "()J");
+        }
+        else if (cls == byte.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Byte");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Byte");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Byte.byteValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Byte", "byteValue", "()B");
+        }
+        else if (cls == char.class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST java/lang/Character");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/lang/Character");
+            assert debug("INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Character.charValue");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Character", "charValue", "()C");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void wrapPrimitive(Class<? extends Object> cls) {
+        if (OPCODES_VERSION == Opcodes.V1_4) {
+            /**
+             * JAVA 1.4 SUCKS!  DIE 1.4 DIE!!!
+             */
+
+            debug("** Using 1.4 Bytecode **");
+
+            if (cls == boolean.class || cls == Boolean.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Boolean");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Boolean");
+
+                debug("DUP X1");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+
+                debug("SWAP");
+                mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Boolan.<init>::(Z)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Boolean", "<init>", "(Z)V");
+
+           //     returnType = Boolean.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == int.class || cls == Integer.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Integer");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Integer");
+
+                debug("DUP X1");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+
+                debug("SWAP");
+                mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Integer.<init>::(I)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Integer", "<init>", "(I)V");
+
+           //     returnType = Integer.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == float.class || cls == Float.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Float");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Float");
+
+                debug("DUP X1");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+
+                debug("SWAP");
+                mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Float.<init>::(F)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Float", "<init>", "(F)V");
+
+        //        returnType = Float.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == double.class || cls == Double.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Double");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Double");
+
+                debug("DUP X2");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X2);
+
+                debug("DUP X2");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X2);
+
+                debug("POP");
+                mv.visitInsn(POP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Double.<init>::(D)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Double", "<init>", "(D)V");
+
+        //        returnType = Double.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == short.class || cls == Short.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Short");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Short");
+
+                debug("DUP X1");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+
+                debug("SWAP");
+                mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Short.<init>::(S)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Short", "<init>", "(S)V");
+
+         //       returnType = Short.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == long.class || cls == Long.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Long");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Long");
+
+                debug("DUP X1");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+
+                debug("SWAP");
+                mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Long.<init>::(L)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Float", "<init>", "(L)V");
+
+         //       returnType = Long.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == byte.class || cls == Byte.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Byte");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Byte");
+
+                debug("DUP X1");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+
+                debug("SWAP");
+                mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Byte.<init>::(B)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Byte", "<init>", "(B)V");
+
+         //       returnType = Byte.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == char.class || cls == Character.class) {
+                debug("NEW java/lang/Character");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/Character");
+
+                debug("DUP X1");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+
+                debug("SWAP");
+                mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+
+                debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Character.<init>::(C)V");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Character", "<init>", "(C)V");
+
+         //       returnType = Character.class;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (cls == boolean.class || cls == Boolean.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Boolean.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Boolean", "valueOf", "(Z)Ljava/lang/Boolean;");
+         //       returnType = Boolean.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == int.class || cls == Integer.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Integer.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Integer", "valueOf", "(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;");
+         //       returnType = Integer.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == float.class || cls == Float.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Float.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Float", "valueOf", "(F)Ljava/lang/Float;");
+          //      returnType = Float.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == double.class || cls == Double.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Double.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Double", "valueOf", "(D)Ljava/lang/Double;");
+           //     returnType = Double.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == short.class || cls == Short.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Short.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Short", "valueOf", "(S)Ljava/lang/Short;");
+           //     returnType = Short.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == long.class || cls == Long.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Long.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Long", "valueOf", "(J)Ljava/lang/Long;");
+           //     returnType = Long.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == byte.class || cls == Byte.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Byte.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Byte", "valueOf", "(B)Ljava/lang/Byte;");
+           //     returnType = Byte.class;
+            }
+            else if (cls == char.class || cls == Character.class) {
+                debug("INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Character.valueOf");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Character", "valueOf", "(C)Ljava/lang/Character;");
+           //     returnType = Character.class;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void anyArrayCheck(Class<? extends Object> cls) {
+        if (cls == boolean[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [Z");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[Z");
+        }
+        else if (cls == int[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [I");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[I");
+        }
+        else if (cls == float[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [F");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[F");
+        }
+        else if (cls == double[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [D");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[D");
+        }
+        else if (cls == short[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [S");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[S");
+        }
+        else if (cls == long[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [J");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[J");
+        }
+        else if (cls == byte[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [B");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[B");
+        }
+        else if (cls == char[].class) {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [C");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[C");
+        }
+        else {
+            assert debug("CHECKCAST [Ljava/lang/Object;");
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "[Ljava/lang/Object;");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeOutLiteralWrapped(Object lit) {
+        if (lit instanceof Integer) {
+            intPush((Integer) lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(int.class);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        assert debug("LDC " + lit);
+        if (lit instanceof String) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+        }
+        else if (lit instanceof Long) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(long.class);
+        }
+        else if (lit instanceof Float) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(float.class);
+        }
+        else if (lit instanceof Double) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(double.class);
+        }
+        else if (lit instanceof Short) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(short.class);
+        }
+        else if (lit instanceof Character) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(char.class);
+        }
+        else if (lit instanceof Boolean) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(boolean.class);
+        }
+        else if (lit instanceof Byte) {
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(lit);
+            wrapPrimitive(byte.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void arrayStore(Class cls) {
+        if (cls.isPrimitive()) {
+            if (cls == int.class) {
+                assert debug("IASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(IASTORE);
+            }
+            else if (cls == char.class) {
+                assert debug("CASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(CASTORE);
+            }
+            else if (cls == boolean.class) {
+                assert debug("BASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(BASTORE);
+            }
+            else if (cls == double.class) {
+                assert debug("DASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(DASTORE);
+            }
+            else if (cls == float.class) {
+                assert debug("FASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(FASTORE);
+            }
+            else if (cls == short.class) {
+                assert debug("SASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(SASTORE);
+            }
+            else if (cls == long.class) {
+                assert debug("LASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(LASTORE);
+            }
+            else if (cls == byte.class) {
+                assert debug("BASTORE");
+                mv.visitInsn(BASTORE);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            assert debug("AASTORE");
+            mv.visitInsn(AASTORE);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void wrapRuntimeConverstion(Class toType) {
+        ldcClassConstant(getWrapperClass(toType));
+
+        assert debug("INVOKESTATIC DataConversion.convert");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "" + NAMESPACE + "DataConversion", "convert",
+                "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Class;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+    }
+
+
+    private void addSubstatement(ExecutableStatement stmt) {
+        compiledInputs.add(stmt);
+
+        assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+
+        assert debug("GETFIELD p" + (compiledInputs.size() - 1));
+        mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, className, "p" + (compiledInputs.size() - 1), "L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;");
+
+        assert debug("ALOAD 2");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);
+
+        assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE ExecutableStatement.getValue");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, getInternalName(ExecutableStatement.class), "getValue",
+                "(Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+    }
+
+
+    private void loadVariableByName(String name) {
+        assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+        assert debug("LDC \"" + name + "\"");
+        mv.visitLdcInsn(name);
+
+        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE " + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory.getVariableResolver");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory",
+                "getVariableResolver", "(Ljava/lang/String;)L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolver;");
+
+        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE " + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolver.getValue");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolver",
+                "getValue", "()Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+        returnType = Object.class;
+    }
+
+    private void loadVariableByIndex(int pos) {
+        assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+        assert debug("PUSH IDX VAL =" + pos);
+        intPush(pos);
+
+        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE " + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory.getIndexedVariableResolver");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory",
+                "getIndexedVariableResolver", "(I)L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolver;");
+
+        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE " + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolver.getValue");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolver",
+                "getValue", "()Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+        returnType = Object.class;
+    }
+
+    private void loadField(int number) {
+        assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+
+        assert debug("GETFIELD p" + number);
+        mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, className, "p" + number, "L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;");
+    }
+
+    private void ldcClassConstant(Class cls) {
+        if (OPCODES_VERSION == Opcodes.V1_4) {
+            assert debug("LDC \"" + cls.getName() + "\"");
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(cls.getName());
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/Class", "forName", "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Class;");
+            Label l4 = new Label();
+            mv.visitJumpInsn(GOTO, l4);
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, "java/lang/NoClassDefFoundError");
+            mv.visitInsn(DUP_X1);
+            mv.visitInsn(SWAP);
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/lang/Throwable", "getMessage", "()Ljava/lang/String;");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/NoClassDefFoundError", "<init>", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V");
+            mv.visitInsn(ATHROW);
+            mv.visitLabel(l4);
+        }
+        else {
+            assert debug("LDC " + getType(cls));
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(getType(cls));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void buildInputs() {
+        if (compiledInputs.size() == 0) return;
+
+        assert debug("\n{SETTING UP MEMBERS...}\n");
+
+        StringAppender constSig = new StringAppender("(");
+        int size = compiledInputs.size();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            assert debug("ACC_PRIVATE p" + i);
+            cw.visitField(ACC_PRIVATE, "p" + i, "L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;", null, null).visitEnd();
+
+            constSig.append("L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;");
+        }
+        constSig.append(")V");
+
+        assert debug("\n{CREATING INJECTION CONSTRUCTOR}\n");
+
+        MethodVisitor cv = cw.visitMethod(ACC_PUBLIC, "<init>", constSig.toString(), null, null);
+        cv.visitCode();
+        assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+        cv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+        assert debug("INVOKESPECIAL java/lang/Object.<init>");
+        cv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Object", "<init>", "()V");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+            cv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+            assert debug("ALOAD " + (i + 1));
+            cv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, i + 1);
+            assert debug("PUTFIELD p" + i);
+            cv.visitFieldInsn(PUTFIELD, className, "p" + i, "L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;");
+        }
+
+        assert debug("RETURN");
+        cv.visitInsn(RETURN);
+        cv.visitMaxs(0, 0);
+        cv.visitEnd();
+
+        assert debug("}");
+    }
+
+    private static final int ARRAY = 0;
+    private static final int LIST = 1;
+    private static final int MAP = 2;
+    private static final int VAL = 3;
+
+    private int _getAccessor(Object o, Class type) {
+        if (o instanceof List) {
+            assert debug("NEW " + LIST_IMPL);
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, LIST_IMPL);
+
+            assert debug("DUP");
+            mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+            assert debug("DUP");
+            mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+            intPush(((List) o).size());
+            assert debug("INVOKESPECIAL " + LIST_IMPL + ".<init>");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, LIST_IMPL, "<init>", "(I)V");
+
+            for (Object item : (List) o) {
+                if (_getAccessor(item, type) != VAL) {
+                    assert debug("POP");
+                    mv.visitInsn(POP);
+                }
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE java/util/List.add");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/List", "add", "(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z");
+
+                assert debug("POP");
+                mv.visitInsn(POP);
+
+                assert debug("DUP");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+            }
+
+            returnType = List.class;
+
+            return LIST;
+        }
+        else if (o instanceof Map) {
+            assert debug("NEW " + MAP_IMPL);
+            mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, MAP_IMPL);
+
+            assert debug("DUP");
+            mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+            assert debug("DUP");
+            mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+            intPush(((Map) o).size());
+
+            assert debug("INVOKESPECIAL " + MAP_IMPL + ".<init>");
+            mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, MAP_IMPL, "<init>", "(I)V");
+
+            for (Object item : ((Map) o).keySet()) {
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, "java/util/Map");
+
+                if (_getAccessor(item, type) != VAL) {
+                    assert debug("POP");
+                    mv.visitInsn(POP);
+                }
+                if (_getAccessor(((Map) o).get(item), type) != VAL) {
+                    assert debug("POP");
+                    mv.visitInsn(POP);
+                }
+
+                assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE java/util/Map.put");
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "java/util/Map", "put", "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                assert debug("POP");
+                mv.visitInsn(POP);
+
+                assert debug("DUP");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+            }
+
+            returnType = Map.class;
+
+            return MAP;
+        }
+        else if (o instanceof Object[]) {
+            Accessor[] a = new Accessor[((Object[]) o).length];
+            int i = 0;
+            int dim = 0;
+
+            if (type != null) {
+                String nm = type.getName();
+                while (nm.charAt(dim) == '[') dim++;
+            }
+            else {
+                type = Object[].class;
+                dim = 1;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                intPush(((Object[]) o).length);
+                assert debug("ANEWARRAY " + getInternalName(getSubComponentType(type)) + " (" + ((Object[]) o).length + ")");
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(ANEWARRAY, getInternalName(getSubComponentType(type)));
+
+                Class cls = dim > 1 ? findClass(null, repeatChar('[', dim - 1) + "L" + getBaseComponentType(type).getName() + ";", pCtx)
+                        : type;
+
+
+                assert debug("DUP");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+                for (Object item : (Object[]) o) {
+                    intPush(i);
+
+                    if (_getAccessor(item, cls) != VAL) {
+                        assert debug("POP");
+                        mv.visitInsn(POP);
+                    }
+
+                    assert debug("AASTORE (" + o.hashCode() + ")");
+                    mv.visitInsn(AASTORE);
+
+                    assert debug("DUP");
+                    mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+                    i++;
+                }
+
+            }
+            catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("this error should never throw:" + getBaseComponentType(type).getName(), e);
+            }
+
+            return ARRAY;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (type.isArray()) {
+                writeLiteralOrSubexpression(subCompileExpression(((String) o).toCharArray()), getSubComponentType(type));
+            }
+            else {
+                writeLiteralOrSubexpression(subCompileExpression(((String) o).toCharArray()));
+            }
+            return VAL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Class writeLiteralOrSubexpression(Object stmt) {
+        return writeLiteralOrSubexpression(stmt, null, null);
+    }
+
+    private Class writeLiteralOrSubexpression(Object stmt, Class desiredTarget) {
+        return writeLiteralOrSubexpression(stmt, desiredTarget, null);
+    }
+
+    private Class writeLiteralOrSubexpression(Object stmt, Class desiredTarget, Class knownIngressType) {
+        if (stmt instanceof ExecutableLiteral) {
+            Class type = ((ExecutableLiteral) stmt).getLiteral().getClass();
+
+            assert debug("*** type:" + type + ";desired:" + desiredTarget);
+
+            if (type == Integer.class && desiredTarget == int.class) {
+                intPush(((ExecutableLiteral) stmt).getInteger32());
+                type = int.class;
+            }
+            else if (desiredTarget != null && desiredTarget != type) {
+                assert debug("*** Converting because desiredType(" + desiredTarget.getClass() + ") is not: " + type);
+
+
+                if (!DataConversion.canConvert(type, desiredTarget)) {
+                    throw new CompileException("was expecting type: " + desiredTarget.getName() + "; but found type: " + type.getName());
+                }
+                writeOutLiteralWrapped(convert(((ExecutableLiteral) stmt).getLiteral(), desiredTarget));
+            }
+
+            else {
+                writeOutLiteralWrapped(((ExecutableLiteral) stmt).getLiteral());
+            }
+
+            return type;
+        }
+        else {
+            literal = false;
+
+            addSubstatement((ExecutableStatement) stmt);
+
+            Class type;
+            if (knownIngressType == null) {
+                type = ((ExecutableStatement) stmt).getKnownEgressType();
+            }
+            else {
+                type = knownIngressType;
+            }
+
+            if (desiredTarget != null && type != desiredTarget) {
+                if (desiredTarget.isPrimitive()) {
+                    if (type == null) throw new OptimizationFailure("cannot optimize expression: " + new String(expr) +
+                            ": cannot determine ingress type for primitive output");
+
+                    checkcast(type);
+                    unwrapPrimitive(desiredTarget);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return type;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addPrintOut(String text) {
+        mv.visitFieldInsn(GETSTATIC, "java/lang/System", "out", "Ljava/io/PrintStream;");
+        mv.visitLdcInsn(text);
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/io/PrintStream", "println", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V");
+    }
+
+
+    public Accessor optimizeCollection(Object o, Class type, char[] property, Object ctx, Object thisRef, VariableResolverFactory factory) {
+        this.cursor = 0;
+        this.returnType = type;
+        if (property != null) this.length = (this.expr = property).length;
+        this.compiledInputs = new ArrayList<ExecutableStatement>();
+
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.thisRef = thisRef;
+        this.variableFactory = factory;
+
+        _initJIT();
+
+        literal = true;
+
+        _getAccessor(o, type);
+
+
+        _finishJIT();
+
+        try {
+            Accessor compiledAccessor = _initializeAccessor();
+
+            if (property != null && property.length > 0) {
+                return new Union(compiledAccessor, property);
+            }
+            else {
+                return compiledAccessor;
+            }
+
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new OptimizationFailure("could not optimize collection", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkcast(Class cls) {
+        assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(cls));
+        mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(cls));
+    }
+
+    private void intPush(int index) {
+        if (index < 6) {
+            switch (index) {
+                case 0:
+                    assert debug("ICONST_0");
+                    mv.visitInsn(ICONST_0);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    assert debug("ICONST_1");
+                    mv.visitInsn(ICONST_1);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    assert debug("ICONST_2");
+                    mv.visitInsn(ICONST_2);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    assert debug("ICONST_3");
+                    mv.visitInsn(ICONST_3);
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    assert debug("ICONST_4");
+                    mv.visitInsn(ICONST_4);
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    assert debug("ICONST_5");
+                    mv.visitInsn(ICONST_5);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (index > -127 && index < 128) {
+            assert debug("BIPUSH " + index);
+            mv.visitIntInsn(BIPUSH, index);
+        }
+        else if (index > Short.MAX_VALUE) {
+            assert debug("LDC " + index);
+            mv.visitLdcInsn(index);
+        }
+        else {
+            assert debug("SIPUSH " + index);
+            mv.visitIntInsn(SIPUSH, index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Accessor optimizeObjectCreation(ParserContext pCtx, char[] property, Object ctx, Object thisRef, VariableResolverFactory factory) {
+        _initJIT();
+
+        compiledInputs = new ArrayList<ExecutableStatement>();
+        this.length = (this.expr = property).length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.thisRef = thisRef;
+        this.variableFactory = factory;
+        this.pCtx = pCtx;
+
+        String[] cnsRes = captureContructorAndResidual(property);
+        String[] constructorParms = parseMethodOrConstructor(cnsRes[0].toCharArray());
+
+        try {
+            if (constructorParms != null) {
+                for (String constructorParm : constructorParms) {
+                    compiledInputs.add((ExecutableStatement) subCompileExpression(constructorParm.toCharArray()));
+                }
+
+                Class cls = findClass(factory, new String(subset(property, 0, findFirst('(', property))), pCtx);
+
+                assert debug("NEW " + getInternalName(cls));
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, getInternalName(cls));
+                assert debug("DUP");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+                Object[] parms = new Object[constructorParms.length];
+
+                int i = 0;
+                for (ExecutableStatement es : compiledInputs) {
+                    parms[i++] = es.getValue(ctx, factory);
+                }
+
+                Constructor cns = getBestConstructorCanadidate(parms, cls);
+
+                if (cns == null)
+                    throw new CompileException("unable to find constructor for: " + cls.getName());
+
+                this.returnType = cns.getDeclaringClass();
+
+                Class tg;
+                for (i = 0; i < constructorParms.length; i++) {
+                    assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+                    assert debug("GETFIELD p" + i);
+                    mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, className, "p" + i, "L" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement;");
+                    assert debug("ALOAD 2");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 2);
+                    assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+                    mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+                    assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE " + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement.getValue");
+                    mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, "" + NAMESPACE + "compiler/ExecutableStatement", "getValue", "(Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                    tg = cns.getParameterTypes()[i].isPrimitive()
+                            ? getWrapperClass(cns.getParameterTypes()[i]) : cns.getParameterTypes()[i];
+
+                    if (parms[i] != null && !parms[i].getClass().isAssignableFrom(cns.getParameterTypes()[i])) {
+                        ldcClassConstant(tg);
+
+                        assert debug("INVOKESTATIC " + NAMESPACE + "DataConversion.convert");
+                        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, "" + NAMESPACE + "DataConversion", "convert", "(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Class;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+                        if (cns.getParameterTypes()[i].isPrimitive()) {
+                            unwrapPrimitive(cns.getParameterTypes()[i]);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(tg));
+                            mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(tg));
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        assert debug("CHECKCAST " + getInternalName(cns.getParameterTypes()[i]));
+                        mv.visitTypeInsn(CHECKCAST, getInternalName(cns.getParameterTypes()[i]));
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                assert debug("INVOKESPECIAL " + getInternalName(cls) + ".<init> : " + getConstructorDescriptor(cns));
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, getInternalName(cls), "<init>", getConstructorDescriptor(cns));
+
+                _finishJIT();
+
+                Accessor acc = _initializeAccessor();
+
+                if (cnsRes.length > 1 && cnsRes[1] != null && !cnsRes[1].trim().equals("")) {
+                    return new Union(acc, cnsRes[1].toCharArray());
+                }
+
+                return acc;
+            }
+            else {
+                Class cls = findClass(factory, new String(property), pCtx);
+
+                assert debug("NEW " + getInternalName(cls));
+                mv.visitTypeInsn(NEW, getInternalName(cls));
+                assert debug("DUP");
+                mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+                Constructor cns = cls.getConstructor(EMPTYCLS);
+
+                assert debug("INVOKESPECIAL <init>");
+
+                mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESPECIAL, getInternalName(cls), "<init>", getConstructorDescriptor(cns));
+
+                _finishJIT();
+                Accessor acc = _initializeAccessor();
+
+                if (cnsRes.length > 1 && cnsRes[1] != null && !cnsRes[1].trim().equals("")) {
+                    return new Union(acc, cnsRes[1].toCharArray());
+                }
+
+                return acc;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new CompileException("class or class reference not found: " + new String(property));
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new OptimizationFailure("could not optimize construtor: " + new String(property), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Class getEgressType() {
+        return returnType;
+    }
+
+    private void dumpAdvancedDebugging() {
+        if (buildLog == null) return;
+
+        System.out.println("JIT Compiler Dump for: <<" + (expr == null ? null : new String(expr)) + ">>\n-------------------------------\n");
+        System.out.println(buildLog.toString());
+        System.out.println("\n<END OF DUMP>\n");
+        if (MVEL.isFileDebugging()) {
+            try {
+                FileWriter writer = ParseTools.getDebugFileWriter();
+                writer.write(buildLog.toString());
+                writer.flush();
+                writer.close();
+            }
+            catch (IOException e) {
+                //empty
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object propHandlerByteCode(String property, Object ctx, Class handler) {
+        PropertyHandler ph = getPropertyHandler(handler);
+        if (ph instanceof ProducesBytecode) {
+            assert debug("<<3rd-Party Code Generation>>");
+            ((ProducesBytecode) ph).produceBytecodeGet(mv, property, variableFactory);
+            return ph.getProperty(property, ctx, variableFactory);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("unable to compile: custom accessor does not support producing bytecode: "
+                    + ph.getClass().getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void propHandlerByteCodePut(String property, Object ctx, Class handler, Object value) {
+        PropertyHandler ph = getPropertyHandler(handler);
+        if (ph instanceof ProducesBytecode) {
+            assert debug("<<3rd-Party Code Generation>>");
+            ((ProducesBytecode) ph).produceBytecodePut(mv, property, variableFactory);
+            ph.setProperty(property, ctx, variableFactory, value);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("unable to compile: custom accessor does not support producing bytecode: "
+                    + ph.getClass().getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeOutNullHandler(Member member, int type) {
+
+        assert debug("DUP");
+        mv.visitInsn(DUP);
+
+        Label j = new Label();
+
+        assert debug("IFNONNULL : jump");
+        mv.visitJumpInsn(IFNONNULL, j);
+
+        assert debug("POP");
+        mv.visitInsn(POP);
+
+        assert debug("ALOAD 0");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
+
+        if (type == 0) {
+            this.propNull = true;
+
+            assert debug("GETFIELD 'nullPropertyHandler'");
+            mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, className, "nullPropertyHandler", "L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/PropertyHandler;");
+        }
+        else {
+            this.methNull = true;
+
+            assert debug("GETFIELD 'nullMethodHandler'");
+            mv.visitFieldInsn(GETFIELD, className, "nullMethodHandler", "L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/PropertyHandler;");
+        }
+
+
+        assert debug("LDC '" + member.getName() + "'");
+        mv.visitLdcInsn(member.getName());
+
+        assert debug("ALOAD 1");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 1);
+
+        assert debug("ALOAD 3");
+        mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 3);
+
+        assert debug("INVOKEINTERFACE PropertyHandler.getProperty");
+        mv.visitMethodInsn(INVOKEINTERFACE, NAMESPACE + "integration/PropertyHandler", "getProperty", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;L" + NAMESPACE + "integration/VariableResolverFactory;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
+
+        assert debug("LABEL:jump");
+        mv.visitLabel(j);
+
+    }
+
+    public boolean isLiteralOnly() {
+        return literal;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getParserContext()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 781.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object ASMAccessorOptimizer.getWithProperty(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel2.optimizers.impl.asm.ASMAccessorOptimizer.getWithProperty(java.lang.Object):java.lang.Objec.57fdd8c89bdc276003baa39ba14a014c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel2/optimizers/impl/asm/ASMAccessorOptimizer.java
+
+### Key:
+ASMAccessorOptimizer.java|getWithProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+47f2d0ef496d30bd503b09c479d529ba
+
+### Hash:
+f2a637460133b601d65e3f2a72a93747
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4744/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4744/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dffd340e2ce15d479cbeebf2e2f5dfd63dcb2340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4744/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2590 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 57
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.mvel2.compiler;
+
+import org.mvel2.*;
+import static org.mvel2.Operator.*;
+import org.mvel2.ast.*;
+import static org.mvel2.ast.TypeDescriptor.getClassReference;
+import org.mvel2.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ArrayTools.findFirst;
+import org.mvel2.util.ExecutionStack;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ParseTools.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.isEmpty;
+import org.mvel2.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import static java.lang.Boolean.FALSE;
+import static java.lang.Boolean.TRUE;
+import static java.lang.Double.parseDouble;
+import static java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime;
+import static java.lang.System.getProperty;
+import static java.lang.Thread.currentThread;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+
+/**
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class AbstractParser implements Serializable {
+    protected char[] expr;
+    protected int cursor;
+    protected int start;
+    protected int length;
+    protected int fields;
+
+    protected static final int OP_OVERFLOW = -2;
+    protected static final int OP_TERMINATE = -1;
+    protected static final int OP_RESET_FRAME = 0;
+    protected static final int OP_CONTINUE = 1;
+
+    protected boolean greedy = true;
+    protected boolean lastWasIdentifier = false;
+    protected boolean lastWasLineLabel = false;
+    protected boolean lastWasComment = false;
+    protected boolean literalOnly = true;
+
+    protected boolean debugSymbols = false;
+
+    protected int lastLineStart = -1;
+    protected int line = 1;
+
+    protected ASTNode lastNode;
+
+    private static Map<String, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+
+    public static final Map<String, Object> LITERALS =
+            new HashMap<String, Object>(35 * 2, 0.4f);
+
+    public static final Map<String, Integer> OPERATORS =
+            new HashMap<String, Integer>(25 * 2, 0.4f);
+
+    protected ExecutionStack stk;
+    protected ExecutionStack splitAccumulator = new ExecutionStack();
+
+    protected static ThreadLocal<ParserContext> parserContext;
+    protected ParserContext pCtx;
+    protected ExecutionStack dStack;
+    protected Object ctx;
+    protected VariableResolverFactory variableFactory;
+
+    static {
+        configureFactory();
+        /**
+         * Setup the basic literals
+         */
+        LITERALS.put("true", TRUE);
+        LITERALS.put("false", FALSE);
+
+        LITERALS.put("null", null);
+        LITERALS.put("nil", null);
+
+        LITERALS.put("empty", BlankLiteral.INSTANCE);
+
+        /**
+         * Add System and all the class wrappers from the JCL.
+         */
+        LITERALS.put("System", System.class);
+        LITERALS.put("String", String.class);
+        LITERALS.put("CharSequence", CharSequence.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Integer", Integer.class);
+        LITERALS.put("int", Integer.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Long", Long.class);
+        LITERALS.put("long", Long.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Boolean", Boolean.class);
+        LITERALS.put("boolean", Boolean.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Short", Short.class);
+        LITERALS.put("short", Short.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Character", Character.class);
+        LITERALS.put("char", Character.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Double", Double.class);
+        LITERALS.put("double", Double.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Float", Float.class);
+        LITERALS.put("float", Float.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Math", Math.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Void", Void.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Object", Object.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Class", Class.class);
+        LITERALS.put("ClassLoader", ClassLoader.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Runtime", Runtime.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Thread", Thread.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Compiler", Compiler.class);
+        LITERALS.put("StringBuffer", StringBuffer.class);
+        LITERALS.put("ThreadLocal", ThreadLocal.class);
+        LITERALS.put("SecurityManager", SecurityManager.class);
+        LITERALS.put("StrictMath", StrictMath.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Array", java.lang.reflect.Array.class);
+
+        if (parseDouble(getProperty("java.version").substring(0, 3)) >= 1.5) {
+            try {
+                LITERALS.put("StringBuilder", currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass("java.lang.StringBuilder"));
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("cannot resolve a built-in literal", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        setLanguageLevel(5);
+    }
+
+    public static void configureFactory() {
+        EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<String, char[]>(15));
+    }
+
+    protected ASTNode nextTokenSkipSymbols() {
+        ASTNode n = nextToken();
+        if (n != null && n.getFields() == -1) n = nextToken();
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the next token in the expression.
+     *
+     * @return -
+     */
+    protected ASTNode nextToken() {
+        try {
+            /**
+             * If the cursor is at the end of the expression, we have nothing more to do:
+             * return null.
+             */
+            if (cursor >= length) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            else if (!splitAccumulator.isEmpty()) {
+                return lastNode = (ASTNode) splitAccumulator.pop();
+            }
+
+            int brace, idx;
+            start = cursor;
+
+            char[] tmp;
+            String name;
+
+            /**
+             * Because of parser recursion for sub-expression parsing, we sometimes need to remain
+             * certain field states.  We do not reset for assignments, boolean mode, list creation or
+             * a capture only mode.
+             */
+
+            boolean capture = false, union = false;
+
+            pCtx = getParserContext();
+
+            if (debugSymbols) {
+                if (!lastWasLineLabel) {
+                    if (pCtx.getSourceFile() == null) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unable to produce debugging symbols: source name must be provided.");
+                    }
+
+                    line = pCtx.getLineCount();
+
+                    skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+
+                    if (!pCtx.isKnownLine(pCtx.getSourceFile(), pCtx.setLineCount(line)) && !pCtx.isBlockSymbols()) {
+                        lastWasLineLabel = true;
+                        pCtx.setLineAndOffset(line, cursor);
+                        return lastNode = pCtx.setLastLineLabel(new LineLabel(pCtx.getSourceFile(), line));
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    lastWasComment = lastWasLineLabel = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Skip any whitespace currently under the starting point.
+             */
+            while (start != length && isWhitespace(expr[start])) start++;
+
+            /**
+             * From here to the end of the method is the core MVEL parsing code.  Fiddling around here is asking for
+             * trouble unless you really know what you're doing.
+             */
+            for (cursor = start; cursor != length;) {
+                if (isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor])) {
+                    /**
+                     * If the current character under the cursor is a valid
+                     * part of an identifier, we keep capturing.
+                     */
+                    capture = true;
+                    cursor++;
+                }
+                else if (capture) {
+                    String t;
+                    if (OPERATORS.containsKey(t = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))) {
+                        switch (OPERATORS.get(t)) {
+                            case NEW:
+                                if (!isIdentifierPart(expr[start = cursor = trimRight(cursor)])) {
+                                    throw new CompileException("unexpected character (expected identifier): "
+                                            + expr[cursor], expr, cursor);
+                                }
+
+                                /**
+                                 * Capture the beginning part of the token.
+                                 */
+                                do {
+                                    captureToNextTokenJunction();
+                                    skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                                }
+                                while (cursor < length && expr[cursor] == '[');
+
+                                /**
+                                 * If it's not a dimentioned array, continue capturing if necessary.
+                                 */
+                                if (cursor < length && !lastNonWhite(']')) captureToEOT();
+
+                                lastNode = new NewObjectNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields);
+
+                                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                                if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] == '{') {
+                                    start = cursor;
+                                    Class egressType = ((NewObjectNode) lastNode).getEgressType();
+
+                                    if (egressType == null) {
+                                        try {
+                                            egressType = TypeDescriptor.getClassReference(pCtx, ((NewObjectNode) lastNode).getTypeDescr());
+                                        }
+                                        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                                            throw new CompileException("could not instantiate class", e);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+
+                                    cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor]) + 1;
+                                    if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                        lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, start = cursor, fields,
+                                                egressType);
+                                        captureToEOT();
+                                        return lastNode = new Union(expr, start + 1, cursor, fields, lastNode);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, cursor, fields,
+                                                egressType);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                return lastNode;
+
+                            case ASSERT:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new AssertNode(subArray(start, cursor--), fields);
+
+                            case RETURN:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new ReturnNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields);
+
+                            case IF:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_IF);
+
+                            case ELSE:
+                                throw new CompileException("else without if", cursor);
+
+                            case FOREACH:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_FOREACH);
+
+                            case WHILE:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_WHILE);
+
+                            case UNTIL:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_UNTIL);
+
+                            case FOR:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_FOR);
+
+                            case WITH:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_WITH);
+
+                            case DO:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_DO);
+
+                            case ISDEF:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new IsDef(subArray(start, cursor));
+
+                            case IMPORT:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                ImportNode importNode = new ImportNode(subArray(start, cursor));
+                                if (importNode.isPackageImport()) {
+                                    pCtx.addPackageImport(importNode.getPackageImport());
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    pCtx.addImport(getSimpleClassName(importNode.getImportClass()), importNode.getImportClass());
+                                }
+                                return lastNode = importNode;
+
+                            case IMPORT_STATIC:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new StaticImportNode(subArray(start, cursor));
+
+                            case FUNCTION:
+                                lastNode = (Function) captureCodeBlock(FUNCTION);
+                                capture = false;
+                                start = cursor + 1;
+                                return lastNode;
+
+                            case UNTYPED_VAR:
+                                start = cursor + 1;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                int end = cursor;
+
+                                skipWhitespace();
+
+                                if (expr[cursor] == '=') {
+                                    if (end == (cursor = start))
+                                        throw new CompileException("illegal use of reserved word: var");
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, end)))) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedDeclTypedVarNode(idx, Object.class);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeclTypedVarNode(name, Object.class, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    skipWhitespace();
+
+                    /**
+                     * If we *were* capturing a token, and we just hit a non-identifier
+                     * character, we stop and figure out what to do.
+                     */
+                    if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                        cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, '(') + 1;
+                    }
+
+                    /**
+                     * If we encounter any of the following cases, we are still dealing with
+                     * a contiguous token.
+                     */
+                    if (cursor != length) {
+                        switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                            case '?':
+                                if (lookToLast() == '.') {
+                                    capture = true;
+                                    cursor++;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            case '+':
+                                switch (lookAhead()) {
+                                    case '+':
+                                        if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, trimLeft(cursor))))) != -1) {
+                                            lastNode = new IndexedPostFixIncNode(idx);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            lastNode = new PostFixIncNode(name);
+                                        }
+
+                                        cursor += 2;
+
+                                        expectEOS();
+
+                                        return lastNode;
+
+                                    case '=':
+                                        name = createStringTrimmed(expr, start, cursor - start);
+                                        start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, ADD, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, ADD, name, idx);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new AssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, ADD, name);
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                if (isDigit(lookAhead()) &&
+                                        cursor > 1 && (expr[cursor - 1] == 'E' || expr[cursor - 1] == 'e')
+                                        && isDigit(expr[cursor - 2])) {
+                                    cursor++;
+                                    capture = true;
+                                    continue;
+
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case '-':
+                                switch (lookAhead()) {
+                                    case '-':
+                                        if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, trimLeft(cursor))))) != -1) {
+                                            lastNode = new IndexedPostFixDecNode(idx);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            lastNode = new PostFixDecNode(name);
+                                        }
+                                        cursor += 2;
+
+                                        expectEOS();
+
+                                        return lastNode;
+
+                                    case '=':
+                                        name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+                                        start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, SUB, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), Operator.SUB, idx, fields);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), Operator.SUB, fields);
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                if (isDigit(lookAhead()) &&
+                                        cursor > 1 && (expr[cursor - 1] == 'E' || expr[cursor - 1] == 'e')
+                                        && isDigit(expr[cursor - 2])) {
+                                    cursor++;
+                                    capture = true;
+                                    continue;
+
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+
+
+                            case '\u00AB': // special compact code for recursive parses
+                            case '\u00BB':
+                            case '\u00AC':
+                            case '&':
+                            case '^':
+                            case '|':
+                            case '*':
+                            case '/':
+                            case '%':
+                                char op = expr[cursor];
+                                if (lookAhead() == '=') {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if (union) {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, _bwOpLookup(op), t);
+                                    }
+                                    else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), _bwOpLookup(op), idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), _bwOpLookup(op), fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+
+                            case '<':
+                                if ((lookAhead() == '<' && lookAhead(2) == '=')) {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 3;
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if (union) {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, BW_SHIFT_LEFT, t);
+                                    }
+                                    else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_LEFT, idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_LEFT, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+
+                            case '>':
+                                if (lookAhead() == '>') {
+                                    if (lookAhead(2) == '=') {
+                                        name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                        start = cursor += 3;
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, BW_SHIFT_RIGHT, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_RIGHT, idx, fields);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_RIGHT, fields);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    else if ((lookAhead(2) == '>' && lookAhead(3) == '=')) {
+                                        name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                        start = cursor += 4;
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, BW_USHIFT_RIGHT, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), BW_USHIFT_RIGHT, idx, fields);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), BW_USHIFT_RIGHT, fields);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case ']':
+                            case '[':
+                                cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, '[') + 1;
+                                continue;
+                            case '.':
+                                union = true;
+                                cursor++;
+                                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                                continue;
+
+                            case '{':
+                                if (!union) break;
+                                cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, '{') + 1;
+                                continue;
+
+
+                            case '~':
+                                if (lookAhead() == '=') {
+                                    tmp = subArray(start, trimLeft(cursor));
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                    if (!isNextIdentifierOrLiteral()) {
+                                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol '" + expr[cursor] + "'", expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+
+                                    captureToEOT();
+
+                                    return lastNode = new RegExMatch(tmp, fields, subArray(start, cursor));
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case '=':
+                                if (lookAhead() == '+') {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                    if (!isNextIdentifierOrLiteral()) {
+                                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol '" + expr[cursor] + "'", expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), ADD, idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), ADD, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                else if (lookAhead() == '-') {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                    if (!isNextIdentifierOrLiteral()) {
+                                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol '" + expr[cursor] + "'", expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), SUB, idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), SUB, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                if (greedy && lookAhead() != '=') {
+                                    cursor++;
+
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if (union) {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields | ASTNode.ASSIGN);
+                                    }
+                                    else if (lastWasIdentifier) {
+                                        /**
+                                         * Check for typing information.
+                                         */
+                                        if (lastNode.getLiteralValue() instanceof String) {
+                                            TypeDescriptor tDescr = new TypeDescriptor(((String) lastNode.getLiteralValue()).toCharArray(), 0);
+
+                                            try {
+                                                lastNode.setLiteralValue(getClassReference(pCtx, tDescr));
+                                                lastNode.discard();
+                                            }
+                                            catch (Exception e) {
+                                                // fall through;
+                                            }
+                                        }
+
+                                        if (lastNode.isLiteral() && lastNode.getLiteralValue() instanceof Class) {
+                                            lastNode.discard();
+
+                                            captureToEOS();
+                                            return new TypedVarNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields | ASTNode.ASSIGN, (Class)
+                                                    lastNode.getLiteralValue());
+                                        }
+
+                                        throw new CompileException("unknown class or illegal statement: " + lastNode.getLiteralValue(), expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+                                    else if (pCtx != null
+                                            && ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(t)) != -1
+                                            || (pCtx.isIndexAllocation()))) {
+
+                                        IndexedAssignmentNode ian = new IndexedAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), ASTNode.ASSIGN, idx);
+
+                                        if (idx == -1) {
+                                            pCtx.addIndexedVariable(t = ian.getAssignmentVar());
+                                            ian.setRegister(idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(t));
+                                        }
+                                        return lastNode = ian;
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new AssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields | ASTNode.ASSIGN);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /**
+                     * Produce the token.
+                     */
+                    trimWhitespace();
+
+                    return createPropertyToken(start, cursor);
+                }
+                else {
+                    switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                        case '.': {
+                            cursor++;
+                            if (isDigit(expr[cursor])) {
+                                capture = true;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            expectNextChar_IW('{');
+
+                            tmp = subArray(start, cursor - 1);
+                            cursor = balancedCapture(expr, start = cursor, '{') + 1;
+
+                            return lastNode = new ThisWithNode(tmp, subArray(start + 1, cursor - 1), fields);
+                        }
+
+                        case '@': {
+                            start++;
+                            captureToEOT();
+
+                            if (pCtx.getInterceptors() == null || !pCtx.getInterceptors().
+                                    containsKey(name = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))) {
+                                throw new CompileException("reference to undefined interceptor: " + new String(expr, start, cursor - start), expr, cursor);
+                            }
+
+                            return lastNode = new InterceptorWrapper(pCtx.getInterceptors().get(name), nextToken());
+                        }
+
+                        case '=':
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, (cursor += 2));
+
+                        case '-':
+                            if (lookAhead() == '-') {
+                                cursor += 2;
+                                skipWhitespace();
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureIdentifier();
+
+                                if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, cursor)))) != -1) {
+                                    return lastNode = new IndexedPreFixDecNode(idx);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    return lastNode = new PreFixDecNode(name);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else if ((cursor != 0 && !isWhitespace(lookBehind())) || !isDigit(lookAhead())) {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+                            }
+                            else if ((cursor - 1) != 0 || (!isDigit(lookBehind())) && isDigit(lookAhead())) {
+                                cursor++;
+                                break;
+                            }
+
+                        case '+':
+                            if (lookAhead() == '+') {
+                                cursor += 2;
+                                skipWhitespace();
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureIdentifier();
+
+                                if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, cursor)))) != -1) {
+                                    return lastNode = new IndexedPreFixIncNode(idx);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    return lastNode = new PreFixIncNode(name);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+
+                        case '*':
+                            if (lookAhead() == '*') {
+                                cursor++;
+                            }
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+
+                        case ';':
+                            cursor++;
+                            lastWasIdentifier = false;
+                            return lastNode = new EndOfStatement();
+
+                        case '#':
+                        case '/':
+                            switch (skipCommentBlock()) {
+                                case OP_TERMINATE:
+                                    return null;
+                                case OP_RESET_FRAME:
+                                    continue;
+                            }
+
+                        case '?':
+                        case ':':
+                        case '^':
+                        case '%': {
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+                        }
+
+                        case '(': {
+                            cursor++;
+
+                            boolean singleToken = true;
+                            boolean lastWS = false;
+
+                            skipWhitespace();
+                            for (brace = 1; cursor != length && brace != 0; cursor++) {
+                                switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                                    case '(':
+                                        brace++;
+                                        break;
+                                    case ')':
+                                        brace--;
+                                        break;
+                                    case '\'':
+                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                                        break;
+                                    case '"':
+                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('"', expr, cursor, length);
+                                        break;
+                                    case 'i':
+                                        if (lookAhead() == 'n' && isWhitespace(lookAhead(2))) {
+
+                                            for (int level = brace; cursor != length; cursor++) {
+                                                switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                                                    case '(':
+                                                        brace++;
+                                                        break;
+                                                    case ')':
+                                                        if (--brace < level) {
+                                                            cursor++;
+                                                            if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                                                lastNode = new Fold(subset(expr, trimRight(start + 1), cursor - start - 2), fields);
+                                                                start = cursor;
+                                                                if (expr[start] == '.') start++;
+                                                                captureToEOT();
+                                                                return lastNode = new Union(expr, trimRight(start), cursor, fields, lastNode);
+                                                            }
+                                                            else {
+                                                                return lastNode = new Fold(subset(expr, trimRight(start + 1), cursor - start - 2), fields);
+                                                            }
+
+                                                        }
+                                                        break;
+                                                    case '\'':
+                                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                                                        break;
+                                                    case '"':
+                                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('\"', expr, cursor, length);
+                                                        break;
+                                                }
+                                            }
+
+                                            throw new CompileException("unterminated projection; closing parathesis required", expr, cursor);
+                                        }
+                                        break;
+
+                                    default:
+                                        /**
+                                         * Check to see if we should disqualify this current token as a potential
+                                         * type-cast candidate.
+                                         */
+
+                                        if (lastWS && expr[cursor] != '.') {
+                                            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                                                case '[':
+                                                case ']':
+                                                    break;
+
+                                                default:
+                                                    if (!(isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor]) || expr[cursor] == '.')) {
+                                                        singleToken = false;
+                                                    }
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        else if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                                            lastWS = true;
+                                            skipWhitespace();
+                                            cursor--;
+                                        }
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            if (brace != 0) {
+                                throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces in expression: (" + brace + "):", expr, cursor);
+                            }
+
+                            //todo: support typecast to array types
+                            tmp = null;
+                            if (singleToken) {
+                                int st;
+                                TypeDescriptor tDescr = new TypeDescriptor(tmp = subset(expr, st = trimRight(start + 1), trimLeft(cursor - 1) - st), fields);
+
+                                Class cls;
+                                if (tDescr.getClassName() != null) {
+                                    try {
+                                        cls = getClassReference(pCtx, tDescr);
+
+                                        start = cursor;
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        return lastNode = new TypeCast(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), cls, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception e) {
+                                        // fallthrough
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            if (tmp != null) {
+                                return handleUnion(handleSubstatement(new Substatement(tmp, fields)));
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return handleUnion(handleSubstatement(new Substatement(subset(expr, start = trimRight(start + 1), trimLeft(cursor - 1) - start), fields)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '}':
+                        case ']':
+                        case ')': {
+                            throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                        }
+
+                        case '>': {
+                            if (expr[cursor + 1] == '>') {
+                                if (expr[cursor += 2] == '>') cursor++;
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor + 1] == '=') {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor += 2);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '<': {
+                            if (expr[++cursor] == '<') {
+                                if (expr[++cursor] == '<') cursor++;
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] == '=') {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '\'':
+                        case '"':
+                            lastNode = new LiteralNode(handleStringEscapes(subset(expr, start + 1,
+                                    (cursor = captureStringLiteral(expr[cursor], expr, cursor, length)) - start - 1))
+                                    , String.class);
+
+                            cursor++;
+
+                            if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                return lastNode = handleUnion(lastNode);
+                            }
+
+                            return lastNode;
+
+                        case '&': {
+                            if (expr[cursor++ + 1] == '&') {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '|': {
+                            if (expr[cursor++ + 1] == '|') {
+                                return new OperatorNode(OPERATORS.get(new String(expr, start, ++cursor - start)));
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '~':
+                            if ((cursor++ - 1 != 0 || !isIdentifierPart(lookBehind()))
+                                    && isDigit(expr[cursor])) {
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                return lastNode = new Invert(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                                start = cursor--;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                return lastNode = new Invert(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                if (expr[cursor] == '=') cursor++;
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+
+                        case '!': {
+                            ++cursor;
+                            if (isNextIdentifier()) {
+                                if (lastNode != null && !lastNode.isOperator()) {
+                                    throw new CompileException("unexpected operator '!'", expr, cursor);
+                                }
+
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                if ("new".equals(name = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))
+                                        || "isdef".equals(name)) {
+                                    captureToEOT();
+                                    return lastNode = new Negation(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    return lastNode = new Negation(name.toCharArray(), fields);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                                start = cursor--;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                return lastNode = new Negation(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] != '=')
+                                throw new CompileException("unexpected operator '!'", expr, cursor, null);
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '[':
+                        case '{':
+                            cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor]) + 1;
+                            if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, start = cursor, fields);
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                if (expr[start] == '.') start++;
+                                return lastNode = new Union(expr, start, cursor, fields, lastNode);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, cursor, fields);
+                            }
+
+                        default:
+                            cursor++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (start == cursor) return null;
+            return createPropertyToken(start, cursor);
+        }
+        catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            CompileException c = new CompileException("badly formatted number: " + e.getMessage(), expr, cursor, e);
+            c.setLineNumber(line);
+            c.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw c;
+        }
+        catch (StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            CompileException c = new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, cursor, e);
+            c.setLineNumber(line);
+            c.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw c;
+        }
+        catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            CompileException c = new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, cursor, e);
+            c.setLineNumber(line);
+            c.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw c;
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            e.setExpr(expr);
+            e.setLineNumber(line);
+            e.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ASTNode handleSubstatement(Substatement stmt) {
+        if (stmt.getStatement() != null && stmt.getStatement().isLiteralOnly()) {
+            return new LiteralNode(stmt.getStatement().getValue(null, null, null));
+        }
+        else {
+            return stmt;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected ASTNode handleUnion(ASTNode node) {
+        if (cursor != length) {
+            skipWhitespace();
+            if (expr[cursor] == '.') {
+                int union = cursor + 1;
+                captureToEOT();
+                return lastNode = new Union(expr, union, cursor, fields, node);
+            }
+        }
+        return lastNode = node;
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode createOperator(final char[] expr, final int start, final int end) {
+        lastWasIdentifier = false;
+        return lastNode = new OperatorNode(OPERATORS.get(new String(expr, start, end - start)));
+    }
+
+    private char[] subArray(final int start, final int end) {
+        if (start >= end) return new char[0];
+
+        char[] newA = new char[end - start];
+        for (int i = 0; i != newA.length; i++) {
+            newA[i] = expr[i + start];
+        }
+
+        return newA;
+    }
+
+    //todo: improve performance of this method
+    private ASTNode createPropertyToken(int start, int end) {
+        lastWasIdentifier = true;
+        String tmp;
+        if (parserContext != null && parserContext.get() != null && parserContext.get().hasImports()) {
+            char[] _subset = subset(expr, start, cursor - start);
+            int offset;
+
+            if ((offset = findFirst('.', _subset)) != -1) {
+                String iStr = new String(_subset, 0, offset);
+                if (pCtx.hasImport(iStr)) {
+                    return lastNode = new LiteralDeepPropertyNode(subset(_subset, offset + 1, _subset.length - offset - 1),
+                            fields, pCtx.getImport(iStr));
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if (pCtx.hasImport(tmp = new String(_subset))) {
+                    Object i = pCtx.getStaticOrClassImport(tmp);
+
+                    if (i instanceof Class) {
+                        return lastNode = new LiteralNode(i, Class.class);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                lastWasIdentifier = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ((fields & ASTNode.METHOD) != 0) {
+            return lastNode = new ASTNode(expr, start, end, fields);
+        }
+        else if (LITERALS.containsKey(tmp = new String(expr, start, end - start))) {
+            return lastNode = new LiteralNode(LITERALS.get(tmp));
+        }
+        else if (OPERATORS.containsKey(tmp)) {
+            return lastNode = new OperatorNode(OPERATORS.get(tmp));
+        }
+
+        return lastNode = new ASTNode(expr, start, end, fields);
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode createBlockToken(final int condStart,
+                                     final int condEnd, final int blockStart, final int blockEnd, int type) {
+        lastWasIdentifier = false;
+        cursor++;
+
+        if (isStatementNotManuallyTerminated()) {
+            splitAccumulator.add(new EndOfStatement());
+        }
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_IF:
+                return new IfNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_FOR:
+                for (int i = condStart; i < condEnd; i++) {
+                    if (expr[i] == ';')
+                        return new ForNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+                    else if (expr[i] == ':')
+                        break;
+                }
+
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_FOREACH:
+                return new ForEachNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_WHILE:
+                return new WhileNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_UNTIL:
+                return new UntilNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_DO:
+                return new DoNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_DO_UNTIL:
+                return new DoUntilNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd));
+            default:
+                return new WithNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode captureCodeBlock(int type) {
+        boolean cond = true;
+
+        ASTNode first = null;
+        ASTNode tk = null;
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_IF: {
+                do {
+                    if (tk != null) {
+                        captureToNextTokenJunction();
+                        skipWhitespace();
+                        cond = expr[cursor] != '{' && expr[cursor] == 'i' && expr[++cursor] == 'f'
+                                && (isWhitespace(expr[++cursor]) || expr[cursor] == '(');
+                    }
+
+                    if (((IfNode) (tk = _captureBlock(tk, expr, cond, type))).getElseBlock() != null) {
+                        cursor++;
+                        return first;
+                    }
+
+                    if (first == null) first = tk;
+
+                    if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] != ';') {
+                        cursor++;
+                    }
+                }
+                while (ifThenElseBlockContinues());
+
+                return first;
+            }
+
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_DO:
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                return _captureBlock(null, expr, false, type);
+
+            default: // either BLOCK_WITH or BLOCK_FOREACH
+                captureToNextTokenJunction();
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                return _captureBlock(null, expr, true, type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode _captureBlock(ASTNode node, final char[] expr, boolean cond, int type) {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        int startCond = 0;
+        int endCond = 0;
+
+        int blockStart;
+        int blockEnd;
+
+        String name;
+
+        /**
+         * Functions are a special case we handle differently from the rest of block parsing
+         */
+        if (type == FUNCTION) {
+            int start = cursor;
+
+            captureToNextTokenJunction();
+
+            if (cursor == length) {
+                throw new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, start);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Check to see if the name is legal.
+             */
+            if (isReservedWord(name = createStringTrimmed(expr, start, (startCond = cursor) - start))
+                    || isNotValidNameorLabel(name))
+                throw new CompileException("illegal function name or use of reserved word", expr, cursor);
+
+            if (expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                /**
+                 * If we discover an opening bracket after the function name, we check to see
+                 * if this function accepts parameters.
+                 */
+
+                endCond = cursor = balancedCapture(expr, startCond = cursor, '(');
+                startCond++;
+                cursor++;
+
+                skipWhitespace();
+
+                if (cursor >= length) {
+                    throw new CompileException("incomplete statement", expr, cursor);
+                }
+                else if (expr[cursor] == '{') {
+                    blockEnd = cursor = balancedCapture(expr, blockStart = cursor, '{');
+                }
+                else {
+                    blockStart = cursor - 1;
+                    captureToEOS();
+                    blockEnd = cursor;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /**
+                 * This function has not parameters.
+                 */
+                if (expr[cursor] == '{') {
+                    /**
+                     * This function is bracketed.  We capture the entire range in the brackets.
+                     */
+                    blockEnd = cursor = balancedCapture(expr, blockStart = cursor, '{');
+                }
+                else {
+                    /**
+                     * This is a single statement function declaration.  We only capture the statement.
+                     */
+                    blockStart = cursor - 1;
+                    captureToEOS();
+                    blockEnd = cursor;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Trim any whitespace from the captured block range.
+             */
+            blockStart = trimRight(blockStart + 1);
+            blockEnd = trimLeft(blockEnd);
+
+            cursor++;
+
+            /**
+             * Check if the function is manually terminated.
+             */
+            if (isStatementNotManuallyTerminated()) {
+                /**
+                 * Add an EndOfStatement to the split accumulator in the parser.
+                 */
+                splitAccumulator.add(new EndOfStatement());
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Produce the funciton node.
+             */
+            return new Function(name, subArray(startCond, endCond), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd));
+        }
+        else if (cond) {
+            if (expr[cursor] != '(') {
+                throw new CompileException("expected '(' but encountered: " + expr[cursor]);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * This block is an: IF, FOREACH or WHILE node.
+             */
+            int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, startCond = cursor, '(');
+
+            endCond = cursor = cap[0];
+
+            startCond++;
+            cursor++;
+
+            pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+        }
+
+        skipWhitespace();
+
+        if (cursor >= length) {
+            throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+        }
+        else if (expr[cursor] == '{') {
+            int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, blockStart = cursor, '{');
+            blockEnd = cursor = cap[0];
+            pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+        }
+        else {
+            blockStart = cursor - 1;
+            captureToEOSorEOL();
+            blockEnd = cursor + 1;
+        }
+
+        if (type == ASTNode.BLOCK_IF) {
+            IfNode ifNode = (IfNode) node;
+
+            if (node != null) {
+                if (!cond) {
+                    return ifNode.setElseBlock(subArray(trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd - 1)));
+                }
+                else {
+                    return ifNode.setElseIf((IfNode) createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1),
+                            trimLeft(blockEnd), type));
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, blockStart + 1, blockEnd, type);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (type == ASTNode.BLOCK_DO) {
+            cursor++;
+            skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+            start = cursor;
+            captureToNextTokenJunction();
+
+            if ("while".equals(name = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))) {
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                startCond = cursor + 1;
+                int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, cursor, '(');
+                endCond = cursor = cap[0];
+                pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+                return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd), type);
+            }
+            else if ("until".equals(name)) {
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                startCond = cursor + 1;
+                int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, cursor, '(');
+                endCond = cursor = cap[0];
+                pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+                return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd), ASTNode.BLOCK_DO_UNTIL);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new CompileException("expected 'while' or 'until' but encountered: " + name, expr, cursor);
+            }
+        }
+        // DON"T REMOVE THIS COMMENT!
+        // else if (isFlag(ASTNode.BLOCK_FOREACH) || isFlag(ASTNode.BLOCK_WITH)) {
+        else {
+            return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd), type);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Checking from the current cursor position, check to see if the if-then-else block continues.
+     *
+     * @return boolean value
+     */
+    protected boolean ifThenElseBlockContinues() {
+        if ((cursor + 4) < length) {
+            if (expr[cursor] != ';') cursor--;
+            skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+            skipCommentBlock();
+
+            return expr[cursor] == 'e' && expr[cursor + 1] == 'l' && expr[cursor + 2] == 's' && expr[cursor + 3] == 'e'
+                    && (isWhitespace(expr[cursor + 4]) || expr[cursor + 4] == '{');
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    protected int skipCommentBlock() {
+        if (lookAhead() == expr[cursor]) {
+            /**
+             * Handle single line comments.
+             */
+            captureToEOL();
+
+            line = pCtx.getLineCount();
+
+            skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+
+            if (lastNode instanceof LineLabel) {
+                pCtx.getLastLineLabel().setLineNumber(line);
+                pCtx.addKnownLine(line);
+            }
+
+            lastWasComment = true;
+
+            pCtx.setLineCount(line);
+
+            if ((start = cursor) >= length) return OP_TERMINATE;
+
+            return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+        }
+        else if (expr[cursor] == '/' && lookAhead() == '*') {
+            /**
+             * Handle multi-line comments.
+             */
+            int len = length - 1;
+
+            /**
+             * This probably seems highly redundant, but sub-compilations within the same
+             * source will spawn a new compiler, and we need to sync this with the
+             * parser context;
+             */
+            line = pCtx.getLineCount();
+
+            while (true) {
+                cursor++;
+                /**
+                 * Since multi-line comments may cross lines, we must keep track of any line-break
+                 * we encounter.
+                 */
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+
+                if (cursor == len) {
+                    throw new CompileException("unterminated block comment", expr, cursor);
+                }
+                if (expr[cursor] == '*' && lookAhead() == '/') {
+                    if ((cursor += 2) >= length) return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+                    skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                    start = cursor;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            pCtx.setLineCount(line);
+
+            if (lastNode instanceof LineLabel) {
+                pCtx.getLastLineLabel().setLineNumber(line);
+                pCtx.addKnownLine(line);
+            }
+
+            lastWasComment = true;
+
+            return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+        }
+
+        return OP_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checking from the current cursor position, check to see if we're inside a contiguous identifier.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected boolean tokenContinues() {
+        if (cursor == length) return false;
+        else if (expr[cursor] == '.' || expr[cursor] == '[') return true;
+        else if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+            int markCurrent = cursor;
+            skipWhitespace();
+            if (cursor != length && (expr[cursor] == '.' || expr[cursor] == '[')) return true;
+            cursor = markCurrent;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+
+    protected void expectEOS() {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] != ';') {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '&':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '&') return;
+                    else break;
+                case '|':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '|') return;
+                    else break;
+                case '!':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '=') return;
+                    else break;
+
+                case '<':
+                case '>':
+                    return;
+
+                case '=': {
+                    switch (lookAhead()) {
+                        case '=':
+                        case '+':
+                        case '-':
+                        case '*':
+                            return;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case '+':
+                case '-':
+                case '/':
+                case '*':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '=') return;
+                    else break;
+            }
+
+            throw new CompileException("expected end of statement but encountered: "
+                    + (cursor == length ? "<end of stream>" : expr[cursor]), expr, cursor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isNextIdentifier() {
+        while (cursor != length && isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) cursor++;
+        return cursor != length && isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Capture from the current cursor position, to the end of the statement.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOS() {
+        while (cursor != length) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '(':
+                case '[':
+                case '{':
+                    cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor]);
+                    if (cursor >= length) return;
+                    break;
+
+                case ';':
+                case '}':
+                    return;
+            }
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of statement, or the end of line, whichever comes first.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOSorEOL() {
+        while (cursor != length && (expr[cursor] != '\n' && expr[cursor] != '\r' && expr[cursor] != ';')) {
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of the line.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOL() {
+        while (cursor != length && (expr[cursor] != '\n')) cursor++;
+    }
+
+    protected void captureIdentifier() {
+        boolean captured = false;
+        if (cursor == length) throw new CompileException("unexpected end of statement: EOF", expr, cursor);
+        while (cursor != length) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case ';':
+                    return;
+
+                default: {
+                    if (!isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor])) {
+                        if (captured) return;
+                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol (was expecting an identifier): " + expr[cursor], expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        captured = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of the current token.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOT() {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        do {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '(':
+                case '[':
+                case '{':
+                    if ((cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor])) == -1) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case '=':
+                case '&':
+                case '|':
+                case ';':
+                    return;
+
+                case '.':
+                    skipWhitespace();
+                    break;
+
+                case '\'':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+                case '"':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('"', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                        skipWhitespace();
+
+                        if (expr[cursor] == '.') {
+                            if (cursor != length) cursor++;
+                            skipWhitespace();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            trimWhitespace();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+        while (++cursor != length);
+    }
+
+    protected void captureToEOTNEW() {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        boolean dims = false;
+        do {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '{':
+                    if (dims) return;
+
+                case '[':
+                    dims = true;
+                    if ((cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor])) == -1) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case '(':
+                    if ((cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor])) == -1) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case '=':
+                case '&':
+                case '|':
+                case ';':
+                    return;
+
+                case '.':
+                    skipWhitespace();
+                    break;
+
+                case '\'':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+                case '"':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('"', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                        skipWhitespace();
+
+                        if (expr[cursor] == '.') {
+                            if (cursor != length) cursor++;
+                            skipWhitespace();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            trimWhitespace();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+        while (++cursor != length);
+    }
+
+
+    protected boolean lastNonWhite(char c) {
+        int i = cursor - 1;
+        while (isWhitespace(expr[i])) i--;
+        return c == expr[i];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the specified cursor position, trim out any whitespace between the current position and the end of the
+     * last non-whitespace character.
+     *
+     * @param pos - current position
+     * @return new position.
+     */
+    protected int trimLeft(int pos) {
+        while (pos != 0 && pos != start && isWhitespace(expr[pos - 1])) pos--;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the specified cursor position, trim out any whitespace between the current position and beginning of the
+     * first non-whitespace character.
+     *
+     * @param pos
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected int trimRight(int pos) {
+        while (pos != length && isWhitespace(expr[pos])) pos++;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the cursor is currently pointing to whitespace, move the cursor forward to the first non-whitespace
+     * character.
+     */
+    protected void skipWhitespace() {
+        while (cursor != length && isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) cursor++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the cursor is currently pointing to whitespace, move the cursor forward to the first non-whitespace
+     * character, but account for carraige returns in the script (updates parser field: line).
+     */
+    protected void skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting() {
+        while (cursor != length && isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '\n':
+                    line++;
+                    lastLineStart = cursor;
+                case '\r':
+                    cursor++;
+                    continue;
+            }
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of the next token junction.
+     */
+    protected void captureToNextTokenJunction() {
+        while (cursor != length) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '{':
+                case '(':
+                    return;
+                case '[':
+                    int[] c = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, cursor, '[');
+                    cursor = c[0] + 1;
+                    line += c[1];
+                    continue;
+
+                default:
+                    if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    cursor++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, trim backward over any whitespace to the first non-whitespace character.
+     */
+    protected void trimWhitespace() {
+        while (cursor != 0 && isWhitespace(expr[cursor - 1])) cursor--;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the specified string is a reserved word in the parser.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean isReservedWord(String name) {
+        return LITERALS.containsKey(name) || OPERATORS.containsKey(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the specfied string represents a valid name of label.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean isNotValidNameorLabel(String name) {
+        for (char c : name.toCharArray()) {
+            if (c == '.') return true;
+            else if (!isIdentifierPart(c)) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    protected void setExpression(String expression) {
+        if (expression != null && !"".equals(expression)) {
+            if ((this.expr = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression)) == null) {
+                synchronized (EX_PRECACHE) {
+                    length = (this.expr = expression.toCharArray()).length;
+
+                    // trim any whitespace.
+                    while (length != 0 && isWhitespace(this.expr[length - 1])) length--;
+
+                    char[] e = new char[length];
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i != e.length; i++)
+                        e[i] = expr[i];
+
+                    EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, e);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                length = this.expr.length;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        length = (this.expr = expression).length;
+        while (length != 0 && isWhitespace(this.expr[length - 1])) length--;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the previous non-whitespace character.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookToLast() {
+        if (cursor == 0) return 0;
+        int temp = cursor;
+        while (temp != 0 && isWhitespace(expr[--temp])) ;
+        return expr[temp];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the last character (delta -1 of cursor position).
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookBehind() {
+        if (cursor == 0) return 0;
+        return expr[cursor - 1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the next character (delta 1 of cursor position).
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookAhead() {
+        if (cursor < length) return expr[cursor + 1];
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the character, forward of the currrent cursor position based on the specified range delta.
+     *
+     * @param range
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookAhead(int range) {
+        if ((cursor + range) >= length) return 0;
+        else {
+            return expr[cursor + range];
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    protected boolean isNextIdentifierOrLiteral() {
+        int tmp = cursor;
+        if (tmp == length) return false;
+        else {
+            while (tmp != length && isWhitespace(expr[tmp])) tmp++;
+            if (tmp == length) return false;
+            char n = expr[tmp];
+            return isIdentifierPart(n) || isDigit(n) || n == '\'' || n == '"';
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int nextNonBlank() {
+        if ((cursor + 1) >= length) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        int i = cursor;
+        while (i != length && isWhitespace(expr[i])) i++;
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    public void expectNextChar_IW(char c) {
+        nextNonBlank();
+        if (cursor == length) throw new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, cursor);
+        if (expr[cursor] != c)
+            throw new CompileException("unexpected character ('" + expr[cursor] + "'); was expecting: " + c);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * NOTE: This method assumes that the current position of the cursor is at the end of a logical statement, to
+     * begin with.
+     * <p/>
+     * Determines whether or not the logical statement is manually terminated with a statement separator (';').
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected boolean isStatementNotManuallyTerminated() {
+        if (cursor >= length) return false;
+        int c = cursor;
+        while (c != length && isWhitespace(expr[c])) c++;
+        return !(c != length && expr[c] == ';');
+    }
+
+    protected ParserContext getParserContext() {
+        if (parserContext == null || parserContext.get() == null) {
+            newContext();
+        }
+        return parserContext.get();
+    }
+
+    public static ParserContext getCurrentThreadParserContext() {
+        return contextControl(GET_OR_CREATE, null, null);
+    }
+
+    public static void setCurrentThreadParserContext(ParserContext pCtx) {
+        contextControl(SET, pCtx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new ParserContext in the current thread.
+     */
+    protected void newContext() {
+        contextControl(SET, new ParserContext(), this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new ParserContext in the current thread, using the one specified.
+     *
+     * @param pCtx
+     */
+    protected void newContext(ParserContext pCtx) {
+        contextControl(SET, pCtx, this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the current ParserContext from the thread.
+     */
+    protected void removeContext() {
+        contextControl(REMOVE, null, this);
+    }
+
+    protected static ParserContext contextControl(int operation, ParserContext pCtx, AbstractParser parser) {
+        synchronized (getRuntime()) {
+            if (parserContext == null) parserContext = new ThreadLocal<ParserContext>();
+
+            switch (operation) {
+                case SET:
+                    pCtx.setRootParser(parser);
+                    parserContext.set(pCtx);
+                    return pCtx;
+
+                case REMOVE:
+                    parserContext.set(null);
+                    return null;
+
+                case GET_OR_CREATE:
+                    if (parserContext.get() == null) {
+                        parserContext.set(new ParserContext(parser));
+                    }
+
+                case GET:
+                    return parserContext.get();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected static final int SET = 0;
+    protected static final int REMOVE = 1;
+    protected static final int GET = 2;
+    protected static final int GET_OR_CREATE = 3;
+
+    public boolean isDebugSymbols() {
+        return debugSymbols;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebugSymbols(boolean debugSymbols) {
+        this.debugSymbols = debugSymbols;
+    }
+
+    protected static String getCurrentSourceFileName() {
+        if (parserContext != null && parserContext.get() != null) {
+            return parserContext.get().getSourceFile();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected void addFatalError(String message) {
+        getParserContext().addError(new ErrorDetail(getParserContext().getLineCount(), cursor - getParserContext().getLineOffset(), true, message));
+    }
+
+    protected void addFatalError(String message, int row, int cols) {
+        getParserContext().addError(new ErrorDetail(row, cols, true, message));
+    }
+
+    protected void addWarning(String message) {
+        getParserContext().addError(new ErrorDetail(message, false));
+    }
+
+    public static final int LEVEL_5_CONTROL_FLOW = 5;
+    public static final int LEVEL_4_ASSIGNMENT = 4;
+    public static final int LEVEL_3_ITERATION = 3;
+    public static final int LEVEL_2_MULTI_STATEMENT = 2;
+    public static final int LEVEL_1_BASIC_LANG = 1;
+    public static final int LEVEL_0_PROPERTY_ONLY = 0;
+
+    public static void setLanguageLevel(int level) {
+        OPERATORS.clear();
+        OPERATORS.putAll(loadLanguageFeaturesByLevel(level));
+    }
+
+    public static Map<String, Integer> loadLanguageFeaturesByLevel(int languageLevel) {
+        Map<String, Integer> operatorsTable = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
+        switch (languageLevel) {
+            case 5:  // control flow operations
+                operatorsTable.put("if", IF);
+                operatorsTable.put("else", ELSE);
+                operatorsTable.put("?", TERNARY);
+                operatorsTable.put("switch", SWITCH);
+                operatorsTable.put("function", FUNCTION);
+                operatorsTable.put("def", FUNCTION);
+                operatorsTable.put("isdef", ISDEF);
+
+            case 4: // assignment
+                operatorsTable.put("=", ASSIGN);
+                operatorsTable.put("var", UNTYPED_VAR);
+                operatorsTable.put("+=", ASSIGN_ADD);
+                operatorsTable.put("-=", ASSIGN_SUB);
+                operatorsTable.put("/=", ASSIGN_DIV);
+                operatorsTable.put("%=", ASSIGN_MOD);
+
+            case 3: // iteration
+                operatorsTable.put("foreach", FOREACH);
+                operatorsTable.put("while", WHILE);
+                operatorsTable.put("until", UNTIL);
+                operatorsTable.put("for", FOR);
+                operatorsTable.put("do", DO);
+
+            case 2: // multi-statement
+                operatorsTable.put("return", RETURN);
+                operatorsTable.put(";", END_OF_STMT);
+
+            case 1: // boolean, math ops, projection, assertion, objection creation, block setters, imports
+                operatorsTable.put("+", ADD);
+                operatorsTable.put("-", SUB);
+                operatorsTable.put("*", MULT);
+                operatorsTable.put("**", POWER);
+                operatorsTable.put("/", DIV);
+                operatorsTable.put("%", MOD);
+                operatorsTable.put("==", EQUAL);
+                operatorsTable.put("!=", NEQUAL);
+                operatorsTable.put(">", GTHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put(">=", GETHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put("<", LTHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put("<=", LETHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put("&&", AND);
+                operatorsTable.put("and", AND);
+                operatorsTable.put("||", OR);
+                operatorsTable.put("or", CHOR);
+                operatorsTable.put("~=", REGEX);
+                operatorsTable.put("instanceof", INSTANCEOF);
+                operatorsTable.put("is", INSTANCEOF);
+                operatorsTable.put("contains", CONTAINS);
+                operatorsTable.put("soundslike", SOUNDEX);
+                operatorsTable.put("strsim", SIMILARITY);
+                operatorsTable.put("convertable_to", CONVERTABLE_TO);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("#", STR_APPEND);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("&", BW_AND);
+                operatorsTable.put("|", BW_OR);
+                operatorsTable.put("^", BW_XOR);
+                operatorsTable.put("<<", BW_SHIFT_LEFT);
+                operatorsTable.put("<<<", BW_USHIFT_LEFT);
+                operatorsTable.put(">>", BW_SHIFT_RIGHT);
+                operatorsTable.put(">>>", BW_USHIFT_RIGHT);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("new", Operator.NEW);
+                operatorsTable.put("in", PROJECTION);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("with", WITH);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("assert", ASSERT);
+                operatorsTable.put("import", IMPORT);
+                operatorsTable.put("import_static", IMPORT_STATIC);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("++", INC);
+                operatorsTable.put("--", DEC);
+
+            case 0: // Property access and inline collections
+                operatorsTable.put(":", TERNARY_ELSE);
+        }
+        return operatorsTable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the current parser context from the thread.
+     */
+    public static void resetParserContext() {
+        contextControl(REMOVE, null, null);
+    }
+
+    protected static boolean isArithmeticOperator(int operator) {
+        return operator != -1 && operator < 6;
+    }
+
+    protected int arithmeticFunctionReduction(int operator) {
+        ASTNode tk;
+        int operator2;
+
+        boolean x = false;
+        int y = 0;
+
+        /**
+         * If the next token is an operator, we check to see if it has a higher
+         * precdence.
+         */
+        if ((tk = nextToken()) != null) {
+            if (isArithmeticOperator(operator2 = tk.getOperator()) && PTABLE[operator2] > PTABLE[operator]) {
+                xswap();
+                /**
+                 * The current arith. operator is of higher precedence the last.
+                 */
+                dStack.push(operator = operator2, nextToken().getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory));
+
+                while (true) {
+                    // look ahead again
+
+                    if ((tk = nextToken()) != null && (operator2 = tk.getOperator()) != -1
+                            && operator2 != 37 && PTABLE[operator2] > PTABLE[operator]) {
+                        // if we have back to back operations on the stack, we don't xswap
+                        if (x) {
+                            xswap();
+                        }
+                        /**
+                         * This operator is of higher precedence, or the same level precedence.  push to the RHS.
+                         */
+                        dStack.push(operator = operator2, nextToken().getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory));
+                        y = 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    else if (tk != null && operator2 != -1 && operator2 != 37) {
+                        if (PTABLE[operator2] == PTABLE[operator]) {
+                            // if we have back to back operations on the stack, we don't xswap             
+                            if (x) {
+                                xswap();
+                            }
+
+                            /**
+                             * Reduce any operations waiting now.
+                             */
+                            while (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                                dreduce();
+                            }
+
+                            /**
+                             * This operator is of the same level precedence.  push to the RHS.
+                             */
+                            dStack.push(operator = operator2, nextToken().getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory));
+
+                            y++;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            /**
+                             * The operator doesn't have higher precedence. Therfore reduce the LHS.
+                             */
+                            if (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                                do {
+                                    if (y == 1) {
+                                        dreduce2();
+                                        y = 0;
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        dreduce();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                while (dStack.size() > 1);
+                            }
+
+                            if (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                                stk.push(dStack.pop());
+                                xswap();
+                            }
+
+                            operator = tk.getOperator();
+                            // Reduce the lesser or equal precedence operations.
+                            while (stk.size() != 1 && stk.peek2() instanceof Integer &&
+                                    ((operator2 = (Integer) stk.peek2()) < PTABLE.length) &&
+                                    PTABLE[operator2] >= PTABLE[operator]) {
+                                xswap();
+                                reduce();
+                            }
+
+                            y = 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /**
+                         * There are no more tokens.
+                         */
+                        x = false;
+
+                        if (dStack.size() > 1) {
+                            do {
+                                if (y == 1) {
+                                    dreduce2();
+                                    y = 0;
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    dreduce();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            while (dStack.size() > 1);
+
+                            x = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                            stk.push(dStack.pop());
+                        }
+                        else if (x) {
+                            xswap();
+                        }
+
+                        y = 0;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (tk != null && (tk = nextToken()) != null) {
+                        switch (operator) {
+                            case AND: {
+                                if (!((Boolean) stk.peek())) return OP_TERMINATE;
+                                else {
+                                    splitAccumulator.add(tk);
+                                    return AND;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            case OR: {
+                                if (((Boolean) stk.peek())) return OP_TERMINATE;
+                                else {
+                                    splitAccumulator.add(tk);
+                                    return OR;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            default:
+                                stk.push(tk.getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory), operator);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    x = true;
+                    y = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (!tk.isOperator()) {
+                throw new CompileException("unexpected token: " + tk.getName());
+            }
+            else {
+                reduce();
+                splitAccumulator.push(tk);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // while any values remain on the stack
+        // keep XSWAPing and reducing, until there is nothing left.
+        while (stk.size() > 1) {
+            reduce();
+            if (stk.size() > 1) xswap();
+        }
+
+        return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+    }
+
+    private void dreduce() {
+        stk.push(dStack.pop(), dStack.pop());
+
+        // reduce the top of the stack
+        reduce();
+    }
+
+    private void dreduce2() {
+        Object o1, o2;
+
+        o1 = dStack.pop();
+        o2 = dStack.pop();
+
+        if (!dStack.isEmpty()) stk.push(dStack.pop());
+
+        stk.push(o1);
+        stk.push(o2);
+
+        reduce();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * XSWAP.
+     */
+    private void xswap() {
+        stk.push(stk.pop(), stk.pop());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when we reach the point where we must subEval a trinary operation in the expression.
+     * (ie. val1 op val2).  This is not the same as a binary operation, although binary operations would appear
+     * to have 3 structures as well.  A binary structure (or also a junction in the expression) compares the
+     * current state against 2 downrange structures (usually an op and a val).
+     */
+    protected void reduce() {
+        Object v1, v2;
+        int operator;
+        try {
+            switch (operator = (Integer) stk.pop()) {
+                case ADD:
+                case SUB:
+                case DIV:
+                case MULT:
+                case MOD:
+                case EQUAL:
+                case NEQUAL:
+                case GTHAN:
+                case LTHAN:
+                case GETHAN:
+                case LETHAN:
+                case POWER:
+                    stk.push(doOperations(stk.peek2(), operator, stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case AND:
+                    v1 = stk.pop();
+                    stk.push(((Boolean) stk.pop()) && ((Boolean) v1));
+                    break;
+
+                case OR:
+                    v1 = stk.pop();
+                    stk.push(((Boolean) stk.pop()) || ((Boolean) v1));
+                    break;
+
+                case CHOR:
+                    v1 = stk.pop();
+                    if (!isEmpty(v2 = stk.pop()) || !isEmpty(v1)) {
+                        stk.clear();
+                        stk.push(!isEmpty(v2) ? v2 : v1);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    else stk.push(null);
+                    break;
+
+                case REGEX:
+                    stk.push(java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop())).matcher(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop())).matches());
+                    break;
+
+                case INSTANCEOF:
+                    if ((v1 = stk.pop()) instanceof Class)
+                        stk.push(((Class) v1).isInstance(stk.pop()));
+                    else
+                        stk.push(currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(java.lang.String.valueOf(v1)).isInstance(stk.pop()));
+
+                    break;
+
+                case CONVERTABLE_TO:
+                    if ((v1 = stk.pop()) instanceof Class)
+                        stk.push(org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert(stk.pop().getClass(), (Class) v1));
+                    else
+                        stk.push(org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert(stk.pop().getClass(), currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(java.lang.String.valueOf(v1))));
+                    break;
+
+                case CONTAINS:
+                    stk.push(containsCheck(stk.peek2(), stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_AND:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) & asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_OR:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) | asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_XOR:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) ^ asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_SHIFT_LEFT:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) << asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_USHIFT_LEFT:
+                    int iv2 = asInt(stk.peek2());
+                    if (iv2 < 0) iv2 *= -1;
+                    stk.push(iv2 << asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_SHIFT_RIGHT:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) >> asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_USHIFT_RIGHT:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) >>> asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case STR_APPEND:
+                    stk.push(new StringAppender(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.peek2()))
+                            .append(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop2())).toString());
+                    break;
+
+                case SOUNDEX:
+                    stk.push(Soundex.soundex(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop()))
+                            .equals(Soundex.soundex(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop()))));
+                    break;
+
+                case SIMILARITY:
+                    stk.push(similarity(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop()), java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop())));
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+            throw new CompileException("syntax error or incompatable types", expr, cursor, e);
+        }
+        catch (ArithmeticException e) {
+            throw new CompileException("arithmetic error: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new CompileException("failed to subEval expression", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int _bwOpLookup(char c) {
+        switch (c) {
+            case '|':
+                return Operator.BW_OR;
+            case '&':
+                return Operator.BW_AND;
+            case '^':
+                return Operator.BW_XOR;
+            case '*':
+                return Operator.MULT;
+            case '/':
+                return Operator.DIV;
+            case '+':
+                return Operator.ADD;
+            case '%':
+                return Operator.MOD;
+            case '\u00AB':
+                return Operator.BW_SHIFT_LEFT;
+            case '\u00BB':
+                return Operator.BW_SHIFT_RIGHT;
+            case '\u00AC':
+                return Operator.BW_USHIFT_RIGHT;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private static int asInt(final Object o) {
+        return (Integer) o;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mvel2.compiler.AbstractParser.setExpression` reads without synchronization from `compiler.AbstractParser.org.mvel2.compiler.AbstractParser.EX_PRECACHE`. Potentially races with write in method `AbstractParser.configureFactory()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractParser.setExpression(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel2.compiler.AbstractParser.setExpression(java.lang.String):void.4fe09cd98c7d467875b7c184d694b8ff
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel2/compiler/AbstractParser.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractParser.java|setExpression|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8f7d2824c21bee2b3eb36b593cf1aaeb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4772/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4772/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3fe3cc0f6d66cfd39838df7d7604b785557ce45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4772/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.mvel.tests;
+
+import org.mvel.Accessor;
+import org.mvel.DataConversion;
+import org.mvel.ExecutableStatement;
+import org.mvel.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+
+
+public class AccessorBMModel implements Accessor {
+    private ExecutableStatement p0;
+
+    public Object getValue(Object ctx, Object elCtx, VariableResolverFactory variableFactory) {
+        // return Math.sqrt(DataConversion.convert(p0.getValue(ctx, variableFactory), Double.class).doubleValue());
+        return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt(DataConversion.convert(p0.getValue(ctx, variableFactory), Integer.class));
+
+        // return DataConversion.convert(new Integer(5), Integer.class);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `convert(AccessorBMModel.p0.getValue(ctx,variableFactory),java.lang.Integer)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 14.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object AccessorBMModel.getValue(Object,Object,VariableResolverFactory)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.tests.AccessorBMModel.getValue(java.lang.Object,java.lang.Object,org.mvel.integration.Varia.84336f7aa677c70f82e320827d6a2e7d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/mvel/tests/AccessorBMModel.java
+
+### Key:
+AccessorBMModel.java|getValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6a2c8f907e578a746db4f17e1d0d774c
+
+### Hash:
+cf1435f1a50c8de2dbfdf58f80b791bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4775/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4775/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb1c4dc1cd5b72b4c0de086160a907ad33454587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4775/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.compileExpression;
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.executeExpression;
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRef;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRefParam;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.*;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class TemplateInterpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+    private static boolean CACHE_DISABLE = false;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else if (MVEL.WEAK_CACHE || MVEL.NO_JIT) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new HashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public TemplateInterpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        if (CACHE_DISABLE) {
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+        }
+        else if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            Node[] nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, cloneAll(nodes));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Node[] cloneAll(Node[] nodes) {
+        Node[] newNodes = new Node[nodes.length];
+
+        try {
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Node n : nodes) {
+                newNodes[i++] = n.clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+
+        }
+
+        return newNodes;
+    }
+
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(String expression) {
+        if (CACHE_DISABLE) {
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+        }
+        else if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+            this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens) throws IOException {
+        return parse(file, ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) throws IOException {
+
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens, registry);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return execute(ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            /**
+             * This is an optimization for property expressions.
+             */
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    if (CACHE_DISABLE || !cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        //      arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+                        for (int i = 0; i < seg.length; i++)
+                            seg[i] = expression[i + 2];
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, compileExpression(s));
+                                return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            MVELInterpretedRuntime oParser = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case FOREACH: {
+                        ForeachContext foreachContext = (ForeachContext) currNode.getRegister();
+
+                        if (tokens == null) {
+                            tokens = new HashMap();
+                        }
+
+                        if (foreachContext.getItererators() == null) {
+                            try {
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split(",");
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for (int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++) {
+                                    //noinspection unchecked
+                                    Object listObject = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if (listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList((Object[]) listObject);
+                                    }
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection) listObject).iterator();
+                                }
+                                foreachContext.setIterators(iters);
+                            }
+                            catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = foreachContext.getItererators();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split(",");
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for (int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }
+
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+
+                                //noinspection unchecked
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            if (foreachContext.getCount() != 0) {
+                                sbuf.append(foreachContext.getSeperator());
+                            }
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            tokens.put("i0", foreachContext.getCount());
+                            foreachContext.setCount(foreachContext.getCount() + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }
+                            foreachContext.setIterators(null);
+                            foreachContext.setCount(0);
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length != 2) {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    case INCLUDE_BY_REF: {
+                        IncludeRef includeRef = (IncludeRef) nodes[node].getRegister();
+
+                        IncludeRefParam[] params = includeRef.getParams();
+                        Map<String, Object> vars = new HashMap<String, Object>(params.length * 2);
+                        for (IncludeRefParam param : params) {
+                            vars.put(param.getIdentifier(), MVEL.eval(param.getValue(), ctx, tokens));
+                        }
+
+                        if (registry == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("No TemplateRegistry specified, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+                        String template = registry.getTemplate(includeRef.getName());
+
+                        if (template == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("Template does not exist in the TemplateRegistry, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+
+                        sbuf.append(TemplateInterpreter.parse(template, ctx, vars, registry));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode() - 1;
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        //arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+
+        int o0 = n.getStartPos();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ca.length; i++)
+            ca[i] = expression[i + o0];
+
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case '}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+                case '{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+//        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+//        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+//        return ca;
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ca.length; i++)
+            ca[i] = expression[i + start];
+
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        TemplateInterpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setDisableCache(boolean disableCache) {
+        CACHE_DISABLE = disableCache;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute` indirectly writes to field `this.org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.stack` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object TemplateInterpreter.execute(Object,Map,TemplateRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map,org.mvel.TemplateRegistry):java..1141972e8c077bf084811e3faa3e1296
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/TemplateInterpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateInterpreter.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+0bb2991b7f1b90806395f212bdb8eb1b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4781/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4781/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0e0a6bf711342bfc51d9e66a3c8da98acf0a00f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4781/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 62
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.mvel2;
+
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert;
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.convert;
+import static org.mvel2.MVEL.eval;
+import org.mvel2.ast.Function;
+import org.mvel2.integration.PropertyHandlerFactory;
+import org.mvel2.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+import org.mvel2.util.MethodStub;
+import org.mvel2.util.ParseTools;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ParseTools.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.getFieldOrAccessor;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.getFieldOrWriteAccessor;
+import org.mvel2.util.StringAppender;
+
+import static java.lang.Character.isJavaIdentifierPart;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import static java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength;
+import java.util.*;
+
+@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+public class PropertyAccessor {
+    private int start = 0;
+    private int cursor = 0;
+
+    private char[] property;
+    private int length;
+
+    private Object thisReference;
+    private Object ctx;
+    private Object curr;
+
+    private boolean first = true;
+    private boolean nullHandle = false;
+
+    private VariableResolverFactory variableFactory;
+
+    private static final int DONE = -1;
+    private static final int NORM = 0;
+    private static final int METH = 1;
+    private static final int COL = 2;
+    private static final int WITH = 3;
+
+    private static final Object[] EMPTYARG = new Object[0];
+
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Member>> READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Member>> WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Object[]>> METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Member>>(10));
+        WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Member>>(10));
+        METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Object[]>>(10));
+    }
+
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx, Object thisRef, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.thisReference = thisRef;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, int offset, int end, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.cursor = offset;
+        this.length = end;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(String property, Object ctx) {
+        this.length = (this.property = property.toCharArray()).length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(String property, Object ctx) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(char[] property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx, resolver, thisReference).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(char[] property, int offset, int end, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, offset, end, ctx, resolver).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(String property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property.toCharArray(), ctx, resolver, thisReference).get();
+    }
+
+    public static void set(Object ctx, String property, Object value) {
+        new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx).set(value);
+    }
+
+    public static void set(Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, String property, Object value) {
+        new PropertyAccessor(property.toCharArray(), ctx, resolver, null).set(value);
+    }
+
+    private Object get() {
+        curr = ctx;
+        try {
+            while (cursor < length) {
+                switch (nextToken()) {
+                    case NORM:
+                        curr = getBeanProperty(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case METH:
+                        curr = getMethod(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case COL:
+                        curr = getCollectionProperty(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case WITH:
+                        curr = getWithProperty(curr);
+                        break;
+
+                    case DONE:
+                }
+
+                if (nullHandle) {
+                    if (curr == null) {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        nullHandle = false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                first = false;
+            }
+
+            return curr;
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("array or collections index out of bounds (property: " + new String(property) + ")", e);
+        }
+        catch (PropertyAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("failed to access property: <<" + new String(property) + ">> in: " + (ctx != null ? ctx.getClass() : null), e);
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("null pointer exception in property: " + new String(property), e);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unknown exception in expression: " + new String(property), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void set(Object value) {
+        curr = ctx;
+
+        try {
+            int oLength = length;
+
+            length = findAbsoluteLast(property);
+
+            if ((curr = get()) == null)
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("cannot bind to null context: " + new String(property));
+
+            length = oLength;
+
+            if (nextToken() == COL) {
+                int start = ++cursor;
+
+                whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+                if (cursor == length)
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                if (scanTo(']'))
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                String ex = new String(property, start, cursor - start);
+
+                if (curr instanceof Map) {
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    ((Map) curr).put(eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory), value);
+                }
+                else if (curr instanceof List) {
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    ((List) curr).set(eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory, Integer.class), value);
+                }
+                else if (curr.getClass().isArray()) {
+                    Array.set(curr, eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory, Integer.class), convert(value, getBaseComponentType(curr.getClass())));
+                }
+                else {
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("cannot bind to collection property: " + new String(property) + ": not a recognized collection type: " + ctx.getClass());
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String tk = capture();
+
+            Member member = checkWriteCache(curr.getClass(), tk == null ? 0 : tk.hashCode());
+            if (member == null) {
+                addWriteCache(curr.getClass(), tk.hashCode(), (member = getFieldOrWriteAccessor(curr.getClass(), tk)));
+            }
+
+            if (member instanceof Field) {
+                Field fld = (Field) member;
+
+                if (value != null && !fld.getType().isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(fld.getType(), value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + fld.getType());
+                    }
+
+                    fld.set(curr, convert(value, fld.getType()));
+                }
+                else {
+                    fld.set(curr, value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (member != null) {
+                Method meth = (Method) member;
+
+                if (value != null && !meth.getParameterTypes()[0].isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(meth.getParameterTypes()[0], value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + meth.getParameterTypes()[0]);
+                    }
+                    meth.invoke(curr, convert(value, meth.getParameterTypes()[0]));
+                }
+                else {
+                    meth.invoke(curr, value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (curr instanceof Map) {
+                //noinspection unchecked
+                ((Map) curr).put(eval(tk, this.ctx, this.variableFactory), value);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property (" + tk + ") in: " + ctx.getClass().getName());
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int nextToken() {
+        switch (property[start = cursor]) {
+            case '[':
+                return COL;
+            case '.':
+                // ++cursor;
+                while (cursor < length && isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+                if ((start + 1) != length) {
+                    switch (property[cursor = ++start]) {
+                        case '?':
+                            cursor = ++start;
+                            nullHandle = true;
+                            break;
+                        case '{':
+                            return WITH;
+                    }
+
+                }
+        }
+
+        while (cursor < length && isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+        start = cursor;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while (++cursor < length && isJavaIdentifierPart(property[cursor])) ;
+
+        if (cursor < length) {
+            while (isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+            switch (property[cursor]) {
+                case '[':
+                    return COL;
+                case '(':
+                    return METH;
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private String capture() {
+        return new String(property, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+    }
+
+    protected int trimLeft(int pos) {
+        while (pos > 0 && isWhitespace(property[pos - 1])) pos--;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    public static void clearPropertyResolverCache() {
+        READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+        WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+        METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+    }
+
+    public static void reportCacheSizes() {
+        System.out.println("read property cache: " + READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+        System.out.println("write property cache: " + WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+        System.out.println("method cache: " + METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addReadCache(Class cls, Integer property, Member member) {
+        synchronized (READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Member> nestedMap = READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+
+            if (nestedMap == null) {
+                READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, nestedMap = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Member>());
+            }
+
+            nestedMap.put(property, member);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Member checkReadCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Member> map = READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static void addWriteCache(Class cls, Integer property, Member member) {
+        synchronized (WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Member> map = WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+            if (map == null) {
+                WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, map = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Member>());
+            }
+            map.put(property, member);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Member checkWriteCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Member> map = WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static void addMethodCache(Class cls, Integer property, Method member) {
+        synchronized (METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Object[]> map = METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+            if (map == null) {
+                METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, map = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Object[]>());
+            }
+            map.put(property, new Object[]{member, member.getParameterTypes()});
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object[] checkMethodCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Object[]> map = METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Object getBeanProperty(Object ctx, String property)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+
+        if (first) {
+            if ("this".equals(property)) {
+                return this.ctx;
+            }
+            else if (variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(property)) {
+                return variableFactory.getVariableResolver(property).getValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        Class cls;
+        Member member = checkReadCache(cls = (ctx instanceof Class ? ((Class) ctx) : ctx.getClass()), property.hashCode());
+
+        if (member == null) {
+            addReadCache(cls, property.hashCode(), member = getFieldOrAccessor(cls, property));
+        }
+
+        if (member instanceof Field) {
+            return ((Field) member).get(ctx);
+        }
+        else if (member != null) {
+            try {
+                return ((Method) member).invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+            }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                synchronized (member) {
+                    try {
+                        ((Method) member).setAccessible(true);
+                        return ((Method) member).invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+                    }
+                    finally {
+                        ((Method) member).setAccessible(false);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Map && ((Map) ctx).containsKey(property)) {
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(property);
+        }
+        else if ("length".equals(property) && ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            return getLength(ctx);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Class) {
+            Class c = (Class) ctx;
+            for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
+                if (property.equals(m.getName())) {
+                    if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_NAKED_METH_CALL) {
+                        return m.invoke(ctx, EMPTY_OBJ_ARR);
+                    }
+                    return m;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (PropertyHandlerFactory.hasPropertyHandler(cls)) {
+            return PropertyHandlerFactory.getPropertyHandler(cls).getProperty(property, ctx, variableFactory);
+        }
+
+        throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property (" + property + ")");
+    }
+
+    private void whiteSpaceSkip() {
+        if (cursor < length)
+            //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+            while (isWhitespace(property[cursor]) && ++cursor < length) ;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param c - character to scan to.
+     * @return - returns true is end of statement is hit, false if the scan scar is countered.
+     */
+    private boolean scanTo(char c) {
+        for (; cursor < length; cursor++) {
+            if (property[cursor] == c) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private Object getWithProperty(Object ctx) {
+        String root = new String(property, 0, cursor - 1).trim();
+
+        int start = cursor + 1;
+        int[] res = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(property, cursor, '{');
+        cursor = res[0];
+
+        WithStatementPair[] pvp = parseWithExpressions(root, subset(property, start, cursor++ - start));
+
+        for (WithStatementPair aPvp : pvp) {
+            if (aPvp.getParm() == null) {
+                // Execute this interpretively now.
+                MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory);
+            }
+            else {
+                // Execute interpretively.
+                MVEL.setProperty(ctx, aPvp.getParm(), MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory));
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle accessing a property embedded in a collections, map, or array
+     *
+     * @param ctx  -
+     * @param prop -
+     * @return -
+     * @throws Exception -
+     */
+    private Object getCollectionProperty(Object ctx, String prop) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.length() != 0) {
+            ctx = getBeanProperty(ctx, prop);
+        }
+
+        int start = ++cursor;
+
+        whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+        if (cursor == length)
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+        Object item;
+
+        if (scanTo(']'))
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+        // String ex = new String(property, start, cursor++ - start);
+        item = eval(new String(property, start, cursor++ - start), ctx, variableFactory);
+
+        if (ctx instanceof Map) {
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof List) {
+            return ((List) ctx).get((Integer) item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Collection) {
+            int count = (Integer) item;
+            if (count > ((Collection) ctx).size())
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("index [" + count + "] out of bounds on collections");
+
+            Iterator iter = ((Collection) ctx).iterator();
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) iter.next();
+            return iter.next();
+        }
+        else if (ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            return Array.get(ctx, (Integer) item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof CharSequence) {
+            return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt((Integer) item);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("illegal use of []: unknown type: " + (ctx == null ? null : ctx.getClass().getName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an appropriate method, execute it, and return it's response.
+     *
+     * @param ctx  -
+     * @param name -
+     * @return -
+     * @throws Exception -
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    private Object getMethod(Object ctx, String name) throws Exception {
+        int st = cursor;
+        String tk = ((cursor = balancedCapture(property, cursor, '(')) - st) > 1 ?
+                new String(property, st + 1, cursor - st - 1) : "";
+
+        cursor++;
+
+        Object[] args;
+        if (tk.length() == 0) {
+            args = ParseTools.EMPTY_OBJ_ARR;
+        }
+        else {
+            String[] subtokens = parseParameterList(tk.toCharArray(), 0, -1);
+            args = new Object[subtokens.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < subtokens.length; i++) {
+                args[i] = eval(subtokens[i], thisReference, variableFactory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (first && variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(name)) {
+            Object ptr = variableFactory.getVariableResolver(name).getValue();
+            if (ptr instanceof Method) {
+                ctx = ((Method) ptr).getDeclaringClass();
+                name = ((Method) ptr).getName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof MethodStub) {
+                ctx = ((MethodStub) ptr).getClassReference();
+                name = ((MethodStub) ptr).getMethodName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof Function) {
+                ((Function) ptr).checkArgumentCount(args.length);
+                return ((Function) ptr).call(ctx, thisReference, variableFactory, args);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new OptimizationFailure("attempt to optimize a method call for a reference that does not point to a method: "
+                        + name + " (reference is type: " + (ctx != null ? ctx.getClass().getName() : null) + ")");
+            }
+
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If the target object is an instance of java.lang.Class itself then do not
+         * adjust the Class scope target.
+         */
+        Class cls = ctx instanceof Class ? (Class) ctx : ctx.getClass();
+
+        /**
+         * Check to see if we have already cached this method;
+         */
+        Object[] cache = checkMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk));
+
+        Method m;
+        Class[] parameterTypes;
+
+        if (cache != null) {
+            m = (Method) cache[0];
+            parameterTypes = (Class[]) cache[1];
+        }
+        else {
+            m = null;
+            parameterTypes = null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If we have not cached the method then we need to go ahead and try to resolve it.
+         */
+        if (m == null) {
+            /**
+             * Try to find an instance method from the class target.
+             */
+            if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getMethods(), false)) != null) {
+                addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+                parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+            }
+
+            if (m == null) {
+                /**
+                 * If we didn't find anything, maybe we're looking for the actual java.lang.Class methods.
+                 */
+                if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getClass().getDeclaredMethods(), false)) != null) {
+                    addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+                    parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (m == null) {
+            StringAppender errorBuild = new StringAppender();
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                errorBuild.append(args[i] != null ? args[i].getClass().getName() : null);
+                if (i < args.length - 1) errorBuild.append(", ");
+            }
+
+            if ("size".equals(name) && args.length == 0 && cls.isArray()) {
+                return getLength(ctx);
+            }
+
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unable to resolve method: " + cls.getName() + "." + name + "(" + errorBuild.toString() + ") [arglength=" + args.length + "]");
+        }
+        else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                args[i] = convert(args[i], parameterTypes[i]);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Invoke the target method and return the response.
+             */
+            try {
+                return m.invoke(ctx, args);
+            }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                try {
+                    m = getWidenedTarget(m);
+                    addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+
+                    return m.invoke(ctx, args);
+                }
+                catch (Exception e2) {
+                    throw e;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int createSignature(String name, String args) {
+        return name.hashCode() + args.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public int getCursorPosition() {
+        return cursor;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `item` last assigned on line 553 could be null and is dereferenced at line 562.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object PropertyAccessor.getCollectionProperty(Object,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel2.PropertyAccessor.getCollectionProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String):java.lang.Object.534ee75ec5cdad9891a201ac61c50386
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel2/PropertyAccessor.java
+
+### Key:
+PropertyAccessor.java|getCollectionProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5518f3260d3a7105b8f5438321a19593
+
+### Hash:
+7692c79c8a13d3330f3765d47c1ae475
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4786/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4786/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b86e01b10b7eb95bf2121e27383bcbf388197cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4786/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.compileExpression;
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.executeExpression;
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRef;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRefParam;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.*;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class TemplateInterpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else if (MVEL.WEAK_CACHE || MVEL.NO_JIT) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new HashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public TemplateInterpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+
+            if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+                EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                Node[] nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+                try {
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+                }
+                catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                    nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, cloneAll(nodes));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        //    cloneAllNodes();
+
+    }
+
+    private Node[] cloneAll(Node[] nodes) {
+        Node[] newNodes = new Node[nodes.length];
+
+        try {
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Node n : nodes) {
+                newNodes[i++] = n.clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+
+        }
+
+        return newNodes;
+    }
+
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(String expression) {
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+            if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+                EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression);
+                try {
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+                }
+                catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                    nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens) throws IOException {
+        return parse(file, ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) throws IOException {
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens, registry);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return execute(ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            /**
+             * This is an optimization for property expressions.
+             */
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    if (!cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, compileExpression(s));
+                                return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            MVELInterpretedRuntime oParser = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case FOREACH: {
+                        ForeachContext foreachContext = (ForeachContext) currNode.getRegister();
+                        if (foreachContext.getItererators() == null) {
+                            try {
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split(",");
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for (int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++) {
+                                    //noinspection unchecked
+                                    Object listObject = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if (listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList((Object[]) listObject);
+                                    }
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection) listObject).iterator();
+                                }
+                                foreachContext.setIterators(iters);
+                            }
+                            catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = foreachContext.getItererators();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split(",");
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for (int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }
+
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                //noinspection unchecked
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            if (foreachContext.getCount() != 0) {
+                                sbuf.append(foreachContext.getSeperator());
+                            }
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            tokens.put("i0", foreachContext.getCount());
+                            foreachContext.setCount(foreachContext.getCount() + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }
+                            foreachContext.setIterators(null);
+                            foreachContext.setCount(0);
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length != 2) {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    case INCLUDE_BY_REF: {
+                        IncludeRef includeRef = (IncludeRef) nodes[node].getRegister();
+
+                        IncludeRefParam[] params = includeRef.getParams();
+                        Map<String, Object> vars = new HashMap<String, Object>(params.length * 2);
+                        for (IncludeRefParam param : params) {
+                            vars.put(param.getIdentifier(), MVEL.eval(param.getValue(), ctx, tokens));
+                        }
+
+                        if (registry == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("No TemplateRegistry specified, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+                        String template = registry.getTemplate(includeRef.getName());
+
+                        if (template == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("Template does not exist in the TemplateRegistry, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+
+                        sbuf.append(TemplateInterpreter.parse(template, ctx, vars, registry));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode() - 1;
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case'}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+                case'{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        TemplateInterpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.stack.org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack.size`. Potentially races with write in method `TemplateInterpreter.forwardAndPush()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.stack has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.stack.org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack.size might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object TemplateInterpreter.execute(Object,Map,TemplateRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map,org.mvel.TemplateRegistry):java..1141972e8c077bf084811e3faa3e1296
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/TemplateInterpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateInterpreter.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7c25361497a99bfc88a23809e7d7f223
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4788/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4788/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eecf3843845af2bcbdb06ca70a4b3f82e9c51000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4788/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 55
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.mvel.ast;
+
+import org.mvel.MVEL;
+import org.mvel.compiler.ExecutableStatement;
+import org.mvel.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+import static org.mvel.util.ParseTools.subCompileExpression;
+
+public class Invert extends ASTNode {
+    private ExecutableStatement stmt;
+
+    public Invert(char[] name, int fields) {
+        this.name = name;
+
+        if ((fields & COMPILE_IMMEDIATE) != 0) {
+            this.stmt = (ExecutableStatement) subCompileExpression(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Object getReducedValueAccelerated(Object ctx, Object thisValue, VariableResolverFactory factory) {
+        return ~((Integer) stmt.getValue(ctx, thisValue, factory));
+    }
+
+    public Object getReducedValue(Object ctx, Object thisValue, VariableResolverFactory factory) {
+        return ~((Integer) MVEL.eval(name, ctx, factory));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `eval(ASTNode.name,ctx,factory)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 24.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object Invert.getReducedValue(Object,Object,VariableResolverFactory)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.ast.Invert.getReducedValue(java.lang.Object,java.lang.Object,org.mvel.integration.VariableR.f46b7078a282268508a3681da8b355da
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/ast/Invert.java
+
+### Key:
+Invert.java|getReducedValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+82bc4705d6466a0b8509dff7973fc602
+
+### Hash:
+3cfb73077fd04a6e60f14955cd47ec6b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4911/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4911/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d09f39589acec93b4bc2ee0ed662f03615d6441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4911/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-java-driver
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2019 "Neo4j,"
+ * Neo4j Sweden AB [http://neo4j.com]
+ *
+ * This file is part of Neo4j.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.neo4j.driver.stress;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.RegisterExtension;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.util.ServerVersion;
+import org.neo4j.driver.AuthToken;
+import org.neo4j.driver.Driver;
+import org.neo4j.driver.Record;
+import org.neo4j.driver.Session;
+import org.neo4j.driver.exceptions.SessionExpiredException;
+import org.neo4j.driver.summary.ResultSummary;
+import org.neo4j.driver.util.cc.ClusterMemberRole;
+import org.neo4j.driver.util.cc.LocalOrRemoteClusterExtension;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.both;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.greaterThan;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.greaterThanOrEqualTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.lessThanOrEqualTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.junit.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.neo4j.driver.internal.util.Neo4jFeature.READ_ON_FOLLOWERS_BY_DEFAULT;
+import static org.neo4j.driver.util.cc.ClusterMember.SIMPLE_SCHEME;
+
+class CausalClusteringStressIT extends AbstractStressTestBase<CausalClusteringStressIT.Context>
+{
+    @RegisterExtension
+    static final LocalOrRemoteClusterExtension clusterRule = new LocalOrRemoteClusterExtension();
+
+    @Override
+    URI databaseUri()
+    {
+        return clusterRule.getClusterUri();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    AuthToken authToken()
+    {
+        return clusterRule.getAuthToken();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    Context createContext()
+    {
+        return new Context();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    List<BlockingCommand<Context>> createTestSpecificBlockingCommands()
+    {
+        return Arrays.asList(
+                new BlockingWriteQueryUsingReadSession<>( driver, false ),
+                new BlockingWriteQueryUsingReadSession<>( driver, true ),
+                new BlockingWriteQueryUsingReadSessionInTx<>( driver, false ),
+                new BlockingWriteQueryUsingReadSessionInTx<>( driver, true )
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    boolean handleWriteFailure( Throwable error, Context context )
+    {
+        if ( error instanceof SessionExpiredException )
+        {
+            boolean isLeaderSwitch = error.getMessage().endsWith( "no longer accepts writes" );
+            if ( isLeaderSwitch )
+            {
+                context.leaderSwitch();
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void assertExpectedReadQueryDistribution( Context context )
+    {
+        Map<String,Long> readQueriesByServer = context.getReadQueriesByServer();
+        ClusterAddresses clusterAddresses = fetchClusterAddresses( driver );
+
+        // before 3.2.0 only read replicas serve reads
+        ServerVersion version = ServerVersion.version( driver );
+        boolean readsOnFollowersEnabled = READ_ON_FOLLOWERS_BY_DEFAULT.availableIn( version );
+
+        if ( readsOnFollowersEnabled )
+        {
+            // expect all followers to serve more than zero read queries
+            assertAllAddressesServedReadQueries( "Follower", clusterAddresses.followers, readQueriesByServer );
+        }
+
+        // expect all read replicas to serve more than zero read queries
+        assertAllAddressesServedReadQueries( "Read replica", clusterAddresses.readReplicas, readQueriesByServer );
+
+        if ( readsOnFollowersEnabled )
+        {
+            // expect all followers to serve same order of magnitude read queries
+            assertAllAddressesServedSimilarAmountOfReadQueries( "Followers", clusterAddresses.followers,
+                    readQueriesByServer, clusterAddresses );
+        }
+
+        // expect all read replicas to serve same order of magnitude read queries
+        assertAllAddressesServedSimilarAmountOfReadQueries( "Read replicas", clusterAddresses.readReplicas,
+                readQueriesByServer, clusterAddresses );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void printStats( Context context )
+    {
+        System.out.println( "Nodes read: " + context.getReadNodesCount() );
+        System.out.println( "Nodes created: " + context.getCreatedNodesCount() );
+
+        System.out.println( "Leader switches: " + context.getLeaderSwitchCount() );
+        System.out.println( "Bookmark failures: " + context.getBookmarkFailures() );
+    }
+
+    private static ClusterAddresses fetchClusterAddresses( Driver driver )
+    {
+        Set<String> followers = new HashSet<>();
+        Set<String> readReplicas = new HashSet<>();
+
+        try ( Session session = driver.session() )
+        {
+            List<Record> records = session.run( "CALL dbms.cluster.overview()" ).list();
+            for ( Record record : records )
+            {
+                List<Object> addresses = record.get( "addresses" ).asList();
+                String boltAddress = ((String) addresses.get( 0 )).replace( SIMPLE_SCHEME, "" );
+
+                ClusterMemberRole role = ClusterMemberRole.valueOf( record.get( "role" ).asString() );
+                if ( role == ClusterMemberRole.FOLLOWER )
+                {
+                    followers.add( boltAddress );
+                }
+                else if ( role == ClusterMemberRole.READ_REPLICA )
+                {
+                    readReplicas.add( boltAddress );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new ClusterAddresses( followers, readReplicas );
+    }
+
+    private static void assertAllAddressesServedReadQueries( String addressType, Set<String> addresses,
+            Map<String,Long> readQueriesByServer )
+    {
+        for ( String address : addresses )
+        {
+            Long queries = readQueriesByServer.get( address );
+            assertThat( addressType + " did not serve any read queries", queries, greaterThan( 0L ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assertAllAddressesServedSimilarAmountOfReadQueries( String addressesType, Set<String> addresses,
+            Map<String,Long> readQueriesByServer, ClusterAddresses allAddresses )
+    {
+        long expectedOrderOfMagnitude = -1;
+        for ( String address : addresses )
+        {
+            long queries = readQueriesByServer.get( address );
+            long orderOfMagnitude = orderOfMagnitude( queries );
+            if ( expectedOrderOfMagnitude == -1 )
+            {
+                expectedOrderOfMagnitude = orderOfMagnitude;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                assertThat( addressesType + " are expected to serve similar amount of queries. " +
+                            "Addresses: " + allAddresses + ", " +
+                            "read queries served: " + readQueriesByServer,
+                        orderOfMagnitude,
+                        both( greaterThanOrEqualTo( expectedOrderOfMagnitude - 1 ) )
+                                .and( lessThanOrEqualTo( expectedOrderOfMagnitude + 1 ) ) );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static long orderOfMagnitude( long number )
+    {
+        long result = 1;
+        while ( number >= 10 )
+        {
+            number /= 10;
+            result++;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    static class Context extends AbstractContext
+    {
+        final ConcurrentMap<String,AtomicLong> readQueriesByServer = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+        final AtomicInteger leaderSwitches = new AtomicInteger();
+
+        @Override
+        public void processSummary( ResultSummary summary )
+        {
+            if ( summary == null )
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String serverAddress = summary.server().address();
+
+            AtomicLong count = readQueriesByServer.get( serverAddress );
+            if ( count == null )
+            {
+                count = new AtomicLong();
+                AtomicLong existingCounter = readQueriesByServer.putIfAbsent( serverAddress, count );
+                if ( existingCounter != null )
+                {
+                    count = existingCounter;
+                }
+            }
+            count.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        Map<String,Long> getReadQueriesByServer()
+        {
+            Map<String,Long> result = new HashMap<>();
+            for ( Map.Entry<String,AtomicLong> entry : readQueriesByServer.entrySet() )
+            {
+                result.put( entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().get() );
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        void leaderSwitch()
+        {
+            leaderSwitches.incrementAndGet();
+        }
+
+        int getLeaderSwitchCount()
+        {
+            return leaderSwitches.get();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class ClusterAddresses
+    {
+        final Set<String> followers;
+        final Set<String> readReplicas;
+
+        ClusterAddresses( Set<String> followers, Set<String> readReplicas )
+        {
+            this.followers = followers;
+            this.readReplicas = readReplicas;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString()
+        {
+            return "ClusterAddresses{" +
+                   "followers=" + followers +
+                   ", readReplicas=" + readReplicas +
+                   '}';
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `version.product` last assigned on line 109 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `availableIn(...)` at line 110.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CausalClusteringStressIT.assertExpectedReadQueryDistribution(CausalClusteringStressIT$Context)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.driver.stress.CausalClusteringStressIT.assertExpectedReadQueryDistribution(org.neo4j.drive.8af242715971c09eea9c2f6bad02a294
+
+### File:
+driver/src/test/java/org/neo4j/driver/stress/CausalClusteringStressIT.java
+
+### Key:
+CausalClusteringStressIT.java|assertExpectedReadQueryDistribution|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+47cad7001b4f0ad29a14d042d789646c
+
+### Hash:
+101816bca228ac1d3c531222b5ff0931
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4916/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4916/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bfab2a5588c1bbac0f81d1e88e5e75d5b4339a59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4916/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-java-driver
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2015 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This file is part of Neo4j.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.neo4j.driver.internal.util;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.InternalEntry;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.InternalNode;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.ParameterSupport;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.summary.ResultBuilder;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Entry;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Function;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.ResultCursor;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Value;
+
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsInAnyOrder;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.empty;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+import static org.neo4j.driver.v1.Values.value;
+
+public class ExtractTest
+{
+    @Rule
+    public ExpectedException exception = ExpectedException.none();
+
+    @Test
+    public void extractEmptyArrayShouldNotBeModifiable() throws Exception
+    {
+        List<Value> list = Extract.list( new Value[]{} );
+
+        assertThat( list, empty() );
+        exception.expect( UnsupportedOperationException.class );
+        list.add( null );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void extractSingletonShouldNotBeModifiable() throws Exception
+    {
+        List<Value> list = Extract.list( new Value[]{value( 42 )} );
+
+        assertThat( list, equalTo( singletonList( value( 42 ) ) ) );
+        exception.expect( UnsupportedOperationException.class );
+        list.add( null );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void extractMultipleShouldNotBeModifiable() throws Exception
+    {
+        List<Value> list = Extract.list( new Value[]{value( 42 ), value( 43 )} );
+
+        assertThat( list, equalTo( asList( value( 42 ), value( 43 ) ) ) );
+        exception.expect( UnsupportedOperationException.class );
+        list.add( null );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMapOverList() throws Exception
+    {
+        List<Integer> mapped = Extract.list( new Value[]{value( 42 ), value( 43 )}, integerExtractor() );
+
+        assertThat( mapped, equalTo( Arrays.asList( 42, 43 ) ) );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMapShouldNotBeModifiable() throws Exception
+    {
+        // GIVEN
+        Map<String,Value> map = new HashMap<>();
+        map.put( "k1", value( "foo" ) );
+        map.put( "k2", value( 42 ) );
+
+        // WHEN
+        Map<String,Value> valueMap = Extract.map( map );
+
+        // THEN
+        exception.expect( UnsupportedOperationException.class );
+        valueMap.put( "foo", value( "bar" ) );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMapValues() throws Exception
+    {
+        // GIVEN
+        Map<String,Value> map = new HashMap<>();
+        map.put( "k1", value( 43 ) );
+        map.put( "k2", value( 42 ) );
+
+        // WHEN
+        Map<String,Integer> mappedMap = Extract.map( map, integerExtractor() );
+
+        // THEN
+        Collection<Integer> values = mappedMap.values();
+        assertThat( values, containsInAnyOrder( 43, 42 ) );
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProperties() throws Exception
+    {
+        // GIVEN
+        Map<String,Value> props = new HashMap<>();
+        props.put( "k1", value( 43 ) );
+        props.put( "k2", value( 42 ) );
+        InternalNode node = new InternalNode( 42L, Collections.singletonList( "L" ), props );
+
+        // WHEN
+        Iterable<Entry<Integer>> properties = Extract.properties( node, integerExtractor() );
+
+        // THEN
+        Iterator<Entry<Integer>> iterator = properties.iterator();
+        assertThat( iterator.next(), equalTo( InternalEntry.of( "k1", 43 ) ) );
+        assertThat( iterator.next(), equalTo( InternalEntry.of( "k2", 42 ) ) );
+        assertFalse( iterator.hasNext() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFields() throws Exception
+    {
+        // GIVEN
+        ResultBuilder builder = new ResultBuilder( "<unknown>", ParameterSupport.NO_PARAMETERS );
+        builder.keys( new String[]{"k1"} );
+        builder.record( new Value[]{value(42)} );
+        ResultCursor result = builder.build();
+        result.first();
+
+        // WHEN
+        List<Entry<Integer>> fields = Extract.fields( result, integerExtractor() );
+
+
+        // THEN
+        assertThat( fields, equalTo( Collections.singletonList( InternalEntry.of( "k1", 42 ) ) ) );
+    }
+
+    private Function<Value,Integer> integerExtractor()
+    {
+        return new Function<Value,Integer>()
+        {
+
+            @Override
+            public Integer apply( Value value )
+            {
+                return value.asInt();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.driver.internal.InternalResultCursor` acquired by call to `build()` at line 155 is not released after line 159.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 159
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtractTest.testFields()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.driver.internal.util.ExtractTest.testFields():void.a497c94c5a7504748469886ed0f47889
+
+### File:
+driver/src/test/java/org/neo4j/driver/internal/util/ExtractTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtractTest.java|testFields|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b94cf2634b450128a346e4c65e5ca648
+
+### Hash:
+460d901e032190db05ace4fcd58be7b7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4918/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4918/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2df8f54a1b6080a9c246e1a40ef572d73d81514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4918/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-java-driver
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2016 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This file is part of Neo4j.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.neo4j.driver.v1.integration;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.AuthToken;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.AuthTokens;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Driver;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.GraphDatabase;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Session;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.TestNeo4j;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+
+public class SessionIT
+{
+    @Rule
+    public TestNeo4j neo4j = new TestNeo4j();
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldKnowSessionIsClosed() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        Driver driver = GraphDatabase.driver( neo4j.address() );
+        Session session = driver.session();
+
+        // When
+        session.close();
+
+        // Then
+        assertFalse( session.isOpen() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldHandleNullConfig() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        Driver driver = GraphDatabase.driver( neo4j.address(), AuthTokens.none(), null );
+        Session session = driver.session();
+
+        // When
+        session.close();
+
+        // Then
+        assertFalse( session.isOpen() );
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "ConstantConditions" )
+    @Test
+    public void shouldHandleNullAuthToken() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        AuthToken token = null;
+        Driver driver = GraphDatabase.driver( neo4j.address(), token);
+        Session session = driver.session();
+
+        // When
+        session.close();
+
+        // Then
+        assertFalse( session.isOpen() );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.driver.internal.pool.InternalConnectionPool` acquired by call to `driver(...)` at line 56 is not released after line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SessionIT.shouldHandleNullConfig()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.driver.v1.integration.SessionIT.shouldHandleNullConfig():void.add792189d44f6d18fc9b6c5e14f8ae1
+
+### File:
+driver/src/test/java/org/neo4j/driver/v1/integration/SessionIT.java
+
+### Key:
+SessionIT.java|shouldHandleNullConfig|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5024bea65cfc81dc120448af57ff1983
+
+### Hash:
+1a8b3028b2aba256e12b51163adf0cae
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4920/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4920/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..662904bca0dcf6d129b792e68cbe943d41f065ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4920/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** quick-media
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.hust.hui.quickmedia.web.wxapi.templates;
+
+import com.hust.hui.quickmedia.common.util.FileReadUtil;
+import com.hust.hui.quickmedia.web.entity.ResponseWrapper;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+
+import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Created by yihui on 2017/9/18.
+ */
+@RestController
+@Slf4j
+public class WxImgCreateTemplateAction {
+
+    private final static String TEMP_FILE = "/tmp/wx/templates.data";
+
+    private List<WxImgCreateTemplateCell> cellList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+
+    private volatile long lastModify;
+
+    @PostConstruct
+    public void init() {
+
+        try {
+            init(TEMP_FILE);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            try {
+                init("templates.data");
+            } catch (IOException e1) {
+                e1.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 每分钟清零一把报警计数
+        ScheduledExecutorService scheduleExecutorService = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
+        scheduleExecutorService.scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                File file = new File(TEMP_FILE);
+                if (lastModify >= file.lastModified()) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                try {
+                    init(TEMP_FILE);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    log.error("reload templates error!");
+                    try {
+                        init("templates.data");
+                    } catch (IOException e1) {
+                        e1.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                lastModify = file.lastModified();
+            }
+        }, 0, 5, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+    }
+
+
+    private void init(String fileName) throws IOException {
+        cellList.clear();
+        BufferedReader reader = FileReadUtil.createLineRead(fileName);
+        String line = reader.readLine();
+        String[] temps;
+        while (line != null) {
+            temps = StringUtils.split(line, "|");
+            cellList.add(new WxImgCreateTemplateCell(temps[0], temps[1]));
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "wx/list", method = {RequestMethod.GET, RequestMethod.POST, RequestMethod.OPTIONS})
+    public ResponseWrapper<WxImgCreateTemplateResponse> templates(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest) {
+        WxImgCreateTemplateResponse response = new WxImgCreateTemplateResponse();
+        response.setNum(cellList.size());
+        response.setList(cellList);
+        return ResponseWrapper.successReturn(response);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `createLineRead(...)` at line 76 is not released after line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WxImgCreateTemplateAction.init(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.hust.hui.quickmedia.web.wxapi.templates.WxImgCreateTemplateAction.init(java.lang.String):void.3d77fbc7958f8964aac30b01cb9b3484
+
+### File:
+web/src/main/java/com/hust/hui/quickmedia/web/wxapi/templates/WxImgCreateTemplateAction.java
+
+### Key:
+WxImgCreateTemplateAction.java|init|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9afcdcc9d4253c36267a0d34b98c337d
+
+### Hash:
+e33c07ea70e430650fc939a0f63b1c2f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4929/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4929/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f094760ff1970d5df56b59d6409849629f1169bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4929/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** owner
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Luigi R. Viggiano
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is distributable under the BSD license.
+ * See the terms of the BSD license in the documentation provided with this software.
+ */
+
+package org.aeonbits.owner;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import static org.aeonbits.owner.ConfigFactory.loadPropertiesFor;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+/**
+ * @author Luigi R. Viggiano
+ */
+public class ConfigTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldNotReturnNull() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertNotNull(config);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldReturnTheValueFromTheAssociatedProperties() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertEquals("testValue", config.testKey());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass() throws IOException {
+        ConfigURLStreamHandler handler = new ConfigURLStreamHandler(SampleConfig.class.getClassLoader(),
+                new SystemVariablesExpander());
+        ConfigURLStreamHandler spy = spy(handler);
+
+        ConfigFactory.getStreamFor(SampleConfig.class, spy);
+        URL expected =
+                new URL(null, "classpath:org/aeonbits/owner/SampleConfig.properties", handler);
+        verify(spy, times(1)).openConnection(eq(expected));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldReturnThePropertiesForTheClass() {
+        Properties props = loadPropertiesFor(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertNotNull(props);
+        assertEquals("testValue", props.getProperty("testKey"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldDoReplacements() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertEquals("Hello Luigi.", config.hello("Luigi"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldLoadURLFromSpecifiedSource() throws IOException {
+        final URL[] lastURL = { null };
+        ConfigURLStreamHandler handler = new ConfigURLStreamHandler(SampleConfigWithSource.class.getClassLoader(),
+                new SystemVariablesExpander()) {
+            @Override
+            protected URLConnection openConnection(URL url) throws IOException {
+                lastURL[0] = url;
+                return super.openConnection(url);
+            }
+        };
+
+        ConfigFactory.getStreamFor(SampleConfigWithSource.class, handler);
+        URL expected = new URL(null, "classpath:org/aeonbits/owner/FooBar.properties",
+                handler);
+        assertEquals(expected, lastURL[0]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldLoadPropertiesFromSpecifiedSource() throws Exception {
+        SampleConfigWithSource sample = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithSource.class);
+        assertEquals("Hello World!", sample.helloWorld());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldReturnNullProperty() {
+        InvalidSourceConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(InvalidSourceConfig.class);
+        assertNull(config.someProperty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConfigWithoutPropertiesAssociated() {
+        UnassociatedConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(UnassociatedConfig.class);
+        assertNull(config.someProperty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultStringValue() {
+        SampleConfigWithSource config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithSource.class);
+        assertEquals("Hello Mr. Luigi!", config.helloMr("Luigi"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultIntValue() {
+        SampleConfigWithSource config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithSource.class);
+        assertEquals(42, config.answerToLifeUniverseAndEverything());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefautDoubleValue() {
+        SampleConfigWithSource config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithSource.class);
+        assertEquals(3.141592653589793D, config.pi(), 0.000000000000001D) ;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefautFloatValue() {
+        SampleConfigWithSource config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithSource.class);
+        assertEquals(0.5f, config.half(), 0.01f);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefautBooleanValue() {
+        SampleConfigWithSource config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithSource.class);
+        assertEquals(false, config.worldIsFlat());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultIntegerValue() {
+        SampleConfigWithSource config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithSource.class);
+        assertEquals(new Integer(7), config.daysInWeek());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultPropertyOverridden() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertEquals("Speechless - Lady Gaga", config.favoriteSong());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnspecifiedProperty() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertNull(config.unspecifiedProperty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPropertyWithCustomizedKey() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertEquals(80, config.httpPort());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPropertyWithKeyAndDefaultValue() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertEquals("Good Afternoon", config.salutation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPropertyWithExpansion() {
+        SampleConfigWithExpansion config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfigWithExpansion.class);
+        assertEquals("pink", config.favoriteColor());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testListPrintStream() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream expected = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        loadPropertiesFor(SampleConfig.class).list(new PrintStream(expected, true));
+
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        ByteArrayOutputStream result = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        config.list(new PrintStream(result, true));
+
+        assertEquals(expected.toString(), result.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testListPrintWriter() throws IOException {
+        StringWriter expected = new StringWriter();
+        loadPropertiesFor(SampleConfig.class).list(new PrintWriter(expected, true));
+
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        StringWriter result = new StringWriter();
+        config.list(new PrintWriter(result, true));
+
+        assertEquals(expected.toString(), result.toString());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `getStreamFor(...)` at line 54 is not released after line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConfigTest.shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.aeonbits.owner.ConfigTest.shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass():void.4262780d4f28557f4a9deda353015d7a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/aeonbits/owner/ConfigTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ConfigTest.java|shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d1b58661b7eeef7a726480a138cc8120
+
+### Hash:
+fce3450c5f3725794ae6ae23fcee37ab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4942/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4942/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82c923169378a646dbe204aeccb98b57a86dad28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4942/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** owner
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, Luigi R. Viggiano
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is distributable under the BSD license.
+ * See the terms of the BSD license in the documentation provided with this software.
+ */
+
+package org.aeonbits.owner.loadstrategies;
+
+import org.aeonbits.owner.Config;
+import org.aeonbits.owner.ConfigFactory;
+import org.aeonbits.owner.PropertiesManagerForTest;
+import org.aeonbits.owner.VariablesExpanderForTest;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * @author Luigi R. Viggiano
+ */
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class DefaultLoadStrategyTest {
+    @Mock
+    private ScheduledExecutorService scheduler;
+    private VariablesExpanderForTest expander = new VariablesExpanderForTest(new Properties());
+
+    static interface SampleConfig extends Config {
+        String testKey();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: review this test.
+    @Test
+    public void shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass() throws IOException {
+        PropertiesManagerForTest manager = new PropertiesManagerForTest(SampleConfig.class, new Properties(),
+                scheduler, expander);
+
+        assertEquals(1, manager.getUrls().size());
+        for(URL url : manager.getUrls()) 
+            assertTrue(url.getPath().contains("org/aeonbits/owner/loadstrategies/DefaultLoadStrategyTest$SampleConfig"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldReturnTheValueFromTheAssociatedProperties() {
+        SampleConfig config = ConfigFactory.create(SampleConfig.class);
+        assertEquals("testValue", config.testKey());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldReturnThePropertiesForTheClass() {
+        PropertiesManagerForTest manager = new PropertiesManagerForTest(SampleConfig.class, new Properties(), scheduler, expander);
+        Properties props = manager.load();
+        assertNotNull(props);
+        assertEquals("testValue", props.getProperty("testKey"));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `manager.getUrls()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 48.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultLoadStrategyTest.shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.aeonbits.owner.loadstrategies.DefaultLoadStrategyTest.shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass():void.88646ab8111d6d595b291cc6eb575c71
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/aeonbits/owner/loadstrategies/DefaultLoadStrategyTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultLoadStrategyTest.java|shouldReturnTheResourceForAClass|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+def1a8aaf684a28b54687dca014555a9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4945/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4945/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39b1fff6e44ad6da7cecd0d756a553dccb40210e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4945/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xmlunit
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.xmlunit.assertj;
+
+import org.assertj.core.api.AbstractAssert;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+import org.xmlunit.util.Nodes;
+import org.xmlunit.xpath.XPathEngine;
+
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.xmlunit.assertj.ShouldHaveAttribute.shouldHaveAttribute;
+import static org.xmlunit.assertj.ShouldHaveAttribute.shouldHaveAttributeWithValue;
+
+public class NodeAssert extends AbstractAssert<NodeAssert, Node> {
+
+    private final XPathEngine xPathEngine;
+
+    NodeAssert(Node node, XPathEngine xPathEngine) {
+        super(node, NodeAssert.class);
+        this.xPathEngine = xPathEngine;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAssert hasAttribute(String attributeName) {
+        isNotNull();
+        requestAttributeForName(attributeName);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAssert hasAttribute(String attributeName, String attributeValue) {
+        isNotNull();
+
+        final Map.Entry<QName, String> attribute = requestAttributeForName(attributeName);
+        if (!attribute.getValue().equals(attributeValue)) {
+            throwAssertionError(shouldHaveAttributeWithValue(actual, attributeName, attributeValue));
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private Map.Entry<QName, String> requestAttributeForName(String attributeName) {
+
+        Map<QName, String> attributes = Nodes.getAttributes(actual);
+
+        for (Map.Entry<QName, String> entry : attributes.entrySet()) {
+            final QName qName = entry.getKey();
+            if (matchQName(qName, attributeName)) {
+                return entry;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throwAssertionError(shouldHaveAttribute(actual, attributeName));
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean matchQName(QName qName, String name) {
+
+        return qName.toString().equals(name)
+                || (qName.getPrefix() + ":" + qName.getLocalPart()).equals(name)
+                || qName.getLocalPart().equals(name);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `attribute` last assigned on line 32 could be null and is dereferenced at line 33.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+NodeAssert NodeAssert.hasAttribute(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.xmlunit.assertj.NodeAssert.hasAttribute(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):org.xmlunit.assertj.N.30b7c6c9527c455406f2672be6f5969d
+
+### File:
+xmlunit-assertj/src/main/java/org/xmlunit/assertj/NodeAssert.java
+
+### Key:
+NodeAssert.java|hasAttribute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+77054afd900daa70e235f68e4ac8a469
+
+### Hash:
+9d054f9cec935d17dcd4426272ee20f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4951/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4951/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bec802087a01e62c9bc68c3c893177eeea9eb338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4951/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MicroCommunity
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.java110.common.smo.impl;
+
+import com.java110.common.dao.IFileServiceDao;
+import com.java110.config.properties.code.Java110Properties;
+import com.java110.core.base.smo.BaseServiceSMO;
+import com.java110.core.client.JSchFtpUploadTemplate;
+import com.java110.core.smo.file.IFileInnerServiceSMO;
+import com.java110.dto.file.FileDto;
+import com.java110.core.client.FtpUploadTemplate;
+import com.java110.utils.util.Base64Convert;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+@RestController
+public class FileInnerServiceSMOImpl extends BaseServiceSMO implements IFileInnerServiceSMO {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private IFileServiceDao fileServiceDaoImpl;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private Java110Properties java110Properties;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private FtpUploadTemplate ftpUploadTemplate;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private JSchFtpUploadTemplate jSchFtpUploadTemplate;
+
+
+    @Override
+    public String saveFile(@RequestBody FileDto fileDto) {
+
+        //int saveFileFlag = fileServiceDaoImpl.saveFile(BeanConvertUtil.beanCovertMap(fileDto));
+
+
+        String fileName = ftpUploadTemplate.upload(fileDto.getContext(), java110Properties.getFtpServer(),
+                java110Properties.getFtpPort(), java110Properties.getFtpUserName(),
+                java110Properties.getFtpUserPassword(), java110Properties.getFtpPath());
+
+//        String fileName = jSchFtpUploadTemplate.upload(fileDto.getContext(), java110Properties.getFtpServer(),
+//                java110Properties.getFtpPort(), java110Properties.getFtpUserName(),
+//                java110Properties.getFtpUserPassword(), java110Properties.getFtpPath());
+        return fileName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<FileDto> queryFiles(@RequestBody FileDto fileDto) {
+        //return BeanConvertUtil.covertBeanList(fileServiceDaoImpl.getFiles(BeanConvertUtil.beanCovertMap(fileDto)), FileDto.class);
+        List<FileDto> fileDtos = new ArrayList<>();
+        String fileName = fileDto.getFileSaveName();
+        String ftpPath = java110Properties.getFtpPath();
+        if (fileName.contains("/")) {
+            ftpPath += fileName.substring(0, fileName.lastIndexOf("/")+1);
+            fileName = fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf("/")+1, fileName.length());
+        }
+        byte[] fileImg = ftpUploadTemplate.downFileByte(ftpPath, fileName, java110Properties.getFtpServer(),
+                java110Properties.getFtpPort(), java110Properties.getFtpUserName(),
+                java110Properties.getFtpUserPassword());
+        try {
+            File file = new File("/home/hc/img/"+ UUID.randomUUID().toString()+".jpg");
+            File fileParent = file.getParentFile();
+            if (!fileParent.exists()) {
+                fileParent.mkdirs();// 能创建多级目录
+            }
+            if(!file.exists()){
+                file.createNewFile();
+            }
+            OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);
+            out.write(fileImg);
+        }catch (Exception e){
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+       //String context = new BASE64Encoder().encode(fileImg);
+        String context = Base64Convert.byteToBase64(fileImg);
+
+        fileDto.setContext(context);
+        fileDtos.add(fileDto);
+        return fileDtos;
+    }
+
+    public IFileServiceDao getFileServiceDaoImpl() {
+        return fileServiceDaoImpl;
+    }
+
+    public void setFileServiceDaoImpl(IFileServiceDao fileServiceDaoImpl) {
+        this.fileServiceDaoImpl = fileServiceDaoImpl;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 77 is not released after line 78.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List FileInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryFiles(FileDto)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.java110.common.smo.impl.FileInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryFiles(com.java110.dto.file.FileDto):java.ut.fa8dcee56def903c9906bd27e3d4d652
+
+### File:
+CommonService/src/main/java/com/java110/common/smo/impl/FileInnerServiceSMOImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+FileInnerServiceSMOImpl.java|queryFiles|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2dceb96e8e24849e2c78a13223ec7091
+
+### Hash:
+8bb5fc52eb13d9288020d6184a24d59c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4956/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4956/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a410a25e0d9667812d863438da424735c0e47f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4956/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,846 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MicroCommunity
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.java110.core.factory;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.java110.common.cache.MappingCache;
+import com.java110.common.constant.CommonConstant;
+import com.java110.common.constant.MappingConstant;
+import com.java110.common.constant.ResponseConstant;
+import com.java110.common.constant.StatusConstant;
+import com.java110.common.util.Assert;
+import com.java110.common.util.DateUtil;
+import com.java110.common.util.StringUtil;
+import com.java110.core.context.DataFlow;
+import com.java110.core.context.IOrderDataFlowContext;
+import com.java110.core.context.IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext;
+import com.java110.entity.center.AppRoute;
+import com.java110.entity.center.AppService;
+import com.java110.entity.center.Business;
+import com.java110.entity.center.DataFlowLinksCost;
+import com.java110.entity.order.BusinessAttrs;
+import com.java110.entity.order.Orders;
+import com.java110.entity.order.OrdersAttrs;
+import com.java110.entity.order.ServiceBusiness;
+import org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
+import org.springframework.util.MultiValueMap;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * 数据流工厂类
+ * Created by wuxw on 2018/4/13.
+ */
+public class OrderDataFlowContextFactory {
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化
+     * @param clazz
+     * @param <T>
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static <T> T newInstance(Class<T> clazz) throws BeanInstantiationException {
+        Assert.notNull(clazz, "Class 不能为空");
+        if (clazz.isInterface()) {
+            throw new BeanInstantiationException(clazz, "指定类是一个接口");
+        }
+        //DateUtil.getCurrentDate(), ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_SUCCESS
+        try {
+            return clazz.getConstructor(Date.class,String.class).newInstance(DateUtil.getCurrentDate(), ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_SUCCESS);
+        }
+        catch (InstantiationException ex) {
+            throw new BeanInstantiationException(clazz, "是一个抽象类?", ex);
+        }catch (Exception ex){
+            throw new BeanInstantiationException(clazz, "构造函数不能访问?", ex);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 添加耗时
+     * @param dataFlow 数据流
+     * @param linksCode 环节编码
+     * @param linksName 环节名称
+     * @param startDate 开始时间
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static void addCostTime(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow, String linksCode, String linksName, Date startDate){
+        if(MappingConstant.VALUE_ON.equals(MappingCache.getValue(MappingConstant.KEY_COST_TIME_ON_OFF))) {
+            DataFlowLinksCost dataFlowLinksCost = new DataFlowLinksCost().builder(linksCode, linksName, startDate, DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+            //dataFlow.addLinksCostDates(dataFlowLinksCost);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取将要作废的订单
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedErrorOrder(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map order = new HashMap();
+        order.put("oId",dataFlow.getOrders().getoId());
+        //order.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        order.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_ERROR);
+        return order;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取将要作废的订单
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedErrorOrder(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map order = new HashMap();
+        order.put("oId",dataFlow.getoId());
+        //order.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        order.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_ERROR);
+        return order;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 添加耗时
+     * @param dataFlow 数据流
+     * @param linksCode 环节编码
+     * @param linksName 环节名称
+     * @param startDate 开始时间
+     * @param endDate 结束时间
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static void addCostTime(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow, String linksCode, String linksName, Date startDate, Date endDate){
+        if(MappingConstant.VALUE_ON.equals(MappingCache.getValue(MappingConstant.KEY_COST_TIME_ON_OFF))) {
+            DataFlowLinksCost dataFlowLinksCost = new DataFlowLinksCost().builder(linksCode, linksName, startDate, endDate);
+            //dataFlow.addLinksCostDates(dataFlowLinksCost);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取Order信息
+     * @param orders 订单信息
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getOrder(Orders orders){
+        Map order = new HashMap();
+        orders.setoId(GenerateCodeFactory.getOId());
+        order.put("oId",orders.getoId());
+        order.put("appId",orders.getAppId());
+        order.put("extTransactionId",orders.getExtTransactionId());
+        order.put("userId",orders.getUserId());
+        order.put("requestTime",orders.getRequestTime());
+        order.put("orderTypeCd",orders.getOrderTypeCd());
+        order.put("remark",orders.getRemark());
+        order.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_SAVE);
+        return order ;
+    }
+
+
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取订单项
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static List<Map> getBusiness(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        List<Map> businesss = new ArrayList<Map>();
+        Map busiMap = null;
+        List<com.java110.entity.order.Business> businessList = dataFlow.getBusinessList();
+        for(com.java110.entity.order.Business business : businessList) {
+            if(business == null){
+                continue;
+            }
+            business.setbId(GenerateCodeFactory.getBId());
+            busiMap = new HashMap();
+            busiMap.put("oId",dataFlow.getOrders().getoId());
+            busiMap.put("businessTypeCd",business.getBusinessTypeCd());
+            busiMap.put("remark",business.getRemark());
+            busiMap.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_SAVE);
+            busiMap.put("bId",business.getbId());
+            businesss.add(busiMap);
+        }
+        return businesss;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 组装撤单数据
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @param message
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static List<Map> getDeleteOrderBusiness(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow,String message){
+        List<Map> business = new ArrayList<Map>();
+        Map busiMap = new HashMap();
+        busiMap.put("oId",dataFlow.getOrders().getoId());
+        busiMap.put("businessTypeCd",StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_DELETE);
+        busiMap.put("remark",message);
+        busiMap.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_DELETE_ORDER);
+        busiMap.put("bId", GenerateCodeFactory.getBId());
+        business.add(busiMap);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 组装撤单数据
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @param message
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static List<Map> getDeleteOrderBusiness(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow,String message){
+        List<Map> business = new ArrayList<Map>();
+        Map busiMap = new HashMap();
+        busiMap.put("oId",dataFlow.getoId());
+        busiMap.put("businessTypeCd",StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_DELETE);
+        busiMap.put("remark",message);
+        busiMap.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_DELETE_ORDER);
+        busiMap.put("bId", GenerateCodeFactory.getBId());
+        business.add(busiMap);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取订单属性
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static List<Map> getBusinessAttrs(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        List<Map> businessAttrs = new ArrayList<Map>();
+        List<com.java110.entity.order.Business> businesses = dataFlow.getBusinessList();
+        for(com.java110.entity.order.Business business :businesses) {
+            if (business.getBusinessAttrs() == null || business.getBusinessAttrs().size() ==0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            List<BusinessAttrs> attrs = business.getBusinessAttrs();
+            Map attrMap = null;
+            for (BusinessAttrs businessAttrs1 : attrs) {
+                attrMap = new HashMap();
+                businessAttrs1.setAttrId(GenerateCodeFactory.getAttrId());
+                attrMap.put("bId", business.getbId());
+                attrMap.put("attrId", businessAttrs1.getAttrId());
+                attrMap.put("specCd", businessAttrs1.getSpecCd());
+                attrMap.put("value", businessAttrs1.getValue());
+                businessAttrs.add(attrMap);
+            }
+        }
+        return businessAttrs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取将要作废的订单
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedInvalidOrder(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map order = new HashMap();
+        order.put("oId",dataFlow.getOrders().getoId());
+        // order.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        order.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_DELETE);
+        return order;
+    }
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取将要作废的订单
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedInvalidOrder(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map order = new HashMap();
+        order.put("oId",dataFlow.getoId());
+        // order.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        order.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_DELETE);
+        return order;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Business 过程完成
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedDeleteBusiness(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map business = new HashMap();
+        String bId = "";
+        for(com.java110.entity.order.Business busi:dataFlow.getBusinessList()){
+            bId += busi.getbId()+",";
+        }
+        business.put("bId",bId.substring(0,bId.length()-1));
+        business.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        business.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_DELETE_ORDER);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Business 过程完成
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedDeleteBusiness(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map business = new HashMap();
+        String bId = "";
+
+        business.put("bId",dataFlow.getbId());
+        business.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        business.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_DELETE_ORDER);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+    public static Map getNeedNotifyErrorBusiness(DataFlow dataFlow){
+        Map business = new HashMap();
+        String bId = getMoreBId(dataFlow);
+        business.put("bId",bId.substring(0,bId.length()-1));
+        business.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        business.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_NOTIFY_ERROR);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+    public static Map getNeedNotifyErrorBusiness(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map business = new HashMap();
+        business.put("bId",dataFlow.getbId());
+        business.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        business.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_NOTIFY_ERROR);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取DataFlow 对象中的所有bId
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static String getMoreBId(DataFlow dataFlow){
+        String bId = "";
+        for(Business busi:dataFlow.getBusinesses()){
+            bId += busi.getbId()+",";
+        }
+        return bId;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取将要完成的订单
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedCompleteOrder(DataFlow dataFlow){
+        Map order = new HashMap();
+        order.put("oId",dataFlow.getoId());
+        order.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        order.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_COMPLETE);
+        return order;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取竣工消息的报文（订单完成后通知业务系统）
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getNotifyBusinessSuccessJson(DataFlow dataFlow){
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.NOTIFY_BUSINESS_TYPE);
+        JSONArray businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONArray("business");
+
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        JSONObject response = null;
+        for(Business business :dataFlow.getBusinesses()){
+            busi = new JSONObject();
+            busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+            busi.put("serviceCode",business.getServiceCode());
+            response = new JSONObject();
+            response.put("code",ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_SUCCESS);
+            response.put("message","成功");
+            busi.put("response",response);
+            businesses.add(busi);
+        }
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取竣工消息的报文（订单完成后通知业务系统）
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getNotifyBusinessSuccessJson(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.NOTIFY_BUSINESS_TYPE);
+        JSONArray businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONArray("business");
+
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        JSONObject response = null;
+            busi = new JSONObject();
+            busi.put("bId",dataFlow.getbId());
+            busi.put("businessTypeCd",dataFlow.getBusinessTypeCd());
+            response = new JSONObject();
+            response.put("code",ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_SUCCESS);
+            response.put("message","成功");
+            busi.put("response",response);
+            businesses.add(busi);
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取订单属性
+     * @param orders
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static List<Map> getOrderAttrs(Orders orders){
+        List<Map> orderAttrs = new ArrayList<Map>();
+
+        List<OrdersAttrs> attrs = orders.getOrdersAttrs();
+        Map attrMap = null;
+        for(OrdersAttrs ordersAttr:attrs)
+        {
+            ordersAttr.setAttrId(GenerateCodeFactory.getAttrId());
+            attrMap = new HashMap();
+            attrMap.put("oId",orders.getoId());
+            attrMap.put("attrId", ordersAttr.getAttrId());
+            attrMap.put("specCd",ordersAttr.getSpecCd());
+            attrMap.put("value",ordersAttr.getValue());
+            orderAttrs.add(attrMap);
+        }
+        return orderAttrs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getNotifyBusinessErrorJson(DataFlow dataFlow){
+
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.NOTIFY_BUSINESS_TYPE);
+        JSONArray businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONArray("business");
+
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        JSONObject response = null;
+        for(Business business :dataFlow.getBusinesses()){
+            busi = new JSONObject();
+            busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+            busi.put("serviceCode",business.getServiceCode());
+            response = new JSONObject();
+            response.put("code",ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_INNER_ERROR);
+            response.put("message","失败");
+            busi.put("response",response);
+            businesses.add(busi);
+        }
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getNotifyBusinessErrorJson(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.NOTIFY_BUSINESS_TYPE);
+        JSONArray businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONArray("business");
+
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        JSONObject response = null;
+            busi = new JSONObject();
+            busi.put("bId",dataFlow.getbId());
+            busi.put("businessTypeCd",dataFlow.getBusinessTypeCd());
+            response = new JSONObject();
+            response.put("code",ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_INNER_ERROR);
+            response.put("message","失败");
+            busi.put("response",response);
+            businesses.add(busi);
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+    public static JSONObject getCompletedBusinessErrorJson(DataFlow dataFlow,Map business,AppService appService){
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.NOTIFY_BUSINESS_TYPE);
+        JSONArray businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONArray("business");
+
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        JSONObject response = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.get("b_id"));
+        busi.put("serviceCode",appService.getServiceCode());
+        response = new JSONObject();
+        response.put("code",ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_INNER_ERROR);
+        response.put("message","失败");
+        busi.put("response",response);
+        businesses.add(busi);
+        return notifyMessage;
+
+    }
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param business
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getBusinessTableDataInfoToInstanceTableJson(DataFlow dataFlow,Business business){
+
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_INSTANCE);
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+            busi = new JSONObject();
+            busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+            busi.put("serviceCode",business.getServiceCode());
+            busi.put("serviceName",business.getServiceName());
+            //busi.put("isInstance",CommonConstant.INSTANCE_Y);
+        //busi.put("datas",business.getDatas());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param business
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getBusinessTableDataInfoToInstanceTableJson(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow,com.java110.entity.order.Business business){
+
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_INSTANCE);
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+        busi.put("businessTypeCd",business.getBusinessTypeCd());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getBusinessTableDataInfoToInstanceTableJson(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_INSTANCE);
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",dataFlow.getbId());
+        busi.put("businessTypeCd",dataFlow.getBusinessTypeCd());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 发起撤单请求报文
+     * @param business
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getDeleteInstanceTableJson(DataFlow dataFlow,Business business){
+
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_DELETE);
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+        busi.put("serviceCode",business.getServiceCode());
+        busi.put("serviceName",business.getServiceName());
+        //busi.put("datas",business.getDatas());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 发起撤单请求报文
+     * @param business
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getDeleteInstanceTableJson(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow,com.java110.entity.order.Business business){
+
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_DELETE);
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+        busi.put("businessTypeCd",business.getBusinessTypeCd());
+        //busi.put("datas",business.getDatas());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+    }
+
+    public static JSONObject getDeleteInstanceTableJson(DataFlow dataFlow,Map business,AppService appService){
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_DELETE);
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.get("b_id"));
+        busi.put("serviceCode",appService.getServiceCode());
+        //busi.put("datas",business.getDatas());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+
+    }
+
+    public static JSONObject getDeleteInstanceTableJson(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow, Map business ){
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_DELETE);
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.get("b_id"));
+        busi.put("businessTypeCd",business.get("business_type_cd").toString());
+        //busi.put("datas",business.getDatas());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param business
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getCompleteInstanceDataJson(DataFlow dataFlow,Business business){
+
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE);
+        //JSONObject businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONObject("business");
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+        busi.put("serviceCode",business.getServiceCode());
+        busi.put("serviceName",business.getServiceName());
+        busi.put("isInstance",CommonConstant.INSTANCE_Y);
+        notifyMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param business
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getRequestBusinessJson(DataFlow dataFlow,Business business){
+
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_BUSINESS);
+        //JSONObject businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONObject("business");
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+        busi.put("serviceCode",business.getServiceCode());
+        busi.put("serviceName",business.getServiceName());
+        busi.put("remark",business.getRemark());
+        busi.put("datas",business.getDatas());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取失败消息的报文（订单失败后通知业务系统）
+     * @param business
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static JSONObject getRequestBusinessJson(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow,com.java110.entity.order.Business business){
+
+        JSONObject requestMessage = getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(dataFlow,StatusConstant.REQUEST_BUSINESS_TYPE_BUSINESS);
+        //JSONObject businesses = notifyMessage.getJSONObject("business");
+        JSONObject busi = null;
+        busi = new JSONObject();
+        busi.put("bId",business.getbId());
+        busi.put("businessTypeCd",business.getBusinessTypeCd());
+        busi.put("remark",business.getRemark());
+        busi.put("datas",business.getData());
+        requestMessage.put("business",busi);
+        return requestMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 业务系统交互
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static JSONObject getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(DataFlow dataFlow,String businessType){
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = JSONObject.parseObject("{\"orders\":{},\"business\":{}}");
+        JSONObject orders = notifyMessage.getJSONObject("orders");
+        orders.put("transactionId", UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-",""));
+        orders.put("dataFlowId",dataFlow.getDataFlowId());
+        orders.put("orderTypeCd",dataFlow.getOrderTypeCd());
+        orders.put("requestTime",DateUtil.getyyyyMMddhhmmssDateString());
+        orders.put("businessType",businessType);
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 业务系统交互
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static JSONObject getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow,String businessType){
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = JSONObject.parseObject("{\"orders\":{},\"business\":{}}");
+        JSONObject orders = notifyMessage.getJSONObject("orders");
+        orders.put("transactionId", UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-",""));
+        orders.put("dataFlowId",dataFlow.getDataFlowId());
+        orders.put("orderTypeCd",dataFlow.getOrders().getOrderTypeCd());
+        orders.put("requestTime",DateUtil.getyyyyMMddhhmmssDateString());
+        orders.put("businessType",businessType);
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 业务系统交互
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static JSONObject getTransactionBusinessBaseJson(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow,String businessType){
+        JSONObject notifyMessage = JSONObject.parseObject("{\"orders\":{},\"business\":{}}");
+        JSONObject orders = notifyMessage.getJSONObject("orders");
+        orders.put("transactionId", UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-",""));
+        orders.put("dataFlowId",dataFlow.getDataFlowId());
+        orders.put("orderTypeCd",dataFlow.getOrderTypeCd());
+        orders.put("requestTime",DateUtil.getyyyyMMddhhmmssDateString());
+        orders.put("businessType",businessType);
+        return notifyMessage;
+    }
+
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取同步处理业务
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static List<com.java110.entity.order.Business> getSynchronousBusinesses(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        AppService service = null;
+        AppRoute route = null;
+        List<com.java110.entity.order.Business> syschronousBusinesses = new ArrayList<com.java110.entity.order.Business>();
+        for(com.java110.entity.order.Business business :dataFlow.getBusinessList()){
+
+            if(CommonConstant.ORDER_INVOKE_METHOD_SYNCHRONOUS.equals(business.getInvokeModel()) || StringUtil.isEmpty(business.getInvokeModel())){
+                business.setSeq(service.getSeq());
+                syschronousBusinesses.add(business);
+            }
+        }
+        if(syschronousBusinesses.size() > 0) {
+            Collections.sort(syschronousBusinesses);
+        }
+
+        return syschronousBusinesses;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 获取异步处理业务
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static List<com.java110.entity.order.Business> getAsynchronousBusinesses(IOrderDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+
+        List<com.java110.entity.order.Business> asynchronousBusinesses = new ArrayList<com.java110.entity.order.Business>();
+        for(com.java110.entity.order.Business business :dataFlow.getBusinessList()){
+            if(CommonConstant.ORDER_INVOKE_METHOD_ASYNCHRONOUS.equals(business.getInvokeModel())){
+
+                asynchronousBusinesses.add(business);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return asynchronousBusinesses;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * hashmap 转MultiValueMap
+     * @param httpHeaders
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static MultiValueMap<String, String> hashMap2MultiValueMap(Map<String,String> httpHeaders){
+        MultiValueMap<String, String> multiValueMap = new HttpHeaders();
+        for(String key:httpHeaders.keySet()) {
+            multiValueMap.add(key,httpHeaders.get(key));
+        }
+
+        return multiValueMap;
+    }
+
+
+
+    public static Map getNeedCompleteBusiness(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map business = new HashMap();
+        business.put("bId",dataFlow.getbId());
+        business.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        business.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_COMPLETE);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Business 过程完成
+     * @param dataFlow
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map getNeedBusinessComplete(IOrderNotifyDataFlowContext dataFlow){
+        Map business = new HashMap();
+
+        business.put("bId",dataFlow.getbId());
+        business.put("finishTime",DateUtil.getCurrentDate());
+        business.put("statusCd",StatusConstant.STATUS_CD_BUSINESS_COMPLETE);
+        return business;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `service` last assigned on line 697 could be null and is dereferenced at line 703.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List OrderDataFlowContextFactory.getSynchronousBusinesses(IOrderDataFlowContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.java110.core.factory.OrderDataFlowContextFactory.getSynchronousBusinesses(com.java110.core.conte.61cee041efe21b413d418464ee099f17
+
+### File:
+java110-core/src/main/java/com/java110/core/factory/OrderDataFlowContextFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+OrderDataFlowContextFactory.java|getSynchronousBusinesses|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ef43877a5bd3ebfaedc2f5c9d7e7ab2d
+
+### Hash:
+a17a2cbf5a1519f473b9746c779c54c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4958/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4958/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b826909562839be39ad40b207288f9bb6e712ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4958/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webapp-runner
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, John Simone
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided
+ * that the following conditions are met:
+ *
+ *    Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
+ *    following disclaimer.
+ *
+ *    Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and
+ *    the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ *    Neither the name of John Simone nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or
+ *    promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+ * PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+ * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+package webapp.runner.launch;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.catalina.Context;
+import org.apache.catalina.LifecycleEvent;
+import org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener;
+import org.apache.catalina.LifecycleState;
+import org.apache.catalina.Server;
+import org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector;
+import org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer;
+import org.apache.catalina.startup.Tomcat;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+
+import com.beust.jcommander.JCommander;
+
+
+/**
+ * This is the main entry point to webapp-runner. Helpers are called to parse the arguments.
+ * Tomcat configuration and launching takes place here.
+ *
+ * @author johnsimone
+ * @author jamesward
+ *
+ */
+public class Main {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+
+        CommandLineParams commandLineParams = new CommandLineParams();
+
+        JCommander jCommander = new JCommander(commandLineParams, args);
+
+        if (commandLineParams.help) {
+            jCommander.usage();
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+        
+        // default to src/main/webapp
+        if (commandLineParams.paths.size() == 0) {
+             commandLineParams.paths.add("src/main/webapp");
+        }
+
+        final Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
+
+        // set directory for temp files
+        tomcat.setBaseDir(resolveTomcatBaseDir(commandLineParams.port));
+
+        // initialize the connector
+        Connector nioConnector = new Connector("org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol");
+        nioConnector.setPort(commandLineParams.port);
+
+        tomcat.setConnector(nioConnector);
+        tomcat.getService().addConnector(tomcat.getConnector());
+
+        tomcat.setPort(commandLineParams.port);
+        
+        if (commandLineParams.paths.size() > 1) {
+            System.out.println("FYI... Since you specified more than one path, the context paths will be automatically set to the name of the path without the extension. A path that resolves to a context path of \"/ROOT\" will be replaced with \"/\"");
+            
+            if(commandLineParams.contextPath != null) {
+                System.out.println("WARNING: context-path is ignored when more than one path or war file is specified");
+            }
+            if(commandLineParams.contextXml != null) {
+                System.out.println("WARNING: context-xml is ignored when more than one path or war file is specified");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Context ctx = null;
+        
+        for (String path : commandLineParams.paths) {
+            File war = new File(path);
+            
+            if (!war.exists()) {
+                System.err.println("The specified path \"" + path + "\" does not exist.");
+                jCommander.usage();
+                System.exit(1);
+            }
+            
+            String ctxName = "";
+
+            // Use the commandline context-path (or default) if there is only one war
+            if (commandLineParams.paths.size() == 1) {
+                // warn if the contextPath doesn't start with a '/'. This causes issues serving content at the context root.
+                if (commandLineParams.contextPath.length() > 0 && !commandLineParams.contextPath.startsWith("/")) {
+                    System.out.println("WARNING: You entered a path: [" + commandLineParams.contextPath + "]. Your path should start with a '/'. Tomcat will update this for you, but you may still experience issues.");
+                }
+                
+                ctxName = commandLineParams.contextPath;
+                
+            }
+            else {
+                ctxName = "/" + FilenameUtils.removeExtension(war.getName());
+
+                if (ctxName.equals("/ROOT") || (commandLineParams.paths.size() == 1)) {
+                    ctxName = "/";
+                }
+            }
+                
+            System.out.println("Adding Context " + ctxName + " for " + war.getPath());
+            //Context ctx = tomcat.addWebapp(ctxName, war.getAbsolutePath());
+            
+            
+            ctx = tomcat.addWebapp(ctxName, war.getAbsolutePath());
+        }
+          
+        if(!commandLineParams.shutdownOverride) {          
+            final String ctxName = ctx.getName();
+            // allow Tomcat to shutdown if a context failure is detected
+            ctx.addLifecycleListener(new LifecycleListener() {
+                public void lifecycleEvent(LifecycleEvent event) {
+                    if (event.getLifecycle().getState() == LifecycleState.FAILED) {
+                        Server server = tomcat.getServer();
+                        if (server instanceof StandardServer) {
+                            System.err.println("SEVERE: Context [" + ctxName + "] failed in [" + event.getLifecycle().getClass().getName() + "] lifecycle. Allowing Tomcat to shutdown.");
+                            ((StandardServer) server).stopAwait();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        
+        
+        
+        // set the context xml location if there is only one war
+        if(commandLineParams.contextXml != null && commandLineParams.paths.size() == 1) {
+            System.out.println("Using context config: " + commandLineParams.contextXml);
+            ctx.setConfigFile(new File(commandLineParams.contextXml).toURI().toURL());
+        }
+
+        // set the session manager
+        if (commandLineParams.sessionStore != null) {
+            SessionStore.getInstance(commandLineParams.sessionStore).configureSessionStore(commandLineParams, ctx);
+        }
+
+        //set the session timeout
+        if(commandLineParams.sessionTimeout != null) {
+            ctx.setSessionTimeout(commandLineParams.sessionTimeout);
+        }
+        
+        commandLineParams = null;
+
+        //start the server
+        tomcat.start();
+        tomcat.getServer().await();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets or creates temporary Tomcat base directory within target dir
+     *
+     * @param port port of web process
+     * @return absolute dir path
+     * @throws IOException if dir fails to be created
+     */
+    static String resolveTomcatBaseDir(Integer port) throws IOException {
+        final File baseDir = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/tomcat." + port);
+
+        if (!baseDir.isDirectory() && !baseDir.mkdirs()) {
+            throw new IOException("Could not create temp dir: " + baseDir);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return baseDir.getCanonicalPath();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return baseDir.getAbsolutePath();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `ctx` last assigned on line 95 could be null and is dereferenced at line 134.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Main.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+webapp.runner.launch.Main.main(java.lang.String[]):void.adc494a189814a549fd0ff64ed490078
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/webapp/runner/launch/Main.java
+
+### Key:
+Main.java|main|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c2ac11ea4c17cd0d99daf3dd293687d9
+
+### Hash:
+d650b2f6928c0785ba9739d1287046cb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4960/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4960/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32f66581e680740d6e81178276ac1d3676ad96d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4960/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** elasticsearch-analysis-jieba
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.elasticsearch.index.analysis;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.TokenStream;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.CharTermAttribute;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.OffsetAttribute;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JiebaAnalyzerTest {
+    String[] sentences = new String[] {
+            "这是一个伸手不见五指的黑夜。我叫孙悟空，我爱北京，我爱Python和C++。",
+            "我不喜欢日本和服。",
+            "雷猴回归人间。",
+            "工信处女干事每月经过下属科室都要亲口交代24口交换机等技术性器件的安装工作",
+            "我需要廉租房",
+            "永和服装饰品有限公司",
+            "我爱北京天安门",
+            "abc",
+            "隐马尔可夫",
+            "雷猴是个好网站",
+            "“,”和“SOFTware（软件）”两部分组成",
+            "草泥马和欺实马是今年的流行词汇",
+            "伊藤洋华堂总府店",
+            "中国科学院计算技术研究所",
+            "罗密欧与朱丽叶",
+            "我购买了道具和服装",
+            "PS: 我觉得开源有一个好处，就是能够敦促自己不断改进，避免敞帚自珍",
+            "湖北省石首市",
+            "湖北省十堰市",
+            "总经理完成了这件事情",
+            "电脑修好了",
+            "做好了这件事情就一了百了了",
+            "人们审美的观点是不同的",
+            "我们买了一个美的空调",
+            "线程初始化时我们要注意",
+            "一个分子是由好多原子组织成的",
+            "祝你马到功成",
+            "他掉进了无底洞里",
+            "中国的首都是北京",
+            "孙君意",
+            "外交部发言人马朝旭",
+            "领导人会议和第四届东亚峰会",
+            "在过去的这五年",
+            "还需要很长的路要走",
+            "60周年首都阅兵",
+            "你好人们审美的观点是不同的",
+            "买水果然后来世博园",
+            "买水果然后去世博园",
+            "但是后来我才知道你是对的",
+            "存在即合理",
+            "的的的的的在的的的的就以和和和",
+            "I love你，不以为耻，反以为rong",
+            "因",
+            "",
+            "hello你好人们审美的观点是不同的",
+            "很好但主要是基于网页形式",
+            "hello你好人们审美的观点是不同的",
+            "为什么我不能拥有想要的生活",
+            "后来我才",
+            "此次来中国是为了",
+            "使用了它就可以解决一些问题",
+            ",使用了它就可以解决一些问题",
+            "其实使用了它就可以解决一些问题",
+            "好人使用了它就可以解决一些问题",
+            "是因为和国家",
+            "老年搜索还支持",
+            "干脆就把那部蒙人的闲法给废了拉倒！RT @laoshipukong : 27日，全国人大常委会第三次审议侵权责任法草案，删除了有关医疗损害责任“举证倒置”的规定。在医患纠纷中本已处于弱势地位的消费者由此将陷入万劫不复的境地。 ",
+            "大", "", "他说的确实在理", "长春市长春节讲话", "结婚的和尚未结婚的", "结合成分子时", "旅游和服务是最好的",
+            "这件事情的确是我的错", "供大家参考指正", "哈尔滨政府公布塌桥原因", "我在机场入口处", "邢永臣摄影报道",
+            "BP神经网络如何训练才能在分类时增加区分度？", "南京市长江大桥",
+            "应一些使用者的建议，也为了便于利用NiuTrans用于SMT研究", "长春市长春药店", "邓颖超生前最喜欢的衣服",
+            "胡锦涛是热爱世界和平的政治局常委", "程序员祝海林和朱会震是在孙健的左面和右面, 范凯在最右面.再往左是李松洪",
+            "一次性交多少钱", "两块五一套，三块八一斤，四块七一本，五块六一条", "小和尚留了一个像大和尚一样的和尚头",
+            "我是中华人民共和国公民;我爸爸是共和党党员; 地铁和平门站", "张晓梅去人民医院做了个B超然后去买了件T恤",
+            "AT&T是一件不错的公司，给你发offer了吗？", "C++和c#是什么关系？11+122=133，是吗？PI=3.14159",
+            "你认识那个和主席握手的的哥吗？他开一辆黑色的士。", "枪杆子中出政权" };
+
+    @Test
+    public void test() throws IOException {
+        JiebaAnalyzer analyzer = new JiebaAnalyzer("index", new File("data"),
+                true);
+
+        for (String sentence : sentences) {
+            TokenStream tokenStream = analyzer.tokenStream(null,
+                    new StringReader(sentence));
+            tokenStream.reset();
+            while (tokenStream.incrementToken()) {
+                CharTermAttribute termAtt = tokenStream
+                        .getAttribute(CharTermAttribute.class);
+                OffsetAttribute offsetAtt = tokenStream
+                        .getAttribute(OffsetAttribute.class);
+                System.out
+                        .println(termAtt.toString() + ","
+                                + offsetAtt.startOffset() + ","
+                                + offsetAtt.endOffset());
+            }
+            tokenStream.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSegModeOther() throws IOException {
+        JiebaAnalyzer analyzer = new JiebaAnalyzer("other", new File("data"),
+                true);
+
+        for (String sentence : sentences) {
+            TokenStream tokenStream = analyzer.tokenStream(null,
+                    new StringReader(sentence));
+            tokenStream.reset();
+            while (tokenStream.incrementToken()) {
+                CharTermAttribute termAtt = tokenStream
+                        .getAttribute(CharTermAttribute.class);
+                OffsetAttribute offsetAtt = tokenStream
+                        .getAttribute(OffsetAttribute.class);
+                System.out
+                        .println(termAtt.toString() + ","
+                                + offsetAtt.startOffset() + ","
+                                + offsetAtt.endOffset());
+            }
+            tokenStream.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBugSentences() throws IOException {
+        String[] bugSentences = new String[] { "干脆就把那部蒙人的闲法给废了拉倒！RT @laoshipukong : 27日，全国人大常委会第三次审议侵权责任法草案，删除了有关医疗损害责任“举证倒置”的规定。在医患纠纷中本已处于弱势地位的消费者由此将陷入万劫不复的境地。 " };
+        JiebaAnalyzer analyzer = new JiebaAnalyzer("index", new File("data"),
+                true);
+
+        for (String sentence : bugSentences) {
+            TokenStream tokenStream = analyzer.tokenStream(null,
+                    new StringReader(sentence));
+            tokenStream.reset();
+            while (tokenStream.incrementToken()) {
+                CharTermAttribute termAtt = tokenStream
+                        .getAttribute(CharTermAttribute.class);
+                OffsetAttribute offsetAtt = tokenStream
+                        .getAttribute(OffsetAttribute.class);
+                System.out
+                        .println(termAtt.toString() + ","
+                                + offsetAtt.startOffset() + ","
+                                + offsetAtt.endOffset());
+            }
+            tokenStream.reset();
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.elasticsearch.index.analysis.JiebaAnalyzer` acquired by call to `JiebaAnalyzer(...)` at line 130 is not released after line 150.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JiebaAnalyzerTest.testBugSentences()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.elasticsearch.index.analysis.JiebaAnalyzerTest.testBugSentences():void.8fde3eae5331fa657bade5c5eefc8df7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/elasticsearch/index/analysis/JiebaAnalyzerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JiebaAnalyzerTest.java|testBugSentences|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d17ff65b15f71d7c122f3ef3fc1e6e62
+
+### Hash:
+85db9feb32adabdc8f337c3fb00b99e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4967/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4967/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3f8b6c756945ef2a5e3f1d35bea1cefff59104a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4967/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2011, Red Hat, Inc. and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormat;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormats;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Frame;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Memory;
+
+/**
+ * Implements jitter buffer.
+ * 
+ * A jitter buffer temporarily stores arriving packets in order to minimize
+ * delay variations. If packets arrive too late then they are discarded. A
+ * jitter buffer may be mis-configured and be either too large or too small.
+ * 
+ * If a jitter buffer is too small then an excessive number of packets may be
+ * discarded, which can lead to call quality degradation. If a jitter buffer is
+ * too large then the additional delay can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ * 
+ * A typical jitter buffer configuration is 30mS to 50mS in size. In the case of
+ * an adaptive jitter buffer then the maximum size may be set to 100-200mS. Note
+ * that if the jitter buffer size exceeds 100mS then the additional delay
+ * introduced can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ *
+ * @author oifa yulian
+ */
+public class JitterBuffer implements Serializable {
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -389930569631795779L;
+	
+	private final ReentrantLock LOCK = new ReentrantLock();
+
+	//The underlying buffer size
+    private static final int QUEUE_SIZE = 10;
+    //the underlying buffer
+    private ArrayList<Frame> queue = new ArrayList<Frame>(QUEUE_SIZE);
+    
+    //RTP clock
+    private RtpClock rtpClock;
+    //first received sequence number
+    private long isn = -1;
+
+    //allowed jitter
+    private long jitterBufferSize;
+    
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long droppedInRaw = 0;
+    
+    //The number of dropped packets
+    private int dropCount;
+
+    //known duration of media wich contains in this buffer.
+    private volatile long duration;
+
+    //buffer's monitor
+    private BufferListener listener;
+
+    private volatile boolean ready;
+    
+    /**
+     * used to calculate network jitter.
+     * currentTransit measures the relative time it takes for an RTP packet 
+     * to arrive from the remote server to MMS
+     */
+    private long currentTransit = 0;
+    
+    /**
+     * continuously updated value of network jitter 
+     */
+    private long currentJitter = 0;
+    
+    //transmission formats
+    private RTPFormats rtpFormats = new RTPFormats();
+    
+    //currently used format
+    private RTPFormat format;
+    
+    private Boolean useBuffer=true;
+    
+    private final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(JitterBuffer.class);
+    /**
+     * Creates new instance of jitter.
+     * 
+     * @param clock the rtp clock.
+     */
+    public JitterBuffer(RtpClock clock, int jitterBufferSize) {
+        this.rtpClock = clock;
+        this.jitterBufferSize = jitterBufferSize;        
+    }
+
+    private void initJitter(RtpPacket firstPacket) {
+        long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+        long firstPacketTimestamp = firstPacket.getTimestamp();
+        currentTransit = arrival - firstPacketTimestamp;
+    }
+    
+	/**
+	 * Calculates the current network jitter, which is an estimate of the
+	 * statistical variance of the RTP data packet interarrival time:
+	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+	 */
+	private void estimateJitter(RtpPacket newPacket) {
+		long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+		long newPacketTimestamp = newPacket.getTimestamp();
+		long transit = arrival - newPacketTimestamp;
+		long d = transit - currentTransit;
+		if (d < 0) {
+			d = -d;
+		}
+		//logger.info(String.format("recalculating jitter: arrival=%d, newPacketTimestamp=%d, transit=%d, transit delta=%d", arrival, newPacketTimestamp, transit, d ));
+		currentTransit = transit;
+		currentJitter += d - ((currentJitter + 8) >> 4);
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @return the current value of the network RTP jitter. The value is in normalized form as specified in RFC 3550 
+     * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+     */
+    public long getEstimatedJitter() {
+            long jitterEstimate = currentJitter >> 4; 
+            // logger.info(String.format("Jitter estimated at %d. Current transit time is %d.", jitterEstimate, currentTransit));
+            return jitterEstimate;
+    }
+    
+    public void setFormats(RTPFormats rtpFormats) {
+        this.rtpFormats = rtpFormats;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the current jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getMaxJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the number of dropped packets.
+     * 
+     * @return the number of dropped packets.
+     */
+    public int getDropped() {
+        return dropCount;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean bufferInUse()
+    {
+    	return this.useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    public void setBufferInUse(boolean useBuffer)
+    {
+    	this.useBuffer=useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Assigns listener for this buffer.
+     * 
+     * @param listener the listener object.
+     */
+    public void setListener(BufferListener listener) {
+        this.listener = listener;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Accepts specified packet
+     *
+     * @param packet the packet to accept
+     */
+	public void write(RtpPacket packet, RTPFormat format) {
+		// checking format
+		if (format == null) {
+			logger.warn("No format specified. Packet dropped!");
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (this.format == null || this.format.getID() != format.getID()) {
+			this.format = format;
+			logger.info("Format has been changed: " + this.format.toString());
+		}
+
+		// if this is first packet then synchronize clock
+		if (isn == -1) {
+			rtpClock.synchronize(packet.getTimestamp());
+			isn = packet.getSeqNumber();
+			initJitter(packet);
+		} else {
+			estimateJitter(packet);
+		}
+
+		// update clock rate
+		rtpClock.setClockRate(this.format.getClockRate());
+
+		// drop outstanding packets
+		// packet is outstanding if its timestamp of arrived packet is less
+		// then consumer media time
+		if (packet.getTimestamp() < this.arrivalDeadLine) {
+			logger.warn("drop packet: dead line=" + arrivalDeadLine + ", packet time=" + packet.getTimestamp() + ", seq=" + packet.getSeqNumber() + ", payload length=" + packet.getPayloadLength() + ", format=" + this.format.toString());
+			dropCount++;
+
+			// checking if not dropping too much
+			droppedInRaw++;
+			if (droppedInRaw == QUEUE_SIZE / 2 || queue.size() == 0) {
+				arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+			} else {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		Frame f = Memory.allocate(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		// put packet into buffer irrespective of its sequence number
+		f.setHeader(null);
+		f.setSequenceNumber(packet.getSeqNumber());
+		// here time is in milliseconds
+		f.setTimestamp(rtpClock.convertToAbsoluteTime(packet.getTimestamp()));
+		f.setOffset(0);
+		f.setLength(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		packet.getPayload(f.getData(), 0);
+
+		// set format
+		f.setFormat(this.format.getFormat());
+		
+		// make checks only if have packet
+		if (f != null) {
+		    LOCK.lock();
+
+		    droppedInRaw = 0;
+
+			// find correct position to insert a packet
+			// use timestamp since its always positive
+			int currIndex = queue.size() - 1;
+			while (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getTimestamp() > f.getTimestamp()) {
+				currIndex--;
+			}
+
+			// check for duplicate packet
+			if (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getSequenceNumber() == f.getSequenceNumber()) {
+			    LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			queue.add(currIndex + 1, f);
+
+			// recalculate duration of each frame in queue and overall duration
+			// since we could insert the frame in the middle of the queue
+			duration = 0;
+			if (queue.size() > 1) {
+				duration = queue.get(queue.size() - 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(0).getTimestamp();
+			}
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < queue.size() - 1; i++) {
+				// duration measured by wall clock
+				long d = queue.get(i + 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(i).getTimestamp();
+				// in case of RFC2833 event timestamp remains same
+				queue.get(i).setDuration(d > 0 ? d : 0);
+			}
+
+			// if overall duration is negative we have some mess here,try to
+			// reset
+			if (duration < 0 && queue.size() > 1) {
+				logger.warn("Something messy happened. Reseting jitter buffer!");
+				reset();
+				LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// overflow?
+			// only now remove packet if overflow , possibly the same packet we just received
+			if (queue.size() > QUEUE_SIZE) {
+				logger.warn("Buffer overflow!");
+				dropCount++;
+				queue.remove(0).recycle();
+			}
+			LOCK.unlock();
+
+			// check if this buffer already full
+			if (!ready) {
+				ready = !useBuffer || (duration >= jitterBufferSize && queue.size() > 1);
+				if (ready && listener != null) {
+					listener.onFill();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}     
+
+    /**
+     * Polls packet from buffer's head.
+     *
+     * @param timestamp the media time measured by reader
+     * @return the media frame.
+     */
+    public Frame read(long timestamp) {
+    	if (queue.size()==0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		return null;
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.lock();
+    	
+    	//extract packet
+    	Frame frame = queue.remove(0);
+    		
+    	//buffer empty now? - change ready flag.
+    	if (queue.size() == 0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		//arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    		//set it as 1 ms since otherwise will be dropped by pipe
+    		frame.setDuration(1);
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.unlock();
+    		
+    	arrivalDeadLine = rtpClock.convertToRtpTime(frame.getTimestamp() + frame.getDuration());
+    	
+    	//convert duration to nanoseconds
+    	frame.setDuration(frame.getDuration() * 1000000L);
+    	frame.setTimestamp(frame.getTimestamp() * 1000000L);
+        
+    	return frame;    	
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Resets buffer.
+     */
+    public void reset() {
+    	while(queue.size()>0)
+    		queue.remove(0).recycle();
+    }
+    
+    public void restart() {
+    	reset();
+    	this.ready=false;
+    	arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    	dropCount=0;
+    	droppedInRaw=0;
+    	format=null;
+    	isn=-1;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write` writes to field `this.org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.arrivalDeadLine` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JitterBuffer.write(RtpPacket,RTPFormat)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write(org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.RtpPacket.6c3d4cbcf94252696caa4a5dcec4e6ba
+
+### File:
+io/rtp/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/impl/rtp/JitterBuffer.java
+
+### Key:
+JitterBuffer.java|write|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+170df1915d5c756644ca65b6e57173ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4969/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4969/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b40bf037d887a10d69b23973798685feb16aa9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4969/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2011, Red Hat, Inc. and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormat;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormats;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Frame;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Memory;
+
+/**
+ * Implements jitter buffer.
+ * 
+ * A jitter buffer temporarily stores arriving packets in order to minimize
+ * delay variations. If packets arrive too late then they are discarded. A
+ * jitter buffer may be mis-configured and be either too large or too small.
+ * 
+ * If a jitter buffer is too small then an excessive number of packets may be
+ * discarded, which can lead to call quality degradation. If a jitter buffer is
+ * too large then the additional delay can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ * 
+ * A typical jitter buffer configuration is 30mS to 50mS in size. In the case of
+ * an adaptive jitter buffer then the maximum size may be set to 100-200mS. Note
+ * that if the jitter buffer size exceeds 100mS then the additional delay
+ * introduced can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ *
+ * @author oifa yulian
+ */
+public class JitterBuffer implements Serializable {
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -389930569631795779L;
+	
+	private final ReentrantLock LOCK = new ReentrantLock();
+
+	//The underlying buffer size
+    private static final int QUEUE_SIZE = 10;
+    //the underlying buffer
+    private ArrayList<Frame> queue = new ArrayList<Frame>(QUEUE_SIZE);
+    
+    //RTP clock
+    private RtpClock rtpClock;
+    //first received sequence number
+    private long isn = -1;
+
+    //allowed jitter
+    private long jitterBufferSize;
+    
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long droppedInRaw = 0;
+    
+    //The number of dropped packets
+    private int dropCount;
+
+    //known duration of media wich contains in this buffer.
+    private volatile long duration;
+
+    //buffer's monitor
+    private BufferListener listener;
+
+    private volatile boolean ready;
+    
+    /**
+     * used to calculate network jitter.
+     * currentTransit measures the relative time it takes for an RTP packet 
+     * to arrive from the remote server to MMS
+     */
+    private long currentTransit = 0;
+    
+    /**
+     * continuously updated value of network jitter 
+     */
+    private long currentJitter = 0;
+    
+    //transmission formats
+    private RTPFormats rtpFormats = new RTPFormats();
+    
+    //currently used format
+    private RTPFormat format;
+    
+    private Boolean useBuffer=true;
+    
+    private final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(JitterBuffer.class);
+    /**
+     * Creates new instance of jitter.
+     * 
+     * @param clock the rtp clock.
+     */
+    public JitterBuffer(RtpClock clock, int jitterBufferSize) {
+        this.rtpClock = clock;
+        this.jitterBufferSize = jitterBufferSize;        
+    }
+
+    private void initJitter(RtpPacket firstPacket) {
+        long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+        long firstPacketTimestamp = firstPacket.getTimestamp();
+        currentTransit = arrival - firstPacketTimestamp;
+    }
+    
+	/**
+	 * Calculates the current network jitter, which is an estimate of the
+	 * statistical variance of the RTP data packet interarrival time:
+	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+	 */
+	private void estimateJitter(RtpPacket newPacket) {
+		long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+		long newPacketTimestamp = newPacket.getTimestamp();
+		long transit = arrival - newPacketTimestamp;
+		long d = transit - currentTransit;
+		if (d < 0) {
+			d = -d;
+		}
+		//logger.info(String.format("recalculating jitter: arrival=%d, newPacketTimestamp=%d, transit=%d, transit delta=%d", arrival, newPacketTimestamp, transit, d ));
+		currentTransit = transit;
+		currentJitter += d - ((currentJitter + 8) >> 4);
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @return the current value of the network RTP jitter. The value is in normalized form as specified in RFC 3550 
+     * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+     */
+    public long getEstimatedJitter() {
+            long jitterEstimate = currentJitter >> 4; 
+            // logger.info(String.format("Jitter estimated at %d. Current transit time is %d.", jitterEstimate, currentTransit));
+            return jitterEstimate;
+    }
+    
+    public void setFormats(RTPFormats rtpFormats) {
+        this.rtpFormats = rtpFormats;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the current jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getMaxJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the number of dropped packets.
+     * 
+     * @return the number of dropped packets.
+     */
+    public int getDropped() {
+        return dropCount;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean bufferInUse()
+    {
+    	return this.useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    public void setBufferInUse(boolean useBuffer)
+    {
+    	this.useBuffer=useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Assigns listener for this buffer.
+     * 
+     * @param listener the listener object.
+     */
+    public void setListener(BufferListener listener) {
+        this.listener = listener;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Accepts specified packet
+     *
+     * @param packet the packet to accept
+     */
+	public void write(RtpPacket packet, RTPFormat format) {
+		// checking format
+		if (format == null) {
+			logger.warn("No format specified. Packet dropped!");
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (this.format == null || this.format.getID() != format.getID()) {
+			this.format = format;
+			logger.info("Format has been changed: " + this.format.toString());
+		}
+
+		// if this is first packet then synchronize clock
+		if (isn == -1) {
+			rtpClock.synchronize(packet.getTimestamp());
+			isn = packet.getSeqNumber();
+			initJitter(packet);
+		} else {
+			estimateJitter(packet);
+		}
+
+		// update clock rate
+		rtpClock.setClockRate(this.format.getClockRate());
+
+		// drop outstanding packets
+		// packet is outstanding if its timestamp of arrived packet is less
+		// then consumer media time
+		if (packet.getTimestamp() < this.arrivalDeadLine) {
+			logger.warn("drop packet: dead line=" + arrivalDeadLine + ", packet time=" + packet.getTimestamp() + ", seq=" + packet.getSeqNumber() + ", payload length=" + packet.getPayloadLength() + ", format=" + this.format.toString());
+			dropCount++;
+
+			// checking if not dropping too much
+			droppedInRaw++;
+			if (droppedInRaw == QUEUE_SIZE / 2 || queue.size() == 0) {
+				arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+			} else {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		Frame f = Memory.allocate(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		// put packet into buffer irrespective of its sequence number
+		f.setHeader(null);
+		f.setSequenceNumber(packet.getSeqNumber());
+		// here time is in milliseconds
+		f.setTimestamp(rtpClock.convertToAbsoluteTime(packet.getTimestamp()));
+		f.setOffset(0);
+		f.setLength(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		packet.getPayload(f.getData(), 0);
+
+		// set format
+		f.setFormat(this.format.getFormat());
+		
+		// make checks only if have packet
+		if (f != null) {
+		    LOCK.lock();
+
+		    droppedInRaw = 0;
+
+			// find correct position to insert a packet
+			// use timestamp since its always positive
+			int currIndex = queue.size() - 1;
+			while (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getTimestamp() > f.getTimestamp()) {
+				currIndex--;
+			}
+
+			// check for duplicate packet
+			if (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getSequenceNumber() == f.getSequenceNumber()) {
+			    LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			queue.add(currIndex + 1, f);
+
+			// recalculate duration of each frame in queue and overall duration
+			// since we could insert the frame in the middle of the queue
+			duration = 0;
+			if (queue.size() > 1) {
+				duration = queue.get(queue.size() - 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(0).getTimestamp();
+			}
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < queue.size() - 1; i++) {
+				// duration measured by wall clock
+				long d = queue.get(i + 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(i).getTimestamp();
+				// in case of RFC2833 event timestamp remains same
+				queue.get(i).setDuration(d > 0 ? d : 0);
+			}
+
+			// if overall duration is negative we have some mess here,try to
+			// reset
+			if (duration < 0 && queue.size() > 1) {
+				logger.warn("Something messy happened. Reseting jitter buffer!");
+				reset();
+				LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// overflow?
+			// only now remove packet if overflow , possibly the same packet we just received
+			if (queue.size() > QUEUE_SIZE) {
+				logger.warn("Buffer overflow!");
+				dropCount++;
+				queue.remove(0).recycle();
+			}
+			LOCK.unlock();
+
+			// check if this buffer already full
+			if (!ready) {
+				ready = !useBuffer || (duration >= jitterBufferSize && queue.size() > 1);
+				if (ready && listener != null) {
+					listener.onFill();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}     
+
+    /**
+     * Polls packet from buffer's head.
+     *
+     * @param timestamp the media time measured by reader
+     * @return the media frame.
+     */
+    public Frame read(long timestamp) {
+    	if (queue.size()==0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		return null;
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.lock();
+    	
+    	//extract packet
+    	Frame frame = queue.remove(0);
+    		
+    	//buffer empty now? - change ready flag.
+    	if (queue.size() == 0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		//arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    		//set it as 1 ms since otherwise will be dropped by pipe
+    		frame.setDuration(1);
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.unlock();
+    		
+    	arrivalDeadLine = rtpClock.convertToRtpTime(frame.getTimestamp() + frame.getDuration());
+    	
+    	//convert duration to nanoseconds
+    	frame.setDuration(frame.getDuration() * 1000000L);
+    	frame.setTimestamp(frame.getTimestamp() * 1000000L);
+        
+    	return frame;    	
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Resets buffer.
+     */
+    public void reset() {
+    	while(queue.size()>0)
+    		queue.remove(0).recycle();
+    }
+    
+    public void restart() {
+    	reset();
+    	this.ready=false;
+    	arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    	dropCount=0;
+    	droppedInRaw=0;
+    	format=null;
+    	isn=-1;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write` indirectly writes to field `this.org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.rtpClock.org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.RtpClock.drift` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JitterBuffer.write(RtpPacket,RTPFormat)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write(org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.RtpPacket.6c3d4cbcf94252696caa4a5dcec4e6ba
+
+### File:
+io/rtp/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/impl/rtp/JitterBuffer.java
+
+### Key:
+JitterBuffer.java|write|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2a1a61eb4677b852af8a34a028113902
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4974/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4974/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69a609ef4a25e488fd6def0f9496aec15b156f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4974/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2011, Red Hat, Inc. and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.component.audio;
+
+import org.mobicents.media.server.concurrent.ConcurrentCyclicFIFO;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.impl.AbstractSink;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.impl.AbstractSource;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.scheduler.PriorityQueueScheduler;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Frame;
+
+/**
+ * Implements output for compound components.
+ * 
+ * @author Yulian Oifa
+ */
+public class AudioOutput extends AbstractSource {
+
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -5988244809612104056L;
+
+	private int outputId;
+	private ConcurrentCyclicFIFO<Frame> buffer = new ConcurrentCyclicFIFO<Frame>();
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates new instance with default name.
+	 */
+	public AudioOutput(PriorityQueueScheduler scheduler, int outputId) {
+		super("compound.output", scheduler, PriorityQueueScheduler.OUTPUT_QUEUE);
+		this.outputId = outputId;
+	}
+
+	public int getOutputId() {
+		return outputId;
+	}
+
+	public void join(AbstractSink sink) {
+		connect(sink);
+	}
+
+	public void unjoin() {
+		disconnect();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Frame evolve(long timestamp) {
+		return buffer.poll();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void stop() {
+		while (buffer.size() > 0) {
+			buffer.poll().recycle();
+		}
+		super.stop();
+	}
+
+	public void resetBuffer() {
+		while (buffer.size() > 0) {
+			buffer.poll().recycle();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void offer(Frame frame) {
+		if (buffer.size() > 1) {
+			buffer.poll().recycle();
+		}
+		buffer.offer(frame);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `AudioOutput.buffer.poll()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 71.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AudioOutput.stop()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.component.audio.AudioOutput.stop():void.e7a1de4ab4912ab5fe3c4804ad0b5578
+
+### File:
+component/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/component/audio/AudioOutput.java
+
+### Key:
+AudioOutput.java|stop|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d4290f75e0dbf40752b8fbabae5c2891
+
+### Hash:
+cea4187e502bb5e71ba2ecd644497e3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4975/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4975/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e06bab98ac58debaf321197445af06c309152c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4975/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * TeleStax, Open Source Cloud Communications
+ * Copyright 2011-2014, Telestax Inc and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag.
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.io.ice.network.stun;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceAuthenticator;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.StunException;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.StunMessage;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.StunMessageFactory;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.StunRequest;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.StunResponse;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.attributes.StunAttribute;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.attributes.StunAttributeFactory;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.attributes.general.ErrorCodeAttribute;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.attributes.general.MessageIntegrityAttribute;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.attributes.general.PriorityAttribute;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messages.attributes.general.UsernameAttribute;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.TransportAddress;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.TransportAddress.TransportProtocol;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel.PacketHandler;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel.PacketHandlerException;
+
+/**
+ * Handles STUN traffic.
+ * 
+ * @author Henrique Rosa
+ * 
+ */
+public class StunHandler implements PacketHandler {
+	
+	private int pipelinePriority;
+
+	private IceAuthenticator iceAuthenticator;
+	private final List<StunListener> listeners;
+	
+	public StunHandler(IceAuthenticator authenticator) {
+		this.iceAuthenticator = authenticator;
+		this.listeners = new ArrayList<StunListener>();
+		this.pipelinePriority = 0;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public int getPipelinePriority() {
+		return pipelinePriority;
+	}
+	
+	public void setPipelinePriority(int pipelinePriority) {
+		this.pipelinePriority = pipelinePriority;
+	}
+	
+	public IceAuthenticator getIceAuthenticator() {
+		return iceAuthenticator;
+	}
+	
+	public void setIceAuthenticator(IceAuthenticator iceAuthenticator) {
+		this.iceAuthenticator = iceAuthenticator;
+	}
+	
+	public void addListener(StunListener listener) {
+		synchronized (this.listeners) {
+			if (!this.listeners.contains(listener)) {
+				this.listeners.add(listener);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public boolean removeListener(StunListener listener) {
+		synchronized (this.listeners) {
+			return this.listeners.remove(listener);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void fireStunBindingEvent(InetSocketAddress localPeer, InetSocketAddress remotePeer) {		
+		BindingSuccessEvent event = new BindingSuccessEvent(this, localPeer, remotePeer);
+		for (StunListener listener : listeners) {
+			listener.onBinding(event);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private long extractPriority(StunRequest request) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+		PriorityAttribute priorityAttr = (PriorityAttribute) request.getAttribute(StunAttribute.PRIORITY);
+		if (priorityAttr == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing PRIORITY attribtue!");
+		}
+		return priorityAttr.getPriority();
+	}
+	
+	private byte[] processRequest(StunRequest request, InetSocketAddress localPeer, InetSocketAddress remotePeer) throws IOException {
+		/*
+		 * The agent MUST use a short-term credential to authenticate the
+		 * request and perform a message integrity check.
+		 */
+
+		// Produce Binding Response
+		TransportAddress transportAddress = new TransportAddress(remotePeer.getAddress(), remotePeer.getPort(), TransportProtocol.UDP);
+		StunResponse response = StunMessageFactory.createBindingResponse(request, transportAddress);
+		byte[] transactionID = request.getTransactionId();
+		try {
+			response.setTransactionID(transactionID);
+		} catch (StunException e) {
+			throw new IOException("Illegal STUN Transaction ID: " + new String(transactionID), e);
+		}
+
+		UsernameAttribute remoteUnameAttribute;
+		String remoteUsername;
+		// Send binding error response if username is null
+		try {
+			remoteUnameAttribute = (UsernameAttribute) request.getAttribute(StunAttribute.USERNAME);
+			remoteUsername = new String(remoteUnameAttribute.getUsername());
+		}
+		catch(NullPointerException nullPointer) {
+			response.setMessageType(StunMessage.BINDING_ERROR_RESPONSE);
+			response.addAttribute(StunAttributeFactory.createErrorCodeAttribute(ErrorCodeAttribute.BAD_REQUEST,
+					ErrorCodeAttribute.getDefaultReasonPhrase(ErrorCodeAttribute.BAD_REQUEST)));
+			return response.encode();
+		}
+		
+		/*
+		 * The agent MUST consider the username to be valid if it consists of
+		 * two values separated by a colon, where the first value is equal to
+		 * the username fragment generated by the agent in an offer or answer
+		 * for a session in-progress.
+		 */
+		if(!this.iceAuthenticator.validateUsername(remoteUsername)) {
+			// TODO return error response
+			throw new IOException("Invalid username "+ remoteUsername);
+		}
+		
+		/*
+		 * The username for the credential is formed by concatenating the
+		 * username fragment provided by the peer with the username fragment of
+		 * the agent sending the request, separated by a colon (":").
+		 */
+		int colon = remoteUsername.indexOf(":");
+		String localUFrag = remoteUsername.substring(0, colon);
+		String remoteUfrag = remoteUsername.substring(colon);
+		
+		/*
+		 * An agent MUST include the PRIORITY attribute in its Binding request.
+		 * This priority value will be computed identically to how the priority
+		 * for the local candidate of the pair was computed, except that the
+		 * type preference is set to the value for peer reflexive candidate
+		 * types
+		 */
+		long priority = extractPriority(request);
+
+		/*
+		 * Add USERNAME and MESSAGE-INTEGRITY attribute in the response. The
+		 * responses utilize the same usernames and passwords as the requests
+		 */
+		String localUsername = remoteUfrag.concat(":").concat(localUFrag);
+		StunAttribute unameAttribute = StunAttributeFactory.createUsernameAttribute(localUsername);
+		response.addAttribute(unameAttribute);
+
+		byte[] localKey = this.iceAuthenticator.getLocalKey(localUFrag);
+		MessageIntegrityAttribute messageIntegrityAttribute = StunAttributeFactory.createMessageIntegrityAttribute(remoteUsername, localKey);
+		response.addAttribute(messageIntegrityAttribute);
+		
+		// If the client issues a USE-CANDIDATE, tell ICE Agent to select the candidate
+		if (request.containsAttribute(StunAttribute.USE_CANDIDATE)) {
+			fireStunBindingEvent(localPeer, remotePeer);
+		}
+
+		// Pass response to the server
+		return response.encode();
+	}
+	
+	private byte[] processResponse(StunResponse response) {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Support to handle STUN responses is not implemented.");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean canHandle(byte[] packet) {
+		return canHandle(packet, packet.length, 0);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * All STUN messages MUST start with a 20-byte header followed by zero or more Attributes.
+	 * The STUN header contains a STUN message type, magic cookie, transaction ID, and message length.
+	 * 
+     *  0                   1                   2                   3
+     *  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+     * +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+     * |0 0|     STUN Message Type     |         Message Length        |
+     * +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+     * |                         Magic Cookie                          |
+     * +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+     * |                                                               |
+     * |                     Transaction ID (96 bits)                  |
+     * |                                                               |
+     * +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+     * 
+	 * @param data
+	 * @param length
+	 * @return
+	 * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5389#page-10">RFC5389</a>
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public boolean canHandle(byte[] data, int length, int offset) {
+		/*
+		 * All STUN messages MUST start with a 20-byte header followed by zero
+		 * or more Attributes.
+		 */
+		if(length >= 20) {
+			// The most significant 2 bits of every STUN message MUST be zeroes.
+			byte b0 = data[offset];
+			boolean firstBitsValid = ((b0 & 0xC0) == 0);
+			
+			// The magic cookie field MUST contain the fixed value 0x2112A442 in network byte order.
+			boolean hasMagicCookie = data[offset + 4] == StunMessage.MAGIC_COOKIE[0]
+					&& data[offset + 5] == StunMessage.MAGIC_COOKIE[1]
+					&& data[offset + 6] == StunMessage.MAGIC_COOKIE[2]
+					&& data[offset + 7] == StunMessage.MAGIC_COOKIE[3];
+			return firstBitsValid && hasMagicCookie;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte[] handle(byte[] packet, InetSocketAddress localPeer, InetSocketAddress remotePeer) throws PacketHandlerException {
+		return handle(packet, packet.length, 0, localPeer, remotePeer);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte[] handle(byte[] packet, int dataLength, int offset, InetSocketAddress localPeer, InetSocketAddress remotePeer) throws PacketHandlerException {
+		// Decode and process the packet
+		StunMessage message;
+		try {
+			message = StunMessage.decode(packet, (char) offset, (char) dataLength);
+			if (message instanceof StunRequest) {
+				return processRequest((StunRequest) message, localPeer, remotePeer);
+			} else if (message instanceof StunResponse) {
+				return processResponse((StunResponse) message);
+			} else {
+				// TODO STUN Indication is not supported as of yet
+				return null;
+			}
+		} catch (StunException e) {
+			throw new PacketHandlerException("Could not decode STUN packet", e);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new PacketHandlerException(e.getMessage(), e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int compareTo(PacketHandler o) {
+		if(o == null) {
+			return 1;
+		}
+		return this.getPipelinePriority() - o.getPipelinePriority();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `remoteUnameAttribute.getUsername()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `String(...)` at line 131.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] StunHandler.processRequest(StunRequest,InetSocketAddress,InetSocketAddress)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.io.ice.network.stun.StunHandler.processRequest(org.mobicents.media.io.stun.messa.becfe8c392033ce28eeadb367352ccaa
+
+### File:
+io/ice/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/io/ice/network/stun/StunHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+StunHandler.java|processRequest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0968bf39be2b03b8a96ca936f7302727
+
+### Hash:
+92d480c68927df7de221d35874c0054b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4980/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4980/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54fa00c352f087754eb5be528ddc22168507a2f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4980/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2011, Red Hat, Inc. and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormat;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormats;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Frame;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Memory;
+
+/**
+ * Implements jitter buffer.
+ * 
+ * A jitter buffer temporarily stores arriving packets in order to minimize
+ * delay variations. If packets arrive too late then they are discarded. A
+ * jitter buffer may be mis-configured and be either too large or too small.
+ * 
+ * If a jitter buffer is too small then an excessive number of packets may be
+ * discarded, which can lead to call quality degradation. If a jitter buffer is
+ * too large then the additional delay can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ * 
+ * A typical jitter buffer configuration is 30mS to 50mS in size. In the case of
+ * an adaptive jitter buffer then the maximum size may be set to 100-200mS. Note
+ * that if the jitter buffer size exceeds 100mS then the additional delay
+ * introduced can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ *
+ * @author oifa yulian
+ */
+public class JitterBuffer implements Serializable {
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -389930569631795779L;
+	
+	private final ReentrantLock LOCK = new ReentrantLock();
+
+	//The underlying buffer size
+    private static final int QUEUE_SIZE = 10;
+    //the underlying buffer
+    private ArrayList<Frame> queue = new ArrayList<Frame>(QUEUE_SIZE);
+    
+    //RTP clock
+    private RtpClock rtpClock;
+    //first received sequence number
+    private long isn = -1;
+
+    //allowed jitter
+    private long jitterBufferSize;
+    
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long droppedInRaw = 0;
+    
+    //The number of dropped packets
+    private int dropCount;
+
+    //known duration of media wich contains in this buffer.
+    private volatile long duration;
+
+    //buffer's monitor
+    private BufferListener listener;
+
+    private volatile boolean ready;
+    
+    /**
+     * used to calculate network jitter.
+     * currentTransit measures the relative time it takes for an RTP packet 
+     * to arrive from the remote server to MMS
+     */
+    private long currentTransit = 0;
+    
+    /**
+     * continuously updated value of network jitter 
+     */
+    private long currentJitter = 0;
+    
+    //transmission formats
+    private RTPFormats rtpFormats = new RTPFormats();
+    
+    //currently used format
+    private RTPFormat format;
+    
+    private Boolean useBuffer=true;
+    
+    private final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(JitterBuffer.class);
+    /**
+     * Creates new instance of jitter.
+     * 
+     * @param clock the rtp clock.
+     */
+    public JitterBuffer(RtpClock clock, int jitterBufferSize) {
+        this.rtpClock = clock;
+        this.jitterBufferSize = jitterBufferSize;        
+    }
+
+    private void initJitter(RtpPacket firstPacket) {
+        long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+        long firstPacketTimestamp = firstPacket.getTimestamp();
+        currentTransit = arrival - firstPacketTimestamp;
+    }
+    
+	/**
+	 * Calculates the current network jitter, which is an estimate of the
+	 * statistical variance of the RTP data packet interarrival time:
+	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+	 */
+	private void estimateJitter(RtpPacket newPacket) {
+		long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+		long newPacketTimestamp = newPacket.getTimestamp();
+		long transit = arrival - newPacketTimestamp;
+		long d = transit - currentTransit;
+		if (d < 0) {
+			d = -d;
+		}
+		//logger.info(String.format("recalculating jitter: arrival=%d, newPacketTimestamp=%d, transit=%d, transit delta=%d", arrival, newPacketTimestamp, transit, d ));
+		currentTransit = transit;
+		currentJitter += d - ((currentJitter + 8) >> 4);
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @return the current value of the network RTP jitter. The value is in normalized form as specified in RFC 3550 
+     * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+     */
+    public long getEstimatedJitter() {
+            long jitterEstimate = currentJitter >> 4; 
+            // logger.info(String.format("Jitter estimated at %d. Current transit time is %d.", jitterEstimate, currentTransit));
+            return jitterEstimate;
+    }
+    
+    public void setFormats(RTPFormats rtpFormats) {
+        this.rtpFormats = rtpFormats;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the current jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getMaxJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the number of dropped packets.
+     * 
+     * @return the number of dropped packets.
+     */
+    public int getDropped() {
+        return dropCount;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean bufferInUse()
+    {
+    	return this.useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    public void setBufferInUse(boolean useBuffer)
+    {
+    	this.useBuffer=useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Assigns listener for this buffer.
+     * 
+     * @param listener the listener object.
+     */
+    public void setListener(BufferListener listener) {
+        this.listener = listener;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Accepts specified packet
+     *
+     * @param packet the packet to accept
+     */
+	public void write(RtpPacket packet, RTPFormat format) {
+		try {
+			LOCK.lock();
+			// checking format
+			if (format == null) {
+				logger.warn("No format specified. Packet dropped!");
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (this.format == null || this.format.getID() != format.getID()) {
+				this.format = format;
+				logger.info("Format has been changed: " + this.format.toString());
+			}
+
+			// if this is first packet then synchronize clock
+			if (isn == -1) {
+				rtpClock.synchronize(packet.getTimestamp());
+				isn = packet.getSeqNumber();
+				initJitter(packet);
+			} else {
+				estimateJitter(packet);
+			}
+
+			// update clock rate
+			rtpClock.setClockRate(this.format.getClockRate());
+
+			// drop outstanding packets
+			// packet is outstanding if its timestamp of arrived packet is less
+			// then consumer media time
+			if (packet.getTimestamp() < this.arrivalDeadLine) {
+				logger.warn("drop packet: dead line=" + arrivalDeadLine + ", packet time=" + packet.getTimestamp() + ", seq=" + packet.getSeqNumber() + ", payload length=" + packet.getPayloadLength() + ", format=" + this.format.toString());
+				dropCount++;
+
+				// checking if not dropping too much
+				droppedInRaw++;
+				if (droppedInRaw == QUEUE_SIZE / 2 || queue.size() == 0) {
+					arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+				} else {
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			Frame f = Memory.allocate(packet.getPayloadLength());
+			// put packet into buffer irrespective of its sequence number
+			f.setHeader(null);
+			f.setSequenceNumber(packet.getSeqNumber());
+			// here time is in milliseconds
+			f.setTimestamp(rtpClock.convertToAbsoluteTime(packet.getTimestamp()));
+			f.setOffset(0);
+			f.setLength(packet.getPayloadLength());
+			packet.getPayload(f.getData(), 0);
+
+			// set format
+			f.setFormat(this.format.getFormat());
+
+			// make checks only if have packet
+			if (f != null) {
+
+				droppedInRaw = 0;
+
+				// find correct position to insert a packet
+				// use timestamp since its always positive
+				int currIndex = queue.size() - 1;
+				while (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getTimestamp() > f.getTimestamp()) {
+					currIndex--;
+				}
+
+				// check for duplicate packet
+				if (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getSequenceNumber() == f.getSequenceNumber()) {
+					LOCK.unlock();
+					return;
+				}
+
+				queue.add(currIndex + 1, f);
+
+				// recalculate duration of each frame in queue and overall duration
+				// since we could insert the frame in the middle of the queue
+				duration = 0;
+				if (queue.size() > 1) {
+					duration = queue.get(queue.size() - 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(0).getTimestamp();
+				}
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < queue.size() - 1; i++) {
+					// duration measured by wall clock
+					long d = queue.get(i + 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(i).getTimestamp();
+					// in case of RFC2833 event timestamp remains same
+					queue.get(i).setDuration(d > 0 ? d : 0);
+				}
+
+				// if overall duration is negative we have some mess here,try to
+				// reset
+				if (duration < 0 && queue.size() > 1) {
+					logger.warn("Something messy happened. Reseting jitter buffer!");
+					reset();
+					return;
+				}
+
+				// overflow?
+				// only now remove packet if overflow , possibly the same packet we just received
+				if (queue.size() > QUEUE_SIZE) {
+					logger.warn("Buffer overflow!");
+					dropCount++;
+					queue.remove(0).recycle();
+				}
+
+				// check if this buffer already full
+				if (!ready) {
+					ready = !useBuffer || (duration >= jitterBufferSize && queue.size() > 1);
+					if (ready && listener != null) {
+						listener.onFill();
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} finally {
+			LOCK.unlock();
+		}
+	}     
+
+    /**
+     * Polls packet from buffer's head.
+     *
+     * @param timestamp the media time measured by reader
+     * @return the media frame.
+     */
+    public Frame read(long timestamp) {
+		try {
+			if (queue.size() == 0) {
+				this.ready = false;
+				return null;
+			}
+
+
+			//extract packet
+			Frame frame = queue.remove(0);
+
+			//buffer empty now? - change ready flag.
+			if (queue.size() == 0) {
+				this.ready = false;
+				//arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+				//set it as 1 ms since otherwise will be dropped by pipe
+				frame.setDuration(1);
+			}
+
+
+			arrivalDeadLine = rtpClock.convertToRtpTime(frame.getTimestamp() + frame.getDuration());
+
+			//convert duration to nanoseconds
+			frame.setDuration(frame.getDuration() * 1000000L);
+			frame.setTimestamp(frame.getTimestamp() * 1000000L);
+
+			return frame;
+		} finally {
+			LOCK.unlock();
+		}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Resets buffer.
+     */
+    public void reset() {
+		try {
+			LOCK.lock();
+			while (queue.size() > 0)
+				queue.remove(0).recycle();
+		} finally {
+			LOCK.unlock();
+		}
+    }
+    
+    public void restart() {
+    	reset();
+    	this.ready=false;
+    	arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    	dropCount=0;
+    	droppedInRaw=0;
+    	format=null;
+    	isn=-1;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.read` writes to field `this.org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.arrivalDeadLine` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Frame JitterBuffer.read(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.read(long):org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Fr.5bf869303a3551d26533cb69abdfd562
+
+### File:
+io/rtp/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/impl/rtp/JitterBuffer.java
+
+### Key:
+JitterBuffer.java|read|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+47a8299364bc6e1807c5d3ba2c464526
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4987/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4987/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dcd1fea97e4056c5a35491eb0044ee45b57ae97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4987/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * TeleStax, Open Source Cloud Communications
+ * Copyright 2011-2014, Telestax Inc and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag.
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.io.ice.harvest;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.CandidateType;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.FoundationsRegistry;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceMediaStream;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.lite.LiteFoundationsRegistry;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.PortManager;
+
+/**
+ * Manages the candidate harvesting process
+ * 
+ * @author Henrique Rosa
+ * 
+ */
+public class HarvestManager {
+
+	private final FoundationsRegistry foundations;
+	private final Map<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester> harvesters;
+	private InetAddress externalAddress;
+
+	public HarvestManager() {
+		this.foundations = new LiteFoundationsRegistry();
+		this.harvesters = new HashMap<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester>(
+				CandidateType.count());
+		this.harvesters.put(CandidateType.HOST, new HostCandidateHarvester(
+				this.foundations));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Registers a harvester for a certain type of candidates. <b> Only
+	 * <b>one</b> harvester per candidate type is supported.
+	 * 
+	 * @param harvester
+	 *            The harvester to be registered
+	 * @return Whether the harvester was successfully registered or not.
+	 */
+	public boolean addHarvester(CandidateHarvester harvester) {
+		CandidateType candidateType = harvester.getCandidateType();
+		boolean added = false;
+		synchronized (this.harvesters) {
+			if (!this.harvesters.containsKey(candidateType)) {
+				this.harvesters.put(candidateType, harvester);
+				added = true;
+			} else {
+				added = false;
+			}
+		}
+		return added;
+	}
+
+	public CandidateHarvester removeHarvester(CandidateType type) {
+		synchronized (this.harvesters) {
+			return this.harvesters.remove(type);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the foundations registry managed during the lifetime of the ICE
+	 * agent.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The foundations registry
+	 */
+	public FoundationsRegistry getFoundationsRegistry() {
+		return this.foundations;
+	}
+
+	public InetAddress getExternalAddress() {
+		return externalAddress;
+	}
+
+	public void harvest(IceMediaStream mediaStream, PortManager portManager, Selector selector) throws HarvestException, NoCandidatesGatheredException {
+		// Safe copy of currently registered harvesters
+		Map<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester> copy;
+		synchronized (this.harvesters) {
+			copy = new HashMap<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester>(this.harvesters);
+		}
+
+		// Ask each harvester to gather candidates for the media stream
+		// HOST candidates take precedence and are mandatory
+		CandidateHarvester hostHarvester = copy.get(CandidateType.HOST);
+		if (hostHarvester != null) {
+			hostHarvester.harvest(portManager, mediaStream, selector);
+		} else {
+			throw new HarvestException("No HOST harvester registered!");
+		}
+		// Then comes the SRFLX, which depends on HOST candidates
+		CandidateHarvester srflxHarvester = copy.get(CandidateType.SRFLX);
+		if (srflxHarvester != null) {
+			srflxHarvester.harvest(portManager, mediaStream, selector);
+		}
+		// RELAY candidates come last
+		CandidateHarvester relayHarvester = copy.get(CandidateType.RELAY);
+		if (relayHarvester != null) {
+			relayHarvester.harvest(portManager, mediaStream, selector);
+		}
+
+		// Verify at least one candidate was gathered
+		if (!mediaStream.hasLocalRtpCandidates()) {
+			throw new NoCandidatesGatheredException("No RTP candidates were gathered for " + mediaStream.getName() + " stream");
+		}
+
+		// After harvesting all possible candidates, ask the media stream to
+		// select its default local candidates
+		mediaStream.getRtpComponent().selectDefaultLocalCandidate();
+		if (mediaStream.supportsRtcp() && !mediaStream.isRtcpMux()) {
+			mediaStream.getRtcpComponent().selectDefaultLocalCandidate();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.io.ice.harvest.HarvestManager.harvest` indirectly writes to field `n$94.org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceComponent.defaultLocalCandidate` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$94 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$94.org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceComponent.defaultLocalCandidate might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HarvestManager.harvest(IceMediaStream,PortManager,Selector)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.io.ice.harvest.HarvestManager.harvest(org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceMediaStream,.3afd5d0e0430836fa0313b05daeb2adf
+
+### File:
+io/ice/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/io/ice/harvest/HarvestManager.java
+
+### Key:
+HarvestManager.java|harvest|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+334856f2486923d306ae29b567d48011
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4989/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4989/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42cc59892340b61c8c938735729962a3e5928bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4989/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * TeleStax, Open Source Cloud Communications
+ * Copyright 2011-2014, Telestax Inc and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag.
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.io.ice.harvest;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.CandidateType;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.FoundationsRegistry;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceMediaStream;
+import org.mobicents.media.io.ice.lite.LiteFoundationsRegistry;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.PortManager;
+
+/**
+ * Manages the candidate harvesting process
+ * 
+ * @author Henrique Rosa
+ * 
+ */
+public class HarvestManager {
+
+	private final FoundationsRegistry foundations;
+	private final Map<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester> harvesters;
+	private InetAddress externalAddress;
+
+	public HarvestManager() {
+		this.foundations = new LiteFoundationsRegistry();
+		this.harvesters = new HashMap<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester>(
+				CandidateType.count());
+		this.harvesters.put(CandidateType.HOST, new HostCandidateHarvester(
+				this.foundations));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Registers a harvester for a certain type of candidates. <b> Only
+	 * <b>one</b> harvester per candidate type is supported.
+	 * 
+	 * @param harvester
+	 *            The harvester to be registered
+	 * @return Whether the harvester was successfully registered or not.
+	 */
+	public boolean addHarvester(CandidateHarvester harvester) {
+		CandidateType candidateType = harvester.getCandidateType();
+		boolean added = false;
+		synchronized (this.harvesters) {
+			if (!this.harvesters.containsKey(candidateType)) {
+				this.harvesters.put(candidateType, harvester);
+				added = true;
+			} else {
+				added = false;
+			}
+		}
+		return added;
+	}
+
+	public CandidateHarvester removeHarvester(CandidateType type) {
+		synchronized (this.harvesters) {
+			return this.harvesters.remove(type);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the foundations registry managed during the lifetime of the ICE
+	 * agent.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The foundations registry
+	 */
+	public FoundationsRegistry getFoundationsRegistry() {
+		return this.foundations;
+	}
+
+	public InetAddress getExternalAddress() {
+		return externalAddress;
+	}
+
+	public void harvest(IceMediaStream mediaStream, PortManager portManager, Selector selector) throws HarvestException, NoCandidatesGatheredException {
+		// Safe copy of currently registered harvesters
+		Map<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester> copy;
+		synchronized (this.harvesters) {
+			copy = new HashMap<CandidateType, CandidateHarvester>(this.harvesters);
+		}
+
+		// Ask each harvester to gather candidates for the media stream
+		// HOST candidates take precedence and are mandatory
+		CandidateHarvester hostHarvester = copy.get(CandidateType.HOST);
+		if (hostHarvester != null) {
+			hostHarvester.harvest(portManager, mediaStream, selector);
+		} else {
+			throw new HarvestException("No HOST harvester registered!");
+		}
+		// Then comes the SRFLX, which depends on HOST candidates
+		CandidateHarvester srflxHarvester = copy.get(CandidateType.SRFLX);
+		if (srflxHarvester != null) {
+			srflxHarvester.harvest(portManager, mediaStream, selector);
+		}
+		// RELAY candidates come last
+		CandidateHarvester relayHarvester = copy.get(CandidateType.RELAY);
+		if (relayHarvester != null) {
+			relayHarvester.harvest(portManager, mediaStream, selector);
+		}
+
+		// Verify at least one candidate was gathered
+		if (!mediaStream.hasLocalRtpCandidates()) {
+			throw new NoCandidatesGatheredException("No RTP candidates were gathered for " + mediaStream.getName() + " stream");
+		}
+
+		// After harvesting all possible candidates, ask the media stream to
+		// select its default local candidates
+		mediaStream.getRtpComponent().selectDefaultLocalCandidate();
+		if (mediaStream.supportsRtcp() && !mediaStream.isRtcpMux()) {
+			mediaStream.getRtcpComponent().selectDefaultLocalCandidate();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.io.ice.harvest.HarvestManager.harvest` indirectly writes to field `n$80.org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceComponent.defaultLocalCandidate` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$80 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$80.org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceComponent.defaultLocalCandidate might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HarvestManager.harvest(IceMediaStream,PortManager,Selector)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.io.ice.harvest.HarvestManager.harvest(org.mobicents.media.io.ice.IceMediaStream,.3afd5d0e0430836fa0313b05daeb2adf
+
+### File:
+io/ice/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/io/ice/harvest/HarvestManager.java
+
+### Key:
+HarvestManager.java|harvest|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+334856f2486923d306ae29b567d48011
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4993/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4993/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89e510f055d718b4c5d7fd055c08168e40588277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4993/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * TeleStax, Open Source Cloud Communications
+ * Copyright 2011-2014, Telestax Inc and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag.
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtcp;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.DatagramChannel;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.RtpPacket;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.statistics.RtpStatistics;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.impl.srtp.DtlsHandler;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel.PacketHandler;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel.PacketHandlerException;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.scheduler.Scheduler;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * @author Henrique Rosa (henrique.rosa@telestax.com)
+ * 
+ */
+public class RtcpHandler implements PacketHandler {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(RtcpHandler.class);
+
+    /** Time (in ms) between SSRC Task executions */
+    private static final long SSRC_TASK_DELAY = 7000;
+
+    /* Core elements */
+    private DatagramChannel channel;
+    private ByteBuffer byteBuffer;
+    private int pipelinePriority;
+    
+    /* Scheduler */
+    private final Scheduler scheduler;
+    private TxTask scheduledTask;
+    private Future<?> reportTaskFuture;
+    private final SsrcTask ssrcTask;
+    private Future<?> ssrcTaskFuture;
+
+    /* RTCP elements */
+    private final RtpStatistics statistics;
+
+    /** The elapsed time (milliseconds) since an RTCP packet was transmitted */
+    private long tp;
+    /** The time interval (milliseconds) until next scheduled transmission time of an RTCP packet */
+    private long tn;
+
+    /** Flag that is true if the application has not yet sent an RTCP packet */
+    private AtomicBoolean initial;
+
+    /** Flag that is true once the handler joined an RTP session */
+    private AtomicBoolean joined;
+
+    /* WebRTC */
+    /** Checks whether communication of this channel is secure. WebRTC calls only. */
+    private boolean secure;
+
+    /** Handles the DTLS handshake and encodes/decodes secured packets. For WebRTC calls only. */
+    private DtlsHandler dtlsHandler;
+
+    public RtcpHandler(final Scheduler scheduler, final RtpStatistics statistics) {
+        // Scheduler
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        this.ssrcTask = new SsrcTask();
+
+        // core stuff
+        this.pipelinePriority = 0;
+        this.byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(RtpPacket.RTP_PACKET_MAX_SIZE);
+
+        // rtcp stuff
+        this.statistics = statistics;
+        this.scheduledTask = null;
+        this.tp = 0;
+        this.tn = -1;
+        this.initial = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        this.joined = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+        // webrtc
+        this.secure = false;
+        this.dtlsHandler = null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getPipelinePriority() {
+        return pipelinePriority;
+    }
+
+    public void setPipelinePriority(int pipelinePriority) {
+        this.pipelinePriority = pipelinePriority;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the time interval between the current time and another time stamp.
+     * 
+     * @param timestamp The time stamp, in milliseconds, to compare to the current time
+     * @return The interval of time between both time stamps, in milliseconds.
+     */
+    private long resolveInterval(long timestamp) {
+        long interval = timestamp - this.statistics.getCurrentTime();
+        return (interval < 0) ? 0 : interval;
+    }
+
+    public void setChannel(DatagramChannel channel) {
+        this.channel = channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the handler is in initial stage.<br>
+     * The handler is in initial stage until it has sent at least one RTCP packet during the current RTP session.
+     * 
+     * @return true if not rtcp packet has been sent, false otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean isInitial() {
+        return initial.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the handler is currently joined to an RTP Session.
+     * 
+     * @return Return true if joined. Otherwise, returns false.
+     */
+    public boolean isJoined() {
+        return joined.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Upon joining the session, the participant initializes tp to 0, tc to 0, senders to 0, pmembers to 1, members to 1,
+     * we_sent to false, rtcp_bw to the specified fraction of the session bandwidth, initial to true, and avg_rtcp_size to the
+     * probable size of the first RTCP packet that the application will later construct.
+     * 
+     * The calculated interval T is then computed, and the first packet is scheduled for time tn = T. This means that a
+     * transmission timer is set which expires at time T. Note that an application MAY use any desired approach for implementing
+     * this timer.
+     * 
+     * The participant adds its own SSRC to the member table.
+     */
+    public void joinRtpSession() {
+        if (!this.joined.get()) {
+            // Schedule first RTCP packet
+            long t = this.statistics.rtcpInterval(this.initial.get());
+            this.tn = this.statistics.getCurrentTime() + t;
+            scheduleRtcp(this.tn, RtcpPacketType.RTCP_REPORT);
+
+            // Start SSRC timeout timer
+            this.ssrcTaskFuture = this.scheduler.scheduleWithFixedDelay(ssrcTask, SSRC_TASK_DELAY, SSRC_TASK_DELAY, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            this.joined.set(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void leaveRtpSession() {
+        if (this.joined.get()) {
+            this.joined.set(false);
+
+            /*
+             * When the participant decides to leave the system, tp is reset to tc, the current time, members and pmembers are
+             * initialized to 1, initial is set to 1, we_sent is set to false, senders is set to 0, and avg_rtcp_size is set to
+             * the size of the compound BYE packet.
+             * 
+             * The calculated interval T is computed. The BYE packet is then scheduled for time tn = tc + T.
+             */
+            this.tp = this.statistics.getCurrentTime();
+            this.statistics.resetMembers();
+            this.initial.set(true);
+            this.statistics.clearSenders();
+
+            // XXX Sending the BYE packet NOW, since channel will be closed - hrosa
+            // long t = this.statistics.rtcpInterval(initial);
+            // this.tn = resolveDelay(t);
+            // this.scheduleRtcp(this.tn, RtcpPacketType.RTCP_BYE);
+
+            // cancel scheduled task and schedule BYE now
+            if(this.reportTaskFuture != null) {
+                this.reportTaskFuture.cancel(true);
+            }
+            scheduleNow(RtcpPacketType.RTCP_BYE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the time interval until the next report is sent.
+     * 
+     * @return Returns the time interval in milliseconds until the report is sent. Returns -1 if no report is currently
+     *         scheduled.
+     */
+    public long getNextScheduledReport() {
+        long delay = this.tn - statistics.getCurrentTime();
+        return delay < 0 ? -1 : delay;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Schedules an event to occur at a certain time.
+     * 
+     * @param timestamp The time (in milliseconds) when the event should be fired
+     * @param packet The RTCP packet to be sent when the timer expires
+     */
+    private void scheduleRtcp(long timestamp, RtcpPacketType packetType) {
+        // Create the task and schedule it
+        long interval = resolveInterval(timestamp);
+        this.scheduledTask = new TxTask(packetType);
+
+        try {
+            this.reportTaskFuture = this.scheduler.schedule(this.scheduledTask, interval, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            // Let the RTP handler know what is the type of scheduled packet
+            this.statistics.setRtcpPacketType(packetType);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            logger.warn("RTCP timer already canceled. No more reports will be scheduled.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void scheduleNow(RtcpPacketType packetType) {
+        this.scheduledTask = new TxTask(packetType);
+        try {
+            this.reportTaskFuture = this.scheduler.submit(this.scheduledTask);
+            // Let the RTP handler know what is the type of scheduled packet
+            this.statistics.setRtcpPacketType(packetType);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            logger.warn("RTCP timer already canceled. No more reports will be scheduled.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-schedules a previously scheduled event.
+     * 
+     * @param timestamp The time stamp (in milliseconds) of the rescheduled event
+     */
+    private void rescheduleRtcp(TxTask task, long timestamp) {
+        // Cancel current execution of the task
+        this.reportTaskFuture.cancel(true);
+        
+        // Re-schedule task execution
+        long interval = resolveInterval(timestamp);
+        try {
+            this.reportTaskFuture = this.scheduler.schedule(task, interval, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            logger.warn("RTCP timer already canceled. Scheduled report was canceled and cannot be re-scheduled.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Secures the channel, meaning all traffic is SRTCP.
+     * 
+     * SRTCP handlers will only be available to process traffic after a DTLS handshake is completed.
+     * 
+     * @param remotePeerFingerprint The DTLS fingerprint of the remote peer. Use to setup DTLS keying material.
+     */
+    public void enableSRTCP(DtlsHandler dtlsHandler) {
+        this.dtlsHandler = dtlsHandler;
+        this.secure = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disables secure layer on the channel, meaning all traffic is treated as plain RTCP.
+     */
+    public void disableSRTCP() {
+        this.dtlsHandler = null;
+        this.secure = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(byte[] packet) {
+        return canHandle(packet, packet.length, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(byte[] packet, int dataLength, int offset) {
+        byte b0 = packet[offset];
+        int b0Int = b0 & 0xff;
+
+        // Differentiate between RTP, STUN and DTLS packets in the pipeline
+        // https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5764#section-5.1.2
+        if (b0Int > 127 && b0Int < 192) {
+            // RTP version field must equal 2
+            int version = (b0 & 0xC0) >> 6;
+            if (version == RtpPacket.VERSION) {
+                // The payload type field of the first RTCP packet in a compound
+                // packet must be equal to SR or RR.
+                int type = packet[offset + 1] & 0x000000FF;
+                if (type == RtcpHeader.RTCP_SR || type == RtcpHeader.RTCP_RR) {
+                    /*
+                     * The padding bit (P) should be zero for the first packet of a compound RTCP packet because padding should
+                     * only be applied, if it is needed, to the last packet.
+                     */
+                    int padding = (packet[offset] & 0x20) >> 5;
+                    if (padding == 0) {
+                        /*
+                         * TODO The length fields of the individual RTCP packets must add up to the overall length of the
+                         * compound RTCP packet as received. This is a fairly strong check.
+                         */
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] handle(byte[] packet, InetSocketAddress localPeer, InetSocketAddress remotePeer)
+            throws PacketHandlerException {
+        return handle(packet, packet.length, 0, localPeer, remotePeer);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] handle(byte[] packet, int dataLength, int offset, InetSocketAddress localPeer, InetSocketAddress remotePeer)
+            throws PacketHandlerException {
+        // Do NOT handle data if have not joined RTP session
+        if(!this.joined.get()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        // Do NOT handle data while DTLS handshake is ongoing. WebRTC calls only.
+        if (this.secure && !this.dtlsHandler.isHandshakeComplete()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Check if incoming packet is supported by the handler
+        if (!canHandle(packet, dataLength, offset)) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot handle incoming packet!");
+            throw new PacketHandlerException("Cannot handle incoming packet");
+        }
+
+        // Decode the RTCP compound packet
+        RtcpPacket rtcpPacket = new RtcpPacket();
+        if (this.secure) {
+            byte[] decoded = this.dtlsHandler.decodeRTCP(packet, offset, dataLength);
+            if (decoded == null || decoded.length == 0) {
+                logger.warn("Could not decode incoming SRTCP packet. Packet will be dropped.");
+                return null;
+            }
+            rtcpPacket.decode(decoded, 0);
+        } else {
+            rtcpPacket.decode(packet, offset);
+        }
+
+        // Trace incoming RTCP report
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            logger.debug("\nRECEIVED " + rtcpPacket.toString());
+        }
+
+        // Upgrade RTCP statistics
+        this.statistics.onRtcpReceive(rtcpPacket);
+
+        if (RtcpPacketType.RTCP_BYE.equals(rtcpPacket.getPacketType())) {
+            if (RtcpPacketType.RTCP_REPORT.equals(this.scheduledTask.getPacketType())) {
+                /*
+                 * To make the transmission rate of RTCP packets more adaptive to changes in group membership, the following
+                 * "reverse reconsideration" algorithm SHOULD be executed when a BYE packet is received that reduces members to
+                 * a value less than pmembers
+                 */
+                if (this.statistics.getMembers() < this.statistics.getPmembers()) {
+                    long tc = this.statistics.getCurrentTime();
+                    this.tn = tc + (this.statistics.getMembers() / this.statistics.getPmembers()) * (this.tn - tc);
+                    this.tp = tc - (this.statistics.getMembers() / this.statistics.getPmembers()) * (tc - this.tp);
+
+                    // Reschedule the next report for time tn
+                    rescheduleRtcp(this.scheduledTask, this.tn);
+                    this.statistics.confirmMembers();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // RTCP handler does not send replies
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void sendRtcpPacket(RtcpPacket packet) throws IOException {
+        // Do NOT attempt to send packet if have not joined RTP session
+        if(this.joined.get()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        // DO NOT attempt to send packet while DTLS handshake is ongoing
+        if (this.secure && !this.dtlsHandler.isHandshakeComplete()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        RtcpPacketType type = packet.hasBye() ? RtcpPacketType.RTCP_BYE : RtcpPacketType.RTCP_REPORT;
+        if (this.channel != null && channel.isOpen() && channel.isConnected()) {
+            // decode packet
+            byte[] data = new byte[RtpPacket.RTP_PACKET_MAX_SIZE];
+            packet.encode(data, 0);
+            int dataLength = packet.getSize();
+
+            // If channel is secure, convert RTCP packet to SRTCP. WebRTC calls only.
+            if (this.secure) {
+                data = this.dtlsHandler.encodeRTCP(data, 0, dataLength);
+                dataLength = data.length;
+            }
+
+            // prepare buffer
+            byteBuffer.clear();
+            byteBuffer.rewind();
+            byteBuffer.put(data, 0, dataLength);
+            byteBuffer.flip();
+            byteBuffer.rewind();
+
+            // trace outgoing RTCP report
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logger.debug("\nSENDING " + packet.toString());
+            }
+
+            // Make double sure channel is still open and connected before sending
+            if (channel.isOpen() && channel.isConnected()) {
+                // send packet
+                // XXX Should register on RTP statistics IF sending fails!
+                this.channel.send(this.byteBuffer, this.channel.getRemoteAddress());
+            } else {
+                // cancel packet transmission
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Could not send " + type + " packet because channel is closed or disconnected.");
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            // If we send at least one RTCP packet then initial = false
+            this.initial.set(false);
+
+            // update RTCP statistics
+            this.statistics.onRtcpSent(packet);
+        } else {
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logger.debug("Could not send " + type + " packet because channel is closed or disconnected.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void reset() {
+        if (joined.get()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot reset handler while is part of active RTP session.");
+        }
+
+        if (this.reportTaskFuture != null) {
+            this.reportTaskFuture.cancel(false);
+            this.reportTaskFuture = null;
+            this.scheduledTask = null;
+        }
+
+        if (this.ssrcTaskFuture != null) {
+            this.ssrcTaskFuture.cancel(false);
+            this.ssrcTaskFuture = null;
+        }
+
+        this.tp = 0;
+        this.tn = -1;
+        this.initial.set(true);
+        this.joined.set(false);
+
+        if (this.secure) {
+            disableSRTCP();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnects and closes the datagram channel used to send and receive RTCP traffic.
+     */
+    private void closeChannel() {
+        if (this.channel != null) {
+            if (this.channel.isConnected()) {
+                try {
+                    this.channel.disconnect();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    logger.warn(e.getMessage(), e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (this.channel.isOpen()) {
+                try {
+                    this.channel.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    logger.warn(e.getMessage(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int compareTo(PacketHandler o) {
+        if (o == null) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return this.getPipelinePriority() - o.getPipelinePriority();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runnable task responsible for sending RTCP packets.
+     */
+    private class TxTask implements Runnable {
+
+        private final RtcpPacketType packetType;
+
+        public TxTask(RtcpPacketType packetType) {
+            this.packetType = packetType;
+        }
+
+        public RtcpPacketType getPacketType() {
+            return this.packetType;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                onExpire();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.error("Cannot send scheduled RTCP report. Stopping handler.");
+                reset();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * This function is responsible for deciding whether to send an RTCP report or BYE packet now, or to reschedule
+         * transmission.
+         * 
+         * It is also responsible for updating the pmembers, initial, tp, and avg_rtcp_size state variables. This function
+         * should be called upon expiration of the event timer used by Schedule().
+         * 
+         * @param task The scheduled task whose timer expired
+         * 
+         * @throws IOException When a packet cannot be sent over the datagram channel
+         */
+        private void onExpire() throws IOException {
+            long t;
+            long tc = statistics.getCurrentTime();
+            switch (this.packetType) {
+                case RTCP_REPORT:
+                    if (joined.get()) {
+                        t = statistics.rtcpInterval(RtcpHandler.this.initial.get());
+                        RtcpHandler.this.tn = RtcpHandler.this.tp + t;
+
+                        if (tn <= tc) {
+                            // Send currently scheduled packet and update statistics
+                            RtcpPacket report = RtcpPacketFactory.buildReport(statistics);
+                            sendRtcpPacket(report);
+
+                            tp = tc;
+
+                            /*
+                             * We must redraw the interval. Don't reuse the one computed above, since its not actually
+                             * distributed the same, as we are conditioned on it being small enough to cause a packet to be
+                             * sent.
+                             */
+                            t = statistics.rtcpInterval(initial.get());
+                            tn = tc + t;
+                        }
+
+                        // schedule next packet (only if still in RTP session)
+                        scheduleRtcp(tn, RtcpPacketType.RTCP_REPORT);
+                        statistics.confirmMembers();
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case RTCP_BYE:
+                    /*
+                     * In the case of a BYE, we use "timer reconsideration" to reschedule the transmission of the BYE if
+                     * necessary
+                     */
+                    // XXX decided to send RTCP BYE right away - hrosa
+                    // t = statistics.rtcpInterval(initial);
+                    t = 0;
+                    tn = tp + t;
+
+//                    if (tn <= tc) {
+                        // Send BYE and stop scheduling further packets
+                        RtcpPacket bye = RtcpPacketFactory.buildBye(statistics);
+
+                        // Set the avg_packet_size to the size of the compound BYE packet
+                        statistics.setRtcpAvgSize(bye.getSize());
+
+                        // Send the BYE and close channel
+                        sendRtcpPacket(bye);
+                        closeChannel();
+                        reset();
+                        return;
+//                    } else {
+                        // Delay BYE
+//                        scheduleRtcp(tn, RtcpPacketType.RTCP_BYE);
+//                    }
+//                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    logger.warn("Unkown scheduled event type!");
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runnable task responsible for checking timeouts of registered SSRC.
+     */
+    private class SsrcTask implements Runnable {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            statistics.isSenderTimeout();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtcp.RtcpHandler.leaveRtpSession` indirectly writes to field `this.org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtcp.RtcpHandler.reportTaskFuture` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RtcpHandler.leaveRtpSession()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtcp.RtcpHandler.leaveRtpSession():void.2d8d45c6a0c41e444d0a054b4b4f3f25
+
+### File:
+io/rtp/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/impl/rtcp/RtcpHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+RtcpHandler.java|leaveRtpSession|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+796a1e2198b530edfd56346cd5e99d8b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4994/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4994/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..04176afd5d34e7a0d76170bb03d568d747774381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4994/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2011, Red Hat, Inc. and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormat;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormats;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Frame;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Memory;
+
+/**
+ * Implements jitter buffer.
+ * 
+ * A jitter buffer temporarily stores arriving packets in order to minimize
+ * delay variations. If packets arrive too late then they are discarded. A
+ * jitter buffer may be mis-configured and be either too large or too small.
+ * 
+ * If a jitter buffer is too small then an excessive number of packets may be
+ * discarded, which can lead to call quality degradation. If a jitter buffer is
+ * too large then the additional delay can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ * 
+ * A typical jitter buffer configuration is 30mS to 50mS in size. In the case of
+ * an adaptive jitter buffer then the maximum size may be set to 100-200mS. Note
+ * that if the jitter buffer size exceeds 100mS then the additional delay
+ * introduced can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ *
+ * @author oifa yulian
+ */
+public class JitterBuffer implements Serializable {
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -389930569631795779L;
+	
+	private final ReentrantLock LOCK = new ReentrantLock();
+
+	//The underlying buffer size
+    private static final int QUEUE_SIZE = 10;
+    //the underlying buffer
+    private ArrayList<Frame> queue = new ArrayList<Frame>(QUEUE_SIZE);
+    
+    //RTP clock
+    private RtpClock rtpClock;
+    //first received sequence number
+    private long isn = -1;
+
+    //allowed jitter
+    private long jitterBufferSize;
+    
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long droppedInRaw = 0;
+    
+    //The number of dropped packets
+    private int dropCount;
+
+    //known duration of media wich contains in this buffer.
+    private volatile long duration;
+
+    //buffer's monitor
+    private BufferListener listener;
+
+    private volatile boolean ready;
+    
+    /**
+     * used to calculate network jitter.
+     * currentTransit measures the relative time it takes for an RTP packet 
+     * to arrive from the remote server to MMS
+     */
+    private long currentTransit = 0;
+    
+    /**
+     * continuously updated value of network jitter 
+     */
+    private long currentJitter = 0;
+    
+    //transmission formats
+    private RTPFormats rtpFormats = new RTPFormats();
+    
+    //currently used format
+    private RTPFormat format;
+    
+    private Boolean useBuffer=true;
+    
+    private final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(JitterBuffer.class);
+    /**
+     * Creates new instance of jitter.
+     * 
+     * @param clock the rtp clock.
+     */
+    public JitterBuffer(RtpClock clock, int jitterBufferSize) {
+        this.rtpClock = clock;
+        this.jitterBufferSize = jitterBufferSize;        
+    }
+
+    private void initJitter(RtpPacket firstPacket) {
+        long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+        long firstPacketTimestamp = firstPacket.getTimestamp();
+        currentTransit = arrival - firstPacketTimestamp;
+    }
+    
+	/**
+	 * Calculates the current network jitter, which is an estimate of the
+	 * statistical variance of the RTP data packet interarrival time:
+	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+	 */
+	private void estimateJitter(RtpPacket newPacket) {
+		long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+		long newPacketTimestamp = newPacket.getTimestamp();
+		long transit = arrival - newPacketTimestamp;
+		long d = transit - currentTransit;
+		if (d < 0) {
+			d = -d;
+		}
+		//logger.info(String.format("recalculating jitter: arrival=%d, newPacketTimestamp=%d, transit=%d, transit delta=%d", arrival, newPacketTimestamp, transit, d ));
+		currentTransit = transit;
+		currentJitter += d - ((currentJitter + 8) >> 4);
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @return the current value of the network RTP jitter. The value is in normalized form as specified in RFC 3550 
+     * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+     */
+    public long getEstimatedJitter() {
+            long jitterEstimate = currentJitter >> 4; 
+            // logger.info(String.format("Jitter estimated at %d. Current transit time is %d.", jitterEstimate, currentTransit));
+            return jitterEstimate;
+    }
+    
+    public void setFormats(RTPFormats rtpFormats) {
+        this.rtpFormats = rtpFormats;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the current jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getMaxJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the number of dropped packets.
+     * 
+     * @return the number of dropped packets.
+     */
+    public int getDropped() {
+        return dropCount;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean bufferInUse()
+    {
+    	return this.useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    public void setBufferInUse(boolean useBuffer)
+    {
+    	this.useBuffer=useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Assigns listener for this buffer.
+     * 
+     * @param listener the listener object.
+     */
+    public void setListener(BufferListener listener) {
+        this.listener = listener;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Accepts specified packet
+     *
+     * @param packet the packet to accept
+     */
+	public void write(RtpPacket packet, RTPFormat format) {
+		// checking format
+		if (format == null) {
+			logger.warn("No format specified. Packet dropped!");
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (this.format == null || this.format.getID() != format.getID()) {
+			this.format = format;
+			logger.info("Format has been changed: " + this.format.toString());
+		}
+
+		// if this is first packet then synchronize clock
+		if (isn == -1) {
+			rtpClock.synchronize(packet.getTimestamp());
+			isn = packet.getSeqNumber();
+			initJitter(packet);
+		} else {
+			estimateJitter(packet);
+		}
+
+		// update clock rate
+		rtpClock.setClockRate(this.format.getClockRate());
+
+		// drop outstanding packets
+		// packet is outstanding if its timestamp of arrived packet is less
+		// then consumer media time
+		if (packet.getTimestamp() < this.arrivalDeadLine) {
+			logger.warn("drop packet: dead line=" + arrivalDeadLine + ", packet time=" + packet.getTimestamp() + ", seq=" + packet.getSeqNumber() + ", payload length=" + packet.getPayloadLength() + ", format=" + this.format.toString());
+			dropCount++;
+
+			// checking if not dropping too much
+			droppedInRaw++;
+			if (droppedInRaw == QUEUE_SIZE / 2 || queue.size() == 0) {
+				arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+			} else {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		Frame f = Memory.allocate(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		// put packet into buffer irrespective of its sequence number
+		f.setHeader(null);
+		f.setSequenceNumber(packet.getSeqNumber());
+		// here time is in milliseconds
+		f.setTimestamp(rtpClock.convertToAbsoluteTime(packet.getTimestamp()));
+		f.setOffset(0);
+		f.setLength(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		packet.getPayload(f.getData(), 0);
+
+		// set format
+		f.setFormat(this.format.getFormat());
+		
+		// make checks only if have packet
+		if (f != null) {
+		    LOCK.lock();
+
+		    droppedInRaw = 0;
+
+			// find correct position to insert a packet
+			// use timestamp since its always positive
+			int currIndex = queue.size() - 1;
+			while (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getTimestamp() > f.getTimestamp()) {
+				currIndex--;
+			}
+
+			// check for duplicate packet
+			if (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getSequenceNumber() == f.getSequenceNumber()) {
+			    LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			queue.add(currIndex + 1, f);
+
+			// recalculate duration of each frame in queue and overall duration
+			// since we could insert the frame in the middle of the queue
+			duration = 0;
+			if (queue.size() > 1) {
+				duration = queue.get(queue.size() - 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(0).getTimestamp();
+			}
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < queue.size() - 1; i++) {
+				// duration measured by wall clock
+				long d = queue.get(i + 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(i).getTimestamp();
+				// in case of RFC2833 event timestamp remains same
+				queue.get(i).setDuration(d > 0 ? d : 0);
+			}
+
+			// if overall duration is negative we have some mess here,try to
+			// reset
+			if (duration < 0 && queue.size() > 1) {
+				logger.warn("Something messy happened. Reseting jitter buffer!");
+				reset();
+				LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// overflow?
+			// only now remove packet if overflow , possibly the same packet we just received
+			if (queue.size() > QUEUE_SIZE) {
+				logger.warn("Buffer overflow!");
+				dropCount++;
+				queue.remove(0).recycle();
+			}
+			LOCK.unlock();
+
+			// check if this buffer already full
+			if (!ready) {
+				ready = !useBuffer || (duration >= jitterBufferSize && queue.size() > 1);
+				if (ready && listener != null) {
+					listener.onFill();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}     
+
+    /**
+     * Polls packet from buffer's head.
+     *
+     * @param timestamp the media time measured by reader
+     * @return the media frame.
+     */
+    public Frame read(long timestamp) {
+    	if (queue.size()==0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		return null;
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.lock();
+    	
+    	//extract packet
+    	Frame frame = queue.remove(0);
+    		
+    	//buffer empty now? - change ready flag.
+    	if (queue.size() == 0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		//arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    		//set it as 1 ms since otherwise will be dropped by pipe
+    		frame.setDuration(1);
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.unlock();
+    		
+    	arrivalDeadLine = rtpClock.convertToRtpTime(frame.getTimestamp() + frame.getDuration());
+    	
+    	//convert duration to nanoseconds
+    	frame.setDuration(frame.getDuration() * 1000000L);
+    	frame.setTimestamp(frame.getTimestamp() * 1000000L);
+        
+    	return frame;    	
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Resets buffer.
+     */
+    public void reset() {
+    	while(queue.size()>0)
+    		queue.remove(0).recycle();
+    }
+    
+    public void restart() {
+    	reset();
+    	this.ready=false;
+    	arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    	dropCount=0;
+    	droppedInRaw=0;
+    	format=null;
+    	isn=-1;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write` reads without synchronization from `this.org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.arrivalDeadLine`. Potentially races with write in method `JitterBuffer.write(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JitterBuffer.write(RtpPacket,RTPFormat)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write(org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.RtpPacket.6c3d4cbcf94252696caa4a5dcec4e6ba
+
+### File:
+io/rtp/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/impl/rtp/JitterBuffer.java
+
+### Key:
+JitterBuffer.java|write|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+91fab2536910266b05deea6f258800d3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5002/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5002/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d63b0b900bb089795692c0049899f43eb185cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5002/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** weblogic-kubernetes-operator
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright 2018, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+
+package oracle.kubernetes.operator.work;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.logging.LoggingFacade;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.logging.LoggingFactory;
+
+/**
+ * User-level thread&#x2E; Represents the execution of one processing flow.
+ * The {@link Engine} is capable of running a large number of flows concurrently
+ * by using a relatively small number of threads. This is made possible by
+ * utilizing a {@link Fiber} &mdash; a user-level thread that gets created for
+ * each processing flow.
+ * A fiber remembers where in the pipeline the processing is at and other
+ * additional information specific to the execution of a particular flow.
+ * <h2>Suspend/Resume</h2>
+ * Fiber can be {@link NextAction#suspend(Consumer) suspended} by a {@link Step}. When a
+ * fiber is suspended, it will be kept on the side until it is
+ * {@link #resume(Packet) resumed}. This allows threads to go execute other
+ * runnable fibers, allowing efficient utilization of smaller number of threads.
+ * <h2>Context ClassLoader</h2>
+ * Just like thread, a fiber has a context class loader (CCL.) A fiber's CCL
+ * becomes the thread's CCL when it's executing the fiber. The original CCL of
+ * the thread will be restored when the thread leaves the fiber execution.
+ * <h2>Debugging Aid</h2>
+ * Setting the {@link #LOGGER} for FINE would give you basic
+ * start/stop/resume/suspend level logging. Using FINER would cause more
+ * detailed logging, which includes what steps are executed in what order and
+ * how they behaved.
+ */
+public final class Fiber implements Runnable, Future<Void>, ComponentRegistry {
+  private static final LoggingFacade LOGGER = LoggingFactory.getLogger("Operator", "Operator");
+
+  /**
+   * If this field is non-null, the next instruction to execute is to call its
+   * {@link Step#apply(Packet)}.
+   */
+  private Step next;
+
+  private Packet packet;
+
+  public final Engine owner;
+  private final Fiber parent;
+
+  /**
+   * Is this thread suspended? 0=not suspended, 1=suspended.
+   * Logically this is just a boolean, but we need to prepare for the case where
+   * the thread is {@link #resume(Packet) resumed} before we get to the
+   * {@link #suspend()}. This happens when things happen in the following order:
+   * <ol>
+   * <li>Step decides that the fiber needs to be suspended to wait for the
+   * external event.
+   * <li>Step hooks up fiber with some external mechanism (like NIO channel
+   * selector)
+   * <li>Step returns with {@link NextAction#suspend()}.
+   * <li>"External mechanism" becomes signal state and invokes
+   * {@link Fiber#resume(Packet)} to wake up fiber
+   * <li>{@link Fiber#doRun} invokes {@link Fiber#suspend()}.
+   * </ol>
+   * Using int, this will work OK because {@link #suspendedCount} becomes -1 when
+   * {@link #resume(Packet)} occurs before {@link #suspend()}.
+   * Increment and decrement is guarded by 'this' object.
+   */
+  private volatile int suspendedCount = 0;
+
+  private final int id;
+  private ClassLoader contextClassLoader;
+  private CompletionCallback completionCallback;
+  private Throwable applyThrowable;
+
+  /**
+   * The thread on which this Fiber is currently executing, if applicable.
+   */
+  private Thread currentThread;
+  
+  private ExitCallback exitCallback;
+
+  private Collection<Fiber> children = null;
+
+  /**
+   * Replace uses of synchronized(this) with this lock so that we can control
+   * unlocking for resume use cases
+   */
+  private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+  private final Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
+
+  private static final int NOT_COMPLETE = 0;
+  private static final int DONE = 1;
+  private static final int CANCELLED = 2;
+  private final AtomicInteger status = new AtomicInteger(NOT_COMPLETE);
+
+  /**
+   * Callback to be invoked when a {@link Fiber} finishes execution.
+   */
+  public interface CompletionCallback {
+    /**
+     * Indicates that the fiber has finished its execution.
+     * Since the processing flow runs asynchronously, this method maybe invoked by a
+     * different thread than any of the threads that started it or run a part of
+     * stepline.
+     * 
+     * @param packet
+     *          The packet
+     */
+    void onCompletion(Packet packet);
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates that the fiber has finished its execution with a throwable.
+     * Since the processing flow runs asynchronously, this method maybe invoked by a
+     * different thread than any of the threads that started it or run a part of
+     * stepline.
+     * 
+     * @param packet
+     *          The packet
+     * @param throwable
+     *          The throwable
+     */
+    void onThrowable(Packet packet, Throwable throwable);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Callback invoked when a Thread exits processing this fiber
+   * 
+   */
+  public interface ExitCallback {
+    /**
+     * Indicates that a thread has finished processing the fiber, for now.  If the fiber is 
+     * done or cancelled then no thread will enter the fiber again.
+     */
+    void onExit();
+  }
+  
+  private static final ExitCallback PLACEHOLDER = () -> {};
+
+  Fiber(Engine engine) {
+    this(engine, null);
+  }
+  
+  Fiber(Engine engine, Fiber parent) {
+    this.owner = engine;
+    this.parent = parent;
+    id = iotaGen.incrementAndGet();
+
+    // if this is run from another fiber, then we naturally inherit its context
+    // classloader,
+    // so this code works for fiber->fiber inheritance just fine.
+    contextClassLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Starts the execution of this fiber asynchronously.
+   * This method works like {@link Thread#start()}.
+   *
+   * @param stepline
+   *          The first step of the stepline that will act on the packet.
+   * @param packet
+   *          The packet to be passed to {@code Step#apply(Packet)}.
+   * @param completionCallback
+   *          The callback to be invoked when the processing is finished and the
+   *          final packet is available.
+   */
+  public void start(Step stepline, Packet packet, CompletionCallback completionCallback) {
+    this.next = stepline;
+    this.packet = packet;
+    this.completionCallback = completionCallback;
+    this.applyThrowable = null;
+
+    if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+      LOGGER.fine("{0} started", new Object[] { getName() });
+    }
+
+    if (status.get() == NOT_COMPLETE) {
+      owner.addRunnable(this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wakes up a suspended fiber.
+   * If a fiber was suspended without specifying the next {@link Step}, then the
+   * execution will be resumed, by calling the {@link Step#apply(Packet)} method
+   * on the next/first {@link Step} in the {@link Fiber}'s processing stack with
+   * the specified resume packet as the parameter.
+   * If a fiber was suspended with specifying the next {@link Step}, then the
+   * execution will be resumed, by calling the next step's
+   * {@link Step#apply(Packet)} method with the specified resume packet as the
+   * parameter.
+   * This method is implemented in a race-free way. Another thread can invoke this
+   * method even before this fiber goes into the suspension mode. So the caller
+   * need not worry about synchronizing {@link NextAction#suspend(Consumer)} and this
+   * method.
+   *
+   * @param resumePacket
+   *          packet used in the resumed processing
+   */
+  public void resume(Packet resumePacket) {
+    resume(resumePacket, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Similar to resume(Packet) but allowing the Fiber to be resumed and at the
+   * same time atomically assign a new CompletionCallback to it.
+   * 
+   * @param resumePacket
+   *          packet used in the resumed processing
+   * @param callback
+   *          Replacement completion callback
+   */
+  public void resume(Packet resumePacket, CompletionCallback callback) {
+    if (status.get() == NOT_COMPLETE) {
+      
+      if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+        LOGGER.fine("{0} resumed", new Object[] { getName() });
+      }
+
+      lock.lock();
+      try {
+        if (callback != null) {
+          setCompletionCallback(callback);
+        }
+        if (LOGGER.isFinerEnabled()) {
+          LOGGER.finer("{0} resuming. Will have suspendedCount={1}", new Object[] { getName(), suspendedCount - 1 });
+        }
+        packet = resumePacket;
+        if (--suspendedCount == 0) {
+          owner.addRunnable(this);
+        } else {
+          if (LOGGER.isFinerEnabled()) {
+            LOGGER.finer("{0} taking no action on resume because suspendedCount != 0: {1}",
+                new Object[] { getName(), suspendedCount });
+          }
+        }
+      } finally {
+        lock.unlock();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Terminates fiber with throwable.  Must be called while the fiber is suspended.
+   * @param t Throwable
+   * @param packet Packet
+   */
+  public void terminate(Throwable t, Packet packet) {
+    if (t == null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+    }
+    
+    if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+      LOGGER.fine("{0} terminated", new Object[] { getName() });
+    }
+
+    lock.lock();
+    try {
+      if (suspendedCount <= 0) {
+        throw new IllegalStateException();
+      }
+      this.packet = packet;
+      this.applyThrowable = t;
+      completionCheck();
+    } finally {
+      lock.unlock();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a child Fiber.  If this Fiber is cancelled, so will all of the children.
+   * @return Child fiber
+   */
+  public Fiber createChildFiber() {
+    Fiber child = owner.createChildFiber(this);
+    
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (children == null) {
+        children = new ArrayList<>();
+      }
+      children.add(child);
+    }
+    
+    return child;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Marks this Fiber as cancelled. A cancelled Fiber will never invoke its
+   * completion callback
+   * 
+   * @param mayInterrupt
+   *          if cancel should use {@link Thread#interrupt()}
+   * @see java.util.concurrent.Future#cancel(boolean)
+   */
+  @Override
+  public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterrupt) {
+    if (!status.compareAndSet(NOT_COMPLETE, CANCELLED)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+      LOGGER.fine("{0} cancelled", new Object[] { getName() });
+    }
+    
+    // synchronized(this) is used as Thread running Fiber will be holding lock
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (mayInterrupt) {
+        if (currentThread != null) {
+          currentThread.interrupt();
+        }
+      }
+      
+      if (children != null) {
+        for (Fiber child : children) {
+          child.cancel(mayInterrupt);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isCancelled() {
+    return status.get() == CANCELLED;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isDone() {
+    return status.get() == DONE;
+  }
+
+  public Void get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+    int s = status.get();
+    if (s == CANCELLED) {
+      throw new CancellationException();
+    }
+    if (s == NOT_COMPLETE) {
+      lock.lock();
+      try {
+        // check again under lock
+        s = status.get();
+        if (s == CANCELLED) {
+          throw new CancellationException();
+        }
+        if (s == NOT_COMPLETE) {
+          condition.await();
+          if (s == CANCELLED) {
+            throw new CancellationException();
+          }
+        }
+      } finally {
+        lock.unlock();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  public Void get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+    int s = status.get();
+    if (s == CANCELLED) {
+      throw new CancellationException();
+    }
+    if (s == NOT_COMPLETE) {
+      if (!lock.tryLock() && !lock.tryLock(timeout, unit)) {
+        throw new TimeoutException();
+      }
+      try {
+        // check again under lock
+        s = status.get();
+        if (s == CANCELLED) {
+          throw new CancellationException();
+        }
+        if (s == NOT_COMPLETE) {
+          if (!condition.await(timeout, unit)) {
+            throw new TimeoutException();
+          }
+        }
+      } finally {
+        lock.unlock();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  private boolean suspend(Holder<Boolean> isRequireUnlock, Consumer<Fiber> onExit) {
+    suspendedCount++;
+
+    if (LOGGER.isFinerEnabled()) {
+      LOGGER.finer("{0} suspending. Will have suspendedCount={1}", new Object[] { getName(), suspendedCount });
+      if (suspendedCount > 1) {
+        LOGGER.finer(
+            "WARNING - {0} suspended more than resumed. Will require more than one resume to actually resume this fiber.",
+            getName());
+      }
+    } else if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+      LOGGER.fine("{0} suspending", new Object[] { getName() });
+    }
+
+    if (onExit != null) {
+      /* INTENTIONALLY UNLOCKING EARLY */
+      synchronized (this) {
+        // currentThread is protected by the monitor for this fiber so
+        // that it is accessible to cancel() even when the lock is held
+        currentThread = null;
+      }
+      lock.unlock();
+      assert (!lock.isHeldByCurrentThread());
+      isRequireUnlock.value = Boolean.FALSE;
+
+      try {
+        onExit.accept(this);
+      } catch (Throwable t) {
+        throw new OnExitRunnableException(t);
+      }
+
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private static final class OnExitRunnableException extends RuntimeException {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    Throwable target;
+
+    public OnExitRunnableException(Throwable target) {
+      super((Throwable) null); // see pattern for InvocationTargetException
+      this.target = target;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the context {@link ClassLoader} of this fiber.
+   * @return Context class loader
+   */
+  public ClassLoader getContextClassLoader() {
+    return contextClassLoader;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the context {@link ClassLoader} of this fiber.
+   * @param contextClassLoader Context class loader
+   * @return previous context class loader
+   */
+  public ClassLoader setContextClassLoader(ClassLoader contextClassLoader) {
+    ClassLoader r = this.contextClassLoader;
+    this.contextClassLoader = contextClassLoader;
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * DO NOT CALL THIS METHOD. This is an implementation detail of {@link Fiber}.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    // Clear the interrupted status, if present
+    Thread.interrupted();
+    
+    final Fiber oldFiber = CURRENT_FIBER.get();
+    CURRENT_FIBER.set(this);
+    Container oldContainer = ContainerResolver.getDefault().enterContainer(owner.getContainer());
+    try {
+      // doRun returns true to indicate an early exit from fiber processing
+      if (!doRun(next)) {
+          completionCheck();
+      }
+      
+      // Trigger exitCallback
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (exitCallback != null && exitCallback != PLACEHOLDER) {
+          
+          if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+            LOGGER.fine("{0} invoking exit callback", new Object[] { getName() });
+          }
+
+          exitCallback.onExit();
+        }
+        exitCallback = PLACEHOLDER;
+      }
+    } finally {
+      ContainerResolver.getDefault().exitContainer(oldContainer);
+      CURRENT_FIBER.set(oldFiber);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void completionCheck() {
+    lock.lock();
+    try {
+      // Don't trigger completion and callbacks if fiber is suspended, unless
+      // throwable
+      int s = status.get();
+      if (s == CANCELLED || (s == NOT_COMPLETE && (applyThrowable != null || (next == null && suspendedCount == 0)))) {
+        if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+          LOGGER.fine("{0} completed", getName());
+        }
+        boolean isDone = status.compareAndSet(NOT_COMPLETE, DONE);
+        condition.signalAll();
+        if (isDone && completionCallback != null) {
+          if (applyThrowable != null) {
+            completionCallback.onThrowable(packet, applyThrowable);
+          } else {
+            completionCallback.onCompletion(packet);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } finally {
+      lock.unlock();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Executes the fiber as much as possible.
+   *
+   */
+  private boolean doRun(Step next) {
+    // isRequireUnlock will contain Boolean.FALSE when lock has already been
+    // released in suspend
+    Holder<Boolean> isRequireUnlock = new Holder<Boolean>(Boolean.TRUE);
+    lock.lock();
+    try {
+      ClassLoader old;
+      synchronized (this) {
+        // currentThread is protected by the monitor for this fiber so
+        // that it is accessible to cancel() even when the lock is held
+        currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
+        if (LOGGER.isFinerEnabled()) {
+          LOGGER.finer("Thread entering _doRun(): {0}", currentThread);
+        }
+
+        old = currentThread.getContextClassLoader();
+        currentThread.setContextClassLoader(contextClassLoader);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        this.next = next;
+        return _doRun(isRequireUnlock);
+      } catch (OnExitRunnableException o) {
+        // catching this exception indicates onExitRunnable in suspend() threw.
+        // we must still avoid double unlock
+        Throwable t = o.target;
+        if (t instanceof Error) {
+          throw (Error) t;
+        }
+        if (t instanceof RuntimeException) {
+          throw (RuntimeException) t;
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException(t);
+      } finally {
+        // reacquire current thread here because fiber processing
+        // may already be running on a different thread (Note: isAlreadyExited
+        // tracks this state
+        Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
+        thread.setContextClassLoader(old);
+        if (LOGGER.isFinerEnabled()) {
+          LOGGER.finer("Thread leaving _doRun(): {0}", thread);
+        }
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (isRequireUnlock.value) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+          currentThread = null;
+        }
+        lock.unlock();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean _doRun(Holder<Boolean> isRequireUnlock) {
+    assert (lock.isHeldByCurrentThread());
+
+    while (isReady()) {
+      if (status.get() != NOT_COMPLETE) {
+        next = null;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (next == null) {
+        // nothing else to execute. we are done.
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (LOGGER.isFinerEnabled()) {
+        LOGGER.finer("{0} {1}.apply({2})", new Object[] { getName(), next,
+            packet != null ? "Packet@" + Integer.toHexString(packet.hashCode()) : "null" });
+      }
+
+      NextAction na;
+      try {
+        na = next.apply(packet);
+      } catch (Throwable t) {
+        applyThrowable = t;
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+        LOGGER.fine("{0} {1} returned with {2}", new Object[] { getName(), next, na });
+      }
+      
+      // If resume is called before suspend, then make sure
+      // resume(Packet) is not lost
+      if (na.kind != NextAction.Kind.SUSPEND) {
+        packet = na.packet;
+      }
+
+      switch (na.kind) {
+      case INVOKE:
+        next = na.next;
+        break;
+      case SUSPEND:
+        next = na.next;
+        if (suspend(isRequireUnlock, na.onExit))
+          return true; // explicitly exiting control loop
+        break;
+      case THROW:
+        applyThrowable = na.throwable;
+        return false;
+      default:
+        throw new AssertionError();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // there's nothing we can execute right away.
+    // we'll be back when this fiber is resumed.
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean isReady() {
+    return suspendedCount <= 0;
+
+  }
+
+  private String getName() {
+    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+    if (parent != null) {
+      sb.append(parent.getName());
+      sb.append("-child-");
+    } else {
+      sb.append("engine-");
+      sb.append(owner.id);
+      sb.append("-fiber-");
+    }
+    sb.append(id);
+    return sb.toString();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return getName();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the current {@link Packet} associated with this fiber.
+   * This method returns null if no packet has been associated with the fiber yet.
+   * @return the packet
+   */
+  public Packet getPacket() {
+    return packet;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns completion callback associated with this {@link Fiber}
+   * 
+   * @return Completion callback
+   */
+  public CompletionCallback getCompletionCallback() {
+    return completionCallback;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates completion callback associated with this {@link Fiber}
+   * 
+   * @param completionCallback
+   *          Completion callback
+   */
+  public void setCompletionCallback(CompletionCallback completionCallback) {
+    this.completionCallback = completionCallback;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Cancels the current thread and accepts a callback for when the current thread, if any,
+   * exits processing this fiber.  Since the fiber will now be cancelled or done, no thread
+   * will re-enter this fiber.  If the return value is true, then there is a current thread
+   * processing in this fiber and the caller can expect a callback; however, if the return 
+   * value is false, then there is no current thread and there will be no callback.
+   * @param mayInterrupt
+   *          if cancel should use {@link Thread#interrupt()}
+   * @param exitCallback Callback for when current thread, if any, finally exits the fiber
+   * @return true, if there is a current thread executing in the fiber and that callback will eventually occur
+   */
+  public boolean cancelAndExitCallback(boolean mayInterrupt, ExitCallback exitCallback) {
+    // Mark fiber as cancelled, if not already done
+    status.compareAndSet(NOT_COMPLETE, CANCELLED);
+    
+    if (LOGGER.isFineEnabled()) {
+      LOGGER.fine("{0} cancelled", new Object[] { getName() });
+    }
+
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (currentThread != null) {
+        if (mayInterrupt) {
+          currentThread.interrupt();
+        }
+      }
+      
+      if (children != null) {
+        for (Fiber child : children) {
+          child.cancel(mayInterrupt);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (this.exitCallback != null) {
+        throw new IllegalStateException();
+      }
+      boolean isWillCall = this.exitCallback != PLACEHOLDER;
+      if (isWillCall) {
+        this.exitCallback = exitCallback;
+      }
+      
+      return isWillCall;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the current fiber that's running.
+   * This works like {@link Thread#currentThread()}. This method only works when
+   * invoked from {@link Step}.
+   * @return Current fiber
+   */
+  public static Fiber current() {
+    Fiber fiber = CURRENT_FIBER.get();
+    if (fiber == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Can be only used from fibers");
+    }
+    return fiber;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the current fiber that's running, if set.
+   * @return Current fiber
+   */
+  public static Fiber getCurrentIfSet() {
+    return CURRENT_FIBER.get();
+  }
+
+  private static final ThreadLocal<Fiber> CURRENT_FIBER = new ThreadLocal<Fiber>();
+
+  /**
+   * Used to allocate unique number for each fiber.
+   */
+  private static final AtomicInteger iotaGen = new AtomicInteger();
+
+  private final Map<String, Component> components = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Component>();
+
+  @Override
+  public <S> S getSPI(Class<S> spiType) {
+    for (Component c : components.values()) {
+      S spi = c.getSPI(spiType);
+      if (spi != null) {
+        return spi;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Map<String, Component> getComponents() {
+    return components;
+  }
+
+  private static final class Holder<T> {
+    T value;
+
+    public Holder(T value) {
+      this.value = value;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.Fiber.run` reads without synchronization from `this.oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.Fiber.next`. Potentially races with write in method `Fiber.start(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Fiber.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.Fiber.run():void.12de627c266ba6e7617e1dcbee9d72b8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oracle/kubernetes/operator/work/Fiber.java
+
+### Key:
+Fiber.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+84226ce6583ba25b91446203c3e47002
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5005/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5005/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c6843cd3fcd2445686c2cc98021e14e7d4739c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5005/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** weblogic-kubernetes-operator
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright 2018, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at
+// http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+
+package oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps;
+
+import static oracle.kubernetes.LogMatcher.containsFine;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.WebLogicConstants.ADMIN_STATE;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStep.SERVERS_UP_MSG;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStepTest.TestStepFactory.getServerStartupInfo;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStepTest.TestStepFactory.getServers;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.contains;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsInAnyOrder;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.empty;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItem;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.notNullValue;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.nullValue;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.sameInstance;
+import static org.hamcrest.junit.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+
+import com.meterware.simplestub.Memento;
+import com.meterware.simplestub.StaticStubSupport;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1EnvVar;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1ObjectMeta;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1Pod;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.LogRecord;
+import oracle.kubernetes.TestUtils;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.StartupControlConstants;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.DomainPresenceInfo;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.DomainPresenceInfo.ServerStartupInfo;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.ServerKubernetesObjects;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.ServerKubernetesObjectsManager;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsClusterConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsDomainConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsDynamicServersConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsMachineConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsServerConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.FiberTestSupport;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.Step;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.TerminalStep;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.ClusterStartup;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.Domain;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.DomainSpec;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.ServerStartup;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the code to bring up managed servers. "Wls Servers" and "WLS Clusters" are those defined in
+ * the admin server for the domain. There is also a kubernetes "Domain Spec," which specifies which
+ * servers should be running.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"ConstantConditions", "SameParameterValue"})
+public class ManagedServersUpStepTest {
+
+  private static final String DOMAIN = "domain";
+  private static final String NS = "namespace";
+  private static final String UID = "uid1";
+  private final Domain domain = createDomain();
+
+  private Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> wlsClusters = new HashMap<>();
+  private Map<String, WlsServerConfig> wlsServers = new HashMap<>();
+  private Map<String, WlsServerConfig> templates = new HashMap<>();
+  private Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machineConfigs = new HashMap<>();
+
+  private Step nextStep = new TerminalStep();
+  private FiberTestSupport testSupport = new FiberTestSupport();
+  private List<Memento> mementos = new ArrayList<>();
+  private DomainPresenceInfo domainPresenceInfo = createDomainPresenceInfo();
+  private ManagedServersUpStep step = new ManagedServersUpStep(nextStep);
+  private TestUtils.ConsoleHandlerMemento consoleHandlerMemento;
+
+  private DomainPresenceInfo createDomainPresenceInfo() {
+    return new DomainPresenceInfo(domain);
+  }
+
+  private Domain createDomain() {
+    return new Domain().withMetadata(createMetaData()).withSpec(createDomainSpec());
+  }
+
+  private V1ObjectMeta createMetaData() {
+    return new V1ObjectMeta().namespace(NS);
+  }
+
+  private DomainSpec createDomainSpec() {
+    return new DomainSpec().withDomainUID(UID).withReplicas(1);
+  }
+
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws NoSuchFieldException {
+    mementos.add(consoleHandlerMemento = TestUtils.silenceOperatorLogger());
+    mementos.add(TestStepFactory.install());
+    testSupport.addDomainPresenceInfo(domainPresenceInfo);
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+    for (Memento memento : mementos) memento.revert();
+
+    testSupport.throwOnCompletionFailure();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenEnabled_logCurrentServers() {
+    List<LogRecord> messages = new ArrayList<>();
+    consoleHandlerMemento.withLogLevel(Level.FINE).collectLogMessages(messages, SERVERS_UP_MSG);
+    addRunningServer("admin");
+    addRunningServer("ms1");
+    addRunningServer("ms2");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(messages, containsFine(SERVERS_UP_MSG));
+  }
+
+  private void addRunningServer(String serverName) {
+    ServerKubernetesObjects sko =
+        ServerKubernetesObjectsManager.getOrCreate(domainPresenceInfo, "", serverName);
+    sko.getPod().set(new V1Pod());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void addExplicitlyStartedClusterMembersToExplicitlyRestartedServers() {
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster2", "ms3", "ms4");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster3", "ms5", "ms6");
+    domainPresenceInfo.getExplicitRestartClusters().addAll(Arrays.asList("cluster1", "cluster3"));
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(domainPresenceInfo.getExplicitRestartClusters(), empty());
+    assertThat(
+        domainPresenceInfo.getExplicitRestartServers(),
+        containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms5", "ms6"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlUndefined_startManagedServers() {
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlAuto_startManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.AUTO_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlAll_startManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ALL_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlSpecified_startManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.SPECIFIED_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlLowerCase_recognizeIt() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.SPECIFIED_STARTUPCONTROL.toLowerCase());
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  private void assertManagedServersToBeStarted() {
+    assertThat(TestStepFactory.next, instanceOf(ManagedServerUpIteratorStep.class));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlAdmin_dontStartManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ADMIN_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlNone_dontStartManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.NONE_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlNotRecognized_dontStartManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl("xyzzy");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerInDomainSpec_addToServerList() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), contains("ms1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerNotInDomainSpec_dontAddToServerList() {
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerInDomainSpecButNotDefinedInWls_dontAddToServerList() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenMultipleWlsServersInDomainSpec_addToServerList() {
+    configureServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms3"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenMultipleWlsServersInDomainSpec_skipAdminServer() {
+    defineAdminServer("ms2");
+    configureServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms3"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServersDuplicatedInDomainSpec_skipDuplicates() {
+    defineAdminServer("admin");
+    configureServers("ms1", "ms1", "ms2");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServersInDomainSpec_addStartupInfo() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    configureServer("ms2");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1"), notNullValue());
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms2"), notNullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void serverStartupInfo_containsWlsServerStartupAndConfig() {
+    configureServer("ms1").withNodePort(17);
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig, sameInstance(getWlsServer("ms1")));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getNodePort(), equalTo(17));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void serverStartupInfo_containsEnvironmentVariable() {
+    configureServer("ms1")
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1")
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("item2", "value2");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        containsInAnyOrder(envVar("item1", "value1"), envVar("item2", "value2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDesiredStateIsAdmin_serverStartupCreatesJavaOptionsEnvironment() {
+    configureServer("ms1").withDesiredState(ADMIN_STATE);
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDesiredStateIsAdmin_serverStartupAddsToJavaOptionsEnvironment() {
+    configureServer("ms1")
+        .withDesiredState(ADMIN_STATE)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("JAVA_OPTIONS", "value1");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN value1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerNotInCluster_serverStartupInfoHasNoClusterConfig() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), nullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerInCluster_serverStartupInfoHasMatchingClusterConfig() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster2");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenClusterStartupDefinedForServerNotRunning_addToServers() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    configureCluster("cluster1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), hasItem("ms1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenClusterStartupDefinedForServerNotRunning_addServerStartup() {
+    configureServer("ms1").withNodePort(23);
+    configureCluster("cluster1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig,
+        sameInstance(getServerForWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1")));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getNodePort(), equalTo(23));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerStartupNotDefined_useEnvForCluster() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1").withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(), contains(envVar("item1", "value1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerStartupDefined_overrideEnvFromCluster() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1").withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1");
+    configureServer("ms1").withEnvironmentVariable("item2", "value2");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(), contains(envVar("item2", "value2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenClusterStartupDefinedWithAdminState_addAdminEnv() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1")
+        .withDesiredState(ADMIN_STATE)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartSpecifiedWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_dontAddServersToList() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.SPECIFIED_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartNoneWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_dontAddServersToList() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.NONE_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartAdminWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_dontAddServersToList() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ADMIN_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartAutoWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_addServersToListUpToReplicaLimit() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.AUTO_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms3"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartAllWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_addClusteredServersToListUpWithoutLimit() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ALL_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms4").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms4").serverConfig, equalTo(getWlsServer("ms4")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_recordServerAndClusterConfigs() {
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig, sameInstance(getWlsServer("ms1")));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(), empty());
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getNodePort(), nullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartupControlAll_addNonManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ALL_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), hasItem("ms1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig, equalTo(getWlsServer("ms1")));
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig addWlsServer(String serverName) {
+    WlsServerConfig serverConfig = createServerConfig(serverName);
+    wlsServers.put(serverName, serverConfig);
+    return serverConfig;
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig createServerConfig(String serverName) {
+    return new ServerConfigBuilder(serverName).build();
+  }
+
+  private void setDefaultReplicas(int replicas) {
+    domain.getSpec().setReplicas(replicas);
+  }
+
+  private void configureServers(String... serverNames) {
+    for (String serverName : serverNames) {
+      configureServer(serverName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void addWlsServers(String... serverNames) {
+    for (String serverName : serverNames) {
+      addWlsServer(serverName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void defineAdminServer(String adminServerName) {
+    domain.getSpec().setAsName(adminServerName);
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig getWlsServer(String serverName) {
+    return wlsServers.get(serverName);
+  }
+
+  private ServerStartup configureServer(String serverName) {
+    ServerStartup serverStartup = new ServerStartup().withServerName(serverName);
+    domain.getSpec().addServerStartupItem(serverStartup);
+    return serverStartup;
+  }
+
+  private V1EnvVar envVar(String name, String value) {
+    return new V1EnvVar().name(name).value(value);
+  }
+
+  private void addWlsCluster(String clusterName, String... serverNames) {
+    ClusterConfigBuilder builder = new ClusterConfigBuilder(clusterName);
+    for (String serverName : serverNames) {
+      builder.addServer(serverName);
+    }
+    wlsClusters.put(clusterName, builder.build());
+  }
+
+  private WlsClusterConfig getWlsCluster(String clusterName) {
+    return wlsClusters.get(clusterName);
+  }
+
+  private ClusterStartup configureCluster(String clusterName) {
+    ClusterStartup startup = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName(clusterName).withReplicas(1);
+    domain.getSpec().addClusterStartupItem(startup);
+    return startup;
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig getServerForWlsCluster(String clusterName, String serverName) {
+    for (WlsServerConfig config : getWlsCluster(clusterName).getServerConfigs()) {
+      if (config.getName().equals(serverName)) return config;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  private void assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted() {
+    assertThat(TestStepFactory.next, sameInstance(nextStep));
+  }
+
+  private void setStartupControl(String startupcontrol) {
+    domain.getSpec().setStartupControl(startupcontrol);
+  }
+
+  private void invokeStep() {
+    domainPresenceInfo.setScan(createDomainConfig());
+    testSupport.runSteps(step);
+  }
+
+  private WlsDomainConfig createDomainConfig() {
+    return new WlsDomainConfig(DOMAIN, wlsClusters, wlsServers, templates, machineConfigs);
+  }
+
+  static class TestStepFactory implements ManagedServersUpStep.NextStepFactory {
+    private static DomainPresenceInfo info;
+    private static Collection<String> servers;
+    private static Step next;
+    private static TestStepFactory factory = new TestStepFactory();
+
+    private static Memento install() throws NoSuchFieldException {
+      factory = new TestStepFactory();
+      return StaticStubSupport.install(ManagedServersUpStep.class, "NEXT_STEP_FACTORY", factory);
+    }
+
+    static Collection<String> getServers() {
+      return servers;
+    }
+
+    static ServerStartupInfo getServerStartupInfo(String serverName) {
+      for (ServerStartupInfo startupInfo : info.getServerStartupInfo()) {
+        if (startupInfo.serverConfig.getName().equals(serverName)) return startupInfo;
+      }
+
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Step createServerStep(DomainPresenceInfo info, Collection<String> servers, Step next) {
+      TestStepFactory.info = info;
+      TestStepFactory.servers = servers;
+      TestStepFactory.next = next;
+      return new TerminalStep();
+    }
+  }
+
+  static class ServerConfigBuilder {
+    private String name;
+
+    ServerConfigBuilder(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    WlsServerConfig build() {
+      return new WlsServerConfig(name, null, null, null, false, null, null);
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ClusterConfigBuilder {
+    private String name;
+    List<WlsServerConfig> serverConfigs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    ClusterConfigBuilder(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    void addServer(String serverName) {
+      WlsServerConfig serverConfig = wlsServers.get(serverName);
+      serverConfigs.add(serverConfig != null ? serverConfig : addWlsServer(serverName));
+    }
+
+    WlsClusterConfig build() {
+      return new WlsClusterConfig(name, getServers());
+    }
+
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig getServers() {
+      return new WlsDynamicServersConfig(0, 0, "", false, "", null, serverConfigs);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getServerStartupInfo("ms1")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 300.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ManagedServersUpStepTest.serverStartupInfo_containsWlsServerStartupAndConfig()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStepTest.serverStartupInfo_containsWlsServerStartup.4b5b1e2abc5f64222f4a8975a40e7e28
+
+### File:
+operator/src/test/java/oracle/kubernetes/operator/steps/ManagedServersUpStepTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ManagedServersUpStepTest.java|serverStartupInfo_containsWlsServerStartupAndConfig|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bf7301783f67616e19012d9536451efa
+
+### Hash:
+605a9136459f75459452b2caa1e7e342
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5033/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5033/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5c92c28449354f01510f1d61c6ee2d2bb505bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5033/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test;
+
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.Configuration;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.ConfigurationException;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.PropertiesConfiguration;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
+import org.junit.rules.TestWatcher;
+import org.junit.runner.Description;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.SqlgGraph;
+
+import javax.naming.Context;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+import javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory;
+import javax.naming.spi.NamingManager;
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.beans.PropertyVetoException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+/**
+ * @author Lukas Krejci
+ */
+public class TestJNDIInitialization {
+
+    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TestJNDIInitialization.class);
+
+    private static Configuration configuration;
+    private static DataSource ds;
+
+    @Rule
+    public TestRule watcher = new TestWatcher() {
+        protected void starting(Description description) {
+            logger.info("Starting test: " + description.getClassName() + "." + description.getMethodName());
+        }
+
+        protected void finished(Description description) {
+            logger.info("Finished test: " + description.getClassName() + "." + description.getMethodName());
+        }
+    };
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void beforeClass() throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException, PropertyVetoException, NamingException, ConfigurationException {
+        URL sqlProperties = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource("sqlg.properties");
+        configuration = new PropertiesConfiguration(sqlProperties);
+        if (!configuration.containsKey("jdbc.url")) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("SqlGraph configuration requires that the %s be set", "jdbc.url"));
+        }
+
+        String url = configuration.getString("jdbc.url");
+
+        //obtain the connection that we will later supply from JNDI
+        SqlgGraph g = SqlgGraph.open(configuration);
+        ds = g.getSqlgDataSource().get(url);
+//        g.getTopology().close();
+
+        //change the connection url to be a JNDI one
+        configuration.setProperty("jdbc.url", "jndi:testConnection");
+
+        //set up the initial context
+        NamingManager.setInitialContextFactoryBuilder(environment -> {
+            InitialContextFactory mockFactory = mock(InitialContextFactory.class);
+            Context mockContext = mock(Context.class);
+            when(mockFactory.getInitialContext(any())).thenReturn(mockContext);
+
+            when(mockContext.lookup("testConnection")).thenReturn(ds);
+
+            return mockFactory;
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingDatasourceFromJndi() throws Exception {
+        SqlgGraph g = SqlgGraph.open(configuration);
+        assertNotNull(g.getSqlDialect());
+        assertNotNull(g.getSqlgDataSource().get(configuration.getString("jdbc.url")));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `g.getSqlgDataSource()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 85.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestJNDIInitialization.testLoadingDatasourceFromJndi()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.TestJNDIInitialization.testLoadingDatasourceFromJndi():void.5f79fc2a30186892a489b010315aafd7
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/TestJNDIInitialization.java
+
+### Key:
+TestJNDIInitialization.java|testLoadingDatasourceFromJndi|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ce53c923f4dea93d3ab7dc2c8344c2b9
+
+### Hash:
+b7b1f9ee6edd9a611c883ff5fd9cc909
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5042/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5042/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f6ba3f9d409647e60324de9d03412b3e1ff9dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5042/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test;
+
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/07/13
+ * Time: 5:23 PM
+ */
+public class TestLoadElementProperties extends BaseTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadVertexProperties() {
+        Vertex marko = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        marko = this.sqlgGraph.v(marko.id());
+        Assert.assertEquals("marko", marko.property("name").value());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadEdgeProperties() {
+        Vertex marko = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        Vertex john = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        Edge friend = marko.addEdge("friend", john, "weight", 1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, this.sqlgGraph.e(friend.id()).property("weight").value());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `marko` last assigned on line 19 could be null and is dereferenced at line 20.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLoadElementProperties.testLoadVertexProperties()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.TestLoadElementProperties.testLoadVertexProperties():void.5150ee3aa64b6c03b241fd6c05e94882
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/TestLoadElementProperties.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLoadElementProperties.java|testLoadVertexProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+07c4ca0274b2c82c8349f056d2a4ea49
+
+### Hash:
+2e501c3d2ce8d34785e31dcfa88fd420
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5045/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5045/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24b4be13baaf2f2c0ef426deb5e4663ede4778bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5045/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test;
+
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.Configuration;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.ConfigurationException;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.PropertiesConfiguration;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
+import org.junit.rules.TestWatcher;
+import org.junit.runner.Description;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.SqlgGraph;
+
+import javax.naming.Context;
+import javax.naming.NamingException;
+import javax.naming.spi.InitialContextFactory;
+import javax.naming.spi.NamingManager;
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+import java.beans.PropertyVetoException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+/**
+ * @author Lukas Krejci
+ */
+public class TestJNDIInitialization {
+
+    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TestJNDIInitialization.class);
+
+    private static Configuration configuration;
+    private static DataSource ds;
+
+    @Rule
+    public TestRule watcher = new TestWatcher() {
+        protected void starting(Description description) {
+            logger.info("Starting test: " + description.getClassName() + "." + description.getMethodName());
+        }
+
+        protected void finished(Description description) {
+            logger.info("Finished test: " + description.getClassName() + "." + description.getMethodName());
+        }
+    };
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void beforeClass() throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException, PropertyVetoException, NamingException, ConfigurationException {
+        URL sqlProperties = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource("sqlg.properties");
+        configuration = new PropertiesConfiguration(sqlProperties);
+        if (!configuration.containsKey("jdbc.url")) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("SqlGraph configuration requires that the %s be set", "jdbc.url"));
+        }
+
+        String url = configuration.getString("jdbc.url");
+
+        //obtain the connection that we will later supply from JNDI
+        SqlgGraph g = SqlgGraph.open(configuration);
+        ds = g.getSqlgDataSource().get(url);
+//        g.getTopology().close();
+
+        //change the connection url to be a JNDI one
+        configuration.setProperty("jdbc.url", "jndi:testConnection");
+
+        //set up the initial context
+        NamingManager.setInitialContextFactoryBuilder(environment -> {
+            InitialContextFactory mockFactory = mock(InitialContextFactory.class);
+            Context mockContext = mock(Context.class);
+            when(mockFactory.getInitialContext(any())).thenReturn(mockContext);
+
+            when(mockContext.lookup("testConnection")).thenReturn(ds);
+
+            return mockFactory;
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingDatasourceFromJndi() throws Exception {
+        SqlgGraph g = SqlgGraph.open(configuration);
+        assertNotNull(g.getSqlDialect());
+        assertNotNull(g.getSqlgDataSource().get(configuration.getString("jdbc.url")));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.umlg.sqlg.structure.SqlgGraph` acquired to `g` by call to `open(...)` at line 62 is not released after line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestJNDIInitialization.beforeClass()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.TestJNDIInitialization.beforeClass():void.4461dd63f771770df38927f22f630339
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/TestJNDIInitialization.java
+
+### Key:
+TestJNDIInitialization.java|beforeClass|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+35342c54f5d596fdda40db0c5b900b93
+
+### Hash:
+30b0173cae8d90e02994549931907354
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5050/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5050/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2ca03a5cbf4e8a349aab5f66c5d73c8c608228c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5050/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.junit.Assume;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.*;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.test.BaseTest;
+
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.LocalTime;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/07/22
+ * Time: 3:27 PM
+ */
+public class TestLoadSchema extends BaseTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryInTransactionAcrossSchemas() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Car", "model", "vw");
+        v1.addEdge("car", v2, "bought", 1);
+        List<Vertex> cars = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("car").toList();
+        assertEquals(1, cars.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDateTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDateTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDate() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDate.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingJson() throws Exception {
+        Assume.assumeTrue(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsJson());
+        ObjectMapper objectMapper =  new ObjectMapper();
+        ObjectNode json = new ObjectNode(objectMapper.getNodeFactory());
+        json.put("username", "john");
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "doc", json);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("doc").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("doc"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIdNotLoadedAsProperty() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertFalse(vv.property("ID").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertFalse(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("ID"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadPropertyColumnNames() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+            v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithByteArray() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "byteArray", new byte[]{1,2,3,4});
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3,4}, v.<byte[]>property("byteArray").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchema() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, v.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v.property("aString").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadMultipleSchemas() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Product").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Product").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void loadForeignKeys() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "bBoolean", true, "bShort", (short) 2,
+                "bInteger", 2, "bLong", 2L, "bDouble", 2D, "bString", "bbbbbbbbbbbbb");
+        v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v2, "cBoolean", true, "cShort", (short) 3,
+                "cInteger", 3, "cLong", 3L, "cDouble", 3D, "cString", "ccccccccccccc");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertNotNull(v1);
+            assertEquals(true, v1.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v1.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v1.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1L, v1.property("aLong").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v1.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v1.property("aString").value());
+
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            assertEquals(true, v2.property("bBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 2, v2.property("bShort").value());
+            assertEquals(2, v2.property("bInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(2L, v2.property("bLong").value());
+            assertEquals(2D, v2.property("bDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("bbbbbbbbbbbbb", v2.property("bString").value());
+
+            Iterator<Edge> edgeIter = vertexTraversal(v1).outE("edgeTest");
+            assertTrue(edgeIter.hasNext());
+            Edge e = edgeIter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, e.property("cBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 3, e.property("cShort").value());
+            assertEquals(3, e.property("cInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(3L, e.property("cLong").value());
+            assertEquals(3D, e.property("cDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("ccccccccccccc", e.property("cString").value());
+
+            Vertex v3 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dBoolean", true, "dShort", (short) 4,
+                    "dInteger", 4, "dLong", 4L, "bDouble", 4D, "dString", "ddddddddddddd");
+            v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v3, "eBoolean", true, "eShort", (short) 3,
+                    "eInteger", 3, "eLong", 3L, "eDouble", 3D, "eString", "eeeeeeeeeeeee");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+            try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+                Edge edgeTest = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v3).inE("edgeTest").next();
+                assertEquals(true, edgeTest.value("eBoolean"));
+                assertEquals((short)3, edgeTest.<Short>value("eShort").shortValue());
+                assertEquals(3, edgeTest.<Integer>value("eInteger").intValue());
+                assertEquals(3L, edgeTest.<Long>value("eLong").longValue());
+                assertEquals(3D, edgeTest.value("eDouble"), 0);
+                assertEquals("eeeeeeeeeeeee", edgeTest.<String>value("eString"));
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemas() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        planBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBscWE);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("plan.E_workspaceElement").size());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("real.E_workspaceElement").size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(2, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBsc.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBsc.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdgesOtherWayAround() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBsc);
+        planBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSameEdgeToDifferentVertexLabels() throws Exception {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A", "name", "a1");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B.B", "name", "b1");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C.C", "name", "c1");
+        Object a1Id = a1.id();
+        Object b1Id = b1.id();
+        a1.addEdge("ab", b1, "weight", 5);
+        a1.addEdge("ab", c1, "weight", 6);
+        b1.addEdge("ba", a1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        b1.addEdge("ba", c1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(b1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaSameTableDifferentSchema() throws Exception {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name1", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Person", "name2", "john");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            //This fails if the columns are not loaded per schema and table
+            v2.property("name1", "joe");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleInEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        report1.addEdge("label", favouriteReport);
+        report1.addEdge("label", policyReport);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).out("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleOutEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        favouriteReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        policyReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).in("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreMultipleInEdges() {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C");
+        Vertex d1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "D");
+        a1.addEdge("hi", b1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", c1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", d1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(3, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1).out().count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadGlobalUniqueIndexes() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, PropertyType> properties = new HashMap<>();
+        properties.put("name1", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name2", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel aVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("A", properties);
+        assertTrue(aVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name3", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name4", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel bVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("B", properties);
+        assertTrue(bVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name5", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name6", PropertyType.STRING);
+        EdgeLabel edgeLabel = aVertexLabel.ensureEdgeLabelExist("ab", bVertexLabel, properties);
+        assertTrue(edgeLabel.isUncommitted());
+        Set<PropertyColumn> globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns = new HashSet<>();
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(aVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(bVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(edgeLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().ensureGlobalUniqueIndexExist(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().size());
+            GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().iterator().next();
+            assertTrue(globalUniqueIndex.getProperties().containsAll(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns));
+            for (PropertyColumn globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn : globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns) {
+                assertEquals(1, globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices().size());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `sqlgGraph1.getTopology()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 110.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLoadSchema.testIdNotLoadedAsProperty()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema.TestLoadSchema.testIdNotLoadedAsProperty():void.00abb6832370747268dff85d5bfce55f
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/schema/TestLoadSchema.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLoadSchema.java|testIdNotLoadedAsProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+2476ca9655080570fe6ee8177056d8f3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5051/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5051/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbd88435d05c4b5ed666bc8d2e77e080969e318b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5051/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.junit.Assume;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.*;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.test.BaseTest;
+
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.LocalTime;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/07/22
+ * Time: 3:27 PM
+ */
+public class TestLoadSchema extends BaseTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryInTransactionAcrossSchemas() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Car", "model", "vw");
+        v1.addEdge("car", v2, "bought", 1);
+        List<Vertex> cars = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("car").toList();
+        assertEquals(1, cars.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDateTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDateTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDate() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDate.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingJson() throws Exception {
+        Assume.assumeTrue(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsJson());
+        ObjectMapper objectMapper =  new ObjectMapper();
+        ObjectNode json = new ObjectNode(objectMapper.getNodeFactory());
+        json.put("username", "john");
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "doc", json);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("doc").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("doc"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIdNotLoadedAsProperty() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertFalse(vv.property("ID").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertFalse(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("ID"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadPropertyColumnNames() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+            v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithByteArray() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "byteArray", new byte[]{1,2,3,4});
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3,4}, v.<byte[]>property("byteArray").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchema() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, v.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v.property("aString").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadMultipleSchemas() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Product").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Product").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void loadForeignKeys() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "bBoolean", true, "bShort", (short) 2,
+                "bInteger", 2, "bLong", 2L, "bDouble", 2D, "bString", "bbbbbbbbbbbbb");
+        v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v2, "cBoolean", true, "cShort", (short) 3,
+                "cInteger", 3, "cLong", 3L, "cDouble", 3D, "cString", "ccccccccccccc");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertNotNull(v1);
+            assertEquals(true, v1.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v1.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v1.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1L, v1.property("aLong").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v1.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v1.property("aString").value());
+
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            assertEquals(true, v2.property("bBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 2, v2.property("bShort").value());
+            assertEquals(2, v2.property("bInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(2L, v2.property("bLong").value());
+            assertEquals(2D, v2.property("bDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("bbbbbbbbbbbbb", v2.property("bString").value());
+
+            Iterator<Edge> edgeIter = vertexTraversal(v1).outE("edgeTest");
+            assertTrue(edgeIter.hasNext());
+            Edge e = edgeIter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, e.property("cBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 3, e.property("cShort").value());
+            assertEquals(3, e.property("cInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(3L, e.property("cLong").value());
+            assertEquals(3D, e.property("cDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("ccccccccccccc", e.property("cString").value());
+
+            Vertex v3 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dBoolean", true, "dShort", (short) 4,
+                    "dInteger", 4, "dLong", 4L, "bDouble", 4D, "dString", "ddddddddddddd");
+            v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v3, "eBoolean", true, "eShort", (short) 3,
+                    "eInteger", 3, "eLong", 3L, "eDouble", 3D, "eString", "eeeeeeeeeeeee");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+            try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+                Edge edgeTest = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v3).inE("edgeTest").next();
+                assertEquals(true, edgeTest.value("eBoolean"));
+                assertEquals((short)3, edgeTest.<Short>value("eShort").shortValue());
+                assertEquals(3, edgeTest.<Integer>value("eInteger").intValue());
+                assertEquals(3L, edgeTest.<Long>value("eLong").longValue());
+                assertEquals(3D, edgeTest.value("eDouble"), 0);
+                assertEquals("eeeeeeeeeeeee", edgeTest.<String>value("eString"));
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemas() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        planBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBscWE);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("plan.E_workspaceElement").size());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("real.E_workspaceElement").size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(2, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBsc.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBsc.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdgesOtherWayAround() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBsc);
+        planBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSameEdgeToDifferentVertexLabels() throws Exception {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A", "name", "a1");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B.B", "name", "b1");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C.C", "name", "c1");
+        Object a1Id = a1.id();
+        Object b1Id = b1.id();
+        a1.addEdge("ab", b1, "weight", 5);
+        a1.addEdge("ab", c1, "weight", 6);
+        b1.addEdge("ba", a1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        b1.addEdge("ba", c1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(b1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaSameTableDifferentSchema() throws Exception {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name1", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Person", "name2", "john");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            //This fails if the columns are not loaded per schema and table
+            v2.property("name1", "joe");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleInEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        report1.addEdge("label", favouriteReport);
+        report1.addEdge("label", policyReport);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).out("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleOutEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        favouriteReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        policyReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).in("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreMultipleInEdges() {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C");
+        Vertex d1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "D");
+        a1.addEdge("hi", b1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", c1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", d1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(3, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1).out().count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadGlobalUniqueIndexes() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, PropertyType> properties = new HashMap<>();
+        properties.put("name1", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name2", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel aVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("A", properties);
+        assertTrue(aVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name3", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name4", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel bVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("B", properties);
+        assertTrue(bVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name5", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name6", PropertyType.STRING);
+        EdgeLabel edgeLabel = aVertexLabel.ensureEdgeLabelExist("ab", bVertexLabel, properties);
+        assertTrue(edgeLabel.isUncommitted());
+        Set<PropertyColumn> globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns = new HashSet<>();
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(aVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(bVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(edgeLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().ensureGlobalUniqueIndexExist(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().size());
+            GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().iterator().next();
+            assertTrue(globalUniqueIndex.getProperties().containsAll(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns));
+            for (PropertyColumn globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn : globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns) {
+                assertEquals(1, globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices().size());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `sqlgGraph1.getTopology()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 95.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLoadSchema.testLoadingJson()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema.TestLoadSchema.testLoadingJson():void.d290eaf7fd678b7d40c8f73c97431093
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/schema/TestLoadSchema.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLoadSchema.java|testLoadingJson|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+d91076ce25a80bb004390ccfd3e2044d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5058/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5058/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a82b533053d374d7a87fc26a57c37e2cf19598a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5058/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test.batch;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.time.StopWatch;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Direction;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.util.iterator.IteratorUtils;
+import org.junit.Assume;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.RecordId;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.SqlgGraph;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.SqlgVertex;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.test.BaseTest;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/09/12
+ * Time: 5:14 PM
+ */
+public class TestBatch extends BaseTest {
+
+    @Before
+    public void beforeTest() {
+        Assume.assumeTrue(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsBatchMode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNullProperties() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "John", "surname", "Smith");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "John1");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "surname", "Smith2");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "");
+        Vertex v4 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "\"\"");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertFalse(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).next().property("surname").isPresent());
+        assertFalse(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next().property("name").isPresent());
+        assertEquals("", this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v3.id()).next().property("name").value());
+        assertEquals("\"\"", this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v4.id()).next().property("name").value());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryWhileInserting() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 1; i < 101; i++) {
+            Vertex a = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A");
+            Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+            Vertex b2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+            a.addEdge("ab", b1);
+            a.addEdge("ab", b2);
+            if (i % 10 == 0) {
+                assertEquals(2, IteratorUtils.count(a.edges(Direction.OUT, "ab")));
+                assertEquals(2, IteratorUtils.count(a.vertices(Direction.OUT, "ab")));
+            }
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(100, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("A").count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(200, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("B").count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(200, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().hasLabel("ab").count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("A").forEachRemaining(v -> assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v).out("ab").count().next().intValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveWhileInserting() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Set<Vertex> toRemove = new HashSet<>();
+        for (int i = 1; i < 101; i++) {
+            Vertex a = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A");
+            Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+            Vertex b2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+            a.addEdge("ab", b1);
+            a.addEdge("ab", b2);
+            if (i % 10 == 0) {
+                toRemove.add(a);
+            }
+        }
+        for (Vertex vertex : toRemove) {
+            vertex.remove();
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(90, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("A").count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(200, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("B").count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(180, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().hasLabel("ab").count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("A").forEachRemaining(v -> assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v).out("ab").count().next().intValue()));
+
+    }
+
+    //    @Test
+    public void queryPerformance() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 600000; i++) {
+            Map<String, Object> properties = new HashMap<>();
+            properties.put("Adjacent Cell Inter-layer HO Hysteresis", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("BQ HO Margin", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("BQ HO Valid Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("BQ HO Watch Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Better Cell HO Valid Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Better Cell HO Watch Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Chain Neighbor Cell", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Chain Neighbour Cell Type", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Directed Retry Handover Level Range", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Directional of Neighboring Cell", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Edge HO AdjCell Valid Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Edge HO AdjCell Watch Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Edge HO Hysteresis", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Enhanced Outgoing Cell Handover Offset", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("HCS HO Valid Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("HCS HO Watch Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("IBCA Dyn Measure Neighbour Cell Flag", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("IBCA RxLev Offset", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Inter-cell HO Hysteresis", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Layer HO Valid Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Layer HO Watch Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Level Penalty Value on Neighboring Cell", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Load HO PBGT Threshold", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Min Access Level Offset", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("NCell Interf Type", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Neighbor 2G Cell Index", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Neighbor 2G Cell Name", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Neighboring Cell Penalty Switch", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Neighboring Cell Priority", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Neighboring Cell Type", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("PBGT HO Threshold", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("PBGT Valid Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("PBGT Watch Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Penalty Stop Level Threshold", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Penalty Timer Length", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Quick Handover Last Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Quick Handover Offset for Neighbor Cell", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Quick Handover Static Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Source Cell Index", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("Source Cell Name", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("TA HO Valid Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("TA HO Watch Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("UL BQ HO Last Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("UL BQ HO Static Time", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("cmSoftwareVersion", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("cm_parent_nodename", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("cm_uid", "MTN->South Africa->HUAWEI->GSM->REAL_WS->G2GNCELL->CNBSH3->5292B->5860C" + i);
+            properties.put("createdOn", 111111111);
+            properties.put("internal_cm_name", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("name", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("networkName", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("updatedOn", 10000000);
+            properties.put("Is External Cell", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("BQ HO Neighbor Cell Select Absolute Thld Switch", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("BCCH TRX NoBCCH TS PC Neighbor Cell HO CMP Value", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            properties.put("2G Neighboring Cell Ranking Priority", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            if (i % 100000 == 0) {
+                this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+                this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+            }
+            this.sqlgGraph.addVertex("R_HG.G2GNCELL", properties);
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+        stopWatch.reset();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        List<Vertex> result = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().has(T.label, "R_HG.G2GNCELL").toList();
+        assertEquals(600000, result.size());
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEscapingCharacters() {
+        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "MO1", "name", "marko" + i, "test1", "\\", "test2", "\nhalo", "test3", "\rhalo", "test4", "\thalo");
+            Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko" + i, "test1", "\\", "test2", "\nhalo", "test3", "\rhalo", "test4", "\thalo");
+            v1.addEdge("Friend", v2, "name", "xxx");
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+        assertEquals(20000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(10000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVerticesBatchOn() {
+        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "MO1", "name", "marko" + i);
+            Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko" + i);
+            v1.addEdge("Friend", v2, "name", "xxx");
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+        assertEquals(20000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(10000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchEdgesManyProperties() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "peter");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v2, "weight", 1, "test", "a");
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v3, "weight", 2, "test", "b");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(3, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("Friend").count().next(), 0);
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("Friend").toList().contains(v2));
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("Friend").toList().contains(v3));
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).in("Friend").toList().contains(v1));
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v3.id()).in("Friend").toList().contains(v1));
+        assertEquals(1, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().hasLabel("Friend").has("test", "a").count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(1, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().hasLabel("Friend").has("test", "b").count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchEdgesDifferentProperties() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "peter");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v2, "weight", 1, "test1", "a");
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v3, "weight", 2, "test1", "a", "test2", "b");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchVertexDifferentProperties() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko", "test1", "a");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "peter", "test2", "b");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john", "test3", "c", "test4", "d");
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v2, "weight", 1);
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v3, "weight", 2);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        Vertex marko = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Person").has("name", "marko").next();
+        assertEquals("a", marko.value("test1"));
+        assertFalse(marko.property("test2").isPresent());
+        assertFalse(marko.property("test3").isPresent());
+        Vertex peter = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Person").has("name", "peter").next();
+        assertEquals("b", peter.value("test2"));
+        assertFalse(peter.property("test1").isPresent());
+        assertFalse(peter.property("test3").isPresent());
+        Vertex john = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Person").has("name", "john").next();
+        assertEquals("c", john.value("test3"));
+        assertFalse(john.property("test1").isPresent());
+        assertFalse(john.property("test2").isPresent());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchVertices() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "peter");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v2, "weight", 1);
+        v1.addEdge("Friend", v3, "weight", 2);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(3, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("Friend").count().next(), 0);
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("Friend").toList().contains(v2));
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("Friend").toList().contains(v3));
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).in("Friend").toList().contains(v1));
+        assertTrue(this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v3.id()).in("Friend").toList().contains(v1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchModeNeedsCleanTransactionPass() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(4, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+    //this test a 'contains' bug in the update of labels batch logic
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchUpdateOfLabels() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "mike");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Car", "name", "bmw");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Car", "name", "bmw");
+        Vertex v4 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Bike", "name", "ktm");
+        v1.addEdge("bts_aaaaaa", v2);
+        v1.addEdge("bts_btsalmtos", v4);
+        v1.addEdge("bts_btsalm", v3);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v1 = sqlgGraph.v(v1.id());
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("bts_btsalm").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("bts_btsalmtos").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The copy command locks the copy to table.
+     * This is great as there is no need to worry about the elements not having sequential ids generated.
+     * This test that this is indeed the case.
+     * Cars only go in after Persons
+     *
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEdgeCopyHappensInIsolation() throws InterruptedException {
+
+        //This is needed else the schema manager lock on creating schemas
+        Vertex firstVertex = sqlgGraph.addVertex();
+        sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        AtomicLong lastPerson = new AtomicLong();
+        AtomicLong lastCar = new AtomicLong();
+
+
+        CountDownLatch firstLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        final Thread thread1 = new Thread() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
+                        Vertex v1 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+                        Vertex v2 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+                        v1.addEdge("Friend", v2);
+                    }
+                    System.out.println("thread1 starting commit!");
+                    firstLatch.countDown();
+                    sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+                    List<Vertex> persons = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").toList();
+                    System.out.println("person size = " + persons.size());
+                    System.out.println(persons.get(persons.size() - 1).id());
+                    lastPerson.set(((RecordId) persons.get(persons.size() - 1).id()).getId());
+                    System.out.println("thread1 done!");
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                    fail(e.getMessage());
+                } finally {
+                    sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+                }
+
+            }
+        };
+        thread1.start();
+        final Thread thread2 = new Thread() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    System.out.println("waiting for first thread!");
+                    firstLatch.await();
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                    fail(e.getMessage());
+                }
+                Vertex v1 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Car", "dummy", "a");
+                Vertex v2 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Car", "dummy", "a");
+                v1.addEdge("Same", v2);
+                sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+                List<Vertex> cars = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Car").toList();
+                lastCar.set(((RecordId) cars.get(cars.size() - 1).id()).getId());
+                System.out.println("second thread done!");
+            }
+        };
+        thread2.start();
+        thread1.join();
+        thread2.join();
+        assertEquals(200000, lastPerson.get());
+        assertEquals(2, lastCar.get());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVertexProperties() {
+        List<Short> shortList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Integer> integerList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Long> longList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Double> doubleList = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person",
+                    "age2", (short) i,
+                    "age3", i,
+                    "age4", new Long(i),
+                    "age6", new Double(i)
+            );
+            shortList.add((short) i);
+            integerList.add(new Integer(i));
+            longList.add(new Long(i));
+            doubleList.add(new Double(i));
+        }
+        assertEquals(100, shortList.size());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        List<Vertex> vertices = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().toList();
+        for (Vertex v : vertices) {
+            shortList.remove((Short) v.value("age2"));
+            integerList.remove((Integer) v.value("age3"));
+            longList.remove((Long) v.value("age4"));
+            doubleList.remove((Double) v.value("age6"));
+        }
+        assertTrue(shortList.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(integerList.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(longList.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(doubleList.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEdgeProperties() {
+        List<Short> shortList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Integer> integerList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Long> longList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Double> doubleList = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+            Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+            Edge e1 = v1.addEdge("Friend", v2,
+                    "age2", (short) i,
+                    "age3", i,
+                    "age4", new Long(i),
+                    "age6", new Double(i)
+            );
+            shortList.add((short) i);
+            integerList.add(new Integer(i));
+            longList.add(new Long(i));
+            doubleList.add(new Double(i));
+        }
+        assertEquals(100, shortList.size());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        List<Edge> edges = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().toList();
+        for (Edge e : edges) {
+            shortList.remove((Short) e.value("age2"));
+            integerList.remove((Integer) e.value("age3"));
+            longList.remove((Long) e.value("age4"));
+            doubleList.remove((Double) e.value("age6"));
+        }
+        assertTrue(shortList.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(integerList.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(longList.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(doubleList.isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateInsertedVertexProperty() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        v1.property("name", "john");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals("john", v1.value("name"));
+        assertEquals("john", this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().next().value("name"));
+        v1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id());
+        assertEquals("john", v1.value("name"));
+        assertEquals("john", this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().next().value("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddPropertyToInsertedVertexProperty() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        v1.property("name", "john");
+        v1.property("surname", "aaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        v1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id());
+        assertEquals("john", v1.value("name"));
+        assertEquals("aaaa", v1.value("surname"));
+        assertEquals("john", this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().next().value("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateInsertedEdgeProperty() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        Edge edge = v1.addEdge("Friend", v2, "weight", 1);
+        edge.property("weight", 2);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(2, edge.<Integer>value("weight"), 0);
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().next().<Integer>value("weight"), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    //TODO need to deal with missing properties, set them to null
+    public void testRemoveProperty() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex marko = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko");
+        Vertex john = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        Edge friend = marko.addEdge("Friend", john, "weight", 1);
+        Edge colleague = marko.addEdge("Colleague", john, "toRemove", "a");
+        marko.property("name").remove();
+        colleague.property("toRemove").remove();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        marko = this.sqlgGraph.v(marko.id());
+        assertFalse(marko.property("name").isPresent());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInOutOnEdges() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex root = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "ROOT", "dummy", "a");
+        Vertex god = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "God", "dummy", "a");
+        root.addEdge("rootGod", god);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetEdges() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex root = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "ROOT", "dummy", "a");
+        Vertex god = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "God", "dummy", "a");
+        Edge sqlgEdge = root.addEdge("rootGod", god);
+        assertNull(sqlgEdge.id());
+        Edge rootGodEdge = vertexTraversal(root).outE("rootGod").next();
+        //Querying triggers the cache to be flushed, so the result will have an id
+        assertNotNull(rootGodEdge);
+        assertNotNull(rootGodEdge.id());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetVertices() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex root = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "ROOT", "dummy", "a");
+        Vertex god = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "God", "dummy", "a");
+        Vertex human = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Human", "dummy", "a");
+        root.addEdge("rootGod", god);
+        root.addEdge("rootHuman", human);
+        god.addEdge("rootROOT", root);
+        assertEquals(god, vertexTraversal(root).out("rootGod").next());
+        assertEquals(human, vertexTraversal(root).out("rootHuman").next());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPerformance() {
+        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            Vertex person = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "marko" + i);
+            Vertex spaceTime = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "SpaceTime", "name", "marko" + i);
+            Vertex space = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Space", "name", "marko" + i);
+            Vertex time = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Time", "name", "marko" + i);
+            person.addEdge("spaceTime", spaceTime, "context", 1);
+            spaceTime.addEdge("space", space, "dimension", 3);
+            spaceTime.addEdge("time", time, "dimension", 1);
+            if (i != 0 && i % 10000 == 0) {
+                this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+                this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+            }
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+        stopWatch.reset();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        assertEquals(10000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person").count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(10000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().has(T.label, "SpaceTime").count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(10000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Space").count().next(), 0);
+        assertEquals(10000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Time").count().next(), 0);
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetVerticesWithHas() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex root = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "ROOT", "dummy", "a");
+        Vertex jah = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "God", "name", "Jah");
+        Vertex jehova = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "God", "name", "Jehova");
+        root.addEdge("rootGod", jah);
+        root.addEdge("rootGod", jehova);
+        List<Vertex> vertices = vertexTraversal(root).out("rootGod").toList();
+        assertTrue(vertices.contains(jah));
+        assertTrue(vertices.contains(jehova));
+        assertEquals(jah, vertexTraversal(root).out("rootGod").has("name", "Jah").next());
+        assertEquals(jehova, vertexTraversal(root).out("rootGod").has("name", "Jehova").next());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVertexLabelCache() {
+        Vertex root = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "ROOT");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex jah = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "God", "name", "Jah");
+        Vertex jehova = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "God", "name", "Jehova");
+        root.addEdge("rootGod", jah);
+        root.addEdge("rootGod", jehova);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        List<Vertex> vertices = vertexTraversal(root).out("rootGod").toList();
+        assertTrue(vertices.contains(jah));
+        assertTrue(vertices.contains(jehova));
+        assertEquals(jah, vertexTraversal(root).out("rootGod").has("name", "Jah").next());
+        assertEquals(jehova, vertexTraversal(root).out("rootGod").has("name", "Jehova").next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVertexMultipleEdgesLabels() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex person = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        Vertex car = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Car", "name", "b");
+        Vertex bike = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Bike", "name", "c");
+        person.addEdge("car", car);
+        person.addEdge("bike", bike);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(Long.valueOf(2), vertexTraversal(person).out().count().next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddEdgeAccrossSchema() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex person = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Schema1.Person", "name", "a");
+        Vertex car = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Schema2.Car", "name", "b");
+        Vertex bike = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Schema2.Bike", "name", "c");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        person.addEdge("car", car);
+        person.addEdge("bike", bike);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(Long.valueOf(2), vertexTraversal(person).out().count().next());
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testCacheAndUpdateVERTICESLabels() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex person1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "person");
+        List<Vertex> cache = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            cache.add(this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "person" + i));
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (Vertex person2 : cache) {
+            person1.addEdge("Friend", person2);
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        person1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(person1.id());
+        assertTrue(vertexTraversal(person1).out("Friend").hasNext());
+        assertEquals(Long.valueOf(10000), vertexTraversal(person1).out("Friend").count().next());
+        List<Vertex> friends = vertexTraversal(person1).out("Friend").toList();
+        List<String> names = friends.stream().map(v -> v.<String>value("name")).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        assertEquals(10000, names.size(), 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
+            assertTrue(names.contains("person" + i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchInsertDifferentKeys() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "surname", "b");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        List<Vertex> persons = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").<Vertex>has("name", "a").toList();
+        assertEquals(1, persons.size());
+        assertFalse(persons.get(0).property("surname").isPresent());
+
+        persons = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").<Vertex>has("surname", "b").toList();
+        assertEquals(1, persons.size());
+        assertFalse(persons.get(0).property("name").isPresent());
+
+        persons = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").has("surname", "b").<Vertex>has("name", "a").toList();
+        assertEquals(0, persons.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVerticesOutLabelsForPersistentVertices() {
+        Vertex realWorkspace = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "RealWorkspace", "name", "realWorkspace1");
+        Vertex softwareVersion = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "SoftwareVersion", "name", "R15");
+        Vertex vendorTechnology = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "VendorTechnology", "name", "Huawei_Gsm");
+        vendorTechnology.addEdge("vendorTechnology_softwareVersion", softwareVersion);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        assertEquals("Huawei_Gsm", vertexTraversal(softwareVersion).in("vendorTechnology_softwareVersion").next().value("name"));
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex rwe1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "RWE", "name", "cell1");
+        rwe1.addEdge("workspaceElement_softwareVersion", softwareVersion);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        softwareVersion = this.sqlgGraph.v(softwareVersion.id());
+        assertEquals("Huawei_Gsm", vertexTraversal(softwareVersion).in("vendorTechnology_softwareVersion").next().value("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVerticesInLabelsForPersistentVertices() {
+        Vertex realWorkspace = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "RealWorkspace", "name", "realWorkspace1");
+        Vertex softwareVersion = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "SoftwareVersion", "name", "R15");
+        Vertex vendorTechnology = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "VendorTechnology", "name", "Huawei_Gsm");
+        softwareVersion.addEdge("softwareVersion_vendorTechnology", vendorTechnology);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        assertEquals("Huawei_Gsm", vertexTraversal(softwareVersion).out("softwareVersion_vendorTechnology").next().value("name"));
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex rwe1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "RWE", "name", "cell1");
+        rwe1.addEdge("workspaceElement_softwareVersion", softwareVersion);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        softwareVersion = this.sqlgGraph.v(softwareVersion.id());
+        assertEquals("Huawei_Gsm", vertexTraversal(softwareVersion).out("softwareVersion_vendorTechnology").next().value("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchUpdatePersistentVertices() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "surname", "b");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals("a", this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).value("name"));
+        assertEquals("b", this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).value("surname"));
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        v1.property("name", "aa");
+        v2.property("surname", "bb");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        assertEquals("aa", this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).value("name"));
+        assertEquals("bb", this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).value("surname"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchUpdatePersistentVerticesAllTypes() {
+
+        Assume.assumeTrue(this.sqlgGraph.features().vertex().properties().supportsFloatValues());
+
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "surname", "b");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals("a", this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).value("name"));
+        assertEquals("b", this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).value("surname"));
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        v1.property("name", "aa");
+        v1.property("boolean", true);
+        v1.property("short", (short) 1);
+        v1.property("integer", 1);
+        v1.property("long", 1L);
+        v1.property("float", 1F);
+        v1.property("double", 1D);
+
+        v2.property("surname", "bb");
+        v2.property("boolean", false);
+        v2.property("short", (short) 2);
+        v2.property("integer", 2);
+        v2.property("long", 2L);
+        v2.property("float", 2F);
+        v2.property("double", 2D);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        assertEquals("aa", this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).value("name"));
+        assertEquals(true, this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).value("boolean"));
+        assertEquals((short) 1, this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).<Short>value("short").shortValue());
+        assertEquals(1, this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).<Integer>value("integer").intValue());
+        assertEquals(1L, this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).<Long>value("long").longValue(), 0);
+        assertEquals(1F, this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).<Float>value("float").floatValue(), 0);
+        assertEquals(1D, this.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id()).<Double>value("double").doubleValue(), 0);
+
+        assertEquals("bb", this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).value("surname"));
+        assertEquals(false, this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).value("boolean"));
+        assertEquals((short) 2, this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).<Short>value("short").shortValue());
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).<Integer>value("integer").intValue());
+        assertEquals(2L, this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).<Long>value("long").longValue(), 0);
+        assertEquals(2F, this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).<Float>value("float").floatValue(), 0);
+        assertEquals(2D, this.sqlgGraph.v(v2.id()).<Double>value("double").doubleValue(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertUpdateQuotedStrings() {
+        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "'a'");
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+        stopWatch.reset();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        List<Vertex> vertices = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().toList();
+        for (Vertex v : vertices) {
+            v.property("name", "'b'");
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchRemoveVertex() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        v1.remove();
+        v2.remove();
+        v3.remove();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchRemoveEdges() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Edge edge1 = v1.addEdge("test", v2);
+        Edge edge2 = v1.addEdge("test", v3);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        edge1.remove();
+        edge2.remove();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(3, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchRemoveVerticesAndEdges() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Edge edge1 = v1.addEdge("test", v2);
+        Edge edge2 = v1.addEdge("test", v3);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        edge1.remove();
+        edge2.remove();
+        v1.remove();
+        v2.remove();
+        v3.remove();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchRemoveVerticesEdgesMustBeGone() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex v3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Edge edge1 = v1.addEdge("test", v2);
+        Edge edge2 = v1.addEdge("test", v3);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        v1.remove();
+        v2.remove();
+        v3.remove();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeletePerformance() {
+        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        //32767
+        int j = 1;
+        //createVertexLabel 280 foreign keys
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2810; i++) {
+            Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "public.WorkspaceElement", "name", "workspaceElement" + i);
+            if (j == 281) {
+                j = 1;
+            }
+            Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "huawei.NetworkElement", "name", "networkElement" + i + "_" + j);
+            v2.addEdge("WorkspaceElement_NetworkElement" + j, v1);
+            j++;
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+        stopWatch.reset();
+        stopWatch.start();
+        List<Vertex> vertexes = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().has(T.label, "WorkspaceElement").toList();
+        for (Vertex sqlgVertex : vertexes) {
+            sqlgVertex.remove();
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+        vertexes = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<SqlgVertex>has(T.label, "huawei.NetworkElement").toList();
+        for (Vertex sqlgVertex : vertexes) {
+            sqlgVertex.remove();
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        stopWatch.stop();
+        System.out.println(stopWatch.toString());
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDropForeignKeys() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex workspaceElementBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "WorkspaceElement", "name", "bsc1");
+        Vertex networkElementBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "bsc", "name", "bsc1");
+        Vertex workspaceElementCell1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "WorkspaceElement", "name", "cell1");
+        Vertex networkElementCell1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "cell", "name", "cell1");
+        Vertex workspaceElementCell2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "WorkspaceElement", "name", "cell2");
+        Vertex networkElementCell2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "cell", "name", "cell2");
+        Vertex workspaceElementBsctmr1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "WorkspaceElement", "name", "bsctmr1");
+        Vertex networkElementBsctmr1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "bsctmr", "name", "bsctms1");
+        //add edges to workspaceelement
+        networkElementBsc.addEdge("bsc_workspaceElement", workspaceElementBsc);
+        networkElementCell1.addEdge("cell_workspaceElement", workspaceElementCell1);
+        networkElementCell2.addEdge("cell_workspaceElement", workspaceElementCell2);
+        networkElementBsctmr1.addEdge("bsctmr_workspaceElement", workspaceElementBsctmr1);
+
+        //add edges to between elements
+        networkElementBsc.addEdge("bsc_cell", networkElementCell1);
+        networkElementBsc.addEdge("bsc_cell", networkElementCell2);
+        networkElementBsc.addEdge("bsc_bsctmr", networkElementBsctmr1);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+
+        List<Vertex> vertexes = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<SqlgVertex>has(T.label, "WorkspaceElement").toList();
+        for (Vertex sqlgVertex : vertexes) {
+            sqlgVertex.remove();
+        }
+        vertexes = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<SqlgVertex>has(T.label, "bsc").toList();
+        for (Vertex sqlgVertex : vertexes) {
+            sqlgVertex.remove();
+        }
+        vertexes = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<SqlgVertex>has(T.label, "cell").toList();
+        for (Vertex sqlgVertex : vertexes) {
+            sqlgVertex.remove();
+        }
+        vertexes = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<SqlgVertex>has(T.label, "bsctmr").toList();
+        for (Vertex sqlgVertex : vertexes) {
+            sqlgVertex.remove();
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchDeleteVertexNewlyAdded() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name", "john");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Car", "model", "vw");
+            v1.addEdge("car", v2, "bought", 1);
+        }
+        List<Vertex> cars = vertexTraversal(v1).out("car").toList();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+            cars.get(i).remove();
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(51, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(50, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchDeleteEdgeNewlyAdded() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name", "john");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Car", "model", "vw");
+            v1.addEdge("car", v2, "bought", 1);
+        }
+        List<Edge> cars = vertexTraversal(v1).outE("car").toList();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+            cars.get(i).remove();
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(101, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(50, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNullEdge() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        assertEquals(0, vertexTraversal(v1).out("cars").count().next().intValue());
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Car", "dummy", "a");
+        v1.addEdge("cars", v2);
+        assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(v1).out("cars").count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(v1).out("cars").count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchModeStuffsUpProperties() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "b");
+        assertEquals("a", v1.value("name"));
+        assertEquals("b", v2.value("name"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchUpdateDifferentPropertiesDifferentRows() {
+
+        Vertex sqlgVertex1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "property1", "a1", "property2", "b1", "property3", "c1");
+        Vertex sqlgVertex2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "property1", "a2", "property2", "b2", "property3", "c2");
+        Vertex sqlgVertex3 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "property1", "a3", "property2", "b3", "property3", "c3");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        sqlgVertex1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(sqlgVertex1.id());
+        assertEquals("a1", sqlgVertex1.value("property1"));
+        assertEquals("b1", sqlgVertex1.value("property2"));
+        assertEquals("c1", sqlgVertex1.value("property3"));
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        sqlgVertex1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(sqlgVertex1.id());
+        sqlgVertex1.property("property1", "a11");
+        sqlgVertex2.property("property2", "b22");
+        sqlgVertex3.property("property3", "c33");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+        assertEquals("a11", sqlgVertex1.value("property1"));
+        assertEquals("b1", sqlgVertex1.value("property2"));
+        assertEquals("c1", sqlgVertex1.value("property3"));
+
+        sqlgVertex1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(sqlgVertex1.id());
+        assertEquals("a11", sqlgVertex1.value("property1"));
+        assertEquals("b1", sqlgVertex1.value("property2"));
+        assertEquals("c1", sqlgVertex1.value("property3"));
+
+        sqlgVertex2 = this.sqlgGraph.v(sqlgVertex2.id());
+        assertEquals("a2", sqlgVertex2.value("property1"));
+        assertEquals("b22", sqlgVertex2.value("property2"));
+        assertEquals("c2", sqlgVertex2.value("property3"));
+
+        sqlgVertex3 = this.sqlgGraph.v(sqlgVertex3.id());
+        assertEquals("a3", sqlgVertex3.value("property1"));
+        assertEquals("b3", sqlgVertex3.value("property2"));
+        assertEquals("c33", sqlgVertex3.value("property3"));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchUpdateNewVertex() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "property1", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        v2.property("property2", "bb");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals("a", v1.value("property1"));
+        assertFalse(v1.property("property2").isPresent());
+        assertFalse(v2.property("property1").isPresent());
+        assertEquals("bb", v2.value("property2"));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchRemoveManyEdgesTestPostgresLimit() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
+            Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dummy", "a");
+            Edge edge1 = v1.addEdge("test", v2);
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(100001, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(100000, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().rollback();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        vertexTraversal(v1).outE("test").forEachRemaining(Edge::remove);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(100001, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(0, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().E().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoProperties() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+            Vertex person1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+            Vertex person2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+            person1.addEdge("friend", person2);
+            if (i != 0 && i % 100 == 0) {
+                this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+                this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+            }
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBatchEdgeLoadProperty() {
+        Vertex root = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "ROOT");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        Vertex god = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "GOD");
+        Edge edgeToRoot = root.addEdge("edgeToRoot", god);
+        edgeToRoot.property("className", "thisthatandanother");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmpty(){
+    	this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+    	Vertex person1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Empty","empty","");
+    	this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+    	assertNotNull(person1.id());
+    	Object o=this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Empty").values("empty").next();
+    	assertEquals("",o);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmpty106() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().normalBatchModeOn();
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex("A", Collections.singletonMap("emptyProperty", ""));
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        Vertex a = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("A").next();
+        assertEquals("", a.property("emptyProperty").value());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `BaseTest.sqlgGraph.v(v1.id())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 751.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestBatch.testBatchUpdatePersistentVerticesAllTypes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.batch.TestBatch.testBatchUpdatePersistentVerticesAllTypes():void.d794273f2e78775859255d178d2f34fc
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/batch/TestBatch.java
+
+### Key:
+TestBatch.java|testBatchUpdatePersistentVerticesAllTypes|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b36a47f8c37a83daf33a009ca0f8c797
+
+### Hash:
+5a74f0d49234b228cb20429f1c8b3156
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5060/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5060/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6af928a893187d1c55cdfccbe23d7ba4cc0b041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5060/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.junit.Assume;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.*;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.test.BaseTest;
+
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.LocalTime;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/07/22
+ * Time: 3:27 PM
+ */
+public class TestLoadSchema extends BaseTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryInTransactionAcrossSchemas() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Car", "model", "vw");
+        v1.addEdge("car", v2, "bought", 1);
+        List<Vertex> cars = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("car").toList();
+        assertEquals(1, cars.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDateTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDateTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDate() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDate.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingJson() throws Exception {
+        Assume.assumeTrue(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsJson());
+        ObjectMapper objectMapper =  new ObjectMapper();
+        ObjectNode json = new ObjectNode(objectMapper.getNodeFactory());
+        json.put("username", "john");
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "doc", json);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("doc").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("doc"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIdNotLoadedAsProperty() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertFalse(vv.property("ID").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertFalse(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("ID"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadPropertyColumnNames() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+            v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithByteArray() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "byteArray", new byte[]{1,2,3,4});
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3,4}, v.<byte[]>property("byteArray").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchema() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, v.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v.property("aString").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadMultipleSchemas() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Product").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Product").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void loadForeignKeys() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "bBoolean", true, "bShort", (short) 2,
+                "bInteger", 2, "bLong", 2L, "bDouble", 2D, "bString", "bbbbbbbbbbbbb");
+        v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v2, "cBoolean", true, "cShort", (short) 3,
+                "cInteger", 3, "cLong", 3L, "cDouble", 3D, "cString", "ccccccccccccc");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertNotNull(v1);
+            assertEquals(true, v1.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v1.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v1.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1L, v1.property("aLong").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v1.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v1.property("aString").value());
+
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            assertEquals(true, v2.property("bBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 2, v2.property("bShort").value());
+            assertEquals(2, v2.property("bInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(2L, v2.property("bLong").value());
+            assertEquals(2D, v2.property("bDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("bbbbbbbbbbbbb", v2.property("bString").value());
+
+            Iterator<Edge> edgeIter = vertexTraversal(v1).outE("edgeTest");
+            assertTrue(edgeIter.hasNext());
+            Edge e = edgeIter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, e.property("cBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 3, e.property("cShort").value());
+            assertEquals(3, e.property("cInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(3L, e.property("cLong").value());
+            assertEquals(3D, e.property("cDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("ccccccccccccc", e.property("cString").value());
+
+            Vertex v3 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dBoolean", true, "dShort", (short) 4,
+                    "dInteger", 4, "dLong", 4L, "bDouble", 4D, "dString", "ddddddddddddd");
+            v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v3, "eBoolean", true, "eShort", (short) 3,
+                    "eInteger", 3, "eLong", 3L, "eDouble", 3D, "eString", "eeeeeeeeeeeee");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+            try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+                Edge edgeTest = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v3).inE("edgeTest").next();
+                assertEquals(true, edgeTest.value("eBoolean"));
+                assertEquals((short)3, edgeTest.<Short>value("eShort").shortValue());
+                assertEquals(3, edgeTest.<Integer>value("eInteger").intValue());
+                assertEquals(3L, edgeTest.<Long>value("eLong").longValue());
+                assertEquals(3D, edgeTest.value("eDouble"), 0);
+                assertEquals("eeeeeeeeeeeee", edgeTest.<String>value("eString"));
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemas() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        planBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBscWE);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("plan.E_workspaceElement").size());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("real.E_workspaceElement").size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(2, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBsc.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBsc.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdgesOtherWayAround() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBsc);
+        planBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSameEdgeToDifferentVertexLabels() throws Exception {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A", "name", "a1");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B.B", "name", "b1");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C.C", "name", "c1");
+        Object a1Id = a1.id();
+        Object b1Id = b1.id();
+        a1.addEdge("ab", b1, "weight", 5);
+        a1.addEdge("ab", c1, "weight", 6);
+        b1.addEdge("ba", a1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        b1.addEdge("ba", c1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(b1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaSameTableDifferentSchema() throws Exception {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name1", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Person", "name2", "john");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            //This fails if the columns are not loaded per schema and table
+            v2.property("name1", "joe");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleInEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        report1.addEdge("label", favouriteReport);
+        report1.addEdge("label", policyReport);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).out("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleOutEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        favouriteReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        policyReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).in("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreMultipleInEdges() {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C");
+        Vertex d1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "D");
+        a1.addEdge("hi", b1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", c1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", d1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(3, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1).out().count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadGlobalUniqueIndexes() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, PropertyType> properties = new HashMap<>();
+        properties.put("name1", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name2", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel aVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("A", properties);
+        assertTrue(aVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name3", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name4", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel bVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("B", properties);
+        assertTrue(bVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name5", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name6", PropertyType.STRING);
+        EdgeLabel edgeLabel = aVertexLabel.ensureEdgeLabelExist("ab", bVertexLabel, properties);
+        assertTrue(edgeLabel.isUncommitted());
+        Set<PropertyColumn> globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns = new HashSet<>();
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(aVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(bVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(edgeLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().ensureGlobalUniqueIndexExist(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().size());
+            GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().iterator().next();
+            assertTrue(globalUniqueIndex.getProperties().containsAll(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns));
+            for (PropertyColumn globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn : globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns) {
+                assertEquals(1, globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices().size());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `sqlgGraph1.getTopology()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 76.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLoadSchema.testLoadingLocalTime()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema.TestLoadSchema.testLoadingLocalTime():void.c0a0edd4d2dbe53d4387ed10ff15de41
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/schema/TestLoadSchema.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLoadSchema.java|testLoadingLocalTime|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+4fd80384c2ecbcf60064396f44910984
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5067/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5067/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a26ebf6a4aee51c60ba21619b7fc58c9dc3b41b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5067/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logbook
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zalando.logbook.servlet;
+
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * Logbook: Servlet
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Zalando SE
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+import org.zalando.logbook.Correlator;
+import org.zalando.logbook.Logbook;
+
+import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import static org.zalando.logbook.servlet.Attributes.CORRELATION;
+
+final class SecurityStrategy implements Strategy {
+
+    @Override
+    public void doFilter(final Logbook logbook, final HttpServletRequest httpRequest,
+            final HttpServletResponse httpResponse, final FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
+
+        final TeeRequest request = new TeeRequest(httpRequest);
+        final TeeResponse response = new TeeResponse(httpResponse);
+
+        chain.doFilter(request, response);
+
+        if (isUnauthorized(response)) {
+            final Optional<Correlator> correlator;
+
+            if (isFirstRequest(request)) {
+                correlator = logbook.write(new UnauthorizedRawHttpRequest(request));
+            } else {
+                correlator = readCorrelator(request);
+            }
+
+            if (correlator.isPresent()) {
+                correlator.get().write(response);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isUnauthorized(final HttpServletResponse response) {
+        return response.getStatus() == 401;
+    }
+
+    private Optional<Correlator> readCorrelator(final TeeRequest request) {
+        return Optional.ofNullable(request.getAttribute(CORRELATION)).map(Correlator.class::cast);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zalando.logbook.servlet.TeeResponse$TeePrintWriter` acquired by call to `TeeResponse(...)` at line 42 is not released after line 55.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SecurityStrategy.doFilter(Logbook,HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,FilterChain)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zalando.logbook.servlet.SecurityStrategy.doFilter(org.zalando.logbook.Logbook,javax.servlet.http.3536734959fcc5d71b891b45a5a47468
+
+### File:
+logbook-servlet/src/main/java/org/zalando/logbook/servlet/SecurityStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+SecurityStrategy.java|doFilter|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d651847421aa023acba62448cdb708dd
+
+### Hash:
+e76e1f5d84f3729e8cc4a2ccfbf9f13d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5069/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5069/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f393678a22817410ef179e121da6a15734ae8c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5069/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logbook
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zalando.logbook.servlet;
+
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * Logbook: Servlet
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Zalando SE
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+import org.zalando.logbook.Correlator;
+import org.zalando.logbook.Logbook;
+
+import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+import static org.zalando.logbook.servlet.Attributes.CORRELATION;
+
+final class NormalStrategy implements Strategy {
+
+    @Override
+    public void doFilter(final Logbook logbook, final HttpServletRequest httpRequest,
+            final HttpServletResponse httpResponse, final FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
+
+        final TeeRequest request = new TeeRequest(httpRequest);
+        final Optional<Correlator> correlator = logRequestIfNecessary(logbook, request);
+
+        if (correlator.isPresent()) {
+            final TeeResponse response = new TeeResponse(httpResponse);
+
+            chain.doFilter(request, response);
+            response.getWriter().flush();
+            logResponse(correlator.get(), request, response);
+        } else {
+            chain.doFilter(httpRequest, httpResponse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Optional<Correlator> logRequestIfNecessary(final Logbook logbook, final TeeRequest request) throws IOException {
+        if (isFirstRequest(request)) {
+            final Optional<Correlator> correlator = logbook.write(request);
+            correlator.ifPresent(writeCorrelator(request));
+            return correlator;
+        } else {
+            return readCorrelator(request);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Consumer<Correlator> writeCorrelator(final TeeRequest request) {
+        return correlator -> request.setAttribute(CORRELATION, correlator);
+    }
+
+    private Optional<Correlator> readCorrelator(final TeeRequest request) {
+        return Optional.ofNullable(request.getAttribute(CORRELATION)).map(Correlator.class::cast);
+    }
+
+    private void logResponse(final Correlator correlator, final TeeRequest request,
+            final TeeResponse response) throws IOException {
+
+        if (isLastRequest(request)) {
+            correlator.write(response);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zalando.logbook.servlet.TeeResponse$TeePrintWriter` acquired by call to `TeeResponse(...)` at line 46 is not released after line 54.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 49
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NormalStrategy.doFilter(Logbook,HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,FilterChain)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zalando.logbook.servlet.NormalStrategy.doFilter(org.zalando.logbook.Logbook,javax.servlet.http.H.195d39a0e8c912a403a455b96f3a554b
+
+### File:
+logbook-servlet/src/main/java/org/zalando/logbook/servlet/NormalStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+NormalStrategy.java|doFilter|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+842dee0015d0f103142508f67f79adc2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5073/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5073/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ab0c26ca14a62867da70b5a11485806371b96b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5073/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming;
+
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.PropertyKeyConst;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.common.Constants;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.NamingService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.listener.EventListener;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Instance;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.ListView;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.ServiceInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.selector.AbstractSelector;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.beat.BeatInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.beat.BeatReactor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.core.Balancer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.core.EventDispatcher;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.core.HostReactor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.net.NamingProxy;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.utils.CollectionUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.utils.StringUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.utils.UtilAndComs;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.BooleanUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/**
+ * @author nkorange
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.ServiceOrDaoClassShouldEndWithImplRule")
+public class NacosNamingService implements NamingService {
+
+    /**
+     * Each Naming instance should have different namespace.
+     */
+    private String namespace;
+
+    private String endpoint;
+
+    private String serverList;
+
+    private String cacheDir;
+
+    private String logName;
+
+    private HostReactor hostReactor;
+
+    private BeatReactor beatReactor;
+
+    private EventDispatcher eventDispatcher;
+
+    private NamingProxy serverProxy;
+
+    private void init() {
+
+        namespace = System.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMESPACE);
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(namespace)) {
+            namespace = UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID;
+        }
+
+        logName = System.getProperty(UtilAndComs.NACOS_NAMING_LOG_NAME);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(logName)) {
+            logName = "naming.log";
+        }
+
+        cacheDir = System.getProperty("com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cache.dir");
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cacheDir)) {
+            cacheDir = System.getProperty("user.home") + "/nacos/naming/" + namespace;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NacosNamingService(String serverList) {
+
+        this.serverList = serverList;
+        init();
+        eventDispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
+        serverProxy = new NamingProxy(namespace, endpoint, serverList);
+        beatReactor = new BeatReactor(serverProxy);
+        hostReactor = new HostReactor(eventDispatcher, serverProxy, cacheDir);
+    }
+
+    public NacosNamingService(Properties properties) {
+
+        init();
+
+        serverList = properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.SERVER_ADDR);
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMESPACE))) {
+            namespace = properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMESPACE);
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(properties.getProperty(UtilAndComs.NACOS_NAMING_LOG_NAME))) {
+            logName = properties.getProperty(UtilAndComs.NACOS_NAMING_LOG_NAME);
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.ENDPOINT))) {
+            endpoint = properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.ENDPOINT) + ":" +
+                properties.getProperty("address.server.port", "8080");
+        }
+
+        cacheDir = System.getProperty("user.home") + "/nacos/naming/" + namespace;
+
+        boolean loadCacheAtStart = false;
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_LOAD_CACHE_AT_START))) {
+            loadCacheAtStart = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(
+                properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_LOAD_CACHE_AT_START));
+        }
+
+        int clientBeatThreadCount = NumberUtils.toInt(
+            properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_CLIENT_BEAT_THREAD_COUNT),
+            UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_CLIENT_BEAT_THREAD_COUNT);
+
+        int pollingThreadCount = NumberUtils.toInt(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_POLLING_THREAD_COUNT),
+            UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_POLLING_THREAD_COUNT);
+
+        eventDispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
+        serverProxy = new NamingProxy(namespace, endpoint, serverList);
+        beatReactor = new BeatReactor(serverProxy, clientBeatThreadCount);
+        hostReactor = new HostReactor(eventDispatcher, serverProxy, cacheDir, loadCacheAtStart, pollingThreadCount);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, groupName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, ip, port, clusterName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+
+        Instance instance = new Instance();
+        instance.setIp(ip);
+        instance.setPort(port);
+        instance.setWeight(1.0);
+        instance.setClusterName(clusterName);
+
+        registerInstance(serviceName, groupName, instance);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, instance);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
+
+        BeatInfo beatInfo = new BeatInfo();
+        beatInfo.setServiceName(serviceName);
+        beatInfo.setIp(instance.getIp());
+        beatInfo.setPort(instance.getPort());
+        beatInfo.setCluster(instance.getClusterName());
+        beatInfo.setWeight(instance.getWeight());
+        beatInfo.setMetadata(instance.getMetadata());
+        beatInfo.setScheduled(false);
+
+        beatReactor.addBeatInfo(serviceName, groupName, beatInfo);
+
+        serverProxy.registerService(serviceName, groupName, instance);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        deregisterInstance(serviceName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        deregisterInstance(serviceName, groupName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+        deregisterInstance(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, ip, port, clusterName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+        beatReactor.removeBeatInfo(serviceName, groupName, ip, port);
+        serverProxy.deregisterService(serviceName, ip, port, clusterName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>(), subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, clusters, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, groupName, clusters, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe)
+        throws NacosException {
+
+        ServiceInfo serviceInfo;
+        if (subscribe) {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfo(serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        } else {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        }
+        List<Instance> list;
+        if (serviceInfo == null || CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list = serviceInfo.getHosts())) {
+            return new ArrayList<Instance>();
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, boolean healthy) throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), healthy);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean healthy) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, boolean healthy, boolean subscribe)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), healthy, subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean healthy, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, clusters, healthy, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy,
+                                          boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        ServiceInfo serviceInfo;
+        if (subscribe) {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfo(serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        } else {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        }
+        return selectInstances(serviceInfo, healthy);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, clusters, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe)
+        throws NacosException {
+
+        if (subscribe) {
+            return Balancer.RandomByWeight.selectHost(
+                hostReactor.getServiceInfo(serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ",")));
+        } else {
+            return Balancer.RandomByWeight.selectHost(
+                hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ",")));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String service, EventListener listener) {
+        eventDispatcher.addListener(hostReactor.getServiceInfo(service, StringUtils.EMPTY), StringUtils.EMPTY,
+            listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String service, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) {
+        eventDispatcher.addListener(hostReactor.getServiceInfo(service, StringUtils.join(clusters, ",")),
+            StringUtils.join(clusters, ","), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String service, EventListener listener) {
+        eventDispatcher.removeListener(service, StringUtils.EMPTY, listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String service, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) {
+        eventDispatcher.removeListener(service, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListView<String> getServicesOfServer(int pageNo, int pageSize) throws NacosException {
+        return serverProxy.getServiceList(pageNo, pageSize);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListView<String> getServicesOfServer(int pageNo, int pageSize, AbstractSelector selector)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return serverProxy.getServiceList(pageNo, pageSize, selector);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ServiceInfo> getSubscribeServices() {
+        return eventDispatcher.getSubscribeServices();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getServerStatus() {
+        return serverProxy.serverHealthy() ? "UP" : "DOWN";
+    }
+
+    private List<Instance> selectInstances(ServiceInfo serviceInfo, boolean healthy) {
+        List<Instance> list;
+        if (serviceInfo == null || CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list = serviceInfo.getHosts())) {
+            return new ArrayList<Instance>();
+        }
+
+        Iterator<Instance> iterator = list.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Instance instance = iterator.next();
+            if (healthy != instance.isHealthy() || !instance.isEnabled() || instance.getWeight() <= 0) {
+                iterator.remove();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    public BeatReactor getBeatReactor() {
+        return beatReactor;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `NacosNamingService.hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(serviceName,join(clusters,","))` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `selectHost(...)` at line 350.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Instance NacosNamingService.selectOneHealthyInstance(String,ArrayList,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.NacosNamingService.selectOneHealthyInstance(java.lang.String,java.ut.4ef4631215daacce1f62e6cec540b1bb
+
+### File:
+client/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/client/naming/NacosNamingService.java
+
+### Key:
+NacosNamingService.java|selectOneHealthyInstance|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ede75f65ae2540791708cb085757b9b6
+
+### Hash:
+a43c26315f0f6bfeab0dc224afe4f4fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5074/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5074/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..005f0d21aca7062e0944a1f691b68c681a347444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5074/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,984 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.common.Constants;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.utils.NamingUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.ServerListManager;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.servers.Server;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.ConsistencyService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.Datum;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.KeyBuilder;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.RecordListener;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.persistent.raft.RaftPeer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.persistent.raft.RaftPeerSet;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.misc.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.PushService;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.DependsOn;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils;
+
+import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
+import javax.annotation.Resource;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * Core manager storing all services in Nacos
+ *
+ * @author nkorange
+ */
+@Component
+@DependsOn("nacosApplicationContext")
+public class ServiceManager implements RecordListener<Service> {
+
+    /**
+     * Map<namespace, Map<group::serviceName, Service>>
+     */
+    private Map<String, Map<String, Service>> serviceMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    private LinkedBlockingDeque<ServiceKey> toBeUpdatedServicesQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>(1024 * 1024);
+
+    private Synchronizer synchronizer = new ServiceStatusSynchronizer();
+
+    private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @Resource(name = "consistencyDelegate")
+    private ConsistencyService consistencyService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private SwitchDomain switchDomain;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private DistroMapper distroMapper;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ServerListManager serverListManager;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PushService pushService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RaftPeerSet raftPeerSet;
+
+    private final Object putServiceLock = new Object();
+
+    @PostConstruct
+    public void init() {
+
+        UtilsAndCommons.SERVICE_SYNCHRONIZATION_EXECUTOR.schedule(new ServiceReporter(), 60000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        UtilsAndCommons.SERVICE_UPDATE_EXECUTOR.submit(new UpdatedServiceProcessor());
+
+        try {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("listen for service meta change");
+            consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.SERVICE_META_KEY_PREFIX, this);
+        } catch (NacosException e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("listen for service meta change failed!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Service> chooseServiceMap(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId);
+    }
+
+    public void addUpdatedService2Queue(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String serverIP, String checksum) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            toBeUpdatedServicesQueue.offer(new ServiceKey(namespaceId, serviceName, serverIP, checksum), 5, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            toBeUpdatedServicesQueue.poll();
+            toBeUpdatedServicesQueue.add(new ServiceKey(namespaceId, serviceName, serverIP, checksum));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[DOMAIN-STATUS] Failed to add service to be updatd to queue.", e);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean interests(String key) {
+        return KeyBuilder.matchServiceMetaKey(key) && !KeyBuilder.matchSwitchKey(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean matchUnlistenKey(String key) {
+        return KeyBuilder.matchServiceMetaKey(key) && !KeyBuilder.matchSwitchKey(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onChange(String key, Service service) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            if (service == null) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("received empty push from raft, key: {}", key);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(service.getNamespaceId())) {
+                service.setNamespaceId(Constants.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID);
+            }
+
+            Loggers.RAFT.info("[RAFT-NOTIFIER] datum is changed, key: {}, value: {}", key, service);
+
+            Service oldDom = getService(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName());
+
+            if (oldDom != null) {
+                oldDom.update(service);
+                // re-listen to handle the situation when the underlying listener is removed:
+                consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), true), oldDom);
+                consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), false), oldDom);
+            } else {
+                putServiceAndInit(service);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[NACOS-SERVICE] error while processing service update", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDelete(String key) throws Exception {
+        String namespace = KeyBuilder.getNamespace(key);
+        String name = KeyBuilder.getServiceName(key);
+        Service service = chooseServiceMap(namespace).get(name);
+        Loggers.RAFT.info("[RAFT-NOTIFIER] datum is deleted, key: {}", key);
+
+        // check again:
+        if (service != null && !service.allIPs().isEmpty()) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("service not empty, key: {}", key);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (service != null) {
+            service.destroy();
+            consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespace, name, true));
+
+            consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespace, name, false));
+
+            consistencyService.unlisten(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(namespace, name), service);
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[DEAD-SERVICE] {}", service.toJSON());
+        }
+
+        chooseServiceMap(namespace).remove(name);
+    }
+
+    private class UpdatedServiceProcessor implements Runnable {
+        //get changed service from other server asynchronously
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            ServiceKey serviceKey = null;
+
+            try {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        serviceKey = toBeUpdatedServicesQueue.take();
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        Loggers.EVT_LOG.error("[UPDATE-DOMAIN] Exception while taking item from LinkedBlockingDeque.");
+                    }
+
+                    if (serviceKey == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    GlobalExecutor.submitServiceUpdate(new ServiceUpdater(serviceKey));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.error("[UPDATE-DOMAIN] Exception while update service: {}", serviceKey, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ServiceUpdater implements Runnable {
+
+        String namespaceId;
+        String serviceName;
+        String serverIP;
+
+        public ServiceUpdater(ServiceKey serviceKey) {
+            this.namespaceId = serviceKey.getNamespaceId();
+            this.serviceName = serviceKey.getServiceName();
+            this.serverIP = serviceKey.getServerIP();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                updatedHealthStatus(namespaceId, serviceName, serverIP);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("[DOMAIN-UPDATER] Exception while update service: {} from {}, error: {}",
+                    serviceName, serverIP, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int getPagedClusterState(String namespaceId, int startPage, int pageSize, String keyword, List<RaftPeer> raftPeerList) {
+
+        List<RaftPeer> matchList = new ArrayList<>();
+        RaftPeer localRaftPeer = raftPeerSet.local();
+        matchList.add(localRaftPeer);
+        Set<String> otherServerSet = raftPeerSet.allServersWithoutMySelf();
+        if (null != otherServerSet && otherServerSet.size() > 0) {
+            for (String server: otherServerSet) {
+                String path =  UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_OPERATOR_CONTEXT + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CLUSTER_CONTEXT + "/state";
+                Map<String, String> params = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(2);
+                try {
+                    String content = NamingProxy.reqCommon(path, params, server, false);
+                    if (!StringUtils.EMPTY.equals(content)) {
+                        RaftPeer raftPeer = JSONObject.parseObject(content, RaftPeer.class);
+                        if (null != raftPeer) {
+                            matchList.add(raftPeer);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("[QUERY-CLUSTER-STATE] Exception while query cluster state from {}, error: {}",
+                        server, e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        List<RaftPeer> tempList = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(keyword)) {
+            for (RaftPeer raftPeer : matchList) {
+                String ip = raftPeer.ip.split(":")[0];
+                if (keyword.equals(ip)) {
+                    tempList.add(raftPeer);
+                }
+            }
+            matchList = tempList;
+        }
+
+        if (pageSize >= matchList.size()) {
+            raftPeerList.addAll(matchList);
+            return matchList.size();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < matchList.size(); i++) {
+            if (i < startPage * pageSize) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            raftPeerList.add(matchList.get(i));
+
+            if (raftPeerList.size() >= pageSize) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return matchList.size();
+    }
+
+    public RaftPeer getMySelfClusterState() {
+        return raftPeerSet.local();
+    }
+
+    public void updatedHealthStatus(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String serverIP) {
+        Message msg = synchronizer.get(serverIP, UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(namespaceId, serviceName));
+        JSONObject serviceJson = JSON.parseObject(msg.getData());
+
+        JSONArray ipList = serviceJson.getJSONArray("ips");
+        Map<String, String> ipsMap = new HashMap<>(ipList.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < ipList.size(); i++) {
+
+            String ip = ipList.getString(i);
+            String[] strings = ip.split("_");
+            ipsMap.put(strings[0], strings[1]);
+        }
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        if (service == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean changed = false;
+
+        List<Instance> instances = service.allIPs();
+        for (Instance instance : instances) {
+
+            boolean valid = Boolean.parseBoolean(ipsMap.get(instance.toIPAddr()));
+            if (valid != instance.isHealthy()) {
+                changed = true;
+                instance.setHealthy(valid);
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{} {SYNC} IP-{} : {}@{}{}",
+                    serviceName, (instance.isHealthy() ? "ENABLED" : "DISABLED"),
+                    instance.getIp(), instance.getPort(), instance.getClusterName());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (changed) {
+            pushService.serviceChanged(service);
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        List<Instance> allIps = service.allIPs();
+        for (Instance instance : allIps) {
+            stringBuilder.append(instance.toIPAddr()).append("_").append(instance.isHealthy()).append(",");
+        }
+
+        if (changed && Loggers.EVT_LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            Loggers.EVT_LOG.debug("[HEALTH-STATUS-UPDATED] namespace: {}, service: {}, ips: {}",
+                service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), stringBuilder.toString());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public Set<String> getAllServiceNames(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId).keySet();
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Set<String>> getAllServiceNames() {
+
+        Map<String, Set<String>> namesMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            namesMap.put(namespaceId, serviceMap.get(namespaceId).keySet());
+        }
+        return namesMap;
+    }
+
+    public Set<String> getAllNamespaces() {
+        return serviceMap.keySet();
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getAllServiceNameList(String namespaceId) {
+        if (chooseServiceMap(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+        return new ArrayList<>(chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).keySet());
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Set<Service>> getResponsibleServices() {
+        Map<String, Set<Service>> result = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            result.put(namespaceId, new HashSet<>());
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+                Service service = entry.getValue();
+                if (distroMapper.responsible(entry.getKey())) {
+                    result.get(namespaceId).add(service);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int getResponsibleServiceCount() {
+        int serviceCount = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+                if (distroMapper.responsible(entry.getKey())) {
+                    serviceCount++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return serviceCount;
+    }
+
+    public int getResponsibleInstanceCount() {
+        Map<String, Set<Service>> responsibleServices = getResponsibleServices();
+        int count = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : responsibleServices.keySet()) {
+            for (Service service : responsibleServices.get(namespaceId)) {
+                count += service.allIPs().size();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    public void easyRemoveService(String namespaceId, String serviceName) throws Exception {
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+        if (service == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified service not exist, serviceName : " + serviceName);
+        }
+
+        if (!service.allIPs().isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified service has instances, serviceName : " + serviceName);
+        }
+
+        consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(namespaceId, serviceName));
+    }
+
+    public void addOrReplaceService(Service service) throws NacosException {
+        consistencyService.put(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName()), service);
+    }
+
+    public void createEmptyService(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean local) throws NacosException {
+        createServiceIfAbsent(namespaceId, serviceName, local, null);
+    }
+
+    public void createServiceIfAbsent(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean local, Cluster cluster) throws NacosException {
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+        if (service == null) {
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("creating empty service {}:{}", namespaceId, serviceName);
+            service = new Service();
+            service.setName(serviceName);
+            service.setNamespaceId(namespaceId);
+            service.setGroupName(NamingUtils.getGroupName(serviceName));
+            // now validate the service. if failed, exception will be thrown
+            service.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+            service.recalculateChecksum();
+            if (cluster != null) {
+                cluster.setService(service);
+                service.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+            }
+            service.validate();
+
+            putServiceAndInit(service);
+            if (!local) {
+                addOrReplaceService(service);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void putServiceIfAbsent(Service service, boolean local, Cluster cluster) throws NacosException {
+        final String namespaceId = service.getNamespaceId();
+        final String serviceName = service.getName();
+
+        if (getService(namespaceId, serviceName) != null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("creating empty service {}:{}", namespaceId, serviceName);
+        // now validate the service. if failed, exception will be thrown
+        service.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        service.recalculateChecksum();
+        if (cluster != null) {
+            cluster.setService(service);
+            service.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+        }
+        service.validate();
+
+        putServiceAndInit(service);
+        if (!local) {
+            addOrReplaceService(service);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an instance to a service in AP mode.
+     * <p>
+     * This method creates service or cluster silently if they don't exist.
+     *
+     * @param namespaceId id of namespace
+     * @param serviceName service name
+     * @param instance    instance to register
+     * @throws Exception any error occurred in the process
+     */
+    public void registerInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
+
+        createEmptyService(namespaceId, serviceName, instance.isEphemeral());
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        if (service == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.INVALID_PARAM,
+                "service not found, namespace: " + namespaceId + ", service: " + serviceName);
+        }
+
+        addInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, instance.isEphemeral(), instance);
+    }
+
+    public void updateInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        if (service == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.INVALID_PARAM,
+                "service not found, namespace: " + namespaceId + ", service: " + serviceName);
+        }
+
+        if (!service.allIPs().contains(instance)) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.INVALID_PARAM, "instance not exist: " + instance);
+        }
+
+        addInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, instance.isEphemeral(), instance);
+    }
+
+    public void addInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        String key = KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespaceId, serviceName, ephemeral);
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        synchronized (service) {
+            List<Instance> instanceList = addIpAddresses(service, ephemeral, ips);
+
+            Instances instances = new Instances();
+            instances.setInstanceList(instanceList);
+
+            consistencyService.put(key, instances);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        synchronized (service) {
+            removeInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, ephemeral, service, ips);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean ephemeral, Service service, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        String key = KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespaceId, serviceName, ephemeral);
+
+        List<Instance> instanceList = substractIpAddresses(service, ephemeral, ips);
+
+        Instances instances = new Instances();
+        instances.setInstanceList(instanceList);
+
+        consistencyService.put(key, instances);
+    }
+
+    public Instance getInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String cluster, String ip, int port) {
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+        if (service == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        List<String> clusters = new ArrayList<>();
+        clusters.add(cluster);
+
+        List<Instance> ips = service.allIPs(clusters);
+        if (ips == null || ips.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        for (Instance instance : ips) {
+            if (instance.getIp().equals(ip) && instance.getPort() == port) {
+                return instance;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public List<Instance> updateIpAddresses(Service service, String action, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        Datum datum = consistencyService.get(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), ephemeral));
+
+        List<Instance> currentIPs = service.allIPs(ephemeral);
+        Map<String, Instance> currentInstances = new HashMap<>(currentIPs.size());
+        Set<Integer> currentInstanceIndexes = Sets.newHashSet();
+
+        for (Instance instance : currentIPs) {
+            currentInstances.put(instance.toIPAddr(), instance);
+            if (instance.getInstanceIndex() != null) {
+                currentInstanceIndexes.add(instance.getInstanceIndex());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instanceMap;
+        if (datum != null) {
+            instanceMap = setValid(((Instances) datum.value).getInstanceList(), currentInstances);
+        } else {
+            instanceMap = new HashMap<>(ips.length);
+        }
+
+        for (Instance instance : ips) {
+            if (!service.getClusterMap().containsKey(instance.getClusterName())) {
+                Cluster cluster = new Cluster(instance.getClusterName(), service);
+                cluster.init();
+                service.getClusterMap().put(instance.getClusterName(), cluster);
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("cluster: {} not found, ip: {}, will create new cluster with default configuration.",
+                    instance.getClusterName(), instance.toJSON());
+            }
+
+            if (UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_REMOVE.equals(action)) {
+                instanceMap.remove(instance.getDatumKey());
+            } else {
+                // Generate instance index
+                int instanceIndex = 0;
+                while (currentInstanceIndexes.contains(instanceIndex)) {
+                    instanceIndex++;
+                }
+                currentInstanceIndexes.add(instanceIndex);
+                instance.setInstanceIndex(instanceIndex);
+                instanceMap.put(instance.getDatumKey(), instance);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        if (instanceMap.size() <= 0 && UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_ADD.equals(action)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ip list can not be empty, service: " + service.getName() + ", ip list: "
+                + JSON.toJSONString(instanceMap.values()));
+        }
+
+        return new ArrayList<>(instanceMap.values());
+    }
+
+    public List<Instance> substractIpAddresses(Service service, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+        return updateIpAddresses(service, UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_REMOVE, ephemeral, ips);
+    }
+
+    public List<Instance> addIpAddresses(Service service, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+        return updateIpAddresses(service, UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_ADD, ephemeral, ips);
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Instance> setValid(List<Instance> oldInstances, Map<String, Instance> map) {
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instanceMap = new HashMap<>(oldInstances.size());
+        for (Instance instance : oldInstances) {
+            Instance instance1 = map.get(instance.toIPAddr());
+            if (instance1 != null) {
+                instance.setHealthy(instance1.isHealthy());
+                instance.setLastBeat(instance1.getLastBeat());
+            }
+            instanceMap.put(instance.getDatumKey(), instance);
+        }
+        return instanceMap;
+    }
+
+    public Service getService(String namespaceId, String serviceName) {
+        if (serviceMap.get(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).get(serviceName);
+    }
+
+    public boolean containService(String namespaceId, String serviceName) {
+        return getService(namespaceId, serviceName) != null;
+    }
+
+    public void putService(Service service) {
+        if (!serviceMap.containsKey(service.getNamespaceId())) {
+            synchronized (putServiceLock) {
+                if (!serviceMap.containsKey(service.getNamespaceId())) {
+                    serviceMap.put(service.getNamespaceId(), new ConcurrentHashMap<>(16));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        serviceMap.get(service.getNamespaceId()).put(service.getName(), service);
+    }
+
+    private void putServiceAndInit(Service service) throws NacosException {
+        putService(service);
+        service.init();
+        consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), true), service);
+        consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), false), service);
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[NEW-SERVICE] {}", service.toJSON());
+    }
+
+
+    public List<Service> searchServices(String namespaceId, String regex) {
+        List<Service> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+            Service service = entry.getValue();
+            String key = service.getName() + ":" + ArrayUtils.toString(service.getOwners());
+            if (key.matches(regex)) {
+                result.add(service);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int getServiceCount() {
+        int serviceCount = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            serviceCount += serviceMap.get(namespaceId).size();
+        }
+        return serviceCount;
+    }
+
+    public int getInstanceCount() {
+        int total = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            for (Service service : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).values()) {
+                total += service.allIPs().size();
+            }
+        }
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Service> getServiceMap(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId);
+    }
+
+    public int getPagedService(String namespaceId, int startPage, int pageSize, String param, String containedInstance, List<Service> serviceList, boolean hasIpCount) {
+
+        List<Service> matchList;
+
+        if (chooseServiceMap(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(param)) {
+            StringJoiner regex = new StringJoiner(Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER);
+            for (String s : param.split(Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER)) {
+                regex.add(StringUtils.isBlank(s) ? Constants.ANY_PATTERN : Constants.ANY_PATTERN + s + Constants.ANY_PATTERN);
+            }
+            matchList = searchServices(namespaceId, regex.toString());
+        } else {
+            matchList = new ArrayList<>(chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).values());
+        }
+
+        if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(matchList) && hasIpCount) {
+            matchList = matchList.stream().filter(s -> !CollectionUtils.isEmpty(s.allIPs())).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(containedInstance)) {
+
+            boolean contained;
+            for (int i = 0; i < matchList.size(); i++) {
+                Service service = matchList.get(i);
+                contained = false;
+                List<Instance> instances = service.allIPs();
+                for (Instance instance : instances) {
+                    if (containedInstance.contains(":")) {
+                        if (StringUtils.equals(instance.getIp() + ":" + instance.getPort(), containedInstance)) {
+                            contained = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (StringUtils.equals(instance.getIp(), containedInstance)) {
+                            contained = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!contained) {
+                    matchList.remove(i);
+                    i--;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (pageSize >= matchList.size()) {
+            serviceList.addAll(matchList);
+            return matchList.size();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < matchList.size(); i++) {
+            if (i < startPage * pageSize) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            serviceList.add(matchList.get(i));
+
+            if (serviceList.size() >= pageSize) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return matchList.size();
+    }
+
+    public static class ServiceChecksum {
+
+        public String namespaceId;
+        public Map<String, String> serviceName2Checksum = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+        public ServiceChecksum() {
+            this.namespaceId = Constants.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID;
+        }
+
+        public ServiceChecksum(String namespaceId) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+        }
+
+        public void addItem(String serviceName, String checksum) {
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(serviceName) || StringUtils.isEmpty(checksum)) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("[DOMAIN-CHECKSUM] serviceName or checksum is empty,serviceName: {}, checksum: {}",
+                    serviceName, checksum);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            serviceName2Checksum.put(serviceName, checksum);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ServiceReporter implements Runnable {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+
+                Map<String, Set<String>> allServiceNames = getAllServiceNames();
+
+                if (allServiceNames.size() <= 0) {
+                    //ignore
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                for (String namespaceId : allServiceNames.keySet()) {
+
+                    ServiceChecksum checksum = new ServiceChecksum(namespaceId);
+
+                    for (String serviceName : allServiceNames.get(namespaceId)) {
+                        if (!distroMapper.responsible(serviceName)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+                        if (service == null) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        service.recalculateChecksum();
+
+                        checksum.addItem(serviceName, service.getChecksum());
+                    }
+
+                    Message msg = new Message();
+
+                    msg.setData(JSON.toJSONString(checksum));
+
+                    List<Server> sameSiteServers = serverListManager.getServers();
+
+                    if (sameSiteServers == null || sameSiteServers.size() <= 0) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    for (Server server : sameSiteServers) {
+                        if (server.getKey().equals(NetUtils.localServer())) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        synchronizer.send(server.getKey(), msg);
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[DOMAIN-STATUS] Exception while sending service status", e);
+            } finally {
+                UtilsAndCommons.SERVICE_SYNCHRONIZATION_EXECUTOR.schedule(this, switchDomain.getServiceStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class ServiceKey {
+        private String namespaceId;
+        private String serviceName;
+        private String serverIP;
+        private String checksum;
+
+        public String getChecksum() {
+            return checksum;
+        }
+
+        public String getServerIP() {
+            return serverIP;
+        }
+
+        public String getServiceName() {
+            return serviceName;
+        }
+
+        public String getNamespaceId() {
+            return namespaceId;
+        }
+
+        public ServiceKey(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String serverIP, String checksum) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+            this.serviceName = serviceName;
+            this.serverIP = serverIP;
+            this.checksum = checksum;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return JSON.toJSONString(this);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.ServiceManager.updateIpAddresses` indirectly writes to field `instance.com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Instance.instanceIndex` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path instance has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on instance.com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Instance.instanceIndex might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List ServiceManager.updateIpAddresses(Service,String,boolean,com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.Instance[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.ServiceManager.updateIpAddresses(com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.Service.86cdfd6a82ea313b34dd4473d240e6b5
+
+### File:
+naming/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/naming/core/ServiceManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceManager.java|updateIpAddresses|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+05da308a1ee3504d97e567eaf87f5c51
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5080/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5080/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da8677ae43e7bea26fc6aad5c3096fb9c15dd5d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5080/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2498 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.TypeReference;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.AbstractHealthChecker;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Service;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.IoUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.Md5Utils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.boot.RunningConfig;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.AbstractHealthCheckProcessor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.HealthCheckTask;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.HealthCheckType;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.RsInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.misc.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.ClientInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.DataSource;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.PushService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.Datum;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftCore;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftPeer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftProxy;
+import com.ning.http.client.AsyncCompletionHandler;
+import com.ning.http.client.Response;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import org.apache.catalina.util.ParameterMap;
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.BooleanUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.util.VersionUtil;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.security.AccessControlException;
+import java.security.InvalidParameterException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * Old API entry
+ *
+ * @author nacos
+ */
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api")
+public class ApiCommands {
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected DomainsManager domainsManager;
+
+    private DataSource pushDataSource = new DataSource() {
+
+        @Override
+        public String getData(PushService.PushClient client) throws Exception {
+
+            Map<String, String[]> params = new HashMap<String, String[]>(10);
+            params.put("dom", new String[]{client.getDom()});
+            params.put("clusters", new String[]{client.getClusters()});
+
+            // set udp port to 0, otherwise will cause recursion
+            params.put("udpPort", new String[]{"0"});
+
+            InetAddress inetAddress = client.getSocketAddr().getAddress();
+            params.put("clientIP", new String[]{inetAddress.getHostAddress()});
+            params.put("header:Client-Version", new String[]{client.getAgent()});
+
+            JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+            try {
+                result = ApiCommands.this.srvIPXT(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(params));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("PUSH-SERVICE: dom is not modified", e);
+            }
+
+            // overdrive the cache millis to push mode
+            result.put("cacheMillis", Switch.getPushCacheMillis(client.getDom()));
+
+            return result.toJSONString();
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    @RequestMapping("/dom")
+    public JSONObject dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        // SDK before version 2.0,0 use 'name' instead of 'dom' here
+        String name = BaseServlet.optional(request, "name", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
+            name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[DOM] request dom:" + name);
+
+        Domain dom = domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "Dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        return toPacket(dom);
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domCount")
+    public JSONObject domCount(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("count", domainsManager.getDomCount());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/rt4Dom")
+    public JSONObject rt4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj
+                = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("request dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : domObj.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+            HealthCheckTask task = entry.getValue().getHealthCheckTask();
+
+            packet.put("name", entry.getKey());
+            packet.put("checkRTBest", task.getCheckRTBest());
+            packet.put("checkRTWorst", task.getCheckRTWorst());
+            packet.put("checkRTNormalized", task.getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+            clusters.add(packet);
+        }
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom2")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom2(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found.");
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = dom.allIPs();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            ipArray.add(ip.toIPAddr() + "_" + ip.isValid());
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+            String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String agent = BaseServlet.optional(request, "header:Client-Version", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+            if (dom == null) {
+                throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found!");
+            }
+
+            List<IpAddress> ips = null;
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+                ips = dom.allIPs();
+            } else {
+                ips = dom.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+            }
+
+            if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ips)) {
+                result.put("ips", Collections.emptyList());
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ClientInfo clientInfo = new ClientInfo(agent);
+
+            JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipPac = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+                ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipPac.put("app", ip.getApp());
+
+                if (clientInfo.version.compareTo(VersionUtil.parseVersion("1.5.0")) >= 0) {
+                    ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+                } else {
+                    double weight = ip.getWeight();
+                    if (weight == 0) {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    } else {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight() < 1 ? 1 : (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    }
+                }
+                ipPac.put("checkRT", ip.getCheckRT());
+                ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+
+                ipArray.add(ipPac);
+            }
+
+            result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("VIPSRV-IP4DOM", "failed to call ip4Dom, caused " + e.getMessage());
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/regDom")
+    public String regDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom already exists, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/clientBeat")
+    public JSONObject clientBeat(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String beat = BaseServlet.required(request, "beat");
+        RsInfo clientBeat = JSON.parseObject(beat, RsInfo.class);
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(clientBeat.getCluster())) {
+            clientBeat.setCluster(UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+        }
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String app;
+        app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterName = clientBeat.getCluster();
+
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(clusterName)) {
+            clusterName = UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME;
+        }
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("client-beat", "beat: " + beat);
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+        stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("enableClientBeat", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("cktype", Arrays.asList("TCP").toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("appName", Arrays.asList(app).toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("clusterName", Arrays.asList(clusterName).toArray(new String[1]));
+
+        //if domain does not exist, register it.
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            regDom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("dom not found, register it, dom:" + dom);
+        }
+
+        virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        String ip = clientBeat.getIp();
+        int port = clientBeat.getPort();
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+        ipAddress.setPort(port);
+        ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+        ipAddress.setWeight(clientBeat.getWeight());
+        ipAddress.setMetadata(clientBeat.getMetadata());
+        ipAddress.setClusterName(clusterName);
+
+        if (!virtualClusterDomain.allIPs().contains(ipAddress)) {
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            addIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("ip not found, register it, dom:" + dom + ", ip:" + ipAddress);
+        }
+
+        if (!DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+            String server = DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom);
+            Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("I'm not responsible for " + dom + ", proxy it to " + server);
+            Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                String key = entry.getKey();
+                String value = entry.getValue()[0];
+                proxyParams.put(key, value);
+            }
+
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server + RunningConfig.getContextPath()
+                    + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/clientBeat";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult httpResult = HttpClient.httpGet(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (httpResult.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to proxy client beat to" + server + ", beat: " + beat);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+                virtualClusterDomain.processClientBeat(clientBeat);
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("clientBeatInterval", Switch.getClientBeatInterval());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private String addOrReplaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "token", Md5Utils.getMD5(dom, "utf-8"));
+
+        float protectThreshold = NumberUtils.toFloat(BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", "0.0"));
+        boolean isUseSpecifiedURL = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isUseSpecifiedURL", "false"));
+        String envAndSite = BaseServlet.optional(request, "envAndSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean resetWeight = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", "false"));
+        boolean enableHealthCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", "true"));
+        boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enable", "true"));
+        String disabledSites = BaseServlet.optional(request, "disabledSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean eanbleClientBeat = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", "false"));
+        String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+        String serviceMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[RESET-WEIGHT] " + String.valueOf(resetWeight));
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = new VirtualClusterDomain();
+        domObj.setName(dom);
+        domObj.setToken(token);
+        domObj.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        domObj.setProtectThreshold(protectThreshold);
+        domObj.setUseSpecifiedURL(isUseSpecifiedURL);
+        domObj.setResetWeight(resetWeight);
+        domObj.setEnableHealthCheck(enableHealthCheck);
+        domObj.setEnabled(enable);
+        domObj.setEnableClientBeat(eanbleClientBeat);
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(serviceMetadataJson)) {
+            domObj.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(serviceMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+            }));
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(envAndSite) && StringUtils.isNotEmpty(disabledSites)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("envAndSite and disabledSites are not allowed both not empty.");
+        }
+
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            // new format
+            List<Cluster> clusterObjs = JSON.parseArray(clusters, Cluster.class);
+
+            for (Cluster cluster : clusterObjs) {
+                domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // old format, default cluster will be constructed automatically
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+
+            Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (AbstractHealthChecker.Http.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+
+            } else if (AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                String user = BaseServlet.optional(request, "user", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "pwd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cmd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(clusterName, cluster);
+        }
+
+        // now valid the dom. if failed, exception will be thrown
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceDom")
+    public String replaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom doesn't exist, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("dom: " + dom + " is updated, operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private IpAddress getIPAddress(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String weight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "weight", "1");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cluster)) {
+            cluster = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+        }
+        boolean enabled = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enable", "true"));
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+        ipAddress.setPort(Integer.parseInt(port));
+        ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+        ipAddress.setWeight(Double.parseDouble(weight));
+        ipAddress.setClusterName(cluster);
+        ipAddress.setEnabled(enabled);
+
+        return ipAddress;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/deRegService")
+    public String deRegService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceName", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(dom)) {
+            dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        ParameterMap<String, String[]> parameterMap = new ParameterMap<>();
+        parameterMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+        MockHttpRequest mockHttpRequest = MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(parameterMap);
+
+        return remvIP4Dom(mockHttpRequest);
+
+    }
+
+    @SuppressFBWarnings("JLM_JSR166_LOCK_MONITORENTER")
+    @RequestMapping("/regService")
+    public String regService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", "DEFAULT");
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String metadata = BaseServlet.optional(request, "metadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        Service service = new Service(dom);
+        ipAddress.setApp(app);
+        ipAddress.setService(service);
+        ipAddress.setInstanceId(ipAddress.generateInstanceId());
+        ipAddress.setLastBeat(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(metadata)) {
+            ipAddress.setMetadata(UtilsAndCommons.parseMetadata(metadata));
+        }
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON() + "|" + env + "|" + tenant + "|" + app);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+
+            Lock lock = domainsManager.addLock(dom);
+            Condition condition = domainsManager.addCondtion(dom);
+
+            UtilsAndCommons.RAFT_PUBLISH_EXECUTOR.execute(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    try {
+                        regDom(request);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("REG-SERIVCE", "register service failed, service:" + dom, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            try {
+                lock.lock();
+                condition.await(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+
+            virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        }
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+
+            if (!virtualClusterDomain.getClusterMap().containsKey(ipAddress.getClusterName())) {
+                doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+            }
+
+            Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service", "add ip: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON());
+            Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+            stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+            doAddIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateDom")
+    public String updateDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        // dom
+        String name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+        if (leader == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("not leader at present, cannot update");
+        }
+
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(owners)) {
+            dom.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "newToken", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(token)) {
+            dom.setToken(token);
+        }
+
+        String enableClientBeat = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableClientBeat)) {
+            dom.setEnableClientBeat(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableClientBeat));
+        }
+
+        String protectThreshold = BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(protectThreshold)) {
+            dom.setProtectThreshold(Float.parseFloat(protectThreshold));
+        }
+
+        String sitegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "sitegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String setSiteGroupForce = BaseServlet.optional(request, "setSiteGroupForce", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(sitegroup) || !StringUtils.isEmpty(setSiteGroupForce)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSitegroup(sitegroup);
+        }
+
+        String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(cktype)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.HTTP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(BaseServlet.required(request, "path"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.TCP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.MYSQL_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                config.setCmd(BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd"));
+                config.setPwd(BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd"));
+                config.setUser(BaseServlet.required(request, "user"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported health check type: " + cktype);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        String defIPPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defIPPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(Integer.parseInt(defIPPort));
+        }
+
+        String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+        }
+
+        String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(ipPort4Check)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+        }
+
+        String defCkPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defCkPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefCkport(Integer.parseInt(defCkPort));
+        }
+
+        String useSpecifiedUrl = BaseServlet.optional(request, "useSpecifiedURL", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(useSpecifiedUrl)) {
+            dom.setUseSpecifiedURL(Boolean.parseBoolean(useSpecifiedUrl));
+        }
+
+        String resetWeight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(resetWeight)) {
+            dom.setResetWeight(Boolean.parseBoolean(resetWeight));
+        }
+
+        String enableHealthCheck = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableHealthCheck)) {
+            dom.setEnableHealthCheck(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableHealthCheck));
+        }
+
+        String enabled = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enabled", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enabled)) {
+            dom.setEnabled(Boolean.parseBoolean(enabled));
+        }
+
+        String ipDeletedTimeout = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipDeletedTimeout", "-1");
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(ipDeletedTimeout)) {
+            long timeout = Long.parseLong(ipDeletedTimeout);
+            if (timeout < VirtualClusterDomain.MINIMUM_IP_DELETE_TIMEOUT) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("ipDeletedTimeout is too short: " + timeout + ", better longer than 60000");
+            }
+
+            dom.setIpDeleteTimeout(timeout);
+        }
+
+        // now do the validation
+        dom.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        dom.recalculateChecksum();
+        dom.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/hello")
+    public JSONObject hello(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("msg", "Hello! I am Nacos-Naming and healthy! total dom: diamond "
+                + domainsManager.getDomMap().size() + ",raft " + domainsManager.getRaftDomMap().size()
+                + ", local port:" + RunningConfig.getServerPort());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvDom")
+    public String remvDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("specified domain doesn't exists.");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemoveDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getDomsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Set<String> doms = new HashSet<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (ip.contains(":")) {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/onAddIP4Dom")
+    public String onAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.required(request, "clientIP");
+
+        long term = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "term"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader(clientIP)) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("peer(" + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader, leader: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getLeader()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("peer(" + clientIP + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader");
+        }
+
+        if (term < RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("out of date publish, pub-term: "
+                    + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ", cur-term: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("out of date publish, pub-term:"
+                    + term + ", cur-term: " + RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get());
+        }
+
+        RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().resetLeaderDue();
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", Boolean.FALSE.toString()));
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<String> ipList;
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        long timestamp = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "timestamp"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+        domainsManager.easyAddIP4Dom(dom, newIPs, timestamp, term);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    private String doAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+            proxyParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+        }
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        final List<String> ipList;
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString);
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.info("I'm not leader, will proxy to leader.");
+            if (RaftCore.getLeader() == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("no leader now.");
+            }
+
+            RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+
+            String server = leader.ip;
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server
+                    + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/addIP4Dom";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult result1 = HttpClient.httpPost(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (result1.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+            }
+
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+
+        String key = UtilsAndCommons.getIPListStoreKey(domainsManager.getDomain(dom));
+
+        long timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.lock();
+            try {
+                final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(RaftCore.getPeerSet().majorityCount());
+                proxyParams.put("clientIP", NetUtils.localIP());
+                proxyParams.put("notify", "true");
+
+                proxyParams.put("term", String.valueOf(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term));
+                proxyParams.put("timestamp", String.valueOf(timestamp));
+
+                for (final RaftPeer peer : RaftCore.getPeers()) {
+                    String server = peer.ip;
+                    if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                        server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+                    }
+                    String url = "http://" + server
+                            + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/onAddIP4Dom";
+                    HttpClient.asyncHttpPost(url, null, proxyParams, new AsyncCompletionHandler() {
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer onCompleted(Response response) throws Exception {
+                            if (response.getStatusCode() != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom: " + dom
+                                        + ",ipList = " + ipList + ",code: " + response.getStatusCode()
+                                        + ", caused " + response.getResponseBody() + ", server: " + peer.ip);
+                                return 1;
+                            }
+                            countDownLatch.countDown();
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+                if (!countDownLatch.await(UtilsAndCommons.MAX_PUBLISH_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                    Loggers.RAFT.info("data publish failed, key=" + key, ",notify timeout.");
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("data publish failed, key=" + key);
+                }
+
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-ADD}" + " new: "
+                        + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operatorIP: "
+                        + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+            } finally {
+                RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addIP4Dom")
+    public String addIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddIP4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceIP4Dom")
+    public synchronized String replaceIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.required(request, "cluster");
+
+        List<String> ips = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList").split(","));
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<IpAddress>(ips.size());
+        for (String ip : ips) {
+            IpAddress ipObj = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+            if (ipObj == null || ipObj.getPort() <= 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed ip: " + ip + ", format: ip:port[_weight][_cluster]");
+            }
+
+            ipObj.setClusterName(cluster);
+            ipObjList.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ipObjList)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyReplaceIP4Dom(dom, cluster, ipObjList);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvAllIP")
+    public JSONObject srvAllIP(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs();
+        } else {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+            ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipObj.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("doubleWeight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.getInstanceId());
+            ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+            ipArray.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum());
+        result.put("allIPs", "true");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvIPXT")
+    @ResponseBody
+    public JSONObject srvIPXT(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String agent = request.getHeader("Client-Version");
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Integer udpPort = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "udpPort", "0"));
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String error = BaseServlet.optional(request, "unconsistentDom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean isCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isCheck", "false"));
+
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        boolean healthyOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "healthOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(error)) {
+            Loggers.ROLE_LOG.info("ENV-NOT-CONSISTENT", error);
+        }
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        // now try to enable the push
+        try {
+            if (udpPort > 0 && PushService.canEnablePush(agent)) {
+                PushService.addClient(dom,
+                        clusters,
+                        agent,
+                        new InetSocketAddress(clientIP, udpPort),
+                        pushDataSource,
+                        tenant,
+                        app);
+                cacheMillis = Switch.getPushCacheMillis(dom);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("VIPSRV-API", "failed to added push client", e);
+            cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        srvedIPs = domObj.srvIPs(clientIP, Arrays.asList(StringUtils.split(clusters, ",")));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(srvedIPs)) {
+            String msg = "no ip to serve for dom: " + dom;
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug(msg);
+        }
+
+        Map<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> ipMap = new HashMap<>(2);
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.TRUE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.FALSE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            ipMap.get(ip.isValid()).add(ip);
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("reachProtectThreshold", false);
+        }
+
+        double threshold = domObj.getProtectThreshold();
+
+        if ((float) ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).size() / srvedIPs.size() <= threshold) {
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("protect threshold reached, return all ips, " +
+                    "dom: " + dom);
+            if (isCheck) {
+                result.put("reachProtectThreshold", true);
+            }
+
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).addAll(ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE));
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE).clear();
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("protectThreshold", domObj.getProtectThreshold());
+            result.put("reachLocalSiteCallThreshold", false);
+
+            return new JSONObject();
+        }
+
+        JSONArray hosts = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> entry : ipMap.entrySet()) {
+            List<IpAddress> ips = entry.getValue();
+
+            if (healthyOnly && !entry.getKey()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipObj.put("valid", entry.getKey());
+                ipObj.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.getInstanceId());
+                ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+                ipObj.put("enabled", ip.isEnabled());
+                ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+                hosts.add(ipObj);
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", hosts);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum() + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("useSpecifiedURL", false);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("env", env);
+        result.put("metadata",domObj.getMetadata());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvIP4Dom")
+    public String remvIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> ipList = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<>(ipList.size());
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipObjList = newIPs;
+        } else {
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                ipObjList.add(IpAddress.fromJSON(ip));
+            }
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemvIP4Dom(dom, ipObjList);
+
+        Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-REMV}" + " dead: "
+                + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/pushState")
+    public JSONObject pushState(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        boolean detail = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "detail", "false"));
+        boolean reset = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "reset", "false"));
+
+        List<PushService.Receiver.AckEntry> failedPushes = PushService.getFailedPushes();
+        int failedPushCount = PushService.getFailedPushCount();
+        result.put("succeed", PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount);
+        result.put("total", PushService.getTotalPush());
+
+        if (PushService.getTotalPush() > 0) {
+            result.put("ratio", ((float) PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount) / PushService.getTotalPush());
+        } else {
+            result.put("ratio", 0);
+        }
+
+        JSONArray dataArray = new JSONArray();
+        if (detail) {
+            for (PushService.Receiver.AckEntry entry : failedPushes) {
+                try {
+                    dataArray.add(new String(entry.origin.getData(), "UTF-8"));
+                } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+                    dataArray.add("[encoding failure]");
+                }
+            }
+            result.put("data", dataArray);
+        }
+
+        if (reset) {
+            PushService.resetPushState();
+        }
+
+        result.put("reset", reset);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateSwitch")
+    public String updateSwitch(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        Boolean debug = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "debug", "false"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader() && !debug) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                tmpParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+            }
+
+            RaftProxy.proxyGET(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/updateSwitch", tmpParams);
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        try {
+            lock.lock();
+            String entry = BaseServlet.required(request, "entry");
+
+            Datum datum = RaftCore.getDatum(UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00");
+            SwitchDomain switchDomain = null;
+
+            if (datum != null) {
+                switchDomain = JSON.parseObject(datum.value, SwitchDomain.class);
+            } else {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("datum: " + UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00 is null");
+            }
+
+            if (SwitchEntry.BATCH.equals(entry)) {
+                //batch update
+                SwitchDomain dom = JSON.parseObject(BaseServlet.required(request, "json"), SwitchDomain.class);
+                dom.setEnableStandalone(Switch.isEnableStandalone());
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min check time for http or tcp is too small(<500)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("max check time for http or tcp is too small(<3000)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed factor");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDom(dom);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (switchDomain != null) {
+                Switch.setDom(switchDomain);
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO_THRESHOLD)) {
+                Float threshold = Float.parseFloat(BaseServlet.required(request, "distroThreshold"));
+
+                if (threshold <= 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("distroThreshold can not be zero or negative: " + threshold);
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDistroThreshold(threshold);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_ALL_DOM_NAME_CACHE)) {
+                Boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableAllDomNameCache"));
+                Switch.setAllDomNameCache(enable);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.INCREMENTAL_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> doms = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "incrementalList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().addAll(doms);
+                } else if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().removeAll(doms);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("action is not allowed: " + action);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_WHITLE_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> whiteList = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "healthCheckWhiteList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().addAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().removeAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_BEAT_INTERVAL)) {
+                long clientBeatInterval = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "clientBeatInterval"));
+                Switch.setClientBeatInterval(clientBeatInterval);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushCVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_GO, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushGoVersion(version);
+                } else{
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.TRAFFIC_SCHEDULING_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingCVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_TENGINE, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingTengineVersion(version);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_PUSH_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min cache time for http or tcp is too small(<10000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setPushCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            // extremely careful while modifying this, cause it will affect all clients without pushing enabled
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DEFAULT_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min default cache time  is too small(<1000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.MASTERS)) {
+                List<String> masters = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "names").split(","));
+
+                Switch.setMasters(masters);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setDistroEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CHECK)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setHeathCheckEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DOM_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_DOM_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("domStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<5000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDomStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SERVER_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_SERVER_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("serverStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<15000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setServerStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_TIMES)) {
+                Integer times = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.required(request, "times"));
+
+                Switch.setCheckTimes(times);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISABLE_ADD_IP)) {
+                boolean disableAddIP = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "disableAddIP"));
+
+                Switch.setDisableAddIP(disableAddIP);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_CACHE)) {
+                boolean enableCache = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableCache"));
+
+                Switch.setEnableCache(enableCache);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SEND_BEAT_ONLY)) {
+                boolean sendBeatOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "sendBeatOnly"));
+
+                Switch.setSendBeatOnly(sendBeatOnly);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.LIMITED_URL_MAP)) {
+                Map<String, Integer> limitedUrlMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+                String limitedUrls = BaseServlet.required(request, "limitedUrls");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrls)) {
+                    String[] entries = limitedUrls.split(",");
+                    for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                        String[] parts = entries[i].split(":");
+                        if (parts.length < 2) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid input for limited urls");
+                        }
+
+                        String limitedUrl = parts[0];
+                        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrl)) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("url can not be empty, url: " + limitedUrl);
+                        }
+
+                        int statusCode = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+                        if (statusCode <= 0) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal normal status code: " + statusCode);
+                        }
+
+                        limitedUrlMap.put(limitedUrl, statusCode);
+
+                    }
+
+                    Switch.setLimitedUrlMap(limitedUrlMap);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_STANDALONE)) {
+                String enable = BaseServlet.required(request, "enableStandalone");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(enable)) {
+                    Switch.setEnableStandalone(Boolean.parseBoolean(enable));
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("update entry not found: " + entry);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkStatus")
+    public JSONObject checkStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthCheckEnabled", Switch.isHealthCheckEnabled());
+        result.put("allDoms", domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+                doms.add(dom);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("respDoms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public void checkIfDisabled(VirtualClusterDomain domObj) throws Exception {
+        if (!domObj.getEnabled()) {
+            throw new Exception("domain is disabled now.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/switches")
+    public JSONObject switches(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        return JSON.parseObject(Switch.getDom().toJSON());
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getVersion")
+    public JSONObject getVersion(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        InputStream is = ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("application.properties");
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        properties.load(is);
+
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            result.put("server version", properties.getProperty("version"));
+            result.put("change log", properties1.getProperty(properties.getProperty("version")));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getAllChangeLog")
+    public JSONObject getAllChangeLog(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            for (String name : properties1.stringPropertyNames()) {
+                result.put(name, properties1.getProperty(name));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/allDomNames")
+    public JSONObject allDomNames(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        boolean responsibleOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "responsibleOnly", "false"));
+        boolean withOwner = Boolean.parseBoolean((BaseServlet.optional(request, "withOwner", "false")));
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        Set<String> domSet;
+
+        domSet = domainsManager.getAllDomNames();
+        for (String dom : domSet) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom) || !responsibleOnly) {
+                if (withOwner) {
+                    doms.add(dom + ":" + ArrayUtils.toString(domainsManager.getDomain(dom).getOwners()));
+                } else {
+                    doms.add(dom);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+        result.put("count", doms.size());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/searchDom")
+    public JSONObject searchDom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String expr = BaseServlet.required(request, "expr");
+
+        List<Domain> doms
+                = domainsManager.searchDomains(".*" + expr + ".*");
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(doms)) {
+            result.put("doms", Collections.emptyList());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        JSONArray domArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Domain dom : doms) {
+            domArray.add(dom.getName());
+        }
+
+        result.put("doms", domArray);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getWeightsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getWeightsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Map<String, List<IpAddress>> dom2IPList = new HashMap<String, List<IpAddress>>(1024);
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (StringUtils.startsWith(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                    List<IpAddress> list = dom2IPList.get(domObj.getName());
+
+                    if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list)) {
+                        list = new ArrayList<>();
+                        dom2IPList.put(domObj.getName(), list);
+                    }
+                    list.add(ipObj);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, List<IpAddress>> entry : dom2IPList.entrySet()) {
+            for (IpAddress ipAddress : entry.getValue()) {
+
+                JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+                packet.put("dom", entry.getKey());
+                packet.put("ip", ipAddress.getIp());
+                packet.put("weight", ipAddress.getWeight());
+                packet.put("port", ipAddress.getPort());
+                packet.put("cluster", ipAddress.getClusterName());
+
+                ipArray.add(packet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("code", 200);
+        result.put("successful", "success");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private Cluster getClusterFromJson(String json) {
+        JSONObject object = JSON.parseObject(json);
+        String type = object.getJSONObject("healthChecker").getString("type");
+        AbstractHealthChecker abstractHealthCheckConfig;
+
+        if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Http.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql.class);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can not prase cluster from json: " + json);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = JSON.parseObject(json, Cluster.class);
+
+        cluster.setHealthChecker(abstractHealthCheckConfig);
+        return cluster;
+    }
+
+    public String doAddCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String json = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterJson", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(json)) {
+            try {
+                cluster = getClusterFromJson(json);
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("ADD-CLUSTER", "failed to parse json, try old format.");
+            }
+        } else {
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+            String siteGroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "siteGroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd");
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd");
+                String user = BaseServlet.required(request, "user");
+
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+            cluster.setSitegroup(siteGroup);
+
+            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+                cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+            }
+        }
+        cluster.setDom(domObj);
+        cluster.init();
+
+        if (domObj.getClusterMap().containsKey(cluster.getName())) {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().get(cluster.getName()).update(cluster);
+        } else {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+        }
+
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addCluster4Dom")
+    public String addCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+
+    @RequestMapping("/distroStatus")
+    public JSONObject distroStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String action = BaseServlet.optional(request, "action", "view");
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW, action)) {
+            result.put("status", DistroMapper.getDistroConfig());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_CLEAN, action)) {
+            DistroMapper.clean();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/metrics")
+    public JSONObject metrics(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        int domCount = domainsManager.getDomCount();
+        int ipCount = domainsManager.getIPCount();
+
+        int responsibleDomCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleDoms().size();
+        int responsibleIPCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleIPCount();
+
+        result.put("domCount", domCount);
+        result.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        result.put("responsibleDomCount", responsibleDomCount);
+        result.put("responsibleIPCount", responsibleIPCount);
+        result.put("cpu", SystemUtils.getCPU());
+        result.put("load", SystemUtils.getLoad());
+        result.put("mem", SystemUtils.getMem());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/updateClusterConf")
+    public JSONObject updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        String ipSpliter = ",";
+
+        String ips = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ips", "");
+        String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_ADD.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "UTF-8"));
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[UPDATE-CLUSTER] new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_REPLACE.equals(action)) {
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[UPDATE-CLUSTER] new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE.equals(action)) {
+
+            Set<String> removeIps = new HashSet<>();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                removeIps.add(ip);
+            }
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+
+            Iterator<String> iterator = oldList.iterator();
+
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+
+                String ip = iterator.next();
+                if (removeIps.contains(ip)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+            result.put("list", oldList);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidParameterException("action is not qualified, action: " + action);
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/serverStatus")
+    public String serverStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String serverStatus = BaseServlet.required(request, "serverStatus");
+        DistroMapper.onReceiveServerStatus(serverStatus);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/reCalculateCheckSum4Dom")
+    public JSONObject reCalculateCheckSum4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        virtualClusterDomain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("checksum", virtualClusterDomain.getChecksum());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomString4MD5")
+    public JSONObject getDomString4MD5(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found");
+        }
+
+        result.put("domString", virtualClusterDomain.getDomString());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getResponsibleServer4Dom")
+    public JSONObject getResponsibleServer4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsibleServer", DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getHealthyServerList")
+    public JSONObject getHealthyServerList(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthyList", DistroMapper.getHealthyList());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/responsible")
+    public JSONObject responsible(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsible", DistroMapper.responsible(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domServeStatus")
+    public JSONObject domServeStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        //all ips, sites, disabled site, checkserver, appName
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>(2);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            result.put("success", false);
+            result.put("data", data);
+            result.put("errMsg", "dom does not exisit.");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipAddresses = virtualClusterDomain.allIPs();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> allIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ipAddresses) {
+
+            Map<String, Object> ipPac = new HashMap<>(16);
+            ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+            ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+            ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+
+            allIPs.add(ipPac);
+        }
+
+        List<String> checkServers = Arrays.asList(DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        data.put("ips", allIPs);
+        data.put("checkers", checkServers);
+        result.put("data", data);
+        result.put("success", true);
+        result.put("errMsg", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domStatus")
+    public String domStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        //format: dom1@@checksum@@@dom2@@checksum
+        String domsStatusString = BaseServlet.required(request, "domsStatus");
+        String serverIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "");
+
+        if (!NamingProxy.getServers().contains(serverIP)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ip: " + serverIP + " is not in serverlist");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            DomainsManager.DomainChecksum checksums = JSON.parseObject(domsStatusString, DomainsManager.DomainChecksum.class);
+            if (checksums == null) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + null);
+                return "fail";
+            }
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : checksums.domName2Checksum.entrySet()) {
+                if (entry == null || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getKey()) || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getValue())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                String dom = entry.getKey();
+                String checksum = entry.getValue();
+                Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+                if (domain == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                domain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+                if (!checksum.equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug("checksum of " + dom + " is not consistent, remote: " + serverIP + ",checksum: " + checksum + ", local: " + domain.getChecksum());
+                    domainsManager.addUpdatedDom2Queue(dom, serverIP, checksum);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + domsStatusString, e);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkDataConsistence")
+    public JSONObject checkDataConsistence(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String domName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Boolean checkConsistence = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "checkConsistence", "true"));
+
+        if (!checkConsistence) {
+            request.getParameterMap().put("isCheck", (String[]) Arrays.asList("true").toArray());
+
+            srvIPXT(request);
+            srvAllIP(request);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(domName)) {
+            List<String> domNames = new ArrayList<String>(domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+            domName = domNames.get((int) (System.currentTimeMillis() % domNames.size()));
+        }
+
+        Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+        List<String> diff = new ArrayList<String>();
+        String localDomString = "";
+
+        for (String ip : NamingProxy.getServers()) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<String, String>(16);
+
+            tmpParams.put("dom", domName);
+            tmpParams.put("redirect", "1");
+
+            String domString;
+            try {
+                domString = NamingProxy.reqAPI("dom", tmpParams, ip, false);
+                JSONObject jsonObject = JSON.parseObject(domString);
+
+                if (!jsonObject.getString("checksum").equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    diff.add(ip + "_" + domString);
+                }
+
+                if (ip.equals(NetUtils.localIP())) {
+                    localDomString = domString;
+                }
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("STATUS-SYNCHRONIZE", "Failed to get domain status from " + ip, e);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        result.put("local dom", localDomString);
+        result.put("diff list", diff);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/containerNotify")
+    public String containerNotify(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+        String domain = BaseServlet.required(request, "domain");
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String state = BaseServlet.optional(request, "state", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[CONTAINER_NOTFY] received notify event, type:" + type + ", domain:" + domain +
+                ", ip:" + ip + ", port:" + port + ", state:" + state);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private JSONObject toPacket(Domain dom) {
+
+        JSONObject pac = new JSONObject();
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain vDom = (VirtualClusterDomain) dom;
+
+        pac.put("name", vDom.getName());
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = vDom.allIPs();
+        int invalidIPCount = 0;
+        int ipCount = 0;
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            if (!ip.isValid()) {
+                invalidIPCount++;
+            }
+
+            ipCount++;
+        }
+
+        pac.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        pac.put("invalidIPCount", invalidIPCount);
+
+        pac.put("owners", vDom.getOwners());
+        pac.put("token", vDom.getToken());
+        pac.put("checkServer", DistroMapper.mapSrvName(vDom.getName()));
+
+        pac.put("protectThreshold", vDom.getProtectThreshold());
+        pac.put("checksum", vDom.getChecksum());
+        pac.put("useSpecifiedURL", vDom.isUseSpecifiedURL());
+        pac.put("enableClientBeat", vDom.getEnableClientBeat());
+
+        Date date = new Date(vDom.getLastModifiedMillis());
+        pac.put("lastModifiedTime", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(date));
+        pac.put("resetWeight", vDom.getResetWeight());
+        pac.put("enableHealthCheck", vDom.getEnableHealthCheck());
+        pac.put("enable", vDom.getEnabled());
+
+        int totalCkRTMillis = 0;
+        int validCkRTCount = 0;
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : vDom.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            Cluster cluster = entry.getValue();
+
+            JSONObject clusterPac = new JSONObject();
+            clusterPac.put("name", cluster.getName());
+            clusterPac.put("healthChecker", cluster.getHealthChecker());
+            clusterPac.put("defCkport", cluster.getDefCkport());
+            clusterPac.put("defIPPort", cluster.getDefIPPort());
+            clusterPac.put("useIPPort4Check", cluster.isUseIPPort4Check());
+            clusterPac.put("submask", cluster.getSubmask());
+            clusterPac.put("sitegroup", cluster.getSitegroup());
+            clusterPac.put("metadatas", cluster.getMetadata());
+
+            if (cluster.getHealthCheckTask() != null) {
+                clusterPac.put("ckRTMillis", cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+                // if there is no IP, the check rt doesn't make sense
+                if (cluster.allIPs().size() > 0) {
+                    totalCkRTMillis += cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized();
+                    validCkRTCount++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            clusters.add(clusterPac);
+        }
+
+        pac.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        if (totalCkRTMillis > 0) {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", totalCkRTMillis / validCkRTCount);
+        } else {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", 0);
+        }
+
+        return pac;
+    }
+
+    public void setDomainsManager(DomainsManager domainsManager) {
+        this.domainsManager = domainsManager;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 2032 is not released after line 2032.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 2032
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+JSONObject ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web.ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest):co.61354c4e98a72af2e9681eeffb8ce509
+
+### File:
+naming/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/naming/web/ApiCommands.java
+
+### Key:
+ApiCommands.java|updateClusterConf|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0de14d21d756562f0d40eb41bc6cf3c2
+
+### Hash:
+e7c2b19dc2746cb15352c4b118c71cab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5087/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5087/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f27e1ee7dae4adf9b57ac9d5ddc40b5d32ad7ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5087/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2498 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.TypeReference;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.AbstractHealthChecker;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Service;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.IoUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.Md5Utils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.boot.RunningConfig;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.AbstractHealthCheckProcessor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.HealthCheckTask;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.HealthCheckType;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.RsInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.misc.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.ClientInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.DataSource;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.PushService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.Datum;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftCore;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftPeer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftProxy;
+import com.ning.http.client.AsyncCompletionHandler;
+import com.ning.http.client.Response;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import org.apache.catalina.util.ParameterMap;
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.BooleanUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.util.VersionUtil;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.security.AccessControlException;
+import java.security.InvalidParameterException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * Old API entry
+ *
+ * @author nacos
+ */
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api")
+public class ApiCommands {
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected DomainsManager domainsManager;
+
+    private DataSource pushDataSource = new DataSource() {
+
+        @Override
+        public String getData(PushService.PushClient client) throws Exception {
+
+            Map<String, String[]> params = new HashMap<String, String[]>(10);
+            params.put("dom", new String[]{client.getDom()});
+            params.put("clusters", new String[]{client.getClusters()});
+
+            // set udp port to 0, otherwise will cause recursion
+            params.put("udpPort", new String[]{"0"});
+
+            InetAddress inetAddress = client.getSocketAddr().getAddress();
+            params.put("clientIP", new String[]{inetAddress.getHostAddress()});
+            params.put("header:Client-Version", new String[]{client.getAgent()});
+
+            JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+            try {
+                result = ApiCommands.this.srvIPXT(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(params));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("PUSH-SERVICE: dom is not modified", e);
+            }
+
+            // overdrive the cache millis to push mode
+            result.put("cacheMillis", Switch.getPushCacheMillis(client.getDom()));
+
+            return result.toJSONString();
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    @RequestMapping("/dom")
+    public JSONObject dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        // SDK before version 2.0,0 use 'name' instead of 'dom' here
+        String name = BaseServlet.optional(request, "name", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
+            name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[DOM] request dom:" + name);
+
+        Domain dom = domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "Dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        return toPacket(dom);
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domCount")
+    public JSONObject domCount(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("count", domainsManager.getDomCount());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/rt4Dom")
+    public JSONObject rt4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj
+                = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("request dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : domObj.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+            HealthCheckTask task = entry.getValue().getHealthCheckTask();
+
+            packet.put("name", entry.getKey());
+            packet.put("checkRTBest", task.getCheckRTBest());
+            packet.put("checkRTWorst", task.getCheckRTWorst());
+            packet.put("checkRTNormalized", task.getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+            clusters.add(packet);
+        }
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom2")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom2(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found.");
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = dom.allIPs();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            ipArray.add(ip.toIPAddr() + "_" + ip.isValid());
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+            String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String agent = BaseServlet.optional(request, "header:Client-Version", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+            if (dom == null) {
+                throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found!");
+            }
+
+            List<IpAddress> ips = null;
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+                ips = dom.allIPs();
+            } else {
+                ips = dom.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+            }
+
+            if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ips)) {
+                result.put("ips", Collections.emptyList());
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ClientInfo clientInfo = new ClientInfo(agent);
+
+            JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipPac = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+                ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipPac.put("app", ip.getApp());
+
+                if (clientInfo.version.compareTo(VersionUtil.parseVersion("1.5.0")) >= 0) {
+                    ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+                } else {
+                    double weight = ip.getWeight();
+                    if (weight == 0) {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    } else {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight() < 1 ? 1 : (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    }
+                }
+                ipPac.put("checkRT", ip.getCheckRT());
+                ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+
+                ipArray.add(ipPac);
+            }
+
+            result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("VIPSRV-IP4DOM", "failed to call ip4Dom, caused " + e.getMessage());
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/regDom")
+    public String regDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom already exists, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/clientBeat")
+    public JSONObject clientBeat(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String beat = BaseServlet.required(request, "beat");
+        RsInfo clientBeat = JSON.parseObject(beat, RsInfo.class);
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(clientBeat.getCluster())) {
+            clientBeat.setCluster(UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+        }
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String app;
+        app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterName = clientBeat.getCluster();
+
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(clusterName)) {
+            clusterName = UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME;
+        }
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("client-beat", "beat: " + beat);
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+        stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("enableClientBeat", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("cktype", Arrays.asList("TCP").toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("appName", Arrays.asList(app).toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("clusterName", Arrays.asList(clusterName).toArray(new String[1]));
+
+        //if domain does not exist, register it.
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            regDom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("dom not found, register it, dom:" + dom);
+        }
+
+        virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        String ip = clientBeat.getIp();
+        int port = clientBeat.getPort();
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+        ipAddress.setPort(port);
+        ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+        ipAddress.setWeight(clientBeat.getWeight());
+        ipAddress.setMetadata(clientBeat.getMetadata());
+        ipAddress.setClusterName(clusterName);
+
+        if (!virtualClusterDomain.allIPs().contains(ipAddress)) {
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            addIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("ip not found, register it, dom:" + dom + ", ip:" + ipAddress);
+        }
+
+        if (!DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+            String server = DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom);
+            Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("I'm not responsible for " + dom + ", proxy it to " + server);
+            Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                String key = entry.getKey();
+                String value = entry.getValue()[0];
+                proxyParams.put(key, value);
+            }
+
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server + RunningConfig.getContextPath()
+                    + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/clientBeat";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult httpResult = HttpClient.httpGet(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (httpResult.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to proxy client beat to" + server + ", beat: " + beat);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+                virtualClusterDomain.processClientBeat(clientBeat);
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("clientBeatInterval", Switch.getClientBeatInterval());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private String addOrReplaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "token", Md5Utils.getMD5(dom, "utf-8"));
+
+        float protectThreshold = NumberUtils.toFloat(BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", "0.0"));
+        boolean isUseSpecifiedURL = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isUseSpecifiedURL", "false"));
+        String envAndSite = BaseServlet.optional(request, "envAndSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean resetWeight = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", "false"));
+        boolean enableHealthCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", "true"));
+        boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enable", "true"));
+        String disabledSites = BaseServlet.optional(request, "disabledSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean eanbleClientBeat = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", "false"));
+        String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+        String serviceMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[RESET-WEIGHT] " + String.valueOf(resetWeight));
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = new VirtualClusterDomain();
+        domObj.setName(dom);
+        domObj.setToken(token);
+        domObj.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        domObj.setProtectThreshold(protectThreshold);
+        domObj.setUseSpecifiedURL(isUseSpecifiedURL);
+        domObj.setResetWeight(resetWeight);
+        domObj.setEnableHealthCheck(enableHealthCheck);
+        domObj.setEnabled(enable);
+        domObj.setEnableClientBeat(eanbleClientBeat);
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(serviceMetadataJson)) {
+            domObj.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(serviceMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+            }));
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(envAndSite) && StringUtils.isNotEmpty(disabledSites)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("envAndSite and disabledSites are not allowed both not empty.");
+        }
+
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            // new format
+            List<Cluster> clusterObjs = JSON.parseArray(clusters, Cluster.class);
+
+            for (Cluster cluster : clusterObjs) {
+                domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // old format, default cluster will be constructed automatically
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+
+            Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (AbstractHealthChecker.Http.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+
+            } else if (AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                String user = BaseServlet.optional(request, "user", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "pwd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cmd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(clusterName, cluster);
+        }
+
+        // now valid the dom. if failed, exception will be thrown
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceDom")
+    public String replaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom doesn't exist, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("dom: " + dom + " is updated, operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private IpAddress getIPAddress(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String weight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "weight", "1");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cluster)) {
+            cluster = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+        }
+        boolean enabled = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enable", "true"));
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+        ipAddress.setPort(Integer.parseInt(port));
+        ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+        ipAddress.setWeight(Double.parseDouble(weight));
+        ipAddress.setClusterName(cluster);
+        ipAddress.setEnabled(enabled);
+
+        return ipAddress;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/deRegService")
+    public String deRegService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceName", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(dom)) {
+            dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        ParameterMap<String, String[]> parameterMap = new ParameterMap<>();
+        parameterMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+        MockHttpRequest mockHttpRequest = MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(parameterMap);
+
+        return remvIP4Dom(mockHttpRequest);
+
+    }
+
+    @SuppressFBWarnings("JLM_JSR166_LOCK_MONITORENTER")
+    @RequestMapping("/regService")
+    public String regService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", "DEFAULT");
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String metadata = BaseServlet.optional(request, "metadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        Service service = new Service(dom);
+        ipAddress.setApp(app);
+        ipAddress.setService(service);
+        ipAddress.setInstanceId(ipAddress.generateInstanceId());
+        ipAddress.setLastBeat(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(metadata)) {
+            ipAddress.setMetadata(UtilsAndCommons.parseMetadata(metadata));
+        }
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON() + "|" + env + "|" + tenant + "|" + app);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+
+            Lock lock = domainsManager.addLock(dom);
+            Condition condition = domainsManager.addCondtion(dom);
+
+            UtilsAndCommons.RAFT_PUBLISH_EXECUTOR.execute(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    try {
+                        regDom(request);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("REG-SERIVCE", "register service failed, service:" + dom, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            try {
+                lock.lock();
+                condition.await(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+
+            virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        }
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+
+            if (!virtualClusterDomain.getClusterMap().containsKey(ipAddress.getClusterName())) {
+                doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+            }
+
+            Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service", "add ip: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON());
+            Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+            stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+            doAddIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateDom")
+    public String updateDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        // dom
+        String name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+        if (leader == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("not leader at present, cannot update");
+        }
+
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(owners)) {
+            dom.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "newToken", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(token)) {
+            dom.setToken(token);
+        }
+
+        String enableClientBeat = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableClientBeat)) {
+            dom.setEnableClientBeat(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableClientBeat));
+        }
+
+        String protectThreshold = BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(protectThreshold)) {
+            dom.setProtectThreshold(Float.parseFloat(protectThreshold));
+        }
+
+        String sitegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "sitegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String setSiteGroupForce = BaseServlet.optional(request, "setSiteGroupForce", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(sitegroup) || !StringUtils.isEmpty(setSiteGroupForce)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSitegroup(sitegroup);
+        }
+
+        String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(cktype)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.HTTP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(BaseServlet.required(request, "path"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.TCP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.MYSQL_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                config.setCmd(BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd"));
+                config.setPwd(BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd"));
+                config.setUser(BaseServlet.required(request, "user"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported health check type: " + cktype);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        String defIPPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defIPPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(Integer.parseInt(defIPPort));
+        }
+
+        String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+        }
+
+        String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(ipPort4Check)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+        }
+
+        String defCkPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defCkPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefCkport(Integer.parseInt(defCkPort));
+        }
+
+        String useSpecifiedUrl = BaseServlet.optional(request, "useSpecifiedURL", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(useSpecifiedUrl)) {
+            dom.setUseSpecifiedURL(Boolean.parseBoolean(useSpecifiedUrl));
+        }
+
+        String resetWeight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(resetWeight)) {
+            dom.setResetWeight(Boolean.parseBoolean(resetWeight));
+        }
+
+        String enableHealthCheck = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableHealthCheck)) {
+            dom.setEnableHealthCheck(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableHealthCheck));
+        }
+
+        String enabled = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enabled", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enabled)) {
+            dom.setEnabled(Boolean.parseBoolean(enabled));
+        }
+
+        String ipDeletedTimeout = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipDeletedTimeout", "-1");
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(ipDeletedTimeout)) {
+            long timeout = Long.parseLong(ipDeletedTimeout);
+            if (timeout < VirtualClusterDomain.MINIMUM_IP_DELETE_TIMEOUT) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("ipDeletedTimeout is too short: " + timeout + ", better longer than 60000");
+            }
+
+            dom.setIpDeleteTimeout(timeout);
+        }
+
+        // now do the validation
+        dom.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        dom.recalculateChecksum();
+        dom.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/hello")
+    public JSONObject hello(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("msg", "Hello! I am Nacos-Naming and healthy! total dom: diamond "
+                + domainsManager.getDomMap().size() + ",raft " + domainsManager.getRaftDomMap().size()
+                + ", local port:" + RunningConfig.getServerPort());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvDom")
+    public String remvDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("specified domain doesn't exists.");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemoveDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getDomsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Set<String> doms = new HashSet<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (ip.contains(":")) {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/onAddIP4Dom")
+    public String onAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.required(request, "clientIP");
+
+        long term = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "term"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader(clientIP)) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("peer(" + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader, leader: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getLeader()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("peer(" + clientIP + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader");
+        }
+
+        if (term < RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("out of date publish, pub-term: "
+                    + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ", cur-term: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("out of date publish, pub-term:"
+                    + term + ", cur-term: " + RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get());
+        }
+
+        RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().resetLeaderDue();
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", Boolean.FALSE.toString()));
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<String> ipList;
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        long timestamp = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "timestamp"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+        domainsManager.easyAddIP4Dom(dom, newIPs, timestamp, term);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    private String doAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+            proxyParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+        }
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        final List<String> ipList;
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString);
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.info("I'm not leader, will proxy to leader.");
+            if (RaftCore.getLeader() == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("no leader now.");
+            }
+
+            RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+
+            String server = leader.ip;
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server
+                    + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/addIP4Dom";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult result1 = HttpClient.httpPost(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (result1.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+            }
+
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+
+        String key = UtilsAndCommons.getIPListStoreKey(domainsManager.getDomain(dom));
+
+        long timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.lock();
+            try {
+                final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(RaftCore.getPeerSet().majorityCount());
+                proxyParams.put("clientIP", NetUtils.localIP());
+                proxyParams.put("notify", "true");
+
+                proxyParams.put("term", String.valueOf(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term));
+                proxyParams.put("timestamp", String.valueOf(timestamp));
+
+                for (final RaftPeer peer : RaftCore.getPeers()) {
+                    String server = peer.ip;
+                    if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                        server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+                    }
+                    String url = "http://" + server
+                            + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/onAddIP4Dom";
+                    HttpClient.asyncHttpPost(url, null, proxyParams, new AsyncCompletionHandler() {
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer onCompleted(Response response) throws Exception {
+                            if (response.getStatusCode() != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom: " + dom
+                                        + ",ipList = " + ipList + ",code: " + response.getStatusCode()
+                                        + ", caused " + response.getResponseBody() + ", server: " + peer.ip);
+                                return 1;
+                            }
+                            countDownLatch.countDown();
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+                if (!countDownLatch.await(UtilsAndCommons.MAX_PUBLISH_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                    Loggers.RAFT.info("data publish failed, key=" + key, ",notify timeout.");
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("data publish failed, key=" + key);
+                }
+
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-ADD}" + " new: "
+                        + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operatorIP: "
+                        + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+            } finally {
+                RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addIP4Dom")
+    public String addIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddIP4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceIP4Dom")
+    public synchronized String replaceIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.required(request, "cluster");
+
+        List<String> ips = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList").split(","));
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<IpAddress>(ips.size());
+        for (String ip : ips) {
+            IpAddress ipObj = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+            if (ipObj == null || ipObj.getPort() <= 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed ip: " + ip + ", format: ip:port[_weight][_cluster]");
+            }
+
+            ipObj.setClusterName(cluster);
+            ipObjList.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ipObjList)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyReplaceIP4Dom(dom, cluster, ipObjList);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvAllIP")
+    public JSONObject srvAllIP(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs();
+        } else {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+            ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipObj.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("doubleWeight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.getInstanceId());
+            ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+            ipArray.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum());
+        result.put("allIPs", "true");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvIPXT")
+    @ResponseBody
+    public JSONObject srvIPXT(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String agent = request.getHeader("Client-Version");
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Integer udpPort = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "udpPort", "0"));
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String error = BaseServlet.optional(request, "unconsistentDom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean isCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isCheck", "false"));
+
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        boolean healthyOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "healthOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(error)) {
+            Loggers.ROLE_LOG.info("ENV-NOT-CONSISTENT", error);
+        }
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        // now try to enable the push
+        try {
+            if (udpPort > 0 && PushService.canEnablePush(agent)) {
+                PushService.addClient(dom,
+                        clusters,
+                        agent,
+                        new InetSocketAddress(clientIP, udpPort),
+                        pushDataSource,
+                        tenant,
+                        app);
+                cacheMillis = Switch.getPushCacheMillis(dom);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("VIPSRV-API", "failed to added push client", e);
+            cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        srvedIPs = domObj.srvIPs(clientIP, Arrays.asList(StringUtils.split(clusters, ",")));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(srvedIPs)) {
+            String msg = "no ip to serve for dom: " + dom;
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug(msg);
+        }
+
+        Map<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> ipMap = new HashMap<>(2);
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.TRUE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.FALSE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            ipMap.get(ip.isValid()).add(ip);
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("reachProtectThreshold", false);
+        }
+
+        double threshold = domObj.getProtectThreshold();
+
+        if ((float) ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).size() / srvedIPs.size() <= threshold) {
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("protect threshold reached, return all ips, " +
+                    "dom: " + dom);
+            if (isCheck) {
+                result.put("reachProtectThreshold", true);
+            }
+
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).addAll(ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE));
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE).clear();
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("protectThreshold", domObj.getProtectThreshold());
+            result.put("reachLocalSiteCallThreshold", false);
+
+            return new JSONObject();
+        }
+
+        JSONArray hosts = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> entry : ipMap.entrySet()) {
+            List<IpAddress> ips = entry.getValue();
+
+            if (healthyOnly && !entry.getKey()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipObj.put("valid", entry.getKey());
+                ipObj.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.getInstanceId());
+                ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+                ipObj.put("enabled", ip.isEnabled());
+                ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+                hosts.add(ipObj);
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", hosts);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum() + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("useSpecifiedURL", false);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("env", env);
+        result.put("metadata",domObj.getMetadata());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvIP4Dom")
+    public String remvIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> ipList = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<>(ipList.size());
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipObjList = newIPs;
+        } else {
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                ipObjList.add(IpAddress.fromJSON(ip));
+            }
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemvIP4Dom(dom, ipObjList);
+
+        Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-REMV}" + " dead: "
+                + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/pushState")
+    public JSONObject pushState(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        boolean detail = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "detail", "false"));
+        boolean reset = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "reset", "false"));
+
+        List<PushService.Receiver.AckEntry> failedPushes = PushService.getFailedPushes();
+        int failedPushCount = PushService.getFailedPushCount();
+        result.put("succeed", PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount);
+        result.put("total", PushService.getTotalPush());
+
+        if (PushService.getTotalPush() > 0) {
+            result.put("ratio", ((float) PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount) / PushService.getTotalPush());
+        } else {
+            result.put("ratio", 0);
+        }
+
+        JSONArray dataArray = new JSONArray();
+        if (detail) {
+            for (PushService.Receiver.AckEntry entry : failedPushes) {
+                try {
+                    dataArray.add(new String(entry.origin.getData(), "UTF-8"));
+                } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+                    dataArray.add("[encoding failure]");
+                }
+            }
+            result.put("data", dataArray);
+        }
+
+        if (reset) {
+            PushService.resetPushState();
+        }
+
+        result.put("reset", reset);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateSwitch")
+    public String updateSwitch(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        Boolean debug = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "debug", "false"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader() && !debug) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                tmpParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+            }
+
+            RaftProxy.proxyGET(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/updateSwitch", tmpParams);
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        try {
+            lock.lock();
+            String entry = BaseServlet.required(request, "entry");
+
+            Datum datum = RaftCore.getDatum(UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00");
+            SwitchDomain switchDomain = null;
+
+            if (datum != null) {
+                switchDomain = JSON.parseObject(datum.value, SwitchDomain.class);
+            } else {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("datum: " + UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00 is null");
+            }
+
+            if (SwitchEntry.BATCH.equals(entry)) {
+                //batch update
+                SwitchDomain dom = JSON.parseObject(BaseServlet.required(request, "json"), SwitchDomain.class);
+                dom.setEnableStandalone(Switch.isEnableStandalone());
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min check time for http or tcp is too small(<500)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("max check time for http or tcp is too small(<3000)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed factor");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDom(dom);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (switchDomain != null) {
+                Switch.setDom(switchDomain);
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO_THRESHOLD)) {
+                Float threshold = Float.parseFloat(BaseServlet.required(request, "distroThreshold"));
+
+                if (threshold <= 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("distroThreshold can not be zero or negative: " + threshold);
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDistroThreshold(threshold);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_ALL_DOM_NAME_CACHE)) {
+                Boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableAllDomNameCache"));
+                Switch.setAllDomNameCache(enable);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.INCREMENTAL_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> doms = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "incrementalList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().addAll(doms);
+                } else if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().removeAll(doms);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("action is not allowed: " + action);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_WHITLE_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> whiteList = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "healthCheckWhiteList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().addAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().removeAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_BEAT_INTERVAL)) {
+                long clientBeatInterval = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "clientBeatInterval"));
+                Switch.setClientBeatInterval(clientBeatInterval);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushCVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_GO, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushGoVersion(version);
+                } else{
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.TRAFFIC_SCHEDULING_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingCVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_TENGINE, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingTengineVersion(version);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_PUSH_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min cache time for http or tcp is too small(<10000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setPushCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            // extremely careful while modifying this, cause it will affect all clients without pushing enabled
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DEFAULT_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min default cache time  is too small(<1000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.MASTERS)) {
+                List<String> masters = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "names").split(","));
+
+                Switch.setMasters(masters);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setDistroEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CHECK)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setHeathCheckEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DOM_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_DOM_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("domStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<5000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDomStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SERVER_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_SERVER_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("serverStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<15000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setServerStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_TIMES)) {
+                Integer times = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.required(request, "times"));
+
+                Switch.setCheckTimes(times);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISABLE_ADD_IP)) {
+                boolean disableAddIP = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "disableAddIP"));
+
+                Switch.setDisableAddIP(disableAddIP);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_CACHE)) {
+                boolean enableCache = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableCache"));
+
+                Switch.setEnableCache(enableCache);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SEND_BEAT_ONLY)) {
+                boolean sendBeatOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "sendBeatOnly"));
+
+                Switch.setSendBeatOnly(sendBeatOnly);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.LIMITED_URL_MAP)) {
+                Map<String, Integer> limitedUrlMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+                String limitedUrls = BaseServlet.required(request, "limitedUrls");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrls)) {
+                    String[] entries = limitedUrls.split(",");
+                    for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                        String[] parts = entries[i].split(":");
+                        if (parts.length < 2) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid input for limited urls");
+                        }
+
+                        String limitedUrl = parts[0];
+                        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrl)) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("url can not be empty, url: " + limitedUrl);
+                        }
+
+                        int statusCode = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+                        if (statusCode <= 0) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal normal status code: " + statusCode);
+                        }
+
+                        limitedUrlMap.put(limitedUrl, statusCode);
+
+                    }
+
+                    Switch.setLimitedUrlMap(limitedUrlMap);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_STANDALONE)) {
+                String enable = BaseServlet.required(request, "enableStandalone");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(enable)) {
+                    Switch.setEnableStandalone(Boolean.parseBoolean(enable));
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("update entry not found: " + entry);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkStatus")
+    public JSONObject checkStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthCheckEnabled", Switch.isHealthCheckEnabled());
+        result.put("allDoms", domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+                doms.add(dom);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("respDoms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public void checkIfDisabled(VirtualClusterDomain domObj) throws Exception {
+        if (!domObj.getEnabled()) {
+            throw new Exception("domain is disabled now.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/switches")
+    public JSONObject switches(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        return JSON.parseObject(Switch.getDom().toJSON());
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getVersion")
+    public JSONObject getVersion(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        InputStream is = ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("application.properties");
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        properties.load(is);
+
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            result.put("server version", properties.getProperty("version"));
+            result.put("change log", properties1.getProperty(properties.getProperty("version")));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getAllChangeLog")
+    public JSONObject getAllChangeLog(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            for (String name : properties1.stringPropertyNames()) {
+                result.put(name, properties1.getProperty(name));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/allDomNames")
+    public JSONObject allDomNames(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        boolean responsibleOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "responsibleOnly", "false"));
+        boolean withOwner = Boolean.parseBoolean((BaseServlet.optional(request, "withOwner", "false")));
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        Set<String> domSet;
+
+        domSet = domainsManager.getAllDomNames();
+        for (String dom : domSet) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom) || !responsibleOnly) {
+                if (withOwner) {
+                    doms.add(dom + ":" + ArrayUtils.toString(domainsManager.getDomain(dom).getOwners()));
+                } else {
+                    doms.add(dom);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+        result.put("count", doms.size());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/searchDom")
+    public JSONObject searchDom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String expr = BaseServlet.required(request, "expr");
+
+        List<Domain> doms
+                = domainsManager.searchDomains(".*" + expr + ".*");
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(doms)) {
+            result.put("doms", Collections.emptyList());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        JSONArray domArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Domain dom : doms) {
+            domArray.add(dom.getName());
+        }
+
+        result.put("doms", domArray);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getWeightsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getWeightsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Map<String, List<IpAddress>> dom2IPList = new HashMap<String, List<IpAddress>>(1024);
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (StringUtils.startsWith(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                    List<IpAddress> list = dom2IPList.get(domObj.getName());
+
+                    if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list)) {
+                        list = new ArrayList<>();
+                        dom2IPList.put(domObj.getName(), list);
+                    }
+                    list.add(ipObj);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, List<IpAddress>> entry : dom2IPList.entrySet()) {
+            for (IpAddress ipAddress : entry.getValue()) {
+
+                JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+                packet.put("dom", entry.getKey());
+                packet.put("ip", ipAddress.getIp());
+                packet.put("weight", ipAddress.getWeight());
+                packet.put("port", ipAddress.getPort());
+                packet.put("cluster", ipAddress.getClusterName());
+
+                ipArray.add(packet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("code", 200);
+        result.put("successful", "success");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private Cluster getClusterFromJson(String json) {
+        JSONObject object = JSON.parseObject(json);
+        String type = object.getJSONObject("healthChecker").getString("type");
+        AbstractHealthChecker abstractHealthCheckConfig;
+
+        if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Http.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql.class);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can not prase cluster from json: " + json);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = JSON.parseObject(json, Cluster.class);
+
+        cluster.setHealthChecker(abstractHealthCheckConfig);
+        return cluster;
+    }
+
+    public String doAddCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String json = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterJson", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(json)) {
+            try {
+                cluster = getClusterFromJson(json);
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("ADD-CLUSTER", "failed to parse json, try old format.");
+            }
+        } else {
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+            String siteGroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "siteGroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd");
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd");
+                String user = BaseServlet.required(request, "user");
+
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+            cluster.setSitegroup(siteGroup);
+
+            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+                cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+            }
+        }
+        cluster.setDom(domObj);
+        cluster.init();
+
+        if (domObj.getClusterMap().containsKey(cluster.getName())) {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().get(cluster.getName()).update(cluster);
+        } else {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+        }
+
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addCluster4Dom")
+    public String addCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+
+    @RequestMapping("/distroStatus")
+    public JSONObject distroStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String action = BaseServlet.optional(request, "action", "view");
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW, action)) {
+            result.put("status", DistroMapper.getDistroConfig());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_CLEAN, action)) {
+            DistroMapper.clean();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/metrics")
+    public JSONObject metrics(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        int domCount = domainsManager.getDomCount();
+        int ipCount = domainsManager.getIPCount();
+
+        int responsibleDomCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleDoms().size();
+        int responsibleIPCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleIPCount();
+
+        result.put("domCount", domCount);
+        result.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        result.put("responsibleDomCount", responsibleDomCount);
+        result.put("responsibleIPCount", responsibleIPCount);
+        result.put("cpu", SystemUtils.getCPU());
+        result.put("load", SystemUtils.getLoad());
+        result.put("mem", SystemUtils.getMem());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/updateClusterConf")
+    public JSONObject updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        String ipSpliter = ",";
+
+        String ips = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ips", "");
+        String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_ADD.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "UTF-8"));
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[UPDATE-CLUSTER] new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_REPLACE.equals(action)) {
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[UPDATE-CLUSTER] new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE.equals(action)) {
+
+            Set<String> removeIps = new HashSet<>();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                removeIps.add(ip);
+            }
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+
+            Iterator<String> iterator = oldList.iterator();
+
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+
+                String ip = iterator.next();
+                if (removeIps.contains(ip)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+            result.put("list", oldList);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidParameterException("action is not qualified, action: " + action);
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/serverStatus")
+    public String serverStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String serverStatus = BaseServlet.required(request, "serverStatus");
+        DistroMapper.onReceiveServerStatus(serverStatus);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/reCalculateCheckSum4Dom")
+    public JSONObject reCalculateCheckSum4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        virtualClusterDomain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("checksum", virtualClusterDomain.getChecksum());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomString4MD5")
+    public JSONObject getDomString4MD5(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found");
+        }
+
+        result.put("domString", virtualClusterDomain.getDomString());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getResponsibleServer4Dom")
+    public JSONObject getResponsibleServer4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsibleServer", DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getHealthyServerList")
+    public JSONObject getHealthyServerList(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthyList", DistroMapper.getHealthyList());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/responsible")
+    public JSONObject responsible(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsible", DistroMapper.responsible(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domServeStatus")
+    public JSONObject domServeStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        //all ips, sites, disabled site, checkserver, appName
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>(2);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            result.put("success", false);
+            result.put("data", data);
+            result.put("errMsg", "dom does not exisit.");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipAddresses = virtualClusterDomain.allIPs();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> allIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ipAddresses) {
+
+            Map<String, Object> ipPac = new HashMap<>(16);
+            ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+            ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+            ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+
+            allIPs.add(ipPac);
+        }
+
+        List<String> checkServers = Arrays.asList(DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        data.put("ips", allIPs);
+        data.put("checkers", checkServers);
+        result.put("data", data);
+        result.put("success", true);
+        result.put("errMsg", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domStatus")
+    public String domStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        //format: dom1@@checksum@@@dom2@@checksum
+        String domsStatusString = BaseServlet.required(request, "domsStatus");
+        String serverIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "");
+
+        if (!NamingProxy.getServers().contains(serverIP)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ip: " + serverIP + " is not in serverlist");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            DomainsManager.DomainChecksum checksums = JSON.parseObject(domsStatusString, DomainsManager.DomainChecksum.class);
+            if (checksums == null) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + null);
+                return "fail";
+            }
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : checksums.domName2Checksum.entrySet()) {
+                if (entry == null || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getKey()) || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getValue())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                String dom = entry.getKey();
+                String checksum = entry.getValue();
+                Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+                if (domain == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                domain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+                if (!checksum.equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug("checksum of " + dom + " is not consistent, remote: " + serverIP + ",checksum: " + checksum + ", local: " + domain.getChecksum());
+                    domainsManager.addUpdatedDom2Queue(dom, serverIP, checksum);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + domsStatusString, e);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkDataConsistence")
+    public JSONObject checkDataConsistence(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String domName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Boolean checkConsistence = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "checkConsistence", "true"));
+
+        if (!checkConsistence) {
+            request.getParameterMap().put("isCheck", (String[]) Arrays.asList("true").toArray());
+
+            srvIPXT(request);
+            srvAllIP(request);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(domName)) {
+            List<String> domNames = new ArrayList<String>(domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+            domName = domNames.get((int) (System.currentTimeMillis() % domNames.size()));
+        }
+
+        Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+        List<String> diff = new ArrayList<String>();
+        String localDomString = "";
+
+        for (String ip : NamingProxy.getServers()) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<String, String>(16);
+
+            tmpParams.put("dom", domName);
+            tmpParams.put("redirect", "1");
+
+            String domString;
+            try {
+                domString = NamingProxy.reqAPI("dom", tmpParams, ip, false);
+                JSONObject jsonObject = JSON.parseObject(domString);
+
+                if (!jsonObject.getString("checksum").equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    diff.add(ip + "_" + domString);
+                }
+
+                if (ip.equals(NetUtils.localIP())) {
+                    localDomString = domString;
+                }
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("STATUS-SYNCHRONIZE", "Failed to get domain status from " + ip, e);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        result.put("local dom", localDomString);
+        result.put("diff list", diff);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/containerNotify")
+    public String containerNotify(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+        String domain = BaseServlet.required(request, "domain");
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String state = BaseServlet.optional(request, "state", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[CONTAINER_NOTFY] received notify event, type:" + type + ", domain:" + domain +
+                ", ip:" + ip + ", port:" + port + ", state:" + state);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private JSONObject toPacket(Domain dom) {
+
+        JSONObject pac = new JSONObject();
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain vDom = (VirtualClusterDomain) dom;
+
+        pac.put("name", vDom.getName());
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = vDom.allIPs();
+        int invalidIPCount = 0;
+        int ipCount = 0;
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            if (!ip.isValid()) {
+                invalidIPCount++;
+            }
+
+            ipCount++;
+        }
+
+        pac.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        pac.put("invalidIPCount", invalidIPCount);
+
+        pac.put("owners", vDom.getOwners());
+        pac.put("token", vDom.getToken());
+        pac.put("checkServer", DistroMapper.mapSrvName(vDom.getName()));
+
+        pac.put("protectThreshold", vDom.getProtectThreshold());
+        pac.put("checksum", vDom.getChecksum());
+        pac.put("useSpecifiedURL", vDom.isUseSpecifiedURL());
+        pac.put("enableClientBeat", vDom.getEnableClientBeat());
+
+        Date date = new Date(vDom.getLastModifiedMillis());
+        pac.put("lastModifiedTime", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(date));
+        pac.put("resetWeight", vDom.getResetWeight());
+        pac.put("enableHealthCheck", vDom.getEnableHealthCheck());
+        pac.put("enable", vDom.getEnabled());
+
+        int totalCkRTMillis = 0;
+        int validCkRTCount = 0;
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : vDom.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            Cluster cluster = entry.getValue();
+
+            JSONObject clusterPac = new JSONObject();
+            clusterPac.put("name", cluster.getName());
+            clusterPac.put("healthChecker", cluster.getHealthChecker());
+            clusterPac.put("defCkport", cluster.getDefCkport());
+            clusterPac.put("defIPPort", cluster.getDefIPPort());
+            clusterPac.put("useIPPort4Check", cluster.isUseIPPort4Check());
+            clusterPac.put("submask", cluster.getSubmask());
+            clusterPac.put("sitegroup", cluster.getSitegroup());
+            clusterPac.put("metadatas", cluster.getMetadata());
+
+            if (cluster.getHealthCheckTask() != null) {
+                clusterPac.put("ckRTMillis", cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+                // if there is no IP, the check rt doesn't make sense
+                if (cluster.allIPs().size() > 0) {
+                    totalCkRTMillis += cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized();
+                    validCkRTCount++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            clusters.add(clusterPac);
+        }
+
+        pac.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        if (totalCkRTMillis > 0) {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", totalCkRTMillis / validCkRTCount);
+        } else {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", 0);
+        }
+
+        return pac;
+    }
+
+    public void setDomainsManager(DomainsManager domainsManager) {
+        this.domainsManager = domainsManager;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 2090 is not released after line 2090.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 2090
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+JSONObject ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web.ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest):co.61354c4e98a72af2e9681eeffb8ce509
+
+### File:
+naming/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/naming/web/ApiCommands.java
+
+### Key:
+ApiCommands.java|updateClusterConf|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0602ef43d0c7ae4dbd6715cdf02c324e
+
+### Hash:
+e7c2b19dc2746cb15352c4b118c71cab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5089/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5089/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4cd8b7f0284d8019ce1df336cccb4b9182ac6df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5089/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.impl;
+
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.PropertyKeyConst;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.common.Constants;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.config.ConfigType;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.config.listener.Listener;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.common.GroupKey;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.filter.impl.ConfigFilterChainManager;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.http.HttpAgent;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.impl.HttpSimpleClient.HttpResult;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.utils.ContentUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.utils.MD5;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.monitor.MetricsMonitor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.utils.LogUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.utils.ParamUtil;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.utils.TenantUtil;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URLDecoder;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import static com.alibaba.nacos.api.common.Constants.LINE_SEPARATOR;
+import static com.alibaba.nacos.api.common.Constants.WORD_SEPARATOR;
+import static com.alibaba.nacos.api.common.Constants.CONFIG_TYPE;
+
+/**
+ * Longpolling
+ *
+ * @author Nacos
+ */
+public class ClientWorker {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LogUtils.logger(ClientWorker.class);
+
+    public void addListeners(String dataId, String group, List<? extends Listener> listeners) {
+        group = null2defaultGroup(group);
+        CacheData cache = addCacheDataIfAbsent(dataId, group);
+        for (Listener listener : listeners) {
+            cache.addListener(listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeListener(String dataId, String group, Listener listener) {
+        group = null2defaultGroup(group);
+        CacheData cache = getCache(dataId, group);
+        if (null != cache) {
+            cache.removeListener(listener);
+            if (cache.getListeners().isEmpty()) {
+                removeCache(dataId, group);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addTenantListeners(String dataId, String group, List<? extends Listener> listeners) throws NacosException {
+        group = null2defaultGroup(group);
+        String tenant = agent.getTenant();
+        CacheData cache = addCacheDataIfAbsent(dataId, group, tenant);
+        for (Listener listener : listeners) {
+            cache.addListener(listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addTenantListenersWithContent(String dataId, String group, String content, List<? extends Listener> listeners) throws NacosException {
+        group = null2defaultGroup(group);
+        String tenant = agent.getTenant();
+        CacheData cache = addCacheDataIfAbsent(dataId, group, tenant);
+        cache.setContent(content);
+        for (Listener listener : listeners) {
+            cache.addListener(listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeTenantListener(String dataId, String group, Listener listener) {
+        group = null2defaultGroup(group);
+        String tenant = agent.getTenant();
+        CacheData cache = getCache(dataId, group, tenant);
+        if (null != cache) {
+            cache.removeListener(listener);
+            if (cache.getListeners().isEmpty()) {
+                removeCache(dataId, group, tenant);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void removeCache(String dataId, String group) {
+        String groupKey = GroupKey.getKey(dataId, group);
+        synchronized (cacheMap) {
+            Map<String, CacheData> copy = new HashMap<String, CacheData>(cacheMap.get());
+            copy.remove(groupKey);
+            cacheMap.set(copy);
+        }
+        LOGGER.info("[{}] [unsubscribe] {}", agent.getName(), groupKey);
+
+        MetricsMonitor.getListenConfigCountMonitor().set(cacheMap.get().size());
+    }
+
+    void removeCache(String dataId, String group, String tenant) {
+        String groupKey = GroupKey.getKeyTenant(dataId, group, tenant);
+        synchronized (cacheMap) {
+            Map<String, CacheData> copy = new HashMap<String, CacheData>(cacheMap.get());
+            copy.remove(groupKey);
+            cacheMap.set(copy);
+        }
+        LOGGER.info("[{}] [unsubscribe] {}", agent.getName(), groupKey);
+
+        MetricsMonitor.getListenConfigCountMonitor().set(cacheMap.get().size());
+    }
+
+    public CacheData addCacheDataIfAbsent(String dataId, String group) {
+        CacheData cache = getCache(dataId, group);
+        if (null != cache) {
+            return cache;
+        }
+
+        String key = GroupKey.getKey(dataId, group);
+        cache = new CacheData(configFilterChainManager, agent.getName(), dataId, group);
+
+        synchronized (cacheMap) {
+            CacheData cacheFromMap = getCache(dataId, group);
+            // multiple listeners on the same dataid+group and race condition,so double check again
+            //other listener thread beat me to set to cacheMap
+            if (null != cacheFromMap) {
+                cache = cacheFromMap;
+                //reset so that server not hang this check
+                cache.setInitializing(true);
+            } else {
+                int taskId = cacheMap.get().size() / (int) ParamUtil.getPerTaskConfigSize();
+                cache.setTaskId(taskId);
+            }
+
+            Map<String, CacheData> copy = new HashMap<String, CacheData>(cacheMap.get());
+            copy.put(key, cache);
+            cacheMap.set(copy);
+        }
+
+        LOGGER.info("[{}] [subscribe] {}", agent.getName(), key);
+
+        MetricsMonitor.getListenConfigCountMonitor().set(cacheMap.get().size());
+
+        return cache;
+    }
+
+    public CacheData addCacheDataIfAbsent(String dataId, String group, String tenant) throws NacosException {
+        CacheData cache = getCache(dataId, group, tenant);
+        if (null != cache) {
+            return cache;
+        }
+        String key = GroupKey.getKeyTenant(dataId, group, tenant);
+        synchronized (cacheMap) {
+            CacheData cacheFromMap = getCache(dataId, group, tenant);
+            // multiple listeners on the same dataid+group and race condition,so
+            // double check again
+            // other listener thread beat me to set to cacheMap
+            if (null != cacheFromMap) {
+                cache = cacheFromMap;
+                // reset so that server not hang this check
+                cache.setInitializing(true);
+            } else {
+                cache = new CacheData(configFilterChainManager, agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant);
+                // fix issue # 1317
+                if (enableRemoteSyncConfig) {
+                    String[] ct = getServerConfig(dataId, group, tenant, 3000L);
+                    cache.setContent(ct[0]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Map<String, CacheData> copy = new HashMap<String, CacheData>(cacheMap.get());
+            copy.put(key, cache);
+            cacheMap.set(copy);
+        }
+        LOGGER.info("[{}] [subscribe] {}", agent.getName(), key);
+
+        MetricsMonitor.getListenConfigCountMonitor().set(cacheMap.get().size());
+
+        return cache;
+    }
+
+    public CacheData getCache(String dataId, String group) {
+        return getCache(dataId, group, TenantUtil.getUserTenantForAcm());
+    }
+
+    public CacheData getCache(String dataId, String group, String tenant) {
+        if (null == dataId || null == group) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        }
+        return cacheMap.get().get(GroupKey.getKeyTenant(dataId, group, tenant));
+    }
+
+    public String[] getServerConfig(String dataId, String group, String tenant, long readTimeout)
+        throws NacosException {
+        String[] ct = new String[2];
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(group)) {
+            group = Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP;
+        }
+
+        HttpResult result = null;
+        try {
+            List<String> params = null;
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(tenant)) {
+                params = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList("dataId", dataId, "group", group));
+            } else {
+                params = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList("dataId", dataId, "group", group, "tenant", tenant));
+            }
+            result = agent.httpGet(Constants.CONFIG_CONTROLLER_PATH, null, params, agent.getEncode(), readTimeout);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            String message = String.format(
+                "[%s] [sub-server] get server config exception, dataId=%s, group=%s, tenant=%s", agent.getName(),
+                dataId, group, tenant);
+            LOGGER.error(message, e);
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.SERVER_ERROR, e);
+        }
+
+        switch (result.code) {
+            case HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK:
+                LocalConfigInfoProcessor.saveSnapshot(agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant, result.content);
+                ct[0] = result.content;
+                if (result.headers.containsKey(CONFIG_TYPE)) {
+                    ct[1] = result.headers.get(CONFIG_TYPE).get(0);
+                } else {
+                    ct[1] = ConfigType.TEXT.getType();
+                }
+                return ct;
+            case HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND:
+                LocalConfigInfoProcessor.saveSnapshot(agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant, null);
+                return ct;
+            case HttpURLConnection.HTTP_CONFLICT: {
+                LOGGER.error(
+                    "[{}] [sub-server-error] get server config being modified concurrently, dataId={}, group={}, "
+                        + "tenant={}", agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant);
+                throw new NacosException(NacosException.CONFLICT,
+                    "data being modified, dataId=" + dataId + ",group=" + group + ",tenant=" + tenant);
+            }
+            case HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN: {
+                LOGGER.error("[{}] [sub-server-error] no right, dataId={}, group={}, tenant={}", agent.getName(), dataId,
+                    group, tenant);
+                throw new NacosException(result.code, result.content);
+            }
+            default: {
+                LOGGER.error("[{}] [sub-server-error]  dataId={}, group={}, tenant={}, code={}", agent.getName(), dataId,
+                    group, tenant, result.code);
+                throw new NacosException(result.code,
+                    "http error, code=" + result.code + ",dataId=" + dataId + ",group=" + group + ",tenant=" + tenant);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkLocalConfig(CacheData cacheData) {
+        final String dataId = cacheData.dataId;
+        final String group = cacheData.group;
+        final String tenant = cacheData.tenant;
+        File path = LocalConfigInfoProcessor.getFailoverFile(agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant);
+
+        // 没有 -> 有
+        if (!cacheData.isUseLocalConfigInfo() && path.exists()) {
+            String content = LocalConfigInfoProcessor.getFailover(agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant);
+            String md5 = MD5.getInstance().getMD5String(content);
+            cacheData.setUseLocalConfigInfo(true);
+            cacheData.setLocalConfigInfoVersion(path.lastModified());
+            cacheData.setContent(content);
+
+            LOGGER.warn("[{}] [failover-change] failover file created. dataId={}, group={}, tenant={}, md5={}, content={}",
+                agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant, md5, ContentUtils.truncateContent(content));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // 有 -> 没有。不通知业务监听器，从server拿到配置后通知。
+        if (cacheData.isUseLocalConfigInfo() && !path.exists()) {
+            cacheData.setUseLocalConfigInfo(false);
+            LOGGER.warn("[{}] [failover-change] failover file deleted. dataId={}, group={}, tenant={}", agent.getName(),
+                dataId, group, tenant);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // 有变更
+        if (cacheData.isUseLocalConfigInfo() && path.exists()
+            && cacheData.getLocalConfigInfoVersion() != path.lastModified()) {
+            String content = LocalConfigInfoProcessor.getFailover(agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant);
+            String md5 = MD5.getInstance().getMD5String(content);
+            cacheData.setUseLocalConfigInfo(true);
+            cacheData.setLocalConfigInfoVersion(path.lastModified());
+            cacheData.setContent(content);
+            LOGGER.warn("[{}] [failover-change] failover file changed. dataId={}, group={}, tenant={}, md5={}, content={}",
+                agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant, md5, ContentUtils.truncateContent(content));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String null2defaultGroup(String group) {
+        return (null == group) ? Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP : group.trim();
+    }
+
+    public void checkConfigInfo() {
+        // 分任务
+        int listenerSize = cacheMap.get().size();
+        // 向上取整为批数
+        int longingTaskCount = (int) Math.ceil(listenerSize / ParamUtil.getPerTaskConfigSize());
+        if (longingTaskCount > currentLongingTaskCount) {
+            for (int i = (int) currentLongingTaskCount; i < longingTaskCount; i++) {
+                // 要判断任务是否在执行 这块需要好好想想。 任务列表现在是无序的。变化过程可能有问题
+                executorService.execute(new LongPollingRunnable(i));
+            }
+            currentLongingTaskCount = longingTaskCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 从Server获取值变化了的DataID列表。返回的对象里只有dataId和group是有效的。 保证不返回NULL。
+     */
+    List<String> checkUpdateDataIds(List<CacheData> cacheDatas, List<String> inInitializingCacheList) throws IOException {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (CacheData cacheData : cacheDatas) {
+            if (!cacheData.isUseLocalConfigInfo()) {
+                sb.append(cacheData.dataId).append(WORD_SEPARATOR);
+                sb.append(cacheData.group).append(WORD_SEPARATOR);
+                if (StringUtils.isBlank(cacheData.tenant)) {
+                    sb.append(cacheData.getMd5()).append(LINE_SEPARATOR);
+                } else {
+                    sb.append(cacheData.getMd5()).append(WORD_SEPARATOR);
+                    sb.append(cacheData.getTenant()).append(LINE_SEPARATOR);
+                }
+                if (cacheData.isInitializing()) {
+                    // cacheData 首次出现在cacheMap中&首次check更新
+                    inInitializingCacheList
+                        .add(GroupKey.getKeyTenant(cacheData.dataId, cacheData.group, cacheData.tenant));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        boolean isInitializingCacheList = !inInitializingCacheList.isEmpty();
+        return checkUpdateConfigStr(sb.toString(), isInitializingCacheList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 从Server获取值变化了的DataID列表。返回的对象里只有dataId和group是有效的。 保证不返回NULL。
+     */
+    List<String> checkUpdateConfigStr(String probeUpdateString, boolean isInitializingCacheList) throws IOException {
+
+
+        List<String> params = new ArrayList<String>(2);
+        params.add(Constants.PROBE_MODIFY_REQUEST);
+        params.add(probeUpdateString);
+
+        List<String> headers = new ArrayList<String>(2);
+        headers.add("Long-Pulling-Timeout");
+        headers.add("" + timeout);
+
+        // told server do not hang me up if new initializing cacheData added in
+        if (isInitializingCacheList) {
+            headers.add("Long-Pulling-Timeout-No-Hangup");
+            headers.add("true");
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(probeUpdateString)) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // In order to prevent the server from handling the delay of the client's long task,
+            // increase the client's read timeout to avoid this problem.
+
+            long readTimeoutMs = timeout + (long) Math.round(timeout >> 1);
+            HttpResult result = agent.httpPost(Constants.CONFIG_CONTROLLER_PATH + "/listener", headers, params,
+                agent.getEncode(), readTimeoutMs);
+
+            if (HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK == result.code) {
+                setHealthServer(true);
+                return parseUpdateDataIdResponse(result.content);
+            } else {
+                setHealthServer(false);
+                LOGGER.error("[{}] [check-update] get changed dataId error, code: {}", agent.getName(), result.code);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            setHealthServer(false);
+            LOGGER.error("[" + agent.getName() + "] [check-update] get changed dataId exception", e);
+            throw e;
+        }
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 从HTTP响应拿到变化的groupKey。保证不返回NULL。
+     */
+    private List<String> parseUpdateDataIdResponse(String response) {
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(response)) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            response = URLDecoder.decode(response, "UTF-8");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOGGER.error("[" + agent.getName() + "] [polling-resp] decode modifiedDataIdsString error", e);
+        }
+
+        List<String> updateList = new LinkedList<String>();
+
+        for (String dataIdAndGroup : response.split(LINE_SEPARATOR)) {
+            if (!StringUtils.isBlank(dataIdAndGroup)) {
+                String[] keyArr = dataIdAndGroup.split(WORD_SEPARATOR);
+                String dataId = keyArr[0];
+                String group = keyArr[1];
+                if (keyArr.length == 2) {
+                    updateList.add(GroupKey.getKey(dataId, group));
+                    LOGGER.info("[{}] [polling-resp] config changed. dataId={}, group={}", agent.getName(), dataId, group);
+                } else if (keyArr.length == 3) {
+                    String tenant = keyArr[2];
+                    updateList.add(GroupKey.getKeyTenant(dataId, group, tenant));
+                    LOGGER.info("[{}] [polling-resp] config changed. dataId={}, group={}, tenant={}", agent.getName(),
+                        dataId, group, tenant);
+                } else {
+                    LOGGER.error("[{}] [polling-resp] invalid dataIdAndGroup error {}", agent.getName(), dataIdAndGroup);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return updateList;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("PMD.ThreadPoolCreationRule")
+    public ClientWorker(final HttpAgent agent, final ConfigFilterChainManager configFilterChainManager, final Properties properties) {
+        this.agent = agent;
+        this.configFilterChainManager = configFilterChainManager;
+
+        // Initialize the timeout parameter
+
+        init(properties);
+
+        executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1, new ThreadFactory() {
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+                Thread t = new Thread(r);
+                t.setName("com.alibaba.nacos.client.Worker." + agent.getName());
+                t.setDaemon(true);
+                return t;
+            }
+        });
+
+        executorService = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(), new ThreadFactory() {
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+                Thread t = new Thread(r);
+                t.setName("com.alibaba.nacos.client.Worker.longPolling." + agent.getName());
+                t.setDaemon(true);
+                return t;
+            }
+        });
+
+        executor.scheduleWithFixedDelay(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    checkConfigInfo();
+                } catch (Throwable e) {
+                    LOGGER.error("[" + agent.getName() + "] [sub-check] rotate check error", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }, 1L, 10L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    private void init(Properties properties) {
+
+        timeout = Math.max(NumberUtils.toInt(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.CONFIG_LONG_POLL_TIMEOUT),
+            Constants.CONFIG_LONG_POLL_TIMEOUT), Constants.MIN_CONFIG_LONG_POLL_TIMEOUT);
+
+        taskPenaltyTime = NumberUtils.toInt(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.CONFIG_RETRY_TIME), Constants.CONFIG_RETRY_TIME);
+
+        enableRemoteSyncConfig = Boolean.parseBoolean(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.ENABLE_REMOTE_SYNC_CONFIG));
+    }
+
+    class LongPollingRunnable implements Runnable {
+        private int taskId;
+
+        public LongPollingRunnable(int taskId) {
+            this.taskId = taskId;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+
+            List<CacheData> cacheDatas = new ArrayList<CacheData>();
+            List<String> inInitializingCacheList = new ArrayList<String>();
+            try {
+                // check failover config
+                for (CacheData cacheData : cacheMap.get().values()) {
+                    if (cacheData.getTaskId() == taskId) {
+                        cacheDatas.add(cacheData);
+                        try {
+                            checkLocalConfig(cacheData);
+                            if (cacheData.isUseLocalConfigInfo()) {
+                                cacheData.checkListenerMd5();
+                            }
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            LOGGER.error("get local config info error", e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // check server config
+                List<String> changedGroupKeys = checkUpdateDataIds(cacheDatas, inInitializingCacheList);
+                LOGGER.info("get changedGroupKeys:" + changedGroupKeys);
+
+                for (String groupKey : changedGroupKeys) {
+                    String[] key = GroupKey.parseKey(groupKey);
+                    String dataId = key[0];
+                    String group = key[1];
+                    String tenant = null;
+                    if (key.length == 3) {
+                        tenant = key[2];
+                    }
+                    try {
+                        String[] ct = getServerConfig(dataId, group, tenant, 3000L);
+                        CacheData cache = cacheMap.get().get(GroupKey.getKeyTenant(dataId, group, tenant));
+                        cache.setContent(ct[0]);
+                        if (null != ct[1]) {
+                            cache.setType(ct[1]);
+                        }
+                        LOGGER.info("[{}] [data-received] dataId={}, group={}, tenant={}, md5={}, content={}, type={}",
+                            agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant, cache.getMd5(),
+                            ContentUtils.truncateContent(ct[0]), ct[1]);
+                    } catch (NacosException ioe) {
+                        String message = String.format(
+                            "[%s] [get-update] get changed config exception. dataId=%s, group=%s, tenant=%s",
+                            agent.getName(), dataId, group, tenant);
+                        LOGGER.error(message, ioe);
+                    }
+                }
+                for (CacheData cacheData : cacheDatas) {
+                    if (!cacheData.isInitializing() || inInitializingCacheList
+                        .contains(GroupKey.getKeyTenant(cacheData.dataId, cacheData.group, cacheData.tenant))) {
+                        cacheData.checkListenerMd5();
+                        cacheData.setInitializing(false);
+                    }
+                }
+                inInitializingCacheList.clear();
+
+                executorService.execute(this);
+
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+
+                // If the rotation training task is abnormal, the next execution time of the task will be punished
+                LOGGER.error("longPolling error : ", e);
+                executorService.schedule(this, taskPenaltyTime, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isHealthServer() {
+        return isHealthServer;
+    }
+
+    private void setHealthServer(boolean isHealthServer) {
+        this.isHealthServer = isHealthServer;
+    }
+
+    final ScheduledExecutorService executor;
+    final ScheduledExecutorService executorService;
+
+    /**
+     * groupKey -> cacheData
+     */
+    private final AtomicReference<Map<String, CacheData>> cacheMap = new AtomicReference<Map<String, CacheData>>(
+        new HashMap<String, CacheData>());
+
+    private final HttpAgent agent;
+    private final ConfigFilterChainManager configFilterChainManager;
+    private boolean isHealthServer = true;
+    private long timeout;
+    private double currentLongingTaskCount = 0;
+    private int taskPenaltyTime;
+    private boolean enableRemoteSyncConfig = false;
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `content` last assigned on line 303 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getMD5String(...)` at line 304.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClientWorker.checkLocalConfig(CacheData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.impl.ClientWorker.checkLocalConfig(com.alibaba.nacos.client.config.i.fa6a329179720d5f7f63d8cd23713f02
+
+### File:
+client/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/client/config/impl/ClientWorker.java
+
+### Key:
+ClientWorker.java|checkLocalConfig|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fed1b52301f1391264aa51085e599d3a
+
+### Hash:
+f644c7705cd83e37e082552a39bedfbf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5094/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5094/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..825ad9b9e5b412c24286e4739f2b2c014534f54f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5094/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2489 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.TypeReference;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.IoUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.Md5Utils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtil;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.boot.RunningConfig;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.misc.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.ClientInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.DataSource;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.PushService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.Datum;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftCore;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftPeer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftProxy;
+import com.ning.http.client.AsyncCompletionHandler;
+import com.ning.http.client.Response;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import org.apache.catalina.util.ParameterMap;
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.util.VersionUtil;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.security.AccessControlException;
+import java.security.InvalidParameterException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * Old API entry
+ *
+ * @author nacos
+ */
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api")
+public class ApiCommands {
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected DomainsManager domainsManager;
+
+
+    private DataSource pushDataSource = new DataSource() {
+
+        @Override
+        public String getData(PushService.PushClient client) throws Exception {
+
+            Map<String, String[]> params = new HashMap<String, String[]>(10);
+            params.put("dom", new String[]{client.getDom()});
+            params.put("clusters", new String[]{client.getClusters()});
+
+            // set udp port to 0, otherwise will cause recursion
+            params.put("udpPort", new String[]{"0"});
+
+            InetAddress inetAddress = client.getSocketAddr().getAddress();
+            params.put("clientIP", new String[]{inetAddress.getHostAddress()});
+            params.put("header:Client-Version", new String[]{client.getAgent()});
+
+            JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+            try {
+                result = ApiCommands.this.srvIPXT(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(params));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("PUSH-SERVICE: dom is not modified", e);
+            }
+
+            // overdrive the cache millis to push mode
+            result.put("cacheMillis", Switch.getPushCacheMillis(client.getDom()));
+
+            return result.toJSONString();
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    @RequestMapping("/dom")
+    public JSONObject dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        // SDK before version 2.0,0 use 'name' instead of 'dom' here
+        String name = BaseServlet.optional(request, "name", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
+            name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("DOM", "request dom:" + name);
+
+        Domain dom = domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "Dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        return toPacket(dom);
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domCount")
+    public JSONObject domCount(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("count", domainsManager.getDomCount());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/rt4Dom")
+    public JSONObject rt4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj
+                = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("request dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : domObj.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+            HealthCheckTask task = entry.getValue().getHealthCheckTask();
+
+            packet.put("name", entry.getKey());
+            packet.put("checkRTBest", task.getCheckRTBest());
+            packet.put("checkRTWorst", task.getCheckRTWorst());
+            packet.put("checkRTNormalized", task.getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+            clusters.add(packet);
+        }
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom2")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom2(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found.");
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = dom.allIPs();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            ipArray.add(ip.toIPAddr() + "_" + ip.isValid() + "_" + ip.getInvalidType());
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+            String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String agent = BaseServlet.optional(request, "header:Client-Version", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+            if (dom == null) {
+                throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found!");
+            }
+
+            List<IpAddress> ips = null;
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+                ips = dom.allIPs();
+            } else {
+                ips = dom.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+            }
+
+            if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ips)) {
+                result.put("ips", Collections.emptyList());
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ClientInfo clientInfo = new ClientInfo(agent);
+
+            JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipPac = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+                ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipPac.put("app", ip.getApp());
+
+                if (clientInfo.version.compareTo(VersionUtil.parseVersion("1.5.0")) >= 0) {
+                    ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+                } else {
+                    double weight = ip.getWeight();
+                    if (weight == 0) {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    } else {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight() < 1 ? 1 : (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    }
+                }
+                ipPac.put("checkRT", ip.getCheckRT());
+                ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+                ipPac.put("invalidType", ip.getInvalidType());
+
+                ipArray.add(ipPac);
+            }
+
+            result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("VIPSRV-IP4DOM", "failed to call ip4Dom, caused " + e.getMessage());
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/regDom")
+    public String regDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom already exists, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/clientBeat")
+    public JSONObject clientBeat(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String beat = BaseServlet.required(request, "beat");
+        RsInfo clientBeat = JSON.parseObject(beat, RsInfo.class);
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String app;
+        app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterName = clientBeat.getCluster();
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("client-beat", "beat: " + beat);
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        //if domain does not exist, register it.
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+            stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("enableClientBeat", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("cktype", Arrays.asList("TCP").toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("appName", Arrays.asList(app).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("clusterName", Arrays.asList(clusterName).toArray(new String[1]));
+            regDom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+
+            virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+            String ip = clientBeat.getIp();
+            int port = clientBeat.getPort();
+
+            IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+            ipAddress.setPort(port);
+            ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+            ipAddress.setWeight(1);
+            ipAddress.setClusterName(clusterName);
+
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            addIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("dom not found, register it, dom:" + dom);
+        }
+
+        if (!DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+            String server = DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom);
+            Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("I'm not responsible for " + dom + ", proxy it to " + server);
+            Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                String key = entry.getKey();
+                String value = entry.getValue()[0];
+                proxyParams.put(key, value);
+            }
+
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server + RunningConfig.getContextPath()
+                    + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/clientBeat";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult httpResult = HttpClient.httpGet(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (httpResult.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to proxy client beat to" + server + ", beat: " + beat);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+                virtualClusterDomain.processClientBeat(clientBeat);
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("clientBeatInterval", Switch.getClientBeatInterval());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private String addOrReplaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "token", Md5Utils.getMD5(dom, "utf-8"));
+
+        float protectThreshold = NumberUtils.toFloat(BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", "0.0"));
+        boolean isUseSpecifiedURL = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isUseSpecifiedURL", "false"));
+        String envAndSite = BaseServlet.optional(request, "envAndSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean resetWeight = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", "false"));
+        boolean enableHealthCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", "true"));
+        boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enable", "true"));
+        String disabledSites = BaseServlet.optional(request, "disabledSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean eanbleClientBeat = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", "false"));
+        String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+        String serviceMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("RESET-WEIGHT", String.valueOf(resetWeight));
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = new VirtualClusterDomain();
+        domObj.setName(dom);
+        domObj.setToken(token);
+        domObj.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        domObj.setProtectThreshold(protectThreshold);
+        domObj.setUseSpecifiedURL(isUseSpecifiedURL);
+        domObj.setResetWeight(resetWeight);
+        domObj.setEnableHealthCheck(enableHealthCheck);
+        domObj.setEnabled(enable);
+        domObj.setEnableClientBeat(eanbleClientBeat);
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(serviceMetadataJson)) {
+            domObj.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(serviceMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+            }));
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(envAndSite) && StringUtils.isNotEmpty(disabledSites)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("envAndSite and disabledSites are not allowed both not empty.");
+        }
+
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            // new format
+            List<Cluster> clusterObjs = JSON.parseArray(clusters, Cluster.class);
+
+            for (Cluster cluster : clusterObjs) {
+                domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // old format, default cluster will be constructed automatically
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+
+            Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp();
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+
+            } else if (AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql();
+                String user = BaseServlet.optional(request, "user", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "pwd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cmd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(clusterName, cluster);
+        }
+
+        // now valid the dom. if failed, exception will be thrown
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceDom")
+    public String replaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom doesn't exist, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("dom: " + dom + " is updated, operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private IpAddress getIPAddress(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String weight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "weight", "1");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cluster)) {
+            cluster = BaseServlet.required(request, "clusterName");
+        }
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+        ipAddress.setPort(Integer.parseInt(port));
+        ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+        ipAddress.setWeight(Double.parseDouble(weight));
+        ipAddress.setClusterName(cluster);
+
+        return ipAddress;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/deRegService")
+    public String deRegService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceName", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(dom)) {
+            dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        ParameterMap<String, String[]> parameterMap = new ParameterMap<>();
+        parameterMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+        MockHttpRequest mockHttpRequest = MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(parameterMap);
+
+        return remvIP4Dom(mockHttpRequest);
+
+    }
+
+    @SuppressFBWarnings("JLM_JSR166_LOCK_MONITORENTER")
+    @RequestMapping("/regService")
+    public String regService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", "DEFAULT");
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String instanceMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "metadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        ipAddress.setApp(app);
+        ipAddress.setLastBeat(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(instanceMetadataJson)) {
+            ipAddress.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(instanceMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+            }));
+        }
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON() + "|" + env + "|" + tenant + "|" + app);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+
+            regDom(request);
+
+            Lock lock = domainsManager.addLock(dom);
+
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait(5000L);
+            }
+
+            virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        }
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+
+            if (!virtualClusterDomain.getClusterMap().containsKey(ipAddress.getClusterName())) {
+                doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+            }
+
+            Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service", "add ip: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON());
+            Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+            stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+            doAddIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateDom")
+    public String updateDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        // dom
+        String name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+        if (leader == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("not leader at present, cannot update");
+        }
+
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(owners)) {
+            dom.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "newToken", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(token)) {
+            dom.setToken(token);
+        }
+
+        String enableClientBeat = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableClientBeat)) {
+            dom.setEnableClientBeat(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableClientBeat));
+        }
+
+        String protectThreshold = BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(protectThreshold)) {
+            dom.setProtectThreshold(Float.parseFloat(protectThreshold));
+        }
+
+        String sitegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "sitegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String setSiteGroupForce = BaseServlet.optional(request, "setSiteGroupForce", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(sitegroup) || !StringUtils.isEmpty(setSiteGroupForce)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSitegroup(sitegroup);
+        }
+
+        String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(cktype)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.HTTP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(BaseServlet.required(request, "path"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.TCP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.MYSQL_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql();
+                config.setCmd(BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd"));
+                config.setPwd(BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd"));
+                config.setUser(BaseServlet.required(request, "user"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported health check type: " + cktype);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        String defIPPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defIPPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(Integer.parseInt(defIPPort));
+        }
+
+        String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+        }
+
+        String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(ipPort4Check)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+        }
+
+        String defCkPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defCkPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefCkport(Integer.parseInt(defCkPort));
+        }
+
+        String useSpecifiedUrl = BaseServlet.optional(request, "useSpecifiedURL", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(useSpecifiedUrl)) {
+            dom.setUseSpecifiedURL(Boolean.parseBoolean(useSpecifiedUrl));
+        }
+
+        String resetWeight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(resetWeight)) {
+            dom.setResetWeight(Boolean.parseBoolean(resetWeight));
+        }
+
+        String enableHealthCheck = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableHealthCheck)) {
+            dom.setEnableHealthCheck(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableHealthCheck));
+        }
+
+        String enabled = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enabled", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enabled)) {
+            dom.setEnabled(Boolean.parseBoolean(enabled));
+        }
+
+        String ipDeletedTimeout = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipDeletedTimeout", "-1");
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(ipDeletedTimeout)) {
+            long timeout = Long.parseLong(ipDeletedTimeout);
+            if (timeout < VirtualClusterDomain.MINIMUM_IP_DELETE_TIMEOUT) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("ipDeletedTimeout is too short: " + timeout + ", better longer than 60000");
+            }
+
+            dom.setIpDeleteTimeout(timeout);
+        }
+
+        // now do the validation
+        dom.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        dom.recalculateChecksum();
+        dom.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/hello")
+    public JSONObject hello(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("msg", "Hello! I am Nacos-Naming and healthy! total dom: diamond "
+                + domainsManager.getDomMap().size() + ",raft " + domainsManager.getRaftDomMap().size()
+                + ", local port:" + RunningConfig.getServerPort());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvDom")
+    public String remvDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("specified domain doesn't exists.");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemoveDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getDomsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Set<String> doms = new HashSet<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (ip.contains(":")) {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/onAddIP4Dom")
+    public String onAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.required(request, "clientIP");
+
+        long term = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "term"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader(clientIP)) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("peer(" + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader, leader: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getLeader()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("peer(" + clientIP + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader");
+        }
+
+        if (term < RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("out of date publish, pub-term: "
+                    + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ", cur-term: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("out of date publish, pub-term:"
+                    + term + ", cur-term: " + RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get());
+        }
+
+        RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().resetLeaderDue();
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", Boolean.FALSE.toString()));
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<String> ipList;
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        long timestamp = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "timestamp"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+        domainsManager.easyAddIP4Dom(dom, newIPs, timestamp, term);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    private String doAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+            proxyParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+        }
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        final List<String> ipList;
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString);
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.info("I'm not leader, will proxy to leader.");
+            if (RaftCore.getLeader() == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("no leader now.");
+            }
+
+            RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+
+            String server = leader.ip;
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server
+                    + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/addIP4Dom";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult result1 = HttpClient.httpPost(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (result1.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+            }
+
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+
+        String key = UtilsAndCommons.getIPListStoreKey(domainsManager.getDomain(dom));
+
+        long timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.lock();
+            try {
+                final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(RaftCore.getPeerSet().majorityCount());
+                proxyParams.put("clientIP", NetUtils.localIP());
+                proxyParams.put("notify", "true");
+
+                proxyParams.put("term", String.valueOf(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term));
+                proxyParams.put("timestamp", String.valueOf(timestamp));
+
+                for (final RaftPeer peer : RaftCore.getPeers()) {
+                    String server = peer.ip;
+                    if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                        server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+                    }
+                    String url = "http://" + server
+                            + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/onAddIP4Dom";
+                    HttpClient.asyncHttpPost(url, null, proxyParams, new AsyncCompletionHandler() {
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer onCompleted(Response response) throws Exception {
+                            if (response.getStatusCode() != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom: " + dom
+                                        + ",ipList = " + ipList + ",code: " + response.getStatusCode()
+                                        + ", caused " + response.getResponseBody() + ", server: " + peer.ip);
+                                return 1;
+                            }
+                            countDownLatch.countDown();
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+                if (!countDownLatch.await(UtilsAndCommons.MAX_PUBLISH_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                    Loggers.RAFT.info("data publish failed, key=" + key, ",notify timeout.");
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("data publish failed, key=" + key);
+                }
+
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-ADD}" + " new: "
+                        + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operatorIP: "
+                        + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+            } finally {
+                RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addIP4Dom")
+    public String addIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddIP4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceIP4Dom")
+    public synchronized String replaceIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.required(request, "cluster");
+
+        List<String> ips = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList").split(","));
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<IpAddress>(ips.size());
+        for (String ip : ips) {
+            IpAddress ipObj = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+            if (ipObj == null || ipObj.getPort() <= 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed ip: " + ip + ", format: ip:port[_weight][_cluster]");
+            }
+
+            ipObj.setClusterName(cluster);
+            ipObjList.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ipObjList)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyReplaceIP4Dom(dom, cluster, ipObjList);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvAllIP")
+    public JSONObject srvAllIP(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs();
+        } else {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+            ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipObj.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("doubleWeight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.generateInstanceId());
+            ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+            ipArray.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum());
+        result.put("allIPs", "true");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvIPXT")
+    @ResponseBody
+    public JSONObject srvIPXT(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String agent = request.getHeader("Client-Version");
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Integer udpPort = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "udpPort", "0"));
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String error = BaseServlet.optional(request, "unconsistentDom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean isCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isCheck", "false"));
+
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        boolean healthyOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "healthOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(error)) {
+            Loggers.ROLE_LOG.info("ENV-NOT-CONSISTENT", error);
+        }
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        // now try to enable the push
+        try {
+            if (udpPort > 0 && PushService.canEnablePush(agent)) {
+                PushService.addClient(dom,
+                        clusters,
+                        agent,
+                        new InetSocketAddress(clientIP, udpPort),
+                        pushDataSource,
+                        tenant,
+                        app);
+                cacheMillis = Switch.getPushCacheMillis(dom);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("VIPSRV-API", "failed to added push client", e);
+            cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        srvedIPs = domObj.srvIPs(clientIP, Arrays.asList(StringUtils.split(clusters, ",")));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(srvedIPs)) {
+            String msg = "no ip to serve for dom: " + dom;
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug(msg);
+        }
+
+        Map<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> ipMap = new HashMap<>(2);
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.TRUE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.FALSE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            ipMap.get(ip.isValid()).add(ip);
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("reachProtectThreshold", false);
+        }
+
+        double threshold = domObj.getProtectThreshold();
+
+        if ((float) ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).size() / srvedIPs.size() <= threshold) {
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("protect threshold reached, return all ips, " +
+                    "dom: " + dom);
+            if (isCheck) {
+                result.put("reachProtectThreshold", true);
+            }
+
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).addAll(ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE));
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE).clear();
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("protectThreshold", domObj.getProtectThreshold());
+            result.put("reachLocalSiteCallThreshold", false);
+
+            return new JSONObject();
+        }
+
+        JSONArray hosts = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> entry : ipMap.entrySet()) {
+            List<IpAddress> ips = entry.getValue();
+
+            if (healthyOnly && !entry.getKey()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipObj.put("valid", entry.getKey());
+                ipObj.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.generateInstanceId());
+                ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+                double weight = ip.getWeight();
+
+                ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+
+                hosts.add(ipObj);
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", hosts);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum() + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("useSpecifiedURL", false);
+        result.put("env", env);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvIP4Dom")
+    public String remvIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> ipList = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<>(ipList.size());
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipObjList = newIPs;
+        } else {
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                ipObjList.add(IpAddress.fromJSON(ip));
+            }
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemvIP4Dom(dom, ipObjList);
+
+        Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-REMV}" + " dead: "
+                + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/pushState")
+    public JSONObject pushState(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        boolean detail = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "detail", "false"));
+        boolean reset = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "reset", "false"));
+
+        List<PushService.Receiver.AckEntry> failedPushes = PushService.getFailedPushes();
+        int failedPushCount = PushService.getFailedPushCount();
+        result.put("succeed", PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount);
+        result.put("total", PushService.getTotalPush());
+
+        if (PushService.getTotalPush() > 0) {
+            result.put("ratio", ((float) PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount) / PushService.getTotalPush());
+        } else {
+            result.put("ratio", 0);
+        }
+
+        JSONArray dataArray = new JSONArray();
+        if (detail) {
+            for (PushService.Receiver.AckEntry entry : failedPushes) {
+                try {
+                    dataArray.add(new String(entry.origin.getData(), "UTF-8"));
+                } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+                    dataArray.add("[encoding failure]");
+                }
+            }
+            result.put("data", dataArray);
+        }
+
+        if (reset) {
+            PushService.resetPushState();
+        }
+
+        result.put("reset", reset);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateSwitch")
+    public String updateSwitch(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        Boolean debug = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "debug", "false"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader() && !debug) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                tmpParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+            }
+
+            RaftProxy.proxyGET(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/updateSwitch", tmpParams);
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        try {
+            lock.lock();
+            String entry = BaseServlet.required(request, "entry");
+
+            Datum datum = RaftCore.getDatum(UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00");
+            SwitchDomain switchDomain = null;
+
+            if (datum != null) {
+                switchDomain = JSON.parseObject(datum.value, SwitchDomain.class);
+            } else {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("datum: " + UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00 is null");
+            }
+
+            if (SwitchEntry.BATCH.equals(entry)) {
+                //batch update
+                SwitchDomain dom = JSON.parseObject(BaseServlet.required(request, "json"), SwitchDomain.class);
+                dom.setEnableStandalone(Switch.isEnableStandalone());
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min check time for http or tcp is too small(<500)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("max check time for http or tcp is too small(<3000)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed factor");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDom(dom);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (switchDomain != null) {
+                Switch.setDom(switchDomain);
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO_THRESHOLD)) {
+                Float threshold = Float.parseFloat(BaseServlet.required(request, "distroThreshold"));
+
+                if (threshold <= 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("distroThreshold can not be zero or negative: " + threshold);
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDistroThreshold(threshold);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_ALL_DOM_NAME_CACHE)) {
+                Boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableAllDomNameCache"));
+                Switch.setAllDomNameCache(enable);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.INCREMENTAL_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> doms = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "incrementalList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().addAll(doms);
+                } else if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().removeAll(doms);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("action is not allowed: " + action);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_WHITLE_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> whiteList = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "healthCheckWhiteList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().addAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().removeAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_BEAT_INTERVAL)) {
+                long clientBeatInterval = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "clientBeatInterval"));
+                Switch.setClientBeatInterval(clientBeatInterval);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushCVersion(version);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.TRAFFIC_SCHEDULING_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingCVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_TENGINE, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingTengineVersion(version);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_PUSH_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min cache time for http or tcp is too small(<10000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setPushCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            // extremely careful while modifying this, cause it will affect all clients without pushing enabled
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DEFAULT_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min default cache time  is too small(<1000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.MASTERS)) {
+                List<String> masters = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "names").split(","));
+
+                Switch.setMasters(masters);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setDistroEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CHECK)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setHeathCheckEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DOM_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_DOM_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("domStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<5000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDomStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SERVER_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_SERVER_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("serverStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<15000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setServerStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_TIMES)) {
+                Integer times = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.required(request, "times"));
+
+                Switch.setCheckTimes(times);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISABLE_ADD_IP)) {
+                boolean disableAddIP = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "disableAddIP"));
+
+                Switch.setDisableAddIP(disableAddIP);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_CACHE)) {
+                boolean enableCache = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableCache"));
+
+                Switch.setEnableCache(enableCache);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SEND_BEAT_ONLY)) {
+                boolean sendBeatOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "sendBeatOnly"));
+
+                Switch.setSendBeatOnly(sendBeatOnly);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.LIMITED_URL_MAP)) {
+                Map<String, Integer> limitedUrlMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+                String limitedUrls = BaseServlet.required(request, "limitedUrls");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrls)) {
+                    String[] entries = limitedUrls.split(",");
+                    for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                        String[] parts = entries[i].split(":");
+                        if (parts.length < 2) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid input for limited urls");
+                        }
+
+                        String limitedUrl = parts[0];
+                        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrl)) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("url can not be empty, url: " + limitedUrl);
+                        }
+
+                        int statusCode = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+                        if (statusCode <= 0) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal normal status code: " + statusCode);
+                        }
+
+                        limitedUrlMap.put(limitedUrl, statusCode);
+
+                    }
+
+                    Switch.setLimitedUrlMap(limitedUrlMap);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_STANDALONE)) {
+                String enable = BaseServlet.required(request, "enableStandalone");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(enable)) {
+                    Switch.setEnableStandalone(Boolean.parseBoolean(enable));
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("update entry not found: " + entry);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkStatus")
+    public JSONObject checkStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthCheckEnabled", Switch.isHealthCheckEnabled());
+        result.put("allDoms", domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+                doms.add(dom);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("respDoms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public void checkIfDisabled(VirtualClusterDomain domObj) throws Exception {
+        if (!domObj.getEnabled()) {
+            throw new Exception("domain is disabled now.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/switches")
+    public JSONObject switches(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        return JSON.parseObject(Switch.getDom().toJSON());
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getVersion")
+    public JSONObject getVersion(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        InputStream is = ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("application.properties");
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        properties.load(is);
+
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            result.put("server version", properties.getProperty("version"));
+            result.put("change log", properties1.getProperty(properties.getProperty("version")));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getAllChangeLog")
+    public JSONObject getAllChangeLog(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            for (String name : properties1.stringPropertyNames()) {
+                result.put(name, properties1.getProperty(name));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/allDomNames")
+    public JSONObject allDomNames(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        boolean responsibleOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "responsibleOnly", "false"));
+        boolean withOwner = Boolean.parseBoolean((BaseServlet.optional(request, "withOwner", "false")));
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        Set<String> domSet;
+
+        domSet = domainsManager.getAllDomNames();
+        for (String dom : domSet) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom) || !responsibleOnly) {
+                if (withOwner) {
+                    doms.add(dom + ":" + ArrayUtils.toString(domainsManager.getDomain(dom).getOwners()));
+                } else {
+                    doms.add(dom);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+        result.put("count", doms.size());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/searchDom")
+    public JSONObject searchDom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String expr = BaseServlet.required(request, "expr");
+
+        List<Domain> doms
+                = domainsManager.searchDomains(".*" + expr + ".*");
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(doms)) {
+            result.put("doms", Collections.emptyList());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        JSONArray domArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Domain dom : doms) {
+            domArray.add(dom.getName());
+        }
+
+        result.put("doms", domArray);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getWeightsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getWeightsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Map<String, List<IpAddress>> dom2IPList = new HashMap<String, List<IpAddress>>(1024);
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (StringUtils.startsWith(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                    List<IpAddress> list = dom2IPList.get(domObj.getName());
+
+                    if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list)) {
+                        list = new ArrayList<>();
+                        dom2IPList.put(domObj.getName(), list);
+                    }
+                    list.add(ipObj);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, List<IpAddress>> entry : dom2IPList.entrySet()) {
+            for (IpAddress ipAddress : entry.getValue()) {
+
+                JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+                packet.put("dom", entry.getKey());
+                packet.put("ip", ipAddress.getIp());
+                packet.put("weight", ipAddress.getWeight());
+                packet.put("port", ipAddress.getPort());
+                packet.put("cluster", ipAddress.getClusterName());
+
+                ipArray.add(packet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("code", 200);
+        result.put("successful", "success");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private Cluster getClusterFromJson(String json) {
+        JSONObject object = JSON.parseObject(json);
+        String type = object.getJSONObject("healthChecker").getString("type");
+        AbstractHealthCheckConfig abstractHealthCheckConfig;
+
+        if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql.class);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can not prase cluster from json: " + json);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = JSON.parseObject(json, Cluster.class);
+
+        cluster.setHealthChecker(abstractHealthCheckConfig);
+        return cluster;
+    }
+
+    public String doAddCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String json = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterJson", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(json)) {
+            try {
+                cluster = getClusterFromJson(json);
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("ADD-CLUSTER", "failed to parse json, try old format.");
+            }
+        } else {
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+            String siteGroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "siteGroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthCheckConfig.Mysql();
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd");
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd");
+                String user = BaseServlet.required(request, "user");
+
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+            cluster.setSitegroup(siteGroup);
+
+            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+                cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+            }
+        }
+        cluster.setDom(domObj);
+        cluster.init();
+
+        if (domObj.getClusterMap().containsKey(cluster.getName())) {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().get(cluster.getName()).update(cluster);
+        } else {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+        }
+
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addCluster4Dom")
+    public String addCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This API returns dom names only. you should use API: dom to retrieve dom details
+     */
+    @RequestMapping("/domList")
+    public JSONObject domList(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        int page = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.required(request, "startPg"));
+        int pageSize = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.required(request, "pgSize"));
+
+        List<Domain> doms = domainsManager.getPagedDom(page, pageSize);
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(doms)) {
+            result.put("domList", Collections.emptyList());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        JSONArray domArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Domain dom : doms) {
+            domArray.add(dom.getName());
+        }
+
+        result.put("domList", domArray);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/distroStatus")
+    public JSONObject distroStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String action = BaseServlet.optional(request, "action", "view");
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW, action)) {
+            result.put("status", DistroMapper.getDistroConfig());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_CLEAN, action)) {
+            DistroMapper.clean();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/metrics")
+    public JSONObject metrics(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        int domCount = domainsManager.getDomCount();
+        int ipCount = domainsManager.getIPCount();
+
+        int responsibleDomCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleDoms().size();
+        int responsibleIPCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleIPCount();
+
+        result.put("domCount", domCount);
+        result.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        result.put("responsibleDomCount", responsibleDomCount);
+        result.put("responsibleIPCount", responsibleIPCount);
+        result.put("cpu", SystemUtil.getCPU());
+        result.put("load", SystemUtil.getLoad());
+        result.put("mem", SystemUtil.getMem());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/updateClusterConf")
+    public JSONObject updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        String ipSpliter = ",";
+
+        String ips = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ips", "");
+        String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_ADD.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "UTF-8"));
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("UPDATE-CLUSTER", "new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(new File(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_REPLACE.equals(action)) {
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("UPDATE-CLUSTER", "new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(new File(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE.equals(action)) {
+
+            Set<String> removeIps = new HashSet<>();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                removeIps.add(ip);
+            }
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+
+            Iterator<String> iterator = oldList.iterator();
+
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+
+                String ip = iterator.next();
+                if (removeIps.contains(ip)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(new File(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+            result.put("list", oldList);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidParameterException("action is not qualified, action: " + action);
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/serverStatus")
+    public String serverStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String serverStatus = BaseServlet.required(request, "serverStatus");
+        DistroMapper.onReceiveServerStatus(serverStatus);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/reCalculateCheckSum4Dom")
+    public JSONObject reCalculateCheckSum4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        virtualClusterDomain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("checksum", virtualClusterDomain.getChecksum());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomString4MD5")
+    public JSONObject getDomString4MD5(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found");
+        }
+
+        result.put("domString", virtualClusterDomain.getDomString());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getResponsibleServer4Dom")
+    public JSONObject getResponsibleServer4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsibleServer", DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getHealthyServerList")
+    public JSONObject getHealthyServerList(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthyList", DistroMapper.getHealthyList());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/responsible")
+    public JSONObject responsible(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsible", DistroMapper.responsible(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domServeStatus")
+    public JSONObject domServeStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        //all ips, sites, disabled site, checkserver, appName
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>(2);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            result.put("success", false);
+            result.put("data", data);
+            result.put("errMsg", "dom does not exisit.");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipAddresses = virtualClusterDomain.allIPs();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> allIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ipAddresses) {
+
+            Map<String, Object> ipPac = new HashMap<>(16);
+            ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+            ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+            ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+
+            allIPs.add(ipPac);
+        }
+
+        List<String> checkServers = Arrays.asList(DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        data.put("ips", allIPs);
+        data.put("checkers", checkServers);
+        result.put("data", data);
+        result.put("success", true);
+        result.put("errMsg", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domStatus")
+    public String domStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        //format: dom1@@checksum@@@dom2@@checksum
+        String domsStatusString = BaseServlet.required(request, "domsStatus");
+        String serverIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "");
+
+        if (!NamingProxy.getServers().contains(serverIP)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ip: " + serverIP + " is not in serverlist");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            DomainsManager.DomainChecksum checksums = JSON.parseObject(domsStatusString, DomainsManager.DomainChecksum.class);
+            if (checksums == null) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + null);
+                return "fail";
+            }
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : checksums.domName2Checksum.entrySet()) {
+                if (entry == null || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getKey()) || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getValue())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                String dom = entry.getKey();
+                String checksum = entry.getValue();
+                Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+                if (domain == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                domain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+                if (!checksum.equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug("checksum of " + dom + " is not consistent, remote: " + serverIP + ",checksum: " + checksum + ", local: " + domain.getChecksum());
+                    domainsManager.addUpdatedDom2Queue(dom, serverIP, checksum);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + domsStatusString, e);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkDataConsistence")
+    public JSONObject checkDataConsistence(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String domName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Boolean checkConsistence = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "checkConsistence", "true"));
+
+        if (!checkConsistence) {
+            request.getParameterMap().put("isCheck", (String[]) Arrays.asList("true").toArray());
+
+            srvIPXT(request);
+            srvAllIP(request);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(domName)) {
+            List<String> domNames = new ArrayList<String>(domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+            domName = domNames.get((int) (System.currentTimeMillis() % domNames.size()));
+        }
+
+        Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+        List<String> diff = new ArrayList<String>();
+        String localDomString = "";
+
+        for (String ip : NamingProxy.getServers()) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<String, String>(16);
+
+            tmpParams.put("dom", domName);
+            tmpParams.put("redirect", "1");
+
+            String domString;
+            try {
+                domString = NamingProxy.reqAPI("dom", tmpParams, ip, false);
+                JSONObject jsonObject = JSON.parseObject(domString);
+
+                if (!jsonObject.getString("checksum").equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    diff.add(ip + "_" + domString);
+                }
+
+                if (ip.equals(NetUtils.localIP())) {
+                    localDomString = domString;
+                }
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("STATUS-SYNCHRONIZE", "Failed to get domain status from " + ip, e);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        result.put("local dom", localDomString);
+        result.put("diff list", diff);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/containerNotify")
+    public String containerNotify(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+        String domain = BaseServlet.required(request, "domain");
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String state = BaseServlet.optional(request, "state", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("CONTAINER_NOTFY", "received notify event, type:" + type + ", domain:" + domain +
+                ", ip:" + ip + ", port:" + port + ", state:" + state);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private JSONObject toPacket(Domain dom) {
+
+        JSONObject pac = new JSONObject();
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain vDom = (VirtualClusterDomain) dom;
+
+        pac.put("name", vDom.getName());
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = vDom.allIPs();
+        int invalidIPCount = 0;
+        int ipCount = 0;
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            if (!ip.isValid()) {
+                invalidIPCount++;
+            }
+
+            ipCount++;
+        }
+
+        pac.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        pac.put("invalidIPCount", invalidIPCount);
+
+        pac.put("owners", vDom.getOwners());
+        pac.put("token", vDom.getToken());
+        pac.put("checkServer", DistroMapper.mapSrvName(vDom.getName()));
+
+        pac.put("protectThreshold", vDom.getProtectThreshold());
+        pac.put("checksum", vDom.getChecksum());
+        pac.put("useSpecifiedURL", vDom.isUseSpecifiedURL());
+        pac.put("enableClientBeat", vDom.getEnableClientBeat());
+
+        Date date = new Date(vDom.getLastModifiedMillis());
+        pac.put("lastModifiedTime", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(date));
+        pac.put("resetWeight", vDom.getResetWeight());
+        pac.put("enableHealthCheck", vDom.getEnableHealthCheck());
+        pac.put("enable", vDom.getEnabled());
+
+        int totalCkRTMillis = 0;
+        int validCkRTCount = 0;
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : vDom.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            Cluster cluster = entry.getValue();
+
+            JSONObject clusterPac = new JSONObject();
+            clusterPac.put("name", cluster.getName());
+            clusterPac.put("healthChecker", cluster.getHealthChecker());
+            clusterPac.put("defCkport", cluster.getDefCkport());
+            clusterPac.put("defIPPort", cluster.getDefIPPort());
+            clusterPac.put("useIPPort4Check", cluster.isUseIPPort4Check());
+            clusterPac.put("submask", cluster.getSubmask());
+            clusterPac.put("sitegroup", cluster.getSitegroup());
+            clusterPac.put("metadatas", cluster.getMetadata());
+
+            if (cluster.getHealthCheckTask() != null) {
+                clusterPac.put("ckRTMillis", cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+                // if there is no IP, the check rt doesn't make sense
+                if (cluster.allIPs().size() > 0) {
+                    totalCkRTMillis += cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized();
+                    validCkRTCount++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            clusters.add(clusterPac);
+        }
+
+        pac.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        if (totalCkRTMillis > 0) {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", totalCkRTMillis / validCkRTCount);
+        } else {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", 0);
+        }
+
+        return pac;
+    }
+
+    public void setDomainsManager(DomainsManager domainsManager) {
+        this.domainsManager = domainsManager;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 2056 is not released after line 2056.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 2056
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+JSONObject ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web.ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest):co.61354c4e98a72af2e9681eeffb8ce509
+
+### File:
+naming/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/naming/web/ApiCommands.java
+
+### Key:
+ApiCommands.java|updateClusterConf|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6be73a804af542d38da6d824b86394be
+
+### Hash:
+e7c2b19dc2746cb15352c4b118c71cab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5201/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5201/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44116a3055c332696befa6633d14b87e4a2b68e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5201/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp;
+
+import com.google.common.base.CharMatcher;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.NodeTraversal.AbstractPostOrderCallback;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Node;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Token;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+
+/**
+ * Process goog.tweak primitives. Checks that:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>parameters to goog.tweak.register* are literals of the correct type.
+ * <li>the parameter to goog.tweak.get* is a string literal.
+ * <li>parameters to goog.tweak.overrideDefaultValue are literals of the correct
+ *     type.
+ * <li>tweak IDs passed to goog.tweak.get* and goog.tweak.overrideDefaultValue
+ *     correspond to registered tweaks.
+ * <li>all calls to goog.tweak.register* and goog.tweak.overrideDefaultValue are
+ *     within the top-level context.
+ * <li>each tweak is registered only once.
+ * <li>calls to goog.tweak.overrideDefaultValue occur before the call to the
+ *     corresponding goog.tweak.register* function.
+ * </ul>
+ * @author agrieve@google.com (Andrew Grieve)
+ */
+class ProcessTweaks implements CompilerPass {
+
+  private final AbstractCompiler compiler;
+  private final boolean stripTweaks;
+  private final SortedMap<String, Node> compilerDefaultValueOverrides;
+  
+  /**
+   * Var name for the map of tweakId->defaultValue of the compiler-specified
+   * overrides. Added only when stripTweaks == false.
+   */
+  private static final String DEFAULT_VALUES_VAR_NAME =
+      "__JSCOMPILER_TWEAK_DEFAULT_VALUE_OVERRIDES";
+  
+  private static final CharMatcher ID_MATCHER = CharMatcher.inRange('a', 'z').
+      or(CharMatcher.inRange('A', 'Z')).or(CharMatcher.anyOf("0123456789_."));
+
+  // Warnings and Errors.
+  static final DiagnosticType UNKNOWN_TWEAK_WARNING =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_UNKNOWN_TWEAK_WARNING",
+          "no tweak registered with ID {0}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType TWEAK_MULTIPLY_REGISTERED_ERROR =
+      DiagnosticType.error(
+          "JSC_TWEAK_MULTIPLY_REGISTERED_ERROR",
+          "Tweak {0} has already been registered.");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType NON_LITERAL_TWEAK_ID_ERROR =
+      DiagnosticType.error(
+          "JSC_NON_LITERAL_TWEAK_ID_ERROR",
+          "tweak ID must be a string literal");
+  
+  static final DiagnosticType INVALID_TWEAK_DEFAULT_VALUE_ERROR =
+      DiagnosticType.error(
+          "JSC_INVALID_TWEAK_DEFAULT_VALUE_ERROR",
+          "tweak registered with {0} must have a default value that is a " +
+          "literal of type {0}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType NON_GLOBAL_TWEAK_INIT_ERROR =
+      DiagnosticType.error(
+          "JSC_NON_GLOBAL_TWEAK_INIT_ERROR",
+          "tweak declaration {0} must occur in the global scope");
+  
+  static final DiagnosticType TWEAK_OVERRIDE_AFTER_REGISTERED_ERROR =
+      DiagnosticType.error(
+          "JSC_TWEAK_OVERRIDE_AFTER_REGISTERED_ERROR",
+          "Cannot override the default value of tweak {0} after it has been " +
+          "registered");
+  
+  static final DiagnosticType TWEAK_WRONG_GETTER_TYPE_WARNING =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_TWEAK_WRONG_GETTER_TYPE_WARNING",
+          "tweak getter function {0} used for tweak registered using {0}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType INVALID_TWEAK_ID_ERROR =
+      DiagnosticType.error(
+          "JSC_INVALID_TWEAK_ID_ERROR",
+          "tweak ID contains illegal characters. Only letters, numbers, _ " +
+          "and . are allowed");
+
+  /**
+   * An enum of goog.tweak functions.
+   */
+  private static enum TweakFunction {
+    REGISTER_BOOLEAN("goog.tweak.registerBoolean", "boolean", Token.TRUE,
+        Token.FALSE),
+    REGISTER_NUMBER("goog.tweak.registerNumber", "number", Token.NUMBER),
+    REGISTER_STRING("goog.tweak.registerString", "string", Token.STRING),
+    OVERRIDE_DEFAULT_VALUE("goog.tweak.overrideDefaultValue"),
+    GET_BOOLEAN("goog.tweak.getBoolean", REGISTER_BOOLEAN),
+    GET_NUMBER("goog.tweak.getNumber", REGISTER_NUMBER),
+    GET_STRING("goog.tweak.getString", REGISTER_STRING);
+
+    final String name;
+    final String expectedTypeName;
+    final int validNodeTypeA;
+    final int validNodeTypeB;
+    final TweakFunction registerFunction;
+    
+    TweakFunction(String name) {
+      this(name, null, Token.ERROR, Token.ERROR, null);
+    }
+    
+    TweakFunction(String name, String expectedTypeName,
+        int validNodeTypeA) {
+      this(name, expectedTypeName, validNodeTypeA, Token.ERROR, null);
+    }
+
+    TweakFunction(String name, String expectedTypeName,
+        int validNodeTypeA, int validNodeTypeB) {
+      this(name, expectedTypeName, validNodeTypeA, validNodeTypeB, null);
+    }
+
+    TweakFunction(String name, TweakFunction registerFunction) {
+      this(name, null, Token.ERROR, Token.ERROR, registerFunction);
+    }
+
+    TweakFunction(String name, String expectedTypeName,
+        int validNodeTypeA, int validNodeTypeB,
+        TweakFunction registerFunction) {
+      this.name = name;
+      this.expectedTypeName = expectedTypeName;
+      this.validNodeTypeA = validNodeTypeA;
+      this.validNodeTypeB = validNodeTypeB;
+      this.registerFunction = registerFunction;
+    }
+    
+    boolean isValidNodeType(int type) {
+      return type == validNodeTypeA || type == validNodeTypeB;
+    }
+    
+    boolean isCorrectRegisterFunction(TweakFunction registerFunction) {
+      Preconditions.checkNotNull(registerFunction);
+      return this.registerFunction == registerFunction;
+    }
+    
+    boolean isGetterFunction() {
+      return registerFunction != null;
+    }
+
+    String getName() {
+      return name;
+    }
+
+    String getExpectedTypeName() {
+      return expectedTypeName;
+    }
+    
+    Node createDefaultValueNode() {
+      switch (this) {
+        case REGISTER_BOOLEAN:
+          return new Node(Token.FALSE);
+        case REGISTER_NUMBER:
+          return Node.newNumber(0);
+        case REGISTER_STRING:
+          return Node.newString("");
+      }
+      throw new IllegalStateException();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  // A map of function name -> TweakFunction.
+  private static final Map<String, TweakFunction> TWEAK_FUNCTIONS_MAP;
+  static {
+    TWEAK_FUNCTIONS_MAP = Maps.newHashMap();
+    for (TweakFunction func : TweakFunction.values()) {
+      TWEAK_FUNCTIONS_MAP.put(func.getName(), func);
+    }
+  }
+          
+  ProcessTweaks(AbstractCompiler compiler, boolean stripTweaks,
+      Map<String, Node> compilerDefaultValueOverrides) {
+    this.compiler = compiler;
+    this.stripTweaks = stripTweaks;
+    // Having the map sorted is required for the unit tests to be deterministic.
+    this.compilerDefaultValueOverrides = Maps.newTreeMap();
+    this.compilerDefaultValueOverrides.putAll(compilerDefaultValueOverrides);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Node externs, Node root) {
+    Map<String, TweakInfo> tweakInfos = collectTweaks(root);
+    applyCompilerDefaultValueOverrides(tweakInfos);
+
+    boolean changed = false;
+
+    if (stripTweaks) {
+      changed = stripAllCalls(tweakInfos);
+    } else if (!compilerDefaultValueOverrides.isEmpty()) {
+      // Pass the compiler default value overrides to the JS through a specially
+      // named variable.
+      Node varNode = createCompilerDefaultValueOverridesVarNode(
+          root.getFirstChild());
+      root.getFirstChild().addChildToFront(varNode);
+      changed = true;
+    }
+    if (changed) {
+      compiler.reportCodeChange();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes all CALL nodes in the given TweakInfos, replacing calls to getter
+   * functions with the tweak's default value.
+   */
+  private boolean stripAllCalls(Map<String, TweakInfo> tweakInfos) {
+    for (TweakInfo tweakInfo : tweakInfos.values()) {
+      boolean isRegistered = tweakInfo.isRegistered();
+      for (TweakFunctionCall functionCall : tweakInfo.functionCalls) {
+        Node callNode = functionCall.callNode;
+        Node parent = callNode.getParent();
+        if (functionCall.tweakFunc.isGetterFunction()) {
+          Node newValue;
+          if (isRegistered) {
+            newValue = tweakInfo.getDefaultValueNode().cloneNode();
+          } else {
+            // When we find a getter of an unregistered tweak, there has
+            // already been a warning about it, so now just use a default
+            // value when stripping.
+            TweakFunction registerFunction =
+                functionCall.tweakFunc.registerFunction;
+            newValue = registerFunction.createDefaultValueNode();
+          }
+          parent.replaceChild(callNode, newValue);
+        } else {
+          Node voidZeroNode = new Node(Token.VOID)
+              .copyInformationFrom(callNode);
+          voidZeroNode.addChildToBack(Node.newNumber(0)
+              .copyInformationFrom(callNode));
+          parent.replaceChild(callNode, voidZeroNode);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return !tweakInfos.isEmpty();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates the var __JSCOMPILER_TWEAK_DEFAULT_VALUE_OVERRIDES = { ... };
+   * snippet that is prepended when there are compiler overrides and tweaks
+   * are not stripped.
+   */
+  private Node createCompilerDefaultValueOverridesVarNode(
+      Node sourceInformationNode) {
+    Node varNode = new Node(Token.VAR)
+        .copyInformationFrom(sourceInformationNode);
+    Node nameNode = Node.newString(Token.NAME, DEFAULT_VALUES_VAR_NAME)
+        .copyInformationFrom(sourceInformationNode);
+    Node objNode = new Node(Token.OBJECTLIT)
+        .copyInformationFrom(sourceInformationNode);
+    varNode.addChildToBack(nameNode);
+    nameNode.addChildToBack(objNode);
+    for (Entry<String, Node> entry : compilerDefaultValueOverrides.entrySet()) {
+      Node objKeyNode = Node.newString(entry.getKey())
+          .copyInformationFrom(sourceInformationNode);
+      Node objValueNode = entry.getValue().cloneNode()
+          .copyInformationFrom(sourceInformationNode);
+      objKeyNode.addChildToBack(objValueNode);
+      objNode.addChildToBack(objKeyNode);
+    }
+    return varNode;
+  }
+
+  /** Sets the default values of tweaks based on compiler options. */
+  private void applyCompilerDefaultValueOverrides(
+      Map<String, TweakInfo> tweakInfos) {
+    for (Entry<String, Node> entry : compilerDefaultValueOverrides.entrySet()) {
+      String tweakId = entry.getKey();
+      TweakInfo tweakInfo = tweakInfos.get(tweakId);
+      if (tweakInfo == null) {
+        compiler.report(JSError.make(UNKNOWN_TWEAK_WARNING, tweakId));
+      } else {
+        tweakInfo.defaultValueNode = entry.getValue();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Finds all calls to goog.tweak functions and emits warnings/errors if any
+   * of the calls have issues.
+   * @return A map of {@link TweakInfo} structures, keyed by tweak ID.
+   */
+  private Map<String, TweakInfo> collectTweaks(Node root) {
+    CollectTweaks pass = new CollectTweaks();
+    NodeTraversal.traverse(compiler, root, pass);
+    
+    Map<String, TweakInfo> tweakInfos = pass.allTweaks;
+    for (TweakInfo tweakInfo: tweakInfos.values()) {
+      tweakInfo.emitAllWarnings();
+    }
+    return tweakInfos;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Processes all calls to goog.tweak functions.
+   */
+  private final class CollectTweaks extends AbstractPostOrderCallback {
+    final Map<String, TweakInfo> allTweaks = Maps.newHashMap();
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+      if (n.getType() != Token.CALL) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      String callName = n.getFirstChild().getQualifiedName();
+      TweakFunction tweakFunc = TWEAK_FUNCTIONS_MAP.get(callName);
+      if (tweakFunc == null) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Ensure the first parameter (the tweak ID) is a string literal.
+      Node tweakIdNode = n.getFirstChild().getNext();
+      if (tweakIdNode.getType() != Token.STRING) {
+        compiler.report(t.makeError(tweakIdNode, NON_LITERAL_TWEAK_ID_ERROR));
+        return;
+      }
+      String tweakId = tweakIdNode.getString();
+      
+      // Make sure there is a TweakInfo structure for it.
+      TweakInfo tweakInfo = allTweaks.get(tweakId);
+      if (tweakInfo == null) {
+        tweakInfo = new TweakInfo(tweakId);
+        allTweaks.put(tweakId, tweakInfo);
+      }
+      
+      switch (tweakFunc) {
+        case REGISTER_BOOLEAN:
+        case REGISTER_NUMBER:
+        case REGISTER_STRING:
+          // Ensure the ID contains only valid characters.
+          if (!ID_MATCHER.matchesAllOf(tweakId)) {
+            compiler.report(t.makeError(tweakIdNode, INVALID_TWEAK_ID_ERROR));
+          }
+
+          // Ensure tweaks are registered in the global scope.
+          if (!t.inGlobalScope()) {
+            compiler.report(
+                t.makeError(n, NON_GLOBAL_TWEAK_INIT_ERROR, tweakId));
+            break;
+          }
+          
+          // Ensure tweaks are registered only once.
+          if (tweakInfo.isRegistered()) {
+            compiler.report(
+                t.makeError(n, TWEAK_MULTIPLY_REGISTERED_ERROR, tweakId));
+            break;
+          }
+          
+          Node tweakDefaultValueNode = tweakIdNode.getNext().getNext();
+          tweakInfo.addRegisterCall(t.getSourceName(), tweakFunc, n,
+              tweakDefaultValueNode);
+          break;
+        case OVERRIDE_DEFAULT_VALUE:
+          // Ensure tweaks overrides occur in the global scope.
+          if (!t.inGlobalScope()) {
+            compiler.report(
+                t.makeError(n, NON_GLOBAL_TWEAK_INIT_ERROR, tweakId));
+            break;
+          }
+          // Ensure tweak overrides occur before the tweak is registered.
+          if (tweakInfo.isRegistered()) {
+            compiler.report(
+                t.makeError(n, TWEAK_OVERRIDE_AFTER_REGISTERED_ERROR, tweakId));
+            break;
+          }
+
+          tweakDefaultValueNode = tweakIdNode.getNext();
+          tweakInfo.addOverrideDefaultValueCall(t.getSourceName(), tweakFunc, n,
+              tweakDefaultValueNode);
+          break;
+        case GET_BOOLEAN:
+        case GET_NUMBER:
+        case GET_STRING:
+          tweakInfo.addGetterCall(t.getSourceName(), tweakFunc, n);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Holds information about a call to a goog.tweak function.
+   */
+  private static final class TweakFunctionCall {
+    final String sourceName;
+    final TweakFunction tweakFunc;
+    final Node callNode;
+    final Node valueNode;
+
+    TweakFunctionCall(String sourceName, TweakFunction tweakFunc,
+        Node callNode) {
+      this(sourceName, tweakFunc, callNode, null);
+    }
+    
+    TweakFunctionCall(String sourceName, TweakFunction tweakFunc, Node callNode,
+        Node valueNode) {
+      this.sourceName = sourceName;
+      this.callNode = callNode;
+      this.tweakFunc = tweakFunc;
+      this.valueNode = valueNode;
+    }
+    
+    Node getIdNode() {
+      return callNode.getFirstChild().getNext();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Stores information about a single tweak.
+   */
+  private final class TweakInfo {
+    final String tweakId;
+    final List<TweakFunctionCall> functionCalls;
+    TweakFunctionCall registerCall;
+    Node defaultValueNode;
+    
+    TweakInfo(String tweakId) {
+      this.tweakId = tweakId;
+      functionCalls = Lists.newArrayList();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * If this tweak is registered, then looks for type warnings in default
+     * value parameters and getter functions. If it is not registered, emits an
+     * error for each function call. 
+     */
+    void emitAllWarnings() {
+      if (isRegistered()) {
+        emitAllTypeWarnings();
+      } else {
+        emitUnknownTweakErrors();
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Emits a warning for each default value parameter that has the wrong type
+     * and for each getter function that was used for the wrong type of tweak.
+     */
+    void emitAllTypeWarnings() {
+      for (TweakFunctionCall call : functionCalls) {
+        Node valueNode = call.valueNode;
+        TweakFunction tweakFunc = call.tweakFunc;
+        TweakFunction registerFunc = registerCall.tweakFunc;
+        if (valueNode != null) {
+          // For register* and overrideDefaultValue calls, ensure the default  
+          // value is a literal of the correct type.
+          if (!registerFunc.isValidNodeType(valueNode.getType())) {
+            compiler.report(JSError.make(call.sourceName,
+                valueNode, INVALID_TWEAK_DEFAULT_VALUE_ERROR,
+                registerFunc.getName(),
+                registerFunc.getExpectedTypeName()));
+          }
+        } else if (tweakFunc.isGetterFunction()) {
+          // For getter calls, ensure the correct getter was used.
+          if (!tweakFunc.isCorrectRegisterFunction(registerFunc)) {
+            compiler.report(JSError.make(call.sourceName,
+                call.callNode, TWEAK_WRONG_GETTER_TYPE_WARNING,
+                tweakFunc.getName(), registerFunc.getName()));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Emits an error for each function call that was found.
+     */
+    void emitUnknownTweakErrors() {
+      for (TweakFunctionCall call : functionCalls) {
+        compiler.report(JSError.make(call.sourceName,
+            call.getIdNode(), UNKNOWN_TWEAK_WARNING, tweakId));
+      }
+    }
+
+    void addRegisterCall(String sourceName, TweakFunction tweakFunc,
+        Node callNode, Node defaultValueNode) {
+      registerCall = new TweakFunctionCall(sourceName, tweakFunc, callNode,
+          defaultValueNode);
+      functionCalls.add(registerCall);
+    }
+    
+    void addOverrideDefaultValueCall(String sourceName,
+        TweakFunction tweakFunc, Node callNode, Node defaultValueNode) {
+      functionCalls.add(new TweakFunctionCall(sourceName, tweakFunc, callNode,
+          defaultValueNode));
+      this.defaultValueNode = defaultValueNode;
+    }
+    
+    void addGetterCall(String sourceName, TweakFunction tweakFunc,
+        Node callNode) {
+      functionCalls.add(new TweakFunctionCall(sourceName, tweakFunc, callNode));
+    }
+
+    boolean isRegistered() {
+      return registerCall != null;
+    }
+    
+    Node getDefaultValueNode() {
+      Preconditions.checkState(isRegistered());
+      // Use calls to goog.tweak.overrideDefaultValue() first.
+      if (defaultValueNode != null) {
+        return defaultValueNode;
+      }
+      // Use the value passed to the register function next.
+      if (registerCall.valueNode != null) {
+        return registerCall.valueNode;
+      }
+      // Otherwise, use the default value for the tweak's type.
+      return registerCall.tweakFunc.createDefaultValueNode();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `root.getFirstChild()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 222.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ProcessTweaks.process(Node,Node)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.ProcessTweaks.process(com.google.javascript.rhino.Node,com.google.javas.efcfada6198a60fbcb1cba56405e6063
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/ProcessTweaks.java
+
+### Key:
+ProcessTweaks.java|process|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5847ac3c3940f0e7aa2d85eec0b9b3e0
+
+### Hash:
+7055dd578f66d7d34693b68f06fac12d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5206/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5206/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fad4b5a74c2d891cea6786db0dfbff7d7e3e65d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5206/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2156 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.common.io.Files;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.CompilerOptions.TweakProcessing;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.PerformanceTracker.Stats;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Node;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.TokenStream;
+import com.google.protobuf.CodedOutputStream;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.Flushable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+/**
+ * Implementations of AbstractCommandLineRunner translate flags into Java
+ * API calls on the Compiler. AbstractCompiler contains common flags and logic
+ * to make that happen.
+ *
+ * This class may be extended and used to create other Java classes
+ * that behave the same as running the Compiler from the command line. Example:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * class MyCommandLineRunner extends
+ *     AbstractCommandLineRunner<MyCompiler, MyOptions> {
+ *   MyCommandLineRunner(String[] args) {
+ *     super(args);
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   &#064;Override
+ *   protected MyOptions createOptions() {
+ *     MyOptions options = new MyOptions();
+ *     CompilerFlagTranslator.setOptionsFromFlags(options);
+ *     addMyCrazyCompilerPassThatOutputsAnExtraFile(options);
+ *     return options;
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   &#064;Override
+ *   protected MyCompiler createCompiler() {
+ *     return new MyCompiler();
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   public static void main(String[] args) {
+ *     (new MyCommandLineRunner(args)).run();
+ *   }
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author bolinfest@google.com (Michael Bolin)
+ */
+abstract class AbstractCommandLineRunner<A extends Compiler,
+    B extends CompilerOptions> {
+
+  private final CommandLineConfig config;
+
+  private Appendable jsOutput;
+  private final PrintStream err;
+  private A compiler;
+
+  private Charset inputCharset;
+
+  // NOTE(nicksantos): JSCompiler has always used ASCII as the default
+  // output charset. This was done to solve legacy problems with
+  // bad proxies, etc. We are not sure if these issues are still problems,
+  // and changing the encoding would require a big obnoxious migration plan.
+  //
+  // New outputs should use outputCharset2, which is how I would have
+  // designed this if I had a time machine.
+  private Charset outputCharset2;
+  private String legacyOutputCharset;
+
+  private boolean testMode = false;
+  private Supplier<List<SourceFile>> externsSupplierForTesting = null;
+  private Supplier<List<SourceFile>> inputsSupplierForTesting = null;
+  private Supplier<List<JSModule>> modulesSupplierForTesting = null;
+  private Function<Integer, Boolean> exitCodeReceiverForTesting = null;
+  private Map<String, String> rootRelativePathsMap = null;
+
+  private Map<String, String> parsedModuleWrappers = null;
+
+  // Bookkeeping to measure optimal phase orderings.
+  private static final int NUM_RUNS_TO_DETERMINE_OPTIMAL_ORDER = 100;
+
+  private static final String OUTPUT_WRAPPER_MARKER = "%output%";
+
+  private final RunTimeStats runTimeStats = new RunTimeStats();
+
+  AbstractCommandLineRunner() {
+    this(System.out, System.err);
+  }
+
+  AbstractCommandLineRunner(PrintStream out, PrintStream err) {
+    this.config = new CommandLineConfig();
+    this.jsOutput = Preconditions.checkNotNull(out);
+    this.err = Preconditions.checkNotNull(err);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Put the command line runner into test mode. In test mode,
+   * all outputs will be blackholed.
+   * @param externsSupplier A provider for externs.
+   * @param inputsSupplier A provider for source inputs.
+   * @param modulesSupplier A provider for modules. Only one of inputsSupplier
+   *     and modulesSupplier may be non-null.
+   * @param exitCodeReceiver A receiver for the status code that would
+   *     have been passed to System.exit in non-test mode.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void enableTestMode(
+      Supplier<List<SourceFile>> externsSupplier,
+      Supplier<List<SourceFile>> inputsSupplier,
+      Supplier<List<JSModule>> modulesSupplier,
+      Function<Integer, Boolean> exitCodeReceiver) {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        inputsSupplier == null ^ modulesSupplier == null);
+    testMode = true;
+    this.externsSupplierForTesting = externsSupplier;
+    this.inputsSupplierForTesting = inputsSupplier;
+    this.modulesSupplierForTesting = modulesSupplier;
+    this.exitCodeReceiverForTesting = exitCodeReceiver;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns whether we're in test mode.
+   */
+  protected boolean isInTestMode() {
+    return testMode;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the command line config, so that it can be initialized.
+   */
+  protected CommandLineConfig getCommandLineConfig() {
+    return config;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the instance of the Compiler to use when {@link #run()} is
+   * called.
+   */
+  protected abstract A createCompiler();
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the instance of the Options to use when {@link #run()} is called.
+   * createCompiler() is called before createOptions(), so getCompiler()
+   * will not return null when createOptions() is called.
+   */
+  protected abstract B createOptions();
+
+  /**
+   * The warning classes that are available from the command-line.
+   */
+  protected DiagnosticGroups getDiagnosticGroups() {
+    if (compiler == null) {
+      return new DiagnosticGroups();
+    }
+    return compiler.getDiagnosticGroups();
+  }
+
+  /** No longer does anything. */
+  @Deprecated
+  protected void initOptionsFromFlags(CompilerOptions options) {}
+
+  /**
+   * A helper function for creating the dependency options object.
+   */
+  static DependencyOptions createDependencyOptions(
+      boolean manageClosureDependencies,
+      boolean onlyClosureDependencies,
+      List<String> closureEntryPoints)
+      throws FlagUsageException {
+    if (onlyClosureDependencies) {
+      if (closureEntryPoints.isEmpty()) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("When only_closure_dependencies is "
+          + "on, you must specify at least one closure_entry_point");
+      }
+
+      return new DependencyOptions()
+          .setDependencyPruning(true)
+          .setDependencySorting(true)
+          .setMoocherDropping(true)
+          .setEntryPoints(closureEntryPoints);
+    } else if (manageClosureDependencies ||
+        closureEntryPoints.size() > 0) {
+      return new DependencyOptions()
+          .setDependencyPruning(true)
+          .setDependencySorting(true)
+          .setMoocherDropping(false)
+          .setEntryPoints(closureEntryPoints);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets options based on the configurations set flags API.
+   * Called during the run() run() method.
+   * If you want to ignore the flags API, or interpret flags your own way,
+   * then you should override this method.
+   */
+  protected void setRunOptions(CompilerOptions options)
+      throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    DiagnosticGroups diagnosticGroups = getDiagnosticGroups();
+
+    if (config.warningGuards != null) {
+      for (WarningGuardSpec.Entry entry : config.warningGuards.entries) {
+        diagnosticGroups.setWarningLevel(options, entry.groupName, entry.level);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!config.warningsWhitelistFile.isEmpty()) {
+      options.addWarningsGuard(
+          WhitelistWarningsGuard.fromFile(
+              new File(config.warningsWhitelistFile)));
+    }
+
+    createDefineOrTweakReplacements(config.define, options, false);
+
+    options.setTweakProcessing(config.tweakProcessing);
+    createDefineOrTweakReplacements(config.tweak, options, true);
+
+    DependencyOptions depOptions = createDependencyOptions(
+        config.manageClosureDependencies,
+        config.onlyClosureDependencies,
+        config.closureEntryPoints);
+    if (depOptions != null) {
+      options.setDependencyOptions(depOptions);
+    }
+
+    options.devMode = config.jscompDevMode;
+    options.setCodingConvention(config.codingConvention);
+    options.setSummaryDetailLevel(config.summaryDetailLevel);
+
+    legacyOutputCharset = options.outputCharset = getLegacyOutputCharset();
+    outputCharset2 = getOutputCharset2();
+    inputCharset = getInputCharset();
+
+    if (config.jsOutputFile.length() > 0) {
+      if (config.skipNormalOutputs) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("skip_normal_outputs and js_output_file"
+            + " cannot be used together.");
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (config.skipNormalOutputs && config.printAst) {
+      throw new FlagUsageException("skip_normal_outputs and print_ast cannot"
+          + " be used together.");
+    }
+
+    if (config.skipNormalOutputs && config.printTree) {
+      throw new FlagUsageException("skip_normal_outputs and print_tree cannot"
+          + " be used together.");
+    }
+
+    if (config.createSourceMap.length() > 0) {
+      options.sourceMapOutputPath = config.createSourceMap;
+    }
+    options.sourceMapDetailLevel = config.sourceMapDetailLevel;
+    options.sourceMapFormat = config.sourceMapFormat;
+
+    if (!config.variableMapInputFile.equals("")) {
+      options.inputVariableMapSerialized =
+          VariableMap.load(config.variableMapInputFile).toBytes();
+    }
+
+    if (!config.propertyMapInputFile.equals("")) {
+      options.inputPropertyMapSerialized =
+          VariableMap.load(config.propertyMapInputFile).toBytes();
+    }
+
+    if (config.languageIn.length() > 0) {
+      CompilerOptions.LanguageMode languageMode =
+          CompilerOptions.LanguageMode.fromString(config.languageIn);
+      if (languageMode != null) {
+        options.setLanguageIn(languageMode);
+      } else {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("Unknown language `" + config.languageIn +
+                                     "' specified.");
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!config.outputManifests.isEmpty()) {
+      Set<String> uniqueNames = Sets.newHashSet();
+      for (String filename : config.outputManifests) {
+        if (!uniqueNames.add(filename)) {
+          throw new FlagUsageException("output_manifest flags specify " +
+              "duplicate file names: " + filename);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!config.outputBundles.isEmpty()) {
+      Set<String> uniqueNames = Sets.newHashSet();
+      for (String filename : config.outputBundles) {
+        if (!uniqueNames.add(filename)) {
+          throw new FlagUsageException("output_bundle flags specify " +
+              "duplicate file names: " + filename);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    options.acceptConstKeyword = config.acceptConstKeyword;
+    options.transformAMDToCJSModules = config.transformAMDToCJSModules;
+    options.processCommonJSModules = config.processCommonJSModules;
+    options.commonJSModulePathPrefix = config.commonJSModulePathPrefix;
+  }
+
+  final protected A getCompiler() {
+    return compiler;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs the Compiler and calls System.exit() with the exit status of the
+   * compiler.
+   */
+  final public void run() {
+    int result = 0;
+    int runs = 1;
+    if (config.computePhaseOrdering) {
+      runs = NUM_RUNS_TO_DETERMINE_OPTIMAL_ORDER;
+      PhaseOptimizer.randomizeLoops();
+    }
+    try {
+      for (int i = 0; i < runs && result == 0; i++) {
+        runTimeStats.recordStartRun();
+        result = doRun();
+        runTimeStats.recordEndRun();
+      }
+    } catch (AbstractCommandLineRunner.FlagUsageException e) {
+      System.err.println(e.getMessage());
+      result = -1;
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      t.printStackTrace();
+      result = -2;
+    }
+
+    if (config.computePhaseOrdering) {
+      runTimeStats.outputBestPhaseOrdering();
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (jsOutput instanceof Closeable) {
+        ((Closeable) jsOutput).close();
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw Throwables.propagate(e);
+    }
+
+    if (testMode) {
+      exitCodeReceiverForTesting.apply(result);
+    } else {
+      System.exit(result);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the PrintStream for writing errors associated with this
+   * AbstractCommandLineRunner.
+   */
+  protected PrintStream getErrorPrintStream() {
+    return err;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * An exception thrown when command-line flags are used incorrectly.
+   */
+  public static class FlagUsageException extends Exception {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    public FlagUsageException(String message) {
+      super(message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates inputs from a list of files.
+   *
+   * Can be overridden by subclasses who want to pull files from different
+   * places.
+   *
+   * @param files A list of filenames
+   * @param allowStdIn Whether '-' is allowed appear as a filename to represent
+   *        stdin. If true, '-' is only allowed to appear once.
+   * @return An array of inputs
+   */
+  protected List<SourceFile> createInputs(List<String> files,
+      boolean allowStdIn) throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    List<SourceFile> inputs = new ArrayList<SourceFile>(files.size());
+    boolean usingStdin = false;
+    for (String filename : files) {
+      if (!"-".equals(filename)) {
+        SourceFile newFile = SourceFile.fromFile(filename, inputCharset);
+        inputs.add(newFile);
+      } else {
+        if (!allowStdIn) {
+          throw new FlagUsageException("Can't specify stdin.");
+        }
+        if (usingStdin) {
+          throw new FlagUsageException("Can't specify stdin twice.");
+        }
+
+        if (!config.outputManifests.isEmpty()) {
+          throw new FlagUsageException("Manifest files cannot be generated " +
+              "when the input is from stdin.");
+        }
+        if (!config.outputBundles.isEmpty()) {
+          throw new FlagUsageException("Bundle files cannot be generated " +
+              "when the input is from stdin.");
+        }
+        inputs.add(SourceFile.fromInputStream("stdin", System.in));
+        usingStdin = true;
+      }
+    }
+    return inputs;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates JS source code inputs from a list of files.
+   */
+  private List<SourceFile> createSourceInputs(List<String> files)
+      throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    if (isInTestMode()) {
+      return inputsSupplierForTesting.get();
+    }
+    if (files.isEmpty()) {
+      files = Collections.singletonList("-");
+    }
+    try {
+      return createInputs(files, true);
+    } catch (FlagUsageException e) {
+      throw new FlagUsageException("Bad --js flag. " + e.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates JS extern inputs from a list of files.
+   */
+  private List<SourceFile> createExternInputs(List<String> files)
+      throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    if (files.isEmpty()) {
+      return ImmutableList.of(SourceFile.fromCode("/dev/null", ""));
+    }
+    try {
+      return createInputs(files, false);
+    } catch (FlagUsageException e) {
+      throw new FlagUsageException("Bad --externs flag. " + e.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates module objects from a list of module specifications.
+   *
+   * @param specs A list of module specifications, not null or empty. The spec
+   *        format is: <code>name:num-js-files[:[dep,...][:]]</code>. Module
+   *        names must not contain the ':' character.
+   * @param jsFiles A list of JS file paths, not null
+   * @return An array of module objects
+   */
+  List<JSModule> createJsModules(
+      List<String> specs, List<String> jsFiles)
+      throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    if (isInTestMode()) {
+      return modulesSupplierForTesting.get();
+    }
+
+    Preconditions.checkState(specs != null);
+    Preconditions.checkState(!specs.isEmpty());
+    Preconditions.checkState(jsFiles != null);
+
+    final int totalNumJsFiles = jsFiles.size();
+    int nextJsFileIndex = 0;
+
+    Map<String, JSModule> modulesByName = Maps.newLinkedHashMap();
+    for (String spec : specs) {
+
+      // Format is "<name>:<num-js-files>[:[<dep>,...][:]]".
+      String[] parts = spec.split(":");
+      if (parts.length < 2 || parts.length > 4) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("Expected 2-4 colon-delimited parts in "
+            + "module spec: " + spec);
+      }
+
+      // Parse module name.
+      String name = parts[0];
+      checkModuleName(name);
+      if (modulesByName.containsKey(name)) {
+              throw new FlagUsageException("Duplicate module name: " + name);
+          }
+      JSModule module = new JSModule(name);
+
+      // Parse module inputs.
+      int numJsFiles = -1;
+      try {
+        numJsFiles = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+      } catch (NumberFormatException ignored) {
+        numJsFiles = -1;
+      }
+
+      // We will allow modules of zero input.
+      if (numJsFiles < 0) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("Invalid JS file count '" + parts[1]
+            + "' for module: " + name);
+      }
+      if (nextJsFileIndex + numJsFiles > totalNumJsFiles) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("Not enough JS files specified. Expected "
+            + (nextJsFileIndex + numJsFiles - totalNumJsFiles)
+            + " more in module:" + name);
+      }
+      List<String> moduleJsFiles =
+          jsFiles.subList(nextJsFileIndex, nextJsFileIndex + numJsFiles);
+      for (SourceFile input : createInputs(moduleJsFiles, false)) {
+        module.add(input);
+      }
+      nextJsFileIndex += numJsFiles;
+
+      if (parts.length > 2) {
+        // Parse module dependencies.
+        String depList = parts[2];
+        if (depList.length() > 0) {
+          String[] deps = depList.split(",");
+          for (String dep : deps) {
+            JSModule other = modulesByName.get(dep);
+            if (other == null) {
+              throw new FlagUsageException("Module '" + name
+                  + "' depends on unknown module '" + dep
+                  + "'. Be sure to list modules in dependency order.");
+            }
+            module.addDependency(other);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      modulesByName.put(name, module);
+    }
+
+    if (nextJsFileIndex < totalNumJsFiles) {
+      throw new FlagUsageException("Too many JS files specified. Expected "
+          + nextJsFileIndex + " but found " + totalNumJsFiles);
+    }
+
+    return Lists.newArrayList(modulesByName.values());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates the module name. Can be overridden by subclasses.
+   * @param name The module name
+   * @throws FlagUsageException if the validation fails
+   */
+  protected void checkModuleName(String name)
+      throws FlagUsageException {
+    if (!TokenStream.isJSIdentifier(name)) {
+      throw new FlagUsageException("Invalid module name: '" + name + "'");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses module wrapper specifications.
+   *
+   * @param specs A list of module wrapper specifications, not null. The spec
+   *        format is: <code>name:wrapper</code>. Wrappers.
+   * @param modules The JS modules whose wrappers are specified
+   * @return A map from module name to module wrapper. Modules with no wrapper
+   *         will have the empty string as their value in this map.
+   */
+  static Map<String, String> parseModuleWrappers(List<String> specs,
+      List<JSModule> modules) throws FlagUsageException {
+    Preconditions.checkState(specs != null);
+
+    Map<String, String> wrappers =
+        Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(modules.size());
+
+    // Prepopulate the map with module names.
+    for (JSModule m : modules) {
+      wrappers.put(m.getName(), "");
+    }
+
+    for (String spec : specs) {
+
+      // Format is "<name>:<wrapper>".
+      int pos = spec.indexOf(':');
+      if (pos == -1) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("Expected module wrapper to have "
+            + "<name>:<wrapper> format: " + spec);
+      }
+
+      // Parse module name.
+      String name = spec.substring(0, pos);
+      if (!wrappers.containsKey(name)) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("Unknown module: '" + name + "'");
+      }
+      String wrapper = spec.substring(pos + 1);
+      if (!wrapper.contains("%s")) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("No %s placeholder in module wrapper: '"
+            + wrapper + "'");
+      }
+      wrappers.put(name, wrapper);
+    }
+    return wrappers;
+  }
+
+  private String getModuleOutputFileName(JSModule m) {
+    return config.moduleOutputPathPrefix + m.getName() + ".js";
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void writeModuleOutput(Appendable out, JSModule m)
+      throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    if (parsedModuleWrappers == null) {
+      parsedModuleWrappers = parseModuleWrappers(
+          config.moduleWrapper,
+          Lists.newArrayList(
+              compiler.getDegenerateModuleGraph().getAllModules()));
+    }
+
+    String fileName = getModuleOutputFileName(m);
+    String baseName = new File(fileName).getName();
+    writeOutput(out, compiler, compiler.toSource(m),
+        parsedModuleWrappers.get(m.getName()).replace("%basename%", baseName),
+        "%s");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Writes code to an output stream, optionally wrapping it in an arbitrary
+   * wrapper that contains a placeholder where the code should be inserted.
+   */
+  static void writeOutput(Appendable out, Compiler compiler, String code,
+      String wrapper, String codePlaceholder) throws IOException {
+    int pos = wrapper.indexOf(codePlaceholder);
+    if (pos != -1) {
+      String prefix = "";
+
+      if (pos > 0) {
+        prefix = wrapper.substring(0, pos);
+        out.append(prefix);
+      }
+
+      out.append(code);
+
+      int suffixStart = pos + codePlaceholder.length();
+      if (suffixStart != wrapper.length()) {
+        // Something after placeholder?
+        out.append(wrapper.substring(suffixStart));
+      }
+      // Make sure we always end output with a line feed.
+      out.append('\n');
+
+      // If we have a source map, adjust its offsets to match
+      // the code WITHIN the wrapper.
+      if (compiler != null && compiler.getSourceMap() != null) {
+        compiler.getSourceMap().setWrapperPrefix(prefix);
+      }
+
+    } else {
+      out.append(code);
+      out.append('\n');
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates any directories necessary to write a file that will have a given
+   * path prefix.
+   */
+  private static void maybeCreateDirsForPath(String pathPrefix) {
+    if (pathPrefix.length() > 0) {
+      String dirName =
+          pathPrefix.charAt(pathPrefix.length() - 1) == File.separatorChar
+              ? pathPrefix.substring(0, pathPrefix.length() - 1) : new File(
+                  pathPrefix).getParent();
+      if (dirName != null) {
+        new File(dirName).mkdirs();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses command-line arguments and runs the compiler.
+   *
+   * @return system exit status
+   */
+  protected int doRun() throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    Compiler.setLoggingLevel(Level.parse(config.loggingLevel));
+
+    List<SourceFile> externs = createExterns();
+
+    compiler = createCompiler();
+    B options = createOptions();
+
+    List<JSModule> modules = null;
+    Result result = null;
+
+    setRunOptions(options);
+
+    boolean writeOutputToFile = !config.jsOutputFile.isEmpty();
+    if (writeOutputToFile) {
+      jsOutput = fileNameToLegacyOutputWriter(config.jsOutputFile);
+    } else if (jsOutput instanceof OutputStream) {
+      jsOutput = streamToLegacyOutputWriter((OutputStream) jsOutput);
+    }
+
+    List<String> jsFiles = config.js;
+    List<String> moduleSpecs = config.module;
+    if (!moduleSpecs.isEmpty()) {
+      modules = createJsModules(moduleSpecs, jsFiles);
+      if (config.skipNormalOutputs) {
+        compiler.initModules(externs, modules, options);
+      } else {
+        result = compiler.compileModules(externs, modules, options);
+      }
+    } else {
+      List<SourceFile> inputs = createSourceInputs(jsFiles);
+      if (config.skipNormalOutputs) {
+        compiler.init(externs, inputs, options);
+      } else {
+        result = compiler.compile(externs, inputs, options);
+      }
+    }
+
+    int errCode = processResults(result, modules, options);
+    // Flush the output if we are writing to a file.
+    // We can't close yet, because we may need to write phase ordering
+    // info to it later.
+    if (jsOutput instanceof Flushable) {
+      ((Flushable) jsOutput).flush();
+    }
+    return errCode;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Processes the results of the compile job, and returns an error code.
+   */
+  int processResults(Result result, List<JSModule> modules, B options)
+       throws FlagUsageException, IOException {
+    if (config.computePhaseOrdering) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (config.printPassGraph) {
+      if (compiler.getRoot() == null) {
+        return 1;
+      } else {
+        jsOutput.append(
+            DotFormatter.toDot(compiler.getPassConfig().getPassGraph()));
+        jsOutput.append('\n');
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (config.printAst) {
+      if (compiler.getRoot() == null) {
+        return 1;
+      } else {
+        ControlFlowGraph<Node> cfg = compiler.computeCFG();
+        DotFormatter.appendDot(
+            compiler.getRoot().getLastChild(), cfg, jsOutput);
+        jsOutput.append('\n');
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (config.printTree) {
+      if (compiler.getRoot() == null) {
+        jsOutput.append("Code contains errors; no tree was generated.\n");
+        return 1;
+      } else {
+        compiler.getRoot().appendStringTree(jsOutput);
+        jsOutput.append("\n");
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    rootRelativePathsMap = constructRootRelativePathsMap();
+
+    if (config.skipNormalOutputs) {
+      // Output the manifest and bundle files if requested.
+      outputManifest();
+      outputBundle();
+      return 0;
+    } else if (result.success) {
+      if (modules == null) {
+        writeOutput(
+            jsOutput, compiler, compiler.toSource(), config.outputWrapper,
+            OUTPUT_WRAPPER_MARKER);
+
+        // Output the source map if requested.
+        outputSourceMap(options, config.jsOutputFile);
+      } else {
+        parsedModuleWrappers = parseModuleWrappers(
+            config.moduleWrapper, modules);
+        maybeCreateDirsForPath(config.moduleOutputPathPrefix);
+
+        // If the source map path is in fact a pattern for each
+        // module, create a stream per-module. Otherwise, create
+        // a single source map.
+        Writer mapOut = null;
+
+        if (!shouldGenerateMapPerModule(options)) {
+          mapOut = fileNameToOutputWriter2(expandSourceMapPath(options, null));
+        }
+
+        for (JSModule m : modules) {
+          if (shouldGenerateMapPerModule(options)) {
+            mapOut = fileNameToOutputWriter2(expandSourceMapPath(options, m));
+          }
+
+          Writer writer =
+              fileNameToLegacyOutputWriter(getModuleOutputFileName(m));
+
+          if (options.sourceMapOutputPath != null) {
+            compiler.getSourceMap().reset();
+          }
+
+          writeModuleOutput(writer, m);
+
+          if (options.sourceMapOutputPath != null) {
+            compiler.getSourceMap().appendTo(mapOut, m.getName());
+          }
+
+          writer.close();
+
+          if (shouldGenerateMapPerModule(options) && mapOut != null) {
+            mapOut.close();
+            mapOut = null;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (mapOut != null) {
+          mapOut.close();
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Output the externs if required.
+      if (options.externExportsPath != null) {
+        Writer eeOut =
+            openExternExportsStream(options, config.jsOutputFile);
+        eeOut.append(result.externExport);
+        eeOut.close();
+      }
+
+      // Output the variable and property name maps if requested.
+      outputNameMaps(options);
+
+      // Output the manifest and bundle files if requested.
+      outputManifest();
+      outputBundle();
+
+      if (options.tracer.isOn()) {
+        outputTracerReport();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // return 0 if no errors, the error count otherwise
+    return Math.min(result.errors.length, 0x7f);
+  }
+
+  private void outputTracerReport() {
+    JvmMetrics.maybeWriteJvmMetrics(this.err, "verbose:pretty:all");
+
+    OutputStreamWriter output = new OutputStreamWriter(this.err);
+    try {
+      int runtime = 0;
+      int runs = 0;
+      int changes = 0;
+      int diff = 0;
+      int gzDiff = 0;
+
+      // header
+      output.write("Summary:\n");
+      output.write("pass,runtime,runs,chancingRuns,reduction,gzReduction\n");
+      Map<String, Stats> runtimeMap = compiler.tracker.getStats();
+      for (Entry<String, Stats> entry : runtimeMap.entrySet()) {
+        String key = entry.getKey();
+        Stats stats = entry.getValue();
+
+        output.write(key);
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.runtime));
+        runtime += stats.runtime;
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.runs));
+        runs += stats.runs;
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.changes));
+        changes += stats.changes;
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.diff));
+        diff += stats.diff;
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.gzDiff));
+        gzDiff += stats.gzDiff;
+        output.write("\n");
+      }
+      output.write("TOTAL");
+      output.write(",");
+      output.write(String.valueOf(runtime));
+      output.write(",");
+      output.write(String.valueOf(runs));
+      output.write(",");
+      output.write(String.valueOf(changes));
+      output.write(",");
+      output.write(String.valueOf(diff));
+      output.write(",");
+      output.write(String.valueOf(gzDiff));
+      output.write("\n");
+      output.write("\n");
+
+      output.write("Log:\n");
+      output.write(
+          "pass,runtime,runs,chancingRuns,reduction,gzReduction,size,gzSize\n");
+      List<Stats> runtimeLog = compiler.tracker.getLog();
+      for (Stats stats : runtimeLog) {
+        output.write(stats.pass);
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.runtime));
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.runs));
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.changes));
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.diff));
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.gzDiff));
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.size));
+        output.write(",");
+        output.write(String.valueOf(stats.gzSize));
+        output.write("\n");
+      }
+      output.write("\n");
+      output.close();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Query the flag for the input charset, and return a Charset object
+   * representing the selection.
+   *
+   * @return Charset to use when reading inputs
+   * @throws FlagUsageException if flag is not a valid Charset name.
+   */
+  private Charset getInputCharset() throws FlagUsageException {
+    if (!config.charset.isEmpty()) {
+      if (!Charset.isSupported(config.charset)) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException(config.charset +
+            " is not a valid charset name.");
+      }
+      return Charset.forName(config.charset);
+    }
+    return Charsets.UTF_8;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Query the flag for the output charset.
+   *
+   * Let the outputCharset be the same as the input charset... except if
+   * we're reading in UTF-8 by default.  By tradition, we've always
+   * output ASCII to avoid various hiccups with different browsers,
+   * proxies and firewalls.
+   *
+   * @return Name of the charset to use when writing outputs. Guaranteed to
+   *    be a supported charset.
+   * @throws FlagUsageException if flag is not a valid Charset name.
+   */
+  private String getLegacyOutputCharset() throws FlagUsageException {
+    if (!config.charset.isEmpty()) {
+      if (!Charset.isSupported(config.charset)) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException(config.charset +
+            " is not a valid charset name.");
+      }
+      return config.charset;
+    }
+    return "US-ASCII";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Query the flag for the output charset. Defaults to UTF-8.
+   * @throws FlagUsageException if flag is not a valid Charset name.
+   */
+  private Charset getOutputCharset2() throws FlagUsageException {
+    if (!config.charset.isEmpty()) {
+      if (!Charset.isSupported(config.charset)) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException(config.charset +
+            " is not a valid charset name.");
+      }
+      return Charset.forName(config.charset);
+    }
+    return Charsets.UTF_8;
+  }
+
+  protected List<SourceFile> createExterns() throws FlagUsageException,
+      IOException {
+    return isInTestMode() ? externsSupplierForTesting.get() :
+        createExternInputs(config.externs);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns true if and only if a source map file should be generated for each
+   * module, as opposed to one unified map. This is specified by having the
+   * source map pattern include the %outname% variable.
+   */
+  private boolean shouldGenerateMapPerModule(B options) {
+    return options.sourceMapOutputPath != null
+        && options.sourceMapOutputPath.contains("%outname%");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a stream for outputting the generated externs file.
+   *
+   * @param options The options to the Compiler.
+   * @param path The path of the generated JS source file.
+   *
+   * @return The stream or null if no extern-ed exports are being generated.
+   */
+  private Writer openExternExportsStream(B options,
+      String path) throws IOException {
+    if (options.externExportsPath == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    String exPath = options.externExportsPath;
+
+    if (!exPath.contains(File.separator)) {
+      File outputFile = new File(path);
+      exPath = outputFile.getParent() + File.separatorChar + exPath;
+    }
+
+    return fileNameToOutputWriter2(exPath);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Expand a file path specified on the command-line.
+   *
+   * Most file paths on the command-line allow an %outname% placeholder.
+   * The placeholder will expand to a different value depending on
+   * the current output mode. There are three scenarios:
+   *
+   * 1) Single JS output, single extra output: sub in jsOutputPath.
+   * 2) Multiple JS output, single extra output: sub in the base module name.
+   * 3) Multiple JS output, multiple extra output: sub in the module output
+   *    file.
+   *
+   * Passing a JSModule to this function automatically triggers case #3.
+   * Otherwise, we'll use strategy #1 or #2 based on the current output mode.
+   */
+  private String expandCommandLinePath(
+      String path, JSModule forModule) {
+    String sub;
+    if (forModule != null) {
+      sub = config.moduleOutputPathPrefix + forModule.getName() + ".js";
+    } else if (!config.module.isEmpty()) {
+      sub = config.moduleOutputPathPrefix;
+    } else {
+      sub = config.jsOutputFile;
+    }
+    return path.replace("%outname%", sub);
+  }
+
+  /** Expansion function for source map. */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  String expandSourceMapPath(B options, JSModule forModule) {
+    if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(options.sourceMapOutputPath)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return expandCommandLinePath(options.sourceMapOutputPath, forModule);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a file name into a Writer taking in account the output charset.
+   * Returns null if the file name is null.
+   */
+  private Writer fileNameToLegacyOutputWriter(String fileName)
+      throws IOException {
+    if (fileName == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (testMode) {
+      return new StringWriter();
+    }
+
+    return streamToLegacyOutputWriter(filenameToOutputStream(fileName));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a file name into a Writer taking in account the output charset.
+   * Returns null if the file name is null.
+   */
+  private Writer fileNameToOutputWriter2(String fileName) throws IOException {
+    if (fileName == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (testMode) {
+      return new StringWriter();
+    }
+
+    return streamToOutputWriter2(filenameToOutputStream(fileName));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts a file name into a Outputstream.
+   * Returns null if the file name is null.
+   */
+  protected OutputStream filenameToOutputStream(String fileName)
+      throws IOException {
+    if (fileName == null){
+      return null;
+    }
+    return new FileOutputStream(fileName);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a writer with the legacy output charset.
+   */
+  private Writer streamToLegacyOutputWriter(OutputStream stream)
+      throws IOException {
+    if (legacyOutputCharset == null) {
+      return new BufferedWriter(
+          new OutputStreamWriter(stream));
+    } else {
+      return new BufferedWriter(
+          new OutputStreamWriter(stream, legacyOutputCharset));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a writer with the newer output charset.
+   */
+  private Writer streamToOutputWriter2(OutputStream stream) {
+    if (outputCharset2 == null) {
+      return new BufferedWriter(
+          new OutputStreamWriter(stream));
+    } else {
+      return new BufferedWriter(
+          new OutputStreamWriter(stream, outputCharset2));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs the source map found in the compiler to the proper path if one
+   * exists.
+   *
+   * @param options The options to the Compiler.
+   */
+  private void outputSourceMap(B options, String associatedName)
+      throws IOException {
+    if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(options.sourceMapOutputPath)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    String outName = expandSourceMapPath(options, null);
+    Writer out = fileNameToOutputWriter2(outName);
+    compiler.getSourceMap().appendTo(out, associatedName);
+    out.close();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the path at which to output map file(s) based on the path at which
+   * the JS binary will be placed.
+   *
+   * @return The path in which to place the generated map file(s).
+   */
+  private String getMapPath(String outputFile) {
+    String basePath = "";
+
+    if (outputFile.equals("")) {
+      // If we have a js_module_binary rule, output the maps
+      // at modulename_props_map.out, etc.
+      if (!config.moduleOutputPathPrefix.equals("")) {
+        basePath = config.moduleOutputPathPrefix;
+      } else {
+        basePath = "jscompiler";
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Get the path of the output file.
+      File file = new File(outputFile);
+
+      String outputFileName = file.getName();
+
+      // Strip the .js from the name.
+      if (outputFileName.endsWith(".js")) {
+        outputFileName =
+            outputFileName.substring(0, outputFileName.length() - 3);
+      }
+
+      basePath = file.getParent() + File.separatorChar + outputFileName;
+    }
+
+    return basePath;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Outputs the variable and property name maps for the specified compiler if
+   * the proper FLAGS are set.
+   */
+  private void outputNameMaps(B options) throws FlagUsageException,
+      IOException {
+
+    String propertyMapOutputPath = null;
+    String variableMapOutputPath = null;
+    String functionInformationMapOutputPath = null;
+
+    // Check the create_name_map_files FLAG.
+    if (config.createNameMapFiles) {
+      String basePath = getMapPath(config.jsOutputFile);
+
+      propertyMapOutputPath = basePath + "_props_map.out";
+      variableMapOutputPath = basePath + "_vars_map.out";
+      functionInformationMapOutputPath = basePath + "_functions_map.out";
+    }
+
+    // Check the individual FLAGS.
+    if (!config.variableMapOutputFile.equals("")) {
+      if (variableMapOutputPath != null) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("The flags variable_map_output_file and "
+            + "create_name_map_files cannot both be used simultaniously.");
+      }
+
+      variableMapOutputPath = config.variableMapOutputFile;
+    }
+
+    if (!config.propertyMapOutputFile.equals("")) {
+      if (propertyMapOutputPath != null) {
+        throw new FlagUsageException("The flags property_map_output_file and "
+            + "create_name_map_files cannot both be used simultaniously.");
+      }
+
+      propertyMapOutputPath = config.propertyMapOutputFile;
+    }
+
+    // Output the maps.
+    if (variableMapOutputPath != null) {
+      if (compiler.getVariableMap() != null) {
+        compiler.getVariableMap().save(variableMapOutputPath);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (propertyMapOutputPath != null) {
+      if (compiler.getPropertyMap() != null) {
+        compiler.getPropertyMap().save(propertyMapOutputPath);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (functionInformationMapOutputPath != null) {
+      if (compiler.getFunctionalInformationMap() != null) {
+        OutputStream file =
+            filenameToOutputStream(functionInformationMapOutputPath);
+        CodedOutputStream outputStream = CodedOutputStream.newInstance(file);
+        compiler.getFunctionalInformationMap().writeTo(outputStream);
+        outputStream.flush();
+        file.flush();
+        file.close();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a map of constant names to constant values from a textual
+   * description of the map.
+   *
+   * @param definitions A list of overriding definitions for defines in
+   *     the form <name>[=<val>], where <val> is a number, boolean, or
+   *     single-quoted string without single quotes.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  static void createDefineOrTweakReplacements(List<String> definitions,
+      CompilerOptions options, boolean tweaks) {
+    // Parse the definitions
+    for (String override : definitions) {
+      String[] assignment = override.split("=", 2);
+      String defName = assignment[0];
+
+      if (defName.length() > 0) {
+        String defValue = assignment.length == 1 ? "true" : assignment[1];
+
+        boolean isTrue = defValue.equals("true");
+        boolean isFalse = defValue.equals("false");
+        if (isTrue || isFalse) {
+          if (tweaks) {
+            options.setTweakToBooleanLiteral(defName, isTrue);
+          } else {
+            options.setDefineToBooleanLiteral(defName, isTrue);
+          }
+          continue;
+        } else if (defValue.length() > 1
+            && ((defValue.charAt(0) == '\'' &&
+                defValue.charAt(defValue.length() - 1) == '\'')
+                || (defValue.charAt(0) == '\"' &&
+                    defValue.charAt(defValue.length() - 1) == '\"'))) {
+          // If the value starts and ends with a single quote,
+          // we assume that it's a string.
+          String maybeStringVal =
+              defValue.substring(1, defValue.length() - 1);
+          if (maybeStringVal.indexOf(defValue.charAt(0)) == -1) {
+            if (tweaks) {
+              options.setTweakToStringLiteral(defName, maybeStringVal);
+            } else {
+              options.setDefineToStringLiteral(defName, maybeStringVal);
+            }
+            continue;
+          }
+        } else {
+          try {
+            double value = Double.parseDouble(defValue);
+            if (tweaks) {
+              options.setTweakToDoubleLiteral(defName, value);
+            } else {
+              options.setDefineToDoubleLiteral(defName, value);
+            }
+            continue;
+          } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            // do nothing, it will be caught at the end
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (tweaks) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+            "--tweak flag syntax invalid: " + override);
+      }
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+          "--define flag syntax invalid: " + override);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns true if and only if a manifest or bundle should be generated
+   * for each module, as opposed to one unified manifest.
+   */
+  private boolean shouldGenerateOutputPerModule(String output) {
+    return !config.module.isEmpty()
+        && output != null && output.contains("%outname%");
+  }
+
+  private void outputManifest() throws IOException {
+    outputManifestOrBundle(config.outputManifests, true);
+  }
+
+  private void outputBundle() throws IOException {
+    outputManifestOrBundle(config.outputBundles, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Writes the manifest or bundle of all compiler input files that survived
+   * manage_closure_dependencies, if requested.
+   */
+  private void outputManifestOrBundle(List<String> outputFiles,
+      boolean isManifest) throws IOException {
+    if (outputFiles.isEmpty()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (String output : outputFiles) {
+      if (output.isEmpty()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (shouldGenerateOutputPerModule(output)) {
+        // Generate per-module manifests or bundles
+        JSModuleGraph graph = compiler.getDegenerateModuleGraph();
+        Iterable<JSModule> modules = graph.getAllModules();
+        for (JSModule module : modules) {
+          Writer out = fileNameToOutputWriter2(
+              expandCommandLinePath(output, module));
+          if (isManifest) {
+            printManifestTo(module.getInputs(), out);
+          } else {
+            printBundleTo(module.getInputs(), out);
+          }
+          out.close();
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Generate a single file manifest or bundle.
+        Writer out = fileNameToOutputWriter2(
+            expandCommandLinePath(output, null));
+        if (config.module.isEmpty()) {
+          if (isManifest) {
+            printManifestTo(compiler.getInputsInOrder(), out);
+          } else {
+            printBundleTo(compiler.getInputsInOrder(), out);
+          }
+        } else {
+          printModuleGraphManifestOrBundleTo(
+              compiler.getDegenerateModuleGraph(), out, isManifest);
+        }
+        out.close();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prints a set of modules to the manifest or bundle file.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void printModuleGraphManifestOrBundleTo(JSModuleGraph graph,
+      Appendable out, boolean isManifest) throws IOException {
+    Joiner commas = Joiner.on(",");
+    boolean requiresNewline = false;
+    for (JSModule module : graph.getAllModules()) {
+      if (requiresNewline) {
+        out.append("\n");
+      }
+
+      if (isManifest) {
+        // See CommandLineRunnerTest to see what the format of this
+        // manifest looks like.
+        String dependencies = commas.join(module.getSortedDependencyNames());
+        out.append(
+            String.format("{%s%s}\n",
+                module.getName(),
+                dependencies.isEmpty() ? "" : ":" + dependencies));
+        printManifestTo(module.getInputs(), out);
+      } else {
+        printBundleTo(module.getInputs(), out);
+      }
+      requiresNewline = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prints a list of input names (using root-relative paths), delimited by
+   * newlines, to the manifest file.
+   */
+  private void printManifestTo(Iterable<CompilerInput> inputs, Appendable out)
+      throws IOException {
+    for (CompilerInput input : inputs) {
+      String rootRelativePath = rootRelativePathsMap.get(input.getName());
+      String displayName = rootRelativePath != null
+          ? rootRelativePath
+          : input.getName();
+      out.append(displayName);
+      out.append("\n");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prints all the input contents, starting with a comment that specifies
+   * the input file name (using root-relative paths) before each file.
+   */
+  private void printBundleTo(Iterable<CompilerInput> inputs, Appendable out)
+      throws IOException {
+    for (CompilerInput input : inputs) {
+      // Every module has an empty file in it. This makes it easier to implement
+      // cross-module code motion.
+      //
+      // But it also leads to a weird edge case because
+      // a) If we don't have a module spec, we create a singleton module, and
+      // b) If we print a bundle file, we copy the original input files.
+      //
+      // This means that in the (rare) case where we have no inputs, and no
+      // module spec, and we're printing a bundle file, we'll have a fake
+      // input file that shouldn't be copied. So we special-case this, to
+      // make all the other cases simpler.
+      if (input.getName().equals(
+              Compiler.createFillFileName(Compiler.SINGLETON_MODULE_NAME))) {
+        Preconditions.checkState(1 == Iterables.size(inputs));
+        return;
+      }
+
+      String rootRelativePath = rootRelativePathsMap.get(input.getName());
+      String displayName = rootRelativePath != null
+          ? rootRelativePath
+          : input.getName();
+      File file = new File(input.getName());
+      out.append("//");
+      out.append(displayName);
+      out.append("\n");
+      Files.copy(file, inputCharset, out);
+      out.append("\n");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Construct and return the input root path map. The key is the exec path of
+   * each input file, and the value is the corresponding root relative path.
+   */
+  private Map<String, String> constructRootRelativePathsMap() {
+    Map<String, String> rootRelativePathsMap = Maps.newLinkedHashMap();
+    for (String mapString : config.manifestMaps) {
+      int colonIndex = mapString.indexOf(':');
+      Preconditions.checkState(colonIndex > 0);
+      String execPath = mapString.substring(0, colonIndex);
+      String rootRelativePath = mapString.substring(colonIndex + 1);
+      Preconditions.checkState(rootRelativePath.indexOf(':') == -1);
+      rootRelativePathsMap.put(execPath, rootRelativePath);
+    }
+    return rootRelativePathsMap;
+  }
+
+  private class RunTimeStats {
+    private long bestRunTime = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+    private long worstRunTime = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+    private long lastStartTime = 0;
+    private List<List<String>> loopedPassesInBestRun = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Record the start of a run.
+     */
+    private void recordStartRun() {
+      lastStartTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      PhaseOptimizer.clearLoopsRun();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Record the end of a run.
+     */
+    private void recordEndRun() {
+      long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      long length = endTime - lastStartTime;
+      worstRunTime = Math.max(length, worstRunTime);
+      if (length < bestRunTime) {
+        loopedPassesInBestRun = PhaseOptimizer.getLoopsRun();
+        bestRunTime = length;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print the best phase loop to stderr.
+     */
+    private void outputBestPhaseOrdering() {
+      try {
+        jsOutput.append("Best time: " + bestRunTime + "\n");
+        jsOutput.append("Worst time: " + worstRunTime + "\n");
+
+        int i = 1;
+        for (List<String> loop : loopedPassesInBestRun) {
+          jsOutput.append(
+              "\nLoop " + i + ":\n" + Joiner.on("\n").join(loop)+ "\n");
+          i++;
+        }
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unexpected exception", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Configurations for the command line configs. Designed for easy
+   * building, so that we can decouple the flags-parsing library from
+   * the actual configuration options.
+   *
+   * By design, these configurations must match one-to-one with
+   * command-line flags.
+   */
+  static class CommandLineConfig {
+    private boolean printTree = false;
+
+    /** Prints out the parse tree and exits */
+    CommandLineConfig setPrintTree(boolean printTree) {
+      this.printTree = printTree;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean computePhaseOrdering = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the compile job many times, then prints out the best phase
+     * ordering from this run
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setComputePhaseOrdering(boolean computePhaseOrdering) {
+      this.computePhaseOrdering = computePhaseOrdering;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean printAst = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a dot file describing the internal abstract syntax tree
+     * and exits
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setPrintAst(boolean printAst) {
+      this.printAst = printAst;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean printPassGraph = false;
+
+    /** Prints a dot file describing the passes that will get run and exits */
+    CommandLineConfig setPrintPassGraph(boolean printPassGraph) {
+      this.printPassGraph = printPassGraph;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private CompilerOptions.DevMode jscompDevMode = CompilerOptions.DevMode.OFF;
+
+    /** Turns on extra sanity checks */
+    CommandLineConfig setJscompDevMode(CompilerOptions.DevMode jscompDevMode) {
+      this.jscompDevMode = jscompDevMode;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String loggingLevel = Level.WARNING.getName();
+
+    /**
+     * The logging level (standard java.util.logging.Level
+     * values) for Compiler progress. Does not control errors or
+     * warnings for the JavaScript code under compilation
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setLoggingLevel(String loggingLevel) {
+      this.loggingLevel = loggingLevel;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private final List<String> externs = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    /**
+     * The file containing JavaScript externs. You may specify multiple.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setExterns(List<String> externs) {
+      this.externs.clear();
+      this.externs.addAll(externs);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private final List<String> js = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    /**
+     * The JavaScript filename. You may specify multiple.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setJs(List<String> js) {
+      this.js.clear();
+      this.js.addAll(js);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String jsOutputFile = "";
+
+    /**
+     * Primary output filename. If not specified, output is written to stdout
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setJsOutputFile(String jsOutputFile) {
+      this.jsOutputFile = jsOutputFile;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private final List<String> module = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    /**
+     * A JavaScript module specification. The format is
+     * <name>:<num-js-files>[:[<dep>,...][:]]]. Module names must be
+     * unique. Each dep is the name of a module that this module
+     * depends on. Modules must be listed in dependency order, and JS
+     * source files must be listed in the corresponding order. Where
+     * --module flags occur in relation to --js flags is unimportant
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setModule(List<String> module) {
+      this.module.clear();
+      this.module.addAll(module);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String variableMapInputFile = "";
+
+    /**
+     * File containing the serialized version of the variable renaming
+     * map produced by a previous compilation
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setVariableMapInputFile(String variableMapInputFile) {
+      this.variableMapInputFile = variableMapInputFile;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String propertyMapInputFile = "";
+
+    /**
+     * File containing the serialized version of the property renaming
+     * map produced by a previous compilation
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setPropertyMapInputFile(String propertyMapInputFile) {
+      this.propertyMapInputFile = propertyMapInputFile;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String variableMapOutputFile = "";
+
+    /**
+     * File where the serialized version of the variable renaming map
+     * produced should be saved
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setVariableMapOutputFile(String variableMapOutputFile) {
+      this.variableMapOutputFile = variableMapOutputFile;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean createNameMapFiles = false;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, variable renaming and property renaming map
+     * files will be produced as {binary name}_vars_map.out and
+     * {binary name}_props_map.out. Note that this flag cannot be used
+     * in conjunction with either variable_map_output_file or
+     * property_map_output_file
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setCreateNameMapFiles(boolean createNameMapFiles) {
+      this.createNameMapFiles = createNameMapFiles;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String propertyMapOutputFile = "";
+
+    /**
+     * File where the serialized version of the property renaming map
+     * produced should be saved
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setPropertyMapOutputFile(String propertyMapOutputFile) {
+      this.propertyMapOutputFile = propertyMapOutputFile;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private CodingConvention codingConvention = CodingConventions.getDefault();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets rules and conventions to enforce.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setCodingConvention(CodingConvention codingConvention) {
+      this.codingConvention = codingConvention;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private int summaryDetailLevel = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Controls how detailed the compilation summary is. Values:
+     *  0 (never print summary), 1 (print summary only if there are
+     * errors or warnings), 2 (print summary if type checking is on,
+     * see --check_types), 3 (always print summary). The default level
+     * is 1
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setSummaryDetailLevel(int summaryDetailLevel) {
+      this.summaryDetailLevel = summaryDetailLevel;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String outputWrapper = "";
+
+    /**
+     * Interpolate output into this string at the place denoted
+     *  by the marker token %output%. See --output_wrapper_marker
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setOutputWrapper(String outputWrapper) {
+      this.outputWrapper = outputWrapper;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private final List<String> moduleWrapper = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    /**
+     * An output wrapper for a JavaScript module (optional). See the flag
+     * description for formatting requirements.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setModuleWrapper(List<String> moduleWrapper) {
+      this.moduleWrapper.clear();
+      this.moduleWrapper.addAll(moduleWrapper);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String moduleOutputPathPrefix = "";
+
+    /**
+     * Prefix for filenames of compiled JS modules.
+     * <module-name>.js will be appended to this prefix. Directories
+     * will be created as needed. Use with --module
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setModuleOutputPathPrefix(String moduleOutputPathPrefix) {
+      this.moduleOutputPathPrefix = moduleOutputPathPrefix;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String createSourceMap = "";
+
+    /**
+     * If specified, a source map file mapping the generated
+     * source files back to the original source file will be
+     * output to the specified path. The %outname% placeholder will
+     * expand to the name of the output file that the source map
+     * corresponds to.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setCreateSourceMap(String createSourceMap) {
+      this.createSourceMap = createSourceMap;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private SourceMap.DetailLevel sourceMapDetailLevel =
+        SourceMap.DetailLevel.ALL;
+
+    /**
+     * The detail supplied in the source map file, if generated.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setSourceMapDetailLevel(SourceMap.DetailLevel level) {
+      this.sourceMapDetailLevel = level;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private SourceMap.Format sourceMapFormat =
+      SourceMap.Format.DEFAULT;
+
+    /**
+     * The detail supplied in the source map file, if generated.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setSourceMapFormat(SourceMap.Format format) {
+      this.sourceMapFormat = format;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private WarningGuardSpec warningGuards = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Add warning guards.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setWarningGuardSpec(WarningGuardSpec spec) {
+      this.warningGuards = spec;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private final List<String> define = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    /**
+     * Override the value of a variable annotated @define.
+     * The format is <name>[=<val>], where <name> is the name of a @define
+     * variable and <val> is a boolean, number, or a single-quoted string
+     * that contains no single quotes. If [=<val>] is omitted,
+     * the variable is marked true
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setDefine(List<String> define) {
+      this.define.clear();
+      this.define.addAll(define);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private final List<String> tweak = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    /**
+     * Override the default value of a registered tweak. The format is
+     * <name>[=<val>], where <name> is the ID of a tweak and <val> is a boolean,
+     * number, or a single-quoted string that contains no single quotes. If
+     * [=<val>] is omitted, then true is assumed.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setTweak(List<String> tweak) {
+      this.tweak.clear();
+      this.tweak.addAll(tweak);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private TweakProcessing tweakProcessing = TweakProcessing.OFF;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the kind of processing to do for goog.tweak functions.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setTweakProcessing(TweakProcessing tweakProcessing) {
+      this.tweakProcessing = tweakProcessing;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String charset = "";
+
+    /**
+     * Input charset for all files.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setCharset(String charset) {
+      this.charset = charset;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean manageClosureDependencies = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to sort files by their goog.provide/require deps,
+     * and prune inputs that are not required.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setManageClosureDependencies(boolean newVal) {
+      this.manageClosureDependencies = newVal;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean onlyClosureDependencies = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to sort files by their goog.provide/require deps,
+     * and prune inputs that are not required, and drop all non-closure
+     * files.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setOnlyClosureDependencies(boolean newVal) {
+      this.onlyClosureDependencies = newVal;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private List<String> closureEntryPoints = ImmutableList.of();
+
+    /**
+     * Set closure entry points, which makes the compiler only include
+     * those files and sort them in dependency order.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setClosureEntryPoints(List<String> entryPoints) {
+      Preconditions.checkNotNull(entryPoints);
+      this.closureEntryPoints = entryPoints;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private List<String> outputManifests = ImmutableList.of();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to print output manifest files.
+     * Filter out empty file names.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setOutputManifest(List<String> outputManifests) {
+      this.outputManifests = Lists.newArrayList();
+      for (String manifestName : outputManifests) {
+        if (!manifestName.isEmpty()) {
+          this.outputManifests.add(manifestName);
+        }
+      }
+      this.outputManifests = ImmutableList.copyOf(this.outputManifests);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private List<String> outputBundles = ImmutableList.of();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to print output bundle files.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setOutputBundle(List<String> outputBundles) {
+      this.outputBundles = outputBundles;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean acceptConstKeyword = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to accept usage of 'const' keyword.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setAcceptConstKeyword(boolean acceptConstKeyword) {
+      this.acceptConstKeyword = acceptConstKeyword;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String languageIn = "";
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to accept input files as ECMAScript5 compliant.
+     * Otherwise, input files are treated as ECMAScript3 compliant.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setLanguageIn(String languageIn) {
+      this.languageIn = languageIn;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean skipNormalOutputs = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether the normal outputs of compilation should be skipped.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setSkipNormalOutputs(boolean skipNormalOutputs) {
+      this.skipNormalOutputs = skipNormalOutputs;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private List<String> manifestMaps = ImmutableList.of();
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the execPath:rootRelativePath mappings
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setManifestMaps(List<String> manifestMaps) {
+      this.manifestMaps = manifestMaps;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+
+    private boolean transformAMDToCJSModules = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Set whether to transform AMD to CommonJS modules.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setTransformAMDToCJSModules(
+        boolean transformAMDToCJSModules) {
+      this.transformAMDToCJSModules = transformAMDToCJSModules;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private boolean processCommonJSModules = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to process CommonJS modules.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setProcessCommonJSModules(
+        boolean processCommonJSModules) {
+      this.processCommonJSModules = processCommonJSModules;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+
+    private String commonJSModulePathPrefix =
+        ProcessCommonJSModules.DEFAULT_FILENAME_PREFIX;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the CommonJS module path prefix.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setCommonJSModulePathPrefix(
+        String commonJSModulePathPrefix) {
+      this.commonJSModulePathPrefix = commonJSModulePathPrefix;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    private String warningsWhitelistFile = "";
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a whitelist file that suppresses warnings.
+     */
+    CommandLineConfig setWarningsWhitelistFile(String fileName) {
+      this.warningsWhitelistFile = fileName;
+      return this;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A little helper class to make it easier to collect warning types
+   * from --jscomp_error, --jscomp_warning, and --jscomp_off.
+   */
+  protected static class WarningGuardSpec {
+    private static class Entry {
+      private final CheckLevel level;
+      private final String groupName;
+
+      private Entry(CheckLevel level, String groupName) {
+        this.level = level;
+        this.groupName = groupName;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // The entries, in the order that they were added.
+    private final List<Entry> entries = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    protected void add(CheckLevel level, String groupName) {
+      entries.add(new Entry(level, groupName));
+    }
+
+    protected void clear() {
+      entries.clear();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `eeOut` last assigned on line 877 could be null and is dereferenced at line 878.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int AbstractCommandLineRunner.processResults(Result,List,CompilerOptions)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.AbstractCommandLineRunner.processResults(com.google.javascript.jscomp.R.9b650e38f7653f4033ea67d025878ac9
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/AbstractCommandLineRunner.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractCommandLineRunner.java|processResults|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b9a65999764f9fcb280c420cb07d07be
+
+### Hash:
+dbe1f2336ccdd91f25c024761e9a8197
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5208/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5208/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29b4650faf5e3f61bad0da76b119bda3346bedb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5208/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009 The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp;
+
+import static com.google.javascript.jscomp.FunctionArgumentInjector.THIS_MARKER;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.MakeDeclaredNamesUnique.InlineRenamer;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Node;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Token;
+
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * A class to transform the body of a function into a generic block suitable
+ * for inlining.
+ *
+ * @author johnlenz@google.com (John Lenz)
+ */
+class FunctionToBlockMutator {
+
+  private AbstractCompiler compiler;
+  private Supplier<String> safeNameIdSupplier;
+
+
+  FunctionToBlockMutator(
+      AbstractCompiler compiler, Supplier<String> safeNameIdSupplier) {
+    this.compiler = compiler;
+    this.safeNameIdSupplier = safeNameIdSupplier;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param fnName The name to use when preparing human readable names.
+   * @param fnNode The function to prepare.
+   * @param callNode The call node that will be replaced.
+   * @param resultName Function results should be assigned to this name.
+   * @param needsDefaultResult Whether the result value must be set.
+   * @param isCallInLoop Whether the function body must be prepared to be
+   *   injected into the body of a loop.
+   * @return A clone of the function body mutated to be suitable for injection
+   *   as a statement into another code block.
+   */
+  Node mutate(String fnName, Node fnNode, Node callNode,
+      String resultName, boolean needsDefaultResult, boolean isCallInLoop) {
+    Node newFnNode = fnNode.cloneTree();
+    // Now that parameter names have been replaced, make sure all the local
+    // names are unique, to allow functions to be inlined multiple times
+    // without causing conflicts.
+    makeLocalNamesUnique(newFnNode, isCallInLoop);
+
+    // Function declarations must be rewritten as function expressions as
+    // they will be within a block and normalization prevents function
+    // declarations within block as browser implementations vary.
+    rewriteFunctionDeclarations(newFnNode.getLastChild());
+
+    // TODO(johnlenz): Mark NAME nodes constant for parameters that are not
+    // modified.
+    Set<String> namesToAlias =
+        FunctionArgumentInjector.findModifiedParameters(newFnNode);
+    LinkedHashMap<String, Node> args =
+        FunctionArgumentInjector.getFunctionCallParameterMap(
+            newFnNode, callNode, this.safeNameIdSupplier);
+    boolean hasArgs = !args.isEmpty();
+    if (hasArgs) {
+      FunctionArgumentInjector.maybeAddTempsForCallArguments(
+          newFnNode, args, namesToAlias, compiler.getCodingConvention());
+    }
+
+    Node newBlock = NodeUtil.getFunctionBody(newFnNode);
+    // Make the newBlock insertable .
+    newBlock.detachFromParent();
+
+    if (hasArgs) {
+      Node inlineResult = aliasAndInlineArguments(newBlock,
+          args, namesToAlias);
+      Preconditions.checkState(newBlock == inlineResult);
+    }
+
+    //
+    // For calls inlined into loops, VAR declarations are not reinitialized to
+    // undefined as they would have been if the function were called, so ensure
+    // that they are properly initialized.
+    //
+    if (isCallInLoop) {
+      fixUnitializedVarDeclarations(newBlock);
+    }
+
+    String labelName = getLabelNameForFunction(fnName);
+    Node injectableBlock = replaceReturns(
+        newBlock, resultName, labelName, needsDefaultResult);
+    Preconditions.checkState(injectableBlock != null);
+
+    return injectableBlock;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * @param n The node to inspect
+   */
+  private void rewriteFunctionDeclarations(Node n) {
+    if (n.isFunction()) {
+      if (NodeUtil.isFunctionDeclaration(n)) {
+        // Rewrite: function f() {} ==> var f = function() {}
+        Node fnNameNode = n.getFirstChild();
+
+        Node var = new Node(Token.VAR).copyInformationFrom(n);
+        Node name = Node.newString(Token.NAME, fnNameNode.getString())
+            .copyInformationFrom(fnNameNode);
+
+        fnNameNode.setString("");
+        // Add the VAR, remove the FUNCTION
+        n.getParent().replaceChild(n, var);
+        var.addChildToFront(name);
+        // readd the function as a function expression
+        name.addChildToFront(n);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (Node c = n.getFirstChild(), next; c != null; c = next) {
+      next = c.getNext(); // We may rewrite "c"
+      rewriteFunctionDeclarations(c);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  For all VAR node with uninitialized declarations, set
+   *  the values to be "undefined".
+   */
+  private void fixUnitializedVarDeclarations(Node n) {
+    // Inner loop structure must already have logic to initialize its
+    // variables.  In particular FOR-IN structures must not be modified.
+    if (NodeUtil.isLoopStructure(n)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // For all VARs
+    if (n.isVar()) {
+      Node name = n.getFirstChild();
+      // It isn't initialized.
+      if (!name.hasChildren()) {
+        Node srcLocation = name;
+        name.addChildToBack(NodeUtil.newUndefinedNode(srcLocation));
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (Node c = n.getFirstChild(); c != null; c = c.getNext()) {
+      fixUnitializedVarDeclarations(c);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Fix-up all local names to be unique for this subtree.
+   * @param fnNode A mutable instance of the function to be inlined.
+   */
+  private void makeLocalNamesUnique(Node fnNode, boolean isCallInLoop) {
+    Supplier<String> idSupplier = compiler.getUniqueNameIdSupplier();
+    // Make variable names unique to this instance.
+    NodeTraversal.traverse(
+        compiler, fnNode, new MakeDeclaredNamesUnique(
+            new InlineRenamer(
+                idSupplier,
+                "inline_",
+                isCallInLoop)));
+    // Make label names unique to this instance.
+    new RenameLabels(compiler, new LabelNameSupplier(idSupplier), false)
+        .process(null, fnNode);
+  }
+
+  static class LabelNameSupplier implements Supplier<String> {
+    final Supplier<String> idSupplier;
+
+    LabelNameSupplier(Supplier<String> idSupplier) {
+      this.idSupplier = idSupplier;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String get() {
+        return "JSCompiler_inline_label_" + idSupplier.get();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a unique label name.
+   */
+  private String getLabelNameForFunction(String fnName){
+    String name = (fnName == null || fnName.isEmpty()) ? "anon" : fnName;
+    return "JSCompiler_inline_label_" + name + "_" + safeNameIdSupplier.get();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a unique "this" name.
+   */
+  private String getUniqueThisName() {
+    return "JSCompiler_inline_this_" + safeNameIdSupplier.get();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Inlines the arguments within the node tree using the given argument map,
+   * replaces "unsafe" names with local aliases.
+   *
+   * The aliases for unsafe require new VAR declarations, so this function
+   * can not be used in for direct CALL node replacement as VAR nodes can not be
+   * created there.
+   *
+   * @return The node or its replacement.
+   */
+  private Node aliasAndInlineArguments(
+      Node fnTemplateRoot, LinkedHashMap<String, Node> argMap,
+      Set<String> namesToAlias) {
+
+    if (namesToAlias == null || namesToAlias.isEmpty()) {
+      // There are no names to alias, just inline the arguments directly.
+      Node result = FunctionArgumentInjector.inject(
+          compiler, fnTemplateRoot, null, argMap);
+      Preconditions.checkState(result == fnTemplateRoot);
+      return result;
+    } else {
+      // Create local alias of names that can not be safely
+      // used directly.
+
+      // An arg map that will be updated to contain the
+      // safe aliases.
+      Map<String, Node> newArgMap = Maps.newHashMap(argMap);
+
+      // Declare the alias in the same order as they
+      // are declared.
+      List<Node> newVars = Lists.newLinkedList();
+      // NOTE: argMap is a linked map so we get the parameters in the
+      // order that they were declared.
+      for (Entry<String, Node> entry : argMap.entrySet()) {
+        String name = entry.getKey();
+        if (namesToAlias.contains(name)) {
+          if (name.equals(THIS_MARKER)) {
+            boolean referencesThis = NodeUtil.referencesThis(fnTemplateRoot);
+            // Update "this", this is only necessary if "this" is referenced
+            // and the value of "this" is not Token.THIS, or the value of "this"
+            // has side effects.
+
+            Node value = entry.getValue();
+            if (value.getType() != Token.THIS
+                && (referencesThis
+                    || NodeUtil.mayHaveSideEffects(value, compiler))) {
+              String newName = getUniqueThisName();
+              Node newValue = entry.getValue().cloneTree();
+              Node newNode = NodeUtil.newVarNode(newName, newValue)
+                  .copyInformationFromForTree(newValue);
+              newVars.add(0, newNode);
+              // Remove the parameter from the list to replace.
+              newArgMap.put(THIS_MARKER,
+                  Node.newString(Token.NAME, newName)
+                      .copyInformationFromForTree(newValue));
+            }
+          } else {
+            Node newValue = entry.getValue().cloneTree();
+            Node newNode = NodeUtil.newVarNode(name, newValue)
+                .copyInformationFromForTree(newValue);
+            newVars.add(0, newNode);
+            // Remove the parameter from the list to replace.
+            newArgMap.remove(name);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Inline the arguments.
+      Node result = FunctionArgumentInjector.inject(
+          compiler, fnTemplateRoot, null, newArgMap);
+      Preconditions.checkState(result == fnTemplateRoot);
+
+      // Now that the names have been replaced, add the new aliases for
+      // the old names.
+      for (Node n : newVars) {
+        fnTemplateRoot.addChildToFront(n);
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  Convert returns to assignments and breaks, as needed.
+   *  For example, with a lableName of 'foo':
+   *    {
+   *      return a;
+   *    }
+   *  becomes:
+   *    foo: {
+   *      a;
+   *      break foo;
+   *    }
+   *  or
+   *    foo: {
+   *      resultName = a;
+   *      break foo;
+   *    }
+   *
+   * @param resultMustBeSet Whether the result must always be set to a value.
+   * @return The node containing the transformed block, this may be different
+   *     than the passed in node 'block'.
+   */
+  private static Node replaceReturns(
+      Node block, String resultName, String labelName,
+      boolean resultMustBeSet) {
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(block);
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(labelName);
+
+    Node root = block;
+
+    boolean hasReturnAtExit = false;
+    int returnCount = NodeUtil.getNodeTypeReferenceCount(
+        block, Token.RETURN, new NodeUtil.MatchShallowStatement());
+    if (returnCount > 0) {
+      hasReturnAtExit = hasReturnAtExit(block);
+      // TODO(johnlenz): Simpler not to special case this,
+      // and let it be optimized later.
+      if (hasReturnAtExit) {
+        convertLastReturnToStatement(block, resultName);
+        returnCount--;
+      }
+
+      if (returnCount > 0) {
+        // A label and breaks are needed.
+
+        // Add the breaks
+        replaceReturnWithBreak(block, null, resultName, labelName);
+
+        // Add label
+        Node label = new Node(Token.LABEL).copyInformationFrom(block);
+        Node name = Node.newString(Token.LABEL_NAME, labelName)
+            .copyInformationFrom(block);
+        label.addChildToFront(name);
+        label.addChildToBack(block);
+
+        Node newRoot = new Node(Token.BLOCK).copyInformationFrom(block);
+        newRoot.addChildrenToBack(label);
+
+
+        // The label is now the root.
+        root = newRoot;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If there wasn't an return at the end of the function block, and we need
+    // a result, add one to the block.
+    if (resultMustBeSet && !hasReturnAtExit && resultName != null) {
+      addDummyAssignment(block, resultName);
+    }
+
+    return root;
+  }
+
+  /**********************************************************************
+   *  Functions following here are general node transformation functions
+   **********************************************************************/
+
+  /**
+   * Example:
+   *   a = (void) 0;
+   */
+  private static void addDummyAssignment(Node node, String resultName) {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(node.isBlock());
+
+    // A result is needed create a dummy value.
+    Node srcLocation = node;
+    Node retVal = NodeUtil.newUndefinedNode(srcLocation);
+    Node resultNode = createAssignStatementNode(resultName, retVal);
+    resultNode.copyInformationFromForTree(node);
+
+    node.addChildrenToBack(resultNode);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replace the 'return' statement with its child expression.
+   *   "return foo()" becomes "foo()" or "resultName = foo()"
+   *   "return" is removed or becomes "resultName = void 0".
+   *
+   * @param block
+   * @param resultName
+   */
+  private static void convertLastReturnToStatement(
+      Node block, String resultName) {
+    Node ret = block.getLastChild();
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(ret.isReturn());
+    Node resultNode = getReplacementReturnStatement(ret, resultName);
+
+    if (resultNode == null) {
+      block.removeChild(ret);
+    } else {
+      resultNode.copyInformationFromForTree(ret);
+      block.replaceChild(ret, resultNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a valid statement Node containing an assignment to name of the
+   * given expression.
+   */
+  private static Node createAssignStatementNode(String name, Node expression) {
+    // Create 'name = result-expression;' statement.
+    // EXPR (ASSIGN (NAME, EXPRESSION))
+    Node nameNode = Node.newString(Token.NAME, name);
+    Node assign = new Node(Token.ASSIGN, nameNode, expression);
+    return NodeUtil.newExpr(assign);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replace the 'return' statement with its child expression.
+   * If the result is needed (resultName != null):
+   *   "return foo()" becomes "resultName = foo()"
+   *   "return" becomes "resultName = void 0".
+   * Otherwise:
+   *   "return foo()" becomes "foo()"
+   *   "return", null is returned.
+   */
+  private static Node getReplacementReturnStatement(
+      Node node, String resultName) {
+    Node resultNode = null;
+
+    Node retVal = null;
+    if (node.hasChildren()) {
+      // Clone the child as the child hasn't been removed
+      // from the node yet.
+      retVal = node.getFirstChild().cloneTree();
+    }
+
+    if (resultName == null) {
+      if (retVal != null) {
+        resultNode = NodeUtil.newExpr(retVal); // maybe null.
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (retVal == null) {
+        // A result is needed create a dummy value.
+        Node srcLocation = node;
+        retVal = NodeUtil.newUndefinedNode(srcLocation);
+      }
+      // Create a "resultName = retVal;" statement.
+      resultNode = createAssignStatementNode(resultName, retVal);
+    }
+
+    return resultNode;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return Whether the given block end with an return statement.
+   */
+  private static boolean hasReturnAtExit(Node block) {
+    // Only inline functions that return something (empty returns
+    // will be handled by ConstFolding+EmptyFunctionRemoval)
+    return (block.getLastChild().isReturn());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replace the 'return' statement with its child expression.
+   *   "return foo()" becomes "{foo(); break;}" or
+   *      "{resultName = foo(); break;}"
+   *   "return" becomes {break;} or "{resultName = void 0;break;}".
+   */
+  private static Node replaceReturnWithBreak(Node current, Node parent,
+      String resultName, String labelName) {
+
+    if (current.isFunction()
+        || current.isExprResult()) {
+      // Don't recurse into functions definitions, and expressions can't
+      // contain RETURN nodes.
+      return current;
+    }
+
+    if (current.isReturn()) {
+      Preconditions.checkState(NodeUtil.isStatementBlock(parent));
+
+      Node resultNode = getReplacementReturnStatement(current, resultName);
+      Node name = Node.newString(Token.LABEL_NAME, labelName);
+      Node breakNode = new Node(Token.BREAK, name);
+
+      // Replace the node in parent, and reset current to the first new child.
+      breakNode.copyInformationFromForTree(current);
+      parent.replaceChild(current, breakNode);
+      if (resultNode != null) {
+        resultNode.copyInformationFromForTree(current);
+        parent.addChildBefore(resultNode, breakNode);
+      }
+      current = breakNode;
+    } else {
+      for (Node c = current.getFirstChild(); c != null; c = c.getNext()) {
+        // c may be replaced.
+        c = replaceReturnWithBreak(c, current, resultName, labelName);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return current;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `inject(...)` at line 236.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Node FunctionToBlockMutator.aliasAndInlineArguments(Node,LinkedHashMap,Set)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.FunctionToBlockMutator.aliasAndInlineArguments(com.google.javascript.rh.d88928a8498a3d6968ff039d2b22e536
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/FunctionToBlockMutator.java
+
+### Key:
+FunctionToBlockMutator.java|aliasAndInlineArguments|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+531446832cb008639273c069e9afd389
+
+### Hash:
+29f8f48f32b4bfe50be503c23f87ce58
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5241/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5241/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5fa9c0460b02bea8434be3fefde9f2247db1904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5241/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** api-themoviedb
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *      Copyright (c) 2004-2015 Stuart Boston
+ *
+ *      This file is part of TheMovieDB API.
+ *
+ *      TheMovieDB API is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *      it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *      the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *      any later version.
+ *
+ *      TheMovieDB API is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *      but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *      MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *      GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *      along with TheMovieDB API.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+package com.omertron.themoviedbapi.methods;
+
+import com.omertron.themoviedbapi.AbstractTests;
+import com.omertron.themoviedbapi.MovieDbException;
+import com.omertron.themoviedbapi.model.change.ChangedMedia;
+import com.omertron.themoviedbapi.results.TmdbResultsList;
+import com.omertron.themoviedbapi.tools.MethodBase;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author stuart.boston
+ */
+public class TmdbChangesTest extends AbstractTests {
+
+    // API
+    private static TmdbChanges instance;
+
+    public TmdbChangesTest() {
+    }
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws MovieDbException {
+        doConfiguration();
+        instance = new TmdbChanges(getApiKey(), getHttpTools());
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void tearDownClass() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test of getChangeList(MOVIE) method, of class TmdbChanges.
+     *
+     * @throws MovieDbException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMovieChangesList() throws MovieDbException {
+        LOG.info("getMovieChangesList");
+        TmdbResultsList<ChangedMedia> result = instance.getChangeList(MethodBase.MOVIE, null, null, null);
+        assertFalse("No movie changes.", result.getResults().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test of getChangeList(PERSON) method, of class TheMovieDbApi.
+     *
+     * @throws MovieDbException
+     */
+    @Ignore("Not ready yet")
+    public void testGetPersonChangesList() throws MovieDbException {
+        LOG.info("getPersonChangesList");
+        TmdbResultsList<ChangedMedia> result = instance.getChangeList(MethodBase.PERSON, null, null, null);
+        assertFalse("No Person changes.", result.getResults().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test of getChangeList(TV) method, of class TheMovieDbApi.
+     *
+     * @throws MovieDbException
+     */
+    @Ignore("Not ready yet")
+    public void testGetTVChangesList() throws MovieDbException {
+        LOG.info("getPersonChangesList");
+        TmdbResultsList<ChangedMedia> result = instance.getChangeList(MethodBase.PERSON, null, null, null);
+        assertFalse("No TV changes.", result.getResults().isEmpty());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getChangeList(...)` at line 75.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TmdbChangesTest.testGetPersonChangesList()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.omertron.themoviedbapi.methods.TmdbChangesTest.testGetPersonChangesList():void.86c8c7c230da37bac7021a2790d4ecd4
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/omertron/themoviedbapi/methods/TmdbChangesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TmdbChangesTest.java|testGetPersonChangesList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4993c9594a0fc46e69f9bfd2837c960e
+
+### Hash:
+50568cf306a0cf70b68df7a832b3dc3b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5246/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5246/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8319af39814e97ac46555c5bb73b5bb4c66d06e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5246/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greys-anatomy
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.ompc.greys.advisor;
+
+import com.github.ompc.greys.command.affect.EnhancerAffect;
+import com.github.ompc.greys.util.LogUtil;
+import com.github.ompc.greys.util.Matcher;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+
+import java.lang.instrument.ClassFileTransformer;
+import java.lang.instrument.IllegalClassFormatException;
+import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation;
+import java.lang.instrument.UnmodifiableClassException;
+import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static com.github.ompc.greys.util.GaCheckUtils.isEquals;
+import static com.github.ompc.greys.util.SearchUtils.searchClass;
+import static com.github.ompc.greys.util.SearchUtils.searchSubClass;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import static org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.EXPAND_FRAMES;
+import static org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES;
+import static org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS;
+
+
+/**
+ * 对类进行通知增强
+ * Created by vlinux on 15/5/17.
+ */
+public class Enhancer implements ClassFileTransformer {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = LogUtil.getLogger();
+
+    private final int adviceId;
+    private final boolean isTracing;
+    private final Set<Class<?>> matchingClasses;
+    private final Matcher methodNameMatcher;
+    private final EnhancerAffect affect;
+
+    // 类-字节码缓存
+    private final static Map<Class<?>/*Class*/, byte[]/*bytes of Class*/> classBytesCache
+            = new WeakHashMap<Class<?>, byte[]>();
+
+    /**
+     * @param adviceId          通知编号
+     * @param isTracing         可跟踪方法调用
+     * @param matchingClasses   匹配中的类
+     * @param methodNameMatcher 方法名匹配
+     * @param affect            影响统计
+     */
+    private Enhancer(int adviceId,
+                     boolean isTracing,
+                     Set<Class<?>> matchingClasses,
+                     Matcher methodNameMatcher,
+                     EnhancerAffect affect) {
+        this.adviceId = adviceId;
+        this.isTracing = isTracing;
+        this.matchingClasses = matchingClasses;
+        this.methodNameMatcher = methodNameMatcher;
+        this.affect = affect;
+    }
+
+    public byte[] transform(
+            final ClassLoader loader,
+            String className,
+            Class<?> classBeingRedefined,
+            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain,
+            byte[] classfileBuffer) throws IllegalClassFormatException {
+
+
+        // 这里要再次过滤一次，为啥？因为在transform的过程中，有可能还会再诞生新的类
+        // 所以需要将之前需要转换的类集合传递下来，再次进行判断
+        if (!matchingClasses.contains(classBeingRedefined)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+
+        final ClassReader cr;
+
+        // 首先先检查是否在缓存中存在Class字节码
+        // 因为要支持多人协作,存在多人同时增强的情况
+        final byte[] byteOfClassInCache = classBytesCache.get(classBeingRedefined);
+        if (null != byteOfClassInCache) {
+            cr = new ClassReader(byteOfClassInCache);
+        }
+
+        // 如果没有命中缓存,则从原始字节码开始增强
+        else {
+            cr = new ClassReader(classfileBuffer);
+        }
+
+        // 字节码增强
+        final ClassWriter cw = new ClassWriter(cr, COMPUTE_FRAMES | COMPUTE_MAXS) {
+
+
+            /*
+             * 注意，为了自动计算帧的大小，有时必须计算两个类共同的父类。
+             * 缺省情况下，ClassWriter将会在getCommonSuperClass方法中计算这些，通过在加载这两个类进入虚拟机时，使用反射API来计算。
+             * 但是，如果你将要生成的几个类相互之间引用，这将会带来问题，因为引用的类可能还不存在。
+             * 在这种情况下，你可以重写getCommonSuperClass方法来解决这个问题。
+             *
+             * 通过重写 getCommonSuperClass() 方法，更正获取ClassLoader的方式，改成使用指定ClassLoader的方式进行。
+             * 规避了原有代码采用Object.class.getClassLoader()的方式
+             */
+            @Override
+            protected String getCommonSuperClass(String type1, String type2) {
+                Class<?> c, d;
+                final ClassLoader classLoader = loader;
+                try {
+                    c = Class.forName(type1.replace('/', '.'), false, classLoader);
+                    d = Class.forName(type2.replace('/', '.'), false, classLoader);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e.toString());
+                }
+                if (c.isAssignableFrom(d)) {
+                    return type1;
+                }
+                if (d.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
+                    return type2;
+                }
+                if (c.isInterface() || d.isInterface()) {
+                    return "java/lang/Object";
+                } else {
+                    do {
+                        c = c.getSuperclass();
+                    } while (!c.isAssignableFrom(d));
+                    return c.getName().replace('.', '/');
+                }
+            }
+
+        };
+
+        try {
+
+            // 生成增强字节码
+            cr.accept(new AdviceWeaver(adviceId, isTracing, cr.getClassName(), methodNameMatcher, affect, cw), EXPAND_FRAMES);
+            final byte[] enhanceClassByteArray = cw.toByteArray();
+
+            // 生成成功,推入缓存
+            classBytesCache.put(classBeingRedefined, enhanceClassByteArray);
+
+            // 成功计数
+            affect.cCnt(1);
+
+            // dump
+            final java.io.OutputStream os = new java.io.FileOutputStream(new java.io.File("/tmp/AgentTest.class"));
+            os.write(enhanceClassByteArray);
+            os.flush();
+            os.close();
+
+            return enhanceClassByteArray;
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.warn("transform loader[{}]:class[{}] failed.", loader, className, t);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 是否需要过滤的类
+     *
+     * @param classes 类集合
+     * @return 过滤后的类
+     */
+    private static Set<Class<?>> filter(Set<Class<?>> classes) {
+        final Iterator<Class<?>> it = classes.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            final Class<?> clazz = it.next();
+            if (null == clazz
+                    || isEquals(clazz.getClassLoader(), Enhancer.class.getClassLoader())) {
+                it.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        return classes;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 对象增强
+     *
+     * @param inst              inst
+     * @param adviceId          通知ID
+     * @param isTracing         可跟踪方法调用
+     * @param classNameMatcher  类名匹配
+     * @param methodNameMatcher 方法名匹配
+     * @param isIncludeSub      是否包括子类
+     * @return 增强影响范围
+     * @throws UnmodifiableClassException 增强失败
+     */
+    public static synchronized EnhancerAffect enhance(
+            final Instrumentation inst,
+            final int adviceId,
+            final boolean isTracing,
+            final Matcher classNameMatcher,
+            final Matcher methodNameMatcher,
+            final boolean isIncludeSub) throws UnmodifiableClassException {
+
+        final EnhancerAffect affect = new EnhancerAffect();
+
+        // 获取需要增强的类集合
+        final Set<Class<?>> enhanceClassSet = !isIncludeSub
+                ? searchClass(inst, classNameMatcher)
+                : searchSubClass(inst, searchClass(inst, classNameMatcher));
+
+        // 过滤掉无法被增强的类
+        filter(enhanceClassSet);
+
+        // 构建增强器
+        final Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer(adviceId, isTracing, enhanceClassSet, methodNameMatcher, affect);
+        try {
+            inst.addTransformer(enhancer, true);
+
+            // 批量增强
+            final int size = enhanceClassSet.size();
+            final Class<?>[] classArray = new Class<?>[size];
+            arraycopy(enhanceClassSet.toArray(), 0, classArray, 0, size);
+            if (classArray.length > 0) {
+                inst.retransformClasses(classArray);
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            inst.removeTransformer(enhancer);
+        }
+
+        return affect;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 重置指定的Class
+     *
+     * @param inst             inst
+     * @param classNameMatcher 类名匹配
+     * @return 增强影响范围
+     * @throws UnmodifiableClassException
+     */
+    public static synchronized EnhancerAffect reset(
+            final Instrumentation inst,
+            final Matcher classNameMatcher) throws UnmodifiableClassException {
+
+        final EnhancerAffect affect = new EnhancerAffect();
+        final Set<Class<?>> enhanceClassSet = new HashSet<Class<?>>();
+
+        for (Class<?> classInCache : classBytesCache.keySet()) {
+            if (classNameMatcher.matching(classInCache.getName())) {
+                enhanceClassSet.add(classInCache);
+            }
+        }
+
+        final ClassFileTransformer resetClassFileTransformer = new ClassFileTransformer() {
+            @Override
+            public byte[] transform(
+                    ClassLoader loader,
+                    String className,
+                    Class<?> classBeingRedefined,
+                    ProtectionDomain protectionDomain,
+                    byte[] classfileBuffer) throws IllegalClassFormatException {
+                return null;
+            }
+        };
+
+        try {
+
+            inst.addTransformer(resetClassFileTransformer, true);
+
+            // 批量增强
+            final int size = enhanceClassSet.size();
+            final Class<?>[] classArray = new Class<?>[size];
+            arraycopy(enhanceClassSet.toArray(), 0, classArray, 0, size);
+            if (classArray.length > 0) {
+                inst.retransformClasses(classArray);
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            inst.removeTransformer(resetClassFileTransformer);
+            for (Class<?> resetClass : enhanceClassSet) {
+                classBytesCache.remove(resetClass);
+                affect.cCnt(1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return affect;
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 146 is not released after line 152.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 147
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] Enhancer.transform(ClassLoader,String,Class,ProtectionDomain,byte[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.ompc.greys.advisor.Enhancer.transform(java.lang.ClassLoader,java.lang.String,java.lang.Cl.7d7fc8404a5a669c536cb7ce43829d4d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/ompc/greys/advisor/Enhancer.java
+
+### Key:
+Enhancer.java|transform|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+ef944153a1d0e89fa1f9169982224d3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5248/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5248/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5654367692778be6da80568257d86d1d72b9277d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5248/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greys-anatomy
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils.EMPTY;
+import static org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils.isBlank;
+
+import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
+import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+import jline.console.ConsoleReader;
+import jline.console.KeyMap;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.Configer;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.command.Command;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.command.Commands;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.RespResult;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.req.ReqCmd;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.req.ReqGetResult;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.req.ReqKillJob;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.server.ConsoleServerService;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.util.GaStringUtils;
+
+/**
+ * ̨
+ * @author vlinux
+ *
+ */
+public class GreysAnatomyConsole {
+
+	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("greysanatomy");
+	
+	private final Configer configer;
+	private final ConsoleReader console;
+	
+	private volatile boolean isF = true;
+	
+	private final long sessionId;
+	private String jobId;
+	private String path;
+	
+	/**
+	 * GĄ
+	 * @param configer
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public GreysAnatomyConsole(Configer configer, long sessionId) throws IOException {
+		this.console = new ConsoleReader(System.in, System.out);
+		this.configer = configer;
+		this.sessionId = sessionId;
+		write(GaStringUtils.getLogo());
+		Commands.getInstance().registCompleter(console);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * ̨
+	 * @author vlinux
+	 *
+	 */
+	private class GaConsoleInputer implements Runnable {
+
+		private final ConsoleServerService consolServer;
+		private GaConsoleInputer(ConsoleServerService consolServer) {
+			this.consolServer = consolServer;
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+		public void run() {
+			while(true) {
+				try {
+					//̨
+					doRead();
+				}catch(Exception e) {
+					// ǿ̨ô
+					logger.warn("console read failed.",e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		private void doRead() throws Exception {
+			final String prompt = isF ? configer.getConsolePrompt() : EMPTY;
+			final ReqCmd reqCmd = new ReqCmd(console.readLine(prompt), sessionId);
+			
+			/*
+			 * ǿհַߵǰ̨ûΪ
+			 * ȡ
+			 */
+			if( isBlank(reqCmd.getCommand()) || !isF ) {
+				return;
+			}
+			
+			final Command command = Commands.getInstance().newCommand(reqCmd.getCommand());
+			
+			if( command != null ) {
+				path = command.getRedirectPath();
+				if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(path)){
+					//֮ǰȰضļãûȨ޻⣬Ͳ
+					try{
+						new RandomAccessFile(path, "rw").setLength(0);
+					}catch(Exception e){
+						write(path + ":" + e.getMessage());
+						return;
+					}
+				}
+			}else{
+				//ڣͻ˲쳣˴Ҫpath
+				path = EMPTY;
+			}
+			
+			// ״̬Ϊδ
+			isF = false;
+			
+			// 
+			RespResult result =	consolServer.postCmd(reqCmd);
+			jobId = result.getJobId();
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * ̨
+	 * @author chengtongda
+	 *
+	 */
+	private class GaConsoleOutputer implements Runnable {
+
+		private final ConsoleServerService consolServer;
+		private String currentJob;
+		private int pos = 0;
+		private GaConsoleOutputer(ConsoleServerService consolServer) {
+			this.consolServer = consolServer;
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+		public void run() {
+			while(true) {
+				try {
+					//̨д
+					doWrite();
+					//ÿ500msһν
+					Thread.sleep(500);
+				}catch(Exception e) {
+					logger.warn("console write failed.",e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		private void doWrite() throws Exception {
+			//ûעjob  򲻶
+			if(isF || sessionId == 0 || StringUtils.isEmpty(jobId)){
+				return;
+			}
+			
+			//ǰȡjobִеjob0ʼ
+			if(!StringUtils.equals(currentJob, jobId)){
+				pos = 0;
+				currentJob = jobId;
+			}
+			
+			RespResult resp = consolServer.getCmdExecuteResult(new ReqGetResult(jobId, sessionId, pos));
+			pos = resp.getPos();
+			
+			//дض
+			try{
+				writeToFile(resp.getMessage(), path);
+			}catch(IOException e){
+				//ضдļ쳣ʱҪkilljob ִ
+				consolServer.killJob(new ReqKillJob(sessionId, jobId));
+				isF = true;
+				write(path + ":" + e.getMessage());
+				return;
+			}
+			
+			write(resp);
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * console
+	 * @param channel
+	 */
+	public synchronized void start(final ConsoleServerService consoleServer) {
+		this.console.getKeys().bind(""+KeyMap.CTRL_D, new ActionListener(){
+
+			@Override
+			public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+				if( !isF ) {
+					write("abort it.");
+					isF = true;
+					try {
+						consoleServer.killJob(new ReqKillJob(sessionId, jobId));
+					} catch (Exception e1) {
+						// ǿ̨ô
+						logger.warn("killJob failed.",e);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			
+		});
+		new Thread(new GaConsoleInputer(consoleServer)).start();
+		new Thread(new GaConsoleOutputer(consoleServer)).start();
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * ̨Ϣ
+	 * @param resp
+	 */
+	public void write(RespResult resp) {
+		if( !isF) {
+			if( resp.isFinish() ) {
+				isF = true;
+				resp.setMessage(resp.getMessage()
+						+ "------------------------------end------------------------------\n");
+			}
+			if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(resp.getMessage())){
+				write(resp.getMessage());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Ϣ
+	 * @param message
+	 */
+	private void write(String message) {
+		final Writer writer = console.getOutput();
+		try {
+			writer.write(message);
+			writer.flush();
+		}catch(IOException e) {
+			// ̨дʧܣô
+			logger.warn("console write failed.", e);
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Ϣļ
+	 * @param message
+	 * @param path
+	 * @throws IOException 
+	 */
+	private void writeToFile(String message, String path) throws IOException{
+		if(StringUtils.isEmpty(message) || StringUtils.isEmpty(path)){
+			return ;
+		}
+		
+		RandomAccessFile rf = new RandomAccessFile(path, "rw");
+		rf.seek(rf.length());
+		rf.write(message.getBytes());
+		rf.close();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired to `rf` by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 255 is not released after line 259.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 257
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GreysAnatomyConsole.writeToFile(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.GreysAnatomyConsole.writeToFile(java.lang.String,java.lang.Strin.0559470d6dbac8e797adb95608bf82cb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/googlecode/greysanatomy/console/GreysAnatomyConsole.java
+
+### Key:
+GreysAnatomyConsole.java|writeToFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+e986b994859465e84e0697a0fe9a855e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5252/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5252/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23acf7288e22009b536f58935452d89f1828f0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5252/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** open-replicator
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.code.or.binlog.impl;
+
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.exception.NestableRuntimeException;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.code.or.binlog.BinlogEventParser;
+import com.google.code.or.binlog.impl.event.BinlogEventV4HeaderImpl;
+import com.google.code.or.common.util.CodecUtils;
+import com.google.code.or.common.util.IOUtils;
+import com.google.code.or.common.util.MySQLConstants;
+import com.google.code.or.io.XInputStream;
+import com.google.code.or.io.impl.XInputStreamImpl;
+import com.google.code.or.io.util.RamdomAccessFileInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * @author Jingqi Xu
+ */
+public class FileBasedBinlogParser extends AbstractBinlogParser {
+	//
+	private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileBasedBinlogParser.class);
+	
+	//
+	protected XInputStream is;
+	protected String binlogFileName;
+	protected String binlogFilePath;
+	protected long stopPosition = 0;
+	protected long startPosition = 4;
+
+	
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public FileBasedBinlogParser() {
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected void doStart() throws Exception {
+		this.is = open(this.binlogFilePath + "/" +  this.binlogFileName);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void doStop(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws Exception {
+		IOUtils.closeQuietly(this.is);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public String getBinlogFileName() {
+		return binlogFileName;
+	}
+	
+	public void setBinlogFileName(String name) {
+		this.binlogFileName = name;
+	}
+
+	public String getBinlogFilePath() {
+		return binlogFilePath;
+	}
+
+	public void setBinlogFilePath(String path) {
+		this.binlogFilePath = path;
+	}
+	
+	public long getStopPosition() {
+		return stopPosition;
+	}
+	
+	public void setStopPosition(long stopPosition) {
+		this.stopPosition = stopPosition;
+	}
+	
+	public long getStartPosition() {
+		return startPosition;
+	}
+
+	public void setStartPosition(long startPosition) {
+		this.startPosition = startPosition;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Override
+	protected void doParse() throws Exception {
+		//
+		final Context context = new Context(this.binlogFileName);
+		while(isRunning() && is.available() > 0) {
+			try {
+				//
+				final BinlogEventV4HeaderImpl header = new BinlogEventV4HeaderImpl();
+				header.setTimestamp(is.readLong(4) * 1000L);
+				header.setEventType(is.readInt(1));
+				header.setServerId(is.readLong(4));
+				header.setEventLength(is.readInt(4));
+				header.setNextPosition(is.readLong(4));
+				header.setFlags(is.readInt(2));
+				is.setReadLimit((int)(header.getEventLength() - header.getHeaderLength())); // Ensure the event boundary
+				if(isVerbose() && LOGGER.isInfoEnabled()) {
+					LOGGER.info("read an event, header: {}", header);
+				}
+				
+				//
+				if(this.stopPosition > 0 && header.getPosition() > this.stopPosition) {
+					break;
+				}
+				
+				// Parse the event body
+				if(this.eventFilter != null && !this.eventFilter.accepts(header, context)) {
+					this.defaultParser.parse(is, header, context);
+				} else {
+					BinlogEventParser parser = getEventParser(header.getEventType());
+					if(parser == null) parser = this.defaultParser;
+					parser.parse(is, header, context);
+				}
+				
+				// Ensure the packet boundary
+				if(is.available() != 0) {
+					throw new NestableRuntimeException("assertion failed, available: " + is.available() + ", event type: " + header.getEventType());
+				}
+			} catch(Exception e) {
+				IOUtils.closeQuietly(is);
+				throw e;
+			} finally {
+				is.setReadLimit(0);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	protected XInputStream open(String path) throws Exception {
+		//
+		final RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile(path, "r");
+		final XInputStream is = new XInputStreamImpl(new RamdomAccessFileInputStream(file));
+		try {
+			// Check binlog magic
+			final byte[] magic = is.readBytes(MySQLConstants.BINLOG_MAGIC.length);
+			if(!CodecUtils.equals(magic, MySQLConstants.BINLOG_MAGIC)) {
+				throw new NestableRuntimeException("invalid binlog magic, file: " + path);
+			}
+			
+			//
+			if(this.startPosition > MySQLConstants.BINLOG_MAGIC.length) {
+				is.skip(this.startPosition - MySQLConstants.BINLOG_MAGIC.length);
+			}
+			return is;
+		} catch(Exception e) {
+			IOUtils.closeQuietly(is);
+			throw e;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 156 is not released after line 171.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 160
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+XInputStream FileBasedBinlogParser.open(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.code.or.binlog.impl.FileBasedBinlogParser.open(java.lang.String):com.google.code.or.io.XI.c623407b63c1904a0f38ef233863b21b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/google/code/or/binlog/impl/FileBasedBinlogParser.java
+
+### Key:
+FileBasedBinlogParser.java|open|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+87f3adcecc9f1a55bc35a0d2ad147315
+
+### Hash:
+9c74f1bad09c4a86902327770201ab8a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5255/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5255/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a1fd73b24a8c6a1b68d31f108b3620dc076eb9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5255/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gwt-material
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * GwtMaterial
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 - 2016 GwtMaterialDesign
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+package gwt.material.design.client.ui;
+
+import com.google.gwt.core.client.Scheduler;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Document;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Element;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Style;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Style.Unit;
+import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickEvent;
+import com.google.gwt.uibinder.client.UiConstructor;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.Timer;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.Window;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.RootPanel;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Widget;
+import com.google.web.bindery.event.shared.HandlerRegistration;
+import gwt.material.design.client.base.*;
+import gwt.material.design.client.base.helper.DOMHelper;
+import gwt.material.design.client.base.mixin.CssTypeMixin;
+import gwt.material.design.client.constants.*;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.*;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavClosedEvent.SideNavClosedHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavClosingEvent.SideNavClosingHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavOpenedEvent.SideNavOpenedHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavOpeningEvent.SideNavOpeningHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.js.JsMaterialElement;
+import gwt.material.design.client.js.JsSideNavOptions;
+import gwt.material.design.client.ui.html.ListItem;
+import gwt.material.design.jquery.client.api.JQuery;
+
+import static gwt.material.design.client.js.JsMaterialElement.$;
+
+//@formatter:off
+
+/**
+ * SideNav is a material component that gives you a lists of menus and other navigation components.
+ * <p>
+ * <h3>UiBinder Usage:</h3>
+ * <pre>
+ * {@code
+ * <m:MaterialSideNav ui:field="sideNav" width="280" m:id="mysidebar"  type="OPEN" closeOnClick="false">
+ *     <m:MaterialLink href="#about" iconPosition="LEFT" iconType="OUTLINE" text="About" textColor="BLUE"  />
+ *     <m:MaterialLink href="#gettingStarted" iconPosition="LEFT" iconType="DOWNLOAD" text="Getting Started" textColor="BLUE"  >
+ * </m:MaterialSideNav>
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author kevzlou7979
+ * @author Ben Dol
+ * @see <a href="http://gwtmaterialdesign.github.io/gwt-material-demo/#sidenavs">Material SideNav</a>
+ */
+//@formatter:on
+public class MaterialSideNav extends MaterialWidget implements HasType<SideNavType>, HasSelectables, HasSideNavHandlers {
+
+    private int width = 240;
+    private Edge edge = Edge.LEFT;
+    private boolean closeOnClick = false;
+    private boolean alwaysShowActivator = true;
+    private boolean allowBodyScroll = false;
+    private boolean open;
+    private Boolean showOnAttach;
+
+    private Element activator;
+
+    private final CssTypeMixin<SideNavType, MaterialSideNav> typeMixin = new CssTypeMixin<>(this);
+
+    /**
+     * Container for App Toolbar and App Sidebar , contains Material Links,
+     * Icons or any other material components.
+     */
+    public MaterialSideNav() {
+        super(Document.get().createULElement(), CssName.SIDE_NAV);
+
+        typeMixin.setType(SideNavType.FIXED);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a list and adds the given widgets.
+     */
+    public MaterialSideNav(final Widget... widgets) {
+        this();
+        for (final Widget w : widgets) {
+            add(w);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @UiConstructor
+    public MaterialSideNav(SideNavType type) {
+        this();
+        setType(type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onLoad() {
+        super.onLoad();
+
+        // Initialize the side nav
+        initialize();
+
+        if (showOnAttach != null) {
+            // Ensure the side nav starts closed
+            $(activator).trigger("menu-in", null);
+
+            if (showOnAttach) {
+                Scheduler.get().scheduleDeferred(() -> {
+                    // We are ignoring cases with mobile
+                    if (Window.getClientWidth() > 960) {
+                        show();
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (!getType().equals(SideNavType.CARD)) {
+                setLeft(0);
+            }
+            $(activator).trigger("menu-out", null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onUnload() {
+        super.onUnload();
+
+        $("#sidenav-overlay").remove();
+        activator = null;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addOpeningHandler(SideNavOpeningHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavOpeningEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addOpenedHandler(SideNavOpenedHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavOpenedEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addClosingHandler(SideNavClosingHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavClosingEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addClosedHandler(SideNavClosedHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavClosedEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    public Widget wrap(Widget child) {
+        if (child instanceof MaterialImage) {
+            child.getElement().getStyle().setProperty("border", "1px solid #e9e9e9");
+            child.getElement().getStyle().setProperty("textAlign", "center");
+        }
+
+        // Check whether the widget is not selectable by default
+        boolean isNotSelectable = false;
+        if (child instanceof MaterialWidget) {
+            MaterialWidget widget = (MaterialWidget) child;
+            if (widget.getInitialClasses() != null) {
+                if (widget.getInitialClasses().length > 0) {
+                    String initialClass = widget.getInitialClasses()[0];
+                    if (initialClass.contains(CssName.SIDE_PROFILE) || initialClass.contains(CssName.COLLAPSIBLE)) {
+                        isNotSelectable = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!(child instanceof ListItem)) {
+            // Direct list item not collapsible
+            final ListItem listItem = new ListItem();
+            if (child instanceof MaterialCollapsible) {
+                listItem.getElement().getStyle().setBackgroundColor("transparent");
+            }
+            if (child instanceof HasWaves) {
+                listItem.setWaves(((HasWaves) child).getWaves());
+                ((HasWaves) child).setWaves(null);
+            }
+            listItem.add(child);
+
+            child = listItem;
+        }
+
+        // Collapsible and Side Porfile should not be selectable
+        final Widget finalChild = child;
+        if (!isNotSelectable) {
+            // Active click handler
+            finalChild.addDomHandler(event -> {
+                clearActive();
+                finalChild.addStyleName(CssName.ACTIVE);
+            }, ClickEvent.getType());
+        }
+        child.getElement().getStyle().setDisplay(Style.Display.BLOCK);
+        return child;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(Widget child) {
+        super.add(wrap(child));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void insert(Widget child, com.google.gwt.user.client.Element container, int beforeIndex, boolean domInsert) {
+        super.insert(wrap(child), container, beforeIndex, domInsert);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setWidth(String width) {
+        setWidth(Integer.parseInt(width));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the menu's width in pixels.
+     */
+    public void setWidth(int width) {
+        this.width = width;
+        getElement().getStyle().setWidth(width, Unit.PX);
+    }
+
+    public int getWidth() {
+        return width;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isCloseOnClick() {
+        return closeOnClick;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the side nav menu when an \<a\> tag is clicked
+     * from inside it. Note that if you want this to work you
+     * must wrap your item within a {@link MaterialLink}.
+     */
+    public void setCloseOnClick(boolean closeOnClick) {
+        this.closeOnClick = closeOnClick;
+    }
+
+    public Edge getEdge() {
+        return edge;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set which edge of the window the menu should attach to.
+     */
+    public void setEdge(Edge edge) {
+        this.edge = edge;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Define the menu's type specification.
+     */
+    public void setType(SideNavType type) {
+        typeMixin.setType(type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SideNavType getType() {
+        return typeMixin.getType();
+    }
+
+    protected void processType(SideNavType type) {
+        if (activator != null && type != null) {
+            addStyleName(type.getCssName());
+            switch (type) {
+                case FIXED:
+                    applyFixedType();
+                    break;
+                case MINI:
+                    setWidth(64);
+                    break;
+                case CARD:
+                    new Timer() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void run() {
+                            if (isSmall()) {
+                                show();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }.schedule(500);
+                    break;
+                case PUSH:
+                    applyPushType(width);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isSmall() {
+        return !gwt.material.design.client.js.Window.matchMedia("all and (max-width: 992px)");
+    }
+
+    protected void applyFixedType() {
+        $(JQuery.window()).off("resize").resize((e, param1) -> {
+            if (gwt.material.design.client.js.Window.matchMedia("all and (min-width: 992px)")) {
+                Scheduler.get().scheduleDeferred(() -> show());
+            }
+            return true;
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Push the header, footer, and main to the right part when Close type is applied.
+     */
+    protected void applyPushType(int width) {
+        $(JQuery.window()).off("resize").resize((e, param1) -> {
+            if (!isAlwaysShowActivator() && !isOpen() && gwt.material.design.client.js.Window.matchMedia("all and (min-width: 992px)")) {
+                show();
+            }
+            pushElements(open, width);
+            return true;
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void pushElements(boolean toggle, int width) {
+        int w = 0;
+        int dur = 200;
+        if (!gwt.material.design.client.js.Window.matchMedia("all and (max-width: 992px)")) {
+            if (toggle) {
+                w = width;
+                dur = 300;
+            }
+            applyTransition($("header").asElement(), w, dur);
+            applyTransition($("main").asElement(), w, dur);
+            applyTransition($("footer").asElement(), w, dur);
+        }
+        onPush(toggle, w, dur);
+    }
+
+    protected void applyTransition(Element elem, int width, int duration) {
+        $(elem).css("transition", duration + "ms");
+        $(elem).css("-moz-transition", duration + "ms");
+        $(elem).css("-webkit-transition", duration + "ms");
+        $(elem).css("margin-left", width + "px");
+    }
+
+    protected void onPush(boolean toggle, int width, int duration) {
+        SideNavPushEvent.fire(this, getElement(), activator, toggle, width, duration);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearActive() {
+        clearActiveClass(this);
+        ClearActiveEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reinitialize the side nav configurations when changing
+     * properties.
+     */
+    public void reinitialize() {
+        activator = null;
+        initialize(false);
+    }
+
+    protected void initialize() {
+        initialize(true);
+    }
+
+    protected void initialize(boolean strict) {
+        try {
+            activator = DOMHelper.getElementByAttribute("data-activates", getId());
+            MaterialWidget navMenu = new MaterialWidget(activator);
+            navMenu.setShowOn(ShowOn.SHOW_ON_MED_DOWN);
+            if (alwaysShowActivator) {
+                navMenu.setShowOn(ShowOn.SHOW_ON_LARGE);
+            } else {
+                navMenu.setHideOn(HideOn.HIDE_ON_LARGE);
+            }
+            activator.removeClassName(CssName.NAVMENU_PERMANENT);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            if (strict) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Could not setup MaterialSideNav please ensure you have MaterialNavBar with an activator setup to match this widgets id.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        SideNavType type = getType();
+        processType(type);
+
+        JsSideNavOptions options = new JsSideNavOptions();
+        options.menuWidth = width;
+        options.edge = edge != null ? edge.getCssName() : null;
+        options.closeOnClick = closeOnClick;
+
+        JsMaterialElement element = $(activator);
+        element.sideNav(options);
+
+        element.off("side-nav-closing");
+        element.on("side-nav-closing", e1 -> {
+            onClosing();
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        element.off("side-nav-closed");
+        element.on("side-nav-closed", e1 -> {
+            onClosed();
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        element.off("side-nav-opening");
+        element.on("side-nav-opening", e1 -> {
+            onOpening();
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        element.off("side-nav-opened");
+        element.on("side-nav-opened", e1 -> {
+            onOpened();
+            return true;
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void onClosing() {
+        open = false;
+        if (getType().equals(SideNavType.PUSH)) {
+            pushElements(false, width);
+        }
+
+        SideNavClosingEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    protected void onClosed() {
+        SideNavClosedEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    protected void onOpening() {
+        open = true;
+        if (getType().equals(SideNavType.PUSH)) {
+            pushElements(true, width);
+        }
+
+        SideNavOpeningEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    protected void onOpened() {
+        if (allowBodyScroll) {
+            RootPanel.getBodyElement().getStyle().clearOverflow();
+        }
+
+        SideNavOpenedEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Hide the overlay menu.
+     */
+    public void hideOverlay() {
+        $("#sidenav-overlay").remove();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Show the sidenav using the activator element
+     */
+    public void show() {
+        $(activator).sideNav("show");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Hide the sidenav using the activator element
+     */
+    public void hide() {
+        $(activator).sideNav("hide");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOpen() {
+        return open;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will the body have scroll capability
+     * while the menu is open.
+     */
+    public boolean isAllowBodyScroll() {
+        return allowBodyScroll;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allow the body to maintain its scroll capability
+     * while the menu is visible.
+     */
+    public void setAllowBodyScroll(boolean allowBodyScroll) {
+        this.allowBodyScroll = allowBodyScroll;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will the activator always be shown.
+     */
+    public boolean isAlwaysShowActivator() {
+        return alwaysShowActivator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disable the hiding of your activator element.
+     */
+    public void setAlwaysShowActivator(boolean alwaysShowActivator) {
+        this.alwaysShowActivator = alwaysShowActivator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will the menu forcefully show on attachment.
+     */
+    public boolean isShowOnAttach() {
+        return showOnAttach != null && showOnAttach;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Show the menu upon attachment.<br>
+     * Note that you shouldn't apply this setting if you want your side nav to appear static.
+     * otherwise when set to <code>true</code> will slide in from the left.
+     */
+    public void setShowOnAttach(boolean showOnAttach) {
+        this.showOnAttach = showOnAttach;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setEnabled(boolean enabled) {
+        getEnabledMixin().setEnabled(this, enabled);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `MaterialSideNav.activator` last assigned on line 377 could be null and is dereferenced at line 385.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MaterialSideNav.initialize(boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+gwt.material.design.client.ui.MaterialSideNav.initialize(boolean):void.9ebefe9eac2a336d207b1dec9c9ce024
+
+### File:
+gwt-material/src/main/java/gwt/material/design/client/ui/MaterialSideNav.java
+
+### Key:
+MaterialSideNav.java|initialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c55bde0f15a99733f6e3b7e5f4860845
+
+### Hash:
+625121cbef0ecdebc825b2b10ac9dfbf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5262/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5262/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54c8318a71f5f64ae4a71f3979a121317d7b5425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5262/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gwt-material
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * GwtMaterial
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 - 2016 GwtMaterialDesign
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+package gwt.material.design.client.ui;
+
+import com.google.gwt.core.client.Scheduler;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Document;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Element;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Style;
+import com.google.gwt.dom.client.Style.Unit;
+import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickEvent;
+import com.google.gwt.uibinder.client.UiConstructor;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.Timer;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.Window;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.RootPanel;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Widget;
+import com.google.web.bindery.event.shared.HandlerRegistration;
+import gwt.material.design.client.base.*;
+import gwt.material.design.client.base.helper.DOMHelper;
+import gwt.material.design.client.base.mixin.CssTypeMixin;
+import gwt.material.design.client.base.mixin.ToggleStyleMixin;
+import gwt.material.design.client.constants.CssName;
+import gwt.material.design.client.constants.Edge;
+import gwt.material.design.client.constants.SideNavType;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.*;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavClosedEvent.SideNavClosedHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavClosingEvent.SideNavClosingHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavOpenedEvent.SideNavOpenedHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.events.SideNavOpeningEvent.SideNavOpeningHandler;
+import gwt.material.design.client.js.JsMaterialElement;
+import gwt.material.design.client.js.JsSideNavOptions;
+import gwt.material.design.client.ui.html.ListItem;
+import gwt.material.design.jquery.client.api.JQuery;
+
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+import static gwt.material.design.client.js.JsMaterialElement.$;
+
+//@formatter:off
+
+/**
+ * SideNav is a material component that gives you a lists of menus and other navigation components.
+ * <p>
+ * <h3>UiBinder Usage:</h3>
+ * <pre>
+ * {@code
+ * <m:MaterialSideNav ui:field="sideNav" width="280" m:id="mysidebar"  type="OPEN" closeOnClick="false">
+ *     <m:MaterialLink href="#about" iconPosition="LEFT" iconType="OUTLINE" text="About" textColor="BLUE"  />
+ *     <m:MaterialLink href="#gettingStarted" iconPosition="LEFT" iconType="DOWNLOAD" text="Getting Started" textColor="BLUE"  >
+ * </m:MaterialSideNav>
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author kevzlou7979
+ * @author Ben Dol
+ * @see <a href="http://gwtmaterialdesign.github.io/gwt-material-demo/#sidenavs">Material SideNav</a>
+ */
+//@formatter:on
+public class MaterialSideNav extends MaterialWidget implements HasType<SideNavType>, HasSelectables, HasSideNavHandlers {
+
+    private int width = 240;
+    private Edge edge = Edge.LEFT;
+    private boolean closeOnClick = false;
+    private boolean alwaysShowActivator = false;
+    private boolean allowBodyScroll = false;
+    private boolean open;
+    private Boolean showOnAttach;
+
+    private Element activator;
+
+    private final CssTypeMixin<SideNavType, MaterialSideNav> typeMixin = new CssTypeMixin<>(this);
+    private final ToggleStyleMixin<MaterialSideNav> fixedMixin = new ToggleStyleMixin<>(this, CssName.FIXED);
+
+    private HandlerRegistration fixedResizeHandler;
+
+    /**
+     * Container for App Toolbar and App Sidebar , contains Material Links,
+     * Icons or any other material components.
+     */
+    public MaterialSideNav() {
+        super(Document.get().createULElement(), CssName.SIDE_NAV);
+
+        typeMixin.setType(SideNavType.FIXED);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a list and adds the given widgets.
+     */
+    public MaterialSideNav(final Widget... widgets) {
+        this();
+        for (final Widget w : widgets) {
+            add(w);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @UiConstructor
+    public MaterialSideNav(SideNavType type) {
+        this();
+        setType(type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onLoad() {
+        super.onLoad();
+
+        // Initialize the side nav
+        initialize();
+
+        if(showOnAttach != null) {
+            // Ensure the side nav starts closed
+            $(activator).trigger("menu-in", null);
+
+            if (showOnAttach) {
+                Scheduler.get().scheduleDeferred(() -> {
+                    // We are ignoring cases with mobile
+                    if (Window.getClientWidth() > 960) {
+                        show();
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        } else {
+            if(!getType().equals(SideNavType.CARD)) {
+                setLeft(0);
+            }
+            $(activator).trigger("menu-out", null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onUnload() {
+        super.onUnload();
+
+        $("#sidenav-overlay").remove();
+        activator = null;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addOpeningHandler(SideNavOpeningHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavOpeningEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addOpenedHandler(SideNavOpenedHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavOpenedEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addClosingHandler(SideNavClosingHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavClosingEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HandlerRegistration addClosedHandler(SideNavClosedHandler handler) {
+        return addHandler(handler, SideNavClosedEvent.TYPE);
+    }
+
+    public Widget wrap(Widget child) {
+        if (child instanceof MaterialImage) {
+            child.getElement().getStyle().setProperty("border", "1px solid #e9e9e9");
+            child.getElement().getStyle().setProperty("textAlign", "center");
+        }
+
+        // Check whether the widget is not selectable by default
+        boolean isNotSelectable = false;
+        if (child instanceof MaterialWidget) {
+            MaterialWidget widget = (MaterialWidget) child;
+            if (widget.getInitialClasses() != null) {
+                if (widget.getInitialClasses().length > 0) {
+                    String initialClass = widget.getInitialClasses()[0];
+                    if (initialClass.contains(CssName.SIDE_PROFILE) || initialClass.contains(CssName.COLLAPSIBLE)) {
+                        isNotSelectable = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!(child instanceof ListItem)) {
+            // Direct list item not collapsible
+            final ListItem listItem = new ListItem();
+            if (child instanceof MaterialCollapsible) {
+                listItem.getElement().getStyle().setBackgroundColor("transparent");
+            }
+            if (child instanceof HasWaves) {
+                listItem.setWaves(((HasWaves) child).getWaves());
+                ((HasWaves) child).setWaves(null);
+            }
+            listItem.add(child);
+
+            child = listItem;
+        }
+
+        // Collapsible and Side Porfile should not be selectable
+        final Widget finalChild = child;
+        if (!isNotSelectable) {
+            // Active click handler
+            finalChild.addDomHandler(event -> {
+                clearActive();
+                finalChild.addStyleName(CssName.ACTIVE);
+            }, ClickEvent.getType());
+        }
+        child.getElement().getStyle().setDisplay(Style.Display.BLOCK);
+        return child;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(Widget child) {
+        super.add(wrap(child));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void insert(Widget child, com.google.gwt.user.client.Element container, int beforeIndex, boolean domInsert) {
+        super.insert(wrap(child), container, beforeIndex, domInsert);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setWidth(String width) {
+        setWidth(Integer.parseInt(width));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the menu's width in pixels.
+     */
+    public void setWidth(int width) {
+        this.width = width;
+        getElement().getStyle().setWidth(width, Unit.PX);
+    }
+
+    public int getWidth() {
+        return width;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isCloseOnClick() {
+        return closeOnClick;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close the side nav menu when an \<a\> tag is clicked
+     * from inside it. Note that if you want this to work you
+     * must wrap your item within a {@link MaterialLink}.
+     */
+    public void setCloseOnClick(boolean closeOnClick) {
+        this.closeOnClick = closeOnClick;
+    }
+
+    public Edge getEdge() {
+        return edge;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set which edge of the window the menu should attach to.
+     */
+    public void setEdge(Edge edge) {
+        this.edge = edge;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFixed() {
+        return fixedMixin.isOn();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fixed determines its display state on loading
+     * (fixed being visible on load).
+     */
+    public void setFixed(boolean fixed) {
+        fixedMixin.setOn(fixed);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Define the menu's type specification.
+     */
+    public void setType(SideNavType type) {
+        typeMixin.setType(type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SideNavType getType() {
+        return typeMixin.getType();
+    }
+
+    protected void processType(SideNavType type) {
+        if (activator != null && type != null) {
+            addStyleName(type.getCssName());
+            switch (type) {
+                case MINI:
+                    setWidth(64);
+                    break;
+                case CARD:
+                    new Timer() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void run() {
+                            if (isSmall()) {
+                                show();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }.schedule(500);
+                    break;
+                case PUSH:
+                    applyPushType(width);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isSmall() {
+        return !gwt.material.design.client.js.Window.matchMedia("all and (max-width: 992px)");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Push the header, footer, and main to the right part when Close type is applied.
+     */
+    protected void applyPushType(int width) {
+        $(JQuery.window()).off("resize").resize((e, param1) -> {
+            pushElements(open, width);
+            return true;
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void pushElements(boolean toggle, int width) {
+        int w = 0;
+        int dur = 200;
+        if (!gwt.material.design.client.js.Window.matchMedia("all and (max-width: 992px)")) {
+            if (toggle) {
+                w = width;
+                dur = 300;
+            }
+            applyTransition($("header").asElement(), w, dur);
+            applyTransition($("main").asElement(), w, dur);
+            applyTransition($("footer").asElement(), w, dur);
+        }
+        onPush(toggle, w, dur);
+    }
+
+    protected void applyTransition(Element elem, int width, int duration) {
+        $(elem).css("transition", duration + "ms");
+        $(elem).css("-moz-transition", duration + "ms");
+        $(elem).css("-webkit-transition", duration + "ms");
+        $(elem).css("margin-left", width + "px");
+    }
+
+    protected void onPush(boolean toggle, int width, int duration) {
+        SideNavPushEvent.fire(this, getElement(), activator, toggle, width, duration);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearActive() {
+        clearActiveClass(this);
+        ClearActiveEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reinitialize the side nav configurations when changing
+     * properties.
+     */
+    public void reinitialize() {
+        activator = null;
+        initialize(false);
+    }
+
+    protected void initialize() {
+        initialize(true);
+    }
+
+    protected void initialize(boolean strict) {
+        try {
+            activator = DOMHelper.getElementByAttribute("data-activates", getId());
+            if (alwaysShowActivator || !isFixed()) {
+                String style = activator.getAttribute("style");
+                activator.setAttribute("style", style + "; display: block !important");
+                activator.removeClassName(CssName.NAVMENU_PERMANENT);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            if (strict) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Could not setup MaterialSideNav please ensure you have MaterialNavBar with an activator setup to match this widgets id.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        SideNavType type = getType();
+        processType(type);
+
+        JsSideNavOptions options = new JsSideNavOptions();
+        options.menuWidth = width;
+        options.edge = edge != null ? edge.getCssName() : null;
+        options.closeOnClick = closeOnClick;
+
+        JsMaterialElement element = $(activator);
+        element.sideNav(options);
+
+        element.off("side-nav-closing");
+        element.on("side-nav-closing", e1 -> {
+            onClosing();
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        element.off("side-nav-closed");
+        element.on("side-nav-closed", e1 -> {
+            onClosed();
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        element.off("side-nav-opening");
+        element.on("side-nav-opening", e1 -> {
+            onOpening();
+            return true;
+        });
+
+        element.off("side-nav-opened");
+        element.on("side-nav-opened", e1 -> {
+            onOpened();
+            return true;
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected void onClosing() {
+        open = false;
+        if (getType().equals(SideNavType.PUSH)) {
+            pushElements(false, width);
+        }
+
+        SideNavClosingEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    protected void onClosed() {
+        SideNavClosedEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    protected void onOpening() {
+        open = true;
+        if (getType().equals(SideNavType.PUSH)) {
+            pushElements(true, width);
+        }
+
+        SideNavOpeningEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    protected void onOpened() {
+        if (allowBodyScroll) {
+            RootPanel.getBodyElement().getStyle().clearOverflow();
+        }
+
+        SideNavOpenedEvent.fire(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Hide the overlay menu.
+     */
+    public void hideOverlay() {
+        $("#sidenav-overlay").remove();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Show the sidenav using the activator element
+     */
+    public void show() {
+        $(activator).sideNav("show");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Hide the sidenav using the activator element
+     */
+    public void hide() {
+        $(activator).sideNav("hide");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOpen() {
+        return open;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will the body have scroll capability
+     * while the menu is open.
+     */
+    public boolean isAllowBodyScroll() {
+        return allowBodyScroll;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allow the body to maintain its scroll capability
+     * while the menu is visible.
+     */
+    public void setAllowBodyScroll(boolean allowBodyScroll) {
+        this.allowBodyScroll = allowBodyScroll;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will the activator always be shown.
+     */
+    public boolean isAlwaysShowActivator() {
+        return alwaysShowActivator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disable the hiding of your activator element.
+     */
+    public void setAlwaysShowActivator(boolean alwaysShowActivator) {
+        this.alwaysShowActivator = alwaysShowActivator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Will the menu forcefully show on attachment.
+     */
+    public boolean isShowOnAttach() {
+        return showOnAttach != null && showOnAttach;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Show the menu upon attachment.<br>
+     * Note that you shouldn't apply this setting if you want your side nav to appear static.
+     * otherwise when set to <code>true</code> will slide in from the left.
+     */
+    public void setShowOnAttach(boolean showOnAttach) {
+        this.showOnAttach = showOnAttach;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setEnabled(boolean enabled) {
+        getEnabledMixin().setEnabled(this, enabled);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `MaterialSideNav.activator` last assigned on line 382 could be null and is dereferenced at line 384.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MaterialSideNav.initialize(boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+gwt.material.design.client.ui.MaterialSideNav.initialize(boolean):void.9ebefe9eac2a336d207b1dec9c9ce024
+
+### File:
+gwt-material/src/main/java/gwt/material/design/client/ui/MaterialSideNav.java
+
+### Key:
+MaterialSideNav.java|initialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+94d80675694726366dc7447ca7e30d0a
+
+### Hash:
+625121cbef0ecdebc825b2b10ac9dfbf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5263/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5263/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38b969d0f33668402c563e0fa68bc43c60ab8220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5263/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,713 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** crawler-commons
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package crawlercommons.sitemaps;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.BOMInputStream;
+import org.apache.tika.Tika;
+
+import org.apache.tika.mime.MediaType;
+import org.apache.tika.mime.MediaTypeRegistry;
+import org.apache.tika.parser.AutoDetectParser;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
+import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
+
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.AbstractSiteMap.SitemapType;
+
+import static org.apache.tika.mime.MediaType.APPLICATION_XML;
+import static org.apache.tika.mime.MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN;
+
+public class SiteMapParser {
+    public static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SiteMapParser.class);
+
+    /** According to the specs, 50K URLs per Sitemap is the max */
+    private static final int MAX_URLS = 50000;
+
+    /** Sitemap docs must be limited to 10MB (10,485,760 bytes) */
+    public static int MAX_BYTES_ALLOWED = 10485760;
+
+    /* Tika's MediaType components */
+    private static MediaTypeRegistry mediaTypeRegistry;
+    private final static List<MediaType> XML_MEDIA_TYPES = new ArrayList<MediaType>();
+    private final static List<MediaType> TEXT_MEDIA_TYPES = new ArrayList<MediaType>();
+    private final static List<MediaType> GZ_MEDIA_TYPES = new ArrayList<MediaType>();
+    static {
+        initMediaTypes();
+    }
+    private static Tika tika;
+
+    /** True (by default) if invalid URLs should be rejected */
+    private boolean strict;
+
+    public SiteMapParser() {
+        this(true); 
+    }
+
+    public SiteMapParser(boolean strict) {
+        this.strict = strict;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return whether invalid URLs will be rejected
+     */
+    public boolean isStrict() {
+        return strict;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a SiteMap or SiteMapIndex given an online sitemap URL<br/>
+     * Please note that this method is a static method which goes online and fetches the sitemap then parses it<br/><br/>
+     * This method is a convenience method for a user who has a sitemap URL and wants a "Keep it simple" way to parse it.
+     *
+     * @param onlineSitemapUrl URL of the online sitemap
+     * @return AbstractSiteMap object or null if the onlineSitemap is null
+     **/
+    public AbstractSiteMap parseSiteMap(URL onlineSitemapUrl) throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        if (onlineSitemapUrl == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        byte[] bytes = IOUtils.toByteArray(onlineSitemapUrl);
+        return parseSiteMap(bytes, onlineSitemapUrl);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a processed copy of an unprocessed sitemap object, i.e. transfer the value of getLastModified
+     * Please note that the sitemap input stays unchanged
+     **/  
+    public AbstractSiteMap parseSiteMap(String contentType, byte[] content, final AbstractSiteMap sitemap) throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        AbstractSiteMap asmCopy =  parseSiteMap(contentType, content, sitemap.getUrl());
+        asmCopy.setLastModified(sitemap.getLastModified());
+        return asmCopy;
+    }
+
+	/**
+	 * @return SiteMap/SiteMapIndex by guessing the content type from the binary
+	 *         content and URL
+	 **/
+	public AbstractSiteMap parseSiteMap(byte[] content, URL url)
+			throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+		if (tika == null) {
+			tika = new Tika();
+		}
+		if (url == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		String filename = FilenameUtils.getName(url.getPath());
+		String contentType = tika.detect(content, filename);
+		return parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * @return SiteMap/SiteMapIndex given a content type, byte content and the URL of a sitemap
+     **/
+    public AbstractSiteMap parseSiteMap(String contentType, byte[] content, URL url) throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse(contentType);
+
+        while (mediaType != null && !mediaType.equals(MediaType.OCTET_STREAM)) { // Octet-stream is the father of all binary types
+           if (XML_MEDIA_TYPES.contains(mediaType)) {
+               return processXml(url, content);
+           } else if (TEXT_MEDIA_TYPES.contains(mediaType)) {
+               return (AbstractSiteMap) processText(url.toString(), content);
+           } else if (GZ_MEDIA_TYPES.contains(mediaType)) { 
+               return processGzip(url, content);
+            } else {
+               mediaType = mediaTypeRegistry.getSupertype(mediaType); // Check parent
+               return parseSiteMap(mediaType.toString(), content, url);
+           }
+        }
+
+        throw new UnknownFormatException("Can't parse sitemap with MediaType of: " + contentType + " (at: " + url + ")");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the given XML content.
+     * 
+     * @param sitemapUrl
+     * @param xmlContent
+     * @return
+     * @throws UnknownFormatException
+     */
+    private AbstractSiteMap processXml(URL sitemapUrl, byte[] xmlContent) throws UnknownFormatException {
+
+        BOMInputStream bomIs = new BOMInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(xmlContent));
+        InputSource is = new InputSource();
+        is.setCharacterStream(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(bomIs)));
+        return processXml(sitemapUrl, is);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process a text-based Sitemap. Text sitemaps only list URLs but no
+     * priorities, last mods, etc.
+     * 
+     * @param content
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private SiteMap processText(String sitemapUrl, byte[] content) throws IOException {
+        LOG.debug("Processing textual Sitemap");
+
+        SiteMap textSiteMap = new SiteMap(sitemapUrl);
+        textSiteMap.setType(SitemapType.TEXT);
+
+        BOMInputStream bomIs = new BOMInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(content));
+        @SuppressWarnings("resource")
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(bomIs));
+
+        String line;
+        int i = 1;
+        while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+            if (line.length() > 0 && i <= MAX_URLS) {
+                try {
+                    URL url = new URL(line);
+                    boolean valid = urlIsLegal(textSiteMap.getBaseUrl(), url.toString());
+                    
+                    if (valid || !strict) {
+                        LOG.debug("  {}. {}",i++ , url);
+
+                        SiteMapURL surl = new SiteMapURL(url, valid);
+                        textSiteMap.addSiteMapUrl(surl);
+                    }
+                } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("Bad URL [{}]. From Sitemap: [{}]", line, sitemapUrl);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        textSiteMap.setProcessed(true);
+
+        return textSiteMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decompress the gzipped content and process the resulting XML Sitemap.
+     * 
+     * @param url
+     *            - URL of the gzipped content
+     * @param response
+     *            - Gzipped content
+     * @throws MalformedURLException
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws UnknownFormatException
+     */
+    private AbstractSiteMap processGzip(URL url, byte[] response) throws MalformedURLException, IOException, UnknownFormatException {
+
+        LOG.debug("Processing gzip");
+
+        AbstractSiteMap smi;
+        InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(response);
+
+        // Remove .gz ending
+        String xmlUrl = url.toString().replaceFirst("\\.gz$", "");
+
+        LOG.debug("XML url = {}", xmlUrl);
+
+        BOMInputStream decompressed = new BOMInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(is));
+        InputSource in = new InputSource(decompressed);
+        in.setSystemId(xmlUrl);
+        smi = processXml(url, in);
+        decompressed.close();
+        return smi;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the given XML content.
+     * 
+     * @param sitemapUrl
+     * @param is
+     * @throws UnknownFormatException
+     */
+    private AbstractSiteMap processXml(URL sitemapUrl, InputSource is) throws UnknownFormatException {
+
+        Document doc = null;
+
+        try {
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            doc = dbf.newDocumentBuilder().parse(is);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.debug(e.toString());
+            throw new UnknownFormatException("Error parsing XML for: " + sitemapUrl);
+        }
+
+        // See if this is a sitemap index
+        NodeList nodeList = doc.getElementsByTagName("sitemapindex");
+        if (nodeList.getLength() > 0) {
+            nodeList = doc.getElementsByTagName("sitemap");
+            return parseSitemapIndex(sitemapUrl, nodeList);
+        } else if (doc.getElementsByTagName("urlset").getLength() > 0) {
+            // This is a regular Sitemap
+            return parseXmlSitemap(sitemapUrl, doc);
+        } else if (doc.getElementsByTagName("link").getLength() > 0) {
+            // Could be RSS or Atom
+            return parseSyndicationFormat(sitemapUrl, doc);
+        }
+
+        throw new UnknownFormatException("Unknown XML format for: " + sitemapUrl);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse XML that contains a valid Sitemap. Example of a Sitemap: <?xml
+     * version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <urlset
+     * xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9"> <url>
+     * <loc>http://www.example.com/</loc> <lastmod>2005-01-01</lastmod>
+     * <changefreq>monthly</changefreq> <priority>0.8</priority> </url> <url>
+     * <loc
+     * >http://www.example.com/catalog?item=12&amp;desc=vacation_hawaii</loc>
+     * <changefreq>weekly</changefreq> </url> </urlset>
+     * 
+     * @param doc
+     */
+    private SiteMap parseXmlSitemap(URL sitemapUrl, Document doc) {
+
+        SiteMap sitemap = new SiteMap(sitemapUrl);
+        sitemap.setType(SitemapType.XML);
+
+        NodeList list = doc.getElementsByTagName("url");
+
+        // Loop through the <url>s
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.getLength(); i++) {
+
+            Node n = list.item(i);
+            if (n.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                Element elem = (Element) n;
+
+                String loc = getElementValue(elem, "loc");
+                try {
+                    URL url = new URL(loc);
+                    String lastMod = getElementValue(elem, "lastmod");
+                    String changeFreq = getElementValue(elem, "changefreq");
+                    String priority = getElementValue(elem, "priority");
+                    boolean valid = urlIsLegal(sitemap.getBaseUrl(), url.toString());
+                    
+                    if (valid || !strict) {
+                        SiteMapURL sUrl = new SiteMapURL(url.toString(), lastMod, changeFreq, priority, valid);
+                        sitemap.addSiteMapUrl(sUrl);
+                        LOG.debug("  {}. {}", (i + 1), sUrl);
+                    }
+                } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                    LOG.debug("Bad url: [{}]", loc);
+                    LOG.trace("Can't create an entry with a bad URL", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        sitemap.setProcessed(true);
+        return sitemap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse XML that contains a Sitemap Index. Example Sitemap Index:
+     * 
+     * <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <sitemapindex
+     * xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9"> <sitemap>
+     * <loc>http://www.example.com/sitemap1.xml.gz</loc>
+     * <lastmod>2004-10-01T18:23:17+00:00</lastmod> </sitemap> <sitemap>
+     * <loc>http://www.example.com/sitemap2.xml.gz</loc>
+     * <lastmod>2005-01-01</lastmod> </sitemap> </sitemapindex>
+     * 
+     * @param url
+     *            - URL of Sitemap Index
+     * @param nodeList
+     */
+    private SiteMapIndex parseSitemapIndex(URL url, NodeList nodeList) {
+
+        LOG.debug("Parsing Sitemap Index");
+
+        SiteMapIndex sitemapIndex = new SiteMapIndex(url);
+        sitemapIndex.setType(SitemapType.INDEX);
+        
+        // Loop through the <sitemap>s
+        for (int i = 0; i < nodeList.getLength() && i < MAX_URLS; i++) {
+
+            Node firstNode = nodeList.item(i);
+
+            if (firstNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                Element elem = (Element) firstNode;
+                String loc = getElementValue(elem, "loc");
+
+                // try the text content when no loc element 
+                // has been specified
+                if (loc == null) {
+                    loc = elem.getTextContent().trim();
+                }
+
+                try {
+                    URL sitemapUrl = new URL(loc);
+                    String lastmod = getElementValue(elem, "lastmod");
+                    Date lastModified = SiteMap.convertToDate(lastmod);
+
+                    // Right now we are not worried about sitemapUrls that point
+                    // to different websites.
+
+                    SiteMap s = new SiteMap(sitemapUrl, lastModified);
+                    sitemapIndex.addSitemap(s);
+                    LOG.debug("  {}. {}", (i + 1), s);
+                } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                    LOG.trace("Don't create an entry with a bad URL", e);
+                    LOG.debug("Bad url: [{}]", loc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        sitemapIndex.setProcessed(true);
+        return sitemapIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the XML document, looking for a
+     * <b>feed</b> element to determine if it's an <b>Atom doc</b>
+     * <b>rss</b> to determine if it's an <b>RSS doc</b>.
+     * 
+     * @param sitemapUrl
+     * @param doc
+     *            - XML document to parse
+     * @throws UnknownFormatException
+     *             if XML does not appear to be Atom or RSS
+     */
+    private SiteMap parseSyndicationFormat(URL sitemapUrl, Document doc) throws UnknownFormatException {
+
+        SiteMap sitemap = new SiteMap(sitemapUrl);
+
+        // See if this is an Atom feed by looking for "feed" element
+        NodeList list = doc.getElementsByTagName("feed");
+        if (list.getLength() > 0) {
+            parseAtom(sitemap, (Element) list.item(0), doc);
+            sitemap.setProcessed(true);
+            return sitemap;
+        } else {
+            // See if it is a RSS feed by looking for a "rss" element
+            list = doc.getElementsByTagName("rss");
+            if (list.getLength() > 0) {
+                parseRSS(sitemap, doc);
+                sitemap.setProcessed(true);
+                return sitemap;
+            } else {
+                throw new UnknownFormatException("Unknown syndication format at " + sitemapUrl);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse the XML document which is assumed to be in Atom format. Atom 1.0
+     * example:
+     * 
+     * <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <feed
+     * xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
+     * 
+     * <title>Example Feed</title> <subtitle>A subtitle.</subtitle> <link
+     * href="http://example.org/feed/" rel="self"/> <link
+     * href="http://example.org/"/> <modified>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</modified>
+     * <author> <name>John Doe</name> <email>johndoe@example.com</email>
+     * </author> <id>urn:uuid:60a76c80-d399-11d9-b91C-0003939e0af6</id>
+     * 
+     * <entry> <title>Atom-Powered Robots Run Amok</title> <link
+     * href="http://example.org/2003/12/13/atom03"/>
+     * <id>urn:uuid:1225c695-cfb8-4ebb-aaaa-80da344efa6a</id>
+     * <updated>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</updated> <summary>Some text.</summary>
+     * </entry>
+     * 
+     * </feed>
+     * 
+     * @param elem
+     * @param doc
+     */
+    private void parseAtom(SiteMap sitemap, Element elem, Document doc) {
+
+        // Grab items from <feed><entry><link href="URL" /></entry></feed>
+        // Use lastmod date from <feed><modified>DATE</modified></feed>
+
+        LOG.debug("Parsing Atom XML");
+
+        sitemap.setType(SitemapType.ATOM);
+
+        String lastMod = getElementValue(elem, "modified");
+        LOG.debug("lastMod = {}", lastMod);
+
+        NodeList list = doc.getElementsByTagName("entry");
+
+        // Loop through the <entry>s
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.getLength() && i < MAX_URLS; i++) {
+
+            Node n = list.item(i);
+            if (n.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                elem = (Element) n;
+
+                String href = getElementAttributeValue(elem, "link", "href");
+                LOG.debug("href = {}", href);
+
+                try {
+                    URL url = new URL(href);
+                    boolean valid = urlIsLegal(sitemap.getBaseUrl(), url.toString());
+                    
+                    if (valid || !strict) {
+                        SiteMapURL sUrl = new SiteMapURL(url.toString(), lastMod, null, null, valid);
+                        sitemap.addSiteMapUrl(sUrl);
+                        LOG.debug("  {}. {}", (i + 1), sUrl);
+                    }
+                } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                    LOG.trace("Can't create an entry with a bad URL", e);
+                    LOG.debug("Bad url: [{}]", href);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse XML document which is assumed to be in RSS format. RSS 2.0 example:
+     * 
+     * <?xml version="1.0"?> <rss version="2.0"> <channel> <title>Lift Off
+     * News</title> <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/</link>
+     * <description>Liftoff to Space Exploration.</description>
+     * <language>en-us</language> <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2003 04:00:00
+     * GMT</pubDate> <lastBuildDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2003 09:41:01
+     * GMT</lastBuildDate> <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
+     * <generator>Weblog Editor 2.0</generator>
+     * <managingEditor>editor@example.com</managingEditor>
+     * <webMaster>webmaster@example.com</webMaster> <ttl>5</ttl>
+     * 
+     * <item> <title>Star City</title>
+     * <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-starcity.asp</link>
+     * <description>How do Americans get ready to work with Russians aboard the
+     * International Space Station? They take a crash course in culture,
+     * language and protocol at Russia's Star City.</description> <pubDate>Tue,
+     * 03 Jun 2003 09:39:21 GMT</pubDate>
+     * <guid>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/06/03.html#item573</guid> </item>
+     * 
+     * <item> <title>Space Exploration</title>
+     * <link>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/</link> <description>Sky watchers in
+     * Europe, Asia, and parts of Alaska and Canada will experience a partial
+     * eclipse of the Sun on Saturday, May 31.</description> <pubDate>Fri, 30
+     * May 2003 11:06:42 GMT</pubDate>
+     * <guid>http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/05/30.html#item572</guid> </item>
+     * 
+     * </channel> </rss>
+     * 
+     * @param sitemap
+     * @param doc
+     */
+    private void parseRSS(SiteMap sitemap, Document doc) {
+
+        // Grab items from <item><link>URL</link></item>
+        // and last modified date from <pubDate>DATE</pubDate>
+
+        LOG.debug("Parsing RSS doc");
+        sitemap.setType(SitemapType.RSS);
+        NodeList list = doc.getElementsByTagName("channel");
+        Element elem = (Element) list.item(0);
+
+        // Treat publication date as last mod (Tue, 10 Jun 2003 04:00:00 GMT)
+        String lastMod = getElementValue(elem, "pubDate");
+        LOG.debug("lastMod = ", lastMod);
+
+        list = doc.getElementsByTagName("item");
+        // Loop through the <item>s
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.getLength() && i < MAX_URLS; i++) {
+
+            Node n = list.item(i);
+            if (n.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+                elem = (Element) n;
+                String link = getElementValue(elem, "link");
+                LOG.debug("link = {}", link);
+
+                try {
+                    URL url = new URL(link);
+                    boolean valid = urlIsLegal(sitemap.getBaseUrl(), url.toString());
+                    
+                    if (valid || !strict) {
+                        SiteMapURL sUrl = new SiteMapURL(url.toString(), lastMod, null, null, valid);
+                        sitemap.addSiteMapUrl(sUrl);
+                        LOG.debug("  {}. {}", (i + 1), sUrl);
+                    }
+                } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                    LOG.trace("Can't create an entry with a bad URL", e);
+                    LOG.debug("Bad url: [{}]", link);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the element's textual content.
+     * 
+     * @param elem
+     * @param elementName
+     * @return
+     */
+    private String getElementValue(Element elem, String elementName) {
+
+        NodeList list = elem.getElementsByTagName(elementName);
+        Element e = (Element) list.item(0);
+        if (e != null) {
+            NodeList children = e.getChildNodes();
+            if (children.item(0) != null) {
+                return ((Node) children.item(0)).getNodeValue().trim();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the element's attribute value.
+     * 
+     * @param elem
+     * @param elementName
+     * @param attributeName
+     * @return
+     */
+    private String getElementAttributeValue(Element elem, String elementName, String attributeName) {
+
+        NodeList list = elem.getElementsByTagName(elementName);
+        Element e = (Element) list.item(0);
+        if (e != null) {
+            return e.getAttribute(attributeName);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * See if testUrl is under sitemapBaseUrl. Only URLs under sitemapBaseUrl are legal.
+     * Both URLs are first converted to lowercase before the comparison is made
+     * (this could be an issue on web servers that are case sensitive).
+     * 
+     * @param sitemapBaseUrl
+     * @param testUrl
+     * @return true if testUrl is under sitemapBaseUrl, false otherwise
+     */
+    private boolean urlIsLegal(String sitemapBaseUrl, String testUrl) {
+
+        boolean ret = false;
+
+        // Don't try a comparison if the URL is too short to match
+        if (sitemapBaseUrl != null && sitemapBaseUrl.length() <= testUrl.length()) {
+            String u = testUrl.substring(0, sitemapBaseUrl.length()).toLowerCase();
+            ret = sitemapBaseUrl.equals(u);
+        }
+        LOG.trace("urlIsLegal: {}  <= {}  ? {}", sitemapBaseUrl, testUrl, ret);
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /** Performs a one time intialization of Tika's Media-Type components and media type collection constants <br/>
+     * Please note that this is a private static method which is called once per CLASS (not per instance / object) */
+    private static void initMediaTypes() {
+        mediaTypeRegistry = new AutoDetectParser().getMediaTypeRegistry(); // to find media type aliases
+
+        /* XML media types (and all aliases) */
+        XML_MEDIA_TYPES.add(APPLICATION_XML);
+        XML_MEDIA_TYPES.addAll(mediaTypeRegistry.getAliases(APPLICATION_XML));
+
+        /* TEXT media types (and all aliases) */
+        TEXT_MEDIA_TYPES.add(TEXT_PLAIN);
+        TEXT_MEDIA_TYPES.addAll(mediaTypeRegistry.getAliases(TEXT_PLAIN));
+
+        /* GZIP media types (and all aliases) */
+        MediaType gzipMediaType = MediaType.parse("application/gzip");
+        GZ_MEDIA_TYPES.add(gzipMediaType);
+        GZ_MEDIA_TYPES.addAll(mediaTypeRegistry.getAliases(gzipMediaType));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 169 is not released after line 169.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AbstractSiteMap SiteMapParser.processXml(URL,byte[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+crawlercommons.sitemaps.SiteMapParser.processXml(java.net.URL,byte[]):crawlercommons.sitemaps.Abstra.ea5f4ffec76713f7885e73fc1c9a1077
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/crawlercommons/sitemaps/SiteMapParser.java
+
+### Key:
+SiteMapParser.java|processXml|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+08d34e6721bb626829c891a941995f4a
+
+### Hash:
+b41e60d84da2dc314204c072acbbea1f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5264/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5264/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd2f6793ae3b33dcac5042b458a0eeb1a2b94923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5264/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** crawler-commons
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2018 Crawler-Commons
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package crawlercommons.sitemaps;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.Extension;
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.ExtensionMetadata;
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.ImageAttributes;
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.LinkAttributes;
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.MobileAttributes;
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.NewsAttributes;
+import crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.VideoAttributes;
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class SiteMapParserExtensionTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVideosSitemap() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.VIDEO);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/sitemap-videos.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("http://www.example.com/sitemap-video.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        assertEquals(1, sm.getSiteMapUrls().size());
+        VideoAttributes expectedVideoAttributes = new VideoAttributes(new URL("http://www.example.com/thumbs/123.jpg"), "Grilling steaks for summer",
+                        "Alkis shows you how to get perfectly done steaks every time", new URL("http://www.example.com/video123.flv"), new URL("http://www.example.com/videoplayer.swf?video=123"));
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setDuration(600);
+        ZonedDateTime dt = ZonedDateTime.parse("2009-11-05T19:20:30+08:00");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setExpirationDate(dt);
+        dt = ZonedDateTime.parse("2007-11-05T19:20:30+08:00");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setPublicationDate(dt);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setRating(4.2f);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setViewCount(12345);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setFamilyFriendly(true);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setTags(new String[] { "sample_tag1", "sample_tag2" });
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setAllowedCountries(new String[] { "IE", "GB", "US", "CA" });
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setGalleryLoc(new URL("http://cooking.example.com"));
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setGalleryTitle("Cooking Videos");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setPrices(new VideoAttributes.VideoPrice[] { new VideoAttributes.VideoPrice("EUR", 1.99f, VideoAttributes.VideoPriceType.own) });
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setRequiresSubscription(true);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setUploader("GrillyMcGrillerson");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setUploaderInfo(new URL("http://www.example.com/users/grillymcgrillerson"));
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setLive(false);
+
+        for (SiteMapURL su : sm.getSiteMapUrls()) {
+            assertNotNull(su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.VIDEO));
+            VideoAttributes attr = (VideoAttributes) su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.VIDEO)[0];
+            assertEquals(expectedVideoAttributes, attr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testImageSitemap() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.IMAGE);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/sitemap-images.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("http://www.example.com/sitemap-images.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        assertEquals(1, sm.getSiteMapUrls().size());
+        ImageAttributes imageAttributes1 = new ImageAttributes(new URL("http://example.com/image.jpg"));
+        ImageAttributes imageAttributes2 = new ImageAttributes(new URL("http://example.com/photo.jpg"));
+        imageAttributes2.setCaption("This is the caption.");
+        imageAttributes2.setGeoLocation("Limerick, Ireland");
+        imageAttributes2.setTitle("Example photo shot in Limerick, Ireland");
+        imageAttributes2.setLicense(new URL("https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"));
+
+        for (SiteMapURL su : sm.getSiteMapUrls()) {
+            assertNotNull(su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.IMAGE));
+            ExtensionMetadata[] attrs = su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.IMAGE);
+            ImageAttributes attr = (ImageAttributes) attrs[0];
+            assertEquals(imageAttributes1, attr);
+            attr = (ImageAttributes) attrs[1];
+            assertEquals(imageAttributes2, attr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+    @Test
+    public void testXHTMLLinksSitemap() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException, MalformedURLException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.LINKS);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/sitemap-links.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("http://www.example.com/sitemap-links.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        assertEquals(3, sm.getSiteMapUrls().size());
+        // all three pages share the same links attributes
+        LinkAttributes[] linkAttributes = new LinkAttributes[] { new LinkAttributes(new URL("http://www.example.com/deutsch/")),
+                        new LinkAttributes(new URL("http://www.example.com/schweiz-deutsch/")), new LinkAttributes(new URL("http://www.example.com/english/")) };
+        linkAttributes[0].setParams(new HashMap<String, String>() {
+            {
+                put("rel", "alternate");
+                put("hreflang", "de");
+            }
+        });
+        linkAttributes[1].setParams(new HashMap<String, String>() {
+            {
+                put("rel", "alternate");
+                put("hreflang", "de-ch");
+            }
+        });
+        linkAttributes[2].setParams(new HashMap<String, String>() {
+            {
+                put("rel", "alternate");
+                put("hreflang", "en");
+            }
+        });
+
+        for (SiteMapURL su : sm.getSiteMapUrls()) {
+            assertNotNull(su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.LINKS));
+            ExtensionMetadata[] attrs = su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.LINKS);
+            assertEquals(linkAttributes.length, attrs.length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < linkAttributes.length; i++) {
+                LinkAttributes attr = (LinkAttributes) attrs[i];
+                assertEquals(linkAttributes[i], attr);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNewsSitemap() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.NEWS);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/sitemap-news.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("http://www.example.org/sitemap-news.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        assertEquals(1, sm.getSiteMapUrls().size());
+        ZonedDateTime dt = ZonedDateTime.parse("2008-11-23T00:00:00+00:00");
+        NewsAttributes expectedNewsAttributes = new NewsAttributes("The Example Times", "en", dt, "Companies A, B in Merger Talks");
+        expectedNewsAttributes.setKeywords(new String[] { "business", "merger", "acquisition", "A", "B" });
+        expectedNewsAttributes.setGenres(new NewsAttributes.NewsGenre[] { NewsAttributes.NewsGenre.PressRelease, NewsAttributes.NewsGenre.Blog });
+        expectedNewsAttributes.setStockTickers(new String[] { "NASDAQ:A", "NASDAQ:B" });
+        for (SiteMapURL su : sm.getSiteMapUrls()) {
+            assertNotNull(su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.NEWS));
+            NewsAttributes attr = (NewsAttributes) su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.NEWS)[0];
+            assertEquals(expectedNewsAttributes, attr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMobileSitemap() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.MOBILE);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/sitemap-mobile.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("http://www.example.org/sitemap-mobile.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        for (SiteMapURL su : sm.getSiteMapUrls()) {
+            URL u = su.getUrl();
+            ExtensionMetadata[] attrs = su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.MOBILE);
+            if (u.getPath().contains("mobile-friendly")) {
+                assertNotNull(attrs);
+                MobileAttributes attr = (MobileAttributes) attrs[0];
+                assertNotNull(attr);
+            } else {
+                assertTrue(attrs == null || attrs.length == 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShinpaideshuNewsSitemap() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.setStrictNamespace(true);
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.NEWS);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/shinpaideshou-news-sitemap.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("https://shinpaideshou.wordpress.com/news-sitemap.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        assertEquals(3, sm.getSiteMapUrls().size());
+        for (SiteMapURL su : sm.getSiteMapUrls()) {
+            assertNotNull(su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.NEWS));
+            NewsAttributes attr = (NewsAttributes) su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.NEWS)[0];
+            assertNotNull(attr.getName());
+            assertNotNull(attr.getPublicationDateTime());
+            assertEquals(2017, attr.getPublicationDateTime().getYear());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHebdenbridgetimesArticlesSitemap() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.setStrictNamespace(true);
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.NEWS);
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.IMAGE);
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.VIDEO);
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.MOBILE);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/hebdenbridgetimes-articles-sitemap.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("http://www.hebdenbridgetimes.co.uk/sitemap-article-2015-18.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        assertEquals(74, sm.getSiteMapUrls().size());
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVideosSitemapWithError() throws UnknownFormatException, IOException {
+        SiteMapParser parser = new SiteMapParser();
+        parser.enableExtension(Extension.VIDEO);
+
+        String contentType = "text/xml";
+        byte[] content = SiteMapParserTest.getResourceAsBytes("src/test/resources/sitemaps/extension/sitemap-videos-error.xml");
+
+        URL url = new URL("http://www.example.com/sitemap-video.xml");
+        AbstractSiteMap asm = parser.parseSiteMap(contentType, content, url);
+        assertEquals(false, asm.isIndex());
+        assertEquals(true, asm instanceof SiteMap);
+        SiteMap sm = (SiteMap) asm;
+        assertEquals(1, sm.getSiteMapUrls().size());
+        VideoAttributes expectedVideoAttributes = new VideoAttributes(new URL("http://www.example.com/thumbs/123.jpg"), "Grilling steaks for summer",
+                "Alkis shows you how to get perfectly done steaks every time", new URL("http://www.example.com/video123.flv"), new URL("http://www.example.com/videoplayer.swf?video=123"));
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setDuration(600);
+        ZonedDateTime dt = ZonedDateTime.parse("2009-11-05T19:20:30+08:00");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setExpirationDate(dt);
+        dt = ZonedDateTime.parse("2007-11-05T19:20:30+08:00");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setPublicationDate(dt);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setRating(4.2f);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setViewCount(12345);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setFamilyFriendly(true);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setTags(new String[] { "sample_tag1", "sample_tag2" });
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setAllowedCountries(new String[] { "IE", "GB", "US", "CA" });
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setGalleryLoc(new URL("http://cooking.example.com"));
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setGalleryTitle("Cooking Videos");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setPrices(new VideoAttributes.VideoPrice[] { new VideoAttributes.VideoPrice("EUR", null, VideoAttributes.VideoPriceType.own) });
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setRequiresSubscription(true);
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setUploader("GrillyMcGrillerson");
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setUploaderInfo(new URL("http://www.example.com/users/grillymcgrillerson"));
+        expectedVideoAttributes.setLive(false);
+
+        for (SiteMapURL su : sm.getSiteMapUrls()) {
+            assertNotNull(su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.VIDEO));
+            VideoAttributes attr = (VideoAttributes) su.getAttributesForExtension(Extension.VIDEO)[0];
+            assertEquals(expectedVideoAttributes, attr);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `su.getAttributesForExtension(crawlercommons.sitemaps.extension.Extension.VIDEO)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SiteMapParserExtensionTest.testVideosSitemap()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+crawlercommons.sitemaps.SiteMapParserExtensionTest.testVideosSitemap():void.e1ba2c089377eae7a54c117c5cf5b023
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/crawlercommons/sitemaps/SiteMapParserExtensionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SiteMapParserExtensionTest.java|testVideosSitemap|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ed7e9e1010bbc3abe7c68a87eaf0f31f
+
+### Hash:
+31947d7827bbe8778838014a21f4089b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5270/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5270/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ebc8d8879d57f2448ddd79282a5d49f71615a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5270/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,761 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Stefan Schroeder
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package jsprit.core.problem.io;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.Location;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize;
+import jsprit.core.problem.driver.Driver;
+import jsprit.core.problem.driver.DriverImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.*;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.VehicleRoutingProblemSolution;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TimeWindow;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TourActivityFactory;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl.Builder;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleType;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Coordinate;
+import jsprit.core.util.Resource;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.ConfigurationException;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.XMLConfiguration;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.xml.sax.EntityResolver;
+import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class VrpXMLReader {
+
+    public interface ServiceBuilderFactory {
+        Service.Builder createBuilder(String serviceType, String id, Integer size);
+    }
+
+    static class DefaultServiceBuilderFactory implements ServiceBuilderFactory {
+
+        @Override
+        public jsprit.core.problem.job.Service.Builder createBuilder(String serviceType, String id, Integer size) {
+            if (serviceType.equals("pickup")) {
+                if (size != null) return Pickup.Builder.newInstance(id).addSizeDimension(0, size);
+                else return Pickup.Builder.newInstance(id);
+            } else if (serviceType.equals("delivery")) {
+                if (size != null) return Delivery.Builder.newInstance(id).addSizeDimension(0, size);
+                else return Delivery.Builder.newInstance(id);
+            } else {
+                if (size != null) return Service.Builder.newInstance(id).addSizeDimension(0, size);
+                else return Service.Builder.newInstance(id);
+
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    interface JobConfigReader {
+
+        void readConfig(XMLConfiguration vrpProblem);
+    }
+
+    private static Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger(VrpXMLReader.class);
+
+    private VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder;
+
+    private Map<String, Vehicle> vehicleMap;
+
+    private Map<String, Service> serviceMap;
+
+    private Map<String, Shipment> shipmentMap;
+
+    private Set<String> freezedJobIds = new HashSet<String>();
+
+    private boolean schemaValidation = true;
+
+    private Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions;
+
+    private ServiceBuilderFactory serviceBuilderFactory = new DefaultServiceBuilderFactory();
+
+    private Collection<JobConfigReader> jobConfigReaders = new ArrayList<VrpXMLReader.JobConfigReader>();
+
+    @Deprecated
+    public void addJobConfigReader(JobConfigReader reader) {
+        jobConfigReaders.add(reader);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setTourActivityFactory(TourActivityFactory tourActivityFactory) {
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setServiceBuilderFactory(ServiceBuilderFactory serviceBuilderFactory) {
+        this.serviceBuilderFactory = serviceBuilderFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param schemaValidation the schemaValidation to set
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
+    public void setSchemaValidation(boolean schemaValidation) {
+        this.schemaValidation = schemaValidation;
+    }
+
+    public VrpXMLReader(VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder, Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions) {
+        this.vrpBuilder = vrpBuilder;
+        this.vehicleMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, Vehicle>();
+        this.serviceMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, Service>();
+        this.shipmentMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, Shipment>();
+        this.solutions = solutions;
+    }
+
+    public VrpXMLReader(VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder) {
+        this.vrpBuilder = vrpBuilder;
+        this.vehicleMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, Vehicle>();
+        this.serviceMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, Service>();
+        this.shipmentMap = new LinkedHashMap<String, Shipment>();
+        this.solutions = null;
+    }
+
+    public void read(String filename) {
+        logger.debug("read vrp: {}", filename);
+        XMLConfiguration xmlConfig = new XMLConfiguration();
+        xmlConfig.setFileName(filename);
+        xmlConfig.setAttributeSplittingDisabled(true);
+        xmlConfig.setDelimiterParsingDisabled(true);
+
+        if (schemaValidation) {
+            final InputStream resource = Resource.getAsInputStream("vrp_xml_schema.xsd");
+            if (resource != null) {
+                EntityResolver resolver = new EntityResolver() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public InputSource resolveEntity(String publicId, String systemId) throws SAXException, IOException {
+                        {
+                            InputSource is = new InputSource(resource);
+                            return is;
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+                xmlConfig.setEntityResolver(resolver);
+                xmlConfig.setSchemaValidation(true);
+            } else {
+                logger.debug("cannot find schema-xsd file (vrp_xml_schema.xsd). try to read xml without xml-file-validation.");
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            xmlConfig.load();
+        } catch (ConfigurationException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        readProblemType(xmlConfig);
+        readVehiclesAndTheirTypes(xmlConfig);
+
+        readShipments(xmlConfig);
+        readServices(xmlConfig);
+
+        readInitialRoutes(xmlConfig);
+        readSolutions(xmlConfig);
+
+        addJobsAndTheirLocationsToVrp();
+    }
+
+    private void addJobsAndTheirLocationsToVrp() {
+        for (Service service : serviceMap.values()) {
+            if (!freezedJobIds.contains(service.getId())) {
+                vrpBuilder.addJob(service);
+            }
+        }
+        for (Shipment shipment : shipmentMap.values()) {
+            if (!freezedJobIds.contains(shipment.getId())) {
+                vrpBuilder.addJob(shipment);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readInitialRoutes(XMLConfiguration xmlConfig) {
+        List<HierarchicalConfiguration> initialRouteConfigs = xmlConfig.configurationsAt("initialRoutes.route");
+        for (HierarchicalConfiguration routeConfig : initialRouteConfigs) {
+            Driver driver = DriverImpl.noDriver();
+            String vehicleId = routeConfig.getString("vehicleId");
+            Vehicle vehicle = getVehicle(vehicleId);
+            if (vehicle == null) throw new IllegalStateException("vehicle is missing.");
+            String start = routeConfig.getString("start");
+            if (start == null) throw new IllegalStateException("route start-time is missing.");
+            double departureTime = Double.parseDouble(start);
+
+            VehicleRoute.Builder routeBuilder = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(vehicle, driver);
+            routeBuilder.setDepartureTime(departureTime);
+
+            List<HierarchicalConfiguration> actConfigs = routeConfig.configurationsAt("act");
+            for (HierarchicalConfiguration actConfig : actConfigs) {
+                String type = actConfig.getString("[@type]");
+                if (type == null) throw new IllegalStateException("act[@type] is missing.");
+                double arrTime = 0.;
+                double endTime = 0.;
+                String arrTimeS = actConfig.getString("arrTime");
+                if (arrTimeS != null) arrTime = Double.parseDouble(arrTimeS);
+                String endTimeS = actConfig.getString("endTime");
+                if (endTimeS != null) endTime = Double.parseDouble(endTimeS);
+
+                String serviceId = actConfig.getString("serviceId");
+                if (serviceId != null) {
+                    Service service = getService(serviceId);
+                    if (service == null)
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("service to serviceId " + serviceId + " is missing (reference in one of your initial routes). make sure you define the service you refer to here in <services> </services>.");
+                    //!!!since job is part of initial route, it does not belong to jobs in problem, i.e. variable jobs that can be assigned/scheduled
+                    freezedJobIds.add(serviceId);
+                    routeBuilder.addService(service);
+                } else {
+                    String shipmentId = actConfig.getString("shipmentId");
+                    if (shipmentId == null)
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("either serviceId or shipmentId is missing");
+                    Shipment shipment = getShipment(shipmentId);
+                    if (shipment == null)
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("shipment to shipmentId " + shipmentId + " is missing (reference in one of your initial routes). make sure you define the shipment you refer to here in <shipments> </shipments>.");
+                    freezedJobIds.add(shipmentId);
+                    if (type.equals("pickupShipment")) {
+                        routeBuilder.addPickup(shipment);
+                    } else if (type.equals("deliverShipment")) {
+                        routeBuilder.addDelivery(shipment);
+                    } else
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("type " + type + " is not supported. Use 'pickupShipment' or 'deliverShipment' here");
+                }
+            }
+            VehicleRoute route = routeBuilder.build();
+            vrpBuilder.addInitialVehicleRoute(route);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void readSolutions(XMLConfiguration vrpProblem) {
+        if (solutions == null) return;
+        List<HierarchicalConfiguration> solutionConfigs = vrpProblem.configurationsAt("solutions.solution");
+        for (HierarchicalConfiguration solutionConfig : solutionConfigs) {
+            String totalCost = solutionConfig.getString("cost");
+            double cost = -1;
+            if (totalCost != null) cost = Double.parseDouble(totalCost);
+            List<HierarchicalConfiguration> routeConfigs = solutionConfig.configurationsAt("routes.route");
+            List<VehicleRoute> routes = new ArrayList<VehicleRoute>();
+            for (HierarchicalConfiguration routeConfig : routeConfigs) {
+                //! here, driverId is set to noDriver, no matter whats in driverId.
+                Driver driver = DriverImpl.noDriver();
+                String vehicleId = routeConfig.getString("vehicleId");
+                Vehicle vehicle = getVehicle(vehicleId);
+                if (vehicle == null) throw new IllegalStateException("vehicle is missing.");
+                String start = routeConfig.getString("start");
+                if (start == null) throw new IllegalStateException("route start-time is missing.");
+                double departureTime = Double.parseDouble(start);
+
+                String end = routeConfig.getString("end");
+                if (end == null) throw new IllegalStateException("route end-time is missing.");
+
+                VehicleRoute.Builder routeBuilder = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(vehicle, driver);
+                routeBuilder.setDepartureTime(departureTime);
+                routeBuilder.setRouteEndArrivalTime(Double.parseDouble(end));
+                List<HierarchicalConfiguration> actConfigs = routeConfig.configurationsAt("act");
+                for (HierarchicalConfiguration actConfig : actConfigs) {
+                    String type = actConfig.getString("[@type]");
+                    if (type == null) throw new IllegalStateException("act[@type] is missing.");
+                    double arrTime = 0.;
+                    double endTime = 0.;
+                    String arrTimeS = actConfig.getString("arrTime");
+                    if (arrTimeS != null) arrTime = Double.parseDouble(arrTimeS);
+                    String endTimeS = actConfig.getString("endTime");
+                    if (endTimeS != null) endTime = Double.parseDouble(endTimeS);
+
+                    String serviceId = actConfig.getString("serviceId");
+                    if (serviceId != null) {
+                        Service service = getService(serviceId);
+                        routeBuilder.addService(service);
+                    } else {
+                        String shipmentId = actConfig.getString("shipmentId");
+                        if (shipmentId == null)
+                            throw new IllegalStateException("either serviceId or shipmentId is missing");
+                        Shipment shipment = getShipment(shipmentId);
+                        if (shipment == null)
+                            throw new IllegalStateException("shipment with id " + shipmentId + " does not exist.");
+                        if (type.equals("pickupShipment")) {
+                            routeBuilder.addPickup(shipment);
+                        } else if (type.equals("deliverShipment")) {
+                            routeBuilder.addDelivery(shipment);
+                        } else
+                            throw new IllegalStateException("type " + type + " is not supported. Use 'pickupShipment' or 'deliverShipment' here");
+                    }
+                }
+                routes.add(routeBuilder.build());
+            }
+            VehicleRoutingProblemSolution solution = new VehicleRoutingProblemSolution(routes, cost);
+            List<HierarchicalConfiguration> unassignedJobConfigs = solutionConfig.configurationsAt("unassignedJobs.job");
+            for (HierarchicalConfiguration unassignedJobConfig : unassignedJobConfigs) {
+                String jobId = unassignedJobConfig.getString("[@id]");
+                Job job = getShipment(jobId);
+                if (job == null) job = getService(jobId);
+                if (job == null) throw new IllegalStateException("cannot find unassignedJob with id " + jobId);
+                solution.getUnassignedJobs().add(job);
+            }
+
+            solutions.add(solution);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Shipment getShipment(String shipmentId) {
+        return shipmentMap.get(shipmentId);
+    }
+
+    private Service getService(String serviceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(serviceId);
+    }
+
+    private Vehicle getVehicle(String vehicleId) {
+        return vehicleMap.get(vehicleId);
+    }
+
+    private void readProblemType(XMLConfiguration vrpProblem) {
+        String fleetSize = vrpProblem.getString("problemType.fleetSize");
+        if (fleetSize == null) vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.INFINITE);
+        else if (fleetSize.toUpperCase().equals(FleetSize.INFINITE.toString()))
+            vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.INFINITE);
+        else vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.FINITE);
+    }
+
+    private void readShipments(XMLConfiguration config) {
+        List<HierarchicalConfiguration> shipmentConfigs = config.configurationsAt("shipments.shipment");
+        for (HierarchicalConfiguration shipmentConfig : shipmentConfigs) {
+            String id = shipmentConfig.getString("[@id]");
+            if (id == null) throw new IllegalStateException("shipment[@id] is missing.");
+
+            String capacityString = shipmentConfig.getString("capacity-demand");
+            boolean capacityDimensionsExist = shipmentConfig.containsKey("capacity-dimensions.dimension(0)");
+            if (capacityString == null && !capacityDimensionsExist) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("capacity of shipment is not set. use 'capacity-dimensions'");
+            }
+            if (capacityString != null && capacityDimensionsExist) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("either use capacity or capacity-dimension, not both. prefer the use of 'capacity-dimensions' over 'capacity'.");
+            }
+
+            Shipment.Builder builder;
+            if (capacityString != null) {
+                builder = Shipment.Builder.newInstance(id).addSizeDimension(0, Integer.parseInt(capacityString));
+            } else {
+                builder = Shipment.Builder.newInstance(id);
+                List<HierarchicalConfiguration> dimensionConfigs = shipmentConfig.configurationsAt("capacity-dimensions.dimension");
+                for (HierarchicalConfiguration dimension : dimensionConfigs) {
+                    Integer index = dimension.getInt("[@index]");
+                    Integer value = dimension.getInt("");
+                    builder.addSizeDimension(index, value);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //name
+            String name = shipmentConfig.getString("name");
+            if (name != null) builder.setName(name);
+
+            //pickup location
+            //pickup-locationId
+            Location.Builder pickupLocationBuilder = Location.Builder.newInstance();
+            String pickupLocationId = shipmentConfig.getString("pickup.locationId");
+            if (pickupLocationId == null) pickupLocationId = shipmentConfig.getString("pickup.location.id");
+            if (pickupLocationId != null) {
+                pickupLocationBuilder.setId(pickupLocationId);
+            }
+
+            //pickup-coord
+            Coordinate pickupCoord = getCoord(shipmentConfig, "pickup.");
+            if (pickupCoord == null) pickupCoord = getCoord(shipmentConfig, "pickup.location.");
+            if (pickupCoord != null) {
+                pickupLocationBuilder.setCoordinate(pickupCoord);
+            }
+
+            //pickup.location.index
+            String pickupLocationIndex = shipmentConfig.getString("pickup.location.index");
+            if (pickupLocationIndex != null) pickupLocationBuilder.setIndex(Integer.parseInt(pickupLocationIndex));
+            builder.setPickupLocation(pickupLocationBuilder.build());
+
+            //pickup-serviceTime
+            String pickupServiceTime = shipmentConfig.getString("pickup.duration");
+            if (pickupServiceTime != null) builder.setPickupServiceTime(Double.parseDouble(pickupServiceTime));
+
+            //pickup-tw
+            String pickupTWStart = shipmentConfig.getString("pickup.timeWindows.timeWindow(0).start");
+            String pickupTWEnd = shipmentConfig.getString("pickup.timeWindows.timeWindow(0).end");
+            if (pickupTWStart != null && pickupTWEnd != null) {
+                TimeWindow pickupTW = TimeWindow.newInstance(Double.parseDouble(pickupTWStart), Double.parseDouble(pickupTWEnd));
+                builder.setPickupTimeWindow(pickupTW);
+            }
+
+            //delivery location
+            //delivery-locationId
+            Location.Builder deliveryLocationBuilder = Location.Builder.newInstance();
+            String deliveryLocationId = shipmentConfig.getString("delivery.locationId");
+            if (deliveryLocationId == null) deliveryLocationId = shipmentConfig.getString("delivery.location.id");
+            if (deliveryLocationId != null) {
+                deliveryLocationBuilder.setId(deliveryLocationId);
+//				builder.setDeliveryLocationId(deliveryLocationId);
+            }
+
+            //delivery-coord
+            Coordinate deliveryCoord = getCoord(shipmentConfig, "delivery.");
+            if (deliveryCoord == null) deliveryCoord = getCoord(shipmentConfig, "delivery.location.");
+            if (deliveryCoord != null) {
+                deliveryLocationBuilder.setCoordinate(deliveryCoord);
+            }
+
+            String deliveryLocationIndex = shipmentConfig.getString("delivery.location.index");
+            if (deliveryLocationIndex != null)
+                deliveryLocationBuilder.setIndex(Integer.parseInt(deliveryLocationIndex));
+            builder.setDeliveryLocation(deliveryLocationBuilder.build());
+
+            //delivery-serviceTime
+            String deliveryServiceTime = shipmentConfig.getString("delivery.duration");
+            if (deliveryServiceTime != null) builder.setDeliveryServiceTime(Double.parseDouble(deliveryServiceTime));
+
+            //delivery-tw
+            String delTWStart = shipmentConfig.getString("delivery.timeWindows.timeWindow(0).start");
+            String delTWEnd = shipmentConfig.getString("delivery.timeWindows.timeWindow(0).end");
+            if (delTWStart != null && delTWEnd != null) {
+                TimeWindow delTW = TimeWindow.newInstance(Double.parseDouble(delTWStart), Double.parseDouble(delTWEnd));
+                builder.setDeliveryTimeWindow(delTW);
+            }
+
+            //read skills
+            String skillString = shipmentConfig.getString("requiredSkills");
+            if (skillString != null) {
+                String cleaned = skillString.replaceAll("\\s", "");
+                String[] skillTokens = cleaned.split("[,;]");
+                for (String skill : skillTokens) builder.addRequiredSkill(skill.toLowerCase());
+            }
+
+            //build shipment
+            Shipment shipment = builder.build();
+//			vrpBuilder.addJob(shipment);
+            shipmentMap.put(shipment.getId(), shipment);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Coordinate getCoord(HierarchicalConfiguration serviceConfig, String prefix) {
+        Coordinate pickupCoord = null;
+        if (serviceConfig.getString(prefix + "coord[@x]") != null && serviceConfig.getString(prefix + "coord[@y]") != null) {
+            double x = Double.parseDouble(serviceConfig.getString(prefix + "coord[@x]"));
+            double y = Double.parseDouble(serviceConfig.getString(prefix + "coord[@y]"));
+            pickupCoord = Coordinate.newInstance(x, y);
+        }
+        return pickupCoord;
+    }
+
+    private void readServices(XMLConfiguration vrpProblem) {
+        List<HierarchicalConfiguration> serviceConfigs = vrpProblem.configurationsAt("services.service");
+        for (HierarchicalConfiguration serviceConfig : serviceConfigs) {
+            String id = serviceConfig.getString("[@id]");
+            if (id == null) throw new IllegalStateException("service[@id] is missing.");
+            String type = serviceConfig.getString("[@type]");
+            if (type == null) type = "service";
+
+            String capacityString = serviceConfig.getString("capacity-demand");
+            boolean capacityDimensionsExist = serviceConfig.containsKey("capacity-dimensions.dimension(0)");
+            if (capacityString == null && !capacityDimensionsExist) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("capacity of service is not set. use 'capacity-dimensions'");
+            }
+            if (capacityString != null && capacityDimensionsExist) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("either use capacity or capacity-dimension, not both. prefer the use of 'capacity-dimensions' over 'capacity'.");
+            }
+
+            Service.Builder builder;
+            if (capacityString != null) {
+                builder = serviceBuilderFactory.createBuilder(type, id, Integer.parseInt(capacityString));
+            } else {
+                builder = serviceBuilderFactory.createBuilder(type, id, null);
+                List<HierarchicalConfiguration> dimensionConfigs = serviceConfig.configurationsAt("capacity-dimensions.dimension");
+                for (HierarchicalConfiguration dimension : dimensionConfigs) {
+                    Integer index = dimension.getInt("[@index]");
+                    Integer value = dimension.getInt("");
+                    builder.addSizeDimension(index, value);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //name
+            String name = serviceConfig.getString("name");
+            if (name != null) builder.setName(name);
+
+            //location
+            Location.Builder locationBuilder = Location.Builder.newInstance();
+            String serviceLocationId = serviceConfig.getString("locationId");
+            if (serviceLocationId == null) {
+                serviceLocationId = serviceConfig.getString("location.id");
+            }
+            if (serviceLocationId != null) locationBuilder.setId(serviceLocationId);
+
+            Coordinate serviceCoord = getCoord(serviceConfig, "");
+            if (serviceCoord == null) serviceCoord = getCoord(serviceConfig, "location.");
+            if (serviceCoord != null) {
+                locationBuilder.setCoordinate(serviceCoord);
+            }
+
+            String locationIndex = serviceConfig.getString("location.index");
+            if (locationIndex != null) locationBuilder.setIndex(Integer.parseInt(locationIndex));
+            builder.setLocation(locationBuilder.build());
+
+            if (serviceConfig.containsKey("duration")) {
+                builder.setServiceTime(serviceConfig.getDouble("duration"));
+            }
+            List<HierarchicalConfiguration> deliveryTWConfigs = serviceConfig.configurationsAt("timeWindows.timeWindow");
+            if (!deliveryTWConfigs.isEmpty()) {
+                for (HierarchicalConfiguration twConfig : deliveryTWConfigs) {
+                    builder.setTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(twConfig.getDouble("start"), twConfig.getDouble("end")));
+                }
+            }
+
+            //read skills
+            String skillString = serviceConfig.getString("requiredSkills");
+            if (skillString != null) {
+                String cleaned = skillString.replaceAll("\\s", "");
+                String[] skillTokens = cleaned.split("[,;]");
+                for (String skill : skillTokens) builder.addRequiredSkill(skill.toLowerCase());
+            }
+
+            //build service
+            Service service = builder.build();
+            serviceMap.put(service.getId(), service);
+//			vrpBuilder.addJob(service);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readVehiclesAndTheirTypes(XMLConfiguration vrpProblem) {
+
+        //read vehicle-types
+        Map<String, VehicleType> types = new HashMap<String, VehicleType>();
+        List<HierarchicalConfiguration> typeConfigs = vrpProblem.configurationsAt("vehicleTypes.type");
+        for (HierarchicalConfiguration typeConfig : typeConfigs) {
+            String typeId = typeConfig.getString("id");
+            if (typeId == null) throw new IllegalStateException("typeId is missing.");
+
+            String capacityString = typeConfig.getString("capacity");
+            boolean capacityDimensionsExist = typeConfig.containsKey("capacity-dimensions.dimension(0)");
+            if (capacityString == null && !capacityDimensionsExist) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("capacity of type is not set. use 'capacity-dimensions'");
+            }
+            if (capacityString != null && capacityDimensionsExist) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("either use capacity or capacity-dimension, not both. prefer the use of 'capacity-dimensions' over 'capacity'.");
+            }
+
+            VehicleTypeImpl.Builder typeBuilder;
+            if (capacityString != null) {
+                typeBuilder = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance(typeId).addCapacityDimension(0, Integer.parseInt(capacityString));
+            } else {
+                typeBuilder = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance(typeId);
+                List<HierarchicalConfiguration> dimensionConfigs = typeConfig.configurationsAt("capacity-dimensions.dimension");
+                for (HierarchicalConfiguration dimension : dimensionConfigs) {
+                    Integer index = dimension.getInt("[@index]");
+                    Integer value = dimension.getInt("");
+                    typeBuilder.addCapacityDimension(index, value);
+                }
+            }
+            Double fix = typeConfig.getDouble("costs.fixed");
+            Double timeC = typeConfig.getDouble("costs.time");
+            Double distC = typeConfig.getDouble("costs.distance");
+
+            if (fix != null) typeBuilder.setFixedCost(fix);
+            if (timeC != null) typeBuilder.setCostPerTime(timeC);
+            if (distC != null) typeBuilder.setCostPerDistance(distC);
+            VehicleType type = typeBuilder.build();
+            String id = type.getTypeId();
+            types.put(id, type);
+        }
+
+        //read vehicles
+        List<HierarchicalConfiguration> vehicleConfigs = vrpProblem.configurationsAt("vehicles.vehicle");
+        boolean doNotWarnAgain = false;
+        for (HierarchicalConfiguration vehicleConfig : vehicleConfigs) {
+            String vehicleId = vehicleConfig.getString("id");
+            if (vehicleId == null) throw new IllegalStateException("vehicleId is missing.");
+            Builder builder = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance(vehicleId);
+            String typeId = vehicleConfig.getString("typeId");
+            if (typeId == null) throw new IllegalStateException("typeId is missing.");
+            String vType = vehicleConfig.getString("[@type]");
+            if (vType != null) {
+                if (vType.equals("penalty")) {
+                    typeId += "_penalty";
+                }
+            }
+            VehicleType type = types.get(typeId);
+            if (type == null) throw new IllegalStateException("vehicleType with typeId " + typeId + " is missing.");
+            builder.setType(type);
+
+            //read startlocation
+            Location.Builder startLocationBuilder = Location.Builder.newInstance();
+            String locationId = vehicleConfig.getString("location.id");
+            if (locationId == null) {
+                locationId = vehicleConfig.getString("startLocation.id");
+            }
+            startLocationBuilder.setId(locationId);
+            String coordX = vehicleConfig.getString("location.coord[@x]");
+            String coordY = vehicleConfig.getString("location.coord[@y]");
+            if (coordX == null || coordY == null) {
+                coordX = vehicleConfig.getString("startLocation.coord[@x]");
+                coordY = vehicleConfig.getString("startLocation.coord[@y]");
+            }
+            if (coordX == null || coordY == null) {
+                if (!doNotWarnAgain) {
+                    logger.debug("location.coord is missing. will not warn you again.");
+                    doNotWarnAgain = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                Coordinate coordinate = Coordinate.newInstance(Double.parseDouble(coordX), Double.parseDouble(coordY));
+                startLocationBuilder.setCoordinate(coordinate);
+            }
+            String index = vehicleConfig.getString("startLocation.index");
+            if (index == null) index = vehicleConfig.getString("location.index");
+            if (index != null) {
+                startLocationBuilder.setIndex(Integer.parseInt(index));
+            }
+            builder.setStartLocation(startLocationBuilder.build());
+
+            //read endlocation
+            Location.Builder endLocationBuilder = Location.Builder.newInstance();
+            boolean hasEndLocation = false;
+            String endLocationId = vehicleConfig.getString("endLocation.id");
+            if (endLocationId != null) {
+                hasEndLocation = true;
+                endLocationBuilder.setId(endLocationId);
+            }
+            String endCoordX = vehicleConfig.getString("endLocation.coord[@x]");
+            String endCoordY = vehicleConfig.getString("endLocation.coord[@y]");
+            if (endCoordX == null || endCoordY == null) {
+                if (!doNotWarnAgain) {
+                    logger.debug("endLocation.coord is missing. will not warn you again.");
+                    doNotWarnAgain = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                Coordinate coordinate = Coordinate.newInstance(Double.parseDouble(endCoordX), Double.parseDouble(endCoordY));
+                hasEndLocation = true;
+                endLocationBuilder.setCoordinate(coordinate);
+            }
+            String endLocationIndex = vehicleConfig.getString("endLocation.index");
+            if (endLocationIndex != null) {
+                hasEndLocation = true;
+                endLocationBuilder.setIndex(Integer.parseInt(endLocationIndex));
+            }
+            if (hasEndLocation) builder.setEndLocation(endLocationBuilder.build());
+
+            //read timeSchedule
+            String start = vehicleConfig.getString("timeSchedule.start");
+            String end = vehicleConfig.getString("timeSchedule.end");
+            if (start != null) builder.setEarliestStart(Double.parseDouble(start));
+            if (end != null) builder.setLatestArrival(Double.parseDouble(end));
+
+            //read return2depot
+            String returnToDepot = vehicleConfig.getString("returnToDepot");
+            if (returnToDepot != null) {
+                builder.setReturnToDepot(vehicleConfig.getBoolean("returnToDepot"));
+            }
+
+            //read skills
+            String skillString = vehicleConfig.getString("skills");
+            if (skillString != null) {
+                String cleaned = skillString.replaceAll("\\s", "");
+                String[] skillTokens = cleaned.split("[,;]");
+                for (String skill : skillTokens) builder.addSkill(skill.toLowerCase());
+            }
+
+            //build vehicle
+            VehicleImpl vehicle = builder.build();
+            vrpBuilder.addVehicle(vehicle);
+            vehicleMap.put(vehicleId, vehicle);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `getAsInputStream(...)` at line 145 is not released after line 157.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VrpXMLReader.read(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.problem.io.VrpXMLReader.read(java.lang.String):void.129a36662becef8a81145203f038ff7b
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/main/java/jsprit/core/problem/io/VrpXMLReader.java
+
+### Key:
+VrpXMLReader.java|read|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9802d044b0c71b7ca76be1d0af3a7327
+
+### Hash:
+bc18c0fdd177ffd3f9f51acddb4be29b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5277/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5277/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..842902c19efe9406a9791c29378ee73224a41785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5277/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2013  Stefan Schroeder
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either 
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package jsprit.core.algorithm;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import jsprit.core.algorithm.box.GreedySchrimpfFactory;
+import jsprit.core.algorithm.termination.IterationWithoutImprovementTermination;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize;
+import jsprit.core.problem.cost.VehicleRoutingTransportCosts;
+import jsprit.core.problem.driver.Driver;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.VehicleRoutingProblemSolution;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Solutions;
+import jsprit.core.util.VehicleRoutingTransportCostsMatrix;
+import jsprit.core.util.VehicleRoutingTransportCostsMatrix.Builder;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+
+
+public class RefuseCollection_IT {
+	
+	static class RelationKey {
+		
+		static RelationKey newKey(String from, String to){
+			int fromInt = Integer.parseInt(from);
+			int toInt = Integer.parseInt(to);
+			if(fromInt < toInt){
+				return new RelationKey(from, to);
+			}
+			else {
+				return new RelationKey(to, from);
+			}
+		}
+		
+		final String from;
+		final String to;
+		
+		public RelationKey(String from, String to) {
+			super();
+			this.from = from;
+			this.to = to;
+		}
+
+		/* (non-Javadoc)
+		 * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode()
+		 */
+		@Override
+		public int hashCode() {
+			final int prime = 31;
+			int result = 1;
+			result = prime * result + ((from == null) ? 0 : from.hashCode());
+			result = prime * result + ((to == null) ? 0 : to.hashCode());
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		/* (non-Javadoc)
+		 * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
+		 */
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+			if (this == obj)
+				return true;
+			if (obj == null)
+				return false;
+			if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
+				return false;
+			RelationKey other = (RelationKey) obj;
+			if (from == null) {
+				if (other.from != null)
+					return false;
+			} else if (!from.equals(other.from))
+				return false;
+			if (to == null) {
+				if (other.to != null)
+					return false;
+			} else if (!to.equals(other.to))
+				return false;
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	static class RoutingCosts implements VehicleRoutingTransportCosts {
+
+		private Map<RelationKey,Integer> distances;
+		
+		public RoutingCosts(Map<RelationKey, Integer> distances) {
+			super();
+			this.distances = distances;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public double getTransportTime(String fromId, String toId, double departureTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+			return getTransportCost(fromId, toId, departureTime, driver, vehicle);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public double getBackwardTransportTime(String fromId, String toId, double arrivalTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+			return getTransportCost(fromId, toId, arrivalTime, driver, vehicle);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public double getTransportCost(String fromId, String toId,double departureTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+			if(fromId.equals(toId)) return 0.0;
+			RelationKey key = RelationKey.newKey(fromId, toId);
+			return distances.get(key);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public double getBackwardTransportCost(String fromId, String toId,double arrivalTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+			return getTransportCost(fromId, toId, arrivalTime, driver, vehicle);
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	
+	@Test
+	public void testAlgo(){ 
+	
+		
+		/*
+		 * create vehicle-type and vehicle
+		 */
+		VehicleTypeImpl.Builder typeBuilder = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehicle-type", 23);
+		typeBuilder.setCostPerDistance(1.0);
+		VehicleTypeImpl bigType = typeBuilder.build();
+		
+		VehicleImpl.Builder vehicleBuilder = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehicle");
+		vehicleBuilder.setLocationId("1");
+		vehicleBuilder.setType(bigType);
+		Vehicle bigVehicle = vehicleBuilder.build();
+		
+		/*
+		 * start building the problem
+		 */
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.INFINITE);
+		vrpBuilder.addVehicle(bigVehicle);
+		
+		/*
+		 * create cost-matrix
+		 */
+		VehicleRoutingTransportCostsMatrix.Builder matrixBuilder = VehicleRoutingTransportCostsMatrix.Builder.newInstance(true);
+		/*
+		 * read demand quantities
+		 */
+		try {
+			readDemandQuantities(vrpBuilder);
+			readDistances(matrixBuilder);
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+		
+		vrpBuilder.setRoutingCost(matrixBuilder.build());
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = vrpBuilder.build();
+		VehicleRoutingAlgorithm vra = new GreedySchrimpfFactory().createAlgorithm(vrp);
+		vra.setPrematureAlgorithmTermination(new IterationWithoutImprovementTermination(100));
+		Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions = vra.searchSolutions();
+		
+		assertEquals(397.0,Solutions.bestOf(solutions).getCost(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(2,Solutions.bestOf(solutions).getRoutes().size());
+	}
+
+
+	private static void readDemandQuantities(VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/refuseCollectionExample_Quantities")));
+		String line = null;
+		boolean firstLine = true;
+		while((line = reader.readLine()) != null){
+			if(firstLine) {
+				firstLine = false;
+				continue;
+			}
+			String[] lineTokens = line.split(",");
+			/*
+			 * build service
+			 */
+			Service service = Service.Builder.newInstance(lineTokens[0], Integer.parseInt(lineTokens[1])).setLocationId(lineTokens[0]).build();
+			/*
+			 * and add it to problem
+			 */
+			vrpBuilder.addJob(service);
+		}
+		reader.close();
+	}
+	
+
+	private static void readDistances(Builder matrixBuilder) throws IOException {
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/refuseCollectionExample_Distances")));
+		String line = null;
+		boolean firstLine = true;
+		while((line = reader.readLine()) != null){
+			if(firstLine) {
+				firstLine = false;
+				continue;
+			}
+			String[] lineTokens = line.split(",");
+			matrixBuilder.addTransportDistance(lineTokens[0],lineTokens[1], Integer.parseInt(lineTokens[2]));
+		}
+		reader.close();
+		
+	}
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 220 is not released after line 233.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 223
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RefuseCollection_IT.readDistances(VehicleRoutingTransportCostsMatrix$Builder)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.algorithm.RefuseCollection_IT.readDistances(jsprit.core.util.VehicleRoutingTransportCost.df20cb71d3bc2076265d8336ecd8ad60
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/test/java/jsprit/core/algorithm/RefuseCollection_IT.java
+
+### Key:
+RefuseCollection_IT.java|readDistances|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+59cec9c8b616483371d50f0a32faae5d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5279/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5279/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb950eb020cad084e52413f27d1a8c329ce7b807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5279/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1045 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Stefan Schroeder
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package jsprit.core.problem.io;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.Location;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Shipment;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.VehicleRoutingProblemSolution;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TimeWindow;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Coordinate;
+import jsprit.core.util.Solutions;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class VrpXMLWriterTest {
+	
+	private String infileName;
+	
+	@Before
+	public void doBefore(){
+		infileName = "src/test/resources/infiniteWriterV2Test.xml";
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingInfiniteVrp_itWritesCorrectly(){
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		builder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.INFINITE);
+		VehicleTypeImpl type = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleImpl vehicle = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("myVehicle").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(vehicle);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingFiniteVrp_itWritesCorrectly(){
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		builder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.FINITE);
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+		VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+		VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void t(){
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		builder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.FINITE);
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingServices_itWritesThemCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		Service s1_read = (Service) vrp.getJobs().get("1");
+		assertEquals("1", s1_read.getId());
+		assertEquals("loc", s1_read.getLocation().getId());
+		assertEquals("service", s1_read.getType());
+		assertEquals(2.0,s1_read.getServiceDuration(),0.01);
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldWriteNameOfService(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").setName("cleaning").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Service s1_read = (Service) readVrp.getJobs().get("1");
+        assertTrue(s1_read.getName().equals("cleaning"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldWriteNameOfShipment(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        Location pickLocation = Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pick").setIndex(1).build();
+        Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").setName("cleaning")
+                .setPickupLocation(pickLocation)
+                .setDeliveryLocationId("del").build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Shipment s1_read = (Shipment) readVrp.getJobs().get("1");
+        assertTrue(s1_read.getName().equals("cleaning"));
+        assertEquals(1,s1_read.getPickupLocation().getIndex());
+    }
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingServicesWithSeveralCapacityDimensions_itWritesThemCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1")
+				.addSizeDimension(0, 20)
+				.addSizeDimension(1, 200)
+				.setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		Service s1_read = (Service) vrp.getJobs().get("1");
+		
+		assertEquals(2, s1_read.getSize().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(20, s1_read.getSize().get(0));
+		assertEquals(200, s1_read.getSize().get(1));
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenLocationIdsOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals("pickLoc",((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getId());
+		assertEquals("delLoc",((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryLocation().getId());
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenPickupTimeWindowsOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(1.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupTimeWindow().getStart(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(2.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupTimeWindow().getEnd(),0.01);
+		
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenDeliveryTimeWindowsOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(3.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryTimeWindow().getStart(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(4.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryTimeWindow().getEnd(),0.01);
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenDeliveryServiceTimeOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(100.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupServiceTime(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(50.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryServiceTime(),0.01);
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenLocationIdOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals("[x=1.0][y=2.0]",((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getId());
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldHave2Skills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertEquals(3,veh1.getSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldContain_skill5(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertTrue(veh1.getSkills().containsSkill("skill5"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldContain_skill1(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertTrue(veh1.getSkills().containsSkill("skill1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldContain_skill2(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertTrue(veh1.getSkills().containsSkill("skill2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldHave0Skills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertEquals(0,veh.getSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    private Vehicle getVehicle(String v1, VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp) {
+        for(Vehicle v : readVrp.getVehicles()){
+            if(v.getId().equals(v1)) return v;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldHaveCorrectNuSkills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(3,readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldContain_skill1(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldContain_skill2(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("Skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldContain_skill3(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("Skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill3"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenLocationCoordOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(1.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(2.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+		
+		assertEquals(5.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryLocation().getCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(6.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryLocation().getCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipmentWithSeveralCapacityDimension_itShouldWriteAndReadItCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1")
+				.setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50)
+				.addSizeDimension(0, 10)
+				.addSizeDimension(2, 100)
+				.build();
+		
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		assertEquals(3,(readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(10, (readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().get(0));
+		assertEquals(0,(readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().get(1));
+		assertEquals(100,(readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().get(2));
+		
+		assertEquals(1,(readVrp.getJobs().get("2")).getSize().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(20,(readVrp.getJobs().get("2")).getSize().get(0));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV1_itsStartLocationMustBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v1",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("loc",v.getStartLocationId());
+		assertEquals("loc",v.getEndLocationId());
+		
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingService_itShouldHaveTheCorrectNuSkills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Service s = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("sKill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingService_itShouldContain_skill1(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Service s = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("sKill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingService_itShouldContain_skill2(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Service s = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("sKill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill2"));
+    }
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV1_itDoesNotReturnToDepotMustBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v1",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertFalse(v.isReturnToDepot());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV1_readingAgainAssignsCorrectType(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v1",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("vehType",v.getType().getTypeId());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV2_readingAgainAssignsCorrectType(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v2",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("vehType2",v.getType().getTypeId());
+		assertEquals(200,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(0));
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV2_readingItsLocationsAgainReturnsCorrectLocations(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v2",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("startLoc",v.getStartLocationId());
+		assertEquals("endLoc",v.getEndLocationId());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV2_readingItsLocationsCoordsAgainReturnsCorrectLocationsCoords(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v2",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals(1.0,v.getStartLocationCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(2.0,v.getStartLocationCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+		
+		assertEquals(4.0,v.getEndLocationCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(5.0,v.getEndLocationCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleWithSeveralCapacityDimensions_itShouldBeWrittenAndRereadCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("type")
+				.addCapacityDimension(0, 100)
+				.addCapacityDimension(1, 1000)
+				.addCapacityDimension(2, 10000)
+				.build();
+
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals(3,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(100,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(0));
+		assertEquals(1000,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(1));
+		assertEquals(10000,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(2));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleWithSeveralCapacityDimensions_itShouldBeWrittenAndRereadCorrectlyV2(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("type")
+				.addCapacityDimension(0, 100)
+				.addCapacityDimension(1, 1000)
+				.addCapacityDimension(10, 10000)
+				.build();
+
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals(11,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(0,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(9));
+		assertEquals(10000,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(10));
+	}
+	
+	private Vehicle getVehicle(String string, Collection<Vehicle> vehicles) {
+		for(Vehicle v : vehicles) if(string.equals(v.getId())) return v;
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingAndReadingInitialRouteWithShipment4_thisShipmentShouldNotAppearInJobMap(){ //since it is not part of the problem anymore
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		assertFalse(newVrp.getJobs().containsKey("4"));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenReadingInitialRouteWithDepTime10_departureTimeOfRouteShouldBeReadCorrectly(){ 
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		assertEquals(10.,newVrp.getInitialVehicleRoutes().iterator().next().getDepartureTime(),0.01);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenReadingInitialRoute_nuInitialRoutesShouldBeCorrect(){ 
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder, null).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		
+		assertEquals(1,newVrp.getInitialVehicleRoutes().size());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenReadingInitialRoute_nuActivitiesShouldBeCorrect(){ 
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder, null).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		
+		assertEquals(2,newVrp.getInitialVehicleRoutes().iterator().next().getActivities().size());
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void solutionWithoutUnassignedJobsShouldBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v1);
+
+        Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+        Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+
+        VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(v1).addService(s1).addService(s2).build();
+        List<VehicleRoute> routes = new ArrayList<VehicleRoute>();
+        routes.add(route);
+        VehicleRoutingProblemSolution solution = new VehicleRoutingProblemSolution(routes,10.);
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        solutions.add(solution);
+
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, solutions).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutionsToRead = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, solutionsToRead).read(infileName);
+
+        assertEquals(1, solutionsToRead.size());
+        assertEquals(10., Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getCost(),0.01);
+        assertTrue(Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getUnassignedJobs().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void solutionWithUnassignedJobsShouldBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v1);
+
+        Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+        Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+
+        VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(v1).addService(s1).build();
+        List<VehicleRoute> routes = new ArrayList<VehicleRoute>();
+        routes.add(route);
+        VehicleRoutingProblemSolution solution = new VehicleRoutingProblemSolution(routes,10.);
+        solution.getUnassignedJobs().add(s2);
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        solutions.add(solution);
+
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, solutions).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutionsToRead = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, solutionsToRead).read(infileName);
+
+        assertEquals(1, solutionsToRead.size());
+        assertEquals(10., Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getCost(),0.01);
+        assertEquals(1, Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getUnassignedJobs().size());
+        assertEquals("2", Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getUnassignedJobs().iterator().next().getId());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `v` last assigned on line 749 could be null and is dereferenced at line 750.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VrpXMLWriterTest.whenWritingVehicleV2_readingItsLocationsAgainReturnsCorrectLocations()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.problem.io.VrpXMLWriterTest.whenWritingVehicleV2_readingItsLocationsAgainReturnsCorrectL.e77be63ca937881395ef650626034c79
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/test/java/jsprit/core/problem/io/VrpXMLWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VrpXMLWriterTest.java|whenWritingVehicleV2_readingItsLocationsAgainReturnsCorrectLocations|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+139ab27cea0e8c387ad8474b82f14067
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5284/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5284/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f1a414943cb56ee44e617cddf6805fc9ea1f43a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5284/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2013  Stefan Schroeder
+ * 
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
+ * 
+ * Contributors:
+ *     Stefan Schroeder - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package algorithms;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+import util.Resource;
+
+
+
+import basics.VehicleRoutingAlgorithm;
+import basics.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import basics.io.AlgorithmConfig;
+import basics.io.AlgorithmConfigXmlReader;
+
+
+/**
+ * Factory that creates the {@link VehicleRoutingAlgorithm} as proposed by Schrimpf et al., 2000 with the following parameters:
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * R&R_random (prob=0.5, F=0.5);
+ * R&R_radial (prob=0.5, F=0.3);
+ * threshold-accepting with exponentialDecayFunction (alpha=0.1, warmup-iterations=100);
+ * nuOfIterations=2000
+ * 
+ * <p>Gerhard Schrimpf, Johannes Schneider, Hermann Stamm- Wilbrandt, and Gunter Dueck. 
+ * Record breaking optimization results using the ruin and recreate principle. 
+ * Journal of Computational Physics, 159(2):139 – 171, 2000. ISSN 0021-9991. doi: 10.1006/jcph.1999. 6413. 
+ * URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S0021999199964136
+ * 
+ * <p>algorithm-xml-config is available at src/main/resources/schrimpf.xml. 
+ * 
+ * @author stefan schroeder
+ *
+ */
+public class SchrimpfFactory {
+	
+	/**
+	 * Creates the {@link VehicleRoutingAlgorithm}.
+	 * 
+	 * @param vrp
+	 * @return algorithm
+	 */
+	public VehicleRoutingAlgorithm createAlgorithm(VehicleRoutingProblem vrp){
+		AlgorithmConfig algorithmConfig = new AlgorithmConfig();
+		URL resource = Resource.getAsURL("schrimpf.xml");
+		new AlgorithmConfigXmlReader(algorithmConfig).read(resource.getPath());
+		return VehicleRoutingAlgorithms.createAlgorithm(vrp, algorithmConfig);
+	}
+	
+	
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resource` last assigned on line 66 could be null and is dereferenced at line 67.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+VehicleRoutingAlgorithm SchrimpfFactory.createAlgorithm(VehicleRoutingProblem)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+algorithms.SchrimpfFactory.createAlgorithm(basics.VehicleRoutingProblem):basics.VehicleRoutingAlgori.0ee4474671581e147cbbc036515eed60
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/main/java/algorithms/SchrimpfFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+SchrimpfFactory.java|createAlgorithm|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8d27ed5a25e44aca1cbebd594f436252
+
+### Hash:
+fce58acb8962e7ff593fe860cd53b6d5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5290/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5290/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ed980cf03884ca848492065a91d0dcc6784aaae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5290/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Stefan Schroeder
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm;
+
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.IntegrationTest;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.acceptor.GreedyAcceptance;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.module.RuinAndRecreateModule;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.recreate.BestInsertionBuilder;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.recreate.InsertionStrategy;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.ruin.RadialRuinStrategyFactory;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.ruin.RandomRuinStrategyFactory;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.ruin.RuinStrategy;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.ruin.distance.AvgServiceDistance;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.selector.SelectBest;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.state.InternalStates;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.state.StateManager;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.termination.IterationWithoutImprovementTermination;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.constraint.ConstraintManager;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.io.VrpXMLReader;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.solution.SolutionCostCalculator;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.solution.VehicleRoutingProblemSolution;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.InfiniteFleetManagerFactory;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleFleetManager;
+import com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.util.Solutions;
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+
+public class BuildPDVRPAlgoFromScratch_IT {
+
+    VehicleRoutingProblem vrp;
+
+    VehicleRoutingAlgorithm vra;
+
+    static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BuildPDVRPAlgoFromScratch_IT.class);
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() {
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(builder).read("src/test/resources/pd_solomon_r101.xml");
+        vrp = builder.build();
+
+        final StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(vrp);
+
+        ConstraintManager constraintManager = new ConstraintManager(vrp, stateManager);
+
+        VehicleFleetManager fleetManager = new InfiniteFleetManagerFactory(vrp.getVehicles()).createFleetManager();
+
+        InsertionStrategy bestInsertion = new BestInsertionBuilder(vrp, fleetManager, stateManager, constraintManager).build();
+
+        RuinStrategy radial = new RadialRuinStrategyFactory(0.15, new AvgServiceDistance(vrp.getTransportCosts())).createStrategy(vrp);
+        RuinStrategy random = new RandomRuinStrategyFactory(0.25).createStrategy(vrp);
+
+        SolutionCostCalculator solutionCostCalculator = new SolutionCostCalculator() {
+
+            @Override
+            public double getCosts(VehicleRoutingProblemSolution solution) {
+                double costs = 0.0;
+                for (VehicleRoute route : solution.getRoutes()) {
+                    Double cost_of_route = stateManager.getRouteState(route, InternalStates.COSTS, Double.class);
+                    if (cost_of_route == null) cost_of_route = 0.;
+                    costs += cost_of_route;
+                }
+                return costs;
+            }
+        };
+
+        SearchStrategy randomStrategy = new SearchStrategy("random", new SelectBest(), new GreedyAcceptance(1), solutionCostCalculator);
+        RuinAndRecreateModule randomModule = new RuinAndRecreateModule("randomRuin_bestInsertion", bestInsertion, random);
+        randomStrategy.addModule(randomModule);
+
+        SearchStrategy radialStrategy = new SearchStrategy("radial", new SelectBest(), new GreedyAcceptance(1), solutionCostCalculator);
+        RuinAndRecreateModule radialModule = new RuinAndRecreateModule("radialRuin_bestInsertion", bestInsertion, radial);
+        radialStrategy.addModule(radialModule);
+
+        vra = new PrettyAlgorithmBuilder(vrp, fleetManager, stateManager, constraintManager)
+            .addCoreStateAndConstraintStuff().constructInitialSolutionWith(bestInsertion, solutionCostCalculator)
+            .withStrategy(radialStrategy, 0.5).withStrategy(randomStrategy, 0.5).build();
+
+        vra.setMaxIterations(1000);
+        vra.setPrematureAlgorithmTermination(new IterationWithoutImprovementTermination(100));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Category(IntegrationTest.class)
+    public void test() {
+        try {
+            Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions = vra.searchSolutions();
+            System.out.println(Solutions.bestOf(solutions).getCost());
+            Assert.assertTrue(true);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Assert.assertTrue(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `bestOf(solutions)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 113.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BuildPDVRPAlgoFromScratch_IT.test()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.graphhopper.jsprit.core.algorithm.BuildPDVRPAlgoFromScratch_IT.test():void.5b4597169ff47a1526161bd328a989ee
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/test/java/com/graphhopper/jsprit/core/algorithm/BuildPDVRPAlgoFromScratch_IT.java
+
+### Key:
+BuildPDVRPAlgoFromScratch_IT.java|test|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8d6e9cff54f70fadb46144af2811fd73
+
+### Hash:
+093de0b04fb9b4e3748446d4c88bb3b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5296/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5296/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32a57d38820a9523712580f307ec553d6d3eb0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5296/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package algorithms;
+
+import algorithms.StateManagerImpl.StateImpl;
+import basics.route.TourActivity;
+import basics.route.VehicleRoute;
+
+/**
+ * Updates load at activity level. 
+ * 
+ * <p>Note that this assumes that StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is already updated, i.e. it starts by setting loadAtDepot to StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT.
+ * If StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is not set, it starts with 0 load at depot.
+ * 
+ * <p>Thus it DEPENDS on StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT
+ *  
+ * @author stefan
+ *
+ */
+public class UpdateLoadAtActivityLevel implements ActivityVisitor {
+	private StateManagerImpl stateManager;
+	private int currentLoad = 0;
+	private VehicleRoute route;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Updates load at activity level. 
+	 * 
+	 * <p>Note that this assumes that StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is already updated, i.e. it starts by setting loadAtDepot to StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT.
+	 * If StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is not set, it starts with 0 load at depot.
+	 *
+	 * <p>Thus it DEPENDS on StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT
+	 * 
+	 * <p>If you want to update StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT see {@link InitializeLoadsAtStartAndEndOfRouteWhenInsertionStarts}, {@link UpdateLoadsAtStartAndEndOfRouteWhenJobHasBeenInserted}
+	 * 
+	 * <p>The loads can be retrieved by <br>
+	 * <code>stateManager.getActivityState(activity,StateTypes.LOAD);</code>
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @see {@link InitializeLoadsAtStartAndEndOfRouteWhenInsertionStarts}, {@link UpdateLoadsAtStartAndEndOfRouteWhenJobHasBeenInserted}
+	 * @author stefan
+	 *
+	 */
+	public UpdateLoadAtActivityLevel(StateManagerImpl stateManager) {
+		super();
+		this.stateManager = stateManager;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void begin(VehicleRoute route) {
+		currentLoad = (int) stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateIdFactory.LOAD_AT_DEPOT).toDouble();
+		this.route = route;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void visit(TourActivity act) {
+		currentLoad += act.getCapacityDemand();
+		stateManager.putActivityState(act, StateIdFactory.LOAD, new StateImpl(currentLoad));
+		assert currentLoad <= route.getVehicle().getCapacity() : "currentLoad at activity must not be > vehicleCapacity";
+		assert currentLoad >= 0 : "currentLoad at act must not be < 0";
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void finish() {
+		currentLoad = 0;
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `UpdateLoadAtActivityLevel.stateManager.getRouteState(route,algorithms.StateIdFactory.LOAD_AT_DEPOT)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 49.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpdateLoadAtActivityLevel.begin(VehicleRoute)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+algorithms.UpdateLoadAtActivityLevel.begin(basics.route.VehicleRoute):void.1c229a74d9baaa34a7860d11ed15a93f
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/main/java/algorithms/UpdateLoadAtActivityLevel.java
+
+### Key:
+UpdateLoadAtActivityLevel.java|begin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cd61f1a42ac70929ce87e1918503c052
+
+### Hash:
+0d997305e748b4346cd7f0d03683ae90
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5297/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5297/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85ed6790465a9b1042ed408965467c958414de6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5297/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jsprit.core.algorithm.state;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.Capacity;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.driver.Driver;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Delivery;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Job;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Pickup;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.RouteActivityVisitor;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class UpdateLoadsTest {
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZero(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.emptyRoute();
+
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteIsNotEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		
+		when(service.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		Capacity capacity = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 1).build();
+		when(service.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteIsNotEmpty_multipleLoadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		Capacity capacity = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 1).addDimension(1,2).build();
+		when(service.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasTwoActivities_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Service service2 = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service2.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).addService(service2).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(11.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasTwoActivities_loadsAtActivitiesShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+		
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Service service2 = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service2.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).addService(service2).build();
+		
+		routeActivityVisitor.visit(route);
+		
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(0), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(11.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(1), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity capacity2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(10.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtActivitiesShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity capacity2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		routeActivityVisitor.visit(route);
+		
+		assertEquals(11.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(0), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(1), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenPickupIsInsertedIntoVehcicleRouteWithPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity capacity2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity2);
+		
+		Pickup pickup2insert = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup2insert.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		updateLoads.informJobInserted(pickup2insert, route, 0., 0.);
+		
+		assertEquals(10.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(3.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenDeliveryIsInsertedIntoVehcicleRouteWithPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity size = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(size);
+		
+		Delivery delivery2insert = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery2insert.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(20);
+		Capacity size2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 20).build();
+		when(delivery2insert.getSize()).thenReturn(size2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		updateLoads.informJobInserted(delivery2insert, route, 0., 0.);
+		
+		assertEquals(30.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `stateManager.getRouteState(route,jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 34.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpdateLoadsTest.whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZero()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.algorithm.state.UpdateLoadsTest.whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZe.299a742585a23bca68c2eb95d778c59b
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/test/java/jsprit/core/algorithm/state/UpdateLoadsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UpdateLoadsTest.java|whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZero|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c9c172f117ebe9d8a98ace40e0eeb16f
+
+### Hash:
+e25727ef521199e3502f1e5c687d528c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5299/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5299/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fc2526cf30439694fe70f062179c045da1bc6ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5299/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jsprit.core.algorithm.state;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import jsprit.core.algorithm.recreate.listener.InsertionStartsListener;
+import jsprit.core.algorithm.recreate.listener.JobInsertedListener;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Delivery;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Job;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Pickup;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.ActivityVisitor;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TourActivity;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Updates load at activity level. 
+ * 
+ * <p>Note that this assumes that StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is already updated, i.e. it starts by setting loadAtDepot to StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT.
+ * If StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is not set, it starts with 0 load at depot.
+ * 
+ * <p>Thus it DEPENDS on StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT
+ *  
+ * @author stefan
+ *
+ */
+class UpdateLoads implements ActivityVisitor, StateUpdater, InsertionStartsListener, JobInsertedListener {
+	private StateManager stateManager;
+	private int currentLoad = 0;
+	private VehicleRoute route;
+	/**
+	 * Updates load at activity level. 
+	 * 
+	 * <p>Note that this assumes that StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is already updated, i.e. it starts by setting loadAtDepot to StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT.
+	 * If StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT is not set, it starts with 0 load at depot.
+	 *
+	 * <p>Thus it DEPENDS on StateTypes.LOAD_AT_DEPOT
+	 * 
+	 * <p>The loads can be retrieved by <br>
+	 * <code>stateManager.getActivityState(activity,StateTypes.LOAD);</code>
+	 * 
+	 * @author stefan
+	 *
+	 */
+	public UpdateLoads(StateManager stateManager) {
+		super();
+		this.stateManager = stateManager;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void begin(VehicleRoute route) {
+		currentLoad = (int) stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble();
+		this.route = route;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void visit(TourActivity act) {
+		currentLoad += act.getCapacityDemand();
+		stateManager.putInternalActivityState(act, StateFactory.LOAD, StateFactory.createState(currentLoad));
+		assert currentLoad <= route.getVehicle().getCapacity() : "currentLoad at activity must not be > vehicleCapacity";
+		assert currentLoad >= 0 : "currentLoad at act must not be < 0";
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void finish() {
+		currentLoad = 0;
+	}
+	
+	void insertionStarts(VehicleRoute route) {
+		int loadAtDepot = 0;
+		int loadAtEnd = 0;
+		for(Job j : route.getTourActivities().getJobs()){
+			if(j instanceof Delivery){
+				loadAtDepot += j.getCapacityDemand();
+			}
+			else if(j instanceof Pickup || j instanceof Service){
+				loadAtEnd += j.getCapacityDemand();
+			}
+		}
+		stateManager.putInternalRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING, StateFactory.createState(loadAtDepot));
+		stateManager.putInternalRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END, StateFactory.createState(loadAtEnd));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void informInsertionStarts(Collection<VehicleRoute> vehicleRoutes, Collection<Job> unassignedJobs) {
+		for(VehicleRoute route : vehicleRoutes){ insertionStarts(route); }
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void informJobInserted(Job job2insert, VehicleRoute inRoute, double additionalCosts, double additionalTime) {
+		if(job2insert instanceof Delivery){
+			int loadAtDepot = (int) stateManager.getRouteState(inRoute, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble();
+			stateManager.putInternalRouteState(inRoute, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING, StateFactory.createState(loadAtDepot + job2insert.getCapacityDemand()));
+		}
+		else if(job2insert instanceof Pickup || job2insert instanceof Service){
+			int loadAtEnd = (int) stateManager.getRouteState(inRoute, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble();
+			stateManager.putInternalRouteState(inRoute, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END, StateFactory.createState(loadAtEnd + job2insert.getCapacityDemand()));
+		}
+	}
+
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `UpdateLoads.stateManager.getRouteState(route,jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 53.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpdateLoads.begin(VehicleRoute)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.algorithm.state.UpdateLoads.begin(jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute):void.00233a0134ba09799a5571e4c6ad7770
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/main/java/jsprit/core/algorithm/state/UpdateLoads.java
+
+### Key:
+UpdateLoads.java|begin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cd61f1a42ac70929ce87e1918503c052
+
+### Hash:
+da8e7b989389c78ef120695181f83e36
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5403/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5403/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcbf3cc0f5dcfe7e53e75c7c8efe93aec24ce2ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5403/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sparkml
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SparkML
+ *
+ * JPMML-SparkML is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SparkML is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SparkML.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jpmml.sparkml.model;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.dmg.pmml.DataType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DerivedField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FieldName;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MapValues;
+import org.dmg.pmml.OpType;
+import org.jpmml.converter.BinaryFeature;
+import org.jpmml.converter.ContinuousFeature;
+import org.jpmml.converter.Feature;
+import org.jpmml.converter.PMMLEncoder;
+import org.jpmml.converter.PMMLUtil;
+import org.jpmml.converter.SchemaUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sparkml.ModelConverter;
+
+public class RegressionTableUtil {
+
+	private RegressionTableUtil(){
+	}
+
+	static
+	public <C extends ModelConverter<?> & HasRegressionOptions> void simplify(C converter, Object identifier, List<Feature> features, List<Double> coefficients){
+		SchemaUtil.checkSize(coefficients.size(), features);
+
+		Integer lookupThreshold = (Integer)converter.getOption(HasRegressionOptions.OPTION_LOOKUP_THRESHOLD, null);
+		if(lookupThreshold == null){
+			return;
+		}
+
+		Map<FieldName, Long> countMap = features.stream()
+			.filter(feature -> (feature instanceof BinaryFeature))
+			.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(feature -> ((BinaryFeature)feature).getName(), Collectors.counting()));
+
+		Collection<? extends Map.Entry<FieldName, Long>> entries = countMap.entrySet();
+		for(Map.Entry<FieldName, Long> entry : entries){
+
+			if(entry.getValue() < lookupThreshold){
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			createMapValues(entry.getKey(), identifier, features, coefficients);
+		}
+	}
+
+	static
+	private MapValues createMapValues(FieldName name, Object identifier, List<Feature> features, List<Double> coefficients){
+		ListIterator<Feature> featureIt = features.listIterator();
+		ListIterator<Double> coefficientIt = coefficients.listIterator();
+
+		PMMLEncoder encoder = null;
+
+		List<Object> inputValues = new ArrayList<>();
+		List<Double> outputValues = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		while(featureIt.hasNext()){
+			Feature feature = featureIt.next();
+			Double coefficient = coefficientIt.next();
+
+			if(!(feature instanceof BinaryFeature)){
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			BinaryFeature binaryFeature = (BinaryFeature)feature;
+			if(!(name).equals(binaryFeature.getName())){
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			featureIt.remove();
+			coefficientIt.remove();
+
+			if(encoder == null){
+				encoder = binaryFeature.getEncoder();
+			}
+
+			inputValues.add(binaryFeature.getValue());
+			outputValues.add(coefficient);
+		}
+
+		MapValues mapValues = PMMLUtil.createMapValues(name, inputValues, outputValues)
+			.setDefaultValue(0d);
+
+		DerivedField derivedField = encoder.createDerivedField(FieldName.create("lookup(" + name.getValue() + (identifier != null ? (", " + identifier) : "") + ")"), OpType.CONTINUOUS, DataType.DOUBLE, mapValues);
+
+		featureIt.add(new ContinuousFeature(encoder, derivedField));
+		coefficientIt.add(1d);
+
+		return mapValues;
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `$T2_222` last assigned on line 107 could be null and is dereferenced at line 107.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+MapValues RegressionTableUtil.createMapValues(FieldName,Object,List,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jpmml.sparkml.model.RegressionTableUtil.createMapValues(org.dmg.pmml.FieldName,java.lang.Object,.271a82a9f3df32dd41a6473f58451003
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jpmml/sparkml/model/RegressionTableUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+RegressionTableUtil.java|createMapValues|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+50f99c492fff581c34fca4f3e7e8c0cd
+
+### Hash:
+8da1b37dd406348e57638f33f6031a66
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5410/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5410/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36a1e46136f1f78dee6df391d942fc5b21140fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5410/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.CollectorPipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ResultItemsCollectorPipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.ThreadUtils;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * Entrance of a crawler.<br>
+ * A spider contains four modules: Downloader, Scheduler, PageProcessor and
+ * Pipeline.<br>
+ * Every module is a field of Spider. <br>
+ * The modules are defined in interface. <br>
+ * You can customize a spider with various implementations of them. <br>
+ * Examples: <br>
+ * <br>
+ * A simple crawler: <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();<br>
+ * <br>
+ * Store results to files by FilePipeline: <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")) <br>
+ * .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run(); <br>
+ * <br>
+ * Use FileCacheQueueScheduler to store urls and cursor in files, so that a
+ * Spider can resume the status when shutdown. <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")) <br>
+ * .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run(); <br>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @see Downloader
+ * @see Scheduler
+ * @see PageProcessor
+ * @see Pipeline
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    protected Downloader downloader;
+
+    protected List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    protected PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    protected List<Request> startRequests;
+
+    protected Site site;
+
+    protected String uuid;
+
+    protected Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    protected Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    protected ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    protected int threadNum = 1;
+
+    protected AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    protected boolean exitWhenComplete = true;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    protected boolean spawnUrl = true;
+
+    protected boolean destroyWhenExit = true;
+
+    private ReentrantLock newUrlLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private Condition newUrlCondition = newUrlLock.newCondition();
+
+    private final AtomicInteger threadAlive = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+    private List<SpiderListener> spiderListeners;
+
+    private final AtomicLong pageCount = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     * @return new spider
+     * @see PageProcessor
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startRequests = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartRequests();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set startUrls of Spider.<br>
+     * Prior to startUrls of Site.
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.startRequests = UrlUtils.convertToRequests(startUrls);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set startUrls of Spider.<br>
+     * Prior to startUrls of Site.
+     *
+     * @param startRequests
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startRequest(List<Request> startRequests) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.startRequests = startRequests;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set an uuid for spider.<br>
+     * Default uuid is domain of site.<br>
+     *
+     * @param uuid
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @Deprecated
+     * @see #setScheduler(us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler)
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        return setScheduler(scheduler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @see Scheduler
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider setScheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        Scheduler oldScheduler = this.scheduler;
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        if (oldScheduler != null) {
+            Request request;
+            while ((request = oldScheduler.poll(this)) != null) {
+                this.scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see #addPipeline(us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        return addPipeline(pipeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see Pipeline
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider addPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set pipelines for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipelines
+     * @return this
+     * @see Pipeline
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public Spider setPipelines(List<Pipeline> pipelines) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.pipelines = pipelines;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * clear the pipelines set
+     *
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider clearPipeline() {
+        pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setDownloader(us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        return setDownloader(downloader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see Downloader
+     */
+    public Spider setDownloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void initComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        downloader.setThread(threadNum);
+        if (executorService == null || executorService.isShutdown()) {
+            executorService = ThreadUtils.newFixedThreadPool(threadNum);
+        }
+        if (startRequests != null) {
+            for (Request request : startRequests) {
+                scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+            startRequests.clear();
+        }
+        threadAlive.set(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        checkRunningStat();
+        initComponent();
+        logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " started!");
+        while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && stat.get() == STAT_RUNNING) {
+            Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            if (request == null) {
+                if (threadAlive.get() == 0 && exitWhenComplete) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // wait until new url added
+                waitNewUrl();
+            } else {
+                final Request requestFinal = request;
+                threadAlive.incrementAndGet();
+                executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void run() {
+                        try {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                            onSuccess(requestFinal);
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            onError(requestFinal);
+                            logger.error("process request " + requestFinal + " error", e);
+                        } finally {
+                            threadAlive.decrementAndGet();
+                            pageCount.incrementAndGet();
+                            signalNewUrl();
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        stat.set(STAT_STOPPED);
+        // release some resources
+        if (destroyWhenExit) {
+            close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void onError(Request request) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(spiderListeners)){
+            for (SpiderListener spiderListener : spiderListeners) {
+                spiderListener.onError(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void onSuccess(Request request) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(spiderListeners)){
+            for (SpiderListener spiderListener : spiderListeners) {
+                spiderListener.onSuccess(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkRunningStat() {
+        while (true) {
+            int statNow = stat.get();
+            if (statNow == STAT_RUNNING) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+            }
+            if (stat.compareAndSet(statNow, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+        executorService.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object) {
+        if (object instanceof Closeable) {
+            try {
+                ((Closeable) object).close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process specific urls without url discovering.
+     *
+     * @param urls urls to process
+     */
+    public void test(String... urls) {
+        initComponent();
+        if (urls.length > 0) {
+            for (String url : urls) {
+                processRequest(new Request(url));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            onError(request);
+        }
+        // for cycle retry
+        if (page.isNeedCycleRetry()) {
+            extractAndAddRequests(page, true);
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        extractAndAddRequests(page, spawnUrl);
+        if (!page.getResultItems().isSkip()) {
+            for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+                pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+            }
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    protected void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void extractAndAddRequests(Page page, boolean spawnUrl) {
+        if (spawnUrl && CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                addRequest(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRequest(Request request) {
+        if (site.getDomain() == null && request != null && request.getUrl() != null) {
+            site.setDomain(UrlUtils.getDomain(request.getUrl()));
+        }
+        scheduler.push(request, this);
+    }
+
+    protected void checkIfRunning() {
+        if (stat.get() == STAT_RUNNING) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add urls to crawl. <br/>
+     *
+     * @param urls
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider addUrl(String... urls) {
+        for (String url : urls) {
+            addRequest(new Request(url));
+        }
+        signalNewUrl();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Download urls synchronizing.
+     *
+     * @param urls
+     * @return
+     */
+    public <T> List<T> getAll(Collection<String> urls) {
+        destroyWhenExit = false;
+        spawnUrl = false;
+        startRequests.clear();
+        for (Request request : UrlUtils.convertToRequests(urls)) {
+            addRequest(request);
+        }
+        CollectorPipeline collectorPipeline = getCollectorPipeline();
+        pipelines.add(collectorPipeline);
+        run();
+        spawnUrl = true;
+        destroyWhenExit = true;
+        return collectorPipeline.getCollected();
+    }
+
+    protected CollectorPipeline getCollectorPipeline() {
+        return new ResultItemsCollectorPipeline();
+    }
+
+    public <T> T get(String url) {
+        List<String> urls = Lists.newArrayList(url);
+        List<T> resultItemses = getAll(urls);
+        if (resultItemses != null && resultItemses.size() > 0) {
+            return resultItemses.get(0);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add urls with information to crawl.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param requests
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider addRequest(Request... requests) {
+        for (Request request : requests) {
+            addRequest(request);
+        }
+        signalNewUrl();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void waitNewUrl() {
+        newUrlLock.lock();
+        try {
+            //double check
+            if (threadAlive.get() == 0 && exitWhenComplete) {
+                return;
+            }
+            newUrlCondition.await();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn("waitNewUrl - interrupted, error {}", e);
+        }
+        finally {
+            newUrlLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void signalNewUrl() {
+        try {
+            newUrlLock.lock();
+            newUrlCondition.signalAll();
+        } finally {
+            newUrlLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void start() {
+        runAsync();
+    }
+
+    public void stop() {
+        if (stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED)) {
+            logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " stop success!");
+        } else {
+            logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " stop fail!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * start with more than one threads
+     *
+     * @param threadNum
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.threadNum = threadNum;
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isExitWhenComplete() {
+        return exitWhenComplete;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exit when complete. <br/>
+     * True: exit when all url of the site is downloaded. <br/>
+     * False: not exit until call stop() manually.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param exitWhenComplete
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider setExitWhenComplete(boolean exitWhenComplete) {
+        this.exitWhenComplete = exitWhenComplete;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSpawnUrl() {
+        return spawnUrl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get page count downloaded by spider.
+     *
+     * @return total downloaded page count
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public long getPageCount() {
+        return pageCount.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get running status by spider.
+     *
+     * @return running status
+     * @see Status
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public Status getStatus() {
+        return Status.fromValue(stat.get());
+    }
+
+
+    public enum Status {
+        Init(0), Running(1), Stopped(2);
+
+        private Status(int value) {
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+
+        private int value;
+
+        int getValue() {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        public static Status fromValue(int value) {
+            for (Status status : Status.values()) {
+                if (status.getValue() == value) {
+                    return status;
+                }
+            }
+            //default value
+            return Init;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get thread count which is running
+     *
+     * @return thread count which is running
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public int getThreadAlive() {
+        return threadAlive.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether add urls extracted to download.<br>
+     * Add urls to download when it is true, and just download seed urls when it is false. <br>
+     * DO NOT set it unless you know what it means!
+     *
+     * @param spawnUrl
+     * @return
+     * @since 0.4.0
+     */
+    public Spider setSpawnUrl(boolean spawnUrl) {
+        this.spawnUrl = spawnUrl;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        uuid = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        return uuid;
+    }
+
+    public Spider setExecutorService(ExecutorService executorService) {
+        this.executorService = executorService;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+
+    public List<SpiderListener> getSpiderListeners() {
+        return spiderListeners;
+    }
+
+    public Spider setSpiderListeners(List<SpiderListener> spiderListeners) {
+        this.spiderListeners = spiderListeners;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `page` last assigned on line 401 could be null and is dereferenced at line 407.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Spider.processRequest(Request)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.processRequest(us.codecraft.webmagic.Request):void.b40c6feb7e04e82e557bf361317c8b72
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|processRequest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc9986604e83d90bc0a0042a8f0ca6d0
+
+### Hash:
+73151d7934829785c58d1f5bdac44104
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5417/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5417/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34d12e7e8e393aaf3e4dbc26e6eb64b1da52705c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5417/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.EnvironmentUtil;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.ThreadUtils;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * Entrance of a crawler.<br>
+ * A spider contains four modules: Downloader, Scheduler, PageProcessor and Pipeline.<br>
+ * Every module is a field of Spider.                                                    <br>
+ * The modules are defined in interface.                                                     <br>
+ * You can customize a spider with various implementations of them.                              <br>
+ * Examples:                                                                                         <br>
+ * <br>
+ * A simple crawler:                                                                                         <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();<br>
+ * <br>
+ * Store results to files by FilePipeline:                                                                              <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))                   <br>
+ * .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run();                                                          <br>
+ * <br>
+ * Use FileCacheQueueScheduler to store urls and cursor in files, so that a Spider can resume the status when shutdown.                 <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))                                   <br>
+ * .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run();                                                        <br>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @see Downloader
+ * @see Scheduler
+ * @see PageProcessor
+ * @see Pipeline
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    protected Downloader downloader;
+
+    protected List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    protected PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    protected List<String> startUrls;
+
+    protected Site site;
+
+    protected String uuid;
+
+    protected Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    protected Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    protected ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    protected int threadNum = 1;
+
+    protected AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    protected final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     * @return new spider
+     * @see PageProcessor
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startUrls = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartUrls();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set startUrls of Spider.<br>
+     * Prior to startUrls of Site.
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.startUrls = startUrls;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set an uuid for spider.<br>
+     * Default uuid is domain of site.<br>
+     *
+     * @param uuid
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @Deprecated
+     * @see #setScheduler(us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler)
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        return setScheduler(scheduler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @see Scheduler
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider setScheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setPipeline(us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        return addPipeline(pipeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see Pipeline
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider addPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * clear the pipelines set
+     *
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider clearPipeline() {
+        pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setDownloader(us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        return setDownloader(downloader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see Downloader
+     */
+    public Spider setDownloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void checkComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        downloader.setThread(threadNum);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_RUNNING)
+                && !stat.compareAndSet(STAT_STOPPED, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+        checkComponent();
+        if (startUrls != null) {
+            for (String startUrl : startUrls) {
+                scheduler.push(new Request(startUrl), this);
+            }
+            startUrls.clear();
+        }
+        Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+        //single thread
+        if (executorService == null) {
+            while (request != null && stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+                processRequest(request);
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            }
+        } else {
+            //multi thread
+            final AtomicInteger threadAlive = new AtomicInteger(0);
+            while (true && stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+                if (request == null) {
+                    //when no request found but some thread is alive, sleep a while.
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(100);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    final Request requestFinal = request;
+                    threadAlive.incrementAndGet();
+                    executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void run() {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                            threadAlive.decrementAndGet();
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                if (threadAlive.get() == 0) {
+                    request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                    if (request == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            executorService.shutdown();
+        }
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+        //release some resources
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    protected void destroy() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object) {
+        if (object instanceof Closeable) {
+            try {
+                ((Closeable) object).close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process specific urls without url discovering.
+     *
+     * @param urls urls to process
+     */
+    public void test(String... urls) {
+        checkComponent();
+        if (urls.length > 0) {
+            for (String url : urls) {
+                processRequest(new Request(url));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        //for cycle retry
+        if (page.getHtml() == null) {
+            addRequest(page);
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        addRequest(page);
+        if (!page.getResultItems().isSkip()) {
+            for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+                pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+            }
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    protected void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void addRequest(Page page) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void checkIfRunning() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_INIT) && !stat.compareAndSet(STAT_STOPPED, STAT_STOPPED)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    public void start() {
+        runAsync();
+    }
+
+    public void stop() {
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+    }
+
+    public void stopAndDestroy() {
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * start with more than one threads
+     *
+     * @param threadNum
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.threadNum = threadNum;
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        if (threadNum == 1) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            this.executorService = ThreadUtils.newFixedThreadPool(threadNum);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * switch off xsoup
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static void xsoupOff() {
+        EnvironmentUtil.setUseXsoup(false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.thread` writes to field `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.threadNum` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Spider Spider.thread(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.thread(int):us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.e4ad84957f0e798c63f232cc730c1aa2
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|thread|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+47c7b628657c69ed37c4b0a40ce81d1e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5419/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5419/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3add1e2b9926796aec9587e2b186902fb8346fa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5419/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.CookieSpecs;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.RequestBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Page;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Site;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Task;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.Html;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.PlainText;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * The http downloader based on HttpClient.
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class HttpClientDownloader implements Downloader {
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private final Map<String, CloseableHttpClient> httpClients = new HashMap<String, CloseableHttpClient>();
+
+    private int poolSize = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), null);
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url, String charset) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), Site.me().setCharset(charset).toTask());
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpClient getHttpClient(Site site) {
+        if (site == null) {
+            return new HttpClientGenerator(poolSize).getClient(null);
+        }
+        String domain = site.getDomain();
+        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = httpClients.get(domain);
+        if (httpClient == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (httpClient == null) {
+                    httpClient = new HttpClientGenerator(poolSize).getClient(site);
+                    httpClients.put(domain, httpClient);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return httpClient;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Page download(Request request, Task task) {
+        Site site = null;
+        if (task != null) {
+            site = task.getSite();
+        }
+        Set<Integer> acceptStatCode;
+        String charset = null;
+        Map<String, String> headers = null;
+        if (site != null) {
+            acceptStatCode = site.getAcceptStatCode();
+            charset = site.getCharset();
+            headers = site.getHeaders();
+        } else {
+            acceptStatCode = Sets.newHashSet(200);
+        }
+        logger.info("downloading page " + request.getUrl());
+        RequestBuilder requestBuilder = RequestBuilder.get().setUri(request.getUrl());
+        if (headers != null) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> headerEntry : headers.entrySet()) {
+                requestBuilder.addHeader(headerEntry.getKey(), headerEntry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        RequestConfig.Builder requestConfigBuilder = RequestConfig.custom()
+                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(site.getTimeOut())
+                .setConnectTimeout(site.getTimeOut())
+                .setCookieSpec(CookieSpecs.BEST_MATCH);
+        if (site.getHttpProxy() != null) {
+            requestConfigBuilder.setProxy(site.getHttpProxy());
+        }
+        requestBuilder.setConfig(requestConfigBuilder.build());
+        CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
+        try {
+            httpResponse = getHttpClient(site).execute(requestBuilder.build());
+            int statusCode = httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+            if (acceptStatCode.contains(statusCode)) {
+                //charset
+                if (charset == null) {
+                    String value = httpResponse.getEntity().getContentType().getValue();
+                    charset = UrlUtils.getCharset(value);
+                }
+                return handleResponse(request, charset, httpResponse, task);
+            } else {
+                logger.warn("code error " + statusCode + "\t" + request.getUrl());
+                return null;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.warn("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error", e);
+            if (site.getCycleRetryTimes() > 0) {
+                return addToCycleRetry(request, site);
+            }
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (httpResponse != null) {
+                    httpResponse.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.warn("close response fail", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Page addToCycleRetry(Request request, Site site) {
+        Page page = new Page();
+        Object cycleTriedTimesObject = request.getExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES);
+        if (cycleTriedTimesObject == null) {
+            page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+        } else {
+            int cycleTriedTimes = (Integer) cycleTriedTimesObject;
+            cycleTriedTimes++;
+            if (cycleTriedTimes >= site.getCycleRetryTimes()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+        }
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    protected Page handleResponse(Request request, String charset, HttpResponse httpResponse, Task task) throws IOException {
+        String content = IOUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity().getContent(), charset);
+        Page page = new Page();
+        page.setHtml(new Html(UrlUtils.fixAllRelativeHrefs(content, request.getUrl())));
+        page.setUrl(new PlainText(request.getUrl()));
+        page.setRequest(request);
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setThread(int thread) {
+        poolSize = thread;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.setThread` writes to field `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.poolSize` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HttpClientDownloader.setThread(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.setThread(int):void.23b25a79517d72a914c5d54a8148514e
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/downloader/HttpClientDownloader.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpClientDownloader.java|setThread|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9c49913e9cea053ca58bacd5c9a06961
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5421/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5421/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97e7845731204a445c6d41085ac152fac021f020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5421/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.CookieSpecs;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.RequestBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
+import org.jsoup.select.Elements;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Page;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Site;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Task;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.PlainText;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.HttpConstant;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * The http downloader based on HttpClient.
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class HttpClientDownloader extends AbstractDownloader {
+
+    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private final Map<String, CloseableHttpClient> httpClients = new HashMap<String, CloseableHttpClient>();
+
+    private HttpClientGenerator httpClientGenerator = new HttpClientGenerator();
+
+    private CloseableHttpClient getHttpClient(Site site) {
+        if (site == null) {
+            return httpClientGenerator.getClient(null);
+        }
+        String domain = site.getDomain();
+        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = httpClients.get(domain);
+        if (httpClient == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                httpClient = httpClients.get(domain);
+                if (httpClient == null) {
+                    httpClient = httpClientGenerator.getClient(site);
+                    httpClients.put(domain, httpClient);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return httpClient;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Page download(Request request, Task task) {
+        Site site = null;
+        if (task != null) {
+            site = task.getSite();
+        }
+        Set<Integer> acceptStatCode;
+        String charset = null;
+        Map<String, String> headers = null;
+        if (site != null) {
+            acceptStatCode = site.getAcceptStatCode();
+            charset = site.getCharset();
+            headers = site.getHeaders();
+        } else {
+            acceptStatCode = Sets.newHashSet(200);
+        }
+        logger.info("downloading page {}", request.getUrl());
+        CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
+        int statusCode=0;
+        try {
+            HttpUriRequest httpUriRequest = getHttpUriRequest(request, site, headers);
+            httpResponse = getHttpClient(site).execute(httpUriRequest);
+            statusCode = httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+            request.putExtra(Request.STATUS_CODE, statusCode);
+            if (statusAccept(acceptStatCode, statusCode)) {
+                Page page = handleResponse(request, charset, httpResponse, task);
+                onSuccess(request);
+                return page;
+            } else {
+                logger.warn("code error " + statusCode + "\t" + request.getUrl());
+                return null;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.warn("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error", e);
+            if (site.getCycleRetryTimes() > 0) {
+                return addToCycleRetry(request, site);
+            }
+            onError(request);
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+        	request.putExtra(Request.STATUS_CODE, statusCode);
+            try {
+                if (httpResponse != null) {
+                    //ensure the connection is released back to pool
+                    EntityUtils.consume(httpResponse.getEntity());
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.warn("close response fail", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setThread(int thread) {
+        httpClientGenerator.setPoolSize(thread);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean statusAccept(Set<Integer> acceptStatCode, int statusCode) {
+        return acceptStatCode.contains(statusCode);
+    }
+
+    protected HttpUriRequest getHttpUriRequest(Request request, Site site, Map<String, String> headers) {
+        RequestBuilder requestBuilder = selectRequestMethod(request).setUri(request.getUrl());
+        if (headers != null) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> headerEntry : headers.entrySet()) {
+                requestBuilder.addHeader(headerEntry.getKey(), headerEntry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        RequestConfig.Builder requestConfigBuilder = RequestConfig.custom()
+                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(site.getTimeOut())
+                .setSocketTimeout(site.getTimeOut())
+                .setConnectTimeout(site.getTimeOut())
+                .setCookieSpec(CookieSpecs.BEST_MATCH);
+        if (site.getHttpProxyPool() != null && site.getHttpProxyPool().isEnable()) {
+            HttpHost host = site.getHttpProxyFromPool();
+			requestConfigBuilder.setProxy(host);
+			request.putExtra(Request.PROXY, host);
+		}else if(site.getHttpProxy()!= null){
+            HttpHost host = site.getHttpProxy();
+			requestConfigBuilder.setProxy(host);
+			request.putExtra(Request.PROXY, host);	
+		}
+        requestBuilder.setConfig(requestConfigBuilder.build());
+        return requestBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    protected RequestBuilder selectRequestMethod(Request request) {
+        String method = request.getMethod();
+        if (method == null || method.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpConstant.Method.GET)) {
+            //default get
+            return RequestBuilder.get();
+        } else if (method.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpConstant.Method.POST)) {
+            RequestBuilder requestBuilder = RequestBuilder.post();
+            NameValuePair[] nameValuePair = (NameValuePair[]) request.getExtra("nameValuePair");
+            if (nameValuePair != null && nameValuePair.length > 0) {
+                requestBuilder.addParameters(nameValuePair);
+            }
+            return requestBuilder;
+        } else if (method.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpConstant.Method.HEAD)) {
+            return RequestBuilder.head();
+        } else if (method.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpConstant.Method.PUT)) {
+            return RequestBuilder.put();
+        } else if (method.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpConstant.Method.DELETE)) {
+            return RequestBuilder.delete();
+        } else if (method.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpConstant.Method.TRACE)) {
+            return RequestBuilder.trace();
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal HTTP Method " + method);
+    }
+
+    protected Page handleResponse(Request request, String charset, HttpResponse httpResponse, Task task) throws IOException {
+        String content = getContent(charset, httpResponse);
+        Page page = new Page();
+        page.setRawText(content);
+        page.setUrl(new PlainText(request.getUrl()));
+        page.setRequest(request);
+        page.setStatusCode(httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    protected String getContent(String charset, HttpResponse httpResponse) throws IOException {
+        if (charset == null) {
+            byte[] contentBytes = IOUtils.toByteArray(httpResponse.getEntity().getContent());
+            String htmlCharset = getHtmlCharset(httpResponse, contentBytes);
+            if (htmlCharset != null) {
+                return new String(contentBytes, htmlCharset);
+            } else {
+                logger.warn("Charset autodetect failed, use {} as charset. Please specify charset in Site.setCharset()", Charset.defaultCharset());
+                return new String(contentBytes);
+            }
+        } else {
+            return IOUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity().getContent(), charset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected String getHtmlCharset(HttpResponse httpResponse, byte[] contentBytes) throws IOException {
+        String charset;
+        // charset
+        // 1、encoding in http header Content-Type
+        String value = httpResponse.getEntity().getContentType().getValue();
+        charset = UrlUtils.getCharset(value);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(charset)) {
+            logger.debug("Auto get charset: {}", charset);
+            return charset;
+        }
+        // use default charset to decode first time
+        Charset defaultCharset = Charset.defaultCharset();
+        String content = new String(contentBytes, defaultCharset.name());
+        // 2、charset in meta
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(content)) {
+            Document document = Jsoup.parse(content);
+            Elements links = document.select("meta");
+            for (Element link : links) {
+                // 2.1、html4.01 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
+                String metaContent = link.attr("content");
+                String metaCharset = link.attr("charset");
+                if (metaContent.indexOf("charset") != -1) {
+                    metaContent = metaContent.substring(metaContent.indexOf("charset"), metaContent.length());
+                    charset = metaContent.split("=")[1];
+                    break;
+                }
+                // 2.2、html5 <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+                else if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(metaCharset)) {
+                    charset = metaCharset;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug("Auto get charset: {}", charset);
+        // 3、todo use tools as cpdetector for content decode
+        return charset;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `site` last assigned on line 73 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getHttpClient(...)` at line 92.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Page HttpClientDownloader.download(Request,Task)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.download(us.codecraft.webmagic.Request,us.code.2578caa67d7a5be8ed0f8ebfefcc1a61
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/downloader/HttpClientDownloader.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpClientDownloader.java|download|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fba5f45c75819dfeba05bed09fc5f66a
+
+### Hash:
+903c718904bf309af2ee2c15b318017b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5426/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5426/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..04ed0ff1581c7cfa853005a2d1fb13ca9dac4d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5426/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.EnvironmentUtil;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.ThreadUtils;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * Entrance of a crawler.<br>
+ * A spider contains four modules: Downloader, Scheduler, PageProcessor and Pipeline.<br>
+ * Every module is a field of Spider.                                                    <br>
+ * The modules are defined in interface.                                                     <br>
+ * You can customize a spider with various implementations of them.                              <br>
+ * Examples:                                                                                         <br>
+ * <br>
+ * A simple crawler:                                                                                         <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();<br>
+ * <br>
+ * Store results to files by FilePipeline:                                                                              <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))                   <br>
+ * .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run();                                                          <br>
+ * <br>
+ * Use FileCacheQueueScheduler to store urls and cursor in files, so that a Spider can resume the status when shutdown.                 <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))                                   <br>
+ * .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run();                                                        <br>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @see Downloader
+ * @see Scheduler
+ * @see PageProcessor
+ * @see Pipeline
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    protected Downloader downloader;
+
+    protected List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    protected PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    protected List<String> startUrls;
+
+    protected Site site;
+
+    protected String uuid;
+
+    protected Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    protected Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    protected ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    protected int threadNum = 1;
+
+    protected AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    protected final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     * @return new spider
+     * @see PageProcessor
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startUrls = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartUrls();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set startUrls of Spider.<br>
+     * Prior to startUrls of Site.
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.startUrls = startUrls;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set an uuid for spider.<br>
+     * Default uuid is domain of site.<br>
+     *
+     * @param uuid
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @Deprecated
+     * @see #setScheduler(us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler)
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        return setScheduler(scheduler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @see Scheduler
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider setScheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setPipeline(us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        return addPipeline(pipeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see Pipeline
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider addPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * clear the pipelines set
+     *
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider clearPipeline() {
+        pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setDownloader(us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        return setDownloader(downloader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see Downloader
+     */
+    public Spider setDownloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void checkComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        downloader.setThread(threadNum);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_RUNNING)
+                && !stat.compareAndSet(STAT_STOPPED, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+        checkComponent();
+        if (startUrls != null) {
+            for (String startUrl : startUrls) {
+                scheduler.push(new Request(startUrl), this);
+            }
+            startUrls.clear();
+        }
+        Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+        //single thread
+        if (executorService == null) {
+            while (request != null && stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+                processRequest(request);
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            }
+        } else {
+            //multi thread
+            final AtomicInteger threadAlive = new AtomicInteger(0);
+            while (true && stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+                if (request == null) {
+                    //when no request found but some thread is alive, sleep a while.
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(100);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    final Request requestFinal = request;
+                    threadAlive.incrementAndGet();
+                    executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void run() {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                            threadAlive.decrementAndGet();
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                if (threadAlive.get() == 0) {
+                    request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                    if (request == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            executorService.shutdown();
+        }
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+        //release some resources
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    protected void destroy() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object) {
+        if (object instanceof Closeable) {
+            try {
+                ((Closeable) object).close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process specific urls without url discovering.
+     *
+     * @param urls urls to process
+     */
+    public void test(String... urls) {
+        checkComponent();
+        if (urls.length > 0) {
+            for (String url : urls) {
+                processRequest(new Request(url));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        //for cycle retry
+        if (page.getHtml() == null) {
+            addRequest(page);
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        addRequest(page);
+        if (!page.getResultItems().isSkip()) {
+            for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+                pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+            }
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    protected void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void addRequest(Page page) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void checkIfRunning() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_INIT) && !stat.compareAndSet(STAT_STOPPED, STAT_STOPPED)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    public void start() {
+        runAsync();
+    }
+
+    public void stop() {
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+    }
+
+    public void stopAndDestroy() {
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * start with more than one threads
+     *
+     * @param threadNum
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.threadNum = threadNum;
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        if (threadNum == 1) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            this.executorService = ThreadUtils.newFixedThreadPool(threadNum);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * switch off xsoup
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static void xsoupOff() {
+        EnvironmentUtil.setUseXsoup(false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run` reads without synchronization from `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.executorService`. Potentially races with write in method `Spider.thread(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Spider.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run():void.33fc4d8a5cd290c522dd103b47002d27
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+4d38e31b9bf797d6213f73fbb6f891a1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5432/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5432/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9312dc4c7e1728ee1ad9228a92cbb0a5b13492b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5432/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.CollectorPipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ResultItemsCollectorPipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.thread.CountableThreadPool;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * Entrance of a crawler.<br>
+ * A spider contains four modules: Downloader, Scheduler, PageProcessor and
+ * Pipeline.<br>
+ * Every module is a field of Spider. <br>
+ * The modules are defined in interface. <br>
+ * You can customize a spider with various implementations of them. <br>
+ * Examples: <br>
+ * <br>
+ * A simple crawler: <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();<br>
+ * <br>
+ * Store results to files by FilePipeline: <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")) <br>
+ * .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run(); <br>
+ * <br>
+ * Use FileCacheQueueScheduler to store urls and cursor in files, so that a
+ * Spider can resume the status when shutdown. <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")) <br>
+ * .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run(); <br>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @see Downloader
+ * @see Scheduler
+ * @see PageProcessor
+ * @see Pipeline
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    protected Downloader downloader;
+
+    protected List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    protected PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    protected List<Request> startRequests;
+
+    protected Site site;
+
+    protected String uuid;
+
+    protected Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    protected Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    protected CountableThreadPool threadPool;
+
+    protected ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    protected int threadNum = 1;
+
+    protected AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    protected boolean exitWhenComplete = true;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    protected boolean spawnUrl = true;
+
+    protected boolean destroyWhenExit = true;
+
+    private ReentrantLock newUrlLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private Condition newUrlCondition = newUrlLock.newCondition();
+
+    private List<SpiderListener> spiderListeners;
+
+    private final AtomicLong pageCount = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    private Date startTime;
+
+    private int emptySleepTime = 30000;
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     * @return new spider
+     * @see PageProcessor
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startRequests = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartRequests();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set startUrls of Spider.<br>
+     * Prior to startUrls of Site.
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.startRequests = UrlUtils.convertToRequests(startUrls);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set startUrls of Spider.<br>
+     * Prior to startUrls of Site.
+     *
+     * @param startRequests
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startRequest(List<Request> startRequests) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.startRequests = startRequests;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set an uuid for spider.<br>
+     * Default uuid is domain of site.<br>
+     *
+     * @param uuid
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @Deprecated
+     * @see #setScheduler(us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler)
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        return setScheduler(scheduler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @see Scheduler
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider setScheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        Scheduler oldScheduler = this.scheduler;
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        if (oldScheduler != null) {
+            Request request;
+            while ((request = oldScheduler.poll(this)) != null) {
+                this.scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see #addPipeline(us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        return addPipeline(pipeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see Pipeline
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider addPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set pipelines for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipelines
+     * @return this
+     * @see Pipeline
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public Spider setPipelines(List<Pipeline> pipelines) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.pipelines = pipelines;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * clear the pipelines set
+     *
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider clearPipeline() {
+        pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setDownloader(us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        return setDownloader(downloader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see Downloader
+     */
+    public Spider setDownloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void initComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        downloader.setThread(threadNum);
+        if (threadPool == null || threadPool.isShutdown()) {
+            if (executorService != null && !executorService.isShutdown()) {
+                threadPool = new CountableThreadPool(threadNum, executorService);
+            } else {
+                threadPool = new CountableThreadPool(threadNum);
+            }
+        }
+        if (startRequests != null) {
+            for (Request request : startRequests) {
+                scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+            startRequests.clear();
+        }
+        startTime = new Date();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        checkRunningStat();
+        initComponent();
+        logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " started!");
+        while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && stat.get() == STAT_RUNNING) {
+            Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            if (request == null) {
+                if (threadPool.getThreadAlive() == 0 && exitWhenComplete) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // wait until new url added
+                waitNewUrl();
+            } else {
+                final Request requestFinal = request;
+                threadPool.execute(new Runnable() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void run() {
+                        try {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                            onSuccess(requestFinal);
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            onError(requestFinal);
+                            logger.error("process request " + requestFinal + " error", e);
+                        } finally {
+							if (site.getHttpProxyPool().isEnable()) {
+								site.returnHttpProxyToPool((HttpHost) requestFinal.getExtra(Request.PROXY), (Integer) requestFinal
+										.getExtra(Request.STATUS_CODE));
+							}
+                            pageCount.incrementAndGet();
+                            signalNewUrl();
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        stat.set(STAT_STOPPED);
+        // release some resources
+        if (destroyWhenExit) {
+            close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void onError(Request request) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(spiderListeners)) {
+            for (SpiderListener spiderListener : spiderListeners) {
+                spiderListener.onError(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void onSuccess(Request request) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(spiderListeners)) {
+            for (SpiderListener spiderListener : spiderListeners) {
+                spiderListener.onSuccess(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkRunningStat() {
+        while (true) {
+            int statNow = stat.get();
+            if (statNow == STAT_RUNNING) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+            }
+            if (stat.compareAndSet(statNow, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+        threadPool.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object) {
+        if (object instanceof Closeable) {
+            try {
+                ((Closeable) object).close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process specific urls without url discovering.
+     *
+     * @param urls urls to process
+     */
+    public void test(String... urls) {
+        initComponent();
+        if (urls.length > 0) {
+            for (String url : urls) {
+                processRequest(new Request(url));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            onError(request);
+            return;
+        }
+        // for cycle retry
+        if (page.isNeedCycleRetry()) {
+            extractAndAddRequests(page, true);
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        extractAndAddRequests(page, spawnUrl);
+        if (!page.getResultItems().isSkip()) {
+            for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+                pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+            }
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    protected void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void extractAndAddRequests(Page page, boolean spawnUrl) {
+        if (spawnUrl && CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                addRequest(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRequest(Request request) {
+        if (site.getDomain() == null && request != null && request.getUrl() != null) {
+            site.setDomain(UrlUtils.getDomain(request.getUrl()));
+        }
+        scheduler.push(request, this);
+    }
+
+    protected void checkIfRunning() {
+        if (stat.get() == STAT_RUNNING) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add urls to crawl. <br/>
+     *
+     * @param urls
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider addUrl(String... urls) {
+        for (String url : urls) {
+            addRequest(new Request(url));
+        }
+        signalNewUrl();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Download urls synchronizing.
+     *
+     * @param urls
+     * @return
+     */
+    public <T> List<T> getAll(Collection<String> urls) {
+        destroyWhenExit = false;
+        spawnUrl = false;
+        startRequests.clear();
+        for (Request request : UrlUtils.convertToRequests(urls)) {
+            addRequest(request);
+        }
+        CollectorPipeline collectorPipeline = getCollectorPipeline();
+        pipelines.add(collectorPipeline);
+        run();
+        spawnUrl = true;
+        destroyWhenExit = true;
+        return collectorPipeline.getCollected();
+    }
+
+    protected CollectorPipeline getCollectorPipeline() {
+        return new ResultItemsCollectorPipeline();
+    }
+
+    public <T> T get(String url) {
+        List<String> urls = Lists.newArrayList(url);
+        List<T> resultItemses = getAll(urls);
+        if (resultItemses != null && resultItemses.size() > 0) {
+            return resultItemses.get(0);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add urls with information to crawl.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param requests
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider addRequest(Request... requests) {
+        for (Request request : requests) {
+            addRequest(request);
+        }
+        signalNewUrl();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void waitNewUrl() {
+        newUrlLock.lock();
+        try {
+            //double check
+            if (threadPool.getThreadAlive() == 0 && exitWhenComplete) {
+                return;
+            }
+            newUrlCondition.await(emptySleepTime, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn("waitNewUrl - interrupted, error {}", e);
+        } finally {
+            newUrlLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void signalNewUrl() {
+        try {
+            newUrlLock.lock();
+            newUrlCondition.signalAll();
+        } finally {
+            newUrlLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void start() {
+        runAsync();
+    }
+
+    public void stop() {
+        if (stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED)) {
+            logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " stop success!");
+        } else {
+            logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " stop fail!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * start with more than one threads
+     *
+     * @param threadNum
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.threadNum = threadNum;
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * start with more than one threads
+     *
+     * @param threadNum
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(ExecutorService executorService, int threadNum) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.threadNum = threadNum;
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isExitWhenComplete() {
+        return exitWhenComplete;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exit when complete. <br/>
+     * True: exit when all url of the site is downloaded. <br/>
+     * False: not exit until call stop() manually.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param exitWhenComplete
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider setExitWhenComplete(boolean exitWhenComplete) {
+        this.exitWhenComplete = exitWhenComplete;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSpawnUrl() {
+        return spawnUrl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get page count downloaded by spider.
+     *
+     * @return total downloaded page count
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public long getPageCount() {
+        return pageCount.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get running status by spider.
+     *
+     * @return running status
+     * @see Status
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public Status getStatus() {
+        return Status.fromValue(stat.get());
+    }
+
+
+    public enum Status {
+        Init(0), Running(1), Stopped(2);
+
+        private Status(int value) {
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+
+        private int value;
+
+        int getValue() {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        public static Status fromValue(int value) {
+            for (Status status : Status.values()) {
+                if (status.getValue() == value) {
+                    return status;
+                }
+            }
+            //default value
+            return Init;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get thread count which is running
+     *
+     * @return thread count which is running
+     * @since 0.4.1
+     */
+    public int getThreadAlive() {
+        if (threadPool == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return threadPool.getThreadAlive();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether add urls extracted to download.<br>
+     * Add urls to download when it is true, and just download seed urls when it is false. <br>
+     * DO NOT set it unless you know what it means!
+     *
+     * @param spawnUrl
+     * @return
+     * @since 0.4.0
+     */
+    public Spider setSpawnUrl(boolean spawnUrl) {
+        this.spawnUrl = spawnUrl;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        uuid = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        return uuid;
+    }
+
+    public Spider setExecutorService(ExecutorService executorService) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.executorService = executorService;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+
+    public List<SpiderListener> getSpiderListeners() {
+        return spiderListeners;
+    }
+
+    public Spider setSpiderListeners(List<SpiderListener> spiderListeners) {
+        this.spiderListeners = spiderListeners;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Date getStartTime() {
+        return startTime;
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set wait time when no url is polled.<br></br>
+     *
+     * @param emptySleepTime In MILLISECONDS.
+     */
+    public void setEmptySleepTime(int emptySleepTime) {
+        this.emptySleepTime = emptySleepTime;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `Spider$1.val$requestFinal.getExtra("statusCode")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 329.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Spider$1.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider$1.run():void.95706fe77bd320879f5d4bdb54b47af3
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2c4adca33d5ea0859aaa243573878589
+
+### Hash:
+5a4d4278580330a32d05fa76f4979fd1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5434/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5434/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2006f06252b1a421978c7207d50556412668aea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5434/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Task;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * Store urls and cursor in files so that a Spider can resume the status when shutdown.<br>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @since 0.2.0
+ */
+public class FileCacheQueueScheduler implements Scheduler {
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private String filePath = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+
+    private String fileUrlAllName = ".urls.txt";
+
+    private Task task;
+
+    private String fileCursor = ".cursor.txt";
+
+    private PrintWriter fileUrlWriter;
+
+    private PrintWriter fileCursorWriter;
+
+    private AtomicInteger cursor = new AtomicInteger();
+
+    private AtomicBoolean inited = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    private BlockingQueue<Request> queue;
+
+    private Set<String> urls;
+
+    public FileCacheQueueScheduler(String filePath) {
+        if (!filePath.endsWith("/") && !filePath.endsWith("\\")) {
+            filePath += "/";
+        }
+        this.filePath = filePath;
+    }
+
+    private void flush() {
+        fileUrlWriter.flush();
+        fileCursorWriter.flush();
+    }
+
+    private void init(Task task) {
+        this.task = task;
+        File file = new File(filePath);
+        if (!file.exists()) {
+            file.mkdirs();
+        }
+        readFile();
+        initWriter();
+        initFlushThread();
+        inited.set(true);
+        logger.info("init cache scheduler success");
+    }
+
+    private void initFlushThread() {
+        Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1).scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                flush();
+            }
+        }, 10, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    private void initWriter() {
+        try {
+            fileUrlWriter = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(getFileName(fileUrlAllName), true));
+            fileCursorWriter = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(getFileName(fileCursor), false));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("init cache scheduler error", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readFile() {
+        try {
+            queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<Request>();
+            urls = new LinkedHashSet<String>();
+            readCursorFile();
+            readUrlFile();
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            //init
+            logger.info("init cache file " + getFileName(fileUrlAllName));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.error("init file error", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readUrlFile() throws IOException {
+        String line;
+        BufferedReader fileUrlReader = null;
+        try {
+            fileUrlReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(getFileName(fileUrlAllName)));
+            int lineReaded = 0;
+            while ((line = fileUrlReader.readLine()) != null) {
+                urls.add(line.trim());
+                lineReaded++;
+                if (lineReaded > cursor.get()) {
+                    queue.add(new Request(line));
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (fileUrlReader != null) {
+                IOUtils.closeQuietly(fileUrlReader);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readCursorFile() throws IOException {
+        BufferedReader fileCursorReader = null;
+        try {
+            new BufferedReader(new FileReader(getFileName(fileCursor)));
+            String line;
+            //read the last number
+            while ((line = fileCursorReader.readLine()) != null) {
+                cursor = new AtomicInteger(NumberUtils.toInt(line));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (fileCursorReader != null) {
+                IOUtils.closeQuietly(fileCursorReader);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getFileName(String filename) {
+        return filePath + task.getUUID() + filename;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void push(Request request, Task task) {
+        if (!inited.get()) {
+            init(task);
+        }
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            logger.debug("push to queue " + request.getUrl());
+        }
+        if (urls.add(request.getUrl())) {
+            queue.add(request);
+            fileUrlWriter.println(request.getUrl());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Request poll(Task task) {
+        if (!inited.get()) {
+            init(task);
+        }
+        fileCursorWriter.println(cursor.incrementAndGet());
+        return queue.poll();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 129 is not released after line 129.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileCacheQueueScheduler.readCursorFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.FileCacheQueueScheduler.readCursorFile():void.2ab1091b1c02f6e907a4c62c39188c69
+
+### File:
+webmagic-extension/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/scheduler/FileCacheQueueScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+FileCacheQueueScheduler.java|readCursorFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d482535a9ff3d98d5cdf236a727eb800
+
+### Hash:
+a23462dd331226409b9d9808be55d3b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5435/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5435/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f14c233fad26a1c1f0ed3347f50d8baf37e4236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5435/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Task;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * Store urls and cursor in files so that a Spider can resume the status when shutdown.<br>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @since 0.2.0
+ */
+public class FileCacheQueueScheduler implements Scheduler {
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private String filePath = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+
+    private String fileUrlAllName = ".urls.txt";
+
+    private Task task;
+
+    private String fileCursor = ".cursor.txt";
+
+    private PrintWriter fileUrlWriter;
+
+    private PrintWriter fileCursorWriter;
+
+    private AtomicInteger cursor = new AtomicInteger();
+
+    private AtomicBoolean inited = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    private BlockingQueue<Request> queue;
+
+    private Set<String> urls;
+
+    public FileCacheQueueScheduler(String filePath) {
+        if (!filePath.endsWith("/") && !filePath.endsWith("\\")) {
+            filePath += "/";
+        }
+        this.filePath = filePath;
+    }
+
+    private void flush() {
+        fileUrlWriter.flush();
+        fileCursorWriter.flush();
+    }
+
+    private void init(Task task) {
+        this.task = task;
+        File file = new File(filePath);
+        if (!file.exists()) {
+            file.mkdirs();
+        }
+        readFile();
+        initWriter();
+        initFlushThread();
+        inited.set(true);
+        logger.info("init cache scheduler success");
+    }
+
+    private void initFlushThread() {
+        Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1).scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                flush();
+            }
+        }, 10, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    private void initWriter() {
+        try {
+            fileUrlWriter = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(getFileName(fileUrlAllName), true));
+            fileCursorWriter = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(getFileName(fileCursor), false));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("init cache scheduler error", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readFile() {
+        try {
+            queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<Request>();
+            urls = new LinkedHashSet<String>();
+            readCursorFile();
+            readUrlFile();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.error("init file error", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readUrlFile() throws IOException {
+        String line;
+        BufferedReader fileUrlReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(getFileName(fileUrlAllName)));
+        int lineReaded = 0;
+        while ((line = fileUrlReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            urls.add(line.trim());
+            lineReaded++;
+            if (lineReaded > cursor.get()) {
+                queue.add(new Request(line));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readCursorFile() throws IOException {
+        BufferedReader fileCursorReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(getFileName(fileCursor)));
+        String line;
+        //read the last number
+        while ((line = fileCursorReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            cursor = new AtomicInteger(NumberUtils.toInt(line));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getFileName(String filename) {
+        return filePath + task.getUUID() + filename;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void push(Request request, Task task) {
+        if (!inited.get()) {
+            init(task);
+        }
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            logger.debug("push to queue " + request.getUrl());
+        }
+        if (urls.add(request.getUrl())) {
+            queue.add(request);
+            fileUrlWriter.println(request.getUrl());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized Request poll(Task task) {
+        if (!inited.get()) {
+            init(task);
+        }
+        fileCursorWriter.println(cursor.incrementAndGet());
+        return queue.poll();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 116 is not released after line 122.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 119
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileCacheQueueScheduler.readCursorFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.FileCacheQueueScheduler.readCursorFile():void.2ab1091b1c02f6e907a4c62c39188c69
+
+### File:
+webmagic-extension/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/scheduler/FileCacheQueueScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+FileCacheQueueScheduler.java|readCursorFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+3faf459eeaa92e66e21fb1dcc3849ab5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5457/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5457/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2374e40096c853a4d17849302aa6c797e0b707fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5457/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** incubator-ratis
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.ratis.datastream;
+
+import org.apache.ratis.RaftConfigKeys;
+import org.apache.ratis.client.DisabledDataStreamClientFactory;
+import org.apache.ratis.client.impl.DataStreamClientImpl;
+import org.apache.ratis.conf.RaftProperties;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+
+public class TestDataStreamDisabled extends DataStreamBaseTest {
+  @Rule
+  public final ExpectedException exception = ExpectedException.none();
+
+  @Before
+  public void setup() {
+    properties = new RaftProperties();
+    RaftConfigKeys.DataStream.setType(properties, SupportedDataStreamType.DISABLED);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDataStreamDisabled() throws Exception {
+    try {
+      setup(1);
+      final DataStreamClientImpl client = newDataStreamClientImpl();
+      exception.expect(UnsupportedOperationException.class);
+      exception.expectMessage(DisabledDataStreamClientFactory.class.getName()
+          + "$1 does not support streamAsync");
+      // stream() will create a header request, thus it will hit UnsupportedOperationException due to
+      // DisabledDataStreamFactory.
+      client.stream();
+    } finally {
+      shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.ratis.client.impl.DataStreamClientImpl$DataStreamOutputImpl` acquired by call to `stream()` at line 49 is not released after line 49.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestDataStreamDisabled.testDataStreamDisabled()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.ratis.datastream.TestDataStreamDisabled.testDataStreamDisabled():void.e289219efdc2b2a5f3e3a00143ee2cc7
+
+### File:
+ratis-test/src/test/java/org/apache/ratis/datastream/TestDataStreamDisabled.java
+
+### Key:
+TestDataStreamDisabled.java|testDataStreamDisabled|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dcf16543a1d2d4c9509d7632feef2dd0
+
+### Hash:
+2278fc2eb965c1e590a88751b361f3e1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5459/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5459/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a46670dc31bd714d6311a0c35ed582bce809e522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5459/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** incubator-ratis
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.ratis;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.ratis.MiniRaftCluster.PeerChanges;
+import org.apache.ratis.RaftTestUtil.SimpleMessage;
+import org.apache.ratis.client.RaftClient;
+import org.apache.ratis.client.RaftClientRpc;
+import org.apache.ratis.protocol.ClientId;
+import org.apache.ratis.protocol.RaftClientReply;
+import org.apache.ratis.protocol.RaftClientRequest;
+import org.apache.ratis.protocol.RaftPeer;
+import org.apache.ratis.protocol.RaftPeerId;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.RaftServer;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.impl.RaftServerImpl;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.impl.RaftServerTestUtil;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.raftlog.RaftLog;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.raftlog.RaftLogIOException;
+import org.apache.ratis.util.JavaUtils;
+import org.apache.ratis.util.Log4jUtils;
+import org.apache.ratis.util.TimeDuration;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+
+public abstract class RetryCacheTests<CLUSTER extends MiniRaftCluster>
+    extends BaseTest
+    implements MiniRaftCluster.Factory.Get<CLUSTER> {
+  static {
+    Log4jUtils.setLogLevel(RaftServer.Division.LOG, Level.DEBUG);
+  }
+
+  public static final int NUM_SERVERS = 3;
+
+  /**
+   * make sure the retry cache can correct capture the retry from a client,
+   * and returns the result from the previous request
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBasicRetry() throws Exception {
+    runWithNewCluster(NUM_SERVERS, this::runTestBasicRetry);
+  }
+
+  void runTestBasicRetry(CLUSTER cluster) throws Exception {
+    RaftTestUtil.waitForLeader(cluster);
+    final RaftPeerId leaderId = cluster.getLeaderAndSendFirstMessage(false).getId();
+    long oldLastApplied = cluster.getLeader().getState().getLastAppliedIndex();
+
+    try (final RaftClient client = cluster.createClient(leaderId)) {
+      final RaftClientRpc rpc = client.getClientRpc();
+      final long callId = 999;
+      RaftClientRequest r = cluster.newRaftClientRequest(client.getId(), leaderId,
+              callId, new SimpleMessage("message"));
+      assertReply(rpc.sendRequest(r), client, callId);
+
+      // retry with the same callId
+      for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        assertReply(rpc.sendRequest(r), client, callId);
+      }
+
+      assertServer(cluster, client.getId(), callId, oldLastApplied);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static RaftClient assertReply(RaftClientReply reply, RaftClient client, long callId) {
+    Assert.assertEquals(client.getId(), reply.getClientId());
+    Assert.assertEquals(callId, reply.getCallId());
+    Assert.assertTrue(reply.isSuccess());
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  public void assertServer(MiniRaftCluster cluster, ClientId clientId, long callId, long oldLastApplied) throws Exception {
+    long leaderApplied = cluster.getLeader().getState().getLastAppliedIndex();
+    // make sure retry cache has the entry
+    for (RaftServerImpl server : cluster.iterateServerImpls()) {
+      LOG.info("check server " + server.getId());
+      if (server.getState().getLastAppliedIndex() < leaderApplied) {
+        Thread.sleep(1000);
+      }
+      Assert.assertEquals(2, RaftServerTestUtil.getRetryCacheSize(server));
+      Assert.assertNotNull(RaftServerTestUtil.getRetryEntry(server, clientId, callId));
+      // make sure there is only one log entry committed
+      Assert.assertEquals(1, count(server.getState().getLog(), oldLastApplied + 1));
+    }
+  }
+
+  static int count(RaftLog log, long startIndex) throws RaftLogIOException {
+    final long nextIndex = log.getNextIndex();
+    int count = 0;
+    for(long i = startIndex; i < nextIndex; i++) {
+      if (log.get(i).hasStateMachineLogEntry()) {
+        count++;
+      }
+    }
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test retry while the leader changes to another peer
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRetryOnNewLeader() throws Exception {
+    runWithNewCluster(NUM_SERVERS, this::runTestRetryOnNewLeader);
+  }
+
+  void runTestRetryOnNewLeader(CLUSTER cluster) throws Exception {
+    RaftTestUtil.waitForLeader(cluster);
+    final RaftPeerId leaderId = cluster.getLeaderAndSendFirstMessage(false).getId();
+
+    try (final RaftClient client = cluster.createClient(leaderId)) {
+      RaftClientRpc rpc = client.getClientRpc();
+      final long callId = 999;
+      RaftClientRequest r = cluster.newRaftClientRequest(client.getId(), leaderId,
+              callId, new SimpleMessage("message"));
+      assertReply(rpc.sendRequest(r), client, callId);
+      long oldLastApplied = cluster.getLeader().getState().getLastAppliedIndex();
+
+      // trigger the reconfiguration, make sure the original leader is kicked out
+      PeerChanges change = cluster.addNewPeers(2, true);
+      RaftPeer[] allPeers = cluster.removePeers(2, true,
+              asList(change.newPeers)).allPeersInNewConf;
+      // trigger setConfiguration
+      cluster.setConfiguration(allPeers);
+
+      final RaftPeerId newLeaderId = JavaUtils.attemptRepeatedly(() -> {
+        final RaftPeerId id = RaftTestUtil.waitForLeader(cluster).getId();
+        Assert.assertNotEquals(leaderId, id);
+        return id;
+      }, 10, TimeDuration.valueOf(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS), "wait for a leader different than " + leaderId, LOG);
+      Assert.assertNotEquals(leaderId, newLeaderId);
+      // same clientId and callId in the request
+      r = cluster.newRaftClientRequest(client.getId(), newLeaderId,
+              callId, new SimpleMessage("message"));
+      rpc.addRaftPeers(Arrays.asList(change.newPeers));
+      for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        try {
+          assertReply(rpc.sendRequest(r), client, callId);
+          LOG.info("successfully sent out the retry request_" + i);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+          LOG.info("hit exception while retrying the same request: " + r, e);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+      }
+
+      // check the new leader and make sure the retry did not get committed
+      Assert.assertEquals(0, count(cluster.getLeader().getState().getLog(), oldLastApplied + 1));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `cluster.getLeader()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 93.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RetryCacheTests.assertServer(MiniRaftCluster,ClientId,long,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.ratis.RetryCacheTests.assertServer(org.apache.ratis.MiniRaftCluster,org.apache.ratis.prot.211311e774ec4f733771d00e89c58064
+
+### File:
+ratis-server/src/test/java/org/apache/ratis/RetryCacheTests.java
+
+### Key:
+RetryCacheTests.java|assertServer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+a8c9670a6643d2c03c92cde6b51c3f7b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5461/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5461/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b85835e9220addbfdac914c0ee5bc9d6504821cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5461/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** incubator-ratis
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.ratis.logservice.server;
+
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.api.*;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.api.LogStream.State;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.api.LogServiceClient;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.common.LogAlreadyExistException;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.common.LogNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.metrics.LogServiceMetaDataMetrics;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.metrics.LogServiceMetrics;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.proto.MetaServiceProtos;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.util.LogServiceCluster;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.util.TestUtils;
+import org.apache.ratis.metrics.JVMMetrics;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.impl.RaftServerImpl;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.impl.RaftServerProxy;
+import org.apache.ratis.util.TimeDuration;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import javax.management.InstanceNotFoundException;
+import javax.management.ObjectName;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class TestMetaServer {
+    static {
+        JVMMetrics.initJvmMetrics(TimeDuration.valueOf(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+    }
+
+    static LogServiceCluster cluster = null;
+    static List<LogServer> workers = null;
+    static AtomicInteger createCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    static AtomicInteger deleteCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    static AtomicInteger listCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    LogServiceClient client = new LogServiceClient(cluster.getMetaIdentity()){
+        @Override public LogStream createLog(LogName logName) throws IOException {
+            createCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return super.createLog(logName);
+        }
+
+        @Override public void deleteLog(LogName logName) throws IOException {
+            deleteCount.incrementAndGet();
+            super.deleteLog(logName);
+        }
+
+        @Override public List<LogInfo> listLogs() throws IOException {
+            listCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return super.listLogs();
+        }
+
+    };
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void beforeClass() {
+        cluster = new LogServiceCluster(3);
+        cluster.createWorkers(3);
+        workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        assert(workers.size() == 3);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void afterClass() {
+        if (cluster != null) {
+          cluster.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void before() {
+        //ensure workers before each test
+        if (workers.size() < 3) {
+            cluster.createWorkers(3 - workers.size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Simple test for create a new log and get it.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateAndGetLog() throws Exception {
+        // This should be LogServiceStream ?
+        LogStream logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("testCreateLog"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream1);
+        LogStream logStream2 = client.getLog(LogName.of("testCreateLog"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test closing log any of the peer in .
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCloseLogOnNodeFailure() throws Exception {
+        boolean peerClosed = false;
+        try {
+            for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                LogStream logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("testCloseLogOnNodeFailure"+i));
+                assertNotNull(logStream1);
+            }
+            assertTrue(((MetaStateMachine)cluster.getMasters().get(0).getMetaStateMachine()).checkPeersAreSame());
+            workers.get(0).close();
+            peerClosed = true;
+            Thread.sleep(90000);
+            assertTrue(((MetaStateMachine)cluster.getMasters().get(0).getMetaStateMachine()).checkPeersAreSame());
+            for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                LogStream logStream2 = client.getLog(LogName.of("testCloseLogOnNodeFailure"+i));
+                assertNotNull(logStream2);
+                assertEquals(State.CLOSED, logStream2.getState());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if(peerClosed) {
+                // recreate the worker closed in the test.
+                cluster.createWorkers(1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWritetoLog() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        LogStream stream = client.createLog(LogName.of("testReadWrite"));
+        LogWriter writer = stream.createWriter();
+        ByteBuffer testMessage =  ByteBuffer.wrap("Hello world!".getBytes());
+        List<LogInfo> listLogs = client.listLogs();
+        assert(listLogs.stream().filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith("testReadWrite")).count() == 1);
+        List<LogServer> workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        for(LogServer worker : workers) {
+             RaftServerImpl server = ((RaftServerProxy)worker.getServer())
+                     .getImpl(listLogs.get(0).getRaftGroup().getGroupId());
+        // TODO: perform all additional checks on state machine level
+        }
+        writer.write(testMessage);
+        for(LogServer worker : workers) {
+            RaftServerImpl server = ((RaftServerProxy)worker.getServer())
+                    .getImpl(listLogs.get(0).getRaftGroup().getGroupId());
+        }
+//        assert(stream.getSize() > 0); //TODO: Doesn't work
+        LogReader reader = stream.createReader();
+        ByteBuffer res = reader.readNext();
+        assert(res.array().length > 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLogArchival() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        LogName logName = LogName.of("testArchivalLog");
+        LogStream logStream = client.createLog(logName);
+        LogWriter writer = logStream.createWriter();
+        List<LogInfo> listLogs = client.listLogs();
+        assert (listLogs.stream()
+            .filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith(logName.getName())).count() == 1);
+        List<LogServer> workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        List<ByteBuffer> records = TestUtils.getRandomData(100, 10);
+        writer.write(records);
+        client.closeLog(logName);
+        assertEquals(logStream.getState(), State.CLOSED);
+        client.archiveLog(logName);
+        int retry = 0;
+        while (logStream.getState() != State.ARCHIVED && retry <= 40) {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            retry++;
+        }
+        assertEquals(logStream.getState(), State.ARCHIVED);
+        LogReader reader = logStream.createReader();
+        List<ByteBuffer> data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size(), data.size());
+        reader.seek(1);
+        data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size() - 1, data.size());
+
+        //Test ArchiveLogStream
+        LogServiceConfiguration config = LogServiceConfiguration.create();
+        LogStream archiveLogStream = client.getArchivedLog(logName);
+        reader = archiveLogStream.createReader();
+        data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size(), data.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLogExport() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        LogName logName = LogName.of("testLogExport");
+        LogStream logStream = client.createLog(logName);
+        LogWriter writer = logStream.createWriter();
+        List<LogInfo> listLogs = client.listLogs();
+        assert (listLogs.stream()
+            .filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith(logName.getName())).count() == 1);
+        List<LogServer> workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        List<ByteBuffer> records = TestUtils.getRandomData(100, 10);
+        writer.write(records);
+        String location1 = "target/tmp/export_1/";
+        String location2 = "target/tmp/export_2/";
+        deleteLocalDirectory(new File(location1));
+        deleteLocalDirectory(new File(location2));
+        int startPosition1 = 3;
+        int startPosition2 = 5;
+        client.exportLog(logName, location1, startPosition1);
+        client.exportLog(logName, location2, startPosition2);
+        List<ArchivalInfo> infos=client.getExportStatus(logName);
+        int count=0;
+        while (infos.size() > 1 && (
+            infos.get(0).getStatus() != ArchivalInfo.ArchivalStatus.COMPLETED
+                || infos.get(1).getStatus() != ArchivalInfo.ArchivalStatus.COMPLETED)
+            && count < 10) {
+            infos = client.getExportStatus(logName);
+            ;
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            count++;
+
+        }
+
+        //Test ExportLogStream
+        LogStream exportLogStream = client.getExportLog(logName, location1);
+        LogReader reader = exportLogStream.createReader();
+        List<ByteBuffer> data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size() - startPosition1, data.size());
+        reader.close();
+        exportLogStream = client.getExportLog(logName, location2);
+        reader = exportLogStream.createReader();
+        data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size() - startPosition2, data.size());
+        reader.close();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    boolean deleteLocalDirectory(File dir) {
+        File[] allFiles = dir.listFiles();
+        if (allFiles != null) {
+            for (File file : allFiles) {
+                deleteLocalDirectory(file);
+            }
+        }
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Test for Delete operation
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteLog() throws Exception {
+        // This should be LogServiceStream ?
+        LogStream logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("testDeleteLog"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream1);
+        client.deleteLog(LogName.of("testDeleteLog"));
+        testJMXCount(MetaServiceProtos.MetaServiceRequestProto.TypeCase.DELETELOG.name(),
+            (long) deleteCount.get());
+        try {
+          logStream1 = client.getLog(LogName.of("testDeleteLog"));
+            fail("Failed to throw LogNotFoundException");
+        } catch(Exception e) {
+            assert(e instanceof LogNotFoundException);
+        }
+
+
+    }
+    /**
+     * Test for getting not existing log. Should throw an exception
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNotExistingLog() {
+        try {
+            LogStream log = client.getLog(LogName.of("no_such_log"));
+            fail("LogNotFoundException was not thrown");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            assert(e instanceof LogNotFoundException);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test for an exception during log creation if a log with the same name already exist.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAlreadyExistLog() throws Exception {
+        LogStream logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("test1"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream1);
+        try {
+            logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("test1"));
+            fail("Didn't fail with LogAlreadyExistException");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            assert(e instanceof LogAlreadyExistException);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test list operation. 7 logs are created with follow up check that all are listed
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testListLogs() throws Exception {
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest1"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest2"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest3"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest4"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest5"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest6"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest7"));
+        // Test jmx
+
+        List<LogInfo> list = client.listLogs();
+        testJMXCount(MetaServiceProtos.MetaServiceRequestProto.TypeCase.CREATELOG.name(),
+            (long) createCount.get() );
+        testJMXCount(MetaServiceProtos.MetaServiceRequestProto.TypeCase.LISTLOGS.name(),listCount.longValue());
+        assert(list.stream().filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith("listLogTest")).count() == 7);
+
+    }
+
+    private void testJMXCount(String metricName, Long expectedCount) throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(expectedCount, getJMXCount(metricName));
+    }
+
+    private Long getJMXCount(String metricName) throws Exception {
+        for (MetadataServer master : cluster.getMasters()) {
+            ObjectName oname =
+                new ObjectName(LogServiceMetrics.RATIS_LOG_SERVICE_METRICS, "name",
+                    new LogServiceMetaDataMetrics(master.getId()).getRegistry()
+                        .getMetricRegistryInfo().getName() + "." + metricName);
+            try {
+                return (Long) ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer()
+                    .getAttribute(oname, "Count");
+            } catch (InstanceNotFoundException e) {
+
+            }
+        }
+        throw new InstanceNotFoundException();
+    }
+
+    @Ignore ("Too heavy for the current implementation")
+    @Test
+    public void testFinalClieanUp() throws Exception {
+        IntStream.range(0, 10).forEach(i -> {
+            try {
+                client.createLog(LogName.of("CleanTest" + i));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        });
+        List<LogInfo> list = client.listLogs();
+        list.parallelStream().forEach(loginfo -> {
+            try {
+                client.deleteLog(loginfo.getLogName());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        });
+        list = client.listLogs();
+        assert(list.size() == 0);
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `org.apache.ratis.logservice.server.TestMetaServer.workers` last assigned on line 86 could be null and is dereferenced at line 87.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestMetaServer.beforeClass()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.ratis.logservice.server.TestMetaServer.beforeClass():void.b9d5fbc94b98bf4459c05f80d0423ec5
+
+### File:
+ratis-logservice/src/test/java/org/apache/ratis/logservice/server/TestMetaServer.java
+
+### Key:
+TestMetaServer.java|beforeClass|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+512094eb75ee271e66b946240bb004ee
+
+### Hash:
+2e3b04608863dbabf64a7d173ce788fd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5466/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5466/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7e1131b862f35bc26e83a248c7807988664aaa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5466/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** incubator-ratis
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.ratis.logservice.server;
+
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.api.*;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.api.LogStream.State;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.client.LogServiceClient;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.common.LogAlreadyExistException;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.common.LogNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.metrics.LogServiceMetricsRegistry;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.proto.MetaServiceProtos;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.util.LogServiceCluster;
+import org.apache.ratis.logservice.util.TestUtils;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.impl.RaftServerImpl;
+import org.apache.ratis.server.impl.RaftServerProxy;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import javax.management.InstanceNotFoundException;
+import javax.management.ObjectName;
+
+public class TestMetaServer {
+
+    static LogServiceCluster cluster = null;
+    static AtomicInteger createCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    static AtomicInteger deleteCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    static AtomicInteger listCount = new AtomicInteger();
+    LogServiceClient client = new LogServiceClient(cluster.getMetaIdentity()){
+        @Override public LogStream createLog(LogName logName) throws IOException {
+            createCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return super.createLog(logName);
+        }
+
+        @Override public void deleteLog(LogName logName) throws IOException {
+            deleteCount.incrementAndGet();
+            super.deleteLog(logName);
+        }
+
+        @Override public List<LogInfo> listLogs() throws IOException {
+            listCount.incrementAndGet();
+            return super.listLogs();
+        }
+
+    };
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void beforeClass() {
+        cluster = new LogServiceCluster(3);
+        cluster.createWorkers(3);
+        List<LogServer> workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        assert(workers.size() == 3);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void afterClass() {
+        if (cluster != null) {
+          cluster.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Simple test for create a new log and get it.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateAndGetLog() throws Exception {
+        // This should be LogServiceStream ?
+        LogStream logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("testCreateLog"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream1);
+        LogStream logStream2 = client.getLog(LogName.of("testCreateLog"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream2);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWritetoLog() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        LogStream stream = client.createLog(LogName.of("testReadWrite"));
+        LogWriter writer = stream.createWriter();
+        ByteBuffer testMessage =  ByteBuffer.wrap("Hello world!".getBytes());
+        List<LogInfo> listLogs = client.listLogs();
+        assert(listLogs.stream().filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith("testReadWrite")).count() == 1);
+        List<LogServer> workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        for(LogServer worker : workers) {
+             RaftServerImpl server = ((RaftServerProxy)worker.getServer())
+                     .getImpl(listLogs.get(0).getRaftGroup().getGroupId());
+        // TODO: perform all additional checks on state machine level
+        }
+        writer.write(testMessage);
+        for(LogServer worker : workers) {
+            RaftServerImpl server = ((RaftServerProxy)worker.getServer())
+                    .getImpl(listLogs.get(0).getRaftGroup().getGroupId());
+        }
+//        assert(stream.getSize() > 0); //TODO: Doesn't work
+        LogReader reader = stream.createReader();
+        ByteBuffer res = reader.readNext();
+        assert(res.array().length > 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLogArchival() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        LogName logName = LogName.of("testArchivalLog");
+        LogStream logStream = client.createLog(logName);
+        LogWriter writer = logStream.createWriter();
+        List<LogInfo> listLogs = client.listLogs();
+        assert (listLogs.stream()
+            .filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith(logName.getName())).count() == 1);
+        List<LogServer> workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        List<ByteBuffer> records = TestUtils.getRandomData(100, 10);
+        writer.write(records);
+        client.closeLog(logName);
+        assertEquals(logStream.getState(), State.CLOSED);
+        client.archiveLog(logName);
+        int retry = 0;
+        while (logStream.getState() != State.ARCHIVED && retry <= 40) {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            retry++;
+        }
+        assertEquals(logStream.getState(), State.ARCHIVED);
+        LogReader reader = logStream.createReader();
+        List<ByteBuffer> data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size(), data.size());
+        reader.seek(1);
+        data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size() - 1, data.size());
+
+        //Test ArchiveLogStream
+        LogServiceConfiguration config = LogServiceConfiguration.create();
+        LogStream archiveLogStream = client.getArchivedLog(logName);
+        reader = archiveLogStream.createReader();
+        data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size(), data.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLogExport() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        LogName logName = LogName.of("testLogExport");
+        LogStream logStream = client.createLog(logName);
+        LogWriter writer = logStream.createWriter();
+        List<LogInfo> listLogs = client.listLogs();
+        assert (listLogs.stream()
+            .filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith(logName.getName())).count() == 1);
+        List<LogServer> workers = cluster.getWorkers();
+        List<ByteBuffer> records = TestUtils.getRandomData(100, 10);
+        writer.write(records);
+        String location1 = "target/tmp/export_1/";
+        String location2 = "target/tmp/export_2/";
+        deleteLocalDirectory(new File(location1));
+        deleteLocalDirectory(new File(location2));
+        int startPosition1 = 3;
+        int startPosition2 = 5;
+        client.exportLog(logName, location1, startPosition1);
+        client.exportLog(logName, location2, startPosition2);
+        List<ArchivalInfo> infos=client.getExportStatus(logName);
+        int count=0;
+        while (infos.size() > 1 && (
+            infos.get(0).getStatus() != ArchivalInfo.ArchivalStatus.COMPLETED
+                || infos.get(1).getStatus() != ArchivalInfo.ArchivalStatus.COMPLETED)
+            && count < 10) {
+            infos = client.getExportStatus(logName);
+            ;
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            count++;
+
+        }
+
+        //Test ExportLogStream
+        LogStream exportLogStream = client.getExportLog(logName, location1);
+        LogReader reader = exportLogStream.createReader();
+        List<ByteBuffer> data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size() - startPosition1, data.size());
+        reader.close();
+        exportLogStream = client.getExportLog(logName, location2);
+        reader = exportLogStream.createReader();
+        data = reader.readBulk(records.size());
+        assertEquals(records.size() - startPosition2, data.size());
+        reader.close();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    boolean deleteLocalDirectory(File dir) {
+        File[] allFiles = dir.listFiles();
+        if (allFiles != null) {
+            for (File file : allFiles) {
+                deleteLocalDirectory(file);
+            }
+        }
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Test for Delete operation
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteLog() throws Exception {
+        // This should be LogServiceStream ?
+        LogStream logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("testDeleteLog"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream1);
+        client.deleteLog(LogName.of("testDeleteLog"));
+        testJMXCount(MetaServiceProtos.MetaServiceRequestProto.TypeCase.DELETELOG.name(),
+            (long) deleteCount.get());
+        try {
+          logStream1 = client.getLog(LogName.of("testDeleteLog"));
+            fail("Failed to throw LogNotFoundException");
+        } catch(Exception e) {
+            assert(e instanceof LogNotFoundException);
+        }
+
+
+    }
+    /**
+     * Test for getting not existing log. Should throw an exception
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNotExistingLog() {
+        try {
+            LogStream log = client.getLog(LogName.of("no_such_log"));
+            fail("LogNotFoundException was not thrown");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            assert(e instanceof LogNotFoundException);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test for an exception during log creation if a log with the same name already exist.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAlreadyExistLog() throws Exception {
+        LogStream logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("test1"));
+        assertNotNull(logStream1);
+        try {
+            logStream1 = client.createLog(LogName.of("test1"));
+            fail("Didn't fail with LogAlreadyExistException");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            assert(e instanceof LogAlreadyExistException);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test list operation. 7 logs are created with follow up check that all are listed
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testListLogs() throws Exception {
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest1"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest2"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest3"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest4"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest5"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest6"));
+        client.createLog(LogName.of("listLogTest7"));
+        // Test jmx
+
+        List<LogInfo> list = client.listLogs();
+        testJMXCount(MetaServiceProtos.MetaServiceRequestProto.TypeCase.CREATELOG.name(),
+            (long) createCount.get() );
+        testJMXCount(MetaServiceProtos.MetaServiceRequestProto.TypeCase.LISTLOGS.name(),listCount.longValue());
+        assert(list.stream().filter(log -> log.getLogName().getName().startsWith("listLogTest")).count() == 7);
+
+    }
+
+    private void testJMXCount(String metricName, Long expectedCount) throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(expectedCount, getJMXCount(metricName));
+    }
+
+    private Long getJMXCount(String metricName) throws Exception {
+        for (MetadataServer master : cluster.getMasters()) {
+            ObjectName oname =
+                new ObjectName(LogServiceMetricsRegistry.RATIS_LOG_SERVICE_METRICS, "name",
+                    LogServiceMetricsRegistry.getMetricRegistryForLogServiceMetaData(master.getId())
+                        .getMetricRegistryInfo().getName() + "." + metricName);
+            try {
+                return (Long) ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer()
+                    .getAttribute(oname, "Count");
+            } catch (InstanceNotFoundException e) {
+
+            }
+        }
+        throw new InstanceNotFoundException();
+    }
+
+    @Ignore ("Too heavy for the current implementation")
+    @Test
+    public void testFinalClieanUp() throws Exception {
+        IntStream.range(0, 10).forEach(i -> {
+            try {
+                client.createLog(LogName.of("CleanTest" + i));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        });
+        List<LogInfo> list = client.listLogs();
+        list.parallelStream().forEach(loginfo -> {
+            try {
+                client.deleteLog(loginfo.getLogName());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        });
+        list = client.listLogs();
+        assert(list.size() == 0);
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `workers` last assigned on line 80 could be null and is dereferenced at line 81.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestMetaServer.beforeClass()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.ratis.logservice.server.TestMetaServer.beforeClass():void.b9d5fbc94b98bf4459c05f80d0423ec5
+
+### File:
+ratis-logservice/src/test/java/org/apache/ratis/logservice/server/TestMetaServer.java
+
+### Key:
+TestMetaServer.java|beforeClass|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+512094eb75ee271e66b946240bb004ee
+
+### Hash:
+992bccbe76cc88e9471d3f9e56432f58
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5492/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5492/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47e080712e097d83c96cdf76d09d81bb5057f84d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5492/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** redis-replicator
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 leon chen
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.moilioncircle.examples;
+
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.*;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RawByteListener;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.AuxFieldListener;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.RdbListener;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.datatype.AuxField;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.datatype.KeyValuePair;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.util.ByteBuilder;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * @author Leon Chen
+ * @since 2.3.2
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("resource")
+public class MergeRdbExample {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+        final FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(new File("./src/test/resources/dump-merged.rdb"));
+        // you know your redis version. so you know your rdb version.
+        out.write("REDIS0007".getBytes());
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            Replicator replicator = new RedisReplicator(new File("./src/test/resources/dump-split-" + i + ".rdb"),
+                    FileType.RDB, Configuration.defaultSetting());
+            final Tuple2<String, ByteBuilder> tuple = new Tuple2<>();
+            tuple.setT2(ByteBuilder.allocate(128));
+
+            final RawByteListener rawByteListener = new RawByteListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void handle(byte... rawBytes) {
+                    if (tuple.getT1() != null) {
+                        try {
+                            byte[] ary = tuple.getT2().array();
+                            byte[] head = Arrays.copyOfRange(ary, 0, 5);
+                            if (Arrays.equals("REDIS".getBytes(), head)) {
+                                out.write(ary, 9, ary.length - 9);
+                            } else {
+                                out.write(ary);
+                            }
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
+                        }
+                        tuple.setT1(null);
+                        tuple.setT2(ByteBuilder.allocate(128));
+                    }
+                    for (byte b : rawBytes) tuple.getT2().put(b);
+                }
+            };
+            replicator.addRawByteListener(rawByteListener);
+            replicator.addAuxFieldListener(new AuxFieldListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void handle(Replicator replicator, AuxField auxField) {
+                    // clear aux field
+                    tuple.setT2(ByteBuilder.allocate(128));
+                }
+            });
+            replicator.addRdbListener(new RdbListener.Adaptor() {
+                @Override
+                public void handle(Replicator replicator, KeyValuePair<?> kv) {
+                    tuple.setT1(kv.getKey());
+                }
+
+                public void postFullSync(Replicator replicator, long checksum) {
+                    tuple.setT2(ByteBuilder.allocate(128));
+                }
+            });
+
+            replicator.open();
+        }
+        out.write(Constants.RDB_OPCODE_EOF);
+        // if you want to load data from split rdb file which we generated.
+        // You MUST close rdbchecksum in redis.conf.
+        // Because this checksum is not correct.
+        out.write(longToByteArray(0L));
+        out.close();
+    }
+
+    private static class Tuple2<T1, T2> {
+        private T1 t1;
+        private T2 t2;
+
+        private Tuple2() {
+        }
+
+        public T1 getT1() {
+            return t1;
+        }
+
+        public void setT1(T1 t1) {
+            this.t1 = t1;
+        }
+
+        public T2 getT2() {
+            return t2;
+        }
+
+        public void setT2(T2 t2) {
+            this.t2 = t2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "<" + t1 + ", " + t2 + '>';
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] longToByteArray(long value) {
+        return new byte[]{
+                (byte) value,
+                (byte) (value >> 8),
+                (byte) (value >> 16),
+                (byte) (value >> 24),
+                (byte) (value >> 32),
+                (byte) (value >> 40),
+                (byte) (value >> 48),
+                (byte) (value >> 56),
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisReplicator` acquired by call to `new()` at line 44 is not released after line 88.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MergeRdbExample.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.moilioncircle.examples.MergeRdbExample.main(java.lang.String[]):void.fdeec63b20231d29fcc9d80b16cdcbee
+
+### File:
+examples/com/moilioncircle/examples/MergeRdbExample.java
+
+### Key:
+MergeRdbExample.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2e9ee2adcd8551ca6883e109f0ce5451
+
+### Hash:
+4c57511c13e781c80f448858a6248af3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5495/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5495/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..304af262429b99fe4efefcb7a22112392ab15e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5495/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** redis-replicator
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator;
+
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.RdbListener;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.datatype.KeyStringValueString;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.datatype.KeyValuePair;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+/**
+ * Created by leon on 11/21/16.
+ */
+public class RedisRdbReplicatorTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testChecksumV7() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Replicator redisReplicator = new RedisReplicator(
+                RedisSocketReplicatorTest.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("dumpV7.rdb"),
+                Configuration.defaultSetting());
+        final AtomicInteger acc = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        final AtomicLong atomicChecksum = new AtomicLong(0);
+        redisReplicator.addRdbListener(new RdbListener.Adaptor() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator, KeyValuePair<?> kv) {
+                acc.incrementAndGet();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void postFullSync(Replicator replicator, long checksum) {
+                super.postFullSync(replicator, checksum);
+                atomicChecksum.compareAndSet(0, checksum);
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.addCloseListener(new CloseListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator) {
+                System.out.println("close testChecksumV7");
+                assertEquals(19, acc.get());
+                assertEquals(6576517133597126869L, atomicChecksum.get());
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.open();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChecksumV6() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Replicator redisReplicator = new RedisReplicator(
+                RedisSocketReplicatorTest.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("dumpV6.rdb"),
+                Configuration.defaultSetting());
+        final AtomicInteger acc = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        final AtomicLong atomicChecksum = new AtomicLong(0);
+        redisReplicator.addRdbListener(new RdbListener.Adaptor() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator, KeyValuePair<?> kv) {
+                acc.incrementAndGet();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void postFullSync(Replicator replicator, long checksum) {
+                super.postFullSync(replicator, checksum);
+                atomicChecksum.compareAndSet(0, checksum);
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.addCloseListener(new CloseListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator) {
+                System.out.println("close testChecksumV6");
+                assertEquals(132, acc.get());
+                assertEquals(-3409494954737929802L, atomicChecksum.get());
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.open();
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCloseListener1() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        final AtomicInteger acc = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        Replicator replicator = new RedisReplicator(
+                RedisSocketReplicatorTest.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("dumpV6.rdb"),
+                Configuration.defaultSetting());
+        replicator.addCloseListener(new CloseListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator) {
+                System.out.println("close testCloseListener1");
+                acc.incrementAndGet();
+                assertEquals(1, acc.get());
+            }
+        });
+        replicator.open();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFileV7() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Replicator redisReplicator = new RedisReplicator(
+                RedisSocketReplicatorTest.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("dumpV7.rdb"),
+                Configuration.defaultSetting());
+        final AtomicInteger acc = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        redisReplicator.addRdbListener(new RdbListener.Adaptor() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator, KeyValuePair<?> kv) {
+                acc.incrementAndGet();
+                if (kv.getKey().equals("abcd")) {
+                    KeyStringValueString ksvs = (KeyStringValueString) kv;
+                    assertEquals("abcd", ksvs.getValue());
+                }
+                if (kv.getKey().equals("foo")) {
+                    KeyStringValueString ksvs = (KeyStringValueString) kv;
+                    assertEquals("bar", ksvs.getValue());
+                }
+                if (kv.getKey().equals("aaa")) {
+                    KeyStringValueString ksvs = (KeyStringValueString) kv;
+                    assertEquals("bbb", ksvs.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void postFullSync(Replicator replicator, long checksum) {
+                super.postFullSync(replicator, checksum);
+                assertEquals(19, acc.get());
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.addCloseListener(new CloseListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator) {
+                System.out.println("close testFileV7");
+                assertEquals(19, acc.get());
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.open();
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFilter() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Replicator redisReplicator = new RedisReplicator(
+                RedisSocketReplicatorTest.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("dumpV7.rdb"),
+                Configuration.defaultSetting());
+        final AtomicInteger acc = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        redisReplicator.addRdbListener(new RdbListener.Adaptor() {
+            @Override
+            public void preFullSync(Replicator replicator) {
+                super.preFullSync(replicator);
+                assertEquals(0, acc.get());
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator, KeyValuePair<?> kv) {
+                if (kv.getValueRdbType() == 0) {
+                    acc.incrementAndGet();
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void postFullSync(Replicator replicator, long checksum) {
+                super.postFullSync(replicator, checksum);
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.addCloseListener(new CloseListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator) {
+                System.out.println("close testFilter");
+                assertEquals(13, acc.get());
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.open();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFileV6() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Replicator redisReplicator = new RedisReplicator(
+                RedisSocketReplicatorTest.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("dumpV6.rdb"),
+                Configuration.defaultSetting());
+        final AtomicInteger acc = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        redisReplicator.addRdbListener(new RdbListener.Adaptor() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator, KeyValuePair<?> kv) {
+                acc.incrementAndGet();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void postFullSync(Replicator replicator, long checksum) {
+                super.postFullSync(replicator, checksum);
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.addCloseListener(new CloseListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator) {
+                System.out.println("close testFileV6");
+                assertEquals(132, acc.get());
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.open();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFileV8() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Replicator redisReplicator = new RedisReplicator(
+                RedisSocketReplicatorTest.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("dumpV8.rdb"),
+                Configuration.defaultSetting());
+        final AtomicInteger acc = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        redisReplicator.addRdbListener(new RdbListener.Adaptor() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator, KeyValuePair<?> kv) {
+                acc.incrementAndGet();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void postFullSync(Replicator replicator, long checksum) {
+                super.postFullSync(replicator, checksum);
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.addCloseListener(new CloseListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void handle(Replicator replicator) {
+                System.out.println("close testFileV8");
+                assertEquals(92499, acc.get());
+            }
+        });
+        redisReplicator.open();
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisReplicator` acquired by call to `RedisReplicator(...)` at line 176 is not released after line 197.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RedisRdbReplicatorTest.testFileV6()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisRdbReplicatorTest.testFileV6():void.ffe244bc1cf953c7e96e6cfffe98c76e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/moilioncircle/redis/replicator/RedisRdbReplicatorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RedisRdbReplicatorTest.java|testFileV6|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b0ed25eec6c25e7c4348974d51cf6b89
+
+### Hash:
+5be518105aee4d7be18fe7c830abd041
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5600/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5600/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b30ff790757d817b4ade4646243c10bd07d4399a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5600/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wix-embedded-mysql
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.wix.mysql;
+
+import com.wix.mysql.config.MysqldConfig;
+import com.wix.mysql.config.MysqldConfig.SystemDefaults;
+import com.wix.mysql.exceptions.CommandFailedException;
+import de.flapdoodle.embed.process.distribution.Platform;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static com.wix.mysql.utils.Utils.isNullOrEmpty;
+import static de.flapdoodle.embed.process.distribution.Platform.Windows;
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+
+class MysqlClient {
+
+    private final MysqldConfig config;
+    private final MysqldExecutable executable;
+    private final String schemaName;
+
+    public MysqlClient(final MysqldConfig config, final MysqldExecutable executable, final String schemaName) {
+        this.config = config;
+        this.executable = executable;
+        this.schemaName = schemaName;
+    }
+
+    void executeScripts(final List<SqlScriptSource> sqls) {
+        try {
+            for (SqlScriptSource sql : sqls) {
+                execute(sql.read());
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void executeCommands(final String... sqls) {
+        for (String sql : sqls) {
+            execute(sql);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void execute(final String sql) {
+        String command = (Platform.detect() == Windows) ? format("\"%s\"", sql) : sql;
+        try {
+            Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]{
+                    Paths.get(executable.getBaseDir().getAbsolutePath(), "bin", "mysql").toString(),
+                    "--protocol=tcp",
+                    format("--user=%s", SystemDefaults.USERNAME),
+                    format("--port=%s", config.getPort()),
+                    "-e",
+                    command,
+                    schemaName});
+
+            if (p.waitFor() != 0) {
+                String out = IOUtils.toString(p.getInputStream());
+                String err = IOUtils.toString(p.getErrorStream());
+
+                if (isNullOrEmpty(out))
+                    throw new CommandFailedException(command, schemaName, p.waitFor(), err);
+                else
+                    throw new CommandFailedException(command, schemaName, p.waitFor(), out);
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException | InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new CommandFailedException(command, schemaName, e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `p` by call to `exec(...)` at line 48 is not released after line 62.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MysqlClient.execute(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.wix.mysql.MysqlClient.execute(java.lang.String):void.1613a067692bb2c827f93470b1f02d0a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/wix/mysql/MysqlClient.java
+
+### Key:
+MysqlClient.java|execute|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dee4c7616bcb5329de7700808addc2e8
+
+### Hash:
+52ef902457d38c2c541d0e41c477d59d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5606/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5606/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8acaa868b04aba1bd11dbeacb493f4697baedc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5606/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dozer
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2005-2013 Dozer Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.dozer;
+
+import org.dozer.config.BeanContainer;
+import org.dozer.config.GlobalSettings;
+import org.dozer.jmx.DozerAdminController;
+import org.dozer.jmx.DozerStatisticsController;
+import org.dozer.jmx.JMXPlatform;
+import org.dozer.jmx.JMXPlatformImpl;
+import org.dozer.util.DefaultClassLoader;
+import org.dozer.util.DozerClassLoader;
+import org.dozer.util.DozerConstants;
+import org.dozer.util.DozerProxyResolver;
+import org.dozer.util.MappingUtils;
+import org.dozer.util.ReflectionUtils;
+import org.dozer.loader.xml.ExpressionElementReader;
+import org.dozer.loader.xml.ELEngine;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.management.InstanceAlreadyExistsException;
+import javax.management.InstanceNotFoundException;
+import javax.management.MBeanRegistrationException;
+import javax.management.MalformedObjectNameException;
+import javax.management.NotCompliantMBeanException;
+import java.util.ServiceLoader;
+
+/**
+ * Internal class that performs one time Dozer initializations. Only intended for internal use.
+ * Registers internal JMX MBeans if those are enabled in the configuration.
+ *
+ * @author tierney.matt
+ * @author dmitry.buzdin
+ */
+public final class DozerInitializer {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DozerInitializer.class);
+
+  private static final String DOZER_STATISTICS_CONTROLLER = "org.dozer.jmx:type=DozerStatisticsController";
+  private static final String DOZER_ADMIN_CONTROLLER = "org.dozer.jmx:type=DozerAdminController";
+
+  private static final DozerInitializer instance = new DozerInitializer();
+
+  private volatile boolean isInitialized = false;
+
+  private DozerInitializer() {
+  }
+
+  public void init() {
+    init(getClass().getClassLoader());
+  }
+
+  public void init(ClassLoader classLoader) {
+    // Multiple threads may try to initialize simultaniously
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (isInitialized) {
+        log.debug("Tried to perform initialization when Dozer was already started.");
+        return;
+      }
+
+      log.info("Initializing Dozer. Version: {}, Thread Name: {}",
+              DozerConstants.CURRENT_VERSION, Thread.currentThread().getName());
+
+      GlobalSettings globalSettings = GlobalSettings.getInstance();
+      initialize(globalSettings, classLoader);
+
+      isInitialized = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void initialize(GlobalSettings globalSettings, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+    if (globalSettings.isAutoregisterJMXBeans()) {
+      // Register JMX MBeans. If an error occurs, don't propagate exception
+      try {
+        registerJMXBeans(new JMXPlatformImpl());
+      } catch (Throwable t) {
+        log.warn("Unable to register Dozer JMX MBeans with the PlatformMBeanServer.  Dozer will still function "
+            + "normally, but management via JMX may not be available", t);
+      }
+    }
+
+    String classLoaderName = globalSettings.getClassLoaderName();
+    String proxyResolverName = globalSettings.getProxyResolverName();
+
+    DefaultClassLoader defaultClassLoader = new DefaultClassLoader(classLoader);
+    BeanContainer beanContainer = BeanContainer.getInstance();
+
+    Class<? extends DozerClassLoader> classLoaderType = loadBeanType(classLoaderName, defaultClassLoader, DozerClassLoader.class);
+    Class<? extends DozerProxyResolver> proxyResolverType = loadBeanType(proxyResolverName, defaultClassLoader, DozerProxyResolver.class);
+
+    // TODO Chicken-egg problem - investigate
+//    DozerClassLoader classLoaderBean = ReflectionUtils.newInstance(classLoaderType);
+    DozerClassLoader classLoaderBean = defaultClassLoader;
+    DozerProxyResolver proxyResolverBean = ReflectionUtils.newInstance(proxyResolverType);
+
+    beanContainer.setClassLoader(classLoaderBean);
+    beanContainer.setProxyResolver(proxyResolverBean);
+
+    if (globalSettings.isElEnabled()) {
+      ELEngine engine = new ELEngine();
+      engine.init();
+      beanContainer.setElEngine(engine);
+      beanContainer.setElementReader(new ExpressionElementReader(engine));
+    }
+
+    for (DozerModule module : ServiceLoader.load(DozerModule.class)) {
+      module.init();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private <T> Class<? extends T> loadBeanType(String classLoaderName, DozerClassLoader classLoader, Class<T> iface) {
+    Class<?> beanType = classLoader.loadClass(classLoaderName);
+    if (beanType != null && !iface.isAssignableFrom(beanType)) {
+      MappingUtils.throwMappingException("Incompatible types: " + iface.getName() + " and " + classLoaderName);
+    }
+    return (Class<? extends T>) beanType;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs framework shutdown sequence. Includes de-registering existing Dozer JMX MBeans.
+   */
+  public void destroy() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (!isInitialized) {
+        log.debug("Tried to destroy when no Dozer instance started.");
+        return;
+      }
+
+      try {
+        unregisterJMXBeans(new JMXPlatformImpl());
+      } catch (Throwable e) {
+        log.warn("Exception caught while disposing Dozer JMX MBeans.", e);
+      }
+      isInitialized = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean isInitialized() {
+    return isInitialized;
+  }
+
+  private void registerJMXBeans(JMXPlatform platform) throws MalformedObjectNameException, InstanceNotFoundException,
+      MBeanRegistrationException, InstanceAlreadyExistsException, NotCompliantMBeanException {
+    if (platform.isAvailable()) {
+      platform.registerMBean(DOZER_STATISTICS_CONTROLLER, new DozerStatisticsController());
+      platform.registerMBean(DOZER_ADMIN_CONTROLLER, new DozerAdminController());
+    } else {
+      log.warn("jdk1.5 jmx management classes unavailable. Dozer JMX MBeans will not be auto registered.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void unregisterJMXBeans(JMXPlatform platform) throws MBeanRegistrationException, MalformedObjectNameException {
+    if (platform.isAvailable()) {
+      platform.unregisterMBean(DOZER_ADMIN_CONTROLLER);
+      platform.unregisterMBean(DOZER_STATISTICS_CONTROLLER);
+    } else {
+      log.warn("jdk1.5 jmx management classes unavailable.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static DozerInitializer getInstance() {
+    return instance;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.dozer.DozerInitializer.initialize` indirectly writes to field `beanContainer.org.dozer.config.BeanContainer.proxyResolver` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path beanContainer has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on beanContainer.org.dozer.config.BeanContainer.proxyResolver might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DozerInitializer.initialize(GlobalSettings,ClassLoader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.dozer.DozerInitializer.initialize(org.dozer.config.GlobalSettings,java.lang.ClassLoader):void.4068a91a62ee6ec29a3def50a1337df8
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/dozer/DozerInitializer.java
+
+### Key:
+DozerInitializer.java|initialize|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c00cca5fc385acdf50b25172729099d9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5607/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5607/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2de825999496e933c2394aaf8b0346c355945804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5607/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dozer
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005-2007 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.sf.dozer.util;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import net.sf.dozer.AbstractDozerTest;
+import net.sf.dozer.classmap.ClassMappings;
+import net.sf.dozer.classmap.Configuration;
+import net.sf.dozer.classmap.MappingFileData;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @author tierney.matt
+ */
+public class MappingsParserTest extends AbstractDozerTest {
+
+  private MappingsParser parser;
+
+  @Override
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws Exception {
+    parser = MappingsParser.getInstance();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDuplicateMapIds() throws Exception {
+    MappingFileReader fileReader = new MappingFileReader("duplicateMapIdsMapping.xml");
+    MappingFileData mappingFileData = fileReader.read();
+
+    try {
+      parser.processMappings(mappingFileData.getClassMaps(), new Configuration());
+      fail("should have thrown exception");
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      assertTrue("invalid exception thrown", e.getMessage().indexOf("Duplicate Map Id") != -1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDetectDuplicateMapping() throws Exception {
+    MappingFileReader fileReader = new MappingFileReader("duplicateMapping.xml");
+    MappingFileData mappingFileData = fileReader.read();
+    try {
+      parser.processMappings(mappingFileData.getClassMaps(), new Configuration());
+      fail("should have thrown exception");
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      assertTrue("invalid exception", e.getMessage().indexOf("Duplicate Class Mapping Found") != -1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMappings() throws Exception {
+    MappingFileData mappingFileData = new MappingFileData();
+    ClassMappings result = parser.processMappings(mappingFileData.getClassMaps(), new Configuration());
+    assertNotNull("result should not be null", result);
+    assertEquals("result should be empty", 0, result.size());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fileReader.url` last assigned on line 45 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `read()` at line 46.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MappingsParserTest.testDuplicateMapIds()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.sf.dozer.util.MappingsParserTest.testDuplicateMapIds():void.c7f5d6109355e9e25c9069a5664c22eb
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/sf/dozer/util/MappingsParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+MappingsParserTest.java|testDuplicateMapIds|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c85152d671eaede4a85fcf67ed9d14e0
+
+### Hash:
+87db49a96f74246160b29367907e2930
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5609/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5609/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff651e4168209f83c706aa09256e04e887bd3b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5609/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dozer
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005-2007 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.util;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.MappingException;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.cache.Cache;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.classmap.ClassMap;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.classmap.Configuration;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.classmap.CopyByReference;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.classmap.CopyByReferenceContainer;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.classmap.DozerClass;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.config.GlobalSettings;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.converters.CustomConverterContainer;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.fieldmap.DozerField;
+import net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.fieldmap.FieldMap;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+
+/**
+ * Internal class that provides various mapping utilities used throughout the code base. Only intended for internal use.
+ * 
+ * @author garsombke.franz
+ * @author sullins.ben
+ * @author tierney.matt
+ * 
+ */
+public final class MappingUtils {
+
+  private MappingUtils() {
+  }
+
+  // only making public temporarily while refactoring. This static data should be relocated.
+  // The stored factories don't belong in MappingUtils and need to be relocated
+  public static final Map storedFactories = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap());
+
+  public static String getClassNameWithoutPackage(Class clazz) {
+    Package pckage = clazz.getPackage();
+    int pckageIndex = 0;
+    if (pckage != null) {
+      pckageIndex = pckage.getName().length() + 1;
+    }
+    return clazz.getName().substring(pckageIndex);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean isSupportedCollection(Class aClass) {
+    return CollectionUtils.isCollection(aClass) || CollectionUtils.isArray(aClass);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean isSupportedMap(Class aClass) {
+    return Map.class.isAssignableFrom(aClass);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean isPrimitiveOrWrapper(Class aClass) {
+    return (aClass.isPrimitive() || Number.class.isAssignableFrom(aClass) || aClass.equals(String.class)
+        || aClass.equals(Character.class) || aClass.equals(Boolean.class) || java.util.Date.class.isAssignableFrom(aClass) || java.util.Calendar.class
+        .isAssignableFrom(aClass));
+  }
+
+  public static void throwMappingException(Throwable e) throws MappingException {
+    if (e instanceof MappingException) {
+      // in this case we do not want to re-wrap an existing mapping exception
+      throw (MappingException) e;
+    } else if (e instanceof RuntimeException) {
+      // feature request 1561837. Dont wrap any runtime exceptions in a MappingException
+      throw (RuntimeException) e;
+    } else {
+      throw new MappingException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void throwMappingException(String msg) throws MappingException {
+    throw new MappingException(msg);
+  }
+
+  public static void throwMappingException(String msg, Throwable cause) throws MappingException {
+    throw new MappingException(msg, cause);
+  }
+
+  public static boolean isBlankOrNull(String value) {
+    return value == null || value.trim().length() < 1;
+  }
+
+  public static Throwable getRootCause(Throwable ex) {
+    Throwable rootCause = ex;
+    while (rootCause.getCause() != null) {
+      rootCause = rootCause.getCause();
+    }
+    return rootCause;
+  }
+
+  public static String getMappedParentFieldKey(Object destObj, String destFieldName) {
+    StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(150);
+    buf.append(System.identityHashCode(destObj));
+    buf.append(destFieldName);
+    return buf.toString();
+  }
+
+  public static Class findCustomConverter(Cache converterByDestTypeCache, CustomConverterContainer customConverterContainer,
+      Class srcClass, Class destClass) {
+    if (customConverterContainer == null || customConverterContainer.getConverters() == null
+        || customConverterContainer.getConverters().size() < 1) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return customConverterContainer.getCustomConverter(srcClass, destClass, converterByDestTypeCache);
+  }
+
+  public static Class determineCustomConverter(FieldMap fieldMap, Cache converterByDestTypeCache,
+      CustomConverterContainer customConverterContainer, Class srcClass, Class destClass) {
+    if (customConverterContainer == null || customConverterContainer.getConverters() == null
+        || customConverterContainer.getConverters().size() < 1) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // This method is messy. Just trying to isolate the junk into this one method instead of spread across the mapping
+    // processor until a better solution can be put into place
+    // For indexed mapping, need to use the actual class at index to determine the custom converter.
+    if (fieldMap != null && fieldMap.isDestFieldIndexed()) {
+      if (destClass.isArray()) {
+        destClass = destClass.getComponentType();
+      } else if (destClass.isAssignableFrom(Collection.class) && fieldMap.getDestHintContainer() != null
+          && !fieldMap.getDestHintContainer().hasMoreThanOneHint()) {
+        // use hint when trying to find a custom converter
+        destClass = fieldMap.getDestHintContainer().getHint();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return findCustomConverter(converterByDestTypeCache, customConverterContainer, srcClass, destClass);
+  }
+
+  public static void reverseFields(FieldMap source, FieldMap reversed) {
+    DozerField destField = source.getSrcFieldCopy();
+    DozerField sourceField = source.getDestFieldCopy();
+
+    reversed.setDestField(destField);
+    reversed.setSrcField(sourceField);
+
+    reversed.setCustomConverter(source.getCustomConverter());
+    reversed.setCustomConverterId(source.getCustomConverterId());
+    reversed.setMapId(source.getMapId());
+    reversed.setRelationshipType(source.getRelationshipType());
+    reversed.setRemoveOrphans(source.isRemoveOrphans());
+    reversed.setSrcHintContainer(source.getDestHintContainer());
+    reversed.setDestHintContainer(source.getSrcHintContainer());
+    reversed.setSrcDeepIndexHintContainer(source.getDestDeepIndexHintContainer());
+    reversed.setDestDeepIndexHintContainer(source.getSrcDeepIndexHintContainer());
+  }
+
+  public static void reverseFields(ClassMap source, ClassMap destination) {
+    // reverse the fields
+    destination.setSrcClass(new DozerClass(source.getDestClassName(), source.getDestClassToMap(), source.getDestClassBeanFactory(),
+        source.getDestClassBeanFactoryId(), source.getDestClassMapGetMethod(), source.getDestClassMapSetMethod(), source
+            .isDestMapNull(), source.isDestMapEmptyString()));
+    destination.setDestClass(new DozerClass(source.getSrcClassName(), source.getSrcClassToMap(), source.getSrcClassBeanFactory(),
+        source.getSrcClassBeanFactoryId(), source.getSrcClassMapGetMethod(), source.getSrcClassMapSetMethod(), source
+            .isSrcMapNull(), source.isSrcMapEmptyString()));
+    destination.setType(source.getType());
+    destination.setWildcard(Boolean.valueOf(source.isWildcard()));
+    destination.setTrimStrings(Boolean.valueOf(source.isTrimStrings()));
+    destination.setDateFormat(source.getDateFormat());
+    destination.setRelationshipType(source.getRelationshipType());
+    destination.setStopOnErrors(Boolean.valueOf(source.isStopOnErrors()));
+    destination.setAllowedExceptions(source.getAllowedExceptions());
+    destination.setSrcClassCreateMethod(source.getDestClassCreateMethod());
+    destination.setDestClassCreateMethod(source.getSrcClassCreateMethod());
+    if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(source.getMapId())) {
+      destination.setMapId(source.getMapId());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static Object getIndexedValue(Object collection, int index) {
+    Object result = null;
+    if (collection instanceof Object[]) {
+      Object[] x = (Object[]) collection;
+      if (index < x.length) {
+        return x[index];
+      }
+    } else if (collection instanceof Collection) {
+      Collection x = (Collection) collection;
+      if (index < x.size()) {
+        Iterator iter = x.iterator();
+        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
+          iter.next();
+        }
+        result = iter.next();
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public static void applyGlobalCopyByReference(Configuration globalConfig, FieldMap fieldMap, ClassMap classMap) {
+    CopyByReferenceContainer copyByReferenceContainer = globalConfig.getCopyByReferences();
+    if (copyByReferenceContainer != null) {
+      String destFieldTypeName = null;
+      Iterator copyIterator = copyByReferenceContainer.getCopyByReferences().iterator();
+      Class clazz = fieldMap.getDestFieldType(classMap.getDestClassToMap());
+      if (clazz != null) {
+        destFieldTypeName = clazz.getName();
+      }
+      while (copyIterator.hasNext()) {
+        CopyByReference copyByReference = (CopyByReference) copyIterator.next();
+        if (copyByReference.matches(destFieldTypeName) && !fieldMap.isCopyByReferenceOveridden()) {
+          fieldMap.setCopyByReference(true);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static Class loadClass(String name) {
+    Class result = null;
+    try {
+      result = Class.forName(name);
+    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+      MappingUtils.throwMappingException(e);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  static boolean isProxy(Class clazz) {
+    //todo: implement a better way of determining this that is more generic
+    return clazz.getName().indexOf(MapperConstants.CGLIB_ID) >= 0 || clazz.getName().indexOf(MapperConstants.JAVASSIST_ID) >= 0;
+  }
+
+  public static Class getRealSuperclass(Class clazz) {
+    if (isProxy(clazz)) {
+      return clazz.getSuperclass().getSuperclass();
+    }
+    return clazz.getSuperclass();
+  }
+
+  public static Class getRealClass(Class clazz) {
+    if (isProxy(clazz)) {
+      return clazz.getSuperclass();
+    }
+    return clazz;
+  }
+
+  public static Object prepareIndexedCollection(Class collectionType, Object existingCollection, Object collectionEntry, int index) {
+    Object result = null;
+    if (collectionType.isArray()) {
+      result = prepareIndexedArray(collectionType, existingCollection, collectionEntry, index);
+    } else if (Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(collectionType)) {
+      result = prepareIndexedCollectionType(collectionType, existingCollection, collectionEntry, index);
+    } else {
+      throwMappingException("Only types java.lang.Object[] and java.util.Collection are supported for indexed properties.");
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+  
+  public static boolean isDeepMapping(String mapping) {
+    return mapping != null && mapping.indexOf(MapperConstants.DEEP_FIELD_DELIMITOR) >= 0;
+  }
+  
+  private static Object[] prepareIndexedArray(Class collectionType, Object existingCollection, Object collectionEntry, int index) {
+    Object[] result;
+
+    if (existingCollection == null) {
+      result = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(collectionType.getComponentType(), index + 1);
+    } else {
+      int originalLenth = ((Object[]) existingCollection).length;
+      result = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(collectionType.getComponentType(), Math.max(index + 1, originalLenth));
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < originalLenth; i++) {
+        result[i] = ((Object[]) existingCollection)[i];
+      }
+    }
+    result[index] = collectionEntry;
+    return result;
+  }
+  
+  private static Collection prepareIndexedCollectionType(Class collectionType, Object existingCollection, Object collectionEntry, int index) {
+    Collection result = null;
+    //Instantiation of the new Collection: can be interface or implementation class
+    if (collectionType.isInterface()) {
+      if (collectionType.equals(Set.class)) {
+        result = new HashSet();
+      }
+      else if (collectionType.equals(List.class)) {
+        result = new ArrayList();
+      } else {
+        throwMappingException("Only interface types java.util.Set and java.util.List are supported for java.util.Collection type indexed properties.");
+      }
+    } else {
+      //It is an implementation class of Collection
+      try {
+        result = (Collection) collectionType.newInstance();
+      } catch (InstantiationException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(e);
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    //Fill in old values in new Collection
+    if (existingCollection != null) {
+      result.addAll((Collection) existingCollection);
+    }
+
+    //Add the new value:
+    //For an ordered Collection
+    if (result instanceof List) {
+      while (result.size() < index + 1) {
+        result.add(null);
+      }
+      ((List) result).set(index, collectionEntry);
+    }
+    //for an unordered Collection (index has no use here)
+    else {
+      result.add(collectionEntry);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Used to test if both {@code srcFieldClass} and {@code destFieldType} are enum.
+   * @param srcFieldClass the source field to be tested.
+   * @param destFieldType the destination field to be tested.
+   * @return {@code true} if and only if current running JRE is 1.5 or above, and both 
+   * {@code srcFieldClass} and {@code destFieldType} are enum; otherwise return {@code false}.
+   */
+  public static boolean isEnumType(Class srcFieldClass, Class destFieldType){
+    if (GlobalSettings.getInstance().isJava5()){//Verify if running JRE is 1.5 or above
+      if (srcFieldClass.isAnonymousClass()){
+        //If srcFieldClass is anonymous class, replace srcFieldClass with its enclosing class.
+        //This is used to ensure Dozer can get correct Enum type.
+        srcFieldClass = srcFieldClass.getEnclosingClass();
+      }
+      if (destFieldType.isAnonymousClass()){
+        //Just like srcFieldClass, if destFieldType is anonymous class, replace destFieldType with 
+        //its enclosing class. This is used to ensure Dozer can get correct Enum type.
+        destFieldType = destFieldType.getEnclosingClass();
+      }
+      return 
+        ((Boolean) ReflectionUtils
+          .invoke(Jdk5Methods.getInstance().getClassIsEnumMethod(), srcFieldClass, null))
+          .booleanValue()
+        && 
+        ((Boolean) ReflectionUtils
+          .invoke(Jdk5Methods.getInstance().getClassIsEnumMethod(), destFieldType, null))
+          .booleanValue();
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getInstance().getClassIsEnumMethod()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `invoke(...)` at line 360.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean MappingUtils.isEnumType(Class,Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.sf.dozer.util.mapping.util.MappingUtils.isEnumType(java.lang.Class,java.lang.Class):boolean.092ac644ef2fd2ceee5c97dcf37ea3d6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/sf/dozer/util/mapping/util/MappingUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+MappingUtils.java|isEnumType|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+27fee7544c485eb5196572e368ab34d7
+
+### Hash:
+cf282cfeed485fd83193562cc9e00b32
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5614/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5614/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb7441c187c4fc33198176271c80d4b49ac621c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5614/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+import org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DataTypeConverter;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsQueryResult;
+import org.verdictdb.sql.syntax.SyntaxAbstract;
+
+public class DbmsMetadataCache {
+
+  private SyntaxAbstract syntax;
+
+  private DbmsConnection connection;
+
+  private List<String> schemaCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> tablesCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> partitionCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<Pair<String,Integer>> columnsCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  public DbmsMetadataCache(DbmsConnection connection) {
+    this.syntax = connection.getSyntax();
+    this.connection = connection;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getSchemas() throws SQLException {
+    if (!schemaCache.isEmpty()){
+      return schemaCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getSchemaCommand());
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      schemaCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getSchemaNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return schemaCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getTables(String schema) throws SQLException {
+    if (!tablesCache.isEmpty()){
+      return tablesCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getTableCommand(schema));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      tablesCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getTableNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return tablesCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<Pair<String, Integer>> getColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!columnsCache.isEmpty()){
+      return columnsCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getColumnsCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      String type = jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnTypeColumnIndex());
+      // remove the size of type
+      type = type.replaceAll("\\(.*\\)", "");
+      columnsCache.add(new ImmutablePair<>(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnNameColumnIndex()),
+          DataTypeConverter.typeInt(type)));
+    }
+    return columnsCache;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Only needed for the DBMS that supports partitioning.
+   * 
+   * @param schema
+   * @param table
+   * @return
+   */
+  public List<String> getPartitionColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!syntax.doesSupportTablePartitioning()) {
+      throw new SQLException("Database does not support table partitioning");
+    }
+    if (!partitionCache.isEmpty()){
+      return partitionCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getPartitionCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      partitionCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(0));
+    }
+    return partitionCache;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet` acquired by call to `new()` at line 90 is not released after line 94.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List DbmsMetadataCache.getPartitionColumns(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.DbmsMetadataCache.getPartitionColumns(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):java.uti.9f031f95ea8edc1a37fc75655081d4df
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/verdictdb/core/DbmsMetadataCache.java
+
+### Key:
+DbmsMetadataCache.java|getPartitionColumns|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+043c0766603f9712711453e31724d31f
+
+### Hash:
+439897190bb21b9a958b4e10b344338f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5622/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5622/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36386ac784aa5d089b212423569ed67cc01f328e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5622/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+import org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DataTypeConverter;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsQueryResult;
+import org.verdictdb.sql.syntax.SyntaxAbstract;
+
+public class DbmsMetadataCache {
+
+  private SyntaxAbstract syntax;
+
+  private DbmsConnection connection;
+
+  private List<String> schemaCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> tablesCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> partitionCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<Pair<String,Integer>> columnsCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  public DbmsMetadataCache(DbmsConnection connection) {
+    this.syntax = connection.getSyntax();
+    this.connection = connection;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getSchemas() throws SQLException {
+    if (!schemaCache.isEmpty()){
+      return schemaCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getSchemaCommand());
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      schemaCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getSchemaNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return schemaCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getTables(String schema) throws SQLException {
+    if (!tablesCache.isEmpty()){
+      return tablesCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getTableCommand(schema));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      tablesCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getTableNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return tablesCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<Pair<String, Integer>> getColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!columnsCache.isEmpty()){
+      return columnsCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getColumnsCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      String type = jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnTypeColumnIndex());
+      // remove the size of type
+      type = type.replaceAll("\\(.*\\)", "");
+      columnsCache.add(new ImmutablePair<>(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnNameColumnIndex()),
+          DataTypeConverter.typeInt(type)));
+    }
+    return columnsCache;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Only needed for the DBMS that supports partitioning.
+   * 
+   * @param schema
+   * @param table
+   * @return
+   */
+  public List<String> getPartitionColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!syntax.doesSupportTablePartitioning()) {
+      throw new SQLException("Database does not support table partitioning");
+    }
+    if (!partitionCache.isEmpty()){
+      return partitionCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getPartitionCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      partitionCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(0));
+    }
+    return partitionCache;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet` acquired by call to `new()` at line 40 is not released after line 44.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List DbmsMetadataCache.getSchemas()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.DbmsMetadataCache.getSchemas():java.util.List.6c2e3b7f67944dc1fbc0670620afa0b3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/verdictdb/core/DbmsMetadataCache.java
+
+### Key:
+DbmsMetadataCache.java|getSchemas|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+043c0766603f9712711453e31724d31f
+
+### Hash:
+ff43fc6eb8cbb5779adc87708f0b4433
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5625/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5625/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc9cddd2593c84d874c0bdc6ea28207c13bf54bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5625/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.umich.verdict.relation;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+
+import edu.umich.verdict.VerdictContext;
+import edu.umich.verdict.datatypes.TableUniqueName;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.condition.Cond;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.condition.IsCond;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.condition.NullCond;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.BinaryOpExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.CaseExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.ColNameExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.ConstantExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.Expr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.ExprModifier;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.FuncExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.OverClause;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.SelectElem;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.StarExpr;
+
+public class ApproxAggregatedRelation extends ApproxRelation {
+	
+	private ApproxRelation source;
+	
+	private List<SelectElem> elems;
+
+	private boolean includeGroupsInToSql = true;
+
+	public ApproxAggregatedRelation(VerdictContext vc, ApproxRelation source, List<SelectElem> elems) {
+		super(vc);
+		this.source = source;
+		this.elems = elems;
+	}
+	
+	public ApproxRelation getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+	
+	public List<SelectElem> getSelectList() {
+		return elems;
+	}
+	
+	public void setIncludeGroupsInToSql(boolean o) {
+		includeGroupsInToSql = o;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ExactRelation rewriteForPointEstimate() {
+		ExactRelation newSource = source.rewriteForPointEstimate();
+		
+		List<SelectElem> scaled = new ArrayList<SelectElem>();
+		List<ColNameExpr> samplingProbColumns = newSource.accumulateSamplingProbColumns();
+		for (SelectElem e : elems) {
+			scaled.add(new SelectElem(transformForSingleFunction(e.getExpr(), samplingProbColumns), e.getAlias()));
+		}
+		ExactRelation r = new AggregatedRelation(vc, newSource, scaled);
+		r.setAliasName(getAliasName());
+		((AggregatedRelation) r).setIncludeGroupsInToSql(includeGroupsInToSql);
+		return r;
+	}
+	
+	private final String partitionSizeAlias = "__vpsize";
+	
+	private final String groupSizeAlias = "__vgsize";
+	
+	@Override
+	public ExactRelation rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds() {
+		ExactRelation r = rewriteWithPartition();
+//		List<SelectElem> selectElems = r.selectElemsWithAggregateSource();
+		List<SelectElem> selectElems = ((AggregatedRelation) r).getAggList();
+		
+		// another wrapper to combine all subsampled aggregations.
+		List<SelectElem> finalAgg = new ArrayList<SelectElem>();
+		
+		for (int i = 0; i < selectElems.size() - 1; i++) {	// excluding the last one which is psize
+			SelectElem e = selectElems.get(i);
+			ColNameExpr est = new ColNameExpr(e.getAlias(), r.getAliasName());
+			ColNameExpr psize = new ColNameExpr(partitionSizeAlias, r.getAliasName());
+			
+			// average estimate
+//			Expr meanEst = BinaryOpExpr.from(
+//							FuncExpr.sum(BinaryOpExpr.from(est, psize, "*")),
+//							FuncExpr.sum(psize), "/");
+			Expr meanEst = FuncExpr.avg(est);
+			Expr originalAggExpr = elems.get(i).getExpr(); 
+			if (originalAggExpr instanceof FuncExpr) {
+				if (((FuncExpr) originalAggExpr).getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.COUNT)
+					|| ((FuncExpr) originalAggExpr).getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.COUNT_DISTINCT)) {
+					meanEst = FuncExpr.round(meanEst);
+				}
+			}
+			finalAgg.add(new SelectElem(meanEst, e.getAlias()));
+
+			// error estimation
+			finalAgg.add(new SelectElem(
+					BinaryOpExpr.from(
+							BinaryOpExpr.from(FuncExpr.stddev(est), FuncExpr.sqrt(FuncExpr.avg(psize)), "*"),
+							FuncExpr.sqrt(FuncExpr.sum(psize)),
+							"/"),
+					e.getAlias() + errColSuffix()));
+		}
+		
+		/*
+		 * Example input query:
+		 * select category, avg(col)
+		 * from t
+		 * group by category
+		 * 
+		 * Transformed query:
+		 * select category, sum(est * psize) / sum(psize) AS final_est
+		 * from (
+		 *   select category, avg(col) AS est, count(*) as psize
+		 *   from t
+		 *   group by category, verdict_partition) AS vt1
+		 * group by category
+		 * 
+		 * where t1 was obtained by rewriteWithPartition().
+		 */ 
+		if (source instanceof ApproxGroupedRelation) {
+			List<ColNameExpr> groupby = ((ApproxGroupedRelation) source).getGroupby();
+			List<ColNameExpr> groupbyInNewSource = new ArrayList<ColNameExpr>();
+			for (ColNameExpr g : groupby) {
+				groupbyInNewSource.add(new ColNameExpr(g.getCol(), r.getAliasName()));
+			}
+			r = new GroupedRelation(vc, r, groupbyInNewSource);
+		}
+		
+		r = new AggregatedRelation(vc, r, finalAgg);
+		r.setAliasName(getAliasName());
+		return r;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This relation must include partition numbers, and the answers must be scaled properly. Note that {@link ApproxRelation#rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds()}
+	 * is used only for the statement including final error bounds; all internal manipulations must be performed by
+	 * this method.
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	protected ExactRelation rewriteWithPartition() {
+		ExactRelation newSource = partitionedSource();
+		
+		// select list elements are scaled considering both sampling probabilities and partitioning for subsampling.
+		List<SelectElem> scaledElems = new ArrayList<SelectElem>();
+		List<ColNameExpr> samplingProbCols = newSource.accumulateSamplingProbColumns();
+		List<ColNameExpr> groupby = new ArrayList<ColNameExpr>();
+		if (source instanceof ApproxGroupedRelation) {
+			groupby.addAll(((ApproxGroupedRelation) source).getGroupby());
+		}
+		
+		final Map<String, String> sub = source.tableSubstitution();
+		for (SelectElem e : elems) {
+//			Expr scaled = transformForSingleFunction(e.getExpr(), samplingProbCols);
+			Expr scaled = transformForSingleFunctionWithPartitionSize(e.getExpr(), samplingProbCols, groupby, newSource.partitionColumn(), sub);
+			scaledElems.add(new SelectElem(scaled, e.getAlias()));
+		}
+		scaledElems.add(new SelectElem(FuncExpr.count(), partitionSizeAlias));
+		ExactRelation r = new AggregatedRelation(vc, newSource, scaledElems);
+		
+		return r;
+	}
+	
+	private ExactRelation partitionedSource() {
+		if (source instanceof ApproxGroupedRelation) {
+			return source.rewriteWithPartition();
+		} else {
+			return (new ApproxGroupedRelation(vc, source, Arrays.<ColNameExpr>asList())).rewriteWithPartition();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected Map<String, String> tableSubstitution() {
+		return ImmutableMap.of();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected List<Expr> samplingProbabilityExprsFor(FuncExpr f) {
+		return Arrays.asList();
+	}
+	
+	private Expr transformForSingleFunctionWithPartitionSize(
+			Expr f,
+			final List<ColNameExpr> samplingProbCols,
+			List<ColNameExpr> groupby,
+			final ColNameExpr partitionCol,
+			final Map<String, String> tablesNamesSub) {
+		
+		final List<Expr> groupbyExpr = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+		for (ColNameExpr c : groupby) {
+			groupbyExpr.add((Expr) c);
+		}
+		
+		ExprModifier v = new ExprModifier() {
+			public Expr call(Expr expr) {
+				if (expr instanceof FuncExpr) {
+					// Take two different approaches:
+					// 1. stratified samples: use the verdict_sampling_prob column (in each tuple).
+					// 2. other samples: use either the uniform sampling probability or the ratio between the sample
+					//    size and the original table size.
+					
+					FuncExpr f = (FuncExpr) expr;
+					FuncExpr s = (FuncExpr) exprWithTableNamesSubstituted(expr, tablesNamesSub);
+					List<Expr> samplingProbExprs = source.samplingProbabilityExprsFor(f);
+					
+					if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.COUNT)) {
+						Expr est = FuncExpr.sum(scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs));
+						est = scaleWithPartitionSize(est, groupbyExpr, partitionCol);
+						return est;
+					}
+					else if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.COUNT_DISTINCT)) {
+						String dbname = vc.getDbms().getName();
+						Expr scale = scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs);
+						Expr est = null;
+						
+						if (dbname.equals("impala")) {
+							est = new FuncExpr(FuncExpr.FuncName.IMPALA_APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT, s.getUnaryExpr());
+						} else {
+							est = new FuncExpr(FuncExpr.FuncName.COUNT_DISTINCT, s.getUnaryExpr());
+						}
+						
+						est = BinaryOpExpr.from(est, scale, "*");
+						if (sampleType().equals("universe")) {
+							est = scaleWithPartitionSize(est, groupbyExpr, partitionCol);
+						}
+						return est;
+					}
+					else if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.SUM)) {
+						Expr est = scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs);
+						est = FuncExpr.sum(BinaryOpExpr.from(s.getUnaryExpr(), est, "*"));
+						est = scaleWithPartitionSize(est, groupbyExpr, partitionCol);
+						return est;
+					}
+					else if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.AVG)) {
+						Expr scale = scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs);
+						Expr sumEst = FuncExpr.sum(BinaryOpExpr.from(s.getUnaryExpr(), scale, "*"));
+						// this count-est filters out the null expressions.
+						Expr countEst = countNotNull(s.getUnaryExpr(), scale);
+						return BinaryOpExpr.from(sumEst, countEst, "/");
+					}
+					else {		// expected not to be visited
+						return s;
+					}
+				} else {
+					return expr;
+				}
+			}
+		};
+		
+		return v.visit(f);
+	}
+	
+	private Expr scaleForSampling(List<Expr> samplingProbCols) {
+		Expr scale = ConstantExpr.from(1.0);
+		for (Expr c : samplingProbCols) {
+			scale = BinaryOpExpr.from(scale, c, "/");
+		}
+		return scale;
+	}
+	
+	private Expr scaleWithPartitionSize(Expr expr, List<Expr> groupby, ColNameExpr partitionCol) {
+//		Expr scaled = BinaryOpExpr.from(expr, FuncExpr.count(), "/");
+		Expr scaled = BinaryOpExpr.from(expr, new FuncExpr(FuncExpr.FuncName.AVG, FuncExpr.count(), new OverClause(groupby)), "/");
+		scaled = BinaryOpExpr.from(scaled, new FuncExpr(FuncExpr.FuncName.SUM, FuncExpr.count(), new OverClause(groupby)), "*");
+		return scaled;
+	}
+
+	private Expr transformForSingleFunction(Expr f, final List<ColNameExpr> samplingProbCols) {
+		final Map<String, String> sub = source.tableSubstitution();
+		
+		ExprModifier v = new ExprModifier() {
+			public Expr call(Expr expr) {
+				if (expr instanceof FuncExpr) {
+					// Take two different approaches:
+					// 1. stratified samples: use the verdict_sampling_prob column (in each tuple).
+					// 2. other samples: use either the uniform sampling probability or the ratio between the sample
+					//    size and the original table size.
+					
+					FuncExpr f = (FuncExpr) expr;
+					FuncExpr s = (FuncExpr) exprWithTableNamesSubstituted(expr, sub);
+					List<Expr> samplingProbExprs = source.samplingProbabilityExprsFor(f);
+					
+					if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.COUNT)) {
+						Expr scale = scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs);
+						Expr est = FuncExpr.sum(scale);
+						return FuncExpr.round(est);
+					}
+					else if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.COUNT_DISTINCT)) {
+						String dbname = vc.getDbms().getName();
+						Expr scale = scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs);
+						if (dbname.equals("impala")) {
+							return FuncExpr.round(
+									BinaryOpExpr.from(new FuncExpr(
+											FuncExpr.FuncName.IMPALA_APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT, s.getUnaryExpr()),
+											scale, "*"));
+						} else {
+							return FuncExpr.round(BinaryOpExpr.from(s, scale, "*"));
+						}
+					}
+					else if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.SUM)) {
+						Expr scale = scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs);
+						Expr est = FuncExpr.sum(BinaryOpExpr.from(s.getUnaryExpr(), scale, "*"));
+						return est;
+					}
+					else if (f.getFuncName().equals(FuncExpr.FuncName.AVG)) {
+						Expr scale = scaleForSampling(samplingProbExprs);
+						Expr sumEst = FuncExpr.sum(BinaryOpExpr.from(s.getUnaryExpr(), scale, "*"));
+						// this count-est filters out the null expressions.
+						Expr countEst = countNotNull(s.getUnaryExpr(), scale);
+						return BinaryOpExpr.from(sumEst, countEst, "/");
+					}
+					else {		// expected not to be visited
+						return s;
+					}
+				} else {
+					return expr;
+				}
+			}
+		};
+		
+		return v.visit(f);
+	}
+	
+	private FuncExpr countNotNull(Expr nullcheck, Expr expr) {
+		return FuncExpr.sum(
+				new CaseExpr(Arrays.<Cond>asList(new IsCond(nullcheck, new NullCond())),
+						     Arrays.<Expr>asList(ConstantExpr.from("0"), expr)));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected String sampleType() {
+		return source.sampleType();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected List<String> sampleColumns() {
+		return source.sampleColumns();
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `e.getAlias()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `ColNameExpr(...)` at line 83.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ExactRelation ApproxAggregatedRelation.rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.umich.verdict.relation.ApproxAggregatedRelation.rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds():edu.umich.ver.6dbdddaf5ff00089c9304394d2c20ec0
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/edu/umich/verdict/relation/ApproxAggregatedRelation.java
+
+### Key:
+ApproxAggregatedRelation.java|rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+72ed942f8765f92c6bc7d40fd6fa610f
+
+### Hash:
+8036da7f3f1603350d30d2f6d99fa2ba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5631/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5631/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73a5db92151aee37aa22c80a4b88715f44a2989d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5631/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.umich.verdict.relation;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+
+import edu.umich.verdict.VerdictContext;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.ColNameExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.Expr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.FuncExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.SelectElem;
+
+public class ApproxProjectedRelation extends ApproxRelation {
+	
+	private ApproxRelation source; 
+
+	private List<SelectElem> elems;
+
+	public ApproxProjectedRelation(VerdictContext vc, ApproxRelation source, List<SelectElem> elems) {
+		super(vc);
+		this.source = source;
+		this.elems = elems;
+	}
+	
+	public List<SelectElem> getSelectElems() {
+		return elems;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ExactRelation rewriteForPointEstimate() {
+		ExactRelation r = new ProjectedRelation(vc, source.rewriteForPointEstimate(), elems);
+		r.setAliasName(getAliasName());
+		return r;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public ExactRelation rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds() {
+		ExactRelation newSource = source.rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds();
+		List<SelectElem> sourceElems = null; // newSource.getSelectList();
+		Set<String> colAliases = new HashSet<String>();
+		for (SelectElem e : sourceElems) {
+			if (e.aliasPresent()) {
+				// we're only interested in the columns for which aliases are present.
+				// note that every column with aggregate function must have an alias (enforced by ColNameExpr class).
+				colAliases.add(e.getAlias());
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// we search for error bound columns based on the assumption that the error bound columns have the suffix attached
+		// to the original agg columns. The suffix is obtained from the ApproxRelation#errColSuffix() method.
+		// ApproxAggregatedRelation#rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds() method is responsible for having those columns. 
+		List<SelectElem> elemsWithErr = new ArrayList<SelectElem>();
+		for (SelectElem e : elems) {
+			elemsWithErr.add(e);
+			String errColName = errColName(e.getExpr().getText());
+			if (colAliases.contains(errColName)) {
+				elemsWithErr.add(new SelectElem(new ColNameExpr(errColName), errColName));
+			}
+		}
+		
+		ExactRelation r = new ProjectedRelation(vc, newSource, elemsWithErr);
+		r.setAliasName(getAliasName());
+		return r;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public ExactRelation rewriteWithPartition() {
+		ExactRelation newSource = source.rewriteWithPartition();
+		List<SelectElem> newElems = new ArrayList<SelectElem>(elems);
+		newElems.add(new SelectElem(newSource.partitionColumn(), partitionColumnName()));
+		ExactRelation r = new ProjectedRelation(vc, newSource, newElems);
+		r.setAliasName(getAliasName());
+		return r;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected List<Expr> samplingProbabilityExprsFor(FuncExpr f) {
+		List<Expr> exprs = source.samplingProbabilityExprsFor(f);
+		List<Expr> exprsWithNewAlias = new ArrayList<Expr>();
+		for (Expr e : exprs) {
+			if (e instanceof ColNameExpr) {
+				exprsWithNewAlias.add(new ColNameExpr(((ColNameExpr) e).getCol(), alias));
+			} else {
+				exprsWithNewAlias.add(e);
+			}
+		}
+		return exprsWithNewAlias;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Map<String, String> tableSubstitution() {
+		return source.tableSubstitution();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String sampleType() {
+		return source.sampleType();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public double cost() {
+		return source.cost();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected List<String> sampleColumns() {
+		return source.sampleColumns();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected String toStringWithIndent(String indent) {
+		StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(1000);
+		s.append(indent);
+		s.append(String.format("%s(%s) [%s]\n", this.getClass().getSimpleName(), getAliasName(), Joiner.on(", ").join(elems)));
+		s.append(source.toStringWithIndent(indent + "  "));
+		return s.toString();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public boolean equals(ApproxRelation o) {
+		if (o instanceof ApproxProjectedRelation) {
+			if (source.equals(((ApproxProjectedRelation) o).source)) {
+				if (elems.equals(((ApproxProjectedRelation) o).elems)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double samplingProbability() {
+		return source.samplingProbability();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `sourceElems` last assigned on line 43 could be null and is dereferenced at line 45.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ExactRelation ApproxProjectedRelation.rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.umich.verdict.relation.ApproxProjectedRelation.rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds():edu.umich.verd.d1dae6064a6dad98a3db753016a7f0d8
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/edu/umich/verdict/relation/ApproxProjectedRelation.java
+
+### Key:
+ApproxProjectedRelation.java|rewriteWithSubsampledErrorBounds|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+50eb9480b1a39477599a8d0ef0064573
+
+### Hash:
+b22de6a0ff0b340a7b0efe16e5382a4a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5636/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5636/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2517281c1c15fa62c73d6f0e819e7d94d1f8094b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5636/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HikariCP
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.zaxxer.hikari;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class ConnectionStateTest
+{
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoCommit() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource();
+        ds.setAutoCommit(true);
+        ds.setMinimumIdle(1);
+        ds.setMaximumPoolSize(1);
+        ds.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        ds.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection = ds.getConnection();
+            connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+            connection.close();
+
+            Connection connection2 = ds.getConnection();
+            Assert.assertSame(connection, connection2);
+            Assert.assertTrue(connection2.getAutoCommit());
+            connection2.close();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactionIsolation() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource();
+        ds.setTransactionIsolation("TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED");
+        ds.setMinimumIdle(1);
+        ds.setMaximumPoolSize(1);
+        ds.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        ds.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection = ds.getConnection();
+            connection.setTransactionIsolation(Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED);
+            connection.close();
+
+            Connection connection2 = ds.getConnection();
+            Assert.assertSame(connection, connection2);
+            Assert.assertEquals(Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED, connection2.getTransactionIsolation());
+            connection2.close();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsolation() throws Exception
+    {
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+        config.setTransactionIsolation("TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ");
+        config.validate();
+        
+        int transactionIsolation = config.getTransactionIsolation();
+        Assert.assertSame(Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ, transactionIsolation);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCatalog() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource();
+        ds.setCatalog("test");
+        ds.setMinimumIdle(1);
+        ds.setMaximumPoolSize(1);
+        ds.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        ds.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection = ds.getConnection();
+            connection.setCatalog("other");
+            connection.close();
+
+            Connection connection2 = ds.getConnection();
+            Assert.assertSame(connection, connection2);
+            Assert.assertEquals("test", connection2.getCatalog());
+            connection2.close();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource` acquired to `ds` by call to `HikariDataSource()` at line 80 is not released after line 100.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConnectionStateTest.testCatalog()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zaxxer.hikari.ConnectionStateTest.testCatalog():void.9532672e9cd59262b6c25d3a85d38551
+
+### File:
+hikaricp/src/test/java/com/zaxxer/hikari/ConnectionStateTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ConnectionStateTest.java|testCatalog|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+91a4835eeec9f89f7ea44758674ff162
+
+### Hash:
+b04fbf034bb9b15aa5a21edd5d449a7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5639/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5639/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..526aa37af2027d29e227a0c0adb9d1b403d73de6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5639/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HikariCP
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.zaxxer.hikari;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource;
+
+public class TestConnectionTimeoutRetry
+{
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectionRetries() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(0);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(1);
+        config.setConnectionTimeout(2800);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        StubDataSource stubDataSource = ds.unwrap(StubDataSource.class);
+        stubDataSource.setThrowException(new SQLException("Connection refused"));
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection = ds.getConnection();
+            connection.close();
+            Assert.fail("Should not have been able to get a connection.");
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e)
+        {
+            long elapsed = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            long timeout = config.getConnectionTimeout();
+            Assert.assertTrue("Didn't wait long enough for timeout", (elapsed >= timeout));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectionRetries2() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(0);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(1);
+        config.setConnectionTimeout(2800);
+        config.setInitializationFailFast(true);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        final StubDataSource stubDataSource = ds.unwrap(StubDataSource.class);
+        stubDataSource.setThrowException(new SQLException("Connection refused"));
+
+        ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
+        scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() {
+            public void run()
+            {
+                stubDataSource.setThrowException(null);
+            }
+        }, 300, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection = ds.getConnection();
+            connection.close();
+
+            long elapsed = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            Assert.assertTrue("Connection returned too quickly, something is wrong.", elapsed > 250);
+            Assert.assertTrue("Waited too long to get a connection.", elapsed < config.getConnectionTimeout());
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail("Should not have timed out.");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            scheduler.shutdownNow();
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectionRetries3() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(0);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(2);
+        config.setConnectionTimeout(2800);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        final Connection connection1 = ds.getConnection();
+        final Connection connection2 = ds.getConnection();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(connection1);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(connection2);
+
+        ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);
+        scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() {
+            public void run()
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    connection1.close();
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    e.printStackTrace(System.err);
+                }
+            }
+        }, 800, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection3 = ds.getConnection();
+            connection3.close();
+
+            long elapsed = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            Assert.assertTrue("Waited too long to get a connection.", (elapsed >= 700) && (elapsed < 950));
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail("Should not have timed out.");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            scheduler.shutdownNow();
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectionRetries4() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(0);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(1);
+        config.setConnectionTimeout(1000);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        StubDataSource stubDataSource = ds.unwrap(StubDataSource.class);
+        stubDataSource.setThrowException(new SQLException("Connection refused"));
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection = ds.getConnection();
+            connection.close();
+            Assert.fail("Should not have been able to get a connection.");
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e)
+        {
+            long elapsed = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            Assert.assertTrue("Didn't wait long enough for timeout", (elapsed >= config.getConnectionTimeout()));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectionRetries5() throws SQLException
+    {
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(0);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(2);
+        config.setConnectionTimeout(1000);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        final Connection connection1 = ds.getConnection();
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);
+        scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() {
+            public void run()
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    connection1.close();
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    e.printStackTrace(System.err);
+                }
+            }
+        }, 250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        StubDataSource stubDataSource = ds.unwrap(StubDataSource.class);
+        stubDataSource.setThrowException(new SQLException("Connection refused"));
+
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection2 = ds.getConnection();
+            connection2.close();
+
+            long elapsed = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            Assert.assertTrue("Waited too long to get a connection.", (elapsed >= 250) && (elapsed < config.getConnectionTimeout()));
+        }
+        catch (SQLException e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail("Should not have timed out.");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            scheduler.shutdownNow();
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectionIdleFill() throws Exception
+    {
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(5);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(10);
+        config.setConnectionTimeout(1000);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        try
+        {
+            Connection connection1 = ds.getConnection();
+            Connection connection2 = ds.getConnection();
+            Connection connection3 = ds.getConnection();
+            Connection connection4 = ds.getConnection();
+            Connection connection5 = ds.getConnection();
+            Connection connection6 = ds.getConnection();
+            Connection connection7 = ds.getConnection();
+    
+            Thread.sleep(1200);
+    
+            Assert.assertSame("Totals connections not as expected", 10, TestElf.getPool(ds).getTotalConnections());
+            Assert.assertSame("Idle connections not as expected", 3, TestElf.getPool(ds).getIdleConnections());
+    
+            connection1.close();
+            connection2.close();
+            connection3.close();
+            connection4.close();
+            connection5.close();
+            connection6.close();
+            connection7.close();
+    
+            Assert.assertSame("Totals connections not as expected", 10, TestElf.getPool(ds).getTotalConnections());
+            Assert.assertSame("Idle connections not as expected", 10, TestElf.getPool(ds).getIdleConnections());
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            ds.shutdown();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource` acquired to `ds` by call to `new()` at line 244 is not released after line 274.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestConnectionTimeoutRetry.testConnectionIdleFill()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zaxxer.hikari.TestConnectionTimeoutRetry.testConnectionIdleFill():void.58556665f5f1e763c6a838007adf9323
+
+### File:
+hikaricp/src/test/java/com/zaxxer/hikari/TestConnectionTimeoutRetry.java
+
+### Key:
+TestConnectionTimeoutRetry.java|testConnectionIdleFill|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b557d6b2918eb263209be8dd7349ace7
+
+### Hash:
+0ea68a2ea70362e70fcdb6f2a1be6ffa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5653/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5653/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..564ac385cb058699312155d732be185973ddef5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5653/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HikariCP
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Brett Wooldridge
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.zaxxer.hikari;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubConnection;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.HikariPool;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.util.PoolUtilities;
+
+/**
+ * @author Brett Wooldridge
+ */
+public class ShutdownTest
+{
+    @Before
+    public void beforeTest()
+    {
+        StubConnection.count.set(0);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void afterTest()
+    {
+        StubConnection.slowCreate = false;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdown1() throws SQLException
+    {
+        Assert.assertSame("StubConnection count not as expected", 0, StubConnection.count.get());
+
+        StubConnection.slowCreate = true;
+
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(0);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(10);
+        config.setInitializationFailFast(true);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        final HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+        HikariPool pool = TestElf.getPool(ds);
+
+        Thread[] threads = new Thread[10];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+        {
+            threads[i] = new Thread() {
+                public void run() {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        if (ds.getConnection() != null)
+                        {
+                            PoolUtilities.quietlySleep(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(1));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch (SQLException e)
+                    {
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            threads[i].setDaemon(true);
+            threads[i].start();
+        }
+
+        PoolUtilities.quietlySleep(300);
+
+        Assert.assertTrue("Totals connection count not as expected, ", pool.getTotalConnections() > 0);
+        
+        ds.shutdown();
+
+        Assert.assertSame("Active connection count not as expected, ", 0, pool.getActiveConnections());
+        Assert.assertSame("Idle connection count not as expected, ", 0, pool.getIdleConnections());
+        Assert.assertSame("Total connection count not as expected", 0, pool.getTotalConnections());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdown2() throws SQLException
+    {
+        Assert.assertSame("StubConnection count not as expected", 0, StubConnection.count.get());
+
+        StubConnection.slowCreate = true;
+
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(10);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(10);
+        config.setInitializationFailFast(false);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+        HikariPool pool = TestElf.getPool(ds);
+
+        PoolUtilities.quietlySleep(300);
+
+        Assert.assertTrue("Totals connection count not as expected, ", pool.getTotalConnections() > 0);
+        
+        ds.shutdown();
+
+        Assert.assertSame("Active connection count not as expected, ", 0, pool.getActiveConnections());
+        Assert.assertSame("Idle connection count not as expected, ", 0, pool.getIdleConnections());
+        Assert.assertSame("Total connection count not as expected", 0, pool.getTotalConnections());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdown3() throws SQLException
+    {
+        Assert.assertSame("StubConnection count not as expected", 0, StubConnection.count.get());
+
+        StubConnection.slowCreate = true;
+
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(5);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(5);
+        config.setInitializationFailFast(true);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+        HikariPool pool = TestElf.getPool(ds);
+
+        PoolUtilities.quietlySleep(300);
+
+        Assert.assertTrue("Totals connection count not as expected, ", pool.getTotalConnections() == 5);
+        
+        ds.shutdown();
+
+        Assert.assertSame("Active connection count not as expected, ", 0, pool.getActiveConnections());
+        Assert.assertSame("Idle connection count not as expected, ", 0, pool.getIdleConnections());
+        Assert.assertSame("Total connection count not as expected", 0, pool.getTotalConnections());
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdown4() throws SQLException
+    {
+        StubConnection.slowCreate = true;
+        
+        HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();
+        config.setMinimumIdle(10);
+        config.setMaximumPoolSize(10);
+        config.setInitializationFailFast(false);
+        config.setConnectionTestQuery("VALUES 1");
+        config.setDataSourceClassName("com.zaxxer.hikari.mocks.StubDataSource");
+
+        HikariDataSource ds = new HikariDataSource(config);
+
+        PoolUtilities.quietlySleep(300);
+
+        ds.shutdown();
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        while (PoolUtilities.elapsedTimeMs(start) < TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(5) && threadCount() > 0)
+        {
+            PoolUtilities.quietlySleep(250);
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertSame("Thread was leaked", 0, threadCount());
+    }
+
+	private int threadCount()
+	{
+	    Thread[] threads = new Thread[Thread.activeCount() * 2];
+	    Thread.enumerate(threads);
+
+	    int count = 0;
+	    for (Thread thread : threads)
+	    {
+	        count += (thread != null && thread.getName().startsWith("Hikari")) ? 1 : 0;
+	    }
+
+	    return count;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource` acquired to `ds` by call to `new()` at line 139 is not released after line 146.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ShutdownTest.testShutdown3()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zaxxer.hikari.ShutdownTest.testShutdown3():void.d2f1f738f3516e53ff760d03fd3d8ecc
+
+### File:
+hikaricp/src/test/java/com/zaxxer/hikari/ShutdownTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ShutdownTest.java|testShutdown3|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+ba6daf65b8ec829a8ca35510289aa557
+
+### Hash:
+23cdec57c21574a991deff614a0ba299
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5654/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5654/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91d0452dffc6c71ee23c7e08451ed8a1fdccbd84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5654/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HikariCP
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.zaxxer.hikari;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.performance.StubStatement;
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.util.FastStatementList;
+
+public class TestFastStatementList
+{
+    @Test
+    public void testOverflow()
+    {
+        FastStatementList list = new FastStatementList();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+        {
+            list.add(new StubStatement());
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+        {
+            Assert.assertNotNull("Element " + i, list.get(i));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zaxxer.hikari.performance.StubStatement` acquired by call to `new()` at line 17 is not released after line 17.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestFastStatementList.testOverflow()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zaxxer.hikari.TestFastStatementList.testOverflow():void.468a402361439034ca987478fff1b48a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zaxxer/hikari/TestFastStatementList.java
+
+### Key:
+TestFastStatementList.java|testOverflow|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+632f3c19198b332d686d8d62648b14b6
+
+### Hash:
+76e002688cab4b6a30b013ea36a56f5a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5662/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5662/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dec9f38695ed3b88053af03fb3ca3f84864cefce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5662/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** flower
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright © 2019 同程艺龙 (zhihui.li@ly.com)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.ly.train.flower.common.util;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+public class FileUtil {
+  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileUtil.class);
+
+  public static List<Pair<String, String>> readFlow(String path) throws IOException {
+    InputStreamReader fr = new InputStreamReader(FileUtil.class.getResourceAsStream(path));
+    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);
+    String line = "";
+    List<Pair<String, String>> flow = new ArrayList<>();
+    while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+      String sl = line.trim();
+      if ((sl.startsWith("//")) || sl.startsWith("#") || sl.equals("")) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      String[] connection = sl.split("->");
+      if (connection == null || connection.length != 2) {
+        close(br, fr);
+        throw new RuntimeException("Illegal flow config:" + path);
+      } else {
+        flow.add(new Pair<String, String>(connection[0].trim(), connection[1].trim()));
+      }
+    }
+    close(br, fr);
+    return flow;
+  }
+
+  public static Map<String, String> readService(String path) throws IOException {
+    InputStreamReader fr = new InputStreamReader(FileUtil.class.getResourceAsStream(path));
+    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);
+    String line = "";
+    Map<String, String> result = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+      String sl = line.trim();
+      if ((sl.startsWith("//")) || sl.startsWith("#") || sl.equals("")) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      String[] kv = sl.split("=");
+      if (kv == null || kv.length != 2) {
+        close(br, fr);
+        throw new RuntimeException("Illegal flow config:" + path + ", sl");
+      }
+      result.put(kv[0].trim(), kv[1].trim());
+    }
+    close(br, fr);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  static void close(Reader reader, InputStreamReader is) {
+    if (reader != null) {
+      try {
+        reader.close();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("", e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (is != null) {
+      try {
+        is.close();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("", e);
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 33 is not released after line 51.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 37
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List FileUtil.readFlow(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.ly.train.flower.common.util.FileUtil.readFlow(java.lang.String):java.util.List.cf688c6cd3e926c544f5b3be33cdb16e
+
+### File:
+flower.common/src/main/java/com/ly/train/flower/common/util/FileUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+FileUtil.java|readFlow|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+d66e033a0635173568c7db13c24fac70
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5691/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5691/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31bdd84b1f26e747a8992062b5eb651279abf8a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5691/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeesuite-libs
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.jeesuite.mybatis.plugin.cache;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.persistence.Id;
+
+import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Param;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.MappedStatement;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.SqlCommandType;
+import org.apache.ibatis.plugin.Invocation;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean;
+
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.core.BaseEntity;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.core.InterceptorHandler;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.core.InterceptorType;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.kit.ReflectUtils;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.parser.EntityInfo;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.parser.MybatisMapperParser;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.plugin.cache.annotation.Cache;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.plugin.cache.name.DefaultCacheMethodDefine;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.plugin.cache.name.Mapper3CacheMethodDefine;
+import com.jeesuite.mybatis.plugin.cache.provider.DefaultCacheProvider;
+
+
+/**
+ * 自动缓存拦截处理
+ * @description <br>
+ * @author <a href="mailto:vakinge@gmail.com">vakin</a>
+ * @date 2015年12月7日
+ * @Copyright (c) 2015, jwww
+ */
+public class CacheHandler implements InterceptorHandler,InitializingBean,DisposableBean {
+
+	protected static final String SPLIT_PONIT = ".";
+	private static final String REGEX_PLACEHOLDER = ":%s";
+	private static final String REGEX_POINT = "\\.";
+	protected static final String GROUPKEY_SUFFIX = "~keys";
+
+	protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CacheHandler.class);
+	
+	private static List<String> cacheEntityClassNames = new ArrayList<>();
+	
+	private static Map<String, Map<String, QueryMethodCache>> queryCacheMethods = new HashMap<>();
+	
+	private static Map<String, UpdateByPkMethodCache> updateCacheMethods = new HashMap<>();
+	
+	private static List<String> groupKeys = new ArrayList<>();
+	
+	//记录当前线程写入的所有缓存key
+	private static ThreadLocal<List<String>>  TransactionWriteCacheKeys = new ThreadLocal<>();
+	
+	protected static CacheProvider cacheProvider;
+	
+	private CacheMethodDefine methodDefine;
+	
+	//CRUD框架驱动 default，mapper3
+	private String crudDriver = "default";
+	
+	private ScheduledExecutorService clearExpiredGroupKeysTimer;
+	
+	public void setCacheProvider(CacheProvider cacheProvider) {
+		CacheHandler.cacheProvider = cacheProvider;
+	}
+
+	public void setCrudDriver(String crudDriver) {
+		this.crudDriver = crudDriver;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Object onInterceptor(Invocation invocation) throws Throwable {
+
+		Object[] args = invocation.getArgs();
+		MappedStatement mt = (MappedStatement)args[0]; 
+
+		if(mt.getSqlCommandType().equals(SqlCommandType.SELECT)){	
+			//按主键查询
+			QueryMethodCache cacheInfo = getQueryMethodCache(mt.getId());
+			if(cacheInfo == null)return null;
+			final String cacheKey = genarateQueryCacheKey(cacheInfo.keyPattern, args[1]);
+			//按主键查询以及标记非引用关系的缓存直接读取缓存
+			if(cacheInfo.isPk || !cacheInfo.uniqueResult){
+				//从缓存读取
+				Object object = cacheProvider.get(cacheKey);
+				if(object != null){
+					object = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(object));
+					if(logger.isDebugEnabled())logger.debug("method[{}] find result from cacheKey:{}",mt.getId(),cacheKey);
+				}
+				return object;
+			}else{
+				//新根据缓存KEY找到与按ID缓存的KEY
+				String cacheKeyById = cacheProvider.get(cacheKey);
+				if(cacheKeyById == null)return null;
+				Object object = cacheProvider.get(cacheKeyById);
+				if(object != null){
+					object = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(object));
+					if(logger.isDebugEnabled())logger.debug("method[{}] find result from cacheKey:{} ,ref by:{}",mt.getId(),cacheKeyById,cacheKey);
+				}
+				
+				return object;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		return null;
+	
+	}
+	
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+	@Override
+	public void onFinished(Invocation invocation,Object result) {
+		Object[] args = invocation.getArgs();
+		MappedStatement mt = (MappedStatement)args[0]; 
+		
+		QueryMethodCache cacheInfo = null;
+		if(mt.getSqlCommandType().equals(SqlCommandType.SELECT)){	
+			if(result == null)return;  
+			if((cacheInfo = getQueryMethodCache(mt.getId())) == null)return;
+			
+			if(result instanceof List){
+				List list = (List)result;
+				if(list.isEmpty())return;
+				result = cacheInfo.uniqueResult ? list.get(0) : result;
+			}
+			final String cacheKey = genarateQueryCacheKey(cacheInfo.keyPattern, args[1]);
+			//按主键查询以及标记非引用关系的缓存直接读取缓存
+			if(cacheInfo.isPk || !cacheInfo.uniqueResult){
+				if(cacheProvider.set(cacheKey,result, cacheInfo.expire)){
+					if(logger.isDebugEnabled())logger.debug("method[{}] put result to cache，cacheKey:{}",mt.getId(),cacheKey);
+				}
+				//结果为集合的情况，增加key到cacheGroup
+				if(!cacheInfo.uniqueResult){
+					cacheProvider.putGroupKeys(cacheInfo.cacheGroupKey, cacheKey,cacheInfo.expire);
+				}
+			}else{
+				//之前没有按主键的缓存，增加按主键缓存
+				String idCacheKey = genarateQueryCacheKey(getQueryByPkMethodCache(mt.getId()).keyPattern,result);
+				
+				if(idCacheKey != null && cacheKey != null && cacheProvider.set(idCacheKey,result, cacheInfo.expire) 
+						&& cacheProvider.set(cacheKey,idCacheKey, cacheInfo.expire)){
+					if(logger.isDebugEnabled())logger.debug("method[{}] put result to cache，cacheKey:{},and add ref cacheKey:{}",mt.getId(),idCacheKey,cacheKey);
+				}
+			}
+		}else{
+			if(updateCacheMethods.containsKey(mt.getId())){
+				String cacheByPkKey = null;
+				UpdateByPkMethodCache updateMethodCache = updateCacheMethods.get(mt.getId());
+				if(updateMethodCache.sqlCommandType.equals(SqlCommandType.DELETE)){
+					cacheByPkKey = genarateQueryCacheKey(updateMethodCache.keyPattern,args[1]);
+					cacheProvider.remove(cacheByPkKey);
+					if(logger.isDebugEnabled())logger.debug("method[{}] remove cacheKey:{} from cache",mt.getId(),cacheByPkKey);
+					//TODO 清除关联缓存
+					
+				}else{
+					cacheByPkKey = genarateQueryCacheKey(updateMethodCache.keyPattern,args[1]);
+					boolean insertCommond = mt.getSqlCommandType().equals(SqlCommandType.INSERT);
+					if(insertCommond || mt.getSqlCommandType().equals(SqlCommandType.UPDATE)){
+						if(result != null){
+							QueryMethodCache queryByPkMethodCache = getQueryByPkMethodCache(mt.getId());
+							cacheProvider.set(cacheByPkKey,args[1], queryByPkMethodCache.expire);
+							if(logger.isDebugEnabled())logger.debug("method[{}] update cacheKey:{}",mt.getId(),cacheByPkKey);
+							//插入其他唯一字段引用
+							if(insertCommond)cacheUniqueSelectRef(args[1], mt, cacheByPkKey);
+							//
+							addCurrentThreadCacheKey(cacheByPkKey);
+						}
+					}
+				}				
+				//TODO 删除同一cachegroup关联缓存
+				cacheProvider.clearGroupKeys(updateMethodCache.cacheGroupKey);
+			}
+			
+			
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * 缓存其他唯一结果查询方法和主键缓存的引用
+	 * @param object
+	 * @param mt
+	 * @param cacheKey
+	 */
+	private void cacheUniqueSelectRef(Object object, MappedStatement mt, String cacheKey) {
+		Collection<QueryMethodCache> mcs = queryCacheMethods.get(mt.getId().substring(0, mt.getId().lastIndexOf(SPLIT_PONIT))).values();
+		outter:for (QueryMethodCache methodCache : mcs) {
+			if(methodCache.isPk || !methodCache.uniqueResult)continue;
+			try {	
+				Object[] cacheFieldValues = new Object[methodCache.fieldNames.length];
+				for (int i = 0; i < cacheFieldValues.length; i++) {
+					cacheFieldValues[i] = ReflectUtils.getObjectValue(object, methodCache.fieldNames[i]);
+					if(cacheFieldValues[i] == null)continue outter;
+				}
+				String fieldCacheKey = genarateQueryCacheKey(methodCache.keyPattern , cacheFieldValues);
+				cacheProvider.set(fieldCacheKey,cacheKey, methodCache.expire);
+				if(logger.isDebugEnabled())logger.debug("method[{}] add ref cacheKey:{}",mt.getId(),fieldCacheKey);
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 生成查询缓存key
+	 * @param cacheInfo
+	 * @param param
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	private String genarateQueryCacheKey(String keyPattern,Object param){
+		if(param instanceof Map){
+			Map<String, Object> map = (Map<String, Object>) param;
+			//DeviceEntity.deviceId:%s.userId:%s
+			Object[] args = new String[map.size()];
+			String[] parts = keyPattern.split(REGEX_POINT);
+			for (int i = 1; i < parts.length; i++) {
+				args[i-1] = map.get(parts[i].replace(REGEX_PLACEHOLDER, "")).toString();
+			}
+			return String.format(keyPattern, args);
+		}else if(param instanceof BaseEntity){
+			return String.format(keyPattern, ((BaseEntity)param).getId());
+		}else if(param instanceof Object[]){
+			return String.format(keyPattern, (Object[])param);
+		}else{
+			return param == null ? keyPattern : String.format(keyPattern, param.toString());
+		}
+	}
+	
+
+	@Override
+	public InterceptorType getInterceptorType() {
+		return InterceptorType.around;
+	}
+	
+	private QueryMethodCache getQueryMethodCache(String mtId){
+		String key1 = mtId.substring(0, mtId.lastIndexOf(SPLIT_PONIT));
+		if(queryCacheMethods.containsKey(key1)){
+			return queryCacheMethods.get(key1).get(mtId);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	private QueryMethodCache getQueryByPkMethodCache(String mtId){
+		mtId = mtId.substring(0, mtId.lastIndexOf(SPLIT_PONIT));
+		if(queryCacheMethods.containsKey(mtId)){
+			return queryCacheMethods.get(mtId).get(mtId + "." + methodDefine.selectName());
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
+		if("mapper3".equalsIgnoreCase(crudDriver)){
+			methodDefine = new Mapper3CacheMethodDefine();
+		}else{
+			methodDefine = new DefaultCacheMethodDefine();
+		}
+		
+		if(cacheProvider == null)cacheProvider = new DefaultCacheProvider();
+		
+		List<EntityInfo> entityInfos = MybatisMapperParser.getEntityInfos();
+		
+		QueryMethodCache methodCache = null;
+		for (EntityInfo ei : entityInfos) {
+			Class<?> mapperClass = ei.getMapperClass();
+			
+			//按主键查询方法定义
+			QueryMethodCache queryByPKMethod = generateQueryByPKMethod(mapperClass, ei.getEntityClass());
+			
+			if(queryByPKMethod == null)continue;
+			
+            boolean entityWithAnnotation = ei.getEntityClass().isAnnotationPresent(Cache.class);
+			
+			Cache annotationCache = null;
+			
+			String keyPatternForPK = queryByPKMethod.keyPattern;
+
+			Map<String, QueryMethodCache> tmpMap = new HashMap<>();
+		
+			//接口定义的自动缓存方法
+			Method[] methods = mapperClass.getDeclaredMethods();
+			for (Method method : methods) {
+				if(method.isAnnotationPresent(Cache.class)){
+					annotationCache = method.getAnnotation(Cache.class);
+					String fullMethodName = mapperClass.getName() + SPLIT_PONIT + method.getName();
+					if(tmpMap.containsKey(fullMethodName))continue;
+					methodCache = generateQueryMethodCacheByMethod(mapperClass, ei.getEntityClass(), method);
+					methodCache.expire = annotationCache.expire();
+					methodCache.uniqueResult = annotationCache.uniqueResult();
+					tmpMap.put(fullMethodName, methodCache);
+					logger.info("解析查询方法{}自动缓存配置 ok,keyPattern:[{}]",methodCache.methodName,methodCache.keyPattern);
+				}
+			}
+			
+			//无任何需要自动缓存的方法
+			if(entityWithAnnotation == false && tmpMap.isEmpty()){
+				continue;
+			}
+			//selectAll
+			QueryMethodCache selectAllMethod = generateSelectAllMethod(mapperClass, ei.getEntityClass());
+			tmpMap.put(selectAllMethod.methodName, selectAllMethod);
+			//
+			if(entityWithAnnotation){
+				queryByPKMethod.expire = ei.getEntityClass().getAnnotation(Cache.class).expire();
+				selectAllMethod.expire = ei.getEntityClass().getAnnotation(Cache.class).expire();
+			}
+			
+			//缓存需要自动缓存的实体类名
+			cacheEntityClassNames.add(ei.getEntityClass().getSimpleName());
+			//主键查询方法
+			tmpMap.put(queryByPKMethod.methodName, queryByPKMethod);
+			logger.info("解析查询方法{}自动缓存配置 ok,keyPattern:[{}]",queryByPKMethod.methodName,queryByPKMethod.keyPattern);
+			
+			queryCacheMethods.put(mapperClass.getName(), tmpMap);
+			
+			//更新缓存方法
+			generateUpdateCacheMethod(mapperClass, ei.getEntityClass(), keyPatternForPK);
+		}
+		
+		//
+		registerClearExpiredGroupKeyTask();
+	}
+	
+	private void registerClearExpiredGroupKeyTask(){
+		clearExpiredGroupKeysTimer = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
+		clearExpiredGroupKeysTimer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+				for (String key : groupKeys) {
+					try {						
+						cacheProvider.clearExpiredGroupKeys(key);
+					} catch (Exception e) {
+						logger.warn("clearExpiredGroupKeys for {} error!!",key);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}, 5, 60, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 生成按主键查询缓存定义
+	 * @param mapperClass
+	 * @param entityClass
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private QueryMethodCache generateQueryByPKMethod(Class<?> mapperClass,Class<?> entityClass){
+		QueryMethodCache methodCache = null;
+		Field[] fields = entityClass.getDeclaredFields();
+		//主键key前缀
+		for (Field field : fields) {
+			if(field.isAnnotationPresent(Id.class)){
+				methodCache = new QueryMethodCache();
+				methodCache.isPk = true;
+				methodCache.uniqueResult = true;
+				methodCache.keyPattern = entityClass.getSimpleName() + ".id:%s";
+				methodCache.methodName = mapperClass.getName() + "." + methodDefine.selectName();
+				methodCache.cacheGroupKey = entityClass.getSimpleName() + GROUPKEY_SUFFIX;
+				//
+				groupKeys.add(methodCache.cacheGroupKey);
+			}
+		}
+		return methodCache;
+	}
+	
+	private QueryMethodCache generateSelectAllMethod(Class<?> mapperClass,Class<?> entityClass){
+		QueryMethodCache methodCache = new QueryMethodCache();
+		methodCache.cacheGroupKey = entityClass.getSimpleName() + GROUPKEY_SUFFIX;
+		methodCache.methodName = mapperClass.getName() + "." + methodDefine.selectAllName();
+		methodCache.keyPattern = entityClass.getSimpleName() + ".all";
+		methodCache.isPk = false;
+		methodCache.uniqueResult = false;
+		return methodCache;
+	}
+	
+	private void generateUpdateCacheMethod(Class<?> mapperClass,Class<?> entityClass,String keyPatternForPK){
+		String methodName = null;
+		//按主键插入
+		String[] insertNames = methodDefine.insertName().split(",");
+		for (String name : insertNames) {				
+			methodName = mapperClass.getName() + "." + name;
+			updateCacheMethods.put(methodName, new UpdateByPkMethodCache(entityClass,methodName, keyPatternForPK, SqlCommandType.INSERT));
+		}
+		
+		//按主键更新
+		String[] updateNames = methodDefine.updateName().split(",");
+		for (String name : updateNames) {				
+			methodName = mapperClass.getName() + "." + name;
+			updateCacheMethods.put(methodName, new UpdateByPkMethodCache(entityClass,methodName, keyPatternForPK, SqlCommandType.UPDATE));
+		}
+		
+		//按主键删除
+		methodName = mapperClass.getName() + "." + methodDefine.deleteName();
+		updateCacheMethods.put(methodName, new UpdateByPkMethodCache(entityClass,methodName, keyPatternForPK, SqlCommandType.DELETE));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 按查询方法生成缓存key前缀
+	 * @param entityClassName
+	 * @param method
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private QueryMethodCache generateQueryMethodCacheByMethod(Class<?> mapperClass,Class<?> entityClass,Method method){
+
+		QueryMethodCache methodCache = new QueryMethodCache();
+		String methodName = mapperClass.getName() + SPLIT_PONIT + method.getName();
+		methodCache.methodName = methodName;
+		methodCache.fieldNames = new String[method.getParameterTypes().length];
+		methodCache.cacheGroupKey = entityClass.getSimpleName() + GROUPKEY_SUFFIX;
+		
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(entityClass.getSimpleName());
+		
+		Annotation[][] annotations = method.getParameterAnnotations();
+		
+		if(annotations != null){
+			for (int i = 0; i < annotations.length; i++) {
+				Annotation[] aa = annotations[i];
+				if(aa.length > 0){
+					String fieldName = null;
+					inner:for (Annotation annotation : aa) {
+						if(annotation.toString().contains(Param.class.getName())){
+							fieldName = ((Param)annotation).value();
+							break inner;
+						}
+					}
+					if(fieldName == null)new RuntimeException(String.format("无cacheField 定义 at %s.%s", entityClass.getName(),fieldName,mapperClass.getName(),method.getName()));
+					if(!MybatisMapperParser.entityHasProperty(entityClass, fieldName)){
+						throw new RuntimeException(String.format("%s无%s属性 at %s.%s", entityClass.getName(),fieldName,mapperClass.getName(),method.getName()));
+					}
+					sb.append(SPLIT_PONIT).append(fieldName).append(REGEX_PLACEHOLDER);
+					methodCache.fieldNames[i] = fieldName;
+				}else{
+					throw new RuntimeException(String.format("接口%s.%s参数缺失Param标注", mapperClass.getName(),method.getName()));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		methodCache.keyPattern = sb.toString();
+		
+		return methodCache;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 查询缓存方法
+	 */
+	private class QueryMethodCache{
+		public String cacheGroupKey;//缓存组key
+		public String methodName;
+		public String keyPattern;
+		public long expire = CacheExpires.IN_1WEEK;//过期时间（秒）
+		public boolean isPk = false;//主键查询
+		public boolean uniqueResult = false;//查询结果是否唯一记录
+		public String[] fieldNames;//作为查询条件的字段名称
+		public QueryMethodCache() {}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 按主键更新（add,update,delete）的方法
+	 */
+	private class UpdateByPkMethodCache{
+		public String cacheGroupKey;//缓存组key
+		public String keyPattern;
+		public SqlCommandType sqlCommandType;
+		
+		public UpdateByPkMethodCache(Class<?> entityClass,String methodName, String keyPattern, SqlCommandType sqlCommandType) {
+			this.cacheGroupKey = entityClass.getSimpleName() + GROUPKEY_SUFFIX;
+			this.keyPattern = keyPattern;
+			this.sqlCommandType = sqlCommandType;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void addCurrentThreadCacheKey(String key){
+		List<String> keys =  TransactionWriteCacheKeys.get();
+		if(keys == null){
+			keys = new ArrayList<>();
+			 TransactionWriteCacheKeys.set(keys);
+		}
+		keys.add(key);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 回滚当前事务写入的缓存
+	 */
+	public static void rollbackCache(){
+		List<String> keys =  TransactionWriteCacheKeys.get();
+		if(keys == null)return;
+		for (String key : keys) {
+			cacheProvider.remove(key);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void destroy() throws Exception {
+		cacheProvider.close();
+		clearExpiredGroupKeysTimer.shutdown();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getQueryByPkMethodCache(this,mt.getId())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 150.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CacheHandler.onFinished(Invocation,Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jeesuite.mybatis.plugin.cache.CacheHandler.onFinished(org.apache.ibatis.plugin.Invocation,java.l.8ef37900ca05320ed2f5bcf83deaa7fc
+
+### File:
+jeesuite-mybatis/src/main/java/com/jeesuite/mybatis/plugin/cache/CacheHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+CacheHandler.java|onFinished|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0a706d303af4580128f798fbaa8c48fe
+
+### Hash:
+22102ad50250a28f23f29d0ddff63954
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5696/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5696/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e22da378e494d92a554fad94ad088809ee4aa856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5696/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** elasticsearch-analysis-mmseg
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.elasticsearch.index.analysis;
+
+import com.chenlb.mmseg4j.*;
+import com.chenlb.mmseg4j.analysis.MMSegTokenizer;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.Tokenizer;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.inject.Inject;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.inject.assistedinject.Assisted;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
+import org.elasticsearch.env.Environment;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.Index;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.settings.IndexSettings;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.Reader;
+
+/**
+ * Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
+ * User: Medcl'
+ * Date: 12-6-6
+ * Time: 下午3:59
+ */
+public class MMsegTokenizerFactory extends AbstractTokenizerFactory {
+
+    Dictionary dic;
+    private String seg_type;
+
+    @Inject
+    public MMsegTokenizerFactory(Index index, @IndexSettings Settings indexSettings,Environment env, @Assisted String name, @Assisted Settings settings) {
+        super(index, indexSettings, name, settings);
+        String path=new File(env.configFile(),"mmseg").getPath();
+        logger.info(path);
+        dic = Dictionary.getInstance(path);
+        seg_type = settings.get("seg_type", "max_word");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Tokenizer create(Reader reader) {
+        logger.info(seg_type);
+        Seg seg_method=null;
+        if(seg_type.equals("max_word")){
+            seg_method = new MaxWordSeg(dic);
+        }else if(seg_type.equals("complex")){
+            seg_method = new ComplexSeg(dic);
+        }else if(seg_type.equals("simple")){
+            seg_method =new SimpleSeg(dic);
+        }
+        logger.info(seg_method.toString());
+        return  new MMSegTokenizer(seg_method,reader);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `seg_method` last assigned on line 39 could be null and is dereferenced at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Tokenizer MMsegTokenizerFactory.create(Reader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.elasticsearch.index.analysis.MMsegTokenizerFactory.create(java.io.Reader):org.apache.lucene.anal.163d2bd68047b452b9a169b7f2c283c7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/analysis/MMsegTokenizerFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+MMsegTokenizerFactory.java|create|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ef2a50b5a8af3e8bf7c174caf1ebcdad
+
+### Hash:
+2aca17d37eb190db4a2d38a21f96bb7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5698/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5698/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..255f0370f10a404e8be468ca75f7f79105bbb00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5698/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** streamsupport
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ */
+package java8.util;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import java8.util.function.Consumer;
+
+/**
+ * A customized variant of Spliterators.IteratorSpliterator for
+ * LinkedBlockingDeques.
+ * Keep this class in sync with (very similar) LBQSpliterator.
+ * <p>
+ * The returned spliterator is <i>weakly consistent</i>.
+ * <p>
+ * The {@code Spliterator} reports {@link Spliterator#CONCURRENT},
+ * {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and {@link Spliterator#NONNULL}.
+ * <p>
+ * The {@code Spliterator} implements {@code trySplit} to permit limited
+ * parallelism.
+ * 
+ * @param <E>
+ *            the type of elements held in the LinkedBlockingDeque
+ */
+final class LBDSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {
+// CVS rev. 1.67
+    private static final int MAX_BATCH = 1 << 25; // max batch array size
+    private final LinkedBlockingDeque<E> queue;
+    private final ReentrantLock queueLock;
+    private Object current; // current node; null until initialized
+    private int batch; // batch size for splits
+    private boolean exhausted; // true when no more nodes
+    private long est; // size estimate
+
+    private LBDSpliterator(LinkedBlockingDeque<E> queue) {
+        this.queue = queue;
+        this.est = queue.size();
+        this.queueLock = getQueueLock(queue);
+    }
+
+    static <T> Spliterator<T> spliterator(LinkedBlockingDeque<T> queue) {
+        return new LBDSpliterator<T>(queue);
+    }
+
+    Object succ(Object p) {
+        return (p == (p = getNextNode(p))) ? getQueueFirst(queue) : p;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int characteristics() {
+        return (Spliterator.ORDERED |
+                Spliterator.NONNULL |
+                Spliterator.CONCURRENT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long estimateSize() {
+        return est;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
+        if (!exhausted) {
+            exhausted = true;
+            Object p = current;
+            current = null;
+            forEachFrom(action, p);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Comparator<? super E> getComparator() {
+        return Spliterators.getComparator(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getExactSizeIfKnown() {
+        return Spliterators.getExactSizeIfKnown(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasCharacteristics(int characteristics) {
+        return Spliterators.hasCharacteristics(this, characteristics);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
+        if (!exhausted) {
+            ReentrantLock lock = queueLock;
+            Object p = current;
+            E e = null;
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
+                if (p != null || (p = getQueueFirst(queue)) != null)
+                    do {
+                        e = getNodeItem(p);
+                        p = succ(p);
+                    } while (e == null && p != null);
+            } finally {
+                // checkInvariants();
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+            exhausted = ((current = p) == null);
+            if (e != null) {
+                action.accept(e);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Spliterator<E> trySplit() {
+        Object h;
+        LinkedBlockingDeque<E> q = queue;
+        int b = batch;
+        int n = (b <= 0) ? 1 : (b >= MAX_BATCH) ? MAX_BATCH : b + 1;
+        if (!exhausted &&
+            ((h = current) != null || (h = getQueueFirst(q)) != null)
+            && getNextNode(h) != null) {
+            Object[] a = new Object[n];
+            ReentrantLock lock = queueLock;
+            int i = 0;
+            Object p = current;
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
+                if (p != null || (p = getQueueFirst(q)) != null)
+                    for (; p != null && i < n; p = succ(p))
+                        if ((a[i] = getNodeItem(p)) != null)
+                            i++;
+            } finally {
+                // checkInvariants();
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+            if ((current = p) == null) {
+                est = 0L;
+                exhausted = true;
+            }
+            else if ((est -= i) < 0L)
+                est = 0L;
+            if (i > 0) {
+                batch = i;
+                return Spliterators.spliterator
+                    (a, 0, i, (Spliterator.ORDERED |
+                               Spliterator.NONNULL |
+                               Spliterator.CONCURRENT));
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs action on each element found during a traversal starting at p.
+     * If p is null, traversal starts at head.
+     */
+    void forEachFrom(Consumer<? super E> action, Object p) {
+        // Extract batches of elements while holding the lock; then
+        // run the action on the elements while not
+        ReentrantLock lock = queueLock;
+        final int batchSize = 32;       // max number of elements per batch
+        Object[] es = null;             // container for batch of elements
+        int n, len = 0;
+        do {
+            lock.lock();
+            try {
+                if (es == null) {
+                    if (p == null) p = getQueueFirst(queue);
+                    for (Object q = p; q != null; q = succ(q))
+                        if (getNodeItem(q) != null && ++len == batchSize)
+                            break;
+                    es = new Object[len];
+                }
+                for (n = 0; p != null && n < len; p = succ(p))
+                    if ((es[n] = getNodeItem(p)) != null)
+                        n++;
+            } finally {
+                // checkInvariants();
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) es[i];
+                action.accept(e);
+            }
+        } while (n > 0 && p != null);
+    }
+
+    private static ReentrantLock getQueueLock(LinkedBlockingDeque<?> queue) {
+        return (ReentrantLock) U.getObject(queue, LOCK_OFF);
+    }
+
+    private static Object getQueueFirst(LinkedBlockingDeque<?> queue) {
+        return U.getObject(queue, FIRST_OFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns node.next as an Object
+     */
+    private static Object getNextNode(Object node) {
+        return U.getObject(node, NODE_NEXT_OFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns node.item as a T
+     */
+    private static <T> T getNodeItem(Object node) {
+        return (T) U.getObject(node, NODE_ITEM_OFF);
+    }
+
+    // Unsafe mechanics
+    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U = UnsafeAccess.unsafe;
+    private static final long FIRST_OFF;
+    private static final long LOCK_OFF;
+    private static final long NODE_ITEM_OFF;
+    private static final long NODE_NEXT_OFF;
+    static {
+        try {
+            Class<?> nc = Class
+                    .forName("java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque$Node");
+            FIRST_OFF = U.objectFieldOffset(LinkedBlockingDeque.class
+                    .getDeclaredField("first"));
+            LOCK_OFF = U.objectFieldOffset(LinkedBlockingDeque.class
+                    .getDeclaredField("lock"));
+            NODE_ITEM_OFF = U.objectFieldOffset(nc
+                    .getDeclaredField("item"));
+            NODE_NEXT_OFF = U.objectFieldOffset(nc
+                    .getDeclaredField("next"));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new Error(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `java8.util.LBDSpliterator.tryAdvance` reads without synchronization from `this.java8.util.LBDSpliterator.current`. Potentially races with write in method `LBDSpliterator.trySplit()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean LBDSpliterator.tryAdvance(Consumer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+java8.util.LBDSpliterator.tryAdvance(java8.util.function.Consumer):boolean.f10f2ca18171a729894a9b4fd4135b9b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/java8/util/LBDSpliterator.java
+
+### Key:
+LBDSpliterator.java|tryAdvance|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+87420ed5dcda6288e5981a115ebba8d8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5801/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5801/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1de822281915d05b5fc5d23e52ce2f16a160251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5801/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sejda
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Created on 13/nov/2012
+ * Copyright 2011 by Andrea Vacondio (andrea.vacondio@gmail.com).
+ * 
+ * This file is part of the Sejda source code
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+ * License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.sejda.impl.sambox.util;
+
+import org.apache.fontbox.ttf.TrueTypeFont;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.sejda.fonts.UnicodeType0Font;
+import org.sejda.impl.sambox.component.DefaultPdfSourceOpener;
+import org.sejda.model.exception.TaskIOException;
+import org.sejda.model.input.PdfStreamSource;
+import org.sejda.model.pdf.StandardType1Font;
+import org.sejda.sambox.cos.COSName;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.PDResources;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.font.FontMappers;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.font.FontMapping;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.font.PDFont;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.font.PDType1Font;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.graphics.form.PDFormXObject;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.sejda.impl.sambox.util.FontUtils.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author Andrea Vacondio
+ */
+public class FontUtilsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetStandardType1Fontg() {
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.COURIER, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.CURIER));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.COURIER_BOLD, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.CURIER_BOLD));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.COURIER_BOLD_OBLIQUE, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.CURIER_BOLD_OBLIQUE));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.COURIER_OBLIQUE, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.CURIER_OBLIQUE));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.HELVETICA, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD_OBLIQUE,
+                getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD_OBLIQUE));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.TIMES_BOLD, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.TIMES_BOLD));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.TIMES_BOLD_ITALIC, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.TIMES_BOLD_ITALIC));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.TIMES_ITALIC, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.TIMES_ITALIC));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.TIMES_ROMAN, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.TIMES_ROMAN));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.SYMBOL, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.SYMBOL));
+        assertEquals(PDType1Font.ZAPF_DINGBATS, getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.ZAPFDINGBATS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCanDisplay() {
+        assertTrue(canDisplay("Chuck", getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA)));
+        assertFalse(canDisplay("कसौटी", getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA)));
+        assertFalse(canDisplay("Chuck", null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindFontFor() {
+        assertEquals("NotoSansThai", findFontFor(new PDDocument(), "ทดสอบ").getName());
+        assertEquals("NotoSans", findFontFor(new PDDocument(), "αυτό είναι ένα τεστ").getName());
+        assertNull(findFontFor(new PDDocument(), "വീട്"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFontOrFallbackPositive() {
+        PDType1Font expected = getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD_OBLIQUE);
+        assertEquals(expected, fontOrFallback("Chuck", expected, () -> getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.CURIER)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFontOrFallbackNegative() {
+        PDType1Font expected = getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.CURIER);
+        assertEquals(expected, fontOrFallback("कसौटी", getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD_OBLIQUE),
+                () -> expected));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFontOrFallbackNullSipplier() {
+        PDType1Font expected = getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.CURIER);
+        assertEquals(expected, fontOrFallback("कसौटी", expected, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaching() {
+        PDDocument doc = new PDDocument();
+        PDFont expected = FontUtils.findFontFor(doc, "ทดสอบ");
+
+        PDFont actual = findFontFor(doc, "ทด");
+        assertTrue("Font is cached, same instance is returned", expected == actual);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCanDisplayThai() {
+        PDFont noto = FontUtils.loadFont(new PDDocument(), UnicodeType0Font.NOTO_SANS_THAI_REGULAR);
+        assertThat(FontUtils.canDisplay("นี่คือการทดสอบ", noto), is(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canDisplayGeorgian() {
+        PDFont font = FontUtils.findFontFor(new PDDocument(), "ქართული ენა");
+        assertNotNull("No font available for Georgian", font);
+        assertThat(font.getName(), is("NotoSansGeorgian"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCanDisplayType0FontsThatDontThrow() throws TaskIOException, IOException {
+        PDDocument doc = getTestDoc("pdf/2-up-sample.pdf");
+
+        PDResources res = doc.getPage(0).getResources();
+        PDFormXObject form = (PDFormXObject) res.getXObject(COSName.getPDFName("Form2"));
+        PDResources formRes = form.getResources();
+        PDFont font = formRes.getFont(COSName.getPDFName("F0"));
+
+        assertThat(font.getName(), is("Arial-BoldMT"));
+        assertThat(FontUtils.canDisplay("Redacted out :)", font), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingFullFontFromSystemForSubsetFonts() throws TaskIOException, IOException {
+        boolean isVerdanaAvailable = isFontAvailableOnSystem("Verdana");
+        if(!isVerdanaAvailable) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        PDDocument doc = getTestDoc("pdf/subset-font.pdf");
+
+        PDResources res = doc.getPage(0).getResources();
+        PDFormXObject form = (PDFormXObject) res.getXObject(COSName.getPDFName("Xf1"));
+        PDResources formRes = form.getResources();
+        PDFont font = formRes.getFont(COSName.getPDFName("F1"));
+        assertThat(font.getName(), is("PXAAAA+Verdana"));
+
+        PDFont original = new FontUtils.FontSubsetting(font).loadOriginal(doc);
+        // relies on Verdana font being present on the system
+        assertThat(original.getName(), is("Verdana"));
+    }
+
+    private PDDocument getTestDoc(String name) throws TaskIOException {
+        PdfStreamSource source = PdfStreamSource.newInstanceNoPassword(getClass().getClassLoader()
+                .getResourceAsStream(name), randomAlphanumeric(16) + ".pdf");
+
+        return new DefaultPdfSourceOpener().open(source).getUnderlyingPDDocument();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isFontAvailableOnSystem(String name) {
+        FontMapping<TrueTypeFont> result =  FontMappers.instance().getTrueTypeFont(name, null);
+        return result != null && !result.isFallback();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `font` last assigned on line 120 could be null and is dereferenced at line 122.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FontUtilsTest.canDisplayGeorgian()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sejda.impl.sambox.util.FontUtilsTest.canDisplayGeorgian():void.8edc95356f0df076b361894b0073f5f7
+
+### File:
+sejda-sambox/src/test/java/org/sejda/impl/sambox/util/FontUtilsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+FontUtilsTest.java|canDisplayGeorgian|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+029769b47f6bc348a94d4e034c2162d6
+
+### Hash:
+92bbadce1db1f0a7542b4c7e20a402e7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5806/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5806/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b35fb031ffb365a61afb2a8e9475fe66e1ce130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5806/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sejda
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is part of the Sejda source code
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+ * License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.sejda.core.service;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.sejda.TestUtils;
+import org.sejda.core.context.DefaultSejdaContext;
+import org.sejda.core.context.SejdaContext;
+import org.sejda.core.support.io.IOUtils;
+import org.sejda.model.exception.TaskException;
+import org.sejda.model.input.PdfStreamSource;
+import org.sejda.model.output.DirectoryTaskOutput;
+import org.sejda.model.parameter.OptimizeParameters;
+import org.sejda.model.pdf.PdfVersion;
+import org.sejda.model.task.Task;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+public abstract class OptimizeTaskTest extends PdfOutEnabledTest implements TestableTask<OptimizeParameters> {
+    private DefaultTaskExecutionService victim = new DefaultTaskExecutionService();
+
+    private SejdaContext context = mock(DefaultSejdaContext.class);
+    private OptimizeParameters parameters;
+
+    private File outputFolder;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws TaskException {
+        setUpParameters();
+        TestUtils.setProperty(victim, "context", context);
+        when(context.getTask(parameters)).thenReturn((Task) getTask());
+        outputFolder = IOUtils.createTemporaryFolder();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws IOException {
+        //System.out.println(outputFolder);
+        FileUtils.deleteDirectory(outputFolder);
+    }
+
+    private void setUpParameters() {
+        parameters = new OptimizeParameters();
+        parameters.setCompressImages(true);
+        parameters.setImageQuality(0.8f);
+        parameters.setImageDpi(72);
+        parameters.setImageMaxWidthOrHeight(1280);
+        parameters.setVersion(PdfVersion.VERSION_1_6);
+
+        InputStream stream = getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("pdf/unoptimized.pdf");
+        PdfStreamSource source = PdfStreamSource.newInstanceNoPassword(stream, "test_unoptimized.pdf");
+        parameters.addSource(source);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasics() throws TaskException, IOException {
+        parameters.setOutput(new DirectoryTaskOutput(outputFolder));
+        victim.execute(parameters);
+        long sizeInKb = outputFolder.listFiles()[0].length() / 1000;
+        assertThat(sizeInKb, is(lessThan(104L)));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `OptimizeTaskTest.outputFolder.listFiles()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 82.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void OptimizeTaskTest.testBasics()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sejda.core.service.OptimizeTaskTest.testBasics():void.8b025440b5a58edf6b641dbf9b4aedb3
+
+### File:
+sejda-core/src/test/java/org/sejda/core/service/OptimizeTaskTest.java
+
+### Key:
+OptimizeTaskTest.java|testBasics|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d28d76f517d5b9262c0862df78593ce1
+
+### Hash:
+1f5923a4ed313633ae213c0292dfcbb9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5808/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5808/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0eaaed5f6a76980923b046254bbdf32dda8cd9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5808/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sejda
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Created on 03/lug/2010
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010 by Andrea Vacondio (andrea.vacondio@gmail.com).
+ * 
+ * This file is part of the Sejda source code
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+ * License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.sejda.core.support.prefix;
+
+import static java.util.Optional.ofNullable;
+import static org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils.getBaseName;
+import static org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils.getExtension;
+import static org.sejda.core.support.prefix.model.NameGenerationRequest.nameRequest;
+import static org.sejda.core.support.prefix.processor.PrefixUtils.toSafeFilename;
+
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.sejda.core.support.prefix.model.NameGenerationRequest;
+import org.sejda.core.support.prefix.processor.PrefixTypesChain;
+/**
+ * Component used to generate the output name for a manipulation given the input prefix (if any);
+ * 
+ * @author Andrea Vacondio
+ */
+public final class NameGenerator {
+
+    private String prefix;
+    private PrefixTypesChain prefixTypesChain;
+
+    private NameGenerator(String prefix) {
+        this.prefix = StringUtils.defaultString(prefix);
+        this.prefixTypesChain = new PrefixTypesChain(prefix);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param prefix
+     * @return a new instance of a NameGenerator
+     */
+    public static NameGenerator nameGenerator(String prefix) {
+        return new NameGenerator(prefix);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param request
+     *            parameters used to generate the name. It cannot be null.
+     * @return generates a new name from the given request
+     */
+    public String generate(NameGenerationRequest request) {
+        if (request == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to generate a name for a null request.");
+        }
+        String result = toSafeFilename(
+                prefixTypesChain.process(prefix, ofNullable(request).orElseGet(() -> nameRequest())));
+
+        String osName = System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase();
+        if (osName.contains("win") || osName.contains("mac")) {
+            // char based max length
+            result = shortenFilenameCharLength(result, 255);
+        } else {
+            // bytes based max length
+            result = shortenFilenameBytesLength(result, 254, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    static String shortenFilenameCharLength(String input, int maxCharLength) {
+        if (input.length() > maxCharLength) {
+            String baseName = getBaseName(input);
+            String ext = getExtension(input);
+
+            baseName = baseName.substring(0, maxCharLength - 1 - ext.length());
+            return String.format("%s.%s", baseName, ext);
+        }
+        return input;
+
+    }
+
+    static String shortenFilenameBytesLength(String input, int maxBytesLength, Charset charset) {
+        if (input.getBytes(charset).length > maxBytesLength) {
+            String baseName = getBaseName(input);
+            String ext = getExtension(input);
+
+            // drop last char from basename, try again
+            baseName = baseName.substring(0, baseName.length() - 1);
+            String shorterFilename = String.format("%s.%s", baseName, ext);
+
+            while (shorterFilename.getBytes(charset).length > maxBytesLength) {
+                baseName = baseName.substring(0, baseName.length() - 1);
+                shorterFilename = String.format("%s.%s", baseName, ext);
+            }
+
+            return shorterFilename;
+        }
+        return input;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 70.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String NameGenerator.generate(NameGenerationRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sejda.core.support.prefix.NameGenerator.generate(org.sejda.core.support.prefix.model.NameGenerat.d2b45c7292f844d9197538db773840ec
+
+### File:
+sejda-core/src/main/java/org/sejda/core/support/prefix/NameGenerator.java
+
+### Key:
+NameGenerator.java|generate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+aee70d63edf43064a6a042e8de40af68
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5830/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5830/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bf2ff3fe881eb9632d17858a698926443a69e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5830/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** weixin4j
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.factory;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Proxy;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.ConnectTimeoutException;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.URI;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.ByteArrayRequestEntity;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.DeleteMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.EntityEnclosingMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.GetMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.HeadMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.InputStreamRequestEntity;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.OptionsMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.PostMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.PutMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.RequestEntity;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.TraceMethod;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.params.HttpConnectionParams;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.protocol.ControllerThreadSocketFactory;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.protocol.Protocol;
+import org.apache.commons.httpclient.protocol.SecureProtocolSocketFactory;
+
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.AbstractHttpClient;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpClientException;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpHeaders;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpMethod;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpParams;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpRequest;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpResponse;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.apache.MultipartEntity;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.entity.HttpEntity;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.model.Consts;
+import com.foxinmy.weixin4j.util.StringUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Apache HttpComponent 3.x
+ * 
+ * @className HttpComponent3
+ * @author jy
+ * @date 2015年8月18日
+ * @since JDK 1.6
+ * @see
+ */
+public class HttpComponent3 extends AbstractHttpClient {
+
+	private final org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient httpClient;
+
+	public HttpComponent3(org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient httpClient) {
+		this.httpClient = httpClient;
+	}
+
+	private org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpMethod method2method(
+			HttpMethod method) {
+		if (method == HttpMethod.GET) {
+			return new GetMethod();
+		} else if (method == HttpMethod.HEAD) {
+			return new HeadMethod();
+		} else if (method == HttpMethod.POST) {
+			return new PostMethod();
+		} else if (method == HttpMethod.PUT) {
+			return new PutMethod();
+		} else if (method == HttpMethod.DELETE) {
+			return new DeleteMethod();
+		} else if (method == HttpMethod.OPTIONS) {
+			return new OptionsMethod();
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpResponse execute(HttpRequest request) throws HttpClientException {
+		HttpResponse response = null;
+		try {
+			URI uri = new URI(request.getURI().toString(), false,
+					Consts.UTF_8.name());
+			org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpMethod httpMethod = method2method(request
+					.getMethod());
+			if (request.getMethod() == HttpMethod.TRACE) {
+				httpMethod = new TraceMethod(uri.getEscapedURI());
+			} else {
+				httpMethod.setURI(uri);
+			}
+			boolean useSSL = "https".equals(uri.getScheme());
+			SSLContext sslContext = null;
+			HttpParams params = request.getParams();
+			if (params != null) {
+				Proxy proxy = params.getProxy();
+				if (proxy != null) {
+					InetSocketAddress socketAddress = (InetSocketAddress) proxy
+							.address();
+					httpClient.getHostConfiguration().setProxy(
+							socketAddress.getHostName(),
+							socketAddress.getPort());
+					useSSL = false;
+				}
+				sslContext = params.getSSLContext();
+				httpClient.getHttpConnectionManager().getParams()
+						.setConnectionTimeout(params.getConnectTimeout());
+				httpClient.getHttpConnectionManager().getParams()
+						.setSendBufferSize(params.getChunkSize());
+				httpMethod.getParams().setUriCharset(Consts.UTF_8.name());
+				httpMethod.getParams().setSoTimeout(params.getSocketTimeout());
+				httpMethod.getParams().setContentCharset(Consts.UTF_8.name());
+			}
+			if (useSSL) {
+				if (sslContext == null) {
+					sslContext = HttpClientFactory.allowSSLContext();
+				}
+				Protocol.registerProtocol("https", new Protocol("https",
+						new SSLProtocolSocketFactory(sslContext), 443));
+			}
+			com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpHeaders headers = request
+					.getHeaders();
+			if (headers == null) {
+				headers = new HttpHeaders();
+			}
+			if (!headers.containsKey(HttpHeaders.HOST)) {
+				headers.set(HttpHeaders.HOST, uri.getHost());
+			}
+			// Add default accept headers
+			if (!headers.containsKey(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT)) {
+				headers.set(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "*/*");
+			}
+			// Add default user agent
+			if (!headers.containsKey(HttpHeaders.USER_AGENT)) {
+				headers.set(HttpHeaders.USER_AGENT, "apache/httpclient3");
+			}
+			for (Iterator<Entry<String, List<String>>> headerIterator = headers
+					.entrySet().iterator(); headerIterator.hasNext();) {
+				Entry<String, List<String>> header = headerIterator.next();
+				if (HttpHeaders.COOKIE.equalsIgnoreCase(header.getKey())) {
+					httpMethod.setRequestHeader(header.getKey(),
+							StringUtil.join(header.getValue(), ';'));
+				} else {
+					for (String headerValue : header.getValue()) {
+						httpMethod.addRequestHeader(header.getKey(),
+								headerValue != null ? headerValue : "");
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			HttpEntity entity = request.getEntity();
+			if (entity != null) {
+				if (entity.getContentLength() > 0l) {
+					httpMethod.addRequestHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LENGTH,
+							Long.toString(entity.getContentLength()));
+				}
+				if (entity.getContentType() != null) {
+					httpMethod.addRequestHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE,
+							entity.getContentType().toString());
+				}
+				RequestEntity requestEntity = null;
+				if (entity instanceof MultipartEntity) {
+					ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+					entity.writeTo(os);
+					os.flush();
+					requestEntity = new ByteArrayRequestEntity(
+							os.toByteArray(), entity.getContentType()
+									.toString());
+					os.close();
+				} else {
+					requestEntity = new InputStreamRequestEntity(
+							entity.getContent(), entity.getContentType()
+									.toString());
+				}
+				((EntityEnclosingMethod) httpMethod)
+						.setRequestEntity(requestEntity);
+			}
+			httpClient.executeMethod(httpMethod);
+			response = new HttpComponent3Response(httpMethod);
+			handleResponse(response);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new HttpClientException("I/O error on "
+					+ request.getMethod().name() + " request for \""
+					+ request.getURI().toString() + "\":" + e.getMessage(), e);
+		} finally {
+			if (response != null) {
+				response.close();
+			}
+		}
+		return response;
+	}
+
+	private static class SSLProtocolSocketFactory implements
+			SecureProtocolSocketFactory {
+
+		private final SSLContext sslContext;
+
+		public SSLProtocolSocketFactory(SSLContext sslContext) {
+			this.sslContext = sslContext;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public Socket createSocket(String host, int port,
+				InetAddress localAddress, int localPort) throws IOException,
+				UnknownHostException {
+			return sslContext.getSocketFactory().createSocket(host, port,
+					localAddress, localPort);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public Socket createSocket(String host, int port,
+				InetAddress localAddress, int localPort,
+				HttpConnectionParams params) throws IOException,
+				UnknownHostException, ConnectTimeoutException {
+			if (params == null) {
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameters may not be null");
+			}
+			int timeout = params.getConnectionTimeout();
+			if (timeout == 0) {
+				return createSocket(host, port, localAddress, localPort);
+			} else {
+				return ControllerThreadSocketFactory.createSocket(this, host,
+						port, localAddress, localPort, timeout);
+			}
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public Socket createSocket(String host, int port) throws IOException,
+				UnknownHostException {
+			return sslContext.getSocketFactory().createSocket(host, port);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public Socket createSocket(Socket socket, String host, int port,
+				boolean autoClose) throws IOException, UnknownHostException {
+			return sslContext.getSocketFactory().createSocket(socket, host,
+					port, autoClose);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `httpMethod` last assigned on line 88 could be null and is dereferenced at line 93.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HttpResponse HttpComponent3.execute(HttpRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.factory.HttpComponent3.execute(com.foxinmy.weixin4j.http.HttpRequest):com..03c62d119f888b5d049d963bc5ff2cf2
+
+### File:
+weixin4j-base/src/main/java/com/foxinmy/weixin4j/http/factory/HttpComponent3.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpComponent3.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a68cda031126d0153ed9654bf225c87f
+
+### Hash:
+31e56202633423a0adae42166bf8b8f1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5837/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5837/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5ccd5897e6643de8a80fabde16fed6c585b1dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5837/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** macrobase
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package macrobase.analysis.pipeline;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
+import macrobase.MacroBase;
+import macrobase.analysis.classify.EWAppxPercentileOutlierClassifier;
+import macrobase.analysis.pipeline.operator.MBOperator;
+import macrobase.analysis.pipeline.stream.MBStream;
+import macrobase.analysis.result.AnalysisResult;
+import macrobase.analysis.result.OutlierClassificationResult;
+import macrobase.analysis.summary.EWStreamingSummarizer;
+import macrobase.analysis.summary.Summarizer;
+import macrobase.analysis.summary.Summary;
+import macrobase.conf.MacroBaseConf;
+import macrobase.conf.MacroBaseDefaults;
+import macrobase.datamodel.Datum;
+import macrobase.ingest.DataIngester;
+import macrobase.analysis.transform.EWFeatureTransform;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline extends BasePipeline {
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public Pipeline initialize(MacroBaseConf conf) throws Exception {
+        super.initialize(conf);
+        conf.sanityCheckBatch();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<AnalysisResult> run() throws Exception {
+        final int batchSize = conf.getInt(MacroBaseConf.TUPLE_BATCH_SIZE,
+                                          MacroBaseDefaults.TUPLE_BATCH_SIZE);
+
+        Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+        DataIngester ingester = conf.constructIngester();
+        List<Datum> data = ingester.getStream().drain();
+        System.gc();
+        final long loadMs = sw.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        MBStream<Datum> streamData = new MBStream<>(data);
+
+        MBOperator<Datum, OutlierClassificationResult> ocr =
+                new EWFeatureTransform(conf)
+                .then(new EWAppxPercentileOutlierClassifier(conf), batchSize);
+
+        while(streamData.remaining() > 0) {
+            ocr.consume(streamData.drain(batchSize));
+        }
+
+        MBStream<OutlierClassificationResult> ocrs = ocr.getStream();
+
+        Summarizer summarizer = new EWStreamingSummarizer(conf);
+        summarizer.consume(ocrs.drain());
+
+        Summary result = summarizer.getStream().drain().get(0);
+
+        final long totalMs = sw.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) - loadMs;
+        final long summarizeMs = result.getCreationTimeMs();
+        final long executeMs = totalMs - result.getCreationTimeMs();
+
+        log.info("took {}ms ({} tuples/sec)",
+                 totalMs,
+                 (result.getNumInliers()+result.getNumOutliers())/(double)totalMs*1000);
+
+        return Arrays.asList(new AnalysisResult(result.getNumOutliers(),
+                                  result.getNumInliers(),
+                                  loadMs,
+                                  executeMs,
+                                  summarizeMs,
+                                  result.getItemsets()));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `summarizer.getStream()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+macrobase.analysis.pipeline.BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.run():java.util.List.9e1e8e7b0d4ca84457885f14e47a305c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/macrobase/analysis/pipeline/BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.java
+
+### Key:
+BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+541de1c2ee43802bc70d6f2d3d1eacff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5839/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5839/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f3ab53ac7c86c4dea4ba02d14b42564ec18fd17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5839/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** macrobase
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package macrobase.analysis.pipeline;
+
+import macrobase.analysis.classify.EWAppxPercentileOutlierClassifier;
+import macrobase.analysis.classify.OutlierClassifier;
+import macrobase.analysis.result.AnalysisResult;
+import macrobase.analysis.summary.EWStreamingSummarizer;
+import macrobase.analysis.summary.Summarizer;
+import macrobase.analysis.summary.Summary;
+import macrobase.analysis.transform.FeatureTransform;
+import macrobase.conf.ConfigurationException;
+import macrobase.conf.MacroBaseConf;
+import macrobase.datamodel.Datum;
+import macrobase.ingest.DataIngester;
+import macrobase.analysis.transform.EWFeatureTransform;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline extends BasePipeline {
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public void initialize(MacroBaseConf conf) throws Exception {
+        super.initialize(conf);
+        conf.sanityCheckBatch();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public AnalysisResult run() throws Exception {
+        long startMs = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        DataIngester ingester = conf.constructIngester();
+        List<Datum> data = ingester.getStream().drain();
+        long loadEndMs = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        FeatureTransform featureTransform = new EWFeatureTransform(conf);
+        featureTransform.consume(ingester.getStream().drain());
+
+        OutlierClassifier outlierClassifier = new EWAppxPercentileOutlierClassifier(conf);
+        outlierClassifier.consume(featureTransform.getStream().drain());
+
+        Summarizer summarizer = new EWStreamingSummarizer(conf);
+        summarizer.consume(outlierClassifier.getStream().drain());
+
+        Summary result = summarizer.getStream().drain().get(0);
+
+        final long endMs = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        final long loadMs = loadEndMs - startMs;
+        final long totalMs = endMs - loadEndMs;
+        final long summarizeMs = result.getCreationTimeMs();
+        final long executeMs = totalMs - result.getCreationTimeMs();
+
+        log.info("took {}ms ({} tuples/sec)",
+                 totalMs,
+                 (result.getNumInliers()+result.getNumOutliers())/(double)totalMs*1000);
+
+        return new AnalysisResult(result.getNumOutliers(),
+                                  result.getNumInliers(),
+                                  loadMs,
+                                  executeMs,
+                                  summarizeMs,
+                                  result.getItemsets());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `featureTransform.getStream()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 42.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AnalysisResult BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+macrobase.analysis.pipeline.BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.run():macrobase.analysis.result.Analysis.595805533396be586dbb3b80e11c8c38
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/macrobase/analysis/pipeline/BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.java
+
+### Key:
+BasicOneShotEWStreamingPipeline.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2ad2c69f89cd458ad84f96f60007b771
+
+### Hash:
+129c7dd59af881f3e9e0bceb07fda324
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5841/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5841/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..101a06272ec4f94841a730947dd7770d63b38ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5841/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xdocreport
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Angelo Zerr <angelo.zerr@gmail.com> and Pascal Leclercq <pascal.leclercq@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free  of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a  copy  of this  software  and  associated  documentation files  (the
+ * "Software"), to  deal in  the Software without  restriction, including
+ * without limitation  the rights to  use, copy, modify,  merge, publish,
+ * distribute,  sublicense, and/or sell  copies of  the Software,  and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software  is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The  above  copyright  notice  and  this permission  notice  shall  be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE  SOFTWARE IS  PROVIDED  "AS  IS", WITHOUT  WARRANTY  OF ANY  KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED  TO THE  WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY,    FITNESS    FOR    A   PARTICULAR    PURPOSE    AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.AbstractStyleEngine;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.Style;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleBorder;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleColumnProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleColumnsProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleHeaderFooterProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleMargin;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StylePadding;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StylePageLayoutProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleParagraphProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleSectionProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleTableCellProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleTableProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleTableRowProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.styles.StyleTextProperties;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.utils.ODFUtils;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.itext.PDFViaITextOptions;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.doc.OdfDocument;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.attribute.fo.FoBreakAfterAttribute;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.attribute.fo.FoBreakBeforeAttribute;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.attribute.fo.FoFontStyleAttribute;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.attribute.fo.FoFontWeightAttribute;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.attribute.fo.FoKeepTogetherAttribute;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.attribute.style.StyleTextLineThroughStyleAttribute;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.attribute.style.StyleTextUnderlineStyleAttribute;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.OdfStyleBase;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.office.OfficeAutomaticStylesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.office.OfficeMasterStylesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.office.OfficeStylesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleColumnElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleColumnsElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleDefaultStyleElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleFooterStyleElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleHeaderFooterPropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StylePageLayoutElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StylePageLayoutPropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleParagraphPropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleSectionPropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleStyleElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleTableCellPropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleTablePropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleTableRowPropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.style.StyleTextPropertiesElement;
+import org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.element.text.TextListStyleElement;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+
+import com.lowagie.text.Element;
+
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.itext.extension.PageOrientation;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.utils.BorderType;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.utils.StringUtils;
+
+/**
+ * fixes for pdf conversion by Leszek Piotrowicz <leszekp@safe-mail.net>
+ */
+public class StyleEngineForIText
+    extends AbstractStyleEngine
+{
+
+    private static final String PORTRAIT = "portrait";
+
+    private static final String LANDSCAPE = "landscape";
+
+    private static final String BOTTOM = "bottom";
+
+    private static final String MIDDLE = "middle";
+
+    private static final String TOP = "top";
+
+    private static final String BASELINE = "baseline";
+
+    private Style currentStyle = null;
+
+    // private StyleForItext currentStyle;
+    private final PDFViaITextOptions options;
+
+    private final Map<String, Style> stylesMap = new HashMap<String, Style>();
+
+    public StyleEngineForIText( OdfDocument odfDocument, PDFViaITextOptions options )
+    {
+        super( odfDocument );
+        this.options = options != null ? options : PDFViaITextOptions.create();
+    }
+
+    public void visit( OfficeStylesElement ele )
+    {
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( OfficeAutomaticStylesElement ele )
+    {
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( OfficeMasterStylesElement ele )
+    {
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( StyleDefaultStyleElement ele )
+    {
+        computeStyle( ele, true );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( StyleStyleElement ele )
+    {
+        computeStyle( ele, false );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( StylePageLayoutElement ele )
+    {
+        computeStyle( ele, false );
+    }
+
+    private Style computeStyle( OdfStyleBase styleBase, boolean isDefaultStyle )
+    {
+        if ( styleBase == null )
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        // 1) Check if style is in the cache
+        String familyName = styleBase.getFamilyName();
+        String styleName = null;
+        String masterPageName = null;
+        if ( !isDefaultStyle )
+        {
+            if ( styleBase instanceof StyleStyleElement )
+            {
+                StyleStyleElement styleElement = (StyleStyleElement) styleBase;
+                styleName = styleElement.getStyleNameAttribute();
+                masterPageName = styleElement.getStyleMasterPageNameAttribute();
+            }
+            else if ( styleBase instanceof StylePageLayoutElement )
+            {
+                styleName = ( (StylePageLayoutElement) styleBase ).getStyleNameAttribute();
+            }
+        }
+
+        String styleId = getStyleId( familyName, styleName );
+        Style style = stylesMap.get( styleId );
+        if ( style != null )
+        {
+            // style already computed
+            return style;
+        }
+
+        // 3) Create style
+        style = new Style( styleName, familyName, masterPageName );
+
+        // 4) Apply default style if needed
+        // Style defaultStyle = null;
+        // if (!isDefaultStyle) {
+        // OdfDefaultStyle odfDefaultStyle = odfDocument.getDocumentStyles()
+        // .getDefaultStyle(styleBase.getFamily());
+        // if (odfDefaultStyle != null) {
+        // defaultStyle = computeStyle(odfDefaultStyle, true);
+        // }
+        // if (defaultStyle != null) {
+        // style.merge(defaultStyle);
+        // }
+        // }
+
+        // 5) Apply Parent style
+        List<Style> parentsStyles = null;
+        OdfStyleBase parentStyleBase = styleBase.getParentStyle();
+        while ( parentStyleBase != null )
+        {
+            Style parentStyle = computeStyle( parentStyleBase, isDefaultStyle );
+            if ( parentStyle != null )
+            {
+                if ( parentsStyles == null )
+                {
+                    parentsStyles = new ArrayList<Style>();
+                }
+                parentsStyles.add( 0, parentStyle );
+            }
+            parentStyleBase = parentStyleBase.getParentStyle();
+        }
+
+        if ( parentsStyles != null )
+        {
+            for ( Style parentsStyle : parentsStyles )
+            {
+                style.merge( parentsStyle );
+            }
+        }
+        // 6) Apply current style
+        currentStyle = style;
+        super.visit( styleBase );
+
+        // 7) register style in the cache
+        stylesMap.put( styleId, style );
+        return style;
+    }
+
+    // visit //style:paragraph-properties
+    @Override
+    public void visit( StyleParagraphPropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+
+        StyleParagraphProperties paragraphProperties = currentStyle.getParagraphProperties();
+        if ( paragraphProperties == null )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties = new StyleParagraphProperties();
+            currentStyle.setParagraphProperties( paragraphProperties );
+        }
+
+        // background-color
+        String backgroundColor = ele.getFoBackgroundColorAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( backgroundColor ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBackgroundColor( ColorRegistry.getInstance().getColor( backgroundColor ) );
+        }
+
+        // border
+        String border = ele.getFoBorderAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( border ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBorder( new StyleBorder( border, BorderType.ALL ) );
+        }
+        // border-bottom
+        String borderBottom = ele.getFoBorderBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderBottom ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBorderBottom( new StyleBorder( borderBottom, BorderType.BOTTOM ) );
+        }
+
+        // border-left
+        String borderLeft = ele.getFoBorderLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderLeft ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBorderLeft( new StyleBorder( borderLeft, BorderType.LEFT ) );
+        }
+
+        // border-bottom
+        String borderRight = ele.getFoBorderRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderRight ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBorderRight( new StyleBorder( borderRight, BorderType.RIGHT ) );
+        }
+
+        // border-top
+        String borderTop = ele.getFoBorderTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderTop ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBorderTop( new StyleBorder( borderTop, BorderType.TOP ) );
+        }
+
+        // line-height
+        String lineHeight = ele.getFoLineHeightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( lineHeight ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setLineHeight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( lineHeight ) );
+            paragraphProperties.setLineHeightProportional( ODFUtils.hasPercentUnit( lineHeight ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin
+        String margin = ele.getFoMarginAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( margin ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setMargin( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( margin ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-bottom
+        String marginBottom = ele.getFoMarginBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginBottom ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setMarginBottom( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginBottom ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-left
+        String marginLeft = ele.getFoMarginLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginLeft ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setMarginLeft( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginLeft ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-right
+        String marginRight = ele.getFoMarginRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginRight ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setMarginRight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginRight ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-top
+        String marginTop = ele.getFoMarginTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginTop ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setMarginTop( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginTop ) );
+        }
+
+        // padding
+        String padding = ele.getFoPaddingAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( padding ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding", padding);
+        }
+
+        // padding-bottom
+        String paddingBottom = ele.getFoPaddingBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingBottom ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-bottom", paddingBottom);
+        }
+
+        // padding-left
+        String paddingLeft = ele.getFoPaddingLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingLeft ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-left", paddingLeft);
+        }
+
+        // padding-bottom
+        String paddingRight = ele.getFoPaddingRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingRight ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-right", paddingRight);
+        }
+
+        // padding-top
+        String paddingTop = ele.getFoPaddingTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingTop ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-top", paddingTop);
+        }
+
+        // text-align
+        String textAlign = ele.getFoTextAlignAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( textAlign ) )
+        {
+            int alignment = Element.ALIGN_UNDEFINED;
+            if ( "start".equals( textAlign ) )
+            {
+                alignment = Element.ALIGN_LEFT;
+            }
+            else if ( "end".equals( textAlign ) )
+            {
+                alignment = Element.ALIGN_RIGHT;
+            }
+            else if ( "left".equals( textAlign ) )
+            {
+                alignment = Element.ALIGN_LEFT;
+            }
+            else if ( "right".equals( textAlign ) )
+            {
+                alignment = Element.ALIGN_RIGHT;
+            }
+            else if ( "center".equals( textAlign ) )
+            {
+                alignment = Element.ALIGN_CENTER;
+            }
+            else if ( "justify".equals( textAlign ) )
+            {
+                alignment = Element.ALIGN_JUSTIFIED;
+            }
+            paragraphProperties.setAlignment( alignment );
+        }
+
+        // auto-text-indent
+        Boolean autoTextIndent = ele.getStyleAutoTextIndentAttribute();
+        if ( autoTextIndent != null )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setAutoTextIndent( autoTextIndent );
+        }
+
+        // text-indent
+        String textIndent = ele.getFoTextIndentAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( textIndent ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setTextIndent( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( textIndent ) );
+        }
+
+        // keep-together
+        String keepTogether = ele.getFoKeepTogetherAttribute();
+        if ( FoKeepTogetherAttribute.Value.ALWAYS.toString().equals( keepTogether ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setKeepTogether( true );
+        }
+
+        // fo:break-before
+        String breakBefore = ele.getFoBreakBeforeAttribute();
+        if ( FoBreakBeforeAttribute.Value.PAGE.toString().equals( breakBefore ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBreakBeforePage( true );
+        }
+
+        String breakAfter = ele.getFoBreakAfterAttribute();
+        if ( FoBreakAfterAttribute.Value.PAGE.toString().equals( breakAfter ) )
+        {
+            paragraphProperties.setBreakAfterPage( true );
+        }
+
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( StyleTextPropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+        StyleTextProperties textProperties = currentStyle.getTextProperties();
+        if ( textProperties == null )
+        {
+            textProperties = new StyleTextProperties();
+            currentStyle.setTextProperties( textProperties );
+        }
+
+        // set font encoding from options
+        textProperties.setFontEncoding( options.getFontEncoding() );
+
+        // background-color
+        String backgroundColor = ele.getFoBackgroundColorAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( backgroundColor ) )
+        {
+            textProperties.setBackgroundColor( ColorRegistry.getInstance().getColor( backgroundColor ) );
+        }
+
+        // color
+        String color = ele.getFoColorAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( color ) )
+        {
+            textProperties.setFontColor( ColorRegistry.getInstance().getColor( color ) );
+        }
+
+        // font-family
+        String fontFamily = ele.getFoFontFamilyAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( fontFamily ) )
+        {
+            textProperties.setFontName( fontFamily );
+        }
+
+        // font-name
+        String fontName = ele.getStyleFontNameAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( fontName ) )
+        {
+            textProperties.setFontName( fontName );
+        }
+
+        // font-size
+        String fontSize = ele.getFoFontSizeAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( fontSize ) )
+        {
+            textProperties.setFontSize( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( fontSize ) );
+        }
+
+        // font-style
+        String fontStyle = ele.getFoFontStyleAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( fontStyle ) )
+        {
+            if ( FoFontStyleAttribute.Value.NORMAL.toString().equals( fontStyle ) )
+            {
+                textProperties.setFontItalic( Boolean.FALSE );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // interpret other values as italic
+                textProperties.setFontItalic( Boolean.TRUE );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // font-variant
+        String fontVariant = ele.getFoFontVariantAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( fontVariant ) )
+        {
+        }
+
+        // font-weight
+        String fontWeight = ele.getFoFontWeightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( fontWeight ) )
+        {
+            if ( FoFontWeightAttribute.Value.NORMAL.toString().equals( fontWeight ) )
+            {
+                textProperties.setFontBold( Boolean.FALSE );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // interpret other values as bold
+                textProperties.setFontBold( Boolean.TRUE );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // text-underline-style
+        String underlineStyle = ele.getStyleTextUnderlineStyleAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( underlineStyle ) )
+        {
+            if ( StyleTextUnderlineStyleAttribute.Value.NONE.toString().equals( underlineStyle ) )
+            {
+                textProperties.setFontUnderline( Boolean.FALSE );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // interpret other values as underline
+                textProperties.setFontUnderline( Boolean.TRUE );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // text-underline-type
+        String underlineType = ele.getStyleTextUnderlineTypeAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( underlineType ) )
+        {
+        }
+
+        // text-line-through-style
+        String lineThroughStyle = ele.getStyleTextLineThroughStyleAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( lineThroughStyle ) )
+        {
+            if ( StyleTextLineThroughStyleAttribute.Value.NONE.toString().equals( lineThroughStyle ) )
+            {
+                textProperties.setFontStrikeThru( Boolean.FALSE );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // interpret other values as strike thru
+                textProperties.setFontStrikeThru( Boolean.TRUE );
+            }
+        }
+
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( StyleTablePropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+
+        StyleTableProperties tableProperties = new StyleTableProperties();
+        currentStyle.setTableProperties( tableProperties );
+
+        // background-color
+        String backgroundColor = ele.getFoBackgroundColorAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( backgroundColor ) )
+        {
+            tableProperties.setBackgroundColor( ColorRegistry.getInstance().getColor( backgroundColor ) );
+
+        }
+
+        // // margin
+        // String margin = ele.getFoMarginAttribute();
+        // if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(margin)) {
+        // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("margin", margin);
+        // }
+        //
+        // // margin-bottom
+        // String marginBottom = ele.getFoMarginBottomAttribute();
+        // if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(marginBottom)) {
+        // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("margin-bottom", marginBottom);
+        // }
+        //
+        // // margin-left
+        // String marginLeft = ele.getFoMarginLeftAttribute();
+        // if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(marginLeft)) {
+        // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("margin-left", marginLeft);
+        // }
+        //
+        // // margin-bottom
+        // String marginRight = ele.getFoMarginRightAttribute();
+        // if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(marginRight)) {
+        // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("margin-right", marginRight);
+        // }
+        //
+        // // margin-top
+        // String marginTop = ele.getFoMarginTopAttribute();
+        // if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(marginTop)) {
+        // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("margin-top", marginTop);
+        // }
+
+        // width
+        String width = ele.getStyleWidthAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( width ) )
+        {
+            tableProperties.setWidth( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( width ) );
+        }
+
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    // visit <style:style style:name="Tableau1.1"
+    // style:family="table-row"><style:table-row-properties
+    // style:row-height="0.801cm" style:keep-together="true" ...
+    @Override
+    public void visit( StyleTableRowPropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+
+        StyleTableRowProperties tableRowProperties = currentStyle.getTableRowProperties();
+        if ( tableRowProperties == null )
+        {
+            tableRowProperties = new StyleTableRowProperties();
+            currentStyle.setTableRowProperties( tableRowProperties );
+        }
+
+        // height
+        String height = ele.getStyleRowHeightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( height ) )
+        {
+            tableRowProperties.setRowHeight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( height ) );
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // visit <style:style ...
+    // style:family="table-cell">/style:table-cell-properties
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit( StyleTableCellPropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+
+        StyleTableCellProperties tableCellProperties = currentStyle.getTableCellProperties();
+        if ( tableCellProperties == null )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties = new StyleTableCellProperties();
+            currentStyle.setTableCellProperties( tableCellProperties );
+        }
+
+        // background-color
+        String backgroundColor = ele.getFoBackgroundColorAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( backgroundColor ) )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties.setBackgroundColor( ColorRegistry.getInstance().getColor( backgroundColor ) );
+        }
+
+        // border
+        String border = ele.getFoBorderAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( border ) )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties.setBorder( new StyleBorder( border, BorderType.ALL ) );
+        }
+        // border-bottom
+        String borderBottom = ele.getFoBorderBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderBottom ) )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties.setBorderBottom( new StyleBorder( borderBottom, BorderType.BOTTOM ) );
+        }
+
+        // border-left
+        String borderLeft = ele.getFoBorderLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderLeft ) )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties.setBorderLeft( new StyleBorder( borderLeft, BorderType.LEFT ) );
+        }
+
+        // border-bottom
+        String borderRight = ele.getFoBorderRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderRight ) )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties.setBorderRight( new StyleBorder( borderRight, BorderType.RIGHT ) );
+        }
+
+        // border-top
+        String borderTop = ele.getFoBorderTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderTop ) )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties.setBorderTop( new StyleBorder( borderTop, BorderType.TOP ) );
+        }
+
+        StylePadding stylePadding = null;
+        // padding
+        String padding = ele.getFoPaddingAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( padding ) )
+        {
+            if ( stylePadding == null )
+            {
+                stylePadding = new StylePadding();
+            }
+            stylePadding.setPadding( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( padding ) );
+        }
+
+        // padding-bottom
+        String paddingBottom = ele.getFoPaddingBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingBottom ) )
+        {
+            if ( stylePadding == null )
+            {
+                stylePadding = new StylePadding();
+            }
+            stylePadding.setPaddingBottom( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( paddingBottom ) );
+        }
+
+        // padding-left
+        String paddingLeft = ele.getFoPaddingLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingLeft ) )
+        {
+            if ( stylePadding == null )
+            {
+                stylePadding = new StylePadding();
+            }
+            stylePadding.setPaddingLeft( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( paddingLeft ) );
+        }
+
+        // padding-bottom
+        String paddingRight = ele.getFoPaddingRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingRight ) )
+        {
+            if ( stylePadding == null )
+            {
+                stylePadding = new StylePadding();
+            }
+            stylePadding.setPaddingRight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( paddingRight ) );
+        }
+
+        // padding-top
+        String paddingTop = ele.getFoPaddingTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingTop ) )
+        {
+            if ( stylePadding == null )
+            {
+                stylePadding = new StylePadding();
+            }
+            stylePadding.setPaddingTop( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( paddingTop ) );
+        }
+
+        if ( stylePadding != null )
+        {
+            tableCellProperties.setPadding( stylePadding );
+        }
+
+        // vertical-align
+        String verticalAlign = ele.getStyleVerticalAlignAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( verticalAlign ) )
+        {
+            if ( BASELINE.equals( verticalAlign ) )
+            {
+                tableCellProperties.setVerticalAlignment( Element.ALIGN_BASELINE );
+            }
+            else if ( TOP.equals( verticalAlign ) )
+            {
+                tableCellProperties.setVerticalAlignment( Element.ALIGN_TOP );
+            }
+            else if ( MIDDLE.equals( verticalAlign ) )
+            {
+                tableCellProperties.setVerticalAlignment( Element.ALIGN_MIDDLE );
+            }
+            else if ( BOTTOM.equals( verticalAlign ) )
+            {
+                tableCellProperties.setVerticalAlignment( Element.ALIGN_BOTTOM );
+            }
+        }
+
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( StylePageLayoutPropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+        StylePageLayoutProperties pageLayoutProperties = currentStyle.getPageLayoutProperties();
+        if ( pageLayoutProperties == null )
+        {
+            pageLayoutProperties = new StylePageLayoutProperties();
+            currentStyle.setPageLayoutProperties( pageLayoutProperties );
+        }
+
+        // background-color
+        String backgroundColor = ele.getFoBackgroundColorAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( backgroundColor ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("background-color",
+            // backgroundColor);
+        }
+
+        // border
+        String border = ele.getFoBorderAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( border ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("border", border);
+        }
+
+        // border-bottom
+        String borderBottom = ele.getFoBorderBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderBottom ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("border-bottom", borderBottom);
+        }
+
+        // border-left
+        String borderLeft = ele.getFoBorderLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderLeft ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("border-left", borderLeft);
+        }
+
+        // border-bottom
+        String borderRight = ele.getFoBorderRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderRight ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("border-right", borderRight);
+        }
+
+        // border-top
+        String borderTop = ele.getFoBorderTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( borderTop ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("border-top", borderTop);
+        }
+
+        StyleMargin styleMargin = pageLayoutProperties.getMargin();
+        if ( styleMargin == null )
+        {
+            styleMargin = new StyleMargin();
+            pageLayoutProperties.setMargin( styleMargin );
+        }
+
+        // margin
+        String margin = ele.getFoMarginAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( margin ) )
+        {
+            styleMargin.setMargin( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( margin ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-bottom
+        String marginBottom = ele.getFoMarginBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginBottom ) )
+        {
+            styleMargin.setMarginBottom( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginBottom ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-left
+        String marginLeft = ele.getFoMarginLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginLeft ) )
+        {
+            styleMargin.setMarginLeft( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginLeft ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-bottom
+        String marginRight = ele.getFoMarginRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginRight ) )
+        {
+            styleMargin.setMarginRight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginRight ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-top
+        String marginTop = ele.getFoMarginTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginTop ) )
+        {
+            styleMargin.setMarginTop( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginTop ) );
+        }
+
+        // padding
+        String padding = ele.getFoPaddingAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( padding ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding", padding);
+        }
+
+        // padding-bottom
+        String paddingBottom = ele.getFoPaddingBottomAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingBottom ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-bottom", paddingBottom);
+        }
+
+        // padding-left
+        String paddingLeft = ele.getFoPaddingLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingLeft ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-left", paddingLeft);
+        }
+
+        // padding-bottom
+        String paddingRight = ele.getFoPaddingRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingRight ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-right", paddingRight);
+        }
+
+        // padding-top
+        String paddingTop = ele.getFoPaddingTopAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( paddingTop ) )
+        {
+            // cssStyleSheet.setCSSProperty("padding-top", paddingTop);
+        }
+
+        // height
+        String height = ele.getFoPageHeightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( height ) )
+        {
+            pageLayoutProperties.setHeight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( height ) );
+        }
+
+        // width
+        String width = ele.getFoPageWidthAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( width ) )
+        {
+            pageLayoutProperties.setWidth( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( width ) );
+        }
+
+        // orientation
+        String orientation = ele.getStylePrintOrientationAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( orientation ) )
+        {
+            if ( LANDSCAPE.equals( orientation ) )
+            {
+                pageLayoutProperties.setOrientation( PageOrientation.Landscape );
+            }
+            else if ( PORTRAIT.equals( orientation ) )
+            {
+                pageLayoutProperties.setOrientation( PageOrientation.Portrait );
+            }
+
+        }
+        super.visit( ele );
+
+    }
+
+    public void visit( StyleHeaderFooterPropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+        Node parentNode = ele.getParentNode();
+        boolean footer = StyleFooterStyleElement.ELEMENT_NAME.getLocalName().equals( parentNode.getLocalName() );
+
+        StyleHeaderFooterProperties headerFooterProperties = null;
+        if ( !footer )
+        {
+            headerFooterProperties = currentStyle.getHeaderProperties();
+            if ( headerFooterProperties == null )
+            {
+                headerFooterProperties = new StyleHeaderFooterProperties();
+                currentStyle.setHeaderProperties( headerFooterProperties );
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            headerFooterProperties = currentStyle.getFooterProperties();
+            if ( headerFooterProperties == null )
+            {
+                headerFooterProperties = new StyleHeaderFooterProperties();
+                currentStyle.setFooterProperties( headerFooterProperties );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // min-height
+        String minHeight = ele.getFoMinHeightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( minHeight ) )
+        {
+            headerFooterProperties.setMinHeight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( minHeight ) );
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // visit //style:section-properties
+    @Override
+    public void visit( StyleSectionPropertiesElement ele )
+    {
+        StyleSectionProperties sectionProperties = currentStyle.getSectionProperties();
+        if ( sectionProperties == null )
+        {
+            sectionProperties = new StyleSectionProperties();
+            currentStyle.setSectionProperties( sectionProperties );
+        }
+
+        // background-color
+        String backgroundColor = ele.getFoBackgroundColorAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( backgroundColor ) )
+        {
+            sectionProperties.setBackgroundColor( ColorRegistry.getInstance().getColor( backgroundColor ) );
+        }
+
+        // dont-balance-text-columns
+        Boolean dontBalanceTextColumns = ele.getTextDontBalanceTextColumnsAttribute();
+        if ( dontBalanceTextColumns != null )
+        {
+            sectionProperties.setDontBalanceTextColumns( dontBalanceTextColumns );
+        }
+
+        // margin-left
+        String marginLeft = ele.getFoMarginLeftAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginLeft ) )
+        {
+            sectionProperties.setMarginLeft( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginLeft ) );
+        }
+
+        // margin-right
+        String marginRight = ele.getFoMarginRightAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( marginRight ) )
+        {
+            sectionProperties.setMarginRight( ODFUtils.getDimensionAsPoint( marginRight ) );
+        }
+
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    // visit //style:columns
+    @Override
+    public void visit( StyleColumnsElement ele )
+    {
+        StyleSectionProperties sectionProperties = currentStyle.getSectionProperties();
+        if ( sectionProperties == null )
+        {
+            // style:columns outside style:section-properties, ignore it
+            return;
+        }
+
+        StyleColumnsProperties columnsProperties = sectionProperties.getColumnsProperties();
+        if ( columnsProperties == null )
+        {
+            columnsProperties = new StyleColumnsProperties();
+            sectionProperties.setColumnsProperties( columnsProperties );
+        }
+
+        // column-count
+        Integer columnCount = ele.getFoColumnCountAttribute();
+        if ( columnCount != null )
+        {
+            columnsProperties.setColumnCount( columnCount );
+        }
+
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    // visit //style:column
+    @Override
+    public void visit( StyleColumnElement ele )
+    {
+        StyleSectionProperties sectionProperties = currentStyle.getSectionProperties();
+        if ( sectionProperties == null )
+        {
+            // style:column outside style:section-properties, ignore it
+            return;
+        }
+
+        StyleColumnsProperties columnsProperties = sectionProperties.getColumnsProperties();
+        if ( columnsProperties == null )
+        {
+            // style:column outside style:columns, ignore it
+        }
+
+        StyleColumnProperties columnProperties = new StyleColumnProperties();
+
+        // rel-width
+        String relWidth = ele.getStyleRelWidthAttribute();
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( relWidth ) )
+        {
+            columnProperties.setRelWidth( ODFUtils.getRelativeSize( relWidth ) );
+        }
+
+        columnsProperties.getColumnProperties().add( columnProperties );
+
+        super.visit( ele );
+    }
+
+    public void visit( TextListStyleElement ele )
+    {
+        // visit((OdfElement) ele);
+    }
+
+    private String getStyleId( String familyName, String styleName )
+    {
+        StringBuilder className = new StringBuilder();
+        // style:family
+        className.append( familyName );
+        // style:name
+        if ( styleName != null )
+        {
+            className.append( '_' );
+            className.append( StringUtils.replaceAll( styleName, ".", "_" ) );
+        }
+        return className.toString();
+    }
+
+    public Style getStyle( String familyName, String styleName )
+    {
+        return stylesMap.get( getStyleId( familyName, styleName ) );
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `columnsProperties` last assigned on line 1043 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1058.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StyleEngineForIText.visit(StyleColumnElement)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter.internal.itext.StyleEngineForIText.visit(org.odftoolkit.odfdom.dom.e.b4965d7998e011a60353ea4943573255
+
+### File:
+thirdparties-extension/org.odftoolkit.odfdom.converter/src/main/java/org/odftoolkit/odfdom/converter/internal/itext/StyleEngineForIText.java
+
+### Key:
+StyleEngineForIText.java|visit|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+95f7a41293a9a9933f0f7e09b6280855
+
+### Hash:
+be354ae484467058787cb8f66f500c81
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5846/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5846/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..285c3868cf042bf8932aa4ef6b28870aeb123168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5846/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xdocreport
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2015 The XDocReport Team <xdocreport@googlegroups.com>
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free  of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a  copy  of this  software  and  associated  documentation files  (the
+ * "Software"), to  deal in  the Software without  restriction, including
+ * without limitation  the rights to  use, copy, modify,  merge, publish,
+ * distribute,  sublicense, and/or sell  copies of  the Software,  and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software  is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The  above  copyright  notice  and  this permission  notice  shall  be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE  SOFTWARE IS  PROVIDED  "AS  IS", WITHOUT  WARRANTY  OF ANY  KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED  TO THE  WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY,    FITNESS    FOR    A   PARTICULAR    PURPOSE    AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package fr.opensagres.poi.xwpf.converter.core;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlCursor;
+import org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlObject;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTDocument1;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTHdrFtrRef;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTP;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTPPr;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTSectPr;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.CTSettings;
+import org.openxmlformats.schemas.wordprocessingml.x2006.main.STHdrFtr;
+
+import fr.opensagres.poi.xwpf.converter.core.styles.XWPFStylesDocument;
+import fr.opensagres.poi.xwpf.converter.core.utils.XWPFUtils;
+
+/**
+ * See http://officeopenxml.com/WPsection.php
+ */
+public class MasterPageManager
+    extends LinkedList<CTSectPr>
+{
+
+    private final CTDocument1 document;
+
+    private final IMasterPageHandler documentHandler;
+
+    private final CTSectPr bodySectPr;
+
+    private CTSectPr currentSectPr;
+
+    private final Map<CTSectPr, IXWPFMasterPage> masterPages;
+
+    private boolean initialized;
+
+    private boolean changeSection;
+
+    private int nbPages;
+
+    private IXWPFMasterPage currentMasterPage;
+
+    private final boolean evenAndOddHeaders;
+
+    public MasterPageManager( CTDocument1 document, IMasterPageHandler visitor )
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        this.document = document;
+        this.documentHandler = visitor;
+        this.bodySectPr = document.getBody().getSectPr();
+        this.masterPages = new HashMap<CTSectPr, IXWPFMasterPage>();
+        this.initialized = false;
+        this.changeSection = false;
+        this.nbPages = 0;
+
+        // get event
+        this.evenAndOddHeaders = isEventAndOddHeaders( visitor.getStylesDocument() );
+    }
+
+    public void initialize()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        this.initialized = true;
+        compute( document );
+        if ( isEmpty() )
+        {
+            currentSectPr = bodySectPr;
+            addSection( currentSectPr, false );
+            fireSectionChanged( currentSectPr );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            currentSectPr = super.poll();
+            fireSectionChanged( currentSectPr );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void compute( CTDocument1 document )
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        XmlCursor cursor = document.getBody().newCursor();
+        cursor.selectPath( "./*" );
+        while ( cursor.toNextSelection() )
+        {
+            XmlObject o = cursor.getObject();
+            if ( o instanceof CTP )
+            {
+                CTP paragraph = (CTP) o;
+                CTSectPr sectPr = getSectPr( paragraph );
+                if ( sectPr != null )
+                {
+                    addSection( sectPr, true );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        /*
+         * for ( IBodyElement bodyElement : document.getBodyElements() ) { if ( bodyElement.getElementType() ==
+         * BodyElementType.PARAGRAPH ) { XWPFParagraph paragraph = (XWPFParagraph) bodyElement; CTSectPr sectPr =
+         * getSectPr( paragraph ); if ( sectPr != null ) { addSection( sectPr, true ); } } }
+         */
+        addSection( bodySectPr, false );
+    }
+
+    public CTSectPr getBodySectPr()
+    {
+        return bodySectPr;
+    }
+
+    public void update( CTP paragraph )
+    {
+        if ( changeSection )
+        {
+            changeSection = false;
+            if ( !isEmpty() )
+            {
+                currentSectPr = super.poll();
+                fireSectionChanged( currentSectPr );
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                currentSectPr = bodySectPr;
+                fireSectionChanged( currentSectPr );
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            CTSectPr sectPr = getSectPr( paragraph );
+            if ( sectPr != null )
+            {
+                currentSectPr = sectPr;
+                changeSection = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void fireSectionChanged( CTSectPr sectPr )
+    {
+        currentMasterPage = getMasterPage( sectPr );
+        documentHandler.setActiveMasterPage( currentMasterPage );
+    }
+
+    private void addSection( CTSectPr sectPr, boolean pushIt )
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if ( pushIt )
+        {
+            super.add( sectPr );
+        }
+
+        // For each <w:sectPr of the word/document.xml, create a master page.
+
+        IXWPFMasterPage masterPage = documentHandler.createMasterPage( sectPr );
+        visitHeadersFooters( masterPage, sectPr );
+        masterPages.put( sectPr, masterPage );
+
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------ Header/Footer visitor -----------
+
+    private void visitHeadersFooters( IXWPFMasterPage masterPage, CTSectPr sectPr )
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        // see titlePg at http://officeopenxml.com/WPsection.php i
+        // Specifies whether the section should have a different header and
+        // footer
+        // for its first page.
+        // If the element is set to true (e.g., <w:titlePg/>),
+        // then the section will use a first page header;
+        // if it is false (e.g., <w:titlePg w:val="false"/>)
+        // (the default value), then the first page uses the odd page header. If
+        // the element is set to true but the
+        // first page header type is omitted, then a blank header is created.
+        boolean ignoreFirstHeaderFooter = !XWPFUtils.isCTOnOff( sectPr.getTitlePg() );
+
+        Collection<CTHdrFtrRef> headersRef = sectPr.getHeaderReferenceList();
+        Collection<CTHdrFtrRef> footersRef = sectPr.getFooterReferenceList();
+
+        boolean firstHeaderFooter = false;
+        for ( CTHdrFtrRef headerRef : headersRef )
+        {
+            STHdrFtr type = headerRef.xgetType();
+            firstHeaderFooter = ( type != null && type.enumValue() == STHdrFtr.FIRST );
+            if ( !firstHeaderFooter || ( firstHeaderFooter && !ignoreFirstHeaderFooter ) )
+            {
+                masterPage.setType( type.enumValue().intValue() );
+                documentHandler.visitHeaderRef( headerRef, sectPr, masterPage );
+            }
+        }
+
+        for ( CTHdrFtrRef footerRef : footersRef )
+        {
+            STHdrFtr type = footerRef.xgetType();
+            firstHeaderFooter = ( type != null && type.enumValue() == STHdrFtr.FIRST );
+            if ( !firstHeaderFooter || ( firstHeaderFooter && !ignoreFirstHeaderFooter ) )
+            {
+                masterPage.setType( type.enumValue().intValue() );
+                documentHandler.visitFooterRef( footerRef, sectPr, masterPage );
+            }
+        }
+        masterPage.setType( STHdrFtr.INT_FIRST );
+
+    }
+
+    private CTSectPr getSectPr( CTP paragraph )
+    {
+        CTPPr ppr = paragraph.getPPr();
+        if ( ppr != null )
+        {
+            return ppr.getSectPr();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public IXWPFMasterPage getMasterPage( CTSectPr sectPr )
+    {
+        return masterPages.get( sectPr );
+    }
+
+    public boolean isInitialized()
+    {
+        return initialized;
+    }
+
+    // edited
+    public void onNewPage()
+    {
+        if ( currentMasterPage != null )
+        {
+            int oldType = currentMasterPage.getType();
+            int newType = STHdrFtr.INT_DEFAULT;
+            if ( evenAndOddHeaders )
+            {
+                if ( nbPages % 2 == 0 )
+                {
+                    newType = STHdrFtr.INT_EVEN;
+                }
+                nbPages++;
+            }
+            if ( oldType != newType )
+            {
+                currentMasterPage.setType( newType );
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if <w:evenAndOddHeaders /> is defined in the word/settings.xml entry and false otherwise.
+     * 
+     * @param stylesDocument
+     * @return
+     */
+    private boolean isEventAndOddHeaders( XWPFStylesDocument stylesDocument )
+    {
+        if ( stylesDocument == null )
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        CTSettings settings = stylesDocument.getCTSettings();
+        if ( settings == null )
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return XWPFUtils.isCTOnOff( settings.getEvenAndOddHeaders() );
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `type` last assigned on line 209 could be null and is dereferenced at line 213.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MasterPageManager.visitHeadersFooters(IXWPFMasterPage,CTSectPr)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fr.opensagres.poi.xwpf.converter.core.MasterPageManager.visitHeadersFooters(fr.opensagres.poi.xwpf.c.7fec946da061ea14923ecc88849e393c
+
+### File:
+thirdparties-extension/fr.opensagres.poi.xwpf.converter.core/src/main/java/fr/opensagres/poi/xwpf/converter/core/MasterPageManager.java
+
+### Key:
+MasterPageManager.java|visitHeadersFooters|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e4d4c6bfb30ba15e4b58670421936ee2
+
+### Hash:
+dada69f290dfc763354fd4cee5f41ffc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5848/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5848/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcbbebc03b57bb5ead3e7f95f3fddc3e3f366637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5848/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xdocreport
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Angelo Zerr <angelo.zerr@gmail.com> and Pascal Leclercq <pascal.leclercq@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free  of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a  copy  of this  software  and  associated  documentation files  (the
+ * "Software"), to  deal in  the Software without  restriction, including
+ * without limitation  the rights to  use, copy, modify,  merge, publish,
+ * distribute,  sublicense, and/or sell  copies of  the Software,  and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software  is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The  above  copyright  notice  and  this permission  notice  shall  be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE  SOFTWARE IS  PROVIDED  "AS  IS", WITHOUT  WARRANTY  OF ANY  KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED  TO THE  WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY,    FITNESS    FOR    A   PARTICULAR    PURPOSE    AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.remoting.resources;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.core.io.IOUtils;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.core.utils.StringUtils;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.internal.ArgContext;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.domain.BinaryData;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.domain.Resource;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ResourcesException;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ResourcesService;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ResourcesServiceClientFactory;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ResourcesServiceName;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ServiceType;
+
+public class Main
+{
+
+    public static final String BASE_ADDRESS_ARG = "-baseAddress";
+
+    // -baseAddress %BASE_ADDRESS% -user %USER% -password %PASSWORD% -serviceType %SERVICE_TYPE% -serviceName
+    // %SERVICE_NAME% -out %OUT% -err %ERR%
+    public static void main( String[] args )
+        throws Exception
+    {
+
+        ArgContext context = new ArgContext( args );
+        String baseAddress = context.get( BASE_ADDRESS_ARG );
+        String user = context.get( "-password" );
+        String password = context.get( "-password" );
+
+        ServiceType serviceType = getServiceType( context.get( "-serviceType" ) );
+        ResourcesServiceName serviceName = getServiceName( context.get( "-serviceName" ) );
+
+        String out = context.get( "-out" );
+        String err = context.get( "-err" );
+
+        // Err
+        File fileErr = null;
+        if ( err != null )
+        {
+            fileErr = new File( err );
+            if ( fileErr.exists() )
+            {
+                fileErr.delete();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                fileErr.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( fileErr == null )
+        {
+            process( baseAddress, user, password, serviceType, serviceName, out, context );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                process( baseAddress, user, password, serviceType, serviceName, out, context );
+            }
+            catch ( Throwable e )
+            {
+                e.printStackTrace( new PrintStream( fileErr ) );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ServiceType getServiceType( String serviceType )
+    {
+        if ( ServiceType.SOAP.name().equalsIgnoreCase( serviceType ) )
+        {
+            return ServiceType.SOAP;
+        }
+        return ServiceType.REST;
+    }
+
+    private static ResourcesServiceName getServiceName( String value )
+    {
+        return ResourcesServiceName.getServiceName( value );
+    }
+
+    private static void process( String baseAddress, String user, String password, ServiceType serviceType,
+                                 ResourcesServiceName serviceName, String out, ArgContext context )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        String resources = null;
+        ResourcesService client = ResourcesServiceClientFactory.create( baseAddress, serviceType, user, password );
+        switch ( serviceName )
+        {
+            case name:
+                processName( client.getName(), new File( out ) );
+                break;
+            case root:
+                processRoot( client.getRoot(), new File( out ) );
+                break;
+            case download:
+                resources = context.get( "-resources" );
+                processDownload( client, resources, out );
+                break;
+            case upload:
+                resources = context.get( "-resources" );
+                processUpload( client, resources, out );
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void processDownload( ResourcesService client, String resources, String out )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        if ( StringUtils.isEmpty( resources ) )
+        {
+            throw new IOException( "resources must be not empty" );
+        }
+        if ( resources.indexOf( ";" ) == -1 )
+        {
+            processDownload( client, resources, new File( out ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // TODO : manage list of download
+        }
+
+        // String[] resources= s.split( ";" );
+        // String[] outs= out.split( ";" );
+
+    }
+
+    private static void processDownload( ResourcesService client, String resourcePath, File outFile )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        BinaryData data = client.download( resourcePath );
+        if ( data.getStream() != null )
+        {
+            createFile( data.getStream(), outFile );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            createFile( data.getContent(), outFile );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void createFile( byte[] flux, File outFile )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        if ( outFile.getParentFile() != null )
+        {
+            outFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        }
+        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream( outFile );
+        fos.write( flux );
+        fos.close();
+    }
+
+    private static void createFile( InputStream input, File outFile )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        if ( outFile.getParentFile() != null )
+        {
+            outFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        }
+        FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream( outFile );
+        IOUtils.copy( input, out );
+    }
+
+    private static void processUpload( ResourcesService client, String resources, String out )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        if ( StringUtils.isEmpty( resources ) )
+        {
+            throw new IOException( "resources must be not empty" );
+        }
+        if ( resources.indexOf( ";" ) == -1 )
+        {
+            processUpload( client, resources, IOUtils.toByteArray( new FileInputStream( new File( out ) ) ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // TODO : manage list of uppload
+        }
+
+        // String[] resources= s.split( ";" );
+        // String[] outs= out.split( ";" );
+
+    }
+
+    private static void processUpload( ResourcesService client, String resourceId, byte[] content )
+        throws ResourcesException
+    {
+        BinaryData data = new BinaryData();
+        data.setResourceId( resourceId );
+        data.setContent( content );
+        client.upload( data );
+
+    }
+
+    private static void processRoot( Resource root, File file )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        Writer writer = new FileWriter( file );
+        try
+        {
+            toXML( root, writer );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly( writer );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void toXML( Resource root, Writer writer )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        writer.write( "<resource" );
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( root.getId() ) )
+        {
+            writer.write( " id=\"" );
+            writer.write( root.getId() );
+            writer.write( "\"" );
+        }
+        writer.write( " name=\"" );
+        writer.write( root.getName() );
+        writer.write( "\"" );
+        writer.write( " type=\"" );
+        writer.write( String.valueOf( root.getType() ) );
+        writer.write( "\"" );
+        boolean hasChildren = root.getChildren() != null && root.getChildren().size() > 0;
+        if ( hasChildren )
+        {
+            writer.write( ">" );
+            for ( Resource child : root.getChildren() )
+            {
+                toXML( child, writer );
+            }
+            writer.write( "</resource>" );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            writer.write( "/>" );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void processName( String repositoryName, File file )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        Writer writer = new FileWriter( file );
+        try
+        {
+            writer.write( repositoryName );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly( writer );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void printUsage()
+    {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 207 is not released after line 207.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 207
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Main.processUpload(ResourcesService,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.remoting.resources.Main.processUpload(fr.opensagres.xdocrepo.f861db17c6522d64df23393b866f611d
+
+### File:
+document/fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools/src/main/java/fr/opensagres/xdocreport/document/tools/remoting/resources/Main.java
+
+### Key:
+Main.java|processUpload|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7aa1295c5e0a3196acb8a8df1b9b1ccb
+
+### Hash:
+15aae9c3a0249afc742f56ba20f8767a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5852/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5852/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..776f50b78a09d1fa1210713b9fa298dd0e1789fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5852/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xdocreport
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.core.io.IOUtils;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.json.JSONPoupluateContextAware;
+
+public class Main {
+
+	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+
+		String fileIn = null;
+		String fileOut = null;
+		String templateEngineKind = null;
+		String jsonData = null;
+		String jsonFile = null;
+
+		IPopulateContextAware contextAware = null;
+		String arg = null;
+		for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+			arg = args[i];
+			if ("-in".equals(arg)) {
+				fileIn = getValue(args, i);
+			} else if ("-out".equals(arg)) {
+				fileOut = getValue(args, i);
+			} else if ("-engine".equals(arg)) {
+				templateEngineKind = getValue(args, i);
+			} else if ("-jsonData".equals(arg)) {
+				jsonData = getValue(args, i);
+				contextAware = new JSONPoupluateContextAware(jsonData);
+			} else if ("-jsonFile".equals(arg)) {
+				jsonFile = getValue(args, i);
+				StringWriter jsonDataWriter = new StringWriter();
+				IOUtils.copy(new FileReader(new File(jsonFile)), jsonDataWriter);
+				contextAware = new JSONPoupluateContextAware(
+						jsonDataWriter.toString());
+			}
+		}
+
+		Tools tools = new Tools();
+		tools.process(new File(fileIn), new File(fileOut), templateEngineKind,
+				contextAware);
+
+	}
+
+	private static String getValue(String[] args, int i) {
+		if (i == (args.length - 1)) {
+			printUsage();
+			return null;
+		} else {
+			return args[i + 1];
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void printUsage() {
+
+		System.out.print("Usage: ");
+		System.out.print("java " + Main.class.getName());
+		System.out.print(" -in <a file in>");
+		System.out.print(" -out <a file out>");
+		System.exit(-1);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 36 is not released after line 36.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 36
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Main.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.Main.main(java.lang.String[]):void.c20f4ea49cbdf039b74cd05930e4e85e
+
+### File:
+document/fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools/src/main/java/fr/opensagres/xdocreport/document/tools/Main.java
+
+### Key:
+Main.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+abf778a0fb58a097b72f1ea16dfb9fcd
+
+### Hash:
+2337d01b0a5a9226bb5bbbd3e6d23bfe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5863/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5863/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39ae7bb58e7b05281a05ac13debd91c75bdc798e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5863/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** scalecube-services
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.scalecube.services.transport.rsocket;
+
+import io.scalecube.services.api.ServiceMessage;
+import io.scalecube.services.api.ServiceMessage.Builder;
+import io.scalecube.services.codecs.api.MessageCodec;
+import io.scalecube.services.codecs.api.ServiceMessageCodec;
+import io.scalecube.services.codecs.api.ServiceMessageDataCodec;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAutoDetect;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.PropertyAccessor;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationFeature;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype.jsr310.JavaTimeModule;
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufAllocator;
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufInputStream;
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufOutputStream;
+import io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil;
+import io.rsocket.Payload;
+import io.rsocket.util.DefaultPayload;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+public class RSocketJsonPayloadCodec implements MessageCodec, ServiceMessageCodec<Payload>, ServiceMessageDataCodec {
+
+
+  @Override
+  public String contentType() {
+    return "application/json";
+  }
+
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RSocketJsonPayloadCodec.class);
+
+  private final ObjectMapper mapper;
+
+  private TypeReference<Map<String, String>> mapType = new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>(){};
+
+  public RSocketJsonPayloadCodec() {
+    this.mapper = initMapper();
+  }
+
+  public RSocketJsonPayloadCodec(ObjectMapper mapper) {
+    this.mapper = mapper;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Payload encodeMessage(ServiceMessage message) {
+    ByteBuf dataBuffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer();
+
+    if (message.data() != null) {               // has data ?
+      if (message.data() instanceof ByteBuf) {  // good so data is already bytebuf?
+        ReferenceCountUtil.release(dataBuffer);
+        dataBuffer = message.data();            // ok so use it as is
+      } else {
+        try {
+          writeTo(new ByteBufOutputStream(dataBuffer), message.data());
+        } catch (Throwable ex) {
+          LOGGER.error("Failed to deserialize data", ex);
+          ReferenceCountUtil.release(dataBuffer);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ByteBuf headersBuffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer();
+    if (!message.headers().isEmpty()) {
+      try {
+        writeTo(new ByteBufOutputStream(headersBuffer), message.headers());
+      } catch (Throwable ex) {
+        LOGGER.error("Failed to serialize data", ex);
+        ReferenceCountUtil.release(headersBuffer);
+      }
+    }
+    return DefaultPayload.create(dataBuffer.nioBuffer(), headersBuffer.nioBuffer());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ServiceMessage decodeMessage(Payload payload) {
+    Builder builder = ServiceMessage.builder();
+    
+    if (payload.getData().hasRemaining()) {
+      try {
+        builder.data(payload.sliceData());
+      } catch (Throwable ex) {
+        LOGGER.error("Failed to deserialize data", ex);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (payload.hasMetadata()) {
+      ByteBuf headers = payload.sliceMetadata();
+      ByteBufInputStream inputStream = new ByteBufInputStream(headers);
+      try {
+        builder.headers((Map<String, String>) (readFrom(inputStream, mapType)));
+      } catch (Throwable ex) {
+        LOGGER.error("Failed to deserialize data", ex);
+      }
+    }
+
+
+    return builder.build();
+  }
+
+ 
+
+  @Override
+  public ServiceMessage decodeData(ServiceMessage message, Class type) {
+    if (message.data() != null && message.data() instanceof ByteBuf) {
+      ByteBufInputStream inputStream = new ByteBufInputStream(message.data());
+      try {
+        return ServiceMessage.from(message).data(readFrom(inputStream, type)).build();
+      } catch (Throwable ex) {
+        LOGGER.error("Failed to deserialize data", ex);
+      }
+    }
+    return message;
+  }
+
+
+
+  @Override
+  public ServiceMessage encodeData(ServiceMessage message) {
+    ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer();
+    if (message.data() != null) {
+      try {
+        writeTo(new ByteBufOutputStream(buffer), message.data());
+        return ServiceMessage.from(message).data(buffer).build();
+      } catch (Throwable ex) {
+        LOGGER.error("Failed to serialize data", ex);
+        ReferenceCountUtil.release(buffer);
+      }
+    }
+    return message;
+  }
+
+  private Object readFrom(InputStream stream, Class<?> type) throws IOException {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(type, "ServiceMessageDataCodecImpl.readFrom requires type is not null");
+    try {
+      return mapper.readValue(stream, type);
+    } catch (Throwable ex) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("mapper.readValue with type: " + type, ex);
+    }
+  }
+  private Map<String, String> readFrom(ByteBufInputStream stream, TypeReference<Map<String, String>> type) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(type, "ServiceMessageDataCodecImpl.readFrom requires type is not null");
+    try {
+      if(stream.available() ==0) {
+        return new HashMap<>();
+      }
+      return mapper.readValue(stream, type);
+    } catch (Throwable ex) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("mapper.readValue with type: " + type, ex);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  private void writeTo(OutputStream stream, Object value) throws IOException {
+    mapper.writeValue(stream, value);
+  }
+
+  private ObjectMapper initMapper() {
+    ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
+    objectMapper.configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, false);
+    objectMapper.configure(SerializationFeature.FAIL_ON_EMPTY_BEANS, false);
+    objectMapper.configure(DeserializationFeature.READ_UNKNOWN_ENUM_VALUES_AS_NULL, true);
+    objectMapper.configure(SerializationFeature.WRITE_DATES_AS_TIMESTAMPS, false);
+    objectMapper.setVisibility(PropertyAccessor.ALL, JsonAutoDetect.Visibility.ANY);
+    objectMapper.setSerializationInclusion(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL);
+    objectMapper.configure(SerializationFeature.WRITE_ENUMS_USING_TO_STRING, true);
+    objectMapper.registerModule(new JavaTimeModule());
+   
+    return objectMapper;
+  }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `io.netty.buffer.ByteBufInputStream` acquired to `inputStream` by call to `new()` at line 101 is not released after line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ServiceMessage RSocketJsonPayloadCodec.decodeMessage(Payload)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.scalecube.services.transport.rsocket.RSocketJsonPayloadCodec.decodeMessage(io.rsocket.Payload):io.f7ffc203caba00f64dac70ec53d813c3
+
+### File:
+rsocket-transport/src/main/java/io/scalecube/services/transport/rsocket/RSocketJsonPayloadCodec.java
+
+### Key:
+RSocketJsonPayloadCodec.java|decodeMessage|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c063cda88179a275212a21a354e40630
+
+### Hash:
+2ce87a1ecbdbcc4b0dfe87c5d5dc3cc3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5864/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5864/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..259df61e2f742bd96e5b79f06af6d88525906148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5864/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** scalecube-services
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.scalecube.services.streaming;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import io.scalecube.services.Messages;
+import io.scalecube.services.Microservices;
+import io.scalecube.services.ServiceCall.Call;
+import io.scalecube.services.api.ServiceMessage;
+import io.scalecube.testlib.BaseTest;
+
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import reactor.core.Disposable;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
+
+public class StreamingServiceTest extends BaseTest {
+
+  private MetricRegistry registry = new MetricRegistry();
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_quotes() throws InterruptedException {
+    QuoteService service = new SimpleQuoteService();
+    CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(3);
+    Disposable sub = service.quotes().subscribe(onNext -> {
+      System.out.println("test_quotes: " + onNext);
+      latch.countDown();
+    });
+    latch.await(4, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    sub.dispose();
+    assertTrue(latch.getCount() == 0);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_local_quotes_service() throws InterruptedException {
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder().services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    QuoteService service = node.call().api(QuoteService.class);
+
+    CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(3);
+    Flux<String> obs = service.quotes();
+
+    Disposable sub = obs.subscribe(onNext -> latch.countDown());
+
+    latch.await(4, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+    sub.dispose();
+    assertTrue(latch.getCount() <= 0);
+    node.shutdown();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_remote_quotes_service() throws InterruptedException {
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    QuoteService service = gateway.call().api(QuoteService.class);
+    CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(3);
+    CountDownLatch latch2 = new CountDownLatch(3);
+
+    Disposable sub1 = service.quotes()
+        .subscribe(onNext -> {
+          System.out.println("test_remote_quotes_service-2: " + onNext);
+          latch1.countDown();
+        });
+
+    Disposable sub2 = service.quotes()
+        .subscribe(onNext -> {
+          System.out.println("test_remote_quotes_service-10: " + onNext);
+          latch2.countDown();
+        });
+
+    latch1.await(4, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    latch2.await(4, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    sub1.dispose();
+    sub2.dispose();
+    assertTrue(latch1.getCount() == 0);
+    assertTrue(latch2.getCount() == 0);
+    gateway.shutdown();
+    node.shutdown();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_quotes_batch() throws InterruptedException {
+    int streamBound = 1000;
+
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService())
+        .metrics(registry)
+        .build();
+
+    QuoteService service = gateway.call().api(QuoteService.class);
+    CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(streamBound);
+
+    Disposable sub1 = service.snapshot(streamBound)
+        .subscribe(onNext -> latch1.countDown());
+
+    latch1.await(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    System.out.println("Curr value received: " + latch1.getCount());
+    assertTrue(latch1.getCount() == 0);
+    sub1.dispose();
+    node.shutdown();
+    gateway.shutdown();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_call_quotes_snapshot() throws InterruptedException {
+    int batchSize = 1000;
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    Call service = gateway.call();
+
+    CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(batchSize);
+    Disposable sub1 = Flux.from(service.requestMany(Messages.builder()
+        .request(QuoteService.NAME, "snapshot")
+        .data(batchSize)
+        .build()))
+        .subscribe(onNext -> latch1.countDown());
+
+
+    latch1.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    assertTrue(latch1.getCount() == 0);
+    sub1.dispose();
+    gateway.shutdown();
+    node.shutdown();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_just_once() throws InterruptedException {
+    int batchSize = 1;
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    QuoteService service = gateway.call().api(QuoteService.class);
+
+    assertEquals("1", service.justOne().block(Duration.ofSeconds(2)));
+
+    gateway.shutdown();
+    node.shutdown();
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_just_one_message() throws InterruptedException {
+    int batchSize = 1;
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    Call service = gateway.call();
+
+    final CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(batchSize);
+    ServiceMessage justOne = Messages.builder().request(QuoteService.NAME, "justOne").build();
+
+    Flux.from(service.requestMany(justOne)).subscribe(onNext -> {
+      latch1.countDown();
+    });
+
+    latch1.await(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    assertTrue(latch1.getCount() == 0);
+    gateway.shutdown();
+    node.shutdown();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_scheduled_messages() throws InterruptedException {
+    int batchSize = 1;
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    Call service = gateway.call();
+
+    final CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(batchSize);
+    AtomicReference<Disposable> sub1 = new AtomicReference<Disposable>(null);
+    ServiceMessage scheduled = Messages.builder().request(QuoteService.NAME, "scheduled")
+        .data(1000).build();
+
+    sub1.set(Flux.from(service.requestMany(scheduled)).subscribe(onNext -> {
+      sub1.get().isDisposed();
+      latch1.countDown();
+
+    }));
+
+    latch1.await(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    assertTrue(latch1.getCount() == 0);
+    node.shutdown();
+    gateway.shutdown();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_unknown_method() throws InterruptedException {
+
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    Call service = gateway.call();
+
+    final CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    ServiceMessage scheduled = Messages.builder().request(QuoteService.NAME, "unknonwn").build();
+    try {
+      service.requestMany(scheduled);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      if (ex.getMessage().contains("No reachable member with such service")) {
+        latch1.countDown();
+      }
+    }
+
+    latch1.await(3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    assertTrue(latch1.getCount() == 0);
+    node.shutdown();
+    gateway.shutdown();
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void test_remote_node_died() throws InterruptedException {
+    int batchSize = 1;
+    Microservices gateway = Microservices.builder().build();
+
+    Microservices node = Microservices.builder()
+        .seeds(gateway.cluster().address())
+        .services(new SimpleQuoteService()).build();
+
+    Call service = gateway.call();
+
+    final CountDownLatch latch1 = new CountDownLatch(batchSize);
+    AtomicReference<Disposable> sub1 = new AtomicReference<Disposable>(null);
+    ServiceMessage justOne = Messages.builder().request(QuoteService.NAME, "justOne").build();
+
+    sub1.set(Flux.from(service.requestMany(justOne))
+        .subscribe(onNext -> {
+          System.out.println(onNext);
+        }));
+
+    gateway.cluster().listenMembership()
+        .filter(predicate -> predicate.isRemoved())
+        .subscribe(onNext -> {
+          latch1.countDown();
+        });
+
+    node.cluster().shutdown();
+
+    latch1.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    Thread.sleep(100);
+    assertTrue(latch1.getCount() == 0);
+    assertTrue(sub1.get().isDisposed());
+    gateway.shutdown();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `node.client` last assigned on line 43 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `call()` at line 45.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StreamingServiceTest.test_local_quotes_service()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.scalecube.services.streaming.StreamingServiceTest.test_local_quotes_service():void.ad128ffcd9fbdc02fbe2b88e667bbf94
+
+### File:
+services/src/test/java/io/scalecube/services/streaming/StreamingServiceTest.java
+
+### Key:
+StreamingServiceTest.java|test_local_quotes_service|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+e8197fd78ada94009d712486df4bfc12
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5877/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5877/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95c59f840f92c3d12001ffde3c011a69b958cc76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5877/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.annotations.adapter;
+
+import javassist.bytecode.AccessFlag;
+import javassist.bytecode.AnnotationsAttribute;
+import javassist.bytecode.ClassFile;
+import javassist.bytecode.Descriptor;
+import javassist.bytecode.FieldInfo;
+import javassist.bytecode.MethodInfo;
+import javassist.bytecode.ParameterAnnotationsAttribute;
+import javassist.bytecode.annotation.Annotation;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.annotations.AnnotationsScanner;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.annotations.AnnotationsScannerFile;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.commons.redact.ContentJoiner;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class JavassistAdapter implements MetadataAdapter<ClassFile, FieldInfo, MethodInfo> {
+
+    public static boolean includeInvisibleTag = true;
+
+    public boolean acceptsInput(String file) {
+        return file.endsWith(".class");
+    }
+
+    private List<String> splitDescriptorToTypeNames(final String descriptors) {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (descriptors != null && descriptors.length() != 0) {
+            List<Integer> indices = new ArrayList<>();
+            Descriptor.Iterator iterator = new Descriptor.Iterator(descriptors);
+
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                indices.add(iterator.next());
+            }
+
+            indices.add(descriptors.length());
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < indices.size() - 1; i++) {
+                String s1 = Descriptor.toString(descriptors.substring(indices.get(i), indices.get(i + 1)));
+                result.add(s1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isPublic(Object o) {
+        int accessFlags = o instanceof ClassFile ?
+                ((ClassFile) o).getAccessFlags() :
+                o instanceof FieldInfo ? ((FieldInfo) o).getAccessFlags() :
+                        o instanceof MethodInfo ? ((MethodInfo) o).getAccessFlags() : null;
+
+        return AccessFlag.isPublic(accessFlags);
+    }
+
+    public List<FieldInfo> getFields(ClassFile cls) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return cls.getFields();
+    }
+
+    public List<MethodInfo> getMethods(ClassFile cls) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return cls.getMethods();
+    }
+
+    public String getMethodName(MethodInfo method) {
+        return method.getName();
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getParameterNames(MethodInfo method) {
+        String descriptor = method.getDescriptor();
+        descriptor = descriptor.substring(descriptor.indexOf("(") + 1, descriptor.lastIndexOf(")"));
+        return splitDescriptorToTypeNames(descriptor);
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getClassAnnotationNames(ClassFile aClass) {
+        return getAnnotationNames((AnnotationsAttribute) aClass.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.visibleTag),
+                includeInvisibleTag ? (AnnotationsAttribute) aClass.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.invisibleTag) : null);
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getFieldAnnotationNames(FieldInfo field) {
+        return getAnnotationNames((AnnotationsAttribute) field.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.visibleTag),
+                includeInvisibleTag ? (AnnotationsAttribute) field.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.invisibleTag) : null);
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getMethodAnnotationNames(MethodInfo method) {
+        return getAnnotationNames((AnnotationsAttribute) method.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.visibleTag),
+                includeInvisibleTag ? (AnnotationsAttribute) method.getAttribute(AnnotationsAttribute.invisibleTag) : null);
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getParameterAnnotationNames(final MethodInfo method, final int parameterIndex) {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<ParameterAnnotationsAttribute> parameterAnnotationsAttributes =
+                Arrays.asList((ParameterAnnotationsAttribute) method.getAttribute(ParameterAnnotationsAttribute.visibleTag),
+                        (ParameterAnnotationsAttribute) method.getAttribute(ParameterAnnotationsAttribute.invisibleTag));
+
+        for (ParameterAnnotationsAttribute parameterAnnotationsAttribute : parameterAnnotationsAttributes) {
+            if (parameterAnnotationsAttribute == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            Annotation[][] annotations = parameterAnnotationsAttribute.getAnnotations();
+
+            if (parameterIndex < annotations.length) {
+                Annotation[] annotation = annotations[parameterIndex];
+                result.addAll(getAnnotationNames(annotation));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public String getReturnTypeName(final MethodInfo method) {
+        String descriptor = method.getDescriptor();
+        descriptor = descriptor.substring(descriptor.lastIndexOf(")") + 1);
+        return splitDescriptorToTypeNames(descriptor).get(0);
+    }
+
+    public String getFieldName(final FieldInfo field) {
+        return field.getName();
+    }
+
+    public @Nullable ClassFile getOfCreateClassObject(AnnotationsScanner scanner, AnnotationsScannerFile file) {
+        InputStream inputStream = null;
+
+        try {
+            inputStream = file.openInputStream();
+            DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(inputStream));
+            return new ClassFile(dis);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            scanner.getLogger().exception(e);
+            scanner.getLogger().error("Could not create class file from " + file.getInternalPath());
+        } finally {
+            IOUtils.close(inputStream);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String getMethodModifier(MethodInfo method) {
+        int accessFlags = method.getAccessFlags();
+        return AccessFlag.isPrivate(accessFlags) ? "private" : AccessFlag.isProtected(accessFlags) ? "protected" : isPublic(accessFlags) ? "public" : "";
+    }
+
+    public String getMethodKey(ClassFile cls, MethodInfo method) {
+        return getMethodName(method) + "(" + ContentJoiner.on(", ").join(getParameterNames(method)) + ")";
+    }
+
+    public String getMethodFullKey(ClassFile cls, MethodInfo method) {
+        return getClassName(cls) + "." + getMethodKey(cls, method);
+    }
+
+    public String getClassName(final ClassFile cls) {
+        return cls.getName();
+    }
+
+    public String getSuperclassName(final ClassFile cls) {
+        return cls.getSuperclass();
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getInterfacesNames(final ClassFile cls) {
+        return Arrays.asList(cls.getInterfaces());
+    }
+
+    private List<String> getAnnotationNames(AnnotationsAttribute... annotationsAttributes) {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (annotationsAttributes == null) {
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        for (AnnotationsAttribute annotationsAttribute : annotationsAttributes) {
+            if (annotationsAttribute == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for (Annotation annotation : annotationsAttribute.getAnnotations()) {
+                result.add(annotation.getTypeName());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private List<String> getAnnotationNames(Annotation[] annotations) {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
+            result.add(annotation.getTypeName());
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `$T0_55` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 74.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean JavassistAdapter.isPublic(Integer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.annotations.adapter.JavassistAdapter.isPublic(java.lang.Integer):bool.ae1e3b8bc77d1f56e410242958d5872c
+
+### File:
+panda-utilities/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/utilities/annotations/adapter/JavassistAdapter.java
+
+### Key:
+JavassistAdapter.java|isPublic|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3c56a62e26018e7f0947d720a5d044d5
+
+### Hash:
+c48f06c5e3e44b3ee320bc04c0e617a2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5879/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5879/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..725e13ad4e26beb361a7c278a1729eabc727c6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5879/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2020 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.utilities.commons;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.panda_lang.utilities.commons.function.ThrowingConsumer;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+
+public final class ArrayUtils {
+
+    private ArrayUtils() { }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link java.lang.Iterable#forEach(java.util.function.Consumer)} for arrays
+     *
+     * @param array the array to iterate
+     * @param consumer array values consumer
+     * @param <T> type of array
+     */
+    public static <T> void forEach(T[] array, Consumer<T> consumer) {
+        for (T element : array) {
+            consumer.accept(element);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link java.lang.Iterable#forEach(java.util.function.Consumer)} for arrays using {@link org.panda_lang.utilities.commons.function.ThrowingConsumer}
+     *
+     * @param array the array to iterate
+     * @param consumer array values consumer with exceptions support
+     * @param <T> type of array
+     * @param <E> type of exception
+     * @throws E if consumer will throw exception
+     */
+    public static <T, E extends Exception> void forEachThrowing(T[] array, ThrowingConsumer<T, E> consumer) throws E {
+        for (T element : array) {
+            consumer.accept(element);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merge several arrays
+     *
+     * @param arrays arrays to merge
+     * @return array of merged arrays
+     */
+    @SafeVarargs
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T[] mergeArrays(T[]... arrays) {
+        int size = 0;
+        Class<?> type = null;
+
+        for (T[] array : arrays) {
+            size += array.length;
+            type = array.getClass().getComponentType();
+        }
+
+        T[] mergedArray = (T[]) Array.newInstance(type, size);
+        int index = 0;
+
+        for (T[] array : arrays) {
+            for (T element : array) {
+                mergedArray[index++] = element;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return mergedArray;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new array with the given element at the first position and copy the rest of array
+     *
+     * @param firstElement the element to add at the first position
+     * @param array the array to copy
+     * @param arrayFunction array instance supplier with array size as an argument
+     * @param <T> type of array
+     * @return the merged array
+     */
+    public static <T> T[] merge(T firstElement, T[] array, Function<Integer, T[]> arrayFunction) {
+        T[] merged = arrayFunction.apply(array.length + 1);
+        merged[0] = firstElement;
+        System.arraycopy(array, 0, merged, 1, array.length);
+        return merged;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find value in array using the predicate condition
+     *
+     * @param array the array to search in
+     * @param condition the condition
+     * @param <T> type of array
+     * @return the found element or null
+     */
+    public static <T> Optional<T> findIn(T[] array, Predicate<T> condition) {
+        for (T element : array) {
+            if (condition.test(element)) {
+                return Optional.ofNullable(element);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Optional.empty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the specified array contains null
+     *
+     * @return the array to search
+     */
+    public static boolean containsNull(Object[] array) {
+        return contains(array, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the specified array contains the element
+     *
+     * @param array   the array to search
+     * @param element the element to search for
+     * @return true if the specified array contains the element, otherwise false
+     */
+    public static boolean contains(Object[] array, Object element) {
+        for (Object arrayElement : array) {
+            if (Objects.equals(arrayElement, element)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the given object is array
+     *
+     * @param object the object to check
+     * @return true if object is not null and its class represents array, otherwise false
+     */
+    public static boolean isArray(@Nullable Object object) {
+        return object != null && object.getClass().isArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the specified array is null or empty
+     *
+     * @param array the array to check
+     * @return true if array is null or empty
+     */
+    public static boolean isEmpty(@Nullable Object[] array) {
+        return array == null || array.length == 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get dimensional array for the specified type
+     *
+     * @param type       the type of the array
+     * @param dimensions the amount of dimensions
+     * @return the class of the dimensional array
+     */
+    public static Class<?> getDimensionalArrayType(Class<?> type, int dimensions) {
+        if (dimensions == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot get dimensional array for 0 dimensions");
+        }
+
+        if (dimensions == 1) {
+            return type;
+        }
+
+        return Array.newInstance(type, new int[dimensions - 1]).getClass();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get base class of any array, e.g. Integer from Integer[][][][][]
+     *
+     * @param arrayClass the array class
+     * @return the base type
+     */
+    public static Class<?> getBaseClass(Class<?> arrayClass) {
+        Class<?> currentClass = arrayClass;
+
+        while (currentClass.isArray()) {
+            currentClass = arrayClass.getComponentType();
+        }
+
+        return currentClass;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get array class for the specified type
+     *
+     * @param clazz type of array
+     * @return array of type
+     */
+    public static Class<?> getArrayClass(Class<?> clazz) {
+        return Array.newInstance(clazz, 0).getClass();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get index of element that pass the condition
+     *
+     * @param array the array to search in
+     * @param condition the condition to test elements
+     * @param <T> type of array
+     * @return index of element or -1 if element was not found
+     */
+    public static <T> int getIndex(T[] array, Predicate<T> condition) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+            if (condition.test(array[i])) {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get element of array at the given position without risk of {@link java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException}
+     *
+     * @param array the array to process
+     * @param index the index of element to get
+     * @param <T>   type of the array
+     * @return the element at the index position, null if the index is less than 0 or greater than the size of the specified array
+     */
+    public static <T> Optional<T> get(T[] array, int index) {
+        return index > -1 && index < array.length ? Optional.ofNullable(array[index]) : Optional.empty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get element of array at the given position without risk of {@link java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException}
+     *
+     * @param array the array to process
+     * @param index the index of element to get
+     * @param defaultValue the default value to return when there is no such an index in the array
+     * @param <T>   type of the array
+     * @return the element at the index position, null if the index is less than 0 or greater than the size of the specified array
+     */
+    public static <T> T get(T[] array, int index, T defaultValue) {
+        return index > -1 && index < array.length ? array[index] : defaultValue;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return array of the specified elements using varargs parameter
+     *
+     * @param elements elements in array
+     * @param <T>      type of the array
+     * @return the array of the specified elements
+     */
+    @SafeVarargs
+    public static <T> T[] of(T... elements) {
+        return elements;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `type` last assigned on line 71 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `newInstance(...)` at line 78.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+java.lang.Object[] ArrayUtils.mergeArrays(java.lang.Object[][])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.utilities.commons.ArrayUtils.mergeArrays(java.lang.Object[][]):java.lang.Object[].e49264932b2f8d655f78940922290595
+
+### File:
+panda-utilities/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/utilities/commons/ArrayUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+ArrayUtils.java|mergeArrays|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+adc47e00a8d1d4ea5f6f6c1bea7e7c69
+
+### Hash:
+192ac83bacdf12f847a3ddee46b9526f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5883/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5883/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8292cdc6f1ccd53dc0fe19db5d3efc40fc4e98f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5883/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.statement.invoker;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.statement.StatementCell;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.ParserData;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.Tokens;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.architecture.prototype.method.MethodInvoker;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.PandaComponents;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.PandaPipelines;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.PandaPriorities;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.UnifiedParserBootstrap;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.annotations.Autowired;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.annotations.Local;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.annotations.Src;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.handlers.TokenPatternHandler;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.interceptor.TokenPatternInterceptor;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.layer.Delegation;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.bootstrap.layer.LocalData;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.general.expression.old.callbacks.invoker.MethodInvokerExpressionParser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.pipeline.ParserRegistration;
+
+@ParserRegistration(target = PandaPipelines.SCOPE_LABEL, priority = PandaPriorities.SCOPE_METHOD_INVOKER_PARSER)
+public class NewMethodInvokerParser extends UnifiedParserBootstrap {
+
+    {
+        parserBuilder = builder()
+                .handler(new TokenPatternHandler())
+                .interceptor(new TokenPatternInterceptor())
+                .pattern("[<instance:reader expression exclude method, field> .] <name> `( [<*args>] `) [;]");
+    }
+
+    @Autowired
+    public void parse(ParserData data, LocalData localData) {
+        if (localData == null || data.getComponent(PandaComponents.CONTAINER) == null) {
+            System.out.println("xxx");
+        }
+
+        localData.allocateInstance(data.getComponent(PandaComponents.CONTAINER).reserveCell());
+    }
+
+    @Autowired(order = 1, delegation = Delegation.NEXT_AFTER)
+    public void parse(ParserData data, @Local StatementCell cell, @Src("instance") Tokens instance, @Src("name") Tokens name, @Src("*args") Tokens arguments) {
+        MethodInvokerExpressionParser methodInvokerParser = new MethodInvokerExpressionParser(instance, name, arguments);
+        methodInvokerParser.setVoids(true);
+
+        methodInvokerParser.parse(null, data);
+        MethodInvoker invoker = methodInvokerParser.getInvoker();
+
+        cell.setStatement(methodInvokerParser.getInvoker());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `data.getComponent(org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.PandaComponents.CONTAINER)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 37.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NewMethodInvokerParser.parse(ParserData,LocalData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.statement.invoker.NewMethodInvokerParser..3db42d34867c80a1497899f65e92da2b
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/language/interpreter/parser/statement/invoker/NewMethodInvokerParser.java
+
+### Key:
+NewMethodInvokerParser.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+641e16f7c5696be98b8f9d94c200704c
+
+### Hash:
+8ebd1a94e2c034c211c9eb46fa66e500
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5890/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5890/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd799860ac2361007d3eddcbc66554924991a684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5890/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.utilities.commons;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+class IOUtilsTest {
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("SpellCheckingInspection")
+    private static final String MESSAGE = "ZAŻÓŁĆ GĘŚLĄ JAŹŃ";
+
+    @Test
+    void getURLContent() {
+        String urlContent = IOUtils.getURLContent("https://panda-lang.org/");
+        Assertions.assertNotNull(urlContent);
+        Assertions.assertTrue(urlContent.contains("<html"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void convertStringToStream() throws IOException {
+        InputStream stream = IOUtils.convertStringToStream(MESSAGE);
+        Assertions.assertNotNull(stream);
+        Assertions.assertTrue(stream.available() > 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void convertStreamToString() {
+        Assertions.assertEquals(MESSAGE, IOUtils.convertStreamToString(IOUtils.convertStringToStream(MESSAGE)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void close() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream stubStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream(0) {
+            private boolean closed;
+
+            @Override
+            public synchronized void write(int b) {
+                if (closed) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Stream is already closed");
+                }
+                super.write(b);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
+                this.closed = true;
+                super.close();
+            }
+        };
+
+        IOUtils.close(stubStream);
+        Assertions.assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> stubStream.write(0x00));
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `urlContent` last assigned on line 33  at line 35.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IOUtilsTest.getURLContent()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.utilities.commons.IOUtilsTest.getURLContent():void.dcdbf7f287469c73f6a354a48f539275
+
+### File:
+panda-utilities/src/test/java/org/panda_lang/utilities/commons/IOUtilsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+IOUtilsTest.java|getURLContent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+bfcfda31db628478840320e778cfc4ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5897/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5897/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71799eb4395ce60e1fb99e9b7bc2acdecf26a3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5897/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.panda_lang.panda.core.parser.essential;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.parser.*;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.parser.essential.util.EssentialPriority;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.syntax.Group;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.syntax.NamedExecutable;
+
+public class GroupParser implements Parser {
+
+    static {
+        GroupParser groupParser = new GroupParser();
+        ParserLayout parserLayout = new ParserLayout(groupParser);
+        parserLayout.pattern("group *;", EssentialPriority.GROUP.getPriority(), EssentialPriority.GROUP.getPriority() * 10, PatternExtractor.FULL);
+        ParserCenter.registerParser(parserLayout);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NamedExecutable parse(Atom atom) {
+        final String source = atom.getSourceCode();
+        final StringBuilder groupBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        boolean nsFlag = false;
+
+        for (char c : source.toCharArray()) {
+            if (Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                nsFlag = true;
+            } else if (c == ';') {
+                break;
+            } else if (nsFlag) {
+                groupBuilder.append(c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String groupName = groupBuilder.toString();
+        Group group = GroupCenter.getGroup(groupName);
+        atom.getPandaParser().getPandaBlock().setGroup(group);
+        return group;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `source` last assigned on line 19 could be null and is dereferenced at line 23.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+NamedExecutable GroupParser.parse(Atom)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.core.parser.essential.GroupParser.parse(org.panda_lang.panda.core.parser.Atom):.6f83b1577cbbef4782ad7d36bef7359e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/core/parser/essential/GroupParser.java
+
+### Key:
+GroupParser.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+eae2ee1cdadb82e549c2a1b7c9bd0e3a
+
+### Hash:
+05e142f0b079675a1c4d8df45a372f88
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5898/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5898/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bda794f1e0a3d5eec38dd3c1893c2a582228334d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5898/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.token;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.TokenizedSource;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.stream.TokenReader;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.lexical.elements.LexicalPatternElement;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.lexical.elements.LexicalPatternNode;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.stream.PandaTokenReader;
+
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class TokenExtractorWorker {
+
+    private final TokenPattern pattern;
+    private final Map<String, TokenizedSource> results = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+    public TokenExtractorWorker(TokenPattern pattern) {
+        this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public TokenExtractorResult extract(TokenizedSource source) {
+        LexicalPatternElement content = pattern.getPatternContent();
+        return extract(pattern.getPatternContent(), new PandaTokenReader(source));
+    }
+
+    protected TokenExtractorResult extract(LexicalPatternElement element, TokenReader reader) {
+        if (!reader.hasNext()) {
+            return new TokenExtractorResult();
+        }
+
+        if (element.isUnit()) {
+            return new TokenExtractorResult(element.toUnit().getValue().equals(reader.next().getTokenValue()));
+        }
+
+        if (element.isWildcard()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        LexicalPatternNode node = element.toNode();
+
+        if (node.isVariant()) {
+            return this.matchVariant(node, reader);
+        }
+
+        List<LexicalPatternElement> elements = node.getElements();
+        TokenizedSource[] dynamics = this.matchUnits(elements, reader);
+
+        if (dynamics == null) {
+            return new TokenExtractorResult();
+        }
+
+        return this.matchDynamics(elements, dynamics);
+    }
+
+    private TokenizedSource[] matchUnits(List<LexicalPatternElement> elements, TokenReader reader) {
+        TokenizedSource[] dynamics = new TokenizedSource[elements.size()];
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private TokenExtractorResult matchDynamics(List<LexicalPatternElement> elements, TokenizedSource[] dynamics) {
+        TokenExtractorResult result = new TokenExtractorResult(true);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) {
+            LexicalPatternElement nodeElement = elements.get(i);
+
+            if (nodeElement.isUnit()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (dynamics.length == 0 && nodeElement.isOptional()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            TokenizedSource nodeContent = dynamics[i];
+            dynamics[i] = null;
+
+            if (nodeContent == null) {
+                return new TokenExtractorResult();
+            }
+
+            TokenExtractorResult nodeElementResult = this.extract(nodeElement, new PandaTokenReader(nodeContent));
+
+            if (!nodeElementResult.isMatched()) {
+                return new TokenExtractorResult();
+            }
+
+            result.addIdentifier(nodeElement.getIdentifier());
+            result.merge(nodeElementResult);
+        }
+
+        for (TokenizedSource dynamicContent : dynamics) {
+            if (dynamicContent != null) {
+                return new TokenExtractorResult(false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private TokenExtractorResult matchVariant(LexicalPatternNode variantNode, TokenReader reader) {
+        if (!variantNode.isVariant()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("The specified node is not marked as a variant node");
+        }
+
+        for (LexicalPatternElement variantElement : variantNode.getElements()) {
+            TokenExtractorResult result = this.extract(variantElement, reader);
+
+            if (result.isMatched()) {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new TokenExtractorResult();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `nodeElementResult` last assigned on line 82 could be null and is dereferenced at line 84.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+TokenExtractorResult TokenExtractorWorker.matchDynamics(List,org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.TokenizedSource[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.token.TokenExtractorWorker.matchDynamics.f59481598cb41072b9b6143470078f93
+
+### File:
+panda-framework/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/language/interpreter/pattern/token/TokenExtractorWorker.java
+
+### Key:
+TokenExtractorWorker.java|matchDynamics|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+615472e219bb28c6ae6b1149ff771912
+
+### Hash:
+3f7bce669e822d4a64ebe0f4bb8fc4d0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5899/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5899/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afc928be6ca201cfabd4d50be07993642ea99142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5899/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.interpreter.parser.linker.ScopeLinker;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.interpreter.parser.util.Components;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.structure.value.PandaValue;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.structure.value.Variable;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.core.structure.wrapper.Scope;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.implementation.interpreter.parser.PandaParserException;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.implementation.interpreter.token.reader.PandaTokenReader;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.Parser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.ParserInfo;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.Token;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.TokenType;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.TokenUtils;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.TokenizedSource;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.instance.InstanceExpressionCallback;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.instance.InstanceExpressionParser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.instance.ThisExpressionCallback;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.invoker.MethodInvokerExpressionCallback;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.invoker.MethodInvokerExpressionParser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.memory.FieldExpressionCallback;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.memory.VariableExpressionCallback;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.callbacks.number.NumberUtils;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.structure.ClassPrototype;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.structure.field.Field;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.structure.field.parser.FieldParser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.scope.variable.VariableParserUtils;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class ExpressionParser implements Parser {
+
+    public Expression parse(ParserInfo info, TokenizedSource expressionSource) {
+        if (expressionSource.size() == 1) {
+            Token token = expressionSource.getToken(0);
+            String value = token.getTokenValue();
+
+            if (token.getType() == TokenType.LITERAL) {
+                switch (token.getTokenValue()) {
+                    case "null":
+                        return new Expression(new PandaValue(null, null));
+                    case "true":
+                        return toSimpleKnownExpression("panda.lang:Boolean", true);
+                    case "false":
+                        return toSimpleKnownExpression("panda.lang:Boolean", false);
+                    case "this":
+                        ClassPrototype type = info.getComponent(Components.CLASS_PROTOTYPE);
+                        return new Expression(type, new ThisExpressionCallback());
+                    default:
+                        throw new PandaParserException("Unknown literal: " + token);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (token.getType() == TokenType.SEQUENCE) {
+                switch (token.getName()) {
+                    case "String":
+                        return toSimpleKnownExpression("panda.lang:String", value);
+                    default:
+                        throw new PandaParserException("Unknown sequence: " + token);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (NumberUtils.isNumber(value)) {
+                return toSimpleKnownExpression("panda.lang:Int", Integer.parseInt(value));
+            }
+
+            ScopeLinker scopeLinker = info.getComponent(Components.SCOPE_LINKER);
+            Scope scope = scopeLinker.getCurrentScope();
+            Variable variable = VariableParserUtils.getVariable(scope, value);
+
+            if (variable != null) {
+                int memoryIndex = VariableParserUtils.indexOf(scope, variable);
+                return new Expression(variable.getType(), new VariableExpressionCallback(memoryIndex));
+            }
+
+            ClassPrototype prototype = info.getComponent(Components.CLASS_PROTOTYPE);
+            Field field = prototype.getField(value);
+
+            if (field != null) {
+                int memoryIndex = prototype.getFields().indexOf(field);
+                return new Expression(field.getType(), new FieldExpressionCallback(field, memoryIndex));
+            }
+        }
+        else if (TokenUtils.equals(expressionSource.get(0), TokenType.KEYWORD, "new")) {
+            InstanceExpressionParser callbackParser = new InstanceExpressionParser();
+
+            callbackParser.parse(expressionSource, info);
+            InstanceExpressionCallback callback = callbackParser.toCallback();
+
+            return new Expression(callback.getReturnType(), callback);
+        }
+
+        PandaTokenReader expressionReader = new PandaTokenReader(expressionSource);
+        List<TokenizedSource> methodMatches = MethodInvokerExpressionParser.PATTERN.match(expressionReader);
+
+        if (methodMatches != null && methodMatches.size() > 0) {
+            MethodInvokerExpressionParser callbackParser = new MethodInvokerExpressionParser(methodMatches);
+
+            callbackParser.parse(expressionSource, info);
+            MethodInvokerExpressionCallback callback = callbackParser.toCallback();
+
+            return new Expression(callback.getReturnType(), callback);
+        }
+
+        List<TokenizedSource> fieldMatches = FieldParser.PATTERN.match(expressionReader);
+
+        if (fieldMatches != null && fieldMatches.size() > 0) {
+
+        }
+
+        throw new PandaParserException("Cannot recognize expression: " + expressionSource.toString());
+    }
+
+    private Expression toSimpleKnownExpression(String forName, Object value) {
+        return new Expression(new PandaValue(ClassPrototype.forName(forName), value));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `callback.invoker` last assigned on line 116 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getReturnType()` at line 118.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression ExpressionParser.parse(ParserInfo,TokenizedSource)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.general.expression.ExpressionParser.parse(org.panda_lang.pan.5c0d47891b0add3f0a2a078234dee3fc
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/language/structure/general/expression/ExpressionParser.java
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionParser.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5404fbd952c2580185f4b94d5c33635d
+
+### Hash:
+dca2ec65639382f27c4282dc1b698f9a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6013/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6013/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..916d2891addf368e927e74b3c6282731c1fc1bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6013/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Achilles
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2012-2013 DuyHai DOAN
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package info.archinnov.achilles.statement.prepared;
+
+import static com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.QueryBuilder.*;
+import static info.archinnov.achilles.counter.AchillesCounter.*;
+import static info.archinnov.achilles.counter.AchillesCounter.CQLQueryType.*;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.counter.AchillesCounter;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.counter.AchillesCounter.CQLQueryType;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.entity.metadata.EntityMeta;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.entity.metadata.PropertyMeta;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.entity.metadata.PropertyType;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.datastax.driver.core.PreparedStatement;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.RegularStatement;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.Session;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Delete;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Insert;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.QueryBuilder;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select.Selection;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Update;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Update.Assignments;
+import com.google.common.collect.FluentIterable;
+
+public class PreparedStatementGenerator {
+	private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PreparedStatementGenerator.class);
+
+	public PreparedStatement prepareInsertPS(Session session, EntityMeta entityMeta) {
+		log.trace("Generate prepared statement for INSERT on {}", entityMeta);
+		PropertyMeta idMeta = entityMeta.getIdMeta();
+		Insert insert = insertInto(entityMeta.getTableName());
+		prepareInsertPrimaryKey(idMeta, insert);
+
+		List<PropertyMeta> nonProxyMetas = FluentIterable.from(entityMeta.getAllMetasExceptIdMeta())
+				.filter(PropertyType.excludeCounterType).toImmutableList();
+
+		List<PropertyMeta> fieldMetas = new ArrayList<PropertyMeta>(nonProxyMetas);
+		fieldMetas.remove(idMeta);
+
+		for (PropertyMeta pm : fieldMetas) {
+			insert.value(pm.getPropertyName(), bindMarker());
+		}
+		return session.prepare(insert.getQueryString());
+	}
+
+	public PreparedStatement prepareSelectFieldPS(Session session, EntityMeta entityMeta, PropertyMeta pm) {
+		log.trace("Generate prepared statement for SELECT property {}", pm);
+
+		PropertyMeta idMeta = entityMeta.getIdMeta();
+
+		if (pm.isCounter()) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot prepare statement for property '" + pm.getPropertyName()
+					+ "' of entity '" + entityMeta.getClassName() + "' because it is a counter type");
+		} else {
+			Selection select = prepareSelectField(pm, select());
+			Select from = select.from(entityMeta.getTableName());
+			RegularStatement statement = prepareWhereClauseForSelect(idMeta, from);
+			return session.prepare(statement.getQueryString());
+		}
+	}
+
+	public PreparedStatement prepareUpdateFields(Session session, EntityMeta entityMeta, List<PropertyMeta> pms) {
+
+		log.trace("Generate prepared statement for UPDATE properties {}", pms);
+
+		PropertyMeta idMeta = entityMeta.getIdMeta();
+		Update update = update(entityMeta.getTableName());
+
+		Assignments assignments = null;
+		for (int i = 0; i < pms.size(); i++) {
+			PropertyMeta pm = pms.get(i);
+			if (i == 0) {
+				assignments = update.with(set(pm.getPropertyName(), bindMarker()));
+			} else {
+				assignments.and(set(pm.getPropertyName(), bindMarker()));
+			}
+		}
+		RegularStatement statement = prepareWhereClauseForUpdate(idMeta, assignments);
+		return session.prepare(statement.getQueryString());
+	}
+
+	public PreparedStatement prepareSelectEagerPS(Session session, EntityMeta entityMeta) {
+		log.trace("Generate prepared statement for SELECT of {}", entityMeta);
+
+		PropertyMeta idMeta = entityMeta.getIdMeta();
+
+		Selection select = select();
+
+		for (PropertyMeta pm : entityMeta.getEagerMetas()) {
+			select = prepareSelectField(pm, select);
+		}
+		Select from = select.from(entityMeta.getTableName());
+
+		RegularStatement statement = prepareWhereClauseForSelect(idMeta, from);
+		return session.prepare(statement.getQueryString());
+	}
+
+	public Map<CQLQueryType, PreparedStatement> prepareSimpleCounterQueryMap(Session session) {
+
+		StringBuilder incr = new StringBuilder();
+		incr.append("UPDATE ").append(CQL_COUNTER_TABLE).append(" ");
+		incr.append("SET ").append(CQL_COUNTER_VALUE).append(" = ");
+		incr.append(CQL_COUNTER_VALUE).append(" + ? ");
+		incr.append("WHERE ").append(CQL_COUNTER_FQCN).append(" = ? ");
+		incr.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PRIMARY_KEY).append(" = ? ");
+		incr.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PROPERTY_NAME).append(" = ?");
+
+		StringBuilder decr = new StringBuilder();
+		decr.append("UPDATE ").append(CQL_COUNTER_TABLE).append(" ");
+		decr.append("SET ").append(CQL_COUNTER_VALUE).append(" = ");
+		decr.append(CQL_COUNTER_VALUE).append(" - ? ");
+		decr.append("WHERE ").append(CQL_COUNTER_FQCN).append(" = ? ");
+		decr.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PRIMARY_KEY).append(" = ? ");
+		decr.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PROPERTY_NAME).append(" = ?");
+
+		StringBuilder select = new StringBuilder();
+		select.append("SELECT ").append(CQL_COUNTER_VALUE).append(" ");
+		select.append("FROM ").append(CQL_COUNTER_TABLE).append(" ");
+		select.append("WHERE ").append(CQL_COUNTER_FQCN).append(" = ? ");
+		select.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PRIMARY_KEY).append(" = ? ");
+		select.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PROPERTY_NAME).append(" = ?");
+
+		StringBuilder delete = new StringBuilder();
+		delete.append("DELETE FROM ").append(CQL_COUNTER_TABLE).append(" ");
+		delete.append("WHERE ").append(CQL_COUNTER_FQCN).append(" = ? ");
+		delete.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PRIMARY_KEY).append(" = ? ");
+		delete.append("AND ").append(CQL_COUNTER_PROPERTY_NAME).append(" = ?");
+
+		Map<CQLQueryType, PreparedStatement> counterPSMap = new HashMap<AchillesCounter.CQLQueryType, PreparedStatement>();
+		counterPSMap.put(INCR, session.prepare(incr.toString()));
+		counterPSMap.put(DECR, session.prepare(decr.toString()));
+		counterPSMap.put(SELECT, session.prepare(select.toString()));
+		counterPSMap.put(DELETE, session.prepare(delete.toString()));
+
+		return counterPSMap;
+	}
+
+	public Map<CQLQueryType, PreparedStatement> prepareClusteredCounterQueryMap(Session session, EntityMeta meta) {
+		PropertyMeta idMeta = meta.getIdMeta();
+		PropertyMeta counterMeta = meta.getFirstMeta();
+		String tableName = meta.getTableName();
+		String counterName = counterMeta.getPropertyName();
+
+		RegularStatement incrStatement = prepareWhereClauseForUpdate(idMeta,
+				update(tableName).with(incr(counterName, 100L)));
+		String incr = incrStatement.getQueryString().replaceAll("100", "?");
+
+		RegularStatement decrStatement = prepareWhereClauseForUpdate(idMeta,
+				update(tableName).with(decr(counterName, 100L)));
+		String decr = decrStatement.getQueryString().replaceAll("100", "?");
+
+		RegularStatement selectStatement = prepareWhereClauseForSelect(idMeta, select(counterName).from(tableName));
+		String select = selectStatement.getQueryString();
+
+		RegularStatement deleteStatement = prepareWhereClauseForDelete(idMeta, QueryBuilder.delete().from(tableName));
+		String delete = deleteStatement.getQueryString();
+
+		Map<CQLQueryType, PreparedStatement> clusteredCounterPSMap = new HashMap<AchillesCounter.CQLQueryType, PreparedStatement>();
+		clusteredCounterPSMap.put(INCR, session.prepare(incr.toString()));
+		clusteredCounterPSMap.put(DECR, session.prepare(decr.toString()));
+		clusteredCounterPSMap.put(SELECT, session.prepare(select.toString()));
+		clusteredCounterPSMap.put(DELETE, session.prepare(delete.toString()));
+
+		return clusteredCounterPSMap;
+	}
+
+	private Selection prepareSelectField(PropertyMeta pm, Selection select) {
+		if (pm.isEmbeddedId()) {
+			for (String component : pm.getComponentNames()) {
+				select = select.column(component);
+			}
+		} else {
+			select = select.column(pm.getPropertyName());
+		}
+		return select;
+	}
+
+	private void prepareInsertPrimaryKey(PropertyMeta idMeta, Insert insert) {
+		if (idMeta.isEmbeddedId()) {
+			for (String component : idMeta.getComponentNames()) {
+				insert.value(component, bindMarker());
+			}
+		} else {
+			insert.value(idMeta.getPropertyName(), bindMarker());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private RegularStatement prepareWhereClauseForSelect(PropertyMeta idMeta, Select from) {
+		RegularStatement statement;
+		if (idMeta.isEmbeddedId()) {
+			Select.Where where = null;
+			int i = 0;
+			for (String clusteredId : idMeta.getComponentNames()) {
+				if (i == 0) {
+					where = from.where(eq(clusteredId, bindMarker()));
+				} else {
+					where.and(eq(clusteredId, bindMarker()));
+				}
+				i++;
+			}
+			statement = where;
+		} else {
+			statement = from.where(eq(idMeta.getPropertyName(), bindMarker()));
+		}
+		return statement;
+	}
+
+	private RegularStatement prepareWhereClauseForUpdate(PropertyMeta idMeta, Assignments update) {
+		RegularStatement statement;
+		if (idMeta.isEmbeddedId()) {
+			Update.Where where = null;
+			int i = 0;
+			for (String clusteredId : idMeta.getComponentNames()) {
+				if (i == 0) {
+					where = update.where(eq(clusteredId, bindMarker()));
+				} else {
+					where.and(eq(clusteredId, bindMarker()));
+				}
+				i++;
+			}
+			statement = where;
+		} else {
+			statement = update.where(eq(idMeta.getPropertyName(), bindMarker()));
+		}
+		return statement;
+	}
+
+	public Map<String, PreparedStatement> prepareRemovePSs(Session session, EntityMeta entityMeta) {
+
+		log.trace("Generate prepared statement for DELETE of {}", entityMeta);
+
+		PropertyMeta idMeta = entityMeta.getIdMeta();
+
+		Map<String, PreparedStatement> removePSs = new HashMap<String, PreparedStatement>();
+
+		Delete mainFrom = QueryBuilder.delete().from(entityMeta.getTableName());
+		RegularStatement mainStatement = prepareWhereClauseForDelete(idMeta, mainFrom);
+		removePSs.put(entityMeta.getTableName(), session.prepare(mainStatement.getQueryString()));
+
+		return removePSs;
+	}
+
+	private RegularStatement prepareWhereClauseForDelete(PropertyMeta idMeta, Delete mainFrom) {
+		RegularStatement mainStatement;
+		if (idMeta.isEmbeddedId()) {
+			Delete.Where where = null;
+			int i = 0;
+			for (String clusteredId : idMeta.getComponentNames()) {
+				if (i == 0) {
+					where = mainFrom.where(eq(clusteredId, bindMarker()));
+				} else {
+					where.and(eq(clusteredId, bindMarker()));
+				}
+				i++;
+			}
+			mainStatement = where;
+		} else {
+			mainStatement = mainFrom.where(eq(idMeta.getPropertyName(), bindMarker()));
+		}
+		return mainStatement;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `incrStatement` last assigned on line 167 could be null and is dereferenced at line 169.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map PreparedStatementGenerator.prepareClusteredCounterQueryMap(Session,EntityMeta)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+info.archinnov.achilles.statement.prepared.PreparedStatementGenerator.prepareClusteredCounterQueryMa.09b2d36a8413347848073f187f7db6c7
+
+### File:
+achilles-cql/src/main/java/info/archinnov/achilles/statement/prepared/PreparedStatementGenerator.java
+
+### Key:
+PreparedStatementGenerator.java|prepareClusteredCounterQueryMap|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+07c4ca0274b2c82c8349f056d2a4ea49
+
+### Hash:
+5c77060c38654a9992dcb9769b603845
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6014/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6014/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
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+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Achilles
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012-2016 DuyHai DOAN
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser;
+
+import static info.archinnov.achilles.internals.apt.AptUtils.*;
+import static info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.TypeUtils.*;
+import static info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.validator.FieldValidator.validateAllowedType;
+import static info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.validator.FieldValidator.validateCounter;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.lang.model.element.Modifier;
+import javax.lang.model.element.VariableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeKind;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+
+import com.datastax.driver.core.GettableData;
+import com.squareup.javapoet.*;
+
+import info.archinnov.achilles.annotations.*;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.internals.apt.AptUtils;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.CodecFactory.CodecInfo;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.context.EntityParsingContext;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.context.FieldInfoContext;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.context.FieldParsingContext;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.internals.strategy.types_nesting.NestedTypesStrategy;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.type.TypedMap;
+import info.archinnov.achilles.type.tuples.*;
+
+
+public class FieldParser {
+
+    static final CodeBlock NO_GETTER = CodeBlock.builder().add("gettable$$ -> null").build();
+    static final CodeBlock NO_UDT_SETTER = CodeBlock.builder().add("(udt$$, value$$) -> {}").build();
+    private final AptUtils aptUtils;
+    private final CodecFactory codecFactory;
+    private final FieldInfoParser fieldInfoParser;
+    private final UDTParser udtParser;
+
+    public FieldParser(AptUtils aptUtils) {
+        this.aptUtils = aptUtils;
+        this.codecFactory = new CodecFactory(aptUtils);
+        this.fieldInfoParser = new FieldInfoParser(aptUtils);
+        this.udtParser = new UDTParser(aptUtils);
+    }
+
+    public TypeParsingResult parse(VariableElement elm, EntityParsingContext entityContext) {
+        final AnnotationTree annotationTree = AnnotationTree.buildFrom(aptUtils, elm);
+        final FieldInfoContext fieldInfoContext = fieldInfoParser.buildFieldInfo(elm, annotationTree, entityContext);
+        final FieldParsingContext context = new FieldParsingContext(entityContext, getRawType(entityContext.entityType), fieldInfoContext);
+
+        // Perform nested type checking with regard to @Frozen if not a tuple type
+        // Tuple types are frozen by default
+        final NestedTypesStrategy nestedTypesStrategy = context.entityContext.globalContext.nestedTypesStrategy;
+        nestedTypesStrategy.validate(aptUtils, annotationTree, context.fieldName, context.entityRawType);
+
+        return parseType(annotationTree, context, TypeName.get(elm.asType()));
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseType(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context, TypeName sourceType) {
+        final TypeMirror currentTypeMirror = annotationTree.getCurrentType();
+        final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, TypedMap> annotationsInfo = annotationTree.getAnnotations();
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(currentTypeMirror);
+
+        boolean isUDT = currentTypeMirror.getKind() == TypeKind.DECLARED
+                && aptUtils.getAnnotationOnClass(currentTypeMirror, UDT.class).isPresent();
+
+        if (containsAnnotation(annotationTree, JSON.class)) {
+            return parseSimpleType(annotationTree, context, sourceType);
+        } else if (containsAnnotation(annotationTree, Computed.class)) {
+            return parseComputedType(annotationTree, context, sourceType);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple1.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple1(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple2.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple2(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple3.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple3(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple4.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple4(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple5.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple5(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple6.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple6(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple7.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple7(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple8.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple8(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple9.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple9(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Tuple10.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseTuple10(annotationTree, context);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(List.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseList(annotationTree, context, annotationsInfo, typeArguments);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Set.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseSet(annotationTree, context, annotationsInfo, typeArguments);
+        } else if (aptUtils.isAssignableFrom(Map.class, currentTypeMirror)) {
+            return parseMap(annotationTree, context, annotationsInfo, typeArguments);
+        } else if (isUDT) {
+            return udtParser.parseUDT(annotationTree, context, this);
+        } else {
+            return parseSimpleType(annotationTree, context, sourceType);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private TypeParsingResult parseComputedType(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context, TypeName sourceType) {
+        final CodecInfo codecInfo = codecFactory.createCodec(sourceType, annotationTree, context);
+        final TypeName rawTargetType = getRawType(codecInfo.targetType);
+        final TypedMap computed = extractTypedMap(annotationTree, Computed.class).get();
+        final String alias = computed.getTyped("alias");
+
+        CodeBlock extractor = context.buildExtractor
+                ? CodeBlock.builder().add("gettableData$$ -> gettableData$$.$L", TypeUtils.gettableDataGetter(rawTargetType, alias)).build()
+                : NO_GETTER;
+
+        CodeBlock typeCode = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<$T, $T, $T>($L, $L, $L)",
+                COMPUTED_PROPERTY,
+                context.entityRawType,
+                sourceType,
+                codecInfo.targetType,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                extractor,
+                codecInfo.codecCode)
+                .build();
+
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(COMPUTED_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, codecInfo.sourceType, codecInfo.targetType);
+
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, annotationTree.hasNext() ? annotationTree.next() : annotationTree,
+                sourceType, codecInfo.targetType, propertyType, typeCode);
+    }
+
+    private TypeParsingResult parseSimpleType(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context, TypeName sourceType) {
+        final CodecInfo codecInfo = context.hasCodecFor(sourceType)
+                                ? context.getCodecFor(sourceType)
+                                : codecFactory.createCodec(sourceType, annotationTree, context);
+
+        final TypeName rawTargetType = getRawType(codecInfo.targetType);
+
+        validateAllowedType(aptUtils, rawTargetType, context);
+        validateCounter(aptUtils, rawTargetType, annotationTree.getAnnotations().keySet(), context);
+
+        final CodeBlock dataType;
+
+        if (containsAnnotation(annotationTree, TimeUUID.class)) {
+            dataType = CodeBlock.builder().add("$T.timeuuid()", DATATYPE).build();
+        } else if (containsAnnotation(annotationTree, Counter.class)) {
+            dataType = CodeBlock.builder().add("$T.counter()", DATATYPE).build();
+        } else {
+            dataType = TypeUtils.buildDataTypeFor(rawTargetType);
+        }
+
+        CodeBlock gettable = context.buildExtractor
+                ? CodeBlock.builder().add("gettableData$$ -> gettableData$$.$L", TypeUtils.gettableDataGetter(rawTargetType, context.cqlColumn)).build()
+                : NO_GETTER;
+
+        CodeBlock settable = context.buildExtractor
+                ? CodeBlock.builder().add("(settableData$$, value$$) -> settableData$$.$L", TypeUtils.settableDataSetter(rawTargetType, context.cqlColumn)).build()
+                : NO_UDT_SETTER;
+
+
+        CodeBlock typeCode = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<$T, $T, $T>($L, $L, $L, $L, new $T(){}, new $T(){}, $L)",
+                SIMPLE_PROPERTY,
+                context.entityRawType,
+                sourceType.box(),
+                codecInfo.targetType.box(),
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                dataType,
+                gettable,
+                settable,
+                genericType(TYPE_TOKEN, sourceType.box()),
+                genericType(TYPE_TOKEN, codecInfo.targetType.box()),
+                codecInfo.codecCode)
+                .build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(SIMPLE_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, codecInfo.sourceType.box(), codecInfo.targetType.box());
+
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, annotationTree.hasNext() ? annotationTree.next() : annotationTree,
+                sourceType, codecInfo.targetType, propertyType, typeCode);
+    }
+
+    private TypeParsingResult parseMap(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context, Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, TypedMap> annotationsInfo, List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final boolean hasFrozen = containsAnnotation(annotationsInfo.keySet(), Frozen.class);
+        final boolean hasEmptyCollectionIfNull = containsAnnotation(annotationsInfo.keySet(), EmptyCollectionIfNull.class);
+        final TypeMirror keyTypeMirror = typeArguments.get(0);
+        final TypeMirror valueTypeMirror = typeArguments.get(1);
+        final TypeName sourceKeyType = TypeName.get(keyTypeMirror);
+        final TypeParsingResult keyParsingResult = this.parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceKeyType), sourceKeyType);
+        final TypeName sourceValueType = TypeName.get(valueTypeMirror);
+        final TypeParsingResult valueParsingResult = this.parseType(keyParsingResult.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceValueType), sourceValueType);
+        final CodeBlock typeCode = CodeBlock.builder()
+                .add("new $T<$T, $T, $T, $T, $T>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                        MAP_PROPERTY,
+                        context.entityRawType,
+                        sourceKeyType,
+                        keyParsingResult.targetType.box(),
+                        sourceValueType,
+                        valueParsingResult.targetType.box(),
+                        context.fieldInfoCode,
+                        hasFrozen,
+                        hasEmptyCollectionIfNull,
+                        keyParsingResult.typeCode,
+                        valueParsingResult.typeCode).build();
+        final TypeName targetType = genericType(MAP, keyParsingResult.targetType, valueParsingResult.targetType);
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(MAP_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceKeyType, keyParsingResult.targetType, sourceValueType, valueParsingResult.targetType);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, valueParsingResult.annotationTree, sourceType, targetType, propertyType, typeCode);
+    }
+
+    private TypeParsingResult parseSet(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context, Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, TypedMap> annotationsInfo, List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final boolean hasFrozen = containsAnnotation(annotationsInfo.keySet(), Frozen.class);
+        final boolean hasEmptyCollectionIfNull = containsAnnotation(annotationsInfo.keySet(), EmptyCollectionIfNull.class);
+        final TypeMirror typeMirror1 = typeArguments.get(0);
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeMirror1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult = this.parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final CodeBlock typeCode = CodeBlock.builder()
+                .add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $T.class, $L)",
+                        SET_PROPERTY,
+                        context.fieldInfoCode,
+                        hasFrozen,
+                        hasEmptyCollectionIfNull,
+                        getRawType(parsingResult.targetType).box(),
+                        parsingResult.typeCode).build();
+        final TypeName targetType = genericType(SET, parsingResult.targetType);
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(SET_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1, parsingResult.targetType);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult.annotationTree, sourceType, targetType, propertyType, typeCode);
+    }
+
+    private TypeParsingResult parseList(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context, Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, TypedMap> annotationsInfo, List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final boolean hasFrozen = containsAnnotation(annotationsInfo.keySet(), Frozen.class);
+        final boolean hasEmptyCollectionIfNull = containsAnnotation(annotationsInfo.keySet(), EmptyCollectionIfNull.class);
+        final TypeMirror typeMirror1 = typeArguments.get(0);
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeMirror1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult = this.parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final CodeBlock typeCode = CodeBlock.builder()
+                .add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $T.class, $L)",
+                        LIST_PROPERTY,
+                        context.fieldInfoCode,
+                        hasFrozen,
+                        hasEmptyCollectionIfNull,
+                        getRawType(parsingResult.targetType).box(),
+                        parsingResult.typeCode).build();
+        final TypeName targetType = genericType(LIST, parsingResult.targetType);
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(LIST_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1, parsingResult.targetType);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult.annotationTree, sourceType, targetType, propertyType, typeCode);
+    }
+
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple1(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeMirror typeMirror1 = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType()).get(0);
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeMirror1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L)",
+                TUPLE1_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE1_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple2(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE2_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE2_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1, sourceType2);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult2.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple3(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE3_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE3_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult3.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple4(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+        final TypeName sourceType4 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(3));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult4 = parseType(parsingResult3.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType4), sourceType4);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE4_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode,
+                parsingResult4.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE4_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3, sourceType4);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult4.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple5(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+        final TypeName sourceType4 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(3));
+        final TypeName sourceType5 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(4));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult4 = parseType(parsingResult3.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType4), sourceType4);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult5 = parseType(parsingResult4.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType5), sourceType5);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE5_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode,
+                parsingResult4.typeCode,
+                parsingResult5.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE5_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3, sourceType4, sourceType5);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult5.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple6(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+        final TypeName sourceType4 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(3));
+        final TypeName sourceType5 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(4));
+        final TypeName sourceType6 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(5));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult4 = parseType(parsingResult3.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType4), sourceType4);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult5 = parseType(parsingResult4.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType5), sourceType5);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult6 = parseType(parsingResult5.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType6), sourceType6);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE6_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode,
+                parsingResult4.typeCode,
+                parsingResult5.typeCode,
+                parsingResult6.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE6_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3, sourceType4, sourceType5, sourceType6);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult5.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple7(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+        final TypeName sourceType4 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(3));
+        final TypeName sourceType5 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(4));
+        final TypeName sourceType6 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(5));
+        final TypeName sourceType7 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(6));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult4 = parseType(parsingResult3.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType4), sourceType4);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult5 = parseType(parsingResult4.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType5), sourceType5);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult6 = parseType(parsingResult5.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType6), sourceType6);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult7 = parseType(parsingResult6.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType7), sourceType7);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE7_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode,
+                parsingResult4.typeCode,
+                parsingResult5.typeCode,
+                parsingResult6.typeCode,
+                parsingResult7.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE7_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3, sourceType4, sourceType5, sourceType6, sourceType7);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult5.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple8(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+        final TypeName sourceType4 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(3));
+        final TypeName sourceType5 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(4));
+        final TypeName sourceType6 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(5));
+        final TypeName sourceType7 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(6));
+        final TypeName sourceType8 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(7));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult4 = parseType(parsingResult3.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType4), sourceType4);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult5 = parseType(parsingResult4.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType5), sourceType5);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult6 = parseType(parsingResult5.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType6), sourceType6);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult7 = parseType(parsingResult6.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType7), sourceType7);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult8 = parseType(parsingResult7.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType8), sourceType8);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE8_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode,
+                parsingResult4.typeCode,
+                parsingResult5.typeCode,
+                parsingResult6.typeCode,
+                parsingResult7.typeCode,
+                parsingResult8.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE8_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3, sourceType4, sourceType5, sourceType6, sourceType7, sourceType8);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult5.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple9(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+        final TypeName sourceType4 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(3));
+        final TypeName sourceType5 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(4));
+        final TypeName sourceType6 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(5));
+        final TypeName sourceType7 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(6));
+        final TypeName sourceType8 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(7));
+        final TypeName sourceType9 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(8));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult4 = parseType(parsingResult3.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType4), sourceType4);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult5 = parseType(parsingResult4.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType5), sourceType5);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult6 = parseType(parsingResult5.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType6), sourceType6);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult7 = parseType(parsingResult6.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType7), sourceType7);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult8 = parseType(parsingResult7.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType8), sourceType8);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult9 = parseType(parsingResult8.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType9), sourceType9);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE9_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode,
+                parsingResult4.typeCode,
+                parsingResult5.typeCode,
+                parsingResult6.typeCode,
+                parsingResult7.typeCode,
+                parsingResult8.typeCode,
+                parsingResult9.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE9_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3, sourceType4, sourceType5, sourceType6, sourceType7, sourceType8, sourceType9);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult5.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    protected TypeParsingResult parseTuple10(AnnotationTree annotationTree, FieldParsingContext context) {
+        final TypeName sourceType = TypeName.get(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final List<? extends TypeMirror> typeArguments = AptUtils.getTypeArguments(annotationTree.getCurrentType());
+        final TypeName sourceType1 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(0));
+        final TypeName sourceType2 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(1));
+        final TypeName sourceType3 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(2));
+        final TypeName sourceType4 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(3));
+        final TypeName sourceType5 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(4));
+        final TypeName sourceType6 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(5));
+        final TypeName sourceType7 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(6));
+        final TypeName sourceType8 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(7));
+        final TypeName sourceType9 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(8));
+        final TypeName sourceType10 = TypeName.get(typeArguments.get(9));
+
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult1 = parseType(annotationTree.next(), context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType1), sourceType1);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult2 = parseType(parsingResult1.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType2), sourceType2);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult3 = parseType(parsingResult2.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType3), sourceType3);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult4 = parseType(parsingResult3.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType4), sourceType4);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult5 = parseType(parsingResult4.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType5), sourceType5);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult6 = parseType(parsingResult5.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType6), sourceType6);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult7 = parseType(parsingResult6.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType7), sourceType7);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult8 = parseType(parsingResult7.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType8), sourceType8);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult9 = parseType(parsingResult8.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType9), sourceType9);
+        final TypeParsingResult parsingResult10 = parseType(parsingResult9.annotationTree, context.noLambda(context.entityRawType, sourceType10), sourceType10);
+        final CodeBlock codeBlock = CodeBlock.builder().add("new $T<>($L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L, $L)",
+                TUPLE10_PROPERTY,
+                context.fieldInfoCode,
+                parsingResult1.typeCode,
+                parsingResult2.typeCode,
+                parsingResult3.typeCode,
+                parsingResult4.typeCode,
+                parsingResult5.typeCode,
+                parsingResult6.typeCode,
+                parsingResult7.typeCode,
+                parsingResult8.typeCode,
+                parsingResult9.typeCode,
+                parsingResult10.typeCode).build();
+        final ParameterizedTypeName propertyType = genericType(TUPLE10_PROPERTY, context.entityRawType, sourceType1,
+                sourceType2, sourceType3, sourceType4, sourceType5, sourceType6, sourceType7, sourceType8, sourceType9, sourceType10);
+        return new TypeParsingResult(context, parsingResult5.annotationTree, sourceType, JAVA_DRIVER_TUPLE_VALUE_TYPE, propertyType, codeBlock);
+    }
+
+    public static class TypeParsingResult {
+        private static final Modifier[] FIELD_MODIFIERS = new Modifier[]{Modifier.FINAL, Modifier.PUBLIC, Modifier.STATIC};
+        final public FieldParsingContext context;
+        final public AnnotationTree annotationTree;
+        final public TypeName sourceType;
+        final public TypeName targetType;
+        final public CodeBlock typeCode;
+        final public TypeName propertyType;
+
+        public TypeParsingResult(FieldParsingContext context, AnnotationTree annotationTree, TypeName sourceType, TypeName targetType,
+                                 TypeName propertyType, CodeBlock typeCode) {
+            this.context = context;
+            this.annotationTree = annotationTree;
+            this.sourceType = sourceType;
+            this.targetType = targetType;
+            this.propertyType = propertyType;
+            this.typeCode = typeCode;
+        }
+
+        public FieldSpec buildPropertyAsField() {
+            final FieldSpec.Builder builder = FieldSpec
+                    .builder(propertyType, context.fieldName, FIELD_MODIFIERS)
+                    .addJavadoc("Meta class for '$L' property <br/>\n", context.fieldName)
+                    .addJavadoc("The meta class exposes some useful methods: ")
+                    .addJavadoc("<ul>\n")
+                    .addJavadoc("   <li>encodeFromJava: encode a property from raw Java to CQL java compatible type </li>\n")
+                    .addJavadoc("   <li>encodeField: extract the current property value from the given $T instance and encode to CQL java compatible type </li>\n", context.entityRawType)
+                    .addJavadoc("   <li>decodeFromGettable: decode from a {@link $T} instance (Row, UDTValue, TupleValue) the current property</li>\n", ClassName.get(GettableData.class))
+                    .addJavadoc("</ul>\n")
+                    .initializer(typeCode);
+            AnnotationSpec.Builder annotationBuilder = null;
+            if (typeCode.toString().contains("SimpleProperty")) {
+                annotationBuilder = AnnotationSpec.builder(SuppressWarnings.class).addMember("value", "$S", "serial");
+            }
+
+            if (typeCode.toString().contains("FieldInfo.<")) {
+                annotationBuilder = annotationBuilder == null
+                        ? AnnotationSpec.builder(SuppressWarnings.class).addMember("value", "$S", "unchecked")
+                        : annotationBuilder.addMember("value", "$S", "unchecked");
+            }
+
+            if (annotationBuilder != null) {
+                builder.addAnnotation(annotationBuilder.build());
+            }
+
+            return builder.build();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (this == o) return true;
+            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
+            TypeParsingResult that = (TypeParsingResult) o;
+            return Objects.equals(context, that.context);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(context);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `alias` last assigned on line 127 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `gettableDataGetter(...)` at line 130.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+FieldParser$TypeParsingResult FieldParser.parseComputedType(AnnotationTree,FieldParsingContext,TypeName)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+info.archinnov.achilles.internals.parser.FieldParser.parseComputedType(info.archinnov.achilles.inter.57b545de260b221e1949722382264a6c
+
+### File:
+achilles-core/src/main/java/info/archinnov/achilles/internals/parser/FieldParser.java
+
+### Key:
+FieldParser.java|parseComputedType|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+698080661520605f53b7648daeba6ff7
+
+### Hash:
+23a8edaab5160855cbd6f8ca49c19b66
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6022/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6022/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d745540f66ffe97a8db40c5e1e1c24eb40465c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6022/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1511 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 58
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.IndexRegionObserver.UNVERIFIED_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.IndexRegionObserver.VERIFIED_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.IndexRegionObserver.removeEmptyColumn;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.write.AbstractParallelWriterIndexCommitter.INDEX_WRITER_KEEP_ALIVE_TIME_CONF_KEY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.AGG_TIMESTAMP;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.SINGLE_COLUMN;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.UNGROUPED_AGG_ROW_KEY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices.MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES_ATTRIB;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NavigableSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.DoNotRetryIOException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Durability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.RegionInfo;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ResultScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.FirstKeyOnlyFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.Region;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.RegionScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.apache.phoenix.filter.AllVersionsIndexRebuildFilter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.filter.SkipScanFilter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ByteUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.EnvironmentEdgeManager;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Pair;
+import org.apache.phoenix.cache.ServerCacheClient;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.ScanRanges;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.ValueGetter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.parallel.EarlyExitFailure;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.parallel.Task;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.parallel.TaskBatch;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.parallel.ThreadPoolBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.parallel.ThreadPoolManager;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.parallel.WaitForCompletionTaskRunner;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.GenericKeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.ImmutableBytesPtr;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.IndexManagementUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.GlobalIndexChecker;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.IndexMaintainer;
+import org.apache.phoenix.mapreduce.index.IndexVerificationOutputRepository;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexCodec;
+import org.apache.phoenix.mapreduce.index.IndexTool;
+import org.apache.phoenix.mapreduce.index.IndexVerificationResultRepository;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.KeyRange;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PLong;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PVarbinary;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.IndexUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixKeyValueUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ServerUtil;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+public class IndexRebuildRegionScanner extends GlobalIndexRegionScanner {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(IndexRebuildRegionScanner.class);
+    private final long maxBatchSizeBytes;
+    private final long blockingMemstoreSize;
+    private final byte[] clientVersionBytes;
+    private boolean useProto = true;
+    private byte[] indexRowKey;
+    private IndexTool.IndexVerifyType verifyType = IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.NONE;
+    private IndexTool.IndexDisableLoggingType disableLoggingVerifyType = IndexTool.IndexDisableLoggingType.NONE;
+    private boolean verify = false;
+    private Map<byte[], List<Mutation>> indexKeyToMutationMap;
+    private Map<byte[], Pair<Put, Delete>> dataKeyToMutationMap;
+    private UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver;
+    protected UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.MutationList mutations;
+    private boolean isBeforeRebuilt = true;
+    private boolean partialRebuild = false;
+    private int singleRowRebuildReturnCode;
+    private Map<byte[], NavigableSet<byte[]>> familyMap;
+    private byte[][] viewConstants;
+    private IndexVerificationOutputRepository verificationOutputRepository;
+    protected IndexVerificationResultRepository verificationResultRepository;
+    private boolean skipped = false;
+    private boolean shouldVerifyCheckDone = false;
+    private byte[] nextStartKey;
+    private boolean hasMoreIncr = false;
+    private long minTimestamp = 0;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public IndexRebuildRegionScanner(final RegionScanner innerScanner, final Region region, final Scan scan,
+                              final RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env,
+                              UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver) throws IOException {
+        super(innerScanner, region, scan, env);
+        final Configuration config = env.getConfiguration();
+        if (scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.INDEX_REBUILD_PAGING) == null) {
+            partialRebuild = true;
+        }
+        maxBatchSizeBytes = config.getLong(MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES_ATTRIB,
+                QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES);
+        mutations = new UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.MutationList(maxBatchSize);
+        blockingMemstoreSize = UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.getBlockingMemstoreSize(region, config);
+        clientVersionBytes = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.CLIENT_VERSION);
+        indexMetaData = scan.getAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_PROTO_MD);
+        if (indexMetaData == null) {
+            useProto = false;
+        }
+        familyMap = scan.getFamilyMap();
+        if (familyMap.isEmpty()) {
+            familyMap = null;
+        }
+        this.ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver = ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver;
+        indexRowKey = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.INDEX_ROW_KEY);
+        if (indexRowKey != null) {
+            setReturnCodeForSingleRowRebuild();
+            pageSizeInRows = 1;
+        }
+        byte[] valueBytes = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.INDEX_REBUILD_VERIFY_TYPE);
+        if (valueBytes != null) {
+            verifyType = IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.fromValue(valueBytes);
+            if (verifyType != IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.NONE) {
+                verify = true;
+                viewConstants = IndexUtil.deserializeViewConstantsFromScan(scan);
+                byte[] disableLoggingValueBytes =
+                    scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.INDEX_REBUILD_DISABLE_LOGGING_VERIFY_TYPE);
+                if (disableLoggingValueBytes != null) {
+                    disableLoggingVerifyType =
+                        IndexTool.IndexDisableLoggingType.fromValue(disableLoggingValueBytes);
+                }
+                verificationOutputRepository =
+                    new IndexVerificationOutputRepository(indexMaintainer.getIndexTableName()
+                        , hTableFactory, disableLoggingVerifyType);
+                verificationResult = new IndexToolVerificationResult(scan);
+                verificationResultRepository =
+                    new IndexVerificationResultRepository(indexMaintainer.getIndexTableName(), hTableFactory);
+                indexKeyToMutationMap = Maps.newTreeMap(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+                dataKeyToMutationMap = Maps.newTreeMap(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+                pool = new WaitForCompletionTaskRunner(ThreadPoolManager.getExecutor(
+                        new ThreadPoolBuilder("IndexVerify",
+                                env.getConfiguration()).setMaxThread(NUM_CONCURRENT_INDEX_VERIFY_THREADS_CONF_KEY,
+                                DEFAULT_CONCURRENT_INDEX_VERIFY_THREADS).setCoreTimeout(
+                                INDEX_WRITER_KEEP_ALIVE_TIME_CONF_KEY), env));
+                nextStartKey = null;
+                minTimestamp = scan.getTimeRange().getMin();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean shouldVerify(IndexTool.IndexVerifyType verifyType,
+            byte[] indexRowKey, Scan scan, Region region, IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer,
+            IndexVerificationResultRepository verificationResultRepository, boolean shouldVerifyCheckDone) throws IOException {
+        this.verifyType = verifyType;
+        this.indexRowKey = indexRowKey;
+        this.scan = scan;
+        this.region = region;
+        this.indexMaintainer = indexMaintainer;
+        this.verificationResultRepository = verificationResultRepository;
+        this.shouldVerifyCheckDone = shouldVerifyCheckDone;
+        return shouldVerify();
+    }
+
+    private boolean shouldVerify() throws IOException {
+        //In case of read repair, proceed with rebuild
+        //All other types of rebuilds/verification should be incrementally performed if appropriate param is passed
+        byte[] lastVerifyTimeValue = scan.getAttribute(UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.INDEX_RETRY_VERIFY);
+        Long lastVerifyTime = lastVerifyTimeValue == null ? 0 : Bytes.toLong(lastVerifyTimeValue);
+        if(indexRowKey != null || lastVerifyTime == 0 || shouldVerifyCheckDone) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        IndexToolVerificationResult verificationResultTemp = verificationResultRepository
+                .getVerificationResult(lastVerifyTime, scan, region, indexMaintainer.getIndexTableName()) ;
+        if(verificationResultTemp != null) {
+            verificationResult = verificationResultTemp;
+        }
+        shouldVerifyCheckDone = true;
+        return verificationResultTemp == null;
+    }
+
+    private void setReturnCodeForSingleRowRebuild() throws IOException {
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan)) {
+            List<Cell> row = new ArrayList<>();
+            scanner.next(row);
+            // Check if the data table row we have just scanned matches with the index row key.
+            // If not, there is no need to build the index row from this data table row,
+            // and just return zero row count.
+            if (row.isEmpty()) {
+                singleRowRebuildReturnCode = GlobalIndexChecker.RebuildReturnCode.NO_DATA_ROW.getValue();
+            } else {
+                Put put = new Put(CellUtil.cloneRow(row.get(0)));
+                for (Cell cell : row) {
+                    put.add(cell);
+                }
+                if (checkIndexRow(indexRowKey, put)) {
+                    singleRowRebuildReturnCode = GlobalIndexChecker.RebuildReturnCode.INDEX_ROW_EXISTS.getValue();
+                } else {
+                    singleRowRebuildReturnCode = GlobalIndexChecker.RebuildReturnCode.NO_INDEX_ROW.getValue();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RegionInfo getRegionInfo() {
+        return region.getRegionInfo();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isFilterDone() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        innerScanner.close();
+        if (verify) {
+            try {
+                if (verificationResultRepository != null) {
+                    verificationResultRepository.logToIndexToolResultTable(verificationResult,
+                        verifyType, region.getRegionInfo().getRegionName(), skipped);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                this.pool.stop("IndexRebuildRegionScanner is closing");
+                hTableFactory.shutdown();
+                indexHTable.close();
+                if (verificationResultRepository != null) {
+                    verificationResultRepository.close();
+                }
+                if (verificationOutputRepository != null) {
+                    verificationOutputRepository.close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setMutationAttributes(Mutation m, byte[] uuidValue) {
+        m.setAttribute(useProto ? PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_PROTO_MD : PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_MD, indexMetaData);
+        m.setAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_UUID, uuidValue);
+        m.setAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.REPLAY_WRITES,
+                BaseScannerRegionObserver.REPLAY_INDEX_REBUILD_WRITES);
+        m.setAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.CLIENT_VERSION, clientVersionBytes);
+        // Since we're replaying existing mutations, it makes no sense to write them to the wal
+        m.setDurability(Durability.SKIP_WAL);
+    }
+
+    private byte[] commitIfReady(byte[] uuidValue, UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.MutationList mutationList) throws IOException {
+        if (ServerUtil.readyToCommit(mutationList.size(), mutationList.byteSize(), maxBatchSize, maxBatchSizeBytes)) {
+            ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver.checkForRegionClosingOrSplitting();
+            ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver.commitBatchWithRetries(region, mutationList, blockingMemstoreSize);
+            uuidValue = ServerCacheClient.generateId();
+            mutationList.clear();
+        }
+        return uuidValue;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public int setIndexTableTTL(int ttl) {
+        indexTableTTL = ttl;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public int setIndexMaintainer(IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer) {
+        this.indexMaintainer = indexMaintainer;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public int setIndexKeyToMutationMap(Map<byte[], List<Mutation>> newTreeMap) {
+        this.indexKeyToMutationMap = newTreeMap;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkIndexRow(final byte[] indexRowKey, final Put put) throws IOException {
+        byte[] builtIndexRowKey = getIndexRowKey(indexMaintainer, put);
+        if (Bytes.compareTo(builtIndexRowKey, 0, builtIndexRowKey.length,
+                indexRowKey, 0, indexRowKey.length) != 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void logToIndexToolOutputTable(byte[] dataRowKey, byte[] indexRowKey, long dataRowTs, long indexRowTs,
+            String errorMsg) throws IOException {
+        logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataRowKey, indexRowKey, dataRowTs, indexRowTs, errorMsg, null, null);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void logToIndexToolOutputTable(byte[] dataRowKey, byte[] indexRowKey, long dataRowTs, long indexRowTs,
+            String errorMsg, byte[] expectedVaue, byte[] actualValue)
+            throws IOException {
+        verificationOutputRepository.logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataRowKey, indexRowKey, dataRowTs, indexRowTs,
+                errorMsg, expectedVaue, actualValue, scan.getTimeRange().getMax(),
+                region.getRegionInfo().getTable().getName(), isBeforeRebuilt);
+    }
+
+    private static Cell getCell(Mutation m, byte[] family, byte[] qualifier) {
+        List<Cell> cellList = m.getFamilyCellMap().get(family);
+        if (cellList == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        for (Cell cell : cellList) {
+            if (CellUtil.matchingQualifier(cell, qualifier)) {
+                return cell;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isMatchingMutation(Mutation expected, Mutation actual, int iteration,  IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult) throws IOException {
+        if (getTimestamp(expected) != getTimestamp(actual)) {
+            String errorMsg = "Not matching timestamp";
+            byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(expected.getRow()), viewConstants);
+            logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataKey, expected.getRow(), getTimestamp(expected), getTimestamp(actual),
+                    errorMsg, null, null);
+            return false;
+        }
+        int expectedCellCount = 0;
+        for (List<Cell> cells : expected.getFamilyCellMap().values()) {
+            if (cells == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (Cell expectedCell : cells) {
+                expectedCellCount++;
+                byte[] family = CellUtil.cloneFamily(expectedCell);
+                byte[] qualifier = CellUtil.cloneQualifier(expectedCell);
+                Cell actualCell = getCell(actual, family, qualifier);
+                if (actualCell == null ||
+                        !CellUtil.matchingType(expectedCell, actualCell)) {
+                    byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(expected.getRow()), viewConstants);
+                    String errorMsg = "Missing cell (in iteration " + iteration + ") " + Bytes.toString(family) + ":" + Bytes.toString(qualifier);
+                    logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataKey, expected.getRow(), getTimestamp(expected), getTimestamp(actual), errorMsg);
+                    verificationPhaseResult.setIndexHasMissingCellsCount(verificationPhaseResult.getIndexHasMissingCellsCount()+1);
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (!CellUtil.matchingValue(actualCell, expectedCell)) {
+                    String errorMsg = "Not matching value (in iteration " + iteration + ") for " + Bytes.toString(family) + ":" + Bytes.toString(qualifier);
+                    byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(expected.getRow()), viewConstants);
+                    logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataKey, expected.getRow(), getTimestamp(expected), getTimestamp(actual),
+                            errorMsg, CellUtil.cloneValue(expectedCell), CellUtil.cloneValue(actualCell));
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        int actualCellCount = 0;
+        for (List<Cell> cells : actual.getFamilyCellMap().values()) {
+            if (cells == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            actualCellCount += cells.size();
+        }
+        if (expectedCellCount != actualCellCount) {
+            String errorMsg = "Index has extra cells (in iteration " + iteration + ")";
+            byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(expected.getRow()), viewConstants);
+            logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataKey, expected.getRow(), getTimestamp(expected), getTimestamp(actual),
+                    errorMsg);
+            verificationPhaseResult.setIndexHasExtraCellsCount(verificationPhaseResult.getIndexHasExtraCellsCount()+1);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isVerified(Put mutation) throws IOException {
+        List<Cell> cellList = mutation.get(indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueFamily().copyBytesIfNecessary(),
+                indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueQualifier());
+        Cell cell = (cellList != null && !cellList.isEmpty()) ? cellList.get(0) : null;
+        if (cell == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (Bytes.compareTo(cell.getValueArray(), cell.getValueOffset(), cell.getValueLength(),
+                VERIFIED_BYTES, 0, VERIFIED_BYTES.length) == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is to reorder the mutations in descending order by the tuple of timestamp and mutation type where
+     * delete comes before put
+     */
+    public static final Comparator<Mutation> MUTATION_TS_DESC_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<Mutation>() {
+        @Override
+        public int compare(Mutation o1, Mutation o2) {
+            long ts1 = getTimestamp(o1);
+            long ts2 = getTimestamp(o2);
+            if (ts1 > ts2) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            if (ts1 < ts2) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (o1 instanceof Delete && o2 instanceof Put) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            if (o1 instanceof Put && o2 instanceof Delete) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+    };
+
+    private boolean isDeleteFamily(Mutation mutation) {
+        for (List<Cell> cells : mutation.getFamilyCellMap().values()) {
+            for (Cell cell : cells) {
+                if (KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte()) == KeyValue.Type.DeleteFamily) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isDeleteFamilyVersion(Mutation mutation) {
+        for (List<Cell> cells : mutation.getFamilyCellMap().values()) {
+            for (Cell cell : cells) {
+                if (KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte()) == KeyValue.Type.DeleteFamilyVersion) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public List<Mutation> prepareActualIndexMutations(Result indexRow) throws IOException {
+        Put put = null;
+        Delete del = null;
+        for (Cell cell : indexRow.rawCells()) {
+            if (KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte()) == KeyValue.Type.Put) {
+                if (put == null) {
+                    put = new Put(CellUtil.cloneRow(cell));
+                }
+                put.add(cell);
+            } else {
+                if (del == null) {
+                    del = new Delete(CellUtil.cloneRow(cell));
+                }
+                del.addDeleteMarker(cell);
+            }
+        }
+        return getMutationsWithSameTS(put, del);
+    }
+
+    private void updateUnverifiedIndexRowCounters(Put actual,
+                                                  IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult) {
+        // We are given an index row and need to check if this index row is unverified. However, before doing
+        // that we need to check if this index row is the most recent version. To do that, we need to check its data
+        // table row first.
+        // Get the data row key from the index row key
+        byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(actual.getRow()), viewConstants);
+        // Get the data table row mutations using the data row key
+        Pair<Put, Delete> putDeletePair = dataKeyToMutationMap.get(dataKey);
+        Put put = putDeletePair.getFirst();
+        if (put == null) {
+            // The data table row does not exist, so there is nothing to do
+            return;
+        }
+        Delete del = putDeletePair.getSecond();
+        if (del != null && getMaxTimestamp(del) >= getTimestamp(put)) {
+            // The data table row is deleted, i.e., the most recent mutation is delete. So there is nothing to do
+            return;
+        }
+        // Get the index row key from the data table row and check if the given index row has the same row key
+        byte[] indexRowKey = getIndexRowKey(indexMaintainer, put);
+        if (Bytes.compareTo(actual.getRow(), 0, actual.getRow().length,
+                indexRowKey, 0, indexRowKey.length) != 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Get the empty column of the given index row
+        List<Cell> cellList = actual.get(indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueFamily().copyBytesIfNecessary(),
+                indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueQualifier());
+        Cell cell = (cellList != null && !cellList.isEmpty()) ? cellList.get(0) : null;
+        if (cell == null) {
+            // There is no empty column on the given index row. We do not know if this is a row generated by the new
+            // or the old design
+            verificationPhaseResult.setUnknownIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getUnknownIndexRowCount() + 1);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (Bytes.compareTo(cell.getValueArray(), cell.getValueOffset(), cell.getValueLength(),
+                VERIFIED_BYTES, 0, VERIFIED_BYTES.length) == 0) {
+            // This is a verified index row, so nothing to do here
+            return;
+        } else if (Bytes.compareTo(cell.getValueArray(), cell.getValueOffset(), cell.getValueLength(),
+                UNVERIFIED_BYTES, 0, UNVERIFIED_BYTES.length) == 0) {
+            verificationPhaseResult.setUnverifiedIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getUnverifiedIndexRowCount() +  1);
+            return;
+        }
+        // The empty column value is neither "verified" or "unverified". This must be a row from the old design
+        verificationPhaseResult.setOldIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getOldIndexRowCount() + 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In this method, the actual list is repaired in memory using the expected list which is actually the output of
+     * rebuilding the index table row. The result of this repair is used only for verification.
+     */
+    private void repairActualMutationList(List<Mutation> actualMutationList, List<Mutation> expectedMutationList)
+            throws IOException {
+        // Find the first (latest) actual unverified put mutation
+        List<Mutation> repairedMutationList = new ArrayList<>(expectedMutationList.size());
+        for (Mutation actual : actualMutationList) {
+            if (actual instanceof Put && !isVerified((Put) actual)) {
+                long ts = getTimestamp(actual);
+                int expectedIndex;
+                int expectedListSize = expectedMutationList.size();
+                for (expectedIndex = 0; expectedIndex < expectedListSize; expectedIndex++) {
+                    if (getTimestamp(expectedMutationList.get(expectedIndex)) <= ts) {
+                        if (expectedIndex > 0) {
+                            expectedIndex--;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (expectedIndex == expectedListSize) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (; expectedIndex < expectedListSize; expectedIndex++) {
+                    Mutation mutation = expectedMutationList.get(expectedIndex);
+                    if (mutation instanceof Put) {
+                        mutation = new Put((Put) mutation);
+                    } else {
+                        mutation = new Delete((Delete) mutation);
+                    }
+                    repairedMutationList.add(mutation);
+                }
+                // Since we repair the entire history, there is no need to more than once
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (repairedMutationList.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        actualMutationList.addAll(repairedMutationList);
+        Collections.sort(actualMutationList, MUTATION_TS_DESC_COMPARATOR);
+    }
+
+    private void cleanUpActualMutationList(List<Mutation> actualMutationList)
+            throws IOException {
+        Iterator<Mutation> iterator = actualMutationList.iterator();
+        Mutation previous = null;
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Mutation mutation = iterator.next();
+            if ((mutation instanceof Put && !isVerified((Put) mutation)) ||
+                    (mutation instanceof Delete && isDeleteFamilyVersion(mutation))) {
+                iterator.remove();
+            } else {
+                if (previous != null && getTimestamp(previous) == getTimestamp(mutation) &&
+                        ((previous instanceof Put && mutation instanceof Put) ||
+                                previous instanceof Delete && mutation instanceof Delete)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                } else {
+                    previous = mutation;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * There are two types of verification: without repair and with repair. Without-repair verification is done before
+     * or after index rebuild. It is done before index rebuild to identify the rows to be rebuilt. It is done after
+     * index rebuild to verify the rows that have been rebuilt. With-repair verification can be done anytime using
+     * the “-v ONLY” option to check the consistency of the index table. Note that with-repair verification simulates
+     * read repair in-memory for the purpose of verification, but does not actually repair the data in the index.
+     *
+     * Unverified Rows
+     *
+     * For each mutable data table mutation during regular data table updates, two operations are done on the data table.
+     * One is to read the existing row state, and the second is to update the data table for this row. The processing of
+     * concurrent data mutations are serialized once for reading the existing row states, and then serialized again
+     * for updating the data table. In other words, they go through locking twice, i.e., [lock, read, unlock] and
+     * [lock, write, unlock]. Because of this two phase locking, for a pair of concurrent mutations (for the same row),
+     * the same row state can be read from the data table. This means the same existing index row can be made unverified
+     * twice with different timestamps, one for each concurrent mutation. These unverified mutations can be repaired
+     * from the data table later during HBase scans using the index read repair process. This is one of the reasons
+     * for having extra unverified rows in the index table. The other reason is the data table write failures.
+     * When a data table write fails, it leaves an unverified index row behind. These rows are never returned to clients,
+     * instead they are repaired, which means either they are rebuilt from their data table rows or they are deleted if
+     * their data table rows do not exist.
+     *
+     * Delete Family Version Markers
+     *
+     * The family version delete markers are generated by the read repair to remove extra unverified rows. They only
+     * show up in the actual mutation list since they are not generated for regular table updates or index rebuilds.
+     * For the verification purpose, these delete markers can be treated as extra unverified rows and can be safely
+     * skipped.
+     *
+     * Delete Family Markers
+     * Delete family markers are generated during read repair, regular table updates and index rebuilds to delete index
+     * table rows. The read repair generates them to delete extra unverified rows. During regular table updates or
+     * index rebuilds, the delete family markers are used to delete index rows due to data table row deletes or
+     * data table row overwrites.
+     *
+     * Verification Algorithm
+     *
+     * IndexTool verification generates an expected list of index mutations from the data table rows and uses this list
+     * to check if index table rows are consistent with the data table.
+     *
+     * The expect list is generated using the index rebuild algorithm. This mean for a given row, the list can include
+     * a number of put and delete mutations such that the followings hold:
+     *
+     * Every mutation will include a set of cells with the same timestamp
+     * Every mutation has a different timestamp
+     * A delete mutation will include only delete family cells and it is for deleting the entire row and its versions
+     * Every put mutation is verified
+     *
+     * For both verification types, after the expected list of index mutations is constructed for a given data table,
+     * another list called the actual list of index mutations is constructed by reading the index table row using HBase
+     * raw scan and all versions of the cells of the row are retrieved.
+     *
+     * As in the construction for the expected list, the cells are grouped into a put and a delete set. The put and
+     * delete sets for a given row are further grouped based on their timestamps into put and delete mutations such that
+     * all the cells in a mutation have the timestamps. The put and delete mutations are then sorted within a single
+     * list. Mutations in this list are sorted in ascending order of their timestamp. This list is the actual list.
+     *
+     * For the without-repair verification, unverified mutations and family version delete markers are removed from
+     * the actual list and then the list is compared with the expected list.
+     *
+     * In case of the with-repair verification, the actual list is first repaired, then unverified mutations and family
+     * version delete markers are removed from the actual list and finally the list is compared with the expected list.
+     *
+     * The actual list is repaired as follows: Every unverified mutation is repaired using the method read repair uses.
+     * However, instead of going through actual repair implementation, the expected mutations are used for repair.
+     */
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean verifySingleIndexRow(Result indexRow, IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult)
+            throws IOException {
+        List<Mutation> expectedMutationList = indexKeyToMutationMap.get(indexRow.getRow());
+        if (expectedMutationList == null) {
+            throw new DoNotRetryIOException(NO_EXPECTED_MUTATION);
+        }
+        List<Mutation> actualMutationList = prepareActualIndexMutations(indexRow);
+        if (actualMutationList == null || actualMutationList.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new DoNotRetryIOException(ACTUAL_MUTATION_IS_NULL_OR_EMPTY);
+        }
+        Collections.sort(expectedMutationList, MUTATION_TS_DESC_COMPARATOR);
+        Collections.sort(actualMutationList, MUTATION_TS_DESC_COMPARATOR);
+        if (verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.ONLY) {
+            if (actualMutationList.get(0) instanceof Put) {
+                // We do check here only the latest version as older versions will always be unverified before
+                // newer versions are inserted.
+                updateUnverifiedIndexRowCounters((Put) actualMutationList.get(0), verificationPhaseResult);
+            }
+            repairActualMutationList(actualMutationList, expectedMutationList);
+        }
+        cleanUpActualMutationList(actualMutationList);
+        long currentTime = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis();
+        int actualIndex = 0;
+        int expectedIndex = 0;
+        int matchingCount = 0;
+        int expectedSize = expectedMutationList.size();
+        int actualSize = actualMutationList.size();
+        Mutation expected = null;
+        Mutation previousExpected;
+        Mutation actual;
+        while (expectedIndex < expectedSize && actualIndex <actualSize) {
+            previousExpected = expected;
+            expected = expectedMutationList.get(expectedIndex);
+            // Check if cell expired as per the current server's time and data table ttl
+            // Index table should have the same ttl as the data table, hence we might not
+            // get a value back from index if it has already expired between our rebuild and
+            // verify
+            // TODO: have a metric to update for these cases
+            if (isTimestampBeforeTTL(indexTableTTL, currentTime, getTimestamp(expected))) {
+                verificationPhaseResult.setExpiredIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getExpiredIndexRowCount() + 1);
+                return true;
+            }
+            actual = actualMutationList.get(actualIndex);
+            if (expected instanceof Put) {
+                if (previousExpected instanceof Delete) {
+                    // Between an expected delete and put, there can be one or more deletes due to
+                    // concurrent mutations or data table write failures. Skip all of them if any
+                    while (getTimestamp(actual) > getTimestamp(expected) && (actual instanceof Delete)) {
+                        actualIndex++;
+                        if (actualIndex == actualSize) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        actual = actualMutationList.get(actualIndex);
+                    }
+                    if (actualIndex == actualSize) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (actual instanceof Delete) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (isMatchingMutation(expected, actual, expectedIndex, verificationPhaseResult)) {
+                    expectedIndex++;
+                    actualIndex++;
+                    matchingCount++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else { // expected instanceof Delete
+                // Between put and delete, delete and delete, or before the first delete, there can be other deletes.
+                // Skip all of them if any
+                while (getTimestamp(actual) > getTimestamp(expected) && actual instanceof Delete) {
+                    actualIndex++;
+                    if (actualIndex == actualSize) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    actual = actualMutationList.get(actualIndex);
+                }
+                if (actualIndex == actualSize) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (getTimestamp(actual) == getTimestamp(expected) &&
+                        (actual instanceof Delete && isDeleteFamily(actual))) {
+                    expectedIndex++;
+                    actualIndex++;
+                    matchingCount++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (matchingCount > 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            verificationPhaseResult.setInvalidIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getInvalidIndexRowCount() + 1);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if ((expectedIndex != expectedSize) || actualIndex != actualSize) {
+            if (matchingCount > 0) {
+                if (verifyType != IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.ONLY) {
+                    // We do not consider this as a verification issue but log it for further information.
+                    // This may happen due to compaction
+                    byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(indexRow.getRow()), viewConstants);
+                    String errorMsg = "Expected to find " + expectedMutationList.size() + " mutations but got "
+                            + actualMutationList.size();
+                    logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataKey, indexRow.getRow(),
+                            getTimestamp(expectedMutationList.get(0)),
+                            getTimestamp(actualMutationList.get(0)), errorMsg);
+                }
+            } else {
+                byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(indexRow.getRow()), viewConstants);
+                String errorMsg = "Not matching index row";
+                logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataKey, indexRow.getRow(),
+                        getTimestamp(expectedMutationList.get(0)), 0L, errorMsg);
+                verificationPhaseResult.setInvalidIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getInvalidIndexRowCount() + 1);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        verificationPhaseResult.setValidIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getValidIndexRowCount() + 1);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void verifyIndexRows(List<KeyRange> keys,
+            IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult) throws IOException {
+        List<KeyRange> invalidKeys = new ArrayList<>();
+        ScanRanges scanRanges = ScanRanges.createPointLookup(keys);
+        Scan indexScan = new Scan();
+        indexScan.setTimeRange(scan.getTimeRange().getMin(), scan.getTimeRange().getMax());
+        scanRanges.initializeScan(indexScan);
+        /*
+        SkipScanFilter skipScanFilter = scanRanges.getSkipScanFilter();
+        indexScan.setFilter(new SkipScanFilter(skipScanFilter, true));
+        */
+        indexScan.setRaw(true);
+        indexScan.setMaxVersions();
+        indexScan.setCacheBlocks(false);
+        try (ResultScanner resultScanner = indexHTable.getScanner(indexScan)) {
+            for (Result result = resultScanner.next(); (result != null); result = resultScanner.next()) {
+                KeyRange keyRange = PVarbinary.INSTANCE.getKeyRange(result.getRow());
+                if (!keys.contains(keyRange)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!verifySingleIndexRow(result, verificationPhaseResult)) {
+                    invalidKeys.add(keyRange);
+                }
+                keys.remove(keyRange);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            ServerUtil.throwIOException(indexHTable.getName().toString(), t);
+        }
+        // Check if any expected rows from index(which we didn't get) are already expired due to TTL
+        // TODO: metrics for expired rows
+        if (!keys.isEmpty()) {
+            Iterator<KeyRange> itr = keys.iterator();
+            long currentTime = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis();
+            while(itr.hasNext()) {
+                KeyRange keyRange = itr.next();
+                byte[] key = keyRange.getLowerRange();
+                List<Mutation> mutationList = indexKeyToMutationMap.get(key);
+                if (isTimestampBeforeTTL(indexTableTTL, currentTime, getTimestamp(mutationList.get(mutationList.size() - 1)))) {
+                    itr.remove();
+                    verificationPhaseResult.setExpiredIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getExpiredIndexRowCount() + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (keys.size() > 0) {
+            for (KeyRange keyRange : keys) {
+                String errorMsg = "Missing index row";
+                byte[] key = keyRange.getLowerRange();
+                List<Mutation> mutationList = indexKeyToMutationMap.get(key);
+                if (mutationList.get(mutationList.size() - 1) instanceof Delete) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(keyRange.getLowerRange()), viewConstants);
+                logToIndexToolOutputTable(dataKey,
+                        keyRange.getLowerRange(),
+                        getMaxTimestamp(dataKeyToMutationMap.get(dataKey)),
+                        getTimestamp(mutationList.get(mutationList.size() - 1)), errorMsg);
+                verificationPhaseResult.setMissingIndexRowCount(verificationPhaseResult.getMissingIndexRowCount() + 1);
+            }
+        }
+        keys.addAll(invalidKeys);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isTimestampBeforeTTL(long currentTime, long tsToCheck) {
+        if (indexTableTTL == HConstants.FOREVER) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return tsToCheck < (currentTime - (long) indexTableTTL * 1000);
+    }
+
+    private void addVerifyTask(final List<KeyRange> keys,
+                               final IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult) {
+        tasks.add(new Task<Boolean>() {
+            @Override
+            public Boolean call() throws Exception {
+                try {
+                    if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
+                        exceptionMessage = "Pool closed, not attempting to verify index rows! " + indexHTable.getName();
+                        throw new IOException(exceptionMessage);
+                    }
+                    verifyIndexRows(keys, verificationPhaseResult);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                return Boolean.TRUE;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void parallelizeIndexVerify(IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult) throws IOException {
+        int taskCount = (indexKeyToMutationMap.size() + rowCountPerTask - 1) / rowCountPerTask;
+        tasks = new TaskBatch<>(taskCount);
+        List<List<KeyRange>> listOfKeyRangeList = new ArrayList<>(taskCount);
+        List<IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult> verificationPhaseResultList = new ArrayList<>(taskCount);
+        List<KeyRange> keys = new ArrayList<>(rowCountPerTask);
+        listOfKeyRangeList.add(keys);
+        IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult perTaskVerificationPhaseResult = new IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult();
+        verificationPhaseResultList.add(perTaskVerificationPhaseResult);
+        for (byte[] indexKey: indexKeyToMutationMap.keySet()) {
+            keys.add(PVarbinary.INSTANCE.getKeyRange(indexKey));
+            if (keys.size() == rowCountPerTask) {
+                addVerifyTask(keys, perTaskVerificationPhaseResult);
+                keys = new ArrayList<>(rowCountPerTask);
+                listOfKeyRangeList.add(keys);
+                perTaskVerificationPhaseResult = new IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult();
+                verificationPhaseResultList.add(perTaskVerificationPhaseResult);
+            }
+        }
+        if (keys.size() > 0) {
+            addVerifyTask(keys, perTaskVerificationPhaseResult);
+        }
+        Pair<List<Boolean>, List<Future<Boolean>>> resultsAndFutures = null;
+        try {
+            LOGGER.debug("Waiting on index verify tasks to complete...");
+            resultsAndFutures = this.pool.submitUninterruptible(tasks);
+        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Should not fail on the results while using a WaitForCompletionTaskRunner", e);
+        } catch (EarlyExitFailure e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Stopped while waiting for batch, quitting!", e);
+        }
+        int index = 0;
+        for (Boolean result : resultsAndFutures.getFirst()) {
+            if (result == null) {
+                Throwable cause = ServerUtil.getExceptionFromFailedFuture(resultsAndFutures.getSecond().get(index));
+                // there was a failure
+                throw new IOException(exceptionMessage, cause);
+            }
+            index++;
+        }
+        for (IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult result : verificationPhaseResultList) {
+            verificationPhaseResult.add(result);
+        }
+        if (verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.BEFORE || verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.BOTH) {
+            Map<byte[], Pair<Put, Delete>> newDataKeyToMutationMap = Maps.newTreeMap(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+            for (List<KeyRange> keyRangeList : listOfKeyRangeList) {
+                for (KeyRange keyRange : keyRangeList) {
+                    byte[] dataKey = indexMaintainer.buildDataRowKey(new ImmutableBytesWritable(keyRange.getLowerRange()), viewConstants);
+                    newDataKeyToMutationMap.put(dataKey, dataKeyToMutationMap.get(dataKey));
+                }
+            }
+            dataKeyToMutationMap.clear();
+            dataKeyToMutationMap = newDataKeyToMutationMap;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void rebuildIndexRows(UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.MutationList mutationList) throws IOException {
+        byte[] uuidValue = ServerCacheClient.generateId();
+        UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.MutationList currentMutationList =
+                new UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.MutationList(maxBatchSize);
+        Put put = null;
+        for (Mutation mutation : mutationList) {
+            if (mutation instanceof Put) {
+                if (put != null) {
+                    // back to back put, i.e., no delete in between. we can commit the previous put
+                    uuidValue = commitIfReady(uuidValue, currentMutationList);
+                }
+                currentMutationList.add(mutation);
+                setMutationAttributes(mutation, uuidValue);
+                put = (Put)mutation;
+            } else {
+                currentMutationList.add(mutation);
+                setMutationAttributes(mutation, uuidValue);
+                uuidValue = commitIfReady(uuidValue, currentMutationList);
+                put = null;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!currentMutationList.isEmpty()) {
+            ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver.checkForRegionClosingOrSplitting();
+            ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver.commitBatchWithRetries(region, currentMutationList, blockingMemstoreSize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void verifyAndOrRebuildIndex() throws IOException {
+        isBeforeRebuilt = true;
+        IndexToolVerificationResult nextVerificationResult = new IndexToolVerificationResult(scan);
+        nextVerificationResult.setScannedDataRowCount(dataKeyToMutationMap.size());
+        if (verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.AFTER || verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.NONE) {
+            // For these options we start with rebuilding index rows
+            rebuildIndexRows(mutations);
+            nextVerificationResult.setRebuiltIndexRowCount(dataKeyToMutationMap.size());
+            isBeforeRebuilt = false;
+        }
+        if (verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.NONE) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.BEFORE || verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.BOTH ||
+                verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.ONLY) {
+            IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult = new IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult();
+            // For these options we start with verifying index rows
+            parallelizeIndexVerify(verificationPhaseResult);
+            nextVerificationResult.getBefore().add(verificationPhaseResult);
+        }
+        if (verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.BEFORE || verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.BOTH) {
+            // For these options, we have identified the rows to be rebuilt and now need to rebuild them
+            // At this point, dataKeyToDataPutMap includes mapping only for the rows to be rebuilt
+            mutations.clear();
+
+            for (Map.Entry<byte[], Pair<Put, Delete>> entry: dataKeyToMutationMap.entrySet()) {
+                if (entry.getValue().getFirst() != null) {
+                    mutations.add(entry.getValue().getFirst());
+                }
+                if (entry.getValue().getSecond() != null) {
+                    mutations.add(entry.getValue().getSecond());
+                }
+            }
+            rebuildIndexRows(mutations);
+            nextVerificationResult.setRebuiltIndexRowCount(nextVerificationResult.getRebuiltIndexRowCount() + dataKeyToMutationMap.size());
+            isBeforeRebuilt = false;
+        }
+
+        if (verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.AFTER || verifyType == IndexTool.IndexVerifyType.BOTH) {
+            // We have rebuilt index row and now we need to verify them
+            IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult verificationPhaseResult = new IndexToolVerificationResult.PhaseResult();
+            indexKeyToMutationMap.clear();
+            for (Map.Entry<byte[], Pair<Put, Delete>> entry: dataKeyToMutationMap.entrySet()) {
+                prepareIndexMutations(entry.getValue().getFirst(), entry.getValue().getSecond());
+            }
+            parallelizeIndexVerify(verificationPhaseResult);
+            nextVerificationResult.getAfter().add(verificationPhaseResult);
+        }
+        verificationResult.add(nextVerificationResult);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isColumnIncluded(Cell cell) {
+        byte[] family = CellUtil.cloneFamily(cell);
+        if (!familyMap.containsKey(family)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        NavigableSet<byte[]> set = familyMap.get(family);
+        if (set == null || set.isEmpty()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        byte[] qualifier = CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell);
+        return set.contains(qualifier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is to reorder the mutations in ascending order by the tuple of timestamp and mutation type where
+     * put comes before delete
+     */
+    public static final Comparator<Mutation> MUTATION_TS_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<Mutation>() {
+        @Override
+        public int compare(Mutation o1, Mutation o2) {
+            long ts1 = getTimestamp(o1);
+            long ts2 = getTimestamp(o2);
+            if (ts1 < ts2) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            if (ts1 > ts2) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (o1 instanceof Put && o2 instanceof Delete) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            if (o1 instanceof Delete && o2 instanceof Put) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+    };
+
+    public static List<Mutation> getMutationsWithSameTS(Put put, Delete del) {
+        List<Mutation> mutationList = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(2);
+        if (put != null) {
+            mutationList.add(put);
+        }
+        if (del != null) {
+            mutationList.add(del);
+        }
+        // Group the cells within a mutation based on their timestamps and create a separate mutation for each group
+        mutationList = (List<Mutation>) IndexManagementUtil.flattenMutationsByTimestamp(mutationList);
+        // Reorder the mutations on the same row so that delete comes before put when they have the same timestamp
+        Collections.sort(mutationList, MUTATION_TS_COMPARATOR);
+        return mutationList;
+    }
+
+    private static Put prepareIndexPutForRebuid(IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer, ImmutableBytesPtr rowKeyPtr,
+                                                ValueGetter mergedRowVG, long ts)
+            throws IOException {
+        Put indexPut = indexMaintainer.buildUpdateMutation(GenericKeyValueBuilder.INSTANCE,
+                mergedRowVG, rowKeyPtr, ts, null, null);
+        if (indexPut == null) {
+            // No covered column. Just prepare an index row with the empty column
+            byte[] indexRowKey = indexMaintainer.buildRowKey(mergedRowVG, rowKeyPtr,
+                    null, null, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP);
+            indexPut = new Put(indexRowKey);
+        } else {
+            removeEmptyColumn(indexPut, indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueFamily().copyBytesIfNecessary(),
+                    indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueQualifier());
+        }
+        indexPut.addColumn(indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueFamily().copyBytesIfNecessary(),
+                indexMaintainer.getEmptyKeyValueQualifier(), ts, VERIFIED_BYTES);
+        return indexPut;
+    }
+
+    public static void removeColumn(Put put, Cell deleteCell) {
+        byte[] family = CellUtil.cloneFamily(deleteCell);
+        List<Cell> cellList = put.getFamilyCellMap().get(family);
+        if (cellList == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Iterator<Cell> cellIterator = cellList.iterator();
+        while (cellIterator.hasNext()) {
+            Cell cell = cellIterator.next();
+            if (CellUtil.matchingQualifier(cell, deleteCell)) {
+                cellIterator.remove();
+                if (cellList.isEmpty()) {
+                    put.getFamilyCellMap().remove(family);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void apply(Put destination, Put source) throws IOException {
+        for (List<Cell> cells : source.getFamilyCellMap().values()) {
+            for (Cell cell : cells) {
+                if (!destination.has(CellUtil.cloneFamily(cell), CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell))) {
+                    destination.add(cell);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Put applyNew(Put destination, Put source) throws IOException {
+        Put next = new Put(destination);
+        apply(next, source);
+        return next;
+    }
+
+    private static void applyDeleteOnPut(Delete del, Put put) throws IOException {
+        for (List<Cell> cells : del.getFamilyCellMap().values()) {
+            for (Cell cell : cells) {
+                switch ((KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte()))) {
+                    case DeleteFamily:
+                        put.getFamilyCellMap().remove(CellUtil.cloneFamily(cell));
+                        break;
+                    case DeleteColumn:
+                        removeColumn(put, cell);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        // We do not expect this can happen
+                        throw new DoNotRetryIOException("Single version delete marker in data mutation " +
+                                del);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate the index update for a data row from the mutation that are obtained by merging the previous data row
+     * state with the pending row mutation for index rebuild. This method is called only for global indexes.
+     * pendingMutations is a sorted list of data table mutations that are used to replay index table mutations.
+     * This list is sorted in ascending order by the tuple of row key, timestamp and mutation type where delete comes
+     * after put.
+     */
+    public static List<Mutation> prepareIndexMutationsForRebuild(IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer,
+                                                                 Put dataPut, Delete dataDel) throws IOException {
+        List<Mutation> dataMutations = getMutationsWithSameTS(dataPut, dataDel);
+        List<Mutation> indexMutations = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(dataMutations.size());
+        // The row key ptr of the data table row for which we will build index rows here
+        ImmutableBytesPtr rowKeyPtr = (dataPut != null) ? new ImmutableBytesPtr(dataPut.getRow()) :
+                new ImmutableBytesPtr(dataDel.getRow());
+        // Start with empty data table row
+        Put currentDataRowState = null;
+        // The index row key corresponding to the current data row
+        byte[] indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow = null;
+        int dataMutationListSize = dataMutations.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < dataMutationListSize; i++) {
+            Mutation mutation = dataMutations.get(i);
+            long ts = getTimestamp(mutation);
+            Delete deleteToApply = null;
+            if (mutation instanceof Put) {
+                if (i < dataMutationListSize - 1) {
+                    // If there is a pair of a put and delete mutation with the same timestamp then apply the delete
+                    // mutation on the put. If the delete mutation deletes all the cells in the put mutation, the family
+                    // cell map of the put mutation becomes empty and the mutation is ignored later
+                    Mutation nextMutation = dataMutations.get(i + 1);
+                    if (getTimestamp(nextMutation) == ts && nextMutation instanceof Delete) {
+                        applyDeleteOnPut((Delete) nextMutation, (Put) mutation);
+                        if(mutation.getFamilyCellMap().size() != 0) {
+                            // Apply the delete mutation on the current data row state too
+                            if (currentDataRowState != null) {
+                                applyDeleteOnPut((Delete) nextMutation, currentDataRowState);
+                                if (currentDataRowState.getFamilyCellMap().size() == 0) {
+                                    currentDataRowState = null;
+                                    indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow = null;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            /**
+                             * When the mutation is empty after the delete mutation is applied, we should
+                             * reuse the logical of applying a delete mutation on currentDataRowState.
+                             */
+                            deleteToApply = (Delete)nextMutation;
+                        }
+                        // This increment is to skip the next (delete) mutation as we have already processed it
+                        i++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (mutation.getFamilyCellMap().size() != 0) {
+                    // Add this put on top of the current data row state to get the next data row state
+                    Put nextDataRow = (currentDataRowState == null) ? new Put((Put)mutation) : applyNew((Put)mutation, currentDataRowState);
+                    ValueGetter nextDataRowVG = new SimpleValueGetter(nextDataRow);
+                    Put indexPut = prepareIndexPutForRebuid(indexMaintainer, rowKeyPtr, nextDataRowVG, ts);
+                    indexMutations.add(indexPut);
+                    // Delete the current index row if the new index key is different than the current one
+                    if (currentDataRowState != null) {
+                        if (Bytes.compareTo(indexPut.getRow(), indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow) != 0) {
+                            Mutation del = indexMaintainer.buildRowDeleteMutation(indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow,
+                                    IndexMaintainer.DeleteType.ALL_VERSIONS, ts);
+                            indexMutations.add(del);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // For the next iteration of the for loop
+                    currentDataRowState = nextDataRow;
+                    indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow = indexPut.getRow();
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else if(mutation instanceof Delete) {
+                deleteToApply = (Delete)mutation;
+            }
+
+            if (deleteToApply != null && currentDataRowState != null) {
+                // We apply delete mutations only on the current data row state to obtain the next data row state.
+                // For the index table, we are only interested in if the index row should be deleted or not.
+                // There is no need to apply column deletes to index rows since index rows are always full rows
+                // and all the cells in an index row have the same timestamp value. Because of this index rows
+                // versions do not share cells.
+                applyDeleteOnPut(deleteToApply, currentDataRowState);
+                Put nextDataRowState = currentDataRowState;
+                if (nextDataRowState.getFamilyCellMap().size() == 0) {
+                    Mutation del = indexMaintainer.buildRowDeleteMutation(indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow,
+                            IndexMaintainer.DeleteType.ALL_VERSIONS, ts);
+                    indexMutations.add(del);
+                    currentDataRowState = null;
+                    indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow = null;
+                } else {
+                    ValueGetter nextDataRowVG = new SimpleValueGetter(nextDataRowState);
+                    Put indexPut = prepareIndexPutForRebuid(indexMaintainer, rowKeyPtr, nextDataRowVG, ts);
+                    indexMutations.add(indexPut);
+                    // Delete the current index row if the new index key is different than the current one
+                    if (indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow != null) {
+                        if (Bytes.compareTo(indexPut.getRow(), indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow) != 0) {
+                            Mutation del = indexMaintainer.buildRowDeleteMutation(indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow,
+                                    IndexMaintainer.DeleteType.ALL_VERSIONS, ts);
+                            indexMutations.add(del);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    indexRowKeyForCurrentDataRow = indexPut.getRow();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return indexMutations;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public int prepareIndexMutations(Put put, Delete del) throws IOException {
+        List<Mutation> indexMutations = prepareIndexMutationsForRebuild(indexMaintainer, put, del);
+        for (Mutation mutation : indexMutations) {
+            byte[] indexRowKey = mutation.getRow();
+            List<Mutation> mutationList = indexKeyToMutationMap.get(indexRowKey);
+            if (mutationList == null) {
+                mutationList = new ArrayList<>();
+                mutationList.add(mutation);
+                indexKeyToMutationMap.put(indexRowKey, mutationList);
+            } else {
+                mutationList.add(mutation);
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean next(List<Cell> results) throws IOException {
+        if (indexRowKey != null &&
+                singleRowRebuildReturnCode == GlobalIndexChecker.RebuildReturnCode.NO_DATA_ROW.getValue()) {
+            byte[] rowCountBytes =
+                    PLong.INSTANCE.toBytes(Long.valueOf(singleRowRebuildReturnCode));
+            final Cell aggKeyValue = PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(UNGROUPED_AGG_ROW_KEY, SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY,
+                    SINGLE_COLUMN, AGG_TIMESTAMP, rowCountBytes, 0, rowCountBytes.length);
+            results.add(aggKeyValue);
+            return false;
+        }
+        Cell lastCell = null;
+        int rowCount = 0;
+        region.startRegionOperation();
+        RegionScanner localScanner = null;
+        try {
+            byte[] uuidValue = ServerCacheClient.generateId();
+            localScanner = getLocalScanner();
+            if (localScanner == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            synchronized (localScanner) {
+                if (!shouldVerify()) {
+                    skipped = true;
+                    return false;
+                }
+                do {
+                    List<Cell> row = new ArrayList<Cell>();
+                    hasMore = localScanner.nextRaw(row);
+                    if (!row.isEmpty()) {
+                        lastCell = row.get(0); // lastCell is any cell from the last visited row
+                        Put put = null;
+                        Delete del = null;
+                        for (Cell cell : row) {
+                            if (KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte()) == KeyValue.Type.Put) {
+                                if (!partialRebuild && familyMap != null && !isColumnIncluded(cell)) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                if (put == null) {
+                                    put = new Put(CellUtil.cloneRow(cell));
+                                }
+                                put.add(cell);
+                            } else {
+                                if (del == null) {
+                                    del = new Delete(CellUtil.cloneRow(cell));
+                                }
+                                del.addDeleteMarker(cell);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (put == null && del == null) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        // Always add the put first and then delete for a given row. This simplifies the logic in
+                        // IndexRegionObserver
+                        if (put != null) {
+                            mutations.add(put);
+                        }
+                        if (del != null) {
+                            mutations.add(del);
+                        }
+                        if (!verify) {
+                            if (put != null) {
+                                setMutationAttributes(put, uuidValue);
+                            }
+                            if (del != null) {
+                                setMutationAttributes(del, uuidValue);
+                            }
+                            uuidValue = commitIfReady(uuidValue, mutations);
+                        } else {
+                            byte[] dataKey = (put != null) ? put.getRow() : del.getRow();
+                            prepareIndexMutations(put, del);
+                            dataKeyToMutationMap.put(dataKey, new Pair<Put, Delete>(put, del));
+                        }
+                        rowCount++;
+                    }
+                } while (hasMore && rowCount < pageSizeInRows);
+                if (!mutations.isEmpty()) {
+                    if (verify) {
+                        verifyAndOrRebuildIndex();
+                    } else {
+                        ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver.checkForRegionClosingOrSplitting();
+                        ungroupedAggregateRegionObserver.commitBatchWithRetries(region, mutations, blockingMemstoreSize);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            LOGGER.error("Exception in IndexRebuildRegionScanner for region "
+                    + region.getRegionInfo().getRegionNameAsString(), e);
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            region.closeRegionOperation();
+            mutations.clear();
+            if (verify) {
+              dataKeyToMutationMap.clear();
+              indexKeyToMutationMap.clear();
+            }
+            if (localScanner!=null && localScanner!=innerScanner) {
+                localScanner.close();
+            }
+        }
+        if (indexRowKey != null) {
+            rowCount = singleRowRebuildReturnCode;
+        }
+        if (minTimestamp != 0) {
+            nextStartKey = ByteUtil.calculateTheClosestNextRowKeyForPrefix(CellUtil.cloneRow(lastCell));
+        }
+        byte[] rowCountBytes = PLong.INSTANCE.toBytes(Long.valueOf(rowCount));
+        final Cell aggKeyValue;
+        if (lastCell == null) {
+            aggKeyValue = PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(UNGROUPED_AGG_ROW_KEY, SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY,
+                    SINGLE_COLUMN, AGG_TIMESTAMP, rowCountBytes, 0, rowCountBytes.length);
+        } else {
+            aggKeyValue = PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(CellUtil.cloneRow(lastCell), SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY,
+                    SINGLE_COLUMN, AGG_TIMESTAMP, rowCountBytes, 0, rowCountBytes.length);
+        }
+        results.add(aggKeyValue);
+        return hasMore || hasMoreIncr;
+    }
+
+    private RegionScanner getLocalScanner() throws IOException {
+        // override the filter to skip scan and open new scanner
+        // when lower bound of timerange is passed or newStartKey was populated
+        // from previous call to next()
+        if (minTimestamp != 0) {
+            Scan incrScan = new Scan(scan);
+            incrScan.setTimeRange(minTimestamp, scan.getTimeRange().getMax());
+            incrScan.setRaw(true);
+            incrScan.setMaxVersions();
+            incrScan.getFamilyMap().clear();
+            incrScan.setCacheBlocks(false);
+            for (byte[] family : scan.getFamilyMap().keySet()) {
+                incrScan.addFamily(family);
+            }
+            // For rebuilds we use count (*) as query for regular tables which ends up setting the FKOF on scan
+            // This filter doesn't give us all columns and skips to the next row as soon as it finds 1 col
+            // For rebuilds we need all columns and all versions
+            if (scan.getFilter() instanceof FirstKeyOnlyFilter) {
+                incrScan.setFilter(null);
+            } else if (scan.getFilter() != null) {
+                // Override the filter so that we get all versions
+                incrScan.setFilter(new AllVersionsIndexRebuildFilter(scan.getFilter()));
+            }
+            if (nextStartKey != null) {
+                incrScan.setStartRow(nextStartKey);
+            }
+            List<KeyRange> keys = new ArrayList<>();
+            try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(incrScan)) {
+                List<Cell> row = new ArrayList<>();
+                int rowCount = 0;
+                // collect row keys that have been modified in the given time-range
+                // up to the size of page to build skip scan filter
+                do {
+                    hasMoreIncr = scanner.nextRaw(row);
+                    if (!row.isEmpty()) {
+                        keys.add(PVarbinary.INSTANCE.getKeyRange(CellUtil.cloneRow(row.get(0))));
+                        rowCount++;
+                    }
+                    row.clear();
+                } while (hasMoreIncr && rowCount < pageSizeInRows);
+            }
+            if (!hasMoreIncr && keys.isEmpty()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            if (keys.isEmpty()) {
+                return innerScanner;
+            }
+            ScanRanges scanRanges = ScanRanges.createPointLookup(keys);
+            scanRanges.initializeScan(incrScan);
+            SkipScanFilter skipScanFilter = scanRanges.getSkipScanFilter();
+            incrScan.setFilter(new SkipScanFilter(skipScanFilter, true));
+            //putting back the min time to 0 for index and data reads
+            incrScan.setTimeRange(0, scan.getTimeRange().getMax());
+            scan.setTimeRange(0, scan.getTimeRange().getMax());
+            return region.getScanner(incrScan);
+        }
+        return innerScanner;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getMaxResultSize() {
+        return scan.getMaxResultSize();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.IndexRebuildRegionScanner.next` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.IndexRebuildRegionScanner.dataKeyToMutationMap`. Potentially races with write in method `IndexRebuildRegionScanner.next(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean IndexRebuildRegionScanner.next(List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.IndexRebuildRegionScanner.next(java.util.List):boolean.f4330a7ab54671665960121ea2b3b8b7
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/coprocessor/IndexRebuildRegionScanner.java
+
+### Key:
+IndexRebuildRegionScanner.java|next|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d33adfb0f08deaff7624955e90bc8042
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6025/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6025/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d693b48a662a6b158374bbe942cf9a8a3c5fa00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6025/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.index;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MiniBatchOperationInProgress;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.Region;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.RegionScanner;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.ScanRanges;
+import org.apache.phoenix.filter.SkipScanFilter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.IndexMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.NonTxIndexBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.IndexManagementUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.write.IndexWriter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.KeyRange;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PVarbinary;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+/**
+ * Index builder for covered-columns index that ties into phoenix for faster use.
+ */
+public class PhoenixIndexBuilder extends NonTxIndexBuilder {
+
+    @Override
+    public IndexMetaData getIndexMetaData(MiniBatchOperationInProgress<Mutation> miniBatchOp) throws IOException {
+        return new PhoenixIndexMetaData(env, miniBatchOp.getOperation(0).getAttributesMap());
+    }
+
+    protected PhoenixIndexCodec getCodec() {
+        return (PhoenixIndexCodec)codec;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setup(RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env) throws IOException {
+        super.setup(env);
+        Configuration conf = env.getConfiguration();
+        // Install handler that will attempt to disable the index first before killing the region
+        // server
+        conf.setIfUnset(IndexWriter.INDEX_FAILURE_POLICY_CONF_KEY,
+            PhoenixIndexFailurePolicy.class.getName());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void batchStarted(MiniBatchOperationInProgress<Mutation> miniBatchOp, IndexMetaData context) throws IOException {
+        // The entire purpose of this method impl is to get the existing rows for the
+        // table rows being indexed into the block cache, as the index maintenance code
+        // does a point scan per row.
+        List<IndexMaintainer> indexMaintainers = ((PhoenixIndexMetaData)context).getIndexMaintainers();
+        List<KeyRange> keys = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(miniBatchOp.size());
+        Map<ImmutableBytesWritable, IndexMaintainer> maintainers =
+                new HashMap<ImmutableBytesWritable, IndexMaintainer>();
+        ImmutableBytesWritable indexTableName = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+        for (int i = 0; i < miniBatchOp.size(); i++) {
+            Mutation m = miniBatchOp.getOperation(i);
+            keys.add(PVarbinary.INSTANCE.getKeyRange(m.getRow()));
+            
+            for(IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer: indexMaintainers) {
+                if (indexMaintainer.isImmutableRows()) continue;
+                indexTableName.set(indexMaintainer.getIndexTableName());
+                if (maintainers.get(indexTableName) != null) continue;
+                maintainers.put(indexTableName, indexMaintainer);
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (maintainers.isEmpty()) return;
+        Scan scan = IndexManagementUtil.newLocalStateScan(new ArrayList<IndexMaintainer>(maintainers.values()));
+        ScanRanges scanRanges = ScanRanges.createPointLookup(keys);
+        scanRanges.initializeScan(scan);
+        scan.setFilter(new SkipScanFilter(scanRanges.getSkipScanFilter(),true));
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan);
+        // Run through the scanner using internal nextRaw method
+        region.startRegionOperation();
+        try {
+            synchronized (scanner) {
+                boolean hasMore;
+                do {
+                    List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+                    // Results are potentially returned even when the return value of s.next is
+                    // false since this is an indication of whether or not there are more values
+                    // after the ones returned
+                    hasMore = scanner.nextRaw(results);
+                } while (hasMore);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                scanner.close();
+            } finally {
+                region.closeRegionOperation();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexBuilder.batchStarted` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.builder.BaseIndexBuilder.env`. Potentially races with write in method `PhoenixIndexBuilder.setup(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PhoenixIndexBuilder.batchStarted(MiniBatchOperationInProgress,IndexMetaData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexBuilder.batchStarted(org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MiniB.1430d94beadd29087b400773392e4656
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/index/PhoenixIndexBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+PhoenixIndexBuilder.java|batchStarted|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b3ed7db405825c21ebd70e40955429c8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6040/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6040/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62e59ec61f656d43a857cc3a57cc7da5602ea1b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6040/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.index;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MiniBatchOperationInProgress;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.Region;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.RegionScanner;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.ScanRanges;
+import org.apache.phoenix.filter.SkipScanFilter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.IndexMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.NonTxIndexBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.IndexManagementUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.write.IndexWriter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.KeyRange;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PVarbinary;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+/**
+ * Index builder for covered-columns index that ties into phoenix for faster use.
+ */
+public class PhoenixIndexBuilder extends NonTxIndexBuilder {
+
+    @Override
+    public IndexMetaData getIndexMetaData(MiniBatchOperationInProgress<Mutation> miniBatchOp) throws IOException {
+        return new PhoenixIndexMetaData(env, miniBatchOp.getOperation(0).getAttributesMap());
+    }
+
+    protected PhoenixIndexCodec getCodec() {
+        return (PhoenixIndexCodec)codec;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setup(RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env) throws IOException {
+        super.setup(env);
+        Configuration conf = env.getConfiguration();
+        // Install handler that will attempt to disable the index first before killing the region
+        // server
+        conf.setIfUnset(IndexWriter.INDEX_FAILURE_POLICY_CONF_KEY,
+            PhoenixIndexFailurePolicy.class.getName());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void batchStarted(MiniBatchOperationInProgress<Mutation> miniBatchOp, IndexMetaData context) throws IOException {
+        // The entire purpose of this method impl is to get the existing rows for the
+        // table rows being indexed into the block cache, as the index maintenance code
+        // does a point scan per row.
+        List<IndexMaintainer> indexMaintainers = ((PhoenixIndexMetaData)context).getIndexMaintainers();
+        List<KeyRange> keys = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(miniBatchOp.size());
+        Map<ImmutableBytesWritable, IndexMaintainer> maintainers =
+                new HashMap<ImmutableBytesWritable, IndexMaintainer>();
+        ImmutableBytesWritable indexTableName = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+        for (int i = 0; i < miniBatchOp.size(); i++) {
+            Mutation m = miniBatchOp.getOperation(i);
+            keys.add(PVarbinary.INSTANCE.getKeyRange(m.getRow()));
+            
+            for(IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer: indexMaintainers) {
+                if (indexMaintainer.isImmutableRows()) continue;
+                indexTableName.set(indexMaintainer.getIndexTableName());
+                if (maintainers.get(indexTableName) != null) continue;
+                maintainers.put(indexTableName, indexMaintainer);
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (maintainers.isEmpty()) return;
+        Scan scan = IndexManagementUtil.newLocalStateScan(new ArrayList<IndexMaintainer>(maintainers.values()));
+        ScanRanges scanRanges = ScanRanges.createPointLookup(keys);
+        scanRanges.initializeScan(scan);
+        scan.setFilter(new SkipScanFilter(scanRanges.getSkipScanFilter(),true));
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan);
+        // Run through the scanner using internal nextRaw method
+        region.startRegionOperation();
+        try {
+            synchronized (scanner) {
+                boolean hasMore;
+                do {
+                    List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+                    // Results are potentially returned even when the return value of s.next is
+                    // false since this is an indication of whether or not there are more values
+                    // after the ones returned
+                    hasMore = scanner.nextRaw(results);
+                } while (hasMore);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                scanner.close();
+            } finally {
+                region.closeRegionOperation();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexBuilder.batchStarted` indirectly writes to field `lowerRange.[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PhoenixIndexBuilder.batchStarted(MiniBatchOperationInProgress,IndexMetaData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexBuilder.batchStarted(org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MiniB.1430d94beadd29087b400773392e4656
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/index/PhoenixIndexBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+PhoenixIndexBuilder.java|batchStarted|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+124766fda8d05fe32fcf5c674d4080eb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6048/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6048/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f4c88264810a3fa691344ac6fb0a01ffa93b9da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6048/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you maynot use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicablelaw or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.execute;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TEST_PROPERTIES;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseIOException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.ObserverContext;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.SimpleRegionObserver;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MiniBatchOperationInProgress;
+import org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BaseUniqueNamesOwnClusterIT;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PropertiesUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ReadOnlyProps;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+public class UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT extends BaseUniqueNamesOwnClusterIT {
+    
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void doSetup() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, String> serverProps = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(3);
+        serverProps.put("hbase.coprocessor.region.classes", SlowBatchRegionObserver.class.getName());
+        serverProps.put("hbase.rowlock.wait.duration", "5000");
+        serverProps.put(QueryServices.MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_ATTRIB, "100");
+        Map<String,String> clientProps = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(1);
+        setUpTestDriver(new ReadOnlyProps(serverProps.entrySet().iterator()), new ReadOnlyProps(clientProps.entrySet().iterator()));
+    }
+    
+    private class UpsertSelectRunner implements Callable<Boolean> {
+    	private final String dataTable;
+    	private final int minIndex;
+    	private final int maxIndex;
+    	private final int numLoop;
+    	
+    	public UpsertSelectRunner (String dataTable, int minIndex, int maxIndex, int numLoop) {
+    		this.dataTable = dataTable;
+    		this.minIndex = minIndex;
+    		this.maxIndex = maxIndex;
+    		this.numLoop = numLoop;
+    	}
+
+		@Override
+		public Boolean call() throws Exception {
+			Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+			try (Connection myConn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl(), props)) {
+				myConn.setAutoCommit(true);
+				String time = String.valueOf(System.currentTimeMillis());
+				String dml = "UPSERT INTO " + dataTable + " SELECT k, v1 || '" + time + "', v2 || '" + time
+						+ "' FROM " + dataTable + " WHERE k >= " + minIndex + " AND k < " + maxIndex;
+				myConn.setAutoCommit(true);
+				for (int j = 0; j < numLoop; ++j) {
+					myConn.createStatement().execute(dml);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+    	
+    }
+    
+	@Test
+	public void testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently() throws Exception {
+		final String dataTable = generateUniqueName();
+		final String index = "IDX_" + dataTable;
+		// create the table and ensure its empty
+		Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+		Connection conn = driver.connect(url, props);
+		conn.createStatement()
+				.execute("CREATE TABLE " + dataTable + " (k INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, v1 VARCHAR, v2 VARCHAR)");
+		// create the index and ensure its empty as well
+		conn.createStatement().execute("CREATE INDEX " + index + " ON " + dataTable + " (v1)");
+
+		conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl(), props);
+		PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement("UPSERT INTO " + dataTable + " VALUES(?,?,?)");
+		conn.setAutoCommit(false);
+		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+			stmt.setInt(1, i);
+			stmt.setString(2, "v1" + i);
+			stmt.setString(3, "v2" + i);
+			stmt.execute();
+		}
+		conn.commit();
+
+		int numUpsertSelectRunners = 5;
+		ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numUpsertSelectRunners);
+		CompletionService<Boolean> completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService<Boolean>(exec);
+		List<Future<Boolean>> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(numUpsertSelectRunners);
+		// run one UPSERT SELECT for 100 rows (that locks the rows for a long time)
+		futures.add(completionService.submit(new UpsertSelectRunner(dataTable, 0, 105, 1)));
+		// run four UPSERT SELECTS for 5 rows (that overlap with slow running UPSERT SELECT)
+		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i += 25) {
+			futures.add(completionService.submit(new UpsertSelectRunner(dataTable, i, i+25, 5)));
+		}
+		int received = 0;
+		while (received < futures.size()) {
+			Future<Boolean> resultFuture = completionService.take(); 
+			Boolean result = resultFuture.get();
+			received++;
+			assertTrue(result);
+		}
+		exec.shutdownNow();
+		conn.close();
+	}
+    
+    public static class SlowBatchRegionObserver extends SimpleRegionObserver {
+        @Override
+        public void preBatchMutate(ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> c, MiniBatchOperationInProgress<Mutation> miniBatchOp) throws HBaseIOException {
+        	// model a slow batch that takes a long time
+            if (miniBatchOp.size()==100) {
+            	try {
+					Thread.sleep(6000);
+				} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+					e.printStackTrace();
+				}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `conn` last assigned on line 101 could be null and is dereferenced at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.execute.UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently():.13f358acbfc9487abe959948b24a54f6
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/it/java/org/apache/phoenix/execute/UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.java
+
+### Key:
+UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.java|testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+22de68f4280cced9fcd1f6d829d14a81
+
+### Hash:
+1d6b937d74f9374e83da9994486c43b1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6049/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6049/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2be4adf1a79006819dff58defd7c3ce297f495cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6049/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 54
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.end2end;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.BaseTest.setUpConfigForMiniCluster;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TEST_PROPERTIES;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseTestingUtility;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Admin;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.VersionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDriver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PropertiesUtil;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+
+/**
+ * This class is meant for testing all compatible client versions 
+ * against the current server version. It runs SQL queries with given 
+ * client versions and compares the output against gold files
+ */
+
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
+@Category(NeedsOwnMiniClusterTest.class)
+public class BackwardCompatibilityIT {
+
+    private static final String SQL_DIR = "src/it/resources/sql_files/";
+    private static final String RESULT_DIR = "src/it/resources/gold_files/";
+    private static final String COMPATIBLE_CLIENTS_JSON =
+            "src/it/resources/compatible_client_versions.json";
+    private static final String RESULT_PREFIX = "result_";
+    private static final String SQL_EXTENSION = ".sql";
+    private static final String TEXT_EXTENSION = ".txt";
+    private static final String CREATE_ADD = "create_add";
+    private static final String ADD_DATA = "add_data";
+    private static final String ADD_DELETE = "add_delete";
+    private static final String QUERY = "query";
+    private static final String QUERY_MORE = "query_more";
+    private static final String QUERY_ADD_DELETE = "query_add_delete";
+
+    private final String compatibleClientVersion;
+    private static Configuration conf;
+    private static HBaseTestingUtility hbaseTestUtil;
+    private static String zkQuorum;
+    private static String url;
+
+    public BackwardCompatibilityIT(String compatibleClientVersion) {
+        this.compatibleClientVersion = compatibleClientVersion;
+    }
+
+    @Parameters(name = "BackwardCompatibilityIT_compatibleClientVersion={0}")
+    public static synchronized Collection<String> data() throws Exception {
+        return computeClientVersions();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public synchronized void doSetup() throws Exception {
+        conf = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+        hbaseTestUtil = new HBaseTestingUtility(conf);
+        setUpConfigForMiniCluster(conf);
+        conf.set(QueryServices.EXTRA_JDBC_ARGUMENTS_ATTRIB, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_EXTRA_JDBC_ARGUMENTS);
+        hbaseTestUtil.startMiniCluster();
+        zkQuorum = "localhost:" + hbaseTestUtil.getZkCluster().getClientPort();
+        url = PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL + PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL_SEPARATOR + zkQuorum;
+        DriverManager.registerDriver(PhoenixDriver.INSTANCE);
+    }
+    
+    @After
+    public void cleanUpAfterTest() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            DriverManager.deregisterDriver(PhoenixDriver.INSTANCE);
+        } finally {
+            hbaseTestUtil.shutdownMiniCluster();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static List<String> computeClientVersions() throws Exception {
+        String hbaseVersion = VersionInfo.getVersion();
+        Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\d+\\.\\d+");
+        Matcher m = p.matcher(hbaseVersion);
+        String hbaseProfile = null;
+        if (m.find()) {
+            hbaseProfile = m.group();
+        }
+        List<String> clientVersions = Lists.newArrayList();
+        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+        mapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_COMMENTS, true);
+        JsonNode jsonNode = mapper.readTree(new FileReader(COMPATIBLE_CLIENTS_JSON));
+        JsonNode HBaseProfile = jsonNode.get(hbaseProfile);
+        for (final JsonNode clientVersion : HBaseProfile) {
+            clientVersions.add(clientVersion.textValue() + "-HBase-" + hbaseProfile);
+        }
+        return clientVersions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. New Client inserts more data into the tables created by old client 
+     * 5. Old Client reads the data inserted by new client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUpsertWithNewClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Insert more data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(ADD_DATA);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY_MORE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DATA, QUERY_MORE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. Old Client inserts more data into the tables created by old client 
+     * 5. New Client reads the data inserted by new client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUpsertWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Insert more data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, ADD_DATA);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY_MORE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DATA, QUERY_MORE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. Old Client creates and deletes the data
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertDeleteWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Deletes with the old client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, ADD_DELETE);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY_ADD_DELETE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DELETE, QUERY_ADD_DELETE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. New Client creates and deletes the data
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertDeleteWithNewClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Deletes with the new client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(ADD_DELETE);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY_ADD_DELETE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DELETE, QUERY_ADD_DELETE));
+    }
+    
+    private void checkForPreConditions() throws Exception {
+        // For the first code cut of any major version, there wouldn't be any backward compatible
+        // clients. Hence the test wouldn't run and just return true when the client  
+        // version to be tested is same as current version
+        assumeFalse(compatibleClientVersion.contains(MetaDataProtocol.CURRENT_CLIENT_VERSION));
+        // Make sure that cluster is clean before test execution with no system tables
+        try (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection conn = 
+                ConnectionFactory.createConnection(conf)) {
+            Admin admin = conn.getAdmin();
+            assertFalse(admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME, 
+                    PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE)));
+        }       
+    }
+
+    // Executes the queries listed in the operation file with a given client version
+    private void executeQueryWithClientVersion(String clientVersion, String operation)
+            throws Exception {
+        String BASH = "/bin/bash";
+        String EXECUTE_QUERY_SH = "src/it/scripts/execute_query.sh";
+
+        List<String> cmdParams = Lists.newArrayList();
+        cmdParams.add(BASH);
+        cmdParams.add(EXECUTE_QUERY_SH);
+        cmdParams.add(zkQuorum);
+        cmdParams.add(clientVersion);
+
+        cmdParams.add(new File(SQL_DIR + operation + SQL_EXTENSION).getAbsolutePath());
+        cmdParams.add(
+            new File(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + operation + TEXT_EXTENSION).getAbsolutePath());
+        cmdParams.add(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
+
+        if (System.getProperty("maven.home") != null) {
+            cmdParams.add(System.getProperty("maven.home"));
+        }
+
+        ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmdParams);
+        final Process p = pb.start();
+        final StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        //Capture the error stream if any from the execution of the script
+        Thread errorStreamThread = new Thread() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
+                            new InputStreamReader(p.getErrorStream()));
+                    String line = null;
+                    while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                        sb.append(line);
+                    }
+                    reader.close();
+                } catch (final Exception e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        errorStreamThread.start();
+        assertEquals(sb.toString(), 0, p.waitFor());
+    }
+
+    // Executes the SQL commands listed in the given operation file from the sql_files directory
+    private ResultSet executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(String operation) throws Exception {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            BufferedReader reader =
+                    new BufferedReader(new FileReader(SQL_DIR + operation + SQL_EXTENSION));
+            String sqlCommand;
+            ResultSet rs = null;
+            while ((sqlCommand = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                sqlCommand = sqlCommand.trim();
+                if (sqlCommand.length() == 0 || sqlCommand.startsWith("/") || sqlCommand.startsWith("*")) continue;
+                sb.append(sqlCommand);
+            }
+            reader.close();
+            
+            String[] sqlCommands = sb.toString().split(";");
+            try (BufferedWriter br = new BufferedWriter(
+                new FileWriter(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + operation + TEXT_EXTENSION))) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < sqlCommands.length; i++) {
+                    PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sqlCommands[i]);
+                    stmt.execute();
+                    rs = stmt.getResultSet();
+                    if (rs != null) {
+                        saveResultSet(rs, br);
+                    }
+                    conn.commit();
+                }
+                return rs;
+            }
+        }        
+    }
+
+    // Saves the result set to a text file to be compared against the gold file for difference
+    private void saveResultSet(ResultSet rs, BufferedWriter br) throws Exception {
+        ResultSetMetaData rsm = rs.getMetaData();
+        int columnCount = rsm.getColumnCount();
+        String row = formatStringWithQuotes(rsm.getColumnName(1));
+        for (int i = 2; i <= columnCount; i++) {
+            row = row + "," + formatStringWithQuotes(rsm.getColumnName(i));
+        }
+        br.write(row);
+        br.write("\n");
+        while (rs.next()) {
+            row = formatStringWithQuotes(rs.getString(1));
+            for (int i = 2; i <= columnCount; i++) {
+                row = row + "," + formatStringWithQuotes(rs.getString(i));
+            }
+            br.write(row);
+            br.write("\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String formatStringWithQuotes(String str) {
+        return (str != null) ? String.format("\'%s\'", str) : "\'\'";
+    }
+
+    // Compares the result file against the gold file to match for the expected output
+    // for the given operation
+    private boolean compareOutput(String gold, String result) throws Exception {
+        BufferedReader goldFileReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                        new File(RESULT_DIR + "gold_query_" + gold + TEXT_EXTENSION)));
+        BufferedReader resultFileReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                        new File(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + result + TEXT_EXTENSION)));
+
+        List<String> resultFile = Lists.newArrayList();
+        List<String> goldFile = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+        String line = null;
+        while ((line = resultFileReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            resultFile.add(line.trim());
+        }
+        resultFileReader.close();
+
+        while ((line = goldFileReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            line = line.trim();
+            if ( !(line.isEmpty() || line.startsWith("*") || line.startsWith("/"))) {
+                goldFile.add(line);
+            }           
+        }
+        goldFileReader.close();
+
+        // We take the first line in gold file and match against the result file to exclude any
+        // other WARNING messages that comes as a result of the query execution
+        int index = resultFile.indexOf(goldFile.get(0));
+        resultFile = resultFile.subList(index, resultFile.size());
+        return resultFile.equals(goldFile);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectUpsertWithOldClient` indirectly reads without synchronization from `end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.conf`. Potentially races with write in method `BackwardCompatibilityIT.doSetup()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectUpsertWithOldClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectUpsertWithOldClient():void.1a529c7b05d93b182414b323575e3911
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/it/java/org/apache/phoenix/end2end/BackwardCompatibilityIT.java
+
+### Key:
+BackwardCompatibilityIT.java|testSelectUpsertWithOldClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a0840f6946b47a398b00d644545c2c01
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6053/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6053/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdb8b44ff88772fd78de8af4c19fbba617fb8696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6053/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4576 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.query;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
+import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.MAX_VERSIONS;
+import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.TTL;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.getVersion;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.ARRAY_SIZE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_DEF;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_FAMILY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_SIZE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DATA_TABLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DATA_TYPE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DECIMAL_DIGITS;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_VIEW_REFERENCED;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.KEY_SEQ;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.NULLABLE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.ORDINAL_POSITION;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PK_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SORT_ORDER;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_STATS_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.VIEW_CONSTANT;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.monitoring.GlobalClientMetrics.GLOBAL_HCONNECTIONS_COUNTER;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.monitoring.GlobalClientMetrics.GLOBAL_PHOENIX_CONNECTIONS_THROTTLED_COUNTER;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.monitoring.GlobalClientMetrics.GLOBAL_QUERY_SERVICES_COUNTER;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_DROP_METADATA;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_RENEW_LEASE_ENABLED;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_RENEW_LEASE_THREAD_POOL_SIZE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_RENEW_LEASE_THRESHOLD_MILLISECONDS;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_RUN_RENEW_LEASE_FREQUENCY_INTERVAL_MILLISECONDS;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.UpgradeUtil.addParentToChildLinks;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.UpgradeUtil.getSysCatalogSnapshotName;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.UpgradeUtil.upgradeTo4_5_0;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Types;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HRegionLocation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeepDeletedCells;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.NamespaceDescriptor;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableExistsException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Admin;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Append;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ClusterConnection;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ColumnFamilyDescriptor;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Increment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.TableDescriptor;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.TableDescriptorBuilder;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.coprocessor.Batch;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.MultiRowMutationEndpoint;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.CoprocessorRpcUtils.BlockingRpcCallback;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.PhoenixRpcSchedulerFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.ServerRpcController;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.protobuf.generated.ClientProtos.MutationProto;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.BloomType;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.IndexHalfStoreFileReaderGenerator;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.security.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.ByteStringer;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Pair;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.VersionInfo;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.zookeeper.ZKConfig;
+import org.apache.hadoop.ipc.RemoteException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.MutationPlan;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.GroupedAggregateRegionObserver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataEndpointImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.MetaDataMutationResult;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.MutationCode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataRegionObserver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.PhoenixTransactionalProcessor;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.ScanRegionObserver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.SequenceRegionObserver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.ServerCachingEndpointImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.AddColumnRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearCacheRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearCacheResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearTableFromCacheRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearTableFromCacheResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.CreateFunctionRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.CreateSchemaRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.CreateTableRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropColumnRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropFunctionRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropSchemaRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropTableRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetFunctionsRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetSchemaRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetTableRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetVersionRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetVersionResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.MetaDataResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.MetaDataService;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.UpdateIndexStateRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.PhoenixIOException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.RetriableUpgradeException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.SQLExceptionCode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.SQLExceptionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.UpgradeInProgressException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.UpgradeNotRequiredException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.execute.MutationState;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.IndexRegionSplitPolicy;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.Indexer;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.NonTxIndexBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.KeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.VersionUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexCodec;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixTransactionalIndexer;
+import org.apache.phoenix.iterate.TableResultIterator;
+import org.apache.phoenix.iterate.TableResultIterator.RenewLeaseStatus;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixEmbeddedDriver.ConnectionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.PFunction;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.PSchema;
+import org.apache.phoenix.protobuf.ProtobufUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnAlreadyExistsException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnFamilyNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.EmptySequenceCacheException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.FunctionNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.MetaDataClient;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.MetaDataSplitPolicy;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.NewerTableAlreadyExistsException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumn;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumnFamily;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumnImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PMetaDataImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PName;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PNameFactory;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PSynchronizedMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableKey;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ReadOnlyTableException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SaltingUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.Sequence;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SequenceAllocation;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SequenceKey;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableAlreadyExistsException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableProperty;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.stats.GuidePostsInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.stats.GuidePostsKey;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PBoolean;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PInteger;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PLong;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PTinyint;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PUnsignedTinyint;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PVarbinary;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PVarchar;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.PhoenixTransactionContext;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.TransactionFactory;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ByteUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.Closeables;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ConfigUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.EnvironmentEdgeManager;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.JDBCUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.LogUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.MetaDataUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixContextExecutor;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixStopWatch;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PropertiesUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ReadOnlyProps;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ServerUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.UpgradeUtil;
+import org.apache.twill.zookeeper.ZKClientService;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+
+public class ConnectionQueryServicesImpl extends DelegateQueryServices implements ConnectionQueryServices {
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.class);
+    private static final int INITIAL_CHILD_SERVICES_CAPACITY = 100;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_OUT_OF_ORDER_MUTATIONS_WAIT_TIME_MS = 1000;
+    private static final int TTL_FOR_MUTEX = 15 * 60; // 15min 
+    protected final Configuration config;
+    private final ConnectionInfo connectionInfo;
+    // Copy of config.getProps(), but read-only to prevent synchronization that we
+    // don't need.
+    private final ReadOnlyProps props;
+    private final String userName;
+    private final ConcurrentHashMap<ImmutableBytesWritable,ConnectionQueryServices> childServices;
+    private final GuidePostsCache tableStatsCache;
+
+    // Cache the latest meta data here for future connections
+    // writes guarded by "latestMetaDataLock"
+    private volatile PMetaData latestMetaData;
+    private final Object latestMetaDataLock = new Object();
+
+    // Lowest HBase version on the cluster.
+    private int lowestClusterHBaseVersion = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    private boolean hasIndexWALCodec = true;
+
+    @GuardedBy("connectionCountLock")
+    private int connectionCount = 0;
+    private final Object connectionCountLock = new Object();
+    private final boolean returnSequenceValues ;
+
+    private Connection connection;
+    private ZKClientService txZKClientService;
+    private volatile boolean initialized;
+    private volatile int nSequenceSaltBuckets;
+
+    // writes guarded by "this"
+    private volatile boolean closed;
+
+    private volatile SQLException initializationException;
+    // setting this member variable guarded by "connectionCountLock"
+    private volatile ConcurrentMap<SequenceKey,Sequence> sequenceMap = Maps.newConcurrentMap();
+    private KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder;
+
+    private final int renewLeaseTaskFrequency;
+    private final int renewLeasePoolSize;
+    private final int renewLeaseThreshold;
+    // List of queues instead of a single queue to provide reduced contention via lock striping
+    private final List<LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>>> connectionQueues;
+    private ScheduledExecutorService renewLeaseExecutor;
+    /*
+     * We can have multiple instances of ConnectionQueryServices. By making the thread factory
+     * static, renew lease thread names will be unique across them.
+     */
+    private static final ThreadFactory renewLeaseThreadFactory = new RenewLeaseThreadFactory();
+    private final boolean renewLeaseEnabled;
+    private final boolean isAutoUpgradeEnabled;
+    private final AtomicBoolean upgradeRequired = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private final int maxConnectionsAllowed;
+    private final boolean shouldThrottleNumConnections;
+    public static final byte[] UPGRADE_MUTEX = "UPGRADE_MUTEX".getBytes();
+    public static final byte[] UPGRADE_MUTEX_LOCKED = "UPGRADE_MUTEX_LOCKED".getBytes();
+    public static final byte[] UPGRADE_MUTEX_UNLOCKED = "UPGRADE_MUTEX_UNLOCKED".getBytes();
+
+    private static interface FeatureSupported {
+        boolean isSupported(ConnectionQueryServices services);
+    }
+
+    private final Map<Feature, FeatureSupported> featureMap = ImmutableMap.<Feature, FeatureSupported>of(
+            Feature.LOCAL_INDEX, new FeatureSupported() {
+                @Override
+                public boolean isSupported(ConnectionQueryServices services) {
+                    int hbaseVersion = services.getLowestClusterHBaseVersion();
+                    return hbaseVersion < PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MIN_LOCAL_SI_VERSION_DISALLOW || hbaseVersion > PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MAX_LOCAL_SI_VERSION_DISALLOW;
+                }
+            },
+            Feature.RENEW_LEASE, new FeatureSupported() {
+                @Override
+                public boolean isSupported(ConnectionQueryServices services) {
+                    int hbaseVersion = services.getLowestClusterHBaseVersion();
+                    return hbaseVersion >= PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MIN_RENEW_LEASE_VERSION;
+                }
+            });
+
+    private PMetaData newEmptyMetaData() {
+        return new PSynchronizedMetaData(new PMetaDataImpl(INITIAL_META_DATA_TABLE_CAPACITY, getProps()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a ConnectionQueryServicesImpl that represents a connection to an HBase
+     * cluster.
+     * @param services base services from where we derive our default configuration
+     * @param connectionInfo to provide connection information
+     * @param info hbase configuration properties
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    public ConnectionQueryServicesImpl(QueryServices services, ConnectionInfo connectionInfo, Properties info) {
+        super(services);
+        Configuration config = HBaseFactoryProvider.getConfigurationFactory().getConfiguration();
+        for (Entry<String,String> entry : services.getProps()) {
+            config.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+        if (info != null) {
+            for (Object key : info.keySet()) {
+                config.set((String) key, info.getProperty((String) key));
+            }
+        }
+        for (Entry<String,String> entry : connectionInfo.asProps()) {
+            config.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+        this.connectionInfo = connectionInfo;
+
+        // Without making a copy of the configuration we cons up, we lose some of our properties
+        // on the server side during testing.
+        this.config = HBaseFactoryProvider.getConfigurationFactory().getConfiguration(config);
+        // set replication required parameter
+        ConfigUtil.setReplicationConfigIfAbsent(this.config);
+        this.props = new ReadOnlyProps(this.config.iterator());
+        this.userName = connectionInfo.getPrincipal();
+        this.latestMetaData = newEmptyMetaData();
+        // TODO: should we track connection wide memory usage or just org-wide usage?
+        // If connection-wide, create a MemoryManager here, otherwise just use the one from the delegate
+        this.childServices = new ConcurrentHashMap<ImmutableBytesWritable,ConnectionQueryServices>(INITIAL_CHILD_SERVICES_CAPACITY);
+        // find the HBase version and use that to determine the KeyValueBuilder that should be used
+        String hbaseVersion = VersionInfo.getVersion();
+        this.kvBuilder = KeyValueBuilder.get(hbaseVersion);
+        this.returnSequenceValues = props.getBoolean(QueryServices.RETURN_SEQUENCE_VALUES_ATTRIB, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_RETURN_SEQUENCE_VALUES);
+        this.renewLeaseEnabled = config.getBoolean(RENEW_LEASE_ENABLED, DEFAULT_RENEW_LEASE_ENABLED);
+        this.renewLeasePoolSize = config.getInt(RENEW_LEASE_THREAD_POOL_SIZE, DEFAULT_RENEW_LEASE_THREAD_POOL_SIZE);
+        this.renewLeaseThreshold = config.getInt(RENEW_LEASE_THRESHOLD_MILLISECONDS, DEFAULT_RENEW_LEASE_THRESHOLD_MILLISECONDS);
+        this.renewLeaseTaskFrequency = config.getInt(RUN_RENEW_LEASE_FREQUENCY_INTERVAL_MILLISECONDS, DEFAULT_RUN_RENEW_LEASE_FREQUENCY_INTERVAL_MILLISECONDS);
+        List<LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>>> list = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(renewLeasePoolSize);
+        for (int i = 0; i < renewLeasePoolSize; i++) {
+            LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>> queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>>();
+            list.add(queue);
+        }
+        connectionQueues = ImmutableList.copyOf(list);
+        // A little bit of a smell to leak `this` here, but should not be a problem
+        this.tableStatsCache = new GuidePostsCache(this, config);
+        this.isAutoUpgradeEnabled = config.getBoolean(AUTO_UPGRADE_ENABLED, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_AUTO_UPGRADE_ENABLED);
+        this.maxConnectionsAllowed = config.getInt(QueryServices.CLIENT_CONNECTION_MAX_ALLOWED_CONNECTIONS,
+            QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_CLIENT_CONNECTION_MAX_ALLOWED_CONNECTIONS);
+        this.shouldThrottleNumConnections = (maxConnectionsAllowed > 0);
+
+    }
+
+    private void initTxServiceClient() {
+        txZKClientService = TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().setTransactionClient(config, props, connectionInfo);
+    }
+
+    private void openConnection() throws SQLException {
+        try {
+            boolean transactionsEnabled = props.getBoolean(
+                    QueryServices.TRANSACTIONS_ENABLED,
+                    QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_TRANSACTIONS_ENABLED);
+            this.connection = HBaseFactoryProvider.getHConnectionFactory().createConnection(this.config);
+            GLOBAL_HCONNECTIONS_COUNTER.increment();
+            logger.info("HConnection established. Stacktrace for informational purposes: " + connection + " " +  LogUtil.getCallerStackTrace());
+            // only initialize the tx service client if needed and if we succeeded in getting a connection
+            // to HBase
+            if (transactionsEnabled) {
+                initTxServiceClient();
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_ESTABLISH_CONNECTION)
+            .setRootCause(e).build().buildException();
+        }
+        if (this.connection.isClosed()) { // TODO: why the heck doesn't this throw above?
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_ESTABLISH_CONNECTION).build().buildException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Table getTable(byte[] tableName) throws SQLException {
+        try {
+            return HBaseFactoryProvider.getHTableFactory().getTable(tableName, connection, null);
+        } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new TableNotFoundException(SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(tableName), SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(tableName));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SQLException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public TableDescriptor getTableDescriptor(byte[] tableName) throws SQLException {
+        Table htable = getTable(tableName);
+        try {
+            return htable.getDescriptor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if(e instanceof org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException
+                    || e.getCause() instanceof org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException) {
+                byte[][] schemaAndTableName = new byte[2][];
+                SchemaUtil.getVarChars(tableName, schemaAndTableName);
+                throw new TableNotFoundException(Bytes.toString(schemaAndTableName[0]), Bytes.toString(schemaAndTableName[1]));
+            }
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } finally {
+            Closeables.closeQuietly(htable);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ReadOnlyProps getProps() {
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the underlying connection to zookeeper. The QueryServices
+     * may not be used after that point. When a Connection is closed,
+     * this is not called, since these instances are pooled by the
+     * Driver. Instead, the Driver should call this if the QueryServices
+     * is ever removed from the pool
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws SQLException {
+        if (closed) {
+            return;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (closed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            closed = true;
+            GLOBAL_QUERY_SERVICES_COUNTER.decrement();
+            SQLException sqlE = null;
+            try {
+                // Attempt to return any unused sequences.
+                if (connection != null) returnAllSequences(this.sequenceMap);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                sqlE = e;
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    childServices.clear();
+                    synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+                        latestMetaData = null;
+                        latestMetaDataLock.notifyAll();
+                    }
+                    try {
+                        // close the HBase connection
+                        if (connection != null) connection.close();
+                        GLOBAL_HCONNECTIONS_COUNTER.decrement();
+                    } finally {
+                        if (renewLeaseExecutor != null) {
+                            renewLeaseExecutor.shutdownNow();
+                        }
+                        // shut down the tx client service if we created one to support transactions
+                        if (this.txZKClientService != null) this.txZKClientService.stopAndWait();
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    if (sqlE == null) {
+                        sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+                    } else {
+                        sqlE.setNextException(ServerUtil.parseServerException(e));
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        tableStatsCache.invalidateAll();
+                        super.close();
+                    } catch (SQLException e) {
+                        if (sqlE == null) {
+                            sqlE = e;
+                        } else {
+                            sqlE.setNextException(e);
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        if (sqlE != null) { throw sqlE; }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected ConnectionQueryServices newChildQueryService() {
+        return new ChildQueryServices(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get (and create if necessary) a child QueryService for a given tenantId.
+     * The QueryService will be cached for the lifetime of the parent QueryService
+     * @param tenantId the tenant ID
+     * @return the child QueryService
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ConnectionQueryServices getChildQueryServices(ImmutableBytesWritable tenantId) {
+        ConnectionQueryServices childQueryService = childServices.get(tenantId);
+        if (childQueryService == null) {
+            childQueryService = newChildQueryService();
+            ConnectionQueryServices prevQueryService = childServices.putIfAbsent(tenantId, childQueryService);
+            return prevQueryService == null ? childQueryService : prevQueryService;
+        }
+        return childQueryService;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearTableRegionCache(TableName tableName) throws SQLException {
+        ((ClusterConnection)connection).clearRegionCache(tableName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<HRegionLocation> getAllTableRegions(byte[] tableName) throws SQLException {
+        /*
+         * Use HConnection.getRegionLocation as it uses the cache in HConnection, while getting
+         * all region locations from the HTable doesn't.
+         */
+        int retryCount = 0, maxRetryCount = 1;
+        boolean reload =false;
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                // We could surface the package projected HConnectionImplementation.getNumberOfCachedRegionLocations
+                // to get the sizing info we need, but this would require a new class in the same package and a cast
+                // to this implementation class, so it's probably not worth it.
+                List<HRegionLocation> locations = Lists.newArrayList();
+                byte[] currentKey = HConstants.EMPTY_START_ROW;
+                do {
+                    HRegionLocation regionLocation = ((ClusterConnection)connection).getRegionLocation(
+                            TableName.valueOf(tableName), currentKey, reload);
+                    locations.add(regionLocation);
+                    currentKey = regionLocation.getRegion().getEndKey();
+                } while (!Bytes.equals(currentKey, HConstants.EMPTY_END_ROW));
+                return locations;
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException e) {
+                String fullName = Bytes.toString(tableName);
+                throw new TableNotFoundException(fullName);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                if (retryCount++ < maxRetryCount) { // One retry, in case split occurs while navigating
+                    reload = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.GET_TABLE_REGIONS_FAIL)
+                .setRootCause(e).build().buildException();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addTable(PTable table, long resolvedTime) throws SQLException {
+        synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+            try {
+                throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+                // If existing table isn't older than new table, don't replace
+                // If a client opens a connection at an earlier timestamp, this can happen
+                PTable existingTable = latestMetaData.getTableRef(new PTableKey(table.getTenantId(), table.getName().getString())).getTable();
+                if (existingTable.getTimeStamp() >= table.getTimeStamp()) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            } catch (TableNotFoundException e) {}
+            latestMetaData.addTable(table, resolvedTime);
+            latestMetaDataLock.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+    @Override
+    public void updateResolvedTimestamp(PTable table, long resolvedTime) throws SQLException {
+        synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+            throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+            latestMetaData.updateResolvedTimestamp(table, resolvedTime);
+            latestMetaDataLock.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static interface Mutator {
+        void mutate(PMetaData metaData) throws SQLException;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that metaData mutations are handled in the correct order
+     */
+    private PMetaData metaDataMutated(PName tenantId, String tableName, long tableSeqNum, Mutator mutator) throws SQLException {
+        synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+            throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+            PMetaData metaData = latestMetaData;
+            PTable table;
+            long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + DEFAULT_OUT_OF_ORDER_MUTATIONS_WAIT_TIME_MS;
+            while (true) {
+                try {
+                    try {
+                        table = metaData.getTableRef(new PTableKey(tenantId, tableName)).getTable();
+                        /* If the table is at the prior sequence number, then we're good to go.
+                         * We know if we've got this far, that the server validated the mutations,
+                         * so we'd just need to wait until the other connection that mutated the same
+                         * table is processed.
+                         */
+                        if (table.getSequenceNumber() + 1 == tableSeqNum) {
+                            // TODO: assert that timeStamp is bigger that table timeStamp?
+                            mutator.mutate(metaData);
+                            break;
+                        } else if (table.getSequenceNumber() >= tableSeqNum) {
+                            logger.warn("Attempt to cache older version of " + tableName + ": current= " + table.getSequenceNumber() + ", new=" + tableSeqNum);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } catch (TableNotFoundException e) {
+                    }
+                    long waitTime = endTime - System.currentTimeMillis();
+                    // We waited long enough - just remove the table from the cache
+                    // and the next time it's used it'll be pulled over from the server.
+                    if (waitTime <= 0) {
+                        logger.warn("Unable to update meta data repo within " + (DEFAULT_OUT_OF_ORDER_MUTATIONS_WAIT_TIME_MS/1000) + " seconds for " + tableName);
+                        // There will never be a parentTableName here, as that would only
+                        // be non null for an index an we never add/remove columns from an index.
+                        metaData.removeTable(tenantId, tableName, null, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    latestMetaDataLock.wait(waitTime);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    // restore the interrupt status
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                    throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INTERRUPTED_EXCEPTION)
+                    .setRootCause(e).build().buildException(); // FIXME
+                }
+            }
+            latestMetaData = metaData;
+            latestMetaDataLock.notifyAll();
+            return metaData;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeTable(PName tenantId, final String tableName, String parentTableName, long tableTimeStamp) throws SQLException {
+        synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+            throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+            latestMetaData.removeTable(tenantId, tableName, parentTableName, tableTimeStamp);
+            latestMetaDataLock.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeColumn(final PName tenantId, final String tableName, final List<PColumn> columnsToRemove, final long tableTimeStamp, final long tableSeqNum, final long resolvedTime) throws SQLException {
+        metaDataMutated(tenantId, tableName, tableSeqNum, new Mutator() {
+            @Override
+            public void mutate(PMetaData metaData) throws SQLException {
+                try {
+                    metaData.removeColumn(tenantId, tableName, columnsToRemove, tableTimeStamp, tableSeqNum, resolvedTime);
+                } catch (TableNotFoundException e) {
+                    // The DROP TABLE may have been processed first, so just ignore.
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public PhoenixConnection connect(String url, Properties info) throws SQLException {
+        checkClosed();
+        PMetaData metadata = latestMetaData;
+        throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+        metadata = metadata.clone();
+        return new PhoenixConnection(this, url, info, metadata);
+    }
+
+
+    private ColumnFamilyDescriptor generateColumnFamilyDescriptor(Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>> family, PTableType tableType) throws SQLException {
+        ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder columnDescBuilder = ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(family.getFirst());
+        if (tableType != PTableType.VIEW) {
+            if(props.get(QueryServices.DEFAULT_KEEP_DELETED_CELLS_ATTRIB) != null){
+                columnDescBuilder.setKeepDeletedCells(props.getBoolean(QueryServices.DEFAULT_KEEP_DELETED_CELLS_ATTRIB,
+                        QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_KEEP_DELETED_CELLS) ? KeepDeletedCells.TRUE
+                                : KeepDeletedCells.FALSE);
+            }
+            columnDescBuilder.setDataBlockEncoding(SchemaUtil.DEFAULT_DATA_BLOCK_ENCODING);
+            columnDescBuilder.setBloomFilterType(BloomType.NONE);
+            for (Entry<String,Object> entry : family.getSecond().entrySet()) {
+                String key = entry.getKey();
+                Object value = entry.getValue();
+                setHColumnDescriptorValue(columnDescBuilder, key, value);
+            }
+        }
+        return columnDescBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    // Workaround HBASE-14737
+    private static void setHColumnDescriptorValue(ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder columnDescBuilder, String key, Object value) {
+        if (HConstants.VERSIONS.equals(key)) {
+            columnDescBuilder.setMaxVersions(getMaxVersion(value));
+        } else {
+            columnDescBuilder.setValue(key, value == null ? null : value.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int getMaxVersion(Object value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            return -1;  // HColumnDescriptor.UNINITIALIZED is private
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Number) {
+            return ((Number)value).intValue();
+        }
+        String stringValue = value.toString();
+        if (stringValue.isEmpty()) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return Integer.parseInt(stringValue);
+    }
+
+    private void modifyColumnFamilyDescriptor(ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder hcd, Map<String,Object> props) throws SQLException {
+        for (Entry<String, Object> entry : props.entrySet()) {
+            String propName = entry.getKey();
+            Object value = entry.getValue();
+            setHColumnDescriptorValue(hcd, propName, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private TableDescriptorBuilder generateTableDescriptor(byte[] physicalTableName, TableDescriptor existingDesc,
+            PTableType tableType, Map<String, Object> tableProps, List<Pair<byte[], Map<String, Object>>> families,
+            byte[][] splits, boolean isNamespaceMapped) throws SQLException {
+        String defaultFamilyName = (String)tableProps.remove(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME);
+        TableDescriptorBuilder tableDescriptorBuilder = (existingDesc != null) ?TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(existingDesc)
+        : TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(TableName.valueOf(physicalTableName));
+        // By default, do not automatically rebuild/catch up an index on a write failure
+        for (Entry<String,Object> entry : tableProps.entrySet()) {
+            String key = entry.getKey();
+            if (!TableProperty.isPhoenixTableProperty(key)) {
+                Object value = entry.getValue();
+                tableDescriptorBuilder.setValue(key, value == null ? null : value.toString());
+            }
+        }
+        if (families.isEmpty()) {
+            if (tableType != PTableType.VIEW) {
+                byte[] defaultFamilyByes = defaultFamilyName == null ? QueryConstants.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_BYTES : Bytes.toBytes(defaultFamilyName);
+                // Add dummy column family so we have key values for tables that
+                ColumnFamilyDescriptor columnDescriptor = generateColumnFamilyDescriptor(new Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>>(defaultFamilyByes,Collections.<String,Object>emptyMap()), tableType);
+                tableDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(columnDescriptor);
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>> family : families) {
+                // If family is only in phoenix description, add it. otherwise, modify its property accordingly.
+                byte[] familyByte = family.getFirst();
+                if (tableDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(familyByte) == null) {
+                    if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW) {
+                        String fullTableName = Bytes.toString(physicalTableName);
+                        throw new ReadOnlyTableException(
+                                "The HBase column families for a read-only table must already exist",
+                                SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(fullTableName),
+                                SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(fullTableName),
+                                Bytes.toString(familyByte));
+                    }
+                    ColumnFamilyDescriptor columnDescriptor = generateColumnFamilyDescriptor(family, tableType);
+                    tableDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(columnDescriptor);
+                } else {
+                    if (tableType != PTableType.VIEW) {
+                        ColumnFamilyDescriptor columnDescriptor = tableDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(familyByte);
+                        if (columnDescriptor == null) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to find column descriptor with family name " + Bytes.toString(family.getFirst()));
+                        }
+                        ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder columnDescriptorBuilder = ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(columnDescriptor);
+                        modifyColumnFamilyDescriptor(columnDescriptorBuilder, family.getSecond());
+                        tableDescriptorBuilder.modifyColumnFamily(columnDescriptorBuilder.build());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        addCoprocessors(physicalTableName, tableDescriptorBuilder, tableType, tableProps);
+
+        // PHOENIX-3072: Set index priority if this is a system table or index table
+        if (tableType == PTableType.SYSTEM) {
+            tableDescriptorBuilder.setValue(QueryConstants.PRIORITY,
+                    String.valueOf(PhoenixRpcSchedulerFactory.getMetadataPriority(config)));
+        } else if (tableType == PTableType.INDEX // Global, mutable index
+                && !isLocalIndexTable(tableDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamilyNames())
+                && !Boolean.TRUE.equals(tableProps.get(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IMMUTABLE_ROWS))) {
+            tableDescriptorBuilder.setValue(QueryConstants.PRIORITY,
+                    String.valueOf(PhoenixRpcSchedulerFactory.getIndexPriority(config)));
+        }
+        return tableDescriptorBuilder;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isLocalIndexTable(Collection<byte[]> families) {
+        // no easier way to know local index table?
+        for (byte[] family: families) {
+            if (Bytes.toString(family).startsWith(QueryConstants.LOCAL_INDEX_COLUMN_FAMILY_PREFIX)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+
+    private void addCoprocessors(byte[] tableName, TableDescriptorBuilder builder, PTableType tableType, Map<String,Object> tableProps) throws SQLException {
+        // The phoenix jar must be available on HBase classpath
+        int priority = props.getInt(QueryServices.COPROCESSOR_PRIORITY_ATTRIB, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_COPROCESSOR_PRIORITY);
+        try {
+            TableDescriptor newDesc = builder.build();
+            if(!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(ScanRegionObserver.class.getName())) {
+                builder.addCoprocessor(ScanRegionObserver.class.getName(), null, priority, null);
+            }
+            if(!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.class.getName())) {
+                builder.addCoprocessor(UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.class.getName(), null, priority, null);
+            }
+            if(!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(GroupedAggregateRegionObserver.class.getName())) {
+                builder.addCoprocessor(GroupedAggregateRegionObserver.class.getName(), null, priority, null);
+            }
+            if(!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(ServerCachingEndpointImpl.class.getName())) {
+                builder.addCoprocessor(ServerCachingEndpointImpl.class.getName(), null, priority, null);
+            }
+            boolean isTransactional =
+                    Boolean.TRUE.equals(tableProps.get(TableProperty.TRANSACTIONAL.name())) ||
+                    Boolean.TRUE.equals(tableProps.get(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA)); // For ALTER TABLE
+            // TODO: better encapsulation for this
+            // Since indexes can't have indexes, don't install our indexing coprocessor for indexes.
+            // Also don't install on the SYSTEM.CATALOG and SYSTEM.STATS table because we use
+            // all-or-none mutate class which break when this coprocessor is installed (PHOENIX-1318).
+            if ((tableType != PTableType.INDEX && tableType != PTableType.VIEW)
+                    && !SchemaUtil.isMetaTable(tableName)
+                    && !SchemaUtil.isStatsTable(tableName)) {
+                if (isTransactional) {
+                    if (!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalIndexer.class.getName())) {
+                        builder.addCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalIndexer.class.getName(), null, priority, null);
+                    }
+                    // For alter table, remove non transactional index coprocessor
+                    if(newDesc.hasCoprocessor(Indexer.class.getName())) {
+                        builder.removeCoprocessor(Indexer.class.getName());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // If exception on alter table to transition back to non transactional
+                    if (newDesc.hasCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalIndexer.class.getName())) {
+                        builder.removeCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalIndexer.class.getName());
+                    }
+                    if (!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(Indexer.class.getName())) {
+                        Map<String, String> opts = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(1);
+                        opts.put(NonTxIndexBuilder.CODEC_CLASS_NAME_KEY, PhoenixIndexCodec.class.getName());
+                        Indexer.enableIndexing(builder, PhoenixIndexBuilder.class, opts, priority);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if ((SchemaUtil.isStatsTable(tableName) || SchemaUtil.isMetaTable(tableName))
+                    && !newDesc.hasCoprocessor(MultiRowMutationEndpoint.class.getName())) {
+                builder.addCoprocessor(MultiRowMutationEndpoint.class.getName(),
+                        null, priority, null);
+            }
+
+            Set<byte[]> familiesKeys = builder.build().getColumnFamilyNames();
+            for(byte[] family: familiesKeys) {
+                if(Bytes.toString(family).startsWith(QueryConstants.LOCAL_INDEX_COLUMN_FAMILY_PREFIX)) {
+                    if(!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(IndexHalfStoreFileReaderGenerator.class.getName())) {
+                        builder.addCoprocessor(IndexHalfStoreFileReaderGenerator.class.getName(),
+                            null, priority, null);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Setup split policy on Phoenix metadata table to ensure that the key values of a Phoenix table
+            // stay on the same region.
+            if (SchemaUtil.isMetaTable(tableName) || SchemaUtil.isFunctionTable(tableName)) {
+                if (!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(MetaDataEndpointImpl.class.getName())) {
+                    builder.addCoprocessor(MetaDataEndpointImpl.class.getName(), null, priority, null);
+                }
+                if(SchemaUtil.isMetaTable(tableName) ) {
+                    if (!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(MetaDataRegionObserver.class.getName())) {
+                        builder.addCoprocessor(MetaDataRegionObserver.class.getName(), null, priority + 1, null);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (SchemaUtil.isSequenceTable(tableName)) {
+                if(!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(SequenceRegionObserver.class.getName())) {
+                    builder.addCoprocessor(SequenceRegionObserver.class.getName(), null, priority, null);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isTransactional) {
+                if(!newDesc.hasCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalProcessor.class.getName())) {
+                    builder.addCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalProcessor.class.getName(), null, priority - 10, null);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // If exception on alter table to transition back to non transactional
+                if(newDesc.hasCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalProcessor.class.getName())) {
+                    builder.removeCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalProcessor.class.getName());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static interface RetriableOperation {
+        boolean checkForCompletion() throws TimeoutException, IOException;
+        String getOperationName();
+    }
+
+    private void pollForUpdatedTableDescriptor(final Admin admin, final TableDescriptor newTableDescriptor,
+            final byte[] tableName) throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        checkAndRetry(new RetriableOperation() {
+
+            @Override
+            public String getOperationName() {
+                return "UpdateOrNewTableDescriptor";
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean checkForCompletion() throws TimeoutException, IOException {
+                TableDescriptor tableDesc = admin.getDescriptor(TableName.valueOf(tableName));
+                return newTableDescriptor.equals(tableDesc);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void checkAndRetry(RetriableOperation op) throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        int maxRetries = ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.props.getInt(
+                QueryServices.NUM_RETRIES_FOR_SCHEMA_UPDATE_CHECK,
+                QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_RETRIES_FOR_SCHEMA_UPDATE_CHECK);
+        long sleepInterval = ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.props
+                .getLong(QueryServices.DELAY_FOR_SCHEMA_UPDATE_CHECK,
+                        QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_DELAY_FOR_SCHEMA_UPDATE_CHECK);
+        boolean success = false;
+        int numTries = 1;
+        PhoenixStopWatch watch = new PhoenixStopWatch();
+        watch.start();
+        do {
+            try {
+                success = op.checkForCompletion();
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                // If we encounter any exception on the first or last try, propagate the exception and fail.
+                // Else, we swallow the exception and retry till we reach maxRetries.
+                if (numTries == 1 || numTries == maxRetries) {
+                    watch.stop();
+                    TimeoutException toThrow = new TimeoutException("Operation " + op.getOperationName()
+                            + " didn't complete because of exception. Time elapsed: " + watch.elapsedMillis());
+                    toThrow.initCause(ex);
+                    throw toThrow;
+                }
+            }
+            numTries++;
+            Thread.sleep(sleepInterval);
+        } while (numTries < maxRetries && !success);
+
+        watch.stop();
+
+        if (!success) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("Operation  " + op.getOperationName() + " didn't complete within "
+                    + watch.elapsedMillis() + " ms "
+                    + (numTries > 1 ? ("after trying " + numTries + (numTries > 1 ? "times." : "time.")) : ""));
+        } else {
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logger.debug("Operation "
+                        + op.getOperationName()
+                        + " completed within "
+                        + watch.elapsedMillis()
+                        + "ms "
+                        + (numTries > 1 ? ("after trying " + numTries + (numTries > 1 ? "times." : "time.")) : ""));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean allowOnlineTableSchemaUpdate() {
+        return props.getBoolean(
+                QueryServices.ALLOW_ONLINE_TABLE_SCHEMA_UPDATE,
+                QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_ALLOW_ONLINE_TABLE_SCHEMA_UPDATE);
+    }
+
+    void ensureNamespaceCreated(String schemaName) throws SQLException {
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            NamespaceDescriptor namespaceDescriptor = null;
+            try {
+                namespaceDescriptor = admin.getNamespaceDescriptor(schemaName);
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.NamespaceNotFoundException e) {
+
+            }
+            if (namespaceDescriptor == null) {
+                namespaceDescriptor = NamespaceDescriptor.create(schemaName).build();
+                admin.createNamespace(namespaceDescriptor);
+            }
+            return;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        } finally {
+            if (sqlE != null) { throw sqlE; }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param tableName
+     * @param splits
+     * @param modifyExistingMetaData TODO
+     * @return true if table was created and false if it already exists
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private TableDescriptor ensureTableCreated(byte[] physicalTableName, PTableType tableType, Map<String, Object> props,
+            List<Pair<byte[], Map<String, Object>>> families, byte[][] splits, boolean modifyExistingMetaData,
+            boolean isNamespaceMapped) throws SQLException {
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        TableDescriptor existingDesc = null;
+        boolean isMetaTable = SchemaUtil.isMetaTable(physicalTableName);
+        boolean tableExist = true;
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            final String quorum = ZKConfig.getZKQuorumServersString(config);
+            final String znode = this.props.get(HConstants.ZOOKEEPER_ZNODE_PARENT);
+            logger.debug("Found quorum: " + quorum + ":" + znode);
+            try {
+                existingDesc = admin.getDescriptor(TableName.valueOf(physicalTableName));
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException e) {
+                tableExist = false;
+                if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW) {
+                    String fullTableName = Bytes.toString(physicalTableName);
+                    throw new ReadOnlyTableException(
+                            "An HBase table for a VIEW must already exist",
+                            SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(fullTableName),
+                            SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(fullTableName));
+                }
+            }
+
+            TableDescriptorBuilder newDesc = generateTableDescriptor(physicalTableName, existingDesc, tableType, props, families,
+                    splits, isNamespaceMapped);
+            
+            if (!tableExist) {
+                if (newDesc.build().getValue(MetaDataUtil.IS_LOCAL_INDEX_TABLE_PROP_BYTES) != null && Boolean.TRUE.equals(
+                        PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(newDesc.build().getValue(MetaDataUtil.IS_LOCAL_INDEX_TABLE_PROP_BYTES)))) {
+                    newDesc.setRegionSplitPolicyClassName(IndexRegionSplitPolicy.class.getName());
+                }
+                // Remove the splitPolicy attribute to prevent HBASE-12570
+                if (isMetaTable) {
+                    newDesc.removeValue(Bytes.toBytes(TableDescriptorBuilder.SPLIT_POLICY));
+                }
+                try {
+                    if (splits == null) {
+                        admin.createTable(newDesc.build());
+                    } else {
+                        admin.createTable(newDesc.build(), splits);
+                    }
+                } catch (TableExistsException e) {
+                    // We can ignore this, as it just means that another client beat us
+                    // to creating the HBase metadata.
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (isMetaTable) {
+                    checkClientServerCompatibility(SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, this.getProps()).getName());
+                    /*
+                     * Now we modify the table to add the split policy, since we know that the client and
+                     * server and compatible. This works around HBASE-12570 which causes the cluster to be
+                     * brought down.
+                     */
+                    newDesc.setRegionSplitPolicyClassName(MetaDataSplitPolicy.class.getName());
+                    modifyTable(physicalTableName, newDesc.build(), true);
+                }
+                return null;
+            } else {
+                if (isMetaTable) {
+                    checkClientServerCompatibility(SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, this.getProps()).getName());
+                } else {
+                    for(Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>> family: families) {
+                        if ((Bytes.toString(family.getFirst())
+                                .startsWith(QueryConstants.LOCAL_INDEX_COLUMN_FAMILY_PREFIX))) {
+                            newDesc.setRegionSplitPolicyClassName(IndexRegionSplitPolicy.class.getName());
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                if (!modifyExistingMetaData) {
+                    return existingDesc; // Caller already knows that no metadata was changed
+                }
+                boolean willBeTx = Boolean.TRUE.equals(props.get(TableProperty.TRANSACTIONAL.name()));
+                // If mapping an existing table as transactional, set property so that existing
+                // data is correctly read.
+                if (willBeTx) {
+                    newDesc.setValue(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA, Boolean.TRUE.toString());
+                } else {
+                    // If we think we're creating a non transactional table when it's already
+                    // transactional, don't allow.
+                    if (existingDesc.hasCoprocessor(PhoenixTransactionalProcessor.class.getName())) {
+                        throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.TX_MAY_NOT_SWITCH_TO_NON_TX)
+                        .setSchemaName(SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(physicalTableName))
+                        .setTableName(SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(physicalTableName)).build().buildException();
+                    }
+                    newDesc.removeValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA));
+                }
+                TableDescriptor result = newDesc.build();
+                if (existingDesc.equals(result)) {
+                    return null; // Indicate that no metadata was changed
+                }
+
+                modifyTable(physicalTableName, result, true);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            // restore the interrupt status
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            sqlE = new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INTERRUPTED_EXCEPTION).setRootCause(e).build().buildException();
+        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+            sqlE = new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.OPERATION_TIMED_OUT).setRootCause(e.getCause() != null ? e.getCause() : e).build().buildException();
+        } finally {
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+        return null; // will never make it here
+    }
+
+    private void modifyTable(byte[] tableName, TableDescriptor newDesc, boolean shouldPoll) throws IOException,
+    InterruptedException, TimeoutException, SQLException {
+        TableName tn = TableName.valueOf(tableName);
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            if (!allowOnlineTableSchemaUpdate()) {
+                admin.disableTable(tn);
+                admin.modifyTable(newDesc); // TODO: Update to TableDescriptor
+                admin.enableTable(tn);
+            } else {
+                admin.modifyTable(newDesc); // TODO: Update to TableDescriptor
+                if (shouldPoll) {
+                    pollForUpdatedTableDescriptor(admin, newDesc, tableName);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasIndexWALCodec(Long serverVersion) {
+        if (serverVersion == null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return MetaDataUtil.decodeHasIndexWALCodec(serverVersion);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isCompatible(Long serverVersion) {
+        if (serverVersion == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return MetaDataUtil.areClientAndServerCompatible(serverVersion);
+    }
+
+    private void checkClientServerCompatibility(byte[] metaTable) throws SQLException {
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder("Newer Phoenix clients can't communicate with older Phoenix servers. The following servers require an updated " + QueryConstants.DEFAULT_COPROCESS_JAR_NAME + " to be put in the classpath of HBase: ");
+        boolean isIncompatible = false;
+        int minHBaseVersion = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        boolean isTableNamespaceMappingEnabled = false;
+        Table ht = null;
+        try {
+            List<HRegionLocation> locations = this
+                    .getAllTableRegions(metaTable);
+            Set<HRegionLocation> serverMap = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(locations.size());
+            TreeMap<byte[], HRegionLocation> regionMap = Maps.newTreeMap(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+            List<byte[]> regionKeys = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(locations.size());
+            for (HRegionLocation entry : locations) {
+                if (!serverMap.contains(entry)) {
+                    regionKeys.add(entry.getRegion().getStartKey());
+                    regionMap.put(entry.getRegion().getRegionName(), entry);
+                    serverMap.add(entry);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ht = this.getTable(metaTable);
+            final Map<byte[], Long> results =
+                    ht.coprocessorService(MetaDataService.class, null, null, new Batch.Call<MetaDataService,Long>() {
+                        @Override
+                        public Long call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                            ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                            BlockingRpcCallback<GetVersionResponse> rpcCallback =
+                                    new BlockingRpcCallback<GetVersionResponse>();
+                            GetVersionRequest.Builder builder = GetVersionRequest.newBuilder();
+                            builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                            instance.getVersion(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                            if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                                throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                            }
+                            return rpcCallback.get().getVersion();
+                        }
+                    });
+            for (Map.Entry<byte[],Long> result : results.entrySet()) {
+                // This is the "phoenix.jar" is in-place, but server is out-of-sync with client case.
+                long version = result.getValue();
+                isTableNamespaceMappingEnabled |= MetaDataUtil.decodeTableNamespaceMappingEnabled(version);
+
+                if (!isCompatible(result.getValue())) {
+                    isIncompatible = true;
+                    HRegionLocation name = regionMap.get(result.getKey());
+                    buf.append(name);
+                    buf.append(';');
+                }
+                hasIndexWALCodec &= hasIndexWALCodec(result.getValue());
+                if (minHBaseVersion > MetaDataUtil.decodeHBaseVersion(result.getValue())) {
+                    minHBaseVersion = MetaDataUtil.decodeHBaseVersion(result.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+            if (isTableNamespaceMappingEnabled != SchemaUtil.isNamespaceMappingEnabled(PTableType.TABLE,
+                    getProps())) { throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(
+                            SQLExceptionCode.INCONSISTENT_NAMESPACE_MAPPING_PROPERTIES)
+                    .setMessage(
+                            "Ensure that config " + QueryServices.IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPING_ENABLED
+                            + " is consitent on client and server.")
+                            .build().buildException(); }
+            lowestClusterHBaseVersion = minHBaseVersion;
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            // This is the case if the "phoenix.jar" is not on the classpath of HBase on the region server
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INCOMPATIBLE_CLIENT_SERVER_JAR).setRootCause(t)
+            .setMessage("Ensure that " + QueryConstants.DEFAULT_COPROCESS_JAR_NAME + " is put on the classpath of HBase in every region server: " + t.getMessage())
+            .build().buildException();
+        } finally {
+            if (ht != null) {
+                try {
+                    ht.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    logger.warn("Could not close HTable", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (isIncompatible) {
+            buf.setLength(buf.length()-1);
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.OUTDATED_JARS).setMessage(buf.toString()).build().buildException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invoke meta data coprocessor with one retry if the key was found to not be in the regions
+     * (due to a table split)
+     */
+    private MetaDataMutationResult metaDataCoprocessorExec(byte[] tableKey,
+            Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse> callable) throws SQLException {
+        return metaDataCoprocessorExec(tableKey, callable, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invoke meta data coprocessor with one retry if the key was found to not be in the regions
+     * (due to a table split)
+     */
+    private MetaDataMutationResult metaDataCoprocessorExec(byte[] tableKey,
+            Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse> callable, byte[] tableName) throws SQLException {
+
+        try {
+            boolean retried = false;
+            while (true) {
+                if (retried) {
+                    ((ClusterConnection) connection).relocateRegion(
+                        SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(tableName, this.getProps()), tableKey);
+                }
+
+                Table ht = this.getTable(SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(tableName, this.getProps()).getName());
+                try {
+                    final Map<byte[], MetaDataResponse> results =
+                            ht.coprocessorService(MetaDataService.class, tableKey, tableKey, callable);
+
+                    assert(results.size() == 1);
+                    MetaDataResponse result = results.values().iterator().next();
+                    if (result.getReturnCode() == MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_IN_REGION
+                            || result.getReturnCode() == MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_IN_REGION) {
+                        if (retried) return MetaDataMutationResult.constructFromProto(result);
+                        retried = true;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    return MetaDataMutationResult.constructFromProto(result);
+                } finally {
+                    Closeables.closeQuietly(ht);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            throw new SQLException(t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Our property values are translated using toString, so we need to "string-ify" this.
+    private static final String TRUE_BYTES_AS_STRING = Bytes.toString(PDataType.TRUE_BYTES);
+
+    private void ensureViewIndexTableCreated(byte[] physicalTableName, Map<String, Object> tableProps,
+            List<Pair<byte[], Map<String, Object>>> families, byte[][] splits, long timestamp,
+            boolean isNamespaceMapped) throws SQLException {
+        byte[] physicalIndexName = MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexPhysicalName(physicalTableName);
+
+        tableProps.put(MetaDataUtil.IS_VIEW_INDEX_TABLE_PROP_NAME, TRUE_BYTES_AS_STRING);
+        TableDescriptor desc = ensureTableCreated(physicalIndexName, PTableType.TABLE, tableProps, families, splits,
+                false, isNamespaceMapped);
+        if (desc != null) {
+            if (!Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(desc.getValue(MetaDataUtil.IS_VIEW_INDEX_TABLE_PROP_BYTES)))) {
+                String fullTableName = Bytes.toString(physicalIndexName);
+                throw new TableAlreadyExistsException(
+                        "Unable to create shared physical table for indexes on views.",
+                        SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(fullTableName),
+                        SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(fullTableName));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean ensureViewIndexTableDropped(byte[] physicalTableName, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        byte[] physicalIndexName = MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexPhysicalName(physicalTableName);
+        boolean wasDeleted = false;
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            try {
+                TableName physicalIndexTableName = TableName.valueOf(physicalIndexName);
+                TableDescriptor desc = admin.getDescriptor(physicalIndexTableName);
+                if (Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(desc.getValue(MetaDataUtil.IS_VIEW_INDEX_TABLE_PROP_BYTES)))) {
+                    final ReadOnlyProps props = this.getProps();
+                    final boolean dropMetadata = props.getBoolean(DROP_METADATA_ATTRIB, DEFAULT_DROP_METADATA);
+                    if (dropMetadata) {
+                        admin.disableTable(physicalIndexTableName);
+                        admin.deleteTable(physicalIndexTableName);
+                        clearTableRegionCache(physicalIndexTableName);
+                        wasDeleted = true;
+                    } else {
+                        this.tableStatsCache.invalidateAll(desc);
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException ignore) {
+                // Ignore, as we may never have created a view index table
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        }
+        return wasDeleted;
+    }
+
+    private boolean ensureLocalIndexTableDropped(byte[] physicalTableName, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        TableDescriptor desc = null;
+        boolean wasDeleted = false;
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            try {
+                desc = admin.getDescriptor(TableName.valueOf(physicalTableName));
+                for (byte[] fam : desc.getColumnFamilyNames()) {
+                    this.tableStatsCache.invalidate(new GuidePostsKey(physicalTableName, fam));
+                }
+                final ReadOnlyProps props = this.getProps();
+                final boolean dropMetadata = props.getBoolean(DROP_METADATA_ATTRIB, DEFAULT_DROP_METADATA);
+                if (dropMetadata) {
+                    List<String> columnFamiles = new ArrayList<String>();
+                    for(ColumnFamilyDescriptor cf : desc.getColumnFamilies()) {
+                        if(cf.getNameAsString().startsWith(QueryConstants.LOCAL_INDEX_COLUMN_FAMILY_PREFIX)) {
+                            columnFamiles.add(cf.getNameAsString());
+                        }
+                    }
+                    for(String cf: columnFamiles) {
+                        admin.deleteColumnFamily(TableName.valueOf(physicalTableName), Bytes.toBytes(cf));
+                    }
+                    clearTableRegionCache(TableName.valueOf(physicalTableName));
+                    wasDeleted = true;
+                }
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException ignore) {
+                // Ignore, as we may never have created a view index table
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        }
+        return wasDeleted;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult createTable(final List<Mutation> tableMetaData, final byte[] physicalTableName,
+            PTableType tableType, Map<String, Object> tableProps,
+            final List<Pair<byte[], Map<String, Object>>> families, byte[][] splits, boolean isNamespaceMapped, final boolean allocateIndexId)
+                    throws SQLException {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetadata = new byte[3][];
+        Mutation m = MetaDataUtil.getPutOnlyTableHeaderRow(tableMetaData);
+        byte[] key = m.getRow();
+        SchemaUtil.getVarChars(key, rowKeyMetadata);
+        byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+        byte[] schemaBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableName = physicalTableName != null ? physicalTableName :
+            SchemaUtil.getPhysicalHBaseTableName(schemaBytes, tableBytes, isNamespaceMapped).getBytes();
+        boolean localIndexTable = false;
+        for(Pair<byte[], Map<String, Object>> family: families) {
+            if(Bytes.toString(family.getFirst()).startsWith(QueryConstants.LOCAL_INDEX_COLUMN_FAMILY_PREFIX)) {
+                localIndexTable = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if ((tableType == PTableType.VIEW && physicalTableName != null) || (tableType != PTableType.VIEW && (physicalTableName == null || localIndexTable))) {
+            // For views this will ensure that metadata already exists
+            // For tables and indexes, this will create the metadata if it doesn't already exist
+            ensureTableCreated(tableName, tableType, tableProps, families, splits, true, isNamespaceMapped);
+        }
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+        if (tableType == PTableType.INDEX) { // Index on view
+            // Physical index table created up front for multi tenant
+            // TODO: if viewIndexId is Short.MIN_VALUE, then we don't need to attempt to create it
+            if (physicalTableName != null) {
+                if (!localIndexTable && !MetaDataUtil.isMultiTenant(m, kvBuilder, ptr)) {
+                    ensureViewIndexTableCreated(tenantIdBytes.length == 0 ? null : PNameFactory.newName(tenantIdBytes),
+                            physicalTableName, MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(m), isNamespaceMapped);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (tableType == PTableType.TABLE && MetaDataUtil.isMultiTenant(m, kvBuilder, ptr)) { // Create view index table up front for multi tenant tables
+            ptr.set(QueryConstants.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_BYTES);
+            MetaDataUtil.getMutationValue(m, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME_BYTES, kvBuilder, ptr);
+            List<Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>>> familiesPlusDefault = null;
+            for (Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>> family : families) {
+                byte[] cf = family.getFirst();
+                if (Bytes.compareTo(cf, 0, cf.length, ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(),ptr.getLength()) == 0) {
+                    familiesPlusDefault = families;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            // Don't override if default family already present
+            if (familiesPlusDefault == null) {
+                byte[] defaultCF = ByteUtil.copyKeyBytesIfNecessary(ptr);
+                // Only use splits if table is salted, otherwise it may not be applicable
+                // Always add default column family, as we don't know in advance if we'll need it
+                familiesPlusDefault = Lists.newArrayList(families);
+                familiesPlusDefault.add(new Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>>(defaultCF,Collections.<String,Object>emptyMap()));
+            }
+            ensureViewIndexTableCreated(
+                tableName, tableProps, familiesPlusDefault, MetaDataUtil.isSalted(m, kvBuilder, ptr) ? splits : null,
+                MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(m), isNamespaceMapped);
+        }
+
+        byte[] tableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, schemaBytes, tableBytes);
+        MetaDataMutationResult result = metaDataCoprocessorExec(tableKey,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                CreateTableRequest.Builder builder = CreateTableRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : tableMetaData) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                        if (allocateIndexId) {
+                            builder.setAllocateIndexId(allocateIndexId);
+                        }
+                CreateTableRequest build = builder.build();
+                instance.createTable(controller, build, rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult getTable(final PName tenantId, final byte[] schemaBytes, final byte[] tableBytes,
+            final long tableTimestamp, final long clientTimestamp) throws SQLException {
+        final byte[] tenantIdBytes = tenantId == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : tenantId.getBytes();
+        byte[] tableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, schemaBytes, tableBytes);
+        return metaDataCoprocessorExec(tableKey,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                GetTableRequest.Builder builder = GetTableRequest.newBuilder();
+                builder.setTenantId(ByteStringer.wrap(tenantIdBytes));
+                builder.setSchemaName(ByteStringer.wrap(schemaBytes));
+                builder.setTableName(ByteStringer.wrap(tableBytes));
+                builder.setTableTimestamp(tableTimestamp);
+                builder.setClientTimestamp(clientTimestamp);
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.getTable(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult dropTable(final List<Mutation> tableMetaData, final PTableType tableType,
+            final boolean cascade) throws SQLException {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetadata = new byte[3][];
+        SchemaUtil.getVarChars(tableMetaData.get(0).getRow(), rowKeyMetadata);
+        byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+        byte[] schemaBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : tenantIdBytes, schemaBytes, tableBytes);
+        final MetaDataMutationResult result =  metaDataCoprocessorExec(tableKey,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                DropTableRequest.Builder builder = DropTableRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : tableMetaData) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setTableType(tableType.getSerializedValue());
+                builder.setCascade(cascade);
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.dropTable(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+
+        final MutationCode code = result.getMutationCode();
+        switch(code) {
+        case TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS:
+            ReadOnlyProps props = this.getProps();
+            boolean dropMetadata = props.getBoolean(DROP_METADATA_ATTRIB, DEFAULT_DROP_METADATA);
+            PTable table = result.getTable();
+            if (dropMetadata) {
+                flushParentPhysicalTable(table);
+                dropTables(result.getTableNamesToDelete());
+            } else {
+                invalidateTableStats(result.getTableNamesToDelete());
+            }
+            long timestamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetaData);
+            if (tableType == PTableType.TABLE) {
+                byte[] physicalName = table.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+                ensureViewIndexTableDropped(physicalName, timestamp);
+                ensureLocalIndexTableDropped(physicalName, timestamp);
+                tableStatsCache.invalidateAll(table);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * PHOENIX-2915 while dropping index, flush data table to avoid stale WAL edits of indexes 1. Flush parent table if
+     * dropping view has indexes 2. Dropping table indexes 3. Dropping view indexes
+     */
+    private void flushParentPhysicalTable(PTable table) throws SQLException {
+        byte[] parentPhysicalTableName = null;
+        if (PTableType.VIEW == table.getType()) {
+            if (!table.getIndexes().isEmpty()) {
+                parentPhysicalTableName = table.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+            }
+        } else if (PTableType.INDEX == table.getType()) {
+            PTable parentTable = getTable(table.getTenantId(), table.getParentName().getString(), HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP);
+            parentPhysicalTableName = parentTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+        }
+        if (parentPhysicalTableName != null) {
+            flushTable(parentPhysicalTableName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult dropFunction(final List<Mutation> functionData, final boolean ifExists) throws SQLException {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetadata = new byte[2][];
+        byte[] key = functionData.get(0).getRow();
+        SchemaUtil.getVarChars(key, rowKeyMetadata);
+        byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+        byte[] functionBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FUNTION_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] functionKey = SchemaUtil.getFunctionKey(tenantIdBytes, functionBytes);
+
+        final MetaDataMutationResult result =  metaDataCoprocessorExec(functionKey,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                DropFunctionRequest.Builder builder = DropFunctionRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : functionData) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setIfExists(ifExists);
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.dropFunction(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        }, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_FUNCTION_NAME_BYTES);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void invalidateTableStats(final List<byte[]> tableNamesToDelete) {
+        if (tableNamesToDelete != null) {
+            for (byte[] tableName : tableNamesToDelete) {
+                tableStatsCache.invalidateAll(tableName);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dropTable(byte[] tableNameToDelete) throws SQLException {
+        dropTables(Collections.<byte[]>singletonList(tableNameToDelete));
+    }
+
+    private void dropTables(final List<byte[]> tableNamesToDelete) throws SQLException {
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            if (tableNamesToDelete != null){
+                for ( byte[] tableName : tableNamesToDelete ) {
+                    try {
+                        TableName tn = TableName.valueOf(tableName);
+                        TableDescriptor htableDesc = this.getTableDescriptor(tableName);
+                        admin.disableTable(tn);
+                        admin.deleteTable(tn);
+                        tableStatsCache.invalidateAll(htableDesc);
+                        clearTableRegionCache(TableName.valueOf(tableName));
+                    } catch (TableNotFoundException ignore) {
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        } finally {
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String,Object> createPropertiesMap(Map<Bytes,Bytes> htableProps) {
+        Map<String,Object> props = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(htableProps.size());
+        for (Map.Entry<Bytes,Bytes> entry : htableProps.entrySet()) {
+            Bytes key = entry.getKey();
+            Bytes value = entry.getValue();
+            props.put(Bytes.toString(key.get(), key.getOffset(), key.getLength()),
+                    Bytes.toString(value.get(), value.getOffset(), value.getLength()));
+        }
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureViewIndexTableCreated(PName tenantId, byte[] physicalIndexTableName, long timestamp,
+            boolean isNamespaceMapped) throws SQLException {
+        String name = Bytes
+                .toString(SchemaUtil.getParentTableNameFromIndexTable(physicalIndexTableName,
+                        MetaDataUtil.VIEW_INDEX_TABLE_PREFIX))
+                        .replace(QueryConstants.NAMESPACE_SEPARATOR, QueryConstants.NAME_SEPARATOR);
+        PTable table = getTable(tenantId, name, timestamp);
+        ensureViewIndexTableCreated(table, timestamp, isNamespaceMapped);
+    }
+
+    private PTable getTable(PName tenantId, String fullTableName, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        PTable table;
+        try {
+            PMetaData metadata = latestMetaData;
+            throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+            table = metadata.getTableRef(new PTableKey(tenantId, fullTableName)).getTable();
+            if (table.getTimeStamp() >= timestamp) { // Table in cache is newer than client timestamp which shouldn't be
+                // the case
+                throw new TableNotFoundException(table.getSchemaName().getString(), table.getTableName().getString());
+            }
+        } catch (TableNotFoundException e) {
+            byte[] schemaName = Bytes.toBytes(SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(fullTableName));
+            byte[] tableName = Bytes.toBytes(SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(fullTableName));
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = this.getTable(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP,
+                    timestamp);
+            table = result.getTable();
+            if (table == null) { throw e; }
+        }
+        return table;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureViewIndexTableCreated(PTable table, long timestamp, boolean isNamespaceMapped)
+            throws SQLException {
+        byte[] physicalTableName = table.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+       TableDescriptor htableDesc = this.getTableDescriptor(physicalTableName);
+        Map<String,Object> tableProps = createPropertiesMap(htableDesc.getValues());
+        List<Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>>> families = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(Math.max(1, table.getColumnFamilies().size()+1));
+        if (families.isEmpty()) {
+            byte[] familyName = SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamily(table);
+            Map<String,Object> familyProps = createPropertiesMap(htableDesc.getColumnFamily(familyName).getValues());
+            families.add(new Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>>(familyName, familyProps));
+        } else {
+            for (PColumnFamily family : table.getColumnFamilies()) {
+                byte[] familyName = family.getName().getBytes();
+                Map<String,Object> familyProps = createPropertiesMap(htableDesc.getColumnFamily(familyName).getValues());
+                families.add(new Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>>(familyName, familyProps));
+            }
+            // Always create default column family, because we don't know in advance if we'll
+            // need it for an index with no covered columns.
+            families.add(new Pair<byte[],Map<String,Object>>(table.getDefaultFamilyName().getBytes(), Collections.<String,Object>emptyMap()));
+        }
+        byte[][] splits = null;
+        if (table.getBucketNum() != null) {
+            splits = SaltingUtil.getSalteByteSplitPoints(table.getBucketNum());
+        }
+
+        // Transfer over table values into tableProps
+        // TODO: encapsulate better
+        tableProps.put(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TRANSACTIONAL, table.isTransactional());
+        tableProps.put(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IMMUTABLE_ROWS, table.isImmutableRows());
+        ensureViewIndexTableCreated(physicalTableName, tableProps, families, splits, timestamp, isNamespaceMapped);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult addColumn(final List<Mutation> tableMetaData, PTable table, Map<String, List<Pair<String,Object>>> stmtProperties, Set<String> colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded, List<PColumn> columns) throws SQLException {
+        List<Pair<byte[], Map<String, Object>>> families = new ArrayList<>(stmtProperties.size());
+        Map<String, Object> tableProps = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+        Set<TableDescriptor> tableDescriptors = Collections.emptySet();
+        Set<TableDescriptor> origTableDescriptors = Collections.emptySet();
+        boolean nonTxToTx = false;
+        Pair<TableDescriptor,TableDescriptor> tableDescriptorPair = separateAndValidateProperties(table, stmtProperties, colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded, tableProps);
+        TableDescriptor tableDescriptor = tableDescriptorPair.getSecond();
+        TableDescriptor origTableDescriptor = tableDescriptorPair.getFirst();
+        if (tableDescriptor != null) {
+            tableDescriptors = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(3 + table.getIndexes().size());
+            origTableDescriptors = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(3 + table.getIndexes().size());
+            nonTxToTx = Boolean.TRUE.equals(tableProps.get(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA));
+            /*
+             * If the table was transitioned from non transactional to transactional, we need
+             * to also transition the index tables.
+             */
+            
+            TableDescriptorBuilder tableDescriptorBuilder = TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(tableDescriptor);
+            if (nonTxToTx) {
+                updateDescriptorForTx(table, tableProps, tableDescriptorBuilder, Boolean.TRUE.toString(), tableDescriptors, origTableDescriptors);
+            }
+            tableDescriptor=tableDescriptorBuilder.build();
+            tableDescriptors.add(tableDescriptor);
+            origTableDescriptors.add(origTableDescriptor);
+        }
+
+        boolean success = false;
+        boolean metaDataUpdated = !tableDescriptors.isEmpty();
+        boolean pollingNeeded = !(!tableProps.isEmpty() && families.isEmpty() && colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded.isEmpty());
+        MetaDataMutationResult result = null;
+        try {
+            boolean modifyHTable = true;
+            if (table.getType() == PTableType.VIEW) {
+                boolean canViewsAddNewCF = props.getBoolean(QueryServices.ALLOW_VIEWS_ADD_NEW_CF_BASE_TABLE,
+                        QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_ALLOW_VIEWS_ADD_NEW_CF_BASE_TABLE);
+                // When adding a column to a view, base physical table should only be modified when new column families are being added.
+                modifyHTable = canViewsAddNewCF && !existingColumnFamiliesForBaseTable(table.getPhysicalName()).containsAll(colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded);
+            }
+            if (modifyHTable) {
+                sendHBaseMetaData(tableDescriptors, pollingNeeded);
+            }
+
+            // Special case for call during drop table to ensure that the empty column family exists.
+            // In this, case we only include the table header row, as until we add schemaBytes and tableBytes
+            // as args to this function, we have no way of getting them in this case.
+            // TODO: change to  if (tableMetaData.isEmpty()) once we pass through schemaBytes and tableBytes
+            // Also, could be used to update property values on ALTER TABLE t SET prop=xxx
+            if ((tableMetaData.isEmpty()) || (tableMetaData.size() == 1 && tableMetaData.get(0).isEmpty())) {
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.NO_OP, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), table);
+            }
+            byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[3][];
+            PTableType tableType = table.getType();
+
+            Mutation m = tableMetaData.get(0);
+            byte[] rowKey = m.getRow();
+            SchemaUtil.getVarChars(rowKey, rowKeyMetaData);
+            byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+            byte[] schemaBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+            byte[] tableBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+            byte[] tableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, schemaBytes, tableBytes);
+
+            ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+            result =  metaDataCoprocessorExec(tableKey,
+                    new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+                @Override
+                public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                    ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                    BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                            new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                    AddColumnRequest.Builder builder = AddColumnRequest.newBuilder();
+                    for (Mutation m : tableMetaData) {
+                        MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                        builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                    }
+                    builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                    instance.addColumn(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                    if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                        throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                    }
+                    return rpcCallback.get();
+                }
+            });
+
+            if (result.getMutationCode() == MutationCode.COLUMN_NOT_FOUND || result.getMutationCode() == MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) { // Success
+                success = true;
+                // Flush the table if transitioning DISABLE_WAL from TRUE to FALSE
+                if (  MetaDataUtil.getMutationValue(m,PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DISABLE_WAL_BYTES, kvBuilder, ptr)
+                        && Boolean.FALSE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(ptr))) {
+                    flushTable(table.getPhysicalName().getBytes());
+                }
+
+                if (tableType == PTableType.TABLE) {
+                    // If we're changing MULTI_TENANT to true or false, create or drop the view index table
+                    if (MetaDataUtil.getMutationValue(m, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MULTI_TENANT_BYTES, kvBuilder, ptr)){
+                        long timestamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(m);
+                        if (Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength()))) {
+                            this.ensureViewIndexTableCreated(table, timestamp,table.isNamespaceMapped());
+                        } else {
+                            this.ensureViewIndexTableDropped(table.getPhysicalName().getBytes(), timestamp);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            // If we weren't successful with our metadata update
+            // and we've already pushed the HBase metadata changes to the server
+            // and we've tried to go from non transactional to transactional
+            // then we must undo the metadata change otherwise the table will
+            // no longer function correctly.
+            // Note that if this fails, we're in a corrupt state.
+            if (!success && metaDataUpdated && nonTxToTx) {
+                sendHBaseMetaData(origTableDescriptors, pollingNeeded);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    private void updateDescriptorForTx(PTable table, Map<String, Object> tableProps, TableDescriptorBuilder tableDescriptorBuilder,
+            String txValue, Set<TableDescriptor> descriptorsToUpdate, Set<TableDescriptor> origDescriptors) throws SQLException {
+        byte[] physicalTableName = table.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            setTransactional(physicalTableName, tableDescriptorBuilder, table.getType(), txValue, tableProps);
+            Map<String, Object> indexTableProps;
+            if (txValue == null) {
+                indexTableProps = Collections.<String,Object>emptyMap();
+            } else {
+                indexTableProps = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(1);
+                indexTableProps.put(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA, Boolean.valueOf(txValue));
+            }
+            for (PTable index : table.getIndexes()) {
+                TableDescriptor indexDesc = admin.getDescriptor(TableName.valueOf(index.getPhysicalName().getBytes()));
+                origDescriptors.add(indexDesc);
+                TableDescriptorBuilder indexDescriptorBuilder = TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(indexDesc);
+                if (index.getColumnFamilies().isEmpty()) {
+                    byte[] dataFamilyName = SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamily(table);
+                    byte[] indexFamilyName = SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamily(index);
+                    ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder indexColDescriptor = ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(indexDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(indexFamilyName));
+                    ColumnFamilyDescriptor tableColDescriptor = tableDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(dataFamilyName);
+                    indexColDescriptor.setMaxVersions(tableColDescriptor.getMaxVersions());
+                    indexColDescriptor.setValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL),
+                            tableColDescriptor.getValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL)));
+                    indexDescriptorBuilder.removeColumnFamily(indexFamilyName);
+                    indexDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(indexColDescriptor.build());
+                } else {
+                    for (PColumnFamily family : index.getColumnFamilies()) {
+                        byte[] familyName = family.getName().getBytes();
+                        ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder indexColDescriptor = ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(indexDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(familyName));
+                        ColumnFamilyDescriptor tableColDescriptor = tableDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(familyName);
+                        indexColDescriptor.setMaxVersions(tableColDescriptor.getMaxVersions());
+                        indexColDescriptor.setValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL),
+                                tableColDescriptor.getValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL)));
+                        indexDescriptorBuilder.removeColumnFamily(familyName);
+                        indexDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(indexColDescriptor.build());
+                    }
+                }
+                setTransactional(index.getPhysicalName().getBytes(), indexDescriptorBuilder, index.getType(), txValue, indexTableProps);
+                descriptorsToUpdate.add(indexDescriptorBuilder.build());
+            }
+            try {
+                TableDescriptor indexDescriptor = admin.getDescriptor(TableName.valueOf(MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexPhysicalName(physicalTableName)));
+                origDescriptors.add(indexDescriptor);
+                TableDescriptorBuilder indexDescriptorBuilder = TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(indexDescriptor);
+                setSharedIndexMaxVersion(table, tableDescriptorBuilder.build(), indexDescriptorBuilder);
+                setTransactional(MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexPhysicalName(physicalTableName), indexDescriptorBuilder, PTableType.INDEX, txValue, indexTableProps);
+                descriptorsToUpdate.add(indexDescriptorBuilder.build());
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException ignore) {
+                // Ignore, as we may never have created a view index table
+            }
+            try {
+                TableDescriptor indexDescriptor = admin.getDescriptor(TableName.valueOf(MetaDataUtil.getLocalIndexPhysicalName(physicalTableName)));
+                origDescriptors.add(indexDescriptor);
+                TableDescriptorBuilder indexDescriptorBuilder = TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(indexDescriptor);
+                
+                setSharedIndexMaxVersion(table, tableDescriptorBuilder.build(), indexDescriptorBuilder);
+                setTransactional(MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexPhysicalName(physicalTableName), indexDescriptorBuilder, PTableType.INDEX, txValue, indexTableProps);
+                descriptorsToUpdate.add(indexDescriptorBuilder.build());
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException ignore) {
+                // Ignore, as we may never have created a view index table
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        }
+    }
+    private void setSharedIndexMaxVersion(PTable table, TableDescriptor tableDescriptor,
+            TableDescriptorBuilder indexDescriptorBuilder) {
+        if (table.getColumnFamilies().isEmpty()) {
+            byte[] familyName = SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamily(table);
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder indexColDescriptorBuilder = ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(indexDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(familyName));
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor tableColDescriptor = tableDescriptor.getColumnFamily(familyName);
+            indexColDescriptorBuilder.setMaxVersions(tableColDescriptor.getMaxVersions());
+            indexColDescriptorBuilder.setValue( Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL),tableColDescriptor.getValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL)));
+            indexDescriptorBuilder.removeColumnFamily(familyName);
+            indexDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(indexColDescriptorBuilder.build());
+        } else {
+            for (PColumnFamily family : table.getColumnFamilies()) {
+                byte[] familyName = family.getName().getBytes();
+                ColumnFamilyDescriptor indexColDescriptor = indexDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(familyName);
+                if (indexColDescriptor != null) {
+                    ColumnFamilyDescriptor tableColDescriptor = tableDescriptor.getColumnFamily(familyName);
+                    ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder indexColDescriptorBuilder = ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(indexColDescriptor);
+                    indexColDescriptorBuilder.setMaxVersions(tableColDescriptor.getMaxVersions());
+                    indexColDescriptorBuilder.setValue( Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL),tableColDescriptor.getValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL)));
+                    indexDescriptorBuilder.removeColumnFamily(familyName);
+                    indexDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(indexColDescriptorBuilder.build());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendHBaseMetaData(Set<TableDescriptor> tableDescriptors, boolean pollingNeeded) throws SQLException {
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        for (TableDescriptor descriptor : tableDescriptors) {
+            try {
+                modifyTable(descriptor.getTableName().getName(), descriptor, pollingNeeded);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                // restore the interrupt status
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                sqlE = new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INTERRUPTED_EXCEPTION).setRootCause(e).build().buildException();
+            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+                sqlE = new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.OPERATION_TIMED_OUT).setRootCause(e.getCause() != null ? e.getCause() : e).build().buildException();
+            } finally {
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    throw sqlE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    private void setTransactional(byte[] physicalTableName, TableDescriptorBuilder tableDescriptorBuilder, PTableType tableType, String txValue, Map<String, Object> tableProps) throws SQLException {
+        if (txValue == null) {
+            tableDescriptorBuilder.removeValue(Bytes.toBytes(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA));
+        } else {
+            tableDescriptorBuilder.setValue(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA, txValue);
+        }
+        this.addCoprocessors(physicalTableName, tableDescriptorBuilder, tableType, tableProps);
+    }
+
+    private Pair<TableDescriptor, TableDescriptor> separateAndValidateProperties(PTable table,
+            Map<String, List<Pair<String, Object>>> properties, Set<String> colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded,
+             Map<String, Object> tableProps) throws SQLException {
+        Map<String, Map<String, Object>> stmtFamiliesPropsMap = new HashMap<>(properties.size());
+        Map<String,Object> commonFamilyProps = new HashMap<>();
+        boolean addingColumns = colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded != null && !colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded.isEmpty();
+        HashSet<String> existingColumnFamilies = existingColumnFamilies(table);
+        Map<String, Map<String, Object>> allFamiliesProps = new HashMap<>(existingColumnFamilies.size());
+        boolean isTransactional = table.isTransactional();
+        boolean willBeTransactional = false;
+        boolean isOrWillBeTransactional = isTransactional;
+        Integer newTTL = null;
+        for (String family : properties.keySet()) {
+            List<Pair<String, Object>> propsList = properties.get(family);
+            if (propsList != null && propsList.size() > 0) {
+                Map<String, Object> colFamilyPropsMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(propsList.size());
+                for (Pair<String, Object> prop : propsList) {
+                    String propName = prop.getFirst();
+                    Object propValue = prop.getSecond();
+                    if ((MetaDataUtil.isHTableProperty(propName) ||  TableProperty.isPhoenixTableProperty(propName)) && addingColumns) {
+                        // setting HTable and PhoenixTable properties while adding a column is not allowed.
+                        throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_SET_TABLE_PROPERTY_ADD_COLUMN)
+                        .setMessage("Property: " + propName).build()
+                        .buildException();
+                    }
+                    if (MetaDataUtil.isHTableProperty(propName)) {
+                        // Can't have a column family name for a property that's an HTableProperty
+                        if (!family.equals(QueryConstants.ALL_FAMILY_PROPERTIES_KEY)) {
+                            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.COLUMN_FAMILY_NOT_ALLOWED_TABLE_PROPERTY)
+                            .setMessage("Column Family: " + family + ", Property: " + propName).build()
+                            .buildException();
+                        }
+                        tableProps.put(propName, propValue);
+                    } else {
+                        if (TableProperty.isPhoenixTableProperty(propName)) {
+                            TableProperty.valueOf(propName).validate(true, !family.equals(QueryConstants.ALL_FAMILY_PROPERTIES_KEY), table.getType());
+                            if (propName.equals(TTL)) {
+                                newTTL = ((Number)prop.getSecond()).intValue();
+                                // Even though TTL is really a HColumnProperty we treat it specially.
+                                // We enforce that all column families have the same TTL.
+                                commonFamilyProps.put(propName, prop.getSecond());
+                            } else if (propName.equals(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TRANSACTIONAL) && Boolean.TRUE.equals(propValue)) {
+                                willBeTransactional = isOrWillBeTransactional = true;
+                                tableProps.put(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA, propValue);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (MetaDataUtil.isHColumnProperty(propName)) {
+                                if (family.equals(QueryConstants.ALL_FAMILY_PROPERTIES_KEY)) {
+                                    commonFamilyProps.put(propName, propValue);
+                                } else {
+                                    colFamilyPropsMap.put(propName, propValue);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                // invalid property - neither of HTableProp, HColumnProp or PhoenixTableProp
+                                // FIXME: This isn't getting triggered as currently a property gets evaluated
+                                // as HTableProp if its neither HColumnProp or PhoenixTableProp.
+                                throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_ALTER_PROPERTY)
+                                .setMessage("Column Family: " + family + ", Property: " + propName).build()
+                                .buildException();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!colFamilyPropsMap.isEmpty()) {
+                    stmtFamiliesPropsMap.put(family, colFamilyPropsMap);
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        commonFamilyProps = Collections.unmodifiableMap(commonFamilyProps);
+        boolean isAddingPkColOnly = colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded.size() == 1 && colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded.contains(null);
+        if (!commonFamilyProps.isEmpty()) {
+            if (!addingColumns) {
+                // Add the common family props to all existing column families
+                for (String existingColFamily : existingColumnFamilies) {
+                    Map<String, Object> m = new HashMap<String, Object>(commonFamilyProps.size());
+                    m.putAll(commonFamilyProps);
+                    allFamiliesProps.put(existingColFamily, m);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Add the common family props to the column families of the columns being added
+                for (String colFamily : colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded) {
+                    if (colFamily != null) {
+                        // only set properties for key value columns
+                        Map<String, Object> m = new HashMap<String, Object>(commonFamilyProps.size());
+                        m.putAll(commonFamilyProps);
+                        allFamiliesProps.put(colFamily, m);
+                    } else if (isAddingPkColOnly) {
+                        // Setting HColumnProperty for a pk column is invalid
+                        // because it will be part of the row key and not a key value column family.
+                        // However, if both pk cols as well as key value columns are getting added
+                        // together, then its allowed. The above if block will make sure that we add properties
+                        // only for the kv cols and not pk cols.
+                        throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.SET_UNSUPPORTED_PROP_ON_ALTER_TABLE)
+                        .build().buildException();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Now go through the column family properties specified in the statement
+        // and merge them with the common family properties.
+        for (String f : stmtFamiliesPropsMap.keySet()) {
+            if (!addingColumns && !existingColumnFamilies.contains(f)) {
+                String schemaNameStr = table.getSchemaName()==null?null:table.getSchemaName().getString();
+                String tableNameStr = table.getTableName()==null?null:table.getTableName().getString();
+                throw new ColumnFamilyNotFoundException(schemaNameStr, tableNameStr, f);
+            }
+            if (addingColumns && !colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded.contains(f)) {
+                throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_SET_PROPERTY_FOR_COLUMN_NOT_ADDED).build().buildException();
+            }
+            Map<String, Object> commonProps = allFamiliesProps.get(f);
+            Map<String, Object> stmtProps = stmtFamiliesPropsMap.get(f);
+            if (commonProps != null) {
+                if (stmtProps != null) {
+                    // merge common props with statement props for the family
+                    commonProps.putAll(stmtProps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // if no common props were specified, then assign family specific props
+                if (stmtProps != null) {
+                    allFamiliesProps.put(f, stmtProps);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // case when there is a column family being added but there are no props
+        // For ex - in DROP COLUMN when a new empty CF needs to be added since all
+        // the columns of the existing empty CF are getting dropped. Or the case
+        // when one is just adding a column for a column family like this:
+        // ALTER TABLE ADD CF.COL
+        for (String cf : colFamiliesForPColumnsToBeAdded) {
+            if (cf != null && allFamiliesProps.get(cf) == null) {
+                allFamiliesProps.put(cf, new HashMap<String, Object>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (table.getColumnFamilies().isEmpty() && !addingColumns && !commonFamilyProps.isEmpty()) {
+            allFamiliesProps.put(Bytes.toString(table.getDefaultFamilyName() == null ? QueryConstants.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_BYTES : table.getDefaultFamilyName().getBytes() ), commonFamilyProps);
+        }
+
+        // Views are not allowed to have any of these properties.
+        if (table.getType() == PTableType.VIEW && (!stmtFamiliesPropsMap.isEmpty() || !commonFamilyProps.isEmpty() || !tableProps.isEmpty())) {
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.VIEW_WITH_PROPERTIES).build()
+            .buildException();
+        }
+
+        TableDescriptorBuilder newTableDescriptorBuilder = null;
+        TableDescriptor origTableDescriptor = null;
+        if (!allFamiliesProps.isEmpty() || !tableProps.isEmpty()) {
+            byte[] tableNameBytes = Bytes.toBytes(table.getPhysicalName().getString());
+            TableDescriptor existingTableDescriptor = origTableDescriptor = this.getTableDescriptor(tableNameBytes);
+            newTableDescriptorBuilder = TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(existingTableDescriptor);
+            if (!tableProps.isEmpty()) {
+                // add all the table properties to the existing table descriptor
+                for (Entry<String, Object> entry : tableProps.entrySet()) {
+                    newTableDescriptorBuilder.setValue(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue() != null ? entry.getValue().toString() : null);
+                }
+            }
+            if (addingColumns) {
+                // Make sure that all the CFs of the table have the same TTL as the empty CF.
+                setTTLForNewCFs(allFamiliesProps, table, newTableDescriptorBuilder, newTTL);
+            }
+            // Set TTL on all table column families, even if they're not referenced here
+            if (newTTL != null) {
+                for (PColumnFamily family : table.getColumnFamilies()) {
+                    if (!allFamiliesProps.containsKey(family.getName().getString())) {
+                        Map<String,Object> familyProps = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(1);
+                        familyProps.put(TTL, newTTL);
+                        allFamiliesProps.put(family.getName().getString(), familyProps);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Integer defaultTxMaxVersions = null;
+            if (isOrWillBeTransactional) {
+                // Calculate default for max versions
+                Map<String, Object> emptyFamilyProps = allFamiliesProps.get(SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamilyAsString(table));
+                if (emptyFamilyProps != null) {
+                    defaultTxMaxVersions = (Integer)emptyFamilyProps.get(MAX_VERSIONS);
+                }
+                if (defaultTxMaxVersions == null) {
+                    if (isTransactional) {
+                        defaultTxMaxVersions = newTableDescriptorBuilder.build()
+                                .getColumnFamily(SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamily(table)).getMaxVersions();
+                    } else {
+                        defaultTxMaxVersions =
+                                this.getProps().getInt(
+                                        QueryServices.MAX_VERSIONS_TRANSACTIONAL_ATTRIB,
+                                        QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_MAX_VERSIONS_TRANSACTIONAL);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (willBeTransactional) {
+                    // Set VERSIONS for all column families when transitioning to transactional
+                    for (PColumnFamily family : table.getColumnFamilies()) {
+                        if (!allFamiliesProps.containsKey(family.getName().getString())) {
+                            Map<String,Object> familyProps = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(1);
+                            familyProps.put(MAX_VERSIONS, defaultTxMaxVersions);
+                            allFamiliesProps.put(family.getName().getString(), familyProps);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Set Tephra's TTL property based on HBase property if we're
+            // transitioning to become transactional or setting TTL on
+            // an already transactional table.
+            if (isOrWillBeTransactional) {
+                int ttl = getTTL(table, newTableDescriptorBuilder.build(), newTTL);
+                if (ttl != ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.DEFAULT_TTL) {
+                    for (Map.Entry<String, Map<String, Object>> entry : allFamiliesProps.entrySet()) {
+                        Map<String, Object> props = entry.getValue();
+                        if (props == null) {
+                            props = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+                        }
+                        props.put(PhoenixTransactionContext.PROPERTY_TTL, new Integer(ttl));
+                        // Remove HBase TTL if we're not transitioning an existing table to become transactional
+                        // or if the existing transactional table wasn't originally non transactional.
+                        if (!willBeTransactional && !Boolean.valueOf(newTableDescriptorBuilder.build().getValue(PhoenixTransactionContext.READ_NON_TX_DATA))) {
+                            props.remove(TTL);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (Entry<String, Map<String, Object>> entry : allFamiliesProps.entrySet()) {
+                Map<String,Object> familyProps = entry.getValue();
+                if (isOrWillBeTransactional) {
+                    if (!familyProps.containsKey(MAX_VERSIONS)) {
+                        familyProps.put(MAX_VERSIONS, defaultTxMaxVersions);
+                    }
+                }
+                byte[] cf = Bytes.toBytes(entry.getKey());
+                ColumnFamilyDescriptor colDescriptor = newTableDescriptorBuilder.build().getColumnFamily(cf);
+                if (colDescriptor == null) {
+                    // new column family
+                    colDescriptor = generateColumnFamilyDescriptor(new Pair<>(cf, familyProps), table.getType());
+                    newTableDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(colDescriptor);
+                } else {
+                    ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder colDescriptorBuilder = ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(colDescriptor);
+                    modifyColumnFamilyDescriptor(colDescriptorBuilder, familyProps);
+                    colDescriptor = colDescriptorBuilder.build();
+                    newTableDescriptorBuilder.removeColumnFamily(cf);
+                    newTableDescriptorBuilder.addColumnFamily(colDescriptor);
+                }
+                if (isOrWillBeTransactional) {
+                    checkTransactionalVersionsValue(colDescriptor);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Pair<>(origTableDescriptor, newTableDescriptorBuilder == null ? null
+                : newTableDescriptorBuilder.build());
+    }
+
+    private void checkTransactionalVersionsValue(ColumnFamilyDescriptor colDescriptor) throws SQLException {
+        int maxVersions = colDescriptor.getMaxVersions();
+        if (maxVersions <= 1) {
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.TX_MAX_VERSIONS_MUST_BE_GREATER_THAN_ONE)
+            .setFamilyName(colDescriptor.getNameAsString())
+            .build().buildException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private HashSet<String> existingColumnFamiliesForBaseTable(PName baseTableName) throws TableNotFoundException {
+        throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+        PTable table = latestMetaData.getTableRef(new PTableKey(null, baseTableName.getString())).getTable();
+        return existingColumnFamilies(table);
+    }
+
+    private HashSet<String> existingColumnFamilies(PTable table) {
+        List<PColumnFamily> cfs = table.getColumnFamilies();
+        HashSet<String> cfNames = new HashSet<>(cfs.size());
+        for (PColumnFamily cf : table.getColumnFamilies()) {
+            cfNames.add(cf.getName().getString());
+        }
+        return cfNames;
+    }
+
+    private static int getTTL(PTable table, TableDescriptor tableDesc, Integer newTTL) throws SQLException {
+        // If we're setting TTL now, then use that value. Otherwise, use empty column family value
+        int ttl = newTTL != null ? newTTL
+                : tableDesc.getColumnFamily(SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamily(table)).getTimeToLive();
+        return ttl;
+    }
+
+    private static void setTTLForNewCFs(Map<String, Map<String, Object>> familyProps, PTable table,
+            TableDescriptorBuilder tableDescBuilder, Integer newTTL) throws SQLException {
+        if (!familyProps.isEmpty()) {
+            int ttl = getTTL(table, tableDescBuilder.build(), newTTL);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Map<String, Object>> entry : familyProps.entrySet()) {
+                Map<String, Object> props = entry.getValue();
+                if (props == null) {
+                    props = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+                }
+                props.put(TTL, ttl);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult dropColumn(final List<Mutation> tableMetaData, PTableType tableType) throws SQLException {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetadata = new byte[3][];
+        SchemaUtil.getVarChars(tableMetaData.get(0).getRow(), rowKeyMetadata);
+        byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+        byte[] schemaBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, schemaBytes, tableBytes);
+        MetaDataMutationResult result = metaDataCoprocessorExec(tableKey,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                DropColumnRequest.Builder builder = DropColumnRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : tableMetaData) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.dropColumn(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+        final MutationCode code = result.getMutationCode();
+        switch(code) {
+        case TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS:
+            final ReadOnlyProps props = this.getProps();
+            final boolean dropMetadata = props.getBoolean(DROP_METADATA_ATTRIB, DEFAULT_DROP_METADATA);
+            if (dropMetadata) {
+                dropTables(result.getTableNamesToDelete());
+            } else {
+                invalidateTableStats(result.getTableNamesToDelete());
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        return result;
+
+    }
+
+    private PhoenixConnection removeNotNullConstraint(PhoenixConnection oldMetaConnection, String schemaName, String tableName, long timestamp, String columnName) throws SQLException {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(oldMetaConnection.getClientInfo());
+        props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(timestamp));
+        // Cannot go through DriverManager or you end up in an infinite loop because it'll call init again
+        PhoenixConnection metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(oldMetaConnection, this, props);
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        try {
+            String dml = "UPSERT INTO " + SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME + " (" + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID + ","
+                    + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM + "," + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME + ","
+                    + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME + ","
+                    + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.NULLABLE + ") VALUES (null, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
+            PreparedStatement stmt = metaConnection.prepareStatement(dml);
+            stmt.setString(1, schemaName);
+            stmt.setString(2, tableName);
+            stmt.setString(3, columnName);
+            stmt.setInt(4, ResultSetMetaData.columnNullable);
+            stmt.executeUpdate();
+            metaConnection.commit();
+        } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+            logger.warn("Table already modified at this timestamp, so assuming column already nullable: " + columnName);
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            logger.warn("Add column failed due to:" + e);
+            sqlE = e;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                oldMetaConnection.close();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    sqlE.setNextException(e);
+                } else {
+                    sqlE = e;
+                }
+            }
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+        return metaConnection;
+    }
+    /**
+     * This closes the passed connection.
+     */
+    private PhoenixConnection addColumn(PhoenixConnection oldMetaConnection, String tableName, long timestamp, String columns, boolean addIfNotExists) throws SQLException {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(oldMetaConnection.getClientInfo());
+        props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(timestamp));
+        // Cannot go through DriverManager or you end up in an infinite loop because it'll call init again
+        PhoenixConnection metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(oldMetaConnection, this, props);
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        try {
+            metaConnection.createStatement().executeUpdate("ALTER TABLE " + tableName + " ADD " + (addIfNotExists ? " IF NOT EXISTS " : "") + columns );
+        } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+            logger.warn("Table already modified at this timestamp, so assuming add of these columns already done: " + columns);
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            logger.warn("Add column failed due to:" + e);
+            sqlE = e;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                oldMetaConnection.close();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    sqlE.setNextException(e);
+                } else {
+                    sqlE = e;
+                }
+            }
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+        return metaConnection;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Keeping this to use for further upgrades. This method closes the oldMetaConnection.
+     */
+    private PhoenixConnection addColumnsIfNotExists(PhoenixConnection oldMetaConnection,
+            String tableName, long timestamp, String columns) throws SQLException {
+        return addColumn(oldMetaConnection, tableName, timestamp, columns, true);
+    }
+
+    // Available for testing
+    protected long getSystemTableVersion() {
+        return MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP;
+    }
+    
+    // Available for testing
+    protected void setUpgradeRequired() {
+        this.upgradeRequired.set(true);
+    }
+    
+    // Available for testing
+    protected boolean isInitialized() {
+        return initialized;
+    }
+    
+    // Available for testing
+    protected void setInitialized(boolean isInitialized) {
+        initialized = isInitialized;
+    }
+
+    // Available for testing
+    protected String getSystemCatalogDML() {
+        return QueryConstants.CREATE_TABLE_METADATA;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void init(final String url, final Properties props) throws SQLException {
+        try {
+            PhoenixContextExecutor.call(new Callable<Void>() {
+                @Override
+                public Void call() throws Exception {
+                    if (isInitialized()) {
+                        if (initializationException != null) {
+                            // Throw previous initialization exception, as we won't resuse this instance
+                            throw initializationException;
+                        }
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    synchronized (ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this) {
+                        if (isInitialized()) {
+                            if (initializationException != null) {
+                                // Throw previous initialization exception, as we won't resuse this instance
+                                throw initializationException;
+                            }
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                        checkClosed();
+                        boolean hConnectionEstablished = false;
+                        boolean success = false;
+                        try {
+                            GLOBAL_QUERY_SERVICES_COUNTER.increment();
+                            logger.info("An instance of ConnectionQueryServices was created.");
+                            openConnection();
+                            hConnectionEstablished = true;
+                            boolean isDoNotUpgradePropSet = UpgradeUtil.isNoUpgradeSet(props);
+                            try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+                                boolean mappedSystemCatalogExists = admin
+                                        .tableExists(SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, true));
+                                if (SchemaUtil.isNamespaceMappingEnabled(PTableType.SYSTEM,
+                                        ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.getProps())) {
+                                    if (admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES))) {
+                                        //check if the server is already updated and have namespace config properly set. 
+                                        checkClientServerCompatibility(SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES);
+                                    }
+
+                                    // If SYSTEM tables exist, they are migrated to HBase SYSTEM namespace
+                                    // If they don't exist, this method will create HBase SYSTEM namespace and return
+                                    ensureSystemTablesMigratedToSystemNamespace(ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.getProps());
+                                } else if (mappedSystemCatalogExists) {
+                                    throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(
+                                            SQLExceptionCode.INCONSISTENT_NAMESPACE_MAPPING_PROPERTIES)
+                                            .setMessage("Cannot initiate connection as "
+                                                    + SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(
+                                                    SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, true)
+                                                    + " is found but client does not have "
+                                                    + IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPING_ENABLED + " enabled")
+                                            .build().buildException();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            Properties scnProps = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(props);
+                            scnProps.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB,
+                                    Long.toString(getSystemTableVersion()));
+                            scnProps.remove(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB);
+                            String globalUrl = JDBCUtil.removeProperty(url, PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB);
+                            try (Admin hBaseAdmin = getAdmin();
+                                 PhoenixConnection metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this, globalUrl,
+                                         scnProps, newEmptyMetaData())) {
+                                try {
+                                    metaConnection.setRunningUpgrade(true);
+                                    metaConnection.createStatement().executeUpdate(getSystemCatalogDML());
+                                } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException ignore) {
+                                    // Ignore, as this will happen if the SYSTEM.CATALOG already exists at this fixed
+                                    // timestamp. A TableAlreadyExistsException is not thrown, since the table only exists
+                                    // *after* this fixed timestamp.
+                                } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                                    long currentServerSideTableTimeStamp = e.getTable().getTimeStamp();
+                                    if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP) {
+                                        setUpgradeRequired();
+                                    }
+                                } catch (PhoenixIOException e) {
+                                    boolean foundAccessDeniedException = false;
+                                    // when running spark/map reduce jobs the ADE might be wrapped
+                                    // in a RemoteException
+                                    for (Throwable t : Throwables.getCausalChain(e)) {
+                                        if (t instanceof AccessDeniedException
+                                                || (t instanceof RemoteException
+                                                        && ((RemoteException) t).getClassName()
+                                                                .equals(AccessDeniedException.class
+                                                                        .getName()))) {
+                                            foundAccessDeniedException = true;
+                                            break;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    if (foundAccessDeniedException) {
+                                        // Pass
+                                        logger.warn("Could not check for Phoenix SYSTEM tables, assuming they exist and are properly configured");
+                                        checkClientServerCompatibility(SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, getProps()).getName());
+                                        success = true;
+                                    } else {
+                                        initializationException = e;
+                                    }
+                                    return null;
+                                }
+
+                                // HBase Namespace SYSTEM is created by {@link ensureSystemTablesMigratedToSystemNamespace(ReadOnlyProps)} method
+                                // This statement will create its entry in SYSCAT table, so that GRANT/REVOKE commands can work
+                                // with SYSTEM Namespace. (See PHOENIX-4227 https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/PHOENIX-4227)
+                                if (SchemaUtil.isNamespaceMappingEnabled(PTableType.SYSTEM,
+                                        ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.getProps())) {
+                                    metaConnection.createStatement().execute("CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS "
+                                            + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA);
+                                }
+                                if (!ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.upgradeRequired.get()) {
+                                    createOtherSystemTables(metaConnection, hBaseAdmin);
+                                } else if (isAutoUpgradeEnabled && !isDoNotUpgradePropSet) {
+                                    upgradeSystemTables(url, props);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            scheduleRenewLeaseTasks();
+                            success = true;
+                        } catch (RetriableUpgradeException e) {
+                            // Don't set it as initializationException because otherwise the clien't won't be able
+                            // to retry establishing connection.
+                            throw e;
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            if (e instanceof SQLException) {
+                                initializationException = (SQLException) e;
+                            } else {
+                                // wrap every other exception into a SQLException
+                                initializationException = new SQLException(e);
+                            }
+                        } finally {
+                            try {
+                                if (!success && hConnectionEstablished) {
+                                    connection.close();
+                                }
+                            } catch (IOException e) {
+                                SQLException ex = new SQLException(e);
+                                if (initializationException != null) {
+                                    initializationException.setNextException(ex);
+                                } else {
+                                    initializationException = ex;
+                                }
+                            } finally {
+                                try {
+                                    if (initializationException != null) {
+                                        throw initializationException;
+                                    }
+                                } finally {
+                                    setInitialized(true);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf(e, SQLException.class);
+            Throwables.propagate(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void createSysMutexTableIfNotExists(Admin admin, ReadOnlyProps props) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        try {
+            if (admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_NAME))
+                    || admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_TABLE_NAME))) {
+                logger.debug("System mutex table already appears to exist, not creating it");
+                return;
+            }
+            final TableName mutexTableName = SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(
+                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_NAME, props);
+            TableDescriptor tableDesc = TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(mutexTableName)
+                    .addColumnFamily(ColumnFamilyDescriptorBuilder
+                            .newBuilder(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_FAMILY_NAME_BYTES)
+                            .setTimeToLive(TTL_FOR_MUTEX).build())
+                    .build();
+            admin.createTable(tableDesc);
+            try (Table sysMutexTable = getTable(mutexTableName.getName())) {
+                byte[] mutexRowKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(null, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE);
+                Put put = new Put(mutexRowKey);
+                put.addColumn(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_FAMILY_NAME_BYTES, UPGRADE_MUTEX, UPGRADE_MUTEX_UNLOCKED);
+                sysMutexTable.put(put);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if(!Iterables.isEmpty(Iterables.filter(Throwables.getCausalChain(e), AccessDeniedException.class)) ||
+                    !Iterables.isEmpty(Iterables.filter(Throwables.getCausalChain(e), org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException.class))) {
+                // Ignore
+            } else {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    List<TableName> getSystemTableNamesInDefaultNamespace(Admin admin) throws IOException {
+        return Lists.newArrayList(admin.listTableNames(Pattern.compile(QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME + "\\..*"))); // TODO: replace to pattern
+    }
+
+    private void createOtherSystemTables(PhoenixConnection metaConnection, Admin hbaseAdmin) throws SQLException, IOException {
+        try {
+            metaConnection.createStatement().execute(QueryConstants.CREATE_SEQUENCE_METADATA);
+        } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+            nSequenceSaltBuckets = getSaltBuckets(e);
+        }
+        try {
+            metaConnection.createStatement().execute(QueryConstants.CREATE_STATS_TABLE_METADATA);
+        } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException ignore) {}
+        try {
+            metaConnection.createStatement().execute(QueryConstants.CREATE_FUNCTION_METADATA);
+        } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException ignore) {}
+
+        // Catch the IOException to log the error message and then bubble it up for the client to retry.
+        try {
+            createSysMutexTableIfNotExists(hbaseAdmin, ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.getProps());
+        } catch (IOException exception) {
+            logger.error("Failed to created SYSMUTEX table. Upgrade or migration is not possible without it. Please retry.");
+            throw exception;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * There is no other locking needed here since only one connection (on the same or different JVM) will be able to
+     * acquire the upgrade mutex via {@link #acquireUpgradeMutex(long, byte[])}.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void upgradeSystemTables(final String url, final Properties props) throws SQLException {
+        PhoenixConnection metaConnection = null;
+        boolean success = false;
+        String snapshotName = null;
+        String sysCatalogTableName = null;
+        SQLException toThrow = null;
+        boolean acquiredMutexLock = false;
+        byte[] mutexRowKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(null, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA,
+                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE);
+        boolean snapshotCreated = false;
+        try {
+            if (!isUpgradeRequired()) {
+                throw new UpgradeNotRequiredException();
+            }
+            Properties scnProps = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(props);
+            scnProps.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB,
+                    Long.toString(MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP));
+            scnProps.remove(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB);
+            String globalUrl = JDBCUtil.removeProperty(url, PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB);
+            metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this, globalUrl,
+                    scnProps, newEmptyMetaData());
+            metaConnection.setRunningUpgrade(true);
+            try {
+                metaConnection.createStatement().executeUpdate(QueryConstants.CREATE_TABLE_METADATA);
+            } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException ignore) {
+                // Ignore, as this will happen if the SYSTEM.CATALOG already exists at this fixed
+                // timestamp. A TableAlreadyExistsException is not thrown, since the table only exists
+                // *after* this fixed timestamp.
+            } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                long currentServerSideTableTimeStamp = e.getTable().getTimeStamp();
+                sysCatalogTableName = e.getTable().getPhysicalName().getString();
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP) {
+                    // Ensure that the SYSTEM.MUTEX table has been created prior
+                    // to attempting to acquire the upgrade mutex. If namespace
+                    // mapping is enabled, we've already done this earlier in the
+                    // upgrade, so no need for a bunch of wasted RPCs.
+                    if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp <= MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_10_0 &&
+                            !SchemaUtil.isNamespaceMappingEnabled(PTableType.SYSTEM,
+                                    ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.getProps())) {
+                        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+                            createSysMutexTableIfNotExists(admin, this.getProps());
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (acquiredMutexLock = acquireUpgradeMutex(currentServerSideTableTimeStamp, mutexRowKey)) {
+                        snapshotName = getSysCatalogSnapshotName(currentServerSideTableTimeStamp);
+                        createSnapshot(snapshotName, sysCatalogTableName);
+                        snapshotCreated = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                String columnsToAdd = "";
+                // This will occur if we have an older SYSTEM.CATALOG and we need to update it to
+                // include any new columns we've added.
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_3_0) {
+                    // We know that we always need to add the STORE_NULLS column for 4.3 release
+                    columnsToAdd = addColumn(columnsToAdd, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.STORE_NULLS
+                            + " " + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+                        List<TableDescriptor> localIndexTables =
+                                admin.listTableDescriptors(Pattern
+                                        .compile(MetaDataUtil.LOCAL_INDEX_TABLE_PREFIX + ".*"));
+                        for (TableDescriptor table : localIndexTables) {
+                            if (table.getValue(MetaDataUtil.PARENT_TABLE_KEY) == null
+                                    && table.getValue(MetaDataUtil.IS_LOCAL_INDEX_TABLE_PROP_NAME) != null) {
+                                
+                                table=TableDescriptorBuilder.newBuilder(table).setValue(Bytes.toBytes(MetaDataUtil.PARENT_TABLE_KEY),
+                                        Bytes.toBytes(MetaDataUtil.getLocalIndexUserTableName(table.getTableName().getNameAsString()))).build();
+                                // Explicitly disable, modify and enable the table to ensure
+                                // co-location of data and index regions. If we just modify the
+                                // table descriptor when online schema change enabled may reopen 
+                                // the region in same region server instead of following data region.
+                                admin.disableTable(table.getTableName());
+                                admin.modifyTable(table);
+                                admin.enableTable(table.getTableName());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // If the server side schema is before MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_1_0 then
+                // we need to add INDEX_TYPE and INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP columns too.
+                // TODO: Once https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/PHOENIX-1614 is fixed,
+                // we should just have a ALTER TABLE ADD IF NOT EXISTS statement with all
+                // the column names that have been added to SYSTEM.CATALOG since 4.0.
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_1_0) {
+                    columnsToAdd = addColumn(columnsToAdd, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.INDEX_TYPE + " "
+                            + PUnsignedTinyint.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName() + ", "
+                            + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP + " "
+                            + PLong.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                }
+
+                // If we have some new columns from 4.1-4.3 to add, add them now.
+                if (!columnsToAdd.isEmpty()) {
+                    // Ugh..need to assign to another local variable to keep eclipse happy.
+                    PhoenixConnection newMetaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_3_0, columnsToAdd);
+                    metaConnection = newMetaConnection;
+                }
+
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_5_0) {
+                    columnsToAdd = PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.BASE_COLUMN_COUNT + " "
+                            + PInteger.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName();
+                    try {
+                        metaConnection = addColumn(metaConnection,
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                                MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_5_0, columnsToAdd,
+                                false);
+                        upgradeTo4_5_0(metaConnection);
+                    } catch (ColumnAlreadyExistsException ignored) {
+                        /*
+                         * Upgrade to 4.5 is a slightly special case. We use the fact that the
+                         * column BASE_COLUMN_COUNT is already part of the meta-data schema as the
+                         * signal that the server side upgrade has finished or is in progress.
+                         */
+                        logger.debug("No need to run 4.5 upgrade");
+                    }
+                    Properties p = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(metaConnection.getClientInfo());
+                    p.remove(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB);
+                    p.remove(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB);
+                    PhoenixConnection conn = new PhoenixConnection(
+                            ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this, metaConnection.getURL(), p,
+                            metaConnection.getMetaDataCache());
+                    try {
+                        List<String> tablesNeedingUpgrade = UpgradeUtil
+                                .getPhysicalTablesWithDescRowKey(conn);
+                        if (!tablesNeedingUpgrade.isEmpty()) {
+                            logger.warn("The following tables require upgrade due to a bug causing the row key to be incorrect for descending columns and ascending BINARY columns (PHOENIX-2067 and PHOENIX-2120):\n"
+                                    + Joiner.on(' ').join(tablesNeedingUpgrade)
+                                    + "\nTo upgrade issue the \"bin/psql.py -u\" command.");
+                        }
+                        List<String> unsupportedTables = UpgradeUtil
+                                .getPhysicalTablesWithDescVarbinaryRowKey(conn);
+                        if (!unsupportedTables.isEmpty()) {
+                            logger.warn("The following tables use an unsupported VARBINARY DESC construct and need to be changed:\n"
+                                    + Joiner.on(' ').join(unsupportedTables));
+                        }
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        logger.error(
+                                "Unable to determine tables requiring upgrade due to PHOENIX-2067",
+                                ex);
+                    } finally {
+                        conn.close();
+                    }
+                }
+                // Add these columns one at a time, each with different timestamps so that if folks
+                // have
+                // run the upgrade code already for a snapshot, we'll still enter this block (and do
+                // the
+                // parts we haven't yet done).
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_6_0) {
+                    columnsToAdd = PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP + " "
+                            + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName();
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_6_0, columnsToAdd);
+                }
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_7_0) {
+                    // Drop old stats table so that new stats table is created
+                    metaConnection = dropStatsTable(metaConnection,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_7_0 - 4);
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_7_0 - 3,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TRANSACTIONAL + " "
+                                    + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_7_0 - 2,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY + " "
+                                    + PLong.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    metaConnection = setImmutableTableIndexesImmutable(metaConnection,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_7_0 - 1);
+                    metaConnection = updateSystemCatalogTimestamp(metaConnection,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_7_0);
+                    ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, null,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_7_0);
+                    clearCache();
+                }
+
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_8_0) {
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_8_0 - 2,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED + " "
+                                    + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_8_0 - 1,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ + " "
+                                    + PVarchar.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_8_0,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA + " "
+                                    + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    metaConnection = UpgradeUtil.disableViewIndexes(metaConnection);
+                    if (getProps().getBoolean(QueryServices.LOCAL_INDEX_CLIENT_UPGRADE_ATTRIB,
+                            QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_LOCAL_INDEX_CLIENT_UPGRADE)) {
+                        metaConnection = UpgradeUtil.upgradeLocalIndexes(metaConnection);
+                    }
+                    ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, null,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_8_0);
+                    clearCache();
+                }
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_9_0) {
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_9_0,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.GUIDE_POSTS_WIDTH + " "
+                                    + PLong.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, null,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_9_0);
+                    clearCache();
+                }
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_10_0) {
+                    metaConnection = addColumnQualifierColumn(metaConnection, MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_10_0 - 3);
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_10_0 - 2,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IMMUTABLE_STORAGE_SCHEME + " "
+                                    + PTinyint.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_10_0 - 1,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.ENCODING_SCHEME + " "
+                                    + PTinyint.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_10_0,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_QUALIFIER_COUNTER + " "
+                                    + PInteger.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, null,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_10_0);
+                    clearCache();
+                }
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_11_0) {
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                        metaConnection,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                        MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_11_0,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION + " "
+                                + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                    addParentToChildLinks(metaConnection);
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            int nSaltBuckets = ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.props.getInt(
+                    QueryServices.SEQUENCE_SALT_BUCKETS_ATTRIB,
+                    QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_SEQUENCE_TABLE_SALT_BUCKETS);
+            try {
+                String createSequenceTable = Sequence.getCreateTableStatement(nSaltBuckets);
+                metaConnection.createStatement().executeUpdate(createSequenceTable);
+                nSequenceSaltBuckets = nSaltBuckets;
+            } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                // Ignore, as this will happen if the SYSTEM.SEQUENCE already exists at this fixed
+                // timestamp.
+                // A TableAlreadyExistsException is not thrown, since the table only exists *after* this
+                // fixed timestamp.
+                nSequenceSaltBuckets = getSaltBuckets(e);
+            } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                // This will occur if we have an older SYSTEM.SEQUENCE and we need to update it to
+                // include
+                // any new columns we've added.
+                long currentServerSideTableTimeStamp = e.getTable().getTimeStamp();
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_1_0) {
+                    // If the table time stamp is before 4.1.0 then we need to add below columns
+                    // to the SYSTEM.SEQUENCE table.
+                    String columnsToAdd = PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MIN_VALUE + " "
+                            + PLong.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName() + ", "
+                            + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MAX_VALUE + " "
+                            + PLong.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName() + ", "
+                            + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.CYCLE_FLAG + " "
+                            + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName() + ", "
+                            + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.LIMIT_REACHED_FLAG + " "
+                            + PBoolean.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName();
+                    addColumnsIfNotExists(metaConnection, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP, columnsToAdd);
+                }
+                // If the table timestamp is before 4.2.1 then run the upgrade script
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_2_1) {
+                    if (UpgradeUtil.upgradeSequenceTable(metaConnection, nSaltBuckets, e.getTable())) {
+                        metaConnection.removeTable(null,
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_SCHEMA,
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_TABLE,
+                                MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP);
+                        clearTableFromCache(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY,
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_SCHEMA_BYTES,
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_TABLE_BYTES,
+                                MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP);
+                        clearTableRegionCache(TableName.valueOf(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_NAME_BYTES));
+                    }
+                    nSequenceSaltBuckets = nSaltBuckets;
+                } else {
+                    nSequenceSaltBuckets = getSaltBuckets(e);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                metaConnection.createStatement().executeUpdate(
+                        QueryConstants.CREATE_STATS_TABLE_METADATA);
+            } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException ignore) {
+
+            } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                long currentServerSideTableTimeStamp = e.getTable().getTimeStamp();
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_3_0) {
+                    metaConnection = addColumnsIfNotExists(
+                            metaConnection,
+                            SYSTEM_STATS_NAME,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.GUIDE_POSTS_ROW_COUNT + " "
+                                    + PLong.INSTANCE.getSqlTypeName());
+                }
+                if (currentServerSideTableTimeStamp < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_9_0) {
+                    // The COLUMN_FAMILY column should be nullable as we create a row in it without
+                    // any column family to mark when guideposts were last collected.
+                    metaConnection = removeNotNullConstraint(metaConnection,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_STATS_TABLE,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_9_0,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_FAMILY);
+                    ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_STATS_NAME, null,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_9_0);
+                    clearCache();
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                metaConnection.createStatement().executeUpdate(QueryConstants.CREATE_FUNCTION_METADATA);
+            } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException e) {} catch (TableAlreadyExistsException e) {}
+            ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.upgradeRequired.set(false);
+            success = true;
+        } catch (UpgradeInProgressException | UpgradeNotRequiredException e) {
+            // don't set it as initializationException because otherwise client won't be able to retry
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (e instanceof SQLException) {
+                toThrow = (SQLException)e;
+            } else {
+                // wrap every other exception into a SQLException
+                toThrow = new SQLException(e);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (metaConnection != null) {
+                    metaConnection.close();
+                }
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                if (toThrow != null) {
+                    toThrow.setNextException(e);
+                } else {
+                    toThrow = e;
+                }
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (snapshotCreated) {
+                        restoreFromSnapshot(sysCatalogTableName, snapshotName, success);
+                    }
+                } catch (SQLException e) {
+                    if (toThrow != null) {
+                        toThrow.setNextException(e);
+                    } else {
+                        toThrow = e;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (acquiredMutexLock) {
+                        try {
+                            releaseUpgradeMutex(mutexRowKey);
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            logger.warn("Release of upgrade mutex failed ", e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (toThrow != null) { throw toThrow; }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Special method for adding the column qualifier column for 4.10. 
+    private PhoenixConnection addColumnQualifierColumn(PhoenixConnection oldMetaConnection, Long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(oldMetaConnection.getClientInfo());
+        props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(timestamp));
+        // Cannot go through DriverManager or you end up in an infinite loop because it'll call init again
+        PhoenixConnection metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(oldMetaConnection, this, props);
+        PTable sysCatalogPTable = metaConnection.getTable(new PTableKey(null, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME));
+        int numColumns = sysCatalogPTable.getColumns().size();
+        try (PreparedStatement mutateTable = metaConnection.prepareStatement(MetaDataClient.MUTATE_TABLE)) {
+            mutateTable.setString(1, null);
+            mutateTable.setString(2, SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA);
+            mutateTable.setString(3, SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE);
+            mutateTable.setString(4, PTableType.SYSTEM.getSerializedValue());
+            mutateTable.setLong(5, sysCatalogPTable.getSequenceNumber() + 1);
+            mutateTable.setInt(6, numColumns + 1);
+            mutateTable.execute();
+        }
+        List<Mutation> tableMetadata = new ArrayList<>();
+        tableMetadata.addAll(metaConnection.getMutationState().toMutations(metaConnection.getSCN()).next().getSecond());
+        metaConnection.rollback();
+        PColumn column = new PColumnImpl(PNameFactory.newName("COLUMN_QUALIFIER"),
+                PNameFactory.newName(DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME), PVarbinary.INSTANCE, null, null, true, numColumns,
+                SortOrder.ASC, null, null, false, null, false, false,
+                Bytes.toBytes("COLUMN_QUALIFIER"));
+        String upsertColumnMetadata = "UPSERT INTO " + SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA + ".\"" + SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE + "\"( " +
+                TENANT_ID + "," +
+                TABLE_SCHEM + "," +
+                TABLE_NAME + "," +
+                COLUMN_NAME + "," +
+                COLUMN_FAMILY + "," +
+                DATA_TYPE + "," +
+                NULLABLE + "," +
+                COLUMN_SIZE + "," +
+                DECIMAL_DIGITS + "," +
+                ORDINAL_POSITION + "," +
+                SORT_ORDER + "," +
+                DATA_TABLE_NAME + "," +
+                ARRAY_SIZE + "," +
+                VIEW_CONSTANT + "," +
+                IS_VIEW_REFERENCED + "," +
+                PK_NAME + "," +
+                KEY_SEQ + "," +
+                COLUMN_DEF + "," +
+                IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP +
+                ") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
+        try (PreparedStatement colUpsert = metaConnection.prepareStatement(upsertColumnMetadata)) {
+            colUpsert.setString(1, null);
+            colUpsert.setString(2, SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA);
+            colUpsert.setString(3, SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE);
+            colUpsert.setString(4, "COLUMN_QUALIFIER");
+            colUpsert.setString(5, DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY);
+            colUpsert.setInt(6, column.getDataType().getSqlType());
+            colUpsert.setInt(7, ResultSetMetaData.columnNullable);
+            colUpsert.setNull(8, Types.INTEGER);
+            colUpsert.setNull(9, Types.INTEGER);
+            colUpsert.setInt(10, sysCatalogPTable.getBucketNum() != null ? numColumns : (numColumns + 1));
+            colUpsert.setInt(11, SortOrder.ASC.getSystemValue());
+            colUpsert.setString(12, null);
+            colUpsert.setNull(13, Types.INTEGER);
+            colUpsert.setBytes(14, null);
+            colUpsert.setBoolean(15, false);
+            colUpsert.setString(16, sysCatalogPTable.getPKName() == null ? null : sysCatalogPTable.getPKName().getString());
+            colUpsert.setNull(17, Types.SMALLINT);
+            colUpsert.setNull(18, Types.VARCHAR);
+            colUpsert.setBoolean(19, false);
+            colUpsert.execute();
+        }
+        tableMetadata.addAll(metaConnection.getMutationState().toMutations(metaConnection.getSCN()).next().getSecond());
+        metaConnection.rollback();
+        metaConnection.getQueryServices().addColumn(tableMetadata, sysCatalogPTable, Collections.<String,List<Pair<String,Object>>>emptyMap(), Collections.<String>emptySet(), Lists.newArrayList(column));
+        metaConnection.removeTable(null, SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, null, timestamp);
+        ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null,
+                SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, null,
+                timestamp);
+        clearCache();
+        return metaConnection;
+    }
+
+    private void createSnapshot(String snapshotName, String tableName)
+            throws SQLException {
+        Admin admin = null;
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        try {
+            admin = getAdmin();
+            admin.snapshot(snapshotName, TableName.valueOf(tableName));
+            logger.info("Successfully created snapshot " + snapshotName + " for "
+                    + tableName);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            sqlE = new SQLException(e);
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (admin != null) {
+                    admin.close();
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                SQLException adminCloseEx = new SQLException(e);
+                if (sqlE == null) {
+                    sqlE = adminCloseEx;
+                } else {
+                    sqlE.setNextException(adminCloseEx);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    throw sqlE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void restoreFromSnapshot(String tableName, String snapshotName,
+            boolean success) throws SQLException {
+        boolean snapshotRestored = false;
+        boolean tableDisabled = false;
+        if (!success && snapshotName != null) {
+            SQLException sqlE = null;
+            Admin admin = null;
+            try {
+                logger.warn("Starting restore of " + tableName + " using snapshot "
+                        + snapshotName + " because upgrade failed");
+                admin = getAdmin();
+                admin.disableTable(TableName.valueOf(tableName));
+                tableDisabled = true;
+                admin.restoreSnapshot(snapshotName);
+                snapshotRestored = true;
+                logger.warn("Successfully restored " + tableName + " using snapshot "
+                        + snapshotName);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                sqlE = new SQLException(e);
+            } finally {
+                if (admin != null && tableDisabled) {
+                    try {
+                        admin.enableTable(TableName.valueOf(tableName));
+                        if (snapshotRestored) {
+                            logger.warn("Successfully restored and enabled " + tableName + " using snapshot "
+                                    + snapshotName);
+                        } else {
+                            logger.warn("Successfully enabled " + tableName + " after restoring using snapshot "
+                                    + snapshotName + " failed. ");
+                        }
+                    } catch (Exception e1) {
+                        SQLException enableTableEx = new SQLException(e1);
+                        if (sqlE == null) {
+                            sqlE = enableTableEx;
+                        } else {
+                            sqlE.setNextException(enableTableEx);
+                        }
+                        logger.error("Failure in enabling "
+                                + tableName
+                                + (snapshotRestored ? " after successfully restoring using snapshot"
+                                        + snapshotName
+                                        : " after restoring using snapshot "
+                                                + snapshotName + " failed. "));
+                    } finally {
+                        try {
+                            admin.close();
+                        } catch (Exception e2) {
+                            SQLException adminCloseEx = new SQLException(e2);
+                            if (sqlE == null) {
+                                sqlE = adminCloseEx;
+                            } else {
+                                sqlE.setNextException(adminCloseEx);
+                            }
+                        } finally {
+                            if (sqlE != null) {
+                                throw sqlE;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void ensureSystemTablesMigratedToSystemNamespace(ReadOnlyProps props)
+            throws SQLException, IOException, IllegalArgumentException, InterruptedException {
+        if (!SchemaUtil.isNamespaceMappingEnabled(PTableType.SYSTEM, props)) { return; }
+
+        boolean acquiredMutexLock = false;
+        byte[] mutexRowKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(null, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA,
+                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE);
+
+        Table metatable = null;
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+             // SYSTEM namespace needs to be created via HBase API's because "CREATE SCHEMA" statement tries to write its metadata
+             // in SYSTEM:CATALOG table. Without SYSTEM namespace, SYSTEM:CATALOG table cannot be created.
+            try {
+                ensureNamespaceCreated(QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME);
+            } catch (PhoenixIOException e) {
+                // We could either:
+                // 1) Not access the NS descriptor. The NS may or may not exist at this point.
+                // 2) We could not create the NS
+                // Regardless of the case 1 or 2, if the NS does not exist, we will error expectedly
+                // below. If the NS does exist and is mapped, the below check will exit gracefully.
+            }
+
+            List<TableName> tableNames = getSystemTableNamesInDefaultNamespace(admin);
+            // No tables exist matching "SYSTEM\..*", they are all already in "SYSTEM:.*"
+            if (tableNames.size() == 0) { return; }
+            // Try to move any remaining tables matching "SYSTEM\..*" into "SYSTEM:"
+            if (tableNames.size() > 5) {
+                logger.warn("Expected 5 system tables but found " + tableNames.size() + ":" + tableNames);
+            }
+
+            // Try acquiring a lock in SYSMUTEX table before migrating the tables since it involves disabling the table
+            // If we cannot acquire lock, it means some old client is either migrating SYSCAT or trying to upgrade the
+            // schema of SYSCAT table and hence it should not be interrupted
+            // Create mutex if not already created
+            createSysMutexTableIfNotExists(admin, props);
+            acquiredMutexLock = acquireUpgradeMutex(MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_MIGRATION_TIMESTAMP, mutexRowKey);
+            if(acquiredMutexLock) {
+                logger.debug("Acquired lock in SYSMUTEX table for migrating SYSTEM tables to SYSTEM namespace");
+            }
+            // We will not reach here if we fail to acquire the lock, since it throws UpgradeInProgressException
+
+            // Handle the upgrade of SYSMUTEX table separately since it doesn't have any entries in SYSCAT
+            logger.info("Migrating SYSTEM.MUTEX table to SYSTEM namespace.");
+            String sysMutexSrcTableName = PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_NAME;
+            String sysMutexDestTableName = SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(sysMutexSrcTableName.getBytes(), props).getNameAsString();
+            UpgradeUtil.mapTableToNamespace(admin, sysMutexSrcTableName, sysMutexDestTableName, PTableType.SYSTEM);
+            tableNames.remove(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_HBASE_TABLE_NAME);
+
+            byte[] mappedSystemTable = SchemaUtil
+                    .getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, props).getName();
+            metatable = getTable(mappedSystemTable);
+            if (tableNames.contains(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_HBASE_TABLE_NAME)) {
+                if (!admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(mappedSystemTable))) {
+                    logger.info("Migrating SYSTEM.CATALOG table to SYSTEM namespace.");
+                    // Actual migration of SYSCAT table
+                    UpgradeUtil.mapTableToNamespace(admin, metatable,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, props, null, PTableType.SYSTEM,
+                            null);
+                    // Invalidate the client-side metadataCache
+                    ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME, null,
+                            MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_1_0);
+                }
+                tableNames.remove(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_HBASE_TABLE_NAME);
+            }
+            for (TableName table : tableNames) {
+                logger.info(String.format("Migrating %s table to SYSTEM namespace.", table.getNameAsString()));
+                UpgradeUtil.mapTableToNamespace(admin, metatable, table.getNameAsString(), props, null, PTableType.SYSTEM,
+                        null);
+                ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.this.removeTable(null, table.getNameAsString(), null,
+                        MetaDataProtocol.MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP_4_1_0);
+            }
+
+            // Clear the server-side metadataCache when all tables are migrated so that the new PTable can be loaded with NS mapping
+            clearCache();
+        } finally {
+            if (metatable != null) {
+                metatable.close();
+            }
+            if(acquiredMutexLock) {
+                releaseUpgradeMutex(mutexRowKey);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Acquire distributed mutex of sorts to make sure only one JVM is able to run the upgrade code by
+     * making use of HBase's checkAndPut api.
+     *
+     * @return true if client won the race, false otherwise
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean acquireUpgradeMutex(long currentServerSideTableTimestamp, byte[] rowToLock) throws IOException,
+            SQLException {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(currentServerSideTableTimestamp < MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP);
+
+        byte[] sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes = getSysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes();
+        if(sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes == null) {
+            throw new UpgradeInProgressException(getVersion(currentServerSideTableTimestamp),
+                    getVersion(MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP));
+        }
+
+        try (Table sysMutexTable = getTable(sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes)) {
+            byte[] family = PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_FAMILY_NAME_BYTES;
+            byte[] qualifier = UPGRADE_MUTEX;
+            byte[] oldValue = UPGRADE_MUTEX_UNLOCKED;
+            byte[] newValue = UPGRADE_MUTEX_LOCKED;
+            Put put = new Put(rowToLock);
+            put.addColumn(family, qualifier, newValue);
+            boolean acquired =  sysMutexTable.checkAndPut(rowToLock, family, qualifier, oldValue, put);
+            if (!acquired) {
+                /*
+                 * Because of TTL on the SYSTEM_MUTEX_FAMILY, it is very much possible that the cell
+                 * has gone away. So we need to retry with an old value of null. Note there is a small
+                 * race condition here that between the two checkAndPut calls, it is possible that another
+                 * request would have set the value back to UPGRADE_MUTEX_UNLOCKED. In that scenario this
+                 * following checkAndPut would still return false even though the lock was available.
+                 */
+                acquired =  sysMutexTable.checkAndPut(rowToLock, family, qualifier, null, put);
+                if (!acquired) {
+                    throw new UpgradeInProgressException(getVersion(currentServerSideTableTimestamp),
+                        getVersion(MIN_SYSTEM_TABLE_TIMESTAMP));
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean releaseUpgradeMutex(byte[] mutexRowKey) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        boolean released = false;
+
+        byte[] sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes = getSysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes();
+        if(sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes == null) {
+            // We shouldn't never be really in this situation where neither SYSMUTEX or SYS:MUTEX exists
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        try (Table sysMutexTable = getTable(sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes)) {
+            byte[] family = PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_FAMILY_NAME_BYTES;
+            byte[] qualifier = UPGRADE_MUTEX;
+            byte[] expectedValue = UPGRADE_MUTEX_LOCKED;
+            byte[] newValue = UPGRADE_MUTEX_UNLOCKED;
+            Put put = new Put(mutexRowKey);
+            put.addColumn(family, qualifier, newValue);
+            released = sysMutexTable.checkAndPut(mutexRowKey, family, qualifier, expectedValue, put);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.warn("Release of upgrade mutex failed", e);
+        }
+        return released;
+    }
+
+    private byte[] getSysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes() throws IOException, SQLException {
+        byte[] sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes = null;
+        try(Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            if(admin.tableExists(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_HBASE_TABLE_NAME)) {
+                sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes = PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_NAME_BYTES;
+            } else if (admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(
+                    SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_NAME, props).getName()))) {
+                sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes = SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_MUTEX_NAME, props).getName();
+            }
+        }
+        return sysMutexPhysicalTableNameBytes;
+    }
+
+    private String addColumn(String columnsToAddSoFar, String columns) {
+        if (columnsToAddSoFar == null || columnsToAddSoFar.isEmpty()) {
+            return columns;
+        } else {
+            return columnsToAddSoFar + ", " + columns;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set IMMUTABLE_ROWS to true for all index tables over immutable tables.
+     * @param metaConnection connection over which to run the upgrade
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private PhoenixConnection setImmutableTableIndexesImmutable(PhoenixConnection oldMetaConnection, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(oldMetaConnection.getClientInfo());
+        props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(timestamp));
+        PhoenixConnection metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(oldMetaConnection, this, props);
+        boolean autoCommit = metaConnection.getAutoCommit();
+        try {
+            metaConnection.setAutoCommit(true);
+            metaConnection.createStatement().execute(
+                    "UPSERT INTO SYSTEM.CATALOG(TENANT_ID, TABLE_SCHEM, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, COLUMN_FAMILY, IMMUTABLE_ROWS)\n" +
+                            "SELECT A.TENANT_ID, A.TABLE_SCHEM,B.COLUMN_FAMILY,null,null,true\n" +
+                            "FROM SYSTEM.CATALOG A JOIN SYSTEM.CATALOG B ON (\n" +
+                            " A.TENANT_ID = B.TENANT_ID AND \n" +
+                            " A.TABLE_SCHEM = B.TABLE_SCHEM AND\n" +
+                            " A.TABLE_NAME = B.TABLE_NAME AND\n" +
+                            " A.COLUMN_NAME = B.COLUMN_NAME AND\n" +
+                            " B.LINK_TYPE = 1\n" +
+                            ")\n" +
+                            "WHERE A.COLUMN_FAMILY IS NULL AND\n" +
+                            " B.COLUMN_FAMILY IS NOT NULL AND\n" +
+                            " A.IMMUTABLE_ROWS = TRUE");
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            logger.warn("exception during upgrading stats table:" + e);
+            sqlE = e;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                metaConnection.setAutoCommit(autoCommit);
+                oldMetaConnection.close();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    sqlE.setNextException(e);
+                } else {
+                    sqlE = e;
+                }
+            }
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+        return metaConnection;
+    }
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * Forces update of SYSTEM.CATALOG by setting column to existing value
+     * @param oldMetaConnection
+     * @param timestamp
+     * @return
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private PhoenixConnection updateSystemCatalogTimestamp(PhoenixConnection oldMetaConnection, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(oldMetaConnection.getClientInfo());
+        props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(timestamp));
+        PhoenixConnection metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(oldMetaConnection, this, props);
+        boolean autoCommit = metaConnection.getAutoCommit();
+        try {
+            metaConnection.setAutoCommit(true);
+            metaConnection.createStatement().execute(
+                    "UPSERT INTO SYSTEM.CATALOG(TENANT_ID, TABLE_SCHEM, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, COLUMN_FAMILY, DISABLE_WAL)\n" +
+                            "VALUES (NULL, '" + QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME + "','" + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE + "', NULL, NULL, FALSE)");
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            logger.warn("exception during upgrading stats table:" + e);
+            sqlE = e;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                metaConnection.setAutoCommit(autoCommit);
+                oldMetaConnection.close();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    sqlE.setNextException(e);
+                } else {
+                    sqlE = e;
+                }
+            }
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+        return metaConnection;
+    }
+
+    private PhoenixConnection dropStatsTable(PhoenixConnection oldMetaConnection, long timestamp)
+            throws SQLException, IOException {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(oldMetaConnection.getClientInfo());
+        props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(timestamp));
+        PhoenixConnection metaConnection = new PhoenixConnection(oldMetaConnection, this, props);
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        boolean wasCommit = metaConnection.getAutoCommit();
+        try {
+            metaConnection.setAutoCommit(true);
+            metaConnection.createStatement()
+            .executeUpdate("DELETE FROM " + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME + " WHERE "
+                    + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME + "='" + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_STATS_TABLE
+                    + "' AND " + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM + "='"
+                    + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME + "'");
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            logger.warn("exception during upgrading stats table:" + e);
+            sqlE = e;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                metaConnection.setAutoCommit(wasCommit);
+                oldMetaConnection.close();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    sqlE.setNextException(e);
+                } else {
+                    sqlE = e;
+                }
+            }
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+        return metaConnection;
+    }
+
+    private void scheduleRenewLeaseTasks() {
+        if (isRenewingLeasesEnabled()) {
+            renewLeaseExecutor =
+                    Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(renewLeasePoolSize, renewLeaseThreadFactory);
+            for (LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>> q : connectionQueues) {
+                renewLeaseExecutor.scheduleAtFixedRate(new RenewLeaseTask(q), 0,
+                    renewLeaseTaskFrequency, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class RenewLeaseThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
+        private static final AtomicInteger threadNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
+        private static final String NAME_PREFIX = "PHOENIX-SCANNER-RENEW-LEASE-thread-";
+
+        @Override
+        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+            Thread t = new Thread(r, NAME_PREFIX + threadNumber.getAndIncrement());
+            t.setDaemon(true);
+            return t;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int getSaltBuckets(TableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+        PTable table = e.getTable();
+        Integer sequenceSaltBuckets = table == null ? null : table.getBucketNum();
+        return sequenceSaltBuckets == null ? 0 : sequenceSaltBuckets;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MutationState updateData(MutationPlan plan) throws SQLException {
+        MutationState state = plan.execute();
+        plan.getContext().getConnection().commit();
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getLowestClusterHBaseVersion() {
+        return lowestClusterHBaseVersion;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasIndexWALCodec() {
+        return hasIndexWALCodec;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the Phoenix meta data cache on each region server
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long clearCache() throws SQLException {
+        synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+            latestMetaData = newEmptyMetaData();
+        }
+        tableStatsCache.invalidateAll();
+        try (Table htable =
+                this.getTable(
+                    SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES,
+                        this.getProps()).getName())) {
+            final Map<byte[], Long> results =
+                    htable.coprocessorService(MetaDataService.class, HConstants.EMPTY_START_ROW,
+                        HConstants.EMPTY_END_ROW, new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, Long>() {
+                            @Override
+                            public Long call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                                BlockingRpcCallback<ClearCacheResponse> rpcCallback =
+                                        new BlockingRpcCallback<ClearCacheResponse>();
+                                ClearCacheRequest.Builder builder = ClearCacheRequest.newBuilder();
+                                builder.setClientVersion(
+                                    VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION,
+                                        PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                                instance.clearCache(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                                if (controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                                }
+                                return rpcCallback.get().getUnfreedBytes();
+                            }
+                        });
+            long unfreedBytes = 0;
+            for (Map.Entry<byte[], Long> result : results.entrySet()) {
+                if (result.getValue() != null) {
+                    unfreedBytes += result.getValue();
+                }
+            }
+            return unfreedBytes;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            // wrap all other exceptions in a SQLException
+            throw new SQLException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void flushTable(byte[] tableName) throws SQLException {
+        Admin admin = getAdmin();
+        try {
+            admin.flush(TableName.valueOf(tableName));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new PhoenixIOException(e);
+//        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+//            // restore the interrupt status
+//            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+//            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INTERRUPTED_EXCEPTION).setRootCause(e).build()
+//            .buildException();
+        } finally {
+            Closeables.closeQuietly(admin);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Admin getAdmin() throws SQLException {
+        try {
+            return connection.getAdmin();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new PhoenixIOException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult updateIndexState(final List<Mutation> tableMetaData, String parentTableName) throws SQLException {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetadata = new byte[3][];
+        SchemaUtil.getVarChars(tableMetaData.get(0).getRow(), rowKeyMetadata);
+        byte[] tableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX], rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX]);
+        return metaDataCoprocessorExec(tableKey,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                UpdateIndexStateRequest.Builder builder = UpdateIndexStateRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : tableMetaData) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.updateIndexState(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult updateIndexState(final List<Mutation> tableMetaData, String parentTableName, Map<String, List<Pair<String,Object>>> stmtProperties,  PTable table) throws SQLException {
+        if(stmtProperties==null) return updateIndexState(tableMetaData,parentTableName);
+
+        Map<String, Object> tableProps = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+        Pair<TableDescriptor,TableDescriptor> tableDescriptorPair = separateAndValidateProperties(table, stmtProperties, new HashSet<String>(), tableProps);
+        TableDescriptor tableDescriptor = tableDescriptorPair.getSecond();
+        TableDescriptor origTableDescriptor = tableDescriptorPair.getFirst();
+        Set<TableDescriptor> tableDescriptors = Collections.emptySet();
+        Set<TableDescriptor> origTableDescriptors = Collections.emptySet();
+        if (tableDescriptor != null) {
+            tableDescriptors = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(3 + table.getIndexes().size());
+            origTableDescriptors = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(3 + table.getIndexes().size());
+            tableDescriptors.add(tableDescriptor);
+            origTableDescriptors.add(origTableDescriptor);
+        }
+        sendHBaseMetaData(tableDescriptors, true);
+        return updateIndexState(tableMetaData,parentTableName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long createSequence(String tenantId, String schemaName, String sequenceName,
+            long startWith, long incrementBy, long cacheSize, long minValue, long maxValue,
+            boolean cycle, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        SequenceKey sequenceKey = new SequenceKey(tenantId, schemaName, sequenceName, nSequenceSaltBuckets);
+        Sequence newSequences = new Sequence(sequenceKey);
+        Sequence sequence = sequenceMap.putIfAbsent(sequenceKey, newSequences);
+        if (sequence == null) {
+            sequence = newSequences;
+        }
+        try {
+            sequence.getLock().lock();
+            // Now that we have the lock we need, create the sequence
+            Append append = sequence.createSequence(startWith, incrementBy, cacheSize, timestamp, minValue, maxValue, cycle);
+            Table htable = this.getTable(SchemaUtil
+                    .getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_NAME_BYTES, this.getProps()).getName());
+            try {
+                Result result = htable.append(append);
+                return sequence.createSequence(result, minValue, maxValue, cycle);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+            } finally {
+                Closeables.closeQuietly(htable);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            sequence.getLock().unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long dropSequence(String tenantId, String schemaName, String sequenceName, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        SequenceKey sequenceKey = new SequenceKey(tenantId, schemaName, sequenceName, nSequenceSaltBuckets);
+        Sequence newSequences = new Sequence(sequenceKey);
+        Sequence sequence = sequenceMap.putIfAbsent(sequenceKey, newSequences);
+        if (sequence == null) {
+            sequence = newSequences;
+        }
+        try {
+            sequence.getLock().lock();
+            // Now that we have the lock we need, create the sequence
+            Append append = sequence.dropSequence(timestamp);
+            Table htable = this.getTable(SchemaUtil
+                    .getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_NAME_BYTES, this.getProps()).getName());
+            try {
+                Result result = htable.append(append);
+                return sequence.dropSequence(result);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+            } finally {
+                Closeables.closeQuietly(htable);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            sequence.getLock().unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current sequence value
+     * @throws SQLException if cached sequence cannot be found
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long currentSequenceValue(SequenceKey sequenceKey, long timestamp) throws SQLException {
+        Sequence sequence = sequenceMap.get(sequenceKey);
+        if (sequence == null) {
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_CALL_CURRENT_BEFORE_NEXT_VALUE)
+            .setSchemaName(sequenceKey.getSchemaName()).setTableName(sequenceKey.getSequenceName())
+            .build().buildException();
+        }
+        sequence.getLock().lock();
+        try {
+            return sequence.currentValue(timestamp);
+        } catch (EmptySequenceCacheException e) {
+            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_CALL_CURRENT_BEFORE_NEXT_VALUE)
+            .setSchemaName(sequenceKey.getSchemaName()).setTableName(sequenceKey.getSequenceName())
+            .build().buildException();
+        } finally {
+            sequence.getLock().unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that sequences exist and reserves values for them if reserveValues is true
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void validateSequences(List<SequenceAllocation> sequenceAllocations, long timestamp, long[] values, SQLException[] exceptions, Sequence.ValueOp action) throws SQLException {
+        incrementSequenceValues(sequenceAllocations, timestamp, values, exceptions, action);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increment any of the set of sequences that need more values. These are the sequences
+     * that are asking for the next value within a given statement. The returned sequences
+     * are the ones that were not found because they were deleted by another client.
+     * @param sequenceKeys sorted list of sequence kyes
+     * @param timestamp
+     * @throws SQLException if any of the sequences cannot be found
+     *
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void incrementSequences(List<SequenceAllocation> sequenceAllocations, long timestamp, long[] values, SQLException[] exceptions) throws SQLException {
+        incrementSequenceValues(sequenceAllocations, timestamp, values, exceptions, Sequence.ValueOp.INCREMENT_SEQUENCE);
+    }
+
+    private void incrementSequenceValues(List<SequenceAllocation> sequenceAllocations, long timestamp, long[] values, SQLException[] exceptions, Sequence.ValueOp op) throws SQLException {
+        List<Sequence> sequences = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(sequenceAllocations.size());
+        for (SequenceAllocation sequenceAllocation : sequenceAllocations) {
+            SequenceKey key = sequenceAllocation.getSequenceKey();
+            Sequence newSequences = new Sequence(key);
+            Sequence sequence = sequenceMap.putIfAbsent(key, newSequences);
+            if (sequence == null) {
+                sequence = newSequences;
+            }
+            sequences.add(sequence);
+        }
+        try {
+            for (Sequence sequence : sequences) {
+                sequence.getLock().lock();
+            }
+            // Now that we have all the locks we need, increment the sequences
+            List<Increment> incrementBatch = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(sequences.size());
+            List<Sequence> toIncrementList = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(sequences.size());
+            int[] indexes = new int[sequences.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < sequences.size(); i++) {
+                Sequence sequence = sequences.get(i);
+                try {
+                    values[i] = sequence.incrementValue(timestamp, op, sequenceAllocations.get(i).getNumAllocations());
+                } catch (EmptySequenceCacheException e) {
+                    indexes[toIncrementList.size()] = i;
+                    toIncrementList.add(sequence);
+                    Increment inc = sequence.newIncrement(timestamp, op, sequenceAllocations.get(i).getNumAllocations());
+                    incrementBatch.add(inc);
+                } catch (SQLException e) {
+                    exceptions[i] = e;
+                }
+            }
+            if (toIncrementList.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Table hTable = this.getTable(SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_NAME_BYTES,this.getProps()).getName());
+            Object[] resultObjects = new Object[incrementBatch.size()];
+            SQLException sqlE = null;
+            try {
+                hTable.batch(incrementBatch, resultObjects);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                // restore the interrupt status
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                sqlE = new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INTERRUPTED_EXCEPTION)
+                .setRootCause(e).build().buildException(); // FIXME ?
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    hTable.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    if (sqlE == null) {
+                        sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+                    } else {
+                        sqlE.setNextException(ServerUtil.parseServerException(e));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    throw sqlE;
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i=0;i<resultObjects.length;i++){
+                Sequence sequence = toIncrementList.get(i);
+                Result result = (Result)resultObjects[i];
+                try {
+                    long numToAllocate = Bytes.toLong(incrementBatch.get(i).getAttribute(SequenceRegionObserver.NUM_TO_ALLOCATE));
+                    values[indexes[i]] = sequence.incrementValue(result, op, numToAllocate);
+                } catch (SQLException e) {
+                    exceptions[indexes[i]] = e;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            for (Sequence sequence : sequences) {
+                sequence.getLock().unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearTableFromCache(final byte[] tenantId, final byte[] schemaName, final byte[] tableName,
+            final long clientTS) throws SQLException {
+        // clear the meta data cache for the table here
+        try {
+            SQLException sqlE = null;
+            Table htable = this.getTable(SchemaUtil
+                    .getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, this.getProps()).getName());
+
+            try {
+                htable.coprocessorService(MetaDataService.class, HConstants.EMPTY_START_ROW, HConstants.EMPTY_END_ROW,
+                        new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, ClearTableFromCacheResponse>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public ClearTableFromCacheResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                        ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                        BlockingRpcCallback<ClearTableFromCacheResponse> rpcCallback = new BlockingRpcCallback<ClearTableFromCacheResponse>();
+                        ClearTableFromCacheRequest.Builder builder = ClearTableFromCacheRequest.newBuilder();
+                        builder.setTenantId(ByteStringer.wrap(tenantId));
+                        builder.setTableName(ByteStringer.wrap(tableName));
+                        builder.setSchemaName(ByteStringer.wrap(schemaName));
+                        builder.setClientTimestamp(clientTS);
+                        builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                        instance.clearTableFromCache(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                        if (controller.getFailedOn() != null) { throw controller.getFailedOn(); }
+                        return rpcCallback.get();
+                    }
+                });
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                sqlE = new SQLException(e);
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    htable.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    if (sqlE == null) {
+                        sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+                    } else {
+                        sqlE.setNextException(ServerUtil.parseServerException(e));
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (sqlE != null) { throw sqlE; }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new SQLException(ServerUtil.parseServerException(e));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void returnSequences(List<SequenceKey> keys, long timestamp, SQLException[] exceptions) throws SQLException {
+        List<Sequence> sequences = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(keys.size());
+        for (SequenceKey key : keys) {
+            Sequence newSequences = new Sequence(key);
+            Sequence sequence = sequenceMap.putIfAbsent(key, newSequences);
+            if (sequence == null) {
+                sequence = newSequences;
+            }
+            sequences.add(sequence);
+        }
+        try {
+            for (Sequence sequence : sequences) {
+                sequence.getLock().lock();
+            }
+            // Now that we have all the locks we need, attempt to return the unused sequence values
+            List<Append> mutations = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(sequences.size());
+            List<Sequence> toReturnList = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(sequences.size());
+            int[] indexes = new int[sequences.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < sequences.size(); i++) {
+                Sequence sequence = sequences.get(i);
+                try {
+                    Append append = sequence.newReturn(timestamp);
+                    toReturnList.add(sequence);
+                    mutations.add(append);
+                } catch (EmptySequenceCacheException ignore) { // Nothing to return, so ignore
+                }
+            }
+            if (toReturnList.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Table hTable = this.getTable(SchemaUtil
+                    .getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_NAME_BYTES, this.getProps()).getName());
+            Object[] resultObjects = null;
+            SQLException sqlE = null;
+            try {
+                hTable.batch(mutations, resultObjects);
+            } catch (IOException e){
+                sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e){
+                // restore the interrupt status
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                sqlE = new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INTERRUPTED_EXCEPTION)
+                .setRootCause(e).build().buildException(); // FIXME ?
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    hTable.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    if (sqlE == null) {
+                        sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+                    } else {
+                        sqlE.setNextException(ServerUtil.parseServerException(e));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (sqlE != null) {
+                    throw sqlE;
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i=0;i<resultObjects.length;i++){
+                Sequence sequence = toReturnList.get(i);
+                Result result = (Result)resultObjects[i];
+                try {
+                    sequence.returnValue(result);
+                } catch (SQLException e) {
+                    exceptions[indexes[i]] = e;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            for (Sequence sequence : sequences) {
+                sequence.getLock().unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Take no locks, as this only gets run when there are no open connections
+    // so there's no danger of contention.
+    private void returnAllSequences(ConcurrentMap<SequenceKey,Sequence> sequenceMap) throws SQLException {
+        List<Append> mutations = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(sequenceMap.size());
+        for (Sequence sequence : sequenceMap.values()) {
+            mutations.addAll(sequence.newReturns());
+        }
+        if (mutations.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Table hTable = this.getTable(
+                SchemaUtil.getPhysicalName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE_NAME_BYTES, this.getProps()).getName());
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        try {
+            hTable.batch(mutations, null);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            // restore the interrupt status
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            sqlE = new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INTERRUPTED_EXCEPTION)
+            .setRootCause(e).build().buildException(); // FIXME ?
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                hTable.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                if (sqlE == null) {
+                    sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+                } else {
+                    sqlE.setNextException(ServerUtil.parseServerException(e));
+                }
+            }
+            if (sqlE != null) {
+                throw sqlE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addConnection(PhoenixConnection connection) throws SQLException {
+        if (returnSequenceValues || shouldThrottleNumConnections) {
+            synchronized (connectionCountLock) {
+                if (shouldThrottleNumConnections && connectionCount + 1 > maxConnectionsAllowed){
+                    GLOBAL_PHOENIX_CONNECTIONS_THROTTLED_COUNTER.increment();
+                    throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.NEW_CONNECTION_THROTTLED).
+                        build().buildException();
+                }
+                connectionCount++;
+            }
+        }
+        connectionQueues.get(getQueueIndex(connection)).add(new WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>(connection));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeConnection(PhoenixConnection connection) throws SQLException {
+        if (returnSequenceValues) {
+            ConcurrentMap<SequenceKey,Sequence> formerSequenceMap = null;
+            synchronized (connectionCountLock) {
+                if (--connectionCount <= 0) {
+                    if (!this.sequenceMap.isEmpty()) {
+                        formerSequenceMap = this.sequenceMap;
+                        this.sequenceMap = Maps.newConcurrentMap();
+                    }
+                }
+                if (connectionCount < 0) {
+                    connectionCount = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            // Since we're using the former sequenceMap, we can do this outside
+            // the lock.
+            if (formerSequenceMap != null) {
+                // When there are no more connections, attempt to return any sequences
+                returnAllSequences(formerSequenceMap);
+            }
+        } else if (shouldThrottleNumConnections){ //still need to decrement connection count
+            synchronized (connectionCountLock) {
+                if (connectionCount > 0) {
+                    --connectionCount;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getQueueIndex(PhoenixConnection conn) {
+        return ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(renewLeasePoolSize);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public KeyValueBuilder getKeyValueBuilder() {
+        return this.kvBuilder;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean supportsFeature(Feature feature) {
+        FeatureSupported supported = featureMap.get(feature);
+        if (supported == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return supported.isSupported(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUserName() {
+        return userName;
+    }
+
+    private void checkClosed() {
+        if (closed) {
+            throwConnectionClosedException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData() {
+        if (latestMetaData == null) {
+            throwConnectionClosedException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void throwConnectionClosedException() {
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Connection to the cluster is closed");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public GuidePostsInfo getTableStats(GuidePostsKey key) throws SQLException {
+        try {
+            return tableStatsCache.get(key);
+        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+            throw ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getSequenceSaltBuckets() {
+        return nSequenceSaltBuckets;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addFunction(PFunction function) throws SQLException {
+        synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+            try {
+                throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+                // If existing table isn't older than new table, don't replace
+                // If a client opens a connection at an earlier timestamp, this can happen
+                PFunction existingFunction = latestMetaData.getFunction(new PTableKey(function.getTenantId(), function.getFunctionName()));
+                if (existingFunction.getTimeStamp() >= function.getTimeStamp()) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            } catch (FunctionNotFoundException e) {}
+            latestMetaData.addFunction(function);
+            latestMetaDataLock.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeFunction(PName tenantId, String function, long functionTimeStamp)
+            throws SQLException {
+        synchronized (latestMetaDataLock) {
+            throwConnectionClosedIfNullMetaData();
+            latestMetaData.removeFunction(tenantId, function, functionTimeStamp);
+            latestMetaDataLock.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult getFunctions(PName tenantId, final List<Pair<byte[], Long>> functions,
+            final long clientTimestamp) throws SQLException {
+        final byte[] tenantIdBytes = tenantId == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : tenantId.getBytes();
+        return metaDataCoprocessorExec(tenantIdBytes,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                GetFunctionsRequest.Builder builder = GetFunctionsRequest.newBuilder();
+                builder.setTenantId(ByteStringer.wrap(tenantIdBytes));
+                for(Pair<byte[], Long> function: functions) {
+                    builder.addFunctionNames(ByteStringer.wrap(function.getFirst()));
+                    builder.addFunctionTimestamps(function.getSecond().longValue());
+                }
+                builder.setClientTimestamp(clientTimestamp);
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.getFunctions(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        }, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_FUNCTION_NAME_BYTES);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult getSchema(final String schemaName, final long clientTimestamp) throws SQLException {
+        return metaDataCoprocessorExec(SchemaUtil.getSchemaKey(schemaName),
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback = new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                GetSchemaRequest.Builder builder = GetSchemaRequest.newBuilder();
+                builder.setSchemaName(schemaName);
+                builder.setClientTimestamp(clientTimestamp);
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION,
+                        PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.getSchema(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if (controller.getFailedOn() != null) { throw controller.getFailedOn(); }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+
+    }
+
+    // TODO the mutations should be added to System functions table.
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult createFunction(final List<Mutation> functionData,
+            final PFunction function, final boolean temporary) throws SQLException {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetadata = new byte[2][];
+        Mutation m = MetaDataUtil.getPutOnlyTableHeaderRow(functionData);
+        byte[] key = m.getRow();
+        SchemaUtil.getVarChars(key, rowKeyMetadata);
+        byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+        byte[] functionBytes = rowKeyMetadata[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FUNTION_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] functionKey = SchemaUtil.getFunctionKey(tenantIdBytes, functionBytes);
+        MetaDataMutationResult result = metaDataCoprocessorExec(functionKey,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback =
+                        new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                CreateFunctionRequest.Builder builder = CreateFunctionRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : functionData) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setTemporary(temporary);
+                builder.setReplace(function.isReplace());
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.createFunction(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if(controller.getFailedOn() != null) {
+                    throw controller.getFailedOn();
+                }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        }, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_FUNCTION_NAME_BYTES);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static class RenewLeaseTask implements Runnable {
+
+        private final LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>> connectionsQueue;
+        private final Random random = new Random();
+        private static final int MAX_WAIT_TIME = 1000;
+
+        RenewLeaseTask(LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<PhoenixConnection>> queue) {
+            this.connectionsQueue = queue;
+        }
+
+        private void waitForRandomDuration() throws InterruptedException {
+            new CountDownLatch(1).await(random.nextInt(MAX_WAIT_TIME), MILLISECONDS);
+        }
+
+        private static class InternalRenewLeaseTaskException extends Exception {
+            public InternalRenewLeaseTaskException(String msg) {
+                super(msg);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                int numConnections = connectionsQueue.size();
+                boolean wait = true;
+                // We keep adding items to the end of the queue. So to stop the loop, iterate only up to
+                // whatever the current count is.
+                while (numConnections > 0) {
+                    if (wait) {
+                        // wait for some random duration to prevent all threads from renewing lease at
+                        // the same time.
+                        waitForRandomDuration();
+                        wait = false;
+                    }
+                    // It is guaranteed that this poll won't hang indefinitely because this is the
+                    // only thread that removes items from the queue. Still adding a 1 ms timeout
+                    // for sanity check.
+                    WeakReference<PhoenixConnection> connRef =
+                            connectionsQueue.poll(1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    if (connRef == null) {
+                        throw new InternalRenewLeaseTaskException(
+                                "Connection ref found to be null. This is a bug. Some other thread removed items from the connection queue.");
+                    }
+                    PhoenixConnection conn = connRef.get();
+                    if (conn != null && !conn.isClosed()) {
+                        LinkedBlockingQueue<WeakReference<TableResultIterator>> scannerQueue =
+                                conn.getScanners();
+                        // We keep adding items to the end of the queue. So to stop the loop,
+                        // iterate only up to whatever the current count is.
+                        int numScanners = scannerQueue.size();
+                        int renewed = 0;
+                        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                        while (numScanners > 0) {
+                            // It is guaranteed that this poll won't hang indefinitely because this is the
+                            // only thread that removes items from the queue. Still adding a 1 ms timeout
+                            // for sanity check.
+                            WeakReference<TableResultIterator> ref =
+                                    scannerQueue.poll(1, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                            if (ref == null) {
+                                throw new InternalRenewLeaseTaskException(
+                                        "TableResulIterator ref found to be null. This is a bug. Some other thread removed items from the scanner queue.");
+                            }
+                            TableResultIterator scanningItr = ref.get();
+                            if (scanningItr != null) {
+                                RenewLeaseStatus status = scanningItr.renewLease();
+                                switch (status) {
+                                case RENEWED:
+                                    renewed++;
+                                    // add it back at the tail
+                                    scannerQueue.offer(new WeakReference<TableResultIterator>(
+                                            scanningItr));
+                                    logger.info("Lease renewed for scanner: " + scanningItr);
+                                    break;
+                                // Scanner not initialized probably because next() hasn't been called on it yet. Enqueue it back to attempt lease renewal later.
+                                case UNINITIALIZED:
+                                // Threshold not yet reached. Re-enqueue to renew lease later.
+                                case THRESHOLD_NOT_REACHED:
+                                // Another scanner operation in progress. Re-enqueue to attempt renewing lease later.
+                                case LOCK_NOT_ACQUIRED:
+                                    // add it back at the tail
+                                    scannerQueue.offer(new WeakReference<TableResultIterator>(
+                                            scanningItr));
+                                    break;
+                                    // if lease wasn't renewed or scanner was closed, don't add the
+                                    // scanner back to the queue.
+                                case CLOSED:
+                                case NOT_SUPPORTED:
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            numScanners--;
+                        }
+                        if (renewed > 0) {
+                            logger.info("Renewed leases for " + renewed + " scanner/s in "
+                                    + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + " ms ");
+                        }
+                        connectionsQueue.offer(connRef);
+                    }
+                    numConnections--;
+                }
+            } catch (InternalRenewLeaseTaskException e) {
+                logger.error("Exception thrown when renewing lease. Draining the queue of scanners ", e);
+                // clear up the queue since the task is about to be unscheduled.
+                connectionsQueue.clear();
+                // throw an exception since we want the task execution to be suppressed because we just encountered an
+                // exception that happened because of a bug.
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // restore the interrupt status
+                logger.error("Thread interrupted when renewing lease.", e);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.error("Exception thrown when renewing lease ", e);
+                // don't drain the queue and swallow the exception in this case since we don't want the task
+                // execution to be suppressed because renewing lease of a scanner failed.
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                logger.error("Exception thrown when renewing lease. Draining the queue of scanners ", e);
+                connectionsQueue.clear(); // clear up the queue since the task is about to be unscheduled.
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getRenewLeaseThresholdMilliSeconds() {
+        return renewLeaseThreshold;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isRenewingLeasesEnabled() {
+        return supportsFeature(ConnectionQueryServices.Feature.RENEW_LEASE) && renewLeaseEnabled;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HRegionLocation getTableRegionLocation(byte[] tableName, byte[] row) throws SQLException {
+        /*
+         * Use HConnection.getRegionLocation as it uses the cache in HConnection, to get the region
+         * to which specified row belongs to.
+         */
+        int retryCount = 0, maxRetryCount = 1;
+        boolean reload =false;
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                return connection.getRegionLocator(TableName.valueOf(tableName)).getRegionLocation(row, reload);
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableNotFoundException e) {
+                String fullName = Bytes.toString(tableName);
+                throw new TableNotFoundException(SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(fullName), SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(fullName));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                if (retryCount++ < maxRetryCount) { // One retry, in case split occurs while navigating
+                    reload = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.GET_TABLE_REGIONS_FAIL)
+                .setRootCause(e).build().buildException();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult createSchema(final List<Mutation> schemaMutations, final String schemaName)
+            throws SQLException {
+        ensureNamespaceCreated(schemaName);
+        Mutation m = MetaDataUtil.getPutOnlyTableHeaderRow(schemaMutations);
+        byte[] key = m.getRow();
+        MetaDataMutationResult result = metaDataCoprocessorExec(key,
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback = new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                CreateSchemaRequest.Builder builder = CreateSchemaRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : schemaMutations) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addTableMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setSchemaName(schemaName);
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION,
+                        PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.createSchema(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if (controller.getFailedOn() != null) { throw controller.getFailedOn(); }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addSchema(PSchema schema) throws SQLException {
+        latestMetaData.addSchema(schema);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeSchema(PSchema schema, long schemaTimeStamp) {
+        latestMetaData.removeSchema(schema, schemaTimeStamp);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MetaDataMutationResult dropSchema(final List<Mutation> schemaMetaData, final String schemaName)
+            throws SQLException {
+        final MetaDataMutationResult result = metaDataCoprocessorExec(SchemaUtil.getSchemaKey(schemaName),
+                new Batch.Call<MetaDataService, MetaDataResponse>() {
+            @Override
+            public MetaDataResponse call(MetaDataService instance) throws IOException {
+                ServerRpcController controller = new ServerRpcController();
+                BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> rpcCallback = new BlockingRpcCallback<MetaDataResponse>();
+                DropSchemaRequest.Builder builder = DropSchemaRequest.newBuilder();
+                for (Mutation m : schemaMetaData) {
+                    MutationProto mp = ProtobufUtil.toProto(m);
+                    builder.addSchemaMetadataMutations(mp.toByteString());
+                }
+                builder.setSchemaName(schemaName);
+                builder.setClientVersion(VersionUtil.encodeVersion(PHOENIX_MAJOR_VERSION, PHOENIX_MINOR_VERSION,
+                        PHOENIX_PATCH_NUMBER));
+                instance.dropSchema(controller, builder.build(), rpcCallback);
+                if (controller.getFailedOn() != null) { throw controller.getFailedOn(); }
+                return rpcCallback.get();
+            }
+        });
+
+        final MutationCode code = result.getMutationCode();
+        switch (code) {
+        case SCHEMA_ALREADY_EXISTS:
+            ReadOnlyProps props = this.getProps();
+            boolean dropMetadata = props.getBoolean(DROP_METADATA_ATTRIB, DEFAULT_DROP_METADATA);
+            if (dropMetadata) {
+                ensureNamespaceDropped(schemaName, result.getMutationTime());
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureNamespaceDropped(String schemaName, long mutationTime) throws SQLException {
+        SQLException sqlE = null;
+        try (Admin admin = getAdmin()) {
+            final String quorum = ZKConfig.getZKQuorumServersString(config);
+            final String znode = this.props.get(HConstants.ZOOKEEPER_ZNODE_PARENT);
+            logger.debug("Found quorum: " + quorum + ":" + znode);
+            boolean nameSpaceExists = true;
+            try {
+                admin.getNamespaceDescriptor(schemaName);
+            } catch (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.NamespaceNotFoundException e) {
+                nameSpaceExists = false;
+            }
+            if (nameSpaceExists) {
+                admin.deleteNamespace(schemaName);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            sqlE = ServerUtil.parseServerException(e);
+        } finally {
+            if (sqlE != null) { throw sqlE; }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Manually adds {@link GuidePostsInfo} for a table to the client-side cache. Not a
+     * {@link ConnectionQueryServices} method. Exposed for testing purposes.
+     *
+     * @param tableName Table name
+     * @param stats Stats instance
+     */
+    public void addTableStats(GuidePostsKey key, GuidePostsInfo info) {
+        this.tableStatsCache.put(Objects.requireNonNull(key), Objects.requireNonNull(info));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void invalidateStats(GuidePostsKey key) {
+        this.tableStatsCache.invalidate(Objects.requireNonNull(key));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isUpgradeRequired() {
+        return upgradeRequired.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Configuration getConfiguration() {
+        return config;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 407.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.initTxServiceClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.query.ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.initTxServiceClient():void.b6b16199342083443605527c995ab6c7
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/query/ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ConnectionQueryServicesImpl.java|initTxServiceClient|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+afe43ebcce5f338226993bc7c54ad344
+
+### Hash:
+1976340e8d7d4975eb2e182f135d0255
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6054/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6054/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15659e69975c9b154247ab4822fcec328b0638b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6054/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 52
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.end2end;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.BaseTest.setUpConfigForMiniCluster;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TEST_PROPERTIES;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseTestingUtility;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Admin;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.VersionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDriver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PropertiesUtil;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+
+/**
+ * This class is meant for testing all compatible client versions 
+ * against the current server version. It runs SQL queries with given 
+ * client versions and compares the output against gold files
+ */
+
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
+@Category(NeedsOwnMiniClusterTest.class)
+public class BackwardCompatibilityIT {
+
+    private static final String SQL_DIR = "src/it/resources/sql_files/";
+    private static final String RESULT_DIR = "src/it/resources/gold_files/";
+    private static final String COMPATIBLE_CLIENTS_JSON =
+            "src/it/resources/compatible_client_versions.json";
+    private static final String RESULT_PREFIX = "result_";
+    private static final String SQL_EXTENSION = ".sql";
+    private static final String TEXT_EXTENSION = ".txt";
+    private static final String CREATE_ADD = "create_add";
+    private static final String ADD_DATA = "add_data";
+    private static final String ADD_DELETE = "add_delete";
+    private static final String QUERY = "query";
+    private static final String QUERY_MORE = "query_more";
+    private static final String QUERY_ADD_DELETE = "query_add_delete";
+
+    private final String compatibleClientVersion;
+    private static Configuration conf;
+    private static HBaseTestingUtility hbaseTestUtil;
+    private static String zkQuorum;
+    private static String url;
+
+    public BackwardCompatibilityIT(String compatibleClientVersion) {
+        this.compatibleClientVersion = compatibleClientVersion;
+    }
+
+    @Parameters(name = "BackwardCompatibilityIT_compatibleClientVersion={0}")
+    public static synchronized Collection<String> data() throws Exception {
+        return computeClientVersions();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public synchronized void doSetup() throws Exception {
+        conf = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+        hbaseTestUtil = new HBaseTestingUtility(conf);
+        setUpConfigForMiniCluster(conf);
+        conf.set(QueryServices.EXTRA_JDBC_ARGUMENTS_ATTRIB, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_EXTRA_JDBC_ARGUMENTS);
+        hbaseTestUtil.startMiniCluster();
+        zkQuorum = "localhost:" + hbaseTestUtil.getZkCluster().getClientPort();
+        url = PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL + PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL_SEPARATOR + zkQuorum;
+        DriverManager.registerDriver(PhoenixDriver.INSTANCE);
+    }
+    
+    @After
+    public void cleanUpAfterTest() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            DriverManager.deregisterDriver(PhoenixDriver.INSTANCE);
+        } finally {
+            hbaseTestUtil.shutdownMiniCluster();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static List<String> computeClientVersions() throws Exception {
+        String hbaseVersion = VersionInfo.getVersion();
+        Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\d+\\.\\d+");
+        Matcher m = p.matcher(hbaseVersion);
+        String hbaseProfile = null;
+        if (m.find()) {
+            hbaseProfile = m.group();
+        }
+        List<String> clientVersions = Lists.newArrayList();
+        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+        mapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_COMMENTS, true);
+        JsonNode jsonNode = mapper.readTree(new FileReader(COMPATIBLE_CLIENTS_JSON));
+        JsonNode HBaseProfile = jsonNode.get(hbaseProfile);
+        for (final JsonNode clientVersion : HBaseProfile) {
+            clientVersions.add(clientVersion.textValue() + "-HBase-" + hbaseProfile);
+        }
+        return clientVersions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. New Client inserts more data into the tables created by old client 
+     * 5. Old Client reads the data inserted by new client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUpsertWithNewClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Insert more data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(ADD_DATA);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY_MORE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DATA, QUERY_MORE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. Old Client inserts more data into the tables created by old client 
+     * 5. New Client reads the data inserted by new client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUpsertWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Insert more data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, ADD_DATA);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY_MORE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DATA, QUERY_MORE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. Old Client creates and deletes the data
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertDeleteWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Deletes with the old client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, ADD_DELETE);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY_ADD_DELETE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DELETE, QUERY_ADD_DELETE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. New Client creates and deletes the data
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertDeleteWithNewClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Deletes with the new client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(ADD_DELETE);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY_ADD_DELETE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DELETE, QUERY_ADD_DELETE));
+    }
+    
+    private void checkForPreConditions() throws Exception {
+        // For the first code cut of any major version, there wouldn't be any backward compatible
+        // clients. Hence the test wouldn't run and just return true when the client  
+        // version to be tested is same as current version
+        assumeFalse(compatibleClientVersion.contains(MetaDataProtocol.CURRENT_CLIENT_VERSION));
+        // Make sure that cluster is clean before test execution with no system tables
+        try (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection conn = 
+                ConnectionFactory.createConnection(conf)) {
+            Admin admin = conn.getAdmin();
+            assertFalse(admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME, 
+                    PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE)));
+        }       
+    }
+
+    // Executes the queries listed in the operation file with a given client version
+    private void executeQueryWithClientVersion(String clientVersion, String operation)
+            throws Exception {
+        String BASH = "/bin/bash";
+        String EXECUTE_QUERY_SH = "src/it/scripts/execute_query.sh";
+
+        List<String> cmdParams = Lists.newArrayList();
+        cmdParams.add(BASH);
+        cmdParams.add(EXECUTE_QUERY_SH);
+        cmdParams.add(zkQuorum);
+        cmdParams.add(clientVersion);
+
+        cmdParams.add(new File(SQL_DIR + operation + SQL_EXTENSION).getAbsolutePath());
+        cmdParams.add(
+            new File(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + operation + TEXT_EXTENSION).getAbsolutePath());
+        cmdParams.add(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
+
+        if (System.getProperty("maven.home") != null) {
+            cmdParams.add(System.getProperty("maven.home"));
+        }
+
+        ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmdParams);
+        final Process p = pb.start();
+        final StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        //Capture the error stream if any from the execution of the script
+        Thread errorStreamThread = new Thread() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
+                            new InputStreamReader(p.getErrorStream()));
+                    String line = null;
+                    while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                        sb.append(line);
+                    }
+                    reader.close();
+                } catch (final Exception e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        errorStreamThread.start();
+        assertEquals(sb.toString(), 0, p.waitFor());
+    }
+
+    // Executes the SQL commands listed in the given operation file from the sql_files directory
+    private ResultSet executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(String operation) throws Exception {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            BufferedReader reader =
+                    new BufferedReader(new FileReader(SQL_DIR + operation + SQL_EXTENSION));
+            String sqlCommand;
+            ResultSet rs = null;
+            while ((sqlCommand = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                sqlCommand = sqlCommand.trim();
+                if (sqlCommand.length() == 0 || sqlCommand.startsWith("/") || sqlCommand.startsWith("*")) continue;
+                sb.append(sqlCommand);
+            }
+            reader.close();
+            
+            String[] sqlCommands = sb.toString().split(";");
+            try (BufferedWriter br = new BufferedWriter(
+                new FileWriter(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + operation + TEXT_EXTENSION))) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < sqlCommands.length; i++) {
+                    PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sqlCommands[i]);
+                    stmt.execute();
+                    rs = stmt.getResultSet();
+                    if (rs != null) {
+                        saveResultSet(rs, br);
+                    }
+                    conn.commit();
+                }
+                return rs;
+            }
+        }        
+    }
+
+    // Saves the result set to a text file to be compared against the gold file for difference
+    private void saveResultSet(ResultSet rs, BufferedWriter br) throws Exception {
+        ResultSetMetaData rsm = rs.getMetaData();
+        int columnCount = rsm.getColumnCount();
+        String row = formatStringWithQuotes(rsm.getColumnName(1));
+        for (int i = 2; i <= columnCount; i++) {
+            row = row + "," + formatStringWithQuotes(rsm.getColumnName(i));
+        }
+        br.write(row);
+        br.write("\n");
+        while (rs.next()) {
+            row = formatStringWithQuotes(rs.getString(1));
+            for (int i = 2; i <= columnCount; i++) {
+                row = row + "," + formatStringWithQuotes(rs.getString(i));
+            }
+            br.write(row);
+            br.write("\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String formatStringWithQuotes(String str) {
+        return (str != null) ? String.format("\'%s\'", str) : "\'\'";
+    }
+
+    // Compares the result file against the gold file to match for the expected output
+    // for the given operation
+    private boolean compareOutput(String gold, String result) throws Exception {
+        BufferedReader goldFileReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                        new File(RESULT_DIR + "gold_query_" + gold + TEXT_EXTENSION)));
+        BufferedReader resultFileReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                        new File(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + result + TEXT_EXTENSION)));
+
+        List<String> resultFile = Lists.newArrayList();
+        List<String> goldFile = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+        String line = null;
+        while ((line = resultFileReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            resultFile.add(line.trim());
+        }
+        resultFileReader.close();
+
+        while ((line = goldFileReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            line = line.trim();
+            if ( !(line.isEmpty() || line.startsWith("*") || line.startsWith("/"))) {
+                goldFile.add(line);
+            }           
+        }
+        goldFileReader.close();
+
+        // We take the first line in gold file and match against the result file to exclude any
+        // other WARNING messages that comes as a result of the query execution
+        int index = resultFile.indexOf(goldFile.get(0));
+        resultFile = resultFile.subList(index, resultFile.size());
+        return resultFile.equals(goldFile);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectWithOldClient` indirectly reads without synchronization from `end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.conf`. Potentially races with write in method `BackwardCompatibilityIT.doSetup()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectWithOldClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectWithOldClient():void.f6308622daefcd5429debfc605686119
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/it/java/org/apache/phoenix/end2end/BackwardCompatibilityIT.java
+
+### Key:
+BackwardCompatibilityIT.java|testSelectWithOldClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+64d9138e8de8a33aea420fb3b14bda39
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6062/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6062/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75b0ed19d799f9be1e5849653af30f95aca2ff78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6062/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.end2end;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParser;
+import org.apache.commons.csv.CSVRecord;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixTestDriver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PInteger;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PArrayDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.CSVCommonsLoader;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.DateUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class CSVCommonsLoaderIT extends BaseHBaseManagedTimeIT {
+
+    private static final String DATATYPE_TABLE = "DATATYPE";
+    private static final String DATATYPES_CSV_VALUES = "CKEY, CVARCHAR, CCHAR, CINTEGER, CDECIMAL, CUNSIGNED_INT, CBOOLEAN, CBIGINT, CUNSIGNED_LONG, CTIME, CDATE\n"
+            + "KEY1,A,A,2147483647,1.1,0,TRUE,9223372036854775807,0,1990-12-31 10:59:59,1999-12-31 23:59:59\n"
+            + "KEY2,B,B,-2147483648,-1.1,2147483647,FALSE,-9223372036854775808,9223372036854775807,2000-01-01 00:00:01,2012-02-29 23:59:59\n"
+            + "KEY3,,,,,,,,,,\n";
+    private static final String STOCK_TABLE = "STOCK_SYMBOL";
+    private static final String STOCK_TABLE_MULTI = "STOCK_SYMBOL_MULTI";
+    private static final String STOCK_CSV_VALUES = "AAPL,APPLE Inc.\n"
+            + "CRM,SALESFORCE\n" + "GOOG,Google\n"
+            + "HOG,Harlet-Davidson Inc.\n" + "HPQ,Hewlett Packard\n"
+            + "INTC,Intel\n" + "MSFT,Microsoft\n" + "WAG,Walgreens\n"
+            + "WMT,Walmart\n";
+    private static final String[] STOCK_COLUMNS_WITH_BOGUS = new String[] {
+            "SYMBOL", "BOGUS" };
+    private static final String[] STOCK_COLUMNS = new String[] { "SYMBOL",
+            "COMPANY" };
+    private static final String STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER = STOCK_COLUMNS[0]
+            + "," + STOCK_COLUMNS[1] + "\n" + STOCK_CSV_VALUES;
+    private static final String STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_DELIMITER = "APPL"
+            + '\u0001' + '\u0002' + "APPLE\n" + " Inc" + '\u0002' + "\n"
+            + "MSFT" + '\u0001' + "Microsoft\n";
+
+    private static final String STOCK_TDV_VALUES = "AAPL\tAPPLE Inc\n"
+            + "CRM\tSALESFORCE\n" + "GOOG\tGoogle\n"
+            + "HOG\tHarlet-Davidson Inc.\n" + "HPQ\tHewlett Packard\n"
+            + "INTC\tIntel\n" + "MSFT\tMicrosoft\n" + "WAG\tWalgreens\n"
+            + "WMT\tWalmart\n";
+    private static final String STOCK_TDV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER = STOCK_COLUMNS[0]
+            + "\t" + STOCK_COLUMNS[1] + "\n" + STOCK_TDV_VALUES;
+
+
+    private static final String ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE = "ENCAPSULATEDCHAR";
+    private static final String[] ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS = new String[] {
+            "MYKEY", "MYVALUE" };
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS = "ALL THREEF,\"This has a all three , , \"\" \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "COMMA,\"This has a comma , in it. \"\n"
+            + "CRLF,\"This has a crlf \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "QUOTE,\"This has a quote \"\" in it. \"\n";
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER = ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[0]
+            + ","
+            + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[1]
+            + "\n"
+            + CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS;
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS = "ALL THREEF,\"This has a all three , , \"\" \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "COMMA,\"This has a comma , in it. \"\n"
+            + "CRLF,\"This has a crlf \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "BADENCAPSULATEDQUOTE,\"\"This has a bad quote in it. \"\n";
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER = ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[0]
+            + ","
+            + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[1]
+            + "\n"
+            + CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Collections.<String> emptyList(), true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_MultiTenant() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection globalConn = null;
+        PhoenixConnection tenantConn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table using the global connection
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE_MULTI
+                    + "(TENANT_ID VARCHAR NOT NULL, SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL, COMPANY VARCHAR," +
+                    " CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY(TENANT_ID,SYMBOL)) MULTI_TENANT = true;";
+            globalConn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(globalConn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+            globalConn.close();
+
+            tenantConn = new PhoenixTestDriver().connect(getUrl() + ";TenantId=acme", new Properties()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(tenantConn, STOCK_TABLE_MULTI,
+                    Collections.<String> emptyList(), true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = tenantConn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE_MULTI);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (tenantConn != null)
+                tenantConn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTDVCommonsUpsert() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert TDV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,Collections.<String> emptyList()
+                    , true, '\t', '"', null, CSVCommonsLoader.DEFAULT_ARRAY_ELEMENT_SEPARATOR);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_TDV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_TDV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithCustomDelimiters() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.<String> asList(STOCK_COLUMNS), true,
+                    '1', '2', '3', CSVCommonsLoader.DEFAULT_ARRAY_ELEMENT_SEPARATOR);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_DELIMITER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_DELIMITER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithColumns() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.<String> asList(STOCK_COLUMNS), true);
+            // no header
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithNoColumns() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    null, true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithBogusColumn() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file, not strict
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.asList(STOCK_COLUMNS_WITH_BOGUS), false);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES),
+                    csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                assertEquals(record.get(0), phoenixResultSet.getString(1));
+                assertNull(phoenixResultSet.getString(2));
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithAllColumn() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.asList("FOO", "BAR"), false);
+
+            try {
+                csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+                fail();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                assertTrue(
+                        e.getMessage(),
+                        e.getMessage()
+                                .contains(
+                                        "ERROR 504 (42703): Undefined column. columnName=STOCK_SYMBOL.[FOO, BAR]"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithBogusColumnStrict() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.asList(STOCK_COLUMNS_WITH_BOGUS), true);
+            try {
+                csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+                fail();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                assertTrue(
+                        e.getMessage(),
+                        e.getMessage()
+                                .contains(
+                                        "ERROR 504 (42703): Undefined column. columnName=STOCK_SYMBOL.BOGUS"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllDatatypes() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "
+                    + DATATYPE_TABLE
+                    + " (CKEY VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,"
+                    + "  CVARCHAR VARCHAR, CCHAR CHAR(10), CINTEGER INTEGER, CDECIMAL DECIMAL(31,10), CUNSIGNED_INT UNSIGNED_INT, CBOOLEAN BOOLEAN, CBIGINT BIGINT, CUNSIGNED_LONG UNSIGNED_LONG, CTIME TIME, CDATE DATE);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn,
+                    DATATYPE_TABLE, Collections.<String> emptyList(), true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(DATATYPES_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT CKEY, CVARCHAR, CCHAR, CINTEGER, CDECIMAL, CUNSIGNED_INT, CBOOLEAN, CBIGINT, CUNSIGNED_LONG, CTIME, CDATE FROM "
+                            + DATATYPE_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(DATATYPES_CSV_VALUES),
+                    csvUtil.getFormat());
+
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                int size = record.size();
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getObject(i + 1)
+                            .toString().toUpperCase());
+                    if (i < size - 2)
+                        break;
+                    i++;
+                }
+                // special case for matching date, time values
+                String timeFieldValue = record.get(9);
+                assertEquals(timeFieldValue.isEmpty() ? null : DateUtil.parseTime(record.get(9)),
+                        phoenixResultSet.getTime("CTIME"));
+
+                String dateField = record.get(10);
+                assertEquals(dateField.isEmpty() ? null : DateUtil.parseDate(record.get(10)),
+                        phoenixResultSet.getDate("CDATE"));
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsertEncapsulatedControlChars() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "
+                    + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE
+                    + "(MYKEY VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, MYVALUE VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn,
+                    ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE, Collections.<String> emptyList(),
+                    true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(
+                    CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT MYKEY, MYVALUE FROM "
+                            + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER),
+                    csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsertBadEncapsulatedControlChars()
+            throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "
+                    + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE
+                    + "(MYKEY VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, MYVALUE VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn,
+                    ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE, Collections.<String> emptyList(),
+                    true);
+            try {
+                csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(
+                        CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER));
+                fail();
+            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+                assertTrue(
+                        e.getMessage(),
+                        e.getMessage()
+                                .contains(
+                                        "invalid char between encapsulated token and delimiter"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithArray() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ARRAY_TABLE "
+                    + "(ID BIGINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, VALARRAY INTEGER ARRAY);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, "ARRAY_TABLE",
+                    null, true, ',', '"', null, "!");
+            csvUtil.upsert(
+                    new StringReader("ID,VALARRAY\n"
+                            + "1,2!3!4\n"));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT ID, VALARRAY FROM ARRAY_TABLE");
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+            assertEquals(1L, phoenixResultSet.getLong(1));
+            assertEquals(
+                    PArrayDataType.instantiatePhoenixArray(PInteger.INSTANCE, new Integer[]{2, 3, 4}),
+                    phoenixResultSet.getArray(2));
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithTimestamp() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS TS_TABLE "
+                    + "(ID BIGINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, TS TIMESTAMP);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, "TS_TABLE",
+                    null, true, ',', '"', null, "!");
+            csvUtil.upsert(
+                    new StringReader("ID,TS\n"
+                            + "1,1970-01-01 00:00:10\n"
+                            + "2,1970-01-01 00:00:10.123\n"));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT ID, TS FROM TS_TABLE ORDER BY ID");
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+            assertEquals(1L, phoenixResultSet.getLong(1));
+            assertEquals(10000L, phoenixResultSet.getTimestamp(2).getTime());
+            assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+            assertEquals(2L, phoenixResultSet.getLong(1));
+            assertEquals(10123L, phoenixResultSet.getTimestamp(2).getTime());
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_NonExistentTable() throws Exception {
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, "NONEXISTENTTABLE",
+                    null, true, ',', '"', null, "!");
+            csvUtil.upsert(
+                    new StringReader("ID,VALARRAY\n"
+                            + "1,2!3!4\n"));
+            fail("Trying to load a non-existent table should fail");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            assertEquals("Table NONEXISTENTTABLE not found", e.getMessage());
+        } finally {
+            if (conn != null) {
+                conn.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `csvUtil.columns` last assigned on line 672 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `upsert(...)` at line 674.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVCommonsLoaderIT.testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithTimestamp()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.end2end.CSVCommonsLoaderIT.testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithTimestamp():void.cb57d86f92779bab790228dbdc82e046
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/it/java/org/apache/phoenix/end2end/CSVCommonsLoaderIT.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVCommonsLoaderIT.java|testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithTimestamp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b40a38f4b462c12833b13ba20361a8ba
+
+### Hash:
+d566436925dcacbc10d5e5fed1786c0b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6065/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6065/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d42230f570c62e547d99a6507417958017ce0707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6065/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2000 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.index;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInput;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue.Type;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Durability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.ByteStringer;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Pair;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Writable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableUtils;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.ColumnResolver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.FromCompiler;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.IndexExpressionCompiler;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.StatementContext;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.ServerCachingProtos;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.ServerCachingProtos.ColumnInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.CoerceExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.Expression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.ExpressionType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.KeyValueColumnExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LiteralExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.SingleCellColumnExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.SingleCellConstructorExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.visitor.KeyValueExpressionVisitor;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.ValueGetter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.update.ColumnReference;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.ImmutableBytesPtr;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.KeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixStatement;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.FunctionParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.ParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.SQLParser;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.StatelessTraverseAllParseNodeVisitor;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.UDFParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.AmbiguousColumnException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnFamilyNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumn;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumnFamily;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PDatum;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PIndexState;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.ImmutableStorageScheme;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.IndexType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.QualifierEncodingScheme;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.RowKeySchema;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SaltingUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableRef;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ValueSchema;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ValueSchema.Field;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.tuple.BaseTuple;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.tuple.ValueGetterTuple;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.PhoenixTransactionProvider.Feature;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.BitSet;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ByteUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.EncodedColumnsUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ExpressionUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.IndexUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.MetaDataUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.TransactionUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.TrustedByteArrayOutputStream;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.base.Predicate;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterators;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * Class that builds index row key from data row key and current state of
+ * row and caches any covered columns. Client-side serializes into byte array using 
+ * @link #serialize(PTable, ImmutableBytesWritable)}
+ * and transmits to server-side through either the 
+ * {@link org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexCodec#INDEX_PROTO_MD}
+ * Mutation attribute or as a separate RPC call using 
+ * {@link org.apache.phoenix.cache.ServerCacheClient})
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @since 2.1.0
+ */
+public class IndexMaintainer implements Writable, Iterable<ColumnReference> {
+
+    private static final int EXPRESSION_NOT_PRESENT = -1;
+    private static final int ESTIMATED_EXPRESSION_SIZE = 8;
+    
+    public static IndexMaintainer create(PTable dataTable, PTable index, PhoenixConnection connection) {
+        if (dataTable.getType() == PTableType.INDEX || index.getType() != PTableType.INDEX || !dataTable.getIndexes().contains(index)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        }
+        IndexMaintainer maintainer = new IndexMaintainer(dataTable, index, connection);
+        return maintainer;
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean sendIndexMaintainer(PTable index) {
+        PIndexState indexState = index.getIndexState();
+        return ! ( PIndexState.DISABLE == indexState || PIndexState.PENDING_ACTIVE == indexState );
+    }
+
+    public static Iterator<PTable> maintainedIndexes(Iterator<PTable> indexes) {
+        return Iterators.filter(indexes, new Predicate<PTable>() {
+            @Override
+            public boolean apply(PTable index) {
+                return sendIndexMaintainer(index);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    
+    public static Iterator<PTable> maintainedGlobalIndexes(Iterator<PTable> indexes) {
+        return Iterators.filter(indexes, new Predicate<PTable>() {
+            @Override
+            public boolean apply(PTable index) {
+                return sendIndexMaintainer(index) && index.getIndexType() == IndexType.GLOBAL;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    
+    public static Iterator<PTable> maintainedLocalIndexes(Iterator<PTable> indexes) {
+        return Iterators.filter(indexes, new Predicate<PTable>() {
+            @Override
+            public boolean apply(PTable index) {
+                return sendIndexMaintainer(index) && index.getIndexType() == IndexType.LOCAL;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * For client-side to serialize all IndexMaintainers for a given table
+     * @param dataTable data table
+     * @param ptr bytes pointer to hold returned serialized value
+     */
+    public static void serialize(PTable dataTable, ImmutableBytesWritable ptr, PhoenixConnection connection) {
+        List<PTable> indexes = dataTable.getIndexes();
+        serializeServerMaintainedIndexes(dataTable, ptr, indexes, connection);
+    }
+
+    public static void serializeServerMaintainedIndexes(PTable dataTable, ImmutableBytesWritable ptr,
+            List<PTable> indexes, PhoenixConnection connection) {
+        Iterator<PTable> indexesItr = Collections.emptyListIterator();
+        boolean onlyLocalIndexes = dataTable.isImmutableRows() || dataTable.isTransactional();
+        if (onlyLocalIndexes) {
+            if (!dataTable.isTransactional()
+                    || !dataTable.getTransactionProvider().getTransactionProvider().isUnsupported(Feature.MAINTAIN_LOCAL_INDEX_ON_SERVER)) {
+                indexesItr = maintainedLocalIndexes(indexes.iterator());
+            }
+        } else {
+            indexesItr = maintainedIndexes(indexes.iterator());
+        }
+    
+        serialize(dataTable, ptr, Lists.newArrayList(indexesItr), connection);
+    }
+    /**
+     * For client-side to serialize all IndexMaintainers for a given table
+     * @param dataTable data table
+     * @param ptr bytes pointer to hold returned serialized value
+     * @param indexes indexes to serialize
+     */
+    public static void serialize(PTable dataTable, ImmutableBytesWritable ptr,
+            List<PTable> indexes, PhoenixConnection connection) {
+        if (indexes.isEmpty()) {
+            ptr.set(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY);
+            return;
+        }
+        int nIndexes = indexes.size();
+        ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(stream);
+        try {
+            // Encode data table salting in sign of number of indexes
+            WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, nIndexes * (dataTable.getBucketNum() == null ? 1 : -1));
+            // Write out data row key schema once, since it's the same for all index maintainers
+            dataTable.getRowKeySchema().write(output);
+            for (PTable index : indexes) {
+                    org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.ServerCachingProtos.IndexMaintainer proto = IndexMaintainer.toProto(index.getIndexMaintainer(dataTable, connection));
+                    byte[] protoBytes = proto.toByteArray();
+                    WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, protoBytes.length);
+                    output.write(protoBytes);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+        }
+        ptr.set(stream.toByteArray(), 0, stream.size());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * For client-side to append serialized IndexMaintainers of keyValueIndexes
+     * @param dataTable data table
+     * @param indexMetaDataPtr bytes pointer to hold returned serialized value
+     * @param keyValueIndexes indexes to serialize
+     */
+    public static void serializeAdditional(PTable table, ImmutableBytesWritable indexMetaDataPtr,
+            List<PTable> keyValueIndexes, PhoenixConnection connection) {
+        int nMutableIndexes = indexMetaDataPtr.getLength() == 0 ? 0 : ByteUtil.vintFromBytes(indexMetaDataPtr);
+        int nIndexes = nMutableIndexes + keyValueIndexes.size();
+        int estimatedSize = indexMetaDataPtr.getLength() + 1; // Just in case new size increases buffer
+        if (indexMetaDataPtr.getLength() == 0) {
+            estimatedSize += table.getRowKeySchema().getEstimatedByteSize();
+        }
+        for (PTable index : keyValueIndexes) {
+            estimatedSize += index.getIndexMaintainer(table, connection).getEstimatedByteSize();
+        }
+        TrustedByteArrayOutputStream stream = new TrustedByteArrayOutputStream(estimatedSize + 1);
+        DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(stream);
+        try {
+            // Encode data table salting in sign of number of indexes
+            WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, nIndexes * (table.getBucketNum() == null ? 1 : -1));
+            // Serialize current mutable indexes, subtracting the vint size from the length
+            // as its still included
+            if (indexMetaDataPtr.getLength() > 0) {
+                output.write(indexMetaDataPtr.get(), indexMetaDataPtr.getOffset(), indexMetaDataPtr.getLength()-WritableUtils.getVIntSize(nMutableIndexes));
+            } else {
+                table.getRowKeySchema().write(output);
+            }
+            // Serialize mutable indexes afterwards
+            for (PTable index : keyValueIndexes) {
+                IndexMaintainer maintainer = index.getIndexMaintainer(table, connection);
+                byte[] protoBytes = IndexMaintainer.toProto(maintainer).toByteArray();
+                WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, protoBytes.length);
+                output.write(protoBytes);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+        }
+        indexMetaDataPtr.set(stream.getBuffer(), 0, stream.size());
+    }
+    
+    public static List<IndexMaintainer> deserialize(ImmutableBytesWritable metaDataPtr,
+            KeyValueBuilder builder, boolean useProtoForIndexMaintainer) {
+        return deserialize(metaDataPtr.get(), metaDataPtr.getOffset(), metaDataPtr.getLength(), useProtoForIndexMaintainer);
+    }
+    
+    public static List<IndexMaintainer> deserialize(byte[] buf, boolean useProtoForIndexMaintainer) {
+        return deserialize(buf, 0, buf.length, useProtoForIndexMaintainer);
+    }
+
+    private static List<IndexMaintainer> deserialize(byte[] buf, int offset, int length, boolean useProtoForIndexMaintainer) {
+        List<IndexMaintainer> maintainers = Collections.emptyList();
+        if (length > 0) {
+            ByteArrayInputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(buf, offset, length);
+            DataInput input = new DataInputStream(stream);
+            try {
+                int size = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+                boolean isDataTableSalted = size < 0;
+                size = Math.abs(size);
+                RowKeySchema rowKeySchema = new RowKeySchema();
+                rowKeySchema.readFields(input);
+                maintainers = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(size);
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    if (useProtoForIndexMaintainer) {
+                      int protoSize = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+                      byte[] b = new byte[protoSize];
+                      input.readFully(b);
+                      org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.ServerCachingProtos.IndexMaintainer proto = ServerCachingProtos.IndexMaintainer.parseFrom(b);
+                      maintainers.add(IndexMaintainer.fromProto(proto, rowKeySchema, isDataTableSalted));
+                    } else {
+                        IndexMaintainer maintainer = new IndexMaintainer(rowKeySchema, isDataTableSalted);
+                        maintainer.readFields(input);
+                        maintainers.add(maintainer);
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+            }
+        }
+        return maintainers;
+    }
+
+    public static IndexMaintainer getIndexMaintainer(List<IndexMaintainer> maintainers, byte[] indexTableName) {
+        Iterator<IndexMaintainer> maintainerIterator = maintainers.iterator();
+        while (maintainerIterator.hasNext()) {
+            IndexMaintainer maintainer = maintainerIterator.next();
+            if (Bytes.compareTo(indexTableName, maintainer.getIndexTableName()) == 0) {
+                return maintainer;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    
+    private byte[] viewIndexId;
+    private PDataType viewIndexIdType;
+    private boolean isMultiTenant;
+    // indexed expressions that are not present in the row key of the data table, the expression can also refer to a regular column
+    private List<Expression> indexedExpressions;
+    // columns required to evaluate all expressions in indexedExpressions (this does not include columns in the data row key)
+    private Set<ColumnReference> indexedColumns;
+    
+    // columns required to create index row i.e. indexedColumns + coveredColumns  (this does not include columns in the data row key)
+    private Set<ColumnReference> allColumns;
+    // TODO remove this in the next major release
+    private List<PDataType> indexedColumnTypes;
+    private int indexDataColumnCount;
+    private RowKeyMetaData rowKeyMetaData;
+    private byte[] indexTableName;
+    private int nIndexSaltBuckets;
+    private byte[] dataEmptyKeyValueCF;
+    private ImmutableBytesPtr emptyKeyValueCFPtr;
+    private int nDataCFs;
+    private boolean indexWALDisabled;
+    private boolean isLocalIndex;
+    private boolean immutableRows;
+    // Transient state
+    private final boolean isDataTableSalted;
+    private final RowKeySchema dataRowKeySchema;
+    
+    private int estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes;
+    private int estimatedExpressionSize;
+    private int[] dataPkPosition;
+    private int maxTrailingNulls;
+    private ColumnReference dataEmptyKeyValueRef;
+    private boolean rowKeyOrderOptimizable;
+    
+    /**** START: New member variables added in 4.10 *****/ 
+    private QualifierEncodingScheme encodingScheme;
+    private ImmutableStorageScheme immutableStorageScheme;
+    /*
+     * Information for columns of data tables that are being indexed. The first part of the pair is column family name
+     * and second part is the column name. The reason we need to track this state is because for certain storage schemes
+     * like ImmutableStorageScheme#SINGLE_CELL_ARRAY_WITH_OFFSETS, the column for which we need to generate an index
+     * table put/delete is different from the columns that are indexed in the phoenix schema. This information helps us
+     * determine whether or not certain operations like DROP COLUMN should impact the index.
+     */
+    private Set<Pair<String, String>> indexedColumnsInfo;
+    /*
+     * Map of covered columns where a key is column reference for a column in the data table
+     * and value is column reference for corresponding column in the index table.
+     */
+    private Map<ColumnReference, ColumnReference> coveredColumnsMap;
+    /**** END: New member variables added in 4.10 *****/
+
+    private IndexMaintainer(RowKeySchema dataRowKeySchema, boolean isDataTableSalted) {
+        this.dataRowKeySchema = dataRowKeySchema;
+        this.isDataTableSalted = isDataTableSalted;
+    }
+    
+    private IndexMaintainer(final PTable dataTable, final PTable index, PhoenixConnection connection) {
+        this(dataTable.getRowKeySchema(), dataTable.getBucketNum() != null);
+        this.rowKeyOrderOptimizable = index.rowKeyOrderOptimizable();
+        this.isMultiTenant = dataTable.isMultiTenant();
+        this.viewIndexId = index.getViewIndexId() == null ? null : index.getviewIndexIdType().toBytes(index.getViewIndexId());
+        this.viewIndexIdType = index.getviewIndexIdType();
+        this.isLocalIndex = index.getIndexType() == IndexType.LOCAL;
+        this.encodingScheme = index.getEncodingScheme();
+        
+        // null check for b/w compatibility
+        this.encodingScheme = index.getEncodingScheme() == null ? QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS : index.getEncodingScheme();
+        this.immutableStorageScheme = index.getImmutableStorageScheme() == null ? ImmutableStorageScheme.ONE_CELL_PER_COLUMN : index.getImmutableStorageScheme();
+        
+        byte[] indexTableName = index.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+        // Use this for the nDataSaltBuckets as we need this for local indexes
+        // TODO: persist nDataSaltBuckets separately, but maintain b/w compat.
+        Integer nIndexSaltBuckets = isLocalIndex ? dataTable.getBucketNum() : index.getBucketNum();
+        boolean indexWALDisabled = index.isWALDisabled();
+        int indexPosOffset = (index.getBucketNum() == null ? 0 : 1) + (this.isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0) + (this.viewIndexId == null ? 0 : 1);
+        int nIndexColumns = index.getColumns().size() - indexPosOffset;
+        int nIndexPKColumns = index.getPKColumns().size() - indexPosOffset;
+        // number of expressions that are indexed that are not present in the row key of the data table
+        int indexedExpressionCount = 0;
+        for (int i = indexPosOffset; i<index.getPKColumns().size();i++) {
+        	PColumn indexColumn = index.getPKColumns().get(i);
+        	String indexColumnName = indexColumn.getName().getString();
+            String dataFamilyName = IndexUtil.getDataColumnFamilyName(indexColumnName);
+            String dataColumnName = IndexUtil.getDataColumnName(indexColumnName);
+            try {
+                PColumn dataColumn = dataFamilyName.equals("") ? dataTable.getColumnForColumnName(dataColumnName) : dataTable.getColumnFamily(dataFamilyName).getPColumnForColumnName(dataColumnName);
+                if (SchemaUtil.isPKColumn(dataColumn)) 
+                    continue;
+            } catch (ColumnNotFoundException e) {
+             // This column must be an expression
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
+            }
+            indexedExpressionCount++;
+        }
+
+        int dataPosOffset = (isDataTableSalted ? 1 : 0) + (this.isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0);
+
+        // For indexes on views, we need to remember which data columns are "constants"
+        // These are the values in a VIEW where clause. For these, we don't put them in the
+        // index, as they're the same for every row in the index. The data table can be
+        // either a VIEW or PROJECTED
+        List<PColumn>dataPKColumns = dataTable.getPKColumns();
+        this.indexDataColumnCount = dataPKColumns.size();
+        // We need to get the PK column for the table on which the index is created
+        if (!dataTable.getName().equals(index.getParentName())) {
+            try {
+                String tenantId = (index.getTenantId() != null) ? 
+                        index.getTenantId().getString() : null;
+                PTable indexTable = PhoenixRuntime.getTable(connection, 
+                        tenantId, index.getParentName().getString());
+                this.indexDataColumnCount = indexTable.getPKColumns().size();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int indexPkColumnCount = this.indexDataColumnCount + 
+                indexedExpressionCount  - (this.isDataTableSalted ? 1 : 0) - (this.isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0);
+        this.rowKeyMetaData = newRowKeyMetaData(indexPkColumnCount);
+        BitSet bitSet = this.rowKeyMetaData.getViewConstantColumnBitSet();
+        
+        int nDataPKColumns = this.indexDataColumnCount - dataPosOffset;
+        for (int i = dataPosOffset; i < dataPKColumns.size(); i++) {
+            PColumn dataPKColumn = dataPKColumns.get(i);
+            if (dataPKColumn.getViewConstant() != null) {
+                bitSet.set(i);
+                nDataPKColumns--;
+            }
+        }
+        this.indexTableName = indexTableName;
+        this.indexedColumnTypes = Lists.<PDataType>newArrayListWithExpectedSize(nIndexPKColumns-nDataPKColumns);
+        this.indexedExpressions = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(nIndexPKColumns-nDataPKColumns);
+        this.coveredColumnsMap = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(nIndexColumns - nIndexPKColumns);
+        this.nIndexSaltBuckets  = nIndexSaltBuckets == null ? 0 : nIndexSaltBuckets;
+        this.dataEmptyKeyValueCF = SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamily(dataTable);
+        this.emptyKeyValueCFPtr = SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamilyPtr(index);
+        this.nDataCFs = dataTable.getColumnFamilies().size();
+        this.indexWALDisabled = indexWALDisabled;
+        // TODO: check whether index is immutable or not. Currently it's always false so checking
+        // data table is with immutable rows or not.
+        this.immutableRows = dataTable.isImmutableRows();
+        int indexColByteSize = 0;
+        ColumnResolver resolver = null;
+        List<ParseNode> parseNodes = new ArrayList<ParseNode>(1);
+        UDFParseNodeVisitor visitor = new UDFParseNodeVisitor();
+        for (int i = indexPosOffset; i < index.getPKColumns().size(); i++) {
+            PColumn indexColumn = index.getPKColumns().get(i);
+            String expressionStr = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnExpressionStr(indexColumn);
+            try {
+                ParseNode parseNode  = SQLParser.parseCondition(expressionStr);
+                parseNode.accept(visitor);
+                parseNodes.add(parseNode);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            resolver = FromCompiler.getResolver(connection, new TableRef(dataTable), visitor.getUdfParseNodes());
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+        }
+        StatementContext context = new StatementContext(new PhoenixStatement(connection), resolver);
+        this.indexedColumnsInfo = Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(nIndexColumns - nIndexPKColumns);
+        
+        IndexExpressionCompiler expressionIndexCompiler = new IndexExpressionCompiler(context);
+        for (int i = indexPosOffset; i < index.getPKColumns().size(); i++) {
+            PColumn indexColumn = index.getPKColumns().get(i);
+            int indexPos = i - indexPosOffset;
+            Expression expression = null;
+            try {
+                expressionIndexCompiler.reset();
+                expression = parseNodes.get(indexPos).accept(expressionIndexCompiler);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+            }
+            if ( expressionIndexCompiler.getColumnRef()!=null ) {
+            	// get the column of the data column that corresponds to this index column
+	            PColumn column = IndexUtil.getDataColumn(dataTable, indexColumn.getName().getString());
+	            boolean isPKColumn = SchemaUtil.isPKColumn(column);
+	            if (isPKColumn) {
+	                int dataPkPos = dataTable.getPKColumns().indexOf(column) - (dataTable.getBucketNum() == null ? 0 : 1) - (this.isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0);
+	                this.rowKeyMetaData.setIndexPkPosition(dataPkPos, indexPos);
+	                indexedColumnsInfo.add(new Pair<>((String)null, column.getName().getString()));
+	            } else {
+	                indexColByteSize += column.getDataType().isFixedWidth() ? SchemaUtil.getFixedByteSize(column) : ValueSchema.ESTIMATED_VARIABLE_LENGTH_SIZE;
+	                try {
+	                    // Surround constant with cast so that we can still know the original type. Otherwise, if we lose the type,
+	                    // (for example when VARCHAR becomes CHAR), it can lead to problems in the type translation we do between data tables and indexes.
+	                    if (column.isNullable() && ExpressionUtil.isConstant(expression)) {
+	                        expression = CoerceExpression.create(expression, indexColumn.getDataType());
+	                    }
+                        this.indexedExpressions.add(expression);
+                        indexedColumnsInfo.add(new Pair<>(column.getFamilyName().getString(), column.getName().getString()));
+                    } catch (SQLException e) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+                    }
+	            }
+            }
+            else {
+            	indexColByteSize += expression.getDataType().isFixedWidth() ? SchemaUtil.getFixedByteSize(expression) : ValueSchema.ESTIMATED_VARIABLE_LENGTH_SIZE;
+                this.indexedExpressions.add(expression);
+                KeyValueExpressionVisitor kvVisitor = new KeyValueExpressionVisitor() {
+                    @Override
+                    public Void visit(KeyValueColumnExpression colExpression) {
+                        return addDataColInfo(dataTable, colExpression);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public Void visit(SingleCellColumnExpression expression) {
+                        return addDataColInfo(dataTable, expression);
+                    }
+
+                    private Void addDataColInfo(final PTable dataTable, Expression expression) {
+                        Preconditions.checkArgument(expression instanceof SingleCellColumnExpression
+                                || expression instanceof KeyValueColumnExpression);
+
+                        KeyValueColumnExpression colExpression = null;
+                        if (expression instanceof SingleCellColumnExpression) {
+                            colExpression =
+                                    ((SingleCellColumnExpression) expression).getKeyValueExpression();
+                        } else {
+                            colExpression = ((KeyValueColumnExpression) expression);
+                        }
+                        byte[] cf = colExpression.getColumnFamily();
+                        byte[] cq = colExpression.getColumnQualifier();
+                        try {
+                            PColumn dataColumn =
+                                    cf == null ? dataTable.getColumnForColumnQualifier(null, cq)
+                                            : dataTable.getColumnFamily(cf)
+                                                    .getPColumnForColumnQualifier(cq);
+                            indexedColumnsInfo.add(new Pair<>(dataColumn.getFamilyName()
+                                    .getString(), dataColumn.getName().getString()));
+                        } catch (ColumnNotFoundException | ColumnFamilyNotFoundException
+                                | AmbiguousColumnException e) {
+                            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                        }
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                };
+                expression.accept(kvVisitor);
+            }
+            // set the sort order of the expression correctly
+            if (indexColumn.getSortOrder() == SortOrder.DESC) {
+                this.rowKeyMetaData.getDescIndexColumnBitSet().set(indexPos);
+            }
+        }
+        this.estimatedExpressionSize = expressionIndexCompiler.getTotalNodeCount() * ESTIMATED_EXPRESSION_SIZE;
+        for (int i = 0; i < index.getColumnFamilies().size(); i++) {
+            PColumnFamily family = index.getColumnFamilies().get(i);
+            for (PColumn indexColumn : family.getColumns()) {
+                PColumn dataColumn = IndexUtil.getDataColumnOrNull(dataTable, indexColumn.getName().getString());
+                // This can happen during deletion where we don't need covered columns
+                if (dataColumn != null) {
+                    byte[] dataColumnCq = dataColumn.getColumnQualifierBytes();
+                    byte[] indexColumnCq = indexColumn.getColumnQualifierBytes();
+                    this.coveredColumnsMap.put(new ColumnReference(dataColumn.getFamilyName().getBytes(), dataColumnCq), 
+                            new ColumnReference(indexColumn.getFamilyName().getBytes(), indexColumnCq));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        this.estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes = estimateIndexRowKeyByteSize(indexColByteSize);
+        initCachedState();
+    }
+    
+    public byte[] buildRowKey(ValueGetter valueGetter, ImmutableBytesWritable rowKeyPtr, byte[] regionStartKey, byte[] regionEndKey, long ts)  {
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+        boolean prependRegionStartKey = isLocalIndex && regionStartKey != null;
+        boolean isIndexSalted = !isLocalIndex && nIndexSaltBuckets > 0;
+        int prefixKeyLength =
+                prependRegionStartKey ? (regionStartKey.length != 0 ? regionStartKey.length
+                        : regionEndKey.length) : 0; 
+        TrustedByteArrayOutputStream stream = new TrustedByteArrayOutputStream(estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes + (prependRegionStartKey ? prefixKeyLength : 0));
+        DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(stream);
+        try {
+            // For local indexes, we must prepend the row key with the start region key
+            if (prependRegionStartKey) {
+                if (regionStartKey.length == 0) {
+                    output.write(new byte[prefixKeyLength]);
+                } else {
+                    output.write(regionStartKey);
+                }
+            }
+            if (isIndexSalted) {
+                output.write(0); // will be set at end to index salt byte
+            }
+            // The dataRowKeySchema includes the salt byte field,
+            // so we must adjust for that here.
+            int dataPosOffset = isDataTableSalted ? 1 : 0 ;
+            BitSet viewConstantColumnBitSet = this.rowKeyMetaData.getViewConstantColumnBitSet();
+            int nIndexedColumns = getIndexPkColumnCount() - getNumViewConstants();
+            int[][] dataRowKeyLocator = new int[2][nIndexedColumns];
+            // Skip data table salt byte
+            int maxRowKeyOffset = rowKeyPtr.getOffset() + rowKeyPtr.getLength();
+            dataRowKeySchema.iterator(rowKeyPtr, ptr, dataPosOffset);
+            
+            if (viewIndexId != null) {
+                output.write(viewIndexId);
+            }
+            
+            if (isMultiTenant) {
+                dataRowKeySchema.next(ptr, dataPosOffset, maxRowKeyOffset);
+                output.write(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength());
+                if (!dataRowKeySchema.getField(dataPosOffset).getDataType().isFixedWidth()) {
+                    output.writeByte(SchemaUtil.getSeparatorByte(rowKeyOrderOptimizable, ptr.getLength()==0, dataRowKeySchema.getField(dataPosOffset)));
+                }
+                dataPosOffset++;
+            }
+            
+            // Write index row key
+            for (int i = dataPosOffset; i < indexDataColumnCount; i++) {
+                Boolean hasValue=dataRowKeySchema.next(ptr, i, maxRowKeyOffset);
+                // Ignore view constants from the data table, as these
+                // don't need to appear in the index (as they're the
+                // same for all rows in this index)
+                if (!viewConstantColumnBitSet.get(i)) {
+                    int pos = rowKeyMetaData.getIndexPkPosition(i-dataPosOffset);
+                    if (Boolean.TRUE.equals(hasValue)) {
+                        dataRowKeyLocator[0][pos] = ptr.getOffset();
+                        dataRowKeyLocator[1][pos] = ptr.getLength();
+                    } else {
+                        dataRowKeyLocator[0][pos] = 0;
+                        dataRowKeyLocator[1][pos] = 0;
+                    }
+                } 
+            }
+            BitSet descIndexColumnBitSet = rowKeyMetaData.getDescIndexColumnBitSet();
+            Iterator<Expression> expressionIterator = indexedExpressions.iterator();
+            for (int i = 0; i < nIndexedColumns; i++) {
+                PDataType dataColumnType;
+                boolean isNullable;
+                SortOrder dataSortOrder;
+                if (dataPkPosition[i] == EXPRESSION_NOT_PRESENT) {
+                	Expression expression = expressionIterator.next();
+                	dataColumnType = expression.getDataType();
+                	dataSortOrder = expression.getSortOrder();
+                    isNullable = expression.isNullable();
+                	expression.evaluate(new ValueGetterTuple(valueGetter, ts), ptr);
+                }
+                else {
+                    Field field = dataRowKeySchema.getField(dataPkPosition[i]);
+                    dataColumnType = field.getDataType();
+                    ptr.set(rowKeyPtr.get(), dataRowKeyLocator[0][i], dataRowKeyLocator[1][i]);
+                    dataSortOrder = field.getSortOrder();
+                    isNullable = field.isNullable();
+                }
+                boolean isDataColumnInverted = dataSortOrder != SortOrder.ASC;
+                PDataType indexColumnType = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnDataType(isNullable, dataColumnType);
+                boolean isBytesComparable = dataColumnType.isBytesComparableWith(indexColumnType);
+                boolean isIndexColumnDesc = descIndexColumnBitSet.get(i);
+                if (isBytesComparable && isDataColumnInverted == isIndexColumnDesc) {
+                    output.write(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength());
+                } else {
+                    if (!isBytesComparable)  {
+                        indexColumnType.coerceBytes(ptr, dataColumnType, dataSortOrder, SortOrder.getDefault());
+                    }
+                    if (isDataColumnInverted != isIndexColumnDesc) {
+                        writeInverted(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength(), output);
+                    } else {
+                        output.write(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength());
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!indexColumnType.isFixedWidth()) {
+                    output.writeByte(SchemaUtil.getSeparatorByte(rowKeyOrderOptimizable, ptr.getLength() == 0, isIndexColumnDesc ? SortOrder.DESC : SortOrder.ASC));
+                }
+            }
+            int length = stream.size();
+            int minLength = length - maxTrailingNulls;
+            byte[] indexRowKey = stream.getBuffer();
+            // Remove trailing nulls
+            while (length > minLength && indexRowKey[length-1] == QueryConstants.SEPARATOR_BYTE) {
+                length--;
+            }
+            if (isIndexSalted) {
+                // Set salt byte
+                byte saltByte = SaltingUtil.getSaltingByte(indexRowKey, SaltingUtil.NUM_SALTING_BYTES, length-SaltingUtil.NUM_SALTING_BYTES, nIndexSaltBuckets);
+                indexRowKey[0] = saltByte;
+            }
+            return indexRowKey.length == length ? indexRowKey : Arrays.copyOf(indexRowKey, length);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                stream.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Build the data row key from the index row key
+     */
+    public byte[] buildDataRowKey(ImmutableBytesWritable indexRowKeyPtr, byte[][] viewConstants)  {
+        RowKeySchema indexRowKeySchema = getIndexRowKeySchema();
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+        TrustedByteArrayOutputStream stream = new TrustedByteArrayOutputStream(estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes);
+        DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(stream);
+        // Increment dataPosOffset until all have been written
+        int dataPosOffset = 0;
+        int viewConstantsIndex = 0;
+        try {
+            int indexPosOffset = !isLocalIndex && nIndexSaltBuckets > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+            int maxRowKeyOffset = indexRowKeyPtr.getOffset() + indexRowKeyPtr.getLength();
+            indexRowKeySchema.iterator(indexRowKeyPtr, ptr, indexPosOffset);
+            if (isDataTableSalted) {
+                dataPosOffset++;
+                output.write(0); // will be set at end to salt byte
+            }
+            if (viewIndexId != null) {
+                indexRowKeySchema.next(ptr, indexPosOffset++, maxRowKeyOffset);
+            }
+            if (isMultiTenant) {
+                indexRowKeySchema.next(ptr, indexPosOffset, maxRowKeyOffset);
+                output.write(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength());
+                if (!dataRowKeySchema.getField(dataPosOffset).getDataType().isFixedWidth()) {
+                    output.writeByte(SchemaUtil.getSeparatorByte(rowKeyOrderOptimizable, ptr.getLength() == 0, dataRowKeySchema.getField(dataPosOffset)));
+                }
+                indexPosOffset++;
+                dataPosOffset++;
+            }
+            indexPosOffset = (!isLocalIndex && nIndexSaltBuckets > 0 ? 1 : 0) + (isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0) + (viewIndexId == null ? 0 : 1);
+            BitSet viewConstantColumnBitSet = this.rowKeyMetaData.getViewConstantColumnBitSet();
+            BitSet descIndexColumnBitSet = rowKeyMetaData.getDescIndexColumnBitSet();
+            for (int i = dataPosOffset; i < dataRowKeySchema.getFieldCount(); i++) {
+                // Write view constants from the data table, as these
+                // won't appear in the index (as they're the
+                // same for all rows in this index)
+                if (viewConstantColumnBitSet.get(i)) {
+                    output.write(viewConstants[viewConstantsIndex++]);
+                } else {
+                    int pos = rowKeyMetaData.getIndexPkPosition(i-dataPosOffset);
+                    Boolean hasValue=indexRowKeySchema.iterator(indexRowKeyPtr, ptr, pos + indexPosOffset+1);
+                    if (Boolean.TRUE.equals(hasValue)) {
+                        // Write data row key value taking into account coercion and inversion
+                        // if necessary
+                        Field dataField = dataRowKeySchema.getField(i);
+                        Field indexField = indexRowKeySchema.getField(pos + indexPosOffset);
+                        PDataType indexColumnType = indexField.getDataType();
+                        PDataType dataColumnType = dataField.getDataType();
+                        SortOrder dataSortOrder = dataField.getSortOrder();
+                        SortOrder indexSortOrder = indexField.getSortOrder();
+                        boolean isDataColumnInverted = dataSortOrder != SortOrder.ASC;
+                        boolean isBytesComparable = dataColumnType.isBytesComparableWith(indexColumnType) ;
+                        if (isBytesComparable && isDataColumnInverted == descIndexColumnBitSet.get(pos)) {
+                            output.write(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength());
+                        } else {
+                            if (!isBytesComparable)  {
+                                dataColumnType.coerceBytes(ptr, indexColumnType, indexSortOrder, SortOrder.getDefault());
+                            }
+                            if (descIndexColumnBitSet.get(pos) != isDataColumnInverted) {
+                                writeInverted(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength(), output);
+                            } else {
+                                output.write(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Write separator byte if variable length unless it's the last field in the schema
+                // (but we still need to write it if it's DESC to ensure sort order is correct).
+                byte sepByte = SchemaUtil.getSeparatorByte(rowKeyOrderOptimizable, ptr.getLength() == 0, dataRowKeySchema.getField(i));
+                if (!dataRowKeySchema.getField(i).getDataType().isFixedWidth() && (((i+1) !=  dataRowKeySchema.getFieldCount()) || sepByte == QueryConstants.DESC_SEPARATOR_BYTE)) {
+                    output.writeByte(sepByte);
+                }
+            }
+            int length = stream.size();
+            int minLength = length - maxTrailingNulls;
+            byte[] dataRowKey = stream.getBuffer();
+            // Remove trailing nulls
+            int index = dataRowKeySchema.getFieldCount() - 1;
+            while (index >= 0 && !dataRowKeySchema.getField(index).getDataType().isFixedWidth() && length > minLength && dataRowKey[length-1] == QueryConstants.SEPARATOR_BYTE) {
+                length--;
+                index--;
+            }
+            // TODO: need to capture nDataSaltBuckets instead of just a boolean. For now,
+            // we store this in nIndexSaltBuckets, as we only use this function for local indexes
+            // in which case nIndexSaltBuckets would never be used. Note that when we do add this
+            // to be serialized, we have to add it at the end and allow for the value not being
+            // there to maintain compatibility between an old client and a new server.
+            if (isDataTableSalted) {
+                // Set salt byte
+                byte saltByte = SaltingUtil.getSaltingByte(dataRowKey, SaltingUtil.NUM_SALTING_BYTES, length-SaltingUtil.NUM_SALTING_BYTES, nIndexSaltBuckets);
+                dataRowKey[0] = saltByte;
+            }
+            return dataRowKey.length == length ? dataRowKey : Arrays.copyOf(dataRowKey, length);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                stream.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /*
+     * return the view index id from the index row key
+     */
+    public byte[] getViewIndexIdFromIndexRowKey(ImmutableBytesWritable indexRowKeyPtr) {
+        assert (isLocalIndex);
+        ImmutableBytesPtr ptr =
+                new ImmutableBytesPtr(indexRowKeyPtr.get(),( indexRowKeyPtr.getOffset()
+                        + (!isLocalIndex && nIndexSaltBuckets > 0 ? 1 : 0)), viewIndexId.length);
+        return ptr.copyBytesIfNecessary();
+    }
+
+    private volatile RowKeySchema indexRowKeySchema;
+    
+    // We have enough information to generate the index row key schema
+    private RowKeySchema generateIndexRowKeySchema() {
+        int nIndexedColumns = getIndexPkColumnCount() + (isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0) + (!isLocalIndex && nIndexSaltBuckets > 0 ? 1 : 0) + (viewIndexId != null ? 1 : 0) - getNumViewConstants();
+        RowKeySchema.RowKeySchemaBuilder builder = new RowKeySchema.RowKeySchemaBuilder(nIndexedColumns);
+        builder.rowKeyOrderOptimizable(rowKeyOrderOptimizable);
+        if (!isLocalIndex && nIndexSaltBuckets > 0) {
+            builder.addField(SaltingUtil.SALTING_COLUMN, false, SortOrder.ASC);
+            nIndexedColumns--;
+        }
+        int dataPosOffset = isDataTableSalted ? 1 : 0 ;
+        if (viewIndexId != null) {
+            nIndexedColumns--;
+            builder.addField(new PDatum() {
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean isNullable() {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public PDataType getDataType() {
+                    return viewIndexIdType;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Integer getMaxLength() {
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Integer getScale() {
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+                    return SortOrder.getDefault();
+                }
+                
+            }, false, SortOrder.getDefault());
+        }
+        if (isMultiTenant) {
+            Field field = dataRowKeySchema.getField(dataPosOffset++);
+            builder.addField(field, field.isNullable(), field.getSortOrder());
+            nIndexedColumns--;
+        }
+        
+        Field[] indexFields = new Field[nIndexedColumns];
+        BitSet viewConstantColumnBitSet = this.rowKeyMetaData.getViewConstantColumnBitSet();
+        // Add Field for all data row pk columns
+        for (int i = dataPosOffset; i < dataRowKeySchema.getFieldCount(); i++) {
+            // Ignore view constants from the data table, as these
+            // don't need to appear in the index (as they're the
+            // same for all rows in this index)
+            if (!viewConstantColumnBitSet.get(i)) {
+                int pos = rowKeyMetaData.getIndexPkPosition(i-dataPosOffset);
+                indexFields[pos] = 
+                        dataRowKeySchema.getField(i);
+            } 
+        }
+        BitSet descIndexColumnBitSet = rowKeyMetaData.getDescIndexColumnBitSet();
+        Iterator<Expression> expressionItr = indexedExpressions.iterator();
+        for (int i = 0; i < indexFields.length; i++) {
+            Field indexField = indexFields[i];
+            PDataType dataTypeToBe;
+            SortOrder sortOrderToBe;
+            boolean isNullableToBe;
+            Integer maxLengthToBe;
+            Integer scaleToBe;
+            if (indexField == null) {
+                Expression e = expressionItr.next();
+                isNullableToBe = e.isNullable();
+                dataTypeToBe = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnDataType(isNullableToBe, e.getDataType());
+                sortOrderToBe = descIndexColumnBitSet.get(i) ? SortOrder.DESC : SortOrder.ASC;
+                maxLengthToBe = e.getMaxLength();
+                scaleToBe = e.getScale();
+            } else {
+                isNullableToBe = indexField.isNullable();
+                dataTypeToBe = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnDataType(isNullableToBe, indexField.getDataType());
+                sortOrderToBe = descIndexColumnBitSet.get(i) ? SortOrder.DESC : SortOrder.ASC;
+                maxLengthToBe = indexField.getMaxLength();
+                scaleToBe = indexField.getScale();
+            }
+            final PDataType dataType = dataTypeToBe;
+            final SortOrder sortOrder = sortOrderToBe;
+            final boolean isNullable = isNullableToBe;
+            final Integer maxLength = maxLengthToBe;
+            final Integer scale = scaleToBe;
+            builder.addField(new PDatum() {
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean isNullable() {
+                    return isNullable;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public PDataType getDataType() {
+                    return dataType;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Integer getMaxLength() {
+                    return maxLength;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Integer getScale() {
+                    return scale;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+                    return sortOrder;
+                }
+                
+            }, true, sortOrder);
+        }
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+    
+    private int getNumViewConstants() {
+        BitSet bitSet = this.rowKeyMetaData.getViewConstantColumnBitSet();
+        int num = 0;
+        for(int i = 0; i<dataRowKeySchema.getFieldCount();i++){
+            if(bitSet.get(i)) num++;
+        }
+        return num;
+    }
+
+    private RowKeySchema getIndexRowKeySchema() {
+        if (indexRowKeySchema != null) {
+            return indexRowKeySchema;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (indexRowKeySchema == null) {
+                indexRowKeySchema = generateIndexRowKeySchema();
+            }
+        }
+        return indexRowKeySchema;
+    }
+    
+    public Put buildUpdateMutation(KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder, ValueGetter valueGetter, ImmutableBytesWritable dataRowKeyPtr, long ts, byte[] regionStartKey, byte[] regionEndKey) throws IOException {
+        byte[] indexRowKey = this.buildRowKey(valueGetter, dataRowKeyPtr, regionStartKey, regionEndKey, ts);
+        Put put = null;
+        // New row being inserted: add the empty key value
+        ImmutableBytesWritable latestValue = null;
+        if (valueGetter==null || (latestValue = valueGetter.getLatestValue(dataEmptyKeyValueRef, ts)) == null || latestValue == ValueGetter.HIDDEN_BY_DELETE) {
+            // We need to track whether or not our empty key value is hidden by a Delete Family marker at the same timestamp.
+            // If it is, these Puts will be masked so should not be emitted.
+            if (latestValue == ValueGetter.HIDDEN_BY_DELETE) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            put = new Put(indexRowKey);
+            // add the keyvalue for the empty row
+            put.add(kvBuilder.buildPut(new ImmutableBytesPtr(indexRowKey),
+                    this.getEmptyKeyValueFamily(), dataEmptyKeyValueRef.getQualifierWritable(), ts,
+                    QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_VALUE_BYTES_PTR));
+            put.setDurability(!indexWALDisabled ? Durability.USE_DEFAULT : Durability.SKIP_WAL);
+        }
+
+        ImmutableBytesPtr rowKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(indexRowKey);
+        if (immutableStorageScheme != ImmutableStorageScheme.ONE_CELL_PER_COLUMN) {
+            // map from index column family to list of pair of index column and data column (for covered columns)
+            Map<ImmutableBytesPtr, List<Pair<ColumnReference, ColumnReference>>> familyToColListMap = Maps.newHashMap();
+            for (ColumnReference ref : this.getCoveredColumns()) {
+                ColumnReference indexColRef = this.coveredColumnsMap.get(ref);
+                ImmutableBytesPtr cf = new ImmutableBytesPtr(indexColRef.getFamily());
+                if (!familyToColListMap.containsKey(cf)) {
+                    familyToColListMap.put(cf, Lists.<Pair<ColumnReference, ColumnReference>>newArrayList());
+                }
+                familyToColListMap.get(cf).add(Pair.newPair(indexColRef, ref));
+            }
+            // iterate over each column family and create a byte[] containing all the columns 
+            for (Entry<ImmutableBytesPtr, List<Pair<ColumnReference, ColumnReference>>> entry : familyToColListMap.entrySet()) {
+                byte[] columnFamily = entry.getKey().copyBytesIfNecessary();
+                List<Pair<ColumnReference, ColumnReference>> colRefPairs = entry.getValue();
+                int maxEncodedColumnQualifier = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+                // find the max col qualifier
+                for (Pair<ColumnReference, ColumnReference> colRefPair : colRefPairs) {
+                    maxEncodedColumnQualifier = Math.max(maxEncodedColumnQualifier, encodingScheme.decode(colRefPair.getFirst().getQualifier()));
+                }
+                Expression[] colValues = EncodedColumnsUtil.createColumnExpressionArray(maxEncodedColumnQualifier);
+                // set the values of the columns
+                for (Pair<ColumnReference, ColumnReference> colRefPair : colRefPairs) {
+                    ColumnReference indexColRef = colRefPair.getFirst();
+                    ColumnReference dataColRef = colRefPair.getSecond();
+                    Expression expression = new SingleCellColumnExpression(new PDatum() {
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean isNullable() {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        
+                        @Override
+                        public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                        
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getScale() {
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                        
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getMaxLength() {
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                        
+                        @Override
+                        public PDataType getDataType() {
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                    }, dataColRef.getFamily(), dataColRef.getQualifier(), encodingScheme, immutableStorageScheme);
+                    ImmutableBytesPtr ptr = new ImmutableBytesPtr();
+                    expression.evaluate(new ValueGetterTuple(valueGetter, ts), ptr);
+                    byte[] value = ptr.copyBytesIfNecessary();
+                    if (value != null) {
+                        int indexArrayPos = encodingScheme.decode(indexColRef.getQualifier())-QueryConstants.ENCODED_CQ_COUNTER_INITIAL_VALUE+1;
+                        colValues[indexArrayPos] = new LiteralExpression(value);
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                List<Expression> children = Arrays.asList(colValues);
+                // we use SingleCellConstructorExpression to serialize multiple columns into a single byte[]
+                SingleCellConstructorExpression singleCellConstructorExpression = new SingleCellConstructorExpression(immutableStorageScheme, children);
+                ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+                singleCellConstructorExpression.evaluate(new BaseTuple() {}, ptr);
+                if (put == null) {
+                    put = new Put(indexRowKey);
+                    put.setDurability(!indexWALDisabled ? Durability.USE_DEFAULT : Durability.SKIP_WAL);
+                }
+                ImmutableBytesPtr colFamilyPtr = new ImmutableBytesPtr(columnFamily);
+                //this is a little bit of extra work for installations that are running <0.94.14, but that should be rare and is a short-term set of wrappers - it shouldn't kill GC
+                put.add(kvBuilder.buildPut(rowKey, colFamilyPtr, QueryConstants.SINGLE_KEYVALUE_COLUMN_QUALIFIER_BYTES_PTR, ts, ptr));
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (ColumnReference ref : this.getCoveredColumns()) {
+                ColumnReference indexColRef = this.coveredColumnsMap.get(ref);
+                ImmutableBytesPtr cq = indexColRef.getQualifierWritable();
+                ImmutableBytesPtr cf = indexColRef.getFamilyWritable();
+                ImmutableBytesWritable value = valueGetter.getLatestValue(ref, ts);
+                if (value != null && value != ValueGetter.HIDDEN_BY_DELETE) {
+                    if (put == null) {
+                        put = new Put(indexRowKey);
+                        put.setDurability(!indexWALDisabled ? Durability.USE_DEFAULT : Durability.SKIP_WAL);
+                    }
+                    put.add(kvBuilder.buildPut(rowKey, cf, cq, ts, value));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return put;
+    }
+
+    public enum DeleteType {SINGLE_VERSION, ALL_VERSIONS};
+    private DeleteType getDeleteTypeOrNull(Collection<? extends Cell> pendingUpdates) {
+        return getDeleteTypeOrNull(pendingUpdates, this.nDataCFs);
+    }
+   
+    private DeleteType getDeleteTypeOrNull(Collection<? extends Cell> pendingUpdates, int nCFs) {
+        int nDeleteCF = 0;
+        int nDeleteVersionCF = 0;
+        for (Cell kv : pendingUpdates) {
+        	if (kv.getTypeByte() == KeyValue.Type.DeleteFamilyVersion.getCode()) {
+                nDeleteVersionCF++;
+            }
+        	else if (kv.getTypeByte() == KeyValue.Type.DeleteFamily.getCode()
+        			// Since we don't include the index rows in the change set for txn tables, we need to detect row deletes that have transformed by TransactionProcessor
+        	        || TransactionUtil.isDeleteFamily(kv)) {
+        	    nDeleteCF++;
+        	}
+        }
+        // This is what a delete looks like on the server side for mutable indexing...
+        // Should all be one or the other for DeleteFamily versus DeleteFamilyVersion, but just in case not
+        DeleteType deleteType = null; 
+        if (nDeleteVersionCF > 0 && nDeleteVersionCF >= nCFs) {
+        	deleteType = DeleteType.SINGLE_VERSION;
+        } else {
+			int nDelete = nDeleteCF + nDeleteVersionCF;
+			if (nDelete>0 && nDelete >= nCFs) {
+				deleteType = DeleteType.ALL_VERSIONS;
+			}
+		}
+        return deleteType;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isRowDeleted(Collection<? extends Cell> pendingUpdates) {
+        return getDeleteTypeOrNull(pendingUpdates) != null;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isRowDeleted(Mutation m) {
+        if (m.getFamilyCellMap().size() < this.nDataCFs) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (List<Cell> cells : m.getFamilyCellMap().values()) {
+            if (getDeleteTypeOrNull(cells, 1) == null) { // Checking CFs one by one
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasIndexedColumnChanged(ValueGetter oldState, Collection<? extends Cell> pendingUpdates, long ts) throws IOException {
+        if (pendingUpdates.isEmpty()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        Map<ColumnReference,Cell> newState = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(pendingUpdates.size()); 
+        for (Cell kv : pendingUpdates) {
+            newState.put(new ColumnReference(CellUtil.cloneFamily(kv), CellUtil.cloneQualifier(kv)), kv);
+        }
+        for (ColumnReference ref : indexedColumns) {
+        	Cell newValue = newState.get(ref);
+        	if (newValue != null) { // Indexed column has potentially changed
+        	    ImmutableBytesWritable oldValue = oldState.getLatestValue(ref, ts);
+                boolean newValueSetAsNull = (newValue.getTypeByte() == Type.DeleteColumn.getCode() || newValue.getTypeByte() == Type.Delete.getCode() || CellUtil.matchingValue(newValue, HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY));
+        		boolean oldValueSetAsNull = oldValue == null || oldValue.getLength() == 0;
+        		//If the new column value has to be set as null and the older value is null too,
+        		//then just skip to the next indexed column.
+        		if (newValueSetAsNull && oldValueSetAsNull) {
+        			continue;
+        		}
+        		if (oldValueSetAsNull || newValueSetAsNull) {
+        			return true;
+        		}
+        		// If the old value is different than the new value, the index row needs to be deleted
+        		if (Bytes.compareTo(oldValue.get(), oldValue.getOffset(), oldValue.getLength(), 
+        				newValue.getValueArray(), newValue.getValueOffset(), newValue.getValueLength()) != 0) {
+        			return true;
+        		}
+        	}
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public Delete buildRowDeleteMutation(byte[] indexRowKey, DeleteType deleteType, long ts) {
+        byte[] emptyCF = emptyKeyValueCFPtr.copyBytesIfNecessary();
+        Delete delete = new Delete(indexRowKey);
+
+        for (ColumnReference ref : getCoveredColumns()) {
+            ColumnReference indexColumn = coveredColumnsMap.get(ref);
+            // If table delete was single version, then index delete should be as well
+            if (deleteType == DeleteType.SINGLE_VERSION) {
+                delete.addFamilyVersion(indexColumn.getFamily(), ts);
+            } else {
+                delete.addFamily(indexColumn.getFamily(), ts);
+            }
+        }
+        if (deleteType == DeleteType.SINGLE_VERSION) {
+            delete.addFamilyVersion(emptyCF, ts);
+        } else {
+            delete.addFamily(emptyCF, ts);
+        }
+        delete.setDurability(!indexWALDisabled ? Durability.USE_DEFAULT : Durability.SKIP_WAL);
+        return delete;
+    }
+
+   /**
+     * Used for immutable indexes that only index PK column values. In that case, we can handle a data row deletion,
+     * since we can build the corresponding index row key.
+     */
+    public Delete buildDeleteMutation(KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder, ImmutableBytesWritable dataRowKeyPtr, long ts) throws IOException {
+        return buildDeleteMutation(kvBuilder, null, dataRowKeyPtr, Collections.<Cell>emptyList(), ts, null, null);
+    }
+    
+    public Delete buildDeleteMutation(KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder, ValueGetter oldState, ImmutableBytesWritable dataRowKeyPtr, Collection<Cell> pendingUpdates, long ts, byte[] regionStartKey, byte[] regionEndKey) throws IOException {
+        byte[] indexRowKey = this.buildRowKey(oldState, dataRowKeyPtr, regionStartKey, regionEndKey, ts);
+        // Delete the entire row if any of the indexed columns changed
+        DeleteType deleteType = null;
+        if (oldState == null || (deleteType=getDeleteTypeOrNull(pendingUpdates)) != null || hasIndexedColumnChanged(oldState, pendingUpdates, ts)) { // Deleting the entire row
+            return buildRowDeleteMutation(indexRowKey, deleteType, ts);
+        }
+        Delete delete = null;
+        Set<ColumnReference> dataTableColRefs = coveredColumnsMap.keySet();
+        // Delete columns for missing key values
+        for (Cell kv : pendingUpdates) {
+            if (kv.getTypeByte() != KeyValue.Type.Put.getCode()) {
+                ColumnReference ref =
+                        new ColumnReference(kv.getFamilyArray(), kv.getFamilyOffset(),
+                                kv.getFamilyLength(), kv.getQualifierArray(),
+                                kv.getQualifierOffset(), kv.getQualifierLength());
+                if (dataTableColRefs.contains(ref)) {
+                    if (delete == null) {
+                        delete = new Delete(indexRowKey);                    
+                        delete.setDurability(!indexWALDisabled ? Durability.USE_DEFAULT : Durability.SKIP_WAL);
+                    }
+                    ColumnReference indexColumn = coveredColumnsMap.get(ref);
+                    // If point delete for data table, then use point delete for index as well
+                    if (kv.getTypeByte() == KeyValue.Type.Delete.getCode()) { 
+                        delete.addColumn(indexColumn.getFamily(), indexColumn.getQualifier(), ts);
+                    } else {
+                        delete.addColumns(indexColumn.getFamily(), indexColumn.getQualifier(), ts);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return delete;
+    }
+    
+    public byte[] getIndexTableName() {
+        return indexTableName;
+    }
+    
+    public Set<ColumnReference> getCoveredColumns() {
+        return coveredColumnsMap.keySet();
+    }
+
+    public Set<ColumnReference> getAllColumns() {
+        return allColumns;
+    }
+    
+    public ImmutableBytesPtr getEmptyKeyValueFamily() {
+        // Since the metadata of an index table will never change,
+        // we can infer this based on the family of the first covered column
+        // If if there are no covered columns, we know it's our default name
+        return emptyKeyValueCFPtr;
+    }
+    
+    @Deprecated // Only called by code older than our 4.10 release
+    @Override
+    public void readFields(DataInput input) throws IOException {
+        int encodedIndexSaltBucketsAndMultiTenant = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+        isMultiTenant = encodedIndexSaltBucketsAndMultiTenant < 0;
+        nIndexSaltBuckets = Math.abs(encodedIndexSaltBucketsAndMultiTenant) - 1;
+        int encodedIndexedColumnsAndViewId = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+        boolean hasViewIndexId = encodedIndexedColumnsAndViewId < 0;
+        if (hasViewIndexId) {
+            // Fixed length
+            //Use legacy viewIndexIdType for clients older than 4.10 release
+            viewIndexId = new byte[MetaDataUtil.getLegacyViewIndexIdDataType().getByteSize()];
+            viewIndexIdType = MetaDataUtil.getLegacyViewIndexIdDataType();
+            input.readFully(viewIndexId);
+        }
+        int nIndexedColumns = Math.abs(encodedIndexedColumnsAndViewId) - 1;
+        indexedColumns = Sets.newLinkedHashSetWithExpectedSize(nIndexedColumns);
+        for (int i = 0; i < nIndexedColumns; i++) {
+            byte[] cf = Bytes.readByteArray(input);
+            byte[] cq = Bytes.readByteArray(input);
+            indexedColumns.add(new ColumnReference(cf,cq));
+        }
+        indexedColumnTypes = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(nIndexedColumns);
+        for (int i = 0; i < nIndexedColumns; i++) {
+            PDataType type = PDataType.values()[WritableUtils.readVInt(input)];
+            indexedColumnTypes.add(type);
+        }
+        int encodedCoveredolumnsAndLocalIndex = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+        isLocalIndex = encodedCoveredolumnsAndLocalIndex < 0;
+        int nCoveredColumns = Math.abs(encodedCoveredolumnsAndLocalIndex) - 1;
+        coveredColumnsMap = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(nCoveredColumns);
+        for (int i = 0; i < nCoveredColumns; i++) {
+            byte[] dataTableCf = Bytes.readByteArray(input);
+            byte[] dataTableCq = Bytes.readByteArray(input);
+            ColumnReference dataTableRef = new ColumnReference(dataTableCf, dataTableCq);
+            byte[] indexTableCf = isLocalIndex ? IndexUtil.getLocalIndexColumnFamily(dataTableCf) : dataTableCf;
+            byte[] indexTableCq  = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnName(dataTableCf, dataTableCq);
+            ColumnReference indexTableRef = new ColumnReference(indexTableCf, indexTableCq);
+            coveredColumnsMap.put(dataTableRef, indexTableRef);
+        }
+        // Hack to serialize whether the index row key is optimizable
+        int len = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+        if (len < 0) {
+            rowKeyOrderOptimizable = false;
+            len *= -1;
+        } else {
+            rowKeyOrderOptimizable = true;
+        }
+        indexTableName = new byte[len];
+        input.readFully(indexTableName, 0, len);
+        dataEmptyKeyValueCF = Bytes.readByteArray(input);
+        len = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+        //TODO remove this in the next major release
+        boolean isNewClient = false;
+        if (len < 0) {
+          isNewClient = true;
+          len=Math.abs(len);
+        }
+        byte [] emptyKeyValueCF = new byte[len];
+        input.readFully(emptyKeyValueCF, 0, len);
+        emptyKeyValueCFPtr = new ImmutableBytesPtr(emptyKeyValueCF);
+        
+        if (isNewClient) {
+            int numIndexedExpressions = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+            indexedExpressions = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(numIndexedExpressions);        
+            for (int i = 0; i < numIndexedExpressions; i++) {
+                Expression expression = ExpressionType.values()[WritableUtils.readVInt(input)].newInstance();
+                expression.readFields(input);
+                indexedExpressions.add(expression);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            indexedExpressions = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(indexedColumns.size());
+            Iterator<ColumnReference> colReferenceIter = indexedColumns.iterator();
+            Iterator<PDataType> dataTypeIter = indexedColumnTypes.iterator();
+            while (colReferenceIter.hasNext()) {
+                ColumnReference colRef = colReferenceIter.next();
+                final PDataType dataType = dataTypeIter.next();
+                indexedExpressions.add(new KeyValueColumnExpression(new PDatum() {
+                    
+                    @Override
+                    public boolean isNullable() {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    
+                    @Override
+                    public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+                        return SortOrder.getDefault();
+                    }
+                    
+                    @Override
+                    public Integer getScale() {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    
+                    @Override
+                    public Integer getMaxLength() {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    
+                    @Override
+                    public PDataType getDataType() {
+                        return dataType;
+                    }
+                }, colRef.getFamily(), colRef.getQualifier()));
+            }
+        }
+        
+        rowKeyMetaData = newRowKeyMetaData();
+        rowKeyMetaData.readFields(input);
+        int nDataCFs = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+        // Encode indexWALDisabled in nDataCFs
+        indexWALDisabled = nDataCFs < 0;
+        this.nDataCFs = Math.abs(nDataCFs) - 1;
+        int encodedEstimatedIndexRowKeyBytesAndImmutableRows = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+        this.immutableRows = encodedEstimatedIndexRowKeyBytesAndImmutableRows < 0;
+        this.estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes = Math.abs(encodedEstimatedIndexRowKeyBytesAndImmutableRows);
+        // Needed for backward compatibility. Clients older than 4.10 will have non-encoded tables.
+        this.immutableStorageScheme = ImmutableStorageScheme.ONE_CELL_PER_COLUMN;
+        this.encodingScheme = QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS;
+        initCachedState();
+    }
+    
+        
+    public static IndexMaintainer fromProto(ServerCachingProtos.IndexMaintainer proto, RowKeySchema dataTableRowKeySchema, boolean isDataTableSalted) throws IOException {
+        IndexMaintainer maintainer = new IndexMaintainer(dataTableRowKeySchema, isDataTableSalted);
+        maintainer.nIndexSaltBuckets = proto.getSaltBuckets();
+        maintainer.isMultiTenant = proto.getIsMultiTenant();
+        maintainer.viewIndexId = proto.hasViewIndexId() ? proto.getViewIndexId().toByteArray() : null;
+        maintainer.viewIndexIdType = proto.hasViewIndexIdType()
+                ? PDataType.fromTypeId(proto.getViewIndexIdType())
+                : MetaDataUtil.getLegacyViewIndexIdDataType();
+        List<ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference> indexedColumnsList = proto.getIndexedColumnsList();
+        maintainer.indexedColumns = new HashSet<ColumnReference>(indexedColumnsList.size());
+        for (ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference colRefFromProto : indexedColumnsList) {
+            maintainer.indexedColumns.add(new ColumnReference(colRefFromProto.getFamily().toByteArray(), colRefFromProto.getQualifier().toByteArray()));
+        }
+        List<Integer> indexedColumnTypes = proto.getIndexedColumnTypeOrdinalList();
+        maintainer.indexedColumnTypes = new ArrayList<PDataType>(indexedColumnTypes.size());
+        for (Integer typeOrdinal : indexedColumnTypes) {
+            maintainer.indexedColumnTypes.add(PDataType.values()[typeOrdinal]);
+        }
+        maintainer.indexTableName = proto.getIndexTableName().toByteArray();
+        maintainer.indexDataColumnCount = dataTableRowKeySchema.getFieldCount();
+        if (proto.getIndexDataColumnCount() != -1) {
+            maintainer.indexDataColumnCount = proto.getIndexDataColumnCount();
+        }
+        maintainer.rowKeyOrderOptimizable = proto.getRowKeyOrderOptimizable();
+        maintainer.dataEmptyKeyValueCF = proto.getDataTableEmptyKeyValueColFamily().toByteArray();
+        ServerCachingProtos.ImmutableBytesWritable emptyKeyValueColFamily = proto.getEmptyKeyValueColFamily();
+        maintainer.emptyKeyValueCFPtr = new ImmutableBytesPtr(emptyKeyValueColFamily.getByteArray().toByteArray(), emptyKeyValueColFamily.getOffset(), emptyKeyValueColFamily.getLength());
+        maintainer.indexedExpressions = new ArrayList<>();
+        try (ByteArrayInputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(proto.getIndexedExpressions().toByteArray())) {
+            DataInput input = new DataInputStream(stream);
+            while (stream.available() > 0) {
+                int expressionOrdinal = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+                Expression expression = ExpressionType.values()[expressionOrdinal].newInstance();
+                expression.readFields(input);
+                maintainer.indexedExpressions.add(expression);
+            }
+        }
+        maintainer.rowKeyMetaData = newRowKeyMetaData(maintainer, dataTableRowKeySchema, maintainer.indexedExpressions.size(), isDataTableSalted, maintainer.isMultiTenant);
+        try (ByteArrayInputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(proto.getRowKeyMetadata().toByteArray())) {
+            DataInput input = new DataInputStream(stream);
+            maintainer.rowKeyMetaData.readFields(input);   
+        }
+        maintainer.nDataCFs = proto.getNumDataTableColFamilies();
+        maintainer.indexWALDisabled = proto.getIndexWalDisabled();
+        maintainer.estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes = proto.getIndexRowKeyByteSize();
+        maintainer.immutableRows = proto.getImmutable();
+        List<ColumnInfo> indexedColumnInfoList = proto.getIndexedColumnInfoList();
+        maintainer.indexedColumnsInfo = Sets.newHashSet();
+        for (ColumnInfo info : indexedColumnInfoList) {
+            maintainer.indexedColumnsInfo.add(new Pair<>(info.getFamilyName(), info.getColumnName()));
+        }
+        // proto doesn't support single byte so need an explicit cast here
+        maintainer.encodingScheme = PTable.QualifierEncodingScheme.fromSerializedValue((byte)proto.getEncodingScheme());
+        maintainer.immutableStorageScheme = PTable.ImmutableStorageScheme.fromSerializedValue((byte)proto.getImmutableStorageScheme());
+        maintainer.isLocalIndex = proto.getIsLocalIndex();
+        
+        List<ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference> dataTableColRefsForCoveredColumnsList = proto.getDataTableColRefForCoveredColumnsList();
+        List<ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference> indexTableColRefsForCoveredColumnsList = proto.getIndexTableColRefForCoveredColumnsList();
+        maintainer.coveredColumnsMap = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(dataTableColRefsForCoveredColumnsList.size());
+        boolean encodedColumnNames = maintainer.encodingScheme != NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS;
+        Iterator<ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference> indexTableColRefItr = indexTableColRefsForCoveredColumnsList.iterator();
+        for (ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference colRefFromProto : dataTableColRefsForCoveredColumnsList) {
+            ColumnReference dataTableColRef = new ColumnReference(colRefFromProto.getFamily().toByteArray(), colRefFromProto.getQualifier( ).toByteArray());
+            ColumnReference indexTableColRef;
+            if (encodedColumnNames) {
+                ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference fromProto = indexTableColRefItr.next(); 
+                indexTableColRef = new ColumnReference(fromProto.getFamily().toByteArray(), fromProto.getQualifier( ).toByteArray());
+            } else {
+                byte[] cq = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnName(dataTableColRef.getFamily(), dataTableColRef.getQualifier());
+                byte[] cf = maintainer.isLocalIndex ? IndexUtil.getLocalIndexColumnFamily(dataTableColRef.getFamily()) : dataTableColRef.getFamily();
+                indexTableColRef = new ColumnReference(cf, cq);
+            }
+            maintainer.coveredColumnsMap.put(dataTableColRef, indexTableColRef);
+        }
+        maintainer.initCachedState();
+        return maintainer;
+    }
+    
+    @Deprecated // Only called by code older than our 4.10 release
+    @Override
+    public void write(DataOutput output) throws IOException {
+        // Encode nIndexSaltBuckets and isMultiTenant together
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, (nIndexSaltBuckets + 1) * (isMultiTenant ? -1 : 1));
+        // Encode indexedColumns.size() and whether or not there's a viewIndexId
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, (indexedColumns.size() + 1) * (viewIndexId != null ? -1 : 1));
+        if (viewIndexId != null) {
+            output.write(viewIndexId);
+        }
+        for (ColumnReference ref : indexedColumns) {
+            Bytes.writeByteArray(output, ref.getFamily());
+            Bytes.writeByteArray(output, ref.getQualifier());
+        }
+        //TODO remove indexedColumnTypes in the next major release
+        for (int i = 0; i < indexedColumnTypes.size(); i++) {
+            PDataType type = indexedColumnTypes.get(i);
+            WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, type.ordinal());
+        }
+        // Encode coveredColumns.size() and whether or not this is a local index
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, (coveredColumnsMap.size() + 1) * (isLocalIndex ? -1 : 1));
+        for (ColumnReference ref : coveredColumnsMap.keySet()) {
+            Bytes.writeByteArray(output, ref.getFamily());
+            Bytes.writeByteArray(output, ref.getQualifier());
+        }
+        // TODO: remove when rowKeyOrderOptimizable hack no longer needed
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output,indexTableName.length * (rowKeyOrderOptimizable ? 1 : -1));
+        output.write(indexTableName, 0, indexTableName.length);
+        Bytes.writeByteArray(output, dataEmptyKeyValueCF);
+        // TODO in order to maintain b/w compatibility encode emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getLength() as a negative value (so we can distinguish between new and old clients)
+        // when indexedColumnTypes is removed, remove this 
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output,-emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getLength());
+        output.write(emptyKeyValueCFPtr.get(),emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getOffset(), emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getLength());
+        
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, indexedExpressions.size());
+        for (Expression expression : indexedExpressions) {
+            WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, ExpressionType.valueOf(expression).ordinal());
+            expression.write(output);
+        }
+        
+        rowKeyMetaData.write(output);
+        // Encode indexWALDisabled in nDataCFs
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, (nDataCFs + 1) * (indexWALDisabled ? -1 : 1));
+        // Encode estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes and immutableRows together.
+        WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes * (immutableRows ? -1 : 1));
+    }
+    
+    public static ServerCachingProtos.IndexMaintainer toProto(IndexMaintainer maintainer) throws IOException {
+        ServerCachingProtos.IndexMaintainer.Builder builder = ServerCachingProtos.IndexMaintainer.newBuilder();
+        builder.setSaltBuckets(maintainer.nIndexSaltBuckets);
+        builder.setIsMultiTenant(maintainer.isMultiTenant);
+        if (maintainer.viewIndexId != null) {
+            builder.setViewIndexId(ByteStringer.wrap(maintainer.viewIndexId));
+            builder.setViewIndexIdType(maintainer.viewIndexIdType.getSqlType());
+        }
+        for (ColumnReference colRef : maintainer.indexedColumns) {
+            ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference.Builder cRefBuilder =  ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference.newBuilder();
+            cRefBuilder.setFamily(ByteStringer.wrap(colRef.getFamily()));
+            cRefBuilder.setQualifier(ByteStringer.wrap(colRef.getQualifier()));
+            builder.addIndexedColumns(cRefBuilder.build());
+        }
+        for (PDataType dataType : maintainer.indexedColumnTypes) {
+            builder.addIndexedColumnTypeOrdinal(dataType.ordinal());
+        }
+        for (Entry<ColumnReference, ColumnReference> e : maintainer.coveredColumnsMap.entrySet()) {
+            ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference.Builder cRefBuilder =  ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference.newBuilder();
+            ColumnReference dataTableColRef = e.getKey();
+            cRefBuilder.setFamily(ByteStringer.wrap(dataTableColRef.getFamily()));
+            cRefBuilder.setQualifier(ByteStringer.wrap(dataTableColRef.getQualifier()));
+            builder.addDataTableColRefForCoveredColumns(cRefBuilder.build());
+            if (maintainer.encodingScheme != NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS) {
+                // We need to serialize the colRefs of index tables only in case of encoded column names.
+                ColumnReference indexTableColRef = e.getValue();
+                cRefBuilder =  ServerCachingProtos.ColumnReference.newBuilder();
+                cRefBuilder.setFamily(ByteStringer.wrap(indexTableColRef.getFamily()));
+                cRefBuilder.setQualifier(ByteStringer.wrap(indexTableColRef.getQualifier()));
+                builder.addIndexTableColRefForCoveredColumns(cRefBuilder.build());
+            }
+        }
+        builder.setIsLocalIndex(maintainer.isLocalIndex);
+        builder.setIndexDataColumnCount(maintainer.indexDataColumnCount);
+        builder.setIndexTableName(ByteStringer.wrap(maintainer.indexTableName));
+        builder.setRowKeyOrderOptimizable(maintainer.rowKeyOrderOptimizable);
+        builder.setDataTableEmptyKeyValueColFamily(ByteStringer.wrap(maintainer.dataEmptyKeyValueCF));
+        ServerCachingProtos.ImmutableBytesWritable.Builder ibwBuilder = ServerCachingProtos.ImmutableBytesWritable.newBuilder();
+        ibwBuilder.setByteArray(ByteStringer.wrap(maintainer.emptyKeyValueCFPtr.get()));
+        ibwBuilder.setLength(maintainer.emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getLength());
+        ibwBuilder.setOffset(maintainer.emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getOffset());
+        builder.setEmptyKeyValueColFamily(ibwBuilder.build());
+        try (ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+            DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(stream);
+            for (Expression expression : maintainer.indexedExpressions) {
+                WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, ExpressionType.valueOf(expression).ordinal());
+                expression.write(output);
+            }
+            builder.setIndexedExpressions(ByteStringer.wrap(stream.toByteArray()));
+        }
+        try (ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+            DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(stream);
+            maintainer.rowKeyMetaData.write(output);
+            builder.setRowKeyMetadata(ByteStringer.wrap(stream.toByteArray()));
+        }
+        builder.setNumDataTableColFamilies(maintainer.nDataCFs);
+        builder.setIndexWalDisabled(maintainer.indexWALDisabled);
+        builder.setIndexRowKeyByteSize(maintainer.estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes);
+        builder.setImmutable(maintainer.immutableRows);
+        for (Pair<String, String> p : maintainer.indexedColumnsInfo) {
+            ServerCachingProtos.ColumnInfo.Builder ciBuilder = ServerCachingProtos.ColumnInfo.newBuilder();
+            if (p.getFirst() != null) {
+                ciBuilder.setFamilyName(p.getFirst());
+            }
+            ciBuilder.setColumnName(p.getSecond());
+            builder.addIndexedColumnInfo(ciBuilder.build());
+        }
+        builder.setEncodingScheme(maintainer.encodingScheme.getSerializedMetadataValue());
+        builder.setImmutableStorageScheme(maintainer.immutableStorageScheme.getSerializedMetadataValue());
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    public int getEstimatedByteSize() {
+        int size = WritableUtils.getVIntSize(nIndexSaltBuckets);
+        size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes);
+        size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(indexedColumns.size());
+        size += viewIndexId == null ? 0 : viewIndexId.length;
+        for (ColumnReference ref : indexedColumns) {
+            size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(ref.getFamily().length);
+            size += ref.getFamily().length;
+            size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(ref.getQualifier().length);
+            size += ref.getQualifier().length;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < indexedColumnTypes.size(); i++) {
+            PDataType type = indexedColumnTypes.get(i);
+            size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(type.ordinal());
+        }
+        Set<ColumnReference> dataTableColRefs = coveredColumnsMap.keySet();
+        size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(dataTableColRefs.size());
+        for (ColumnReference ref : dataTableColRefs) {
+            size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(ref.getFamilyWritable().getSize());
+            size += ref.getFamily().length;
+            size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(ref.getQualifierWritable().getSize());
+            size += ref.getQualifier().length;
+        }
+        size += indexTableName.length + WritableUtils.getVIntSize(indexTableName.length);
+        size += rowKeyMetaData.getByteSize();
+        size += dataEmptyKeyValueCF.length + WritableUtils.getVIntSize(dataEmptyKeyValueCF.length);
+        size += emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getLength() + WritableUtils.getVIntSize(emptyKeyValueCFPtr.getLength());
+        size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(nDataCFs+1);
+        size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(indexedExpressions.size());
+        for (Expression expression : indexedExpressions) {
+            size += WritableUtils.getVIntSize(ExpressionType.valueOf(expression).ordinal());
+        }
+        size += estimatedExpressionSize;
+        return size;
+    }
+    
+    private int estimateIndexRowKeyByteSize(int indexColByteSize) {
+        int estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes = indexColByteSize + dataRowKeySchema.getEstimatedValueLength() + (nIndexSaltBuckets == 0 || isLocalIndex || this.isDataTableSalted ? 0 : SaltingUtil.NUM_SALTING_BYTES);
+        return estimatedIndexRowKeyBytes;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Init calculated state reading/creating
+     */
+    private void initCachedState() {
+        byte[] emptyKvQualifier = EncodedColumnsUtil.getEmptyKeyValueInfo(encodingScheme).getFirst();
+        dataEmptyKeyValueRef = new ColumnReference(dataEmptyKeyValueCF, emptyKvQualifier);
+        this.allColumns = Sets.newLinkedHashSetWithExpectedSize(indexedExpressions.size() + coveredColumnsMap.size());
+        // columns that are required to evaluate all expressions in indexedExpressions (not including columns in data row key)
+        this.indexedColumns = Sets.newLinkedHashSetWithExpectedSize(indexedExpressions.size());
+        for (Expression expression : indexedExpressions) {
+        	KeyValueExpressionVisitor visitor = new KeyValueExpressionVisitor() {
+                @Override
+                public Void visit(KeyValueColumnExpression expression) {
+                	if (indexedColumns.add(new ColumnReference(expression.getColumnFamily(), expression.getColumnQualifier()))) {
+                		indexedColumnTypes.add(expression.getDataType());
+                	}
+                    return null;
+                }
+            };
+            expression.accept(visitor);
+        }
+        allColumns.addAll(indexedColumns);
+        for (ColumnReference colRef : coveredColumnsMap.keySet()) {
+            if (immutableStorageScheme==ImmutableStorageScheme.ONE_CELL_PER_COLUMN) {
+                allColumns.add(colRef);
+            } else {
+                allColumns.add(new ColumnReference(colRef.getFamily(), QueryConstants.SINGLE_KEYVALUE_COLUMN_QUALIFIER_BYTES));
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int dataPkOffset = (isDataTableSalted ? 1 : 0) + (isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0);
+        int nIndexPkColumns = getIndexPkColumnCount();
+        dataPkPosition = new int[nIndexPkColumns];
+        Arrays.fill(dataPkPosition, EXPRESSION_NOT_PRESENT);
+        int numViewConstantColumns = 0;
+        BitSet viewConstantColumnBitSet = rowKeyMetaData.getViewConstantColumnBitSet();
+        for (int i = dataPkOffset; i < indexDataColumnCount; i++) {
+            if (!viewConstantColumnBitSet.get(i)) {
+                int indexPkPosition = rowKeyMetaData.getIndexPkPosition(i-dataPkOffset);
+                this.dataPkPosition[indexPkPosition] = i;
+            } else {
+                numViewConstantColumns++;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Calculate the max number of trailing nulls that we should get rid of after building the index row key.
+        // We only get rid of nulls for variable length types, so we have to be careful to consider the type of the
+        // index table, not the data type of the data table
+        int expressionsPos = indexedExpressions.size();
+        int indexPkPos = nIndexPkColumns - numViewConstantColumns - 1;
+        while (indexPkPos >= 0) {
+            int dataPkPos = dataPkPosition[indexPkPos];
+            boolean isDataNullable;
+            PDataType dataType;
+            if (dataPkPos == EXPRESSION_NOT_PRESENT) {
+                isDataNullable = true;
+                dataType = indexedExpressions.get(--expressionsPos).getDataType();
+            } else {
+                Field dataField = dataRowKeySchema.getField(dataPkPos);
+                dataType = dataField.getDataType();
+                isDataNullable = dataField.isNullable();
+            }
+            PDataType indexDataType = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnDataType(isDataNullable, dataType);
+            if (indexDataType.isFixedWidth()) {
+                break;
+            }
+            indexPkPos--;
+        }
+        maxTrailingNulls = nIndexPkColumns-indexPkPos-1;
+    }
+
+    private int getIndexPkColumnCount() {
+        return getIndexPkColumnCount(indexDataColumnCount, indexedExpressions.size(), 
+                isDataTableSalted, isMultiTenant);
+    }
+    
+    private static int getIndexPkColumnCount(int indexDataColumnCount, int numIndexExpressions, boolean isDataTableSalted, boolean isMultiTenant) {
+        return indexDataColumnCount + numIndexExpressions - (isDataTableSalted ? 1 : 0) - (isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+    
+    private RowKeyMetaData newRowKeyMetaData() {
+        return getIndexPkColumnCount() < 0xFF ? new ByteSizeRowKeyMetaData() : new IntSizedRowKeyMetaData();
+    }
+    
+    private static RowKeyMetaData newRowKeyMetaData(IndexMaintainer i, RowKeySchema rowKeySchema, int numIndexExpressions, boolean isDataTableSalted, boolean isMultiTenant) {
+        int indexPkColumnCount = getIndexPkColumnCount(i.indexDataColumnCount, numIndexExpressions, 
+                isDataTableSalted, isMultiTenant);
+        return indexPkColumnCount < 0xFF ? i.new ByteSizeRowKeyMetaData() : i.new IntSizedRowKeyMetaData();
+    }
+
+    private RowKeyMetaData newRowKeyMetaData(int capacity) {
+        return capacity < 0xFF ? new ByteSizeRowKeyMetaData(capacity) : new IntSizedRowKeyMetaData(capacity);
+    }
+
+    private static void writeInverted(byte[] buf, int offset, int length, DataOutput output) throws IOException {
+        for (int i = offset; i < offset + length; i++) {
+            byte b = SortOrder.invert(buf[i]);
+            output.write(b);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private abstract class RowKeyMetaData implements Writable {
+        private BitSet descIndexColumnBitSet;
+        private BitSet viewConstantColumnBitSet;
+        
+        private RowKeyMetaData() {
+        }
+        
+        private RowKeyMetaData(int nIndexedColumns) {
+            descIndexColumnBitSet = BitSet.withCapacity(nIndexedColumns);
+            viewConstantColumnBitSet = BitSet.withCapacity(dataRowKeySchema.getMaxFields()); // Size based on number of data PK columns
+      }
+        
+        protected int getByteSize() {
+            return BitSet.getByteSize(getIndexPkColumnCount()) * 3 + BitSet.getByteSize(dataRowKeySchema.getMaxFields());
+        }
+        
+        protected abstract int getIndexPkPosition(int dataPkPosition);
+        protected abstract int setIndexPkPosition(int dataPkPosition, int indexPkPosition);
+        
+        @Override
+        public void readFields(DataInput input) throws IOException {
+            int length = getIndexPkColumnCount();
+            descIndexColumnBitSet = BitSet.read(input, length);
+            int vclength = dataRowKeySchema.getMaxFields();
+            viewConstantColumnBitSet = BitSet.read(input, vclength);
+        }
+        
+        @Override
+        public void write(DataOutput output) throws IOException {
+            int length = getIndexPkColumnCount();
+            BitSet.write(output, descIndexColumnBitSet, length);
+            int vclength = dataRowKeySchema.getMaxFields();
+            BitSet.write(output, viewConstantColumnBitSet, vclength);
+        }
+
+        private BitSet getDescIndexColumnBitSet() {
+            return descIndexColumnBitSet;
+        }
+
+        private BitSet getViewConstantColumnBitSet() {
+            return viewConstantColumnBitSet;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static int BYTE_OFFSET = 127;
+    
+    private class ByteSizeRowKeyMetaData extends RowKeyMetaData {
+        private byte[] indexPkPosition;
+        
+        private ByteSizeRowKeyMetaData() {
+        }
+
+        private ByteSizeRowKeyMetaData(int nIndexedColumns) {
+            super(nIndexedColumns);
+            this.indexPkPosition = new byte[nIndexedColumns];
+        }
+        
+        @Override
+        protected int getIndexPkPosition(int dataPkPosition) {
+            // Use offset for byte so that we can get full range of 0 - 255
+            // We use -128 as marker for a non row key index column,
+            // that's why our offset if 127 instead of 128
+            return this.indexPkPosition[dataPkPosition] + BYTE_OFFSET;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int setIndexPkPosition(int dataPkPosition, int indexPkPosition) {
+            return this.indexPkPosition[dataPkPosition] = (byte)(indexPkPosition - BYTE_OFFSET);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(DataOutput output) throws IOException {
+            super.write(output);
+            output.write(indexPkPosition);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int getByteSize() {
+            return super.getByteSize() + indexPkPosition.length;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readFields(DataInput input) throws IOException {
+            super.readFields(input);
+            this.indexPkPosition = new byte[getIndexPkColumnCount()];
+            input.readFully(indexPkPosition);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private class IntSizedRowKeyMetaData extends RowKeyMetaData {
+        private int[] indexPkPosition;
+        
+        private IntSizedRowKeyMetaData() {
+        }
+
+        private IntSizedRowKeyMetaData(int nIndexedColumns) {
+            super(nIndexedColumns);
+            this.indexPkPosition = new int[nIndexedColumns];
+        }
+        
+        @Override
+        protected int getIndexPkPosition(int dataPkPosition) {
+            return this.indexPkPosition[dataPkPosition];
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int setIndexPkPosition(int dataPkPosition, int indexPkPosition) {
+            return this.indexPkPosition[dataPkPosition] = indexPkPosition;
+        }
+        
+        @Override
+        public void write(DataOutput output) throws IOException {
+            super.write(output);
+            for (int i = 0; i < indexPkPosition.length; i++) {
+                output.writeInt(indexPkPosition[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected int getByteSize() {
+            return super.getByteSize() + indexPkPosition.length * Bytes.SIZEOF_INT;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readFields(DataInput input) throws IOException {
+            super.readFields(input);
+            this.indexPkPosition = new int[getIndexPkColumnCount()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < indexPkPosition.length; i++) {
+                indexPkPosition[i] = input.readInt();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<ColumnReference> iterator() {
+        return allColumns.iterator();
+    }
+
+    public ValueGetter createGetterFromKeyValues(final byte[] rowKey, Collection<? extends Cell> pendingUpdates) {
+        final Map<ColumnReference, ImmutableBytesPtr> valueMap = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(pendingUpdates
+                .size());
+        for (Cell kv : pendingUpdates) {
+            // create new pointers to each part of the kv
+            ImmutableBytesPtr value = new ImmutableBytesPtr(kv.getValueArray(), kv.getValueOffset(), kv.getValueLength());
+            valueMap.put(new ColumnReference(kv.getFamilyArray(), kv.getFamilyOffset(), kv.getFamilyLength(), kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(), kv.getQualifierLength()), value);
+        }
+        return new ValueGetter() {
+            @Override
+            public ImmutableBytesWritable getLatestValue(ColumnReference ref, long ts) {
+                if(ref.equals(dataEmptyKeyValueRef)) return null;
+                return valueMap.get(ref);
+            }
+            @Override
+            public byte[] getRowKey() {
+            	return rowKey;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    public byte[] getDataEmptyKeyValueCF() {
+        return dataEmptyKeyValueCF;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isLocalIndex() {
+        return isLocalIndex;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isImmutableRows() {
+        return immutableRows;
+    }
+    
+    public Set<ColumnReference> getIndexedColumns() {
+        return indexedColumns;
+    }
+
+    public static class UDFParseNodeVisitor extends StatelessTraverseAllParseNodeVisitor {
+
+        private Map<String, UDFParseNode> udfParseNodes;
+        public UDFParseNodeVisitor() {
+            udfParseNodes = new HashMap<String, UDFParseNode>(1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean visitEnter(FunctionParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+            if(node instanceof UDFParseNode) {
+                udfParseNodes.put(node.getName(), (UDFParseNode)node);
+            }
+            return super.visitEnter(node);
+        }
+        
+        public Map<String, UDFParseNode> getUdfParseNodes() {
+            return udfParseNodes;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public byte[] getEmptyKeyValueQualifier() {
+        return dataEmptyKeyValueRef.getQualifier();
+    }
+    
+    public Set<Pair<String, String>> getIndexedColumnInfo() {
+        return indexedColumnsInfo;
+    }
+    
+    public ImmutableStorageScheme getIndexStorageScheme() {
+        return immutableStorageScheme;
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `indexRowKey` last assigned on line 700 could be null and is dereferenced at line 702.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] IndexMaintainer.buildRowKey(ValueGetter,ImmutableBytesWritable,byte[],byte[],long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.index.IndexMaintainer.buildRowKey(org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.ValueGetter,org..7dd56b6e615624d84769298e59adb377
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/index/IndexMaintainer.java
+
+### Key:
+IndexMaintainer.java|buildRowKey|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8e03a07258d1d4dcd20400bd2c1de39c
+
+### Hash:
+21a7108068c0d8a83168c872be4db0d8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6071/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6071/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd832c0ef28038be125869c592c545b4abc402a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6071/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.end2end;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParser;
+import org.apache.commons.csv.CSVRecord;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixTestDriver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PInteger;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PArrayDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.CSVCommonsLoader;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.DateUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class CSVCommonsLoaderIT extends BaseHBaseManagedTimeIT {
+
+    private static final String DATATYPE_TABLE = "DATATYPE";
+    private static final String DATATYPES_CSV_VALUES = "CKEY, CVARCHAR, CCHAR, CINTEGER, CDECIMAL, CUNSIGNED_INT, CBOOLEAN, CBIGINT, CUNSIGNED_LONG, CTIME, CDATE\n"
+            + "KEY1,A,A,2147483647,1.1,0,TRUE,9223372036854775807,0,1990-12-31 10:59:59,1999-12-31 23:59:59\n"
+            + "KEY2,B,B,-2147483648,-1.1,2147483647,FALSE,-9223372036854775808,9223372036854775807,2000-01-01 00:00:01,2012-02-29 23:59:59\n"
+            + "KEY3,,,,,,,,,,\n";
+    private static final String STOCK_TABLE = "STOCK_SYMBOL";
+    private static final String STOCK_TABLE_MULTI = "STOCK_SYMBOL_MULTI";
+    private static final String STOCK_CSV_VALUES = "AAPL,APPLE Inc.\n"
+            + "CRM,SALESFORCE\n" + "GOOG,Google\n"
+            + "HOG,Harlet-Davidson Inc.\n" + "HPQ,Hewlett Packard\n"
+            + "INTC,Intel\n" + "MSFT,Microsoft\n" + "WAG,Walgreens\n"
+            + "WMT,Walmart\n";
+    private static final String[] STOCK_COLUMNS_WITH_BOGUS = new String[] {
+            "SYMBOL", "BOGUS" };
+    private static final String[] STOCK_COLUMNS = new String[] { "SYMBOL",
+            "COMPANY" };
+    private static final String STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER = STOCK_COLUMNS[0]
+            + "," + STOCK_COLUMNS[1] + "\n" + STOCK_CSV_VALUES;
+    private static final String STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_DELIMITER = "APPL"
+            + '\u0001' + '\u0002' + "APPLE\n" + " Inc" + '\u0002' + "\n"
+            + "MSFT" + '\u0001' + "Microsoft\n";
+
+    private static final String STOCK_TDV_VALUES = "AAPL\tAPPLE Inc\n"
+            + "CRM\tSALESFORCE\n" + "GOOG\tGoogle\n"
+            + "HOG\tHarlet-Davidson Inc.\n" + "HPQ\tHewlett Packard\n"
+            + "INTC\tIntel\n" + "MSFT\tMicrosoft\n" + "WAG\tWalgreens\n"
+            + "WMT\tWalmart\n";
+    private static final String STOCK_TDV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER = STOCK_COLUMNS[0]
+            + "\t" + STOCK_COLUMNS[1] + "\n" + STOCK_TDV_VALUES;
+
+
+    private static final String ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE = "ENCAPSULATEDCHAR";
+    private static final String[] ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS = new String[] {
+            "MYKEY", "MYVALUE" };
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS = "ALL THREEF,\"This has a all three , , \"\" \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "COMMA,\"This has a comma , in it. \"\n"
+            + "CRLF,\"This has a crlf \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "QUOTE,\"This has a quote \"\" in it. \"\n";
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER = ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[0]
+            + ","
+            + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[1]
+            + "\n"
+            + CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS;
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS = "ALL THREEF,\"This has a all three , , \"\" \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "COMMA,\"This has a comma , in it. \"\n"
+            + "CRLF,\"This has a crlf \r\n in it. \"\n"
+            + "BADENCAPSULATEDQUOTE,\"\"This has a bad quote in it. \"\n";
+    private static final String CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER = ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[0]
+            + ","
+            + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_COLUMNS[1]
+            + "\n"
+            + CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS;
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Collections.<String> emptyList(), true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_MultiTenant() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection globalConn = null;
+        PhoenixConnection tenantConn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table using the global connection
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE_MULTI
+                    + "(TENANT_ID VARCHAR NOT NULL, SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL, COMPANY VARCHAR," +
+                    " CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY(TENANT_ID,SYMBOL)) MULTI_TENANT = true;";
+            globalConn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(globalConn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+            globalConn.close();
+
+            tenantConn = new PhoenixTestDriver().connect(getUrl() + ";TenantId=acme", new Properties()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(tenantConn, STOCK_TABLE_MULTI,
+                    Collections.<String> emptyList(), true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = tenantConn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE_MULTI);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (tenantConn != null)
+                tenantConn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTDVCommonsUpsert() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert TDV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,Collections.<String> emptyList()
+                    , true, '\t', '"', null, CSVCommonsLoader.DEFAULT_ARRAY_ELEMENT_SEPARATOR);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_TDV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_TDV_VALUES_WITH_HEADER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithCustomDelimiters() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.<String> asList(STOCK_COLUMNS), true,
+                    '1', '2', '3', CSVCommonsLoader.DEFAULT_ARRAY_ELEMENT_SEPARATOR);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_DELIMITER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES_WITH_DELIMITER), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithColumns() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.<String> asList(STOCK_COLUMNS), true);
+            // no header
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithNoColumns() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    null, true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    STOCK_CSV_VALUES), csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithBogusColumn() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file, not strict
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.asList(STOCK_COLUMNS_WITH_BOGUS), false);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT SYMBOL, COMPANY FROM "
+                            + STOCK_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES),
+                    csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                assertEquals(record.get(0), phoenixResultSet.getString(1));
+                assertNull(phoenixResultSet.getString(2));
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithAllColumn() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.asList("FOO", "BAR"), false);
+
+            try {
+                csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+                fail();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                assertTrue(
+                        e.getMessage(),
+                        e.getMessage()
+                                .contains(
+                                        "ERROR 504 (42703): Undefined column. columnName=STOCK_SYMBOL.[FOO, BAR]"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVUpsertWithBogusColumnStrict() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS " + STOCK_TABLE
+                    + "(SYMBOL VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, COMPANY VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, STOCK_TABLE,
+                    Arrays.asList(STOCK_COLUMNS_WITH_BOGUS), true);
+            try {
+                csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(STOCK_CSV_VALUES));
+                fail();
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                assertTrue(
+                        e.getMessage(),
+                        e.getMessage()
+                                .contains(
+                                        "ERROR 504 (42703): Undefined column. columnName=STOCK_SYMBOL.BOGUS"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAllDatatypes() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "
+                    + DATATYPE_TABLE
+                    + " (CKEY VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,"
+                    + "  CVARCHAR VARCHAR, CCHAR CHAR(10), CINTEGER INTEGER, CDECIMAL DECIMAL(31,10), CUNSIGNED_INT UNSIGNED_INT, CBOOLEAN BOOLEAN, CBIGINT BIGINT, CUNSIGNED_LONG UNSIGNED_LONG, CTIME TIME, CDATE DATE);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn,
+                    DATATYPE_TABLE, Collections.<String> emptyList(), true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(DATATYPES_CSV_VALUES));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT CKEY, CVARCHAR, CCHAR, CINTEGER, CDECIMAL, CUNSIGNED_INT, CBOOLEAN, CBIGINT, CUNSIGNED_LONG, CTIME, CDATE FROM "
+                            + DATATYPE_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(DATATYPES_CSV_VALUES),
+                    csvUtil.getFormat());
+
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                int size = record.size();
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getObject(i + 1)
+                            .toString().toUpperCase());
+                    if (i < size - 2)
+                        break;
+                    i++;
+                }
+                // special case for matching date, time values
+                String timeFieldValue = record.get(9);
+                assertEquals(timeFieldValue.isEmpty() ? null : DateUtil.parseTime(record.get(9)),
+                        phoenixResultSet.getTime("CTIME"));
+
+                String dateField = record.get(10);
+                assertEquals(dateField.isEmpty() ? null : DateUtil.parseDate(record.get(10)),
+                        phoenixResultSet.getDate("CDATE"));
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsertEncapsulatedControlChars() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "
+                    + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE
+                    + "(MYKEY VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, MYVALUE VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn,
+                    ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE, Collections.<String> emptyList(),
+                    true);
+            csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(
+                    CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT MYKEY, MYVALUE FROM "
+                            + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE);
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(
+                    CSV_VALUES_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER),
+                    csvUtil.getFormat());
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+                int i = 0;
+                for (String value : record) {
+                    assertEquals(value, phoenixResultSet.getString(i + 1));
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsertBadEncapsulatedControlChars()
+            throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "
+                    + ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE
+                    + "(MYKEY VARCHAR NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, MYVALUE VARCHAR);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl())
+                    .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn,
+                    ENCAPSULATED_CHARS_TABLE, Collections.<String> emptyList(),
+                    true);
+            try {
+                csvUtil.upsert(new StringReader(
+                        CSV_VALUES_BAD_ENCAPSULATED_CONTROL_CHARS_WITH_HEADER));
+                fail();
+            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+                assertTrue(
+                        e.getMessage(),
+                        e.getMessage()
+                                .contains(
+                                        "invalid char between encapsulated token and delimiter"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithArray() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ARRAY_TABLE "
+                    + "(ID BIGINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, VALARRAY INTEGER ARRAY);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, "ARRAY_TABLE",
+                    null, true, ',', '"', null, "!");
+            csvUtil.upsert(
+                    new StringReader("ID,VALARRAY\n"
+                            + "1,2!3!4\n"));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT ID, VALARRAY FROM ARRAY_TABLE");
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+            assertEquals(1L, phoenixResultSet.getLong(1));
+            assertEquals(
+                    PArrayDataType.instantiatePhoenixArray(PInteger.INSTANCE, new Integer[]{2, 3, 4}),
+                    phoenixResultSet.getArray(2));
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithTimestamp() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser parser = null;
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+
+            // Create table
+            String statements = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS TS_TABLE "
+                    + "(ID BIGINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, TS TIMESTAMP);";
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            PhoenixRuntime.executeStatements(conn,
+                    new StringReader(statements), null);
+
+            // Upsert CSV file
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, "TS_TABLE",
+                    null, true, ',', '"', null, "!");
+            csvUtil.upsert(
+                    new StringReader("ID,TS\n"
+                            + "1,1970-01-01 00:00:10\n"
+                            + "2,1970-01-01 00:00:10.123\n"));
+
+            // Compare Phoenix ResultSet with CSV file content
+            PreparedStatement statement = conn
+                    .prepareStatement("SELECT ID, TS FROM TS_TABLE ORDER BY ID");
+            ResultSet phoenixResultSet = statement.executeQuery();
+            assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+            assertEquals(1L, phoenixResultSet.getLong(1));
+            assertEquals(10000L, phoenixResultSet.getTimestamp(2).getTime());
+            assertTrue(phoenixResultSet.next());
+            assertEquals(2L, phoenixResultSet.getLong(1));
+            assertEquals(10123L, phoenixResultSet.getTimestamp(2).getTime());
+            assertFalse(phoenixResultSet.next());
+        } finally {
+            if (parser != null)
+                parser.close();
+            if (conn != null)
+                conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSVCommonsUpsert_NonExistentTable() throws Exception {
+        PhoenixConnection conn = null;
+        try {
+            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(
+                    PhoenixConnection.class);
+            CSVCommonsLoader csvUtil = new CSVCommonsLoader(conn, "NONEXISTENTTABLE",
+                    null, true, ',', '"', null, "!");
+            csvUtil.upsert(
+                    new StringReader("ID,VALARRAY\n"
+                            + "1,2!3!4\n"));
+            fail("Trying to load a non-existent table should fail");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            assertEquals("Table NONEXISTENTTABLE not found", e.getMessage());
+        } finally {
+            if (conn != null) {
+                conn.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `csvUtil.columns` last assigned on line 633 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `upsert(...)` at line 635.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVCommonsLoaderIT.testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithArray()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.end2end.CSVCommonsLoaderIT.testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithArray():void.252e68bed8a651724dfd0226380acc52
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/it/java/org/apache/phoenix/end2end/CSVCommonsLoaderIT.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVCommonsLoaderIT.java|testCSVCommonsUpsert_WithArray|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b40a38f4b462c12833b13ba20361a8ba
+
+### Hash:
+62b26e7fc453e2562a7280cd12cccae3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6076/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6076/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..247bc06fc90b77e28c0aeab71b8535ea1249adda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6076/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,918 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mallet
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* Copyright (C) 2002 Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, Computer Science Dept.
+   This file is part of "MALLET" (MAchine Learning for LanguagE Toolkit).
+   http://www.cs.umass.edu/~mccallum/mallet
+   This software is provided under the terms of the Common Public License,
+   version 1.0, as published by http://www.opensource.org.  For further
+   information, see the file `LICENSE' included with this distribution. */
+
+
+
+
+
+package cc.mallet.pipe;
+
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.io.*;
+
+import cc.mallet.types.FeatureSequenceWithBigrams;
+import cc.mallet.types.Instance;
+import cc.mallet.types.Token;
+import cc.mallet.types.TokenSequence;
+/**
+ * Remove tokens from the token sequence in the data field whose text is in the stopword list.
+ @author Andrew McCallum <a href="mailto:mccallum@cs.umass.edu">mccallum@cs.umass.edu</a>
+*/
+
+public class TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords extends Pipe implements Serializable
+{
+	// xxx Use a gnu.trove collection instead
+	HashSet<String> stoplist = null;
+	boolean caseSensitive = true;
+	boolean markDeletions = false;
+
+	private HashSet<String> newDefaultStopList ()
+	{
+		HashSet<String> sl = new HashSet<String>();
+		for (int i = 0; i < stopwords.length; i++)
+			sl.add (stopwords[i]);
+		return sl;
+	}
+
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords (boolean caseSensitive, boolean markDeletions)
+	{
+		stoplist = newDefaultStopList();
+		this.caseSensitive = caseSensitive;
+		this.markDeletions = markDeletions;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords (boolean caseSensitive)
+	{
+		stoplist = newDefaultStopList();
+		this.caseSensitive = caseSensitive;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords ()
+	{
+		this (false);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 *  Load a stoplist from a file.
+	 *  @param stoplistFile    The file to load
+	 *  @param encoding        The encoding of the stoplist file (eg UTF-8)
+	 *  @param includeDefault  Whether to include the standard mallet English stoplist
+	 */
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords(File stoplistFile, String encoding, boolean includeDefault,
+										boolean caseSensitive, boolean markDeletions) {
+		if (! includeDefault) { stoplist = new HashSet<String>(); }
+		else { stoplist = newDefaultStopList(); }
+
+		addStopWords (fileToStringArray(stoplistFile, encoding));
+
+		this.caseSensitive = caseSensitive;
+        this.markDeletions = markDeletions;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords setCaseSensitive (boolean flag)
+	{
+		this.caseSensitive = flag;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords setMarkDeletions (boolean flag)
+	{
+		this.markDeletions = flag;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords addStopWords (String[] words)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++)
+			stoplist.add (words[i]);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords removeStopWords (String[] words)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++)
+			stoplist.remove (words[i]);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/** Remove whitespace-separated tokens in file "wordlist" to the stoplist. */
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords removeStopWords (File wordlist)
+	{
+		this.removeStopWords (fileToStringArray(wordlist, null));
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/** Add whitespace-separated tokens in file "wordlist" to the stoplist. */
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords addStopWords (File wordlist)
+	{
+		if (wordlist != null)
+			this.addStopWords (fileToStringArray(wordlist, null));
+		return this;
+	}
+
+
+	private String[] fileToStringArray (File f, String encoding)
+	{
+		ArrayList<String> wordarray = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+		try {
+
+			BufferedReader input = null;
+			if (encoding == null) {
+				input = new BufferedReader (new FileReader (f));
+			}
+			else {
+				input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader( new FileInputStream(f), encoding ));
+			}
+			String line;
+
+			while (( line = input.readLine()) != null) {
+				String[] words = line.split ("\\s+");
+				for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++)
+					wordarray.add (words[i]);
+			}
+
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Trouble reading file "+f);
+		}
+		return (String[]) wordarray.toArray(new String[]{});
+	}
+	
+	public Instance pipe (Instance carrier)
+	{
+		TokenSequence ts = (TokenSequence) carrier.getData();
+		// xxx This doesn't seem so efficient.  Perhaps have TokenSequence
+		// use a LinkedList, and remove Tokens from it? -?
+		// But a LinkedList implementation of TokenSequence would be quite inefficient -AKM
+		TokenSequence ret = new TokenSequence ();
+		Token prevToken = null;
+		for (int i = 0; i < ts.size(); i++) {
+			Token t = ts.get(i);
+			if (! stoplist.contains (caseSensitive ? t.getText() : t.getText().toLowerCase())) {
+				// xxx Should we instead make and add a copy of the Token?
+				ret.add (t);
+				prevToken = t;
+			} else if (markDeletions && prevToken != null)
+				prevToken.setProperty (FeatureSequenceWithBigrams.deletionMark, t.getText());
+		}
+		carrier.setData(ret);
+		return carrier;
+	}
+
+	// Serialization 
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1;
+	private static final int CURRENT_SERIAL_VERSION = 2;
+	
+	private void writeObject (ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+		out.writeInt (CURRENT_SERIAL_VERSION);
+		out.writeBoolean(caseSensitive);
+		out.writeBoolean(markDeletions);
+		out.writeObject(stoplist); // New as of CURRENT_SERIAL_VERSION 2
+	}
+	
+	private void readObject (ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+		int version = in.readInt ();
+		caseSensitive = in.readBoolean();
+		if (version > 0)
+			markDeletions = in.readBoolean();
+		if (version > 1) {
+			stoplist = (HashSet<String>) in.readObject();
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	
+	static final String[] stopwords =
+	{
+		"a",
+		"able",
+		"about",
+		"above",
+		"according",
+		"accordingly",
+		"across",
+		"actually",
+		"after",
+		"afterwards",
+		"again",
+		"against",
+		"all",
+		"allow",
+		"allows",
+		"almost",
+		"alone",
+		"along",
+		"already",
+		"also",
+		"although",
+		"always",
+		"am",
+		"among",
+		"amongst",
+		"an",
+		"and",
+		"another",
+		"any",
+		"anybody",
+		"anyhow",
+		"anyone",
+		"anything",
+		"anyway",
+		"anyways",
+		"anywhere",
+		"apart",
+		"appear",
+		"appreciate",
+		"appropriate",
+		"are",
+		"around",
+		"as",
+		"aside",
+		"ask",
+		"asking",
+		"associated",
+		"at",
+		"available",
+		"away",
+		"awfully",
+		"b",
+		"be",
+		"became",
+		"because",
+		"become",
+		"becomes",
+		"becoming",
+		"been",
+		"before",
+		"beforehand",
+		"behind",
+		"being",
+		"believe",
+		"below",
+		"beside",
+		"besides",
+		"best",
+		"better",
+		"between",
+		"beyond",
+		"both",
+		"brief",
+		"but",
+		"by",
+		"c",
+		"came",
+		"can",
+		"cannot",
+		"cant",
+		"cause",
+		"causes",
+		"certain",
+		"certainly",
+		"changes",
+		"clearly",
+		"co",
+		"com",
+		"come",
+		"comes",
+		"concerning",
+		"consequently",
+		"consider",
+		"considering",
+		"contain",
+		"containing",
+		"contains",
+		"corresponding",
+		"could",
+		"course",
+		"currently",
+		"d",
+		"definitely",
+		"described",
+		"despite",
+		"did",
+		"different",
+		"do",
+		"does",
+		"doing",
+		"done",
+		"down",
+		"downwards",
+		"during",
+		"e",
+		"each",
+		"edu",
+		"eg",
+		"eight",
+		"either",
+		"else",
+		"elsewhere",
+		"enough",
+		"entirely",
+		"especially",
+		"et",
+		"etc",
+		"even",
+		"ever",
+		"every",
+		"everybody",
+		"everyone",
+		"everything",
+		"everywhere",
+		"ex",
+		"exactly",
+		"example",
+		"except",
+		"f",
+		"far",
+		"few",
+		"fifth",
+		"first",
+		"five",
+		"followed",
+		"following",
+		"follows",
+		"for",
+		"former",
+		"formerly",
+		"forth",
+		"four",
+		"from",
+		"further",
+		"furthermore",
+		"g",
+		"get",
+		"gets",
+		"getting",
+		"given",
+		"gives",
+		"go",
+		"goes",
+		"going",
+		"gone",
+		"got",
+		"gotten",
+		"greetings",
+		"h",
+		"had",
+		"happens",
+		"hardly",
+		"has",
+		"have",
+		"having",
+		"he",
+		"hello",
+		"help",
+		"hence",
+		"her",
+		"here",
+		"hereafter",
+		"hereby",
+		"herein",
+		"hereupon",
+		"hers",
+		"herself",
+		"hi",
+		"him",
+		"himself",
+		"his",
+		"hither",
+		"hopefully",
+		"how",
+		"howbeit",
+		"however",
+		"i",
+		"ie",
+		"if",
+		"ignored",
+		"immediate",
+		"in",
+		"inasmuch",
+		"inc",
+		"indeed",
+		"indicate",
+		"indicated",
+		"indicates",
+		"inner",
+		"insofar",
+		"instead",
+		"into",
+		"inward",
+		"is",
+		"it",
+		"its",
+		"itself",
+		"j",
+		"just",
+		"k",
+		"keep",
+		"keeps",
+		"kept",
+		"know",
+		"knows",
+		"known",
+		"l",
+		"last",
+		"lately",
+		"later",
+		"latter",
+		"latterly",
+		"least",
+		"less",
+		"lest",
+		"let",
+		"like",
+		"liked",
+		"likely",
+		"little",
+		"look",
+		"looking",
+		"looks",
+		"ltd",
+		"m",
+		"mainly",
+		"many",
+		"may",
+		"maybe",
+		"me",
+		"mean",
+		"meanwhile",
+		"merely",
+		"might",
+		"more",
+		"moreover",
+		"most",
+		"mostly",
+		"much",
+		"must",
+		"my",
+		"myself",
+		"n",
+		"name",
+		"namely",
+		"nd",
+		"near",
+		"nearly",
+		"necessary",
+		"need",
+		"needs",
+		"neither",
+		"never",
+		"nevertheless",
+		"new",
+		"next",
+		"nine",
+		"no",
+		"nobody",
+		"non",
+		"none",
+		"noone",
+		"nor",
+		"normally",
+		"not",
+		"nothing",
+		"novel",
+		"now",
+		"nowhere",
+		"o",
+		"obviously",
+		"of",
+		"off",
+		"often",
+		"oh",
+		"ok",
+		"okay",
+		"old",
+		"on",
+		"once",
+		"one",
+		"ones",
+		"only",
+		"onto",
+		"or",
+		"other",
+		"others",
+		"otherwise",
+		"ought",
+		"our",
+		"ours",
+		"ourselves",
+		"out",
+		"outside",
+		"over",
+		"overall",
+		"own",
+		"p",
+		"particular",
+		"particularly",
+		"per",
+		"perhaps",
+		"placed",
+		"please",
+		"plus",
+		"possible",
+		"presumably",
+		"probably",
+		"provides",
+		"q",
+		"que",
+		"quite",
+		"qv",
+		"r",
+		"rather",
+		"rd",
+		"re",
+		"really",
+		"reasonably",
+		"regarding",
+		"regardless",
+		"regards",
+		"relatively",
+		"respectively",
+		"right",
+		"s",
+		"said",
+		"same",
+		"saw",
+		"say",
+		"saying",
+		"says",
+		"second",
+		"secondly",
+		"see",
+		"seeing",
+		"seem",
+		"seemed",
+		"seeming",
+		"seems",
+		"seen",
+		"self",
+		"selves",
+		"sensible",
+		"sent",
+		"serious",
+		"seriously",
+		"seven",
+		"several",
+		"shall",
+		"she",
+		"should",
+		"since",
+		"six",
+		"so",
+		"some",
+		"somebody",
+		"somehow",
+		"someone",
+		"something",
+		"sometime",
+		"sometimes",
+		"somewhat",
+		"somewhere",
+		"soon",
+		"sorry",
+		"specified",
+		"specify",
+		"specifying",
+		"still",
+		"sub",
+		"such",
+		"sup",
+		"sure",
+		"t",
+		"take",
+		"taken",
+		"tell",
+		"tends",
+		"th",
+		"than",
+		"thank",
+		"thanks",
+		"thanx",
+		"that",
+		"thats",
+		"the",
+		"their",
+		"theirs",
+		"them",
+		"themselves",
+		"then",
+		"thence",
+		"there",
+		"thereafter",
+		"thereby",
+		"therefore",
+		"therein",
+		"theres",
+		"thereupon",
+		"these",
+		"they",
+		"think",
+		"third",
+		"this",
+		"thorough",
+		"thoroughly",
+		"those",
+		"though",
+		"three",
+		"through",
+		"throughout",
+		"thru",
+		"thus",
+		"to",
+		"together",
+		"too",
+		"took",
+		"toward",
+		"towards",
+		"tried",
+		"tries",
+		"truly",
+		"try",
+		"trying",
+		"twice",
+		"two",
+		"u",
+		"un",
+		"under",
+		"unfortunately",
+		"unless",
+		"unlikely",
+		"until",
+		"unto",
+		"up",
+		"upon",
+		"us",
+		"use",
+		"used",
+		"useful",
+		"uses",
+		"using",
+		"usually",
+		"uucp",
+		"v",
+		"value",
+		"various",
+		"very",
+		"via",
+		"viz",
+		"vs",
+		"w",
+		"want",
+		"wants",
+		"was",
+		"way",
+		"we",
+		"welcome",
+		"well",
+		"went",
+		"were",
+		"what",
+		"whatever",
+		"when",
+		"whence",
+		"whenever",
+		"where",
+		"whereafter",
+		"whereas",
+		"whereby",
+		"wherein",
+		"whereupon",
+		"wherever",
+		"whether",
+		"which",
+		"while",
+		"whither",
+		"who",
+		"whoever",
+		"whole",
+		"whom",
+		"whose",
+		"why",
+		"will",
+		"willing",
+		"wish",
+		"with",
+		"within",
+		"without",
+		"wonder",
+		"would",
+		"would",
+		"x",
+		"y",
+		"yes",
+		"yet",
+		"you",
+		"your",
+		"yours",
+		"yourself",
+		"yourselves",
+		"z",
+		"zero",
+		// stop words for paper abstracts
+		//		"abstract",
+		//"paper",
+		//"presents",
+		//"discuss",
+		//"discusses",
+		//"conclude",
+		//"concludes",
+		//"based",
+		//"approach"
+	};	
+		//stopwords for french, added by Limin Yao
+	static final String[] stopwordsFrench = {
+		"fut",
+		"S",
+		"ces",
+		"ral",
+		"new",
+		"tr",
+		"arm",
+		"y",
+		"autres",
+		"o",
+		"tait",
+		"dont",
+		"ann",
+		"apr",
+		"sous",
+		"ans",
+		"cette",
+		"politique",
+		"of",
+		"c",
+		"contre",
+		"leur",
+		"ville",
+		"fait",
+		"res",
+		"on",
+		"deux",
+		"cle",
+		"v",
+		"publique",
+		"france",
+		"te",
+		"guerre",
+		"sident",
+		"unis",
+		"mais",
+		"entre",
+		"aussi",
+		"tat",
+		"ais",
+		"ses",
+		"sa",
+		"ont",
+		"tre",
+		"d",
+		"pays",
+		"en",
+		"Il",
+		"tats",
+		"comme",
+		"am",
+		"si",
+		"c",
+		"fran",
+		"pas",
+		"g",
+		"qu",
+		"R",
+		"aux",
+		"ce",
+		"f",
+		"p",
+		"ne",
+		"son",
+		"me",
+		"avec",
+		"l",
+		"se",
+		"ou",
+		"sont",
+		"il",
+		"Les",
+		"re",
+		"plus",
+		"m",
+		"es",
+		"pr",
+		"la",
+		"sur",
+		"que",
+		"pour",
+		"modifier",
+		"a",
+		"qui",
+		"Le",
+		"t",
+		"n",
+		"au",
+		"dans",
+		"une",
+		"par",
+		"un",
+		"r",
+		"est",
+		"e",
+		"du",
+		"s",
+		"les",
+		"en",
+		"des",
+		"le",
+		"et",
+		"l",
+		"d",
+		"la",
+		"de",
+
+	};
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 133 is not released after line 143.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 137
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+java.lang.String[] TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.fileToStringArray(File,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cc.mallet.pipe.TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.fileToStringArray(java.io.File,java.lang.String):java.la.8562a189b038336982e61c3e8152fa6c
+
+### File:
+src/cc/mallet/pipe/TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.java
+
+### Key:
+TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.java|fileToStringArray|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+5e7ab5d0109da058d2d733c0cb63c869
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6077/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6077/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b5ce3077ea1ca285b37f82fd2a7d6fcf63ab457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6077/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mallet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* Copyright (C) 2002 Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, Computer Science Dept.
+   This file is part of "MALLET" (MAchine Learning for LanguagE Toolkit).
+   http://www.cs.umass.edu/~mccallum/mallet
+   This software is provided under the terms of the Common Public License,
+   version 1.0, as published by http://www.opensource.org.  For further
+   information, see the file `LICENSE' included with this distribution. */
+
+
+
+
+
+package cc.mallet.pipe;
+
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.io.*;
+
+import cc.mallet.types.FeatureSequenceWithBigrams;
+import cc.mallet.types.Instance;
+import cc.mallet.types.Token;
+import cc.mallet.types.TokenSequence;
+/**
+ * Remove tokens from the token sequence in the data field whose text is in the stopword list.
+ @author Andrew McCallum <a href="mailto:mccallum@cs.umass.edu">mccallum@cs.umass.edu</a>
+*/
+
+public class TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords extends Pipe implements Serializable
+{
+	// xxx Use a gnu.trove collection instead
+	HashSet<String> stoplist = null;
+	boolean caseSensitive = true;
+	boolean markDeletions = false;
+
+	private HashSet<String> newDefaultStopList ()
+	{
+		HashSet<String> sl = new HashSet<String>();
+		for (int i = 0; i < stopwords.length; i++)
+			sl.add (stopwords[i]);
+		return sl;
+	}
+
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords (boolean caseSensitive, boolean markDeletions)
+	{
+		stoplist = newDefaultStopList();
+		this.caseSensitive = caseSensitive;
+		this.markDeletions = markDeletions;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords (boolean caseSensitive)
+	{
+		stoplist = newDefaultStopList();
+		this.caseSensitive = caseSensitive;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords ()
+	{
+		this (false);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 *  Load a stoplist from a file.
+	 *  @param stoplistFile    The file to load
+	 *  @param encoding        The encoding of the stoplist file (eg UTF-8)
+	 *  @param includeDefault  Whether to include the standard mallet English stoplist
+	 */
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords(File stoplistFile, String encoding, boolean includeDefault,
+										boolean caseSensitive, boolean markDeletions) {
+		if (! includeDefault) { stoplist = new HashSet<String>(); }
+		else { stoplist = newDefaultStopList(); }
+
+		addStopWords (fileToStringArray(stoplistFile, encoding));
+
+		this.caseSensitive = caseSensitive;
+        this.markDeletions = markDeletions;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords setCaseSensitive (boolean flag)
+	{
+		this.caseSensitive = flag;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords setMarkDeletions (boolean flag)
+	{
+		this.markDeletions = flag;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords addStopWords (String[] words)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++)
+			stoplist.add (words[i]);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords removeStopWords (String[] words)
+	{
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++)
+			stoplist.remove (words[i]);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/** Remove whitespace-separated tokens in file "wordlist" to the stoplist. */
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords removeStopWords (File wordlist)
+	{
+		this.removeStopWords (fileToStringArray(wordlist, null));
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/** Add whitespace-separated tokens in file "wordlist" to the stoplist. */
+	public TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords addStopWords (File wordlist)
+	{
+		if (wordlist != null)
+			this.addStopWords (fileToStringArray(wordlist, null));
+		return this;
+	}
+
+
+	private String[] fileToStringArray (File f, String encoding)
+	{
+		ArrayList<String> wordarray = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+		try {
+
+			BufferedReader input = null;
+			if (encoding == null) {
+				input = new BufferedReader (new FileReader (f));
+			}
+			else {
+				input = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader( new FileInputStream(f), encoding ));
+			}
+			String line;
+
+			while (( line = input.readLine()) != null) {
+				String[] words = line.split ("\\s+");
+				for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++)
+					wordarray.add (words[i]);
+			}
+
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Trouble reading file "+f);
+		}
+		return (String[]) wordarray.toArray(new String[]{});
+	}
+	
+	public Instance pipe (Instance carrier)
+	{
+		TokenSequence ts = (TokenSequence) carrier.getData();
+		// xxx This doesn't seem so efficient.  Perhaps have TokenSequence
+		// use a LinkedList, and remove Tokens from it? -?
+		// But a LinkedList implementation of TokenSequence would be quite inefficient -AKM
+		TokenSequence ret = new TokenSequence ();
+		Token prevToken = null;
+		for (int i = 0; i < ts.size(); i++) {
+			Token t = ts.get(i);
+			if (! stoplist.contains (caseSensitive ? t.getText() : t.getText().toLowerCase())) {
+				// xxx Should we instead make and add a copy of the Token?
+				ret.add (t);
+				prevToken = t;
+			} else if (markDeletions && prevToken != null)
+				prevToken.setProperty (FeatureSequenceWithBigrams.deletionMark, t.getText());
+		}
+		carrier.setData(ret);
+		return carrier;
+	}
+
+	// Serialization 
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1;
+	private static final int CURRENT_SERIAL_VERSION = 2;
+	
+	private void writeObject (ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+		out.writeInt (CURRENT_SERIAL_VERSION);
+		out.writeBoolean(caseSensitive);
+		out.writeBoolean(markDeletions);
+		out.writeObject(stoplist); // New as of CURRENT_SERIAL_VERSION 2
+	}
+	
+	private void readObject (ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+		int version = in.readInt ();
+		caseSensitive = in.readBoolean();
+		if (version > 0)
+			markDeletions = in.readBoolean();
+		if (version > 1) {
+			stoplist = (HashSet<String>) in.readObject();
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	
+	static final String[] stopwords =
+	{
+		"a",
+		"able",
+		"about",
+		"above",
+		"according",
+		"accordingly",
+		"across",
+		"actually",
+		"after",
+		"afterwards",
+		"again",
+		"against",
+		"all",
+		"allow",
+		"allows",
+		"almost",
+		"alone",
+		"along",
+		"already",
+		"also",
+		"although",
+		"always",
+		"am",
+		"among",
+		"amongst",
+		"an",
+		"and",
+		"another",
+		"any",
+		"anybody",
+		"anyhow",
+		"anyone",
+		"anything",
+		"anyway",
+		"anyways",
+		"anywhere",
+		"apart",
+		"appear",
+		"appreciate",
+		"appropriate",
+		"are",
+		"around",
+		"as",
+		"aside",
+		"ask",
+		"asking",
+		"associated",
+		"at",
+		"available",
+		"away",
+		"awfully",
+		"b",
+		"be",
+		"became",
+		"because",
+		"become",
+		"becomes",
+		"becoming",
+		"been",
+		"before",
+		"beforehand",
+		"behind",
+		"being",
+		"believe",
+		"below",
+		"beside",
+		"besides",
+		"best",
+		"better",
+		"between",
+		"beyond",
+		"both",
+		"brief",
+		"but",
+		"by",
+		"c",
+		"came",
+		"can",
+		"cannot",
+		"cant",
+		"cause",
+		"causes",
+		"certain",
+		"certainly",
+		"changes",
+		"clearly",
+		"co",
+		"com",
+		"come",
+		"comes",
+		"concerning",
+		"consequently",
+		"consider",
+		"considering",
+		"contain",
+		"containing",
+		"contains",
+		"corresponding",
+		"could",
+		"course",
+		"currently",
+		"d",
+		"definitely",
+		"described",
+		"despite",
+		"did",
+		"different",
+		"do",
+		"does",
+		"doing",
+		"done",
+		"down",
+		"downwards",
+		"during",
+		"e",
+		"each",
+		"edu",
+		"eg",
+		"eight",
+		"either",
+		"else",
+		"elsewhere",
+		"enough",
+		"entirely",
+		"especially",
+		"et",
+		"etc",
+		"even",
+		"ever",
+		"every",
+		"everybody",
+		"everyone",
+		"everything",
+		"everywhere",
+		"ex",
+		"exactly",
+		"example",
+		"except",
+		"f",
+		"far",
+		"few",
+		"fifth",
+		"first",
+		"five",
+		"followed",
+		"following",
+		"follows",
+		"for",
+		"former",
+		"formerly",
+		"forth",
+		"four",
+		"from",
+		"further",
+		"furthermore",
+		"g",
+		"get",
+		"gets",
+		"getting",
+		"given",
+		"gives",
+		"go",
+		"goes",
+		"going",
+		"gone",
+		"got",
+		"gotten",
+		"greetings",
+		"h",
+		"had",
+		"happens",
+		"hardly",
+		"has",
+		"have",
+		"having",
+		"he",
+		"hello",
+		"help",
+		"hence",
+		"her",
+		"here",
+		"hereafter",
+		"hereby",
+		"herein",
+		"hereupon",
+		"hers",
+		"herself",
+		"hi",
+		"him",
+		"himself",
+		"his",
+		"hither",
+		"hopefully",
+		"how",
+		"howbeit",
+		"however",
+		"i",
+		"ie",
+		"if",
+		"ignored",
+		"immediate",
+		"in",
+		"inasmuch",
+		"inc",
+		"indeed",
+		"indicate",
+		"indicated",
+		"indicates",
+		"inner",
+		"insofar",
+		"instead",
+		"into",
+		"inward",
+		"is",
+		"it",
+		"its",
+		"itself",
+		"j",
+		"just",
+		"k",
+		"keep",
+		"keeps",
+		"kept",
+		"know",
+		"knows",
+		"known",
+		"l",
+		"last",
+		"lately",
+		"later",
+		"latter",
+		"latterly",
+		"least",
+		"less",
+		"lest",
+		"let",
+		"like",
+		"liked",
+		"likely",
+		"little",
+		"look",
+		"looking",
+		"looks",
+		"ltd",
+		"m",
+		"mainly",
+		"many",
+		"may",
+		"maybe",
+		"me",
+		"mean",
+		"meanwhile",
+		"merely",
+		"might",
+		"more",
+		"moreover",
+		"most",
+		"mostly",
+		"much",
+		"must",
+		"my",
+		"myself",
+		"n",
+		"name",
+		"namely",
+		"nd",
+		"near",
+		"nearly",
+		"necessary",
+		"need",
+		"needs",
+		"neither",
+		"never",
+		"nevertheless",
+		"new",
+		"next",
+		"nine",
+		"no",
+		"nobody",
+		"non",
+		"none",
+		"noone",
+		"nor",
+		"normally",
+		"not",
+		"nothing",
+		"novel",
+		"now",
+		"nowhere",
+		"o",
+		"obviously",
+		"of",
+		"off",
+		"often",
+		"oh",
+		"ok",
+		"okay",
+		"old",
+		"on",
+		"once",
+		"one",
+		"ones",
+		"only",
+		"onto",
+		"or",
+		"other",
+		"others",
+		"otherwise",
+		"ought",
+		"our",
+		"ours",
+		"ourselves",
+		"out",
+		"outside",
+		"over",
+		"overall",
+		"own",
+		"p",
+		"particular",
+		"particularly",
+		"per",
+		"perhaps",
+		"placed",
+		"please",
+		"plus",
+		"possible",
+		"presumably",
+		"probably",
+		"provides",
+		"q",
+		"que",
+		"quite",
+		"qv",
+		"r",
+		"rather",
+		"rd",
+		"re",
+		"really",
+		"reasonably",
+		"regarding",
+		"regardless",
+		"regards",
+		"relatively",
+		"respectively",
+		"right",
+		"s",
+		"said",
+		"same",
+		"saw",
+		"say",
+		"saying",
+		"says",
+		"second",
+		"secondly",
+		"see",
+		"seeing",
+		"seem",
+		"seemed",
+		"seeming",
+		"seems",
+		"seen",
+		"self",
+		"selves",
+		"sensible",
+		"sent",
+		"serious",
+		"seriously",
+		"seven",
+		"several",
+		"shall",
+		"she",
+		"should",
+		"since",
+		"six",
+		"so",
+		"some",
+		"somebody",
+		"somehow",
+		"someone",
+		"something",
+		"sometime",
+		"sometimes",
+		"somewhat",
+		"somewhere",
+		"soon",
+		"sorry",
+		"specified",
+		"specify",
+		"specifying",
+		"still",
+		"sub",
+		"such",
+		"sup",
+		"sure",
+		"t",
+		"take",
+		"taken",
+		"tell",
+		"tends",
+		"th",
+		"than",
+		"thank",
+		"thanks",
+		"thanx",
+		"that",
+		"thats",
+		"the",
+		"their",
+		"theirs",
+		"them",
+		"themselves",
+		"then",
+		"thence",
+		"there",
+		"thereafter",
+		"thereby",
+		"therefore",
+		"therein",
+		"theres",
+		"thereupon",
+		"these",
+		"they",
+		"think",
+		"third",
+		"this",
+		"thorough",
+		"thoroughly",
+		"those",
+		"though",
+		"three",
+		"through",
+		"throughout",
+		"thru",
+		"thus",
+		"to",
+		"together",
+		"too",
+		"took",
+		"toward",
+		"towards",
+		"tried",
+		"tries",
+		"truly",
+		"try",
+		"trying",
+		"twice",
+		"two",
+		"u",
+		"un",
+		"under",
+		"unfortunately",
+		"unless",
+		"unlikely",
+		"until",
+		"unto",
+		"up",
+		"upon",
+		"us",
+		"use",
+		"used",
+		"useful",
+		"uses",
+		"using",
+		"usually",
+		"uucp",
+		"v",
+		"value",
+		"various",
+		"very",
+		"via",
+		"viz",
+		"vs",
+		"w",
+		"want",
+		"wants",
+		"was",
+		"way",
+		"we",
+		"welcome",
+		"well",
+		"went",
+		"were",
+		"what",
+		"whatever",
+		"when",
+		"whence",
+		"whenever",
+		"where",
+		"whereafter",
+		"whereas",
+		"whereby",
+		"wherein",
+		"whereupon",
+		"wherever",
+		"whether",
+		"which",
+		"while",
+		"whither",
+		"who",
+		"whoever",
+		"whole",
+		"whom",
+		"whose",
+		"why",
+		"will",
+		"willing",
+		"wish",
+		"with",
+		"within",
+		"without",
+		"wonder",
+		"would",
+		"would",
+		"x",
+		"y",
+		"yes",
+		"yet",
+		"you",
+		"your",
+		"yours",
+		"yourself",
+		"yourselves",
+		"z",
+		"zero",
+		// stop words for paper abstracts
+		//		"abstract",
+		//"paper",
+		//"presents",
+		//"discuss",
+		//"discusses",
+		//"conclude",
+		//"concludes",
+		//"based",
+		//"approach"
+	};	
+		//stopwords for french, added by Limin Yao
+	static final String[] stopwordsFrench = {
+		"fut",
+		"S",
+		"ces",
+		"ral",
+		"new",
+		"tr",
+		"arm",
+		"y",
+		"autres",
+		"o",
+		"tait",
+		"dont",
+		"ann",
+		"apr",
+		"sous",
+		"ans",
+		"cette",
+		"politique",
+		"of",
+		"c",
+		"contre",
+		"leur",
+		"ville",
+		"fait",
+		"res",
+		"on",
+		"deux",
+		"cle",
+		"v",
+		"publique",
+		"france",
+		"te",
+		"guerre",
+		"sident",
+		"unis",
+		"mais",
+		"entre",
+		"aussi",
+		"tat",
+		"ais",
+		"ses",
+		"sa",
+		"ont",
+		"tre",
+		"d",
+		"pays",
+		"en",
+		"Il",
+		"tats",
+		"comme",
+		"am",
+		"si",
+		"c",
+		"fran",
+		"pas",
+		"g",
+		"qu",
+		"R",
+		"aux",
+		"ce",
+		"f",
+		"p",
+		"ne",
+		"son",
+		"me",
+		"avec",
+		"l",
+		"se",
+		"ou",
+		"sont",
+		"il",
+		"Les",
+		"re",
+		"plus",
+		"m",
+		"es",
+		"pr",
+		"la",
+		"sur",
+		"que",
+		"pour",
+		"modifier",
+		"a",
+		"qui",
+		"Le",
+		"t",
+		"n",
+		"au",
+		"dans",
+		"une",
+		"par",
+		"un",
+		"r",
+		"est",
+		"e",
+		"du",
+		"s",
+		"les",
+		"en",
+		"des",
+		"le",
+		"et",
+		"l",
+		"d",
+		"la",
+		"de",
+
+	};
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 133 is not released after line 133.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+java.lang.String[] TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.fileToStringArray(File,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cc.mallet.pipe.TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.fileToStringArray(java.io.File,java.lang.String):java.la.8562a189b038336982e61c3e8152fa6c
+
+### File:
+src/cc/mallet/pipe/TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.java
+
+### Key:
+TokenSequenceRemoveStopwords.java|fileToStringArray|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7170d4d30c3e45f5776658cfdf2e470d
+
+### Hash:
+e12e98f5aa7cd50359e0ba2bab7b81f4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6078/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6078/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbfe91aa2fba85815adb696e0da781b53b67a11d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6078/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** shop
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.cie.utils;
+
+import com.dyuproject.protostuff.LinkedBuffer;
+import com.dyuproject.protostuff.ProtostuffIOUtil;
+import com.dyuproject.protostuff.runtime.RuntimeSchema;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import redis.clients.jedis.Jedis;
+import redis.clients.jedis.JedisPool;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Created by RojerAlone on 2017/6/13.
+ * 封装了redis操作，用protostuff进行序列化和反序列化
+ * 如果要插入对象，需要调用setSchema方法指定对象的Class类型
+ */
+@Component
+public class RedisUtil<T> implements InitializingBean {
+
+    private JedisPool jedisPool;
+
+    private static final String REDIS_URL = "redis://localhost:6379/6";
+
+    private RuntimeSchema schema;
+
+    /**
+     * 存放一条数据
+     * @param key
+     * @param value
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String put(String key, String value) {
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            return jedis.set(key, value);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 存放一条定时过期的数据
+     * @param key
+     * @param value
+     * @param timeout
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String putEx(String key, String value, int timeout) {
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            return jedis.setex(key, timeout, value);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据key获取value
+     * @param key
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String get(String key) {
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            return jedis.get(key);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 存放一个对象
+     * @param key
+     * @param value
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String putObject(String key, T value) {
+//        if (schema == null) {
+            this.setSchema(value.getClass());
+//        }
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            byte[] bytes = setBytes(value);
+            return  jedis.set(key.getBytes(), bytes);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 存放一个定时过期的对象
+     * @param key
+     * @param value
+     * @param timeout
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String putObjectEx(String key, T value, int timeout) {
+//        if (schema == null) {
+            this.setSchema(value.getClass());
+//        }
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            byte[] bytes = setBytes(value);
+            return  jedis.setex(key.getBytes(), timeout, bytes);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据key获取对应的对象
+     * @param key
+     * @return
+     */
+    public T getObject(String key) {
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            byte[] bytes = jedis.get(key.getBytes());
+            return getBytes(bytes);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据key删除数据
+     * @param key
+     * @return
+     */
+    public long delete(String key) {
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            return jedis.del(key);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 向列表头部添加数据
+     * @param key
+     * @param values
+     * @return
+     */
+    public long lpushObject(String key, T... values) {
+//        if (schema == null) {
+            this.setSchema(values.getClass());
+//        }
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            byte[][] bytes = new byte[values.length][];
+            int index = 0;
+            for (T value : values) {
+                bytes[index] = setBytes(value);
+                index++;
+            }
+            return jedis.lpush(key.getBytes(), bytes);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 从队列头部出队一个元素，如果没有，则会阻塞 timeout 秒后返回null
+     * 如果 timeout 为0，那么会一直阻塞直到有元素
+     * @param timeout 阻塞的时间，单位为秒
+     * @param key
+     * @param clazz
+     * @return
+     */
+    public T blpopObject(int timeout, String key, Class clazz) {
+        this.setSchema(clazz);
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            List<byte[]> bytes = jedis.blpop(timeout, key.getBytes());
+            if (bytes == null || bytes.size() == 0) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return getBytes(bytes.get(1));
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 向列表尾部添加数据
+     * @param key
+     * @param values
+     * @return
+     */
+    public long rpushObject(String key, Class clazz, T... values) {
+//        if (schema == null) {
+            this.setSchema(clazz);
+//        }
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            byte[][] bytes = new byte[values.length][];
+            int index = 0;
+            for (T value : values) {
+                bytes[index] = setBytes(value);
+                index++;
+            }
+            return jedis.rpush(key.getBytes(), bytes);
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 向列表尾部添加某个时间点删除的数据
+     * @param key
+     * @param time  unix时间戳
+     * @param values
+     * @return
+     */
+    public long rpushObjectExAtTime(String key, Class clazz, long time, T... values) {
+//        if (schema == null) {
+            this.setSchema(clazz);
+//        }
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            byte[][] bytes = new byte[values.length][];
+            int index = 0;
+            for (T value : values) {
+                bytes[index] = setBytes(value);
+                index++;
+            }
+            long res = jedis.rpush(key.getBytes(), bytes);
+            jedis.expireAt(key.getBytes(), time);      // 手动设置过期时间
+            return res;
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取列表中所有数据,ruguo
+     * @param key
+     * @return
+     */
+    public List<T> lall(String key, Class clazz) {
+        Jedis jedis = null;
+        try {
+            jedis = jedisPool.getResource();
+            // 0表示第一个元素，-1表示最后一个元素
+            List<byte[]> bytes = jedis.lrange(key.getBytes(), 0, -1);
+            List<T> res = new ArrayList<T>();
+            if (bytes == null || bytes.size() == 0) {
+                return res;
+            }
+            this.setSchema(clazz);
+            for (byte[] b : bytes) {
+                res.add(getBytes(b));
+            }
+            return res;
+        } finally {
+            jedis.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 如果要从redis中查询对象，那么必须调用这个方法设置对象的class
+     * @param clazz
+     */
+    public void setSchema(Class clazz) {
+        this.schema = RuntimeSchema.createFrom(clazz);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 用protostuff将对象序列化为bytes
+     * @param value
+     * @return
+     */
+    private byte[] setBytes(T value) {
+        return ProtostuffIOUtil.toByteArray(value, schema, LinkedBuffer.allocate(LinkedBuffer.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 从bytes中反序列化为对象
+     * @param bytes
+     * @return
+     */
+    private T getBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+        if (bytes != null) {
+            Object object = schema.newMessage();
+            ProtostuffIOUtil.mergeFrom(bytes, object, schema);
+            return (T) object;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * spring注入之后会自动调用这个方法
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
+        jedisPool = new JedisPool(REDIS_URL);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `jedis` last assigned on line 183 could be null and is dereferenced at line 185.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object RedisUtil.blpopObject(int,String,Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.cie.utils.RedisUtil.blpopObject(int,java.lang.String,java.lang.Class):java.lang.Object.40aaa3fd54abedb11c417672a7b75b10
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/cn/cie/utils/RedisUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+RedisUtil.java|blpopObject|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c57b75f431ba794093055aac75b171cd
+
+### Hash:
+5e8cca6b5a34ed3e2e7015183e38044d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6082/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6082/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e920b8bc385b7531cabd344f028b493a5fb684c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6082/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1498 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gs-core
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2006 - 2013
+ *     Stefan Balev     <stefan.balev@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Julien Baudry    <julien.baudry@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Antoine Dutot    <antoine.dutot@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Yoann Pigné      <yoann.pigne@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Guilhelm Savin   <guilhelm.savin@graphstream-project.org>
+ * 
+ * This file is part of GraphStream <http://graphstream-project.org>.
+ * 
+ * GraphStream is a library whose purpose is to handle static or dynamic
+ * graph, create them from scratch, file or any source and display them.
+ * 
+ * This program is free software distributed under the terms of two licenses, the
+ * CeCILL-C license that fits European law, and the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License. You can  use, modify and/ or redistribute the software under the terms
+ * of the CeCILL-C license as circulated by CEA, CNRS and INRIA at the following
+ * URL <http://www.cecill.info> or under the terms of the GNU LGPL as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+ * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+ * PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * 
+ * The fact that you are presently reading this means that you have had
+ * knowledge of the CeCILL-C and LGPL licenses and that you accept their terms.
+ */
+package org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.AbstractCollection;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+import org.graphstream.graph.Edge;
+import org.graphstream.graph.EdgeFactory;
+import org.graphstream.graph.Element;
+import org.graphstream.graph.Graph;
+import org.graphstream.graph.Node;
+import org.graphstream.graph.NodeFactory;
+import org.graphstream.graph.ElementNotFoundException;
+import org.graphstream.graph.IdAlreadyInUseException;
+import org.graphstream.graph.implementations.AbstractElement;
+import org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.Sink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.SourceBase.ElementType;
+import org.graphstream.stream.file.FileSink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.file.FileSource;
+import org.graphstream.ui.geom.Point3;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.Style;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.StyleConstants;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.StyleSheet;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.Value;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.Values;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.StyleConstants.Units;
+import org.graphstream.util.GraphListeners;
+
+/**
+ * Graph representation used in display classes.
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * Warning: This class is NOT a general graph class, and it should NOT be used
+ * as it. This class is particularly dedicated to fast drawing of the graph and
+ * is internally arranged to be fast for this task only. It implements graph
+ * solely to be easily susceptible to be used as a sink and source for graph
+ * events. Some of the common methods of the Graph interface are not functional
+ * and will throw an exception if used (as documented in their respective
+ * JavaDoc).
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The purpose of the graphic graph is to represent a graph with some often used
+ * graphic attributes (like position, label, etc.) stored as fields in the nodes
+ * and edges and most of the style stored in styles pertaining to a style sheet
+ * that tries to imitate the way CSS works. For example, the GraphicNode class
+ * defines a label, a position (x,y,z) and a style that is taken from the style
+ * sheet.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The style sheet is uploaded on the graph using an attribute correspondingly
+ * named "ui.stylesheet" or "ui.stylesheet" (the second one is better). It can
+ * be a string that contains the whole style sheet, or an URL of the form :
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <pre>
+ * url(name)
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The graphic graph does not completely duplicate a graph, it only store things
+ * that are useful for drawing it. Although it implements "Graph", some methods
+ * are not implemented and will throw a runtime exception. These methods are
+ * mostly utility methods like write(), read(), and naturally display().
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The graphic graph has the ability to store attributes like any other graph
+ * element, however the attributes stored by the graphic graph are restricted.
+ * There is a filter on the attribute adding methods that let pass only:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>All attributes starting with "ui.".</li>
+ * <li>The "x", "y", "z", "xy" and "xyz" attributes.</li>
+ * <li>The "stylesheet" attribute (although "ui.stylesheet" is preferred).</li>
+ * <li>The "label" attribute.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * All other attributes are filtered and not stored. The result is that if the
+ * graphic graph is used as an input (a source of graph events) some attributes
+ * will not pass through the filter.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The implementation of this graph relies on the StyleGroupSet class and this
+ * is indeed its way to store its elements (grouped by style and Z level).
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * In addition to this, it provides, as all graphs do, the relational
+ * information for edges.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * TODO : this graph cannot handle modification inside event listener methods !!
+ */
+public class GraphicGraph extends AbstractElement implements Graph,
+		StyleGroupListener {
+	/**
+	 * Set of styles.
+	 */
+	protected StyleSheet styleSheet;
+
+	/**
+	 * Associate graphic elements with styles.
+	 */
+	protected StyleGroupSet styleGroups;
+
+	/**
+	 * Connectivity. The way nodes are connected one with another via edges. The
+	 * map is sorted by node. For each node an array of edges lists the
+	 * connectivity.
+	 */
+	protected HashMap<GraphicNode, ArrayList<GraphicEdge>> connectivity;
+
+	/**
+	 * The style of this graph. This is a shortcut to avoid searching it in the
+	 * style sheet.
+	 */
+	public StyleGroup style;
+
+	/**
+	 * Memorize the step events.
+	 */
+	public double step = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true each time the graph was modified internally and a redraw is
+	 * needed.
+	 */
+	public boolean graphChanged;
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true each time a sprite or node moved.
+	 */
+	protected boolean boundsChanged = true;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum position of a node or sprite in the graphic graph. Computed by
+	 * {@link #computeBounds()}.
+	 */
+	protected Point3 hi = new Point3();
+
+	/**
+	 * Minimum position of a node or sprite in the graphic graph. Computed by
+	 * {@link #computeBounds()}.
+	 */
+	protected Point3 lo = new Point3();
+
+	/**
+	 * Set of listeners of this graph.
+	 */
+	protected GraphListeners listeners;
+
+	/**
+	 * Time of other known sources.
+	 */
+	// protected SinkTime sinkTime = new SinkTime();
+
+	/**
+	 * Are null attributes access an error ?
+	 */
+	protected boolean nullAttrError = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * Report back the XYZ events on nodes and sprites? If enabled, each change
+	 * in the position of nodes and sprites will be sent to potential listeners
+	 * of the graph. By default this is disabled as long there are no listeners.
+	 */
+	protected boolean feedbackXYZ = true;
+
+	/**
+	 * New empty graphic graph.
+	 * 
+	 * A default style sheet is created, it then can be "cascaded" with other
+	 * style sheets.
+	 */
+	public GraphicGraph(String id) {
+		super(id);
+
+		listeners = new GraphListeners(this);
+		styleSheet = new StyleSheet();
+		styleGroups = new StyleGroupSet(styleSheet);
+		connectivity = new HashMap<GraphicNode, ArrayList<GraphicEdge>>();
+
+		styleGroups.addListener(this);
+		styleGroups.addElement(this); // Add style to this graph.
+
+		style = styleGroups.getStyleFor(this);
+	}
+
+	// Access
+
+	/**
+	 * True if the graph was edited or changed in any way since the last reset
+	 * of the "changed" flag.
+	 * 
+	 * @return true if the graph was changed.
+	 */
+	public boolean graphChangedFlag() {
+		return graphChanged;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reset the "changed" flag.
+	 * 
+	 * @see #graphChangedFlag()
+	 */
+	public void resetGraphChangedFlag() {
+		graphChanged = false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The style sheet. This style sheet is the result of the "cascade" or
+	 * accumulation of styles added via attributes of the graph.
+	 * 
+	 * @return A style sheet.
+	 */
+	public StyleSheet getStyleSheet() {
+		return styleSheet;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The graph style group.
+	 * 
+	 * @return A style group.
+	 */
+	public StyleGroup getStyle() {
+		return style;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The complete set of style groups.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The style groups.
+	 */
+	public StyleGroupSet getStyleGroups() {
+		return styleGroups;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return String.format("[%s %d nodes %d edges]", getId(), getNodeCount(),
+				getEdgeCount());
+	}
+
+	public double getStep() {
+		return step;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The maximum position of a node or sprite. Notice that this is updated
+	 * only each time the {@link #computeBounds()} method is called.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The maximum node or sprite position.
+	 */
+	public Point3 getMaxPos() {
+		return hi;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The minimum position of a node or sprite. Notice that this is updated
+	 * only each time the {@link #computeBounds()} method is called.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The minimum node or sprite position.
+	 */
+	public Point3 getMinPos() {
+		return lo;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the graphic graph publish via attribute changes the XYZ changes on
+	 * nodes and sprites when changed ?. This is disabled by default, and
+	 * enabled as soon as there is at least one listener.
+	 */
+	public boolean feedbackXYZ() {
+		return feedbackXYZ;
+	}
+
+	// Command
+
+	/**
+	 * Should the graphic graph publish via attribute changes the XYZ changes on
+	 * nodes and sprites when changed ?.
+	 */
+	public void feedbackXYZ(boolean on) {
+		feedbackXYZ = on;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Compute the overall bounds of the graphic graph according to the nodes
+	 * and sprites positions. We can only compute the graph bounds from the
+	 * nodes and sprites centres since the node and graph bounds may in certain
+	 * circumstances be computed according to the graph bounds. The bounds are
+	 * stored in the graph metrics.
+	 * 
+	 * This operation will process each node and sprite and is therefore costly.
+	 * However it does this computation again only when a node or sprite moved.
+	 * Therefore it can be called several times, if nothing moved in the graph,
+	 * the computation will not be redone.
+	 * 
+	 * @see #getMaxPos()
+	 * @see #getMinPos()
+	 */
+	public void computeBounds() {
+		if (boundsChanged) {
+			lo.x = lo.y = lo.z =  Double.MAX_VALUE;
+			hi.x = hi.y = hi.z = -Double.MAX_VALUE;
+
+			for (Node n : getEachNode()) {
+				GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) n;
+
+				if (!node.hidden && node.positionned) {
+					if (node.x < lo.x)
+						lo.x = node.x;
+					if (node.x > hi.x)
+						hi.x = node.x;
+					if (node.y < lo.y)
+						lo.y = node.y;
+					if (node.y > hi.y)
+						hi.y = node.y;
+					if (node.z < lo.z)
+						lo.z = node.z;
+					if (node.z > hi.z)
+						hi.z = node.z;
+				}
+			}
+
+			for (GraphicSprite sprite : spriteSet()) {
+				if (!sprite.isAttached()
+						&& sprite.getUnits() == StyleConstants.Units.GU) {
+					double x = sprite.getX();
+					double y = sprite.getY();
+					double z = sprite.getZ();
+
+					if (!sprite.hidden) {
+						if (x < lo.x)
+							lo.x = x;
+						if (x > hi.x)
+							hi.x = x;
+						if (y < lo.y)
+							lo.y = y;
+						if (y > hi.y)
+							hi.y = y;
+						if (z < lo.z)
+							lo.z = z;
+						if (z > hi.z)
+							hi.z = z;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (hi.x - lo.x < 0.000001) {
+				hi.x = hi.x + 1;
+				lo.x = lo.x - 1;
+			}
+			if (hi.y - lo.y < 0.000001) {
+				hi.y = hi.y + 1;
+				lo.y = lo.y - 1;
+			}
+			if (hi.z - lo.z < 0.000001) {
+				hi.z = hi.z + 1;
+				lo.z = lo.z - 1;
+			}
+
+			boundsChanged = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected void moveNode(String id, double x, double y, double z) {
+		GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+
+		if (node != null) {
+			node.x = x;
+			node.y = y;
+			node.z = z;
+			node.addAttribute("x", x);
+			node.addAttribute("y", y);
+			node.addAttribute("z", z);
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> T getNode(String id) {
+		return (T) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T getEdge(String id) {
+		return (T) styleGroups.getEdge(id);
+	}
+
+	public GraphicSprite getSprite(String id) {
+		return styleGroups.getSprite(id);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void attributeChanged(AttributeChangeEvent event,
+			String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+
+		// One of the most important method. Most of the communication comes
+		// from attributes.
+
+		if (attribute.equals("ui.repaint")) {
+			graphChanged = true;
+		} else if (attribute.equals("ui.stylesheet")
+				|| attribute.equals("stylesheet")) {
+			if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.ADD
+					|| event == AttributeChangeEvent.CHANGE) {
+				if (newValue instanceof String) {
+					try {
+						styleSheet.load((String) newValue);
+						graphChanged = true;
+					} catch (IOException e) {
+						System.err
+								.printf("Error while parsing style sheet for graph '%s' : %n",
+										getId());
+						if (((String) newValue).startsWith("url"))
+							System.err.printf("    %s%n", ((String) newValue));
+						System.err.printf("    %s%n", e.getMessage());
+					}
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("Error with stylesheet specification what to do with '%s' ?%n",
+									newValue);
+				}
+			} else // Remove the style.
+			{
+				styleSheet.clear();
+				graphChanged = true;
+			}
+		} else if (attribute.startsWith("ui.sprite.")) {
+			// Defers the sprite handling to the sprite API.
+			spriteAttribute(event, null, attribute, newValue);
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		listeners.sendAttributeChangedEvent(getId(), ElementType.GRAPH,
+				attribute, event, oldValue, newValue);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Display the node/edge relations.
+	 */
+	public void printConnectivity() {
+		Iterator<GraphicNode> keys = connectivity.keySet().iterator();
+
+		System.err.printf("Graphic graph connectivity:%n");
+
+		while (keys.hasNext()) {
+			GraphicNode node = keys.next();
+			System.err.printf("    [%s] -> ", node.getId());
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> edges = connectivity.get(node);
+			for (GraphicEdge edge : edges)
+				System.err.printf(" (%s %d)", edge.getId(),
+						edge.getMultiIndex());
+			System.err.printf("%n");
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Style group listener interface
+
+	public void elementStyleChanged(Element element, StyleGroup oldStyle,
+			StyleGroup style) {
+		if (element instanceof GraphicElement) {
+			GraphicElement ge = (GraphicElement) element;
+			ge.style = style;
+			graphChanged = true;
+		} else if (element instanceof GraphicGraph) {
+			GraphicGraph gg = (GraphicGraph) element;
+			gg.style = style;
+			graphChanged = true;
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("WTF ?");
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void styleChanged(StyleGroup style) {
+
+	}
+
+	// Graph interface
+
+	public Iterable<? extends Edge> getEachEdge() {
+		return styleGroups.edges();
+	}
+
+	public Iterable<? extends Node> getEachNode() {
+		return styleGroups.nodes();
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("all")
+	public <T extends Node> Collection<T> getNodeSet() {
+		return new AbstractCollection<T>() {
+			public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+				return getNodeIterator();
+			}
+
+			public int size() {
+				return getNodeCount();
+			}
+		};
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("all")
+	public <T extends Edge> Collection<T> getEdgeSet() {
+		return new AbstractCollection<T>() {
+			public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+				return getEdgeIterator();
+			}
+
+			public int size() {
+				return getEdgeCount();
+			}
+		};
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public Iterator<Node> iterator() {
+		return (Iterator<Node>) styleGroups.getNodeIterator();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#addSink(org.graphstream.stream.Sink)
+	 */
+	public void addSink(Sink listener) {
+		listeners.addSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#removeSink(org.graphstream.stream.Sink)
+	 */
+	public void removeSink(Sink listener) {
+		listeners.removeSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#addAttributeSink(org.graphstream.stream
+	 * .AttributeSink)
+	 */
+	public void addAttributeSink(AttributeSink listener) {
+		listeners.addAttributeSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#removeAttributeSink(org.graphstream.stream
+	 * .AttributeSink)
+	 */
+	public void removeAttributeSink(AttributeSink listener) {
+		listeners.removeAttributeSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#addElementSink(org.graphstream.stream.
+	 * ElementSink)
+	 */
+	public void addElementSink(ElementSink listener) {
+		listeners.addElementSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#removeElementSink(org.graphstream.stream
+	 * .ElementSink)
+	 */
+	public void removeElementSink(ElementSink listener) {
+		listeners.removeElementSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#attributeSinks()
+	 */
+	public Iterable<AttributeSink> attributeSinks() {
+		return listeners.attributeSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#elementSinks()
+	 */
+	public Iterable<ElementSink> elementSinks() {
+		return listeners.elementSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#addEdge(java.lang.String,
+	 * java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, String from, String to)
+			throws IdAlreadyInUseException, ElementNotFoundException {
+		return (T) addEdge(id, from, to, false);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#addEdge(java.lang.String,
+	 * java.lang.String, java.lang.String, boolean)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, String from, String to,
+			boolean directed) throws IdAlreadyInUseException,
+			ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicEdge edge = (GraphicEdge) styleGroups.getEdge(id);
+
+		if (edge == null) {
+			GraphicNode n1 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(from);
+			GraphicNode n2 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(to);
+
+			if (n1 == null)
+				throw new ElementNotFoundException("node \"%s\"", from);
+
+			if (n2 == null)
+				throw new ElementNotFoundException("node \"%s\"", to);
+
+			edge = new GraphicEdge(id, n1, n2, directed, null);//, attributes);
+
+			styleGroups.addElement(edge);
+
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> l1 = connectivity.get(n1);
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> l2 = connectivity.get(n2);
+
+			if (l1 == null) {
+				l1 = new ArrayList<GraphicEdge>();
+				connectivity.put(n1, l1);
+			}
+
+			if (l2 == null) {
+				l2 = new ArrayList<GraphicEdge>();
+				connectivity.put(n2, l2);
+			}
+
+			l1.add(edge);
+			l2.add(edge);
+			edge.countSameEdges(l1);
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+
+			listeners.sendEdgeAdded(id, from, to, directed);
+		}
+
+		return (T) edge;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#addNode(java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> T addNode(String id) throws IdAlreadyInUseException {
+		GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+
+		if (node == null) {
+			node = new GraphicNode(this, id, null);//, attributes);
+
+			styleGroups.addElement(node);
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+
+			listeners.sendNodeAdded(id);
+		}
+
+		return (T) node;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#clear()
+	 */
+	public void clear() {
+		listeners.sendGraphCleared();
+
+		clearAttributesWithNoEvent();
+
+		connectivity.clear();
+		styleGroups.clear();
+		styleSheet.clear();
+
+		step = 0;
+		graphChanged = true;
+
+		styleGroups.addElement(this);
+		style = styleGroups.getStyleFor(this);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#removeEdge(java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(String id)
+			throws ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicEdge edge = (GraphicEdge) styleGroups.getEdge(id);
+
+		if (edge != null) {
+			listeners.sendEdgeRemoved(id);
+
+			if (connectivity.get(edge.from) != null)
+				connectivity.get(edge.from).remove(edge);
+			if (connectivity.get(edge.to) != null)
+				connectivity.get(edge.to).remove(edge);
+
+			styleGroups.removeElement(edge);
+			edge.removed();
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		return (T) edge;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#removeEdge(java.lang.String,
+	 * java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(String from, String to)
+			throws ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicNode node0 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(from);
+		GraphicNode node1 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(to);
+
+		if (node0 != null && node1 != null) {
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> edges0 = connectivity.get(node0);
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> edges1 = connectivity.get(node1);
+
+			for (GraphicEdge edge0 : edges0) {
+				for (GraphicEdge edge1 : edges1) {
+					if (edge0 == edge1) {
+						removeEdge(edge0.getId());
+						return (T) edge0;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#removeNode(java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> T removeNode(String id)
+			throws ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+
+		if (node != null) {
+			listeners.sendNodeRemoved(id);
+
+			if (connectivity.get(node) != null) {
+				// We must do a copy of the connectivity set for the node
+				// since we will be modifying the connectivity as we process
+				// edges.
+				ArrayList<GraphicEdge> l = new ArrayList<GraphicEdge>(
+						connectivity.get(node));
+
+				for (GraphicEdge edge : l)
+					removeEdge(edge.getId());
+
+				connectivity.remove(node);
+			}
+
+			styleGroups.removeElement(node);
+			node.removed();
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		return (T) node;
+	}
+
+	public org.graphstream.ui.swingViewer.Viewer display() {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph is used by display() and cannot recursively define display()");
+	}
+
+	public org.graphstream.ui.swingViewer.Viewer display(boolean autoLayout) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph is used by display() and cannot recursively define display()");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#stepBegins(double)
+	 */
+	public void stepBegins(double step) {
+		listeners.sendStepBegins(step);
+		this.step = step;
+	}
+
+	public EdgeFactory<? extends Edge> edgeFactory() {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support EdgeFactory");
+	}
+
+	public int getEdgeCount() {
+		return styleGroups.getEdgeCount();
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> Iterator<T> getEdgeIterator() {
+		return (Iterator<T>) styleGroups.getEdgeIterator();
+	}
+
+	public int getNodeCount() {
+		return styleGroups.getNodeCount();
+	}
+
+	public int getSpriteCount() {
+		return styleGroups.getSpriteCount();
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> Iterator<T> getNodeIterator() {
+		return (Iterator<T>) styleGroups.getNodeIterator();
+	}
+
+	public Iterator<? extends GraphicSprite> getSpriteIterator() {
+		return styleGroups.getSpriteIterator();
+	}
+
+	public Iterable<? extends GraphicSprite> spriteSet() {
+		return styleGroups.sprites();
+	}
+
+	public boolean isAutoCreationEnabled() {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public NodeFactory<? extends Node> nodeFactory() {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support NodeFactory");
+	}
+
+	public void setAutoCreate(boolean on) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph does not support auto-creation");
+	}
+
+	public boolean isStrict() {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public void setStrict(boolean on) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph does not support strict checking");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean nullAttributesAreErrors() {
+		return nullAttrError;
+	}
+
+	public void setNullAttributesAreErrors(boolean on) {
+		nullAttrError = on;
+	}
+
+	public void setEdgeFactory(EdgeFactory<? extends Edge> ef) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"you cannot change the edge factory for graphic graphs !");
+	}
+
+	public void setNodeFactory(NodeFactory<? extends Node> nf) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"you cannot change the node factory for graphic graphs !");
+	}
+
+	public void read(String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	public void read(FileSource input, String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	public void write(FileSink output, String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	public void write(String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	// Output interface
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#edgeAttributeAdded(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAttributeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String edgeId,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		listeners
+				.edgeAttributeAdded(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, attribute, value);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#edgeAttributeChanged(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object,
+	 * java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAttributeChanged(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String edgeId, String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+		listeners.edgeAttributeChanged(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, attribute,
+				oldValue, newValue);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#edgeAttributeRemoved(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAttributeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String edgeId, String attribute) {
+		listeners.edgeAttributeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, attribute);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#graphAttributeAdded(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void graphAttributeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		listeners.graphAttributeAdded(sourceId, timeId, attribute, value);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#graphAttributeChanged(java.lang.
+	 * String, long, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void graphAttributeChanged(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+		listeners.graphAttributeChanged(sourceId, timeId, attribute, oldValue,
+				newValue);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#graphAttributeRemoved(java.lang.
+	 * String, long, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void graphAttributeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String attribute) {
+		listeners.graphAttributeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, attribute);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#nodeAttributeAdded(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAttributeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String nodeId,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		listeners
+				.nodeAttributeAdded(sourceId, timeId, nodeId, attribute, value);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#nodeAttributeChanged(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object,
+	 * java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAttributeChanged(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String nodeId, String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+		listeners.nodeAttributeChanged(sourceId, timeId, nodeId, attribute,
+				oldValue, newValue);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#nodeAttributeRemoved(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAttributeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String nodeId, String attribute) {
+		listeners.nodeAttributeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, nodeId, attribute);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#edgeAdded(java.lang.String, long,
+	 * java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, boolean)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String edgeId,
+			String fromNodeId, String toNodeId, boolean directed) {
+		listeners.edgeAdded(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, fromNodeId, toNodeId,
+				directed);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#edgeRemoved(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void edgeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId, String edgeId) {
+		listeners.edgeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, edgeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#graphCleared(java.lang.String,
+	 * long)
+	 */
+	public void graphCleared(String sourceId, long timeId) {
+		listeners.graphCleared(sourceId, timeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#nodeAdded(java.lang.String, long,
+	 * java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String nodeId) {
+		listeners.nodeAdded(sourceId, timeId, nodeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#nodeRemoved(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void nodeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId, String nodeId) {
+		listeners.nodeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, nodeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#stepBegins(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, double)
+	 */
+	public void stepBegins(String sourceId, long timeId, double time) {
+		listeners.sendStepBegins(sourceId, timeId, time);
+		stepBegins(time);
+	}
+
+	// Sprite interface
+
+	protected void spriteAttribute(AttributeChangeEvent event, Element element,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		String spriteId = attribute.substring(10); // Remove the "ui.sprite."
+													// prefix.
+		int pos = spriteId.indexOf('.'); // Look if there is something after the
+											// sprite id.
+		String attr = null;
+
+		if (pos > 0) {
+			attr = spriteId.substring(pos + 1); // Cut the sprite id.
+			spriteId = spriteId.substring(0, pos); // Cut the sprite attribute
+													// name.
+		}
+
+		if (attr == null) {
+			addOrChangeSprite(event, element, spriteId, value);
+		} else {
+			if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.ADD) {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				// We add the sprite, in case of a replay, some attributes of
+				// the sprite can be
+				// changed before the sprite is declared.
+				if (sprite == null) {
+					addOrChangeSprite(AttributeChangeEvent.ADD, element,
+							spriteId, null);
+					sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+				}
+
+				sprite.addAttribute(attr, value);
+			} else if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.CHANGE) {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				if (sprite == null) {
+					addOrChangeSprite(AttributeChangeEvent.ADD, element,
+							spriteId, null);
+					sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+				}
+
+				sprite.changeAttribute(attr, value);
+			} else if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.REMOVE) {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				if (sprite != null)
+					sprite.removeAttribute(attr);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected void addOrChangeSprite(AttributeChangeEvent event,
+			Element element, String spriteId, Object value) {
+
+		if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.ADD
+				|| event == AttributeChangeEvent.CHANGE) {
+			GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+			if (sprite == null)
+				sprite = addSprite_(spriteId);
+
+			if (element != null) {
+				if (element instanceof GraphicNode)
+					sprite.attachToNode((GraphicNode) element);
+				else if (element instanceof GraphicEdge)
+					sprite.attachToEdge((GraphicEdge) element);
+			}
+
+			if (value != null && (!(value instanceof Boolean)))
+				positionSprite(sprite, value);
+		} else if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.REMOVE) {
+			if (element == null) {
+				if (styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId) != null) {
+					removeSprite_(spriteId);
+				}
+			} else {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				if (sprite != null)
+					sprite.detach();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public GraphicSprite addSprite(String id) {
+		String prefix = String.format("ui.sprite.%s", id);
+		System.out.printf("add sprite %s\n", id);
+		addAttribute(prefix, 0, 0, 0);
+		GraphicSprite s = styleGroups.getSprite(id);
+		assert (s != null);
+		return s;
+	}
+
+	protected GraphicSprite addSprite_(String id) {
+		GraphicSprite s = new GraphicSprite(id, this);
+		styleGroups.addElement(s);
+		graphChanged = true;
+
+		return s;
+	}
+
+	public void removeSprite(String id) {
+		String prefix = String.format("ui.sprite.%s", id);
+		removeAttribute(prefix);
+	}
+
+	protected GraphicSprite removeSprite_(String id) {
+		GraphicSprite sprite = (GraphicSprite) styleGroups.getSprite(id);
+
+		if (sprite != null) {
+			sprite.detach();
+			styleGroups.removeElement(sprite);
+			sprite.removed();
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		return sprite;
+	}
+
+	protected void positionSprite(GraphicSprite sprite, Object value) {
+		if (value instanceof Object[]) {
+			Object[] values = (Object[]) value;
+
+			if (values.length == 4) {
+				if (values[0] instanceof Number && values[1] instanceof Number
+						&& values[2] instanceof Number
+						&& values[3] instanceof Style.Units) {
+					sprite.setPosition(((Number) values[0]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[1]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[2]).doubleValue(),
+							(Style.Units) values[3]);
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot parse values[4] for sprite position.%n");
+				}
+			} else if (values.length == 3) {
+				if (values[0] instanceof Number && values[1] instanceof Number
+						&& values[2] instanceof Number) {
+					sprite.setPosition(((Number) values[0]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[1]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[2]).doubleValue(), Units.GU);
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot parse values[3] for sprite position.%n");
+				}
+			} else if (values.length == 1) {
+				if (values[0] instanceof Number) {
+					sprite.setPosition(((Number) values[0]).doubleValue());
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("GraphicGraph : sprite position percent is not a number.%n");
+				}
+			} else {
+				System.err
+						.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot transform value '%s' (length=%d) into a position%n",
+								Arrays.toString(values), values.length);
+			}
+		} else if (value instanceof Number) {
+			sprite.setPosition(((Number) value).doubleValue());
+		} else if (value instanceof Value) {
+			sprite.setPosition(((Value) value).value);
+		} else if (value instanceof Values) {
+			sprite.setPosition((Values) value);
+		} else if (value == null) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("What do you expect with a null value ?");
+		} else {
+			System.err
+					.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot place sprite with posiiton '%s' (instance of %s)%n",
+							value, value.getClass().getName());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#clearAttributeSinks()
+	 */
+	public void clearAttributeSinks() {
+		listeners.clearAttributeSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#clearElementSinks()
+	 */
+	public void clearElementSinks() {
+		listeners.clearElementSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#clearSinks()
+	 */
+	public void clearSinks() {
+		listeners.clearSinks();
+	}
+
+	// stubs for the new methods
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, int index1, int index2) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
+			boolean directed) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, Node node1, Node node2) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, Node from, Node to,
+			boolean directed) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T getEdge(int index)
+			throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Node> T getNode(int index)
+			throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(int index) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(Node node1, Node node2) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(Edge edge) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Node> T removeNode(int index) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Node> T removeNode(Node node) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Replay all the elements of the graph and all attributes as new events to
+	 * all connected sinks.
+	 * 
+	 * Be very careful with this method, it introduces new events in the event
+	 * stream and some sinks may therefore receive them twice !! Graph replay is
+	 * always dangerous !
+	 */
+	public void replay() {
+		// Replay all graph attributes.
+
+		if (getAttributeKeySet() != null)
+			for (String key : getAttributeKeySet()) {
+				listeners.sendGraphAttributeAdded(id, key, getAttribute(key));
+			}
+
+		// Replay all nodes and their attributes.
+
+		for (Node node : this) {
+			listeners.sendNodeAdded(id, node.getId());
+
+			if (node.getAttributeKeySet() != null) {
+				for (String key : node.getAttributeKeySet()) {
+					listeners.sendNodeAttributeAdded(id, node.getId(), key,
+							node.getAttribute(key));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Replay all edges and their attributes.
+
+		for (Edge edge : getEachEdge()) {
+			listeners.sendEdgeAdded(id, edge.getId(), edge.getSourceNode()
+					.getId(), edge.getTargetNode().getId(), edge.isDirected());
+
+			if (edge.getAttributeKeySet() != null) {
+				for (String key : edge.getAttributeKeySet()) {
+					listeners.sendEdgeAttributeAdded(id, edge.getId(), key,
+							edge.getAttribute(key));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `edges0` last assigned on line 786 could be null and is dereferenced at line 789.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Edge GraphicGraph.removeEdge(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.GraphicGraph.removeEdge(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):org.graph.64ed220bc946411b0c5cf2e2b8229b13
+
+### File:
+src/org/graphstream/ui/graphicGraph/GraphicGraph.java
+
+### Key:
+GraphicGraph.java|removeEdge|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+e52347a6d632d883403d56ec4587f014
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6083/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6083/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b340abfa57553468c4db97f8e2f004c3528cec89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6083/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1498 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gs-core
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2006 - 2013
+ *     Stefan Balev     <stefan.balev@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Julien Baudry    <julien.baudry@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Antoine Dutot    <antoine.dutot@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Yoann Pigné      <yoann.pigne@graphstream-project.org>
+ *     Guilhelm Savin   <guilhelm.savin@graphstream-project.org>
+ * 
+ * This file is part of GraphStream <http://graphstream-project.org>.
+ * 
+ * GraphStream is a library whose purpose is to handle static or dynamic
+ * graph, create them from scratch, file or any source and display them.
+ * 
+ * This program is free software distributed under the terms of two licenses, the
+ * CeCILL-C license that fits European law, and the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License. You can  use, modify and/ or redistribute the software under the terms
+ * of the CeCILL-C license as circulated by CEA, CNRS and INRIA at the following
+ * URL <http://www.cecill.info> or under the terms of the GNU LGPL as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+ * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+ * PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * 
+ * The fact that you are presently reading this means that you have had
+ * knowledge of the CeCILL-C and LGPL licenses and that you accept their terms.
+ */
+package org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.AbstractCollection;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+import org.graphstream.graph.Edge;
+import org.graphstream.graph.EdgeFactory;
+import org.graphstream.graph.Element;
+import org.graphstream.graph.Graph;
+import org.graphstream.graph.Node;
+import org.graphstream.graph.NodeFactory;
+import org.graphstream.graph.ElementNotFoundException;
+import org.graphstream.graph.IdAlreadyInUseException;
+import org.graphstream.graph.implementations.AbstractElement;
+import org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.Sink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.SourceBase.ElementType;
+import org.graphstream.stream.file.FileSink;
+import org.graphstream.stream.file.FileSource;
+import org.graphstream.ui.geom.Point3;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.Style;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.StyleConstants;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.StyleSheet;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.Value;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.Values;
+import org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.stylesheet.StyleConstants.Units;
+import org.graphstream.util.GraphListeners;
+
+/**
+ * Graph representation used in display classes.
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * Warning: This class is NOT a general graph class, and it should NOT be used
+ * as it. This class is particularly dedicated to fast drawing of the graph and
+ * is internally arranged to be fast for this task only. It implements graph
+ * solely to be easily susceptible to be used as a sink and source for graph
+ * events. Some of the common methods of the Graph interface are not functional
+ * and will throw an exception if used (as documented in their respective
+ * JavaDoc).
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The purpose of the graphic graph is to represent a graph with some often used
+ * graphic attributes (like position, label, etc.) stored as fields in the nodes
+ * and edges and most of the style stored in styles pertaining to a style sheet
+ * that tries to imitate the way CSS works. For example, the GraphicNode class
+ * defines a label, a position (x,y,z) and a style that is taken from the style
+ * sheet.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The style sheet is uploaded on the graph using an attribute correspondingly
+ * named "ui.stylesheet" or "ui.stylesheet" (the second one is better). It can
+ * be a string that contains the whole style sheet, or an URL of the form :
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <pre>
+ * url(name)
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The graphic graph does not completely duplicate a graph, it only store things
+ * that are useful for drawing it. Although it implements "Graph", some methods
+ * are not implemented and will throw a runtime exception. These methods are
+ * mostly utility methods like write(), read(), and naturally display().
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The graphic graph has the ability to store attributes like any other graph
+ * element, however the attributes stored by the graphic graph are restricted.
+ * There is a filter on the attribute adding methods that let pass only:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>All attributes starting with "ui.".</li>
+ * <li>The "x", "y", "z", "xy" and "xyz" attributes.</li>
+ * <li>The "stylesheet" attribute (although "ui.stylesheet" is preferred).</li>
+ * <li>The "label" attribute.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * All other attributes are filtered and not stored. The result is that if the
+ * graphic graph is used as an input (a source of graph events) some attributes
+ * will not pass through the filter.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * The implementation of this graph relies on the StyleGroupSet class and this
+ * is indeed its way to store its elements (grouped by style and Z level).
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * In addition to this, it provides, as all graphs do, the relational
+ * information for edges.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * TODO : this graph cannot handle modification inside event listener methods !!
+ */
+public class GraphicGraph extends AbstractElement implements Graph,
+		StyleGroupListener {
+	/**
+	 * Set of styles.
+	 */
+	protected StyleSheet styleSheet;
+
+	/**
+	 * Associate graphic elements with styles.
+	 */
+	protected StyleGroupSet styleGroups;
+
+	/**
+	 * Connectivity. The way nodes are connected one with another via edges. The
+	 * map is sorted by node. For each node an array of edges lists the
+	 * connectivity.
+	 */
+	protected HashMap<GraphicNode, ArrayList<GraphicEdge>> connectivity;
+
+	/**
+	 * The style of this graph. This is a shortcut to avoid searching it in the
+	 * style sheet.
+	 */
+	public StyleGroup style;
+
+	/**
+	 * Memorize the step events.
+	 */
+	public double step = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true each time the graph was modified internally and a redraw is
+	 * needed.
+	 */
+	public boolean graphChanged;
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true each time a sprite or node moved.
+	 */
+	protected boolean boundsChanged = true;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum position of a node or sprite in the graphic graph. Computed by
+	 * {@link #computeBounds()}.
+	 */
+	protected Point3 hi = new Point3();
+
+	/**
+	 * Minimum position of a node or sprite in the graphic graph. Computed by
+	 * {@link #computeBounds()}.
+	 */
+	protected Point3 lo = new Point3();
+
+	/**
+	 * Set of listeners of this graph.
+	 */
+	protected GraphListeners listeners;
+
+	/**
+	 * Time of other known sources.
+	 */
+	// protected SinkTime sinkTime = new SinkTime();
+
+	/**
+	 * Are null attributes access an error ?
+	 */
+	protected boolean nullAttrError = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * Report back the XYZ events on nodes and sprites? If enabled, each change
+	 * in the position of nodes and sprites will be sent to potential listeners
+	 * of the graph. By default this is disabled as long there are no listeners.
+	 */
+	protected boolean feedbackXYZ = true;
+
+	/**
+	 * New empty graphic graph.
+	 * 
+	 * A default style sheet is created, it then can be "cascaded" with other
+	 * style sheets.
+	 */
+	public GraphicGraph(String id) {
+		super(id);
+
+		listeners = new GraphListeners(this);
+		styleSheet = new StyleSheet();
+		styleGroups = new StyleGroupSet(styleSheet);
+		connectivity = new HashMap<GraphicNode, ArrayList<GraphicEdge>>();
+
+		styleGroups.addListener(this);
+		styleGroups.addElement(this); // Add style to this graph.
+
+		style = styleGroups.getStyleFor(this);
+	}
+
+	// Access
+
+	/**
+	 * True if the graph was edited or changed in any way since the last reset
+	 * of the "changed" flag.
+	 * 
+	 * @return true if the graph was changed.
+	 */
+	public boolean graphChangedFlag() {
+		return graphChanged;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reset the "changed" flag.
+	 * 
+	 * @see #graphChangedFlag()
+	 */
+	public void resetGraphChangedFlag() {
+		graphChanged = false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The style sheet. This style sheet is the result of the "cascade" or
+	 * accumulation of styles added via attributes of the graph.
+	 * 
+	 * @return A style sheet.
+	 */
+	public StyleSheet getStyleSheet() {
+		return styleSheet;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The graph style group.
+	 * 
+	 * @return A style group.
+	 */
+	public StyleGroup getStyle() {
+		return style;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The complete set of style groups.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The style groups.
+	 */
+	public StyleGroupSet getStyleGroups() {
+		return styleGroups;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return String.format("[%s %d nodes %d edges]", getId(), getNodeCount(),
+				getEdgeCount());
+	}
+
+	public double getStep() {
+		return step;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The maximum position of a node or sprite. Notice that this is updated
+	 * only each time the {@link #computeBounds()} method is called.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The maximum node or sprite position.
+	 */
+	public Point3 getMaxPos() {
+		return hi;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The minimum position of a node or sprite. Notice that this is updated
+	 * only each time the {@link #computeBounds()} method is called.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The minimum node or sprite position.
+	 */
+	public Point3 getMinPos() {
+		return lo;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Does the graphic graph publish via attribute changes the XYZ changes on
+	 * nodes and sprites when changed ?. This is disabled by default, and
+	 * enabled as soon as there is at least one listener.
+	 */
+	public boolean feedbackXYZ() {
+		return feedbackXYZ;
+	}
+
+	// Command
+
+	/**
+	 * Should the graphic graph publish via attribute changes the XYZ changes on
+	 * nodes and sprites when changed ?.
+	 */
+	public void feedbackXYZ(boolean on) {
+		feedbackXYZ = on;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Compute the overall bounds of the graphic graph according to the nodes
+	 * and sprites positions. We can only compute the graph bounds from the
+	 * nodes and sprites centres since the node and graph bounds may in certain
+	 * circumstances be computed according to the graph bounds. The bounds are
+	 * stored in the graph metrics.
+	 * 
+	 * This operation will process each node and sprite and is therefore costly.
+	 * However it does this computation again only when a node or sprite moved.
+	 * Therefore it can be called several times, if nothing moved in the graph,
+	 * the computation will not be redone.
+	 * 
+	 * @see #getMaxPos()
+	 * @see #getMinPos()
+	 */
+	public void computeBounds() {
+		if (boundsChanged) {
+			lo.x = lo.y = lo.z =  Double.MAX_VALUE;
+			hi.x = hi.y = hi.z = -Double.MAX_VALUE;
+
+			for (Node n : getEachNode()) {
+				GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) n;
+
+				if (!node.hidden && node.positionned) {
+					if (node.x < lo.x)
+						lo.x = node.x;
+					if (node.x > hi.x)
+						hi.x = node.x;
+					if (node.y < lo.y)
+						lo.y = node.y;
+					if (node.y > hi.y)
+						hi.y = node.y;
+					if (node.z < lo.z)
+						lo.z = node.z;
+					if (node.z > hi.z)
+						hi.z = node.z;
+				}
+			}
+
+			for (GraphicSprite sprite : spriteSet()) {
+				if (!sprite.isAttached()
+						&& sprite.getUnits() == StyleConstants.Units.GU) {
+					double x = sprite.getX();
+					double y = sprite.getY();
+					double z = sprite.getZ();
+
+					if (!sprite.hidden) {
+						if (x < lo.x)
+							lo.x = x;
+						if (x > hi.x)
+							hi.x = x;
+						if (y < lo.y)
+							lo.y = y;
+						if (y > hi.y)
+							hi.y = y;
+						if (z < lo.z)
+							lo.z = z;
+						if (z > hi.z)
+							hi.z = z;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (hi.x - lo.x < 0.000001) {
+				hi.x = hi.x + 1;
+				lo.x = lo.x - 1;
+			}
+			if (hi.y - lo.y < 0.000001) {
+				hi.y = hi.y + 1;
+				lo.y = lo.y - 1;
+			}
+			if (hi.z - lo.z < 0.000001) {
+				hi.z = hi.z + 1;
+				lo.z = lo.z - 1;
+			}
+
+			boundsChanged = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected void moveNode(String id, double x, double y, double z) {
+		GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+
+		if (node != null) {
+			node.x = x;
+			node.y = y;
+			node.z = z;
+			node.addAttribute("x", x);
+			node.addAttribute("y", y);
+			node.addAttribute("z", z);
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> T getNode(String id) {
+		return (T) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T getEdge(String id) {
+		return (T) styleGroups.getEdge(id);
+	}
+
+	public GraphicSprite getSprite(String id) {
+		return styleGroups.getSprite(id);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void attributeChanged(AttributeChangeEvent event,
+			String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+
+		// One of the most important method. Most of the communication comes
+		// from attributes.
+
+		if (attribute.equals("ui.repaint")) {
+			graphChanged = true;
+		} else if (attribute.equals("ui.stylesheet")
+				|| attribute.equals("stylesheet")) {
+			if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.ADD
+					|| event == AttributeChangeEvent.CHANGE) {
+				if (newValue instanceof String) {
+					try {
+						styleSheet.load((String) newValue);
+						graphChanged = true;
+					} catch (IOException e) {
+						System.err
+								.printf("Error while parsing style sheet for graph '%s' : %n",
+										getId());
+						if (((String) newValue).startsWith("url"))
+							System.err.printf("    %s%n", ((String) newValue));
+						System.err.printf("    %s%n", e.getMessage());
+					}
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("Error with stylesheet specification what to do with '%s' ?%n",
+									newValue);
+				}
+			} else // Remove the style.
+			{
+				styleSheet.clear();
+				graphChanged = true;
+			}
+		} else if (attribute.startsWith("ui.sprite.")) {
+			// Defers the sprite handling to the sprite API.
+			spriteAttribute(event, null, attribute, newValue);
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		listeners.sendAttributeChangedEvent(getId(), ElementType.GRAPH,
+				attribute, event, oldValue, newValue);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Display the node/edge relations.
+	 */
+	public void printConnectivity() {
+		Iterator<GraphicNode> keys = connectivity.keySet().iterator();
+
+		System.err.printf("Graphic graph connectivity:%n");
+
+		while (keys.hasNext()) {
+			GraphicNode node = keys.next();
+			System.err.printf("    [%s] -> ", node.getId());
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> edges = connectivity.get(node);
+			for (GraphicEdge edge : edges)
+				System.err.printf(" (%s %d)", edge.getId(),
+						edge.getMultiIndex());
+			System.err.printf("%n");
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Style group listener interface
+
+	public void elementStyleChanged(Element element, StyleGroup oldStyle,
+			StyleGroup style) {
+		if (element instanceof GraphicElement) {
+			GraphicElement ge = (GraphicElement) element;
+			ge.style = style;
+			graphChanged = true;
+		} else if (element instanceof GraphicGraph) {
+			GraphicGraph gg = (GraphicGraph) element;
+			gg.style = style;
+			graphChanged = true;
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("WTF ?");
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void styleChanged(StyleGroup style) {
+
+	}
+
+	// Graph interface
+
+	public Iterable<? extends Edge> getEachEdge() {
+		return styleGroups.edges();
+	}
+
+	public Iterable<? extends Node> getEachNode() {
+		return styleGroups.nodes();
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("all")
+	public <T extends Node> Collection<T> getNodeSet() {
+		return new AbstractCollection<T>() {
+			public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+				return getNodeIterator();
+			}
+
+			public int size() {
+				return getNodeCount();
+			}
+		};
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("all")
+	public <T extends Edge> Collection<T> getEdgeSet() {
+		return new AbstractCollection<T>() {
+			public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+				return getEdgeIterator();
+			}
+
+			public int size() {
+				return getEdgeCount();
+			}
+		};
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public Iterator<Node> iterator() {
+		return (Iterator<Node>) styleGroups.getNodeIterator();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#addSink(org.graphstream.stream.Sink)
+	 */
+	public void addSink(Sink listener) {
+		listeners.addSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#removeSink(org.graphstream.stream.Sink)
+	 */
+	public void removeSink(Sink listener) {
+		listeners.removeSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#addAttributeSink(org.graphstream.stream
+	 * .AttributeSink)
+	 */
+	public void addAttributeSink(AttributeSink listener) {
+		listeners.addAttributeSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#removeAttributeSink(org.graphstream.stream
+	 * .AttributeSink)
+	 */
+	public void removeAttributeSink(AttributeSink listener) {
+		listeners.removeAttributeSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#addElementSink(org.graphstream.stream.
+	 * ElementSink)
+	 */
+	public void addElementSink(ElementSink listener) {
+		listeners.addElementSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.Source#removeElementSink(org.graphstream.stream
+	 * .ElementSink)
+	 */
+	public void removeElementSink(ElementSink listener) {
+		listeners.removeElementSink(listener);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#attributeSinks()
+	 */
+	public Iterable<AttributeSink> attributeSinks() {
+		return listeners.attributeSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#elementSinks()
+	 */
+	public Iterable<ElementSink> elementSinks() {
+		return listeners.elementSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#addEdge(java.lang.String,
+	 * java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, String from, String to)
+			throws IdAlreadyInUseException, ElementNotFoundException {
+		return (T) addEdge(id, from, to, false);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#addEdge(java.lang.String,
+	 * java.lang.String, java.lang.String, boolean)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, String from, String to,
+			boolean directed) throws IdAlreadyInUseException,
+			ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicEdge edge = (GraphicEdge) styleGroups.getEdge(id);
+
+		if (edge == null) {
+			GraphicNode n1 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(from);
+			GraphicNode n2 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(to);
+
+			if (n1 == null)
+				throw new ElementNotFoundException("node \"%s\"", from);
+
+			if (n2 == null)
+				throw new ElementNotFoundException("node \"%s\"", to);
+
+			edge = new GraphicEdge(id, n1, n2, directed, null);//, attributes);
+
+			styleGroups.addElement(edge);
+
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> l1 = connectivity.get(n1);
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> l2 = connectivity.get(n2);
+
+			if (l1 == null) {
+				l1 = new ArrayList<GraphicEdge>();
+				connectivity.put(n1, l1);
+			}
+
+			if (l2 == null) {
+				l2 = new ArrayList<GraphicEdge>();
+				connectivity.put(n2, l2);
+			}
+
+			l1.add(edge);
+			l2.add(edge);
+			edge.countSameEdges(l1);
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+
+			listeners.sendEdgeAdded(id, from, to, directed);
+		}
+
+		return (T) edge;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#addNode(java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> T addNode(String id) throws IdAlreadyInUseException {
+		GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+
+		if (node == null) {
+			node = new GraphicNode(this, id, null);//, attributes);
+
+			styleGroups.addElement(node);
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+
+			listeners.sendNodeAdded(id);
+		}
+
+		return (T) node;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#clear()
+	 */
+	public void clear() {
+		listeners.sendGraphCleared();
+
+		clearAttributesWithNoEvent();
+
+		connectivity.clear();
+		styleGroups.clear();
+		styleSheet.clear();
+
+		step = 0;
+		graphChanged = true;
+
+		styleGroups.addElement(this);
+		style = styleGroups.getStyleFor(this);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#removeEdge(java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(String id)
+			throws ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicEdge edge = (GraphicEdge) styleGroups.getEdge(id);
+
+		if (edge != null) {
+			listeners.sendEdgeRemoved(id);
+
+			if (connectivity.get(edge.from) != null)
+				connectivity.get(edge.from).remove(edge);
+			if (connectivity.get(edge.to) != null)
+				connectivity.get(edge.to).remove(edge);
+
+			styleGroups.removeElement(edge);
+			edge.removed();
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		return (T) edge;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#removeEdge(java.lang.String,
+	 * java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(String from, String to)
+			throws ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicNode node0 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(from);
+		GraphicNode node1 = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(to);
+
+		if (node0 != null && node1 != null) {
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> edges0 = connectivity.get(node0);
+			ArrayList<GraphicEdge> edges1 = connectivity.get(node1);
+
+			for (GraphicEdge edge0 : edges0) {
+				for (GraphicEdge edge1 : edges1) {
+					if (edge0 == edge1) {
+						removeEdge(edge0.getId());
+						return (T) edge0;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#removeNode(java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> T removeNode(String id)
+			throws ElementNotFoundException {
+		GraphicNode node = (GraphicNode) styleGroups.getNode(id);
+
+		if (node != null) {
+			listeners.sendNodeRemoved(id);
+
+			if (connectivity.get(node) != null) {
+				// We must do a copy of the connectivity set for the node
+				// since we will be modifying the connectivity as we process
+				// edges.
+				ArrayList<GraphicEdge> l = new ArrayList<GraphicEdge>(
+						connectivity.get(node));
+
+				for (GraphicEdge edge : l)
+					removeEdge(edge.getId());
+
+				connectivity.remove(node);
+			}
+
+			styleGroups.removeElement(node);
+			node.removed();
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		return (T) node;
+	}
+
+	public org.graphstream.ui.swingViewer.Viewer display() {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph is used by display() and cannot recursively define display()");
+	}
+
+	public org.graphstream.ui.swingViewer.Viewer display(boolean autoLayout) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph is used by display() and cannot recursively define display()");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.graph.Graph#stepBegins(double)
+	 */
+	public void stepBegins(double step) {
+		listeners.sendStepBegins(step);
+		this.step = step;
+	}
+
+	public EdgeFactory<? extends Edge> edgeFactory() {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support EdgeFactory");
+	}
+
+	public int getEdgeCount() {
+		return styleGroups.getEdgeCount();
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Edge> Iterator<T> getEdgeIterator() {
+		return (Iterator<T>) styleGroups.getEdgeIterator();
+	}
+
+	public int getNodeCount() {
+		return styleGroups.getNodeCount();
+	}
+
+	public int getSpriteCount() {
+		return styleGroups.getSpriteCount();
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T extends Node> Iterator<T> getNodeIterator() {
+		return (Iterator<T>) styleGroups.getNodeIterator();
+	}
+
+	public Iterator<? extends GraphicSprite> getSpriteIterator() {
+		return styleGroups.getSpriteIterator();
+	}
+
+	public Iterable<? extends GraphicSprite> spriteSet() {
+		return styleGroups.sprites();
+	}
+
+	public boolean isAutoCreationEnabled() {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public NodeFactory<? extends Node> nodeFactory() {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support NodeFactory");
+	}
+
+	public void setAutoCreate(boolean on) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph does not support auto-creation");
+	}
+
+	public boolean isStrict() {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public void setStrict(boolean on) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"GraphicGraph does not support strict checking");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean nullAttributesAreErrors() {
+		return nullAttrError;
+	}
+
+	public void setNullAttributesAreErrors(boolean on) {
+		nullAttrError = on;
+	}
+
+	public void setEdgeFactory(EdgeFactory<? extends Edge> ef) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"you cannot change the edge factory for graphic graphs !");
+	}
+
+	public void setNodeFactory(NodeFactory<? extends Node> nf) {
+		throw new RuntimeException(
+				"you cannot change the node factory for graphic graphs !");
+	}
+
+	public void read(String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	public void read(FileSource input, String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	public void write(FileSink output, String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	public void write(String filename) throws IOException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("GraphicGraph does not support I/O");
+	}
+
+	// Output interface
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#edgeAttributeAdded(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAttributeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String edgeId,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		listeners
+				.edgeAttributeAdded(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, attribute, value);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#edgeAttributeChanged(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object,
+	 * java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAttributeChanged(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String edgeId, String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+		listeners.edgeAttributeChanged(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, attribute,
+				oldValue, newValue);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#edgeAttributeRemoved(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAttributeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String edgeId, String attribute) {
+		listeners.edgeAttributeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, attribute);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#graphAttributeAdded(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void graphAttributeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		listeners.graphAttributeAdded(sourceId, timeId, attribute, value);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#graphAttributeChanged(java.lang.
+	 * String, long, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void graphAttributeChanged(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+		listeners.graphAttributeChanged(sourceId, timeId, attribute, oldValue,
+				newValue);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#graphAttributeRemoved(java.lang.
+	 * String, long, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void graphAttributeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String attribute) {
+		listeners.graphAttributeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, attribute);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#nodeAttributeAdded(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAttributeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String nodeId,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		listeners
+				.nodeAttributeAdded(sourceId, timeId, nodeId, attribute, value);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#nodeAttributeChanged(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object,
+	 * java.lang.Object)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAttributeChanged(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String nodeId, String attribute, Object oldValue, Object newValue) {
+		listeners.nodeAttributeChanged(sourceId, timeId, nodeId, attribute,
+				oldValue, newValue);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see
+	 * org.graphstream.stream.AttributeSink#nodeAttributeRemoved(java.lang.String
+	 * , long, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAttributeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId,
+			String nodeId, String attribute) {
+		listeners.nodeAttributeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, nodeId, attribute);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#edgeAdded(java.lang.String, long,
+	 * java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, boolean)
+	 */
+	public void edgeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String edgeId,
+			String fromNodeId, String toNodeId, boolean directed) {
+		listeners.edgeAdded(sourceId, timeId, edgeId, fromNodeId, toNodeId,
+				directed);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#edgeRemoved(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void edgeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId, String edgeId) {
+		listeners.edgeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, edgeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#graphCleared(java.lang.String,
+	 * long)
+	 */
+	public void graphCleared(String sourceId, long timeId) {
+		listeners.graphCleared(sourceId, timeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#nodeAdded(java.lang.String, long,
+	 * java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void nodeAdded(String sourceId, long timeId, String nodeId) {
+		listeners.nodeAdded(sourceId, timeId, nodeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#nodeRemoved(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, java.lang.String)
+	 */
+	public void nodeRemoved(String sourceId, long timeId, String nodeId) {
+		listeners.nodeRemoved(sourceId, timeId, nodeId);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.ElementSink#stepBegins(java.lang.String,
+	 * long, double)
+	 */
+	public void stepBegins(String sourceId, long timeId, double time) {
+		listeners.sendStepBegins(sourceId, timeId, time);
+		stepBegins(time);
+	}
+
+	// Sprite interface
+
+	protected void spriteAttribute(AttributeChangeEvent event, Element element,
+			String attribute, Object value) {
+		String spriteId = attribute.substring(10); // Remove the "ui.sprite."
+													// prefix.
+		int pos = spriteId.indexOf('.'); // Look if there is something after the
+											// sprite id.
+		String attr = null;
+
+		if (pos > 0) {
+			attr = spriteId.substring(pos + 1); // Cut the sprite id.
+			spriteId = spriteId.substring(0, pos); // Cut the sprite attribute
+													// name.
+		}
+
+		if (attr == null) {
+			addOrChangeSprite(event, element, spriteId, value);
+		} else {
+			if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.ADD) {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				// We add the sprite, in case of a replay, some attributes of
+				// the sprite can be
+				// changed before the sprite is declared.
+				if (sprite == null) {
+					addOrChangeSprite(AttributeChangeEvent.ADD, element,
+							spriteId, null);
+					sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+				}
+
+				sprite.addAttribute(attr, value);
+			} else if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.CHANGE) {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				if (sprite == null) {
+					addOrChangeSprite(AttributeChangeEvent.ADD, element,
+							spriteId, null);
+					sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+				}
+
+				sprite.changeAttribute(attr, value);
+			} else if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.REMOVE) {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				if (sprite != null)
+					sprite.removeAttribute(attr);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected void addOrChangeSprite(AttributeChangeEvent event,
+			Element element, String spriteId, Object value) {
+
+		if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.ADD
+				|| event == AttributeChangeEvent.CHANGE) {
+			GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+			if (sprite == null)
+				sprite = addSprite_(spriteId);
+
+			if (element != null) {
+				if (element instanceof GraphicNode)
+					sprite.attachToNode((GraphicNode) element);
+				else if (element instanceof GraphicEdge)
+					sprite.attachToEdge((GraphicEdge) element);
+			}
+
+			if (value != null && (!(value instanceof Boolean)))
+				positionSprite(sprite, value);
+		} else if (event == AttributeChangeEvent.REMOVE) {
+			if (element == null) {
+				if (styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId) != null) {
+					removeSprite_(spriteId);
+				}
+			} else {
+				GraphicSprite sprite = styleGroups.getSprite(spriteId);
+
+				if (sprite != null)
+					sprite.detach();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public GraphicSprite addSprite(String id) {
+		String prefix = String.format("ui.sprite.%s", id);
+		System.out.printf("add sprite %s\n", id);
+		addAttribute(prefix, 0, 0, 0);
+		GraphicSprite s = styleGroups.getSprite(id);
+		assert (s != null);
+		return s;
+	}
+
+	protected GraphicSprite addSprite_(String id) {
+		GraphicSprite s = new GraphicSprite(id, this);
+		styleGroups.addElement(s);
+		graphChanged = true;
+
+		return s;
+	}
+
+	public void removeSprite(String id) {
+		String prefix = String.format("ui.sprite.%s", id);
+		removeAttribute(prefix);
+	}
+
+	protected GraphicSprite removeSprite_(String id) {
+		GraphicSprite sprite = (GraphicSprite) styleGroups.getSprite(id);
+
+		if (sprite != null) {
+			sprite.detach();
+			styleGroups.removeElement(sprite);
+			sprite.removed();
+
+			graphChanged = true;
+		}
+
+		return sprite;
+	}
+
+	protected void positionSprite(GraphicSprite sprite, Object value) {
+		if (value instanceof Object[]) {
+			Object[] values = (Object[]) value;
+
+			if (values.length == 4) {
+				if (values[0] instanceof Number && values[1] instanceof Number
+						&& values[2] instanceof Number
+						&& values[3] instanceof Style.Units) {
+					sprite.setPosition(((Number) values[0]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[1]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[2]).doubleValue(),
+							(Style.Units) values[3]);
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot parse values[4] for sprite position.%n");
+				}
+			} else if (values.length == 3) {
+				if (values[0] instanceof Number && values[1] instanceof Number
+						&& values[2] instanceof Number) {
+					sprite.setPosition(((Number) values[0]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[1]).doubleValue(),
+							((Number) values[2]).doubleValue(), Units.GU);
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot parse values[3] for sprite position.%n");
+				}
+			} else if (values.length == 1) {
+				if (values[0] instanceof Number) {
+					sprite.setPosition(((Number) values[0]).doubleValue());
+				} else {
+					System.err
+							.printf("GraphicGraph : sprite position percent is not a number.%n");
+				}
+			} else {
+				System.err
+						.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot transform value '%s' (length=%d) into a position%n",
+								Arrays.toString(values), values.length);
+			}
+		} else if (value instanceof Number) {
+			sprite.setPosition(((Number) value).doubleValue());
+		} else if (value instanceof Value) {
+			sprite.setPosition(((Value) value).value);
+		} else if (value instanceof Values) {
+			sprite.setPosition((Values) value);
+		} else if (value == null) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("What do you expect with a null value ?");
+		} else {
+			System.err
+					.printf("GraphicGraph : cannot place sprite with posiiton '%s' (instance of %s)%n",
+							value, value.getClass().getName());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#clearAttributeSinks()
+	 */
+	public void clearAttributeSinks() {
+		listeners.clearAttributeSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * *(non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#clearElementSinks()
+	 */
+	public void clearElementSinks() {
+		listeners.clearElementSinks();
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * (non-Javadoc)
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.graphstream.stream.Source#clearSinks()
+	 */
+	public void clearSinks() {
+		listeners.clearSinks();
+	}
+
+	// stubs for the new methods
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, int index1, int index2) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
+			boolean directed) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, Node node1, Node node2) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T addEdge(String id, Node from, Node to,
+			boolean directed) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T getEdge(int index)
+			throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Node> T getNode(int index)
+			throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(int index) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(Node node1, Node node2) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Edge> T removeEdge(Edge edge) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Node> T removeNode(int index) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	public <T extends Node> T removeNode(Node node) {
+		throw new RuntimeException("not implemented !");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Replay all the elements of the graph and all attributes as new events to
+	 * all connected sinks.
+	 * 
+	 * Be very careful with this method, it introduces new events in the event
+	 * stream and some sinks may therefore receive them twice !! Graph replay is
+	 * always dangerous !
+	 */
+	public void replay() {
+		// Replay all graph attributes.
+
+		if (getAttributeKeySet() != null)
+			for (String key : getAttributeKeySet()) {
+				listeners.sendGraphAttributeAdded(id, key, getAttribute(key));
+			}
+
+		// Replay all nodes and their attributes.
+
+		for (Node node : this) {
+			listeners.sendNodeAdded(id, node.getId());
+
+			if (node.getAttributeKeySet() != null) {
+				for (String key : node.getAttributeKeySet()) {
+					listeners.sendNodeAttributeAdded(id, node.getId(), key,
+							node.getAttribute(key));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Replay all edges and their attributes.
+
+		for (Edge edge : getEachEdge()) {
+			listeners.sendEdgeAdded(id, edge.getId(), edge.getSourceNode()
+					.getId(), edge.getTargetNode().getId(), edge.isDirected());
+
+			if (edge.getAttributeKeySet() != null) {
+				for (String key : edge.getAttributeKeySet()) {
+					listeners.sendEdgeAttributeAdded(id, edge.getId(), key,
+							edge.getAttribute(key));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `edges` last assigned on line 490 could be null and is dereferenced at line 491.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GraphicGraph.printConnectivity()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.graphstream.ui.graphicGraph.GraphicGraph.printConnectivity():void.83f619f6d80ebb03435b0e19d6d7e707
+
+### File:
+src/org/graphstream/ui/graphicGraph/GraphicGraph.java
+
+### Key:
+GraphicGraph.java|printConnectivity|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+7c8fd85f155f9c21f4e75993039aef4f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6091/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6091/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc6d4728fe3b06209139d2979fb3ea07376ad1d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6091/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kayak
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
+ * and open the template in the editor.
+ */
+package com.github.kayak.ui.messageview;
+
+import com.github.kayak.core.Bus;
+import com.github.kayak.core.BusChangeListener;
+import com.github.kayak.core.description.BusDescription;
+import com.github.kayak.ui.projects.Project;
+import com.github.kayak.ui.projects.ProjectChangeListener;
+import com.github.kayak.ui.projects.ProjectManagementListener;
+import com.github.kayak.ui.projects.ProjectManager;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.openide.nodes.AbstractNode;
+import org.openide.nodes.ChildFactory;
+import org.openide.nodes.Children;
+import org.openide.nodes.Node;
+import org.openide.util.lookup.Lookups;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author dschanoeh
+ */
+public class BusFactory extends ChildFactory<BusDescription> {
+
+    Project project;
+
+    private ProjectManagementListener projectListener = new ProjectManagementListener() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void projectsUpdated() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void openProjectChanged(Project p) {
+            project = p;
+            project.addProjectChangeListener(changeListener);
+            for(Bus b : p.getBusses()) {
+                b.addBusChangeListener(busListener);
+            }
+            refresh(true);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private ProjectChangeListener changeListener = new ProjectChangeListener() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void projectNameChanged(Project p, String name) {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void projectClosed(Project p) {
+            p.removeProjectChangeListener(changeListener);
+            for(Bus b : p.getBusses()) {
+                b.removeBusChangeListener(busListener);
+            }
+            project = null;
+            refresh(true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void projectOpened(Project p) {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void projectBusAdded(Project p, Bus bus) {
+            bus.addBusChangeListener(busListener);
+            refresh(true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void projectBusRemoved(Project p, Bus bus) {
+            bus.removeBusChangeListener(busListener);
+            refresh(true);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private BusChangeListener busListener = new BusChangeListener() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void connectionChanged() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void nameChanged(String name) {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void destroyed() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void descriptionChanged() {
+            refresh(true);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void aliasChanged(String string) {
+
+        }
+    };
+
+    public BusFactory() {
+        ProjectManager.getGlobalProjectManager().addListener(projectListener);
+
+        project = ProjectManager.getGlobalProjectManager().getOpenedProject();
+        if(project != null) {
+            project.addProjectChangeListener(changeListener);
+            for(Bus b : project.getBusses()) {
+                b.addBusChangeListener(busListener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean createKeys(List<BusDescription> list) {
+        if(project != null) {
+            Set<Bus> busses = project.getBusses();
+
+            for(Bus b : busses) {
+                BusDescription desc = b.getDescription();
+                if(desc != null) {
+                    list.add(desc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Node[] createNodesForKey(BusDescription key) {
+        Bus bus = null;
+        for(Bus b : project.getBusses()) {
+            if(b.getDescription() == key)
+                bus = b;
+        }
+
+        AbstractNode node = new AbstractNode(Children.create(new MessageNodeFactory(key, bus), true), Lookups.fixed(key, bus));
+        node.setIconBaseWithExtension("org/freedesktop/tango/16x16/places/network-workgroup.png");
+        node.setDisplayName(bus.getName() + " (" + key.getName() + ")");
+        return new Node[] { node };
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `bus` last assigned on line 135 could be null and is dereferenced at line 143.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+org.openide.nodes.Node[] BusFactory.createNodesForKey(BusDescription)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kayak.ui.messageview.BusFactory.createNodesForKey(com.github.kayak.core.description.BusDe.d122636c9ccd681a33edd4218811a639
+
+### File:
+Kayak-ui/src/main/java/com/github/kayak/ui/messageview/BusFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+BusFactory.java|createNodesForKey|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+67c66617faa405bae1b9886cb98a9c26
+
+### Hash:
+668997b070324083fe13ce52573eddd0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6096/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6096/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e647f6604777d1b0ce310a94b0da9cb9bc781869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6096/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kayak
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 	This file is part of Kayak.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *	it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *	the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *	(at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *	GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *	along with Kayak.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package com.github.kayak.core;
+
+import com.github.kayak.core.description.BusDescription;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * A Bus is the virtual representation of a CAN bus. It connects different
+ * FrameSources and FrameReceivers for message transport. It also sets the time
+ * stamp of each frame to synchronize the message flow.
+ * @author Jan-Niklas Meier < dschanoeh@googlemail.com >
+ *
+ */
+public class Bus implements SubscriptionChangeReceiver {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(Bus.class.getName());
+
+    private HashSet<Subscription> subscriptionsRAW;
+    private HashSet<Subscription> subscriptionsBCM;
+    private TimeSource timeSource;
+    private RAWConnection rawConnection;
+    private BCMConnection bcmConnection;
+    private ControlConnection controlConnection;
+    private String name;
+    private BusURL url;
+    private final HashSet<BusChangeListener> listeners;
+    private final HashSet<EventFrameReceiver> eventFrameReceivers;
+    private TimeSource.Mode mode = TimeSource.Mode.STOP;
+    private HashSet<Integer> subscribedIDs;
+    private HashSet<StatisticsReceiver> statisticsReceivers;
+    private BusDescription description;
+    private long delta=0; /* delta between socketcand system time and local timesource */
+
+    private StatisticsReceiver statisticsReceiver = new StatisticsReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void statisticsUpdated(long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long tBytes, long tPackets) {
+            for(StatisticsReceiver s : statisticsReceivers) {
+                s.statisticsUpdated(rxBytes, rxPackets, tBytes, tPackets);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    private TimeEventReceiver timeReceiver = new TimeEventReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void paused() {
+            mode = TimeSource.Mode.PAUSE;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Time is started. Connections are opened if they are required
+         */
+        @Override
+        public void played() {
+            mode = TimeSource.Mode.PLAY;
+
+            if (!subscriptionsBCM.isEmpty()) {
+                openBCMConnection();
+            }
+
+            if (!subscriptionsRAW.isEmpty()) {
+                openRAWConnection();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void stopped() {
+            mode = TimeSource.Mode.STOP;
+
+            if(bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected())
+                bcmConnection.close();
+
+            if(rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected())
+                rawConnection.close();
+
+            delta = 0;
+        }
+    };
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        if(name == null)
+            return super.toString();
+        else
+            return name;
+    }
+
+    public BusURL getConnection() {
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    public void registerStatisticsReceiver(StatisticsReceiver receiver) {
+        if(!statisticsReceivers.contains(receiver))
+            statisticsReceivers.add(receiver);
+    }
+
+    public void removeStatisticsReceiver(StatisticsReceiver receiver) {
+            statisticsReceivers.remove(receiver);
+    }
+
+    public void enableStatistics(int interval) {
+        if(controlConnection == null && url != null) {
+            controlConnection = new ControlConnection(url);
+            controlConnection.open();
+        } else if(!controlConnection.isConnected()) {
+            controlConnection.open();
+        }
+
+        controlConnection.setStatisticsReceiver(statisticsReceiver);
+        controlConnection.requestStatistics(interval);
+    }
+
+    public void disableStatistics() {
+        if(controlConnection != null) {
+            controlConnection.disableStatistics();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setName(String name) {
+        this.name = name;
+        notifyListenersName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shall be called if the bus is removed. This will inform all components
+     * using the bus that it will not be present any more. Also all connections
+     * are terminated.
+     */
+    public void destroy() {
+        disconnect();
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.destroyed();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private FrameReceiver rawReceiver = new FrameReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void newFrame(Frame f) {
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                long timestamp = f.getTimestamp();
+                if(timestamp != 0) {
+                    if(delta == 0) {
+                        delta = timestamp - timeSource.getTime();
+                    }
+                    timestamp -= delta;
+                    f.setTimestamp(timestamp);
+                } else {
+                    f.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+                }
+                deliverRAWFrame(f);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    private FrameReceiver bcmReceiver = new FrameReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void newFrame(Frame f) {
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                long timestamp = f.getTimestamp();
+                if(timestamp != 0) {
+                    if(delta == 0) {
+                        delta = timestamp - timeSource.getTime();
+                    }
+                    timestamp -= delta;
+                    f.setTimestamp(timestamp);
+                } else {
+                    f.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+                }
+                deliverBCMFrame(f);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    public TimeSource getTimeSource() {
+        return timeSource;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the {@link TimeSource} that will be used to coordinate
+     * the message flow on the bus (play, pause, timestamps...)
+     */
+    public void setTimeSource(TimeSource timeSource) {
+        if(this.timeSource != null)
+            this.timeSource.deregister(timeReceiver);
+
+        this.timeSource = timeSource;
+
+        if(timeSource != null)
+            timeSource.register(timeReceiver);
+    }
+
+    public Bus() {
+        subscriptionsRAW = new HashSet<Subscription>();
+        subscriptionsBCM = new HashSet<Subscription>();
+        listeners = new HashSet<BusChangeListener>();
+        subscribedIDs = new HashSet<Integer>();
+        statisticsReceivers = new HashSet<StatisticsReceiver>();
+        eventFrameReceivers = new HashSet<EventFrameReceiver>();
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addSubscription(Subscription s) {
+        if(s.getSubscribeAll()) {
+            subscriptionsRAW.add(s);
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY)
+                openRAWConnection();
+        } else {
+            subscriptionsBCM.add(s);
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY)
+                openBCMConnection();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribed(int id, Subscription s) {
+        if (subscriptionsBCM.contains(s)) {
+            /* Check if the ID was already subscribed in any subscription */
+            if(!subscribedIDs.contains(id)) {
+                subscribedIDs.add(id);
+                if (bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+                    bcmConnection.subscribeTo(id, 0, 0);
+                } else {
+                    logger.log(Level.WARNING, "A BCM subscription was made but no BCM connection is present");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribed(int id, Subscription s) {
+        if(subscriptionsBCM.contains(s)) {
+            safeUnsubscribe(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscriptionAllChanged(boolean all, Subscription s) {
+        /* BCM subscription switched to RAW subscription */
+        if (all == true) {
+            subscriptionsBCM.remove(s);
+            if(!subscriptionsRAW.contains(s))
+                subscriptionsRAW.add(s);
+
+            Set<Integer> ids = s.getAllIdentifiers();
+            for(Integer identifier : ids) {
+                safeUnsubscribe(identifier);
+            }
+
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                openRAWConnection();
+            }
+        /* RAW subscription switched to BCM subscription */
+        } else {
+            subscriptionsRAW.remove(s);
+            if(!subscriptionsBCM.contains(s))
+                subscriptionsBCM.add(s);
+
+            if(subscriptionsRAW.isEmpty() && rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected()) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "No more raw subscriptions. Closing connection.");
+                rawConnection.close();
+            }
+
+            /* Make sure BCM connection is opened */
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                openBCMConnection();
+
+                for(Integer identifier : s.getAllIdentifiers()) {
+                    bcmConnection.subscribeTo(identifier, 0, 0);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for(Integer identifier : s.getAllIdentifiers()) {
+                subscribedIDs.add(identifier);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscriptionTerminated(Subscription s) {
+        removeSubscription(s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to unsubscribe from the identifier. First all other subscriptions
+     * are checked if they subscribe to this identifier. If so nothing will
+     * be done.
+     * @param identifier
+     */
+    private void safeUnsubscribe(Integer identifier) {
+        Boolean found = false;
+        for (Subscription subscription : subscriptionsBCM) {
+            if (subscription.includes(identifier)) {
+                found = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found) {
+            subscribedIDs.remove(identifier);
+            if(bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+                bcmConnection.unsubscribeFrom(identifier);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a subscription from the list of subscriptions. If it is possible
+     * to unsubscribe identifiers or even close connections this is done.
+     * @param s
+     */
+    private void removeSubscription(Subscription s) {
+
+        if(subscriptionsRAW.contains(s)) {
+            subscriptionsRAW.remove(s);
+
+            /* was this the last RAW subscription? */
+            if(subscriptionsRAW.isEmpty() && rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected())
+                rawConnection.close();
+        }
+
+        if(subscriptionsBCM.contains(s)) {
+            subscriptionsBCM.remove(s);
+
+            Set<Integer> identifiers = s.getAllIdentifiers();
+            for(Integer identifier : identifiers) {
+                safeUnsubscribe(identifier);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A {@link BusChangeListener} may use this method if he wants to be notified
+     * about changes to the bus like added connections etc.
+     */
+    public void addBusChangeListener(BusChangeListener listener) {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeBusChangeListener(BusChangeListener listener) {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            listeners.remove(listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect the Bus to a given BusURL. Internally a RAW- and a BCM
+     * connection will be opened. If the Bus was already connected it
+     * is disconnected first.
+     */
+    public void setConnection(BusURL url) {
+        disconnect();
+
+        this.url = url;
+
+        rawConnection = new RAWConnection(url);
+        bcmConnection = new BCMConnection(url);
+
+        rawConnection.setReceiver(rawReceiver);
+        bcmConnection.setReceiver(bcmReceiver);
+
+        notifyListenersConnection();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the Bus was connected terminate all connections.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() {
+        if (rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected()) {
+            rawConnection.close();
+        }
+
+        if (bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+            bcmConnection.close();
+        }
+
+        notifyListenersConnection();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a frame on the bus. All FrameReceivers will also receive this
+     * frame.
+     */
+    public void sendFrame(Frame frame) {
+        /* Try to open BCM connection if not present */
+        if(url != null) {
+            openBCMConnection();
+
+            if (bcmConnection != null) {
+                bcmConnection.sendFrame(frame);
+            }
+        /* If no BCM connection is present we have to do loopback locally */
+        } else {
+            frame.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+            deliverBCMFrame(frame);
+            deliverRAWFrame(frame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deliverBCMFrame(Frame frame) {
+        frame.setBus(this);
+        for (Subscription s : subscriptionsBCM) {
+            if (!s.isMuted()) {
+                s.deliverFrame(frame, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deliverRAWFrame(Frame frame) {
+        frame.setBus(this);
+        for (Subscription s : subscriptionsRAW) {
+            if (!s.isMuted()) {
+                s.deliverFrame(frame, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyListenersConnection() {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.connectionChanged();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyListenersName() {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.nameChanged();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyListenersDescriptionChanged() {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.descriptionChanged();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the BCM connection exists and is connected. If not tries
+     * to create a new one and/or connects it. If there are subscriptions
+     * to identifiers they will be subscribed in the connection.
+     */
+    private void openBCMConnection() {
+        /* If the connection was not created yet try to create connection */
+        if(bcmConnection == null) {
+            if(url != null) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "Creating new BCM connection");
+                bcmConnection = new BCMConnection(url);
+                bcmConnection.setReceiver(bcmReceiver);
+            } else {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not open BCM connection because no url was set");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "Opening BCM connection and resubscribing all IDs");
+            bcmConnection.open();
+
+            /* Check for all present BCM subscriptions and bring the connection
+             * up to date.
+             */
+            for (Integer identifier : subscribedIDs) {
+                bcmConnection.subscribeTo(identifier, 0, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the raw connection exists and is connected. If not tries
+     * to create a new one and/or connects it.
+     */
+    private void openRAWConnection() {
+        /* If the connection was not created yet try to create connection */
+        if(rawConnection == null) {
+            if(url != null) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "Creating new RAW connection");
+                rawConnection = new RAWConnection(url);
+                rawConnection.setReceiver(rawReceiver);
+            } else {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not open RAW connection because no url was set");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Nothing to do here */
+        if(rawConnection.isConnected()) {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "Opening RAW connection");
+            rawConnection.open();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addEventFrameReceiver(EventFrameReceiver receiver) {
+        eventFrameReceivers.add(receiver);
+    }
+
+    public void removeEventFrameReceiver(EventFrameReceiver receiver) {
+        eventFrameReceivers.remove(receiver);
+    }
+
+    public void sendEventFrame(EventFrame f) {
+        f.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+        f.setBus(this);
+
+        for(EventFrameReceiver receiver : eventFrameReceivers) {
+            if(receiver != null)
+                receiver.newEventFrame(f);
+        }
+
+        logger.log(Level.INFO, "received event frame{0}", f.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    public void setDescription(BusDescription desc) {
+        this.description = desc;
+        notifyListenersDescriptionChanged();
+    }
+
+    public BusDescription getDescription() {
+        return description;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.kayak.core.Bus.subscriptionAllChanged` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.kayak.core.Bus.rawConnection.com.github.kayak.core.RAWConnection.connected`. Potentially races with write in method `Bus.destroy()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Bus.subscriptionAllChanged(boolean,Subscription)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kayak.core.Bus.subscriptionAllChanged(boolean,com.github.kayak.core.Subscription):void.60b9d9145772786f902d844add918dbd
+
+### File:
+Kayak-core/src/main/java/com/github/kayak/core/Bus.java
+
+### Key:
+Bus.java|subscriptionAllChanged|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9c87735a745837902a32ad3d70dd4f1f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6098/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6098/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f56b1b94380ba1858c615318729ab2656f68d421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6098/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kayak
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 	This file is part of Kayak.
+ *	
+ *	Kayak is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *	it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *	the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *	(at your option) any later version.
+ *	
+ *	Kayak is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *	GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *	
+ *	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *	along with Kayak.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *	
+ */
+
+package com.github.kayak.core;
+
+import com.github.kayak.core.description.BusDescription;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * A Bus is the virtual representation of a CAN bus. It connects different
+ * FrameSources and FrameReceivers for message transport. It also sets the time
+ * stamp of each frame to synchronize the message flow.
+ * @author Jan-Niklas Meier < dschanoeh@googlemail.com >
+ *
+ */
+public class Bus implements SubscriptionChangeReceiver {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(Bus.class.getName());
+    
+    private HashSet<Subscription> subscriptionsRAW;
+    private HashSet<Subscription> subscriptionsBCM;
+    private TimeSource timeSource;
+    private RAWConnection rawConnection;
+    private BCMConnection bcmConnection;
+    private ControlConnection controlConnection;
+    private String name;
+    private BusURL url;
+    private final HashSet<BusChangeListener> listeners;
+    private final HashSet<EventFrameReceiver> eventFrameReceivers;
+    private TimeSource.Mode mode = TimeSource.Mode.STOP;
+    private HashSet<Integer> subscribedIDs;
+    private HashSet<StatisticsReceiver> statisticsReceivers;
+    private BusDescription description;
+    private long delta=0; /* delta between socketcand system time and local timesource */
+
+    private StatisticsReceiver statisticsReceiver = new StatisticsReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void statisticsUpdated(long rxBytes, long rxPackets, long tBytes, long tPackets) {
+            for(StatisticsReceiver s : statisticsReceivers) {
+                s.statisticsUpdated(rxBytes, rxPackets, tBytes, tPackets);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    
+    private TimeEventReceiver timeReceiver = new TimeEventReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void paused() {
+            mode = TimeSource.Mode.PAUSE;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Time is started. Connections are opened if they are required
+         */
+        @Override
+        public void played() {
+            mode = TimeSource.Mode.PLAY;
+
+            if (!subscriptionsBCM.isEmpty()) {
+                openBCMConnection();
+            }
+
+            if (!subscriptionsRAW.isEmpty()) {
+                openRAWConnection();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void stopped() {
+            mode = TimeSource.Mode.STOP;
+
+            if(bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected())
+                bcmConnection.close();
+
+            if(rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected())
+                rawConnection.close();
+                                    
+            delta = 0;
+        }
+    };
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        if(name == null)
+            return super.toString();
+        else
+            return name;
+    }
+
+    public BusURL getConnection() {
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    public void registerStatisticsReceiver(StatisticsReceiver receiver) {
+        if(!statisticsReceivers.contains(receiver))
+            statisticsReceivers.add(receiver);
+    }
+
+    public void removeStatisticsReceiver(StatisticsReceiver receiver) {
+            statisticsReceivers.remove(receiver);
+    }
+
+    public void enableStatistics(int interval) {
+        if(controlConnection == null && url != null) {
+            controlConnection = new ControlConnection(url);
+            controlConnection.open();
+        } else if(!controlConnection.isConnected()) {
+            controlConnection.open();
+        }
+
+        controlConnection.setStatisticsReceiver(statisticsReceiver);
+        controlConnection.requestStatistics(interval);
+    }
+
+    public void disableStatistics() {
+        if(controlConnection != null) {
+            controlConnection.disableStatistics();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setName(String name) {
+        this.name = name;
+        notifyListenersName();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Shall be called if the bus is removed. This will inform all components
+     * using the bus that it will not be present any more. Also all connections
+     * are terminated.
+     */
+    public void destroy() {
+        disconnect();
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.destroyed();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private FrameReceiver rawReceiver = new FrameReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void newFrame(Frame f) {
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                long timestamp = f.getTimestamp();
+                if(timestamp != 0) {
+                    if(delta == 0) {
+                        delta = timestamp - timeSource.getTime();
+                    }
+                    timestamp -= delta;
+                    f.setTimestamp(timestamp);
+                } else {
+                    f.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+                }
+                deliverRAWFrame(f);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    private FrameReceiver bcmReceiver = new FrameReceiver() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void newFrame(Frame f) {
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                long timestamp = f.getTimestamp();
+                if(timestamp != 0) {
+                    if(delta == 0) {
+                        delta = timestamp - timeSource.getTime();
+                    }
+                    timestamp -= delta;
+                    f.setTimestamp(timestamp);
+                } else {
+                    f.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+                }
+                deliverBCMFrame(f);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    public TimeSource getTimeSource() {
+        return timeSource;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the {@link TimeSource} that will be used to coordinate
+     * the message flow on the bus (play, pause, timestamps...)
+     */
+    public void setTimeSource(TimeSource timeSource) {
+        if(this.timeSource != null)
+            this.timeSource.deregister(timeReceiver);
+        
+        this.timeSource = timeSource;
+        
+        if(timeSource != null)
+            timeSource.register(timeReceiver);
+    }
+
+    public Bus() {
+        subscriptionsRAW = new HashSet<Subscription>();
+        subscriptionsBCM = new HashSet<Subscription>();
+        listeners = new HashSet<BusChangeListener>();
+        subscribedIDs = new HashSet<Integer>();
+        statisticsReceivers = new HashSet<StatisticsReceiver>();
+        eventFrameReceivers = new HashSet<EventFrameReceiver>();
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addSubscription(Subscription s) {
+        if(s.getSubscribeAll()) {
+            subscriptionsRAW.add(s);
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY)
+                openRAWConnection();
+        } else {
+            subscriptionsBCM.add(s);
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY)
+                openBCMConnection();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribed(int id, Subscription s) {
+        if (subscriptionsBCM.contains(s)) {
+            /* Check if the ID was already subscribed in any subscription */
+            if(!subscribedIDs.contains(id)) {
+                subscribedIDs.add(id);
+                if (bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+                    bcmConnection.subscribeTo(id, 0, 0);
+                } else {
+                    logger.log(Level.WARNING, "A BCM subscription was made but no BCM connection is present");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribed(int id, Subscription s) {
+        if(subscriptionsBCM.contains(s)) {
+            safeUnsubscribe(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscriptionAllChanged(boolean all, Subscription s) {
+        /* BCM subscription switched to RAW subscription */
+        if (all == true) {
+            subscriptionsBCM.remove(s);
+            if(!subscriptionsRAW.contains(s))
+                subscriptionsRAW.add(s);
+
+            Set<Integer> ids = s.getAllIdentifiers();
+            for(Integer identifier : ids) {
+                safeUnsubscribe(identifier);
+            }
+
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                openRAWConnection();
+            }
+        /* RAW subscription switched to BCM subscription */
+        } else {
+            subscriptionsRAW.remove(s);
+            if(!subscriptionsBCM.contains(s))
+                subscriptionsBCM.add(s);
+
+            if(subscriptionsRAW.isEmpty() && rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected()) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "No more raw subscriptions. Closing connection.");
+                rawConnection.close();
+            }
+
+            /* Make sure BCM connection is opened */
+            if(mode == TimeSource.Mode.PLAY) {
+                openBCMConnection();
+
+                for(Integer identifier : s.getAllIdentifiers()) {
+                    bcmConnection.subscribeTo(identifier, 0, 0);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for(Integer identifier : s.getAllIdentifiers()) {
+                subscribedIDs.add(identifier);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscriptionTerminated(Subscription s) {
+        removeSubscription(s);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Try to unsubscribe from the identifier. First all other subscriptions
+     * are checked if they subscribe to this identifier. If so nothing will
+     * be done.
+     * @param identifier
+     */
+    private void safeUnsubscribe(Integer identifier) {
+        Boolean found = false;
+        for (Subscription subscription : subscriptionsBCM) {
+            if (subscription.includes(identifier)) {
+                found = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found) {
+            subscribedIDs.remove(identifier);
+            if(bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+                bcmConnection.unsubscribeFrom(identifier);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a subscription from the list of subscriptions. If it is possible
+     * to unsubscribe identifiers or even close connections this is done.
+     * @param s
+     */
+    private void removeSubscription(Subscription s) {
+
+        if(subscriptionsRAW.contains(s)) {
+            subscriptionsRAW.remove(s);
+
+            /* was this the last RAW subscription? */
+            if(subscriptionsRAW.isEmpty() && rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected())
+                rawConnection.close();
+        }
+
+        if(subscriptionsBCM.contains(s)) {
+            subscriptionsBCM.remove(s);
+
+            Set<Integer> identifiers = s.getAllIdentifiers();
+            for(Integer identifier : identifiers) {
+                safeUnsubscribe(identifier);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A {@link BusChangeListener} may use this method if he wants to be notified
+     * about changes to the bus like added connections etc.
+     */
+    public void addBusChangeListener(BusChangeListener listener) {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeBusChangeListener(BusChangeListener listener) {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            listeners.remove(listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect the Bus to a given BusURL. Internally a RAW- and a BCM
+     * connection will be opened. If the Bus was already connected it
+     * is disconnected first.
+     */
+    public void setConnection(BusURL url) {
+        disconnect();
+        
+        this.url = url;
+
+        rawConnection = new RAWConnection(url);
+        bcmConnection = new BCMConnection(url);
+
+        rawConnection.setReceiver(rawReceiver);
+        bcmConnection.setReceiver(bcmReceiver);
+
+        notifyListenersConnection();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the Bus was connected terminate all connections.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() {
+        if (rawConnection != null && rawConnection.isConnected()) {
+            rawConnection.close();
+        }
+
+        if (bcmConnection != null && bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+            bcmConnection.close();
+        }
+
+        url = null;
+
+        notifyListenersConnection();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a frame on the bus. All FrameReceivers will also receive this
+     * frame.
+     */
+    public void sendFrame(Frame frame) {
+        /* Try to open BCM connection if not present */
+        if(url != null) {
+            openBCMConnection();
+            
+            if (bcmConnection != null) {
+                bcmConnection.sendFrame(frame);
+            }  
+        /* If no BCM connection is present we have to do loopback locally */
+        } else {
+            frame.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+            deliverBCMFrame(frame);
+            deliverRAWFrame(frame);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deliverBCMFrame(Frame frame) {
+        frame.setBus(this);
+        for (Subscription s : subscriptionsBCM) {
+            if (!s.isMuted()) {
+                s.deliverFrame(frame, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deliverRAWFrame(Frame frame) {
+        frame.setBus(this);
+        for (Subscription s : subscriptionsRAW) {
+            if (!s.isMuted()) {
+                s.deliverFrame(frame, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyListenersConnection() {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.connectionChanged();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyListenersName() {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.nameChanged();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void notifyListenersDescriptionChanged() {
+        synchronized(listeners) {
+            for(BusChangeListener listener : listeners) {
+                if(listener != null)
+                    listener.descriptionChanged();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the BCM connection exists and is connected. If not tries
+     * to create a new one and/or connects it. If there are subscriptions
+     * to identifiers they will be subscribed in the connection.
+     */
+    private void openBCMConnection() {
+        /* If the connection was not created yet try to create connection */
+        if(bcmConnection == null) {
+            if(url != null) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "Creating new BCM connection");
+                bcmConnection = new BCMConnection(url);
+                bcmConnection.setReceiver(bcmReceiver);
+            } else {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not open BCM connection because no url was set");
+                return;
+            }
+        } 
+       
+        if (bcmConnection.isConnected()) {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "Opening BCM connection and resubscribing all IDs");
+            bcmConnection.open();
+
+            /* Check for all present BCM subscriptions and bring the connection
+             * up to date.
+             */
+            for (Integer identifier : subscribedIDs) {
+                bcmConnection.subscribeTo(identifier, 0, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the raw connection exists and is connected. If not tries
+     * to create a new one and/or connects it.
+     */
+    private void openRAWConnection() {
+        /* If the connection was not created yet try to create connection */
+        if(rawConnection == null) {
+            if(url != null) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "Creating new RAW connection");
+                rawConnection = new RAWConnection(url);
+                rawConnection.setReceiver(rawReceiver);
+            } else {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not open RAW connection because no url was set");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Nothing to do here */
+        if(rawConnection.isConnected()) {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "Opening RAW connection");
+            rawConnection.open();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void addEventFrameReceiver(EventFrameReceiver receiver) {
+        eventFrameReceivers.add(receiver);
+    }
+    
+    public void removeEventFrameReceiver(EventFrameReceiver receiver) {
+        eventFrameReceivers.remove(receiver);
+    }
+    
+    public void sendEventFrame(EventFrame f) {
+        f.setTimestamp(timeSource.getTime());
+        f.setBus(this);
+        
+        for(EventFrameReceiver receiver : eventFrameReceivers) {
+            if(receiver != null)
+                receiver.newEventFrame(f);
+        }
+        
+        logger.log(Level.INFO, "received event frame{0}", f.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    public void setDescription(BusDescription desc) {
+        this.description = desc;
+        notifyListenersDescriptionChanged();
+    }
+    
+    public BusDescription getDescription() {
+        return description;
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.kayak.core.Bus.sendFrame` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.kayak.core.Bus.url`. Potentially races with write in method `Bus.destroy()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Bus.sendFrame(Frame)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kayak.core.Bus.sendFrame(com.github.kayak.core.Frame):void.851eb329fe485506fafeead352dc72ed
+
+### File:
+Kayak-core/src/main/java/com/github/kayak/core/Bus.java
+
+### Key:
+Bus.java|sendFrame|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f21280b30df23d1dca86e98b2a319553
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6210/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6210/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..629b9a3865b5e3556be8fc8b36a1d3b1875fc3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6210/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Discovery
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.tracer;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Title: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Description: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Copyright: Copyright (c) 2017-2050</p>
+ * <p>Company: Nepxion</p>
+ * @author Haojun Ren
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.MapUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.jboss.logging.MDC;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
+
+import com.nepxion.discovery.common.constant.DiscoveryConstant;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.framework.adapter.PluginAdapter;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.adapter.StrategyTracerAdapter;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.constant.StrategyConstant;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.context.StrategyContextHolder;
+
+public class StrategyTracer {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(StrategyTracer.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected PluginAdapter pluginAdapter;
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected StrategyContextHolder strategyContextHolder;
+
+    @Autowired(required = false)
+    protected StrategyTracerAdapter strategyTracerAdapter;
+
+    @Value("${" + StrategyConstant.SPRING_APPLICATION_STRATEGY_TRACE_LOGGER_ENABLED + ":false}")
+    protected Boolean traceLoggerEnabled;
+
+    @Value("${" + StrategyConstant.SPRING_APPLICATION_STRATEGY_TRACE_LOGGER_MDC_KEY_SHOWN + ":true}")
+    protected Boolean traceLoggerMdcKeyShown;
+
+    @Value("${" + StrategyConstant.SPRING_APPLICATION_STRATEGY_TRACE_DEBUG_ENABLED + ":false}")
+    protected Boolean traceDebugEnabled;
+
+    public void mdcHeader() {
+        if (!traceLoggerEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                MDC.put(entry.getKey(), (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? entry.getKey() + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        mdcUpdate();
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION));
+
+        LOG.debug("Trace chain information outputs to MDC...");
+    }
+
+    public void mdcLocal() {
+        if (!traceLoggerEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                MDC.put(entry.getKey(), (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? entry.getKey() + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        mdcUpdate();
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getGroup());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getServiceType());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getServiceId());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getHost() + ":" + pluginAdapter.getPort());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getVersion());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getRegion());
+
+        LOG.debug("Trace chain information outputs to MDC...");
+    }
+
+    public void mdcUpdate() {
+        if (!traceLoggerEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String traceId = getTraceId();
+        String spanId = getSpanId();
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(traceId) ? traceId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(spanId) ? spanId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+    }
+
+    public void mdcClear() {
+        if (!traceLoggerEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        MDC.clear();
+
+        LOG.debug("Trace chain context of MDC cleared...");
+    }
+
+    public void debugHeader() {
+        if (!traceDebugEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("---------------- Trace Information ---------------");
+        String traceId = getTraceId();
+        String spanId = getSpanId();
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(traceId) ? traceId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(spanId) ? spanId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION));
+
+        String routeVersion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION + "=" + routeVersion);
+        }
+        String routeRegion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION + "=" + routeRegion);
+        }
+        String routeAddress = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeAddress)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS + "=" + routeAddress);
+        }
+        String routeVersionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeVersionWeight);
+        }
+        String routeRegionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeRegionWeight);
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                System.out.println(entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("--------------------------------------------------");
+    }
+
+    public void debugLocal() {
+        if (!traceDebugEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("---------------- Trace Information ---------------");
+        String traceId = getTraceId();
+        String spanId = getSpanId();
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(traceId) ? traceId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(spanId) ? spanId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" + pluginAdapter.getGroup());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" + pluginAdapter.getServiceType());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" + pluginAdapter.getServiceId());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" + pluginAdapter.getHost() + ":" + pluginAdapter.getPort());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" + pluginAdapter.getVersion());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" + pluginAdapter.getRegion());
+
+        String routeVersion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION + "=" + routeVersion);
+        }
+        String routeRegion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION + "=" + routeRegion);
+        }
+        String routeAddress = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeAddress)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS + "=" + routeAddress);
+        }
+        String routeVersionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeVersionWeight);
+        }
+        String routeRegionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeRegionWeight);
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                System.out.println(entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("--------------------------------------------------");
+    }
+
+    public PluginAdapter getPluginAdapter() {
+        return pluginAdapter;
+    }
+
+    public StrategyContextHolder getStrategyContextHolder() {
+        return strategyContextHolder;
+    }
+
+    public String getTraceId() {
+        if (strategyTracerAdapter != null) {
+            return strategyTracerAdapter.getTraceId();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String getSpanId() {
+        if (strategyTracerAdapter != null) {
+            return strategyTracerAdapter.getSpanId();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, String> getCustomizationMap() {
+        if (strategyTracerAdapter != null) {
+            return strategyTracerAdapter.getCustomizationMap();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `customizationMap` last assigned on line 54 could be null and is dereferenced at line 56.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StrategyTracer.mdcHeader()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.tracer.StrategyTracer.mdcHeader():void.d6e56fac5de0cd16b6ce565e403ef16e
+
+### File:
+discovery-plugin-strategy/src/main/java/com/nepxion/discovery/plugin/strategy/tracer/StrategyTracer.java
+
+### Key:
+StrategyTracer.java|mdcHeader|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+28fa175b8bbfed150fdcc2c7ec48c11e
+
+### Hash:
+4b944cb7fd10f18673df361b45c87230
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6217/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6217/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c19d74b39197b633faa562d63c007577d63e64f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6217/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Discovery
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.tracer;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Title: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Description: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Copyright: Copyright (c) 2017-2050</p>
+ * <p>Company: Nepxion</p>
+ * @author Haojun Ren
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.MapUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.jboss.logging.MDC;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
+
+import com.nepxion.discovery.common.constant.DiscoveryConstant;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.framework.adapter.PluginAdapter;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.adapter.StrategyTracerAdapter;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.constant.StrategyConstant;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.context.StrategyContextHolder;
+
+public class StrategyTracer {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(StrategyTracer.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected PluginAdapter pluginAdapter;
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected StrategyContextHolder strategyContextHolder;
+
+    @Autowired(required = false)
+    protected StrategyTracerAdapter strategyTracerAdapter;
+
+    @Value("${" + StrategyConstant.SPRING_APPLICATION_STRATEGY_TRACE_LOGGER_ENABLED + ":false}")
+    protected Boolean traceLoggerEnabled;
+
+    @Value("${" + StrategyConstant.SPRING_APPLICATION_STRATEGY_TRACE_LOGGER_MDC_KEY_SHOWN + ":true}")
+    protected Boolean traceLoggerMdcKeyShown;
+
+    @Value("${" + StrategyConstant.SPRING_APPLICATION_STRATEGY_TRACE_DEBUG_ENABLED + ":false}")
+    protected Boolean traceDebugEnabled;
+
+    public void mdcHeader() {
+        if (!traceLoggerEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                MDC.put(entry.getKey(), (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? entry.getKey() + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        String traceId = getTraceId();
+        String spanId = getSpanId();
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(traceId) ? traceId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(spanId) ? spanId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT));
+
+        LOG.debug("Trace chain information outputs to MDC...");
+    }
+
+    public void mdcLocal() {
+        if (!traceLoggerEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                MDC.put(entry.getKey(), (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? entry.getKey() + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        String traceId = getTraceId();
+        String spanId = getSpanId();
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(traceId) ? traceId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(spanId) ? spanId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getGroup());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getServiceType());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getServiceId());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getHost() + ":" + pluginAdapter.getPort());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getVersion());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getRegion());
+        MDC.put(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT, (traceLoggerMdcKeyShown ? DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT + "=" : StringUtils.EMPTY) + pluginAdapter.getEnvironment());
+
+        LOG.debug("Trace chain information outputs to MDC...");
+    }
+
+    public void mdcClear() {
+        if (!traceLoggerEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        MDC.clear();
+
+        LOG.debug("Trace chain context of MDC cleared...");
+    }
+
+    public void debugHeader() {
+        if (!traceDebugEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("---------------- Trace Information ---------------");
+        String traceId = getTraceId();
+        String spanId = getSpanId();
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(traceId) ? traceId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(spanId) ? spanId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT + "=" + strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT));
+
+        String routeVersion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION + "=" + routeVersion);
+        }
+        String routeRegion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION + "=" + routeRegion);
+        }
+        String routeAddress = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeAddress)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS + "=" + routeAddress);
+        }
+        String routeVersionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeVersionWeight);
+        }
+        String routeRegionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeRegionWeight);
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                System.out.println(entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("--------------------------------------------------");
+    }
+
+    public void debugLocal() {
+        if (!traceDebugEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("---------------- Trace Information ---------------");
+        String traceId = getTraceId();
+        String spanId = getSpanId();
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.TRACE_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(traceId) ? traceId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.SPAN_ID + "=" + (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(spanId) ? spanId : StringUtils.EMPTY));
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_GROUP + "=" + pluginAdapter.getGroup());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_TYPE + "=" + pluginAdapter.getServiceType());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ID + "=" + pluginAdapter.getServiceId());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ADDRESS + "=" + pluginAdapter.getHost() + ":" + pluginAdapter.getPort());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_VERSION + "=" + pluginAdapter.getVersion());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_REGION + "=" + pluginAdapter.getRegion());
+        System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_SERVICE_ENVIRONMENT + "=" + pluginAdapter.getEnvironment());
+
+        String routeVersion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION + "=" + routeVersion);
+        }
+        String routeRegion = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegion)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION + "=" + routeRegion);
+        }
+        String routeAddress = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeAddress)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_ADDRESS + "=" + routeAddress);
+        }
+        String routeVersionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeVersionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_VERSION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeVersionWeight);
+        }
+        String routeRegionWeight = strategyContextHolder.getHeader(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT);
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(routeRegionWeight)) {
+            System.out.println(DiscoveryConstant.N_D_REGION_WEIGHT + "=" + routeRegionWeight);
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> customizationMap = getCustomizationMap();
+        if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(customizationMap)) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : customizationMap.entrySet()) {
+                System.out.println(entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("--------------------------------------------------");
+    }
+
+    public PluginAdapter getPluginAdapter() {
+        return pluginAdapter;
+    }
+
+    public StrategyContextHolder getStrategyContextHolder() {
+        return strategyContextHolder;
+    }
+
+    public String getTraceId() {
+        if (strategyTracerAdapter != null) {
+            return strategyTracerAdapter.getTraceId();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String getSpanId() {
+        if (strategyTracerAdapter != null) {
+            return strategyTracerAdapter.getSpanId();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, String> getCustomizationMap() {
+        if (strategyTracerAdapter != null) {
+            return strategyTracerAdapter.getCustomizationMap();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `customizationMap` last assigned on line 152 could be null and is dereferenced at line 154.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StrategyTracer.debugHeader()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.tracer.StrategyTracer.debugHeader():void.01c4e1fbdda2f45eeb3bab8eb1a418ff
+
+### File:
+discovery-plugin-strategy/src/main/java/com/nepxion/discovery/plugin/strategy/tracer/StrategyTracer.java
+
+### Key:
+StrategyTracer.java|debugHeader|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+28fa175b8bbfed150fdcc2c7ec48c11e
+
+### Hash:
+ed326398174e115f3599c83c14795009
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6221/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6221/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37ec863617dc05c1f17a287772a89c4665af44f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6221/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Algorithms
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Pedro Vicente Gómez Sánchez.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.github.pedrovgs.problem45;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Given an array full of integers, can you write a method to find the element repeated kTH times.
+ *
+ * @author Pedro Vicente Gómez Sánchez.
+ */
+public class FindNthMostRepeatedElement {
+
+  /**
+   * Iterative solution to solve this problem. This algorithm is based on a complexity order equals
+   * to O(N) and space O(N) because you need to go through the full set numbers two times and you
+   * need a map to store the number of repetitions for every element.
+   */
+  public int find(int[] numbers, int position) {
+    validateInput(numbers, position);
+    Integer result = null;
+    Map<Integer, Integer> counter = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
+    for (int i : numbers) {
+      if (counter.get(i) == null) {
+        counter.put(i, 1);
+      } else {
+        counter.put(i, counter.get(i) + 1);
+      }
+    }
+    for (Integer candidate : counter.keySet()) {
+      if (counter.get(candidate) == position) {
+        result = candidate;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    validateResult(result);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private void validateInput(int[] numbers, int position) {
+    if (numbers == null || position <= 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+          "You can't pass null arrays or position values minor than 0 as parameter.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void validateResult(Integer result) {
+    if (result == null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+          "There are no elements repeated n times in the array passed as argument");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `counter.get(valueOf(i))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 41.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int FindNthMostRepeatedElement.find(int[],int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.pedrovgs.problem45.FindNthMostRepeatedElement.find(int[],int):int.5c022c13d64986c79ba7536809707836
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/pedrovgs/problem45/FindNthMostRepeatedElement.java
+
+### Key:
+FindNthMostRepeatedElement.java|find|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+82bc4705d6466a0b8509dff7973fc602
+
+### Hash:
+bbd060e26c4fa659786c56b7d71b0420
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6226/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6226/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef5800cbc9ec9614eebc00e2ebdefe09626092aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6226/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1096 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mysql-binlog-connector-java
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Stanley Shyiko
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog;
+
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.Event;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeader;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeaderV4;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.GtidEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.RotateEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.ChecksumType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.GtidEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.RotateEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.jmx.BinaryLogClientMXBean;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.AuthenticationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ClientCapabilities;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.DefaultSSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLMode;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ServerException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.TLSHostnameVerifier;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ErrorPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.GreetingPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.Packet;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ResultSetRowPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.AuthenticateCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.Command;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.PingCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.QueryCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.SSLRequestCommand;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL replication stream client.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:stanley.shyiko@gmail.com">Stanley Shyiko</a>
+ */
+public class BinaryLogClient implements BinaryLogClientMXBean {
+
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory() {
+
+        @Override
+        protected void initSSLContext(SSLContext sc) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            sc.init(null, new TrustManager[]{
+                new X509TrustManager() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                        return new X509Certificate[0];
+                    }
+                }
+            }, null);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory();
+
+    // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sending-more-than-16mbyte.html
+    private static final int MAX_PACKET_LENGTH = 16777215;
+
+    private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName());
+
+    private final String hostname;
+    private final int port;
+    private final String schema;
+    private final String username;
+    private final String password;
+
+    private boolean blocking = true;
+    private long serverId = 65535;
+    private volatile String binlogFilename;
+    private volatile long binlogPosition = 4;
+    private volatile long connectionId;
+    private SSLMode sslMode = SSLMode.DISABLED;
+
+    private GtidSet gtidSet;
+    private final Object gtidSetAccessLock = new Object();
+
+    private EventDeserializer eventDeserializer = new EventDeserializer();
+
+    private final List<EventListener> eventListeners = new LinkedList<EventListener>();
+    private final List<LifecycleListener> lifecycleListeners = new LinkedList<LifecycleListener>();
+
+    private SocketFactory socketFactory;
+    private SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory;
+
+    private PacketChannel channel;
+    private volatile boolean connected;
+
+    private ThreadFactory threadFactory;
+
+    private boolean keepAlive = true;
+    private long keepAliveInterval = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(1);
+    private long keepAliveConnectTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(3);
+
+    private volatile ExecutorService keepAliveThreadExecutor;
+    private long keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(6);
+
+    private final Lock shutdownLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient(hostname, port, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String username, String password) {
+        this(hostname, port, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param hostname mysql server hostname
+     * @param port mysql server port
+     * @param schema database name, nullable. Note that this parameter has nothing to do with event filtering. It's
+     * used only during the authentication.
+     * @param username login name
+     * @param password password
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.schema = schema;
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isBlocking() {
+        return blocking;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param blocking blocking mode. If set to false - BinaryLogClient will disconnect after the last event.
+     */
+    public void setBlocking(boolean blocking) {
+        this.blocking = blocking;
+    }
+
+    public SSLMode getSSLMode() {
+        return sslMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setSSLMode(SSLMode sslMode) {
+        if (sslMode == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SSL mode cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.sslMode = sslMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return server id (65535 by default)
+     * @see #setServerId(long)
+     */
+    public long getServerId() {
+        return serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param serverId server id (in the range from 1 to 2^32 - 1). This value MUST be unique across whole replication
+     * group (that is, different from any other server id being used by any master or slave). Keep in mind that each
+     * binary log client (mysql-binlog-connector-java/BinaryLogClient, mysqlbinlog, etc) should be treated as a
+     * simplified slave and thus MUST also use a different server id.
+     * @see #getServerId()
+     */
+    public void setServerId(long serverId) {
+        this.serverId = serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log filename, nullable (and null be default). Note that this value is automatically tracked by
+     * the client and thus is subject to change (in response to {@link EventType#ROTATE}, for example).
+     * @see #setBinlogFilename(String)
+     */
+    public String getBinlogFilename() {
+        return binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogFilename binary log filename.
+     * Special values are:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>null, which turns on automatic resolution (resulting in the last known binlog and position). This is what
+     * happens by default when you don't specify binary log filename explicitly.</li>
+     *   <li>"" (empty string), which instructs server to stream events starting from the oldest known binlog.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * @see #getBinlogFilename()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogFilename(String binlogFilename) {
+        this.binlogFilename = binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log position of the next event, 4 by default (which is a position of first event). Note that this
+     * value changes with each incoming event.
+     * @see #setBinlogPosition(long)
+     */
+    public long getBinlogPosition() {
+        return binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogPosition binary log position. Any value less than 4 gets automatically adjusted to 4 on connect.
+     * @see #getBinlogPosition()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogPosition(long binlogPosition) {
+        this.binlogPosition = binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return thread id
+     */
+    public long getConnectionId() {
+        return connectionId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return GTID set. Note that this value changes with each received GTID event (provided client is in GTID mode).
+     * @see #setGtidSet(String)
+     */
+    public String getGtidSet() {
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            return gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param gtidSet GTID set (can be an empty string).
+     * <p>NOTE #1: Any value but null will switch BinaryLogClient into a GTID mode (in which case GTID set will be
+     * updated with each incoming GTID event) as well as set binlogFilename to "" (empty string) (meaning
+     * BinaryLogClient will request events "outside of the set" <u>starting from the oldest known binlog</u>).
+     * <p>NOTE #2: {@link #setBinlogFilename(String)} and {@link #setBinlogPosition(long)} can be used to specify the
+     * exact position from which MySQL server should start streaming events (taking into account GTID set).
+     * @see #getGtidSet()
+     */
+    public void setGtidSet(String gtidSet) {
+        if (gtidSet != null && this.binlogFilename == null) {
+            this.binlogFilename = "";
+        }
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            this.gtidSet = gtidSet != null ? new GtidSet(gtidSet) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (default), false otherwise.
+     * @see #setKeepAlive(boolean)
+     */
+    public boolean isKeepAlive() {
+        return keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAlive true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (recommended and true by default),
+     * false otherwise.
+     * @see #isKeepAlive()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAlive(boolean keepAlive) {
+        this.keepAlive = keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" interval in milliseconds, 1 minute by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveInterval(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveInterval() {
+        return keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveInterval "keep alive" interval in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveInterval()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveInterval(long keepAliveInterval) {
+        this.keepAliveInterval = keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds, 3 seconds by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveConnectTimeout() {
+        return keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveConnectTimeout "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveConnectTimeout()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long keepAliveConnectTimeout) {
+        this.keepAliveConnectTimeout = keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param eventDeserializer custom event deserializer
+     */
+    public void setEventDeserializer(EventDeserializer eventDeserializer) {
+        if (eventDeserializer == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Event deserializer cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.eventDeserializer = eventDeserializer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param socketFactory custom socket factory. If not provided, socket will be created with "new Socket()".
+     */
+    public void setSocketFactory(SocketFactory socketFactory) {
+        this.socketFactory = socketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param sslSocketFactory custom ssl socket factory
+     */
+    public void setSslSocketFactory(SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory) {
+        this.sslSocketFactory = sslSocketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param threadFactory custom thread factory. If not provided, threads will be created using simple "new Thread()".
+     */
+    public void setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
+        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream. Note that this method blocks until disconnected.
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     */
+    public void connect() throws IOException {
+        if (connected) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient is already connected");
+        }
+        GreetingPacket greetingPacket;
+        try {
+            try {
+                Socket socket = socketFactory != null ? socketFactory.createSocket() : new Socket();
+                socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+                channel = new PacketChannel(socket);
+                if (channel.getInputStream().peek() == -1) {
+                    throw new EOFException();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to connect to MySQL on " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                    ". Please make sure it's running.", e);
+            }
+            greetingPacket = receiveGreeting();
+            authenticate(greetingPacket);
+            if (binlogFilename == null) {
+                fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition();
+            }
+            if (binlogPosition < 4) {
+                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                    logger.warning("Binary log position adjusted from " + binlogPosition + " to " + 4);
+                }
+                binlogPosition = 4;
+            }
+            ChecksumType checksumType = fetchBinlogChecksum();
+            if (checksumType != ChecksumType.NONE) {
+                confirmSupportOfChecksum(checksumType);
+            }
+            requestBinaryLogStream();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        connected = true;
+        connectionId = greetingPacket.getThreadId();
+        if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String position;
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                position = gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : binlogFilename + "/" + binlogPosition;
+            }
+            logger.info("Connected to " + hostname + ":" + port + " at " + position +
+                " (" + (blocking ? "sid:" + serverId + ", " : "") + "cid:" + connectionId + ")");
+        }
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                lifecycleListener.onConnect(this);
+            }
+        }
+        if (keepAlive && !isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            spawnKeepAliveThread();
+        }
+        ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.ROTATE, RotateEventDataDeserializer.class);
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.GTID, GtidEventDataDeserializer.class);
+            }
+        }
+        listenForEventPackets();
+    }
+
+    private GreetingPacket receiveGreeting() throws IOException {
+        byte[] initialHandshakePacket = channel.read();
+        if (initialHandshakePacket[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(initialHandshakePacket, 1, initialHandshakePacket.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        return new GreetingPacket(initialHandshakePacket);
+    }
+
+    private void requestBinaryLogStream() throws IOException {
+        long serverId = blocking ? this.serverId : 0; // http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=71178
+        Command dumpBinaryLogCommand;
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition, gtidSet);
+            } else {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition);
+            }
+        }
+        channel.write(dumpBinaryLogCommand);
+    }
+
+    private void ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType eventType,
+             Class<? extends EventDataDeserializer> eventDataDeserializerClass) {
+        EventDataDeserializer eventDataDeserializer = eventDeserializer.getEventDataDeserializer(eventType);
+        if (eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != eventDataDeserializerClass &&
+            eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer.class) {
+            EventDataDeserializer internalEventDataDeserializer;
+            try {
+                internalEventDataDeserializer = eventDataDeserializerClass.newInstance();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            eventDeserializer.setEventDataDeserializer(eventType,
+                new EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer(internalEventDataDeserializer,
+                    eventDataDeserializer));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void authenticate(GreetingPacket greetingPacket) throws IOException {
+        int collation = greetingPacket.getServerCollation();
+        int packetNumber = 1;
+        if (sslMode != SSLMode.DISABLED) {
+            boolean serverSupportsSSL = (greetingPacket.getServerCapabilities() & ClientCapabilities.SSL) != 0;
+            if (!serverSupportsSSL && (sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED || sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_CA ||
+                sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY)) {
+                throw new IOException("MySQL server does not support SSL");
+            }
+            if (serverSupportsSSL) {
+                SSLRequestCommand sslRequestCommand = new SSLRequestCommand();
+                sslRequestCommand.setCollation(collation);
+                channel.write(sslRequestCommand, packetNumber++);
+                SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = this.sslSocketFactory != null ? this.sslSocketFactory :
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED ? DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY :
+                        DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY;
+                channel.upgradeToSSL(sslSocketFactory,
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY ? new TLSHostnameVerifier() : null);
+            }
+        }
+        AuthenticateCommand authenticateCommand = new AuthenticateCommand(schema, username, password,
+            greetingPacket.getScramble());
+        authenticateCommand.setCollation(collation);
+        channel.write(authenticateCommand, packetNumber);
+        byte[] authenticationResult = channel.read();
+        if (authenticationResult[0] != (byte) 0x00 /* ok */) {
+            if (authenticationResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+                byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(authenticationResult, 1, authenticationResult.length);
+                ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+                throw new AuthenticationException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+            }
+            throw new AuthenticationException("Unexpected authentication result (" + authenticationResult[0] + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void spawnKeepAliveThread() {
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ThreadFactory() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable runnable) {
+                return newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-keepalive-" + hostname + ":" + port);
+            }
+        });
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(keepAliveInterval);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        // expected in case of disconnect
+                    }
+                    shutdownLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        if (keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            channel.write(new PingCommand());
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                                logger.info("Trying to restore lost connection to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+                            }
+                            try {
+                                if (isConnected()) {
+                                    disconnectChannel();
+                                }
+                                connect(keepAliveConnectTimeout);
+                            } catch (Exception ce) {
+                                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                                    logger.warning("Failed to restore connection to " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                                        ". Next attempt in " + keepAliveInterval + "ms");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        shutdownLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Thread newNamedThread(Runnable runnable, String threadName) {
+        Thread thread = threadFactory == null ? new Thread(runnable) : threadFactory.newThread(runnable);
+        thread.setName(threadName);
+        return thread;
+    }
+
+    boolean isKeepAliveThreadRunning() {
+        return keepAliveThreadExecutor != null && !keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream in a separate thread.
+     * @param timeoutInMilliseconds timeout in milliseconds
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if client was unable to connect within given time limit
+     */
+    public void connect(long timeoutInMilliseconds) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
+        final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AbstractLifecycleListener connectListener = new AbstractLifecycleListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) {
+                countDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        };
+        registerLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        final AtomicReference<IOException> exceptionReference = new AtomicReference<IOException>();
+        Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    connect();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    exceptionReference.set(e);
+                    countDownLatch.countDown(); // making sure we don't end up waiting whole "timeout"
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-" + hostname + ":" + port).start();
+        boolean started = false;
+        try {
+            started = countDownLatch.await(timeoutInMilliseconds, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        unregisterLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        if (exceptionReference.get() != null) {
+            throw exceptionReference.get();
+        }
+        if (!started) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("BinaryLogClient was unable to connect in " + timeoutInMilliseconds + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if client is connected, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return connected;
+    }
+
+    private void fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition() throws IOException {
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet;
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show master status"));
+        resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to determine binlog filename/position");
+        }
+        ResultSetRowPacket resultSetRow = resultSet[0];
+        binlogFilename = resultSetRow.getValue(0);
+        binlogPosition = Long.parseLong(resultSetRow.getValue(1));
+    }
+
+    private ChecksumType fetchBinlogChecksum() throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show global variables like 'binlog_checksum'"));
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            return ChecksumType.NONE;
+        }
+        return ChecksumType.valueOf(resultSet[0].getValue(1).toUpperCase());
+    }
+
+    private void confirmSupportOfChecksum(ChecksumType checksumType) throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("set @master_binlog_checksum= @@global.binlog_checksum"));
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        eventDeserializer.setChecksumType(checksumType);
+    }
+
+    private void listenForEventPackets() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = channel.getInputStream();
+        boolean completeShutdown = false;
+        try {
+            while (inputStream.peek() != -1) {
+                int packetLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+                inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+                int marker = inputStream.read();
+                if (marker == 0xFF) {
+                    ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(inputStream.read(packetLength - 1));
+                    throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                        errorPacket.getSqlState());
+                }
+                if (marker == 0xFE && !blocking) {
+                    completeShutdown = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                Event event;
+                try {
+                    event = eventDeserializer.nextEvent(packetLength == MAX_PACKET_LENGTH ?
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(readPacketSplitInChunks(inputStream, packetLength - 1)) :
+                        inputStream);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    Throwable cause = e instanceof EventDataDeserializationException ? e.getCause() : e;
+                    if (cause instanceof EOFException || cause instanceof SocketException) {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    if (isConnected()) {
+                        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                                lifecycleListener.onEventDeserializationFailure(this, e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (isConnected()) {
+                    notifyEventListeners(event);
+                    updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(event);
+                    updateGtidSet(event);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                    for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                        lifecycleListener.onCommunicationFailure(this, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                if (completeShutdown) {
+                    disconnect(); // initiate complete shutdown sequence (which includes keep alive thread)
+                } else {
+                    disconnectChannel();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private byte[] readPacketSplitInChunks(ByteArrayInputStream inputStream, int packetLength) throws IOException {
+        byte[] result = inputStream.read(packetLength);
+        int chunkLength;
+        do {
+            chunkLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+            inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+            result = Arrays.copyOf(result, result.length + chunkLength);
+            inputStream.fill(result, result.length - chunkLength, chunkLength);
+        } while (chunkLength == Packet.MAX_LENGTH);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        EventType eventType = eventHeader.getEventType();
+        if (eventType == EventType.ROTATE) {
+            EventData eventData = event.getData();
+            RotateEventData rotateEventData;
+            if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+            } else {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) eventData;
+            }
+            binlogFilename = rotateEventData.getBinlogFilename();
+            binlogPosition = rotateEventData.getBinlogPosition();
+        } else
+        // do not update binlogPosition on TABLE_MAP so that in case of reconnect (using a different instance of
+        // client) table mapping cache could be reconstructed before hitting row mutation event
+        if (eventType != EventType.TABLE_MAP && eventHeader instanceof EventHeaderV4) {
+            EventHeaderV4 trackableEventHeader = (EventHeaderV4) eventHeader;
+            long nextBinlogPosition = trackableEventHeader.getNextPosition();
+            if (nextBinlogPosition > 0) {
+                binlogPosition = nextBinlogPosition;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateGtidSet(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        if (eventHeader.getEventType() == EventType.GTID) {
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                if (gtidSet != null) {
+                    EventData eventData = event.getData();
+                    GtidEventData gtidEventData;
+                    if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+                    } else {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) eventData;
+                    }
+                    gtidSet.add(gtidEventData.getGtid());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ResultSetRowPacket[] readResultSet() throws IOException {
+        List<ResultSetRowPacket> resultSet = new LinkedList<ResultSetRowPacket>();
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        while ((channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */) { /* skip */ }
+        for (byte[] bytes; (bytes = channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */; ) {
+            resultSet.add(new ResultSetRowPacket(bytes));
+        }
+        return resultSet.toArray(new ResultSetRowPacket[resultSet.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered event listeners
+     */
+    public List<EventListener> getEventListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(eventListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register event listener. Note that multiple event listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.add(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all event listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(Class<? extends EventListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            Iterator<EventListener> iterator = eventListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                EventListener eventListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(eventListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single event listener.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyEventListeners(Event event) {
+        if (event.getData() instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+            event = new Event(event.getHeader(), ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) event.getData()).getExternal());
+        }
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            for (EventListener eventListener : eventListeners) {
+                try {
+                    eventListener.onEvent(event);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                        logger.log(Level.WARNING, eventListener + " choked on " + event, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered lifecycle listeners
+     */
+    public List<LifecycleListener> getLifecycleListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(lifecycleListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register lifecycle listener. Note that multiple lifecycle listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener lifecycleListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.add(lifecycleListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all lifecycle listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(Class<? extends LifecycleListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            Iterator<LifecycleListener> iterator = lifecycleListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                LifecycleListener lifecycleListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(lifecycleListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect from the replication stream.
+     * Note that this does not cause binlogFilename/binlogPosition to be cleared out.
+     * As the result following {@link #connect()} resumes client from where it left off.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() throws IOException {
+        shutdownLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+                keepAliveThreadExecutor.shutdownNow();
+            }
+            disconnectChannel();
+        } finally {
+            shutdownLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated() {
+        boolean terminated = false;
+        try {
+            terminated = keepAliveThreadExecutor.awaitTermination(keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout,
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        if (!terminated) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient was unable to shut keep alive thread down in " +
+                keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void disconnectChannel() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            connected = false;
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                    lifecycleListener.onDisconnect(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s event listener.
+     */
+    public interface EventListener {
+
+        void onEvent(Event event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public interface LifecycleListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called once client has successfully logged in but before started to receive binlog events.
+         */
+        void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+
+        /**
+         * It's guarantied to be called before {@link #onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient)}) in case of
+         * communication failure.
+         */
+        void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called in case of failed event deserialization. Note this type of error does NOT cause client to
+         * disconnect. If you wish to stop receiving events you'll need to fire client.disconnect() manually.
+         */
+        void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called upon disconnect (regardless of the reason).
+         */
+        void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default (no-op) implementation of {@link LifecycleListener}.
+     */
+    public static abstract class AbstractLifecycleListener implements LifecycleListener {
+
+        public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+        public void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect` indirectly writes to field `$T2_175.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel.socket` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BinaryLogClient.connect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect():void.b46e0b85918f9e00aabc9fbe7138181c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/shyiko/mysql/binlog/BinaryLogClient.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryLogClient.java|connect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2e890ec1c50c3550a1e4ca7505b6ea54
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6228/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6228/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..788f30002e3bc05ab113948f4f05b8ccc692da68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6228/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mysql-binlog-connector-java
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Stanley Shyiko
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog;
+
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.Event;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeader;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeaderV4;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.GtidEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.RotateEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.ChecksumType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.GtidEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.RotateEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.jmx.BinaryLogClientMXBean;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.AuthenticationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ClientCapabilities;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.DefaultSSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLMode;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ServerException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.TLSHostnameVerifier;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ErrorPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.GreetingPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.Packet;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ResultSetRowPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.AuthenticateCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.Command;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.PingCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.QueryCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.SSLRequestCommand;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL replication stream client.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:stanley.shyiko@gmail.com">Stanley Shyiko</a>
+ */
+public class BinaryLogClient implements BinaryLogClientMXBean {
+
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory() {
+
+        @Override
+        protected void initSSLContext(SSLContext sc) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            sc.init(null, new TrustManager[]{
+                new X509TrustManager() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                        return new X509Certificate[0];
+                    }
+                }
+            }, null);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory();
+
+    // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sending-more-than-16mbyte.html
+    private static final int MAX_PACKET_LENGTH = 16777215;
+
+    private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName());
+
+    private final String hostname;
+    private final int port;
+    private final String schema;
+    private final String username;
+    private final String password;
+
+    private boolean blocking = true;
+    private long serverId = 65535;
+    private volatile String binlogFilename;
+    private volatile long binlogPosition = 4;
+    private volatile long connectionId;
+    private SSLMode sslMode = SSLMode.DISABLED;
+
+    private GtidSet gtidSet;
+    private final Object gtidSetAccessLock = new Object();
+
+    private EventDeserializer eventDeserializer = new EventDeserializer();
+
+    private final List<EventListener> eventListeners = new LinkedList<EventListener>();
+    private final List<LifecycleListener> lifecycleListeners = new LinkedList<LifecycleListener>();
+
+    private SocketFactory socketFactory;
+    private SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory;
+
+    private PacketChannel channel;
+    private volatile boolean connected;
+
+    private ThreadFactory threadFactory;
+
+    private boolean keepAlive = true;
+    private long keepAliveInterval = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(1);
+    private long keepAliveConnectTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(3);
+
+    private volatile ExecutorService keepAliveThreadExecutor;
+    private long keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(6);
+
+    private final Lock shutdownLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient(hostname, port, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String username, String password) {
+        this(hostname, port, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param hostname mysql server hostname
+     * @param port mysql server port
+     * @param schema database name, nullable. Note that this parameter has nothing to do with event filtering. It's
+     * used only during the authentication.
+     * @param username login name
+     * @param password password
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.schema = schema;
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isBlocking() {
+        return blocking;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param blocking blocking mode. If set to false - BinaryLogClient will disconnect after the last event.
+     */
+    public void setBlocking(boolean blocking) {
+        this.blocking = blocking;
+    }
+
+    public SSLMode getSSLMode() {
+        return sslMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setSSLMode(SSLMode sslMode) {
+        if (sslMode == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SSL mode cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.sslMode = sslMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return server id (65535 by default)
+     * @see #setServerId(long)
+     */
+    public long getServerId() {
+        return serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param serverId server id (in the range from 1 to 2^32 - 1). This value MUST be unique across whole replication
+     * group (that is, different from any other server id being used by any master or slave). Keep in mind that each
+     * binary log client (mysql-binlog-connector-java/BinaryLogClient, mysqlbinlog, etc) should be treated as a
+     * simplified slave and thus MUST also use a different server id.
+     * @see #getServerId()
+     */
+    public void setServerId(long serverId) {
+        this.serverId = serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log filename, nullable (and null be default). Note that this value is automatically tracked by
+     * the client and thus is subject to change (in response to {@link EventType#ROTATE}, for example).
+     * @see #setBinlogFilename(String)
+     */
+    public String getBinlogFilename() {
+        return binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogFilename binary log filename.
+     * Special values are:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>null, which turns on automatic resolution (resulting in the last known binlog and position). This is what
+     * happens by default when you don't specify binary log filename explicitly.</li>
+     *   <li>"" (empty string), which instructs server to stream events starting from the oldest known binlog.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * @see #getBinlogFilename()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogFilename(String binlogFilename) {
+        this.binlogFilename = binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log position of the next event, 4 by default (which is a position of first event). Note that this
+     * value changes with each incoming event.
+     * @see #setBinlogPosition(long)
+     */
+    public long getBinlogPosition() {
+        return binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogPosition binary log position. Any value less than 4 gets automatically adjusted to 4 on connect.
+     * @see #getBinlogPosition()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogPosition(long binlogPosition) {
+        this.binlogPosition = binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return thread id
+     */
+    public long getConnectionId() {
+        return connectionId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return GTID set. Note that this value changes with each received GTID event (provided client is in GTID mode).
+     * @see #setGtidSet(String)
+     */
+    public String getGtidSet() {
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            return gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param gtidSet GTID set (can be an empty string).
+     * <p>NOTE #1: Any value but null will switch BinaryLogClient into a GTID mode (in which case GTID set will be
+     * updated with each incoming GTID event) as well as set binlogFilename to "" (empty string) (meaning
+     * BinaryLogClient will request events "outside of the set" <u>starting from the oldest known binlog</u>).
+     * <p>NOTE #2: {@link #setBinlogFilename(String)} and {@link #setBinlogPosition(long)} can be used to specify the
+     * exact position from which MySQL server should start streaming events (taking into account GTID set).
+     * @see #getGtidSet()
+     */
+    public void setGtidSet(String gtidSet) {
+        if (gtidSet != null && this.binlogFilename == null) {
+            this.binlogFilename = "";
+        }
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            this.gtidSet = gtidSet != null ? new GtidSet(gtidSet) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (default), false otherwise.
+     * @see #setKeepAlive(boolean)
+     */
+    public boolean isKeepAlive() {
+        return keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAlive true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (recommended and true by default),
+     * false otherwise.
+     * @see #isKeepAlive()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAlive(boolean keepAlive) {
+        this.keepAlive = keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" interval in milliseconds, 1 minute by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveInterval(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveInterval() {
+        return keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveInterval "keep alive" interval in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveInterval()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveInterval(long keepAliveInterval) {
+        this.keepAliveInterval = keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds, 3 seconds by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveConnectTimeout() {
+        return keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveConnectTimeout "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveConnectTimeout()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long keepAliveConnectTimeout) {
+        this.keepAliveConnectTimeout = keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param eventDeserializer custom event deserializer
+     */
+    public void setEventDeserializer(EventDeserializer eventDeserializer) {
+        if (eventDeserializer == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Event deserializer cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.eventDeserializer = eventDeserializer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param socketFactory custom socket factory. If not provided, socket will be created with "new Socket()".
+     */
+    public void setSocketFactory(SocketFactory socketFactory) {
+        this.socketFactory = socketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param sslSocketFactory custom ssl socket factory
+     */
+    public void setSslSocketFactory(SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory) {
+        this.sslSocketFactory = sslSocketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param threadFactory custom thread factory. If not provided, threads will be created using simple "new Thread()".
+     */
+    public void setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
+        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream. Note that this method blocks until disconnected.
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     */
+    public void connect() throws IOException {
+        if (connected) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient is already connected");
+        }
+        GreetingPacket greetingPacket;
+        try {
+            try {
+                Socket socket = socketFactory != null ? socketFactory.createSocket() : new Socket();
+                socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+                channel = new PacketChannel(socket);
+                if (channel.getInputStream().peek() == -1) {
+                    throw new EOFException();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to connect to MySQL on " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                    ". Please make sure it's running.", e);
+            }
+            greetingPacket = receiveGreeting();
+            authenticate(greetingPacket);
+            if (binlogFilename == null) {
+                fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition();
+            }
+            if (binlogPosition < 4) {
+                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                    logger.warning("Binary log position adjusted from " + binlogPosition + " to " + 4);
+                }
+                binlogPosition = 4;
+            }
+            ChecksumType checksumType = fetchBinlogChecksum();
+            if (checksumType != ChecksumType.NONE) {
+                confirmSupportOfChecksum(checksumType);
+            }
+            requestBinaryLogStream();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        connected = true;
+        connectionId = greetingPacket.getThreadId();
+        if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String position;
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                position = gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : binlogFilename + "/" + binlogPosition;
+            }
+            logger.info("Connected to " + hostname + ":" + port + " at " + position +
+                " (" + (blocking ? "sid:" + serverId + ", " : "") + "cid:" + connectionId + ")");
+        }
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                lifecycleListener.onConnect(this);
+            }
+        }
+        if (keepAlive && !isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            spawnKeepAliveThread();
+        }
+        ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.ROTATE, RotateEventDataDeserializer.class);
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.GTID, GtidEventDataDeserializer.class);
+            }
+        }
+        listenForEventPackets();
+    }
+
+    private GreetingPacket receiveGreeting() throws IOException {
+        byte[] initialHandshakePacket = channel.read();
+        if (initialHandshakePacket[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(initialHandshakePacket, 1, initialHandshakePacket.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        return new GreetingPacket(initialHandshakePacket);
+    }
+
+    private void requestBinaryLogStream() throws IOException {
+        long serverId = blocking ? this.serverId : 0; // http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=71178
+        Command dumpBinaryLogCommand;
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition, gtidSet);
+            } else {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition);
+            }
+        }
+        channel.write(dumpBinaryLogCommand);
+    }
+
+    private void ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType eventType,
+             Class<? extends EventDataDeserializer> eventDataDeserializerClass) {
+        EventDataDeserializer eventDataDeserializer = eventDeserializer.getEventDataDeserializer(eventType);
+        if (eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != eventDataDeserializerClass &&
+            eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer.class) {
+            EventDataDeserializer internalEventDataDeserializer;
+            try {
+                internalEventDataDeserializer = eventDataDeserializerClass.newInstance();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            eventDeserializer.setEventDataDeserializer(eventType,
+                new EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer(internalEventDataDeserializer,
+                    eventDataDeserializer));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void authenticate(GreetingPacket greetingPacket) throws IOException {
+        int collation = greetingPacket.getServerCollation();
+        int packetNumber = 1;
+        if (sslMode != SSLMode.DISABLED) {
+            boolean serverSupportsSSL = (greetingPacket.getServerCapabilities() & ClientCapabilities.SSL) != 0;
+            if (!serverSupportsSSL && (sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED || sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_CA ||
+                sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY)) {
+                throw new IOException("MySQL server does not support SSL");
+            }
+            if (serverSupportsSSL) {
+                SSLRequestCommand sslRequestCommand = new SSLRequestCommand();
+                sslRequestCommand.setCollation(collation);
+                channel.write(sslRequestCommand, packetNumber++);
+                SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = this.sslSocketFactory != null ? this.sslSocketFactory :
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED ? DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY :
+                        DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY;
+                channel.upgradeToSSL(sslSocketFactory,
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY ? new TLSHostnameVerifier() : null);
+            }
+        }
+        AuthenticateCommand authenticateCommand = new AuthenticateCommand(schema, username, password,
+            greetingPacket.getScramble());
+        authenticateCommand.setCollation(collation);
+        channel.write(authenticateCommand, packetNumber);
+        byte[] authenticationResult = channel.read();
+        if (authenticationResult[0] != (byte) 0x00 /* ok */) {
+            if (authenticationResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+                byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(authenticationResult, 1, authenticationResult.length);
+                ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+                throw new AuthenticationException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+            }
+            throw new AuthenticationException("Unexpected authentication result (" + authenticationResult[0] + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void spawnKeepAliveThread() {
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ThreadFactory() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable runnable) {
+                return newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-keepalive-" + hostname + ":" + port);
+            }
+        });
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(keepAliveInterval);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        // expected in case of disconnect
+                    }
+                    shutdownLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        if (keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            channel.write(new PingCommand());
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                                logger.info("Trying to restore lost connection to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+                            }
+                            try {
+                                if (isConnected()) {
+                                    disconnectChannel();
+                                }
+                                connect(keepAliveConnectTimeout);
+                            } catch (Exception ce) {
+                                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                                    logger.warning("Failed to restore connection to " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                                        ". Next attempt in " + keepAliveInterval + "ms");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        shutdownLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Thread newNamedThread(Runnable runnable, String threadName) {
+        Thread thread = threadFactory == null ? new Thread(runnable) : threadFactory.newThread(runnable);
+        thread.setName(threadName);
+        return thread;
+    }
+
+    boolean isKeepAliveThreadRunning() {
+        return keepAliveThreadExecutor != null && !keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream in a separate thread.
+     * @param timeoutInMilliseconds timeout in milliseconds
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if client was unable to connect within given time limit
+     */
+    public void connect(long timeoutInMilliseconds) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
+        final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AbstractLifecycleListener connectListener = new AbstractLifecycleListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) {
+                countDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        };
+        registerLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        final AtomicReference<IOException> exceptionReference = new AtomicReference<IOException>();
+        Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    connect();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    exceptionReference.set(e);
+                    countDownLatch.countDown(); // making sure we don't end up waiting whole "timeout"
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-" + hostname + ":" + port).start();
+        boolean started = false;
+        try {
+            started = countDownLatch.await(timeoutInMilliseconds, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        unregisterLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        if (exceptionReference.get() != null) {
+            throw exceptionReference.get();
+        }
+        if (!started) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("BinaryLogClient was unable to connect in " + timeoutInMilliseconds + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if client is connected, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return connected;
+    }
+
+    private void fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition() throws IOException {
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet;
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show master status"));
+        resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to determine binlog filename/position");
+        }
+        ResultSetRowPacket resultSetRow = resultSet[0];
+        binlogFilename = resultSetRow.getValue(0);
+        binlogPosition = Long.parseLong(resultSetRow.getValue(1));
+    }
+
+    private ChecksumType fetchBinlogChecksum() throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show global variables like 'binlog_checksum'"));
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            return ChecksumType.NONE;
+        }
+        return ChecksumType.valueOf(resultSet[0].getValue(1).toUpperCase());
+    }
+
+    private void confirmSupportOfChecksum(ChecksumType checksumType) throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("set @master_binlog_checksum= @@global.binlog_checksum"));
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        eventDeserializer.setChecksumType(checksumType);
+    }
+
+    private void listenForEventPackets() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = channel.getInputStream();
+        boolean completeShutdown = false;
+        try {
+            while (inputStream.peek() != -1) {
+                int packetLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+                inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+                int marker = inputStream.read();
+                if (marker == 0xFF) {
+                    ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(inputStream.read(packetLength - 1));
+                    throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                        errorPacket.getSqlState());
+                }
+                if (marker == 0xFE && !blocking) {
+                    completeShutdown = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                Event event;
+                try {
+                    event = eventDeserializer.nextEvent(packetLength == MAX_PACKET_LENGTH ?
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(readPacketSplitInChunks(inputStream, packetLength - 1)) :
+                        inputStream);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    Throwable cause = e instanceof EventDataDeserializationException ? e.getCause() : e;
+                    if (cause instanceof EOFException || cause instanceof SocketException) {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    if (isConnected()) {
+                        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                                lifecycleListener.onEventDeserializationFailure(this, e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (isConnected()) {
+                    notifyEventListeners(event);
+                    updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(event);
+                    updateGtidSet(event);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                    for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                        lifecycleListener.onCommunicationFailure(this, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                if (completeShutdown) {
+                    disconnect(); // initiate complete shutdown sequence (which includes keep alive thread)
+                } else {
+                    disconnectChannel();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private byte[] readPacketSplitInChunks(ByteArrayInputStream inputStream, int packetLength) throws IOException {
+        byte[] result = inputStream.read(packetLength);
+        int chunkLength;
+        do {
+            chunkLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+            inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+            result = Arrays.copyOf(result, result.length + chunkLength);
+            inputStream.fill(result, result.length - chunkLength, chunkLength);
+        } while (chunkLength == Packet.MAX_LENGTH);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        EventType eventType = eventHeader.getEventType();
+        if (eventType == EventType.ROTATE) {
+            EventData eventData = event.getData();
+            RotateEventData rotateEventData;
+            if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+            } else {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) eventData;
+            }
+            binlogFilename = rotateEventData.getBinlogFilename();
+            binlogPosition = rotateEventData.getBinlogPosition();
+        } else
+        // do not update binlogPosition on TABLE_MAP so that in case of reconnect (using a different instance of
+        // client) table mapping cache could be reconstructed before hitting row mutation event
+        if (eventType != EventType.TABLE_MAP && eventHeader instanceof EventHeaderV4) {
+            EventHeaderV4 trackableEventHeader = (EventHeaderV4) eventHeader;
+            long nextBinlogPosition = trackableEventHeader.getNextPosition();
+            if (nextBinlogPosition > 0) {
+                binlogPosition = nextBinlogPosition;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateGtidSet(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        if (eventHeader.getEventType() == EventType.GTID) {
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                if (gtidSet != null) {
+                    EventData eventData = event.getData();
+                    GtidEventData gtidEventData;
+                    if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+                    } else {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) eventData;
+                    }
+                    gtidSet.add(gtidEventData.getGtid());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ResultSetRowPacket[] readResultSet() throws IOException {
+        List<ResultSetRowPacket> resultSet = new LinkedList<ResultSetRowPacket>();
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        while ((channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */) { /* skip */ }
+        for (byte[] bytes; (bytes = channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */; ) {
+            resultSet.add(new ResultSetRowPacket(bytes));
+        }
+        return resultSet.toArray(new ResultSetRowPacket[resultSet.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered event listeners
+     */
+    public List<EventListener> getEventListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(eventListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register event listener. Note that multiple event listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.add(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all event listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(Class<? extends EventListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            Iterator<EventListener> iterator = eventListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                EventListener eventListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(eventListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single event listener.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyEventListeners(Event event) {
+        if (event.getData() instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+            event = new Event(event.getHeader(), ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) event.getData()).getExternal());
+        }
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            for (EventListener eventListener : eventListeners) {
+                try {
+                    eventListener.onEvent(event);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                        logger.log(Level.WARNING, eventListener + " choked on " + event, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered lifecycle listeners
+     */
+    public List<LifecycleListener> getLifecycleListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(lifecycleListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register lifecycle listener. Note that multiple lifecycle listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener lifecycleListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.add(lifecycleListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all lifecycle listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(Class<? extends LifecycleListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            Iterator<LifecycleListener> iterator = lifecycleListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                LifecycleListener lifecycleListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(lifecycleListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect from the replication stream.
+     * Note that this does not cause binlogFilename/binlogPosition to be cleared out.
+     * As the result following {@link #connect()} resumes client from where it left off.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() throws IOException {
+        shutdownLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+                keepAliveThreadExecutor.shutdownNow();
+            }
+            disconnectChannel();
+        } finally {
+            shutdownLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated() {
+        boolean terminated = false;
+        try {
+            terminated = keepAliveThreadExecutor.awaitTermination(keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout,
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        if (!terminated) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient was unable to shut keep alive thread down in " +
+                keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void disconnectChannel() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            connected = false;
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                    lifecycleListener.onDisconnect(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s event listener.
+     */
+    public interface EventListener {
+
+        void onEvent(Event event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public interface LifecycleListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called once client has successfully logged in but before started to receive binlog events.
+         */
+        void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+
+        /**
+         * It's guarantied to be called before {@link #onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient)}) in case of
+         * communication failure.
+         */
+        void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called in case of failed event deserialization. Note this type of error does NOT cause client to
+         * disconnect. If you wish to stop receiving events you'll need to fire client.disconnect() manually.
+         */
+        void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called upon disconnect (regardless of the reason).
+         */
+        void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default (no-op) implementation of {@link LifecycleListener}.
+     */
+    public static abstract class AbstractLifecycleListener implements LifecycleListener {
+
+        public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+        public void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect` indirectly writes to field `n$29.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream.blockLength` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$29 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$29.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream.blockLength might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BinaryLogClient.connect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect():void.b46e0b85918f9e00aabc9fbe7138181c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/shyiko/mysql/binlog/BinaryLogClient.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryLogClient.java|connect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dfe6370220e2790f454fe976459009f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6243/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6243/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29ee060315c0961bd21256f07ba94cfb47c3000a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6243/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1096 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mysql-binlog-connector-java
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Stanley Shyiko
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog;
+
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.Event;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeader;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeaderV4;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.GtidEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.RotateEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.ChecksumType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.GtidEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.RotateEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.jmx.BinaryLogClientMXBean;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.AuthenticationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ClientCapabilities;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.DefaultSSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLMode;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ServerException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.TLSHostnameVerifier;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ErrorPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.GreetingPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.Packet;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ResultSetRowPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.AuthenticateCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.Command;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.PingCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.QueryCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.SSLRequestCommand;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL replication stream client.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:stanley.shyiko@gmail.com">Stanley Shyiko</a>
+ */
+public class BinaryLogClient implements BinaryLogClientMXBean {
+
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory() {
+
+        @Override
+        protected void initSSLContext(SSLContext sc) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            sc.init(null, new TrustManager[]{
+                new X509TrustManager() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                        return new X509Certificate[0];
+                    }
+                }
+            }, null);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory();
+
+    // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sending-more-than-16mbyte.html
+    private static final int MAX_PACKET_LENGTH = 16777215;
+
+    private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName());
+
+    private final String hostname;
+    private final int port;
+    private final String schema;
+    private final String username;
+    private final String password;
+
+    private boolean blocking = true;
+    private long serverId = 65535;
+    private volatile String binlogFilename;
+    private volatile long binlogPosition = 4;
+    private volatile long connectionId;
+    private SSLMode sslMode = SSLMode.DISABLED;
+
+    private GtidSet gtidSet;
+    private final Object gtidSetAccessLock = new Object();
+
+    private EventDeserializer eventDeserializer = new EventDeserializer();
+
+    private final List<EventListener> eventListeners = new LinkedList<EventListener>();
+    private final List<LifecycleListener> lifecycleListeners = new LinkedList<LifecycleListener>();
+
+    private SocketFactory socketFactory;
+    private SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory;
+
+    private PacketChannel channel;
+    private volatile boolean connected;
+
+    private ThreadFactory threadFactory;
+
+    private boolean keepAlive = true;
+    private long keepAliveInterval = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(1);
+    private long keepAliveConnectTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(3);
+
+    private volatile ExecutorService keepAliveThreadExecutor;
+    private long keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(6);
+
+    private final Lock shutdownLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient(hostname, port, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String username, String password) {
+        this(hostname, port, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param hostname mysql server hostname
+     * @param port mysql server port
+     * @param schema database name, nullable. Note that this parameter has nothing to do with event filtering. It's
+     * used only during the authentication.
+     * @param username login name
+     * @param password password
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.schema = schema;
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isBlocking() {
+        return blocking;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param blocking blocking mode. If set to false - BinaryLogClient will disconnect after the last event.
+     */
+    public void setBlocking(boolean blocking) {
+        this.blocking = blocking;
+    }
+
+    public SSLMode getSSLMode() {
+        return sslMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setSSLMode(SSLMode sslMode) {
+        if (sslMode == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SSL mode cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.sslMode = sslMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return server id (65535 by default)
+     * @see #setServerId(long)
+     */
+    public long getServerId() {
+        return serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param serverId server id (in the range from 1 to 2^32 - 1). This value MUST be unique across whole replication
+     * group (that is, different from any other server id being used by any master or slave). Keep in mind that each
+     * binary log client (mysql-binlog-connector-java/BinaryLogClient, mysqlbinlog, etc) should be treated as a
+     * simplified slave and thus MUST also use a different server id.
+     * @see #getServerId()
+     */
+    public void setServerId(long serverId) {
+        this.serverId = serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log filename, nullable (and null be default). Note that this value is automatically tracked by
+     * the client and thus is subject to change (in response to {@link EventType#ROTATE}, for example).
+     * @see #setBinlogFilename(String)
+     */
+    public String getBinlogFilename() {
+        return binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogFilename binary log filename.
+     * Special values are:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>null, which turns on automatic resolution (resulting in the last known binlog and position). This is what
+     * happens by default when you don't specify binary log filename explicitly.</li>
+     *   <li>"" (empty string), which instructs server to stream events starting from the oldest known binlog.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * @see #getBinlogFilename()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogFilename(String binlogFilename) {
+        this.binlogFilename = binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log position of the next event, 4 by default (which is a position of first event). Note that this
+     * value changes with each incoming event.
+     * @see #setBinlogPosition(long)
+     */
+    public long getBinlogPosition() {
+        return binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogPosition binary log position. Any value less than 4 gets automatically adjusted to 4 on connect.
+     * @see #getBinlogPosition()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogPosition(long binlogPosition) {
+        this.binlogPosition = binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return thread id
+     */
+    public long getConnectionId() {
+        return connectionId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return GTID set. Note that this value changes with each received GTID event (provided client is in GTID mode).
+     * @see #setGtidSet(String)
+     */
+    public String getGtidSet() {
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            return gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param gtidSet GTID set (can be an empty string).
+     * <p>NOTE #1: Any value but null will switch BinaryLogClient into a GTID mode (in which case GTID set will be
+     * updated with each incoming GTID event) as well as set binlogFilename to "" (empty string) (meaning
+     * BinaryLogClient will request events "outside of the set" <u>starting from the oldest known binlog</u>).
+     * <p>NOTE #2: {@link #setBinlogFilename(String)} and {@link #setBinlogPosition(long)} can be used to specify the
+     * exact position from which MySQL server should start streaming events (taking into account GTID set).
+     * @see #getGtidSet()
+     */
+    public void setGtidSet(String gtidSet) {
+        if (gtidSet != null && this.binlogFilename == null) {
+            this.binlogFilename = "";
+        }
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            this.gtidSet = gtidSet != null ? new GtidSet(gtidSet) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (default), false otherwise.
+     * @see #setKeepAlive(boolean)
+     */
+    public boolean isKeepAlive() {
+        return keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAlive true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (recommended and true by default),
+     * false otherwise.
+     * @see #isKeepAlive()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAlive(boolean keepAlive) {
+        this.keepAlive = keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" interval in milliseconds, 1 minute by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveInterval(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveInterval() {
+        return keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveInterval "keep alive" interval in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveInterval()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveInterval(long keepAliveInterval) {
+        this.keepAliveInterval = keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds, 3 seconds by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveConnectTimeout() {
+        return keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveConnectTimeout "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveConnectTimeout()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long keepAliveConnectTimeout) {
+        this.keepAliveConnectTimeout = keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param eventDeserializer custom event deserializer
+     */
+    public void setEventDeserializer(EventDeserializer eventDeserializer) {
+        if (eventDeserializer == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Event deserializer cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.eventDeserializer = eventDeserializer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param socketFactory custom socket factory. If not provided, socket will be created with "new Socket()".
+     */
+    public void setSocketFactory(SocketFactory socketFactory) {
+        this.socketFactory = socketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param sslSocketFactory custom ssl socket factory
+     */
+    public void setSslSocketFactory(SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory) {
+        this.sslSocketFactory = sslSocketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param threadFactory custom thread factory. If not provided, threads will be created using simple "new Thread()".
+     */
+    public void setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
+        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream. Note that this method blocks until disconnected.
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     */
+    public void connect() throws IOException {
+        if (connected) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient is already connected");
+        }
+        GreetingPacket greetingPacket;
+        try {
+            try {
+                Socket socket = socketFactory != null ? socketFactory.createSocket() : new Socket();
+                socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+                channel = new PacketChannel(socket);
+                if (channel.getInputStream().peek() == -1) {
+                    throw new EOFException();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to connect to MySQL on " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                    ". Please make sure it's running.", e);
+            }
+            greetingPacket = receiveGreeting();
+            authenticate(greetingPacket);
+            if (binlogFilename == null) {
+                fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition();
+            }
+            if (binlogPosition < 4) {
+                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                    logger.warning("Binary log position adjusted from " + binlogPosition + " to " + 4);
+                }
+                binlogPosition = 4;
+            }
+            ChecksumType checksumType = fetchBinlogChecksum();
+            if (checksumType != ChecksumType.NONE) {
+                confirmSupportOfChecksum(checksumType);
+            }
+            requestBinaryLogStream();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        connected = true;
+        connectionId = greetingPacket.getThreadId();
+        if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String position;
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                position = gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : binlogFilename + "/" + binlogPosition;
+            }
+            logger.info("Connected to " + hostname + ":" + port + " at " + position +
+                " (" + (blocking ? "sid:" + serverId + ", " : "") + "cid:" + connectionId + ")");
+        }
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                lifecycleListener.onConnect(this);
+            }
+        }
+        if (keepAlive && !isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            spawnKeepAliveThread();
+        }
+        ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.ROTATE, RotateEventDataDeserializer.class);
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.GTID, GtidEventDataDeserializer.class);
+            }
+        }
+        listenForEventPackets();
+    }
+
+    private GreetingPacket receiveGreeting() throws IOException {
+        byte[] initialHandshakePacket = channel.read();
+        if (initialHandshakePacket[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(initialHandshakePacket, 1, initialHandshakePacket.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        return new GreetingPacket(initialHandshakePacket);
+    }
+
+    private void requestBinaryLogStream() throws IOException {
+        long serverId = blocking ? this.serverId : 0; // http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=71178
+        Command dumpBinaryLogCommand;
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition, gtidSet);
+            } else {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition);
+            }
+        }
+        channel.write(dumpBinaryLogCommand);
+    }
+
+    private void ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType eventType,
+             Class<? extends EventDataDeserializer> eventDataDeserializerClass) {
+        EventDataDeserializer eventDataDeserializer = eventDeserializer.getEventDataDeserializer(eventType);
+        if (eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != eventDataDeserializerClass &&
+            eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer.class) {
+            EventDataDeserializer internalEventDataDeserializer;
+            try {
+                internalEventDataDeserializer = eventDataDeserializerClass.newInstance();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            eventDeserializer.setEventDataDeserializer(eventType,
+                new EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer(internalEventDataDeserializer,
+                    eventDataDeserializer));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void authenticate(GreetingPacket greetingPacket) throws IOException {
+        int collation = greetingPacket.getServerCollation();
+        int packetNumber = 1;
+        if (sslMode != SSLMode.DISABLED) {
+            boolean serverSupportsSSL = (greetingPacket.getServerCapabilities() & ClientCapabilities.SSL) != 0;
+            if (!serverSupportsSSL && (sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED || sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_CA ||
+                sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY)) {
+                throw new IOException("MySQL server does not support SSL");
+            }
+            if (serverSupportsSSL) {
+                SSLRequestCommand sslRequestCommand = new SSLRequestCommand();
+                sslRequestCommand.setCollation(collation);
+                channel.write(sslRequestCommand, packetNumber++);
+                SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = this.sslSocketFactory != null ? this.sslSocketFactory :
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED ? DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY :
+                        DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY;
+                channel.upgradeToSSL(sslSocketFactory,
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY ? new TLSHostnameVerifier() : null);
+            }
+        }
+        AuthenticateCommand authenticateCommand = new AuthenticateCommand(schema, username, password,
+            greetingPacket.getScramble());
+        authenticateCommand.setCollation(collation);
+        channel.write(authenticateCommand, packetNumber);
+        byte[] authenticationResult = channel.read();
+        if (authenticationResult[0] != (byte) 0x00 /* ok */) {
+            if (authenticationResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+                byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(authenticationResult, 1, authenticationResult.length);
+                ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+                throw new AuthenticationException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+            }
+            throw new AuthenticationException("Unexpected authentication result (" + authenticationResult[0] + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void spawnKeepAliveThread() {
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ThreadFactory() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable runnable) {
+                return newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-keepalive-" + hostname + ":" + port);
+            }
+        });
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(keepAliveInterval);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        // expected in case of disconnect
+                    }
+                    shutdownLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        if (keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            channel.write(new PingCommand());
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                                logger.info("Trying to restore lost connection to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+                            }
+                            try {
+                                if (isConnected()) {
+                                    disconnectChannel();
+                                }
+                                connect(keepAliveConnectTimeout);
+                            } catch (Exception ce) {
+                                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                                    logger.warning("Failed to restore connection to " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                                        ". Next attempt in " + keepAliveInterval + "ms");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        shutdownLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Thread newNamedThread(Runnable runnable, String threadName) {
+        Thread thread = threadFactory == null ? new Thread(runnable) : threadFactory.newThread(runnable);
+        thread.setName(threadName);
+        return thread;
+    }
+
+    boolean isKeepAliveThreadRunning() {
+        return keepAliveThreadExecutor != null && !keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream in a separate thread.
+     * @param timeoutInMilliseconds timeout in milliseconds
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if client was unable to connect within given time limit
+     */
+    public void connect(long timeoutInMilliseconds) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
+        final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AbstractLifecycleListener connectListener = new AbstractLifecycleListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) {
+                countDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        };
+        registerLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        final AtomicReference<IOException> exceptionReference = new AtomicReference<IOException>();
+        Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    connect();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    exceptionReference.set(e);
+                    countDownLatch.countDown(); // making sure we don't end up waiting whole "timeout"
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-" + hostname + ":" + port).start();
+        boolean started = false;
+        try {
+            started = countDownLatch.await(timeoutInMilliseconds, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        unregisterLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        if (exceptionReference.get() != null) {
+            throw exceptionReference.get();
+        }
+        if (!started) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("BinaryLogClient was unable to connect in " + timeoutInMilliseconds + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if client is connected, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return connected;
+    }
+
+    private void fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition() throws IOException {
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet;
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show master status"));
+        resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to determine binlog filename/position");
+        }
+        ResultSetRowPacket resultSetRow = resultSet[0];
+        binlogFilename = resultSetRow.getValue(0);
+        binlogPosition = Long.parseLong(resultSetRow.getValue(1));
+    }
+
+    private ChecksumType fetchBinlogChecksum() throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show global variables like 'binlog_checksum'"));
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            return ChecksumType.NONE;
+        }
+        return ChecksumType.valueOf(resultSet[0].getValue(1).toUpperCase());
+    }
+
+    private void confirmSupportOfChecksum(ChecksumType checksumType) throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("set @master_binlog_checksum= @@global.binlog_checksum"));
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        eventDeserializer.setChecksumType(checksumType);
+    }
+
+    private void listenForEventPackets() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = channel.getInputStream();
+        boolean completeShutdown = false;
+        try {
+            while (inputStream.peek() != -1) {
+                int packetLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+                inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+                int marker = inputStream.read();
+                if (marker == 0xFF) {
+                    ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(inputStream.read(packetLength - 1));
+                    throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                        errorPacket.getSqlState());
+                }
+                if (marker == 0xFE && !blocking) {
+                    completeShutdown = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                Event event;
+                try {
+                    event = eventDeserializer.nextEvent(packetLength == MAX_PACKET_LENGTH ?
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(readPacketSplitInChunks(inputStream, packetLength - 1)) :
+                        inputStream);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    Throwable cause = e instanceof EventDataDeserializationException ? e.getCause() : e;
+                    if (cause instanceof EOFException || cause instanceof SocketException) {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    if (isConnected()) {
+                        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                                lifecycleListener.onEventDeserializationFailure(this, e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (isConnected()) {
+                    notifyEventListeners(event);
+                    updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(event);
+                    updateGtidSet(event);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                    for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                        lifecycleListener.onCommunicationFailure(this, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                if (completeShutdown) {
+                    disconnect(); // initiate complete shutdown sequence (which includes keep alive thread)
+                } else {
+                    disconnectChannel();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private byte[] readPacketSplitInChunks(ByteArrayInputStream inputStream, int packetLength) throws IOException {
+        byte[] result = inputStream.read(packetLength);
+        int chunkLength;
+        do {
+            chunkLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+            inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+            result = Arrays.copyOf(result, result.length + chunkLength);
+            inputStream.fill(result, result.length - chunkLength, chunkLength);
+        } while (chunkLength == Packet.MAX_LENGTH);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        EventType eventType = eventHeader.getEventType();
+        if (eventType == EventType.ROTATE) {
+            EventData eventData = event.getData();
+            RotateEventData rotateEventData;
+            if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+            } else {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) eventData;
+            }
+            binlogFilename = rotateEventData.getBinlogFilename();
+            binlogPosition = rotateEventData.getBinlogPosition();
+        } else
+        // do not update binlogPosition on TABLE_MAP so that in case of reconnect (using a different instance of
+        // client) table mapping cache could be reconstructed before hitting row mutation event
+        if (eventType != EventType.TABLE_MAP && eventHeader instanceof EventHeaderV4) {
+            EventHeaderV4 trackableEventHeader = (EventHeaderV4) eventHeader;
+            long nextBinlogPosition = trackableEventHeader.getNextPosition();
+            if (nextBinlogPosition > 0) {
+                binlogPosition = nextBinlogPosition;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateGtidSet(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        if (eventHeader.getEventType() == EventType.GTID) {
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                if (gtidSet != null) {
+                    EventData eventData = event.getData();
+                    GtidEventData gtidEventData;
+                    if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+                    } else {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) eventData;
+                    }
+                    gtidSet.add(gtidEventData.getGtid());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ResultSetRowPacket[] readResultSet() throws IOException {
+        List<ResultSetRowPacket> resultSet = new LinkedList<ResultSetRowPacket>();
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        while ((channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */) { /* skip */ }
+        for (byte[] bytes; (bytes = channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */; ) {
+            resultSet.add(new ResultSetRowPacket(bytes));
+        }
+        return resultSet.toArray(new ResultSetRowPacket[resultSet.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered event listeners
+     */
+    public List<EventListener> getEventListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(eventListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register event listener. Note that multiple event listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.add(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all event listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(Class<? extends EventListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            Iterator<EventListener> iterator = eventListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                EventListener eventListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(eventListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single event listener.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyEventListeners(Event event) {
+        if (event.getData() instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+            event = new Event(event.getHeader(), ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) event.getData()).getExternal());
+        }
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            for (EventListener eventListener : eventListeners) {
+                try {
+                    eventListener.onEvent(event);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                        logger.log(Level.WARNING, eventListener + " choked on " + event, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered lifecycle listeners
+     */
+    public List<LifecycleListener> getLifecycleListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(lifecycleListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register lifecycle listener. Note that multiple lifecycle listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener lifecycleListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.add(lifecycleListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all lifecycle listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(Class<? extends LifecycleListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            Iterator<LifecycleListener> iterator = lifecycleListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                LifecycleListener lifecycleListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(lifecycleListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect from the replication stream.
+     * Note that this does not cause binlogFilename/binlogPosition to be cleared out.
+     * As the result following {@link #connect()} resumes client from where it left off.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() throws IOException {
+        shutdownLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+                keepAliveThreadExecutor.shutdownNow();
+            }
+            disconnectChannel();
+        } finally {
+            shutdownLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated() {
+        boolean terminated = false;
+        try {
+            terminated = keepAliveThreadExecutor.awaitTermination(keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout,
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        if (!terminated) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient was unable to shut keep alive thread down in " +
+                keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void disconnectChannel() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            connected = false;
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                    lifecycleListener.onDisconnect(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s event listener.
+     */
+    public interface EventListener {
+
+        void onEvent(Event event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public interface LifecycleListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called once client has successfully logged in but before started to receive binlog events.
+         */
+        void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+
+        /**
+         * It's guarantied to be called before {@link #onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient)}) in case of
+         * communication failure.
+         */
+        void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called in case of failed event deserialization. Note this type of error does NOT cause client to
+         * disconnect. If you wish to stop receiving events you'll need to fire client.disconnect() manually.
+         */
+        void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called upon disconnect (regardless of the reason).
+         */
+        void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default (no-op) implementation of {@link LifecycleListener}.
+     */
+    public static abstract class AbstractLifecycleListener implements LifecycleListener {
+
+        public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+        public void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.blocking`. Potentially races with write in method `BinaryLogClient.setBlocking(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BinaryLogClient.connect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect():void.b46e0b85918f9e00aabc9fbe7138181c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/shyiko/mysql/binlog/BinaryLogClient.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryLogClient.java|connect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+25ba9698892494bfa52d76ef2968e154
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6244/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6244/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f14ad6f849e8cc3fe16ea0c641e982a218fe495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6244/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 50
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.managerAPI;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ManagerCommunicationException;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.AsteriskSettings;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.CallerID;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.Channel;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.EndPoint;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.NewChannelListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.PBX;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.PBXException;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.PBXFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.actions.OriginateAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.BridgeEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.DialBeginEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.DialEndEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.HangupEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.LinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.NewChannelEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.OriginateResponseEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.UnlinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.AsteriskPBX;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+public abstract class OriginateBaseClass extends EventListenerBaseClass
+{
+
+    /*
+     * this class generates and issues ActionEvents to asterisk through the
+     * manager. This is the asterisk coal face.
+     */
+    protected static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(OriginateBaseClass.class);
+
+    private volatile String originateID;
+
+    volatile private boolean originateSuccess;
+
+    private final Channel monitorChannel1;
+
+    private boolean hungup = false;
+
+    private Channel newChannel;
+
+    private final Channel monitorChannel2;
+
+    private final OriginateResult result;
+
+    Exception ex = new Exception("Created here");
+
+    /**
+     * The following two variables together are used to determine if the
+     * originated channel has come up. This is to overcome the problem that the
+     * OriginateResponseEvent and the NewChannelEvent can occur in any order
+     * (although the NewChannelEvent will occur first in most circumstances).
+     * Note: we get many NewChannelEvents but we are only interested in a very
+     * specific one.
+     */
+    // Used to track if the originate event has been seen.
+    private boolean originateSeen = false;
+
+    // Used to track if the new (final) channel has been seen.
+    private boolean channelSeen = false;
+
+    private final NewChannelListener listener;
+
+    private final CountDownLatch originateLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    private final AsteriskPBX pbx;
+
+    private String channelId;
+
+    private final AtomicInteger managerEventsSeen = new AtomicInteger();
+
+    protected OriginateBaseClass(final NewChannelListener listener, final Channel monitor, final Channel monitor2)
+    {
+        super("NewOrginateClass", PBXFactory.getActivePBX());
+        pbx = (AsteriskPBX) PBXFactory.getActivePBX();
+        this.listener = listener;
+        this.monitorChannel1 = monitor;
+        this.monitorChannel2 = monitor2;
+        this.result = new OriginateResult();
+
+    }
+
+    private static final AtomicLong originateSeed = new AtomicLong();
+
+    /**
+     * @param local
+     * @param target
+     * @param myVars
+     * @param callerId the caller id to set when initiating this call.
+     * @param hideCallerId
+     * @param context
+     * @return
+     */
+    OriginateResult originate(final EndPoint local, final EndPoint target, final HashMap<String, String> myVars,
+            final CallerID callerID, final Integer timeout, final boolean hideCallerId, final String context)
+    {
+        OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("originate called");
+        this.originateSeen = false;
+        this.channelSeen = false;
+
+        if (this.hungup)
+        {
+            // the monitored channel already hungup so just return false and
+            // shutdown
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("originate connection endPoint \n" + local + " to endPoint " + target //$NON-NLS-2$
+                + " vars " + myVars);
+        ManagerResponse response = null;
+
+        final AsteriskSettings settings = PBXFactory.getActiveProfile();
+
+        final OriginateAction originate = new OriginateAction();
+        this.originateID = originate.getActionId();
+
+        channelId = "" + (System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000) + ".AJ" + originateSeed.incrementAndGet();
+        originate.setChannelId(channelId);
+
+        Integer localTimeout = timeout;
+
+        if (timeout == null)
+        {
+            localTimeout = 30000;
+            try
+            {
+                localTimeout = settings.getDialTimeout() * 1000;
+            }
+            catch (final Exception e)
+            {
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger.error("Invalid dial timeout value");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Whilst the originate document says that it takes a channel it
+        // actually takes an
+        // end point. I haven't check but I'm skeptical that you can actually
+        // originate to
+        // a channel as the doco talks about 'dialing the channel'. I suspect
+        // this
+        // may be part of asterisk's sloppy terminology.
+        if (local.isLocal())
+        {
+            originate.setEndPoint(local);
+            originate.setOption("/n");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            originate.setEndPoint(local);
+        }
+
+        originate.setContext(context);
+        originate.setExten(target);
+        originate.setPriority(1);
+
+        // Set the caller id.
+        if (hideCallerId)
+        {
+            // hide callerID
+            originate.setCallingPres(32);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            originate.setCallerId(callerID);
+        }
+
+        originate.setVariables(myVars);
+        originate.setAsync(true);
+        originate.setTimeout(localTimeout);
+
+        try
+        {
+            // Just add us as an asterisk event listener.
+            this.startListener();
+
+            response = pbx.sendAction(originate, localTimeout);
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("Originate.sendAction completed");
+            if (response.getResponse().compareToIgnoreCase("Success") != 0)
+            {
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger
+                        .error("Error Originating call" + originate.toString() + " : " + response.getMessage());//$NON-NLS-2$
+                throw new ManagerCommunicationException(response.getMessage(), null);
+            }
+
+            // wait the set timeout +1 second to allow for
+            // asterisk to start the originate
+            if (!originateLatch.await(localTimeout + 1000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+            {
+                logger.error("Originate Latch timed out");
+            }
+        }
+        catch (final InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.debug(e, e);
+        }
+        catch (final Exception e)
+        {
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.error(e, e);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            this.close();
+        }
+
+        if (this.originateSuccess)
+        {
+            this.result.setSuccess(true);
+            this.result.setChannelData(this.newChannel);
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("new channel ok: " + this.newChannel);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("originate failed to connect endPoint: " + local + " to ext " + target); //$NON-NLS-2$
+
+            if (this.newChannel != null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Hanging up");
+                    pbx.hangup(this.newChannel);
+                }
+                catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalStateException | PBXException e)
+                {
+                    logger.error(e, e);
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        logger.warn("Manager Events seen " + managerEventsSeen.get());
+
+        return this.result;
+    }
+
+    void abort(final String reason)
+    {
+        OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("Aborting originate ");
+        this.originateSuccess = false;
+        this.result.setAbortReason(reason);
+        this.hungup = true;
+        if (this.newChannel != null)
+        {
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("Aborted, Hangup up on the way out");
+            this.result.setChannelHungup(true);
+
+            PBX pbx = PBXFactory.getActivePBX();
+            try
+            {
+                pbx.hangup(this.newChannel);
+            }
+            catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalStateException | PBXException e)
+            {
+                logger.error(e, e);
+
+            }
+        }
+        originateLatch.countDown();
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HashSet<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> requiredEvents()
+    {
+        HashSet<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> required = new HashSet<>();
+
+        required.add(OriginateResponseEvent.class);
+        required.add(BridgeEvent.class);
+        // bridge event is a subclass of linkevent, so we need link & unlink in
+        // our list of events to support Asterisk 1.4
+        required.add(LinkEvent.class);
+        required.add(UnlinkEvent.class);
+        required.add(HangupEvent.class);
+        required.add(NewChannelEvent.class);
+        required.add(DialEndEvent.class);
+        required.add(DialBeginEvent.class);
+
+        return required;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * It is important that this method is synchronised as there is some
+     * interaction between the events and we need to ensure we process one at a
+     * time.
+     */
+    @Override
+    synchronized public void onManagerEvent(final ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+
+        managerEventsSeen.getAndIncrement();
+        if (event instanceof HangupEvent)
+        {
+            final HangupEvent hangupEvt = (HangupEvent) event;
+            final Channel hangupChannel = hangupEvt.getChannel();
+
+            if (channelId.equals(hangupEvt.getUniqueId()))
+            {
+                this.originateSuccess = false;
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("Dest channel " + this.newChannel + " hungup");
+                originateLatch.countDown();
+            }
+            if ((this.monitorChannel1 != null) && (hangupChannel.isSame(this.monitorChannel1)))
+            {
+                this.originateSuccess = false;
+                this.hungup = true;
+                if (this.newChannel != null)
+                {
+                    OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("hanging up " + this.newChannel);
+                    this.result.setChannelHungup(true);
+
+                    PBX pbx = PBXFactory.getActivePBX();
+                    try
+                    {
+                        logger.warn("Hanging up");
+                        pbx.hangup(this.newChannel);
+                    }
+                    catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalStateException | PBXException e)
+                    {
+                        logger.error(e, e);
+
+                    }
+                }
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("notify channel 1 hungup");
+                originateLatch.countDown();
+            }
+            if ((this.monitorChannel2 != null) && (hangupChannel.isSame(this.monitorChannel2)))
+            {
+                this.originateSuccess = false;
+                this.hungup = true;
+                if (this.newChannel != null)
+                {
+                    OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("Hanging up channel " + this.newChannel);
+                    this.result.setChannelHungup(true);
+
+                    PBX pbx = PBXFactory.getActivePBX();
+                    try
+                    {
+                        pbx.hangup(this.newChannel);
+                    }
+                    catch (IllegalArgumentException | IllegalStateException | PBXException e)
+                    {
+                        logger.error(e, e);
+
+                    }
+                }
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("Notify channel 2 (" + this.monitorChannel2 + ") hungup");//$NON-NLS-2$
+                originateLatch.countDown();
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (event instanceof OriginateResponseEvent)
+        {
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.debug("response : " + this.newChannel);
+
+            final OriginateResponseEvent response = (OriginateResponseEvent) event;
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.debug("OriginateResponseEvent: channel="
+                    + (response.isChannel() ? response.getChannel() : response.getEndPoint()) + " originateID:"
+                    + this.originateID);
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.debug("{" + response.getReason() + ":" + response.getResponse() + "}"); //$NON-NLS-2$ //$NON-NLS-3$
+            if (this.originateID != null)
+            {
+                if (this.originateID.compareToIgnoreCase(response.getActionId()) == 0)
+                {
+                    this.originateSuccess = response.isSuccess();
+                    OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("OriginateResponse: matched actionId, success=" + this.originateSuccess
+                            + " channelSeen=" + this.channelSeen);
+
+                    this.originateSeen = true;
+
+                    if (originateSuccess)
+                    {
+                        if (newChannel == null)
+                        {
+                            this.newChannel = response.getChannel();
+                        }
+                        channelSeen = newChannel != null;
+
+                        // if we have also seen the channel then we can notify
+                        // the
+                        // originate() method
+                        // that the call is up. Otherwise we will rely on the
+                        // NewChannelEvent doing the
+                        // notify.
+                        if (this.channelSeen)
+                        {
+                            OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("notify originate response event " + this.originateSuccess);
+                            originateLatch.countDown();
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            logger.error("Originate Response didn't contain the channel");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("actionid is null");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event instanceof NewChannelEvent)
+        {
+            final NewChannelEvent newState = (NewChannelEvent) event;
+            if (channelId.equalsIgnoreCase(newState.getChannel().getUniqueId()))
+            {
+                final Channel channel = newState.getChannel();
+
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("new channel event :" + channel + " context = " + newState.getContext() //$NON-NLS-2$
+                        + " state =" + newState.getChannelStateDesc() + " state =" + newState.getChannelState()); //$NON-NLS-2$
+
+                handleId(channel);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event instanceof BridgeEvent)
+        {
+            if (((BridgeEvent) event).isLink())
+            {
+                final BridgeEvent bridgeEvent = (BridgeEvent) event;
+                Channel channel = bridgeEvent.getChannel1();
+                if (bridgeEvent.getChannel1().isLocal())
+                {
+                    channel = bridgeEvent.getChannel2();
+                }
+                if (channelId.equalsIgnoreCase(bridgeEvent.getChannel1().getUniqueId())
+                        || channelId.equalsIgnoreCase(bridgeEvent.getChannel2().getUniqueId()))
+                {
+
+                    OriginateBaseClass.logger
+                            .warn("new bridge event :" + channel + " channel1 = " + bridgeEvent.getChannel1() //$NON-NLS-2$
+                                    + " channel2 =" + bridgeEvent.getChannel2());
+
+                    handleId(channel);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        if (event instanceof DialEndEvent)
+        {
+            if (channelId.equalsIgnoreCase(((DialEndEvent) event).getDestChannel().getUniqueId()))
+            {
+                String forward = ((DialEndEvent) event).getForward();
+                if (forward != null && forward.length() > 0)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("DialEndEvent");
+                    originateLatch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleId(Channel channel)
+    {
+
+        if ((this.newChannel == null) && !channel.isLocal())
+        {
+            this.newChannel = channel;
+            this.channelSeen = true;
+
+            OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("new channel name " + channel);
+            if (this.listener != null)
+            {
+                /*
+                 * Update the phone channel to allow the call to be cancelled
+                 * before it's answered.
+                 */
+                this.listener.channelUpdate(channel);
+            }
+
+            if (this.originateSeen)
+            {
+                OriginateBaseClass.logger.warn("notifying success 362");
+                originateLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.managerAPI.OriginateBaseClass.originate` writes to field `this.org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.managerAPI.OriginateBaseClass.originateSeen` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+OriginateResult OriginateBaseClass.originate(EndPoint,EndPoint,HashMap,CallerID,Integer,boolean,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.managerAPI.OriginateBaseClass.originate(org.asteriskjava.pbx.EndPoint,.26795d29ad9882cedee4c0cb252a19d1
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/pbx/internal/managerAPI/OriginateBaseClass.java
+
+### Key:
+OriginateBaseClass.java|originate|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+215146948beb7e5febb50495f0be1243
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6245/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6245/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94ffa9f21ebae136a328ab24d15fb8638a95644c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6245/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1054 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.AsteriskChannel;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.AsteriskQueueEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.CallDetailRecord;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.CallerId;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ChannelState;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ChannelStateHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.DialedChannelHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.Extension;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ExtensionHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.HangupCause;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.LinkedChannelHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ManagerCommunicationException;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.NoSuchChannelException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.AbsoluteTimeoutAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChangeMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.GetVarAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.HangupAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.MonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.PauseMixMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.PauseMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.PlayDtmfAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.RedirectAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.SetVarAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StopMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.UnpauseMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.MixMonitorDirection;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of the AsteriskChannel interface.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class AsteriskChannelImpl extends AbstractLiveObject implements AsteriskChannel
+{
+    private static final String CAUSE_VARIABLE_NAME = "PRI_CAUSE";
+
+    /**
+     * Unique id of this channel.
+     */
+    private String id;
+
+    /**
+     * The traceId is used to trace originated channels.
+     */
+    private String traceId;
+
+    /**
+     * Date this channel has been created.
+     */
+    private final Date dateOfCreation;
+
+    /**
+     * Date this channel has left the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private Date dateOfRemoval;
+
+    /**
+     * Name of this channel.
+     */
+    private String name;
+
+    /**
+     * Caller*ID of this channel.
+     */
+    private CallerId callerId;
+
+    /**
+     * State of this channel.
+     */
+    private ChannelState state;
+
+    /**
+     * Account code used to bill this channel.
+     */
+    private String account;
+    private final List<ExtensionHistoryEntry> extensionHistory;
+    private final List<ChannelStateHistoryEntry> stateHistory;
+    private final List<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry> linkedChannelHistory;
+    private final List<DialedChannelHistoryEntry> dialedChannelHistory;
+
+    private AsteriskChannel dialedChannel;
+
+    private AsteriskChannel dialingChannel;
+
+    /**
+     * If this channel is bridged to another channel, the linkedChannel contains
+     * the channel this channel is bridged with.
+     */
+    private AsteriskChannel linkedChannel;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if this channel was linked to another channel at least once.
+     */
+    private boolean wasLinked;
+
+    private HangupCause hangupCause;
+
+    private String hangupCauseText;
+
+    private CallDetailRecordImpl callDetailRecord;
+
+    /**
+     * MeetMe room user associated with this channel if any, <code>null</code>
+     * otherwise.
+     */
+    private MeetMeUserImpl meetMeUserImpl;
+
+    /**
+     * Queue entry associated with this channel if any, <code>null</code>
+     * otherwise.
+     */
+    private AsteriskQueueEntryImpl queueEntryImpl;
+
+    /**
+     * Extension where the call is parked if it is parked, <code>null</code>
+     * otherwise.
+     */
+    private Extension parkedAt;
+
+    /**
+     * Last dtmf digit recieved on this channel if any, <code>null</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    private Character dtmfReceived;
+
+    /**
+     * Last dtmf digit sent on this channel if any, <code>null</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    private Character dtmfSent;
+
+    /**
+     * Actual monitor state
+     */
+    private boolean isMonitored;
+
+    private final Map<String, String> variables;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Channel.
+     *
+     * @param server         server this channel belongs to.
+     * @param name           name of this channel, for example "SIP/1310-20da".
+     * @param id             unique id of this channel, for example "1099015093.165".
+     * @param dateOfCreation date this channel has been created.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any of the parameters are null.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl(final AsteriskServerImpl server, final String name, final String id, final Date dateOfCreation)
+            throws IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        super(server);
+
+        if (server == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'server' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'name' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'id' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+        if (dateOfCreation == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'dateOfCreation' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+
+        this.name = name;
+        this.id = id;
+        this.dateOfCreation = dateOfCreation;
+        this.extensionHistory = new ArrayList<ExtensionHistoryEntry>();
+        this.stateHistory = new ArrayList<ChannelStateHistoryEntry>();
+        this.linkedChannelHistory = new ArrayList<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry>();
+        this.dialedChannelHistory = new ArrayList<DialedChannelHistoryEntry>();
+        this.variables = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    }
+
+    public String getId()
+    {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the id of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param date date of the name change.
+     * @param id   the new unique id of this channel.
+     */
+    void idChanged(Date date, String id)
+    {
+        final String oldId = this.id;
+
+        if (oldId != null && oldId.equals(id))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.id = id;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_ID, oldId, id);
+    }
+
+    String getTraceId()
+    {
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void setTraceId(String traceId)
+    {
+        this.traceId = traceId;
+    }
+
+    public String getName()
+    {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the name of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param date date of the name change.
+     * @param name the new name of this channel.
+     */
+    void nameChanged(Date date, String name)
+    {
+        final String oldName = this.name;
+
+        if (oldName != null && oldName.equals(name))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.name = name;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_NAME, oldName, name);
+    }
+
+    public CallerId getCallerId()
+    {
+        return callerId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the caller id of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param callerId the caller id of this channel.
+     */
+    void setCallerId(final CallerId callerId)
+    {
+        final CallerId oldCallerId = this.callerId;
+
+        this.callerId = callerId;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_CALLER_ID, oldCallerId, callerId);
+    }
+
+    public ChannelState getState()
+    {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    public boolean wasInState(ChannelState state)
+    {
+        synchronized (stateHistory)
+        {
+            for (ChannelStateHistoryEntry historyEntry : stateHistory)
+            {
+                if (historyEntry.getState() == state)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean wasBusy()
+    {
+        return wasInState(ChannelState.BUSY)
+                || hangupCause == HangupCause.AST_CAUSE_BUSY
+                || hangupCause == HangupCause.AST_CAUSE_USER_BUSY;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the state of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param date  when the state change occurred.
+     * @param state the new state of this channel.
+     */
+    synchronized void stateChanged(Date date, ChannelState state)
+    {
+        final ChannelStateHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+        final ChannelState oldState = this.state;
+
+        if (oldState == state)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // System.err.println(id + " state change: " + oldState + " => " + state
+        // + " (" + name + ")");
+        historyEntry = new ChannelStateHistoryEntry(date, state);
+        synchronized (stateHistory)
+        {
+            stateHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+
+        this.state = state;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_STATE, oldState, state);
+    }
+
+    public String getAccount()
+    {
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the account code used to bill this channel.
+     *
+     * @param account the account code used to bill this channel.
+     */
+    void setAccount(String account)
+    {
+        final String oldAccount = this.account;
+
+        this.account = account;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_ACCOUNT, oldAccount, account);
+    }
+
+    public Extension getCurrentExtension()
+    {
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            if (extensionHistory.isEmpty())
+            {
+                extension = null;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                extension = extensionHistory.get(extensionHistory.size() - 1).getExtension();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return extension;
+    }
+
+    public Extension getFirstExtension()
+    {
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            if (extensionHistory.isEmpty())
+            {
+                extension = null;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                extension = extensionHistory.get(0).getExtension();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return extension;
+    }
+
+    public List<ExtensionHistoryEntry> getExtensionHistory()
+    {
+        final List<ExtensionHistoryEntry> copy;
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<ExtensionHistoryEntry>(extensionHistory);
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a visted dialplan entry to the history.
+     *
+     * @param date      the date the extension has been visited.
+     * @param extension the visted dialplan entry to add.
+     */
+    void extensionVisited(Date date, Extension extension)
+    {
+        final Extension oldCurrentExtension = getCurrentExtension();
+        final ExtensionHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        historyEntry = new ExtensionHistoryEntry(date, extension);
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            extensionHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_CURRENT_EXTENSION, oldCurrentExtension, extension);
+    }
+
+    public Date getDateOfCreation()
+    {
+        return dateOfCreation;
+    }
+
+    public Date getDateOfRemoval()
+    {
+        return dateOfRemoval;
+    }
+
+    public HangupCause getHangupCause()
+    {
+        return hangupCause;
+    }
+
+    public String getHangupCauseText()
+    {
+        return hangupCauseText;
+    }
+
+    public CallDetailRecord getCallDetailRecord()
+    {
+        return callDetailRecord;
+    }
+
+    void callDetailRecordReceived(Date date, CallDetailRecordImpl callDetailRecord)
+    {
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl oldCallDetailRecord = this.callDetailRecord;
+
+        this.callDetailRecord = callDetailRecord;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_CALL_DETAIL_RECORD, oldCallDetailRecord, callDetailRecord);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets dateOfRemoval, hangupCause and hangupCauseText and changes state to
+     * {@link ChannelState#HUNGUP}. Fires a PropertyChangeEvent for state.
+     *
+     * @param dateOfRemoval   date the channel was hung up
+     * @param hangupCause     cause for hangup
+     * @param hangupCauseText textual representation of hangup cause
+     */
+    synchronized void hungup(Date dateOfRemoval, HangupCause hangupCause, String hangupCauseText)
+    {
+        this.dateOfRemoval = dateOfRemoval;
+        this.hangupCause = hangupCause;
+        this.hangupCauseText = hangupCauseText;
+        // update state and fire PropertyChangeEvent
+        stateChanged(dateOfRemoval, ChannelState.HUNGUP);
+    }
+
+    /* dialed channels */
+
+    public AsteriskChannel getDialedChannel()
+    {
+        return dialedChannel;
+    }
+
+    public List<DialedChannelHistoryEntry> getDialedChannelHistory()
+    {
+        final List<DialedChannelHistoryEntry> copy;
+
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<DialedChannelHistoryEntry>(dialedChannelHistory);
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    synchronized void channelDialed(Date date, AsteriskChannel dialedChannel)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldDialedChannel = this.dialedChannel;
+        final DialedChannelHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        historyEntry = new DialedChannelHistoryEntry(date, dialedChannel);
+        synchronized (dialedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            dialedChannelHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+        this.dialedChannel = dialedChannel;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DIALED_CHANNEL, oldDialedChannel, dialedChannel);
+    }
+
+    /* dialed channels */
+
+    public AsteriskChannel getDialingChannel()
+    {
+        return dialingChannel;
+    }
+
+    synchronized void channelDialing(Date date, AsteriskChannel dialingChannel)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldDialingChannel = this.dialingChannel;
+
+        this.dialingChannel = dialingChannel;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DIALING_CHANNEL, oldDialingChannel, dialingChannel);
+    }
+
+    /* linked channels */
+
+    public AsteriskChannel getLinkedChannel()
+    {
+        return linkedChannel;
+    }
+
+    public List<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry> getLinkedChannelHistory()
+    {
+        final List<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry> copy;
+
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry>(linkedChannelHistory);
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    public boolean wasLinked()
+    {
+        return wasLinked;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the channel this channel is bridged with.
+     *
+     * @param date          the date this channel was linked.
+     * @param linkedChannel the channel this channel is bridged with.
+     */
+    synchronized void channelLinked(Date date, AsteriskChannel linkedChannel)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldLinkedChannel = this.linkedChannel;
+        final LinkedChannelHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        historyEntry = new LinkedChannelHistoryEntry(date, linkedChannel);
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            linkedChannelHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+        this.linkedChannel = linkedChannel;
+        this.wasLinked = true;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_LINKED_CHANNEL, oldLinkedChannel, linkedChannel);
+    }
+
+    synchronized void channelUnlinked(Date date)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldLinkedChannel = this.linkedChannel;
+        final LinkedChannelHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            if (linkedChannelHistory.isEmpty())
+            {
+                historyEntry = null;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                historyEntry = linkedChannelHistory.get(linkedChannelHistory.size() - 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (historyEntry != null)
+        {
+            historyEntry.setDateUnlinked(date);
+        }
+        this.linkedChannel = null;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_LINKED_CHANNEL, oldLinkedChannel, null);
+    }
+
+    /* MeetMe user */
+
+    public MeetMeUserImpl getMeetMeUser()
+    {
+        return meetMeUserImpl;
+    }
+
+    void setMeetMeUserImpl(MeetMeUserImpl meetMeUserImpl)
+    {
+        final MeetMeUserImpl oldMeetMeUserImpl = this.meetMeUserImpl;
+        this.meetMeUserImpl = meetMeUserImpl;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_MEET_ME_USER, oldMeetMeUserImpl, meetMeUserImpl);
+    }
+
+    // action methods
+
+    public void hangup() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        hangup(null);
+    }
+
+    public void hangup(HangupCause cause) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        final HangupAction action;
+        final ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (cause != null)
+        {
+            setVariable(CAUSE_VARIABLE_NAME, Integer.toString(cause.getCode()));
+            action = new HangupAction(name, cause.getCode());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            action = new HangupAction(name);
+        }
+
+        response = server.sendAction(action);
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setAbsoluteTimeout(int seconds) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new AbsoluteTimeoutAction(name, seconds));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void redirect(String context, String exten, int priority) throws ManagerCommunicationException,
+            NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new RedirectAction(name, context, exten, priority));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void redirectBothLegs(String context, String exten, int priority) throws ManagerCommunicationException,
+            NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (linkedChannel == null)
+        {
+            response = server.sendAction(new RedirectAction(name, context, exten, priority));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            response = server.sendAction(new RedirectAction(name, linkedChannel.getName(), context, exten, priority,
+                    context, exten, priority));
+        }
+
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getVariable(String variable) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+        String value;
+
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+
+            value = variables.get(variable);
+            if (value != null)
+            {
+                return value;
+            }
+
+            response = server.sendAction(new GetVarAction(name, variable));
+            if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+            {
+                throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+            }
+            value = response.getAttribute("Value");
+            if (value == null)
+            {
+                value = response.getAttribute(variable); // for Asterisk 1.0.x
+            }
+
+            variables.put(variable, value);
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    public void setVariable(String variable, String value) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new SetVarAction(name, variable, value));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+            variables.put(variable, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void playDtmf(String digit) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException, IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (digit == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("DTMF digit to send must not be null");
+        }
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new PlayDtmfAction(name, digit));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startMonitoring(String filename) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        startMonitoring(filename, null, false);
+    }
+
+    public void startMonitoring(String filename, String format) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        startMonitoring(filename, format, false);
+    }
+
+    public void startMonitoring(String filename, String format, boolean mix) throws ManagerCommunicationException,
+            NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new MonitorAction(name, filename, format, mix));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void changeMonitoring(String filename) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException, IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (filename == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("New filename must not be null");
+        }
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new ChangeMonitorAction(name, filename));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void stopMonitoring() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new StopMonitorAction(name));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void pauseMonitoring() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new PauseMonitorAction(name));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void unpauseMonitoring() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new UnpauseMonitorAction(name));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    
+    public void pauseMixMonitor(MixMonitorDirection direction) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+        response = server.sendAction(new PauseMixMonitorAction(this.name,1,direction.getStateName()));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError) {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    
+    public void unPauseMixMonitor(MixMonitorDirection direction) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+        response = server.sendAction(new PauseMixMonitorAction(this.name,0,direction.getStateName()));        
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError) {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    public Extension getParkedAt()
+    {
+        // warning: the context of this extension will be null until we get the context property from
+        // the parked call event!
+        return parkedAt;
+    }
+
+    void updateVariable(String name, String value)
+    {
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+            // final String oldValue = variables.get(name);
+            variables.put(name, value);
+            // TODO add notification for updated channel variables
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, String> getVariables()
+    {
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+            return new HashMap<String, String>(variables);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Character getDtmfReceived()
+    {
+        return this.dtmfReceived;
+    }
+
+    public Character getDtmfSent()
+    {
+        return this.dtmfSent;
+    }
+
+    void dtmfReceived(Character digit)
+    {
+        final Character oldDtmfReceived = this.dtmfReceived;
+
+        this.dtmfReceived = digit;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DTMF_RECEIVED, oldDtmfReceived, digit);
+    }
+
+    void dtmfSent(Character digit)
+    {
+        final Character oldDtmfSent = this.dtmfSent;
+
+        this.dtmfSent = digit;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DTMF_SENT, oldDtmfSent, digit);
+    }
+
+    void setParkedAt(Extension parkedAt)
+    {
+        final Extension oldParkedAt = this.parkedAt;
+
+        this.parkedAt = parkedAt;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_PARKED_AT, oldParkedAt, parkedAt);
+    }
+
+    public AsteriskQueueEntryImpl getQueueEntry()
+    {
+        return queueEntryImpl;
+    }
+
+    void setQueueEntry(AsteriskQueueEntryImpl queueEntry)
+    {
+        final AsteriskQueueEntry oldQueueEntry = this.queueEntryImpl;
+
+        this.queueEntryImpl = queueEntry;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_QUEUE_ENTRY, oldQueueEntry, queueEntry);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isMonitored() {return this.isMonitored; }
+
+    void setMonitored(boolean monitored) {
+        final boolean oldMonitored = this.isMonitored;
+
+        this.isMonitored = monitored;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_MONITORED, oldMonitored, monitored);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+        final AsteriskChannel dialedChannel;
+        final AsteriskChannel dialingChannel;
+        final AsteriskChannel linkedChannel;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer("AsteriskChannel[");
+
+        synchronized (this)
+        {
+            sb.append("id='").append(getId()).append("',");
+            sb.append("name='").append(getName()).append("',");
+            sb.append("callerId='").append(getCallerId()).append("',");
+            sb.append("state='").append(getState()).append("',");
+            sb.append("account='").append(getAccount()).append("',");
+            sb.append("dateOfCreation=").append(getDateOfCreation()).append(",");
+            dialedChannel = this.dialedChannel;
+            dialingChannel = this.dialingChannel;
+            linkedChannel = this.linkedChannel;
+        }
+        if (dialedChannel == null)
+        {
+            sb.append("dialedChannel=null,");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.append("dialedChannel=AsteriskChannel[");
+            synchronized (dialedChannel)
+            {
+                sb.append("id='").append(dialedChannel.getId()).append("',");
+                sb.append("name='").append(dialedChannel.getName()).append("'],");
+            }
+        }
+        if (dialingChannel == null)
+        {
+            sb.append("dialingChannel=null,");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.append("dialingChannel=AsteriskChannel[");
+            synchronized (dialingChannel)
+            {
+                sb.append("id='").append(dialingChannel.getId()).append("',");
+                sb.append("name='").append(dialingChannel.getName()).append("'],");
+            }
+        }
+        if (linkedChannel == null)
+        {
+            sb.append("linkedChannel=null");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.append("linkedChannel=AsteriskChannel[");
+            synchronized (linkedChannel)
+            {
+                sb.append("id='").append(linkedChannel.getId()).append("',");
+                sb.append("name='").append(linkedChannel.getName()).append("']");
+            }
+        }
+        sb.append("]");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.redirectBothLegs` reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.linkedChannel`. Potentially races with write in method `AsteriskChannelImpl.channelUnlinked(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AsteriskChannelImpl.redirectBothLegs(String,String,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.redirectBothLegs(java.lang.String,java.lang.Strin.1dfb73fc03ca90c3d4c07ee5b5a24421
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/AsteriskChannelImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+AsteriskChannelImpl.java|redirectBothLegs|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+043ef2f2bf69bfff7ac55339b4d1be4a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6250/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6250/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8312c9d7321b6f43f11a1f211494f18126976d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6250/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DaemonThreadFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+
+		ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor traceScheduledExecutorService;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+
+	      traceScheduledExecutorService = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, new DaemonThreadFactory());//Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor
+
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+	      if (traceScheduledExecutorService != null) {
+	        traceScheduledExecutorService.shutdown();
+	      }
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, final String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+	    //todo getChannelImplById -> LinkedHashMap, callbacks order
+	    traceScheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable(){
+		    @Override public void run () {
+			    final String traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+	        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+	        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))) {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null) {
+              callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+              try {
+                callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+              } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress. "+ channel, t);
+              }//t
+            }//i
+          }//i
+		    }}, SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }//addNewChannel
+
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <p/>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleNewExtenEvent: Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+		private void idChanged (AsteriskChannelImpl channel, AbstractChannelEvent event) {
+			if (channel != null) {
+				logger.info("Changing unique_id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId() +" < "+ event);
+				channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+			}
+		}//idChanged
+
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+	          idChanged(channel, event);
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+	          idChanged(channel, event);
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleHangupEvent: Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null) {
+	        if (DialEvent.SUBEVENT_END.equalsIgnoreCase(event.getSubEvent())) {
+		        sourceChannel.updateVariable(AsteriskChannel.VAR_AJ_DIAL_STATUS, event.getDialStatus());
+	          logger.info("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+	        } else {
+						logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+					}
+          return;
+        }//i
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleRenameEvent: Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent` indirectly writes to field `channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path channel has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event.New.e832027d4e3e99d617cd3cb8e82ae307
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewStateEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+187fb5b869eaac436c1727ac33476d10
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6257/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6257/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..353104055d58a5a993abc97b1fb188ac437df189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6257/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,959 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    private final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final String traceId;
+
+        channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+
+        if (SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR > 0)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+
+        traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || (name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))))
+        {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData;
+            callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+                try
+                {
+                    callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+                }
+                catch (Throwable t)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress.", t);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <p/>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored DialEvent for unknown destination channel " + event.getDestination() + " with unique id " + event.getDestUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent` indirectly writes to field `callbackData.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.OriginateCallbackData.channel` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event.New.e832027d4e3e99d617cd3cb8e82ae307
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewStateEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e2a318e0ea8a822075af3960c78acfce
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6259/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6259/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77a83e443cedcac78c4ee2a067dfb958bef9404a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6259/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.BridgeEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.LinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.UnlinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.eventQueue.EventLifeMonitor;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.util.LogTime;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides a method of accepting, queueing and delivering manager
+ * events. Asterisk is very sensitive to delays in receiving events. This class
+ * ensures that events are received and queued rapidly. A separate thread
+ * dequeues them and delivers them to the manager listener. Used this queue as
+ * follows: manager.addEventListener(new
+ * CoherentManagerEventQueue(originalListener)); This affectively daisy changes
+ * the originalListener via our queue.
+ * 
+ * @author bsutton
+ */
+class CoherentManagerEventQueue implements ManagerEventListener, Runnable
+{
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(CoherentManagerEventQueue.class);
+
+    private final ListenerManager listeners = new ListenerManager();
+
+    private boolean _stop = false;
+    private final Thread _th;
+    private final BlockingQueue<EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>> _eventQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+    private int _queueMaxSize;
+
+    private long _queueSum;
+
+    private long _queueCount;
+
+    private HashSet<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> globalEvents = new HashSet<>();
+
+    public CoherentManagerEventQueue(String name, ManagerConnection connection)
+    {
+
+        connection.addEventListener(this);
+
+        this._th = new Thread(this);
+        this._th.setName("EventQueue: " + name);//$NON-NLS-1$
+        this._th.setDaemon(true);
+        this._th.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * handles manager events passed to us in our role as a listener. We queue
+     * the event so that it can be read, by the run method of this class, and
+     * subsequently passed on to the original listener.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onManagerEvent(final org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+
+        // logger.error(event);
+        boolean wanted = false;
+        /**
+         * Dump any events we arn't interested in ASAP to minimise the
+         * processing overhead of these events.
+         */
+        // Only enqueue the events that are of interest to one of our listeners.
+        synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+        {
+            Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> shadowEvent = CoherentEventFactory.getShadowEvent(event);
+            if (this.globalEvents.contains(shadowEvent))
+            {
+                wanted = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (wanted)
+        {
+
+            // We don't support all events.
+            this._eventQueue.add(new EventLifeMonitor<>(event));
+            final int queueSize = this._eventQueue.size();
+            if (this._queueMaxSize < queueSize)
+            {
+                this._queueMaxSize = queueSize;
+            }
+            this._queueSum += queueSize;
+            this._queueCount++;
+
+            if (CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.isDebugEnabled())
+            {
+                if (this._eventQueue.size() > ((this._queueMaxSize + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)) / 2))
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.debug("queue gtr max avg: size=" + queueSize + " max:" //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                            + this._queueMaxSize + " avg:" + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)); //$NON-NLS-1$
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run()
+    {
+
+        while (!this._stop)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                final EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent> elm = this._eventQueue.poll(2,
+                        TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                if (elm != null)
+                {
+                    // A poison queue event means its time to shutdown.
+                    if (elm.getEvent().getClass() == PoisonQueueEvent.class)
+                        break;
+
+                    final ManagerEvent iEvent = CoherentEventFactory.build(elm.getEvent());
+                    if (iEvent != null)
+                    {
+                        dispatchEvent(iEvent);
+                        elm.assessAge();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (final Exception e)
+            {
+                /**
+                 * If an exception is thrown whilst we are shutting down then we
+                 * don't care. If it is thrown when we aren't shutting down then
+                 * we have a problem and we need to log it.
+                 */
+                if (!this._stop)
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class PoisonQueueEvent extends org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent
+    {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+        public PoisonQueueEvent()
+        {
+            super("PoisonQueueEvent"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void stop()
+    {
+        this._stop = true;
+        try
+        {
+            this._eventQueue.put(new EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>(new PoisonQueueEvent()));
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            logger.error(e, e);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: make this multi threaded
+    private final ExecutorService executors = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
+
+    /**
+     * Events are sent here from the CoherentManagerEventQueue after being
+     * converted from a ManagerEvent to an ManagerEvent. This method is called
+     * from a dedicated thread attached to the event queue which it uses for
+     * dispatching events.
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(final ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+        {
+            logger.debug("dispatch=" + event.toString()); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+        // take a copy of the listeners so they can be modified whilst we
+        // iterate over them
+        // The iteration may call some long running processes.
+        final List<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> listenerCopy;
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            listenerCopy = this.listeners.getCopyAsList();
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            final LogTime totalTime = new LogTime();
+
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(listenerCopy.size());
+
+            for (final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter : listenerCopy)
+            {
+                if (filter.requiredEvents.contains(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    dispatchEventOnThread(event, filter, latch);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // this listener didn't want the event, so just decrease the
+                    // countdown
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            latch.await();
+
+            if (totalTime.timeTaken() > 500)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + totalTime.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            Thread.interrupted();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dispatchEventOnThread(final ManagerEvent event, final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter,
+            final CountDownLatch latch)
+    {
+        Runnable runner = new Runnable()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public void run()
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    final LogTime time = new LogTime();
+
+                    filter._listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                    if (time.timeTaken() > 500)
+                    {
+                        logger.warn("ManagerListener :" + filter._listener.getName() //$NON-NLS-1$
+                                + " is taken too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + time.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        executors.execute(runner);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a listener which will be sent all events that its filterEvent
+     * handler will accept. All events are dispatch by way of a shared queue
+     * which is read via a thread which is shared by all listeners. Whilst poor
+     * performance of you listener can affect other listeners you can't affect
+     * the read thread which takes events from asterisk and enqueues them.
+     * 
+     * @param listener
+     */
+    public void addListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            this.listeners.addListener(listener);
+            synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+            {
+                Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents = expandEvents(listener.requiredEvents());
+                this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug("listener  added " + listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * in order to get Bridge Events, we must subscribe to Link and Unlink
+     * events for asterisk 1.4, so we automatically add them if the Bridge Event
+     * is required
+     * 
+     * @param events
+     * @return
+     */
+    Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents(Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> events)
+    {
+        Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> requiredEvents = new HashSet<>();
+        for (Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> event : events)
+        {
+            requiredEvents.add(event);
+            if (event.equals(BridgeEvent.class))
+            {
+                requiredEvents.add(UnlinkEvent.class);
+                requiredEvents.add(LinkEvent.class);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return requiredEvents;
+    }
+
+    public void removeListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> melf)
+    {
+        if (melf != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.listeners)
+            {
+                this.listeners.removeListener(melf);
+
+                // When we remove a listener we must unfortunately
+                // completely
+                // recalculate the set of required events.
+                synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+                {
+                    this.globalEvents.clear();
+                    Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = this.listeners.iterator();
+                    while (itr.hasNext())
+                    {
+                        FilteredManagerListenerWrapper readdContainer = itr.next();
+                        this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents(readdContainer._listener.requiredEvents()));
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * transfers the listeners from one queue to another.
+     * 
+     * @param eventQueue
+     */
+    public void transferListeners(CoherentManagerEventQueue eventQueue)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            synchronized (eventQueue.listeners)
+            {
+                Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = eventQueue.listeners.iterator();
+                while (itr.hasNext())
+                {
+                    FilteredManagerListenerWrapper listener = itr.next();
+
+                    this.addListener(listener._listener);
+                }
+                eventQueue.listeners.clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent` writes to field `this.org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue._queueMaxSize` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.2569a749c3962e5d14fd71002b69f730
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/pbx/internal/core/CoherentManagerEventQueue.java
+
+### Key:
+CoherentManagerEventQueue.java|onManagerEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c801eb7dbef7f75dc6458b4edf498b25
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6261/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6261/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12561f1269ab30f3d9cba9f60b81eed6cca0dae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6261/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1014 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DaemonThreadFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+
+		ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor traceScheduledExecutorService;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+
+	      traceScheduledExecutorService = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, new DaemonThreadFactory());//Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor
+
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+	      if (traceScheduledExecutorService != null) {
+	        traceScheduledExecutorService.shutdown();
+	      }
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, final String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+	    //todo getChannelImplById -> LinkedHashMap, callbacks order
+	    traceScheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable(){
+		    @Override public void run () {
+			    final String traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+	        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+	        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))) {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null) {
+              callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+              try {
+                callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+              } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress. "+ channel, t);
+              }//t
+            }//i
+          }//i
+		    }}, SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }//addNewChannel
+
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <br>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleNewExtenEvent: Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+		private void idChanged (AsteriskChannelImpl channel, AbstractChannelEvent event) {
+			if (channel != null) {
+				logger.info("Changing unique_id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId() +" < "+ event);
+				channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+			}
+		}//idChanged
+
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+	          idChanged(channel, event);
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+	          idChanged(channel, event);
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleHangupEvent: Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null) {
+	        if (DialEvent.SUBEVENT_END.equalsIgnoreCase(event.getSubEvent())) {
+		        sourceChannel.updateVariable(AsteriskChannel.VAR_AJ_DIAL_STATUS, event.getDialStatus());
+	          logger.info("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+	        } else {
+						logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+					}
+          return;
+        }//i
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleRenameEvent: Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStartEvent(MonitorStartEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == true)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent as the channel was already monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(true);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is monitored");
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStopEvent(MonitorStopEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == false)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent as the channel was not monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(false);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is not monitored");
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent` indirectly writes to field `channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path channel has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event..3ba242170223df688089808214d13037
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewCallerIdEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1f10b6ef1eaebd07b95970b844049a3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6266/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6266/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77c0746339566ae4d47351c6abbf8e660686efcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6266/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1014 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DaemonThreadFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+
+		ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor traceScheduledExecutorService;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+
+	      traceScheduledExecutorService = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, new DaemonThreadFactory());//Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor
+
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+	      if (traceScheduledExecutorService != null) {
+	        traceScheduledExecutorService.shutdown();
+	      }
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, final String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+	    //todo getChannelImplById -> LinkedHashMap, callbacks order
+	    traceScheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable(){
+		    @Override public void run () {
+			    final String traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+	        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+	        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))) {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null) {
+              callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+              try {
+                callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+              } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress. "+ channel, t);
+              }//t
+            }//i
+          }//i
+		    }}, SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }//addNewChannel
+
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <br>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleNewExtenEvent: Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleHangupEvent: Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null) {
+	        if (DialEvent.SUBEVENT_END.equalsIgnoreCase(event.getSubEvent())) {
+		        sourceChannel.updateVariable(AsteriskChannel.VAR_AJ_DIAL_STATUS, event.getDialStatus());
+	          logger.info("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+	        } else {
+						logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+					}
+          return;
+        }//i
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleRenameEvent: Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStartEvent(MonitorStartEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == true)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent as the channel was already monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(true);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is monitored");
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStopEvent(MonitorStopEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == false)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent as the channel was not monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(false);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is not monitored");
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent` indirectly reads without synchronization from `channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id`. Potentially races with write in method `ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path channel has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event..3ba242170223df688089808214d13037
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewCallerIdEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b71c26d8762eb688afb402dee4877093
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6268/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6268/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..555666ed1c8d89b756ca5c90743ddf6c6855d417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6268/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DaemonThreadFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+
+		ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor traceScheduledExecutorService;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+
+	      traceScheduledExecutorService = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, new DaemonThreadFactory());//Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor
+
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+	      if (traceScheduledExecutorService != null) {
+	        traceScheduledExecutorService.shutdown();
+	      }
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, final String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+	    //todo getChannelImplById -> LinkedHashMap, callbacks order
+	    traceScheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable(){
+		    @Override public void run () {
+			    final String traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+	        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+	        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))) {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null) {
+              callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+              try {
+                callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+              } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress. "+ channel, t);
+              }//t
+            }//i
+          }//i
+		    }}, SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }//addNewChannel
+
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <p/>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleNewExtenEvent: Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+		private void idChanged (AsteriskChannelImpl channel, AbstractChannelEvent event) {
+			if (channel != null) {
+				logger.info("Changing unique_id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId() +" < "+ event);
+				channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+			}
+		}//idChanged
+
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+	          idChanged(channel, event);
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+	          idChanged(channel, event);
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleHangupEvent: Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null) {
+	        if (DialEvent.SUBEVENT_END.equalsIgnoreCase(event.getSubEvent())) {
+		        sourceChannel.updateVariable(AsteriskChannel.VAR_AJ_DIAL_STATUS, event.getDialStatus());
+	          logger.info("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+	        } else {
+						logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+					}
+          return;
+        }//i
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleRenameEvent: Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent` indirectly writes to field `channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path channel has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event..3ba242170223df688089808214d13037
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewCallerIdEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1f10b6ef1eaebd07b95970b844049a3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6272/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6272/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0f29d63578b474ada676569f706ce053223258f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6272/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1763 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.manager.internal;
+
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.CONNECTED;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.CONNECTING;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.DISCONNECTING;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.INITIAL;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.RECONNECTING;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.AsteriskVersion;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.AuthenticationFailedException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.EventTimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ExpectedResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.SendActionCallback;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.TimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChallengeAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.CommandAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.EventGeneratingAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LoginAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LogoffAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ManagerAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.UserEventAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ConnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DialBeginEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DialEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DisconnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ResponseEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ChallengeResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.CommandResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.SocketConnectionFacade;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.internal.SocketConnectionFacadeImpl;
+
+/**
+ * Internal implemention of the ManagerConnection interface.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @see org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionFactory
+ */
+public class ManagerConnectionImpl implements ManagerConnection, Dispatcher
+{
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1 = 50;
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2 = 5000;
+    private static final String DEFAULT_HOSTNAME = "localhost";
+    private static final int DEFAULT_PORT = 5038;
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_VERSION_INTERVAL = 500;
+    private static final int MAX_VERSION_ATTEMPTS = 4;
+    private static final Pattern SHOW_VERSION_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^(core )?show version.*");
+
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_1_6 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk ((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?1\\.6[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_1_8 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk ((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?1\\.8[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_10 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk ((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?10[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_11 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk ((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?11[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_CERTIFIED_11 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk certified/((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?11[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_12 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk ((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?12[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_13 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk ((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?13[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_CERTIFIED_13 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk certified/((SVN-branch|GIT)-)?13[-. ].*");
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN_14 = Pattern.compile("^\\s*Asterisk (GIT-)?14[-. ].*");
+
+    private static final AtomicLong idCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * Instance logger.
+     */
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    private final long id;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to construct the internalActionId.
+     */
+    private AtomicLong actionIdCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /* Config attributes */
+    /**
+     * Hostname of the Asterisk server to connect to.
+     */
+    private String hostname = DEFAULT_HOSTNAME;
+
+    /**
+     * TCP port to connect to.
+     */
+    private int port = DEFAULT_PORT;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> to use SSL for the connection, <code>false</code> for a
+     * plain text connection.
+     */
+    private boolean ssl = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The username to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String username;
+
+    /**
+     * The password to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String password;
+
+    /**
+     * Encoding used for transmission of strings.
+     */
+    private Charset encoding = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for a ManagerResponse after sending a
+     * ManagerAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultResponseTimeout = 2000;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for the last ResponseEvent after sending an
+     * EventGeneratingAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultEventTimeout = 5000;
+
+    /**
+     * The timeout to use when connecting the the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private int socketTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the connection (and reconnects) if no input has been read for the
+     * given amount of milliseconds. A timeout of zero is interpreted as an
+     * infinite timeout.
+     *
+     * @see Socket#setSoTimeout(int)
+     */
+    private int socketReadTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> to continue to reconnect after an authentication
+     * failure.
+     */
+    private boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The socket to use for TCP/IP communication with Asterisk.
+     */
+    private SocketConnectionFacade socket;
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that runs the reader.
+     */
+    private Thread readerThread;
+    private final AtomicLong readerThreadCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    private final AtomicLong reconnectThreadCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * The reader to use to receive events and responses from asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerReader reader;
+
+    /**
+     * The writer to use to send actions to asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerWriter writer;
+
+    /**
+     * The protocol identifer Asterisk sends on connect wrapped into an object
+     * to be used as mutex.
+     */
+    private final ProtocolIdentifierWrapper protocolIdentifier;
+
+    /**
+     * The version of the Asterisk server we are connected to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskVersion version;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the registered handlers that process the ManagerResponses.
+     * <p/>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding ResponseListener.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, SendActionCallback> responseListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that handle ResponseEvents for the
+     * sendEventGeneratingAction methods.
+     * <p/>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding EventHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerEventListener> responseEventListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that users registered.
+     */
+    private final List<ManagerEventListener> eventListeners;
+
+    protected ManagerConnectionState state = INITIAL;
+
+    private String eventMask;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     */
+    public ManagerConnectionImpl()
+    {
+        this.id = idCounter.getAndIncrement();
+        this.responseListeners = new HashMap<>();
+        this.responseEventListeners = new HashMap<>();
+        this.eventListeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.protocolIdentifier = new ProtocolIdentifierWrapper();
+    }
+
+    // the following two methods can be overriden when running test cases to
+    // return a mock object
+    protected ManagerReader createReader(Dispatcher dispatcher, Object source)
+    {
+        return new ManagerReaderImpl(dispatcher, source);
+    }
+
+    protected ManagerWriter createWriter()
+    {
+        return new ManagerWriterImpl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hostname of the asterisk server to connect to.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is <code>localhost</code>.
+     *
+     * @param hostname the hostname to connect to
+     */
+    public void setHostname(String hostname)
+    {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the port to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the port
+     * specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is 5038.
+     *
+     * @param port the port to connect to
+     */
+    public void setPort(int port)
+    {
+        if (port <= 0)
+        {
+            this.port = DEFAULT_PORT;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.port = port;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to use SSL. <br>
+     * Default is false.
+     *
+     * @param ssl <code>true</code> to use SSL for the connection,
+     *            <code>false</code> for a plain text connection.
+     * @since 0.3
+     */
+    public void setSsl(boolean ssl)
+    {
+        this.ssl = ssl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the username to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * username specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     *
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     */
+    public void setUsername(String username)
+    {
+        this.username = username;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the password to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * password specified in Asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     *
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public void setPassword(String password)
+    {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setEncoding(Charset encoding)
+    {
+        this.encoding = encoding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException. <br>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     *
+     * @param defaultResponseTimeout default response timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultResponseTimeout(long defaultResponseTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultResponseTimeout = defaultResponseTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction)} will wait for a
+     * response and the last response event before throwing a TimeoutException.
+     * <br>
+     * Default is 5000.
+     *
+     * @param defaultEventTimeout default event timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultEventTimeout(long defaultEventTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultEventTimeout = defaultEventTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve even
+     * if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException. <br>
+     * Default is <code>true</code>.
+     *
+     * @param keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure <code>true</code> to try
+     *            reconnecting to ther asterisk serve even if the reconnection
+     *            attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException,
+     *            <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure(boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+    {
+        this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of ManagerConnection interface */
+
+    public String getUsername()
+    {
+        return username;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword()
+    {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Charset getEncoding()
+    {
+        return encoding;
+    }
+
+    public AsteriskVersion getVersion()
+    {
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    public String getHostname()
+    {
+        return hostname;
+    }
+
+    public int getPort()
+    {
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSsl()
+    {
+        return ssl;
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getLocalAddress()
+    {
+        return socket.getLocalAddress();
+    }
+
+    public int getLocalPort()
+    {
+        return socket.getLocalPort();
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getRemoteAddress()
+    {
+        return socket.getRemoteAddress();
+    }
+
+    public int getRemotePort()
+    {
+        return socket.getRemotePort();
+    }
+
+    public void registerUserEventClass(Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> userEventClass)
+    {
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            reader = createReader(this, this);
+        }
+
+        reader.registerEventClass(userEventClass);
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketReadTimeout(int socketReadTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketReadTimeout = socketReadTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login() throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        login(null);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login(String eventMask) throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        if (state != INITIAL && state != DISCONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Login may only be perfomed when in state "
+                    + "INITIAL or DISCONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = CONNECTING;
+        this.eventMask = eventMask;
+        try
+        {
+            doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, eventMask);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (state != CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = DISCONNECTED;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the real login, following the steps outlined below. <br>
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>Connects to the asterisk server by calling {@link #connect()} if not
+     * already connected
+     * <li>Waits until the protocol identifier is received but not longer than
+     * timeout ms.
+     * <li>Sends a {@link ChallengeAction} requesting a challenge for authType
+     * MD5.
+     * <li>When the {@link ChallengeResponse} is received a {@link LoginAction}
+     * is sent using the calculated key (MD5 hash of the password appended to
+     * the received challenge).
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for the protocol identifier (in
+     *            ms)
+     * @param eventMask the event mask. Set to "on" if all events should be
+     *            send, "off" if not events should be sent or a combination of
+     *            "system", "call" and "log" (separated by ',') to specify what
+     *            kind of events should be sent.
+     * @throws IOException if there is an i/o problem.
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if username or password are
+     *             incorrect and the login action returns an error or if the MD5
+     *             hash cannot be computed. The connection is closed in this
+     *             case.
+     * @throws TimeoutException if a timeout occurs while waiting for the
+     *             protocol identifier. The connection is closed in this case.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void doLogin(long timeout, String eventMask)
+            throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        ChallengeAction challengeAction;
+        ManagerResponse challengeResponse;
+        String challenge;
+        String key;
+        LoginAction loginAction;
+        ManagerResponse loginResponse;
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            connect();
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    protocolIdentifier.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException e) // NOPMD
+                {
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                disconnect();
+                if (reader != null && reader.getTerminationException() != null)
+                {
+                    throw reader.getTerminationException();
+                }
+                throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for protocol identifier");
+            }
+        }
+
+        challengeAction = new ChallengeAction("MD5");
+        try
+        {
+            challengeResponse = sendAction(challengeAction);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send challenge action", e);
+        }
+
+        if (challengeResponse instanceof ChallengeResponse)
+        {
+            challenge = ((ChallengeResponse) challengeResponse).getChallenge();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(
+                    "Unable to get challenge from Asterisk. ChallengeAction returned: " + challengeResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            MessageDigest md;
+
+            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+            if (challenge != null)
+            {
+                md.update(challenge.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            }
+            if (password != null)
+            {
+                md.update(password.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            }
+            key = ManagerUtil.toHexString(md.digest());
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to create login key using MD5 Message Digest", ex);
+        }
+
+        loginAction = new LoginAction(username, "MD5", key, eventMask);
+        try
+        {
+            loginResponse = sendAction(loginAction);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send login action", e);
+        }
+
+        if (loginResponse instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(loginResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Successfully logged in");
+
+        version = determineVersion();
+
+        state = CONNECTED;
+
+        writer.setTargetVersion(version);
+
+        logger.info("Determined Asterisk version: " + version);
+
+        // generate pseudo event indicating a successful login
+        ConnectEvent connectEvent = new ConnectEvent(this);
+        connectEvent.setProtocolIdentifier(getProtocolIdentifier());
+        connectEvent.setDateReceived(DateUtil.getDate());
+        // TODO could this cause a deadlock?
+        fireEvent(connectEvent);
+    }
+
+    protected AsteriskVersion determineVersion() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        int attempts = 0;
+
+        // if ("Asterisk Call Manager/1.1".equals(protocolIdentifier.value))
+        // {
+        // return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_6;
+        // }
+
+        while (attempts++ < MAX_VERSION_ATTEMPTS)
+        {
+            final ManagerResponse showVersionFilesResponse;
+            final List<String> showVersionFilesResult;
+            boolean Asterisk14outputPresent = false;
+            // increase timeout as output is quite large
+            showVersionFilesResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version files pbx.c"), defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+            if (!(showVersionFilesResponse instanceof CommandResponse))
+            {
+                // return early in case of permission problems
+                // org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError:
+                // actionId='null'; message='Permission denied';
+                // response='Error';
+                // uniqueId='null'; systemHashcode=15231583
+            	if(showVersionFilesResponse.getOutput() != null){
+            		Asterisk14outputPresent = true;
+            	}else{
+            		break;
+            	}
+            }
+            if(Asterisk14outputPresent){
+            	List<String> outputList = Arrays.asList(showVersionFilesResponse.getOutput().split(SocketConnectionFacadeImpl.NL_PATTERN.pattern()));
+            	showVersionFilesResult = outputList;
+            }else{
+            	showVersionFilesResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionFilesResponse).getResult();
+            }
+            if (showVersionFilesResult != null && !showVersionFilesResult.isEmpty())
+            {
+                final String line1 = showVersionFilesResult.get(0);
+
+                if (line1 != null && line1.startsWith("File"))
+                {
+                    final String rawVersion;
+
+                    rawVersion = getRawVersion();
+                    if (rawVersion != null && rawVersion.startsWith("Asterisk 1.4"))
+                    {
+                        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_4;
+                    }
+                    return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_2;
+                }
+                else if (line1 != null && line1.contains("No such command"))
+                {
+
+                    final ManagerResponse coreShowVersionResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("core show version"),
+                            defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+
+                    if (coreShowVersionResponse != null && coreShowVersionResponse instanceof CommandResponse)
+                    {
+                        final List<String> coreShowVersionResult = ((CommandResponse) coreShowVersionResponse).getResult();
+
+                        if (coreShowVersionResult != null && !coreShowVersionResult.isEmpty())
+                        {
+                            final String coreLine = coreShowVersionResult.get(0);
+
+                            if (VERSION_PATTERN_1_6.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_6;
+                            }
+                            else if (VERSION_PATTERN_1_8.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_8;
+                            }
+                            else if (VERSION_PATTERN_10.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_10;
+                            }
+                            else if (VERSION_PATTERN_11.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_11;
+                            }
+			    else if (VERSION_PATTERN_CERTIFIED_11.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_11;
+                            }
+                            else if (VERSION_PATTERN_12.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_12;
+                            }
+                            else if (VERSION_PATTERN_13.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_13;
+                            }
+			    else if (VERSION_PATTERN_CERTIFIED_13.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_13;
+                            }
+                            else if (VERSION_PATTERN_14.matcher(coreLine).matches())
+                            {
+                                return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_14;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_VERSION_INTERVAL);
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception ex)
+                    {
+                        // ingnore
+                    } // NOPMD
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // if it isn't the "no such command", break and return the
+                    // lowest version immediately
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // TODO: add retry logic; in a reconnect scenario the version fails to
+        // be identified leading to errors
+
+        // as a fallback assume 1.6
+        logger.error("Unable to determine asterisk version, assuming 1.6... you should expect problems to follow.");
+        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_6;
+    }
+
+    protected String getRawVersion()
+    {
+        final ManagerResponse showVersionResponse;
+
+        try
+        {
+            showVersionResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version"), defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (showVersionResponse instanceof CommandResponse)
+        {
+            final List<String> showVersionResult;
+
+            showVersionResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionResult != null && !showVersionResult.isEmpty())
+            {
+                return showVersionResult.get(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void connect() throws IOException
+    {
+        logger.info("Connecting to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating reader for " + hostname + ":" + port);
+            reader = createReader(this, this);
+        }
+
+        if (writer == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating writer");
+            writer = createWriter();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Creating socket");
+        socket = createSocket();
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to reader");
+        reader.setSocket(socket);
+
+        if (readerThread == null || !readerThread.isAlive() || reader.isDead())
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating and starting reader thread");
+            readerThread = new Thread(reader);
+            readerThread
+                    .setName("Asterisk-Java ManagerConnection-" + id + "-Reader-" + readerThreadCounter.getAndIncrement());
+            readerThread.setDaemon(true);
+            readerThread.start();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to writer");
+        writer.setSocket(socket);
+    }
+
+    protected SocketConnectionFacade createSocket() throws IOException
+    {
+        return new SocketConnectionFacadeImpl(hostname, port, ssl, socketTimeout, socketReadTimeout, encoding);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void logoff() throws IllegalStateException
+    {
+        if (state != CONNECTED && state != RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Logoff may only be perfomed when in state "
+                    + "CONNECTED or RECONNECTING, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = DISCONNECTING;
+
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                sendAction(new LogoffAction());
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to send LogOff action", e);
+            }
+        }
+        cleanup();
+        state = DISCONNECTED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket connection.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void disconnect()
+    {
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Closing socket.");
+            try
+            {
+                socket.close();
+            }
+            catch (IOException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to close socket: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            socket = null;
+        }
+        protocolIdentifier.value = null;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action)
+            throws IOException, TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendAction(action, defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Implements synchronous sending of "simple" actions.
+     */
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action, long timeout)
+            throws IOException, TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        SendActionCallback callbackHandler;
+
+        result = new ResponseHandlerResult();
+        callbackHandler = new DefaultSendActionCallback(result);
+
+        synchronized (result)
+        {
+            sendAction(action, callbackHandler);
+
+            // definitely return null for the response of user events
+            if (action instanceof UserEventAction)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // only wait if we did not yet receive the response.
+            // Responses may be returned really fast.
+            if (result.getResponse() == null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    result.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException ex)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for result");
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // still no response?
+        if (result.getResponse() == null)
+        {
+            throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response to " + action.getAction()
+                    + (action.getActionId() == null ? "" : " (actionId: " + action.getActionId() + ")"));
+        }
+
+        return result.getResponse();
+    }
+
+    public void sendAction(ManagerAction action, SendActionCallback callback)
+            throws IOException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        final String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+
+        // In general sending actions is only allowed while connected, though
+        // there are a few exceptions, these are handled here:
+        if ((state == CONNECTING || state == RECONNECTING) && (action instanceof ChallengeAction
+                || action instanceof LoginAction || isShowVersionCommandAction(action)))
+        {
+            // when (re-)connecting challenge and login actions are ok.
+        } // NOPMD
+        else if (state == DISCONNECTING && action instanceof LogoffAction)
+        {
+            // when disconnecting logoff action is ok.
+        } // NOPMD
+        else if (state != CONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Actions may only be sent when in state " + "CONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send " + action.getAction() + " action: socket not connected.");
+        }
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // if the callbackHandler is null the user is obviously not interested
+        // in the response, thats fine.
+        if (callback != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, callback);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Class< ? extends ManagerResponse> responseClass = getExpectedResponseClass(action.getClass());
+        if (responseClass != null)
+        {
+            reader.expectResponseClass(internalActionId, responseClass);
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+    }
+
+    boolean isShowVersionCommandAction(ManagerAction action)
+    {
+        if (!(action instanceof CommandAction))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final Matcher showVersionMatcher = SHOW_VERSION_PATTERN.matcher(((CommandAction) action).getCommand());
+        return showVersionMatcher.matches();
+    }
+
+    private Class< ? extends ManagerResponse> getExpectedResponseClass(Class< ? extends ManagerAction> actionClass)
+    {
+        final ExpectedResponse annotation = actionClass.getAnnotation(ExpectedResponse.class);
+        if (annotation == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return annotation.value();
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action)
+            throws IOException, EventTimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendEventGeneratingAction(action, defaultEventTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Implements synchronous sending of event generating actions.
+     */
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action, long timeout)
+            throws IOException, EventTimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        final ResponseEventsImpl responseEvents;
+        final ResponseEventHandler responseEventHandler;
+        final String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+        else if (action.getActionCompleteEventClass() == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass for " + action.getClass().getName() + " is null.");
+        }
+        else if (!ResponseEvent.class.isAssignableFrom(action.getActionCompleteEventClass()))
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass (" + action.getActionCompleteEventClass().getName()
+                            + ") for " + action.getClass().getName() + " is not a ResponseEvent.");
+        }
+
+        if (state != CONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Actions may only be sent when in state " + "CONNECTED but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        responseEvents = new ResponseEventsImpl();
+        responseEventHandler = new ResponseEventHandler(responseEvents, action.getActionCompleteEventClass());
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        try
+        {
+            // register response handler...
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+            }
+
+            // ...and event handler.
+            synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseEventListeners.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (responseEvents)
+            {
+                writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+                // only wait if response has not yet arrived.
+                if (responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents.isComplete())
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        responseEvents.wait(timeout);
+                    }
+                    catch (InterruptedException e)
+                    {
+                        logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for response events.");
+                        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // still no response or not all events received and timed out?
+            if (responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents.isComplete())
+            {
+                throw new EventTimeoutException(
+                        "Timeout waiting for response or response events to " + action.getAction()
+                                + (action.getActionId() == null ? "" : " (actionId: " + action.getActionId() + ")"),
+                        responseEvents);
+            }
+
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            // remove the event handler
+            synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseEventListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+            }
+
+            // Note: The response handler should have already been removed
+            // when the response was received, however we remove it here
+            // just in case it was never received.
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        return responseEvents;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new unique internal action id based on the hash code of this
+     * connection and a sequence.
+     *
+     * @return a new internal action id
+     * @see ManagerUtil#addInternalActionId(String,String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#getInternalActionId(String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#stripInternalActionId(String)
+     */
+    private String createInternalActionId()
+    {
+        final StringBuilder sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(this.hashCode());
+        sb.append("_");
+        sb.append(actionIdCounter.getAndIncrement());
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void addEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            // only add it if its not already there
+            if (!this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.add(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            if (this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.remove(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getProtocolIdentifier()
+    {
+        return protocolIdentifier.value;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerConnectionState getState()
+    {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of Dispatcher: callbacks for ManagerReader */
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a {@link ManagerResponse} is
+     * received. The response is dispatched to the associated
+     * {@link SendActionCallback}.
+     *
+     * @param response the response received by the reader
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+    {
+        final String actionId;
+        String internalActionId;
+        SendActionCallback listener;
+
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (response == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null response. This should never happen. Please file a bug.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        actionId = response.getActionId();
+        internalActionId = null;
+        listener = null;
+
+        if (actionId != null)
+        {
+            internalActionId = ManagerUtil.getInternalActionId(actionId);
+            response.setActionId(ManagerUtil.stripInternalActionId(actionId));
+        }
+
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+        {
+            logger.debug("Dispatching response with internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "':\n" + response);
+        }
+
+        if (internalActionId != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                listener = responseListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                if (listener != null)
+                {
+                    this.responseListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // when using the async sendAction it's ok not to register a
+                    // callback so if we don't find a response handler thats ok
+                    logger.debug("No response listener registered for " + "internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "'");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            logger.error(
+                    "Unable to retrieve internalActionId from response: " + "actionId '" + actionId + "':\n" + response);
+        }
+
+        if (listener != null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                listener.onResponse(response);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unexpected exception in response listener " + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a ManagerEvent is received.
+     * The event is dispatched to all registered ManagerEventHandlers.
+     *
+     * @param event the event received by the reader
+     * @see #addEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see #removeEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (event == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null event. This should never happen. Please file a bug.");
+            return;
+        }
+        dispatchLegacyEventIfNeeded(event);
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+        {
+            logger.debug("Dispatching event:\n" + event.toString());
+        }
+
+        // Some events need special treatment besides forwarding them to the
+        // registered eventListeners (clients)
+        // These events are handled here at first:
+
+        // Dispatch ResponseEvents to the appropriate responseEventListener
+        if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+        {
+            ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+            String internalActionId;
+
+            responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+            internalActionId = responseEvent.getInternalActionId();
+            if (internalActionId != null)
+            {
+                synchronized (responseEventListeners)
+                {
+                    ManagerEventListener listener;
+
+                    listener = responseEventListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                    if (listener != null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception e)
+                        {
+                            logger.warn("Unexpected exception in response event listener " + listener.getClass().getName(),
+                                    e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // ResponseEvent without internalActionId:
+                // this happens if the same event class is used as response
+                // event
+                // and as an event that is not triggered by a Manager command
+                // Example: QueueMemberStatusEvent.
+                // logger.debug("ResponseEvent without "
+                // + "internalActionId:\n" + responseEvent);
+            } // NOPMD
+        }
+        if (event instanceof DisconnectEvent)
+        {
+            // When we receive get disconnected while we are connected start
+            // a new reconnect thread and set the state to RECONNECTING.
+            if (state == CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = RECONNECTING;
+                // close socket if still open and remove reference to
+                // readerThread
+                // After sending the DisconnectThread that thread will die
+                // anyway.
+                cleanup();
+                Thread reconnectThread = new Thread(new Runnable()
+                {
+                    public void run()
+                    {
+                        reconnect();
+                    }
+                });
+                reconnectThread.setName(
+                        "Asterisk-Java ManagerConnection-" + id + "-Reconnect-" + reconnectThreadCounter.getAndIncrement());
+                reconnectThread.setDaemon(true);
+                reconnectThread.start();
+                // now the DisconnectEvent is dispatched to registered
+                // eventListeners
+                // (clients) and after that the ManagerReaderThread is gone.
+                // So effectively we replaced the reader thread by a
+                // ReconnectThread.
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // when we receive a DisconnectEvent while not connected we
+                // ignore it and do not send it to clients
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        if (event instanceof ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent)
+        {
+            ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+            String protocolIdentifier;
+
+            protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent = (ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent) event;
+            protocolIdentifier = protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent.getProtocolIdentifier();
+            setProtocolIdentifier(protocolIdentifier);
+            // no need to send this event to clients
+            return;
+        }
+
+        fireEvent(event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enro 2015-03 Workaround to continue having Legacy Events from Asterisk
+     * 13.
+     */
+    private void dispatchLegacyEventIfNeeded(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event instanceof DialBeginEvent)
+        {
+            DialEvent legacyEvent = new DialEvent((DialBeginEvent) event);
+            dispatchEvent(legacyEvent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies all {@link ManagerEventListener}s registered by users.
+     *
+     * @param event the event to propagate
+     */
+    private void fireEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        synchronized (eventListeners)
+        {
+            for (ManagerEventListener listener : eventListeners)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                }
+                catch (RuntimeException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler " + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when a {@link ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent} is
+     * received from the reader. Having received a correct protocol identifier
+     * is the precodition for logging in.
+     *
+     * @param identifier the protocol version used by the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private void setProtocolIdentifier(final String identifier)
+    {
+        logger.info("Connected via " + identifier);
+
+        if (!"Asterisk Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier) && !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.1".equals(identifier) // Asterisk
+                                                                                                               // 1.6
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.2".equals(identifier) // bri
+                                                                   // stuffed
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.3".equals(identifier) // Asterisk
+                                                                   // 11
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/2.6.0".equals(identifier) // Asterisk
+                                                                     // 13
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/2.7.0".equals(identifier) // Asterisk
+                                                                     // 13.2
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/2.8.0".equals(identifier) // Asterisk > 13.5
+
+			    && !"Asterisk Call Manager/2.9.0".equals(identifier) // Asterisk > 13.13
+			    
+			    && !"Asterisk Call Manager/3.1.0".equals(identifier) //Asterisk =14.3.0
+
+                && !"OpenPBX Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier) && !"CallWeaver Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier)
+                && !(identifier != null && identifier.startsWith("Asterisk Call Manager Proxy/")))
+        {
+            logger.warn("Unsupported protocol version '" + identifier + "'. Use at your own risk.");
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            protocolIdentifier.value = identifier;
+            protocolIdentifier.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconnects to the asterisk server when the connection is lost. <br>
+     * While keepAlive is <code>true</code> we will try to reconnect.
+     * Reconnection attempts will be stopped when the {@link #logoff()} method
+     * is called or when the login after a successful reconnect results in an
+     * {@link AuthenticationFailedException} suggesting that the manager
+     * credentials have changed and keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is not
+     * set. <br>
+     * This method is called when a {@link DisconnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader.
+     */
+    private void reconnect()
+    {
+        int numTries;
+
+        // try to reconnect
+        numTries = 0;
+        while (state == RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (numTries < 10)
+                {
+                    // try to reconnect quite fast for the firt 10 times
+                    // this succeeds if the server has just been restarted
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // slow down after 10 unsuccessful attempts asuming a
+                    // shutdown of the server
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                connect();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, eventMask);
+                    logger.info("Successfully reconnected.");
+                    // everything is ok again, so we leave
+                    // when successful doLogin set the state to CONNECTED so no
+                    // need to adjust it
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (AuthenticationFailedException e1)
+                {
+                    if (keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: " + e1.getMessage());
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: " + e1.getMessage() + ". Giving up.");
+                        state = DISCONNECTED;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (TimeoutException e1)
+                {
+                    // shouldn't happen - but happens!
+                    logger.error("TimeoutException while trying to log in " + "after reconnect.");
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                // server seems to be still down, just continue to attempt
+                // reconnection
+                String message = e.getClass().getSimpleName();
+                if (e.getMessage() != null)
+                {
+                    message = e.getMessage();
+                }
+
+                logger.warn("Exception while trying to reconnect: " + message);
+            }
+            numTries++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void cleanup()
+    {
+        disconnect();
+        this.readerThread = null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString()
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuilder("ManagerConnection[");
+        sb.append("id='").append(id).append("',");
+        sb.append("hostname='").append(hostname).append("',");
+        sb.append("port=").append(port).append(",");
+        sb.append("systemHashcode=").append(System.identityHashCode(this)).append("]");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /* Helper classes */
+
+    /**
+     * A simple data object to store a ManagerResult.
+     */
+    private static class ResponseHandlerResult implements Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7831097958568769220L;
+        private ManagerResponse response;
+
+        public ResponseHandlerResult()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public ManagerResponse getResponse()
+        {
+            return this.response;
+        }
+
+        public void setResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            this.response = response;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple response handler that stores the received response in a
+     * ResponseHandlerResult for further processing.
+     */
+    private static class DefaultSendActionCallback implements SendActionCallback, Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseHandlerResult result;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         *
+         * @param result the result to store the response in
+         */
+        public DefaultSendActionCallback(ResponseHandlerResult result)
+        {
+            this.result = result;
+        }
+
+        public void onResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (result)
+            {
+                result.setResponse(response);
+                result.notifyAll();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A combinded event and response handler that adds received events and the
+     * response to a ResponseEvents object.
+     */
+    private static class ResponseEventHandler implements ManagerEventListener, SendActionCallback
+    {
+        private final ResponseEventsImpl events;
+        private final Class< ? > actionCompleteEventClass;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         *
+         * @param events the ResponseEventsImpl to store the events in
+         * @param actionCompleteEventClass the type of event that indicates that
+         *            all events have been received
+         */
+        public ResponseEventHandler(ResponseEventsImpl events, Class< ? > actionCompleteEventClass)
+        {
+            this.events = events;
+            this.actionCompleteEventClass = actionCompleteEventClass;
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                // should always be a ResponseEvent, anyway...
+                if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+                {
+                    ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+
+                    responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+                    events.addEvent(responseEvent);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                if (actionCompleteEventClass.isAssignableFrom(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                    // notify if action complete event and response have been
+                    // received
+                    if (events.getResponse() != null)
+                    {
+                        events.notifyAll();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void onResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                events.setRepsonse(response);
+                if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                // notify if action complete event and response have been
+                // received
+                if (events.isComplete())
+                {
+                    events.notifyAll();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class ProtocolIdentifierWrapper
+    {
+        String value;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterEventClass(Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> eventClass)
+    {
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            reader = createReader(this, this);
+        }
+
+        reader.deregisterEventClass(eventClass);
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.determineVersion` indirectly reads with synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.state`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AsteriskVersion ManagerConnectionImpl.determineVersion()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.determineVersion():org.asteriskjava.Asterisk.115d6f581f5bdf6e2ef553178f466fa8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/manager/internal/ManagerConnectionImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ManagerConnectionImpl.java|determineVersion|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1748f384a8973ab1062cbded867e4969
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6275/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6275/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a1f724fb9b9eff118cde9d8cc1ad6f38f49a326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6275/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1054 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.AsteriskChannel;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.AsteriskQueueEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.CallDetailRecord;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.CallerId;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ChannelState;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ChannelStateHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.DialedChannelHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.Extension;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ExtensionHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.HangupCause;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.LinkedChannelHistoryEntry;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.ManagerCommunicationException;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.NoSuchChannelException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.AbsoluteTimeoutAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChangeMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.GetVarAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.HangupAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.MonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.PauseMixMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.PauseMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.PlayDtmfAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.RedirectAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.SetVarAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StopMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.UnpauseMonitorAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.MixMonitorDirection;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of the AsteriskChannel interface.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class AsteriskChannelImpl extends AbstractLiveObject implements AsteriskChannel
+{
+    private static final String CAUSE_VARIABLE_NAME = "PRI_CAUSE";
+
+    /**
+     * Unique id of this channel.
+     */
+    private String id;
+
+    /**
+     * The traceId is used to trace originated channels.
+     */
+    private String traceId;
+
+    /**
+     * Date this channel has been created.
+     */
+    private final Date dateOfCreation;
+
+    /**
+     * Date this channel has left the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private Date dateOfRemoval;
+
+    /**
+     * Name of this channel.
+     */
+    private String name;
+
+    /**
+     * Caller*ID of this channel.
+     */
+    private CallerId callerId;
+
+    /**
+     * State of this channel.
+     */
+    private ChannelState state;
+
+    /**
+     * Account code used to bill this channel.
+     */
+    private String account;
+    private final List<ExtensionHistoryEntry> extensionHistory;
+    private final List<ChannelStateHistoryEntry> stateHistory;
+    private final List<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry> linkedChannelHistory;
+    private final List<DialedChannelHistoryEntry> dialedChannelHistory;
+
+    private AsteriskChannel dialedChannel;
+
+    private AsteriskChannel dialingChannel;
+
+    /**
+     * If this channel is bridged to another channel, the linkedChannel contains
+     * the channel this channel is bridged with.
+     */
+    private AsteriskChannel linkedChannel;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if this channel was linked to another channel at least once.
+     */
+    private boolean wasLinked;
+
+    private HangupCause hangupCause;
+
+    private String hangupCauseText;
+
+    private CallDetailRecordImpl callDetailRecord;
+
+    /**
+     * MeetMe room user associated with this channel if any, <code>null</code>
+     * otherwise.
+     */
+    private MeetMeUserImpl meetMeUserImpl;
+
+    /**
+     * Queue entry associated with this channel if any, <code>null</code>
+     * otherwise.
+     */
+    private AsteriskQueueEntryImpl queueEntryImpl;
+
+    /**
+     * Extension where the call is parked if it is parked, <code>null</code>
+     * otherwise.
+     */
+    private Extension parkedAt;
+
+    /**
+     * Last dtmf digit recieved on this channel if any, <code>null</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    private Character dtmfReceived;
+
+    /**
+     * Last dtmf digit sent on this channel if any, <code>null</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    private Character dtmfSent;
+
+    /**
+     * Actual monitor state
+     */
+    private boolean isMonitored;
+
+    private final Map<String, String> variables;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Channel.
+     *
+     * @param server         server this channel belongs to.
+     * @param name           name of this channel, for example "SIP/1310-20da".
+     * @param id             unique id of this channel, for example "1099015093.165".
+     * @param dateOfCreation date this channel has been created.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any of the parameters are null.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl(final AsteriskServerImpl server, final String name, final String id, final Date dateOfCreation)
+            throws IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        super(server);
+
+        if (server == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'server' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'name' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'id' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+        if (dateOfCreation == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameter 'dateOfCreation' passed to AsteriskChannelImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+
+        this.name = name;
+        this.id = id;
+        this.dateOfCreation = dateOfCreation;
+        this.extensionHistory = new ArrayList<ExtensionHistoryEntry>();
+        this.stateHistory = new ArrayList<ChannelStateHistoryEntry>();
+        this.linkedChannelHistory = new ArrayList<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry>();
+        this.dialedChannelHistory = new ArrayList<DialedChannelHistoryEntry>();
+        this.variables = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    }
+
+    public String getId()
+    {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the id of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param date date of the name change.
+     * @param id   the new unique id of this channel.
+     */
+    void idChanged(Date date, String id)
+    {
+        final String oldId = this.id;
+
+        if (oldId != null && oldId.equals(id))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.id = id;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_ID, oldId, id);
+    }
+
+    String getTraceId()
+    {
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void setTraceId(String traceId)
+    {
+        this.traceId = traceId;
+    }
+
+    public String getName()
+    {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the name of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param date date of the name change.
+     * @param name the new name of this channel.
+     */
+    void nameChanged(Date date, String name)
+    {
+        final String oldName = this.name;
+
+        if (oldName != null && oldName.equals(name))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.name = name;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_NAME, oldName, name);
+    }
+
+    public CallerId getCallerId()
+    {
+        return callerId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the caller id of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param callerId the caller id of this channel.
+     */
+    void setCallerId(final CallerId callerId)
+    {
+        final CallerId oldCallerId = this.callerId;
+
+        this.callerId = callerId;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_CALLER_ID, oldCallerId, callerId);
+    }
+
+    public ChannelState getState()
+    {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    public boolean wasInState(ChannelState state)
+    {
+        synchronized (stateHistory)
+        {
+            for (ChannelStateHistoryEntry historyEntry : stateHistory)
+            {
+                if (historyEntry.getState() == state)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean wasBusy()
+    {
+        return wasInState(ChannelState.BUSY)
+                || hangupCause == HangupCause.AST_CAUSE_BUSY
+                || hangupCause == HangupCause.AST_CAUSE_USER_BUSY;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes the state of this channel.
+     *
+     * @param date  when the state change occurred.
+     * @param state the new state of this channel.
+     */
+    synchronized void stateChanged(Date date, ChannelState state)
+    {
+        final ChannelStateHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+        final ChannelState oldState = this.state;
+
+        if (oldState == state)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // System.err.println(id + " state change: " + oldState + " => " + state
+        // + " (" + name + ")");
+        historyEntry = new ChannelStateHistoryEntry(date, state);
+        synchronized (stateHistory)
+        {
+            stateHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+
+        this.state = state;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_STATE, oldState, state);
+    }
+
+    public String getAccount()
+    {
+        return account;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the account code used to bill this channel.
+     *
+     * @param account the account code used to bill this channel.
+     */
+    void setAccount(String account)
+    {
+        final String oldAccount = this.account;
+
+        this.account = account;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_ACCOUNT, oldAccount, account);
+    }
+
+    public Extension getCurrentExtension()
+    {
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            if (extensionHistory.isEmpty())
+            {
+                extension = null;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                extension = extensionHistory.get(extensionHistory.size() - 1).getExtension();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return extension;
+    }
+
+    public Extension getFirstExtension()
+    {
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            if (extensionHistory.isEmpty())
+            {
+                extension = null;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                extension = extensionHistory.get(0).getExtension();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return extension;
+    }
+
+    public List<ExtensionHistoryEntry> getExtensionHistory()
+    {
+        final List<ExtensionHistoryEntry> copy;
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<ExtensionHistoryEntry>(extensionHistory);
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a visted dialplan entry to the history.
+     *
+     * @param date      the date the extension has been visited.
+     * @param extension the visted dialplan entry to add.
+     */
+    void extensionVisited(Date date, Extension extension)
+    {
+        final Extension oldCurrentExtension = getCurrentExtension();
+        final ExtensionHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        historyEntry = new ExtensionHistoryEntry(date, extension);
+
+        synchronized (extensionHistory)
+        {
+            extensionHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_CURRENT_EXTENSION, oldCurrentExtension, extension);
+    }
+
+    public Date getDateOfCreation()
+    {
+        return dateOfCreation;
+    }
+
+    public Date getDateOfRemoval()
+    {
+        return dateOfRemoval;
+    }
+
+    public HangupCause getHangupCause()
+    {
+        return hangupCause;
+    }
+
+    public String getHangupCauseText()
+    {
+        return hangupCauseText;
+    }
+
+    public CallDetailRecord getCallDetailRecord()
+    {
+        return callDetailRecord;
+    }
+
+    void callDetailRecordReceived(Date date, CallDetailRecordImpl callDetailRecord)
+    {
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl oldCallDetailRecord = this.callDetailRecord;
+
+        this.callDetailRecord = callDetailRecord;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_CALL_DETAIL_RECORD, oldCallDetailRecord, callDetailRecord);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets dateOfRemoval, hangupCause and hangupCauseText and changes state to
+     * {@link ChannelState#HUNGUP}. Fires a PropertyChangeEvent for state.
+     *
+     * @param dateOfRemoval   date the channel was hung up
+     * @param hangupCause     cause for hangup
+     * @param hangupCauseText textual representation of hangup cause
+     */
+    synchronized void hungup(Date dateOfRemoval, HangupCause hangupCause, String hangupCauseText)
+    {
+        this.dateOfRemoval = dateOfRemoval;
+        this.hangupCause = hangupCause;
+        this.hangupCauseText = hangupCauseText;
+        // update state and fire PropertyChangeEvent
+        stateChanged(dateOfRemoval, ChannelState.HUNGUP);
+    }
+
+    /* dialed channels */
+
+    public AsteriskChannel getDialedChannel()
+    {
+        return dialedChannel;
+    }
+
+    public List<DialedChannelHistoryEntry> getDialedChannelHistory()
+    {
+        final List<DialedChannelHistoryEntry> copy;
+
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<DialedChannelHistoryEntry>(dialedChannelHistory);
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    synchronized void channelDialed(Date date, AsteriskChannel dialedChannel)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldDialedChannel = this.dialedChannel;
+        final DialedChannelHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        historyEntry = new DialedChannelHistoryEntry(date, dialedChannel);
+        synchronized (dialedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            dialedChannelHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+        this.dialedChannel = dialedChannel;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DIALED_CHANNEL, oldDialedChannel, dialedChannel);
+    }
+
+    /* dialed channels */
+
+    public AsteriskChannel getDialingChannel()
+    {
+        return dialingChannel;
+    }
+
+    synchronized void channelDialing(Date date, AsteriskChannel dialingChannel)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldDialingChannel = this.dialingChannel;
+
+        this.dialingChannel = dialingChannel;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DIALING_CHANNEL, oldDialingChannel, dialingChannel);
+    }
+
+    /* linked channels */
+
+    public AsteriskChannel getLinkedChannel()
+    {
+        return linkedChannel;
+    }
+
+    public List<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry> getLinkedChannelHistory()
+    {
+        final List<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry> copy;
+
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<LinkedChannelHistoryEntry>(linkedChannelHistory);
+        }
+
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    public boolean wasLinked()
+    {
+        return wasLinked;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the channel this channel is bridged with.
+     *
+     * @param date          the date this channel was linked.
+     * @param linkedChannel the channel this channel is bridged with.
+     */
+    synchronized void channelLinked(Date date, AsteriskChannel linkedChannel)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldLinkedChannel = this.linkedChannel;
+        final LinkedChannelHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        historyEntry = new LinkedChannelHistoryEntry(date, linkedChannel);
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            linkedChannelHistory.add(historyEntry);
+        }
+        this.linkedChannel = linkedChannel;
+        this.wasLinked = true;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_LINKED_CHANNEL, oldLinkedChannel, linkedChannel);
+    }
+
+    synchronized void channelUnlinked(Date date)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannel oldLinkedChannel = this.linkedChannel;
+        final LinkedChannelHistoryEntry historyEntry;
+
+        synchronized (linkedChannelHistory)
+        {
+            if (linkedChannelHistory.isEmpty())
+            {
+                historyEntry = null;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                historyEntry = linkedChannelHistory.get(linkedChannelHistory.size() - 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (historyEntry != null)
+        {
+            historyEntry.setDateUnlinked(date);
+        }
+        this.linkedChannel = null;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_LINKED_CHANNEL, oldLinkedChannel, null);
+    }
+
+    /* MeetMe user */
+
+    public MeetMeUserImpl getMeetMeUser()
+    {
+        return meetMeUserImpl;
+    }
+
+    void setMeetMeUserImpl(MeetMeUserImpl meetMeUserImpl)
+    {
+        final MeetMeUserImpl oldMeetMeUserImpl = this.meetMeUserImpl;
+        this.meetMeUserImpl = meetMeUserImpl;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_MEET_ME_USER, oldMeetMeUserImpl, meetMeUserImpl);
+    }
+
+    // action methods
+
+    public void hangup() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        hangup(null);
+    }
+
+    public void hangup(HangupCause cause) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        final HangupAction action;
+        final ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (cause != null)
+        {
+            setVariable(CAUSE_VARIABLE_NAME, Integer.toString(cause.getCode()));
+            action = new HangupAction(name, cause.getCode());
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            action = new HangupAction(name);
+        }
+
+        response = server.sendAction(action);
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setAbsoluteTimeout(int seconds) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new AbsoluteTimeoutAction(name, seconds));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void redirect(String context, String exten, int priority) throws ManagerCommunicationException,
+            NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new RedirectAction(name, context, exten, priority));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void redirectBothLegs(String context, String exten, int priority) throws ManagerCommunicationException,
+            NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (linkedChannel == null)
+        {
+            response = server.sendAction(new RedirectAction(name, context, exten, priority));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            response = server.sendAction(new RedirectAction(name, linkedChannel.getName(), context, exten, priority,
+                    context, exten, priority));
+        }
+
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getVariable(String variable) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+        String value;
+
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+
+            value = variables.get(variable);
+            if (value != null)
+            {
+                return value;
+            }
+
+            response = server.sendAction(new GetVarAction(name, variable));
+            if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+            {
+                throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+            }
+            value = response.getAttribute("Value");
+            if (value == null)
+            {
+                value = response.getAttribute(variable); // for Asterisk 1.0.x
+            }
+
+            variables.put(variable, value);
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    public void setVariable(String variable, String value) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new SetVarAction(name, variable, value));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+            variables.put(variable, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void playDtmf(String digit) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException, IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (digit == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("DTMF digit to send must not be null");
+        }
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new PlayDtmfAction(name, digit));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startMonitoring(String filename) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        startMonitoring(filename, null, false);
+    }
+
+    public void startMonitoring(String filename, String format) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        startMonitoring(filename, format, false);
+    }
+
+    public void startMonitoring(String filename, String format, boolean mix) throws ManagerCommunicationException,
+            NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new MonitorAction(name, filename, format, mix));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void changeMonitoring(String filename) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException, IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        if (filename == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("New filename must not be null");
+        }
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new ChangeMonitorAction(name, filename));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void stopMonitoring() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new StopMonitorAction(name));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void pauseMonitoring() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new PauseMonitorAction(name));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void unpauseMonitoring() throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+
+        response = server.sendAction(new UnpauseMonitorAction(name));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    
+    public void pauseMixMonitor(MixMonitorDirection direction) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+        response = server.sendAction(new PauseMixMonitorAction(this.name,1,direction.getStateName()));
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError) {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    
+    public void unPauseMixMonitor(MixMonitorDirection direction) throws ManagerCommunicationException, NoSuchChannelException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse response;
+        response = server.sendAction(new PauseMixMonitorAction(this.name,0,direction.getStateName()));        
+        if (response instanceof ManagerError) {
+            throw new NoSuchChannelException("Channel '" + name + "' is not available: " + response.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    public Extension getParkedAt()
+    {
+        // warning: the context of this extension will be null until we get the context property from
+        // the parked call event!
+        return parkedAt;
+    }
+
+    void updateVariable(String name, String value)
+    {
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+            // final String oldValue = variables.get(name);
+            variables.put(name, value);
+            // TODO add notification for updated channel variables
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, String> getVariables()
+    {
+        synchronized (variables)
+        {
+            return new HashMap<String, String>(variables);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Character getDtmfReceived()
+    {
+        return this.dtmfReceived;
+    }
+
+    public Character getDtmfSent()
+    {
+        return this.dtmfSent;
+    }
+
+    void dtmfReceived(Character digit)
+    {
+        final Character oldDtmfReceived = this.dtmfReceived;
+
+        this.dtmfReceived = digit;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DTMF_RECEIVED, oldDtmfReceived, digit);
+    }
+
+    void dtmfSent(Character digit)
+    {
+        final Character oldDtmfSent = this.dtmfSent;
+
+        this.dtmfSent = digit;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_DTMF_SENT, oldDtmfSent, digit);
+    }
+
+    void setParkedAt(Extension parkedAt)
+    {
+        final Extension oldParkedAt = this.parkedAt;
+
+        this.parkedAt = parkedAt;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_PARKED_AT, oldParkedAt, parkedAt);
+    }
+
+    public AsteriskQueueEntryImpl getQueueEntry()
+    {
+        return queueEntryImpl;
+    }
+
+    void setQueueEntry(AsteriskQueueEntryImpl queueEntry)
+    {
+        final AsteriskQueueEntry oldQueueEntry = this.queueEntryImpl;
+
+        this.queueEntryImpl = queueEntry;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_QUEUE_ENTRY, oldQueueEntry, queueEntry);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isMonitored() {return this.isMonitored; }
+
+    void setMonitored(boolean monitored) {
+        final boolean oldMonitored = this.isMonitored;
+
+        this.isMonitored = monitored;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_MONITORED, oldMonitored, monitored);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+        final AsteriskChannel dialedChannel;
+        final AsteriskChannel dialingChannel;
+        final AsteriskChannel linkedChannel;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer("AsteriskChannel[");
+
+        synchronized (this)
+        {
+            sb.append("id='").append(getId()).append("',");
+            sb.append("name='").append(getName()).append("',");
+            sb.append("callerId='").append(getCallerId()).append("',");
+            sb.append("state='").append(getState()).append("',");
+            sb.append("account='").append(getAccount()).append("',");
+            sb.append("dateOfCreation=").append(getDateOfCreation()).append(",");
+            dialedChannel = this.dialedChannel;
+            dialingChannel = this.dialingChannel;
+            linkedChannel = this.linkedChannel;
+        }
+        if (dialedChannel == null)
+        {
+            sb.append("dialedChannel=null,");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.append("dialedChannel=AsteriskChannel[");
+            synchronized (dialedChannel)
+            {
+                sb.append("id='").append(dialedChannel.getId()).append("',");
+                sb.append("name='").append(dialedChannel.getName()).append("'],");
+            }
+        }
+        if (dialingChannel == null)
+        {
+            sb.append("dialingChannel=null,");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.append("dialingChannel=AsteriskChannel[");
+            synchronized (dialingChannel)
+            {
+                sb.append("id='").append(dialingChannel.getId()).append("',");
+                sb.append("name='").append(dialingChannel.getName()).append("'],");
+            }
+        }
+        if (linkedChannel == null)
+        {
+            sb.append("linkedChannel=null");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            sb.append("linkedChannel=AsteriskChannel[");
+            synchronized (linkedChannel)
+            {
+                sb.append("id='").append(linkedChannel.getId()).append("',");
+                sb.append("name='").append(linkedChannel.getName()).append("']");
+            }
+        }
+        sb.append("]");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.getDialingChannel` reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.dialingChannel`. Potentially races with write in method `AsteriskChannelImpl.channelDialing(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AsteriskChannel AsteriskChannelImpl.getDialingChannel()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.getDialingChannel():org.asteriskjava.live.Asteris.1a59e3c4ba6f2efe70b7acd7d5f5463c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/AsteriskChannelImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+AsteriskChannelImpl.java|getDialingChannel|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9ee9d7ccfdf09c52471ce6ee6c0c0eec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6281/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6281/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..587eba900f0cc94b2ee819108c3efcb8bed0802c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6281/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 48
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.BridgeEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.LinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.UnlinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.eventQueue.EventLifeMonitor;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.util.LogTime;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides a method of accepting, queueing and delivering manager
+ * events. Asterisk is very sensitive to delays in receiving events. This class
+ * ensures that events are received and queued rapidly. A separate thread
+ * dequeues them and delivers them to the manager listener. Used this queue as
+ * follows: manager.addEventListener(new
+ * CoherentManagerEventQueue(originalListener)); This affectively daisy changes
+ * the originalListener via our queue.
+ * 
+ * @author bsutton
+ */
+class CoherentManagerEventQueue implements ManagerEventListener, Runnable
+{
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(CoherentManagerEventQueue.class);
+
+    private final ListenerManager listeners = new ListenerManager();
+
+    private boolean _stop = false;
+    private final Thread _th;
+    private final BlockingQueue<EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>> _eventQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+    private int _queueMaxSize;
+
+    private long _queueSum;
+
+    private long _queueCount;
+
+    private HashSet<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> globalEvents = new HashSet<>();
+
+    public CoherentManagerEventQueue(String name, ManagerConnection connection)
+    {
+
+        connection.addEventListener(this);
+
+        this._th = new Thread(this);
+        this._th.setName("EventQueue: " + name);//$NON-NLS-1$
+        this._th.setDaemon(true);
+        this._th.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * handles manager events passed to us in our role as a listener. We queue
+     * the event so that it can be read, by the run method of this class, and
+     * subsequently passed on to the original listener.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onManagerEvent(final org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+
+        // logger.error(event);
+        boolean wanted = false;
+        /**
+         * Dump any events we arn't interested in ASAP to minimise the
+         * processing overhead of these events.
+         */
+        // Only enqueue the events that are of interest to one of our listeners.
+        synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+        {
+            Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> shadowEvent = CoherentEventFactory.getShadowEvent(event);
+            if (this.globalEvents.contains(shadowEvent))
+            {
+                wanted = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (wanted)
+        {
+
+            // We don't support all events.
+            this._eventQueue.add(new EventLifeMonitor<>(event));
+            final int queueSize = this._eventQueue.size();
+            if (this._queueMaxSize < queueSize)
+            {
+                this._queueMaxSize = queueSize;
+            }
+            this._queueSum += queueSize;
+            this._queueCount++;
+
+            if (CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.isDebugEnabled())
+            {
+                if (this._eventQueue.size() > ((this._queueMaxSize + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)) / 2))
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.debug("queue gtr max avg: size=" + queueSize + " max:" //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                            + this._queueMaxSize + " avg:" + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)); //$NON-NLS-1$
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run()
+    {
+
+        while (!this._stop)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                final EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent> elm = this._eventQueue.poll(2,
+                        TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                if (elm != null)
+                {
+                    // A poison queue event means its time to shutdown.
+                    if (elm.getEvent().getClass() == PoisonQueueEvent.class)
+                        break;
+
+                    final ManagerEvent iEvent = CoherentEventFactory.build(elm.getEvent());
+                    if (iEvent != null)
+                    {
+                        dispatchEvent(iEvent);
+                        elm.assessAge();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (final Exception e)
+            {
+                /**
+                 * If an exception is thrown whilst we are shutting down then we
+                 * don't care. If it is thrown when we aren't shutting down then
+                 * we have a problem and we need to log it.
+                 */
+                if (!this._stop)
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class PoisonQueueEvent extends org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent
+    {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+        public PoisonQueueEvent()
+        {
+            super("PoisonQueueEvent"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void stop()
+    {
+        this._stop = true;
+        try
+        {
+            this._eventQueue.put(new EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>(new PoisonQueueEvent()));
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            logger.error(e, e);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: make this multi threaded
+    private final ExecutorService executors = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
+
+    /**
+     * Events are sent here from the CoherentManagerEventQueue after being
+     * converted from a ManagerEvent to an ManagerEvent. This method is called
+     * from a dedicated thread attached to the event queue which it uses for
+     * dispatching events.
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(final ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+        {
+            logger.debug("dispatch=" + event.toString()); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+        // take a copy of the listeners so they can be modified whilst we
+        // iterate over them
+        // The iteration may call some long running processes.
+        final List<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> listenerCopy;
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            listenerCopy = this.listeners.getCopyAsList();
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            final LogTime totalTime = new LogTime();
+
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(listenerCopy.size());
+
+            for (final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter : listenerCopy)
+            {
+                if (filter.requiredEvents.contains(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    dispatchEventOnThread(event, filter, latch);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // this listener didn't want the event, so just decrease the
+                    // countdown
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            latch.await();
+
+            if (totalTime.timeTaken() > 500)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + totalTime.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            Thread.interrupted();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dispatchEventOnThread(final ManagerEvent event, final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter,
+            final CountDownLatch latch)
+    {
+        Runnable runner = new Runnable()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public void run()
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    final LogTime time = new LogTime();
+
+                    filter._listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                    if (time.timeTaken() > 500)
+                    {
+                        logger.warn("ManagerListener :" + filter._listener.getName() //$NON-NLS-1$
+                                + " is taken too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + time.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        executors.execute(runner);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a listener which will be sent all events that its filterEvent
+     * handler will accept. All events are dispatch by way of a shared queue
+     * which is read via a thread which is shared by all listeners. Whilst poor
+     * performance of you listener can affect other listeners you can't affect
+     * the read thread which takes events from asterisk and enqueues them.
+     * 
+     * @param listener
+     */
+    public void addListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            this.listeners.addListener(listener);
+            synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+            {
+                Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents = expandEvents(listener.requiredEvents());
+                this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug("listener  added " + listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * in order to get Bridge Events, we must subscribe to Link and Unlink
+     * events for asterisk 1.4, so we automatically add them if the Bridge Event
+     * is required
+     * 
+     * @param events
+     * @return
+     */
+    Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents(Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> events)
+    {
+        Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> requiredEvents = new HashSet<>();
+        for (Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> event : events)
+        {
+            requiredEvents.add(event);
+            if (event.equals(BridgeEvent.class))
+            {
+                requiredEvents.add(UnlinkEvent.class);
+                requiredEvents.add(LinkEvent.class);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return requiredEvents;
+    }
+
+    public void removeListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> melf)
+    {
+        if (melf != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.listeners)
+            {
+                this.listeners.removeListener(melf);
+
+                // When we remove a listener we must unfortunately
+                // completely
+                // recalculate the set of required events.
+                synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+                {
+                    this.globalEvents.clear();
+                    Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = this.listeners.iterator();
+                    while (itr.hasNext())
+                    {
+                        FilteredManagerListenerWrapper readdContainer = itr.next();
+                        this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents(readdContainer._listener.requiredEvents()));
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * transfers the listeners from one queue to another.
+     * 
+     * @param eventQueue
+     */
+    public void transferListeners(CoherentManagerEventQueue eventQueue)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            synchronized (eventQueue.listeners)
+            {
+                Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = eventQueue.listeners.iterator();
+                while (itr.hasNext())
+                {
+                    FilteredManagerListenerWrapper listener = itr.next();
+
+                    this.addListener(listener._listener);
+                }
+                eventQueue.listeners.clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent` reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue._queueMaxSize`. Potentially races with write in method `CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.2569a749c3962e5d14fd71002b69f730
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/pbx/internal/core/CoherentManagerEventQueue.java
+
+### Key:
+CoherentManagerEventQueue.java|onManagerEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+74a729c92df3d9d24450d4cf70279902
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6286/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6286/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49f225c9e19fa107613a200cbccf147d3e6c024c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6286/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.manager.internal;
+
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.*;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.AsteriskVersion;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.AsteriskServer;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.AuthenticationFailedException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.EventTimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventHandler;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerResponseHandler;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerResponseListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.TimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChallengeAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.CommandAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.EventGeneratingAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LoginAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LogoffAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ManagerAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ConnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DisconnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ResponseEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ChallengeResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.CommandResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.SocketConnectionFacade;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.internal.SocketConnectionFacadeImpl;
+
+
+/**
+ * Default implemention of the ManagerConnection interface.<br>
+ * Generelly avoid direct use of this class. Use the ManagerConnectionFactory to
+ * obtain a ManagerConnection instead.<br>
+ * When using a dependency injection framework like Spring direct usage for
+ * wiring up beans that require a ManagerConnection property is fine though.<br>
+ * Note that the DefaultManagerConnection will create one new Thread
+ * for reading data from Asterisk on the first call to on of the login()
+ * methods.
+ * 
+ * @see org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionFactory
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id: DefaultManagerConnection.java 274 2006-05-07 14:25:57Z srt $
+ */
+public class ManagerConnectionImpl implements ManagerConnection, Dispatcher
+{
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2 = 5000;
+
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1 = 50;
+
+    /**
+     * Instance logger.
+     */
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * Used to construct the internalActionId.
+     */
+    private long actionIdCount = 0;
+
+    /* Config attributes */
+    /**
+     * The Asterisk server to connect to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskServer asteriskServer;
+
+    /**
+     * The username to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String username;
+
+    /**
+     * The password to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String password;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for a ManagerResponse after sending a
+     * ManagerAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultResponseTimeout = 2000;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for the last ResponseEvent after sending an
+     * EventGeneratingAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultEventTimeout = 5000;
+
+    /**
+     * The timeout to use when connecting the the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private int socketTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we continue to reconnect after an authentication failure?
+     */
+    private boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The socket to use for TCP/IP communication with Asterisk.
+     */
+    private SocketConnectionFacade socket;
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that runs the reader.
+     */
+    private Thread readerThread;
+    private int readerThreadNum = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that performs reconnect.
+     */
+    private Thread reconnectThread;
+    private int reconnectThreadNum = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The reader to use to receive events and responses from asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerReader reader;
+
+    /**
+     * The writer to use to send actions to asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerWriter writer;
+
+    /**
+     * The protocol identifer Asterisk sends on connect wrapped into an object to
+     * be used as mutex.
+     */
+    private final ProtocolIdentifierWrapper protocolIdentifier;
+    
+    /**
+     * The version of the Asterisk server we are connected to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskVersion version;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the registered handlers that process the ManagerResponses.<br>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding ResponseListener.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerResponseListener> responseListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that handle ResponseEvents for the
+     * sendEventGeneratingAction methods.<br>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding EventHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerEventListener> responseEventListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that users registered.
+     */
+    private final List<ManagerEventListener> eventListeners;
+    
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> while reconnecting.
+     */
+    private boolean reconnecting = false;
+
+    protected ManagerConnectionState state = INITIAL;
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     */
+    public ManagerConnectionImpl()
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer = new AsteriskServer();
+
+        this.responseListeners = new HashMap<String, ManagerResponseListener>();
+        this.responseEventListeners = new HashMap<String, ManagerEventListener>();
+        this.eventListeners = new ArrayList<ManagerEventListener>();
+        this.protocolIdentifier = new ProtocolIdentifierWrapper();
+    }
+
+    // the following two methods can be overriden when running test cases to
+    // return a mock object
+    protected ManagerReader createReader(Dispatcher dispatcher, AsteriskServer server)
+    {
+        return new ManagerReaderImpl(dispatcher, server);
+    }
+
+    protected ManagerWriter createWriter()
+    {
+        return new ManagerWriterImpl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hostname of the asterisk server to connect to.<br>
+     * Default is <code>localhost</code>.
+     * 
+     * @param hostname the hostname to connect to
+     */
+    public void setHostname(String hostname)
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer.setHostname(hostname);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the port to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the port
+     * specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.<br>
+     * Default is 5038.
+     * 
+     * @param port the port to connect to
+     */
+    public void setPort(int port)
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer.setPort(port);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the username to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * username specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * 
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     */
+    public void setUsername(String username)
+    {
+        this.username = username;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the password to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * password specified in Asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * 
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public void setPassword(String password)
+    {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultResponseTimeout default response timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultResponseTimeout(long defaultResponseTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultResponseTimeout = defaultResponseTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction)} will wait for a
+     * response and the last response event before throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 5000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultEventTimeout default event timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultEventTimeout(long defaultEventTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultEventTimeout = defaultEventTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve
+     * even if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException.<br>
+     * Default is <code>true</code>.
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure(
+            boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+    {
+        this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of ManagerConnection interface */
+
+    public void registerUserEventClass(Class userEventClass)
+    {
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            reader = createReader(this, asteriskServer);
+        }
+
+        reader.registerEventClass(userEventClass);
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login() throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException,
+            TimeoutException
+    {
+        login(null);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login(String events) throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        if (state != INITIAL && state != DISCONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Login may only be perfomed when in state " +
+                    "INITIAL or DISCONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = CONNECTING;
+        try
+        {
+            doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, events);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (state != CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = DISCONNECTED;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the real login, following the steps outlined below.<br>
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>Connects to the asterisk server by calling {@link #connect()} if not
+     * already connected
+     * <li>Waits until the protocol identifier is received but not longer than timeout ms.
+     * <li>Sends a {@link ChallengeAction} requesting a challenge for authType
+     * MD5.
+     * <li>When the {@link ChallengeResponse} is received a {@link LoginAction}
+     * is sent using the calculated key (MD5 hash of the password appended to
+     * the received challenge).
+     * </ol>
+     * 
+     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for the protocol identifier (in
+     *            ms)
+     * @param events the event mask. Set to "on" if all events should be send,
+     *            "off" if not events should be sent or a combination of
+     *            "system", "call" and "log" (separated by ',') to specify what
+     *            kind of events should be sent.
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if username or password are
+     *             incorrect and the login action returns an error or if the MD5
+     *             hash cannot be computed. The connection is closed in this
+     *             case.
+     * @throws TimeoutException if a timeout occurs while waiting for the
+     *             protocol identifier. The connection is closed in this case.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void doLogin(long timeout, String events) throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        ChallengeAction challengeAction;
+        ManagerResponse challengeResponse;
+        String challenge;
+        String key;
+        LoginAction loginAction;
+        ManagerResponse loginResponse;
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            connect();
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    protocolIdentifier.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException e)
+                {
+                    // swallow
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                disconnect();
+                throw new TimeoutException(
+                        "Timeout waiting for protocol identifier");
+            }
+        }
+
+        challengeAction = new ChallengeAction("MD5");
+        try
+        {
+            challengeResponse = sendAction(challengeAction);
+        }
+        catch(Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send challenge action", e);
+        }
+        
+        if (challengeResponse instanceof ChallengeResponse)
+        {
+            challenge = ((ChallengeResponse) challengeResponse).getChallenge();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(
+                    "Unable to get challenge from Asterisk. ChallengeAction returned: " 
+                    + challengeResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            MessageDigest md;
+
+            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+            if (challenge != null)
+            {
+                md.update(challenge.getBytes());
+            }
+            if (password != null)
+            {
+                md.update(password.getBytes());
+            }
+            key = ManagerUtil.toHexString(md.digest());
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(
+                    "Unable to create login key using MD5 Message Digest", ex);
+        }
+
+        loginAction = new LoginAction(username, "MD5", key, events);
+        try
+        {
+            loginResponse = sendAction(loginAction);
+        }
+        catch(Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send login action", e);
+        }
+
+        if (loginResponse instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(loginResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        state = CONNECTED; 
+
+        logger.info("Successfully logged in");
+
+        version = determineVersion();
+        writer.setTargetVersion(version);
+
+        logger.info("Determined Asterisk version: " + version);
+
+        // generate pseudo event indicating a successful login
+        ConnectEvent connectEvent = new ConnectEvent(asteriskServer);
+        connectEvent.setProtocolIdentifier(getProtocolIdentifier());
+        connectEvent.setDateReceived(DateUtil.getDate());
+        // TODO could this cause a deadlock?
+        dispatchEvent(connectEvent);
+    }
+    
+    protected AsteriskVersion determineVersion() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse showVersionFilesResponse;
+
+        // increase timeout as output is quite large
+        showVersionFilesResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version files pbx.c"), 
+                defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+        if (showVersionFilesResponse instanceof CommandResponse)
+        {
+            List showVersionFilesResult;
+
+            showVersionFilesResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionFilesResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionFilesResult != null && showVersionFilesResult.size() > 0)
+            {
+                String line1;
+
+                line1 = (String) showVersionFilesResult.get(0); 
+                if (line1 != null && line1.startsWith("File"))
+                {
+                    return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_2;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_0;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void connect() throws IOException
+    {
+        logger.info("Connecting to " + asteriskServer.getHostname() + " port "
+                + asteriskServer.getPort());
+
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating reader for " + asteriskServer);
+            reader = createReader(this, asteriskServer);
+        }
+
+        if (writer == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating writer");
+            writer = createWriter();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Creating socket");
+        socket = createSocket();
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to reader");
+        reader.setSocket(socket);
+
+        if (readerThread == null || !readerThread.isAlive() || reader.isDead())
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating and starting reader thread");
+            readerThread = new Thread(reader, "ManagerReader-" + (readerThreadNum++));
+            readerThread.setDaemon(true);
+            readerThread.start();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to writer");
+        writer.setSocket(socket);
+    }
+
+    protected SocketConnectionFacade createSocket() throws IOException
+    {
+        return new SocketConnectionFacadeImpl(asteriskServer.getHostname(),
+                asteriskServer.getPort(), socketTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <code>true</code> if there is a socket connection to the
+     * asterisk server, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     * 
+     * @return <code>true</code> if there is a socket connection to the
+     *         asterisk server, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean isConnected()
+    {
+        return socket != null && !reconnecting && socket.isConnected();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void logoff() throws IllegalStateException
+    {
+        if (state != CONNECTED && state != RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Logoff may only be perfomed when in state " +
+                    "CONNECTED or RECONNECTING, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = DISCONNECTING;
+
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            if (!reconnecting)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    sendAction(new LogoffAction());
+                }
+                catch(Exception e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Unable to send LogOff action", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        cleanup();
+        state = DISCONNECTED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket connection.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void disconnect()
+    {
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Closing socket.");
+            try
+            {
+                socket.close();
+            }
+            catch (IOException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to close socket: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            socket = null;
+        }
+        protocolIdentifier.value = null;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action) throws IOException,
+            TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendAction(action, defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action, long timeout)
+            throws IOException, TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        ManagerResponseListener callbackHandler;
+
+        result = new ResponseHandlerResult();
+        callbackHandler = new DefaultResponseListener(result);
+
+        synchronized (result)
+        {
+            sendAction(action, callbackHandler);
+            try
+            {
+                result.wait(timeout);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for result");
+            }
+        }
+    
+        // still no response?
+        if (result.getResponse() == null)
+        {
+            throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response to "
+                    + action.getAction());
+        }
+
+        return result.getResponse();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    public void sendAction(ManagerAction action,
+            ManagerResponseHandler callbackHandler) throws IOException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        sendAction(action, new ManagerResponseListenerAdapter(callbackHandler));
+    }
+
+    public void sendAction(ManagerAction action,
+            ManagerResponseListener callbackHandler) throws IOException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+
+        if ((state == CONNECTING || state == RECONNECTING) 
+                && (action instanceof ChallengeAction || action instanceof LoginAction))
+        {
+            // when (re-)connecting challenge and login actions are ok.
+        }
+        else if (state == DISCONNECTING && action instanceof LogoffAction)
+        {
+            // when disconnecting logoff action is ok.
+        }
+        else if (state != CONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Actions may only be sent when in state " +
+                    "CONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send "
+                    + action.getAction() + " action: socket not connected.");
+        }
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // if the callbackHandler is null the user is obviously not interested
+        // in the response, thats fine.
+        if (callbackHandler != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, callbackHandler);
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action)
+            throws IOException, EventTimeoutException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendEventGeneratingAction(action, defaultEventTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(
+            EventGeneratingAction action, long timeout) throws IOException,
+            EventTimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        ResponseEventsImpl responseEvents;
+        ResponseEventHandler responseEventHandler;
+        String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+        else if (action.getActionCompleteEventClass() == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass for " + 
+                    action.getClass().getName() + " is null.");
+        }
+        else if (!ResponseEvent.class.isAssignableFrom(action
+                .getActionCompleteEventClass()))
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass (" + 
+                    action.getActionCompleteEventClass().getName() + ") for " +
+                    action.getClass().getName() + " is not a ResponseEvent.");
+        }
+
+        // TODO
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send "
+                    + action.getAction() + " action: not connected.");
+        }
+
+        responseEvents = new ResponseEventsImpl();
+        responseEventHandler = new ResponseEventHandler(responseEvents, action
+                .getActionCompleteEventClass());
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // register response handler...
+        synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        // ...and event handler.
+        synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseEventListeners.put(internalActionId,
+                    responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (responseEvents)
+        {
+            writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+            try
+            {
+                responseEvents.wait(timeout);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for response events");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // still no response or not all events received and timed out?
+        if ((responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents
+                .isComplete()))
+        {
+            // clean up
+            synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseEventListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+            }
+
+            throw new EventTimeoutException(
+                    "Timeout waiting for response or response events to "
+                            + action.getAction(), responseEvents);
+        }
+
+        // remove the event handler (note: the response handler is removed
+        // automatically when the response is received)
+        synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseEventListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+        }
+
+        return responseEvents;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new unique internal action id based on the hash code of this
+     * connection and a sequence.
+     * 
+     * @see ManagerUtil#addInternalActionId(String, String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#getInternalActionId(String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#stripInternalActionId(String)
+     */
+    private String createInternalActionId()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(this.hashCode());
+        sb.append("_");
+        sb.append(this.actionIdCount++);
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void addEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            // only add it if its not already there
+            if (!this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.add(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            if (this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.remove(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    public void addEventHandler(final ManagerEventHandler eventHandler)
+    {
+        addEventListener(new ManagerEventListenerAdapter(eventHandler));
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    public void removeEventHandler(final ManagerEventHandler eventHandler)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            Iterator<ManagerEventListener> i = eventListeners.iterator();
+            
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                ManagerEventListener listener = i.next();
+                if (listener instanceof ManagerEventListenerAdapter &&
+                    ((ManagerEventListenerAdapter) listener).handler == eventHandler)
+                {
+                    i.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getProtocolIdentifier()
+    {
+        return protocolIdentifier.value;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerConnectionState getState()
+    {
+        return state;
+    }
+    
+    public AsteriskServer getAsteriskServer()
+    {
+        return asteriskServer;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of Dispatcher: callbacks for ManagerReader */
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a {@link ManagerResponse} is
+     * received. The response is dispatched to the associated
+     * {@link ManagerResponseListener}.
+     * 
+     * @param response the response received by the reader
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+    {
+        final String actionId;
+        String internalActionId;
+        ManagerResponseListener listener;
+
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (response == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null response");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        actionId = response.getActionId();
+        internalActionId = null;
+        listener = null;
+
+        if (actionId != null)
+        {
+            internalActionId = ManagerUtil.getInternalActionId(actionId);
+            response.setActionId(ManagerUtil.stripInternalActionId(actionId));
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching response with internalActionId '"
+                + internalActionId + "':\n" + response);
+
+        if (internalActionId != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                listener = responseListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                if (listener != null)
+                {
+                    this.responseListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // when using the async sendAction it's ok not to register a
+                    // callback so if we don't find a response handler thats ok
+                    logger.debug("No response listener registered for "
+                            + "internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "'");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to retrieve internalActionId from response: "
+                    + "actionId '" + actionId + "':\n" + response);
+        }
+
+        if (listener != null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                listener.onManagerResponse(response);
+            }
+            catch (RuntimeException e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unexpected exception in response listener "
+                        + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a ManagerEvent is received.
+     * The event is dispatched to all registered ManagerEventHandlers.
+     * 
+     * @param event the event received by the reader
+     * @see #addEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see #removeEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (event == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null event");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching event:\n" + event.toString());
+
+        // dispatch ResponseEvents to the appropriate responseEventHandler
+        if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+        {
+            ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+            String internalActionId;
+
+            responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+            internalActionId = responseEvent.getInternalActionId();
+            if (internalActionId != null)
+            {
+                synchronized (responseEventListeners)
+                {
+                    ManagerEventListener listener;
+
+                    listener = responseEventListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                    if (listener != null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                        }
+                        catch (RuntimeException e)
+                        {
+                            logger.warn("Unexpected exception in event listener "
+                                    + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // ResponseEvent without internalActionId:
+                // this happens if the same event class is used as response event
+                // and as an event that is not triggered by a Manager command
+                // example: QueueMemberStatusEvent.
+                //logger.debug("ResponseEvent without "
+                //        + "internalActionId:\n" + responseEvent);
+            }
+        }
+        if (event instanceof DisconnectEvent)
+        {
+            if (state == CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = RECONNECTING;
+                cleanup();
+                reconnectThread = new Thread(new Runnable()
+                {
+                    public void run()
+                    {
+                        reconnect();
+                    }
+                });
+                reconnectThread.setName("ReconnectThread-" + reconnectThreadNum++);
+                reconnectThread.setDaemon(true);
+                reconnectThread.start();
+            }
+        }
+        if (event instanceof ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent)
+        {
+            ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+            String protocolIdentifier;
+
+            protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent = (ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent) event;
+            protocolIdentifier = protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent.getProtocolIdentifier();
+            setProtocolIdentifier(protocolIdentifier);
+        }
+
+        // dispatch to listeners registered by users
+        synchronized (eventListeners)
+        {
+            for (ManagerEventListener listener : eventListeners)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                }
+                catch (RuntimeException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler "
+                            + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when a {@link ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent} is received 
+     * from the reader. Having received a correct protocol identifier is the precodition
+     * for logging in.
+     * 
+     * @param identifier the protocol version used by the Asterisk
+     *            server.
+     */
+    private void setProtocolIdentifier(final String identifier)
+    {
+        logger.info("Connected via " + identifier);
+
+        if (!"Asterisk Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier) &&
+            !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.2".equals(identifier))
+        {
+            logger.warn("Unsupported protocol version '" + identifier
+                    + "'. Use at your own risk.");
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            protocolIdentifier.value = identifier;
+            protocolIdentifier.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconnects to the asterisk server when the connection is lost.<br>
+     * While keepAlive is <code>true</code> we will try to reconnect.
+     * Reconnection attempts will be stopped when the {@link #logoff()} method
+     * is called or when the login after a successful reconnect results in an
+     * {@link AuthenticationFailedException} suggesting that the manager
+     * credentials have changed and keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is not
+     * set.<br>
+     * This method is called when a {@link DisconnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader.
+     */
+    private void reconnect()
+    {
+        int numTries;
+
+        // try to reconnect
+        numTries = 0;
+        while (state == RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (numTries < 10)
+                {
+                    // try to reconnect quite fast for the firt 10 times
+                    // this succeeds if the server has just been restarted
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // slow down after 10 unsuccessful attempts asuming a
+                    // shutdown of the server
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e1)
+            {
+                // ignore
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                connect();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, null);
+                    logger.info("Successfully reconnected.");
+                    // everything is ok again, so we leave
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (AuthenticationFailedException e1)
+                {
+                    if (this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: "
+                                + e1.getMessage());
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: "
+                                + e1.getMessage() + ". Giving up.");
+                        state = DISCONNECTED;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (TimeoutException e1)
+                {
+                    // shouldn't happen - but happens!
+                    logger.error("TimeoutException while trying to log in "
+                            + "after reconnect.");
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                // server seems to be still down, just continue to attempt
+                // reconnection
+                logger.warn("Exception while trying to reconnect: "
+                        + e.getMessage());
+            }
+            numTries++;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void cleanup()
+    {
+        disconnect();
+        this.readerThread = null;
+    }
+
+    /* Helper classes */
+
+    /**
+     * A simple data object to store a ManagerResult.
+     */
+    private class ResponseHandlerResult implements Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7831097958568769220L;
+        private ManagerResponse response;
+
+        public ResponseHandlerResult()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public ManagerResponse getResponse()
+        {
+            return this.response;
+        }
+
+        public void setResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            this.response = response;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple response handler that stores the received response in a
+     * ResponseHandlerResult for further processing.
+     */
+    private class DefaultResponseListener
+            implements
+                ManagerResponseListener,
+                Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private ResponseHandlerResult result;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         * 
+         * @param result the result to store the response in
+         */
+        public DefaultResponseListener(ResponseHandlerResult result)
+        {
+            this.result = result;
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (result)
+            {
+                result.setResponse(response);
+                result.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A combinded event and response handler that adds received events and the
+     * response to a ResponseEvents object.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private class ResponseEventHandler
+            implements
+                ManagerEventListener,
+                ManagerResponseListener,
+                Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseEventsImpl events;
+        private final Class actionCompleteEventClass;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         * 
+         * @param events the ResponseEventsImpl to store the events in
+         * @param actionCompleteEventClass the type of event that indicates that
+         *            all events have been received
+         * @param thread the thread to interrupt when the
+         *            actionCompleteEventClass has been received
+         */
+        public ResponseEventHandler(ResponseEventsImpl events,
+                Class actionCompleteEventClass)
+        {
+            this.events = events;
+            this.actionCompleteEventClass = actionCompleteEventClass;
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                // should always be a ResponseEvent, anyway...
+                if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+                {
+                    ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+    
+                    responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+                    events.addEvent(responseEvent);
+                }
+    
+                // finished?
+                if (actionCompleteEventClass.isAssignableFrom(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                    // notify if action complete event and response have been received
+                    if (events.getResponse() != null)
+                    {
+                        events.notify();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                events.setRepsonse(response);
+                if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                // notify if action complete event and response have been received
+                if (events.isComplete())
+                {
+                    events.notify();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private class ProtocolIdentifierWrapper
+    {
+        String value;
+    }
+
+    // to be removed in 0.4
+    
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") 
+    private class ManagerResponseListenerAdapter implements ManagerResponseListener
+    {
+        ManagerResponseHandler handler;
+
+        public ManagerResponseListenerAdapter(ManagerResponseHandler handler)
+        {
+            this.handler = handler;
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            handler.handleResponse(response);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") 
+    private class ManagerEventListenerAdapter implements ManagerEventListener
+    {
+        ManagerEventHandler handler;
+
+        public ManagerEventListenerAdapter(ManagerEventHandler handler)
+        {
+            this.handler = handler;
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+        {
+            handler.handleEvent(event);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent` writes to field `this.org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.reconnectThreadNum` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event.31cbf4b974e849ee4d9e769de7f08222
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/manager/internal/ManagerConnectionImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ManagerConnectionImpl.java|dispatchEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e49b87a518e1b52359254277d3fa5d4e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6288/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6288/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6210a77b1f315dc6503c97fb70134c0ace7a164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6288/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.BridgeEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.LinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.UnlinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.eventQueue.EventLifeMonitor;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.util.LogTime;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides a method of accepting, queueing and delivering manager
+ * events. Asterisk is very sensitive to delays in receiving events. This class
+ * ensures that events are received and queued rapidly. A separate thread
+ * dequeues them and delivers them to the manager listener. Used this queue as
+ * follows: manager.addEventListener(new
+ * CoherentManagerEventQueue(originalListener)); This affectively daisy changes
+ * the originalListener via our queue.
+ * 
+ * @author bsutton
+ */
+class CoherentManagerEventQueue implements ManagerEventListener, Runnable
+{
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(CoherentManagerEventQueue.class);
+
+    private final ListenerManager listeners = new ListenerManager();
+
+    private boolean _stop = false;
+    private final Thread _th;
+    private final BlockingQueue<EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>> _eventQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+    private int _queueMaxSize;
+
+    private long _queueSum;
+
+    private long _queueCount;
+
+    private HashSet<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> globalEvents = new HashSet<>();
+
+    public CoherentManagerEventQueue(String name, ManagerConnection connection)
+    {
+
+        connection.addEventListener(this);
+
+        this._th = new Thread(this);
+        this._th.setName("EventQueue: " + name);//$NON-NLS-1$
+        this._th.setDaemon(true);
+        this._th.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * handles manager events passed to us in our role as a listener. We queue
+     * the event so that it can be read, by the run method of this class, and
+     * subsequently passed on to the original listener.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onManagerEvent(final org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+
+        // logger.error(event);
+        boolean wanted = false;
+        /**
+         * Dump any events we arn't interested in ASAP to minimise the
+         * processing overhead of these events.
+         */
+        // Only enqueue the events that are of interest to one of our listeners.
+        synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+        {
+            Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> shadowEvent = CoherentEventFactory.getShadowEvent(event);
+            if (this.globalEvents.contains(shadowEvent))
+            {
+                wanted = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (wanted)
+        {
+
+            // We don't support all events.
+            this._eventQueue.add(new EventLifeMonitor<>(event));
+            final int queueSize = this._eventQueue.size();
+            if (this._queueMaxSize < queueSize)
+            {
+                this._queueMaxSize = queueSize;
+            }
+            this._queueSum += queueSize;
+            this._queueCount++;
+
+            if (CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.isDebugEnabled())
+            {
+                if (this._eventQueue.size() > ((this._queueMaxSize + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)) / 2))
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.debug("queue gtr max avg: size=" + queueSize + " max:" //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                            + this._queueMaxSize + " avg:" + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)); //$NON-NLS-1$
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run()
+    {
+
+        while (!this._stop)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                final EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent> elm = this._eventQueue.poll(2,
+                        TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                if (elm != null)
+                {
+                    // A poison queue event means its time to shutdown.
+                    if (elm.getEvent().getClass() == PoisonQueueEvent.class)
+                        break;
+
+                    final ManagerEvent iEvent = CoherentEventFactory.build(elm.getEvent());
+                    if (iEvent != null)
+                    {
+                        dispatchEvent(iEvent);
+                        elm.assessAge();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (final Exception e)
+            {
+                /**
+                 * If an exception is thrown whilst we are shutting down then we
+                 * don't care. If it is thrown when we aren't shutting down then
+                 * we have a problem and we need to log it.
+                 */
+                if (!this._stop)
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class PoisonQueueEvent extends org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent
+    {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+        public PoisonQueueEvent()
+        {
+            super("PoisonQueueEvent"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void stop()
+    {
+        this._stop = true;
+        try
+        {
+            this._eventQueue.put(new EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>(new PoisonQueueEvent()));
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            logger.error(e, e);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: make this multi threaded
+    private final ExecutorService executors = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
+
+    /**
+     * Events are sent here from the CoherentManagerEventQueue after being
+     * converted from a ManagerEvent to an ManagerEvent. This method is called
+     * from a dedicated thread attached to the event queue which it uses for
+     * dispatching events.
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(final ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+        {
+            logger.debug("dispatch=" + event.toString()); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+        // take a copy of the listeners so they can be modified whilst we
+        // iterate over them
+        // The iteration may call some long running processes.
+        final List<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> listenerCopy;
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            listenerCopy = this.listeners.getCopyAsList();
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            final LogTime totalTime = new LogTime();
+
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(listenerCopy.size());
+
+            for (final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter : listenerCopy)
+            {
+                if (filter.requiredEvents.contains(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    dispatchEventOnThread(event, filter, latch);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // this listener didn't want the event, so just decrease the
+                    // countdown
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            latch.await();
+
+            if (totalTime.timeTaken() > 500)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + totalTime.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            Thread.interrupted();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dispatchEventOnThread(final ManagerEvent event, final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter,
+            final CountDownLatch latch)
+    {
+        Runnable runner = new Runnable()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public void run()
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    final LogTime time = new LogTime();
+
+                    filter._listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                    if (time.timeTaken() > 500)
+                    {
+                        logger.warn("ManagerListener :" + filter._listener.getName() //$NON-NLS-1$
+                                + " is taken too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + time.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        executors.execute(runner);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a listener which will be sent all events that its filterEvent
+     * handler will accept. All events are dispatch by way of a shared queue
+     * which is read via a thread which is shared by all listeners. Whilst poor
+     * performance of you listener can affect other listeners you can't affect
+     * the read thread which takes events from asterisk and enqueues them.
+     * 
+     * @param listener
+     */
+    public void addListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            this.listeners.addListener(listener);
+            synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+            {
+                Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents = expandEvents(listener.requiredEvents());
+                this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug("listener  added " + listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * in order to get Bridge Events, we must subscribe to Link and Unlink
+     * events for asterisk 1.4, so we automatically add them if the Bridge Event
+     * is required
+     * 
+     * @param events
+     * @return
+     */
+    Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents(Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> events)
+    {
+        Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> requiredEvents = new HashSet<>();
+        for (Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> event : events)
+        {
+            requiredEvents.add(event);
+            if (event.equals(BridgeEvent.class))
+            {
+                requiredEvents.add(UnlinkEvent.class);
+                requiredEvents.add(LinkEvent.class);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return requiredEvents;
+    }
+
+    public void removeListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> melf)
+    {
+        if (melf != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.listeners)
+            {
+                this.listeners.removeListener(melf);
+
+                // When we remove a listener we must unfortunately
+                // completely
+                // recalculate the set of required events.
+                synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+                {
+                    this.globalEvents.clear();
+                    Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = this.listeners.iterator();
+                    while (itr.hasNext())
+                    {
+                        FilteredManagerListenerWrapper readdContainer = itr.next();
+                        this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents(readdContainer._listener.requiredEvents()));
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * transfers the listeners from one queue to another.
+     * 
+     * @param eventQueue
+     */
+    public void transferListeners(CoherentManagerEventQueue eventQueue)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            synchronized (eventQueue.listeners)
+            {
+                Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = eventQueue.listeners.iterator();
+                while (itr.hasNext())
+                {
+                    FilteredManagerListenerWrapper listener = itr.next();
+
+                    this.addListener(listener._listener);
+                }
+                eventQueue.listeners.clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent` reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue._queueCount`. Potentially races with write in method `CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.2569a749c3962e5d14fd71002b69f730
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/pbx/internal/core/CoherentManagerEventQueue.java
+
+### Key:
+CoherentManagerEventQueue.java|onManagerEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a177fc81b4f374ee1220442275da978f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6292/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6292/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b8df497af7219b8b991aeab25e3163906976960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6292/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.fastagi.internal;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.URLDecoder;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.fastagi.AgiRequest;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.AstUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of the AGIRequest interface.
+ * 
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class AgiRequestImpl implements Serializable, AgiRequest
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+    private static final Pattern SCRIPT_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^([^\\?]*)\\?(.*)$");
+    private static final Pattern PARAMETER_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("^(.*)=(.*)$");
+
+    private String rawCallerId;
+
+    /**
+     * Serial version identifier.
+     */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3257001047145789496L;
+
+    private Map<String, String> request;
+
+    /**
+     * A map assigning the values of a parameter (an array of Strings) to the
+     * name of the parameter.
+     */
+    private Map<String, String[]> parameterMap;
+
+    private String parameters;
+    private String script;
+    private boolean callerIdCreated;
+    private InetAddress localAddress;
+    private int localPort;
+    private InetAddress remoteAddress;
+    private int remotePort;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new AGIRequestImpl.
+     * 
+     * @param environment the first lines as received from Asterisk containing
+     *            the environment.
+     */
+    AgiRequestImpl(final List<String> environment)
+    {
+        this(buildMap(environment));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new AgiRequestImpl based on a preparsed map of parameters.
+     *
+     * @param request a map representing the AGI request. Keys must not contain the "agi_" or "ogi_" prefix.
+     * @since 1.0.0
+     */
+    private AgiRequestImpl(final Map<String, String> request)
+    {
+        this.request = request;
+
+        script = request.get("network_script");
+        if (script != null)
+        {
+            Matcher scriptMatcher = SCRIPT_PATTERN.matcher(script);
+            if (scriptMatcher.matches())
+            {
+                script = scriptMatcher.group(1);
+                parameters = scriptMatcher.group(2);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds a map containing variable names as key (with the "agi_" or "ogi_" prefix
+     * stripped) and the corresponding values.<p>
+     * Syntactically invalid and empty variables are skipped.
+     * 
+     * @param lines the environment to transform.
+     * @return a map with the variables set corresponding to the given environment.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if lines is <code>null</code>
+     */
+    private static Map<String, String> buildMap(final Collection<String> lines) throws IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        final Map<String, String> map;
+
+        if (lines == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Environment must not be null.");
+        }
+
+        map = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+        for (String line : lines)
+        {
+            int colonPosition;
+            String key;
+            String value;
+
+            colonPosition = line.indexOf(':');
+
+            // no colon on the line?
+            if (colonPosition < 0)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // key doesn't start with agi_ or ogi_?
+            if (!line.startsWith("agi_") && !line.startsWith("ogi_"))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // first colon in line is last character -> no value present?
+            if (line.length() < colonPosition + 2)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            key = line.substring(4, colonPosition).toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+            value = line.substring(colonPosition + 2);
+
+            if (value.length() != 0)
+            {
+                map.put(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, String> getRequest()
+    {
+        return request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the script to execute.
+     * 
+     * @return the name of the script to execute.
+     */
+    public synchronized String getScript()
+    {
+        return script;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the full URL of the request in the form
+     * agi://host[:port][/script].
+     * 
+     * @return the full URL of the request in the form
+     *         agi://host[:port][/script].
+     */
+    public String getRequestURL()
+    {
+        return request.get("request");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the channel.
+     * 
+     * @return the name of the channel.
+     */
+    public String getChannel()
+    {
+        return request.get("channel");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unqiue id of the channel.
+     * 
+     * @return the unqiue id of the channel.
+     */
+    public String getUniqueId()
+    {
+        return request.get("uniqueid");
+    }
+
+    public String getType()
+    {
+        return request.get("type");
+    }
+
+    public String getLanguage()
+    {
+        return request.get("language");
+    }
+
+    public String getCallerId()
+    {
+        return getCallerIdNumber();
+    }
+
+    public String getCallerIdNumber()
+    {
+        String callerIdName;
+        String callerId;
+
+        callerIdName = request.get("calleridname");
+        callerId = request.get("callerid");
+        if (callerIdName != null)
+        {
+            // Asterisk 1.2
+            if (callerId == null || "unknown".equals(callerId))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return callerId;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Asterisk 1.0
+            return getCallerId10();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getCallerIdName()
+    {
+        String callerIdName;
+
+        callerIdName = request.get("calleridname");
+        if (callerIdName != null)
+        {
+            // Asterisk 1.2
+            if ("unknown".equals(callerIdName))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return callerIdName;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Asterisk 1.0
+            return getCallerIdName10();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Caller*ID number using Asterisk 1.0 logic.
+     * 
+     * @return the Caller*ID number
+     */
+    private synchronized String getCallerId10()
+    {
+        final String[] parsedCallerId;
+
+        if (!callerIdCreated)
+        {
+            rawCallerId = request.get("callerid");
+            callerIdCreated = true;
+        }
+
+        parsedCallerId = AstUtil.parseCallerId(rawCallerId);
+        if (parsedCallerId[1] == null)
+        {
+            return parsedCallerId[0];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return parsedCallerId[1];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Caller*ID name using Asterisk 1.0 logic.
+     * 
+     * @return the Caller*ID name
+     */
+    private synchronized String getCallerIdName10()
+    {
+        if (!callerIdCreated)
+        {
+            rawCallerId = request.get("callerid");
+            callerIdCreated = true;
+        }
+
+        return AstUtil.parseCallerId(rawCallerId)[0];
+    }
+
+    public String getDnid()
+    {
+        String dnid;
+        
+        dnid = request.get("dnid");
+        
+        if (dnid == null || "unknown".equals(dnid))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        return dnid; 
+    }
+
+    public String getRdnis()
+    {
+        String rdnis;
+        
+        rdnis = request.get("rdnis");
+        
+        if (rdnis == null || "unknown".equals(rdnis))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        return rdnis; 
+    }
+
+    public String getContext()
+    {
+        return request.get("context");
+    }
+
+    public String getExtension()
+    {
+        return request.get("extension");
+    }
+
+    public Integer getPriority()
+    {
+        if (request.get("priority") != null)
+        {
+            return Integer.valueOf(request.get("priority"));
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Boolean getEnhanced()
+    {
+        if (request.get("enhanced") != null)
+        {
+            if ("1.0".equals(request.get("enhanced")))
+            {
+                return Boolean.TRUE;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return Boolean.FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String getAccountCode()
+    {
+        return request.get("accountcode");
+    }
+
+    public Integer getCallingAni2()
+    {
+        if (request.get("callingani2") == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            return Integer.valueOf(request.get("callingani2"));
+        }
+        catch (NumberFormatException e)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Integer getCallingPres()
+    {
+        if (request.get("callingpres") == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        try
+        {
+            return Integer.valueOf(request.get("callingpres"));
+        }
+        catch (NumberFormatException e)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Integer getCallingTns()
+    {
+        if (request.get("callingtns") == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        try
+        {
+            return Integer.valueOf(request.get("callingtns"));
+        }
+        catch (NumberFormatException e)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Integer getCallingTon()
+    {
+        if (request.get("callington") == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        
+        try
+        {
+            return Integer.valueOf(request.get("callington"));
+        }
+        catch (NumberFormatException e)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getParameter(String name)
+    {
+        String[] values;
+
+        values = getParameterValues(name);
+
+        if (values == null || values.length == 0)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return values[0];
+    }
+
+    public String[] getParameterValues(String name)
+    {
+        if (getParameterMap().isEmpty())
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return parameterMap.get(name);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized Map getParameterMap()
+    {
+        if (parameterMap == null)
+        {
+            parameterMap = parseParameters(parameters);
+        }
+        return parameterMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the given parameter string and caches the result.
+     * 
+     * @param s the parameter string to parse
+     * @return a Map made up of parameter names their values
+     */
+    private synchronized Map<String, String[]> parseParameters(String s)
+    {
+        Map<String, List<String>> parameterMap;
+        Map<String, String[]> result;
+        StringTokenizer st;
+
+        parameterMap = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
+        result = new HashMap<String, String[]>();
+
+        if (s == null)
+        {
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        st = new StringTokenizer(s, "&");
+        while (st.hasMoreTokens())
+        {
+            String parameter;
+            Matcher parameterMatcher;
+            String name;
+            String value;
+            List<String> values;
+
+            parameter = st.nextToken();
+            parameterMatcher = PARAMETER_PATTERN.matcher(parameter);
+            if (parameterMatcher.matches())
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    name = URLDecoder.decode(parameterMatcher.group(1), "UTF-8");
+                    value = URLDecoder.decode(parameterMatcher.group(2), "UTF-8");
+                }
+                catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e)
+                {
+                    logger.error("Unable to decode parameter '" + parameter + "'", e);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    name = URLDecoder.decode(parameter, "UTF-8");
+                    value = "";
+                }
+                catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e)
+                {
+                    logger.error("Unable to decode parameter '" + parameter + "'", e);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (parameterMap.get(name) == null)
+            {
+                values = new ArrayList<String>();
+                values.add(value);
+                parameterMap.put(name, values);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                values = parameterMap.get(name);
+                values.add(value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (String name : parameterMap.keySet())
+        {
+            List<String> values;
+            String[] valueArray;
+
+            values = parameterMap.get(name);
+            valueArray = new String[values.size()];
+            result.put(name, values.toArray(valueArray));
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getLocalAddress()
+    {
+        return localAddress;
+    }
+
+    void setLocalAddress(InetAddress localAddress)
+    {
+        this.localAddress = localAddress;
+    }
+
+    public int getLocalPort()
+    {
+        return localPort;
+    }
+
+    void setLocalPort(int localPort)
+    {
+        this.localPort = localPort;
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getRemoteAddress()
+    {
+        return remoteAddress;
+    }
+
+    void setRemoteAddress(InetAddress remoteAddress)
+    {
+        this.remoteAddress = remoteAddress;
+    }
+
+    public int getRemotePort()
+    {
+        return remotePort;
+    }
+
+    void setRemotePort(int remotePort)
+    {
+        this.remotePort = remotePort;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+   public String toString()
+    {
+        StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer("AgiRequest[");
+        sb.append("script='").append(getScript()).append("',");
+        sb.append("requestURL='").append(getRequestURL()).append("',");
+        sb.append("channel='").append(getChannel()).append("',");
+        sb.append("uniqueId='").append(getUniqueId()).append("',");
+        sb.append("type='").append(getType()).append("',");
+        sb.append("language='").append(getLanguage()).append("',");
+        sb.append("callerIdNumber='").append(getCallerIdNumber()).append("',");
+        sb.append("callerIdName='").append(getCallerIdName()).append("',");
+        sb.append("dnid='").append(getDnid()).append("',");
+        sb.append("rdnis='").append(getRdnis()).append("',");
+        sb.append("context='").append(getContext()).append("',");
+        sb.append("extension='").append(getExtension()).append("',");
+        sb.append("priority='").append(getPriority()).append("',");
+        sb.append("enhanced='").append(getEnhanced()).append("',");
+        sb.append("accountCode='").append(getAccountCode()).append("',");
+        sb.append("systemHashcode=").append(System.identityHashCode(this));
+        sb.append("]");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `values` last assigned on line 560 could be null and is dereferenced at line 561.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map AgiRequestImpl.parseParameters(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.fastagi.internal.AgiRequestImpl.parseParameters(java.lang.String):java.util.Map.b41a8021ea056a14bb7ab2b41a2c565f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/fastagi/internal/AgiRequestImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+AgiRequestImpl.java|parseParameters|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+2738976321780de0d538bb1abf4a824d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6295/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6295/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21d1a7c2c351e74835c20910cd5bc8f155bd3943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6295/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1010 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    private final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final String traceId;
+
+        channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+
+        if (SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR > 0)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+
+        traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || (name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))))
+        {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData;
+            callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+                try
+                {
+                    callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+                }
+                catch (Throwable t)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress.", t);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <br>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored DialEvent for unknown destination channel " + event.getDestination() + " with unique id " + event.getDestUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStartEvent(MonitorStartEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == true)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent as the channel was already monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(true);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is monitored");
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStopEvent(MonitorStopEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == false)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent as the channel was not monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(false);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is not monitored");
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewChannelEvent` indirectly writes to field `callbackData.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.OriginateCallbackData.channel` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewChannelEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event.N.234060659f8c8beacf59a69fa3e4adaa
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewChannelEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b62a92e06f611f052f5b580c13b619d7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6401/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6401/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c512fa558794df2358415e6f75f2ff1040fd4299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6401/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 95
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parseString(...)` at line 202 is not released after line 203.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel():void.757cd11721cfc0bf14fbbae2a896ab0b
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+8751dfe86e88f82d92cb12b23620c77e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6406/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6406/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..962c2f279331cf4a4958cdeaf5ade2dbd78bcc1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6406/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 104
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parseString(...)` at line 392 is not released after line 393.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings():void.c42eccf00c35111c7f9aef191a26179a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+b4447bee98b6e522d65ee43f312bfe61
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6408/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6408/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0af5a69e9ee65e1f47c3e52ef4332fd89605957f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6408/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 68
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVPrinterTest {
+
+    public static String printable(final String s) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            final char ch = s.charAt(i);
+            if (ch <= ' ' || ch >= 128) {
+                sb.append("(").append((int) ch).append(")");
+            } else {
+                sb.append(ch);
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    String recordSeparator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getRecordSeparator();
+
+    public void doOneRandom(final CSVFormat format) throws Exception {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int nLines = r.nextInt(4) + 1;
+        final int nCol = r.nextInt(3) + 1;
+        // nLines=1;nCol=2;
+        final String[][] lines = new String[nLines][];
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            final String[] line = new String[nCol];
+            lines[i] = line;
+            for (int j = 0; j < nCol; j++) {
+                line[j] = randStr();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, format);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            // for (int j=0; j<lines[i].length; j++) System.out.println("### VALUE=:" + printable(lines[i][j]));
+            printer.printRecord((Object[])lines[i]);
+        }
+
+        printer.flush();
+        printer.close();
+        final String result = sw.toString();
+        // System.out.println("### :" + printable(result));
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(result, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> parseResult = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Printer output :" + printable(result), lines, parseResult);
+    }
+
+    public void doRandom(final CSVFormat format, final int iter) throws Exception {
+        for (int i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+            doOneRandom(format);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String randStr() {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int sz = r.nextInt(20);
+        // sz = r.nextInt(3);
+        final char[] buf = new char[sz];
+        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
+            // stick in special chars with greater frequency
+            char ch;
+            final int what = r.nextInt(20);
+            switch (what) {
+                case 0:
+                    ch = '\r';
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    ch = '\n';
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    ch = '\t';
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    ch = '\f';
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    ch = ' ';
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    ch = ',';
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    ch = '"';
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    ch = '\'';
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    ch = '\\';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    ch = (char) r.nextInt(300);
+                    break;
+                // default: ch = 'a'; break;
+            }
+            buf[i] = ch;
+        }
+        return new String(buf);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDisabledComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }), Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }),
+                Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJdbcPrinter() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
+        final Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:mem:my_test;", "sa", "");
+        try {
+            final Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
+            stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(1, 'r1')");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(2, 'r2')");
+            final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            printer.printRecords(stmt.executeQuery("select ID, NAME from TEST"));
+            assertEquals("1,r1" + recordSeparator + "2,r2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+        } finally {
+            connection.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment\non multiple lines");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator + "# on multiple lines" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter3() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a, b", "b ");
+        assertEquals("\"a, b\",\"b \"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter4() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\"c");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\"\"c\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter5() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter6() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\r\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\r\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter7() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\\c");
+        assertEquals("a,b\\c" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrintNullValues() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", null, "b");
+        assertEquals("a,,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteAll() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", "d");
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",\"d\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteNonNumeric() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.NON_NUMERIC).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", Integer.valueOf(1));
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",1" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRandom() throws Exception {
+        final int iter = 10000;
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.DEFAULT, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.EXCEL, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.MYSQL, iter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinter` acquired to `printer` by call to `new()` at line 304 is not released after line 305.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVPrinterTest.testQuoteNonNumeric()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinterTest.testQuoteNonNumeric():void.8e0158b37d5b1a9987e5dfb6e8ea8bb7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVPrinterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVPrinterTest.java|testQuoteNonNumeric|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+24b323abf09399c888b6f1033b8f1206
+
+### Hash:
+0eca801859a87bf7fef8a29e4dfc698a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6412/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6412/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23b1f540df600be8179ce5c70956dac0a8669f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6412/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    String code = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+    String[][] res = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        for (String[] re : res) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(re, parser.getRecord()));
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue(parser.getRecord() == null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" \" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',', '\'', CSVFormat.DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true, "\r\n");
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',',  CSVFormat.DISABLED,  CSVFormat.DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true, "\r\n");
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+
+        String code = ""
+                + "a,b\n"            // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \"\n"   // 2)
+                + "\"\",#\n"   // 2)
+                ;
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {"", "#"},
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertEquals(CSVFormat.DISABLED, format.getCommentStart());
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+
+        String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {""},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        tmp = parser.getRecords();
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res_comments, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnicodeEscape() throws Exception {
+        String code = "abc,\\u0070\\u0075\\u0062\\u006C\\u0069\\u0063";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withUnicodeEscapesInterpreted(true));
+        final Iterator<String[]> iterator = parser.iterator();
+        String[] data = iterator.next();
+        assertEquals(2, data.length);
+        assertEquals("abc", data[0]);
+        assertEquals("public", data[1]);
+        assertFalse("Should not have any more records", iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnicodeEscapeMySQL() throws Exception {
+        String code = "abc\t\\u0070\\u0075\\u0062\\u006C\\u0069\\u0063";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.MYSQL.withUnicodeEscapesInterpreted(true));
+        final Iterator<String[]> iterator = parser.iterator();
+        String[] data = iterator.next();
+        assertEquals(2, data.length);
+        assertEquals("abc", data[0]);
+        assertEquals("public", data[1]);
+        assertFalse("Should not have any more records", iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() {
+        List<String[]> records = new ArrayList<String[]>();
+        
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        
+        for (String[] record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+        
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0)));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1)));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() {
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        
+        Iterator<String[]> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+        
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next()));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next()));
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next()));
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+        
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `data` last assigned on line 394 could be null and is dereferenced at line 395.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings():void.c42eccf00c35111c7f9aef191a26179a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8bd297b3d28e30f1b4b70c0be2cf3e0d
+
+### Hash:
+736b69a3e5f81179a77fc1b3206106e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6413/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6413/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6c5ecabcc5cd082d00b57aaf4bbd6a76a1ba24e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6413/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 102
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parseString(...)` at line 371 is not released after line 372.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testDefaultFormat()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testDefaultFormat():void.90b030b6ec0a6fbfae29a1f268d7e11a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testDefaultFormat|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+412c34112c63a464fe1d96f59e254a59
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6415/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6415/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f686e4d911f3e47e5fa6d18745dd1a45c9729d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6415/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 56
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVPrinterTest {
+
+    public static String printable(final String s) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            final char ch = s.charAt(i);
+            if (ch <= ' ' || ch >= 128) {
+                sb.append("(").append((int) ch).append(")");
+            } else {
+                sb.append(ch);
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    String recordSeparator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getRecordSeparator();
+
+    public void doOneRandom(final CSVFormat format) throws Exception {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int nLines = r.nextInt(4) + 1;
+        final int nCol = r.nextInt(3) + 1;
+        // nLines=1;nCol=2;
+        final String[][] lines = new String[nLines][];
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            final String[] line = new String[nCol];
+            lines[i] = line;
+            for (int j = 0; j < nCol; j++) {
+                line[j] = randStr();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, format);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            // for (int j=0; j<lines[i].length; j++) System.out.println("### VALUE=:" + printable(lines[i][j]));
+            printer.printRecord((Object[])lines[i]);
+        }
+
+        printer.flush();
+        printer.close();
+        final String result = sw.toString();
+        // System.out.println("### :" + printable(result));
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(result, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> parseResult = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Printer output :" + printable(result), lines, parseResult);
+    }
+
+    public void doRandom(final CSVFormat format, final int iter) throws Exception {
+        for (int i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+            doOneRandom(format);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String randStr() {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int sz = r.nextInt(20);
+        // sz = r.nextInt(3);
+        final char[] buf = new char[sz];
+        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
+            // stick in special chars with greater frequency
+            char ch;
+            final int what = r.nextInt(20);
+            switch (what) {
+                case 0:
+                    ch = '\r';
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    ch = '\n';
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    ch = '\t';
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    ch = '\f';
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    ch = ' ';
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    ch = ',';
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    ch = '"';
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    ch = '\'';
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    ch = '\\';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    ch = (char) r.nextInt(300);
+                    break;
+                // default: ch = 'a'; break;
+            }
+            buf[i] = ch;
+        }
+        return new String(buf);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDisabledComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }), Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }),
+                Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJdbcPrinter() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
+        final Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:mem:my_test;", "sa", "");
+        try {
+            final Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
+            stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(1, 'r1')");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(2, 'r2')");
+            final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            printer.printRecords(stmt.executeQuery("select ID, NAME from TEST"));
+            assertEquals("1,r1" + recordSeparator + "2,r2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+        } finally {
+            connection.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment\non multiple lines");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator + "# on multiple lines" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter3() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a, b", "b ");
+        assertEquals("\"a, b\",\"b \"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter4() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\"c");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\"\"c\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter5() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter6() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\r\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\r\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter7() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\\c");
+        assertEquals("a,b\\c" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrintNullValues() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", null, "b");
+        assertEquals("a,,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteAll() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", "d");
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",\"d\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteNonNumeric() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.NON_NUMERIC).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", Integer.valueOf(1));
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",1" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRandom() throws Exception {
+        final int iter = 10000;
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.DEFAULT, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.EXCEL, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.MYSQL, iter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinter` acquired to `printer` by call to `new()` at line 197 is not released after line 198.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVPrinterTest.testExcelPrinter2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinterTest.testExcelPrinter2():void.b9286276b4e0bdd4ed4013961f664544
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVPrinterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVPrinterTest.java|testExcelPrinter2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0fb8a1c0ca4d50e67c93620b0e0bccf7
+
+### Hash:
+5978e54be107122da7db609e8b04759b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6423/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6423/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ec6a5f84e7eb679564e94dc10f0ff0b1777e344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6423/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 94
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parseString(...)` at line 178 is not released after line 179.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV():void.a69f6d39a195e5ef26bc9a38154716b2
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+68576d122df08e022d4c20eb6bf883a4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6424/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6424/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51c35787f1d9038344d64f02e473a5a06ff6a317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6424/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 60
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVPrinterTest {
+
+    public static String printable(final String s) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            final char ch = s.charAt(i);
+            if (ch <= ' ' || ch >= 128) {
+                sb.append("(").append((int) ch).append(")");
+            } else {
+                sb.append(ch);
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    String recordSeparator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getRecordSeparator();
+
+    public void doOneRandom(final CSVFormat format) throws Exception {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int nLines = r.nextInt(4) + 1;
+        final int nCol = r.nextInt(3) + 1;
+        // nLines=1;nCol=2;
+        final String[][] lines = new String[nLines][];
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            final String[] line = new String[nCol];
+            lines[i] = line;
+            for (int j = 0; j < nCol; j++) {
+                line[j] = randStr();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, format);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            // for (int j=0; j<lines[i].length; j++) System.out.println("### VALUE=:" + printable(lines[i][j]));
+            printer.printRecord((Object[])lines[i]);
+        }
+
+        printer.flush();
+        printer.close();
+        final String result = sw.toString();
+        // System.out.println("### :" + printable(result));
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(result, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> parseResult = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Printer output :" + printable(result), lines, parseResult);
+    }
+
+    public void doRandom(final CSVFormat format, final int iter) throws Exception {
+        for (int i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+            doOneRandom(format);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String randStr() {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int sz = r.nextInt(20);
+        // sz = r.nextInt(3);
+        final char[] buf = new char[sz];
+        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
+            // stick in special chars with greater frequency
+            char ch;
+            final int what = r.nextInt(20);
+            switch (what) {
+                case 0:
+                    ch = '\r';
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    ch = '\n';
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    ch = '\t';
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    ch = '\f';
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    ch = ' ';
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    ch = ',';
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    ch = '"';
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    ch = '\'';
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    ch = '\\';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    ch = (char) r.nextInt(300);
+                    break;
+                // default: ch = 'a'; break;
+            }
+            buf[i] = ch;
+        }
+        return new String(buf);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDisabledComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }), Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }),
+                Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJdbcPrinter() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
+        final Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:mem:my_test;", "sa", "");
+        try {
+            final Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
+            stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(1, 'r1')");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(2, 'r2')");
+            final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            printer.printRecords(stmt.executeQuery("select ID, NAME from TEST"));
+            assertEquals("1,r1" + recordSeparator + "2,r2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+        } finally {
+            connection.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment\non multiple lines");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator + "# on multiple lines" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter3() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a, b", "b ");
+        assertEquals("\"a, b\",\"b \"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter4() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\"c");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\"\"c\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter5() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter6() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\r\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\r\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter7() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\\c");
+        assertEquals("a,b\\c" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrintNullValues() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", null, "b");
+        assertEquals("a,,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteAll() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", "d");
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",\"d\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteNonNumeric() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.NON_NUMERIC).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", Integer.valueOf(1));
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",1" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRandom() throws Exception {
+        final int iter = 10000;
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.DEFAULT, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.EXCEL, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.MYSQL, iter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinter` acquired to `printer` by call to `new()` at line 240 is not released after line 241.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVPrinterTest.testPrinter2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinterTest.testPrinter2():void.8a113f8bd0a15a0177dc1a99de6975cc
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVPrinterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVPrinterTest.java|testPrinter2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0fb8a1c0ca4d50e67c93620b0e0bccf7
+
+### Hash:
+6c3fd85351d97e7ab571de0fdfa4fa9b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6430/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6430/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70633b4e0ed16fe9b07893d3fc53c8f1dbbdd876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6430/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+/**
+ * ExtendedBufferedReaderTest
+ *
+ */
+public class ExtendedBufferedReaderTest extends TestCase {
+
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader br = null;
+  
+  /**
+   * Constructor for ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.
+   * @param arg0
+   */
+  public ExtendedBufferedReaderTest(String arg0) {
+    super(arg0);
+  }
+
+  public static Test suite() {
+    return new TestSuite(ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.class);
+  }
+  
+  // ======================================================
+  //   the test cases
+  // ======================================================
+ 
+  public void testConstructors() {
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""));
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""), 10); 
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLookahead1() throws Exception {
+   
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, getEBR("").read());
+    br = getEBR("1\n2\r3\n");
+    assertEquals('1', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.UNDEFINED, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('1', br.read());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());
+
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals('2', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('2', br.read());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\r', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.read());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('3', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('3', br.read());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+ 
+  }
+  
+
+  public void testReadLookahead2() throws Exception {
+    char[] ref = new char[5];
+    char[] res = new char[5];  
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.read(res, 0, 0));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref)); 
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    ref[0] = 'a';
+    ref[1] = 'b';
+    ref[2] = 'c';
+    assertEquals(3, br.read(res, 0, 3));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('c', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('d', br.lookAhead());
+    ref[4] = 'd';
+    assertEquals(1, br.read(res, 4, 1));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('d', br.readAgain());
+ 
+  }
+  
+  public void testMarkSupported() {
+    assertFalse(getEBR("foo").markSupported());
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLine() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("\n");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals('f', br.read());
+    assertEquals('o', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("oo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('h', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+ 
+    br = getEBR("foo\rbaar\r\nfoo");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("baar"));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkip0() throws Exception {
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.skip(1));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('b', br.read());
+    assertEquals(3, br.skip(3));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(2, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("12345");
+    assertEquals(5, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue (br.lookAhead() == ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkipUntil() throws Exception {   
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(';'));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF,GHL,,MN");
+    assertEquals(6, br.skipUntil(','));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(3, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(2, br.skipUntil(','));
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadUntil() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF;GHL;;MN");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("ABCDEF"));
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').length() == 0);
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("GHL"));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(',').equals("MN"));
+  }
+  
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader getEBR(String s) {
+    return new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(s));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired to `ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.br` by call to `getEBR(...)` at line 206 is not released after line 208.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testSkipUntil()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testSkipUntil():void.4ba2af62d4587696932edb68832ef127
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/csv/ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java|testSkipUntil|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b9259adff1ec639216ba3e0d69beaf83
+
+### Hash:
+d88c80c507ba3fe8f27de7df5cd9b232
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6437/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6437/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..882a1548c38a084cf3a5590309858da9a97f6b07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6437/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 129
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.BOMInputStream;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("CSV-107")
+    public void testBOM() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(url, null, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBOMInputStream() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(new BOMInputStream(url.openStream()), "UTF-8");
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(reader, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser(null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test // TODO this may lead to strange behavior, throw an exception if iterator() has already been called?
+    public void testMultipleIterators() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c" + CR + "d,e,f", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr1 = parser.iterator();
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr2 = parser.iterator();
+
+        final CSVRecord first = itr1.next();
+        assertEquals("a", first.get(0));
+        assertEquals("b", first.get(1));
+        assertEquals("c", first.get(2));
+
+        final CSVRecord second = itr2.next();
+        assertEquals("d", second.get(0));
+        assertEquals("e", second.get(1));
+        assertEquals("f", second.get(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserNullReaderFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserReaderNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(new StringReader(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        Assert.assertNull(parser.getHeaderMap());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseFileNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(new File(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullFileFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((File) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullStringFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((String) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullUrlCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(null, Charset.defaultCharset(), CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParserUrlNullCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        parser.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseStringNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse("csv data", null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseUrlCharsetNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), Charset.defaultCharset(), null);
+        parser.close();        
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parse(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parse(...)` at line 513 is not released after line 514.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testGetRecords()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testGetRecords():void.643ede3dac959261f86bed069fdb0ce0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testGetRecords|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+8314883f5f5735ec3bda0d06b5367820
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6439/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6439/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14cd64f67c4983c91d1e00f21dcd38551bf85fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6439/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 89
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parseString(...)` at line 73 is not released after line 78.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testGetLine()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testGetLine():void.0598a7ba4469a807e284291e4e67440a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testGetLine|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c84f44e9123968d5d5188e0d3dcd5fe6
+
+### Hash:
+136776821a0606cf14207aeca25e6f0b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6441/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6441/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff21dd52b752f30ff24ea103363db519e69ac061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6441/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class CSVFormatTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testImmutalibity() {
+        final CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat('!', '!', Quote.MINIMAL, '!', '!', true, true, CRLF, null);
+
+        format.withDelimiter('?');
+        format.withEncapsulator('?');
+        format.withCommentStart('?');
+        format.withLineSeparator("?");
+        format.withEscape('?');
+        format.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(false);
+        format.withIgnoreEmptyLines(false);
+        format.withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL);
+
+        assertEquals('!', format.getDelimiter());
+        assertEquals('!', format.getEncapsulator().charValue());
+        assertEquals('!', format.getCommentStart().charValue());
+        assertEquals('!', format.getEscape().charValue());
+        assertEquals(CRLF, format.getLineSeparator());
+
+        assertTrue(format.getIgnoreSurroundingSpaces());
+        assertTrue(format.getIgnoreEmptyLines());
+
+        assertEquals(Quote.MINIMAL, format.getQuotePolicy());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMutators() {
+        final CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat('!', '!', null, '!', '!', true, true, CRLF, null);
+
+        assertEquals('?', format.withDelimiter('?').getDelimiter());
+        assertEquals('?', format.withEncapsulator('?').getEncapsulator().charValue());
+        assertEquals('?', format.withCommentStart('?').getCommentStart().charValue());
+        assertEquals("?", format.withLineSeparator("?").getLineSeparator());
+        assertEquals('?', format.withEscape('?').getEscape().charValue());
+
+        assertFalse(format.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(false).getIgnoreSurroundingSpaces());
+        assertFalse(format.withIgnoreEmptyLines(false).getIgnoreEmptyLines());
+
+        assertEquals(Quote.ALL, format.withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL).getQuotePolicy());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFormat() {
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+
+        assertEquals("", format.format());
+        assertEquals("a,b,c", format.format("a", "b", "c"));
+        assertEquals("\"x,y\",z", format.format("x,y", "z"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidation() {
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+
+        try {
+            format.withDelimiter('\n');
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            format.withEscape('\r');
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            format.withEncapsulator('\n');
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            format.withCommentStart('\r');
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            format.withDelimiter('!').withEscape('!').validate();
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalStateException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            format.withDelimiter('!').withCommentStart('!').validate();
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalStateException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            format.withEncapsulator('!').withCommentStart('!').validate();
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalStateException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        format.withEncapsulator(null).withCommentStart(null).validate();
+
+        try {
+            format.withEscape('!').withCommentStart('!').validate();
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalStateException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        format.withEscape(null).withCommentStart(null).validate();
+
+
+        try {
+            format.withEncapsulator('!').withDelimiter('!').validate();
+            fail();
+        } catch (final IllegalStateException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("boxing") // no need to worry about boxing here
+    @Test
+    public void testSerialization() throws Exception {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        final ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(out);
+        oos.writeObject(CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        oos.flush();
+        oos.close();
+
+        final ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(out.toByteArray()));
+        final CSVFormat format = (CSVFormat) in.readObject();
+
+        assertNotNull(format);
+        assertEquals("delimiter", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getDelimiter(), format.getDelimiter());
+        assertEquals("encapsulator", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getEncapsulator(), format.getEncapsulator());
+        assertEquals("comment start", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getCommentStart(), format.getCommentStart());
+        assertEquals("line separator", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getLineSeparator(), format.getLineSeparator());
+        assertEquals("escape", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getEscape(), format.getEscape());
+        assertEquals("trim", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(), format.getIgnoreSurroundingSpaces());
+        assertEquals("empty lines", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getIgnoreEmptyLines(), format.getIgnoreEmptyLines());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `format.withEncapsulator(63).getEncapsulator()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 66.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVFormatTest.testMutators()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVFormatTest.testMutators():void.0bdab9eceba0354e19f46b1cf9376ba6
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVFormatTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVFormatTest.java|testMutators|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+2db84558eba80f22bf3ab90a02bbcbc5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6446/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6446/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6564daeb59e0ed530aad4439da5e4f1866969a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6446/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 127
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.BOMInputStream;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("CSV-107")
+    public void testBOM() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(url, null, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBOMInputStream() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(new BOMInputStream(url.openStream()), "UTF-8");
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(reader, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser(null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test // TODO this may lead to strange behavior, throw an exception if iterator() has already been called?
+    public void testMultipleIterators() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c" + CR + "d,e,f", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr1 = parser.iterator();
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr2 = parser.iterator();
+
+        final CSVRecord first = itr1.next();
+        assertEquals("a", first.get(0));
+        assertEquals("b", first.get(1));
+        assertEquals("c", first.get(2));
+
+        final CSVRecord second = itr2.next();
+        assertEquals("d", second.get(0));
+        assertEquals("e", second.get(1));
+        assertEquals("f", second.get(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserNullReaderFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserReaderNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(new StringReader(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        Assert.assertNull(parser.getHeaderMap());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseFileNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(new File(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullFileFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((File) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullStringFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((String) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullUrlCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(null, Charset.defaultCharset(), CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParserUrlNullCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        parser.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseStringNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse("csv data", null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseUrlCharsetNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), Charset.defaultCharset(), null);
+        parser.close();        
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parse(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parse(...)` at line 423 is not released after line 424.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testExcelFormat2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testExcelFormat2():void.12aab634a132fdbc1bae2f1ee1f0f4fe
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testExcelFormat2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+68be2c387c5826c1afc242b5a2f8f68f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6448/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6448/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac0045bdec621eec7c82bad37cb3c1df91268a29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6448/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 74
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(CSVINPUT), CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(CSVINPUT), CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        assertNull(records.next());
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        assertNull(records.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(new StringReader(input))) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        // header record
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("a", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("b", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("c", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat);
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `CSVParser(...)` at line 151 is not released after line 152.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel():void.624b3a5ce84f176545d74f845e3b0aa0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f3dcb0df59d0d3123f1e650c48499dd1
+
+### Hash:
+9c64008340a04a3624cdb7c6cae68dcd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6470/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6470/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68512b93cfc75989a1c3aa6a8af33e2513cf8ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6470/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 43
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Basic test harness.
+ *
+ * Requires test file to be downloaded separately.
+ *
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("boxing")
+public class PerformanceTest {
+
+    private static final String[] PROPS = {
+        "java.version",                  // Java Runtime Environment version
+        "java.vendor",                   // Java Runtime Environment vendor
+//        "java.vm.specification.version", // Java Virtual Machine specification version
+//        "java.vm.specification.vendor",  // Java Virtual Machine specification vendor
+//        "java.vm.specification.name",    // Java Virtual Machine specification name
+        "java.vm.version",               // Java Virtual Machine implementation version
+//        "java.vm.vendor",                // Java Virtual Machine implementation vendor
+        "java.vm.name",                  // Java Virtual Machine implementation name
+//        "java.specification.version",    // Java Runtime Environment specification version
+//        "java.specification.vendor",     // Java Runtime Environment specification vendor
+//        "java.specification.name",       // Java Runtime Environment specification name
+
+        "os.name",                       // Operating system name
+        "os.arch",                       // Operating system architecture
+        "os.version",                    // Operating system version
+
+    };
+
+    private static int max = 10;
+
+    private static int num = 0; // number of elapsed times recorded
+    private static long[] elapsedTimes = new long[max];
+
+    private static final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.EXCEL;
+
+    public static void main(String [] args) throws Exception {
+        final int argc = args.length;
+        String tests[];
+        if (argc > 0) {
+            max=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
+        }
+        if (argc > 1) {
+            tests = new String[argc-1];
+            for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+                tests[i-1]=args[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            tests=new String[]{"file", "split", "extb", "exts", "csv", "lexreset", "lexnew"};
+        }
+        for(String p : PROPS) {
+            System.out.println(p+"="+System.getProperty(p));
+        }
+        System.out.println("Max count: "+max+"\n");
+
+        for(String test : tests) {
+            if ("file".equals(test)) {
+                testReadBigFile(false);
+            } else if ("split".equals(test)) {
+                testReadBigFile(true);
+            } else if ("csv".equals(test)) {
+                testParseCommonsCSV();
+            } else if ("lexreset".equals(test)) {
+                testCSVLexer(false, test);
+            } else if ("lexnew".equals(test)) {
+                testCSVLexer(true, test);
+            } else if ("extb".equals(test)) {
+                testExtendedBuffer(false);
+            } else if ("exts".equals(test)) {
+                testExtendedBuffer(true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static BufferedReader getReader() throws IOException {
+        return new BufferedReader(new FileReader("worldcitiespop.txt"));
+    }
+
+    // Container for basic statistics
+    private static class Stats {
+        final int count;
+        final int fields;
+        Stats(int c, int f) {
+            count=c;
+            fields=f;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Display end stats; store elapsed for average
+    private static void show(String msg, Stats s, long start) {
+        final long elapsed = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+        System.out.printf("%-20s: %5dms " + s.count + " lines "+ s.fields + " fields%n",msg,elapsed);
+        elapsedTimes[num++]=elapsed;
+    }
+
+    // calculate and show average
+    private static void show(){
+        long tot = 0;
+        if (num > 1) {
+            for(int i=1; i < num; i++) { // skip first test
+                tot += elapsedTimes[i];
+            }
+            System.out.printf("%-20s: %5dms%n%n", "Average(not first)", (tot/(num-1)));
+        }
+        num=0; // ready for next set
+    }
+
+    private static void testReadBigFile(boolean split) throws Exception {
+       for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+           BufferedReader in = getReader();
+           long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+           Stats s = readAll(in, split);
+           in.close();
+           show(split?"file+split":"file", s, t0);
+       }
+       show();
+   }
+
+   private static Stats readAll(BufferedReader in, boolean split) throws IOException {
+       int count = 0;
+       int fields = 0;
+       String record;
+       while ((record=in.readLine()) != null) {
+           count++;
+           fields+= split ? record.split(",").length : 1;
+       }
+       return new Stats(count, fields);
+   }
+
+   private static void testExtendedBuffer(boolean makeString) throws Exception {
+       for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+           ExtendedBufferedReader in = new ExtendedBufferedReader(getReader());
+           long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+           int read;
+           int fields = 0;
+           int lines = 0;
+           if (makeString) {
+               StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+               while((read=in.read()) != -1) {
+                   sb.append((char)read);
+                   if (read == ',') { // count delimiters
+                       sb.toString();
+                       sb = new StringBuilder();
+                       fields++;
+                   } else if (read == '\n') {
+                       sb.toString();
+                       sb = new StringBuilder();
+                       lines++;
+                   }
+               }
+           } else {
+               while((read=in.read()) != -1) {
+                   if (read == ',') { // count delimiters
+                       fields++;
+                   } else if (read == '\n') {
+                       lines++;
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+           fields += lines; // EOL is a delimiter too
+           in.close();
+           show("Extended"+(makeString?" toString":""), new Stats(lines, fields), t0);
+       }
+       show();
+   }
+
+   private static void testParseCommonsCSV() throws Exception {
+       for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+           final BufferedReader reader = getReader();
+           CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(reader, format);
+           long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+           Stats s = iterate(parser);
+           reader.close();
+           show("CSV", s, t0);
+       }
+       show();
+   }
+
+   private static void testCSVLexer(final boolean newToken, String test) throws Exception {
+       Token token = new Token();
+       for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+           final BufferedReader reader = getReader();
+           Lexer lexer = new CSVLexer(format, new ExtendedBufferedReader(reader));
+           int count = 0;
+           int fields = 0;
+           long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+           do {
+               if (newToken) {
+                   token = new Token();
+               } else {
+                   token.reset();
+               }
+               lexer.nextToken(token);
+               switch(token.type) {
+               case EOF:
+                   break;
+               case EORECORD:
+                   fields++;
+                   count++;
+                   break;
+               case INVALID:
+                   throw new IOException("invalid parse sequence");
+               case TOKEN:
+                   fields++;
+                   break;
+              }
+
+           } while (!token.type.equals(Token.Type.EOF));
+           Stats s = new Stats(count, fields);
+           reader.close();
+           show(test, s, t0);
+       }
+       show();
+   }
+
+   private static Stats iterate(Iterable<CSVRecord> it) {
+       int count = 0;
+       int fields = 0;
+       for (CSVRecord record : it) {
+           count++;
+           fields+=record.size();
+       }
+       return new Stats(count, fields);
+   }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 205 is not released after line 231.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PerformanceTest.testCSVLexer(boolean,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.PerformanceTest.testCSVLexer(boolean,java.lang.String):void.b7cea62b2df887cd4d1df6e75a7a4ba0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/PerformanceTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PerformanceTest.java|testCSVLexer|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2a3cfd6c2d3af7c105aa07aadc5604d6
+
+### Hash:
+0273f2c9e85b7ec8342a3b2713af1128
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6477/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6477/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07ad215dd7400b531695440b20911f6c59cd832d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6477/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 131
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.BOMInputStream;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("CSV-107")
+    public void testBOM() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(url, null, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBOMInputStream() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(new BOMInputStream(url.openStream()), "UTF-8");
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(reader, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser(null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test // TODO this may lead to strange behavior, throw an exception if iterator() has already been called?
+    public void testMultipleIterators() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c" + CR + "d,e,f", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr1 = parser.iterator();
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr2 = parser.iterator();
+
+        final CSVRecord first = itr1.next();
+        assertEquals("a", first.get(0));
+        assertEquals("b", first.get(1));
+        assertEquals("c", first.get(2));
+
+        final CSVRecord second = itr2.next();
+        assertEquals("d", second.get(0));
+        assertEquals("e", second.get(1));
+        assertEquals("f", second.get(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserNullReaderFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserReaderNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(new StringReader(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        Assert.assertNull(parser.getHeaderMap());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseFileNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(new File(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullFileFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((File) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullStringFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((String) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullUrlCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(null, Charset.defaultCharset(), CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParserUrlNullCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        parser.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseStringNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse("csv data", null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseUrlCharsetNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), Charset.defaultCharset(), null);
+        parser.close();        
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parse(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parse(...)` at line 628 is not released after line 629.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testLineFeedEndings()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testLineFeedEndings():void.b68def46c30f2d9ae623b6fb9e8f7231
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testLineFeedEndings|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+2ad0a35935bb9cec2b0d531eb82d3293
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6479/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6479/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f2330ecaaa9e82d4db93862cee86e75ab64fd58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6479/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 65
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVPrinterTest {
+
+    public static String printable(final String s) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            final char ch = s.charAt(i);
+            if (ch <= ' ' || ch >= 128) {
+                sb.append("(").append((int) ch).append(")");
+            } else {
+                sb.append(ch);
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    String recordSeparator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getRecordSeparator();
+
+    public void doOneRandom(final CSVFormat format) throws Exception {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int nLines = r.nextInt(4) + 1;
+        final int nCol = r.nextInt(3) + 1;
+        // nLines=1;nCol=2;
+        final String[][] lines = new String[nLines][];
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            final String[] line = new String[nCol];
+            lines[i] = line;
+            for (int j = 0; j < nCol; j++) {
+                line[j] = randStr();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, format);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            // for (int j=0; j<lines[i].length; j++) System.out.println("### VALUE=:" + printable(lines[i][j]));
+            printer.printRecord((Object[])lines[i]);
+        }
+
+        printer.flush();
+        printer.close();
+        final String result = sw.toString();
+        // System.out.println("### :" + printable(result));
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(result, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> parseResult = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Printer output :" + printable(result), lines, parseResult);
+    }
+
+    public void doRandom(final CSVFormat format, final int iter) throws Exception {
+        for (int i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+            doOneRandom(format);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String randStr() {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int sz = r.nextInt(20);
+        // sz = r.nextInt(3);
+        final char[] buf = new char[sz];
+        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
+            // stick in special chars with greater frequency
+            char ch;
+            final int what = r.nextInt(20);
+            switch (what) {
+                case 0:
+                    ch = '\r';
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    ch = '\n';
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    ch = '\t';
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    ch = '\f';
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    ch = ' ';
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    ch = ',';
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    ch = '"';
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    ch = '\'';
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    ch = '\\';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    ch = (char) r.nextInt(300);
+                    break;
+                // default: ch = 'a'; break;
+            }
+            buf[i] = ch;
+        }
+        return new String(buf);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDisabledComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }), Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }),
+                Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJdbcPrinter() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
+        final Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:mem:my_test;", "sa", "");
+        try {
+            final Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
+            stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(1, 'r1')");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(2, 'r2')");
+            final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            printer.printRecords(stmt.executeQuery("select ID, NAME from TEST"));
+            assertEquals("1,r1" + recordSeparator + "2,r2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+        } finally {
+            connection.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment\non multiple lines");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator + "# on multiple lines" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter3() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a, b", "b ");
+        assertEquals("\"a, b\",\"b \"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter4() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\"c");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\"\"c\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter5() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter6() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\r\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\r\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter7() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\\c");
+        assertEquals("a,b\\c" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrintNullValues() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", null, "b");
+        assertEquals("a,,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteAll() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", "d");
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",\"d\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteNonNumeric() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.NON_NUMERIC).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", Integer.valueOf(1));
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",1" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRandom() throws Exception {
+        final int iter = 10000;
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.DEFAULT, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.EXCEL, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.MYSQL, iter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinter` acquired to `printer` by call to `new()` at line 280 is not released after line 281.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVPrinterTest.testPrinter7()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinterTest.testPrinter7():void.884f4395e8808e028556833685752182
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVPrinterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVPrinterTest.java|testPrinter7|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0fb8a1c0ca4d50e67c93620b0e0bccf7
+
+### Hash:
+56ded1274d1cadb9d2221b73d9aaa8c7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6483/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6483/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0b704add6a940811985890379a1f991c3ce6077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6483/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 109
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParser` acquired to `parser` by call to `parseString(...)` at line 707 is not released after line 720.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.validateRecordNumbers(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.validateRecordNumbers(java.lang.String):void.de8019dbe2325ac4baa4252daac00653
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|validateRecordNumbers|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+8209a0ee146ce7cb330f4e56677b377e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6484/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6484/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6390f54934b90cdf17f8b7105b50f6bfbdfa2c7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6484/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 100
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parseString(...)` at line 317 is not released after line 318.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testBackslashEscaping()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testBackslashEscaping():void.c105326833bff6f2bc02e764fd5d5d02
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testBackslashEscaping|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+be641d4a86f5ca00afa8ae2d0d0eed40
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6602/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6602/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea0606750d3ca172a7206b388ad48482c3fd04e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6602/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PlayJumpJumpWithMouse
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.company.playJumpJumpWithMouse;
+
+import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+public class AdbCaller {
+
+    private static String adbPath = Constants.ADB_PATH;
+
+    private static String screenshotLocation = Constants.SCREENSHOT_LOCATION;
+
+    private static Boolean error = null;
+
+    public static void setAdbPath(String adbPath) {
+        AdbCaller.adbPath = adbPath;
+    }
+
+    public static void setScreenshotLocation(String screenshotLocation) {
+        AdbCaller.screenshotLocation = screenshotLocation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 调用adb长按屏幕
+     *
+     * @param timeMilli
+     */
+    public static void longPress(double timeMilli, BufferedImage image) {
+        try {
+            int width = image.getWidth() / 3 + (int) (Math.random() * image.getWidth() / 3);
+            int height = image.getHeight() - 300 + (int) (Math.random() * 200);
+            Process process = Runtime.getRuntime()
+                    .exec(adbPath + " shell input touchscreen swipe " + width + " " + height + " " + width + " " + height + " " + (int) timeMilli);
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(process.getErrorStream()));
+            String s;
+            while ((s = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
+                System.out.println(s);
+            process.waitFor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 改进的截图方法<br>
+     * 感谢 hxzqlh
+     * 当改进的截图方法不能正常执行时降级为常规方法
+     */
+    public static void printScreen() {
+        if (error != null && error) {
+            printScreenWithOld();
+        } else {
+            try {
+                String[] args = new String[]{"bash", "-c", adbPath + " exec-out screencap -p > " + screenshotLocation};
+                String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
+                if (os.toLowerCase().startsWith("win")) {
+                    args[0] = "cmd";
+                    args[1] = "/c";
+                }
+                Process p1 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args);
+                BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p1.getErrorStream()));
+                String s;
+                while ((s = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
+                    System.out.println(s);
+                p1.waitFor();
+                checkScreenSuccess();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+                error = true;
+                printScreenWithOld();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkScreenSuccess() throws IOException {
+        if (error == null) {
+            BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(new File(screenshotLocation));
+            if (image == null) {
+                throw new IOException("cann't read file \"" + screenshotLocation + "\" into image object");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void printScreenWithOld() {
+        try {
+            Process p1 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(adbPath + " shell screencap -p /sdcard/screenshot.png");
+            p1.waitFor();
+            Process p2 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(adbPath + " pull /sdcard/screenshot.png " + screenshotLocation);
+            p2.waitFor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static int getSize() {
+        try {
+            Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("adb shell wm density");
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
+            String line = bufferedReader.readLine();
+            String[] splis = line.split(" ");
+            return Integer.valueOf(splis[splis.length - 1]);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return 480;
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println(getSize());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `p1` by call to `exec(...)` at line 65 is not released after line 72.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 68
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AdbCaller.printScreen()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.company.playJumpJumpWithMouse.AdbCaller.printScreen():void.02c1872f8f58e392b8a8b519fc39e6c3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/company/playJumpJumpWithMouse/AdbCaller.java
+
+### Key:
+AdbCaller.java|printScreen|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+d8c2d886be25428db8855d34ce11db2d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6605/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6605/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bff87ef9a6e0ca17e9b0e2267bd01e7e81999ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6605/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.vertx.up.uca.jooq;
+
+import io.github.jklingsporn.vertx.jooq.future.VertxDAO;
+import io.vertx.core.Future;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonArray;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
+import io.vertx.up.atom.query.Inquiry;
+import io.vertx.up.eon.Strings;
+import io.vertx.up.eon.em.Format;
+import io.vertx.up.exception.zero.JooqClassInvalidException;
+import io.vertx.up.fn.Fn;
+import io.vertx.up.log.Annal;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.jooq.util.JqFlow;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.jooq.util.JqTool;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.function.BiPredicate;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("all")
+public class UxJooq {
+
+    private static final Annal LOGGER = Annal.get(UxJooq.class);
+
+    private transient final Class<?> clazz;
+    /* Analyzer */
+    private transient final JqAnalyzer analyzer;
+    /* Aggre */
+    private transient final JqAggregator aggregator;
+    /* Writer */
+    private transient final JqWriter writer;
+
+    /* Reader */
+    private transient final JqReader reader;
+    /*
+     * New Structure for usage
+     */
+    private transient final JqFlow workflow;
+    private transient Format format = Format.JSON;
+
+    public <T> UxJooq(final Class<T> clazz, final VertxDAO vertxDAO) {
+        /* New exception to avoid programming missing */
+        Fn.out(!Ut.isImplement(clazz, VertxDAO.class), JooqClassInvalidException.class, UxJooq.class, clazz.getName());
+        this.clazz = clazz;
+
+        /* Analyzing column for Jooq */
+        this.analyzer = JqAnalyzer.create(vertxDAO);
+        this.aggregator = JqAggregator.create(analyzer);
+
+        /* Reader connect Analayzer */
+        this.reader = JqReader.create(this.analyzer);
+
+        /* Writer connect Reader */
+        this.writer = JqWriter.create(this.analyzer);
+
+        /* New Structure */
+        this.workflow = JqFlow.create(this.analyzer);
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- Bind Config --------------------
+    /*
+     * Bind configuration range here
+     * Pojo mode of complex processing
+     */
+    public UxJooq on(final String pojo) {
+        this.analyzer.on(pojo, this.clazz);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public UxJooq on(final Format format) {
+        this.format = format;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Set<String> columns() {
+        return this.analyzer.columns().keySet();
+    }
+
+    public String table() {
+        return this.analyzer.table();
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- INSERT --------------------
+    /*
+     * Async Only
+     * Disabled increament primary key processing, this method is not used in our system once,
+     * In distributed system environment, it's no usage.
+     *
+     * public <T> Future<T> insertReturningPrimaryAsync(final T entity, final Consumer<Long> consumer) {
+     *    return this.writer.insertReturningPrimaryAsync(entity, consumer);
+     * }
+     */
+    /*
+     * insertAsync(T)
+     *      <-- insertAsync(JsonObject)
+     *      <-- insertAsync(JsonObject,pojo)
+     *      <-- insertAsyncJ(T)
+     *      <-- insertAsyncJ(JsonObject, pojo)
+     *      <-- insertAsyncJ(JsonObject)
+     * */
+    public <T> Future<T> insertAsync(final T entity) {
+        return this.writer.insertAsync(entity);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<T> insertAsync(final JsonObject data) {
+        return workflow.<T>inputAsync(data).compose(this::insertAsync);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<T> insertAsync(final JsonObject data, final String pojo) {
+        return JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo).<T>inputAsync(data).compose(this::insertAsync);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<JsonObject> insertAsyncJ(final T entity) {
+        return this.insertAsync(entity).compose(workflow::outputAsync);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<JsonObject> insertAsyncJ(final JsonObject data) {
+        return workflow.<T>inputAsync(data).compose(this::insertAsync).compose(workflow::outputAsync);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<JsonObject> insertAsyncJ(final JsonObject data, final String pojo) {
+        final JqFlow flow = JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo);
+        return flow.<T>inputAsync(data).compose(this::insertAsync).compose(flow::outputAsync);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * insert(T)
+     *      <-- insert(JsonObject)
+     *      <-- insert(JsonObject, pojo)
+     *      <-- insertJ(T)
+     *      <-- insertJ(JsonObject)
+     *      <-- insertJ(JsonObject, pojo)
+     * */
+    public <T> T insert(final T entity) {
+        return this.writer.insert(entity);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T insert(final JsonObject data) {
+        return this.insert((T) workflow.input(data));
+    }
+
+    public <T> T insert(final JsonObject data, final String pojo) {
+        return this.insert((T) JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo).input(data));
+    }
+
+    public <T> JsonObject insertJ(final T entity) {
+        return workflow.output(this.insert(entity));
+    }
+
+    public <T> JsonObject insertJ(final JsonObject data) {
+        return workflow.output(this.insert((T) workflow.input(data)));  // T & List<T> Diff
+    }
+
+    public <T> JsonObject insertJ(final JsonObject data, final String pojo) {
+        final JqFlow flow = JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo);
+        return flow.output(this.insert((T) flow.input(data)));          // T & List<T> Diff
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * insertAsync(List<T>)
+     *  <-- insertAsync(JsonArray)
+     *  <-- insertAsync(JsonArray,pojo)
+     *  <-- insertAsyncJ(List<T>)
+     *  <-- insertAsyncJ(JsonArray)
+     *  <-- insertAsyncJ(JsonArray, pojo)
+     */
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> insertAsync(final List<T> entities) {
+        return this.writer.insertAsync(entities);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> insertAsync(final JsonArray input) {
+        return workflow.<T>inputAsync(input).compose(this::insertAsync);          // --> `insertAsync(List<T>)`
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> insertAsync(final JsonArray input, final String pojo) {
+        return JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo).<T>inputAsync(input).compose(this::insertAsync);         // --> `insertAsync(List<T>)`
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<JsonArray> insertAsyncJ(final List<T> list) {
+        return this.insertAsync(list).compose(workflow::outputAsync);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<JsonArray> insertAsyncJ(final JsonArray input) {
+        return workflow.<T>inputAsync(input).compose(this::insertAsync).compose(workflow::outputAsync);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<JsonArray> insertAsyncJ(final JsonArray input, final String pojo) {
+        final JqFlow flow = JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo);
+        return flow.<T>inputAsync(input).compose(this::insertAsync).compose(flow::outputAsync);
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+     * insert(List<T>)
+     *  <-- insert(JsonArray)
+     *  <-- insert(JsonArray,pojo)
+     *  <-- insertJ(List<T>)
+     *  <-- insertJ(JsonArray)
+     *  <-- insertJ(JsonArray, pojo)
+     */
+    public <T> List<T> insert(final List<T> entities) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> insert(final JsonArray data) {
+        return this.insert(workflow.input(data));
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> insert(final JsonArray data, final String pojo) {
+        final JqFlow flow = JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo);
+        return this.insert(flow.input(data));
+    }
+
+    public <T> JsonArray insertJ(final List<T> list) {
+        return workflow.output(this.insert(list));
+    }
+
+    public <T> JsonArray insertJ(final JsonArray data) {
+        return workflow.output(this.insert(workflow.input(data)));
+    }
+
+    public <T> JsonArray insertJ(final JsonArray data, final String pojo) {
+        final JqFlow flow = JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo);
+        return flow.<T>output(this.insert(flow.input(data)));
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- Search Operation -----------
+    /* (Async / Sync) Sort, Projection, Criteria, Pager Search Operations */
+    public Future<JsonObject> searchAsync(final JsonObject params, final String pojo) {
+        return this.reader.searchAsync(params, JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo));
+    }
+
+    public Future<JsonObject> searchAsync(final JsonObject params) {
+        return this.reader.searchAsync(params, this.workflow);
+    }
+
+    public JsonObject search(final JsonObject params, final String pojo) {
+        return this.reader.search(params, JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo));
+    }
+
+    public JsonObject search(final JsonObject params) {
+        return this.reader.search(params, this.workflow);
+    }
+    // -------------------- Fetch Operation -----------
+
+    // -------------------- Fetch List -------------------
+    /* (Async / Sync) Find All */
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchAllAsync() {
+        return this.reader.fetchAllAsync();
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetchAll() {
+        return this.reader.fetchAll();
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetch(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return this.reader.fetch(field, value);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchAsync(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return this.reader.fetchAsync(field, value);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchAsync(final JsonObject criteria) {
+        return this.reader.fetchAsync(criteria, this.workflow);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchAsync(final JsonObject criteria, final String pojo) {
+        return this.reader.fetchAsync(criteria, JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo));
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetch(final JsonObject criteria) {
+        return this.reader.fetch(criteria, this.workflow);
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetch(final JsonObject criteria, final String pojo) {
+        return this.reader.fetch(criteria, JqFlow.create(this.analyzer, pojo));
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchAndAsync(final JsonObject filters) {
+        filters.put(Strings.EMPTY, Boolean.TRUE);
+        return this.fetchAsync(filters);
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetchAnd(final JsonObject filters) {
+        filters.put(Strings.EMPTY, Boolean.TRUE);
+        return this.fetch(filters);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchOrAsync(final JsonObject orFilters) {
+        orFilters.put(Strings.EMPTY, Boolean.FALSE);
+        return this.fetchAsync(orFilters);
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetchOr(final JsonObject orFilters) {
+        orFilters.put(Strings.EMPTY, Boolean.FALSE);
+        return this.fetch(orFilters);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchInAsync(final String field, final Object... value) {
+        return this.fetchAsync(field, Arrays.asList(value));
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> fetchInAsync(final String field, final JsonArray values) {
+        return this.fetchAsync(field, values.getList());
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetchIn(final String field, final Object... values) {
+        return this.fetch(field, Arrays.asList(values));
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> fetchIn(final String field, final JsonArray values) {
+        return this.fetch(field, values.getList());
+    }
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Find / Exist / Missing By Filters Operation */
+    // -------------------- UPDATE --------------------
+    /* Async Only
+     * Disabled increament primary key processing, this method is not used in our system once,
+     * In distributed system environment, it's no usage.
+     *
+     * public <T> Future<T> upsertReturningPrimaryAsync(final JsonObject filters, final T updated, final Consumer<Long> consumer) {
+     *    return this.writer.upsertReturningPrimaryAsync(filters, updated, consumer);
+     * }
+     */
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Entity Update */
+    public <T> Future<T> updateAsync(final T entity) {
+        return this.writer.updateAsync(entity);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T update(final T entity) {
+        return this.writer.update(entity);
+    }
+
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Collection Update */
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> updateAsync(final List<T> entities) {
+        return this.writer.updateAsync(entities);
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> update(final List<T> entities) {
+        return this.writer.update(entities);
+    }
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Save Operations */
+    public <T> Future<T> updateAsync(final Object id, final T updated) {
+        return this.writer.updateAsync(id, updated);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T update(final Object id, final T updated) {
+        return this.writer.update(id, updated);
+    }
+
+
+    // -------------------- DELETE --------------------
+    /* (Async / Sync) Delete By ( ID / IDs ) */
+    public <ID> Future<Boolean> deleteByIdAsync(final ID id) {
+        return this.writer.<ID>deleteByIdAsync(id);
+    }
+
+    public <ID> Future<Boolean> deleteByIdAsync(final ID... ids) {
+        return this.writer.<ID>deleteByIdAsync(Arrays.asList(ids));
+    }
+
+    public <ID> Boolean deleteById(final ID id) {
+        return this.writer.<ID>deleteById(id);
+    }
+
+    public <ID> Boolean deleteById(final ID... ids) {
+        return this.writer.<ID>deleteById(Arrays.asList(ids));
+    }
+
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Delete Entity */
+    public <T> Future<T> deleteAsync(final T entity) {
+        return this.writer.<T>deleteAsync(entity);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> deleteAsync(final List<T> entity) {
+        return this.writer.<T>deleteAsync(entity);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T delete(final T entity) {
+        return this.writer.<T>delete(entity);
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> delete(final List<T> entity) {
+        return this.writer.<T>delete(entity);
+    }
+
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Delete by Filters */
+    public <T, ID> Future<Boolean> deleteAsync(final JsonObject filters) {
+        return this.writer.<T, ID>deleteAsync(filters, this.analyzer.pojoFile());
+    }
+
+    public <T, ID> Boolean delete(final JsonObject filters) {
+
+        return this.writer.<T, ID>delete(filters, this.analyzer.pojoFile());
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- Upsert ---------
+    public <T> Future<List<T>> upsertAsync(final JsonObject filters, final List<T> list, final BiPredicate<T, T> fnCombine) {
+        return this.writer.upsertAsync(filters, list, fnCombine);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<T> upsertAsync(final JsonObject filters, final T updated) {
+        return this.writer.upsertAsync(filters, updated);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<T> upsertAsync(final String key, final T updated) {
+        return this.writer.upsertAsync(key, updated);
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> upsert(final JsonObject filters, final List<T> list, final BiPredicate<T, T> fnCombine) {
+        return this.writer.upsert(filters, list, fnCombine);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T upsert(final JsonObject filters, final T updated) {
+        return this.writer.upsert(filters, updated);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T upsert(final String key, final T updated) {
+        return this.writer.upsert(key, updated);
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- Fetch One/All --------------------
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Fetch One */
+    public <T> Future<T> fetchOneAsync(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return this.reader.fetchOneAsync(field, value);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T fetchOne(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return this.reader.fetchOne(field, value);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<T> fetchOneAsync(final JsonObject filters) {
+        return this.reader.fetchOneAsync(filters);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T fetchOne(final JsonObject filters) {
+        return this.reader.fetchOne(filters);
+    }
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Find By ID */
+    public <T> Future<T> fetchByIdAsync(final Object id) {
+        return this.reader.fetchByIdAsync(id);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T fetchById(final Object id) {
+        return this.reader.fetchById(id);
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- Exist Operation --------------------
+    /* (Async / Sync) Exist By ID Operation */
+    public Future<Boolean> existByIdAsync(final Object id) {
+        return this.reader.existsByIdAsync(id);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean existById(final Object id) {
+        return this.reader.existsById(id);
+    }
+
+    public Future<Boolean> missByIdAsync(final Object id) {
+        return this.reader.existsByIdAsync(id).compose(result -> Future.succeededFuture(!result));
+    }
+
+    public Boolean missById(final Object id) {
+        return !this.reader.existsById(id);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<Boolean> missAsync(final JsonObject filters) {
+        return this.<T>fetchAsync(filters)
+                .compose(item -> Future.succeededFuture(0 == item.size()));
+    }
+
+    public <T> Future<Boolean> existAsync(final JsonObject filters) {
+        return this.<T>fetchAsync(filters)
+                .compose(item -> Future.succeededFuture(0 < item.size()));
+    }
+
+    public <T> Boolean exist(final JsonObject filters) {
+        final List<T> list = fetch(filters);
+        return 0 < list.size();
+    }
+
+    public <T> Boolean miss(final JsonObject filters) {
+        final List<T> list = fetch(filters);
+        return 0 == list.size();
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- Count Operation ------------
+    /* (Async / Sync) Count Operation */
+    public Future<Long> countAsync(final JsonObject params, final String pojo) {
+        final Inquiry inquiry = JqTool.getInquiry(params, pojo);
+        return this.aggregator.countAsync(inquiry);
+    }
+
+    public Future<Long> countAsync(final JsonObject params) {
+        return countAsync(params, this.analyzer.pojoFile());
+    }
+
+    public Long count(final JsonObject params, final String pojo) {
+        final Inquiry inquiry = JqTool.getInquiry(params, pojo);
+        return this.aggregator.count(inquiry);
+    }
+
+    public Long count(final JsonObject params) {
+        return count(params, this.analyzer.pojoFile());
+    }
+
+    /* (Async / Sync) Count By Operation */
+    public Future<ConcurrentMap<String, Integer>> countByAsync(final String groupField) {
+        return this.aggregator.countByAsync(new JsonObject(), groupField);
+    }
+
+    public ConcurrentMap<String, Integer> countBy(final String groupField) {
+        return this.aggregator.countBy(new JsonObject(), groupField);
+    }
+
+    public Future<ConcurrentMap<String, Integer>> countByAsync(final JsonObject params, final String groupField) {
+        return this.aggregator.countByAsync(params, groupField);
+    }
+
+    public ConcurrentMap<String, Integer> countBy(final JsonObject params, final String groupField) {
+        return this.aggregator.countBy(params, groupField);
+    }
+
+    // -------------------- Group Operation ------------
+    public <T> ConcurrentMap<String, List<T>> group(final String field) {
+        return this.aggregator.group(new JsonObject(), field);
+    }
+
+    public Future<JsonArray> groupAsync(final JsonObject params, final String... groupFields) {
+        return this.groupAsync(this.analyzer.pojoFile(), params, groupFields);
+    }
+
+    public Future<JsonArray> groupAsync(final String pojo, final JsonObject params, final String... groupFields) {
+        final Inquiry inquiry = JqTool.getInquiry(params, pojo);
+        return this.aggregator.groupByAsync(inquiry.toJson(), groupFields);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `create(UxJooq.analyzer,pojo)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `fetchAsync(...)` at line 272.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Future UxJooq.fetchAsync(JsonObject,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vertx.up.uca.jooq.UxJooq.fetchAsync(io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject,java.lang.String):io.vertx.core.3baa3eb876b052d025304e6e7ae36151
+
+### File:
+vertx-gaia/vertx-up/src/main/java/io/vertx/up/uca/jooq/UxJooq.java
+
+### Key:
+UxJooq.java|fetchAsync|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2f1ce606f9790f4abba1ebc761dd6bee
+
+### Hash:
+8556349ddbb30b37b565467c1fc17a55
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6611/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6611/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9905820b12f9f99d362877d82cb1cfb75ce40328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6611/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.hit;
+
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.util.CacheTool;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="http://www.origin-x.cn">lang</a>
+ */
+public class CacheId implements CacheKey {
+    private transient String id;
+
+    /*
+     * VertxDao processing, class mapped to L1Key
+     */
+    public CacheId(final Object id) {
+        if (Objects.nonNull(id)) {
+            this.id = id.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String unique(final CacheMeta meta) {
+        final Class<?> entityCls = meta.type();
+        final TreeMap<String, String> treeMap = new TreeMap<>();
+        treeMap.put(meta.primaryString(), this.id);
+        return CacheTool.keyId(entityCls.getName(), treeMap);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `entityCls` last assigned on line 25 could be null and is dereferenced at line 28.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String CacheId.unique(CacheMeta)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.hit.CacheId.unique(io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.hit.CacheMeta):java.lang.String.cd8655c4024d507fa22551f1d8ac64bf
+
+### File:
+vertx-gaia/vertx-tp/src/main/java/io/vertx/tp/plugin/cache/hit/CacheId.java
+
+### Key:
+CacheId.java|unique|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98b6153c270f23f90fc38cf4daf52355
+
+### Hash:
+d0cc60057fe5e5413d160fb9c0f74e24
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6616/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6616/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d0d534caf4bd209565bf541afaad50010b21081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6616/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.vertx.tp.plugin.shell;
+
+import io.vertx.core.Future;
+import io.vertx.tp.error.CommandMissingException;
+import io.vertx.tp.error.CommandParseException;
+import io.vertx.tp.error.CommandUnknownException;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.shell.atom.CommandAtom;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.shell.atom.CommandInput;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.shell.cv.em.CommandType;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.shell.cv.em.TermStatus;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.shell.refine.Sl;
+import io.vertx.up.exception.UpException;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.*;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="http://www.origin-x.cn">lang</a>
+ */
+class ConsoleTool {
+
+    static Future<CommandLine> parseAsync(final String[] args, final List<CommandAtom> definition) {
+        /*
+         * LineParser
+         */
+        final CommandLineParser parser = new DefaultParser();
+        /*
+         * Command Verifier
+         */
+        final CommandAtom atom = findCommand(args, definition);
+        if (Objects.isNull(atom)) {
+            /*
+             * Unknown command of input.
+             */
+            final UpException error = new CommandUnknownException(ConsoleTool.class, args[0]);
+            return Future.failedFuture(error);
+        } else {
+            try {
+                /*
+                 * Command valid
+                 */
+                final CommandLine parsed = parser.parse(atom.options(), args);
+                return Future.succeededFuture(parsed);
+            } catch (final ParseException ex) {
+                final UpException error = new CommandParseException(ConsoleTool.class, Ut.fromJoin(args), ex);
+                return Future.failedFuture(error);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    static Future<TermStatus> runAsync(final CommandLine parsed, final List<CommandAtom> commands,
+                                       final Function<Commander, Commander> binder) {
+        /*
+         * Found command inner run method
+         */
+        final CommandAtom command = commands.stream()
+                .filter(each -> parsed.hasOption(each.getName()) || parsed.hasOption(each.getSimple()))
+                .findAny().orElse(null);
+        if (Objects.isNull(command) || !command.valid()) {
+            /*
+             * Internal error
+             */
+            if (Objects.nonNull(command)) {
+                Sl.failWarn(" Plugin null -> name = {0},{1}, type = {2}",
+                        command.getSimple(), command.getName(), command.getType());
+            }
+            throw new CommandMissingException(ConsoleInteract.class, Ut.fromJoin(parsed.getArgs()));
+        } else {
+            final Options options = new Options();
+            commands.stream().map(CommandAtom::option).forEach(options::addOption);
+            /*
+             * Create CommandArgs
+             */
+            final List<String> inputArgs = parsed.getArgList();
+            final List<String> inputNames = command.getOptionNames();
+            final CommandInput commandInput = CommandInput.create(inputNames, inputArgs);
+            commandInput.bind(options);
+            /*
+             * Commander
+             */
+            final Commander commander;
+            if (CommandType.SYSTEM == command.getType()) {
+                /*
+                 * Sub-System call
+                 */
+                commander = Ut.instance(ConsoleCommander.class);
+            } else {
+                /*
+                 * Plugin processing
+                 * instance instead of single for shared usage
+                 */
+                commander = Ut.instance(command.getPlugin());
+            }
+            /*
+             * binder processing
+             */
+            Sl.welcomeCommand(command);
+            return binder.apply(commander.bind(command)).executeAsync(commandInput);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static CommandAtom findCommand(final String[] args, final List<CommandAtom> definition) {
+        final String commandName = args[0];
+        return definition.stream()
+                .filter(each -> commandName.equals(each.getSimple()) || commandName.equals(each.getName()))
+                .findAny().orElse(null);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `commander` last assigned on line 96 could be null and is dereferenced at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Future ConsoleTool.runAsync(CommandLine,List,Function)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vertx.tp.plugin.shell.ConsoleTool.runAsync(org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine,java.util.List,java.525d17fc2613851089b8b03c829f6731
+
+### File:
+vertx-ifx/zero-ifx-shell/src/main/java/io/vertx/tp/plugin/shell/ConsoleTool.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleTool.java|runAsync|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b67b331fa79c8d574506477e3fc78421
+
+### Hash:
+3656600a2077f7b38898e896d0e5a8e3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6618/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6618/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..787a9aafd96cc6ee5d8f3024ee97b238e1d10ea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6618/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.vertx.up.uca.rs.router;
+
+import io.vertx.core.Vertx;
+import io.vertx.core.http.HttpMethod;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonArray;
+import io.vertx.ext.web.Router;
+import io.vertx.ext.web.handler.BodyHandler;
+import io.vertx.ext.web.handler.CorsHandler;
+import io.vertx.ext.web.handler.ResponseContentTypeHandler;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.session.SessionClient;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.session.SessionInfix;
+import io.vertx.up.eon.Orders;
+import io.vertx.up.runtime.ZeroHeart;
+import io.vertx.up.secure.config.CorsConfig;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.rs.Axis;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class RouterAxis implements Axis<Router> {
+
+    private static final CorsConfig CONFIG = CorsConfig.get();
+
+    private static final int KB = 1024;
+    private static final int MB = KB * 1024;
+
+    private transient final Vertx vertx;
+
+    public RouterAxis(final Vertx vertx) {
+        this.vertx = vertx;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void mount(final Router router) {
+        // 1. Cookie, Body
+        // Enabled by default
+        // router.route().order(Orders.COOKIE).handler(CookieHandler.create());
+        // 2. Session
+        /*
+         * CSRF Handler Setting ( Disabled in default )
+         */
+        this.mountSession(router);
+        /*
+         * Body, Content
+         */
+        router.route().order(Orders.BODY).handler(BodyHandler.create().setBodyLimit(32 * MB));
+        router.route().order(Orders.CONTENT).handler(ResponseContentTypeHandler.create());
+        // 3. Cors data here
+        this.mountCors(router);
+    }
+
+    private void mountSession(final Router router) {
+        if (ZeroHeart.isSession()) {
+            /*
+             * Session Global for Authorization, replace old mode with
+             * SessionClient, this client will get SessionStore
+             * by configuration information instead of create it directly.
+             */
+            final SessionClient client = SessionInfix.getOrCreate(this.vertx);
+            router.route().order(Orders.SESSION).handler(client.getHandler());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mountCors(final Router router) {
+        router.route().order(Orders.CORS).handler(CorsHandler.create(CONFIG.getOrigin())
+                .allowCredentials(CONFIG.getCredentials())
+                .allowedHeaders(this.getAllowedHeaders(CONFIG.getHeaders()))
+                .allowedMethods(this.getAllowedMethods(CONFIG.getMethods())));
+    }
+
+    private Set<String> getAllowedHeaders(final JsonArray array) {
+        final Set<String> headerSet = new HashSet<>();
+        array.stream()
+                .filter(Objects::nonNull)
+                .map(item -> (String) item)
+                .forEach(headerSet::add);
+        return headerSet;
+    }
+
+    private Set<HttpMethod> getAllowedMethods(final JsonArray array) {
+        final Set<HttpMethod> methodSet = new HashSet<>();
+        array.stream()
+                .filter(Objects::nonNull)
+                .map(item -> (String) item)
+                .map(item -> Ut.toEnum(() -> item, HttpMethod.class, HttpMethod.GET))
+                .forEach(methodSet::add);
+        return methodSet;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `client` last assigned on line 61 could be null and is dereferenced at line 62.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RouterAxis.mountSession(Router)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vertx.up.uca.rs.router.RouterAxis.mountSession(io.vertx.ext.web.Router):void.60df73c26d9a1169ca7c5c9411da7c86
+
+### File:
+vertx-gaia/vertx-up/src/main/java/io/vertx/up/uca/rs/router/RouterAxis.java
+
+### Key:
+RouterAxis.java|mountSession|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+ba0b37692e9fa881ed06990e2cd2ae36
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6620/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6620/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd818b2e8e4291e3288116e9fd9b3500333ac939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6620/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.vertx.up.unity.jq;
+
+import io.github.jklingsporn.vertx.jooq.future.VertxDAO;
+import io.vertx.core.Future;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonArray;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.jooq.JooqInfix;
+import io.vertx.up.atom.query.Inquiry;
+import io.vertx.up.atom.query.Pager;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.condition.JooqCond;
+import io.vertx.up.unity.Ux;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+import org.jooq.*;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * Jooq Splitted Reader
+ * SELECT
+ * COUNT
+ * - Search, Check, Find
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("all")
+public class JqReader {
+
+    private transient final VertxDAO vertxDAO;
+
+    private transient JqAnalyzer analyzer;
+
+    private JqReader(final VertxDAO vertxDAO, final JqAnalyzer analyzer) {
+        this.vertxDAO = vertxDAO;
+        this.analyzer = analyzer;
+    }
+
+    static JqReader create(final VertxDAO vertxDAO, final JqAnalyzer analyzer) {
+        return new JqReader(vertxDAO, analyzer);
+    }
+
+    JqReader on(final JqAnalyzer analyzer) {
+        this.analyzer = analyzer;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    // ============ Fetch One Operation =============
+    /* Async fetch one operation: SELECT */
+    <T> Future<T> fetchOneAsync(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.fetchOneAsync(this.analyzer.column(field), value));
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<T> fetchOneAndAsync(final JsonObject filters) {
+        final Condition condition = JooqCond.transform(filters, Operator.AND, this.analyzer::column);
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.fetchOneAsync(condition));
+    }
+
+    <T> T fetchOneAnd(final JsonObject filters) {
+        final Condition condition = JooqCond.transform(filters, Operator.AND, this.analyzer::column);
+        final DSLContext context = JooqInfix.getDSL();
+        return this.toResult(context.selectFrom(this.vertxDAO.getTable()).where(condition).fetchOne(this.vertxDAO.mapper()));
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<T> findByIdAsync(final Object id) {
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.findByIdAsync(id));
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<List<T>> findAllAsync() {
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.findAllAsync());
+    }
+
+    /* Sync fetch one operation: SELECT */
+    <T> T fetchOne(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return toResult(this.vertxDAO.fetchOne(this.analyzer.column(field), value));
+    }
+
+    <T> T findById(final Object id) {
+        return toResult(this.vertxDAO.findById(id));
+    }
+
+    <T> List<T> findAll() {
+        return this.vertxDAO.findAll();
+    }
+
+    // ============ Exist Operation =============
+    Future<Boolean> existsByIdAsync(final Object id) {
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.existsByIdAsync(id));
+    }
+
+    Boolean existsById(final Object id) {
+        return this.vertxDAO.existsById(id);
+    }
+
+    // ============ Fetch List with Condition ===========
+    <T> Future<List<T>> fetchAsync(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.fetchAsync(this.analyzer.column(field), Arrays.asList(value)));
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<List<T>> fetchAsync(final Condition condition) {
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.fetchAsync(condition));
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<List<T>> fetchInAsync(final String field, final List<Object> values) {
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.fetchAsync(this.analyzer.column(field), values));
+    }
+
+    <T> List<T> fetch(final String field, final Object value) {
+        return this.vertxDAO.fetch(this.analyzer.column(field), value);
+    }
+
+    <T> List<T> fetchIn(final String field, final List<Object> values) {
+        return this.vertxDAO.fetch(this.analyzer.column(field), values.toArray());
+    }
+
+    <T> List<T> fetch(final Condition condition) {
+        final DSLContext context = JooqInfix.getDSL();
+        return context.selectFrom(this.vertxDAO.getTable()).where(condition).fetch(this.vertxDAO.mapper());
+    }
+
+    // ============ Result Wrapper ==============
+    private <T> T toResult(final Object value) {
+        return null == value ? null : (T) value;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Pagination Searching
+     */
+    Future<JsonObject> searchPaginationAsync(final Inquiry inquiry, final String pojo) {
+        final JsonObject response = new JsonObject();
+        return this.searchAsync(inquiry)
+                .compose(Ux.fnJArray(pojo))
+                .compose(array -> {
+                    response.put("list", array);
+                    return this.countAsync(inquiry);
+                })
+                .compose(counter -> {
+                    response.put("count", counter);
+                    return Future.succeededFuture(response);
+                });
+    }
+
+    <T> JsonObject searchPagination(final Inquiry inquiry, final String pojo) {
+        final JsonObject response = new JsonObject();
+        final List<T> list = this.search(inquiry);
+        response.put("list", Ux.<T>fnJArray(pojo).apply(list));
+        final Integer counter = this.count(inquiry);
+        response.put("count", counter);
+        return response;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Basic Method for low tier search/count pair
+     */
+    <T> Future<Integer> countAsync(final Inquiry inquiry) {
+        return this.countAsync(null == inquiry.getCriteria() ? new JsonObject() : inquiry.getCriteria().toJson());
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<Integer> countAsync(final JsonObject filters) {
+        final Function<DSLContext, Integer> function
+                = dslContext -> null == filters ? dslContext.fetchCount(this.vertxDAO.getTable()) :
+                dslContext.fetchCount(this.vertxDAO.getTable(), JooqCond.transform(filters, this.analyzer::column));
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.executeAsync(function));
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<List<T>> searchAsync(final Inquiry inquiry) {
+        final Function<DSLContext, List<T>> function = context -> this.searchInternal(context, inquiry);
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.executeAsync(function));
+    }
+
+    <T> Future<List<T>> searchAsync(final JsonObject criteria) {
+        final Function<DSLContext, List<T>> function = context -> this.searchInternal(context, criteria);
+        return JqTool.future(this.vertxDAO.executeAsync(function));
+    }
+
+    <T> List<T> search(final Inquiry inquiry) {
+        final DSLContext context = JooqInfix.getDSL();
+        return this.searchInternal(context, inquiry);
+    }
+
+    <T> List<T> search(final JsonObject criteria) {
+        final DSLContext context = JooqInfix.getDSL();
+        return this.searchInternal(context, criteria);
+    }
+
+    <T> Integer count(final Inquiry inquiry) {
+        return this.count(null == inquiry.getCriteria() ? new JsonObject() : inquiry.getCriteria().toJson());
+    }
+
+    <T> Integer count(final JsonObject filters) {
+        final DSLContext context = JooqInfix.getDSL();
+        return null == filters ? context.fetchCount(this.vertxDAO.getTable()) :
+                context.fetchCount(this.vertxDAO.getTable(), JooqCond.transform(filters, this.analyzer::column));
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Search Internal
+     */
+    /*
+     * Major search code logical inner.
+     * Jooq Engine supported
+     * 1) sorter
+     * 2) pager
+     * 3) projection
+     * 4) criteria
+     */
+    private <T> List<T> searchInternal(final DSLContext dslContext, final Inquiry inquiry) {
+        // Started steps
+        final SelectWhereStep started = dslContext.selectFrom(this.vertxDAO.getTable());
+        // Condition set
+        SelectConditionStep conditionStep = null;
+        if (null != inquiry.getCriteria()) {
+            final Condition condition = JooqCond.transform(inquiry.getCriteria().toJson(), this.analyzer::column);
+            conditionStep = started.where(condition);
+        }
+        // Sorted Enabled
+        SelectSeekStepN selectStep = null;
+        if (null != inquiry.getSorter()) {
+            final List<OrderField> orders = JooqCond.orderBy(inquiry.getSorter(), this.analyzer::column, null);
+            if (null == conditionStep) {
+                selectStep = started.orderBy(orders);
+            } else {
+                selectStep = conditionStep.orderBy(orders);
+            }
+        }
+        // Pager Enabled
+        SelectWithTiesAfterOffsetStep pagerStep = null;
+        if (null != inquiry.getPager()) {
+            final Pager pager = inquiry.getPager();
+            if (null == selectStep && null == conditionStep) {
+                pagerStep = started.offset(pager.getStart()).limit(pager.getSize());
+            } else if (null == selectStep) {
+                pagerStep = conditionStep.offset(pager.getStart()).limit(pager.getSize());
+            } else {
+                pagerStep = selectStep.offset(pager.getStart()).limit(pager.getSize());
+            }
+        }
+        // Projection
+        final Set<String> projectionSet = inquiry.getProjection();
+        final JsonArray projection = Objects.isNull(projectionSet) ? new JsonArray() : Ut.toJArray(projectionSet);
+        // Returned one by one
+        if (null != pagerStep) {
+            return JqResult.toResult(pagerStep.fetch(this.vertxDAO.mapper()), projection, this.analyzer.pojo());
+        }
+        if (null != selectStep) {
+            return JqResult.toResult(selectStep.fetch(this.vertxDAO.mapper()), projection, this.analyzer.pojo());
+        }
+        if (null != conditionStep) {
+            return JqResult.toResult(conditionStep.fetch(this.vertxDAO.mapper()), projection, this.analyzer.pojo());
+        }
+        return JqResult.toResult(started.fetch(this.vertxDAO.mapper()), projection, this.analyzer.pojo());
+    }
+
+    private <T> List<T> searchInternal(final DSLContext dslContext, final JsonObject criteria) {
+        // Started steps
+        final SelectWhereStep started = dslContext.selectFrom(this.vertxDAO.getTable());
+        // Condition injection
+        SelectConditionStep conditionStep = null;
+        if (null != criteria) {
+            final Condition condition = JooqCond.transform(criteria, this.analyzer::column);
+            conditionStep = started.where(condition);
+        }
+        // Projection
+        return started.fetch(this.vertxDAO.mapper());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `context` last assigned on line 191 could be null and is dereferenced at line 193.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Integer JqReader.count(JsonObject)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vertx.up.unity.jq.JqReader.count(io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject):java.lang.Integer.1e15da45558afed846fd75c54b43d3b7
+
+### File:
+vertx-gaia/vertx-up/src/main/java/io/vertx/up/unity/jq/JqReader.java
+
+### Key:
+JqReader.java|count|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2f1ce606f9790f4abba1ebc761dd6bee
+
+### Hash:
+af1f4d6d28ad887dec896a1c0a36fe3e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6621/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6621/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e37ac83e549e1cb7c994302036153e67ab09ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6621/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache;
+
+import io.vertx.core.DeploymentOptions;
+import io.vertx.core.Verticle;
+import io.vertx.core.Vertx;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.l1.L1Cache;
+import io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.l1.L1Config;
+import io.vertx.up.fn.Fn;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="http://www.origin-x.cn">lang</a>
+ */
+public class HarpBus {
+    private static final String KEY_L1 = "l1";
+    private static final ConcurrentMap<String, L1Cache> POOL_L1
+            = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private final transient Vertx vertx;
+    private L1Config l1Config;
+
+    private HarpBus(final Vertx vertx, final JsonObject options) {
+        this.vertx = vertx;
+        /*
+         * L1 processing
+         */
+        this.initL1(vertx, options.getJsonObject(KEY_L1));
+    }
+
+    static HarpBus create(final Vertx vertx, final JsonObject options) {
+        return new HarpBus(vertx, options);
+    }
+
+    private void initL1(final Vertx vertx, final JsonObject options) {
+        this.l1Config = Ut.deserialize(options, L1Config.class);
+        final Class<?> worker = this.l1Config.getWorker();
+        if (Objects.nonNull(worker) && Ut.isImplement(worker, Verticle.class)) {
+            /*
+             * Address, Class
+             */
+            final DeploymentOptions workerOptions = new DeploymentOptions();
+            workerOptions.setWorker(true);
+            /*
+             * Configuration
+             */
+            workerOptions.setConfig(options.copy());
+            vertx.deployVerticle(worker.getName(), workerOptions);
+        }
+    }
+
+    L1Cache cacheL1() {
+        L1Cache cache = null;
+        final Class<?> componentCls = this.l1Config.getComponent();
+        if (Objects.nonNull(componentCls) && Ut.isImplement(componentCls, L1Cache.class)) {
+            /*
+             * L1 cache here
+             */
+            final Class<?> cacheClass = this.l1Config.getComponent();
+            cache = Fn.poolThread(POOL_L1, () -> Ut.instance(cacheClass));
+            cache.bind(this.vertx).bind(this.l1Config.copy());
+        }
+        return cache;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `cache` last assigned on line 63 could be null and is dereferenced at line 64.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+L1Cache HarpBus.cacheL1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.HarpBus.cacheL1():io.vertx.tp.plugin.cache.l1.L1Cache.875f992c46e05fbc96332e51e0903cf4
+
+### File:
+vertx-gaia/vertx-tp/src/main/java/io/vertx/tp/plugin/cache/HarpBus.java
+
+### Key:
+HarpBus.java|cacheL1|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f73a34ee70f6184d4af5426eea7babf2
+
+### Hash:
+9528b857817b24b74bffdb553bc0d2bb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6627/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6627/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..140446fc3a5f6388c3b937daab355a51de114a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6627/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** super-csv
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.supercsv.exception;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.supercsv.TestConstants.ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.ift.CellProcessor;
+import org.supercsv.mock.IdentityTransform;
+import org.supercsv.util.CSVContext;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the SuperCSVException class.
+ * 
+ * @author James Bassett
+ */
+public class SuperCSVExceptionTest {
+	
+	private static final String MSG = "Something terrible happened!";
+	private static final Throwable THROWABLE = new RuntimeException("I'm the cause of the problem");
+	private static final CellProcessor PROCESSOR = new IdentityTransform();
+	private static final String CONCATENATED_MSG = THROWABLE.getMessage() + "\n" + MSG;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the first constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstuctor1(){
+		SuperCSVException e = new SuperCSVException(MSG);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg
+		e = new SuperCSVException(null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the second constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstuctor2(){
+		SuperCSVException e = new SuperCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg and context
+		e = new SuperCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the third constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstuctor3(){
+		SuperCSVException e = new SuperCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, THROWABLE);
+		assertEquals(CONCATENATED_MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(THROWABLE, e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg, context and throwable
+		e = new SuperCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null, (Throwable) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the fourth constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstuctor4(){
+		SuperCSVException e = new SuperCSVException(MSG, PROCESSOR);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg and processor
+		e = new SuperCSVException(null, (CellProcessor) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the fifth constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstuctor5(){
+		SuperCSVException e = new SuperCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, THROWABLE);
+		assertEquals(CONCATENATED_MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(THROWABLE, e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg, context and throwable
+		e = new SuperCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null, (Throwable) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the sixth constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstuctor6(){
+		SuperCSVException e = new SuperCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, PROCESSOR, THROWABLE);
+		assertEquals(CONCATENATED_MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		assertEquals(THROWABLE, e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg, context, processor and throwable
+		e = new SuperCSVException(null, null, null, null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		assertNull(e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the CSVContext setter.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testSetCsvContext(){
+		SuperCSVException e = new SuperCSVException(MSG);
+		e.setCsvContext(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `SuperCSVException(...)` at line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SuperCSVExceptionTest.testConstuctor5()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.supercsv.exception.SuperCSVExceptionTest.testConstuctor5():void.deaa8216dc82f99794b3eb6595b4e5bd
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/supercsv/exception/SuperCSVExceptionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SuperCSVExceptionTest.java|testConstuctor5|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+47d1bd2a0b318b83bd2a989115cad1cc
+
+### Hash:
+35352964a5c7deec56e70a2dbbc4c259
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6629/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6629/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9664f717ff9037a0de678a3f88e8f9e10b064504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6629/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** super-csv
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.test.supercsv.webtests;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.Optional;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.ParseDate;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.ParseInt;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.constraint.StrMinMax;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.constraint.Unique;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.ift.CellProcessor;
+import org.supercsv.io.CsvBeanReader;
+import org.supercsv.prefs.CsvPreference;
+
+public class ReadWebExamplesTest {
+	public static class UserBean {
+		String username, password, town;
+		Date date;
+		int zip;
+
+		public Date getDate() {
+			return date;
+		}
+
+		public String getPassword() {
+			return password;
+		}
+
+		public String getTown() {
+			return town;
+		}
+
+		public String getUsername() {
+			return username;
+		}
+
+		public int getZip() {
+			return zip;
+		}
+
+		public void setDate(final Date date) {
+			this.date = date;
+		}
+
+		public void setPassword(final String password) {
+			this.password = password;
+		}
+
+		public void setTown(final String town) {
+			this.town = town;
+		}
+
+		public void setUsername(final String username) {
+			this.username = username;
+		}
+
+		public void setZip(final int zip) {
+			this.zip = zip;
+		}
+	}
+
+	CsvBeanReader inFile = null;
+
+	final CellProcessor[] processors = new CellProcessor[] { new Unique(new StrMinMax(5, 20)), new StrMinMax(8, 35), new ParseDate("dd/MM/yy"), new Optional(new ParseInt()), null };
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() throws Exception {
+		final String fileWithHeader = "username, password, 	date, 			zip, 		town\n" + "Klaus,     qwexyKiks,   1/10/2007,   4328,       New York\n";
+		inFile = new CsvBeanReader(new StringReader(fileWithHeader), CsvPreference.EXCEL_PREFERENCE);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testProcesssedRead() throws Exception {
+		UserBean user;
+		final String[] header = inFile.getCSVHeader(true);
+		user = inFile.read(UserBean.class, header, processors);
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("read elem ", "Klaus", user.getUsername());
+		Assert.assertEquals("read elem ", "qwexyKiks", user.getPassword());
+		final Date cal = new Date(2007 - 1900, 10 - 1, 1);
+		Assert.assertEquals(cal, user.getDate());
+		Assert.assertEquals("read elem ", 4328, user.getZip());
+		Assert.assertEquals("read elem ", "New York", user.getTown());
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `user` last assigned on line 80 could be null and is dereferenced at line 82.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ReadWebExamplesTest.testProcesssedRead()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.test.supercsv.webtests.ReadWebExamplesTest.testProcesssedRead():void.24dbab5d5d42cbe6a0e8d420729b8699
+
+### File:
+src/org/test/supercsv/webtests/ReadWebExamplesTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ReadWebExamplesTest.java|testProcesssedRead|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+15e6b93c798319e55ea1380614e0f043
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6633/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6633/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72eef9adb18d3b8e406e7577654d5f330fcf0c7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6633/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** super-csv
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.supercsv.exception;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.supercsv.TestConstants.ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.ift.CellProcessor;
+import org.supercsv.mock.IdentityTransform;
+import org.supercsv.util.CSVContext;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the ClassCastInputCSVException class.
+ * 
+ * @author James Bassett
+ */
+public class ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest {
+	
+	private static final String MSG = "What class is that supposed to be?";
+	private static final Throwable THROWABLE = new RuntimeException("I'm the cause of the problem");
+	private static final CellProcessor PROCESSOR = new IdentityTransform();
+	private static final String CONCATENATED_MSG = THROWABLE.getMessage() + "\n" + MSG;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the first constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor1(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, THROWABLE);
+		assertEquals(CONCATENATED_MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(THROWABLE, e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg, context and throwable
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null, (Throwable) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the second constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor2(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg and context
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the third constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor3(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, PROCESSOR);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with mull msg, context and processor
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null, (CellProcessor) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the fourth constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor4(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the fifth constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor5(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(Integer.valueOf(23), String.class, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, PROCESSOR);
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null received value
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, String.class, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, PROCESSOR);
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null received, expected, context and processor
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, null, (CSVContext) null, (CellProcessor) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `ClassCastInputCSVException(...)` at line 108.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.testConstructor5()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.supercsv.exception.ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.testConstructor5():void.b5386de227e744d06d68445d1804dd1b
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/supercsv/exception/ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.java|testConstructor5|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+47d1bd2a0b318b83bd2a989115cad1cc
+
+### Hash:
+98b4d3e053613eaf042c481cf4c04543
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6634/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6634/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..978d832c4f4cc274ecf08137735802a0621fa308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6634/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** super-csv
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.supercsv.exception;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.supercsv.TestConstants.ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.supercsv.cellprocessor.ift.CellProcessor;
+import org.supercsv.mock.IdentityTransform;
+import org.supercsv.util.CSVContext;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the ClassCastInputCSVException class.
+ * 
+ * @author James Bassett
+ */
+public class ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest {
+	
+	private static final String MSG = "What class is that supposed to be?";
+	private static final Throwable THROWABLE = new RuntimeException("I'm the cause of the problem");
+	private static final CellProcessor PROCESSOR = new IdentityTransform();
+	private static final String CONCATENATED_MSG = THROWABLE.getMessage() + "\n" + MSG;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the first constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor1(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, THROWABLE);
+		assertEquals(CONCATENATED_MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(THROWABLE, e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg, context and throwable
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null, (Throwable) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getCause());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the second constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor2(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg and context
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the third constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor3(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, PROCESSOR);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with mull msg, context and processor
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, (CSVContext) null, (CellProcessor) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the fourth constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor4(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(MSG);
+		assertEquals(MSG, e.getMessage());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null msg
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Tests the fifth constructor.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor5(){
+		ClassCastInputCSVException e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(Integer.valueOf(23), String.class, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, PROCESSOR);
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null received value
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, String.class, ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, PROCESSOR);
+		assertEquals(ANONYMOUS_CSVCONTEXT, e.getCsvContext());
+		assertEquals(PROCESSOR, e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+		
+		// test with null received, expected, context and processor
+		e = new ClassCastInputCSVException(null, null, (CSVContext) null, (CellProcessor) null);
+		assertNull(e.getMessage());
+		assertNull(e.getCsvContext());
+		assertNull(e.getOffendingProcessor());
+		e.printStackTrace();
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `ClassCastInputCSVException(...)` at line 33.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.testConstructor1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.supercsv.exception.ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.testConstructor1():void.47649723b748254e0fb36926262aa635
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/supercsv/exception/ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClassCastInputCSVExceptionTest.java|testConstructor1|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+47d1bd2a0b318b83bd2a989115cad1cc
+
+### Hash:
+651e1d12fd9cf38b4da2257bb873dbc4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6642/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6642/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2c06784fbe4de2b31925958976bba65c732252b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6642/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,904 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** unirest-java
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright for portions of OpenUnirest/uniresr-java are held by Mashape (c) 2013 as part of Kong/unirest-java.
+All other copyright for OpenUnirest/unirest-java are held by OpenUnirest (c) 2018.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package io.github.openunirest.http;
+
+import io.github.openunirest.http.async.Callback;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.options.Options;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.GetRequest;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.HttpRequest;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.client.HttpAsyncClientBuilder;
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.junit.*;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static io.github.openunirest.http.TestUtils.read;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class UnirestTest {
+
+    private CountDownLatch lock;
+    private boolean status;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void suiteSetUp() {
+        MockServer.start();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void suiteTearDown() {
+        MockServer.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockServer.reset();
+        lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        status = false;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void postFormReturnJson() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(jsonResponse);
+        json.assertHeader("Accept", "application/json");
+        json.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+        json.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canPassQueryParamsOnStringOrWithForm() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?name=mark")
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "mark");
+
+        response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("name", "mark2")
+                .asJson();
+
+        json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "mark2");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void multipleParams() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?name=ringo")
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("name", "paul")
+                .queryString("name", "john")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "ringo");
+        json.assertParam("name", "paul");
+        json.assertParam("name", "john");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetUTF8() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostUTF8() {
+        HttpResponse response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostBinaryUTF8() throws URISyntaxException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.getMimeType())
+                .field("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+        json.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostRawBody() {
+        String sourceString = "'\"@こんにちは-test-123-" + Math.random();
+        byte[] sentBytes = sourceString.getBytes();
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .body(sentBytes)
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.asserBody(sourceString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCustomUserAgent() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("user-agent", "hello-world")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertHeader("User-Agent", "hello-world");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultiple() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
+            HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?try=" + i).asJson();
+            parse(response).assertParam("try", String.valueOf(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetFields() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString("name", "mark")
+                .queryString("nick", "thefosk")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+        parse.assertParam("name", "mark");
+        parse.assertParam("nick", "thefosk");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetFields2() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString("email", "hello@hello.com")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertParam("email", "hello@hello.com");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryStringEncoding() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        String testKey = "email2=someKey&email";
+        String testValue = "hello@hello.com";
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString(testKey, testValue)
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertParam(testKey, testValue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelete() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE).asJson();
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+        response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE)
+                .field("name", "mark")
+                .field("foo", "bar")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+        parse.assertParam("name", "mark");
+        parse.assertParam("foo", "bar");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteBody() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        String body = "{\"jsonString\":{\"members\":\"members1\"}}";
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE)
+                .body(body)
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+        parse(response).asserBody(body);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicAuth() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .basicAuth("user", "test")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertHeader("Authorization", "Basic dXNlcjp0ZXN0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+        Future<HttpResponse<JsonNode>> future = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJsonAsync();
+
+        assertNotNull(future);
+
+        RequestCapture req = parse(future.get());
+        req.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+        req.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCallback() throws JSONException, InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                        RequestCapture req = parse(jsonResponse);
+                        req.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+                        req.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipart() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture res = parse(jsonResponse);
+        res.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+        res.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+
+        res.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()), "image/jpeg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture res = parse(jsonResponse);
+        res.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("image/jpeg");
+        res.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartInputStreamContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+        FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> request = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString())
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", stream, ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "image.jpg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, request.getStatus());
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(request);
+        json.assertHeader("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString());
+        json.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+        json.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartInputStreamContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())), ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "test")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+                        json.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+                        json.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartByteContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+        final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+        stream.read(bytes);
+        stream.close();
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", bytes, "image.jpg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(jsonResponse);
+        parse.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartByteContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+        final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()));
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+        stream.read(bytes);
+        stream.close();
+
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", bytes, "test")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+                        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+                        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGzip() throws JSONException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GZIP)
+                .queryString("zipme", "up")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse).assertParam("zipme", "up");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGzipAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GZIP)
+                .queryString("zipme", "up")
+                .asJsonAsync()
+                .get();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse).assertParam("zipme", "up");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultHeaders() throws JSONException {
+        Unirest.setDefaultHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        Unirest.setDefaultHeader("user-agent", "foobar");
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        r.assertHeader("User-Agent", "foobar");
+
+        jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+        r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        r.assertHeader("User-Agent", "foobar");
+
+        Unirest.clearDefaultHeaders();
+
+        jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+        r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertNoHeader("X-Custom-Header");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetTimeouts() throws IOException {
+        String address = "http://" + findAvailableIpAddress() + "/";
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > Options.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + 100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+                fail();
+            }
+        }
+        Unirest.setTimeouts(2000, 10000);
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > 2100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+                fail();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPathParameters() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "get")
+                .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryAndBodyParameters() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "post")
+                .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                .field("wot", "wat")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark")
+                .assertParam("wot", "wat");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPathParameters2() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.patch(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "patch")
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMissingPathParameter() {
+        try {
+            Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                    .routeParam("method222", "get")
+                    .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                    .asJson();
+
+            fail();
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            assertEquals("Can't find route parameter name \"method222\"", e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parallelTest() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.setConcurrency(10, 5);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        makeParallelRequests();
+        long smallerConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+        Unirest.setConcurrency(200, 20);
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        makeParallelRequests();
+        long higherConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+        assertTrue(higherConcurrencyTime < smallerConcurrencyTime);
+    }
+
+    private void makeParallelRequests() throws InterruptedException {
+        ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+        final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+            newFixedThreadPool.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/get").queryString("index", counter.incrementAndGet()).asString();
+                } catch (UnirestException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        newFixedThreadPool.shutdown();
+        newFixedThreadPool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCustomContentType() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body("{\"hello\":\"world\"}").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+            public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                fail();
+            }
+
+            public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+                assertEquals("{\"hello\":\"world\"}", json.getObject().getString("data"));
+                assertEquals("application/json", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+                status = true;
+                lock.countDown();
+            }
+
+            public void cancelled() {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCustomContentTypeAndFormParams() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded").field("name", "Mark").field("hello", "world").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+            public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                fail();
+            }
+
+            public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+                assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+                assertEquals("world", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("hello"));
+
+                assertEquals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+                status = true;
+                lock.countDown();
+            }
+
+            public void cancelled() {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetQuerystringArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "Mark").queryString("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostMultipleFiles() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "wot").field("file1", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).field("file2", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+        JSONObject names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file1"));
+        assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file2"));
+
+        assertEquals("wot", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostCollection() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaseInsensitiveHeaders() {
+        GetRequest request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco");
+        assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+        JSONObject headers = request.asJson().getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers");
+        assertEquals("Marco", headers.getString("Name"));
+
+        request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco").header("Name", "John");
+        assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(1));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(1));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setTimeoutsAndCustomClient() {
+        try {
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Ok
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setHttpClient(HttpClientBuilder.create().build());
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Ok
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectMapperRead() {
+        Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+        GetResponse getResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+        getResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/get");
+
+        HttpResponse<GetResponse> getResponse = Unirest.get(getResponseMock.getUrl()).asObject(GetResponse.class);
+
+        assertEquals(200, getResponse.getStatus());
+        assertEquals(getResponse.getBody().getUrl(), getResponseMock.getUrl());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectMapperWrite() {
+        Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+        GetResponse postResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+        postResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/post");
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> postResponse = Unirest.post(postResponseMock.getUrl()).header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body(postResponseMock).asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, postResponse.getStatus());
+        assertEquals(postResponse.getBody().getObject().getString("data"), "{\"url\":\"http://httpbin.org/post\"}");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostProvidesSortedParams() throws IOException {
+        // Verify that fields are encoded into the body in sorted order.
+        HttpRequest httpRequest = Unirest.post("test").field("z", "Z").field("y", "Y").field("x", "X").getHttpRequest();
+
+        InputStream content = httpRequest.getBody().getEntity().getContent();
+        String body = IOUtils.toString(content, "UTF-8");
+        assertEquals("x=X&y=Y&z=Z", body);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderNamesCaseSensitive() {
+        // Verify that header names are the same as server (case sensitive)
+        final Headers headers = new Headers();
+        headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("cOnTeNt-TyPe"));
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("content-type"));
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", "application/json", headers.getFirst("Content-Type"));
+    }
+
+
+    private String findAvailableIpAddress() throws IOException {
+        for (int i = 100; i <= 255; i++) {
+            String ip = "192.168.1." + i;
+            if (!InetAddress.getByName(ip).isReachable(1000)) {
+                return ip;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find an available IP address in the range of 192.168.0.100-255");
+    }
+
+    private RequestCapture parse(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+        return read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `postResponse.getBody()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 790.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnirestTest.testObjectMapperWrite()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.openunirest.http.UnirestTest.testObjectMapperWrite():void.23618166d70c7d8aea756a7e5a540830
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/io/github/openunirest/http/UnirestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UnirestTest.java|testObjectMapperWrite|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+88eabcab4f416cd08edf00d315409402
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6645/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6645/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01db8c2a74b9625053bfab36ff1f73bdf687c22b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6645/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** unirest-java
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright for portions of OpenUnirest/uniresr-java are held by Mashape (c) 2013 as part of Kong/unirest-java.
+All other copyright for OpenUnirest/unirest-java are held by OpenUnirest (c) 2018.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package io.github.openunirest.http;
+
+import io.github.openunirest.http.async.Callback;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.options.Options;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.body.MultipartBody;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.GetRequest;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.HttpRequest;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.client.HttpAsyncClientBuilder;
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.junit.*;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class UnirestTest {
+
+	private CountDownLatch lock;
+	private boolean status;
+
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void suiteSetUp(){
+		MockServer.start();
+	}
+
+	@AfterClass
+	public static void suiteTearDown(){
+		MockServer.shutdown();
+	}
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() {
+		MockServer.reset();
+		lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
+		status = false;
+	}
+
+	private String findAvailableIpAddress() throws IOException {
+		for (int i = 100; i <= 255; i++) {
+			String ip = "192.168.1." + i;
+			if (!InetAddress.getByName(ip).isReachable(1000)) {
+				return ip;
+			}
+		}
+
+		throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find an available IP address in the range of 192.168.0.100-255");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void postFormReturnJson() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		MockServer.captureAndReturnRequest();
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POSTJSON)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.field("param1", "value1")
+				.field("param2", "bye")
+				.asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		FormCapture json = TestUtils.read(jsonResponse, FormCapture.class);
+		json.assertHeader("Accept", "application/json");
+		json.assertQuery("param1", "value1");
+		json.assertQuery("param2", "bye");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void canPassQueryParamsOnStringOrWithForm() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		MockServer.captureAndReturnRequest();
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON + "?name=mark")
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.asJson();
+
+		FormCapture json = TestUtils.read(response, FormCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("name", "mark");
+
+		response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.queryString("name", "mark2")
+				.asJson();
+
+		json = TestUtils.read(response, FormCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("name", "mark2");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetUTF8() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("param3", "こんにちは").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("param3"), "こんにちは");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostUTF8() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "こんにちは").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"), "こんにちは");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostBinaryUTF8() throws URISyntaxException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "こんにちは").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+		assertEquals("こんにちは", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostRawBody() {
+		String sourceString = "'\"@こんにちは-test-123-" + Math.random();
+		byte[] sentBytes = sourceString.getBytes();
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").body(sentBytes).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(sourceString, response.getBody().getObject().getString("data"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testCustomUserAgent() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=mark").header("user-agent", "hello-world").asJson();
+		assertEquals("hello-world", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("User-Agent"));
+
+		GetRequest getRequest = Unirest.get("http");
+		for (Object current : Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2)) {
+			getRequest.queryString("name", current);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetMultiple() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
+			HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get?try=" + i).asJson();
+			assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("try"), ((Integer) i).toString());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetFields() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "mark").queryString("nick", "thefosk").asJson();
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "mark");
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("nick"), "thefosk");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetFields2() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("email", "hello@hello.com").asJson();
+		assertEquals("hello@hello.com", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("email"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testQueryStringEncoding() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		String testKey = "email2=someKey&email";
+		String testValue = "hello@hello.com";
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString(testKey, testValue).asJson();
+		assertEquals(testValue, response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString(testKey));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDelete() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").asJson();
+		assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+		response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").field("name", "mark").asJson();
+		assertEquals("mark", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDeleteBody() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		String body = "{\"jsonString\":{\"members\":\"members1\"}}";
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").body(body).asJson();
+		assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(body, response.getBody().getObject().getString("data"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testBasicAuth() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").basicAuth("user", "test").asJson();
+		assertEquals("Basic dXNlcjp0ZXN0", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Authorization"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+		Future<HttpResponse<JsonNode>> future = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").field("param1", "value1").field("param2", "bye").asJsonAsync();
+
+		assertNotNull(future);
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = future.get();
+
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCallback() throws JSONException, InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").field("param1", "value1").field("param2", "bye").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("value1", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param1"));
+				assertEquals("bye", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param2"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipart() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()), "image/jpeg").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file").contains("data:image/jpeg"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartInputStreamContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+		MultipartBody request = Unirest.post(MockServer.HOST + "/post")
+            .header("accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString())
+			.field("name", "Mark")
+			.field("file", stream, ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "image.jpg");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = request
+			.asJson();
+
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		JSONObject object = json.getObject();
+		assertNotNull(object);
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(object.getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("type").contains("application/octet-stream"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartInputStreamContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())), ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "test").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartByteContentType() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+		final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+		final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+		stream.read(bytes);
+		stream.close();
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", bytes, "image.jpg").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file").contains("data:application/octet-stream"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartByteContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+		final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()));
+		final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+		stream.read(bytes);
+		stream.close();
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", bytes, "test").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGzip() throws JSONException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/gzip").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getBoolean("gzipped"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGzipAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/gzip").asJsonAsync().get();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getBoolean("gzipped"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDefaultHeaders() throws JSONException {
+		Unirest.setDefaultHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+		Unirest.setDefaultHeader("user-agent", "foobar");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertEquals("hello", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("User-Agent"));
+		assertEquals("foobar", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("User-Agent"));
+
+		jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertEquals("hello", jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("X-Custom-Header"));
+
+		Unirest.clearDefaultHeaders();
+
+		jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testSetTimeouts() throws IOException {
+		String address = "http://" + findAvailableIpAddress() + "/";
+		long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > Options.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + 100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+				fail();
+			}
+		}
+		Unirest.setTimeouts(2000, 10000);
+		start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > 2100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+				fail();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPathParameters() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "get").queryString("name", "Mark").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "Mark");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testQueryAndBodyParameters() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "post").queryString("name", "Mark").field("wot", "wat").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "Mark");
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("wot"), "wat");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPathParameters2() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.patch("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "patch").field("name", "Mark").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals("OK", jsonResponse.getStatusText());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"), "Mark");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMissingPathParameter() {
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method222", "get").queryString("name", "Mark").asJson();
+			fail();
+		} catch (RuntimeException e) {
+			// OK
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parallelTest() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.setConcurrency(10, 5);
+
+		long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		makeParallelRequests();
+		long smallerConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+		Unirest.setConcurrency(200, 20);
+		start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		makeParallelRequests();
+		long higherConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+		assertTrue(higherConcurrencyTime < smallerConcurrencyTime);
+	}
+
+	private void makeParallelRequests() throws InterruptedException {
+		ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+		final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
+		for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+			newFixedThreadPool.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/get").queryString("index", counter.incrementAndGet()).asString();
+                } catch (UnirestException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            });
+		}
+
+		newFixedThreadPool.shutdown();
+		newFixedThreadPool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCustomContentType() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body("{\"hello\":\"world\"}").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertEquals("{\"hello\":\"world\"}", json.getObject().getString("data"));
+				assertEquals("application/json", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCustomContentTypeAndFormParams() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded").field("name", "Mark").field("hello", "world").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+				assertEquals("world", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("hello"));
+
+				assertEquals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetQuerystringArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "Mark").queryString("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostMultipleFiles() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "wot").field("file1", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).field("file2", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+		JSONObject names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file1"));
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file2"));
+
+		assertEquals("wot", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostCollection() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testCaseInsensitiveHeaders() {
+		GetRequest request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco");
+		assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+		JSONObject headers = request.asJson().getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers");
+		assertEquals("Marco", headers.getString("Name"));
+
+		request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco").header("Name", "John");
+		assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(1));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(1));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setTimeoutsAndCustomClient() {
+		try {
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			fail();
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			fail();
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+			fail();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			// Ok
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setHttpClient(HttpClientBuilder.create().build());
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+			fail();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			// Ok
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testObjectMapperRead() {
+		Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+		GetResponse getResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+		getResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/get");
+
+		HttpResponse<GetResponse> getResponse = Unirest.get(getResponseMock.getUrl()).asObject(GetResponse.class);
+
+		assertEquals(200, getResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(getResponse.getBody().getUrl(), getResponseMock.getUrl());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testObjectMapperWrite() {
+		Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+		GetResponse postResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+		postResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/post");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> postResponse = Unirest.post(postResponseMock.getUrl()).header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body(postResponseMock).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, postResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(postResponse.getBody().getObject().getString("data"), "{\"url\":\"http://httpbin.org/post\"}");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostProvidesSortedParams() throws IOException {
+		// Verify that fields are encoded into the body in sorted order.
+		HttpRequest httpRequest = Unirest.post("test").field("z", "Z").field("y", "Y").field("x", "X").getHttpRequest();
+
+		InputStream content = httpRequest.getBody().getEntity().getContent();
+		String body = IOUtils.toString(content, "UTF-8");
+		assertEquals("x=X&y=Y&z=Z", body);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testHeaderNamesCaseSensitive() {
+		// Verify that header names are the same as server (case sensitive)
+		final Headers headers = new Headers();
+		headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("cOnTeNt-TyPe"));
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("content-type"));
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", "application/json", headers.getFirst("Content-Type"));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `response.getBody()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 129.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnirestTest.testGetUTF8()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.openunirest.http.UnirestTest.testGetUTF8():void.1c5dbe999b473f6b4b0748f79df71257
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/io/github/openunirest/http/UnirestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UnirestTest.java|testGetUTF8|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+dc5715612aa4c75adc4457783fcc43d5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6673/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6673/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4225d9a3e76539024c101a6b53d76223f57f203b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6673/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.kubernetes.client.pager;
+
+import com.squareup.okhttp.Call;
+import io.kubernetes.client.ApiClient;
+import io.kubernetes.client.ApiException;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1ListMeta;
+import io.kubernetes.client.util.Reflect;
+import io.kubernetes.client.util.exception.ObjectMetaReflectException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+public class Pager<ApiType, ApiListType> implements Iterable<ApiType>, Iterator<ApiType> {
+  private String continueToken;
+  private Integer limit;
+  private ApiClient client;
+  private Call call;
+  private Type listType;
+  private Function<PagerParams, Call> listFunc;
+
+  private ApiListType listObjectCurrentPage;
+  private int offsetCurrentPage;
+  private int currentPageSize;
+
+  /**
+   * Pagination in kubernetes list call depends on continue and limit variable
+   *
+   * @param listFunc lambda of type: (PagerParams p)->{return
+   *     list<*>[namespace[s|d]]*<*>Call(...p.getContinue(),...p.getLimit()...);}
+   * @param client instance of {@link ApiClient}
+   * @param limit size of list to be fetched
+   * @param listType Type of list to be fetched
+   */
+  public Pager(
+      Function<PagerParams, Call> listFunc, ApiClient client, Integer limit, Type listType) {
+    this.listFunc = listFunc;
+    this.client = client;
+    this.limit = limit;
+    this.listType = listType;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * returns false if kubernetes server has exhausted List.
+   *
+   * @return
+   */
+  @Override
+  public boolean hasNext() {
+    if (call == null) {
+      // the first time looping over the pager
+      return Boolean.TRUE;
+    }
+    if (continueToken == null && offsetCurrentPage >= currentPageSize) {
+      return Boolean.FALSE;
+    }
+    return Boolean.TRUE;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * returns next chunk of List. size of list depends on limit set in constructor.
+   *
+   * @return Object
+   */
+  @Override
+  public ApiType next() {
+    try {
+      if (offsetCurrentPage >= currentPageSize) {
+        call = getNextCall(limit);
+        listObjectCurrentPage = executeRequest(call);
+
+        offsetCurrentPage = 0;
+        currentPageSize = Reflect.<ApiType>getItems(listObjectCurrentPage).size();
+      }
+      return Reflect.<ApiType>getItems(listObjectCurrentPage).get(offsetCurrentPage++);
+    } catch (ApiException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e.getResponseBody());
+    } catch (ObjectMetaReflectException | IOException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Iterator<ApiType> iterator() {
+    this.call = null;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /** returns next list call by setting continue variable and limit */
+  private Call getNextCall(Integer nextLimit) {
+    PagerParams params = new PagerParams((nextLimit != null) ? nextLimit : limit);
+    if (continueToken != null) {
+      params.continueToken = continueToken;
+    }
+    return listFunc.apply(params);
+  }
+
+  /** executes the list call and sets the continue variable for next list call */
+  private ApiListType executeRequest(Call call)
+      throws IOException, ApiException, ObjectMetaReflectException {
+    ApiListType data = client.handleResponse(call.execute(), listType);
+    V1ListMeta listMetaData = Reflect.listMetadata(data);
+    continueToken = listMetaData.getContinue();
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  public static class PagerParams {
+    private Integer limit;
+    private String continueToken;
+
+    public PagerParams(Integer limit) {
+      this.limit = limit;
+    }
+
+    public PagerParams(Integer limit, String continueToken) {
+      this.limit = limit;
+      this.continueToken = continueToken;
+    }
+
+    public Integer getLimit() {
+      return limit;
+    }
+
+    public String getContinueToken() {
+      return continueToken;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `data` last assigned on line 113 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `listMetadata(...)` at line 114.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object Pager.executeRequest(Call)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.kubernetes.client.pager.Pager.executeRequest(com.squareup.okhttp.Call):java.lang.Object.3e4cf84626edb592a06c156548e755b2
+
+### File:
+util/src/main/java/io/kubernetes/client/pager/Pager.java
+
+### Key:
+Pager.java|executeRequest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+29937c4a17356134eb6f5de03276bfef
+
+### Hash:
+c2e5702baff8f5beaae9ba88551b5fb8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6674/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6674/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82024ca8e11f038d9422d743e42189b176a212d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6674/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jsoniter;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.parser.JSONReaderScanner;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.parser.JSONScanner;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.parser.JSONToken;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.Main;
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+public class JsoniterBenchmark {
+
+    @Benchmark
+    public void fastjson() {
+        JSONScanner scanner = new JSONScanner(JsoniterBenchmarkState.inputString);
+        scanner.nextToken();
+        do {
+            scanner.nextToken();
+            scanner.intValue();
+            scanner.nextToken();
+        } while (scanner.token() == JSONToken.COMMA);
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    public void jsoniter() throws IOException {
+        Jsoniter iter = Jsoniter.parseBytes(JsoniterBenchmarkState.inputBytes);
+        while (iter.ReadArray()) {
+            iter.ReadUnsignedInt();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        Main.main(args);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.github.jsoniter.Jsoniter` acquired by call to `parseBytes(...)` at line 29 is not released after line 33.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JsoniterBenchmark.jsoniter()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jsoniter.JsoniterBenchmark.jsoniter():void.9c71b2ec812c90deb2a92a2412a622b4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jsoniter/JsoniterBenchmark.java
+
+### Key:
+JsoniterBenchmark.java|jsoniter|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+af124b9e4e475ec1dcf4a48bafb14056
+
+### Hash:
+92e4a393654ba413dd400ecf07bca0b4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6680/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6680/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..326178123a0eecf00c7bdc514f0b35f8c143675e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6680/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** elasticsearch-analysis-lc-pinyin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.lc.core;
+
+
+import org.elasticsearch.common.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.lc.utils.Logger;
+import org.lc.utils.MemoryUsage;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class PinyinDic {
+
+    public static final String dicLocation = "/pinyin.dic";
+
+    public Set<String> dicSet = new HashSet<String>();
+
+    private static PinyinDic instance;
+
+    private PinyinDic() {
+        initialize();
+    }
+
+    private void initialize() {
+        InputStream in = PinyinDic.class.getResourceAsStream(dicLocation);
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
+        try {
+            String line = null;
+            long startPoint = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            while (null != (line = reader.readLine())) {
+                if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(line)) {
+                    dicSet.add(line);
+                }
+            }
+            long endPoint = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            Logger.logger.info(String.format("Load pinyin from pinyin.dic, sizeof dic=[%s], takes %s ms, size=%s",
+                    MemoryUsage.humanSizeOf(dicSet), (endPoint - startPoint), dicSet.size()), this);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            Logger.logger.error("read pinyin dic error.", ex);
+            throw new RuntimeException("read pinyin dic error.", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static PinyinDic getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            synchronized (PinyinDic.class) {
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    instance = new PinyinDic();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    public boolean contains(String c) {
+        return dicSet.contains(c);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 28 is not released after line 40.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 32
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PinyinDic.initialize()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.lc.core.PinyinDic.initialize():void.3e8637006b2f6d4ecdb1b88162ce0711
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/lc/core/PinyinDic.java
+
+### Key:
+PinyinDic.java|initialize|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+d3f37bf9a13a45d0127486f66dd91b36
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6687/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6687/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..840abbd1936fc4acb152711e6b673e418aae0792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6687/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mina-sshd
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sshd.common.channel;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * A Window for a given channel.
+ * Windows are used to not overflow the client or server when sending datas.
+ * Both clients and servers have a local and remote window and won't send
+ * anymore data until the window has been expanded.  When the local window
+ * is 
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:dev@mina.apache.org">Apache MINA SSHD Project</a>
+ */
+public class Window {
+
+    private final static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Window.class);
+
+    private final AbstractChannel channel;
+    private final Object lock;
+    private final String name;
+
+    private int size;
+    private int maxSize;
+    private int packetSize;
+    private boolean waiting;
+    private boolean closed;
+
+    public Window(AbstractChannel channel, Object lock, boolean client, boolean local) {
+        this.channel = channel;
+        this.lock = lock != null ? lock : this;
+        this.name = (client ? "client" : "server") + " " + (local ? "local " : "remote") + " window";
+    }
+
+    public int getSize() {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            return size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int getMaxSize() {
+        return maxSize;
+    }
+
+    public int getPacketSize() {
+        return packetSize;
+    }
+
+    public void init(int size, int packetSize) {
+        this.size = size;
+        this.maxSize = size;
+        this.packetSize = packetSize;
+    }
+
+    public void expand(int window) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            size += window;
+            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                log.debug("Increase " + name + " by " + window + " up to " + size);
+            }
+            lock.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void consume(int len) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            //assert size > len;
+            size -= len;
+            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                log.trace("Consume " + name + " by " + len + " down to " + size);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public void consumeAndCheck(int len) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            //assert size > len;
+            size -= len;
+            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                log.trace("Consume " + name + " by " + len + " down to " + size);
+            }
+            check(maxSize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void check(int maxFree) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (size < maxFree / 2) {
+                if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    log.debug("Increase " + name + " by " + (maxFree - size) + " up to " + maxFree);
+                }
+                channel.sendWindowAdjust(maxFree - size);
+                size = maxFree;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void waitAndConsume(int len) throws InterruptedException, WindowClosedException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            while (size < len && !closed) {
+                log.debug("Waiting for {} bytes on {}", len, name);
+                waiting = true;
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+            if (waiting) {
+                log.debug("Space available for {}", name);
+                waiting = false;
+            }
+            if (closed) {
+                throw new WindowClosedException();
+            }
+            size -= len;
+            if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                log.trace("Consume " + name + " by " + len + " down to " + size);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int waitForSpace() throws InterruptedException, WindowClosedException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            while (size == 0 && !closed) {
+                log.debug("Waiting for some space on {}", name);
+                waiting = true;
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+            if (waiting) {
+                log.debug("Space available for {}", name);
+                waiting = false;
+            }
+            if (closed) {
+                throw new WindowClosedException();
+            }
+            return size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void notifyClosed() {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            closed = true;
+            if (waiting) {
+                lock.notifyAll();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.sshd.common.channel.Window.init` writes to field `this.org.apache.sshd.common.channel.Window.size` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Window.init(int,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.sshd.common.channel.Window.init(int,int):void.8bbef50918e760166dc1626bcae73b07
+
+### File:
+sshd-core/src/main/java/org/apache/sshd/common/channel/Window.java
+
+### Key:
+Window.java|init|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8e9321c55ce2de7c36c51b7520a90abc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6689/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6689/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e699fdd7cf5a9fa3e7975ec48ac5d581d7d95658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6689/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mina-sshd
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sshd.client.session;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.PublicKey;
+
+import org.apache.mina.core.session.IoSession;
+import org.apache.sshd.ClientChannel;
+import org.apache.sshd.ClientSession;
+import org.apache.sshd.client.UserAuth;
+import org.apache.sshd.client.auth.UserAuthPassword;
+import org.apache.sshd.client.channel.AbstractClientChannel;
+import org.apache.sshd.client.channel.ChannelShell;
+import org.apache.sshd.client.channel.ChannelExec;
+import org.apache.sshd.client.future.AuthFuture;
+import org.apache.sshd.client.future.DefaultAuthFuture;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.FactoryManager;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.KeyPairProvider;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.NamedFactory;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.SshConstants;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.SshException;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.future.CloseFuture;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.session.AbstractSession;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.util.Buffer;
+
+/**
+ * TODO Add javadoc
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:dev@mina.apache.org">Apache MINA SSHD Project</a>
+ */
+public class ClientSessionImpl extends AbstractSession implements ClientSession {
+
+    public enum State {
+        ReceiveKexInit, Kex, ReceiveNewKeys, AuthRequestSent, WaitForAuth, UserAuth, Running, Unknown
+    }
+
+    private State state = State.ReceiveKexInit;
+    private UserAuth userAuth;
+    private AuthFuture authFuture;
+
+    public ClientSessionImpl(FactoryManager client, IoSession session) throws Exception {
+        super(client, session);
+        log.info("Session created...");
+        sendClientIdentification();
+        sendKexInit();
+    }
+
+    public AuthFuture authPassword(String username, String password) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (closeFuture.isClosed()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Session is closed");
+            }
+            if (authed) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("User authentication has already been performed");
+            }
+            if (userAuth != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("A user authentication request is already pending");
+            }
+            waitFor(CLOSED | WAIT_AUTH, 0);
+            if (closeFuture.isClosed()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Session is closed");
+            }
+            authFuture = new DefaultAuthFuture(lock);
+            userAuth = new UserAuthPassword(this, username, password);
+            setState(ClientSessionImpl.State.UserAuth);
+            return authFuture;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public AuthFuture authPublicKey(String username, PublicKey key) throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (closeFuture.isClosed()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Session is closed");
+            }
+            if (authed) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("User authentication has already been performed");
+            }
+            if (userAuth != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("A user authentication request is already pending");
+            }
+            waitFor(CLOSED | WAIT_AUTH, 0);
+            if (closeFuture.isClosed()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Session is closed");
+            }
+            //authFuture = new DefaultAuthFuture<ClientSession>(this, lock);
+            // TODO: implement public key authentication method
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ClientChannel createChannel(String type) throws Exception {
+        // TODO: use NamedFactory to create channel
+        AbstractClientChannel channel;
+        if (ClientChannel.CHANNEL_SHELL.equals(type)) {
+            channel = new ChannelShell();
+        } else if (ClientChannel.CHANNEL_EXEC.equals(type)) {
+            channel = new ChannelExec();
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported channel type " + type);
+        }
+        registerChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CloseFuture close(boolean immediately) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (authFuture != null && !authFuture.isDone()) {
+                authFuture.setException(new SshException("Session is closed"));
+            }
+            return super.close(immediately);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void handleMessage(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        SshConstants.Message cmd = buffer.getCommand();
+        log.debug("Received packet {}", cmd);
+        switch (cmd) {
+            case SSH_MSG_DISCONNECT: {
+                int code = buffer.getInt();
+                String msg = buffer.getString();
+                log.info("Received SSH_MSG_DISCONNECT (reason={}, msg={})", code, msg);
+                close(false);
+                break;
+            }
+            case SSH_MSG_UNIMPLEMENTED: {
+                int code = buffer.getInt();
+                log.info("Received SSH_MSG_UNIMPLEMENTED #{}", code);
+                break;
+            }
+            case SSH_MSG_DEBUG: {
+                boolean display = buffer.getBoolean();
+                String msg = buffer.getString();
+                log.info("Received SSH_MSG_DEBUG (display={}) '{}'", display, msg);
+                break;
+            }
+            case SSH_MSG_IGNORE:
+                log.info("Received SSH_MSG_IGNORE");
+                break;
+            default:
+                switch (state) {
+                    case ReceiveKexInit:
+                        if (cmd != SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_KEXINIT) {
+                            log.error("Ignoring command " + cmd + " while waiting for " + SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_KEXINIT);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        log.info("Received SSH_MSG_KEXINIT");
+                        receiveKexInit(buffer);
+                        negociate();
+                        kex = NamedFactory.Utils.create(factoryManager.getKeyExchangeFactories(), negociated[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_KEX_ALGS]);
+                        kex.init(this, serverVersion.getBytes(), clientVersion.getBytes(), I_S, I_C);
+                        setState(State.Kex);
+                        break;
+                    case Kex:
+                        buffer.rpos(buffer.rpos() - 1);
+                        if (kex.next(buffer)) {
+                            checkHost();
+                            sendNewKeys();
+                            setState(State.ReceiveNewKeys);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case ReceiveNewKeys:
+                        if (cmd != SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS) {
+                            disconnect(SshConstants.SSH2_DISCONNECT_PROTOCOL_ERROR, "Protocol error: expected packet SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS, got " + cmd);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        log.info("Received SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS");
+                        receiveNewKeys(false);
+                        sendAuthRequest();
+                        setState(State.AuthRequestSent);
+                        break;
+                    case AuthRequestSent:
+                        if (cmd != SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT) {
+                            disconnect(SshConstants.SSH2_DISCONNECT_PROTOCOL_ERROR, "Protocol error: expected packet SSH_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT, got " + cmd);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        setState(State.WaitForAuth);
+                        break;
+                    case WaitForAuth:
+                        // We're waiting for the client to send an authentication request
+                        // TODO: handle unexpected incoming packets
+                        break;
+                    case UserAuth:
+                        if (userAuth == null) {
+                            throw new IllegalStateException("State is userAuth, but no user auth pending!!!");
+                        }
+                        buffer.rpos(buffer.rpos() - 1);
+                        switch (userAuth.next(buffer)) {
+                             case Success:
+                                 authFuture.setAuthed(true);
+                                 authed = true;
+                                 setState(State.Running);
+                                 break;
+                             case Failure:
+                                 authFuture.setAuthed(false);
+                                 userAuth = null;
+                                 setState(State.WaitForAuth);
+                                 break;
+                             case Continued:
+                                 break;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case Running:
+                        switch (cmd) {
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_CONFIRMATION:
+                                channelOpenConfirmation(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN_FAILURE:
+                                channelOpenFailure(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST:
+                                channelRequest(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA:
+                                channelData(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA:
+                                channelExtendedData(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE:
+                                channelFailure(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_WINDOW_ADJUST:
+                                channelWindowAdjust(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_EOF:
+                                channelEof(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            case SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE:
+                                channelClose(buffer);
+                                break;
+                            // TODO: handle other requests
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int waitFor(int mask, long timeout) {
+        long t = 0;
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            for (;;) {
+                int cond = 0;
+                if (closeFuture.isClosed()) {
+                    cond |= CLOSED;
+                }
+                if (authed) {
+                    cond |= AUTHED;
+                }
+                if (state == State.WaitForAuth) {
+                    cond |= WAIT_AUTH;
+                }
+                if ((cond & mask) != 0) {
+                    return cond;
+                }
+                if (timeout > 0) {
+                    if (t == 0) {
+                        t = System.currentTimeMillis() + timeout;
+                    } else {
+                        timeout = t - System.currentTimeMillis();
+                        if (timeout <= 0) {
+                            cond |= TIMEOUT;
+                            return cond;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                try {
+                    if (timeout > 0) {
+                        lock.wait(timeout);
+                    } else {
+                        lock.wait();
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    // Ignore
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setState(State newState) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            this.state = newState;
+            lock.notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean readIdentification(Buffer buffer) throws IOException {
+        serverVersion = doReadIdentification(buffer);
+        if (serverVersion == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        log.info("Server version string: {}", serverVersion);
+        if (!serverVersion.startsWith("SSH-2.0-")) {
+            throw new SshException(SshConstants.SSH2_DISCONNECT_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED,
+                                   "Unsupported protocol version: " + serverVersion);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendClientIdentification() {
+        clientVersion = "SSH-2.0-" + getFactoryManager().getVersion();
+        sendIdentification(clientVersion);
+    }
+
+    private void sendKexInit() throws Exception {
+        clientProposal = createProposal(KeyPairProvider.SSH_RSA + "," + KeyPairProvider.SSH_DSS);
+        I_C = sendKexInit(clientProposal);
+    }
+
+    private void receiveKexInit(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        serverProposal = new String[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_MAX];
+        I_S = receiveKexInit(buffer, serverProposal);
+    }
+
+    private void checkHost() throws Exception {
+        // TODO: check host fingerprint
+    }
+
+    private void sendAuthRequest() throws Exception {
+        log.info("Send SSH_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST for ssh-userauth");
+        Buffer buffer = createBuffer(SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST);
+        buffer.putString("ssh-userauth");
+        writePacket(buffer);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.sshd.client.session.ClientSessionImpl.handleMessage` indirectly writes to field `buffer.org.apache.sshd.common.util.Buffer.data.[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClientSessionImpl.handleMessage(Buffer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.sshd.client.session.ClientSessionImpl.handleMessage(org.apache.sshd.common.util.Buffer):v.5d526a6aff5a5062fa7d555f600c0f1d
+
+### File:
+sshd-core/src/main/java/org/apache/sshd/client/session/ClientSessionImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ClientSessionImpl.java|handleMessage|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d1563c276998b14de28e19b5b2522df3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6810/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6810/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1589b9a0182efd36b644950eae9a9ca4d88f0d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6810/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1513 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rrd4j
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.rrd4j.core;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.rrd4j.ConsolFun;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Main class used to create and manipulate round robin databases (RRDs). Use this class to perform
+ * update and fetch operations on existing RRDs, to create new RRD from
+ * the definition (object of class {@link org.rrd4j.core.RrdDef RrdDef}) or
+ * from XML file (dumped content of RRDTool's or Rrd4j's RRD file).</p>
+ * <p>Each RRD is backed with some kind of storage. For example, RRDTool supports only one kind of
+ * storage (disk file). On the contrary, Rrd4j gives you freedom to use other storage (backend) types
+ * even to create your own backend types for some special purposes. Rrd4j by default stores
+ * RRD data in files (as RRDTool), but you might choose to store RRD data in memory (this is
+ * supported in Rrd4j), to use java.nio.* instead of java.io.* package for file manipulation
+ * (also supported) or to store whole RRDs in the SQL database
+ * (you'll have to extend some classes to do this).</p>
+ * <p>Note that Rrd4j uses binary format different from RRDTool's format. You cannot
+ * use this class to manipulate RRD files created with RRDTool. <b>However, if you perform
+ * the same sequence of create, update and fetch operations, you will get exactly the same
+ * results from Rrd4j and RRDTool.</b></p>
+ * <p>You will not be able to use Rrd4j API if you are not familiar with
+ * basic RRDTool concepts. Good place to start is the
+ * <a href="http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/rrdtool/tutorial/rrdtutorial.html">official RRD tutorial</a>
+ * and relevant RRDTool man pages: <a href="../../../../man/rrdcreate.html" target="man">rrdcreate</a>,
+ * <a href="../../../../man/rrdupdate.html" target="man">rrdupdate</a>,
+ * <a href="../../../../man/rrdfetch.html" target="man">rrdfetch</a> and
+ * <a href="../../../../man/rrdgraph.html" target="man">rrdgraph</a>.
+ * For RRDTool's advanced graphing capabilities (RPN extensions), also supported in Rrd4j,
+ * there is an excellent
+ * <a href="http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/tut/cdeftutorial.en.html" target="man">CDEF tutorial</a>.</p>
+ *
+ * @see RrdBackend
+ * @see RrdBackendFactory
+ */
+public class RrdDb implements RrdUpdater<RrdDb>, Closeable {
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @author Fabrice Bacchella
+     * @since 3.5
+     */
+    public static class Builder {
+        private String path = null;
+        private URI uri = null;
+        private RrdBackendFactory factory = RrdBackendFactory.getDefaultFactory();
+        private boolean readOnly = false;
+        private String externalPath = null;
+        private DataImporter importer = null;
+        private RrdDef rrdDef = null;
+        private boolean usePool = false;
+        private RrdDbPool pool;
+
+        private Builder() {
+
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * @return a new build RrdDb
+         * @throws IOException
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the builder settings were incomplete
+         */
+        public RrdDb build() throws IOException {
+            if (rrdDef != null) {
+                factory = checkFactory(rrdDef.getUri(), factory);
+                if (usePool) {
+                    return resolvePool(pool).requestRrdDb(rrdDef, factory);
+                } else {
+                    return new RrdDb(rrdDef, factory, pool);
+                }
+            } else if (path != null || uri != null) {
+                URI rrdUri = buildUri(path, uri, factory);
+                factory = checkFactory(rrdUri, factory);
+                rrdUri = factory.getCanonicalUri(rrdUri);
+                if ( ! factory.canStore(rrdUri)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Given a factory incompatible with the URI");
+                }
+                if (importer == null && externalPath == null) {
+                    if (usePool) {
+                        return resolvePool(pool).requestRrdDb(rrdUri, factory);
+                    } else {
+                        return new RrdDb(null, rrdUri, readOnly, factory, pool);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    try (DataImporter rrdImporter = resoleImporter(externalPath, importer)) {
+                        if (usePool) {
+                            return resolvePool(pool).requestRrdDb(rrdUri, factory, importer);
+                        } else {
+                            return new RrdDb(null, rrdUri, null, rrdImporter, factory, pool);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Incomplete builder definition");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Import an external rrd data, import definition must have been done using {@link #setExternalPath(String)}
+         * or {@link #setImporter(DataImporter)}
+         * @throws IOException
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the builder settings were incomplete
+         */
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+        public void doimport() throws IOException {
+            if (rrdDef != null || (importer == null && externalPath == null)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not an importing configuration");
+            }
+            if (path == null && uri == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("No rrd destination given");
+            }
+            URI rrdUri = buildUri(path, uri, factory);
+            factory = checkFactory(rrdUri, factory);
+            if ( ! factory.canStore(rrdUri)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Given a factory incompatible with the URI");
+            }
+            try (DataImporter rrdImporter = resoleImporter(externalPath, importer)) {
+                if (usePool) {
+                    RrdDb db = resolvePool(pool).requestRrdDb(rrdUri, factory, importer);
+                    resolvePool(pool).release(db);
+                } else {
+                    try(RrdDb db = new RrdDb(path, rrdUri, null, rrdImporter, factory, null)) {
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Builder setPath(String path) {
+            this.rrdDef = null;
+            this.path = path;
+            this.uri = null;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setPath(URI uri) {
+            this.rrdDef = null;
+            this.uri = uri;
+            this.path = null;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setBackendFactory(RrdBackendFactory factory) {
+            this.factory = factory;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setReadOnly(boolean readOnly) {
+            this.readOnly = readOnly;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder readOnly() {
+            this.readOnly = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setUsePool(boolean usePool) {
+            this.usePool = usePool;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Activate the pool usage
+         * @return
+         */
+        public Builder usePool() {
+            this.usePool = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Set the pool that will be used if {@link #usePool} is true. If not defined,
+         * the singloton instance will be used.
+         * @param pool
+         * @return
+         */
+        public Builder setPool(RrdDbPool pool) {
+            this.pool = pool;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setExternalPath(String externalPath) {
+            this.externalPath = externalPath;
+            this.importer = null;
+            this.rrdDef = null;
+            this.readOnly = false;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setImporter(DataImporter importer) {
+            this.importer = importer;
+            this.externalPath = null;
+            this.rrdDef = null;
+            this.readOnly = false;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setRrdToolImporter(String externalPath) throws IOException {
+            this.importer = new RrdToolReader(externalPath);
+            this.externalPath = null;
+            this.rrdDef = null;
+            this.readOnly = false;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder setRrdDef(RrdDef rrdDef) {
+            this.rrdDef = rrdDef;
+            this.importer = null;
+            this.externalPath = null;
+            this.path = null;
+            this.uri = null;
+            this.readOnly = false;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        private static RrdBackendFactory checkFactory(URI uri, RrdBackendFactory factory) {
+            if (factory == null) {
+                return RrdBackendFactory.findFactory(uri);
+            } else {
+                return factory;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static URI buildUri(String rrdPath, URI rrdUri, RrdBackendFactory factory) {
+            if (rrdUri != null) {
+                return rrdUri;
+            } else if (factory == null) {
+                return RrdBackendFactory.buildGenericUri(rrdPath);
+            } else{
+                return factory.getCanonicalUri(RrdBackendFactory.buildGenericUri(rrdPath));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static DataImporter resoleImporter(String externalPath, DataImporter importer) throws IOException {
+            if (importer != null) {
+                return importer;
+            } else {
+                if (externalPath.startsWith(PREFIX_RRDTool)) {
+                    String rrdToolPath = externalPath.substring(PREFIX_RRDTool.length());
+                    return new RrdToolReader(rrdToolPath);
+                }
+                else if (externalPath.startsWith(PREFIX_XML)) {
+                    externalPath = externalPath.substring(PREFIX_XML.length());
+                    return new XmlReader(externalPath);
+                }
+                else {
+                    return new XmlReader(externalPath);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+        private static RrdDbPool resolvePool(RrdDbPool pool) {
+            return pool != null ? pool : RrdDbPool.getInstance();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static Builder getBuilder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prefix to identify external XML file source used in various RrdDb constructors.
+     */
+    public static final String PREFIX_XML = "xml:/";
+
+    /**
+     * Prefix to identify external RRDTool file source used in various RrdDb constructors.
+     */
+    public static final String PREFIX_RRDTool = "rrdtool:/";
+
+    static final int XML_BUFFER_CAPACITY = 100000; // bytes
+
+    private final RrdBackend backend;
+    private final RrdAllocator allocator = new RrdAllocator();
+
+    private final Header header;
+    private final Datasource[] datasources;
+    private final Archive[] archives;
+    private final RrdDbPool pool;
+
+    private boolean closed = false;
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to create new RRD object from the definition. If the rrdDef was constructed
+     * giving an {@link java.net.URI}, {@link org.rrd4j.core.RrdBackendFactory#findFactory(URI)} will be used to resolve the needed factory. If not, or a relative
+     * URI was given, this RRD object will be backed
+     * with a storage (backend) of the default type. Initially, storage type defaults to "NIO"
+     * (RRD bytes will be put in a file on the disk). Default storage type can be changed with a static
+     * {@link org.rrd4j.core.RrdBackendFactory#setDefaultFactory(String)} method call.</p>
+     * <p>New RRD file structure is specified with an object of class
+     * {@link RrdDef <b>RrdDef</b>}. The underlying RRD storage is created as soon
+     * as the constructor returns.</p>
+     * <p>Typical scenario:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * // create new RRD definition
+     * RrdDef def = new RrdDef("test.rrd", 300);
+     * def.addDatasource("input", DsType.DT_COUNTER, 600, 0, Double.NaN);
+     * def.addDatasource("output", DsType.DT_COUNTER, 600, 0, Double.NaN);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_AVERAGE, 0.5, 1, 600);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_AVERAGE, 0.5, 6, 700);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_AVERAGE, 0.5, 24, 797);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_AVERAGE, 0.5, 288, 775);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_MAX, 0.5, 1, 600);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_MAX, 0.5, 6, 700);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_MAX, 0.5, 24, 797);
+     * def.addArchive(ConsolFun.CF_MAX, 0.5, 288, 775);
+     * 
+     * // RRD definition is now completed, create the database!
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb(def);
+     * // new RRD file has been created on your disk
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param rrdDef Object describing the structure of the new RRD file.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(RrdDef rrdDef) throws IOException {
+        this(rrdDef, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to create new RRD object from the definition object but with a storage
+     * (backend) different from default.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>Rrd4j uses <i>factories</i> to create RRD backend objects. There are three different
+     * backend factories supplied with Rrd4j, and each factory has its unique name:</p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li><b>FILE</b>: backends created from this factory will store RRD data to files by using
+     * java.io.* classes and methods
+     * <li><b>NIO</b>: backends created from this factory will store RRD data to files by using
+     * java.nio.* classes and methods
+     * <li><b>MEMORY</b>: backends created from this factory will store RRD data in memory. This might
+     * be useful in runtime environments which prohibit disk utilization, or for storing temporary,
+     * non-critical data (it gets lost as soon as JVM exits).
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>For example, to create RRD in memory, use the following code:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdBackendFactory factory = RrdBackendFactory.getFactory("MEMORY");
+     * RrdDb rrdDb = new RrdDb(rrdDef, factory);
+     * rrdDb.close();
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>New RRD file structure is specified with an object of class
+     * {@link RrdDef <b>RrdDef</b>}. The underlying RRD storage is created as soon
+     * as the constructor returns.</p>
+     *
+     * @param rrdDef  RRD definition object
+     * @param factory The factory which will be used to create storage for this RRD
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     * @see RrdBackendFactory
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated 
+    public RrdDb(RrdDef rrdDef, RrdBackendFactory factory) throws IOException {
+        this(rrdDef, factory, null);
+    }
+
+    private RrdDb(RrdDef rrdDef, RrdBackendFactory factory, RrdDbPool pool) throws IOException {
+        this.pool = pool;
+        factory = Builder.checkFactory(rrdDef.getUri(), factory);
+
+        if (!rrdDef.hasDatasources()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No RRD datasource specified. At least one is needed.");
+        }
+        if (!rrdDef.hasArchives()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No RRD archive specified. At least one is needed.");
+        }
+
+        backend = factory.getBackend(this, rrdDef.getUri(), false);
+        try {
+            backend.setLength(rrdDef.getEstimatedSize());
+            // create header
+            header = new Header(this, rrdDef);
+            // create datasources
+            DsDef[] dsDefs = rrdDef.getDsDefs();
+            datasources = new Datasource[dsDefs.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < dsDefs.length; i++) {
+                datasources[i] = new Datasource(this, dsDefs[i]);
+            }
+            // create archives
+            ArcDef[] arcDefs = rrdDef.getArcDefs();
+            archives = new Archive[arcDefs.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < arcDefs.length; i++) {
+                archives[i] = new Archive(this, arcDefs[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (IOException e) {
+            backend.rrdClose();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to open already existing RRD. The path will be parsed as an URI and checked against the active factories. If
+     * it's a relative URI (no scheme given, or just a plain path), the default factory will be used.</p>
+     * <p>Constructor obtains read or read/write access to this RRD.</p>
+     *
+     * @param path     Path to existing RRD.
+     * @param readOnly Should be set to <code>false</code> if you want to update
+     *                 the underlying RRD. If you want just to fetch data from the RRD file
+     *                 (read-only access), specify <code>true</code>. If you try to update RRD file
+     *                 open in read-only mode (<code>readOnly</code> set to <code>true</code>),
+     *                 <code>IOException</code> will be thrown.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(String path, boolean readOnly) throws IOException {
+        this(path, null, readOnly, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to open already existing RRD. The URI will checked against the active factories. If
+     * it's a relative URI (no scheme given, or just a plain path), the default factory will be used.</p>
+     * <p>Constructor obtains read or read/write access to this RRD.</p>
+     *
+     * @param uri      URI to existing RRD.
+     * @param readOnly Should be set to <code>false</code> if you want to update
+     *                 the underlying RRD. If you want just to fetch data from the RRD file
+     *                 (read-only access), specify <code>true</code>. If you try to update RRD file
+     *                 open in read-only mode (<code>readOnly</code> set to <code>true</code>),
+     *                 <code>IOException</code> will be thrown.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(URI uri, boolean readOnly) throws IOException {
+        this(null, uri, readOnly, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to open already existing RRD backed
+     * with a storage (backend) different from default. Constructor
+     * obtains read or read/write access to this RRD.</p>
+     *
+     * @param path     Path to existing RRD.
+     * @param readOnly Should be set to <code>false</code> if you want to update
+     *                 the underlying RRD. If you want just to fetch data from the RRD file
+     *                 (read-only access), specify <code>true</code>. If you try to update RRD file
+     *                 open in read-only mode (<code>readOnly</code> set to <code>true</code>),
+     *                 <code>IOException</code> will be thrown.
+     * @param factory  Backend factory which will be used for this RRD.
+     * @throws FileNotFoundException Thrown if the requested file does not exist.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException   Thrown in case of general I/O error (bad RRD file, for example).
+     * @see RrdBackendFactory
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(String path, boolean readOnly, RrdBackendFactory factory) throws IOException {
+        this(path, null, readOnly, factory, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to open already existing RRD. The path will be parsed as an URI and checked against the active factories. If
+     * it's a relative URI (no scheme given, or just a plain path), the default factory will be used.</p>
+     * <p>Constructor obtains read/write access to this RRD.</p>
+     *
+     * @param path Path to existing RRD.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(String path) throws IOException {
+        this(path, null, false, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to open already existing RRD. The URI will checked against the active factories. If
+     * it's a relative URI (no scheme given, or just a plain path), the default factory will be used.</p>
+     * <p>Constructor obtains read/write access to this RRD.</p>
+     *
+     * @param uri URI to existing RRD.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(URI uri) throws IOException {
+        this(null, uri, false, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor used to open already existing RRD in R/W mode with a storage (backend) type
+     * different from default.
+     *
+     * @param path    Path to existing RRD.
+     * @param factory Backend factory used to create this RRD.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     * @see RrdBackendFactory
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(String path, RrdBackendFactory factory) throws IOException {
+        this(path, null, false, factory, null);
+    }
+
+    private RrdDb(String rrdPath, URI rrdUri, boolean readOnly, RrdBackendFactory factory, RrdDbPool pool) throws IOException {
+        this.pool = pool;
+        rrdUri = Builder.buildUri(rrdPath, rrdUri, factory);
+        factory = Builder.checkFactory(rrdUri, factory);
+        // opens existing RRD file - throw exception if the file does not exist...
+        if (!factory.exists(rrdUri)) {
+            throw new FileNotFoundException("Could not open " + rrdUri + " [non existent]");
+        }
+        backend = factory.getBackend(this, rrdUri, readOnly);
+        try {
+            // restore header
+            header = new Header(this, (RrdDef) null);
+
+            if (factory.shouldValidateHeader(rrdUri)) {
+                header.validateHeader();
+            }
+
+            // restore datasources
+            int dsCount = header.getDsCount();
+            datasources = new Datasource[dsCount];
+            for (int i = 0; i < dsCount; i++) {
+                datasources[i] = new Datasource(this, null);
+            }
+            // restore archives
+            int arcCount = header.getArcCount();
+            archives = new Archive[arcCount];
+            for (int i = 0; i < arcCount; i++) {
+                archives[i] = new Archive(this, null);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (IOException e) {
+            backend.rrdClose();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to create RRD files from external file sources.
+     * Supported external file sources are:</p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>RRDTool/Rrd4j XML file dumps (i.e files created with <code>rrdtool dump</code> command).
+     * <li>RRDTool binary files.
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>The path for the new rrd will be parsed as an URI and checked against the active factories. If
+     * it's a relative URI (no scheme given, or just a plain path), the default factory will be used.</p>
+     * <p>Rrd4j and RRDTool use the same format for XML dump and this constructor should be used to
+     * (re)create Rrd4j RRD files from XML dumps. First, dump the content of a RRDTool
+     * RRD file (use command line):</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * rrdtool dump original.rrd &gt; original.xml
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>Than, use the file <code>original.xml</code> to create Rrd4j RRD file named
+     * <code>copy.rrd</code>:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "original.xml");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>or:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "xml:/original.xml");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>See documentation for {@link #dumpXml(String) dumpXml()} method
+     * to see how to convert Rrd4j files to RRDTool's format.</p>
+     * <p>To read RRDTool files directly, specify <code>rrdtool:/</code> prefix in the
+     * <code>externalPath</code> argument. For example, to create Rrd4j compatible file named
+     * <code>copy.rrd</code> from the file <code>original.rrd</code> created with RRDTool, use
+     * the following code:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "rrdtool:/original.rrd");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>Note that the prefix <code>xml:/</code> or <code>rrdtool:/</code> is necessary to distinguish
+     * between XML and RRDTool's binary sources. If no prefix is supplied, XML format is assumed.</p>
+     *
+     * @param rrdPath      Path to a RRD file which will be created
+     * @param externalPath Path to an external file which should be imported, with an optional
+     *                     <code>xml:/</code> or <code>rrdtool:/</code> prefix.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(String rrdPath, String externalPath) throws IOException {
+        this(rrdPath, null, externalPath, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to create RRD files from external file sources.
+     * Supported external file sources are:</p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>RRDTool/Rrd4j XML file dumps (i.e files created with <code>rrdtool dump</code> command).
+     * <li>RRDTool binary files.
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>The path for the new rrd will be parsed as an URI and checked against the active factories. If
+     * it's a relative URI (no scheme given, or just a plain path), the default factory will be used.</p>
+     * <p>Rrd4j and RRDTool use the same format for XML dump and this constructor should be used to
+     * (re)create Rrd4j RRD files from XML dumps. First, dump the content of a RRDTool
+     * RRD file (use command line):</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * rrdtool dump original.rrd &gt; original.xml
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>Than, use the file <code>original.xml</code> to create Rrd4j RRD file named
+     * <code>copy.rrd</code>:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "original.xml");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>or:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "xml:/original.xml");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>See documentation for {@link #dumpXml(String) dumpXml()} method
+     * to see how to convert Rrd4j files to RRDTool's format.</p>
+     * <p>To read RRDTool files directly, specify <code>rrdtool:/</code> prefix in the
+     * <code>externalPath</code> argument. For example, to create Rrd4j compatible file named
+     * <code>copy.rrd</code> from the file <code>original.rrd</code> created with RRDTool, use
+     * the following code:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "rrdtool:/original.rrd");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>Note that the prefix <code>xml:/</code> or <code>rrdtool:/</code> is necessary to distinguish
+     * between XML and RRDTool's binary sources. If no prefix is supplied, XML format is assumed.</p>
+     *
+     * @param uri      Path to a RRD file which will be created
+     * @param externalPath Path to an external file which should be imported, with an optional
+     *                     <code>xml:/</code> or <code>rrdtool:/</code> prefix.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(URI uri, String externalPath) throws IOException {
+        this(null, uri, externalPath, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor used to create RRD files from external file sources with a backend type
+     * different from default. Supported external file sources are:</p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>RRDTool/Rrd4j XML file dumps (i.e files created with <code>rrdtool dump</code> command).
+     * <li>RRDTool binary files.
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>Rrd4j and RRDTool use the same format for XML dump and this constructor should be used to
+     * (re)create Rrd4j RRD files from XML dumps. First, dump the content of a RRDTool
+     * RRD file (use command line):</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * rrdtool dump original.rrd &gt; original.xml
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>Than, use the file <code>original.xml</code> to create Rrd4j RRD file named
+     * <code>copy.rrd</code>:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "original.xml");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>or:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "xml:/original.xml");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>See documentation for {@link #dumpXml(String) dumpXml()} method
+     * to see how to convert Rrd4j files to RRDTool's format.</p>
+     * <p>To read RRDTool files directly, specify <code>rrdtool:/</code> prefix in the
+     * <code>externalPath</code> argument. For example, to create Rrd4j compatible file named
+     * <code>copy.rrd</code> from the file <code>original.rrd</code> created with RRDTool, use
+     * the following code:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("copy.rrd", "rrdtool:/original.rrd");
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>Note that the prefix <code>xml:/</code> or <code>rrdtool:/</code> is necessary to distinguish
+     * between XML and RRDTool's binary sources. If no prefix is supplied, XML format is assumed.</p>
+     *
+     * @param rrdPath      Path to RRD which will be created
+     * @param externalPath Path to an external file which should be imported, with an optional
+     *                     <code>xml:/</code> or <code>rrdtool:/</code> prefix.
+     * @param factory      Backend factory which will be used to create storage (backend) for this RRD.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     * @see RrdBackendFactory
+     * @deprecated Use the builder instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public RrdDb(String rrdPath, String externalPath, RrdBackendFactory factory) throws IOException {
+        this(rrdPath, null, externalPath, null, factory, null);
+    }
+
+    private RrdDb(String rrdPath, URI rrdUri, String externalPath, DataImporter importer, RrdBackendFactory factory, RrdDbPool pool) throws IOException {
+        this.pool = pool;
+        rrdUri = Builder.buildUri(rrdPath, rrdUri, factory);
+        factory = Builder.checkFactory(rrdUri, factory);
+
+        backend = factory.getBackend(this, rrdUri, false);
+        try (DataImporter reader = Builder.resoleImporter(externalPath, importer)){
+            backend.setLength(reader.getEstimatedSize());
+            // create header
+            header = new Header(this, reader);
+            // create datasources
+            datasources = new Datasource[reader.getDsCount()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < datasources.length; i++) {
+                datasources[i] = new Datasource(this, reader, i);
+            }
+            // create archives
+            archives = new Archive[reader.getArcCount()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < archives.length; i++) {
+                archives[i] = new Archive(this, reader, i);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            backend.rrdClose();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes RRD. No further operations are allowed on this RrdDb object.
+     *
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
+        if (pool != null) {
+            pool.release(this);
+        } else {
+            realClose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void realClose() throws IOException {
+        if (!closed) {
+            closed = true;
+            backend.rrdClose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the RRD is closed.
+     *
+     * @return true if closed, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isClosed() {
+        return closed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns RRD header.
+     *
+     * @return Header object
+     */
+    public Header getHeader() {
+        return header;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns Datasource object for the given datasource index.
+     *
+     * @param dsIndex Datasource index (zero based)
+     * @return Datasource object
+     */
+    public Datasource getDatasource(int dsIndex) {
+        return datasources[dsIndex];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns Archive object for the given archive index.
+     *
+     * @param arcIndex Archive index (zero based)
+     * @return Archive object
+     */
+    public Archive getArchive(int arcIndex) {
+        return archives[arcIndex];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of datasource names defined in RRD.
+     *
+     * @return Array of datasource names.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     */
+    public String[] getDsNames() throws IOException {
+        int n = datasources.length;
+        String[] dsNames = new String[n];
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            dsNames[i] = datasources[i].getName();
+        }
+        return dsNames;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Creates new sample with the given timestamp and all datasource values set to
+     * 'unknown'. Use returned <code>Sample</code> object to specify
+     * datasource values for the given timestamp. See documentation for
+     * {@link Sample Sample} for an explanation how to do this.</p>
+     * <p>Once populated with data source values, call Sample's
+     * {@link org.rrd4j.core.Sample#update() update()} method to actually
+     * store sample in the RRD associated with it.</p>
+     *
+     * @param time Sample timestamp rounded to the nearest second (without milliseconds).
+     * @return Fresh sample with the given timestamp and all data source values set to 'unknown'.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     */
+    public Sample createSample(long time) throws IOException {
+        return new Sample(this, time);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Creates new sample with the current timestamp and all data source values set to
+     * 'unknown'. Use returned <code>Sample</code> object to specify
+     * datasource values for the current timestamp. See documentation for
+     * {@link Sample Sample} for an explanation how to do this.</p>
+     * <p>Once populated with data source values, call Sample's
+     * {@link org.rrd4j.core.Sample#update() update()} method to actually
+     * store sample in the RRD associated with it.</p>
+     *
+     * @return Fresh sample with the current timestamp and all
+     *         data source values set to 'unknown'.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     */
+    public Sample createSample() throws IOException {
+        return createSample(Util.getTime());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares fetch request to be executed on this RRD. Use returned
+     * <code>FetchRequest</code> object and its {@link org.rrd4j.core.FetchRequest#fetchData() fetchData()}
+     * method to actually fetch data from the RRD file.
+     *
+     * @param consolFun  Consolidation function to be used in fetch request.
+     * @param fetchStart Starting timestamp for fetch request.
+     * @param fetchEnd   Ending timestamp for fetch request.
+     * @param resolution Fetch resolution (see RRDTool's
+     *                   <a href="http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/doc/rrdfetch.en.html" target="man">rrdfetch man page</a> for an
+     *                   explanation of this parameter.
+     * @return Request object that should be used to actually fetch data from RRD
+     */
+    public FetchRequest createFetchRequest(ConsolFun consolFun, long fetchStart, long fetchEnd, long resolution) {
+        return new FetchRequest(this, consolFun, fetchStart, fetchEnd, resolution);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepares fetch request to be executed on this RRD. Use returned
+     * <code>FetchRequest</code> object and its {@link org.rrd4j.core.FetchRequest#fetchData() fetchData()}
+     * method to actually fetch data from this RRD. Data will be fetched with the smallest
+     * possible resolution (see RRDTool's
+     * <a href="http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/doc/rrdfetch.en.html" target="man">rrdfetch man page</a>
+     * for the explanation of the resolution parameter).
+     *
+     * @param consolFun  Consolidation function to be used in fetch request.
+     * @param fetchStart Starting timestamp for fetch request.
+     * @param fetchEnd   Ending timestamp for fetch request.
+     * @return Request object that should be used to actually fetch data from RRD.
+     */
+    public FetchRequest createFetchRequest(ConsolFun consolFun, long fetchStart, long fetchEnd) {
+        return createFetchRequest(consolFun, fetchStart, fetchEnd, 1);
+    }
+
+    final synchronized void store(Sample sample) throws IOException {
+        if (closed) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("RRD already closed, cannot store this sample");
+        }
+        long newTime = sample.getTime();
+        long lastTime = header.getLastUpdateTime();
+        if (lastTime >= newTime) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad sample time: " + newTime +
+                    ". Last update time was " + lastTime + ", at least one second step is required");
+        }
+        double[] newValues = sample.getValues();
+        for (int i = 0; i < datasources.length; i++) {
+            double newValue = newValues[i];
+            datasources[i].process(newTime, newValue);
+        }
+        header.setLastUpdateTime(newTime);
+    }
+
+    synchronized FetchData fetchData(FetchRequest request) throws IOException {
+        if (closed) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("RRD already closed, cannot fetch data");
+        }
+        Archive archive = findMatchingArchive(request);
+        return archive.fetchData(request);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * findMatchingArchive.
+     *
+     * @param request a {@link org.rrd4j.core.FetchRequest} object.
+     * @return a {@link org.rrd4j.core.Archive} object.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public Archive findMatchingArchive(FetchRequest request) throws IOException {
+        ConsolFun consolFun = request.getConsolFun();
+        long fetchStart = request.getFetchStart();
+        long fetchEnd = request.getFetchEnd();
+        long resolution = request.getResolution();
+        Archive bestFullMatch = null;
+        Archive bestPartialMatch = null;
+        long bestStepDiff = 0;
+        long bestMatch = 0;
+        for (Archive archive : archives) {
+            if (archive.getConsolFun() == consolFun) {
+                long arcStep = archive.getArcStep();
+                long arcStart = archive.getStartTime() - arcStep;
+                long fullMatch = fetchEnd - fetchStart;
+                // we need step difference in either full or partial case
+                long tmpStepDiff = Math.abs(archive.getArcStep() - resolution);
+                if (arcStart <= fetchStart) {
+                    // best full match
+                    if (bestFullMatch == null || tmpStepDiff < bestStepDiff) {
+                        bestStepDiff = tmpStepDiff;
+                        bestFullMatch = archive;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    // best partial match
+                    long tmpMatch = fullMatch;
+                    if (arcStart > fetchStart) {
+                        tmpMatch -= (arcStart - fetchStart);
+                    }
+                    if (bestPartialMatch == null ||
+                            bestMatch < tmpMatch ||
+                            (bestMatch == tmpMatch && tmpStepDiff < bestStepDiff) ) {
+                        bestPartialMatch = archive;
+                        bestMatch = tmpMatch;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (bestFullMatch != null) {
+            return bestFullMatch;
+        }
+        else if (bestPartialMatch != null) {
+            return bestPartialMatch;
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("RRD file does not contain RRA: " + consolFun + " archive");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the archive that best matches to the start time (time period being start-time until now)
+     * and requested resolution.
+     *
+     * @param consolFun  Consolidation function of the datasource.
+     * @param startTime  Start time of the time period in seconds.
+     * @param resolution Requested fetch resolution.
+     * @return Reference to the best matching archive.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error.
+     */
+    public Archive findStartMatchArchive(String consolFun, long startTime, long resolution) throws IOException {
+        long arcStep, diff;
+        int fallBackIndex = 0;
+        int arcIndex = -1;
+        long minDiff = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        long fallBackDiff = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < archives.length; i++) {
+            if (archives[i].getConsolFun().toString().equals(consolFun)) {
+                arcStep = archives[i].getArcStep();
+                diff = Math.abs(resolution - arcStep);
+
+                // Now compare start time, see if this archive encompasses the requested interval
+                if (startTime >= archives[i].getStartTime()) {
+                    if (diff == 0)                // Best possible match either way
+                    {
+                        return archives[i];
+                    }
+                    else if (diff < minDiff) {
+                        minDiff = diff;
+                        arcIndex = i;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (diff < fallBackDiff) {
+                    fallBackDiff = diff;
+                    fallBackIndex = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return (arcIndex >= 0 ? archives[arcIndex] : archives[fallBackIndex]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns string representing complete internal RRD state. The returned
+     * string can be printed to <code>stdout</code> and/or used for debugging purposes.
+     *
+     * @return String representing internal RRD state.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error.
+     */
+    public synchronized String dump() throws IOException {
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+        buffer.append(header.dump());
+        for (Datasource datasource : datasources) {
+            buffer.append(datasource.dump());
+        }
+        for (Archive archive : archives) {
+            buffer.append(archive.dump());
+        }
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+
+    final void archive(Datasource datasource, double value, double lastValue, long numUpdates) throws IOException {
+        int dsIndex = getDsIndex(datasource.getName());
+        for (Archive archive : archives) {
+            if(ConsolFun.AVERAGE.equals(archive.getConsolFun())) { 
+                archive.archive(dsIndex, value, numUpdates);
+            } else {
+                archive.archive(dsIndex, lastValue, numUpdates);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns internal index number for the given datasource name.
+     *
+     * @param dsName Data source name.
+     * @return Internal index of the given data source name in this RRD.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     */
+    public int getDsIndex(String dsName) throws IOException {
+        for (int i = 0; i < datasources.length; i++) {
+            if (datasources[i].getName().equals(dsName)) {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown datasource name: " + dsName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks presence of a specific datasource.
+     *
+     * @param dsName Datasource name to check
+     * @return <code>true</code> if datasource is present in this RRD, <code>false</code> otherwise
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error.
+     */
+    public boolean containsDs(String dsName) throws IOException {
+        for (Datasource datasource : datasources) {
+            if (datasource.getName().equals(dsName)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    Datasource[] getDatasources() {
+        return datasources;
+    }
+
+    Archive[] getArchives() {
+        return archives;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the RRD content to OutputStream using XML format. This format
+     * is fully compatible with RRDTool's XML dump format and can be used for conversion
+     * purposes or debugging.
+     *
+     * @param destination Output stream to receive XML data
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error
+     */
+    public synchronized void dumpXml(OutputStream destination) throws IOException {
+        XmlWriter writer = new XmlWriter(destination);
+        writer.startTag("rrd");
+        // dump header
+        header.appendXml(writer);
+        // dump datasources
+        for (Datasource datasource : datasources) {
+            datasource.appendXml(writer);
+        }
+        // dump archives
+        for (Archive archive : archives) {
+            archive.appendXml(writer);
+        }
+        writer.closeTag();
+        writer.flush();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is just an alias for {@link #dumpXml(OutputStream) dumpXml} method.
+     *
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error
+     * @param destination a {@link java.io.OutputStream} object.
+     */
+    public synchronized void exportXml(OutputStream destination) throws IOException {
+        dumpXml(destination);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns string representing internal RRD state in XML format. This format
+     * is fully compatible with RRDTool's XML dump format and can be used for conversion
+     * purposes or debugging.
+     *
+     * @return Internal RRD state in XML format.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error
+     */
+    public synchronized String getXml() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream destination = new ByteArrayOutputStream(XML_BUFFER_CAPACITY);
+        dumpXml(destination);
+        return destination.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is just an alias for {@link #getXml() getXml} method.
+     *
+     * @return Internal RRD state in XML format.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error
+     */
+    public synchronized String exportXml() throws IOException {
+        return getXml();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dumps internal RRD state to XML file.
+     * Use this XML file to convert your Rrd4j RRD to RRDTool format.
+     *
+     * <p>Suppose that you have a Rrd4j RRD file <code>original.rrd</code> and you want
+     * to convert it to RRDTool format. First, execute the following java code:</p>
+     *
+     * <code>RrdDb rrd = new RrdDb("original.rrd");
+     * rrd.dumpXml("original.xml");</code>
+     *
+     * Use <code>original.xml</code> file to create the corresponding RRDTool file
+     * (from your command line):
+     *
+     * <code>rrdtool restore copy.rrd original.xml</code>
+     *
+     * @param filename Path to XML file which will be created.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error.
+     */
+    public synchronized void dumpXml(String filename) throws IOException {
+        try (OutputStream outputStream= new FileOutputStream(filename, false)) {
+            dumpXml(outputStream);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is just an alias for {@link #dumpXml(String) dumpXml(String)} method.
+     *
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error
+     * @param filename a {@link java.lang.String} object.
+     */
+    public synchronized void exportXml(String filename) throws IOException {
+        dumpXml(filename);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns time of last update operation as timestamp (in seconds).
+     *
+     * @return Last update time (in seconds).
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public synchronized long getLastUpdateTime() throws IOException {
+        return header.getLastUpdateTime();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Returns RRD definition object which can be used to create new RRD
+     * with the same creation parameters but with no data in it.</p>
+     * <p>Example:</p>
+     * <pre>
+     * RrdDb rrd1 = new RrdDb("original.rrd");
+     * RrdDef def = rrd1.getRrdDef();
+     * // fix path
+     * def.setPath("empty_copy.rrd");
+     * // create new RRD file
+     * RrdDb rrd2 = new RrdDb(def);
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @return RRD definition.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public synchronized RrdDef getRrdDef() throws IOException {
+        // set header
+        long startTime = header.getLastUpdateTime();
+        long step = header.getStep();
+        int version = header.getVersion();
+        String path = backend.getPath();
+        RrdDef rrdDef = new RrdDef(path, startTime, step, version);
+        // add datasources
+        for (Datasource datasource : datasources) {
+            DsDef dsDef = new DsDef(datasource.getName(),
+                    datasource.getType(), datasource.getHeartbeat(),
+                    datasource.getMinValue(), datasource.getMaxValue());
+            rrdDef.addDatasource(dsDef);
+        }
+        // add archives
+        for (Archive archive : archives) {
+            ArcDef arcDef = new ArcDef(archive.getConsolFun(),
+                    archive.getXff(), archive.getSteps(), archive.getRows());
+            rrdDef.addArchive(arcDef);
+        }
+        return rrdDef;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * Copies object's internal state to another RrdDb object.
+     */
+    public synchronized void copyStateTo(RrdDb otherRrd) throws IOException {
+        header.copyStateTo(otherRrd.header);
+        for (int i = 0; i < datasources.length; i++) {
+            int j = Util.getMatchingDatasourceIndex(this, i, otherRrd);
+            if (j >= 0) {
+                datasources[i].copyStateTo(otherRrd.datasources[j]);
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < archives.length; i++) {
+            int j = Util.getMatchingArchiveIndex(this, i, otherRrd);
+            if (j >= 0) {
+                archives[i].copyStateTo(otherRrd.archives[j]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns Datasource object corresponding to the given datasource name.
+     *
+     * @param dsName Datasource name
+     * @return Datasource object corresponding to the give datasource name or null
+     *         if not found.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public Datasource getDatasource(String dsName) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            return getDatasource(getDsIndex(dsName));
+        }
+        catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns index of Archive object with the given consolidation function and the number
+     * of steps. Exception is thrown if such archive could not be found.
+     *
+     * @param consolFun Consolidation function
+     * @param steps     Number of archive steps
+     * @return Requested Archive object
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public int getArcIndex(ConsolFun consolFun, int steps) throws IOException {
+        for (int i = 0; i < archives.length; i++) {
+            if (archives[i].getConsolFun() == consolFun && archives[i].getSteps() == steps) {
+                return i;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Could not find archive " + consolFun + "/" + steps);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns Archive object with the given consolidation function and the number
+     * of steps.
+     *
+     * @param consolFun Consolidation function
+     * @param steps     Number of archive steps
+     * @return Requested Archive object or null if no such archive could be found
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public Archive getArchive(ConsolFun consolFun, int steps) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            return getArchive(getArcIndex(consolFun, steps));
+        }
+        catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns canonical path to the underlying RRD file. Note that this method makes sense just for
+     * ordinary RRD files created on the disk - an exception will be thrown for RRD objects created in
+     * memory or with custom backends.
+     *
+     * @return Canonical path to RRD file;
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error or if the underlying backend is
+     *                     not derived from RrdFileBackend.
+     */
+    public String getCanonicalPath() throws IOException {
+        if (backend instanceof RrdFileBackend) {
+            return ((RrdFileBackend) backend).getCanonicalPath();
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new RrdBackendException("The underlying backend has no canonical path");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the path to this RRD.
+     *
+     * @return Path to this RRD.
+     */
+    public String getPath() {
+        return backend.getPath();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URI to this RRD, as seen by the backend.
+     *
+     * @return URI to this RRD.
+     */
+    public URI getUri() {
+        return backend.getUri();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns backend object for this RRD which performs actual I/O operations.
+     *
+     * @return RRD backend for this RRD.
+     */
+    public RrdBackend getRrdBackend() {
+        return backend;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Required to implement RrdUpdater interface. You should never call this method directly.
+     *
+     * @return Allocator object
+     */
+    public RrdAllocator getRrdAllocator() {
+        return allocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of bytes representing the whole RRD.
+     *
+     * @return All RRD bytes
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O related error.
+     */
+    public synchronized byte[] getBytes() throws IOException {
+        return backend.readAll();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets default backend factory to be used. This method is just an alias for
+     * {@link org.rrd4j.core.RrdBackendFactory#setDefaultFactory(String)}.
+     *
+     * @param factoryName Name of the backend factory to be set as default.
+     * @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException Thrown if invalid factory name is supplied, or not called
+     *                                  before the first backend object (before the first RrdDb object) is created.
+     * @deprecated uses {@link RrdBackendFactory#setActiveFactories(RrdBackendFactory...)} instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public static void setDefaultFactory(String factoryName) {
+        RrdBackendFactory.setDefaultFactory(factoryName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of last datasource values. The first value in the array corresponds
+     * to the first datasource defined in the RrdDb and so on.
+     *
+     * @return Array of last datasource values
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public synchronized double[] getLastDatasourceValues() throws IOException {
+        double[] values = new double[datasources.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+            values[i] = datasources[i].getLastValue();
+        }
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last stored value for the given datasource.
+     *
+     * @param dsName Datasource name
+     * @return Last stored value for the given datasource
+     * @throws java.io.IOException              Thrown in case of I/O error
+     * @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException Thrown if no datasource in this RrdDb matches the given datasource name
+     */
+    public synchronized double getLastDatasourceValue(String dsName) throws IOException {
+        int dsIndex = getDsIndex(dsName);
+        return datasources[dsIndex].getLastValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of datasources defined in the file
+     *
+     * @return The number of datasources defined in the file
+     */
+    public int getDsCount() {
+        return datasources.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of RRA archives defined in the file
+     *
+     * @return The number of RRA archives defined in the file
+     */
+    public int getArcCount() {
+        return archives.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last time when some of the archives in this RRD was updated. This time is not the
+     * same as the {@link #getLastUpdateTime()} since RRD file can be updated without updating any of
+     * the archives.
+     *
+     * @return last time when some of the archives in this RRD was updated
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public long getLastArchiveUpdateTime() throws IOException {
+        long last = 0;
+        for (Archive archive : archives) {
+            last = Math.max(last, archive.getEndTime());
+        }
+        return last;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * getInfo.
+     *
+     * @return a {@link java.lang.String} object.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public synchronized String getInfo() throws IOException {
+        return header.getInfo();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * setInfo.
+     *
+     * @param info a {@link java.lang.String} object.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public synchronized void setInfo(String info) throws IOException {
+        header.setInfo(info);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * main.
+     *
+     * @param args an array of {@link java.lang.String} objects.
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println("RRD4J :: RRDTool choice for the Java world");
+        System.out.println("===============================================================================");
+        System.out.println("RRD4J base directory: " + Util.getRrd4jHomeDirectory());
+        long time = Util.getTime();
+        System.out.println("Current time: " + time + ": " + new Date(time * 1000L));
+        System.out.println("-------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
+        System.out.println("See https://github.com/rrd4j/rrd4j for more information and the latest version.");
+        System.out.println("Copyright 2017 The RRD4J Authors. Copyright (c) 2001-2005 Sasa Markovic and Ciaran Treanor. Copyright (c) 2013 The OpenNMS Group, Inc.. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.");
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.rrd4j.core.RrdDb.realClose` reads without synchronization from `this.org.rrd4j.core.RrdDb.closed`. Potentially races with write in method `RrdDb.close()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RrdDb.realClose()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.rrd4j.core.RrdDb.realClose():void.2f473848a3448af18d9690518dc0249e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/rrd4j/core/RrdDb.java
+
+### Key:
+RrdDb.java|realClose|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dc131104abb8ccb00dd5d5d9e084e951
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6817/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6817/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d4d127569dcbbffb20d33d186ea748e9bf232fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6817/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rrd4j
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.rrd4j.core.jrrd;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JrrdTest {
+
+    //version 0003
+    //little endian
+    //64 bits
+    //alignement on long
+    @Test
+    public void test_3_l_64_8() throws IOException {
+        testFile("/rrdtool/0003l648.rrd", "0003");
+    }
+
+    //version 0003
+    //little endian
+    //32 bits
+    //alignement on long
+    @Test
+    public void test_3_l_32_8() throws IOException {
+        testFile("/rrdtool/0003l328.rrd", "0003");
+    }
+
+    //version 0003
+    //little endian
+    //32 bits
+    //alignement on int
+    @Test
+    public void test_3_l_32_4() throws IOException {
+        testFile("/rrdtool/0003l324.rrd", "0003");
+    }
+
+    //version 0003
+    //big endian
+    //32 bits
+    //alignement on long
+    @Test
+    public void test_3_b_32_8() throws IOException {
+        testFile("/rrdtool/0003b328.rrd", "0003");
+    }
+
+    //version 0001
+    //big endian
+    //64 bits
+    //alignements on long
+    @Test
+    public void test_1_b_64_8() throws IOException {
+        testFile("/rrdtool/0001b648.rrd", "0001");
+    }
+
+    //version 0001
+    //big endian
+    //32 bits
+    //alignement on long
+    //@Test
+    //public void test_1_b_32_8() throws IOException {
+    //    testFile("/rrdtool/0001b328.rrd", "0001");
+    //}
+
+    @Test
+    public void test_1_l_32_4() throws IOException {
+        testFile("/rrdtool/0001l324.rrd", "0001");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test_1_l_64_8() throws IOException {
+        testFile("/rrdtool/0001l648.rrd", "0001");
+    }
+
+    private void testFile(String file, String version) throws IOException {
+        URL url = getClass().getResource(file); 
+        RRDatabase rrd = new RRDatabase(url.getFile());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid date", new Date(920808900000L), rrd.getLastUpdate());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid number of archives", 2, rrd.getNumArchives());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid number of datasources", 2, rrd.getDataSourcesName().size());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid heartbeat for datasource 0", 600, rrd.getDataSource(0).getMinimumHeartbeat());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid heartbeat for datasource 1", 600, rrd.getDataSource(1).getMinimumHeartbeat());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid version", version, rrd.header.getVersion());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid number of row", 24, rrd.getArchive(0).getRowCount());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Invalid number of row", 10, rrd.getArchive(1).getRowCount());
+        boolean b0 = "12405".equals(rrd.getDataSource(0).getPDPStatusBlock().lastReading);
+        boolean b1 = "UNKN".equals(rrd.getDataSource(1).getPDPStatusBlock().lastReading);
+        boolean b2 = "3".equals(rrd.getDataSource(1).getPDPStatusBlock().lastReading);
+        Assert.assertTrue("Failed getting last reading", b0 && (b1 || b2));
+        if("0003".equals(version) ) {
+            Assert.assertEquals("bad primary value", 1.43161853E7, rrd.getArchive(0).getCDPStatusBlock(0).primary_value, 1);
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals("bad primary value", 1.4316557620000001E7, rrd.getArchive(1).getCDPStatusBlock(0).value, 1);
+        rrd.rrdFile.ras.seek( rrd.getArchive(0).dataOffset + 16 * rrd.getArchive(0).currentRow);
+        double speed = readDouble(rrd.rrdFile);
+        double weight = readDouble(rrd.rrdFile);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1.4316185300e+07, speed, 1e-7);
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, weight, 1e-7);
+        DataChunk data = rrd.getData(ConsolidationFunctionType.AVERAGE, 920802300, 920808900, 300);
+        Assert.assertEquals(0.02, data.toPlottable("speed").getValue(920802300), 1e-7);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1.0, data.toPlottable("weight").getValue(920802300), 1e-7);
+    }
+    
+   Double readDouble(RRDFile rrdFile) throws IOException {
+       RandomAccessFile ras = rrdFile.ras;
+       byte[] buffer = new byte[8];
+       ras.read(buffer);
+       ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer);
+       bb.order(rrdFile.isBigEndian() ? ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN: ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+       return bb.getDouble();
+   }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `RRDatabase(...)` at line 82 is not released after line 82.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 82
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JrrdTest.testFile(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.rrd4j.core.jrrd.JrrdTest.testFile(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):void.24441c1dafeb3df19c011c1b0b5f9fbf
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/rrd4j/core/jrrd/JrrdTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JrrdTest.java|testFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+eb5f7a27dc3aaf54fc28292048671df4
+
+### Hash:
+6be662015c7c1b30829d6fc536ee4e06
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6819/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6819/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ac13b82a4b94c4b2d1cd0beaa1a59b8ff3e4721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6819/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rrd4j
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.rrd4j.core;
+
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+
+public class RrdNioBackendTest {
+    @Rule
+    public TemporaryFolder testFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackendFactoryWithExecutor() throws IOException {
+        RrdNioBackendFactory factory = (RrdNioBackendFactory) RrdBackendFactory.getFactory("NIO");
+        ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
+        factory.setSyncThreadPool(new RrdSyncThreadPool());
+        File rrdfile = testFolder.newFile("testfile");
+        RrdBackend be = factory.open(rrdfile.getCanonicalPath(), false);
+
+        be.setLength(10);
+        be.writeDouble(0, 0);
+        be.close();
+        executor.shutdown();
+        DataInputStream is = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(rrdfile));
+        Double d = is.readDouble();
+        Assert.assertEquals("write to NIO failed", 0, d, 1e-10);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackendFactory() throws IOException {
+        RrdNioBackendFactory factory = (RrdNioBackendFactory) RrdBackendFactory.getFactory("NIO");
+
+        File rrdfile = testFolder.newFile("testfile");
+        RrdBackend be = factory.open(rrdfile.getCanonicalPath(), false);
+
+        be.setLength(10);
+        be.writeDouble(0, 0);
+        be.close();
+        DataInputStream is = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(rrdfile));
+        Double d = is.readDouble();
+        Assert.assertEquals("write to NIO failed", 0, d, 1e-10);
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.DataInputStream` acquired to `is` by call to `new()` at line 47 is not released after line 48.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RrdNioBackendTest.testBackendFactory()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.rrd4j.core.RrdNioBackendTest.testBackendFactory():void.94939db866266eea61e100b8cb51349b
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/rrd4j/core/RrdNioBackendTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RrdNioBackendTest.java|testBackendFactory|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a0a09701532a90f811384aa246f63b0e
+
+### Hash:
+5b0c7dc77fe39f06e992283e50e31390
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6821/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6821/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7348d766b1a8e9e884566bf275f27bfae8030cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6821/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rrd4j
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.rrd4j.core;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
+
+/**
+ * This class should be used to synchronize access to RRD files
+ * in a multithreaded environment. This class should be also used to prevent opening of
+ * too many RRD files at the same time (thus avoiding operating system limits).
+ * <p>
+ * It's much more scalable than the previous pool
+ */
+public class RrdDbPool {
+    private static class RrdDbPoolSingletonHolder {
+        static final RrdDbPool instance = new RrdDbPool();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initial capacity of the pool i.e. maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files. The pool will
+     * never open too many RRD files at the same time.
+     */
+    public static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 200;
+
+    static private class RrdEntry {
+        volatile RrdDb rrdDb = null;
+        final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        //A flag that indicate the rrdDb is in use (count is non zero)
+        final Semaphore ulock = new Semaphore(1, true);
+        //A flag that indicate that update operation are active for this rrdDb
+        final Semaphore rlock = new Semaphore(1, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a single instance of the class on the first call,
+     * or returns already existing one. Uses Initialization On Demand Holder idiom.
+     *
+     * @return Single instance of this class
+     * @throws java.lang.RuntimeException Thrown if the default RRD backend is not derived from the {@link org.rrd4j.core.RrdFileBackendFactory}
+     */
+    public static RrdDbPool getInstance() {
+        return RrdDbPoolSingletonHolder.instance;
+    }
+
+    private Semaphore capacity;
+    private int maxCapacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY;
+
+    private final ConcurrentMap<String, RrdEntry> pool = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, RrdEntry>(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
+    private final ReadWriteLock poolLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Constructor for RrdDbPool.</p>
+     */
+    private RrdDbPool() {
+        if (!(RrdBackendFactory.getDefaultFactory() instanceof RrdFileBackendFactory)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create instance of " + getClass().getName() + " with " +
+                    "a default backend factory not derived from RrdFileBackendFactory");
+        }
+        capacity = new Semaphore(maxCapacity, true) {
+            @Override
+            public String toString() {
+                return "Capacity semaphore: " + super.toString();
+            }            
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of open RRD files.
+     *
+     * @return Number of currently open RRD files held in the pool.
+     */
+    public int getOpenFileCount() {
+        return maxCapacity - capacity.availablePermits();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of open file names.
+     *
+     * @return Array with canonical paths to open RRD files held in the pool.
+     */
+    public String[] getOpenFiles() {
+        Set<String> files = new HashSet<String>(pool.keySet().size());
+        for(Map.Entry<String,RrdEntry> e: pool.entrySet()) {
+            RrdEntry re = e.getValue();
+            if(re != null && re.count.get() > 0) {
+                files.add(e.getKey());
+            }
+        }
+        return files.toArray(new String[files.size()]);
+    }
+
+    private RrdEntry getUnlockedEntry(String path) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String canonicalPath = Util.getCanonicalPath(path);
+        RrdEntry ref = pool.putIfAbsent(canonicalPath, new RrdEntry());
+        if(ref == null) {
+            ref = pool.get(canonicalPath);
+        }
+        return ref;
+    }
+    private RrdEntry getEntry(String path) throws IOException, InterruptedException  {
+        poolLock.readLock().lockInterruptibly();
+        RrdEntry ref = getUnlockedEntry(path);
+        boolean acquired = ref.ulock.tryAcquire();
+        try {
+            ref.rlock.acquire();
+            return ref;
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if(acquired) {
+                ref.ulock.release();                
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        finally {
+            poolLock.readLock().unlock();            
+        }
+    }
+
+    private RrdEntry getUnusedEntry(String path) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        poolLock.readLock().lockInterruptibly();
+        RrdEntry ref = getUnlockedEntry(path);
+        boolean acquired = false;
+        try {
+            ref.ulock.acquire();
+            acquired = true;
+            ref.rlock.acquire();
+            return ref;
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if(acquired) {
+                ref.ulock.release();                
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        finally {
+            poolLock.readLock().unlock();            
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases RrdDb reference previously obtained from the pool. When a reference is released, its usage
+     * count is decremented by one. If usage count drops to zero, the underlying RRD file will be closed.
+     *
+     * @param rrdDb RrdDb reference to be returned to the pool
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public void release(RrdDb rrdDb) throws IOException {
+        // null pointer should not kill the thread, just ignore it
+        if (rrdDb == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String canonicalPath = rrdDb.getCanonicalPath();
+        RrdEntry ref;
+        try {
+            ref = getEntry(canonicalPath);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("release interrupted for " + rrdDb, e);
+        }
+
+        if (ref.count.get() <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Could not release [" + canonicalPath + "], the file was never requested");
+        }
+        if (ref.count.decrementAndGet() <= 0  && ref.rrdDb != null) {
+            ref.rrdDb.close();
+            ref.rrdDb = null;
+            capacity.release();
+            ref.count.set(0);
+            ref.rlock.release();
+            ref.ulock.release();
+        }
+
+        if(ref.count.get() == 0) {
+            try {
+                //Got exclusive access to the pool
+                poolLock.writeLock().lockInterruptibly();
+                ref = pool.get(canonicalPath);
+                //It if failed, some one is working on it, so that's up to him to manage the cleaning
+                if(ref != null && ref.rlock.tryAcquire()) {
+                    if(ref.count.get() == 0)
+                        pool.remove(canonicalPath);
+                    ref.rlock.release();
+                }
+                poolLock.writeLock().unlock();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("release interrupted for " + rrdDb, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests a RrdDb reference for the given RRD file path.<p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the file is already open, previously returned RrdDb reference will be returned. Its usage count
+     * will be incremented by one.
+     * <li>If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is less than
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the file will be open and a new RrdDb reference will be returned.
+     * If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is equal to
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the method blocks until some RRD file is closed.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param path Path to existing RRD file
+     * @return reference for the give RRD file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public RrdDb requestRrdDb(String path) throws IOException {
+        RrdEntry ref;
+        try {
+            ref = getEntry(path);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("request interrupted for " + path, e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if(ref.count.get() > 0) {
+                ref.count.incrementAndGet();
+            }
+            //Not opened or in inconsistent state, try to recover
+            else {
+                try {
+                    capacity.acquire();
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("RrdDb acquire interrupted", e);
+                }
+                try {
+                    ref.rrdDb = new RrdDb(path);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    capacity.release();
+                    throw e;
+                }
+                ref.count.set(1);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            ref.rlock.release();
+        }
+        return ref.rrdDb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests a RrdDb reference for the given RRD file definition object.<p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the file with the path specified in the RrdDef object is already open,
+     * the method blocks until the file is closed.
+     * <li>If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is less than
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, a new RRD file will be created and a its RrdDb reference will be returned.
+     * If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is equal to
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the method blocks until some RRD file is closed.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param rrdDef Definition of the RRD file to be created
+     * @return Reference to the newly created RRD file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public RrdDb requestRrdDb(RrdDef rrdDef) throws IOException {
+        RrdEntry ref;
+        try {
+            ref = getUnusedEntry(rrdDef.getPath());
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("request interrupted for new rrdDef " + rrdDef.getPath(), e);
+        }
+        try {
+            ref.rrdDb = new RrdDb(rrdDef);
+            ref.count.set(1);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            capacity.release();
+            throw e;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { //new RrdDb(rrdDef) can also throw IllegalArgumentException
+            capacity.release();
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            ref.rlock.release();
+        }
+        return ref.rrdDb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests a RrdDb reference for the given path. The file will be created from
+     * external data (from XML dump, RRD file or RRDTool's binary RRD file).<p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the file with the path specified is already open,
+     * the method blocks until the file is closed.
+     * <li>If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is less than
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, a new RRD file will be created and a its RrdDb reference will be returned.
+     * If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is equal to
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the method blocks until some RRD file is closed.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param path       Path to RRD file which should be created
+     * @param sourcePath Path to external data which is to be converted to Rrd4j's native RRD file format
+     * @return Reference to the newly created RRD file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public RrdDb requestRrdDb(String path, String sourcePath)
+            throws IOException {
+        RrdEntry ref;
+        try {
+            ref = getUnusedEntry(path);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("request interrupted for new rrd " + path, e);
+        }
+        try {
+            ref.rrdDb = new RrdDb(path, sourcePath);
+            ref.count.set(1);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            capacity.release();
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            ref.rlock.release();
+        }
+        return ref.rrdDb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files.
+     *
+     * @param newCapacity Maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files.
+     */
+    public void setCapacity(int newCapacity) {
+        int available = capacity.drainPermits();
+        if (available != maxCapacity) {
+            capacity.release(available);
+            throw new RuntimeException("Can only be done on a empty pool");
+        }
+        else {
+            capacity = new Semaphore(newCapacity, true) {
+                @Override
+                public String toString() {
+                    return "Capacity semaphore: " + super.toString();
+                }            
+            };
+        }
+        maxCapacity = newCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files.
+     *
+     * @return maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files
+     */
+    public int getCapacity() {
+        return maxCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of usage for a RRD.
+     *
+     * @param rrdDb RrdDb reference for which informations is needed.
+     * @return the number of request for this rrd
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public int getOpenCount(RrdDb rrdDb) throws IOException {
+        String canonicalPath = rrdDb.getCanonicalPath();
+        RrdEntry ref = pool.get(canonicalPath);
+        if(ref == null)
+            return 0;
+        return ref.count.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of usage for a RRD.
+     *
+     * @param path RRD file for which informations is needed.
+     * @return the number of request for this file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public int getOpenCount(String path) throws IOException {
+        String canonicalPath = Util.getCanonicalPath(path);
+        RrdEntry ref = pool.get(canonicalPath);
+        if(ref == null)
+            return 0;
+        return ref.count.get();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.rrd4j.core.RrdDbPool.release` reads without synchronization from `this.org.rrd4j.core.RrdDbPool.capacity`. Potentially races with write in method `RrdDbPool.setCapacity(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RrdDbPool.release(RrdDb)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.rrd4j.core.RrdDbPool.release(org.rrd4j.core.RrdDb):void.ed88123af0021c35f415a882a208725e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/rrd4j/core/RrdDbPool.java
+
+### Key:
+RrdDbPool.java|release|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a236f8b35403cb992582470a3176b943
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6826/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6826/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79efb91e44abf3e000d402f79a93583d920ed2a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6826/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-webview
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017, 2018 SourceLab.org (https://github.com/Crim/kafka-webview/)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.sourcelab.kafka.devcluster;
+
+import com.salesforce.kafka.test.KafkaTestCluster;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Simple applicatin for firing up a Kafka cluster of 1 or more nodes.  This exists solely
+ * because standing up a real multi-node kafka cluster is more complicated than putting this together.
+ *
+ * Not intended for external consumption.
+ */
+public class DevCluster {
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DevCluster.class);
+
+    /**
+     * Main entry point
+     * @param args command line args.
+     */
+    public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
+        // Right now we accept one parameter, the number of nodes in the cluster.
+        final int clusterSize;
+        if (args.length > 0) {
+            clusterSize = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
+        } else {
+            clusterSize = 1;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Starting up kafka cluster with {} brokers", clusterSize);
+
+        // Create a test cluster
+        final KafkaTestCluster kafkaTestCluster = new KafkaTestCluster(clusterSize);
+
+        // Start the cluster.
+        kafkaTestCluster.start();
+
+        kafkaTestCluster
+            .getKafkaBrokers()
+            .stream()
+            .forEach((broker) -> logger.info("Started broker with Id {} at {}", broker.getBrokerId(), broker.getConnectString()));
+
+        logger.info("Cluster started at: {}", kafkaTestCluster.getKafkaConnectString());
+
+        // Wait forever.
+        Thread.currentThread().join();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.salesforce.kafka.test.KafkaTestCluster` acquired to `kafkaTestCluster` by call to `new()` at line 56 is not released after line 66.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DevCluster.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sourcelab.kafka.devcluster.DevCluster.main(java.lang.String[]):void.92b946e9d8525a901690eeaf124804c3
+
+### File:
+dev-cluster/src/main/java/org/sourcelab/kafka/devcluster/DevCluster.java
+
+### Key:
+DevCluster.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e34eb7f3729b9d674712f6f3f4cc3d81
+
+### Hash:
+de53a07b46ff6ede07d0e2f69e82c804
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6828/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6828/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62490534a79b21126c2f9937c17611013fb7dd35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6828/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mycat-NIO
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.mycat.net2;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+public class TestMySQLPackageSplitter {
+
+	@Test
+	public void testSpliter() throws IOException {
+		String testS = "test data only for ";
+		SharedBufferPool sharedPool = new SharedBufferPool(1024 * 1024 * 100, testS.length() + 4);
+		ReactorBufferPool reactBufferPool = new ReactorBufferPool(sharedPool, Thread.currentThread(), 1000);
+		ByteBufferArray bufArray = reactBufferPool.allocate();
+		bufArray.addNewBuffer();
+		int readBufferOffset = 0;
+		// @todo 构造符合MYSQL报文的数据包，进行测试
+
+		ByteArrayInputStream mysqlPackgsStream = createMysgqlPackages();
+		while (mysqlPackgsStream.available() > 0) {
+			ByteBuffer curBuf = bufArray.getLastByteBuffer();
+			if(!curBuf.hasRemaining())
+			{
+				curBuf=bufArray.addNewBuffer();
+			}
+			byte[] data = new byte[curBuf.remaining()];
+			int readed = mysqlPackgsStream.read(data);
+			curBuf.put(data, 0, readed);
+			readBufferOffset = CommonPackageUtil.parsePackages(bufArray, curBuf, readBufferOffset);
+
+		}
+		Assert.assertEquals(10, bufArray.getCurPacageIndex());
+	}
+
+	private ByteArrayInputStream createMysgqlPackages() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		return null;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `mysqlPackgsStream` last assigned on line 23 could be null and is dereferenced at line 24.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestMySQLPackageSplitter.testSpliter()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.mycat.net2.TestMySQLPackageSplitter.testSpliter():void.0f9bbe57801ee31764d027130d72310e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/io/mycat/net2/TestMySQLPackageSplitter.java
+
+### Key:
+TestMySQLPackageSplitter.java|testSpliter|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+63f2833073f1a980ee41ac28ec44b6b2
+
+### Hash:
+33f52bdf1476f25469c4d3d683e5ab80
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6843/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6843/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66189cde56e6ac2c998f80f26cd6b78a0e3282a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6843/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jmx_exporter
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.prometheus.jmx;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLClassLoader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JavaAgentIT {
+    private List<URL> getClassloaderUrls() {
+        return getClassloaderUrls(getClass().getClassLoader());
+    }
+
+    private static List<URL> getClassloaderUrls(ClassLoader classLoader) {
+        if (classLoader == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        if (!(classLoader instanceof URLClassLoader)) {
+            return getClassloaderUrls(classLoader.getParent());
+        }
+        URLClassLoader u = (URLClassLoader) classLoader;
+        List<URL> result = new ArrayList<URL>(Arrays.asList(u.getURLs()));
+        result.addAll(getClassloaderUrls(u.getParent()));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private String buildClasspath() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (URL url : getClassloaderUrls()) {
+            if (!url.getProtocol().equals("file")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (sb.length() != 0) {
+                sb.append(':');
+            }
+            sb.append(url.getPath());
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void agentLoads() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        // If not starting the testcase via Maven, set the buildDirectory and finalName system properties manually.
+        final String buildDirectory = (String) System.getProperties().get("buildDirectory");
+        final String finalName = (String) System.getProperties().get("finalName");
+        final int port = Integer.parseInt((String) System.getProperties().get("it.port"));
+        final String config = getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("test.yml").getFile();
+        final String javaagent = "-javaagent:" + buildDirectory + "/" + finalName + ".jar=" + port + ":" + config;
+
+        final String javaHome = System.getenv("JAVA_HOME");
+        final String java;
+        if (javaHome != null && javaHome.equals("")) {
+            java = javaHome + "/bin/java";
+        } else {
+            java = "java";
+        }
+
+        final Process app = new ProcessBuilder()
+            .command(java, javaagent, "-cp", buildClasspath(), "io.prometheus.jmx.TestApplication")
+            .start();
+        try {
+            // Wait for application to start
+            app.getInputStream().read();
+
+            InputStream stream = new URL("http://localhost:" + port + "/metrics").openStream();
+            BufferedReader contents = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
+            boolean found = false;
+            while (!found) {
+                String line = contents.readLine();
+                if (line == null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (line.contains("jmx_scrape_duration_seconds")) {
+                    found = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertThat("Expected metric not found", found);
+
+            // Tell application to stop
+            app.getOutputStream().write('\n');
+            try {
+                app.getOutputStream().flush();
+            } catch (IOException ignored) {
+            }
+        } finally {
+            final int exitcode = app.waitFor();
+            // Log any errors printed
+            int len;
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
+            while ((len = app.getErrorStream().read(buffer)) != -1) {
+                System.out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+            }
+
+            assertThat("Application did not exit cleanly", exitcode == 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 75 is not released after line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JavaAgentIT.agentLoads()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.prometheus.jmx.JavaAgentIT.agentLoads():void.21c3a302d682f8f5859c633e4ff80b4c
+
+### File:
+jmx_prometheus_javaagent/src/test/java/io/prometheus/jmx/JavaAgentIT.java
+
+### Key:
+JavaAgentIT.java|agentLoads|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+1e4115f00d05a7d2b0414093f93a692e
+
+### Hash:
+ba0a852bf5dedd1718e53dcaf8bedb65
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6850/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6850/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abedc26d24e63eef128b89ccc09f229033c7173b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6850/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** walkmod-core
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+  Copyright (C) 2013 Raquel Pau and Albert Coroleu.
+ 
+ Walkmod is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+ 
+ Walkmod is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ 
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ along with Walkmod.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.*/
+
+package org.walkmod.writers;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.walkmod.ChainWriter;
+import org.walkmod.exceptions.WalkModException;
+import org.walkmod.walkers.AbstractWalker;
+import org.walkmod.walkers.VisitorContext;
+
+public abstract class AbstractFileWriter implements ChainWriter {
+
+	private String[] excludes;
+
+	private String[] includes;
+
+	private File outputDirectory;
+
+	private String normalizedOutputDirectory;
+
+	private String encoding = "UTF-8";
+
+	private static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(AbstractFileWriter.class);
+
+	public void setOutputDirectory(String outputDirectory) {
+		this.outputDirectory = new File(outputDirectory);
+		if (!this.outputDirectory.exists()) {
+			this.outputDirectory.mkdir();
+		}
+		normalizedOutputDirectory = FilenameUtils.normalize(
+				this.outputDirectory.getAbsolutePath(), true);
+	}
+
+	public File getOutputDirectory() {
+		return this.outputDirectory;
+	}
+
+	public abstract File createOutputDirectory(Object o);
+
+	public void write(Object n, VisitorContext vc) throws Exception {
+
+		File out = null;
+		boolean createdEmptyFile = false;
+		if (vc != null) {
+			out = (File) vc.get(AbstractWalker.ORIGINAL_FILE_KEY);
+		}
+		if (out == null) {
+			log.debug("Creating the target source file. This is not the original source file.");
+			out = createOutputDirectory(n);
+			createdEmptyFile = true;
+		} else {
+			log.debug("The system will overwrite the original source file.");
+		}
+		boolean write = true;
+		if (out != null) {
+			log.debug("Analyzing exclude and include rules");
+			String aux = FilenameUtils.normalize(out.getAbsolutePath(), true);
+			if (excludes != null) {
+				for (int i = 0; i < excludes.length && write; i++) {
+					if (!excludes[i].startsWith(normalizedOutputDirectory)) {
+						excludes[i] = normalizedOutputDirectory + "/"
+								+ excludes[i];
+						if (excludes[i].endsWith("\\*\\*")) {
+							excludes[i] = excludes[i].substring(0,
+									excludes[i].length() - 2);
+						}
+					}
+					write = !(excludes[i].startsWith(aux) || FilenameUtils
+							.wildcardMatch(aux, excludes[i]));
+				}
+			}
+			if (includes != null && write) {
+				write = false;
+				for (int i = 0; i < includes.length && !write; i++) {
+					if (!includes[i].startsWith(normalizedOutputDirectory)) {
+						includes[i] = normalizedOutputDirectory + "/"
+								+ includes[i];
+						if (includes[i].endsWith("\\*\\*")) {
+							includes[i] = includes[i].substring(0,
+									includes[i].length() - 2);
+						}
+					}
+
+					write = includes[i].startsWith(aux)
+							|| FilenameUtils.wildcardMatch(aux, includes[i]);
+				}
+			}
+			if (write) {
+				Writer writer = null;
+
+				try {
+
+					String content = getContent(n, vc);
+					if (content != null && !"".equals(content)) {
+						char endLineChar = getEndLineChar(out);
+
+						writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
+								new FileOutputStream(out), getEncoding()));
+
+						if (vc.get("append") == null) {
+							write(content, writer, endLineChar);
+						} else {
+							if (Boolean.TRUE.equals(vc.get("append"))) {
+								append(content, writer, endLineChar);
+							} else {
+								write(content, writer, endLineChar);
+							}
+						}
+						Summary.getInstance().addFile(out);
+						log.debug(out.getPath() + " written ");
+					} else {
+						log.error(out.getPath()
+								+ " does not have valid content");
+						throw new WalkModException("blank code is returned");
+					}
+				} finally {
+					if (writer != null) {
+						writer.close();
+
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				if (createdEmptyFile && out != null && out.isFile()) {
+					out.delete();
+				}
+				log.debug("skipping " + out.getParent());
+			}
+		} else {
+			log.debug("There is no place where to write.");
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void write(String content, Writer writer, char endLineChar)
+			throws IOException {
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new StringReader(content));
+		String line = reader.readLine();
+		String endLine = "\n";
+		if (endLineChar == '\r') {
+			endLine = "\r\n";
+		}
+		while (line != null) {
+			writer.write(line + endLine);
+			line = reader.readLine();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void append(String content, Writer writer, char endLineChar)
+			throws IOException {
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new StringReader(content));
+		String line = reader.readLine();
+		String endLine = "\n";
+		if (endLineChar == '\r') {
+			endLine = "\r\n";
+		}
+		while (line != null) {
+			writer.append(line + endLine);
+			line = reader.readLine();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public char getEndLineChar(File file) throws IOException {
+		char endLineChar = '\n';
+		if (file.exists()) {
+			FileReader reader = new FileReader(file);
+			try {
+				char[] buffer = new char[150];
+				boolean detected = false;
+				int bytes = reader.read(buffer);
+				char previousChar = '\0';
+				while (bytes > 0 && !detected) {
+					for (int i = 0; i < bytes && !detected; i++) {
+						if (buffer[i] == '\r') {
+							endLineChar = '\r';
+							detected = true;
+						}
+						detected = detected
+								|| (previousChar == '\n' && buffer[i] != '\r');
+						previousChar = buffer[i];
+
+					}
+					if (!detected) {
+						bytes = reader.read(buffer);
+					}
+				}
+			} finally {
+				reader.close();
+			}
+		} else {
+			String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
+			if (os.toLowerCase().startsWith("windows")) {
+				endLineChar = '\r';
+			}
+		}
+		return endLineChar;
+	}
+
+	public abstract String getContent(Object n, VisitorContext vc);
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() throws IOException {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void flush() throws IOException {
+	}
+
+	public void setPath(String path) {
+		setOutputDirectory(path);
+	}
+
+	public String getPath() {
+		return this.outputDirectory.getPath();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setExcludes(String[] excludes) {
+		this.excludes = excludes;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String[] getExcludes() {
+		return excludes;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setIncludes(String[] includes) {
+		this.includes = includes;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String[] getIncludes() {
+		return includes;
+	}
+
+	public String getEncoding() {
+		return encoding;
+	}
+
+	public void setEncoding(String encoding) {
+		this.encoding = encoding;
+		log.debug("[encoding]:" + encoding);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 122 is not released after line 123.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractFileWriter.write(Object,VisitorContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.walkmod.writers.AbstractFileWriter.write(java.lang.Object,org.walkmod.walkers.VisitorContext):vo.7e524521e777eb5956e354114019ada9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/walkmod/writers/AbstractFileWriter.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractFileWriter.java|write|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d4aac81d9dcd39a0d16844e4e8f07b67
+
+### Hash:
+ac322f4bffc5894da198a71ee5171a64
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6857/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6857/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f23e59a2c389d3fb99f5037b6e72a247a2b11c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6857/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webcam-capture
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer;
+
+import static com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDriver.FORMAT_MJPEG;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.bridj.Platform;
+import org.gstreamer.Caps;
+import org.gstreamer.Element;
+import org.gstreamer.ElementFactory;
+import org.gstreamer.Pad;
+import org.gstreamer.Pipeline;
+import org.gstreamer.State;
+import org.gstreamer.Structure;
+import org.gstreamer.elements.RGBDataSink;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamDevice;
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamResolution;
+
+
+public class GStreamerDevice implements WebcamDevice, RGBDataSink.Listener, WebcamDevice.FPSSource {
+
+	/**
+	 * Logger.
+	 */
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GStreamerDevice.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit the lateness of frames to no more than 20ms (half a frame at 25fps)
+	 */
+	private static final long LATENESS = 20; // ms
+
+	/**
+	 * Video format to capture.
+	 */
+	private String format;
+
+	/**
+	 * All possible resolutions - populated while initialization phase.
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] resolutions = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Windows platform.
+	 */
+	private final int deviceIndex;
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Linux platform.
+	 */
+	private final File videoFile;
+
+	private final GStreamerDriver driver;
+
+	/* gstreamer stuff */
+
+	private Pipeline pipe = null;
+	private Element source = null;
+	private Element filter = null;
+	private Element jpegparse = null;
+	private Element jpegdec = null;
+	private Element[] elements = null;
+	private RGBDataSink sink = null;
+
+	private Caps caps = null;
+
+	/* logic */
+
+	private AtomicBoolean open = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean disposed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean starting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean initialized = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private Dimension resolution = WebcamResolution.VGA.getSize();
+	private BufferedImage image = null;
+
+	/* used to calculate fps */
+
+	private long t1 = -1;
+	private long t2 = -1;
+
+	private volatile double fps = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create GStreamer webcam device.
+	 *
+	 * @param name the name of webcam device
+	 */
+	protected GStreamerDevice(GStreamerDriver driver, int deviceIndex) {
+		this.driver = driver;
+		this.deviceIndex = deviceIndex;
+		this.videoFile = null;
+	}
+
+	protected GStreamerDevice(GStreamerDriver driver, File videoFile) {
+		this.driver = driver;
+		this.deviceIndex = -1;
+		this.videoFile = videoFile;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize webcam device.
+	 */
+	private synchronized void init() {
+
+		if (!initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("GStreamer webcam device initialization");
+
+		pipe = new Pipeline(getName());
+		source = ElementFactory.make(GStreamerDriver.getSourceBySystem(), "source");
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			source.set("device-index", deviceIndex);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			source.set("device", videoFile.getAbsolutePath());
+		} else if (Platform.isMacOSX()) {
+			throw new IllegalStateException("not yet implemented");
+		}
+
+		sink = new RGBDataSink(getName(), this);
+		sink.setPassDirectBuffer(true);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setMaximumLateness(LATENESS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setQOSEnabled(true);
+
+		filter = ElementFactory.make("capsfilter", "capsfilter");
+
+		jpegparse = ElementFactory.make("jpegparse", "jpegparse");
+		jpegdec = ElementFactory.make("jpegdec", "jpegdec");
+
+		pipelineReady();
+		resolutions = parseResolutions(source.getPads().get(0));
+		pipelineStop();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Use GStreamer to get all possible resolutions.
+	 *
+	 * @param pad the pad to get resolutions from
+	 * @return Array of resolutions supported by device connected with pad
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] parseResolutions(Pad pad) {
+
+		Caps caps = pad.getCaps();
+
+		format = findPreferredFormat(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Best format is {}", format);
+
+		Dimension r = null;
+		Structure s = null;
+		String mime = null;
+
+		final int n = caps.size();
+		int i = 0;
+
+		Map<String, Dimension> map = new HashMap<String, Dimension>();
+
+		do {
+
+			s = caps.getStructure(i++);
+
+			LOG.debug("Found format structure {}", s);
+
+			mime = s.getName();
+
+			if (mime.equals(format)) {
+				if ((r = capStructToResolution(s)) != null) {
+					map.put(r.width + "x" + r.height, r);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} while (i < n);
+
+		final Dimension[] resolutions = new ArrayList<Dimension>(map.values()).toArray(new Dimension[0]);
+
+		if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			for (Dimension d : resolutions) {
+				LOG.debug("Resolution detected {} with format {}", d, format);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	private String findPreferredFormat(Caps caps) {
+		for (String f : driver.getPreferredFormats()) {
+			for (int i = 0, n = caps.size(); i < n; i++) {
+				if (f.equals(caps.getStructure(i).getName())) {
+					return f;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static Dimension capStructToResolution(Structure structure) {
+
+		int w = -1;
+		int h = -1;
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			w = structure.getRange("width").getMinInt();
+			h = structure.getRange("height").getMinInt();
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			w = structure.getInteger("width");
+			h = structure.getInteger("height");
+		}
+
+		if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+			return new Dimension(w, h);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getName() {
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			return Integer.toString(deviceIndex);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			return videoFile.getAbsolutePath();
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Platform not supported by GStreamer capture driver");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension[] getResolutions() {
+		init();
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension getResolution() {
+		return resolution;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResolution(Dimension size) {
+		this.resolution = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BufferedImage getImage() {
+		return image;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void open() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Opening GStreamer device");
+
+		init();
+
+		starting.set(true);
+
+		Dimension size = getResolution();
+
+		image = new BufferedImage(size.width, size.height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		image.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		image.flush();
+
+		if (caps != null) {
+			caps.dispose();
+		}
+
+		caps = Caps.fromString(String.format("%s,framerate=30/1,width=%d,height=%d", format, size.width, size.height));
+		filter.setCaps(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Using filter caps: {}", caps);
+
+		pipelinePlay();
+
+		LOG.debug("Wait for device to be ready");
+
+		// wait max 20s for image to appear
+		synchronized (this) {
+			try {
+				this.wait(20000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineElementsReset() {
+		elements = null;
+	}
+
+	private Element[] pipelineElementsPrepare() {
+		if (elements == null) {
+			if (FORMAT_MJPEG.equals(format)) {
+				elements = new Element[] { source, filter, jpegparse, jpegdec, sink };
+			} else {
+				elements = new Element[] { source, filter, sink };
+			}
+		}
+		return elements;
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineElementsLink() {
+		final Element[] elements = pipelineElementsPrepare();
+		pipe.addMany(elements);
+		if (!Element.linkMany(elements)) {
+			LOG.warn("Some elements were not successfully linked!");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineElementsUnlink() {
+		final Element[] elements = pipelineElementsPrepare();
+		Element.unlinkMany(elements);
+		pipe.removeMany(elements);
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineReady() {
+		pipelineElementsLink();
+		pipe.setState(State.READY);
+	}
+
+	private void pipelinePlay() {
+		pipelineElementsReset();
+		pipelineElementsLink();
+		pipe.setState(State.PLAYING);
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineStop() {
+		pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+		pipelineElementsUnlink();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Closing GStreamer device");
+
+		pipelineStop();
+
+		image = null;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void dispose() {
+
+		if (!disposed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Disposing GStreamer device");
+
+		close();
+
+		source.dispose();
+		filter.dispose();
+		jpegparse.dispose();
+		jpegdec.dispose();
+		caps.dispose();
+		sink.dispose();
+		pipe.dispose();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isOpen() {
+		return open.get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void rgbFrame(boolean preroll, int width, int height, IntBuffer rgb) {
+
+		LOG.trace("New RGB frame");
+
+		if (t1 == -1 || t2 == -1) {
+			t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		tmp.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		rgb.get(((DataBufferInt) tmp.getRaster().getDataBuffer()).getData(), 0, width * height);
+		tmp.flush();
+
+		image = tmp;
+
+		if (starting.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+
+			synchronized (this) {
+				this.notifyAll();
+			}
+
+			LOG.debug("GStreamer device ready");
+		}
+
+		t1 = t2;
+		t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+		fps = (4 * fps + 1000 / (t2 - t1 + 1)) / 5;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double getFPS() {
+		return fps;
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline getPipe() {
+		return pipe;
+	}
+
+	public Element getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	public Element getFilter() {
+		return filter;
+	}
+
+	public RGBDataSink getSink() {
+		return sink;
+	}
+
+	public Caps getCaps() {
+		return caps;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.dispose` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.jpegparse`. Potentially races with write in method `GStreamerDevice.open()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GStreamerDevice.dispose()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.dispose():void.664cce93066d1f38fb38544c1fbfc122
+
+### File:
+webcam-capture-drivers/driver-gstreamer/src/main/java/com/github/sarxos/webcam/ds/gstreamer/GStreamerDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+GStreamerDevice.java|dispose|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8981b01f72127e45dd486aaebd35d9ae
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6859/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6859/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..792881e69e32efb121c43e1c2afad029be2474e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6859/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webcam-capture
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.bridj.Platform;
+import org.gstreamer.Caps;
+import org.gstreamer.Element;
+import org.gstreamer.ElementFactory;
+import org.gstreamer.Pad;
+import org.gstreamer.Pipeline;
+import org.gstreamer.State;
+import org.gstreamer.Structure;
+import org.gstreamer.elements.RGBDataSink;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamDevice;
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamResolution;
+
+
+public class GStreamerDevice implements WebcamDevice, RGBDataSink.Listener, WebcamDevice.FPSSource {
+
+	/**
+	 * Logger.
+	 */
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GStreamerDevice.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit the lateness of frames to no more than 20ms (half a frame at 25fps)
+	 */
+	private static final long LATENESS = 20; // ms
+
+	/**
+	 * First formats are better. For example video/x-raw-rgb gives 30 FPS on HD720p where
+	 * video/x-raw-yuv only 10 FPS on the same resolution. The goal is to use these "better" formats
+	 * first, and then fallback to less efficient when not available.
+	 */
+	private static final String[] BEST_FORMATS = {
+		"video/x-raw-rgb",
+		"video/x-raw-yuv",
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * Video format to capture.
+	 */
+	private String format;
+
+	/**
+	 * All possible resolutions - populated while initialization phase.
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] resolutions = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Windows platform.
+	 */
+	private final String name;
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Linux platform.
+	 */
+	private final File vfile;
+
+	/* gstreamer stuff */
+
+	private Pipeline pipe = null;
+	private Element source = null;
+	private Element filter = null;
+	private RGBDataSink sink = null;
+
+	private Caps caps = null;
+
+	/* logic */
+
+	private AtomicBoolean open = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean disposed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean starting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean initialized = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private Dimension resolution = WebcamResolution.VGA.getSize();
+	private BufferedImage image = null;
+
+	/* used to calculate fps */
+
+	private long t1 = -1;
+	private long t2 = -1;
+
+	private volatile double fps = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create GStreamer webcam device.
+	 *
+	 * @param name the name of webcam device
+	 */
+	protected GStreamerDevice(String name) {
+		this.name = name;
+		this.vfile = null;
+	}
+
+	protected GStreamerDevice(File vfile) {
+		this.name = null;
+		this.vfile = vfile;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize webcam device.
+	 */
+	private synchronized void init() {
+
+		if (!initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("GStreamer webcam device initialization");
+
+		pipe = new Pipeline(name);
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("dshowvideosrc", "source");
+			source.set("device-name", name);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("v4l2src", "source");
+			source.set("device", vfile.getAbsolutePath());
+		}
+
+		sink = new RGBDataSink(name, this);
+		sink.setPassDirectBuffer(true);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setMaximumLateness(LATENESS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setQOSEnabled(true);
+
+		filter = ElementFactory.make("capsfilter", "filter");
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+			Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.setState(State.READY);
+		}
+
+		resolutions = parseResolutions(source.getPads().get(0));
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+			Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Use GStreamer to get all possible resolutions.
+	 *
+	 * @param pad the pad to get resolutions from
+	 * @return Array of resolutions supported by device connected with pad
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] parseResolutions(Pad pad) {
+
+		Caps caps = pad.getCaps();
+
+		format = findBestFormat(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Best format is {}", format);
+
+		Dimension r = null;
+		Structure s = null;
+		String mime = null;
+
+		int n = caps.size();
+		int i = 0;
+
+		Map<String, Dimension> map = new HashMap<String, Dimension>();
+
+		do {
+
+			s = caps.getStructure(i++);
+
+			LOG.debug("Found format structure {}", s);
+
+			mime = s.getName();
+
+			if (mime.equals(format)) {
+				if ((r = capStructToResolution(s)) != null) {
+					map.put(r.width + "x" + r.height, r);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} while (i < n);
+
+		Dimension[] resolutions = new ArrayList<Dimension>(map.values()).toArray(new Dimension[map.size()]);
+
+		if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			for (Dimension d : resolutions) {
+				LOG.debug("Resolution detected {}", d);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	private static String findBestFormat(Caps caps) {
+		for (String f : BEST_FORMATS) {
+			for (int i = 0, n = caps.size(); i < n; i++) {
+				if (f.equals(caps.getStructure(i).getName())) {
+					return f;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static Dimension capStructToResolution(Structure structure) {
+
+		int w = -1;
+		int h = -1;
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			w = structure.getRange("width").getMinInt();
+			h = structure.getRange("height").getMinInt();
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			w = structure.getInteger("width");
+			h = structure.getInteger("height");
+		}
+
+		if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+			return new Dimension(w, h);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getName() {
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			return name;
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			return vfile.getAbsolutePath();
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Platform not supported by GStreamer capture driver");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension[] getResolutions() {
+		init();
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension getResolution() {
+		return resolution;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResolution(Dimension size) {
+		this.resolution = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BufferedImage getImage() {
+		return image;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void open() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Opening GStreamer device");
+
+		init();
+
+		starting.set(true);
+
+		Dimension size = getResolution();
+
+		image = new BufferedImage(size.width, size.height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		image.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		image.flush();
+
+		if (caps != null) {
+			caps.dispose();
+		}
+
+		caps = Caps.fromString(String.format("%s,width=%d,height=%d", format, size.width, size.height));
+
+		filter.setCaps(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Link elements");
+
+		pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+		Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.setState(State.PLAYING);
+
+		// wait max 20s for image to appear
+		synchronized (this) {
+			LOG.debug("Wait for device to be ready");
+			try {
+				this.wait(20000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Closing GStreamer device");
+
+		image = null;
+
+		LOG.debug("Unlink elements");
+
+		pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+		Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void dispose() {
+
+		if (!disposed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Disposing GStreamer device");
+
+		close();
+
+		filter.dispose();
+		source.dispose();
+		sink.dispose();
+		pipe.dispose();
+		caps.dispose();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isOpen() {
+		return open.get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void rgbFrame(boolean preroll, int width, int height, IntBuffer rgb) {
+
+		LOG.trace("New RGB frame");
+
+		if (t1 == -1 || t2 == -1) {
+			t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		tmp.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		rgb.get(((DataBufferInt) tmp.getRaster().getDataBuffer()).getData(), 0, width * height);
+		tmp.flush();
+
+		image = tmp;
+
+		if (starting.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+
+			synchronized (this) {
+				this.notifyAll();
+			}
+
+			LOG.debug("GStreamer device ready");
+		}
+
+		t1 = t2;
+		t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+		fps = (4 * fps + 1000 / (t2 - t1 + 1)) / 5;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double getFPS() {
+		return fps;
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline getPipe() {
+		return pipe;
+	}
+
+	public Element getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	public Element getFilter() {
+		return filter;
+	}
+
+	public RGBDataSink getSink() {
+		return sink;
+	}
+
+	public Caps getCaps() {
+		return caps;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.open` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.pipe`. Potentially races with write in method `GStreamerDevice.open()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GStreamerDevice.open()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.open():void.dfec049d772f6ef69be774e4cb67ce48
+
+### File:
+webcam-capture-drivers/driver-gstreamer/src/main/java/com/github/sarxos/webcam/ds/gstreamer/GStreamerDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+GStreamerDevice.java|open|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f88eee20fe7f45fd6b05cdb7acc456cf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6861/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6861/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aa42e6cce38cce97d667f408a9958bace99fd59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6861/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webcam-capture
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.bridj.Platform;
+import org.gstreamer.Caps;
+import org.gstreamer.Element;
+import org.gstreamer.ElementFactory;
+import org.gstreamer.Pad;
+import org.gstreamer.Pipeline;
+import org.gstreamer.State;
+import org.gstreamer.Structure;
+import org.gstreamer.elements.RGBDataSink;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamDevice;
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamResolution;
+
+
+public class GStreamerDevice implements WebcamDevice, RGBDataSink.Listener, WebcamDevice.FPSSource {
+
+	/**
+	 * Logger.
+	 */
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GStreamerDevice.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit the lateness of frames to no more than 20ms (half a frame at 25fps)
+	 */
+	private static final long LATENESS = 20; // ms
+
+	/**
+	 * First formats are better. For example video/x-raw-rgb gives 30 FPS on HD720p where
+	 * video/x-raw-yuv only 10 FPS on the same resolution. The goal is to use these "better" formats
+	 * first, and then fallback to less efficient when not available.
+	 */
+	private static final String[] BEST_FORMATS = {
+		"video/x-raw-rgb",
+		"video/x-raw-yuv",
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * Video format to capture.
+	 */
+	private String format;
+
+	/**
+	 * All possible resolutions - populated while initialization phase.
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] resolutions = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Windows platform.
+	 */
+	private final String name;
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Linux platform.
+	 */
+	private final File vfile;
+
+	/* gstreamer stuff */
+
+	private Pipeline pipe = null;
+	private Element source = null;
+	private Element filter = null;
+	private RGBDataSink sink = null;
+
+	private Caps caps = null;
+
+	/* logic */
+
+	private AtomicBoolean open = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean disposed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean starting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean initialized = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private Dimension resolution = WebcamResolution.VGA.getSize();
+	private BufferedImage image = null;
+
+	/* used to calculate fps */
+
+	private long t1 = -1;
+	private long t2 = -1;
+
+	private volatile double fps = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create GStreamer webcam device.
+	 *
+	 * @param name the name of webcam device
+	 */
+	protected GStreamerDevice(String name) {
+		this.name = name;
+		this.vfile = null;
+	}
+
+	protected GStreamerDevice(File vfile) {
+		this.name = null;
+		this.vfile = vfile;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize webcam device.
+	 */
+	private synchronized void init() {
+
+		if (!initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("GStreamer webcam device initialization");
+
+		pipe = new Pipeline(name);
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("dshowvideosrc", "source");
+			source.set("device-name", name);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("v4l2src", "source");
+			source.set("device", vfile.getAbsolutePath());
+		}
+
+		sink = new RGBDataSink(name, this);
+		sink.setPassDirectBuffer(true);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setMaximumLateness(LATENESS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setQOSEnabled(true);
+
+		filter = ElementFactory.make("capsfilter", "filter");
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+			Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.setState(State.READY);
+		}
+
+		resolutions = parseResolutions(source.getPads().get(0));
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+			Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Use GStreamer to get all possible resolutions.
+	 *
+	 * @param pad the pad to get resolutions from
+	 * @return Array of resolutions supported by device connected with pad
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] parseResolutions(Pad pad) {
+
+		Caps caps = pad.getCaps();
+
+		format = findBestFormat(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Best format is {}", format);
+
+		Dimension r = null;
+		Structure s = null;
+		String mime = null;
+
+		int n = caps.size();
+		int i = 0;
+
+		Map<String, Dimension> map = new HashMap<String, Dimension>();
+
+		do {
+
+			s = caps.getStructure(i++);
+
+			LOG.debug("Found format structure {}", s);
+
+			mime = s.getName();
+
+			if (mime.equals(format)) {
+				if ((r = capStructToResolution(s)) != null) {
+					map.put(r.width + "x" + r.height, r);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} while (i < n);
+
+		Dimension[] resolutions = new ArrayList<Dimension>(map.values()).toArray(new Dimension[map.size()]);
+
+		if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			for (Dimension d : resolutions) {
+				LOG.debug("Resolution detected {}", d);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	private static String findBestFormat(Caps caps) {
+		for (String f : BEST_FORMATS) {
+			for (int i = 0, n = caps.size(); i < n; i++) {
+				if (f.equals(caps.getStructure(i).getName())) {
+					return f;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static Dimension capStructToResolution(Structure structure) {
+
+		int w = -1;
+		int h = -1;
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			w = structure.getRange("width").getMinInt();
+			h = structure.getRange("height").getMinInt();
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			w = structure.getInteger("width");
+			h = structure.getInteger("height");
+		}
+
+		if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+			return new Dimension(w, h);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getName() {
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			return name;
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			return vfile.getAbsolutePath();
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Platform not supported by GStreamer capture driver");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension[] getResolutions() {
+		init();
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension getResolution() {
+		return resolution;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResolution(Dimension size) {
+		this.resolution = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BufferedImage getImage() {
+		return image;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void open() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Opening GStreamer device");
+
+		init();
+
+		starting.set(true);
+
+		Dimension size = getResolution();
+
+		image = new BufferedImage(size.width, size.height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		image.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		image.flush();
+
+		if (caps != null) {
+			caps.dispose();
+		}
+
+		caps = Caps.fromString(String.format("%s,width=%d,height=%d", format, size.width, size.height));
+
+		filter.setCaps(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Link elements");
+
+		pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+		Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.setState(State.PLAYING);
+
+		// wait max 20s for image to appear
+		synchronized (this) {
+			LOG.debug("Wait for device to be ready");
+			try {
+				this.wait(20000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Closing GStreamer device");
+
+		image = null;
+
+		LOG.debug("Unlink elements");
+
+		pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+		Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void dispose() {
+
+		if (!disposed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Disposing GStreamer device");
+
+		close();
+
+		filter.dispose();
+		source.dispose();
+		sink.dispose();
+		pipe.dispose();
+		caps.dispose();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isOpen() {
+		return open.get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void rgbFrame(boolean preroll, int width, int height, IntBuffer rgb) {
+
+		LOG.trace("New RGB frame");
+
+		if (t1 == -1 || t2 == -1) {
+			t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		tmp.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		rgb.get(((DataBufferInt) tmp.getRaster().getDataBuffer()).getData(), 0, width * height);
+		tmp.flush();
+
+		image = tmp;
+
+		if (starting.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+
+			synchronized (this) {
+				this.notifyAll();
+			}
+
+			LOG.debug("GStreamer device ready");
+		}
+
+		t1 = t2;
+		t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+		fps = (4 * fps + 1000 / (t2 - t1 + 1)) / 5;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double getFPS() {
+		return fps;
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline getPipe() {
+		return pipe;
+	}
+
+	public Element getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	public Element getFilter() {
+		return filter;
+	}
+
+	public RGBDataSink getSink() {
+		return sink;
+	}
+
+	public Caps getCaps() {
+		return caps;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.open` writes to field `this.com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.caps` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GStreamerDevice.open()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.open():void.dfec049d772f6ef69be774e4cb67ce48
+
+### File:
+webcam-capture-drivers/driver-gstreamer/src/main/java/com/github/sarxos/webcam/ds/gstreamer/GStreamerDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+GStreamerDevice.java|open|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+196d296673abb3245b871688077f6a1c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6866/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6866/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92999523d5254e001d501741cc25884b4faed822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6866/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** brave
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.kristofa.brave;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import com.github.kristofa.brave.example.TestServerClientAndLocalSpanStateCompilation;
+import com.github.kristofa.brave.internal.Util;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito;
+import org.powermock.core.classloader.annotations.PrepareForTest;
+import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
+
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Endpoint;
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Span;
+
+@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
+@PrepareForTest({AnnotationSubmitter.class, LocalTracer.class})
+public class LocalTracerTest {
+
+    private static final long PARENT_TRACE_ID = 105;
+    private static final long PARENT_SPAN_ID = 103;
+    private static final String COMPONENT_NAME = "componentname";
+    private static final String OPERATION_NAME = "operationname";
+
+    private ServerClientAndLocalSpanState state;
+    private Random mockRandom;
+    private SpanCollector mockCollector;
+    private LocalTracer localTracer;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() {
+        mockRandom = mock(Random.class);
+        when(mockRandom.nextLong()).thenReturn(555L);
+
+        mockCollector = mock(SpanCollector.class);
+
+        PowerMockito.mockStatic(System.class);
+        state = new TestServerClientAndLocalSpanStateCompilation();
+        localTracer = LocalTracer.builder()
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .randomGenerator(mockRandom)
+                .spanCollector(mockCollector)
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(false)
+                .traceSampler(Sampler.create(1.0f))
+                .clock(AnnotationSubmitter.DefaultClock.INSTANCE)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a local span is started without a timestamp, microseconds and a tick are recorded for
+     * duration calculation. A binary annotation is added for search by component.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startNewSpan(component, operation); // internally time and nanos are recorded
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void startNewSpan() {
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.currentTimeMillis()).thenReturn(1L);
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(500L);
+
+        SpanId expectedSpanId =
+            SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build();
+
+        assertEquals(expectedSpanId, localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME));
+
+        Span started = state.getCurrentLocalSpan();
+
+        assertEquals(1000L, started.getTimestamp().longValue());
+        assertEquals(500L, started.startTick.longValue());
+        assertEquals("lc", started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).getKey());
+        assertEquals(COMPONENT_NAME, new String(started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).getValue(), Util.UTF_8));
+        assertEquals(state.endpoint(), started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).host);
+        assertEquals(OPERATION_NAME, started.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span is started with a timestamp, we can't use nanotime for duration as we don't
+     * know the nanotime value for that timestamp.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startNewSpan(component, operation, startTime);
+     *
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_userSuppliedTimestamp() {
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME, 1000L);
+
+        Span started = state.getCurrentLocalSpan();
+        assertEquals(1000L, started.getTimestamp().longValue());
+        assertNull(started.startTick);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_unsampled() {
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .traceSampler(Sampler.create(0.0f)).build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When finish is called without a duration, the startTick from start is used in duration calculation.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation); // internally nanos is recorded with system time.
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(); // above nanos is used to make a precise duration
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500000L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(1000000L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /** Duration of less than one microsecond is confusing to plot and could coerce to null. */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_lessThanMicrosRoundUp() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(1000L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(1L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span is started with a timestamp, nanos aren't known, so duration calculation falls back to system time.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation, startTime); // no tick was recorded
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(); // can't know which nanos startTime was associated with!
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestamp() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // Set by user
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.currentTimeMillis()).thenReturn(2L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(1000L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a local span completes with a user supplied duration, startTick is ignored.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation); // startTick was recorded, but ignored
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(duration); // user calculated duration out-of-band, ex with a stop watch.
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedDuration() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(500L);
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span starts and finishes with user-supplied timestamp and duration, nanotime is used
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation, startTime); // startTick was recorded
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(duration); // nanoTime - startTick = duration
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestampAndDuration() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // Set by user
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(500L);
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_unsampled() {
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(null);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_unsampled_userSuppliedDuration() {
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(null);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(5000L);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_with_inheritable_nested_local_spans() {
+        state = new InheritableServerClientAndLocalSpanState(Endpoint.create("test-service", 127 << 24 | 1));
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(true)
+                .build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        SpanId span1 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span1);
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, localTracer.getNewSpanParent().getId());
+
+        SpanId span2 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(span1.spanId).build(), span2);
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, localTracer.getNewSpanParent().getId());
+
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertNull(state.getCurrentLocalSpan());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_nested_local_spans_disabled() {
+        state = new InheritableServerClientAndLocalSpanState(Endpoint.create("test-service", 127 << 24 | 1));
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(false)
+                .build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+        final ServerSpan serverSpan = ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name");
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(serverSpan);
+
+        SpanId span1 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span1);
+        assertEquals(serverSpan.getSpan(), localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+
+        SpanId span2 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span2);
+        assertEquals(serverSpan.getSpan(), localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertNull(state.getCurrentLocalSpan());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `finished.getDuration()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 233.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LocalTracerTest.finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestampAndDuration()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kristofa.brave.LocalTracerTest.finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestampAndDuration():void.24246657a4bf698497adc34fae26abf2
+
+### File:
+brave-core/src/test/java/com/github/kristofa/brave/LocalTracerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+LocalTracerTest.java|finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestampAndDuration|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+b211eda86509fa5fc15fec9b2906a109
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6868/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6868/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..114da3bca5736f62bb8672a0ce2e0b7b2e2b9b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6868/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** brave
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.kristofa.brave;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import com.github.kristofa.brave.example.TestServerClientAndLocalSpanStateCompilation;
+import com.github.kristofa.brave.internal.Util;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito;
+import org.powermock.core.classloader.annotations.PrepareForTest;
+import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
+
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Endpoint;
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Span;
+
+@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
+@PrepareForTest({AnnotationSubmitter.class, LocalTracer.class})
+public class LocalTracerTest {
+
+    private static final long PARENT_TRACE_ID = 105;
+    private static final long PARENT_SPAN_ID = 103;
+    private static final String COMPONENT_NAME = "componentname";
+    private static final String OPERATION_NAME = "operationname";
+
+    private ServerClientAndLocalSpanState state;
+    private Random mockRandom;
+    private SpanCollector mockCollector;
+    private LocalTracer localTracer;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() {
+        mockRandom = mock(Random.class);
+        when(mockRandom.nextLong()).thenReturn(555L);
+
+        mockCollector = mock(SpanCollector.class);
+
+        PowerMockito.mockStatic(System.class);
+        state = new TestServerClientAndLocalSpanStateCompilation();
+        localTracer = LocalTracer.builder()
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .randomGenerator(mockRandom)
+                .spanCollector(mockCollector)
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(false)
+                .traceSampler(Sampler.create(1.0f))
+                .clock(AnnotationSubmitter.DefaultClock.INSTANCE)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a local span is started without a timestamp, microseconds and a tick are recorded for
+     * duration calculation. A binary annotation is added for search by component.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startNewSpan(component, operation); // internally time and nanos are recorded
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void startNewSpan() {
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.currentTimeMillis()).thenReturn(1L);
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(500L);
+
+        SpanId expectedSpanId =
+            SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build();
+
+        assertEquals(expectedSpanId, localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME));
+
+        Span started = state.getCurrentLocalSpan();
+
+        assertEquals(1000L, started.getTimestamp().longValue());
+        assertEquals(500L, started.startTick.longValue());
+        assertEquals("lc", started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).getKey());
+        assertEquals(COMPONENT_NAME, new String(started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).getValue(), Util.UTF_8));
+        assertEquals(state.endpoint(), started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).host);
+        assertEquals(OPERATION_NAME, started.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span is started with a timestamp, we can't use nanotime for duration as we don't
+     * know the nanotime value for that timestamp.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startNewSpan(component, operation, startTime);
+     *
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_userSuppliedTimestamp() {
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME, 1000L);
+
+        Span started = state.getCurrentLocalSpan();
+        assertEquals(1000L, started.getTimestamp().longValue());
+        assertNull(started.startTick);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_unsampled() {
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .traceSampler(Sampler.create(0.0f)).build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When finish is called without a duration, the startTick from start is used in duration calculation.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation); // internally nanos is recorded with system time.
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(); // above nanos is used to make a precise duration
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500000L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(1000000L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /** Duration of less than one microsecond is confusing to plot and could coerce to null. */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_lessThanMicrosRoundUp() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(1000L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(1L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span is started with a timestamp, nanos aren't known, so duration calculation falls back to system time.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation, startTime); // no tick was recorded
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(); // can't know which nanos startTime was associated with!
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestamp() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // Set by user
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.currentTimeMillis()).thenReturn(2L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(1000L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a local span completes with a user supplied duration, startTick is ignored.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation); // startTick was recorded, but ignored
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(duration); // user calculated duration out-of-band, ex with a stop watch.
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedDuration() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(500L);
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span starts and finishes with user-supplied timestamp and duration, nanotime is used
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation, startTime); // startTick was recorded
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(duration); // nanoTime - startTick = duration
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestampAndDuration() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // Set by user
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(500L);
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_unsampled() {
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(null);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_unsampled_userSuppliedDuration() {
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(null);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(5000L);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_with_inheritable_nested_local_spans() {
+        state = new InheritableServerClientAndLocalSpanState(Endpoint.create("test-service", 127 << 24 | 1));
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(true)
+                .build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        SpanId span1 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span1);
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, localTracer.getNewSpanParent().getId());
+
+        SpanId span2 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(span1.spanId).build(), span2);
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, localTracer.getNewSpanParent().getId());
+
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertNull(state.getCurrentLocalSpan());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_nested_local_spans_disabled() {
+        state = new InheritableServerClientAndLocalSpanState(Endpoint.create("test-service", 127 << 24 | 1));
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(false)
+                .build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+        final ServerSpan serverSpan = ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name");
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(serverSpan);
+
+        SpanId span1 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span1);
+        assertEquals(serverSpan.getSpan(), localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+
+        SpanId span2 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span2);
+        assertEquals(serverSpan.getSpan(), localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertNull(state.getCurrentLocalSpan());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `finished.getDuration()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 161.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LocalTracerTest.finishSpan_lessThanMicrosRoundUp()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kristofa.brave.LocalTracerTest.finishSpan_lessThanMicrosRoundUp():void.f17b88e83d679b666643515b7a2aa390
+
+### File:
+brave-core/src/test/java/com/github/kristofa/brave/LocalTracerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+LocalTracerTest.java|finishSpan_lessThanMicrosRoundUp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+db829436b69e3a6743d2464347e9b0f2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6872/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6872/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9541bfd2f20de26043ee837e8cdb03e2bad0efd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6872/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** brave
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.kristofa.brave;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito;
+import org.powermock.core.classloader.annotations.PrepareForTest;
+import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
+
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Annotation;
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Endpoint;
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Span;
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.zipkinCoreConstants;
+
+@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
+@PrepareForTest(AnnotationSubmitter.class)
+public class ClientTracerTest {
+
+    private final static long CURRENT_TIME_MICROSECONDS = System.currentTimeMillis() * 1000;
+    private final static String REQUEST_NAME = "requestName";
+    private static final long PARENT_SPAN_ID = 103;
+    private static final long PARENT_TRACE_ID = 105;
+
+    private ServerAndClientSpanState mockState;
+    private Random mockRandom;
+    private SpanCollector mockCollector;
+    private ClientTracer clientTracer;
+    private Span mockSpan;
+    private Endpoint endpoint;
+    private TraceFilter mockTraceFilter;
+    private TraceFilter mockTraceFilter2;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() {
+        mockState = mock(ServerAndClientSpanState.class);
+        endpoint = new Endpoint();
+        mockTraceFilter = mock(TraceFilter.class);
+        mockTraceFilter2 = mock(TraceFilter.class);
+        when(mockState.getServerEndpoint()).thenReturn(endpoint);
+        when(mockTraceFilter.trace(REQUEST_NAME)).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mockTraceFilter2.trace(REQUEST_NAME)).thenReturn(true);
+
+        mockRandom = mock(Random.class);
+        mockCollector = mock(SpanCollector.class);
+        mockSpan = mock(Span.class);
+
+        PowerMockito.mockStatic(System.class);
+        PowerMockito.when(System.currentTimeMillis()).thenReturn(CURRENT_TIME_MICROSECONDS / 1000);
+        clientTracer = ClientTracer.builder()
+            .state(mockState)
+            .randomGenerator(mockRandom)
+            .spanCollector(mockCollector)
+            .traceFilters(Arrays.asList(mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2))
+            .build();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetClientSentNoClientSpan() {
+        when(mockState.getCurrentClientSpan()).thenReturn(null);
+        clientTracer.setClientSent();
+        verify(mockState).getCurrentClientSpan();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockRandom, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetClientSent() {
+
+        when(mockState.getCurrentClientSpan()).thenReturn(mockSpan);
+        when(mockState.getClientEndpoint()).thenReturn(endpoint);
+        clientTracer.setClientSent();
+
+        final Annotation expectedAnnotation = new Annotation();
+        expectedAnnotation.setHost(endpoint);
+        expectedAnnotation.setValue(zipkinCoreConstants.CLIENT_SEND);
+        expectedAnnotation.setTimestamp(CURRENT_TIME_MICROSECONDS);
+        verify(mockState).getCurrentClientSpan();
+        verify(mockState).getClientEndpoint();
+        verify(mockSpan).addToAnnotations(expectedAnnotation);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockRandom, mockSpan, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetClientReceivedNoClientSpan() {
+        when(mockState.getCurrentClientSpan()).thenReturn(null);
+        clientTracer.setClientReceived();
+        verify(mockState).getCurrentClientSpan();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockSpan, mockRandom, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetClientReceived() {
+
+        when(mockState.getCurrentClientSpan()).thenReturn(mockSpan);
+        when(mockState.getClientEndpoint()).thenReturn(endpoint);
+        clientTracer.setClientReceived();
+
+        final Annotation expectedAnnotation = new Annotation();
+        expectedAnnotation.setHost(endpoint);
+        expectedAnnotation.setValue(zipkinCoreConstants.CLIENT_RECV);
+        expectedAnnotation.setTimestamp(CURRENT_TIME_MICROSECONDS);
+        verify(mockState, times(2)).getCurrentClientSpan();
+        verify(mockState).getClientEndpoint();
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientSpan(null);
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientServiceName(null);
+        verify(mockSpan).addToAnnotations(expectedAnnotation);
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(mockSpan);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockSpan, mockRandom, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartNewSpanSampleFalse() {
+        when(mockState.sample()).thenReturn(false);
+        assertNull(clientTracer.startNewSpan(REQUEST_NAME));
+        verify(mockState).sample();
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientSpan(null);
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientServiceName(null);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockSpan, mockRandom, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartNewSpanSampleNullNotPartOfExistingSpan() {
+
+        final ServerSpan mockServerSpan = mock(ServerSpan.class);
+        when(mockServerSpan.getSpan()).thenReturn(null);
+        when(mockState.sample()).thenReturn(null);
+        when(mockState.getCurrentServerSpan()).thenReturn(mockServerSpan);
+        when(mockRandom.nextLong()).thenReturn(1l).thenReturn(2l);
+
+        final SpanId newSpanId = clientTracer.startNewSpan(REQUEST_NAME);
+        assertNotNull(newSpanId);
+        assertEquals(1l, newSpanId.getTraceId());
+        assertEquals(1l, newSpanId.getSpanId());
+        assertNull(newSpanId.getParentSpanId());
+
+        final Span expectedSpan = new Span();
+        expectedSpan.setTrace_id(1);
+        expectedSpan.setId(1);
+        expectedSpan.setName(REQUEST_NAME);
+
+        verify(mockState).sample();
+        verify(mockTraceFilter).trace(REQUEST_NAME);
+        verify(mockTraceFilter2).trace(REQUEST_NAME);
+        verify(mockRandom, times(1)).nextLong();
+        verify(mockState).getCurrentServerSpan();
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientSpan(expectedSpan);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockRandom, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartNewSpanSampleTrueNotPartOfExistingSpan() {
+
+        final ServerSpan mockServerSpan = mock(ServerSpan.class);
+        when(mockServerSpan.getSpan()).thenReturn(null);
+        when(mockState.sample()).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mockState.getCurrentServerSpan()).thenReturn(mockServerSpan);
+        when(mockRandom.nextLong()).thenReturn(1l).thenReturn(2l);
+
+        final SpanId newSpanId = clientTracer.startNewSpan(REQUEST_NAME);
+        assertNotNull(newSpanId);
+        assertEquals(1l, newSpanId.getTraceId());
+        assertEquals(1l, newSpanId.getSpanId());
+        assertNull(newSpanId.getParentSpanId());
+
+        final Span expectedSpan = new Span();
+        expectedSpan.setTrace_id(1);
+        expectedSpan.setId(1);
+        expectedSpan.setName(REQUEST_NAME);
+
+        verify(mockState).sample();
+        verify(mockRandom, times(1)).nextLong();
+        verify(mockState).getCurrentServerSpan();
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientSpan(expectedSpan);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockRandom, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartNewSpanSampleTruePartOfExistingSpan() {
+
+        when(mockState.sample()).thenReturn(true);
+
+        final ServerSpan parentSpan = ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name");
+
+        when(mockState.getCurrentServerSpan()).thenReturn(parentSpan);
+        when(mockRandom.nextLong()).thenReturn(1l).thenReturn(2l);
+
+        final SpanId newSpanId = clientTracer.startNewSpan(REQUEST_NAME);
+        assertNotNull(newSpanId);
+        assertEquals(PARENT_TRACE_ID, newSpanId.getTraceId());
+        assertEquals(1l, newSpanId.getSpanId());
+        assertEquals(Long.valueOf(PARENT_SPAN_ID), newSpanId.getParentSpanId());
+
+        final Span expectedSpan = new Span();
+        expectedSpan.setTrace_id(PARENT_TRACE_ID);
+        expectedSpan.setId(1);
+        expectedSpan.setParent_id(PARENT_SPAN_ID);
+        expectedSpan.setName(REQUEST_NAME);
+
+        verify(mockState).sample();
+        verify(mockRandom, times(1)).nextLong();
+        verify(mockState).getCurrentServerSpan();
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientSpan(expectedSpan);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockRandom, mockCollector, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFirstTraceFilterFalse() {
+        when(mockState.sample()).thenReturn(null);
+        when(mockTraceFilter.trace(REQUEST_NAME)).thenReturn(false);
+
+        assertNull(clientTracer.startNewSpan(REQUEST_NAME));
+
+        verify(mockState).sample();
+        verify(mockTraceFilter).trace(REQUEST_NAME);
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientSpan(null);
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientServiceName(null);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2, mockRandom, mockCollector);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSecondTraceFilterFalse() {
+        when(mockState.sample()).thenReturn(null);
+        when(mockTraceFilter2.trace(REQUEST_NAME)).thenReturn(false);
+
+        assertNull(clientTracer.startNewSpan(REQUEST_NAME));
+
+        verify(mockState).sample();
+        verify(mockTraceFilter).trace(REQUEST_NAME);
+        verify(mockTraceFilter2).trace(REQUEST_NAME);
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientSpan(null);
+        verify(mockState).setCurrentClientServiceName(null);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockState, mockTraceFilter, mockTraceFilter2, mockRandom, mockCollector);
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `newSpanId` last assigned on line 141 could be null and is dereferenced at line 143.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClientTracerTest.testStartNewSpanSampleNullNotPartOfExistingSpan()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kristofa.brave.ClientTracerTest.testStartNewSpanSampleNullNotPartOfExistingSpan():void.c95bb606a1aa42dec4e41a136da14513
+
+### File:
+brave-core/src/test/java/com/github/kristofa/brave/ClientTracerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClientTracerTest.java|testStartNewSpanSampleNullNotPartOfExistingSpan|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+b9489d2d57738501a50a93d6ab84a124
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6874/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6874/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66fdbc1b6903904caef989bd5bed6fad0c348ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6874/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** brave
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.kristofa.brave;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import com.github.kristofa.brave.example.TestServerClientAndLocalSpanStateCompilation;
+import com.github.kristofa.brave.internal.Util;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito;
+import org.powermock.core.classloader.annotations.PrepareForTest;
+import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
+
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Endpoint;
+import com.twitter.zipkin.gen.Span;
+
+@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
+@PrepareForTest({AnnotationSubmitter.class, LocalTracer.class})
+public class LocalTracerTest {
+
+    private static final long PARENT_TRACE_ID = 105;
+    private static final long PARENT_SPAN_ID = 103;
+    private static final String COMPONENT_NAME = "componentname";
+    private static final String OPERATION_NAME = "operationname";
+
+    private ServerClientAndLocalSpanState state;
+    private Random mockRandom;
+    private SpanCollector mockCollector;
+    private LocalTracer localTracer;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() {
+        mockRandom = mock(Random.class);
+        when(mockRandom.nextLong()).thenReturn(555L);
+
+        mockCollector = mock(SpanCollector.class);
+
+        PowerMockito.mockStatic(System.class);
+        state = new TestServerClientAndLocalSpanStateCompilation();
+        localTracer = LocalTracer.builder()
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .randomGenerator(mockRandom)
+                .spanCollector(mockCollector)
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(false)
+                .traceSampler(Sampler.create(1.0f))
+                .clock(AnnotationSubmitter.DefaultClock.INSTANCE)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a local span is started without a timestamp, microseconds and a tick are recorded for
+     * duration calculation. A binary annotation is added for search by component.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startNewSpan(component, operation); // internally time and nanos are recorded
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void startNewSpan() {
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.currentTimeMillis()).thenReturn(1L);
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(500L);
+
+        SpanId expectedSpanId =
+            SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build();
+
+        assertEquals(expectedSpanId, localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME));
+
+        Span started = state.getCurrentLocalSpan();
+
+        assertEquals(1000L, started.getTimestamp().longValue());
+        assertEquals(500L, started.startTick.longValue());
+        assertEquals("lc", started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).getKey());
+        assertEquals(COMPONENT_NAME, new String(started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).getValue(), Util.UTF_8));
+        assertEquals(state.endpoint(), started.getBinary_annotations().get(0).host);
+        assertEquals(OPERATION_NAME, started.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span is started with a timestamp, we can't use nanotime for duration as we don't
+     * know the nanotime value for that timestamp.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startNewSpan(component, operation, startTime);
+     *
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_userSuppliedTimestamp() {
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME, 1000L);
+
+        Span started = state.getCurrentLocalSpan();
+        assertEquals(1000L, started.getTimestamp().longValue());
+        assertNull(started.startTick);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_unsampled() {
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .traceSampler(Sampler.create(0.0f)).build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When finish is called without a duration, the startTick from start is used in duration calculation.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation); // internally nanos is recorded with system time.
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(); // above nanos is used to make a precise duration
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500000L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(1000000L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /** Duration of less than one microsecond is confusing to plot and could coerce to null. */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_lessThanMicrosRoundUp() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.nanoTime()).thenReturn(1000L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(1L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span is started with a timestamp, nanos aren't known, so duration calculation falls back to system time.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation, startTime); // no tick was recorded
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(); // can't know which nanos startTime was associated with!
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestamp() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // Set by user
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        PowerMockito.when(System.currentTimeMillis()).thenReturn(2L);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(1000L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a local span completes with a user supplied duration, startTick is ignored.
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation); // startTick was recorded, but ignored
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(duration); // user calculated duration out-of-band, ex with a stop watch.
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedDuration() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // set in start span
+        finished.startTick = 500L; // set in start span
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(500L);
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When a span starts and finishes with user-supplied timestamp and duration, nanotime is used
+     * <p>
+     * <p/>Ex.
+     * <pre>
+     * localTracer.startSpan(component, operation, startTime); // startTick was recorded
+     * ...
+     * localTracer.finishSpan(duration); // nanoTime - startTick = duration
+     * </pre>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_userSuppliedTimestampAndDuration() {
+        Span finished = new Span().setTimestamp(1000L); // Set by user
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(finished);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(500L);
+
+        verify(mockCollector).collect(finished);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+
+        assertEquals(500L, finished.getDuration().longValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_unsampled() {
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(null);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void finishSpan_unsampled_userSuppliedDuration() {
+        state.setCurrentLocalSpan(null);
+
+        localTracer.finishSpan(5000L);
+
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCollector);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_with_inheritable_nested_local_spans() {
+        state = new InheritableServerClientAndLocalSpanState(Endpoint.create("test-service", 127 << 24 | 1));
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(true)
+                .build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name"));
+
+        SpanId span1 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span1);
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, localTracer.getNewSpanParent().getId());
+
+        SpanId span2 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(span1.spanId).build(), span2);
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, localTracer.getNewSpanParent().getId());
+
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertNull(state.getCurrentLocalSpan());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void startSpan_nested_local_spans_disabled() {
+        state = new InheritableServerClientAndLocalSpanState(Endpoint.create("test-service", 127 << 24 | 1));
+        localTracer = LocalTracer
+                .builder(localTracer)
+                .spanAndEndpoint(SpanAndEndpoint.LocalSpanAndEndpoint.create(state))
+                .allowNestedLocalSpans(false)
+                .build();
+
+        assertNull(localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+        final ServerSpan serverSpan = ServerSpan.create(PARENT_TRACE_ID, PARENT_SPAN_ID, null, "name");
+        state.setCurrentServerSpan(serverSpan);
+
+        SpanId span1 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span1);
+        assertEquals(serverSpan.getSpan(), localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+
+        SpanId span2 = localTracer.startNewSpan(COMPONENT_NAME, OPERATION_NAME);
+        assertEquals(SpanId.builder().traceId(PARENT_TRACE_ID).spanId(555L).parentId(PARENT_SPAN_ID).build(), span2);
+        assertEquals(serverSpan.getSpan(), localTracer.getNewSpanParent());
+
+        assertEquals(span2.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertEquals(span1.spanId, state.getCurrentLocalSpan().getId());
+        localTracer.finishSpan();
+        assertNull(state.getCurrentLocalSpan());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `finished.getDuration()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 144.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LocalTracerTest.finishSpan()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kristofa.brave.LocalTracerTest.finishSpan():void.3e05d797dba58e85ed11b6a8a9001f83
+
+### File:
+brave-core/src/test/java/com/github/kristofa/brave/LocalTracerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+LocalTracerTest.java|finishSpan|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+74c3886235a04c4d4f7e6c5f8b04e9b9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6875/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6875/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e49e65a3829819b130271a645fc14670e1540d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6875/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2485 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** BDSup2Sub
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012 Volker Oth (0xdeadbeef) / Miklos Juhasz (mjuhasz)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package bdsup2sub.core;
+
+import bdsup2sub.bitmap.Bitmap;
+import bdsup2sub.bitmap.BitmapWithPalette;
+import bdsup2sub.bitmap.ErasePatch;
+import bdsup2sub.bitmap.Palette;
+import bdsup2sub.gui.main.MainFrameView;
+import bdsup2sub.gui.support.Progress;
+import bdsup2sub.supstream.*;
+import bdsup2sub.tools.EnhancedPngEncoder;
+import bdsup2sub.utils.FilenameUtils;
+import bdsup2sub.utils.SubtitleUtils;
+import bdsup2sub.utils.ToolBox;
+import com.mortennobel.imagescaling.ResampleFilter;
+
+import javax.swing.*;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import static bdsup2sub.core.Constants.*;
+import static bdsup2sub.utils.TimeUtils.ptsToTimeStr;
+import static com.mortennobel.imagescaling.ResampleFilters.*;
+
+/**
+ * This class contains the core functionality of BDSup2Sub.<br>
+ * It's meant to be used from the command line as well as from the GUI.
+ */
+public class Core  extends Thread {
+
+    private static final Configuration configuration = Configuration.getInstance();
+
+    /** Enumeration of functionalities executed in the started thread */
+    private enum RunType {
+        /** read a SUP stream */
+        READSUP,
+        /** read a SUP stream */
+        READXML,
+        /** read a VobSub stream */
+        READVOBSUB,
+        /** read a SUP/IFO stream */
+        READSUPIFO,
+        /** write a VobSub stream */
+        CREATESUB,
+        /** write a BD-SUP stream */
+        CREATESUP,
+        /** move all captions */
+        MOVEALL
+    }
+
+    /** Enumeration of caption types (used for moving captions) */
+    private enum CaptionType {
+        /** caption in upper half of the screen */
+        UP,
+        /** caption in lower half of the screen */
+        DOWN,
+        /** caption covering more or less the whole screen */
+        FULL
+    }
+
+    /** Current DVD palette (for create mode) - initialized as default */
+    private static Palette currentDVDPalette = new Palette(
+            DEFAULT_PALETTE_RED, DEFAULT_PALETTE_GREEN, DEFAULT_PALETTE_BLUE, DEFAULT_PALETTE_ALPHA, true
+    );
+
+    private static final int MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION = 8;
+
+    /** Palette imported from SUB/IDX or SUP/IFO */
+    private static Palette defaultSourceDVDPalette;
+    /** Current palette based on the one imported from SUB/IDX or SUP/IFO */
+    private static Palette currentSourceDVDPalette;
+    /** Default alpha map */
+    private static final int DEFAULT_ALPHA[] = { 0, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf};
+
+    /** Converted unpatched target bitmap of current subpicture - just for display */
+    private static Bitmap trgBitmapUnpatched;
+    /** Converted target bitmap of current subpicture - just for display */
+    private static Bitmap trgBitmap;
+    /** Palette of target caption */
+    private static Palette trgPal;
+    /** Used for creating VobSub streams */
+    private static SubPictureDVD subVobTrg;
+
+    /** Used for handling BD SUPs */
+    private static SupBD supBD;
+    /** Used for handling HD-DVD SUPs */
+    private static SupHD supHD;
+    /** Used for handling Xmls */
+    private static SupXml supXml;
+    /** Used for handling VobSub */
+    private static SubDVD subDVD;
+    /** Used for handling SUP/IFO */
+    private static SupDVD supDVD;
+    /** Used for common handling of either SUPs */
+    private static Substream substream;
+
+    /** Array of subpictures used for editing and export */
+    private static SubPicture subPictures[];
+
+    /** Input mode used for last import */
+    private static InputMode inMode = InputMode.VOBSUB;
+
+    /** State that defined whether to set/clear the forced flag for all captions */
+    private static ForcedFlagState forceAll = ForcedFlagState.KEEP;
+    /** Flag that defines whether to swap Cr/Cb components when loading a SUP */
+    private static boolean swapCrCb;
+    /** Y coordinate crop offset - when exporting, the Y position will be decreased by this value */
+    private static int cropOfsY = 0;
+    /** Use BT.601 color model instead of BT.709 */
+    private static boolean useBT601;
+    /** Use src fps for trg if possible */
+    private static boolean keepFps;
+
+    /** Factor to calculate height of one cinemascope bar from screen height */
+    private static double cineBarFactor = 5.0/42;
+    /** Additional y offset to consider when moving */
+    private static int moveOffsetY = 10;
+    /** Additional x offset to consider when moving */
+    private static int moveOffsetX = 10;
+    /** Move move in Y direction */
+    private static CaptionMoveModeY moveModeY = CaptionMoveModeY.KEEP_POSITION;
+    /** Move move in X direction */
+    private static CaptionMoveModeX moveModeX = CaptionMoveModeX.KEEP_POSITION;
+    /** Flag: move subtitle */
+    private static boolean moveCaptions;
+
+    /** Current input stream ID */
+    private static StreamID currentStreamID = StreamID.UNKNOWN;
+    /** Full filename of current source SUP (needed for thread) */
+    private static String fileName;
+
+    /** Reference to main GUI class */
+    private static MainFrameView mainFrame;
+    /** Progress dialog for loading/exporting */
+    private static Progress progress;
+    /** Maximum absolute value for progress bar */
+    private static int progressMax;
+    /** Last relative value for progress bar */
+    private static int progressLast;
+
+    /** Number of errors */
+    private static int errors;
+    /** Number of warnings */
+    private static int warnings;
+
+    /** Functionality executed in the started thread */
+    private static RunType runType;
+    /** Thread state */
+    private static CoreThreadState state = CoreThreadState.INACTIVE;
+    /** Used to store exception thrown in the thread */
+    private static Exception threadException;
+    /** Semaphore to disable actions while changing component properties */
+    private static volatile boolean ready;
+    /** Semaphore for synchronization */
+    private static final Object semaphore = new Object();
+
+    /** Thread used for threaded import/export. */
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        state = CoreThreadState.ACTIVE;
+        threadException = null;
+        try {
+            switch (runType) {
+                case CREATESUB:
+                    writeSub(fileName);
+                    break;
+                case READSUP:
+                    readSup(fileName);
+                    break;
+                case READVOBSUB:
+                    readVobSub(fileName);
+                    break;
+                case READSUPIFO:
+                    readSupIfo(fileName);
+                    break;
+                case READXML:
+                    readXml(fileName);
+                    break;
+                case MOVEALL:
+                    moveAllToBounds();
+                    break;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            threadException = ex;
+        } finally {
+            state = CoreThreadState.INACTIVE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset the core, close all files
+     */
+    public static void close() {
+        ready = false;
+        if (supBD != null) {
+            supBD.close();
+        }
+        if (supHD != null) {
+            supHD.close();
+        }
+        if (supXml != null) {
+            supXml.close();
+        }
+        if (subDVD != null) {
+            subDVD.close();
+        }
+        if (supDVD != null) {
+            supDVD.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shut down the Core (write properties, close files etc.).
+     */
+    public static void exit() {
+        configuration.storeConfig();
+        if (supBD != null) {
+            supBD.close();
+        }
+        if (supHD != null) {
+            supHD.close();
+        }
+        if (supXml != null) {
+            supXml.close();
+        }
+        if (subDVD != null) {
+            subDVD.close();
+        }
+        if (supDVD != null) {
+            supDVD.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Identifies a stream by examining the first two bytes.
+     * @param id Byte array holding four bytes at minimum
+     * @return StreamID
+     */
+    public static StreamID getStreamID(byte id[]) {
+        StreamID sid;
+
+        if (id[0]==0x50 && id[1]==0x47) {
+            sid = StreamID.BDSUP;
+        } else if (id[0]==0x53 && id[1]==0x50) {
+            sid = StreamID.SUP;
+        } else if (id[0]==0x00 && id[1]==0x00 && id[2]==0x01 && id[3]==(byte)0xba) {
+            sid = StreamID.DVDSUB;
+        } else if (id[0]==0x23 && id[1]==0x20 && id[2]==0x56 && id[3]==0x6f) {
+            sid = StreamID.IDX;
+        } else if (id[0]==0x3c && id[1]==0x3f && id[2]==0x78 && id[3]==0x6d) {
+            sid = StreamID.XML;
+        } else if (id[0]==0x44 && id[1]==0x56 && id[2]==0x44 && id[3]==0x56) {
+            sid = StreamID.IFO;
+        } else {
+            sid = StreamID.UNKNOWN;
+        }
+
+        return sid;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read a subtitle stream in a thread and display the progress dialog.
+     * @param fname		File name of subtitle stream to read
+     * @param parent	Parent frame (needed for progress dialog)
+     * @param sid       stream identifier
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static void readStreamThreaded(String fname, JFrame parent, StreamID sid) throws Exception {
+        boolean xml = FilenameUtils.getExtension(fname).equalsIgnoreCase("xml");
+        boolean idx = FilenameUtils.getExtension(fname).equalsIgnoreCase("idx");
+        boolean ifo = FilenameUtils.getExtension(fname).equalsIgnoreCase("ifo");
+
+        fileName = fname;
+        progressMax = (int)(new File(fname)).length();
+        progressLast = 0;
+        progress = new Progress(parent);
+        progress.setTitle("Loading");
+        progress.setText("Loading subtitle stream");
+        if (xml || sid == StreamID.XML) {
+            runType = RunType.READXML;
+        } else if (idx || sid == StreamID.DVDSUB || sid == StreamID.IDX) {
+            runType = RunType.READVOBSUB;
+        } else if (ifo || sid == StreamID.IFO) {
+            runType = RunType.READSUPIFO;
+        } else {
+            runType = RunType.READSUP;
+        }
+
+        currentStreamID = sid;
+
+        // start thread
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Core());
+        t.start();
+        progress.setVisible(true);
+        while (t.isAlive()) {
+            try  {
+                Thread.sleep(500);
+            } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+            }
+        }
+        state = CoreThreadState.INACTIVE;
+        Exception ex = threadException;
+        if (ex != null) {
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write a VobSub or BD-SUP in a thread and display the progress dialog.
+     * @param fname		File name of subtitle stream to create
+     * @param parent	Parent frame (needed for progress dialog)
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static void createSubThreaded(String fname, JFrame parent) throws Exception {
+        fileName = fname;
+        progressMax = substream.getNumFrames();
+        progressLast = 0;
+        progress = new Progress(parent);
+        progress.setTitle("Exporting");
+        OutputMode outputMode = configuration.getOutputMode();
+        if (outputMode == OutputMode.VOBSUB) {
+            progress.setText("Exporting SUB/IDX");
+        } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.BDSUP) {
+            progress.setText("Exporting SUP(BD)");
+        } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.XML) {
+            progress.setText("Exporting XML/PNG");
+        } else {
+            progress.setText("Exporting SUP/IFO");
+        }
+        runType = RunType.CREATESUB;
+        // start thread
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Core());
+        t.start();
+        progress.setVisible(true);
+        while (t.isAlive()) {
+            try  {
+                Thread.sleep(500);
+            } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+            }
+        }
+        state = CoreThreadState.INACTIVE;
+        Exception ex = threadException;
+        if (ex != null) {
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the frame individual 4-color palette for VobSub mode.
+     * @index Index of caption
+     */
+    private static void determineFramePal(int index) {
+        if ((inMode != InputMode.VOBSUB && inMode != InputMode.SUPIFO) || configuration.getPaletteMode() != PaletteMode.KEEP_EXISTING) {
+            // get the primary color from the source palette
+            int rgbSrc[] = substream.getPalette().getRGB(substream.getPrimaryColorIndex());
+
+            // match with primary color from 16 color target palette
+            // note: skip index 0 , primary colors at even positions
+            // special treatment for index 1:  white
+            Palette trgPallete = currentDVDPalette;
+            int minDistance = 0xffffff; // init > 0xff*0xff*3 = 0x02fa03
+            int colIdx = 0;
+            for (int idx=1; idx<trgPallete.getSize(); idx+=2 )  {
+                int rgb[] = trgPallete.getRGB(idx);
+                // distance vector (skip sqrt)
+                int rd = rgbSrc[0]-rgb[0];
+                int gd = rgbSrc[1]-rgb[1];
+                int bd = rgbSrc[2]-rgb[2];
+                int distance = rd*rd+gd*gd+bd*bd;
+                // new minimum distance ?
+                if ( distance < minDistance) {
+                    colIdx = idx;
+                    minDistance = distance;
+                    if (minDistance == 0) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                // special treatment for index 1 (white)
+                if (idx == 1) {
+                    idx--; // -> continue with index = 2
+                }
+            }
+
+            // set new frame palette
+            int palFrame[] = new int[4];
+            palFrame[0] = 0;        // black - transparent color
+            palFrame[1] = colIdx;   // primary color
+            if (colIdx == 1) {
+                palFrame[2] = colIdx+2; // special handling: white + dark grey
+            } else {
+                palFrame[2] = colIdx+1; // darker version of primary color
+            }
+            palFrame[3] = 0;        // black - opaque
+
+            subVobTrg.alpha = DEFAULT_ALPHA;
+            subVobTrg.pal = palFrame;
+
+            trgPal = SubDVD.decodePalette(subVobTrg, trgPallete);
+        } else {
+            // use palette from loaded VobSub or SUP/IFO
+            Palette miniPal = new Palette(4, true);
+            int alpha[];
+            int palFrame[];
+            SubstreamDVD substreamDVD;
+
+            if (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB) {
+                substreamDVD = subDVD;
+            } else {
+                substreamDVD = supDVD;
+            }
+
+            alpha = substreamDVD.getFrameAlpha(index);
+            palFrame = substreamDVD.getFramePal(index);
+
+            for (int i=0; i < 4; i++) {
+                int a = (alpha[i]*0xff)/0xf;
+                if (a >= configuration.getAlphaCrop()) {
+                    miniPal.setARGB(i, currentSourceDVDPalette.getARGB(palFrame[i]));
+                    miniPal.setAlpha(i, a);
+                } else {
+                    miniPal.setARGB(i, 0);
+                }
+            }
+            subVobTrg.alpha = alpha;
+            subVobTrg.pal = palFrame;
+            trgPal = miniPal;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read BD-SUP or HD-DVD-SUP.
+     * @param fname File name
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static void readSup(String fname) throws CoreException {
+        printX("Loading "+fname+"\n");
+        resetErrors();
+        resetWarnings();
+
+        // try to find matching language idx if filename contains language string
+        String fnl = FilenameUtils.getName(fname.toLowerCase());
+        for (int i=0; i < LANGUAGES.length; i++) {
+            if (fnl.contains(LANGUAGES[i][0].toLowerCase())) {
+                configuration.setLanguageIdx(i);
+                printX("Selected language '"+LANGUAGES[i][0]+" ("+LANGUAGES[i][1]+")' by filename\n");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // close existing substream
+        if (substream != null) {
+            substream.close();
+        }
+
+        // check first two byte to determine whether this is a BD-SUP or HD-DVD-SUP
+        byte id[] = ToolBox.getFileID(fname, 2);
+        if (id != null && id[0] == 0x50 && id[1] == 0x47) {
+            supBD = new SupBD(fname);
+            substream = supBD;
+            supHD = null;
+            inMode = InputMode.BDSUP;
+        } else {
+            supHD = new SupHD(fname);
+            substream = supHD;
+            supBD = null;
+            inMode = InputMode.HDDVDSUP;
+        }
+
+        // decode first frame
+        substream.decode(0);
+        subVobTrg = new SubPictureDVD();
+
+        // automatically set luminance thresholds for VobSub conversion
+        int maxLum = substream.getPalette().getY()[substream.getPrimaryColorIndex()] & 0xff;
+        int[] luminanceThreshold = new int[2];
+        configuration.setLuminanceThreshold(luminanceThreshold);
+        if (maxLum > 30) {
+            luminanceThreshold[0] = maxLum*2/3;
+            luminanceThreshold[1] = maxLum/3;
+        } else {
+            luminanceThreshold[0] = 210;
+            luminanceThreshold[1] = 160;
+        }
+
+        // try to detect source frame rate
+        if (substream == supBD) {
+            configuration.setFpsSrc(supBD.getFps(0));
+            configuration.setFpsSrcCertain(true);
+            if (Core.keepFps) {
+                configuration.setFpsTrg(configuration.getFPSSrc());
+            }
+        } else {
+            // for HD-DVD we need to guess
+            useBT601 = false;
+            configuration.setFpsSrcCertain(false);
+            configuration.setFpsSrc(Framerate.FPS_23_976.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read Sony BDN XML file.
+     * @param fname File name
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static void readXml(String fname) throws CoreException {
+        printX("Loading "+fname+"\n");
+        resetErrors();
+        resetWarnings();
+
+        // close existing substream
+        if (substream != null) {
+            substream.close();
+        }
+
+
+        supXml = new SupXml(fname);
+        substream = supXml;
+
+        inMode = InputMode.XML;
+
+        // decode first frame
+        substream.decode(0);
+        subVobTrg = new SubPictureDVD();
+
+        // automatically set luminance thresholds for VobSub conversion
+        int maxLum = substream.getPalette().getY()[substream.getPrimaryColorIndex()] & 0xff;
+        int[] luminanceThreshold = new int[2];
+        configuration.setLuminanceThreshold(luminanceThreshold);
+        if (maxLum > 30) {
+            luminanceThreshold[0] = maxLum*2/3;
+            luminanceThreshold[1] = maxLum/3;
+        } else {
+            luminanceThreshold[0] = 210;
+            luminanceThreshold[1] = 160;
+        }
+
+        // find language idx
+        for (int i=0; i < LANGUAGES.length; i++) {
+            if (LANGUAGES[i][2].equalsIgnoreCase(supXml.getLanguage())) {
+                configuration.setLanguageIdx(i);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // set frame rate
+        configuration.setFpsSrc(supXml.getFps());
+        configuration.setFpsSrcCertain(true);
+        if (Core.keepFps) {
+            configuration.setFpsTrg(configuration.getFPSSrc());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read VobSub.
+     * @param fname File name
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static void readVobSub(String fname) throws CoreException {
+        readDVDSubstream(fname, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read SUP/IFO.
+     * @param fname File name
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static void readSupIfo(String fname) throws CoreException {
+        readDVDSubstream(fname, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read VobSub or SUP/IFO.
+     * @param fname File name
+     * @param isVobSub True if SUB/IDX, false if SUP/IFO
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    private static void readDVDSubstream(String fname, boolean isVobSub) throws CoreException {
+        printX("Loading " + fname + "\n");
+        resetErrors();
+        resetWarnings();
+
+        // close existing substream
+        if (substream != null) {
+            substream.close();
+        }
+
+        SubstreamDVD substreamDVD;
+        String fnI;
+        String fnS;
+
+        if (isVobSub) {
+            // SUB/IDX
+            if (currentStreamID == StreamID.DVDSUB) {
+                fnS = fname;
+                fnI = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".idx";
+            } else {
+                fnI = fname;
+                fnS = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".sub";
+            }
+            subDVD = new SubDVD(fnS, fnI);
+            substream = subDVD;
+            inMode = InputMode.VOBSUB;
+            substreamDVD = subDVD;
+        } else {
+            // SUP/IFO
+            fnI = fname;
+            fnS = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".sup";
+            supDVD = new SupDVD(fnS, fnI);
+            substream = supDVD;
+            inMode = InputMode.SUPIFO;
+            substreamDVD = supDVD;
+        }
+
+        // decode first frame
+        substream.decode(0);
+        subVobTrg = new SubPictureDVD();
+        defaultSourceDVDPalette = substreamDVD.getSrcPalette();
+        currentSourceDVDPalette = new Palette(defaultSourceDVDPalette);
+
+        // automatically set luminance thresholds for VobSub conversion
+        int primColIdx = substream.getPrimaryColorIndex();
+        int yMax = substream.getPalette().getY()[primColIdx] & 0xff;
+        int[] luminanceThreshold = new int[2];
+        configuration.setLuminanceThreshold(luminanceThreshold);
+        if (yMax > 10) {
+            // find darkest opaque color
+            int yMin = yMax;
+            for (int i=0; i < 4; i++) {
+                int y = substream.getPalette().getY()[i] & 0xff;
+                int a = substream.getPalette().getAlpha(i);
+                if (y < yMin && a > configuration.getAlphaThreshold()) {
+                    yMin = y;
+                }
+            }
+            luminanceThreshold[0] = yMin + (yMax-yMin)*9/10;
+            luminanceThreshold[1] = yMin + (yMax-yMin)*3/10;
+        } else {
+            luminanceThreshold[0] = 210;
+            luminanceThreshold[1] = 160;
+        }
+
+        configuration.setLanguageIdx(substreamDVD.getLanguageIdx());
+
+        // set frame rate
+        int h = substream.getSubPicture(0).height; //substream.getBitmap().getHeight();
+        switch (h) {
+            case 480:
+                configuration.setFpsSrc(Framerate.NTSC.getValue());
+                useBT601 = true;
+                configuration.setFpsSrcCertain(true);
+                break;
+            case 576:
+                configuration.setFpsSrc(Framerate.PAL.getValue());
+                useBT601 = true;
+                configuration.setFpsSrcCertain(true);
+                break;
+            default:
+                useBT601 = false;
+                configuration.setFpsSrc(Framerate.FPS_23_976.getValue());
+                configuration.setFpsSrcCertain(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Check start and end time, fix overlaps etc.
+     * @param idx			Index of subpicture (just for display)
+     * @param subPic		Subpicture to check/fix
+     * @param subPicNext	Next subpicture
+     * @param subPicPrev	Previous subpicture
+     */
+    private static void validateTimes(int idx, SubPicture subPic, SubPicture subPicNext, SubPicture subPicPrev) {
+        //long tpf = (long)(90000/fpsTrg); // time per frame
+        long ts =  subPic.startTime;     // start time
+        long te =  subPic.endTime;       // end time
+        long delay = 5000*90;            // default delay for missing end time (5 seconds)
+
+        idx += 1; // only used for display
+
+        // get end time of last frame
+        long te_last;
+        if (subPicPrev != null) {
+            te_last = subPicPrev.endTime;
+        } else {
+            te_last = -1;
+        }
+
+        if (ts < te_last) {
+            printWarn("start time of frame "+idx+" < end of last frame -> fixed\n");
+            ts = te_last;
+        }
+
+        // get start time of next frame
+        long ts_next;
+        if (subPicNext != null) {
+            ts_next = subPicNext.startTime;
+        } else {
+            ts_next = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (ts_next == 0) {
+            if ( te > ts) {
+                ts_next = te;
+            } else {
+                // completely messed up:
+                // end time and next start time are invalid
+                ts_next = ts+delay;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (te <= ts) {
+            if (te == 0) {
+                printWarn("missing end time of frame "+idx+" -> fixed\n");
+            } else {
+                printWarn("end time of frame "+idx+" <= start time -> fixed\n");
+            }
+            te = ts+delay;
+            if (te > ts_next) {
+                te = ts_next;
+            }
+        } else if (te > ts_next) {
+            printWarn("end time of frame "+idx+" > start time of next frame -> fixed\n");
+            te = ts_next;
+        }
+
+        int minTimePTS = configuration.getMinTimePTS();
+        if (te - ts < minTimePTS) {
+            if (configuration.getFixShortFrames()) {
+                te = ts + minTimePTS;
+                if (te > ts_next) {
+                    te = ts_next;
+                }
+                printWarn("duration of frame " + idx + " was shorter than " + (ToolBox.formatDouble(minTimePTS / 90.0)) + "ms -> fixed\n");
+            } else {
+                printWarn("duration of frame " + idx + " is shorter than " + (ToolBox.formatDouble(minTimePTS / 90.0)) + "ms\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (subPic.startTime != ts) {
+            subPic.startTime = SubtitleUtils.syncTimePTS(ts, configuration.getFpsTrg(), configuration.getFpsTrg());
+        }
+        if (subPic.endTime != te) {
+            subPic.endTime = SubtitleUtils.syncTimePTS(te, configuration.getFpsTrg(), configuration.getFpsTrg());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update width, height and offsets of target SubPicture.<br>
+     * This is needed if cropping captions during decode (i.e. the source image size changes).
+     * @param index Index of caption
+     * @return true: image size has changed, false: image size didn't change.
+     */
+    private static boolean updateTrgPic(int index) {
+        SubPicture picSrc = substream.getSubPicture(index);
+        SubPicture picTrg = subPictures[index];
+        double scaleX = (double)picTrg.width/picSrc.width;
+        double scaleY = (double)picTrg.height/picSrc.height;
+        double fx;
+        double fy;
+        if (configuration.getApplyFreeScale()) {
+            fx = configuration.getFreeScaleFactorX();
+            fy = configuration.getFreeScaleFactorY();
+        } else {
+            fx = 1.0;
+            fy = 1.0;
+        }
+
+        int wOld = picTrg.getImageWidth();
+        int hOld = picTrg.getImageHeight();
+        int wNew = (int)(picSrc.getImageWidth()  * scaleX * fx + 0.5);
+        if (wNew < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+            wNew = picSrc.getImageWidth();
+        } else if (wNew > picTrg.width) {
+            wNew = picTrg.width;
+        }
+        int hNew = (int)(picSrc.getImageHeight() * scaleY * fy + 0.5);
+        if (hNew < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+            hNew = picSrc.getImageHeight();
+        } else if (hNew > picTrg.height) {
+            hNew = picTrg.height;
+        }
+        picTrg.setImageWidth(wNew);
+        picTrg.setImageHeight(hNew);
+        if (wNew != wOld) {
+            int xOfs = (int)(picSrc.getOfsX() * scaleX + 0.5);
+            int spaceSrc = (int)((picSrc.width-picSrc.getImageWidth())*scaleX + 0.5);
+            int spaceTrg = picTrg.width - wNew;
+            xOfs += (spaceTrg - spaceSrc) / 2;
+            if (xOfs < 0) {
+                xOfs = 0;
+            } else if (xOfs+wNew > picTrg.width) {
+                xOfs = picTrg.width - wNew;
+            }
+            picTrg.setOfsX(xOfs);
+        }
+        if (hNew != hOld) {
+            int yOfs = (int)(picSrc.getOfsY() * scaleY + 0.5);
+            int spaceSrc = (int)((picSrc.height-picSrc.getImageHeight())*scaleY + 0.5);
+            int spaceTrg = picTrg.height - hNew;
+            yOfs += (spaceTrg - spaceSrc) / 2;
+            if (yOfs+hNew > picTrg.height) {
+                yOfs = picTrg.height - hNew;
+            }
+            picTrg.setOfsY(yOfs);
+        }
+        // was image cropped?
+        return (wNew != wOld) || (hNew != hOld);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply the state of forceAll to all captions
+     */
+    public static void setForceAll() {
+        if (subPictures != null) {
+            for (SubPicture subPicture : subPictures) {
+                switch (forceAll) {
+                    case SET:
+                        subPicture.isforced = true;
+                        break;
+                    case CLEAR:
+                        subPicture.isforced = false;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a copy of the loaded subpicture information frames.<br>
+     * Apply scaling and speedup/delay to the copied frames.<br>
+     * Sync frames to target fps.
+     */
+    public static void scanSubtitles() {
+        boolean convertFPS = configuration.getConvertFPS();
+        subPictures = new SubPicture[substream.getNumFrames()];
+        double factTS = convertFPS ? configuration.getFPSSrc() / configuration.getFpsTrg() : 1.0;
+
+        // change target resolution to source resolution if no conversion is needed
+        if (!configuration.getConvertResolution() && getNumFrames() > 0) {
+            configuration.setOutputResolution(getResolution(getSubPictureSrc(0).width, getSubPictureSrc(0).height));
+        }
+
+        double fx;
+        double fy;
+        if (configuration.getApplyFreeScale()) {
+            fx = configuration.getFreeScaleFactorX();
+            fy = configuration.getFreeScaleFactorY();
+        } else {
+            fx = 1.0;
+            fy = 1.0;
+        }
+
+        // first run: clone source subpics, apply speedup/down,
+        SubPicture picSrc;
+        for (int i=0; i<subPictures.length; i++) {
+            picSrc = substream.getSubPicture(i);
+            subPictures[i] = picSrc.copy();
+            long ts = picSrc.startTime;
+            long te = picSrc.endTime;
+            // copy time stamps and apply speedup/speeddown
+            int delayPTS = configuration.getDelayPTS();
+            if (!convertFPS) {
+                subPictures[i].startTime = ts + delayPTS;
+                subPictures[i].endTime = te + delayPTS;
+            } else {
+                subPictures[i].startTime= (long)(ts * factTS + 0.5) + delayPTS;
+                subPictures[i].endTime = (long)(te * factTS + 0.5) + delayPTS;
+            }
+            // synchronize to target frame rate
+            subPictures[i].startTime = SubtitleUtils.syncTimePTS(subPictures[i].startTime, configuration.getFpsTrg(), configuration.getFpsTrg());
+            subPictures[i].endTime = SubtitleUtils.syncTimePTS(subPictures[i].endTime, configuration.getFpsTrg(), configuration.getFpsTrg());
+
+            // set forced flag
+            SubPicture picTrg = subPictures[i];
+            switch (forceAll) {
+                case SET:
+                    picTrg.isforced = true;
+                    break;
+                case CLEAR:
+                    picTrg.isforced = false;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            double scaleX;
+            double scaleY;
+            if (configuration.getConvertResolution()) {
+                // adjust image sizes and offsets
+                // determine scaling factors
+                picTrg.width = getResolution(configuration.getOutputResolution())[0];
+                picTrg.height = getResolution(configuration.getOutputResolution())[1];
+                scaleX = (double)picTrg.width/picSrc.width;
+                scaleY = (double)picTrg.height/picSrc.height;
+            } else {
+                picTrg.width = picSrc.width;
+                picTrg.height = picSrc.height;
+                scaleX = 1.0;
+                scaleY = 1.0;
+            }
+            int w = (int)(picSrc.getImageWidth()  * scaleX * fx + 0.5);
+            if (w < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+                w = picSrc.getImageWidth();
+            } else if (w > picTrg.width) {
+                w = picTrg.width;
+            }
+
+            int h = (int)(picSrc.getImageHeight() * scaleY * fy + 0.5);
+            if (h < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+                h = picSrc.getImageHeight();
+            } else if (h > picTrg.height) {
+                h = picTrg.height;
+            }
+            picTrg.setImageWidth(w);
+            picTrg.setImageHeight(h);
+
+            int xOfs = (int)(picSrc.getOfsX() * scaleX + 0.5);
+            int spaceSrc = (int)((picSrc.width-picSrc.getImageWidth())*scaleX + 0.5);
+            int spaceTrg = picTrg.width - w;
+            xOfs += (spaceTrg - spaceSrc) / 2;
+            if (xOfs < 0) {
+                xOfs = 0;
+            } else if (xOfs+w > picTrg.width) {
+                xOfs = picTrg.width - w;
+            }
+            picTrg.setOfsX(xOfs);
+
+            int yOfs = (int)(picSrc.getOfsY() * scaleY + 0.5);
+            spaceSrc = (int)((picSrc.height-picSrc.getImageHeight())*scaleY + 0.5);
+            spaceTrg = picTrg.height - h;
+            yOfs += (spaceTrg - spaceSrc) / 2;
+            if (yOfs+h > picTrg.height) {
+                yOfs = picTrg.height - h;
+            }
+            picTrg.setOfsY(yOfs);
+        }
+
+        // 2nd run: validate times
+        SubPicture picPrev = null;
+        SubPicture picNext;
+        for (int i=0; i<subPictures.length; i++) {
+            if (i < subPictures.length-1) {
+                picNext = subPictures[i+1];
+            } else {
+                picNext = null;
+            }
+            picSrc = subPictures[i];
+            validateTimes(i, subPictures[i], picNext, picPrev);
+            picPrev = picSrc;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as scanSubtitles, but consider existing frame copies.<br>
+     * Times and X/Y offsets of existing frames are converted to new settings.
+     * @param resOld        Resolution of existing frames
+     * @param fpsTrgOld     Target fps of existing frames
+     * @param delayOld      Delay of existing frames
+     * @param convertFpsOld ConverFPS setting for existing frames
+     * @param fsXOld        Old free scaling factor in X direction
+     * @param fsYOld        Old free scaling factor in Y direction
+     */
+    public static void reScanSubtitles(Resolution resOld, double fpsTrgOld, int delayOld, boolean convertFpsOld, double fsXOld, double fsYOld) {
+        //SubPicture subPicturesOld[] = subPictures;
+        //subPictures = new SubPicture[sup.getNumFrames()];
+        SubPicture picOld;
+        SubPicture picSrc;
+        double factTS;
+        double factX;
+        double factY;
+        double fsXNew;
+        double fsYNew;
+
+        if (configuration.getApplyFreeScale()) {
+            fsXNew = configuration.getFreeScaleFactorX();
+            fsYNew = configuration.getFreeScaleFactorY();
+        } else {
+            fsXNew = 1.0;
+            fsYNew = 1.0;
+        }
+
+        boolean convertFPS = configuration.getConvertFPS();
+        double fpsTrg = configuration.getFpsTrg();
+        double fpsSrc = configuration.getFPSSrc();
+        if (convertFPS && !convertFpsOld) {
+            factTS = fpsSrc / fpsTrg;
+        } else if (!convertFPS && convertFpsOld) {
+            factTS = fpsTrgOld / fpsSrc;
+        } else if (convertFPS && convertFpsOld && (fpsTrg != fpsTrgOld)) {
+            factTS = fpsTrgOld / fpsTrg;
+        } else {
+            factTS = 1.0;
+        }
+
+        // change target resolution to source resolution if no conversion is needed
+        if (!configuration.getConvertResolution() && getNumFrames() > 0) {
+            configuration.setOutputResolution(getResolution(getSubPictureSrc(0).width, getSubPictureSrc(0).height));
+        }
+
+        if (resOld != configuration.getOutputResolution()) {
+            int rOld[] = getResolution(resOld);
+            int rNew[] = getResolution(configuration.getOutputResolution());
+            factX = (double)rNew[0]/(double)rOld[0];
+            factY = (double)rNew[1]/(double)rOld[1];
+        } else {
+            factX = 1.0;
+            factY = 1.0;
+        }
+
+        // first run: clone source subpics, apply speedup/down,
+        for (int i=0; i < subPictures.length; i++) {
+            picOld = subPictures[i];
+            picSrc = substream.getSubPicture(i);
+            subPictures[i] = picOld.copy();
+
+            // set forced flag
+            switch (forceAll) {
+                case SET:
+                    subPictures[i].isforced = true;
+                    break;
+                case CLEAR:
+                    subPictures[i].isforced = false;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            long ts = picOld.startTime;
+            long te = picOld.endTime;
+            // copy time stamps and apply speedup/speeddown
+            int delayPTS = configuration.getDelayPTS();
+            if (factTS == 1.0) {
+                subPictures[i].startTime = ts - delayOld + delayPTS;
+                subPictures[i].endTime = te - delayOld + delayPTS;
+            } else {
+                subPictures[i].startTime= (long)(ts * factTS + 0.5) - delayOld + delayPTS;
+                subPictures[i].endTime = (long)(te * factTS + 0.5) - delayOld + delayPTS;
+            }
+            // synchronize to target frame rate
+            subPictures[i].startTime = SubtitleUtils.syncTimePTS(subPictures[i].startTime, fpsTrg, fpsTrg);
+            subPictures[i].endTime = SubtitleUtils.syncTimePTS(subPictures[i].endTime, fpsTrg, fpsTrg);
+            // adjust image sizes and offsets
+            // determine scaling factors
+            double scaleX;
+            double scaleY;
+            if (configuration.getConvertResolution()) {
+                subPictures[i].width = getResolution(configuration.getOutputResolution())[0];
+                subPictures[i].height = getResolution(configuration.getOutputResolution())[1];
+                scaleX = (double)subPictures[i].width/picSrc.width;
+                scaleY = (double)subPictures[i].height/picSrc.height;
+            } else {
+                subPictures[i].width = picSrc.width;
+                subPictures[i].height = picSrc.height;
+                scaleX = 1.0;
+                scaleY = 1.0;
+            }
+
+            int w = (int)(picSrc.getImageWidth()  * scaleX * fsXNew + 0.5);
+            if (w < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+                w = picSrc.getImageWidth();
+            } else if (w > subPictures[i].width) {
+                w = subPictures[i].width;
+                fsXNew = (double)w / (double)picSrc.getImageWidth() / scaleX;
+            }
+            int h = (int)(picSrc.getImageHeight() * scaleY * fsYNew + 0.5);
+            if (h < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+                h = picSrc.getImageHeight();
+            } else if (h > subPictures[i].height) {
+                h = subPictures[i].height;
+                fsYNew = (double)h / (double)picSrc.getImageHeight() / scaleY;
+            }
+
+            subPictures[i].setImageWidth(w);
+            subPictures[i].setImageHeight(h);
+
+            // correct ratio change
+            int xOfs = (int)(picOld.getOfsX()*factX + 0.5);
+            if (fsXNew != fsXOld) {
+                int spaceTrgOld = (int)((picOld.width - picOld.getImageWidth())*factX + 0.5);
+                int spaceTrg    = subPictures[i].width - w;
+                xOfs += (spaceTrg - spaceTrgOld) / 2;
+            }
+            if (xOfs < 0) {
+                xOfs = 0;
+            } else if (xOfs+w > subPictures[i].width) {
+                xOfs = subPictures[i].width - w;
+            }
+            subPictures[i].setOfsX(xOfs);
+
+            int yOfs = (int)(picOld.getOfsY()*factY + 0.5);
+            if (fsYNew != fsYOld) {
+                int spaceTrgOld = (int)((picOld.height - picOld.getImageHeight())*factY + 0.5);
+                int spaceTrg = subPictures[i].height - h;
+                yOfs += (spaceTrg - spaceTrgOld) / 2;
+            }
+            if (yOfs < 0) {
+                yOfs = 0;
+            }
+            if (yOfs+h > subPictures[i].height) {
+                yOfs = subPictures[i].height - h;
+            }
+            subPictures[i].setOfsY(yOfs);
+
+            // fix erase patches
+            double fx = factX * fsXNew / fsXOld;
+            double fy = factY * fsYNew / fsYOld;
+            ArrayList<ErasePatch> erasePatches = subPictures[i].erasePatch;
+            if (erasePatches != null) {
+                for (int j = 0; j < erasePatches.size(); j++) {
+                    ErasePatch ep = erasePatches.get(j);
+                    int x = (int)(ep.x * fx + 0.5);
+                    int y = (int)(ep.y * fy + 0.5);
+                    int width = (int)(ep.width * fx + 0.5);
+                    int height = (int)(ep.height * fy + 0.5);
+                    erasePatches.set(j, new ErasePatch(x, y, width, height));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2nd run: validate times (not fully necessary, but to avoid overlap due to truncation
+        SubPicture subPicPrev = null;
+        SubPicture subPicNext;
+
+        for (int i=0; i<subPictures.length; i++) {
+            if (i < subPictures.length-1) {
+                subPicNext = subPictures[i+1];
+            } else {
+                subPicNext = null;
+            }
+
+            picOld = subPictures[i];
+            validateTimes(i, subPictures[i], subPicNext, subPicPrev);
+            subPicPrev = picOld;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert source subpicture image to target subpicture image.
+     * @param index			Index of subtitle to convert
+     * @param displayNum	Subtitle number to display (needed for forced subs)
+     * @param displayMax	Maximum subtitle number to display (needed for forced subs)
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static void convertSup(int index, int displayNum, int displayMax) throws CoreException{
+        convertSup(index, displayNum, displayMax, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert source subpicture image to target subpicture image.
+     * @param index			Index of subtitle to convert
+     * @param displayNum	Subtitle number to display (needed for forced subs)
+     * @param displayMax	Maximum subtitle number to display (needed for forced subs)
+     * @param skipScaling   true: skip bitmap scaling and palette transformation (used for moving captions)
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    private static void convertSup(int index, int displayNum, int displayMax, boolean skipScaling) throws CoreException{
+        int w,h;
+        int startOfs = (int)substream.getStartOffset(index);
+        SubPicture subPic = substream.getSubPicture(index);
+
+        printX("Decoding frame "+displayNum+"/"+displayMax+((substream == supXml)?"\n":(" at offset "+ToolBox.toHexLeftZeroPadded(startOfs,8)+"\n")));
+
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            substream.decode(index);
+            w = subPic.getImageWidth();
+            h = subPic.getImageHeight();
+            OutputMode outputMode = configuration.getOutputMode();
+            if (outputMode == OutputMode.VOBSUB || outputMode == OutputMode.SUPIFO) {
+                determineFramePal(index);
+            }
+            updateTrgPic(index);
+        }
+        SubPicture picTrg = subPictures[index];
+        picTrg.wasDecoded = true;
+
+        int trgWidth = picTrg.getImageWidth();
+        int trgHeight = picTrg.getImageHeight();
+        if (trgWidth < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION || trgHeight < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION || w < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION || h < MIN_IMAGE_DIMENSION) {
+            // don't scale to avoid division by zero in scaling routines
+            trgWidth = w;
+            trgHeight = h;
+        }
+
+        if (!skipScaling) {
+            ResampleFilter f;
+            switch (configuration.getScalingFilter()) {
+                case BELL:
+                    f = getBellFilter();
+                    break;
+                case BICUBIC:
+                    f = getBiCubicFilter();
+                    break;
+                case BICUBIC_SPLINE:
+                    f = getBSplineFilter();
+                    break;
+                case HERMITE:
+                    f = getHermiteFilter();
+                    break;
+                case LANCZOS3:
+                    f = getLanczos3Filter();
+                    break;
+                case TRIANGLE:
+                    f = getTriangleFilter();
+                    break;
+                case MITCHELL:
+                    f = getMitchellFilter();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    f = null;
+            }
+
+            Bitmap tBm;
+            Palette tPal = trgPal;
+            // create scaled bitmap
+            OutputMode outputMode = configuration.getOutputMode();
+            PaletteMode paletteMode = configuration.getPaletteMode();
+            if (outputMode == OutputMode.VOBSUB || outputMode == OutputMode.SUPIFO) {
+                // export 4 color palette
+                if (w==trgWidth && h==trgHeight) {
+                    // don't scale at all
+                    if ( (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB || inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO) && paletteMode == PaletteMode.KEEP_EXISTING) {
+                        tBm = substream.getBitmap(); // no conversion
+                    } else {
+                        tBm = substream.getBitmap().getBitmapWithNormalizedPalette(substream.getPalette().getAlpha(), configuration.getAlphaThreshold(), substream.getPalette().getY(), configuration.getLuminanceThreshold()); // reduce palette
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // scale up/down
+                    if ((inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB || inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO) && paletteMode == PaletteMode.KEEP_EXISTING) {
+                        // keep palette
+                        if (f != null) {
+                            tBm = substream.getBitmap().scaleFilter(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette(), f);
+                        } else {
+                            tBm = substream.getBitmap().scaleBilinear(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette());
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // reduce palette
+                        if (f != null) {
+                            tBm = substream.getBitmap().scaleFilterLm(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette(), configuration.getAlphaThreshold(), configuration.getLuminanceThreshold(), f);
+                        } else {
+                            tBm = substream.getBitmap().scaleBilinearLm(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette(), configuration.getAlphaThreshold(), configuration.getLuminanceThreshold());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // export (up to) 256 color palette
+                tPal = substream.getPalette();
+                if (w==trgWidth && h==trgHeight) {
+                    tBm = substream.getBitmap(); // no scaling, no conversion
+                } else {
+                    // scale up/down
+                    if (paletteMode == PaletteMode.KEEP_EXISTING) {
+                        // keep palette
+                        if (f != null) {
+                            tBm = substream.getBitmap().scaleFilter(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette(), f);
+                        } else {
+                            tBm = substream.getBitmap().scaleBilinear(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette());
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // create new palette
+                        boolean dither = paletteMode == PaletteMode.CREATE_DITHERED;
+                        BitmapWithPalette pb;
+                        if (f != null) {
+                            pb = substream.getBitmap().scaleFilter(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette(), f, dither);
+                        } else {
+                            pb = substream.getBitmap().scaleBilinear(trgWidth, trgHeight, substream.getPalette(), dither);
+                        }
+                        tBm = pb.bitmap;
+                        tPal = pb.palette;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (picTrg.erasePatch != null) {
+                trgBitmapUnpatched = new Bitmap(tBm);
+                int col = tPal.getIndexOfMostTransparentPaletteEntry();
+                for (ErasePatch ep : picTrg.erasePatch) {
+                    tBm.fillRectangularWithColorIndex(ep.x, ep.y, ep.width, ep.height, (byte)col);
+                }
+            } else {
+                trgBitmapUnpatched = tBm;
+            }
+            trgBitmap = tBm;
+            trgPal = tPal;
+
+        }
+
+        if (configuration.isCliMode()) {
+            moveToBounds(picTrg, displayNum, cineBarFactor, moveOffsetX, moveOffsetY, moveModeX, moveModeY, cropOfsY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create BD-SUP or VobSub or Xml.
+     * @param fname File name of SUP/SUB/XML to create
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static void writeSub(String fname) throws CoreException {
+        BufferedOutputStream out = null;
+        ArrayList<Integer> offsets = null;
+        ArrayList<Integer> timestamps = null;
+        int frameNum = 0;
+        int maxNum;
+        String fn = "";
+
+        // handling of forced subtitles
+        if (configuration.isExportForced()) {
+            maxNum = countForcedIncluded();
+        } else {
+            maxNum = countIncluded();
+        }
+
+        OutputMode outputMode = configuration.getOutputMode();
+        try {
+            // handle file name extensions depending on mode
+            if (outputMode == OutputMode.VOBSUB) {
+                fname = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".sub";
+                out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(fname));
+                offsets = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+                timestamps = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+            } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.SUPIFO) {
+                fname = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".sup";
+                out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(fname));
+            } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.BDSUP) {
+                fname = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".sup";
+                out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(fname));
+            } else {
+                fn = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname);
+                fname = fn+".xml";
+            }
+            printX("\nWriting "+fname+"\n");
+            resetErrors();
+            resetWarnings();
+
+            // main loop
+            int offset = 0;
+            for (int i=0; i < substream.getNumFrames(); i++) {
+                // for threaded version
+                if (isCancelled()) {
+                    throw new CoreException("Cancelled by user!");
+                }
+                // for threaded version (progress bar);
+                setProgress(i);
+                //
+                if (!subPictures[i].exclude && (!configuration.isExportForced() || subPictures[i].isforced )) {
+                    if (outputMode == OutputMode.VOBSUB) {
+                        offsets.add(offset);
+                        convertSup(i, frameNum/2+1, maxNum);
+                        subVobTrg.copyInfo(subPictures[i]);
+                        byte buf[] = SubDVD.createSubFrame(subVobTrg, trgBitmap);
+                        out.write(buf);
+                        offset += buf.length;
+                        timestamps.add((int)subPictures[i].startTime);
+                    } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.SUPIFO) {
+                        convertSup(i, frameNum/2+1, maxNum);
+                        subVobTrg.copyInfo(subPictures[i]);
+                        byte buf[] = SupDVD.createSupFrame(subVobTrg, trgBitmap);
+                        out.write(buf);
+                    } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.BDSUP) {
+                        subPictures[i].compNum = frameNum;
+                        convertSup(i, frameNum/2+1, maxNum);
+                        byte buf[] = SupBD.createSupFrame(subPictures[i], trgBitmap, trgPal);
+                        out.write(buf);
+                    } else {
+                        // Xml
+                        convertSup(i, frameNum/2+1, maxNum);
+                        String fnp = SupXml.getPNGname(fn,i+1);
+                        //File file = new File(fnp);
+                        //ImageIO.write(trgBitmap.getImage(trgPal), "png", file);
+                        out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(fnp));
+                        EnhancedPngEncoder pngEncoder= new EnhancedPngEncoder(trgBitmap.getImage(trgPal.getColorModel()));
+                        byte buf[] = pngEncoder.pngEncode(true);
+                        out.write(buf);
+                        out.close();
+
+                    }
+                    frameNum+=2;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new CoreException(ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            try {
+                if (out != null) {
+                    out.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean importedDVDPalette;
+        importedDVDPalette = (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB) || (inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO);
+
+        Palette trgPallete = null;
+        PaletteMode paletteMode = configuration.getPaletteMode();
+        if (outputMode == OutputMode.VOBSUB) {
+            // VobSub - write IDX
+            /* return offets as array of ints */
+            int ofs[] = new int[offsets.size()];
+            for (int i=0; i<ofs.length; i++) {
+                ofs[i] = offsets.get(i);
+            }
+            int ts[] = new int[timestamps.size()];
+            for (int i=0; i<ts.length; i++) {
+                ts[i] = timestamps.get(i);
+            }
+            fname = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".idx";
+            printX("\nWriting "+fname+"\n");
+            if (!importedDVDPalette || paletteMode != PaletteMode.KEEP_EXISTING) {
+                trgPallete = currentDVDPalette;
+            } else {
+                trgPallete = currentSourceDVDPalette;
+            }
+            SubDVD.writeIdx(fname, subPictures[0], ofs, ts, trgPallete);
+        } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.XML) {
+            // XML - write ML
+            printX("\nWriting "+fname+"\n");
+            SupXml.writeXml(fname, subPictures);
+        } else if (outputMode == OutputMode.SUPIFO) {
+            // SUP/IFO - write IFO
+            if (!importedDVDPalette || paletteMode != PaletteMode.KEEP_EXISTING) {
+                trgPallete = currentDVDPalette;
+            } else {
+                trgPallete = currentSourceDVDPalette;
+            }
+            fname = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".ifo";
+            printX("\nWriting "+fname+"\n");
+            SupDVD.writeIFO(fname, subPictures[0], trgPallete);
+        }
+
+        // only possible for SUB/IDX and SUP/IFO (else there is no public palette)
+        if (trgPallete != null && configuration.getWritePGCEditPalette()) {
+            String fnp = FilenameUtils.removeExtension(fname) + ".txt";
+            printX("\nWriting "+fnp+"\n");
+            writePGCEditPal(fnp, trgPallete);
+        }
+
+        state = CoreThreadState.FINISHED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get default frame rate for given resolution.
+     * @param r Output resolution
+     * @return Default frame rate for resolution r
+     */
+    public static double getDefaultFPS(Resolution r) {
+        double fps;
+        switch (getResolution(r)[1]) {
+            case 480:
+                fps = Framerate.NTSC.getValue();
+                break;
+            case 576:
+                fps = Framerate.PAL.getValue();
+                break;
+            default:
+                fps = Framerate.FPS_23_976.getValue();
+        }
+        return fps;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Move all subpictures into or outside given bounds in a thread and display the progress dialog.
+     * @param parent	Parent frame (needed for progress dialog)
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static void moveAllThreaded(JFrame parent) throws Exception {
+        progressMax = substream.getNumFrames();
+        progressLast = 0;
+        progress = new Progress(parent);
+        progress.setTitle("Moving");
+        progress.setText("Moving all captions");
+        runType = RunType.MOVEALL;
+        // start thread
+        Thread t = new Thread(new Core());
+        t.start();
+        progress.setVisible(true);
+        while (t.isAlive()) {
+            try  {
+                Thread.sleep(500);
+            } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+            }
+        }
+        state = CoreThreadState.INACTIVE;
+        Exception ex = threadException;
+        if (ex != null) {
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Move all subpictures into or outside given bounds.
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static void moveAllToBounds() throws CoreException {
+        String sy = null;
+        switch (moveModeY) {
+            case MOVE_INSIDE_BOUNDS:
+                sy = "inside";
+                break;
+            case MOVE_OUTSIDE_BOUNDS:
+                sy = "outside";
+                break;
+        }
+        String sx = null;
+        switch (moveModeX) {
+            case CENTER:
+                sx = "center vertically";
+                break;
+            case LEFT:
+                sx = "left";
+                break;
+            case RIGHT:
+                sx = "right";
+        }
+        String s = "Moving captions ";
+        if (sy!= null) {
+            s += sy + " cinemascope bars";
+            if (sx != null) {
+                 s += " and to the " + sx;
+            }
+            print(s+".\n");
+        } else if (sx != null) {
+            print(s+"to the "+sx+".\n");
+        }
+
+        if (!configuration.isCliMode()) {
+            // in CLI mode, moving is done during export
+            for (int idx=0; idx<subPictures.length; idx++) {
+                setProgress(idx);
+                if (!subPictures[idx].wasDecoded) {
+                    convertSup(idx, idx+1, subPictures.length, true);
+                }
+                moveToBounds(subPictures[idx], idx+1, cineBarFactor, moveOffsetX, moveOffsetY, moveModeX, moveModeY, cropOfsY);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Move subpicture into or outside given bounds.
+     * @param pic         SubPicture object containing coordinates and size
+     * @param idx         Index (only used for display)
+     * @param barFactor   Factor to calculate cinemascope bar height from screen height
+     * @param offsetX     X offset to consider when moving
+     * @param offsetY     Y offset to consider when moving
+     * @param mmx         Move mode in X direction
+     * @param mmy         Move mode in Y direction
+     * @param cropOffsetY Number of lines to crop from bottom and top
+     */
+    public static void moveToBounds(SubPicture pic, int idx, double barFactor, int offsetX, int offsetY,
+            CaptionMoveModeX mmx, CaptionMoveModeY mmy, int cropOffsetY) {
+
+        int barHeight = (int)(pic.height * barFactor + 0.5);
+        int y1 = pic.getOfsY();
+        int h = pic.height;
+        int w = pic.width;
+        int hi = pic.getImageHeight();
+        int wi = pic.getImageWidth();
+        int y2 = y1 + hi;
+        CaptionType c;
+
+        if (mmy != CaptionMoveModeY.KEEP_POSITION) {
+            // move vertically
+            if (y1 < h/2 && y2 < h/2) {
+                c = CaptionType.UP;
+            } else if (y1 > h/2 && y2 > h/2) {
+                c = CaptionType.DOWN;
+            } else {
+                c = CaptionType.FULL;
+            }
+
+            switch (c) {
+                case FULL:
+                    // maybe add scaling later, but for now: do nothing
+                    printWarn("Caption "+idx+" not moved (too large)\n");
+                    break;
+                case UP:
+                    if (mmy == CaptionMoveModeY.MOVE_INSIDE_BOUNDS)
+                        pic.setOfsY(barHeight+offsetY);
+                    else
+                        pic.setOfsY(offsetY);
+                    print("Caption "+idx+" moved to y position "+pic.getOfsY()+"\n");
+                    break;
+                case DOWN:
+                    if (mmy == CaptionMoveModeY.MOVE_INSIDE_BOUNDS) {
+                        pic.setOfsY(h-barHeight-offsetY-hi);
+                    } else {
+                        pic.setOfsY(h-offsetY-hi);
+                    }
+                    print("Caption "+idx+" moved to y position "+pic.getOfsY()+"\n");
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (pic.getOfsY() < cropOffsetY) {
+                pic.getOfsY();
+            } else {
+                int yMax = pic.height - pic.getImageHeight() - cropOffsetY;
+                if (pic.getOfsY() > yMax) {
+                    pic.setOfsY(yMax);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // move horizontally
+        switch (mmx) {
+            case LEFT:
+                if (w-wi >= offsetX) {
+                    pic.setOfsX(offsetX);
+                } else {
+                    pic.setOfsX((w-wi)/2);
+                }
+                break;
+            case RIGHT:
+                if (w-wi >= offsetX) {
+                    pic.setOfsX(w-wi-offsetX);
+                } else {
+                    pic.setOfsX((w-wi)/2);
+                }
+                break;
+            case CENTER:
+                pic.setOfsX((w-wi)/2);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print string to console or console window (only printed in verbatim mode).
+     * @param s String containing message to print
+     */
+    public static void print(String s) {
+        if (configuration.isVerbatim()) {
+            if (mainFrame != null) {
+                mainFrame.printOut(s);
+            } else {
+                System.out.print(s);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print string to console or console window (always printed).
+     * @param s String containing message to print
+     */
+    public static void printX(String s) {
+        if (mainFrame != null) {
+            mainFrame.printOut(s);
+        } else {
+            System.out.print(s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print error string to console or console window (always printed).
+     * @param s String containing error message to print
+     */
+    public static void printErr(String s) {
+        errors++;
+        s = "ERROR: " + s;
+        if (mainFrame != null) {
+            mainFrame.printErr(s);
+        } else {
+            System.out.print(s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print warning string to console or console window (always printed).
+     * @param s String containing warning message to print
+     */
+    public static void printWarn(String s) {
+        warnings++;
+        s = "WARNING: "+s;
+        if (mainFrame != null) {
+            mainFrame.printWarn(s);
+        } else {
+            System.out.print(s);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create PGCEdit palette file from given Palette.
+     * @param fname File name
+     * @param p     Palette
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    private static void writePGCEditPal(String fname, Palette p) throws CoreException {
+        BufferedWriter out = null;
+        try {
+            out = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(fname));
+            out.write("# Palette file for PGCEdit - colors given as R,G,B components (0..255)");
+            out.newLine();
+            for (int i=0; i < p.getSize(); i++) {
+                int rgb[] = p.getRGB(i);
+                out.write("Color "+i+"="+rgb[0]+", "+rgb[1]+", "+rgb[2]);
+                out.newLine();
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new CoreException(ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            try {
+                if (out != null) {
+                    out.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Count the number of forced subpictures to be exported.
+     * @return Number of forced subpictures to be exported
+     */
+    private static int countForcedIncluded() {
+        int n = 0;
+        for (SubPicture pic : subPictures) {
+            if (pic.isforced && !pic.exclude) {
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Count the number of subpictures to be exported.
+     * @return Number of subpictures to be exported
+     */
+    private static int countIncluded() {
+        int n = 0;
+        for (SubPicture pic : subPictures) {
+            if (!pic.exclude) {
+                n++;
+            }
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Core ready state.
+     * @return True if the Core is ready
+     */
+    public static boolean isReady() {
+        return ready;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set Core ready state.
+     * @param r true if the Core is ready
+     */
+    public static void setReady(boolean r) {
+        ready = r;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find the most fitting resolution for the given width and height
+     * @param width screen width
+     * @param height screen height
+     * @return most fitting resolution
+     */
+    public static Resolution getResolution(int width, int height) {
+        if (width <= Resolution.NTSC.getDimensions()[0] && height <= Resolution.NTSC.getDimensions()[1]) {
+            return Resolution.NTSC;
+        } else if (width <= Resolution.PAL.getDimensions()[0] && height <= Resolution.PAL.getDimensions()[1]) {
+            return Resolution.PAL;
+        } else if (width <= Resolution.HD_720.getDimensions()[0] && height <= Resolution.HD_720.getDimensions()[1]) {
+            return Resolution.HD_720;
+        } else if (width <= Resolution.HD_1440x1080.getDimensions()[0] && height <= Resolution.HD_1440x1080.getDimensions()[1]) {
+            return Resolution.HD_1440x1080;
+        } else {
+            return Resolution.HD_1080;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Force Core to cancel current operation.
+     */
+    public static void cancel() {
+        state = CoreThreadState.CANCELED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get cancel state.
+     * @return True if the current operation was canceled
+     */
+    public static boolean isCancelled() {
+        return state == CoreThreadState.CANCELED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Core state.
+     * @return Current Core state
+     */
+    public static CoreThreadState getStatus() {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Request setting of forced flag for all captions
+     * @return current state
+     */
+    public static ForcedFlagState getForceAll() {
+        return forceAll;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Request setting of forced flag for all captions
+     * @param f state to set
+     */
+    public static void setForceAll(ForcedFlagState f) {
+        forceAll = f;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get reference to the main frame.
+     * @return Reference to the main frame
+     */
+    public static MainFrameView getMainFrame() {
+        return mainFrame;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set reference to the main frame.
+     * @param mf Reference to the main frame
+     */
+    public static void setMainFrame(final MainFrameView mf) {
+        mainFrame = mf;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the number of errors.
+     * @return Number of errors since last call to resetErrors
+     */
+    public static int getErrors() {
+        return errors;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset the number of errors.
+     */
+    public static void resetErrors() {
+        errors = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the number of warnings.
+     * @return Number of warnings since last call to resetWarnings
+     */
+    public static int getWarnings() {
+        return warnings;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset the number of warnings.
+     */
+    public static void resetWarnings() {
+        warnings = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set progress in progress bar.
+     * @param p Subtitle index processed
+     */
+    public static void setProgress(int p) {
+        if (progress != null) {
+            int val = (int)(((long)p * 100) / progressMax);
+            if (val > progressLast) {
+                progressLast = val;
+                progress.setProgress(val);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get input mode.
+     * @return Current input mode
+     */
+    public static InputMode getInputMode() {
+        return inMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get source image as BufferedImage.
+     * @return Source image as BufferedImage
+     */
+    public static BufferedImage getSrcImage() {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return substream.getImage();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get source image as BufferedImage.
+     * @param idx	Index of subtitle
+     * @return		Source image as BufferedImage
+     * @throws CoreException
+     */
+    public static BufferedImage getSrcImage(int idx) throws CoreException {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            substream.decode(idx);
+            return substream.getImage();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get target image as BufferedImage.
+     * @return Target image as BufferedImage
+     */
+    public static BufferedImage getTrgImage() {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return trgBitmap.getImage(trgPal.getColorModel());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get target image as BufferedImage.
+     * @param pic SubPicture to use for applying erase patches
+     * @return Target image as BufferedImage
+     */
+    public static BufferedImage getTrgImagePatched(SubPicture pic) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            if (pic.erasePatch != null) {
+                Bitmap trgBitmapPatched = new Bitmap(trgBitmapUnpatched);
+                int col = trgPal.getIndexOfMostTransparentPaletteEntry();
+                for (ErasePatch ep : pic.erasePatch) {
+                    trgBitmapPatched.fillRectangularWithColorIndex(ep.x, ep.y, ep.width, ep.height, (byte)col);
+                }
+                return trgBitmapPatched.getImage(trgPal.getColorModel());
+            } else {
+                return trgBitmapUnpatched.getImage(trgPal.getColorModel());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get screen width of target.
+     * @param index Subtitle index
+     * @return Screen width of target
+     */
+    public static int getTrgWidth(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index].width;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get screen height of target.
+     * @param index Subtitle index
+     * @return Screen height of target
+     */
+    public static int getTrgHeight(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index].height;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get subtitle width of target.
+     * @param index Subtitle index
+     * @return Subtitle width of target
+     */
+    public static int getTrgImgWidth(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index].getImageWidth();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get subtitle height of target.
+     * @param index Subtitle index
+     * @return Subtitle height of target
+     */
+    public static int getTrgImgHeight(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index].getImageHeight();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get exclude (from export) state of target.
+     * @param index Subtitle index
+     * @return Screen width of target
+     */
+    public static boolean getTrgExcluded(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index].exclude;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get subtitle x offset of target.
+     * @param index Subtitle index
+     * @return Subtitle x offset of target
+     */
+    public static int getTrgOfsX(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index].getOfsX();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get subtitle y offset of target.
+     * @param index Subtitle index
+     * @return Subtitle y offset of target
+     */
+    public static int getTrgOfsY(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index].getOfsY();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get number of subtitles.
+     * @return Number of subtitles
+     */
+    public static int getNumFrames() {
+        return substream == null ? 0 : substream.getNumFrames();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get number of forced subtitles.
+     * @return Number of forced subtitles
+     */
+    public static int getNumForcedFrames() {
+        return substream == null ? 0 : substream.getNumForcedFrames();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create info string for target subtitle.
+     * @param index Index of subtitle
+     * @return Info string for target subtitle
+     */
+    public static String getTrgInfoStr(int index) {
+        SubPicture pic = subPictures[index];
+        String text = "screen size: "+getTrgWidth(index)+"x"+getTrgHeight(index)+"    ";
+        text +=	"image size: "+getTrgImgWidth(index)+"x"+getTrgImgHeight(index)+"    ";
+        text += "pos: ("+pic.getOfsX()+","+pic.getOfsY()+") - ("+(pic.getOfsX()+getTrgImgWidth(index))+","+(pic.getOfsY()+getTrgImgHeight(index))+")    ";
+        text += "start: "+ptsToTimeStr(pic.startTime)+"    ";
+        text += "end: "+ptsToTimeStr(pic.endTime)+"    ";
+        text += "forced: "+((pic.isforced)?"yes":"no");
+        return text;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create info string for source subtitle.
+     * @param index Index of subtitle
+     * @return Info string for source subtitle
+     */
+    public static String getSrcInfoStr(int index) {
+        String text;
+
+        SubPicture pic = substream.getSubPicture(index);
+        text  = "screen size: "+pic.width+"x"+pic.height+"    ";
+        text +=	"image size: "+pic.getImageWidth()+"x"+pic.getImageHeight()+"    ";
+        text += "pos: ("+pic.getOfsX()+","+pic.getOfsY()+") - ("+(pic.getOfsX()+pic.getImageWidth())+","+(pic.getOfsY()+pic.getImageHeight())+")    ";
+        text += "start: "+ptsToTimeStr(pic.startTime)+"    ";
+        text += "end: "+ptsToTimeStr(pic.endTime)+"    ";
+        text += "forced: "+((pic.isforced)?"yes":"no");
+        return text;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get width and height for given resolution.
+     * @param r Resolution
+     * @return Integer array containing width [0] and height [1]
+     */
+    public static int[] getResolution(Resolution r) {
+        return r.getDimensions();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Xml string representation of resolution.
+     * @param r Resolution
+     * @return String representation of resolution
+     */
+    public static String getResolutionNameXml(Resolution r) {
+        return r.getResolutionNameForXml();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get current DVD palette.
+     * @return DVD palette
+     */
+    public static Palette getCurrentDVDPalette() {
+        return currentDVDPalette;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set current DVD palette.
+     * @param pal DVD palette
+     */
+    public static void setCurrentDVDPalette(Palette pal) {
+        currentDVDPalette = pal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get target subpicture.
+     * @param index Index of subpicture
+     * @return Target SubPicture
+     */
+    public static SubPicture getSubPictureTrg(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return subPictures[index];
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get source subpicture.
+     * @param index Index of subpicture
+     * @return Source SubPicture
+     */
+    public static SubPicture getSubPictureSrc(int index) {
+        synchronized (semaphore) {
+            return substream.getSubPicture(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get flag that defines whether to swap Cr/Cb components when loading a SUP.
+     * @return True: swap cr/cb
+     */
+    public static boolean getSwapCrCb() {
+        return swapCrCb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set flag that defines whether to swap Cr/Cb components when loading a SUP.
+     * @param b True: swap cr/cb
+     */
+    public static void setSwapCrCb(boolean b) {
+        swapCrCb = b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set Y coordinate cropping offset.
+     * @param ofs Cropping Offset (number of lines to crop symmetrically from bottom and top)
+     */
+    public static void setCropOfsY(int ofs) {
+        cropOfsY = ofs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get Y coordinate cropping offset.
+     * @return Current cropping Offset (number of lines to crop symmetrically from bottom and top)
+     */
+    public static int getCropOfsY() {
+        return cropOfsY;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get: use of BT.601 color model instead of BT.709.
+     * @return True if BT.601 is used
+     */
+    public static boolean usesBT601() {
+        return useBT601;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set internal maximum for progress bar.
+     * @param max Internal maximum for progress bar (e.g. number of subtitles)
+     */
+    public static void setProgressMax(int max) {
+        progressMax = max;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get: use source fps for target fps if possible.
+     * @return True if source fps should be used for target
+     */
+    public static boolean getKeepFps() {
+        return keepFps;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set: use source fps for target fps if possible.
+     * @param e True if source fps should be used for target
+     */
+    public static void setKeepFps(boolean e) {
+        keepFps = e;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set: move mode in Y direction
+     * @param m Move mode
+     */
+    public static void setMoveModeY(CaptionMoveModeY m) {
+        moveModeY = m;
+        moveCaptions = (moveModeY != CaptionMoveModeY.KEEP_POSITION) || (moveModeX != CaptionMoveModeX.KEEP_POSITION);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get: move mode in Y direction
+     * @return Move mode
+     */
+    public static CaptionMoveModeY getMoveModeY() {
+        return moveModeY;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set: move mode in X direction
+     * @param m Move mode
+     */
+    public static void setMoveModeX(CaptionMoveModeX m) {
+        moveModeX = m;
+        moveCaptions = (moveModeY != CaptionMoveModeY.KEEP_POSITION) || (moveModeX != CaptionMoveModeX.KEEP_POSITION);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get: move mode in X direction
+     * @return Move mode
+     */
+    public static CaptionMoveModeX getMoveModeX() {
+        return moveModeX;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set: factor of cinemascope bars (needed for moving after cropping).
+     * @param f Factor of cinemascope bars
+     */
+    public static void setCineBarFactor(double f) {
+        cineBarFactor = f;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set: Additional y offset to consider when moving
+     * @param ofs Y offset
+     */
+    public static void setMoveOffsetY(int ofs) {
+        moveOffsetY = ofs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get: Additional y offset to consider when moving
+     * @return Y offset
+     */
+    public static int getMoveOffsetY() {
+        return moveOffsetY;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set: Additional x offset to consider when moving
+     * @param ofs Y offset
+     */
+    public static void setMoveOffsetX(int ofs) {
+        moveOffsetX = ofs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get: Additional x offset to consider when moving
+     * @return X offset
+     */
+    public static int getMoveOffsetX() {
+        return moveOffsetX;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get: keep move settings after loading a new stream
+     * @return true: keep settings, false: ignore settings
+     */
+    public static boolean getMoveCaptions() {
+        return moveCaptions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set: keep move settings after loading a new stream
+     * @param m true: keep settings, false; ignore settings
+     */
+    public static void setMoveCaptions(boolean m) {
+        moveCaptions = m;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get current input stream ID.
+     * @return Stream ID
+     */
+    public static StreamID getCurrentStreamID() {
+        return currentStreamID;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set current input stream ID.
+     * @param sid Stream ID
+     */
+    public static void setCurrentStreamID(StreamID sid) {
+        currentStreamID = sid;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get imported palette if input is DVD format.
+     * @return Imported palette if input is DVD format, else null
+     */
+    public static Palette getDefSrcDVDPalette() {
+        return defaultSourceDVDPalette;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get modified imported palette if input is DVD format.
+     * @return Imported palette if input is DVD format, else null
+     */
+    public static Palette getCurSrcDVDPalette() {
+        return currentSourceDVDPalette;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set modified imported palette.
+     * @param pal Modified imported palette
+     */
+    public static void setCurSrcDVDPalette(Palette pal) {
+        currentSourceDVDPalette = pal;
+
+        SubstreamDVD substreamDVD = null;
+        if (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB) {
+            substreamDVD = subDVD;
+        } else if (inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO) {
+            substreamDVD = supDVD;
+        }
+
+        substreamDVD.setSrcPalette(currentSourceDVDPalette);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return frame palette of given subtitle.
+     * @param index Index of subtitle
+     * @return Frame palette of given subtitle as array of int (4 entries)
+     */
+    public static int[] getFramePal(int index) {
+        SubstreamDVD substreamDVD = null;
+
+        if (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB) {
+            substreamDVD = subDVD;
+        } else if (inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO) {
+            substreamDVD = supDVD;
+        }
+
+        if (substreamDVD != null) {
+            return substreamDVD.getFramePal(index);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return frame alpha values of given subtitle.
+     * @param index Index of subtitle
+     * @return Frame alpha values of given subtitle as array of int (4 entries)
+     */
+    public static int[] getFrameAlpha(int index) {
+        SubstreamDVD substreamDVD = null;
+
+        if (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB) {
+            substreamDVD = subDVD;
+        } else if (inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO) {
+            substreamDVD = supDVD;
+        }
+
+        if (substreamDVD != null) {
+            return substreamDVD.getFrameAlpha(index);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return original frame palette of given subtitle.
+     * @param index Index of subtitle
+     * @return Frame palette of given subtitle as array of int (4 entries)
+     */
+    public static int[] getOriginalFramePal(int index) {
+        SubstreamDVD substreamDVD = null;
+
+        if (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB) {
+            substreamDVD = subDVD;
+        } else if (inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO) {
+            substreamDVD = supDVD;
+        }
+
+        if (substreamDVD != null) {
+            return substreamDVD.getOriginalFramePal(index);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return original frame alpha values of given subtitle.
+     * @param index Index of subtitle
+     * @return Frame alpha values of given subtitle as array of int (4 entries)
+     */
+    public static int[] getOriginalFrameAlpha(int index) {
+        SubstreamDVD substreamDVD = null;
+
+        if (inMode == InputMode.VOBSUB) {
+            substreamDVD = subDVD;
+        } else if (inMode == InputMode.SUPIFO) {
+            substreamDVD = supDVD;
+        }
+
+        if (substreamDVD != null) {
+            return substreamDVD.getOriginalFrameAlpha(index);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `bdsup2sub.core.Core.substream.getPalette()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 541.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Core.readXml(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bdsup2sub.core.Core.readXml(java.lang.String):void.01bcfc5accebba85b68036a693a01692
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/bdsup2sub/core/Core.java
+
+### Key:
+Core.java|readXml|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+f3f7b0cc2c27d9448b209abf19887722
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6880/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6880/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d15d082406d9c4c1be6c19954b379e34cd9f2cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6880/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gitflow-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014-2017 Aleksandr Mashchenko.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.amashchenko.maven.plugin.gitflow;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Mojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Parameter;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.components.interactivity.PrompterException;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.StringUtils;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.cli.CommandLineException;
+
+/**
+ * The git flow support start mojo.
+ * 
+ * @since 1.5.0
+ */
+@Mojo(name = "support-start", aggregator = true)
+public class GitFlowSupportStartMojo extends AbstractGitFlowMojo {
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to push to the remote.
+     * 
+     * @since 1.6.0
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "pushRemote", defaultValue = "true")
+    private boolean pushRemote;
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException {
+        validateConfiguration();
+
+        try {
+            // set git flow configuration
+            initGitFlowConfig();
+
+            // check uncommitted changes
+            checkUncommittedChanges();
+
+            // get tags
+            String tagsStr = gitFindTags();
+
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(tagsStr)) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException("There are no tags.");
+            }
+
+            String tagName = null;
+            try {
+                tagName = prompter.prompt("Choose tag to start support branch",
+                        Arrays.asList(tagsStr.split("\\r?\\n")));
+            } catch (PrompterException e) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException("support-start", e);
+            }
+
+            // git for-each-ref refs/heads/support/...
+            final boolean supportBranchExists = gitCheckBranchExists(gitFlowConfig
+                    .getSupportBranchPrefix() + tagName);
+
+            if (supportBranchExists) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException(
+                        "Support branch with that name already exists.");
+            }
+
+            // git checkout -b ... tag
+            gitCreateAndCheckout(gitFlowConfig.getSupportBranchPrefix()
+                    + tagName, tagName);
+
+            if (installProject) {
+                // mvn clean install
+                mvnCleanInstall();
+            }
+
+            if (pushRemote) {
+                gitPush(gitFlowConfig.getSupportBranchPrefix() + tagName, false);
+            }
+        } catch (CommandLineException e) {
+            throw new MojoFailureException("support-start", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `tagsStr` last assigned on line 57 could be null and is dereferenced at line 66.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GitFlowSupportStartMojo.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.amashchenko.maven.plugin.gitflow.GitFlowSupportStartMojo.execute():void.e325e92e1aebeda766c1fb11a3aec70f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/amashchenko/maven/plugin/gitflow/GitFlowSupportStartMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+GitFlowSupportStartMojo.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+1915488b0ce919b4d6f5b44a30427f87
+
+### Hash:
+07c7424c6f7f7b27feeedded23151d22
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6881/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6881/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..675ef684440cd78dfba1dddd02dcbda85746a74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6881/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gitflow-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014-2015 Aleksandr Mashchenko.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.amashchenko.maven.plugin.gitflow;
+
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.ArtifactUtils;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Mojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Parameter;
+import org.apache.maven.shared.release.versions.DefaultVersionInfo;
+import org.apache.maven.shared.release.versions.VersionParseException;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.StringUtils;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.cli.CommandLineException;
+
+/**
+ * The git flow release finish mojo.
+ * 
+ * @author Aleksandr Mashchenko
+ * 
+ */
+@Mojo(name = "release-finish", aggregator = true)
+public class GitFlowReleaseFinishMojo extends AbstractGitFlowMojo {
+
+    /** Whether to skip tagging the release in Git. */
+    @Parameter(property = "skipTag", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean skipTag = false;
+
+    /** Whether to keep release branch after finish. */
+    @Parameter(property = "keepBranch", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean keepBranch = false;
+
+    /** Whether to skip calling Maven test goal before merging the branch. */
+    @Parameter(property = "skipTestProject", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean skipTestProject = false;
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException {
+        try {
+            // check uncommitted changes
+            checkUncommittedChanges();
+
+            // git for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads/release/*
+            final String releaseBranches = gitFindBranches(gitFlowConfig
+                    .getReleaseBranchPrefix());
+
+            String releaseVersion = null;
+
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(releaseBranches)) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException("There is no release branch.");
+            } else if (StringUtils.countMatches(releaseBranches,
+                    gitFlowConfig.getReleaseBranchPrefix()) > 1) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException(
+                        "More than one release branch exists. Cannot finish release.");
+            } else {
+                releaseVersion = releaseBranches.trim().substring(
+                        releaseBranches.lastIndexOf(gitFlowConfig
+                                .getReleaseBranchPrefix())
+                                + gitFlowConfig.getReleaseBranchPrefix()
+                                        .length());
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(releaseVersion)) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException("Release version is blank.");
+            }
+
+            if (!skipTestProject) {
+                // git checkout release/...
+                gitCheckout(releaseBranches.trim());
+
+                // mvn clean test
+                mvnCleanTest();
+            }
+
+            // git checkout master
+            gitCheckout(gitFlowConfig.getProductionBranch());
+
+            // git merge --no-ff release/...
+            gitMergeNoff(gitFlowConfig.getReleaseBranchPrefix()
+                    + releaseVersion);
+
+            // get current project version from pom
+            final String currentVersion = getCurrentProjectVersion();
+
+            if (!skipTag) {
+                String tagVersion = currentVersion;
+                if (tychoBuild && ArtifactUtils.isSnapshot(currentVersion)) {
+                    tagVersion = currentVersion.replace("-"
+                            + Artifact.SNAPSHOT_VERSION, "");
+                }
+
+                // git tag -a ...
+                gitTag(gitFlowConfig.getVersionTagPrefix() + tagVersion,
+                        "tagging release");
+            }
+
+            // git checkout develop
+            gitCheckout(gitFlowConfig.getDevelopmentBranch());
+
+            // git merge --no-ff release/...
+            gitMergeNoff(gitFlowConfig.getReleaseBranchPrefix()
+                    + releaseVersion);
+
+            String nextSnapshotVersion = null;
+            // get next snapshot version
+            try {
+                final DefaultVersionInfo versionInfo = new DefaultVersionInfo(
+                        currentVersion);
+                nextSnapshotVersion = versionInfo.getNextVersion()
+                        .getSnapshotVersionString();
+            } catch (VersionParseException e) {
+                if (getLog().isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    getLog().debug(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(nextSnapshotVersion)) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException(
+                        "Next snapshot version is blank.");
+            }
+
+            // mvn versions:set -DnewVersion=... -DgenerateBackupPoms=false
+            mvnSetVersions(nextSnapshotVersion);
+
+            // git commit -a -m updating for next development version
+            gitCommit("updating for next development version");
+
+            if (installProject) {
+                // mvn clean install
+                mvnCleanInstall();
+            }
+
+            if (!keepBranch) {
+                // git branch -d release/...
+                gitBranchDelete(gitFlowConfig.getReleaseBranchPrefix()
+                        + releaseVersion);
+            }
+        } catch (CommandLineException e) {
+            getLog().error(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `releaseBranches` last assigned on line 58 could be null and is dereferenced at line 70.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GitFlowReleaseFinishMojo.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.amashchenko.maven.plugin.gitflow.GitFlowReleaseFinishMojo.execute():void.bdf38b1b0b202bce66373a6c11c4207d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/amashchenko/maven/plugin/gitflow/GitFlowReleaseFinishMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+GitFlowReleaseFinishMojo.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+60dfbfe40517f0b92c329b66c10b5417
+
+### Hash:
+124461896ef98252e9056802cc3aa053
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6886/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6886/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1630937fdaa88c7c43fdaac779368f35a8e077df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6886/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** reactive-grpc
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright (c) 2017, salesforce.com, inc.
+ *  All rights reserved.
+ *  Licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license.
+ *  For full license text, see LICENSE.txt file in the repo root  or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+ */
+
+package com.salesforce.reactorgrpc;
+
+import com.google.protobuf.Empty;
+import com.salesforce.reactivegrpccommon.testing.BackpressureDetector;
+import com.salesforce.reactivegrpccommon.testing.Sequence;
+import com.salesforce.servicelibs.NumberProto;
+import com.salesforce.servicelibs.ReactorNumbersGrpc;
+import io.grpc.ManagedChannel;
+import io.grpc.Server;
+import io.grpc.inprocess.InProcessChannelBuilder;
+import io.grpc.inprocess.InProcessServerBuilder;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("Duplicates")
+public class BackpressureIntegrationTest {
+    private static Server server;
+    private static ManagedChannel channel;
+
+    private static final int madMultipleCutoff = 100;
+    private static BackpressureDetector serverRecBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+    private static BackpressureDetector serverRespBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setupServer() throws Exception {
+        ReactorNumbersGrpc.NumbersImplBase svc = new ReactorNumbersGrpc.NumbersImplBase() {
+            @Override
+            public Mono<NumberProto.Number> requestPressure(Flux<NumberProto.Number> request) {
+                return request
+                        .map(proto -> proto.getNumber(0))
+                        .doOnNext(i -> {
+                            serverRecBPDetector.tick();
+                            System.out.println("    --> " + i);
+                            try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                        })
+                        .last(-1)
+                        .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Flux<NumberProto.Number> responsePressure(Mono<Empty> request) {
+                return Flux
+                        .fromIterable(new Sequence(200, serverRespBPDetector))
+                        .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println("   <-- " + i))
+                        .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Flux<NumberProto.Number> twoWayPressure(Flux<NumberProto.Number> request) {
+                request
+                    .map(proto -> proto.getNumber(0))
+                    .subscribe(
+                        n -> {
+                            serverRecBPDetector.tick();
+                            System.out.println("   --> " + n);
+                            try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                        },
+                        Throwable::printStackTrace,
+                        () -> System.out.println("Server done.")
+                    );
+
+                return Flux
+                        .fromIterable(new Sequence(200, serverRespBPDetector))
+                        .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println("                  <-- " + i))
+                        .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+            }
+        };
+
+        server = InProcessServerBuilder.forName("e2e").addService(svc).build().start();
+        channel = InProcessChannelBuilder.forName("e2e").usePlaintext(true).build();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void resetServerStats() {
+        serverRecBPDetector.reset();
+        serverRespBPDetector.reset();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void stopServer() throws InterruptedException {
+        server.shutdown();
+        server.awaitTermination();
+        channel.shutdown();
+
+        server = null;
+        channel = null;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void clientToServerBackpressure() throws InterruptedException {
+        Object lock = new Object();
+
+        ReactorNumbersGrpc.ReactorNumbersStub stub = ReactorNumbersGrpc.newReactorStub(channel);
+        BackpressureDetector clientBackpressureDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+        Sequence seq = new Sequence(200, clientBackpressureDetector);
+
+        Flux<NumberProto.Number> reactorRequest = Flux
+                .fromIterable(seq)
+                .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println(i + " -->"))
+                .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+
+
+        Mono<NumberProto.Number> reactorResponse = stub.requestPressure(reactorRequest);
+
+        reactorResponse.subscribe(
+                n -> {
+                    System.out.println("Client done. " + n.getNumber(0));
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                },
+                t -> {
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.wait(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20));
+        }
+
+        assertThat(clientBackpressureDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void serverToClientBackpressure() throws InterruptedException {
+        Object lock = new Object();
+        BackpressureDetector clientBackpressureDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+
+        ReactorNumbersGrpc.ReactorNumbersStub stub = ReactorNumbersGrpc.newReactorStub(channel);
+
+        Mono<Empty> reactorRequest = Mono.just(Empty.getDefaultInstance());
+
+        Flux<NumberProto.Number> reactorResponse = stub.responsePressure(reactorRequest);
+        reactorResponse.subscribe(
+                n -> {
+                    clientBackpressureDetector.tick();
+                    System.out.println(n.getNumber(0) + "  <--");
+                    try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                },
+                t -> {
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                },
+                () -> {
+                    System.out.println("Client done.");
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.wait(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20));
+        }
+
+        assertThat(serverRespBPDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void bidiBackpressure() throws InterruptedException {
+        Object lock = new Object();
+        BackpressureDetector clientReqBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+        BackpressureDetector clientRespBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+
+        ReactorNumbersGrpc.ReactorNumbersStub stub = ReactorNumbersGrpc.newReactorStub(channel);
+
+        Flux<NumberProto.Number> reactorRequest = Flux
+                .fromIterable(new Sequence(180, clientReqBPDetector))
+                .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println(i + " -->"))
+                .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+
+        Flux<NumberProto.Number> reactorResponse = stub.twoWayPressure(reactorRequest);
+
+        reactorResponse.subscribe(
+                n -> {
+                    clientRespBPDetector.tick();
+                    System.out.println("               " + n.getNumber(0) + "  <--");
+                    try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                },
+                t -> {
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                },
+                () -> {
+                    System.out.println("Client done.");
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.wait(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20));
+        }
+
+        assertThat(clientReqBPDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+        assertThat(serverRespBPDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    private static NumberProto.Number protoNum(int i) {
+        Integer[] ints = new Integer[32 * 1024];
+        Arrays.setAll(ints, operand -> i);
+
+        return NumberProto.Number.newBuilder().addAllNumber(Arrays.asList(ints)).build();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.salesforce.reactorgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.clientToServerBackpressure` reads without synchronization from `reactorgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.com.salesforce.reactorgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.channel`. Potentially races with write in method `BackpressureIntegrationTest.stopServer()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BackpressureIntegrationTest.clientToServerBackpressure()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.salesforce.reactorgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.clientToServerBackpressure():void.b776d1adbd10e58d04e2a20773d50a46
+
+### File:
+reactor/reactor-grpc-test/src/test/java/com/salesforce/reactorgrpc/BackpressureIntegrationTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BackpressureIntegrationTest.java|clientToServerBackpressure|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8522a1c507ab0589598948790d251847
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6888/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6888/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fa5e168e0f4dcdb81de539eafb1a6fe34b0a182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6888/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** reactive-grpc
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright (c) 2017, salesforce.com, inc.
+ *  All rights reserved.
+ *  Licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license.
+ *  For full license text, see LICENSE.txt file in the repo root  or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+ */
+
+package com.salesforce.rxgrpc;
+
+import com.google.protobuf.Empty;
+import com.salesforce.reactivegrpccommon.testing.BackpressureDetector;
+import com.salesforce.reactivegrpccommon.testing.Sequence;
+import com.salesforce.servicelibs.NumberProto;
+import com.salesforce.servicelibs.RxNumbersGrpc;
+import io.grpc.ManagedChannel;
+import io.grpc.Server;
+import io.grpc.inprocess.InProcessChannelBuilder;
+import io.grpc.inprocess.InProcessServerBuilder;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("Duplicates")
+public class BackpressureIntegrationTest {
+    private static Server server;
+    private static ManagedChannel channel;
+
+    private static final int madMultipleCutoff = 100;
+    private static BackpressureDetector serverRecBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+    private static BackpressureDetector serverRespBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setupServer() throws Exception {
+        RxNumbersGrpc.NumbersImplBase svc = new RxNumbersGrpc.NumbersImplBase() {
+            @Override
+            public Single<NumberProto.Number> requestPressure(Flowable<NumberProto.Number> request) {
+                return request
+                        .map(proto -> proto.getNumber(0))
+                        .doOnNext(i -> {
+                            serverRecBPDetector.tick();
+                            System.out.println("    --> " + i);
+                            try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                        })
+                        .last(-1)
+                        .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Flowable<NumberProto.Number> responsePressure(Single<Empty> request) {
+                return Flowable
+                        .fromIterable(new Sequence(200, serverRespBPDetector))
+                        .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println("   <-- " + i))
+                        .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Flowable<NumberProto.Number> twoWayPressure(Flowable<NumberProto.Number> request) {
+                request
+                    .map(proto -> proto.getNumber(0))
+                    .subscribe(
+                        n -> {
+                            serverRecBPDetector.tick();
+                            System.out.println("   --> " + n);
+                            try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                        },
+                        Throwable::printStackTrace,
+                        () -> System.out.println("Server done.")
+                    );
+
+                return Flowable
+                        .fromIterable(new Sequence(200, serverRespBPDetector))
+                        .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println("                  <-- " + i))
+                        .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+            }
+        };
+
+        server = InProcessServerBuilder.forName("e2e").addService(svc).build().start();
+        channel = InProcessChannelBuilder.forName("e2e").usePlaintext(true).build();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void resetServerStats() {
+        serverRecBPDetector.reset();
+        serverRespBPDetector.reset();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void stopServer() throws InterruptedException {
+        server.shutdown();
+        server.awaitTermination();
+        channel.shutdown();
+
+        server = null;
+        channel = null;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void clientToServerBackpressure() throws InterruptedException {
+        Object lock = new Object();
+
+        RxNumbersGrpc.RxNumbersStub stub = RxNumbersGrpc.newRxStub(channel);
+        BackpressureDetector clientBackpressureDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+        Sequence seq = new Sequence(200, clientBackpressureDetector);
+
+        Flowable<NumberProto.Number> rxRequest = Flowable
+                .fromIterable(seq)
+                .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println(i + " -->"))
+                .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+
+
+        Single<NumberProto.Number> rxResponse = stub.requestPressure(rxRequest);
+
+        rxResponse.subscribe(
+                n -> {
+                    System.out.println("Client done. " + n.getNumber(0));
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                },
+                t -> {
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.wait(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20));
+        }
+
+        assertThat(clientBackpressureDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void serverToClientBackpressure() throws InterruptedException {
+        Object lock = new Object();
+        BackpressureDetector clientBackpressureDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+
+        RxNumbersGrpc.RxNumbersStub stub = RxNumbersGrpc.newRxStub(channel);
+
+        Single<Empty> rxRequest = Single.just(Empty.getDefaultInstance());
+
+        Flowable<NumberProto.Number> rxResponse = stub.responsePressure(rxRequest);
+        rxResponse.subscribe(
+                n -> {
+                    clientBackpressureDetector.tick();
+                    System.out.println(n.getNumber(0) + "  <--");
+                    try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                },
+                t -> {
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                },
+                () -> {
+                    System.out.println("Client done.");
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.wait(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20));
+        }
+
+        assertThat(serverRespBPDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void bidiBackpressure() throws InterruptedException {
+        Object lock = new Object();
+        BackpressureDetector clientReqBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+        BackpressureDetector clientRespBPDetector = new BackpressureDetector(madMultipleCutoff);
+
+        RxNumbersGrpc.RxNumbersStub stub = RxNumbersGrpc.newRxStub(channel);
+
+        Flowable<NumberProto.Number> rxRequest = Flowable
+                .fromIterable(new Sequence(180, clientReqBPDetector))
+                .doOnNext(i -> System.out.println(i + " -->"))
+                .map(BackpressureIntegrationTest::protoNum);
+
+        Flowable<NumberProto.Number> rxResponse = stub.twoWayPressure(rxRequest);
+
+        rxResponse.subscribe(
+                n -> {
+                    clientRespBPDetector.tick();
+                    System.out.println("               " + n.getNumber(0) + "  <--");
+                    try { Thread.sleep(50); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+                },
+                t -> {
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                },
+                () -> {
+                    System.out.println("Client done.");
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        lock.notify();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.wait(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20));
+        }
+
+        assertThat(clientReqBPDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+        assertThat(serverRespBPDetector.backpressureDelayOcurred()).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    private static NumberProto.Number protoNum(int i) {
+        Integer[] ints = new Integer[32 * 1024];
+        Arrays.setAll(ints, operand -> i);
+
+        return NumberProto.Number.newBuilder().addAllNumber(Arrays.asList(ints)).build();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.salesforce.rxgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.serverToClientBackpressure` reads without synchronization from `rxgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.com.salesforce.rxgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.channel`. Potentially races with write in method `BackpressureIntegrationTest.stopServer()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BackpressureIntegrationTest.serverToClientBackpressure()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.salesforce.rxgrpc.BackpressureIntegrationTest.serverToClientBackpressure():void.0eda371aca89cec35fd2cdf957cb3686
+
+### File:
+rx-java/rxgrpc-test/src/test/java/com/salesforce/rxgrpc/BackpressureIntegrationTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BackpressureIntegrationTest.java|serverToClientBackpressure|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7f78ac6d82f82de2a656d2c22a285af8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6892/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6892/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cd5284ba384360901dbb351000a955498e996b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6892/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openpojo
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Osman Shoukry
+ *
+ *    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License or any
+ *    later version.
+ *
+ *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package com.openpojo.random.impl;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import com.openpojo.random.RandomFactory;
+import com.openpojo.random.RandomGenerator;
+
+/**
+ * This is the most basic random generator, it handles all basic java types (20 in total).<br>
+ * <strong>Namely:</strong><br>
+ *  1. boolean & Boolean<br>
+ *  2. int & Integer <br>
+ *  3. float & Float <br>
+ *  4. double & Double <br>
+ *  5. long & Long <br>
+ *  6. short & Short <br>
+ *  7. byte & Byte <br>
+ *  8. char & Character <br>
+ *  9. String <br>
+ * 10. Date<br>
+ * 11. Calendar<br>
+ * 12. java.math.BigDecimal <br>
+ * 13. java.math.BigInteger <br>
+ * <br>
+ * You can overwrite any of those types with your own generator and register it with the RandomFactory. <br>
+ * <strong>Note:</strong><br>
+ * 1. char & Character random generation is <i>currently</i> limited to the following set of
+ * characters A-Z, a-z and 0-9. <br>
+ * 2. String random generation relies on the Character random generation, all strings are generated as random sequence
+ * of characters with length between 1 and 32 inclusive. So If you over-write the Character generator,
+ * you will implicitly be modifying the types of character the random characters a random String is made of.
+ *
+ * @author oshoukry
+ */
+public final class BasicRandomGenerator implements RandomGenerator {
+    private static final Random RANDOM = new Random(new Date().getTime());
+    private static final int MAX_RANDOM_STRING_LENGTH = 32;
+
+    private BasicRandomGenerator() {
+
+    }
+
+    public static RandomGenerator getInstance() {
+        return Instance.INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    private static final Class<?>[] TYPES = new Class<?>[]{ boolean.class, Boolean.class, int.class, Integer.class,
+            float.class, Float.class, double.class, Double.class, long.class, Long.class, short.class, Short.class,
+            byte.class, Byte.class, char.class, Character.class, String.class, Date.class, Calendar.class, BigDecimal.class,
+            BigInteger.class };
+
+    private static final char[] CHARACTERS = new char[]{ 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L',
+            'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g',
+            'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', '0', '1',
+            '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9' };
+
+    public Object doGenerate(final Class<?> type) {
+        if (type == boolean.class || type == Boolean.class) {
+            return RANDOM.nextBoolean();
+        }
+
+        if (type == int.class || type == Integer.class) {
+            return RANDOM.nextInt();
+        }
+
+        if (type == BigInteger.class) {
+            return BigInteger.valueOf(RANDOM.nextLong());
+        }
+
+        if (type == float.class || type == Float.class) {
+            return RANDOM.nextFloat();
+        }
+
+        if (type == double.class || type == Double.class) {
+            return RANDOM.nextDouble();
+        }
+
+        if (type == BigDecimal.class) {
+            return BigDecimal.valueOf(RANDOM.nextDouble());
+        }
+
+        if (type == long.class || type == Long.class) {
+            return RANDOM.nextLong();
+        }
+
+        if (type == short.class || type == Short.class) {
+            return (short) (RANDOM.nextInt(Short.MAX_VALUE + 1) * (RANDOM.nextBoolean() ? 1 : -1));
+        }
+
+        if (type == byte.class || type == Byte.class) {
+            final byte[] randombyte = new byte[1];
+            RANDOM.nextBytes(randombyte);
+            return randombyte[0];
+        }
+
+        if (type == char.class || type == Character.class) {
+            return CHARACTERS[RANDOM.nextInt(CHARACTERS.length)];
+        }
+
+        if (type == String.class) {
+            String randomString = "";
+
+            /* prevent zero length string lengths */
+            for (int count = 0; count < RANDOM.nextInt(MAX_RANDOM_STRING_LENGTH + 1) + 1; count++) {
+                randomString += RandomFactory.getRandomValue(Character.class);
+            }
+            return randomString;
+        }
+
+        if (type == Date.class) {
+            return new Date(RandomFactory.getRandomValue(Long.class));
+        }
+
+        if (type == Calendar.class) {
+            final Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
+            calendar.setTimeInMillis(RandomFactory.getRandomValue(Long.class));
+            return calendar;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Collection<Class<?>> getTypes() {
+        return Arrays.asList(TYPES);
+    }
+
+    private static class Instance {
+        private static final RandomGenerator INSTANCE = new BasicRandomGenerator();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getRandomValue(java.lang.Long)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 139.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object BasicRandomGenerator.doGenerate(Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.openpojo.random.impl.BasicRandomGenerator.doGenerate(java.lang.Class):java.lang.Object.fa2f088e9087e5e854c279bdf26982f2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/openpojo/random/impl/BasicRandomGenerator.java
+
+### Key:
+BasicRandomGenerator.java|doGenerate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+95ad9054eab156e173626d9170578e32
+
+### Hash:
+275cf54c064961febd8e76165b846a2b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6895/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6895/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6b0fc77bd367bee773fd51897cba2f105c607ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6895/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openpojo
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Osman Shoukry
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied.
+ *
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.openpojo.reflection.impl;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.openpojo.business.annotation.BusinessKey;
+import com.openpojo.random.RandomFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoClass;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.construct.InstanceFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.exception.ReflectionException;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.annotation.SomeAnnotation;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithSyntheticField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.ClassWithGenericTypes;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.PojoFieldImplClass;
+import com.openpojo.validation.affirm.Affirm;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @author oshoukry
+ */
+public class PojoFieldImplTest {
+  private PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(PojoFieldImplClass.class);
+  private Object pojoClassInstance;
+
+  /**
+   * @throws java.lang.Exception
+   */
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws Exception {
+    pojoClassInstance = InstanceFactory.getInstance(pojoClass);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for: {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#get(java.lang.Object)}.
+   * {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#set(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testSetAndGet() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (!pojoField.isFinal() && !pojoField.isPrimitive()) {
+        Affirm.affirmNull(String.format("Field=[%s] should have null default value", pojoField),
+            pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance));
+        Object randomValue = RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType());
+        pojoField.set(pojoClassInstance, randomValue);
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("PojoField.get() result=[%s] different from what was set=[%s] for " +
+            "PojoFieldImpl=[%s]", pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance), randomValue, pojoField), randomValue, pojoField.get
+            (pojoClassInstance));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getPrivateStringField() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("privateString")) {
+        return pojoField;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail("Field with name 'privateString' removed from class" + pojoClass.getName());
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.set(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.get(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeSetter(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeGetter(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldGetParameterizedType() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(ClassWithGenericTypes.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed?!", 4, pojoClass.getPojoFields().size());
+
+    int affirmChecks = 0;
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedChildren")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Not Generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Wrong Parameterization!?", pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(ClassWithGenericTypes.class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonparameterizedList") || pojoField.getName().equals("nonParameterizedString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmFalse("Turned generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("Returned non-empty list for nonParameterized type!? [" + pojoField.getParameterTypes() + "]", 0,
+            pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedMap")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("MultipTypeGeneric failed!!", 2, pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", String.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(String
+            .class));
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", Integer.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(Integer
+            .class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed/renamed? expected 4 checks!!", 4, affirmChecks);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void annotationlessShouldNotReturnNull() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonAnnotatedField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmNotNull("getAnnotations should not return null.", pojoField.getAnnotations());
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("nonAnnotatedField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void multipleAnnotationsShouldBeReturned() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("multipleAnnotationField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("Annotations added/removed from field=[%s]", pojoField), 2, pojoField.getAnnotations
+            ().size());
+        List<Class<?>> expectedAnnotations = new LinkedList<Class<?>>();
+        expectedAnnotations.add(SomeAnnotation.class);
+        expectedAnnotations.add(BusinessKey.class);
+        for (Annotation annotation : pojoField.getAnnotations()) {
+          Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Expected annotations [%s] not found, instead found [%s]", expectedAnnotations,
+              annotation.annotationType()), expectedAnnotations.contains(annotation.annotationType()));
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("multipleAnnotationField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isPrimitive()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrimitive() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("primitive")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isPrimitive() check on primitive field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField
+            .isPrimitive());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isStatic()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsStatic() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("static")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isStatic() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isStatic());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsTransient() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("transientString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isTransient() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isTransient
+            ());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsVolatile() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("volatileString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isVolatile() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isVolatile());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrivate() {
+    String prefix = "private";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isPackagePrivate() {
+    String prefix = "packagePrivate";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsProtected() {
+    String prefix = "protected";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPublic() {
+    String prefix = "public";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getFieldStartingWith(String prefix) {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields())
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith(prefix))
+        return pojoField;
+    throw ReflectionException.getInstance("Request field with prefix [" + prefix + "} not found.");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsSynthetic() {
+    PojoClass classWithSyntheticField = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithSyntheticField.SyntheticFieldContainer.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Failed to find field in class[" + classWithSyntheticField + "]", 1, classWithSyntheticField
+        .getPojoFields().size());
+    PojoField pojoField = classWithSyntheticField.getPojoFields().get(0);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("Failed to check isSynthetic + [" + pojoField + "]", pojoField.isSynthetic());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `pojoField` last assigned on line 92 could be null and is dereferenced at line 93.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailGet()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailGet():void.5e057dd4c778ed68f4558647078bef3a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/openpojo/reflection/impl/PojoFieldImplTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PojoFieldImplTest.java|shouldFailGet|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9afcdcc9d4253c36267a0d34b98c337d
+
+### Hash:
+ace6a034e3642d9434fd011f75a71af8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7103/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7103/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4eba2135e3a9bc101746941544c5fa8b858a6982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7103/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rapidoid
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.rapidoid.scan;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLClassLoader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream;
+
+import org.rapidoid.annotation.Authors;
+import org.rapidoid.annotation.Since;
+import org.rapidoid.cls.Cls;
+import org.rapidoid.ctx.Classes;
+import org.rapidoid.ctx.Ctx;
+import org.rapidoid.io.IO;
+import org.rapidoid.lambda.Lambdas;
+import org.rapidoid.lambda.Predicate;
+import org.rapidoid.log.Log;
+import org.rapidoid.tuple.Tuple;
+import org.rapidoid.util.U;
+
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * rapidoid-scan
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 - 2015 Nikolche Mihajlovski
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+@Authors("Nikolche Mihajlovski")
+@Since("2.0.0")
+public class Scan {
+
+	private static final String[] SKIP_PKG = { "com", "org", "net", "io" };
+	private static final Set<String> SKIP_PACKAGES = new HashSet<String>();
+	private static final Map<String, Set<String>> SKIP_SUBPACKAGES = new HashMap<String, Set<String>>();
+
+	private static final Set<String> CLASSPATH = new TreeSet<String>();
+
+	private static final Map<Tuple, List<Class<?>>> CLASSES_CACHE = U.map();
+
+	private Scan() {}
+
+	static {
+		SKIP_PACKAGES.addAll(IO.loadLines("scan-ignore.txt"));
+		SKIP_PACKAGES.add("java");
+		SKIP_PACKAGES.add("javax");
+		SKIP_PACKAGES.add("META-INF");
+		SKIP_PACKAGES.add("license");
+		SKIP_PACKAGES.add("public");
+		SKIP_PACKAGES.add("static");
+
+		for (String pkg : SKIP_PKG) {
+			SKIP_SUBPACKAGES.put(pkg, U.set(IO.loadLines(U.format("scan-ignore-%s.txt", pkg))));
+		}
+
+		SKIP_SUBPACKAGES.get("org").add("xml");
+		SKIP_SUBPACKAGES.get("org").add("dom4j");
+		SKIP_SUBPACKAGES.get("com").add("fasterxml");
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized void reset() {
+		CLASSPATH.clear();
+		CLASSES_CACHE.clear();
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized void args(String... args) {
+		for (String arg : args) {
+			if (arg.matches("\\+\\w+")) {
+				addon(arg.substring(1));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static Object addon(String addonName) {
+		U.must(addonName.matches("\\w+"), "Invalid add-on name, must be alphanumeric!");
+
+		String addonClassName = "org.rapidoid.addon." + U.capitalized(addonName) + "Addon";
+		Class<?> addonCls = Cls.getClassIfExists(addonClassName);
+
+		if (addonCls != null) {
+			if (Callable.class.isAssignableFrom(addonCls)) {
+				Callable<?> addon = (Callable<?>) Cls.newInstance(addonCls);
+				try {
+					Object addonResult = addon.call();
+					Log.info("Executed add-on", "add-on", addonName, "add-on class", addonClassName, "result",
+							addonResult);
+					return addonResult;
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					throw U.rte(e);
+				}
+			} else {
+				Log.warn("Found add-on, but it's not a Runnable!", "add-on", addonName, "add-on class", addonClassName);
+			}
+		} else {
+			Log.debug("No add-on was found", "add-on", addonName, "add-on class", addonClassName);
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<Class<?>> classes() {
+		return classes(null, null, null, null, null);
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<Class<?>> classes(String packageName, String nameRegex, Predicate<Class<?>> filter,
+			Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+		return scanClasses(packageName, nameRegex, filter, annotated, classLoader);
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<Class<?>> annotated(Class<? extends Annotation> annotated) {
+		return scanClasses(null, null, null, annotated, null);
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<Class<?>> annotated(Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+		return scanClasses(null, null, null, annotated, classLoader);
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<Class<?>> pkg(String packageName) {
+		return scanClasses(packageName, null, null, null, null);
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<Class<?>> byName(String simpleName, Predicate<Class<?>> filter,
+			ClassLoader classLoader) {
+		return scanClasses(null, "(.*\\.|^)" + simpleName, filter, null, classLoader);
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<Class<?>> bySuffix(String nameSuffix, Predicate<Class<?>> filter,
+			ClassLoader classLoader) {
+		return scanClasses(null, ".*\\w" + nameSuffix, filter, null, classLoader);
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<File> files(String packageName, Predicate<File> filter) {
+		ArrayList<File> files = new ArrayList<File>();
+
+		files(packageName, files, filter);
+
+		return files;
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized List<File> dir(String dir, Predicate<File> filter) {
+		ArrayList<File> files = new ArrayList<File>();
+
+		getFiles(files, new File(dir), filter);
+
+		return files;
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized void files(String packageName, Collection<File> files, Predicate<File> filter) {
+		Enumeration<URL> urls = resources(packageName);
+
+		while (urls.hasMoreElements()) {
+			URL url = urls.nextElement();
+			File file = new File(url.getFile());
+
+			getFiles(files, file, filter);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void getFiles(Collection<File> files, File file, Predicate<File> filter) {
+		if (file.isDirectory()) {
+			Log.debug("scanning directory", "dir", file);
+			for (File f : file.listFiles()) {
+				if (f.isDirectory()) {
+					getFiles(files, f, filter);
+				} else {
+					Log.debug("scanned file", "file", f);
+					try {
+						if (filter == null || filter.eval(f)) {
+							files.add(f);
+						}
+					} catch (Exception e) {
+						throw U.rte(e);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static List<Class<?>> scanClasses(String packageName, String nameRegex, Predicate<Class<?>> filter,
+			Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+
+		packageName = U.or(packageName, "");
+
+		boolean caching = classLoader == null;
+		Tuple cacheKey = null;
+
+		if (caching) {
+			cacheKey = new Tuple(packageName, nameRegex, filter, annotated, classLoader);
+			List<Class<?>> classes = CLASSES_CACHE.get(cacheKey);
+			if (classes != null) {
+				return classes;
+			}
+		}
+
+		List<Class<?>> classes;
+		Classes ctxClasses = Ctx.classes();
+		Pattern regex = nameRegex != null ? Pattern.compile(nameRegex) : null;
+
+		if (ctxClasses != null) {
+			classes = filterClasses(ctxClasses, packageName, regex, filter, annotated);
+		} else {
+			classes = retrieveClasses(packageName, filter, annotated, regex, classLoader);
+		}
+
+		if (caching) {
+			CLASSES_CACHE.put(cacheKey, classes);
+		}
+
+		return classes;
+	}
+
+	private static List<Class<?>> retrieveClasses(String packageName, Predicate<Class<?>> filter,
+			Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, Pattern regex, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+
+		List<Class<?>> classes = new ArrayList<Class<?>>();
+
+		String pkgName = U.or(packageName, "");
+
+		Set<String> classpath = getClasspath();
+
+		for (String cpe : classpath) {
+			File file = new File(cpe);
+
+			String path = file.getAbsolutePath();
+
+			String pkgPath = pkgName.replace('.', File.separatorChar);
+			String rootPath = pkgPath.isEmpty() ? path : path.replace(File.separatorChar + pkgPath, "");
+
+			File root = new File(rootPath);
+
+			if (root.exists()) {
+				if (root.isDirectory()) {
+					Log.debug("Scanning directory", "name", root.getAbsolutePath());
+					getClassesFromDir(classes, root, file, regex, filter, annotated, classLoader);
+				} else if (root.isFile() && root.getAbsolutePath().toLowerCase().endsWith(".jar")) {
+					Log.debug("Scanning JAR", "name", root.getAbsolutePath());
+					getClassesFromJAR(root.getAbsolutePath(), classes, packageName, regex, filter, annotated,
+							classLoader);
+				} else {
+					Log.warn("Invalid classpath entry: " + cpe);
+				}
+			} else {
+				Log.warn("Classpath entry doesn't exist: " + cpe);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return classes;
+	}
+
+	private static List<Class<?>> filterClasses(Classes classes, String packageName, Pattern regex,
+			Predicate<Class<?>> filter, Class<? extends Annotation> annotated) {
+
+		List<Class<?>> matching = U.list();
+
+		for (Entry<String, Class<?>> e : classes.entrySet()) {
+			Class<?> cls = e.getValue();
+			String pkg = cls.getPackage() != null ? cls.getPackage().getName() : "";
+
+			if (packageName == null || pkg.startsWith(packageName + ".") || pkg.equals(packageName)) {
+				if (classMatches(cls, filter, annotated, regex)) {
+					matching.add(cls);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return matching;
+	}
+
+	private static void getClassesFromDir(Collection<Class<?>> classes, File root, File parent, Pattern regex,
+			Predicate<Class<?>> filter, Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+
+		if (parent.isDirectory()) {
+			Log.debug("scanning directory", "dir", parent);
+			for (File file : parent.listFiles()) {
+				if (file.isDirectory()) {
+					getClassesFromDir(classes, root, file, regex, filter, annotated, classLoader);
+				} else {
+					String rootPath = U.trimr(root.getAbsolutePath(), File.separatorChar);
+					int from = rootPath.length() + 1;
+					String relName = file.getAbsolutePath().substring(from);
+
+					if (!ignore(relName)) {
+						scanFile(classes, regex, filter, annotated, classLoader, relName);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void scanFile(Collection<Class<?>> classes, Pattern regex, Predicate<Class<?>> filter,
+			Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, ClassLoader classLoader, String relName) {
+		Log.debug("scanned file", "file", relName);
+
+		if (relName.endsWith(".class")) {
+
+			String clsName = U.mid(relName, 0, -6).replace(File.separatorChar, '.');
+
+			if (regex == null || regex.matcher(clsName).matches()) {
+				try {
+					Log.debug("loading class", "name", clsName);
+
+					Class<?> cls = classLoader != null ? Class.forName(clsName, true, classLoader) : Class
+							.forName(clsName);
+
+					// regex match is tested before the class is loaded
+					if (classMatches(cls, filter, annotated, null)) {
+						classes.add(cls);
+					}
+				} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e1) {
+					// do nothing
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					throw U.rte(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static String pkgToPath(String pkg) {
+		return pkg.replace('.', File.separatorChar);
+	}
+
+	private static boolean classMatches(Class<?> cls, Predicate<Class<?>> filter,
+			Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, Pattern regex) {
+
+		return (annotated == null || cls.getAnnotation(annotated) != null)
+				&& (regex == null || regex.matcher(cls.getCanonicalName()).matches())
+				&& (filter == null || Lambdas.eval(filter, cls));
+	}
+
+	private static Enumeration<URL> resources(String name) {
+		name = name.replace('.', '/');
+		try {
+			return Cls.classLoader().getResources(name);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw U.rte("Cannot scan: " + name, e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static List<Class<?>> getClassesFromJAR(String jarName, List<Class<?>> classes, String pkg, Pattern regex,
+			Predicate<Class<?>> filter, Class<? extends Annotation> annotated, ClassLoader classLoader) {
+
+		try {
+			String pkgPath = pkgToPath(pkg);
+			ZipInputStream zip = new ZipInputStream(new URL("file://" + jarName).openStream());
+
+			ZipEntry e;
+			while ((e = zip.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+				if (!e.isDirectory()) {
+					String name = e.getName();
+
+					if (!ignore(name)) {
+						if (U.isEmpty(pkg) || name.startsWith(pkgPath)) {
+							scanFile(classes, regex, filter, annotated, classLoader, name);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw U.rte(e);
+		}
+
+		return classes;
+	}
+
+	private static boolean ignore(String name) {
+		String pkgName = U.triml(name, File.separatorChar);
+
+		int p1 = pkgName.indexOf(File.separatorChar);
+		int p2 = -1;
+
+		if (p1 > 0) {
+			String part1 = pkgName.substring(0, p1);
+			if (SKIP_PACKAGES.contains(part1)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			p2 = pkgName.indexOf(File.separatorChar, p1 + 1);
+			if (p2 > 0) {
+				String part2 = pkgName.substring(p1 + 1, p2);
+				if (U.isEmpty(part2)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				Set<String> subpkg = SKIP_SUBPACKAGES.get(part1);
+				if (subpkg != null && subpkg.contains(part2)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public static synchronized Set<String> getClasspath() {
+		if (CLASSPATH.isEmpty()) {
+
+			String classpathProp = System.getProperty("java.class.path");
+			if (classpathProp != null) {
+				String[] classpathEntries = classpathProp.split(File.pathSeparator);
+				for (String cpe : classpathEntries) {
+					cpe = U.trimr(cpe, '/');
+					CLASSPATH.add(new File(cpe).getAbsolutePath());
+				}
+			}
+
+			ClassLoader cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+
+			URL[] urls = ((URLClassLoader) cl).getURLs();
+
+			for (URL url : urls) {
+				String path = U.trimr(url.getPath(), '/');
+				CLASSPATH.add(new File(path).getAbsolutePath());
+			}
+		}
+
+		return CLASSPATH;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.zip.ZipInputStream` acquired to `zip` by call to `new()` at line 370 is not released after line 384.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 373
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List Scan.getClassesFromJAR(String,List,String,Pattern,Predicate,Class,ClassLoader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.rapidoid.scan.Scan.getClassesFromJAR(java.lang.String,java.util.List,java.lang.String,java.util..c0d97ae18418816ccc769faaf3a8ab38
+
+### File:
+rapidoid-scan/src/main/java/org/rapidoid/scan/Scan.java
+
+### Key:
+Scan.java|getClassesFromJAR|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+d223b99970ee66ca5ea3519cbaa225cd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7104/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7104/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..473d648a641bd5aed1f252188ee80ec1c6dddd0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7104/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rapidoid
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.rapidoid.http;
+
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * rapidoid-http
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Nikolche Mihajlovski
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.rapidoid.data.BinaryMultiData;
+import org.rapidoid.data.Data;
+import org.rapidoid.data.KeyValueRanges;
+import org.rapidoid.data.MultiData;
+import org.rapidoid.data.Range;
+import org.rapidoid.data.Ranges;
+import org.rapidoid.net.impl.ConnState;
+import org.rapidoid.net.impl.DefaultExchange;
+import org.rapidoid.net.mime.MediaType;
+import org.rapidoid.util.Constants;
+import org.rapidoid.util.U;
+import org.rapidoid.wrap.Bool;
+
+public class HttpExchangeImpl extends DefaultExchange<HttpExchange, HttpExchangeBody> implements HttpExchange,
+		Constants {
+
+	private final static HttpParser PARSER = U.singleton(HttpParser.class);
+
+	private static final byte[] HEADER_SEP = ": ".getBytes();
+
+	final Range uri = new Range();
+	final Range verb = new Range();
+	final Range path = new Range();
+	final Range query = new Range();
+	final Range protocol = new Range();
+
+	final Ranges headers = new Ranges(50);
+
+	private final KeyValueRanges params = new KeyValueRanges(50);
+	private final KeyValueRanges headersKV = new KeyValueRanges(50);
+	private final KeyValueRanges cookies = new KeyValueRanges(50);
+	private final KeyValueRanges data = new KeyValueRanges(50);
+	private final KeyValueRanges files = new KeyValueRanges(50);
+
+	final Range body = new Range();
+	final Bool isGet = new Bool();
+	final Bool isKeepAlive = new Bool();
+
+	private boolean parsedParams;
+	private boolean parsedHeaders;
+	private boolean parsedBody;
+
+	int total;
+	public int bodyPos;
+	private boolean writesBody;
+	private boolean hasContentType;
+	private int startingPos;
+	private HttpResponses responses;
+
+	final Range multipartBoundary = new Range();
+
+	/**********/
+
+	private final Range subpathRange = new Range();
+
+	private final Data _body;
+	private final Data _uri;
+	private final Data _verb;
+	private final Data _path;
+	private final Data _subpath;
+	private final Data _query;
+	private final Data _protocol;
+	private final MultiData _params;
+	private final MultiData _headers;
+	private final MultiData _cookies;
+	private final MultiData _data;
+	private final BinaryMultiData _files;
+
+	private int responseCode;
+
+	public HttpExchangeImpl() {
+		reset();
+
+		this._body = data(body);
+		this._uri = data(uri);
+		this._verb = data(verb);
+		this._path = decodedData(path);
+		this._subpath = decodedData(subpathRange);
+		this._query = decodedData(query);
+		this._protocol = data(protocol);
+		this._params = multiData(params);
+		this._headers = multiData(headersKV);
+		this._cookies = multiData(cookies);
+		this._data = multiData(data);
+		this._files = binaryMultiData(files);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void reset() {
+		super.reset();
+
+		isGet.value = false;
+		isKeepAlive.value = false;
+
+		verb.reset();
+		uri.reset();
+		path.reset();
+		query.reset();
+		protocol.reset();
+		body.reset();
+		multipartBoundary.reset();
+
+		params.reset();
+		headersKV.reset();
+		headers.reset();
+		cookies.reset();
+		data.reset();
+		files.reset();
+
+		parsedParams = false;
+		parsedHeaders = false;
+		parsedBody = false;
+
+		total = -1;
+		writesBody = false;
+		bodyPos = -1;
+		hasContentType = false;
+		responses = null;
+		responseCode = -1;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MultiData params_() {
+		if (!parsedParams) {
+			if (!query.isEmpty()) {
+				PARSER.parseParams(input(), params, query_().range());
+			}
+
+			parsedParams = true;
+		}
+
+		return _params;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MultiData headers_() {
+		if (!parsedHeaders) {
+			if (!headers.isEmpty()) {
+				PARSER.parseHeadersIntoKV(input(), headers, headersKV, cookies, helper());
+			}
+
+			parsedHeaders = true;
+		}
+
+		return _headers;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MultiData cookies_() {
+		if (!parsedHeaders) {
+			if (!headers.isEmpty()) {
+				PARSER.parseHeadersIntoKV(input(), headers, headersKV, cookies, helper());
+			}
+
+			parsedHeaders = true;
+		}
+
+		return _cookies;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MultiData data_() {
+		if (!parsedBody) {
+			PARSER.parseBody(input(), headersKV, body, data, files, helper());
+			parsedBody = true;
+		}
+
+		return _data;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BinaryMultiData files_() {
+		if (!parsedBody) {
+			PARSER.parseBody(input(), headersKV, body, data, files, helper());
+			parsedBody = true;
+		}
+
+		return _files;
+	}
+
+	public Data subpath_() {
+		return _subpath;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Data body_() {
+		return _body;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Data uri_() {
+		return _uri;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Data verb_() {
+		return _verb;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Data path_() {
+		return _path;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Data protocol_() {
+		return _protocol;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Data query_() {
+		return _query;
+	}
+
+	public void setSubpath(int start, int end) {
+		subpathRange.setInterval(start, end);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeImpl done() {
+		conn.done();
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return "WebExchange [uri=" + uri() + ", verb=" + verb() + ", path=" + path() + ", subpath=" + subpath()
+				+ ", query=" + query() + ", protocol=" + protocol() + ", body=" + body() + ", headers=" + headers()
+				+ ", params=" + params() + ", cookies=" + cookies() + ", data=" + data() + ", files=" + files() + "]";
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String verb() {
+		return verb_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String uri() {
+		return uri_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String path() {
+		return path_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String subpath() {
+		return subpath_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String query() {
+		return query_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String protocol() {
+		return protocol_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String body() {
+		return body_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Map<String, String> params() {
+		return params_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String param(String name) {
+		return params_().get(name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Map<String, String> headers() {
+		return headers_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String header(String name) {
+		return headers_().get(name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Map<String, String> cookies() {
+		return cookies_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String cookie(String name) {
+		return cookies_().get(name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Map<String, String> data() {
+		return data_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String data(String name) {
+		return data_().get(name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Map<String, byte[]> files() {
+		return files_().get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte[] file(String name) {
+		return files_().get(name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Data host_() {
+		return headers_().get_("host");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String host() {
+		return headers_().get("host");
+	}
+
+	public void setResponses(HttpResponses responses) {
+		this.responses = responses;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized HttpExchange addHeader(byte[] name, byte[] value) {
+		if (responseCode <= 0) {
+			responseCode(200);
+		}
+
+		super.write(name);
+		super.write(HEADER_SEP);
+		super.write(value);
+		super.write(CR_LF);
+
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized HttpExchangeHeaders responseCode(int responseCode) {
+		if (responseCode > 0) {
+			assert startingPos >= 0;
+			output().deleteAfter(startingPos);
+		}
+
+		this.responseCode = responseCode;
+
+		startingPos = output().size();
+		output().append(getResp(responseCode).bytes());
+		hasContentType = false;
+		writesBody = false;
+		bodyPos = -1;
+
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public void completeResponse() {
+		U.must(responseCode >= 100);
+		long wrote = output().size() - bodyPos;
+		U.must(wrote <= Integer.MAX_VALUE, "Response too big!");
+
+		int pos = startingPos + getResp(responseCode).contentLengthPos + 10;
+		output().putNumAsText(pos, wrote, false);
+	}
+
+	private HttpResponse getResp(int code) {
+		HttpResponse resp = responses.get(code, isKeepAlive.value);
+		assert resp != null;
+		return resp;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchange addHeader(HttpHeader name, String value) {
+		addHeader(name.getBytes(), value.getBytes());
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchange setCookie(String name, String value) {
+		addHeader(HttpHeader.SET_COOKIE, name + "=" + value);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized HttpExchange setContentType(MediaType MediaType) {
+		U.must(!hasContentType, "Content type was already set!");
+
+		addHeader(HttpHeader.CONTENT_TYPE.getBytes(), MediaType.getBytes());
+
+		// this must be at the end of this method, because state might get restarted
+		hasContentType = true;
+		
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchange plain() {
+		return setContentType(MediaType.PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchange html() {
+		return setContentType(MediaType.HTML_UTF_8);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchange json() {
+		return setContentType(MediaType.JSON_UTF_8);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchange binary() {
+		return setContentType(MediaType.BINARY);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchange download(String filename) {
+		addHeader(HttpHeader.CONTENT_DISPOSITION, "attachment; filename=\"" + filename + "\"");
+		addHeader(HttpHeader.CACHE_CONTROL, "private");
+		return binary();
+	}
+
+	private synchronized void ensureHeadersComplete() {
+		if (!writesBody) {
+			if (!hasContentType) {
+				html();
+			}
+			writesBody = true;
+			write(CR_LF);
+			bodyPos = output().size();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody write(String s) {
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+		return super.write(s);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody write(byte[] bytes) {
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+		return super.write(bytes);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody write(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length) {
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+		return super.write(bytes, offset, length);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody write(ByteBuffer buf) {
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+		return super.write(buf);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody write(File file) {
+		if (!hasContentType()) {
+			download(file.getName());
+		}
+
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+		return super.write(file);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody writeJSON(Object value) {
+		if (!hasContentType()) {
+			json();
+		}
+
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+		return super.writeJSON(value);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isInitial() {
+		return conn.isInitial();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ConnState state() {
+		return conn.state();
+	}
+
+	public boolean hasContentType() {
+		return hasContentType;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody sendFile(File file) {
+		U.must(file.exists());
+		setContentType(MediaType.getByFileName(file.getAbsolutePath()));
+		write(file);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeBody redirect(String url) {
+		responseCode(303);
+		addHeader(HttpHeader.LOCATION, url);
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+		done();
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeHeaders response(int httpResponseCode) {
+		return response(httpResponseCode, null, null);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeHeaders response(int httpResponseCode, String response) {
+		return response(httpResponseCode, response, null);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpExchangeHeaders response(int httpResponseCode, String response, Throwable err) {
+		responseCode(httpResponseCode);
+		ensureHeadersComplete();
+
+		if (U.production()) {
+			if (response != null) {
+				write(response);
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (err != null) {
+				String title = U.or(response, "Error occured!");
+				HTMLSnippets.writeErrorPage(this, title, err);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String constructUrl(String path) {
+		return (U.hasOption("https") ? "https://" : "http://") + host() + path;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String sessionId() {
+		// FIXME implement this
+		return null;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.rapidoid.http.HttpExchangeImpl.reset` writes to field `this.com.rapidoid.http.HttpExchangeImpl.writesBody` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HttpExchangeImpl.reset()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapidoid.http.HttpExchangeImpl.reset():void.2e503902d6cdb104bb4e40c57489d37a
+
+### File:
+rapidoid-http/src/main/java/com/rapidoid/http/HttpExchangeImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpExchangeImpl.java|reset|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d9594e742f7712020926e2aa6189bbc7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7132/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7132/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52c26cc73074d49bf0d87863d4f16f14f0e53d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7132/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.proto;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.conf.ClientConfiguration;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookieProtocol.PacketHeader;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.GenericCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.ReadEntryCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.WriteCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.MathUtils;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.OrderedSafeExecutor;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.SafeRunnable;
+import org.jboss.netty.bootstrap.ClientBootstrap;
+import org.jboss.netty.buffer.ChannelBuffer;
+import org.jboss.netty.buffer.ChannelBuffers;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.Channel;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelPipelineCoverage;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelPipelineFactory;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelStateEvent;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.Channels;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ExceptionEvent;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.MessageEvent;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.SimpleChannelHandler;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.ClientSocketChannelFactory;
+import org.jboss.netty.handler.codec.frame.CorruptedFrameException;
+import org.jboss.netty.handler.codec.frame.LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder;
+import org.jboss.netty.handler.codec.frame.TooLongFrameException;
+import org.jboss.netty.handler.timeout.ReadTimeoutException;
+import org.jboss.netty.handler.timeout.ReadTimeoutHandler;
+import org.jboss.netty.util.HashedWheelTimer;
+import org.jboss.netty.util.Timer;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * This class manages all details of connection to a particular bookie. It also
+ * has reconnect logic if a connection to a bookie fails.
+ *
+ */
+
+@ChannelPipelineCoverage("one")
+public class PerChannelBookieClient extends SimpleChannelHandler implements ChannelPipelineFactory {
+
+    static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PerChannelBookieClient.class);
+
+    static final long maxMemory = Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory() / 5;
+    public static final int MAX_FRAME_LENGTH = 2 * 1024 * 1024; // 2M
+
+    InetSocketAddress addr;
+    AtomicLong totalBytesOutstanding;
+    ClientSocketChannelFactory channelFactory;
+    OrderedSafeExecutor executor;
+    private Timer readTimeoutTimer;
+
+    ConcurrentHashMap<CompletionKey, AddCompletion> addCompletions = new ConcurrentHashMap<CompletionKey, AddCompletion>();
+    ConcurrentHashMap<CompletionKey, ReadCompletion> readCompletions = new ConcurrentHashMap<CompletionKey, ReadCompletion>();
+
+    /**
+     * The following member variables do not need to be concurrent, or volatile
+     * because they are always updated under a lock
+     */
+    Queue<GenericCallback<Void>> pendingOps = new ArrayDeque<GenericCallback<Void>>();
+    volatile Channel channel = null;
+
+    private enum ConnectionState {
+        DISCONNECTED, CONNECTING, CONNECTED
+            };
+
+    private volatile ConnectionState state;
+    private final ClientConfiguration conf;
+
+    public PerChannelBookieClient(OrderedSafeExecutor executor, ClientSocketChannelFactory channelFactory,
+                                  InetSocketAddress addr, AtomicLong totalBytesOutstanding) {
+        this(new ClientConfiguration(), executor, channelFactory, addr, totalBytesOutstanding);
+    }
+            
+    public PerChannelBookieClient(ClientConfiguration conf, OrderedSafeExecutor executor, ClientSocketChannelFactory channelFactory,
+                                  InetSocketAddress addr, AtomicLong totalBytesOutstanding) {
+        this.conf = conf;
+        this.addr = addr;
+        this.executor = executor;
+        this.totalBytesOutstanding = totalBytesOutstanding;
+        this.channelFactory = channelFactory;
+        this.state = ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+        this.readTimeoutTimer = null;
+    }
+
+    private void connect() {
+        LOG.info("Connecting to bookie: {}", addr);
+
+        // Set up the ClientBootStrap so we can create a new Channel connection
+        // to the bookie.
+        ClientBootstrap bootstrap = new ClientBootstrap(channelFactory);
+        bootstrap.setPipelineFactory(this);
+        bootstrap.setOption("tcpNoDelay", conf.getClientTcpNoDelay());
+        bootstrap.setOption("keepAlive", true);
+
+        ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect(addr);
+
+        future.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
+                int rc;
+                Queue<GenericCallback<Void>> oldPendingOps;
+
+                synchronized (PerChannelBookieClient.this) {
+
+                    if (future.isSuccess() && state == ConnectionState.CONNECTING) {
+                        LOG.info("Successfully connected to bookie: " + addr);
+                        rc = BKException.Code.OK;
+                        channel = future.getChannel();
+                        state = ConnectionState.CONNECTED;
+                    } else if (future.isSuccess() && state == ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED) {
+                        LOG.error("Closed before connection completed, clean up: " + addr);
+                        future.getChannel().close();
+                        rc = BKException.Code.BookieHandleNotAvailableException;
+                        channel = null;
+                    } else {
+                        LOG.error("Could not connect to bookie: " + addr);
+                        rc = BKException.Code.BookieHandleNotAvailableException;
+                        channel = null;
+                        state = ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+                    }
+
+                    // trick to not do operations under the lock, take the list
+                    // of pending ops and assign it to a new variable, while
+                    // emptying the pending ops by just assigning it to a new
+                    // list
+                    oldPendingOps = pendingOps;
+                    pendingOps = new ArrayDeque<GenericCallback<Void>>();
+                }
+
+                for (GenericCallback<Void> pendingOp : oldPendingOps) {
+                    pendingOp.operationComplete(rc, null);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    void connectIfNeededAndDoOp(GenericCallback<Void> op) {
+        boolean doOpNow = false;
+
+        // common case without lock first
+        if (channel != null && state == ConnectionState.CONNECTED) {
+            doOpNow = true;
+        } else {
+
+            synchronized (this) {
+                // check the channel status again under lock
+                if (channel != null && state == ConnectionState.CONNECTED) {
+                    doOpNow = true;
+                } else {
+                    // channel is either null (first connection attempt), or the
+                    // channel is disconnected. Connection attempt is still in
+                    // progress, queue up this op. Op will be executed when
+                    // connection attempt either fails or succeeds
+                    pendingOps.add(op);
+
+                    if (state == ConnectionState.CONNECTING) {
+                        // just return as connection request has already send
+                        // and waiting for the response.
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // switch state to connecting and do connection attempt
+                    state = ConnectionState.CONNECTING;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!doOpNow) {
+                // Start connection attempt to the input server host.
+                connect();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (doOpNow) {
+            op.operationComplete(BKException.Code.OK, null);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method should be called only after connection has been checked for
+     * {@link #connectIfNeededAndDoOp(GenericCallback)}
+     *
+     * @param ledgerId
+     * @param masterKey
+     * @param entryId
+     * @param lastConfirmed
+     * @param macCode
+     * @param data
+     * @param cb
+     * @param ctx
+     */
+    void addEntry(final long ledgerId, byte[] masterKey, final long entryId, ChannelBuffer toSend, WriteCallback cb,
+                  Object ctx, final int options) {
+        final int entrySize = toSend.readableBytes();
+
+        final CompletionKey completionKey = new CompletionKey(ledgerId, entryId);
+
+        addCompletions.put(completionKey, new AddCompletion(cb, entrySize, ctx));
+
+        int totalHeaderSize = 4 // for the length of the packet
+                              + 4 // for the type of request
+                              + BookieProtocol.MASTER_KEY_LENGTH; // for the master key
+
+        try{
+            ChannelBuffer header = channel.getConfig().getBufferFactory().getBuffer(totalHeaderSize);
+
+            header.writeInt(totalHeaderSize - 4 + entrySize);
+            header.writeInt(new PacketHeader(BookieProtocol.CURRENT_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                                             BookieProtocol.ADDENTRY, (short)options).toInt());
+            header.writeBytes(masterKey, 0, BookieProtocol.MASTER_KEY_LENGTH);
+
+            ChannelBuffer wrappedBuffer = ChannelBuffers.wrappedBuffer(header, toSend);
+
+            ChannelFuture future = channel.write(wrappedBuffer);
+            future.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
+                    if (future.isSuccess()) {
+                        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.debug("Successfully wrote request for adding entry: " + entryId + " ledger-id: " + ledgerId
+                                                            + " bookie: " + channel.getRemoteAddress() + " entry length: " + entrySize);
+                        }
+                        // totalBytesOutstanding.addAndGet(entrySize);
+                    } else {
+                        errorOutAddKey(completionKey);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warn("Add entry operation failed", e);
+            errorOutAddKey(completionKey);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void readEntryAndFenceLedger(final long ledgerId, byte[] masterKey,
+                                        final long entryId,
+                                        ReadEntryCallback cb, Object ctx) {
+        final CompletionKey key = new CompletionKey(ledgerId, entryId);
+        readCompletions.put(key, new ReadCompletion(cb, ctx));
+
+        int totalHeaderSize = 4 // for the length of the packet
+                              + 4 // for request type
+                              + 8 // for ledgerId
+                              + 8 // for entryId
+                              + BookieProtocol.MASTER_KEY_LENGTH; // for masterKey
+
+        ChannelBuffer tmpEntry = channel.getConfig().getBufferFactory().getBuffer(totalHeaderSize);
+        tmpEntry.writeInt(totalHeaderSize - 4);
+
+        tmpEntry.writeInt(new PacketHeader(BookieProtocol.CURRENT_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                                           BookieProtocol.READENTRY,
+                                           BookieProtocol.FLAG_DO_FENCING).toInt());
+        tmpEntry.writeLong(ledgerId);
+        tmpEntry.writeLong(entryId);
+        tmpEntry.writeBytes(masterKey, 0, BookieProtocol.MASTER_KEY_LENGTH);
+
+        ChannelFuture future = channel.write(tmpEntry);
+        future.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
+                if (future.isSuccess()) {
+                    if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.debug("Successfully wrote request for reading entry: " + entryId + " ledger-id: "
+                                  + ledgerId + " bookie: " + channel.getRemoteAddress());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    errorOutReadKey(key);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    public void readEntry(final long ledgerId, final long entryId, ReadEntryCallback cb, Object ctx) {
+        final CompletionKey key = new CompletionKey(ledgerId, entryId);
+        readCompletions.put(key, new ReadCompletion(cb, ctx));
+
+        int totalHeaderSize = 4 // for the length of the packet
+                              + 4 // for request type
+                              + 8 // for ledgerId
+                              + 8; // for entryId
+
+        try{
+            ChannelBuffer tmpEntry = channel.getConfig().getBufferFactory().getBuffer(totalHeaderSize);
+            tmpEntry.writeInt(totalHeaderSize - 4);
+
+            tmpEntry.writeInt(new PacketHeader(BookieProtocol.CURRENT_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                                               BookieProtocol.READENTRY, BookieProtocol.FLAG_NONE).toInt());
+            tmpEntry.writeLong(ledgerId);
+            tmpEntry.writeLong(entryId);
+
+            ChannelFuture future = channel.write(tmpEntry);
+            future.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
+                    if (future.isSuccess()) {
+                        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.debug("Successfully wrote request for reading entry: " + entryId + " ledger-id: "
+                                                            + ledgerId + " bookie: " + channel.getRemoteAddress());
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        errorOutReadKey(key);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        } catch(Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warn("Read entry operation failed", e);
+            errorOutReadKey(key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            state = ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+        }
+        if (channel != null) {
+            channel.close().awaitUninterruptibly();
+        }
+        if (readTimeoutTimer != null) {
+            readTimeoutTimer.stop();
+            readTimeoutTimer = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void errorOutReadKey(final CompletionKey key) {
+        executor.submitOrdered(key.ledgerId, new SafeRunnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void safeRun() {
+
+                ReadCompletion readCompletion = readCompletions.remove(key);
+
+                if (readCompletion != null) {
+                    LOG.error("Could not write  request for reading entry: " + key.entryId + " ledger-id: "
+                              + key.ledgerId + " bookie: " + channel.getRemoteAddress());
+
+                    readCompletion.cb.readEntryComplete(BKException.Code.BookieHandleNotAvailableException,
+                                                        key.ledgerId, key.entryId, null, readCompletion.ctx);
+                }
+            }
+
+        });
+    }
+
+    void errorOutAddKey(final CompletionKey key) {
+        executor.submitOrdered(key.ledgerId, new SafeRunnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void safeRun() {
+
+                AddCompletion addCompletion = addCompletions.remove(key);
+
+                if (addCompletion != null) {
+                    String bAddress = "null";
+                    if(channel != null)
+                        bAddress = channel.getRemoteAddress().toString();
+                    LOG.error("Could not write request for adding entry: " + key.entryId + " ledger-id: "
+                              + key.ledgerId + " bookie: " + bAddress);
+
+                    addCompletion.cb.writeComplete(BKException.Code.BookieHandleNotAvailableException, key.ledgerId,
+                                                   key.entryId, addr, addCompletion.ctx);
+                    LOG.error("Invoked callback method: " + key.entryId);
+                }
+            }
+
+        });
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Errors out pending entries. We call this method from one thread to avoid
+     * concurrent executions to QuorumOpMonitor (implements callbacks). It seems
+     * simpler to call it from BookieHandle instead of calling directly from
+     * here.
+     */
+
+    void errorOutOutstandingEntries() {
+
+        // DO NOT rewrite these using Map.Entry iterations. We want to iterate
+        // on keys and see if we are successfully able to remove the key from
+        // the map. Because the add and the read methods also do the same thing
+        // in case they get a write failure on the socket. The one who
+        // successfully removes the key from the map is the one responsible for
+        // calling the application callback.
+
+        for (CompletionKey key : addCompletions.keySet()) {
+            errorOutAddKey(key);
+        }
+
+        for (CompletionKey key : readCompletions.keySet()) {
+            errorOutReadKey(key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In the netty pipeline, we need to split packets based on length, so we
+     * use the {@link LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder}. Other than that all actions
+     * are carried out in this class, e.g., making sense of received messages,
+     * prepending the length to outgoing packets etc.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ChannelPipeline getPipeline() throws Exception {
+        ChannelPipeline pipeline = Channels.pipeline();
+
+        if (readTimeoutTimer == null) {
+            readTimeoutTimer = new HashedWheelTimer();
+        }
+
+        pipeline.addLast("readTimeout", new ReadTimeoutHandler(readTimeoutTimer, 
+                                                               conf.getReadTimeout()));
+        pipeline.addLast("lengthbasedframedecoder", new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(MAX_FRAME_LENGTH, 0, 4, 0, 4));
+        pipeline.addLast("mainhandler", this);
+        return pipeline;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If our channel has disconnected, we just error out the pending entries
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void channelDisconnected(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ChannelStateEvent e) throws Exception {
+        LOG.info("Disconnected from bookie: " + addr);
+        errorOutOutstandingEntries();
+        channel.close();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            state = ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+        }
+
+        // we don't want to reconnect right away. If someone sends a request to
+        // this address, we will reconnect.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by netty when an exception happens in one of the netty threads
+     * (mostly due to what we do in the netty threads)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ExceptionEvent e) throws Exception {
+        Throwable t = e.getCause();
+        if (t instanceof CorruptedFrameException || t instanceof TooLongFrameException) {
+            LOG.error("Corrupted fram received from bookie: "
+                      + e.getChannel().getRemoteAddress());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (t instanceof ReadTimeoutException) {
+            for (CompletionKey key : addCompletions.keySet()) {
+                if (key.shouldTimeout()) {
+                    errorOutAddKey(key);
+                }
+            }
+            for (CompletionKey key : readCompletions.keySet()) {
+                if (key.shouldTimeout()) {
+                    errorOutReadKey(key);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (t instanceof IOException) {
+            // these are thrown when a bookie fails, logging them just pollutes
+            // the logs (the failure is logged from the listeners on the write
+            // operation), so I'll just ignore it here.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LOG.error("Unexpected exception caught by bookie client channel handler", t);
+        // Since we are a library, cant terminate App here, can we?
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by netty when a message is received on a channel
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageEvent e) throws Exception {
+        if (!(e.getMessage() instanceof ChannelBuffer)) {
+            ctx.sendUpstream(e);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final ChannelBuffer buffer = (ChannelBuffer) e.getMessage();
+        final int rc;
+        final long ledgerId, entryId;
+        final PacketHeader header;
+
+        try {
+            header = PacketHeader.fromInt(buffer.readInt());
+            rc = buffer.readInt();
+            ledgerId = buffer.readLong();
+            entryId = buffer.readLong();
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
+            LOG.error("Unparseable response from bookie: " + addr, ex);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        executor.submitOrdered(ledgerId, new SafeRunnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void safeRun() {
+                switch (header.getOpCode()) {
+                case BookieProtocol.ADDENTRY:
+                    handleAddResponse(ledgerId, entryId, rc);
+                    break;
+                case BookieProtocol.READENTRY:
+                    handleReadResponse(ledgerId, entryId, rc, buffer);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    LOG.error("Unexpected response, type: " + header.getOpCode() 
+                              + " received from bookie: " + addr + " , ignoring");
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    void handleAddResponse(long ledgerId, long entryId, int rc) {
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug("Got response for add request from bookie: " + addr + " for ledger: " + ledgerId + " entry: "
+                      + entryId + " rc: " + rc);
+        }
+
+        // convert to BKException code because thats what the uppper
+        // layers expect. This is UGLY, there should just be one set of
+        // error codes.
+        switch (rc) {
+        case BookieProtocol.EOK:
+            rc = BKException.Code.OK;
+            break;
+        case BookieProtocol.EBADVERSION:
+            rc = BKException.Code.ProtocolVersionException;
+            break;
+        case BookieProtocol.EFENCED:
+            rc = BKException.Code.LedgerFencedException;
+            break;
+        case BookieProtocol.EUA:
+            rc = BKException.Code.UnauthorizedAccessException;
+            break;
+        case BookieProtocol.EREADONLY:
+            rc = BKException.Code.WriteOnReadOnlyBookieException;
+            break;
+        default:
+            LOG.error("Add for ledger: " + ledgerId + ", entry: " + entryId + " failed on bookie: " + addr
+                      + " with code: " + rc);
+            rc = BKException.Code.WriteException;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        AddCompletion ac;
+        ac = addCompletions.remove(new CompletionKey(ledgerId, entryId));
+        if (ac == null) {
+            LOG.error("Unexpected add response received from bookie: " + addr + " for ledger: " + ledgerId
+                      + ", entry: " + entryId + " , ignoring");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // totalBytesOutstanding.addAndGet(-ac.size);
+
+        ac.cb.writeComplete(rc, ledgerId, entryId, addr, ac.ctx);
+
+    }
+
+    void handleReadResponse(long ledgerId, long entryId, int rc, ChannelBuffer buffer) {
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug("Got response for read request from bookie: " + addr + " for ledger: " + ledgerId + " entry: "
+                      + entryId + " rc: " + rc + " entry length: " + buffer.readableBytes());
+        }
+
+        // convert to BKException code because thats what the uppper
+        // layers expect. This is UGLY, there should just be one set of
+        // error codes.
+        if (rc == BookieProtocol.EOK) {
+            rc = BKException.Code.OK;
+        } else if (rc == BookieProtocol.ENOENTRY || rc == BookieProtocol.ENOLEDGER) {
+            rc = BKException.Code.NoSuchEntryException;
+        } else if (rc == BookieProtocol.EBADVERSION) {
+            rc = BKException.Code.ProtocolVersionException;
+        } else if (rc == BookieProtocol.EUA) {
+            rc = BKException.Code.UnauthorizedAccessException;
+        } else {
+            LOG.error("Read for ledger: " + ledgerId + ", entry: " + entryId + " failed on bookie: " + addr
+                      + " with code: " + rc);
+            rc = BKException.Code.ReadException;
+        }
+
+        CompletionKey key = new CompletionKey(ledgerId, entryId);
+        ReadCompletion readCompletion = readCompletions.remove(key);
+
+        if (readCompletion == null) {
+            /*
+             * This is a special case. When recovering a ledger, a client
+             * submits a read request with id -1, and receives a response with a
+             * different entry id.
+             */
+            
+            readCompletion = readCompletions.remove(new CompletionKey(ledgerId, BookieProtocol.LAST_ADD_CONFIRMED));
+        }
+
+        if (readCompletion == null) {
+            LOG.error("Unexpected read response received from bookie: " + addr + " for ledger: " + ledgerId
+                      + ", entry: " + entryId + " , ignoring");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        readCompletion.cb.readEntryComplete(rc, ledgerId, entryId, buffer.slice(), readCompletion.ctx);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Boiler-plate wrapper classes follow
+     *
+     */
+    // visible for testing
+    static class ReadCompletion {
+        final ReadEntryCallback cb;
+        final Object ctx;
+
+        public ReadCompletion(ReadEntryCallback cb, Object ctx) {
+            this.cb = cb;
+            this.ctx = ctx;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // visible for testing
+    static class AddCompletion {
+        final WriteCallback cb;
+        //final long size;
+        final Object ctx;
+
+        public AddCompletion(WriteCallback cb, long size, Object ctx) {
+            this.cb = cb;
+            //this.size = size;
+            this.ctx = ctx;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // visable for testing
+    CompletionKey newCompletionKey(long ledgerId, long entryId) {
+        return new CompletionKey(ledgerId, entryId);
+    }
+
+    // visable for testing
+    class CompletionKey {
+        long ledgerId;
+        long entryId;
+        final long timeoutAt;
+
+        CompletionKey(long ledgerId, long entryId) {
+            this.ledgerId = ledgerId;
+            this.entryId = entryId;
+            this.timeoutAt = MathUtils.now() + (conf.getReadTimeout()*1000);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if (!(obj instanceof CompletionKey) || obj == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            CompletionKey that = (CompletionKey) obj;
+            return this.ledgerId == that.ledgerId && this.entryId == that.entryId;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return ((int) ledgerId << 16) ^ ((int) entryId);
+        }
+
+        public String toString() {
+            return String.format("LedgerEntry(%d, %d)", ledgerId, entryId);
+        }
+
+        public boolean shouldTimeout() {
+            return this.timeoutAt <= MathUtils.now();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.PerChannelBookieClient.close` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.PerChannelBookieClient.readTimeoutTimer`. Potentially races with write in method `PerChannelBookieClient.getPipeline()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PerChannelBookieClient.close()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.PerChannelBookieClient.close():void.0899939e7040a22cec4cd15dc1adc141
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/main/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/proto/PerChannelBookieClient.java
+
+### Key:
+PerChannelBookieClient.java|close|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+745b9d9d164b0be2222500c49e7a61a0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7135/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7135/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf68587a9ec44c3b28136d55928da51616e69a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7135/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.hedwig.client.netty;
+
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+
+import org.apache.hedwig.protocol.PubSubProtocol;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.Channel;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
+
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.MathUtils;
+import org.apache.hedwig.client.api.Publisher;
+import org.apache.hedwig.client.conf.ClientConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hedwig.client.data.PubSubData;
+import org.apache.hedwig.client.handlers.PubSubCallback;
+import org.apache.hedwig.exceptions.PubSubException;
+import org.apache.hedwig.exceptions.PubSubException.CouldNotConnectException;
+import org.apache.hedwig.exceptions.PubSubException.ServiceDownException;
+import org.apache.hedwig.protocol.PubSubProtocol.Message;
+import org.apache.hedwig.protocol.PubSubProtocol.OperationType;
+import org.apache.hedwig.protocol.PubSubProtocol.ProtocolVersion;
+import org.apache.hedwig.protocol.PubSubProtocol.PubSubRequest;
+import org.apache.hedwig.protocol.PubSubProtocol.PublishRequest;
+import org.apache.hedwig.util.Callback;
+
+/**
+ * This is the Hedwig Netty specific implementation of the Publisher interface.
+ *
+ */
+public class HedwigPublisher implements Publisher {
+
+    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HedwigPublisher.class);
+
+    // Concurrent Map to store the mappings for a given Host (Hostname:Port) to
+    // the Channel that has been established for it previously. This channel
+    // will be used whenever we publish on a topic that the server is the master
+    // of currently. The channels used here will only be used for publish and
+    // unsubscribe requests.
+    protected final ConcurrentMap<InetSocketAddress, Channel> host2Channel = new ConcurrentHashMap<InetSocketAddress, Channel>();
+
+    private final HedwigClientImpl client;
+    private final ClientConfiguration cfg;
+    private boolean closed = false;
+
+    protected HedwigPublisher(HedwigClientImpl client) {
+        this.client = client;
+        this.cfg = client.getConfiguration();
+    }
+
+    public PubSubProtocol.PublishResponse publish(ByteString topic, Message msg)
+        throws CouldNotConnectException, ServiceDownException {
+
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+            logger.debug("Calling a sync publish for topic: " + topic.toStringUtf8() + ", msg: " + msg);
+        PubSubData pubSubData = new PubSubData(topic, msg, null, OperationType.PUBLISH, null, null, null);
+        synchronized (pubSubData) {
+            PubSubCallback pubSubCallback = new PubSubCallback(pubSubData);
+            asyncPublishWithResponseImpl(topic, msg, pubSubCallback, null);
+            try {
+                while (!pubSubData.isDone)
+                    pubSubData.wait();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new ServiceDownException("Interrupted Exception while waiting for async publish call");
+            }
+            // Check from the PubSubCallback if it was successful or not.
+            if (!pubSubCallback.getIsCallSuccessful()) {
+                // See what the exception was that was thrown when the operation
+                // failed.
+                PubSubException failureException = pubSubCallback.getFailureException();
+                if (failureException == null) {
+                    // This should not happen as the operation failed but a null
+                    // PubSubException was passed. Log a warning message but
+                    // throw a generic ServiceDownException.
+                    logger.error("Sync Publish operation failed but no PubSubException was passed!");
+                    throw new ServiceDownException("Server ack response to publish request is not successful");
+                }
+                // For the expected exceptions that could occur, just rethrow
+                // them.
+                else if (failureException instanceof CouldNotConnectException) {
+                    throw (CouldNotConnectException) failureException;
+                } else if (failureException instanceof ServiceDownException) {
+                    throw (ServiceDownException) failureException;
+                } else {
+                    // For other types of PubSubExceptions, just throw a generic
+                    // ServiceDownException but log a warning message.
+                    logger.error("Unexpected exception type when a sync publish operation failed: " + failureException);
+                    throw new ServiceDownException("Server ack response to publish request is not successful");
+                }
+            }
+
+            PubSubProtocol.ResponseBody respBody = pubSubCallback.getResponseBody();
+            if (null == respBody) return null;
+            return respBody.hasPublishResponse() ? respBody.getPublishResponse() : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void asyncPublish(ByteString topic, Message msg, final Callback<Void> callback, Object context) {
+        asyncPublishWithResponseImpl(topic, msg,
+            new VoidCallbackAdapter<PubSubProtocol.ResponseBody>(callback), context);
+    }
+
+    public void asyncPublishWithResponse(ByteString topic, Message msg,
+                                         Callback<PubSubProtocol.PublishResponse> _callback, Object context) {
+        // adapt the callback.
+        asyncPublishWithResponseImpl(topic, msg, new PublishResponseCallbackAdapter(_callback), context);
+    }
+
+    private void asyncPublishWithResponseImpl(ByteString topic, Message msg,
+                                              Callback<PubSubProtocol.ResponseBody> callback, Object context) {
+
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+            logger.debug("Calling an async publish for topic: " + topic.toStringUtf8() + ", msg: " + msg);
+        // Check if we already have a Channel connection set up to the server
+        // for the given Topic.
+        PubSubData pubSubData = new PubSubData(topic, msg, null, OperationType.PUBLISH, null, callback, context);
+        if (client.topic2Host.containsKey(topic)) {
+            InetSocketAddress host = client.topic2Host.get(topic);
+            if (host2Channel.containsKey(host)) {
+                // We already have the Channel connection for the server host so
+                // do the publish directly. We will deal with redirect logic
+                // later on if that server is no longer the current host for
+                // the topic.
+                doPublish(pubSubData, host2Channel.get(host));
+            } else {
+                // We have a mapping for the topic to host but don't have a
+                // Channel for that server. This can happen if the Channel
+                // is disconnected for some reason. Do the connect then to
+                // the specified server host to create a new Channel connection.
+                client.doConnect(pubSubData, host);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Server host for the given topic is not known yet so use the
+            // default server host/port as defined in the configs. This should
+            // point to the server VIP which would redirect to a random server
+            // (which might not be the server hosting the topic).
+            InetSocketAddress host = cfg.getDefaultServerHost();
+            if (host2Channel.containsKey(host)) {
+                // if there is a channel to default server, use it!
+                doPublish(pubSubData, host2Channel.get(host));
+                return;
+            }
+            client.doConnect(pubSubData, host);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is a helper method to write the actual publish message once the
+     * client is connected to the server and a Channel is available.
+     *
+     * @param pubSubData
+     *            Publish call's data wrapper object
+     * @param channel
+     *            Netty I/O channel for communication between the client and
+     *            server
+     */
+    protected void doPublish(PubSubData pubSubData, Channel channel) {
+        // Create a PubSubRequest
+        PubSubRequest.Builder pubsubRequestBuilder = PubSubRequest.newBuilder();
+        pubsubRequestBuilder.setProtocolVersion(ProtocolVersion.VERSION_ONE);
+        pubsubRequestBuilder.setType(OperationType.PUBLISH);
+        if (pubSubData.triedServers != null && pubSubData.triedServers.size() > 0) {
+            pubsubRequestBuilder.addAllTriedServers(pubSubData.triedServers);
+        }
+        long txnId = client.globalCounter.incrementAndGet();
+        pubsubRequestBuilder.setTxnId(txnId);
+        pubsubRequestBuilder.setShouldClaim(pubSubData.shouldClaim);
+        pubsubRequestBuilder.setTopic(pubSubData.topic);
+
+        // Now create the PublishRequest
+        PublishRequest.Builder publishRequestBuilder = PublishRequest.newBuilder();
+
+        publishRequestBuilder.setMsg(pubSubData.msg);
+
+        // Set the PublishRequest into the outer PubSubRequest
+        pubsubRequestBuilder.setPublishRequest(publishRequestBuilder);
+
+        // Update the PubSubData with the txnId and the requestWriteTime
+        pubSubData.txnId = txnId;
+        pubSubData.requestWriteTime = MathUtils.now();
+
+        // Before we do the write, store this information into the
+        // ResponseHandler so when the server responds, we know what
+        // appropriate Callback Data to invoke for the given txn ID.
+        HedwigClientImpl.getResponseHandlerFromChannel(channel).txn2PubSubData.put(txnId, pubSubData);
+
+        // Finally, write the Publish request through the Channel.
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+            logger.debug("Writing a Publish request to host: " + HedwigClientImpl.getHostFromChannel(channel)
+                         + " for pubSubData: " + pubSubData);
+        ChannelFuture future = channel.write(pubsubRequestBuilder.build());
+        future.addListener(new WriteCallback(pubSubData, client));
+    }
+
+    // Synchronized method to store the host2Channel mapping (if it doesn't
+    // exist yet). Retrieve the hostname info from the Channel created via the
+    // RemoteAddress tied to it.
+    protected synchronized void storeHost2ChannelMapping(Channel channel) {
+        InetSocketAddress host = HedwigClientImpl.getHostFromChannel(channel);
+        if (!closed && !host2Channel.containsKey(host)) {
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+                logger.debug("Storing a new Channel mapping for host: " + host);
+            host2Channel.put(host, channel);
+        } else {
+            // If we've reached here, that means we already have a Channel
+            // mapping for the given host. This should ideally not happen
+            // and it means we are creating another Channel to a server host
+            // to publish on when we could have used an existing one. This could
+            // happen due to a race condition if initially multiple concurrent
+            // threads are publishing on the same topic and no Channel exists
+            // currently to the server. We are not synchronizing this initial
+            // creation of Channels to a given host for performance.
+            // Another possible way to have redundant Channels created is if
+            // a new topic is being published to, we connect to the default
+            // server host which should be a VIP that redirects to a "real"
+            // server host. Since we don't know beforehand what is the full
+            // set of server hosts, we could be redirected to a server that
+            // we already have a channel connection to from a prior existing
+            // topic. Close these redundant channels as they won't be used.
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+                logger.debug("Channel mapping to host: " + host + " already exists so no need to store it.");
+            HedwigClientImpl.getResponseHandlerFromChannel(channel).handleChannelClosedExplicitly();
+            channel.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Public getter for entries in the host2Channel Map.
+    // This is used for classes that need this information but are not in the
+    // same classpath.
+    public Channel getChannelForHost(InetSocketAddress host) {
+        return host2Channel.get(host);
+    }
+
+    void close() {
+        synchronized(this) {
+            closed = true;
+        }
+        for (Channel channel : host2Channel.values()) {
+            client.getResponseHandlerFromChannel(channel).handleChannelClosedExplicitly();
+            channel.close().awaitUninterruptibly();
+        }
+        host2Channel.clear();
+    }
+
+    private static class PublishResponseCallbackAdapter implements Callback<PubSubProtocol.ResponseBody>{
+
+        private final Callback<PubSubProtocol.PublishResponse> delegate;
+
+        private PublishResponseCallbackAdapter(Callback<PubSubProtocol.PublishResponse> delegate) {
+            this.delegate = delegate;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void operationFinished(Object ctx, PubSubProtocol.ResponseBody resultOfOperation) {
+            if (null == resultOfOperation) delegate.operationFinished(ctx, null);
+            else delegate.operationFinished(ctx, resultOfOperation.getPublishResponse());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void operationFailed(Object ctx, PubSubException exception) {
+            delegate.operationFailed(ctx, exception);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.hedwig.client.netty.HedwigPublisher.doPublish` indirectly reads without synchronization from `n$12.org.apache.hedwig.protocol.PubSubProtocol$Message.memoizedIsInitialized`. Potentially races with write in method `HedwigPublisher.publish(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HedwigPublisher.doPublish(PubSubData,Channel)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.hedwig.client.netty.HedwigPublisher.doPublish(org.apache.hedwig.client.data.PubSubData,or.e9c7e89f43a1a6fb800969387c56d529
+
+### File:
+hedwig-client/src/main/java/org/apache/hedwig/client/netty/HedwigPublisher.java
+
+### Key:
+HedwigPublisher.java|doPublish|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b3f7470e0090164db8690c6b80e30302
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7143/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7143/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28e9d1d9028206f3dc208364f2f1c808664d8034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7143/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1046 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 43
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.client;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.CloseCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException.BKNotEnoughBookiesException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerMetadata;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.GenericCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.OrderedSafeExecutor.OrderedSafeGenericCallback;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookieProtocol;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.DataFormats.LedgerMetadataFormat.State;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.SafeRunnable;
+
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.RateLimiter;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import org.jboss.netty.buffer.ChannelBuffer;
+
+/**
+ * Ledger handle contains ledger metadata and is used to access the read and
+ * write operations to a ledger.
+ */
+public class LedgerHandle {
+    final static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LedgerHandle.class);
+
+    final byte[] ledgerKey;
+    LedgerMetadata metadata;
+    final BookKeeper bk;
+    final long ledgerId;
+    long lastAddPushed;
+    long lastAddConfirmed;
+    long length;
+    final DigestManager macManager;
+    final DistributionSchedule distributionSchedule;
+
+    final RateLimiter throttler;
+
+    /**
+     * Invalid entry id. This value is returned from methods which
+     * should return an entry id but there is no valid entry available.
+     */
+    final static public long INVALID_ENTRY_ID = BookieProtocol.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+
+    final AtomicInteger blockAddCompletions = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    final Queue<PendingAddOp> pendingAddOps = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<PendingAddOp>();
+
+    LedgerHandle(BookKeeper bk, long ledgerId, LedgerMetadata metadata,
+                 DigestType digestType, byte[] password)
+            throws GeneralSecurityException, NumberFormatException {
+        this.bk = bk;
+        this.metadata = metadata;
+
+        if (metadata.isClosed()) {
+            lastAddConfirmed = lastAddPushed = metadata.getLastEntryId();
+            length = metadata.getLength();
+        } else {
+            lastAddConfirmed = lastAddPushed = INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            length = 0;
+        }
+
+        this.ledgerId = ledgerId;
+
+        this.throttler = RateLimiter.create(bk.getConf().getThrottleValue());
+
+        macManager = DigestManager.instantiate(ledgerId, password, digestType);
+        this.ledgerKey = MacDigestManager.genDigest("ledger", password);
+        distributionSchedule = new RoundRobinDistributionSchedule(
+                metadata.getWriteQuorumSize(), metadata.getAckQuorumSize(), metadata.getEnsembleSize());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the id of the current ledger
+     *
+     * @return the id of the ledger
+     */
+    public long getId() {
+        return ledgerId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the last confirmed entry id on this ledger. It reads
+     * the local state of the ledger handle, which is different
+     * from the readLastConfirmed call. In the case the ledger
+     * is not closed and the client is a reader, it is necessary
+     * to call readLastConfirmed to obtain an estimate of the
+     * last add operation that has been confirmed.
+     *
+     * @see #readLastConfirmed()
+     *
+     * @return the last confirmed entry id or {@link #INVALID_ENTRY_ID INVALID_ENTRY_ID} if no entry has been confirmed
+     */
+    public long getLastAddConfirmed() {
+        return lastAddConfirmed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the entry id of the last entry that has been enqueued for addition (but
+     * may not have possibly been persited to the ledger)
+     *
+     * @return the id of the last entry pushed or {@link #INVALID_ENTRY_ID INVALID_ENTRY_ID} if no entry has been pushed
+     */
+    synchronized public long getLastAddPushed() {
+        return lastAddPushed;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Ledger's key/password.
+     *
+     * @return byte array for the ledger's key/password.
+     */
+    public byte[] getLedgerKey() {
+        return Arrays.copyOf(ledgerKey, ledgerKey.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the LedgerMetadata
+     *
+     * @return LedgerMetadata for the LedgerHandle
+     */
+    LedgerMetadata getLedgerMetadata() {
+        return metadata;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the DigestManager
+     *
+     * @return DigestManager for the LedgerHandle
+     */
+    DigestManager getDigestManager() {
+        return macManager;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Add to the length of the ledger in bytes.
+     *
+     * @param delta
+     * @return
+     */
+    long addToLength(long delta) {
+        this.length += delta;
+        return this.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the ledger in bytes.
+     *
+     * @return the length of the ledger in bytes
+     */
+    synchronized public long getLength() {
+        return this.length;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Distribution Schedule
+     *
+     * @return DistributionSchedule for the LedgerHandle
+     */
+    DistributionSchedule getDistributionSchedule() {
+        return distributionSchedule;
+    }
+
+    void writeLedgerConfig(GenericCallback<Void> writeCb) {
+        LOG.debug("Writing metadata to ledger manager: {}, {}", this.ledgerId, metadata.getVersion());
+
+        bk.getLedgerManager().writeLedgerMetadata(ledgerId, metadata, writeCb);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close this ledger synchronously.
+     * @see #asyncClose
+     */
+    public void close() 
+            throws InterruptedException, BKException {
+        SyncCounter counter = new SyncCounter();
+        counter.inc();
+
+        asyncClose(new SyncCloseCallback(), counter);
+
+        counter.block(0);
+        if (counter.getrc() != BKException.Code.OK) {
+            throw BKException.create(counter.getrc());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asynchronous close, any adds in flight will return errors.
+     * 
+     * Closing a ledger will ensure that all clients agree on what the last entry 
+     * of the ledger is. This ensures that, once the ledger has been closed, all 
+     * reads from the ledger will return the same set of entries. 
+     * 
+     * @param cb
+     *          callback implementation
+     * @param ctx
+     *          control object
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void asyncClose(CloseCallback cb, Object ctx) {
+        asyncCloseInternal(cb, ctx, BKException.Code.LedgerClosedException);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as public version of asyncClose except that this one takes an
+     * additional parameter which is the return code to hand to all the pending
+     * add ops
+     *
+     * @param cb
+     * @param ctx
+     * @param rc
+     */
+    void asyncCloseInternal(final CloseCallback cb, final Object ctx, final int rc) {
+        bk.mainWorkerPool.submitOrdered(ledgerId, new SafeRunnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void safeRun() {
+                final long prevLastEntryId;
+                final long prevLength;
+                final State prevState;
+
+                synchronized(LedgerHandle.this) {
+                    prevState = metadata.getState();
+                    prevLastEntryId = metadata.getLastEntryId();
+                    prevLength = metadata.getLength();
+
+                    // synchronized on LedgerHandle.this to ensure that 
+                    // lastAddPushed can not be updated after the metadata 
+                    // is closed. 
+                    metadata.setLength(length);
+
+                    // Close operation is idempotent, so no need to check if we are
+                    // already closed
+                    metadata.close(lastAddConfirmed);
+                    errorOutPendingAdds(rc);
+                    lastAddPushed = lastAddConfirmed;
+                }
+
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("Closing ledger: " + ledgerId + " at entryId: "
+                              + metadata.getLastEntryId() + " with this many bytes: " + metadata.getLength());
+                }
+
+                final class CloseCb extends OrderedSafeGenericCallback<Void> {
+                    CloseCb() {
+                        super(bk.mainWorkerPool, ledgerId);
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void safeOperationComplete(final int rc, Void result) {
+                        if (rc == BKException.Code.MetadataVersionException) {
+                            rereadMetadata(new OrderedSafeGenericCallback<LedgerMetadata>(bk.mainWorkerPool,
+                                                                                          ledgerId) {
+                                @Override
+                                public void safeOperationComplete(int newrc, LedgerMetadata newMeta) {
+                                    if (newrc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                                        LOG.error("Error reading new metadata from ledger " + ledgerId
+                                                  + " when closing, code=" + newrc);
+                                        cb.closeComplete(rc, LedgerHandle.this, ctx);
+                                    } else {
+                                        metadata.setState(prevState);
+                                        if (prevState.equals(State.CLOSED)) {
+                                            metadata.close(prevLastEntryId);
+                                        }
+
+                                        metadata.setLength(prevLength);
+                                        if (metadata.resolveConflict(newMeta)) {
+                                            metadata.setLength(length);
+                                            metadata.close(lastAddConfirmed);
+                                            writeLedgerConfig(new CloseCb());
+                                            return;
+                                        } else {
+                                            metadata.setLength(length);
+                                            metadata.close(lastAddConfirmed);
+                                            LOG.warn("Conditional update ledger metadata for ledger " + ledgerId + " failed.");
+                                            cb.closeComplete(rc, LedgerHandle.this, ctx);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            });
+                        } else if (rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                            LOG.error("Error update ledger metadata for ledger " + ledgerId + " : " + rc);
+                            cb.closeComplete(rc, LedgerHandle.this, ctx);
+                        } else {
+                            cb.closeComplete(BKException.Code.OK, LedgerHandle.this, ctx);
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                writeLedgerConfig(new CloseCb());
+
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read a sequence of entries synchronously.
+     *
+     * @param firstEntry
+     *          id of first entry of sequence (included)
+     * @param lastEntry
+     *          id of last entry of sequence (included)
+     *
+     */
+    public Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntries(long firstEntry, long lastEntry)
+            throws InterruptedException, BKException {
+        SyncCounter counter = new SyncCounter();
+        counter.inc();
+
+        asyncReadEntries(firstEntry, lastEntry, new SyncReadCallback(), counter);
+
+        counter.block(0);
+        if (counter.getrc() != BKException.Code.OK) {
+            throw BKException.create(counter.getrc());
+        }
+
+        return counter.getSequence();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read a sequence of entries asynchronously.
+     *
+     * @param firstEntry
+     *          id of first entry of sequence
+     * @param lastEntry
+     *          id of last entry of sequence
+     * @param cb
+     *          object implementing read callback interface
+     * @param ctx
+     *          control object
+     */
+    public void asyncReadEntries(long firstEntry, long lastEntry,
+                                 ReadCallback cb, Object ctx) {
+        // Little sanity check
+        if (firstEntry < 0 || lastEntry > lastAddConfirmed
+                || firstEntry > lastEntry) {
+            cb.readComplete(BKException.Code.ReadException, this, null, ctx);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            new PendingReadOp(this, bk.scheduler,
+                              firstEntry, lastEntry, cb, ctx).initiate();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            cb.readComplete(BKException.Code.InterruptedException, this, null, ctx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add entry synchronously to an open ledger.
+     *
+     * @param data
+     *         array of bytes to be written to the ledger
+     * @return the entryId of the new inserted entry
+     */
+    public long addEntry(byte[] data) throws InterruptedException, BKException {
+        return addEntry(data, 0, data.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add entry synchronously to an open ledger.
+     *
+     * @param data
+     *         array of bytes to be written to the ledger
+     * @param offset
+     *          offset from which to take bytes from data
+     * @param length
+     *          number of bytes to take from data
+     * @return the entryId of the new inserted entry
+     */
+    public long addEntry(byte[] data, int offset, int length)
+            throws InterruptedException, BKException {
+        LOG.debug("Adding entry {}", data);
+
+        SyncCounter counter = new SyncCounter();
+        counter.inc();
+
+        SyncAddCallback callback = new SyncAddCallback();
+        asyncAddEntry(data, offset, length, callback, counter);
+        counter.block(0);
+        
+        if (counter.getrc() != BKException.Code.OK) {
+            throw BKException.create(counter.getrc());
+        }
+
+        return callback.entryId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add entry asynchronously to an open ledger.
+     *
+     * @param data
+     *          array of bytes to be written
+     * @param cb
+     *          object implementing callbackinterface
+     * @param ctx
+     *          some control object
+     */
+    public void asyncAddEntry(final byte[] data, final AddCallback cb,
+                              final Object ctx) {
+        asyncAddEntry(data, 0, data.length, cb, ctx);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add entry asynchronously to an open ledger, using an offset and range.
+     *
+     * @param data
+     *          array of bytes to be written
+     * @param offset
+     *          offset from which to take bytes from data
+     * @param length
+     *          number of bytes to take from data
+     * @param cb
+     *          object implementing callbackinterface
+     * @param ctx
+     *          some control object
+     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if offset or length is negative or
+     *          offset and length sum to a value higher than the length of data.
+     */
+    public void asyncAddEntry(final byte[] data, final int offset, final int length,
+                              final AddCallback cb, final Object ctx) {
+        PendingAddOp op = new PendingAddOp(LedgerHandle.this, cb, ctx);
+        doAsyncAddEntry(op, data, offset, length, cb, ctx);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make a recovery add entry request. Recovery adds can add to a ledger even if
+     * it has been fenced.
+     *
+     * This is only valid for bookie and ledger recovery, which may need to replicate
+     * entries to a quorum of bookies to ensure data safety.
+     *
+     * Normal client should never call this method.
+     */
+    void asyncRecoveryAddEntry(final byte[] data, final int offset, final int length,
+                               final AddCallback cb, final Object ctx) {
+        PendingAddOp op = new PendingAddOp(LedgerHandle.this, cb, ctx).enableRecoveryAdd();
+        doAsyncAddEntry(op, data, offset, length, cb, ctx);
+    }
+
+    private void doAsyncAddEntry(final PendingAddOp op, final byte[] data, final int offset, final int length,
+                                 final AddCallback cb, final Object ctx) {
+        if (offset < 0 || length < 0
+                || (offset + length) > data.length) {
+            throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(
+                "Invalid values for offset("+offset
+                +") or length("+length+")");
+        }
+        throttler.acquire();
+
+        final long entryId;
+        final long currentLength;
+        synchronized(this) {
+            // synchronized on this to ensure that
+            // the ledger isn't closed between checking and 
+            // updating lastAddPushed
+            if (metadata.isClosed()) {
+                LOG.warn("Attempt to add to closed ledger: " + ledgerId);
+                cb.addComplete(BKException.Code.LedgerClosedException,
+                               LedgerHandle.this, INVALID_ENTRY_ID, ctx);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            entryId = ++lastAddPushed;
+            currentLength = addToLength(length);
+            op.setEntryId(entryId);
+            pendingAddOps.add(op);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            bk.mainWorkerPool.submit(new SafeRunnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void safeRun() {
+                    ChannelBuffer toSend = macManager.computeDigestAndPackageForSending(
+                                               entryId, lastAddConfirmed, currentLength, data, offset, length);
+                    op.initiate(toSend);
+                }
+            });
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            cb.addComplete(BKException.Code.InterruptedException,
+                    LedgerHandle.this, INVALID_ENTRY_ID, ctx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Obtains asynchronously the last confirmed write from a quorum of bookies. This 
+     * call obtains the the last add confirmed each bookie has received for this ledger
+     * and returns the maximum. If the ledger has been closed, the value returned by this
+     * call may not correspond to the id of the last entry of the ledger, since it reads
+     * the hint of bookies. Consequently, in the case the ledger has been closed, it may 
+     * return a different value than getLastAddConfirmed, which returns the local value 
+     * of the ledger handle.
+     * 
+     * @see #getLastAddConfirmed()
+     *
+     * @param cb
+     * @param ctx
+     */
+
+    public void asyncReadLastConfirmed(final ReadLastConfirmedCallback cb, final Object ctx) {
+        ReadLastConfirmedOp.LastConfirmedDataCallback innercb = new ReadLastConfirmedOp.LastConfirmedDataCallback() {
+                public void readLastConfirmedDataComplete(int rc, DigestManager.RecoveryData data) {
+                    if (rc == BKException.Code.OK) {
+                        lastAddConfirmed = Math.max(lastAddConfirmed, data.lastAddConfirmed);
+                        lastAddPushed = Math.max(lastAddPushed, data.lastAddConfirmed);
+                        length = Math.max(length, data.length);
+                        cb.readLastConfirmedComplete(rc, data.lastAddConfirmed, ctx);
+                    } else {
+                        cb.readLastConfirmedComplete(rc, INVALID_ENTRY_ID, ctx);
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        new ReadLastConfirmedOp(this, innercb).initiate();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Context objects for synchronous call to read last confirmed.
+     */
+    static class LastConfirmedCtx {
+        final static long ENTRY_ID_PENDING = -10;
+        long response;
+        int rc;
+
+        LastConfirmedCtx() {
+            this.response = ENTRY_ID_PENDING;
+        }
+
+        void setLastConfirmed(long lastConfirmed) {
+            this.response = lastConfirmed;
+        }
+
+        long getlastConfirmed() {
+            return this.response;
+        }
+
+        void setRC(int rc) {
+            this.rc = rc;
+        }
+
+        int getRC() {
+            return this.rc;
+        }
+
+        boolean ready() {
+            return (this.response != ENTRY_ID_PENDING);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Obtains synchronously the last confirmed write from a quorum of bookies. This call
+     * obtains the the last add confirmed each bookie has received for this ledger
+     * and returns the maximum. If the ledger has been closed, the value returned by this
+     * call may not correspond to the id of the last entry of the ledger, since it reads
+     * the hint of bookies. Consequently, in the case the ledger has been closed, it may 
+     * return a different value than getLastAddConfirmed, which returns the local value 
+     * of the ledger handle.
+     * 
+     * @see #getLastAddConfirmed()
+     * 
+     * @return The entry id of the last confirmed write or {@link #INVALID_ENTRY_ID INVALID_ENTRY_ID}
+     *         if no entry has been confirmed
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     * @throws BKException
+     */
+    
+    public long readLastConfirmed()
+            throws InterruptedException, BKException {
+        LastConfirmedCtx ctx = new LastConfirmedCtx();
+        asyncReadLastConfirmed(new SyncReadLastConfirmedCallback(), ctx);
+        synchronized(ctx) {
+            while(!ctx.ready()) {
+                ctx.wait();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if(ctx.getRC() != BKException.Code.OK) throw BKException.create(ctx.getRC());
+        return ctx.getlastConfirmed();
+    }
+
+    // close the ledger and send fails to all the adds in the pipeline
+    void handleUnrecoverableErrorDuringAdd(int rc) {
+        if (metadata.isInRecovery()) {
+            // we should not close ledger if ledger is recovery mode
+            // otherwise we may lose entry.
+            errorOutPendingAdds(rc);
+            return;
+        }
+        asyncCloseInternal(NoopCloseCallback.instance, null, rc);
+    }
+
+    void errorOutPendingAdds(int rc) {
+        PendingAddOp pendingAddOp;
+        while ((pendingAddOp = pendingAddOps.poll()) != null) {
+            pendingAddOp.submitCallback(rc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void sendAddSuccessCallbacks() {
+        // Start from the head of the queue and proceed while there are
+        // entries that have had all their responses come back
+        PendingAddOp pendingAddOp;
+        while ((pendingAddOp = pendingAddOps.peek()) != null
+               && blockAddCompletions.get() == 0) {
+            if (!pendingAddOp.completed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            pendingAddOps.remove();
+            lastAddConfirmed = pendingAddOp.entryId;
+            pendingAddOp.submitCallback(BKException.Code.OK);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    void handleBookieFailure(final InetSocketAddress addr, final int bookieIndex) {
+        InetSocketAddress newBookie;
+
+        LOG.debug("Handling failure of bookie: {} index: {}", addr, bookieIndex);
+        final ArrayList<InetSocketAddress> newEnsemble = new ArrayList<InetSocketAddress>();
+        blockAddCompletions.incrementAndGet();
+        final long newEnsembleStartEntry = lastAddConfirmed + 1;
+
+        // avoid parallel ensemble changes to same ensemble.
+        synchronized (metadata) {
+            if (!metadata.currentEnsemble.get(bookieIndex).equals(addr)) {
+                // ensemble has already changed, failure of this addr is immaterial
+                LOG.warn("Write did not succeed to {}, bookieIndex {}, but we have already fixed it.",
+                         addr, bookieIndex);
+                blockAddCompletions.decrementAndGet();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                newBookie = bk.bookieWatcher
+                        .getAdditionalBookie(metadata.currentEnsemble);
+            } catch (BKNotEnoughBookiesException e) {
+                LOG.error("Could not get additional bookie to "
+                        + "remake ensemble, closing ledger: " + ledgerId);
+                handleUnrecoverableErrorDuringAdd(e.getCode());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            newEnsemble.addAll(metadata.currentEnsemble);
+            newEnsemble.set(bookieIndex, newBookie);
+
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Changing ensemble from: " + metadata.currentEnsemble
+                        + " to: " + newEnsemble + " for ledger: " + ledgerId
+                        + " starting at entry: " + (lastAddConfirmed + 1));
+            }
+
+            metadata.addEnsemble(newEnsembleStartEntry, newEnsemble);
+        }
+
+        EnsembleInfo ensembleInfo = new EnsembleInfo(newEnsemble, bookieIndex,
+                addr);
+        writeLedgerConfig(new ChangeEnsembleCb(ensembleInfo));
+    }
+
+    // Contains newly reformed ensemble, bookieIndex, failedBookieAddress
+    private static final class EnsembleInfo {
+        private final ArrayList<InetSocketAddress> newEnsemble;
+        private final int bookieIndex;
+        private final InetSocketAddress addr;
+
+        public EnsembleInfo(ArrayList<InetSocketAddress> newEnsemble,
+                int bookieIndex, InetSocketAddress addr) {
+            this.newEnsemble = newEnsemble;
+            this.bookieIndex = bookieIndex;
+            this.addr = addr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Callback which is updating the ledgerMetadata in zk with the newly
+     * reformed ensemble. On MetadataVersionException, will reread latest
+     * ledgerMetadata and act upon.
+     */
+    private final class ChangeEnsembleCb extends OrderedSafeGenericCallback<Void> {
+        private final EnsembleInfo ensembleInfo;
+
+        ChangeEnsembleCb(EnsembleInfo ensembleInfo) {
+            super(bk.mainWorkerPool, ledgerId);
+            this.ensembleInfo = ensembleInfo;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void safeOperationComplete(final int rc, Void result) {
+            if (rc == BKException.Code.MetadataVersionException) {
+                rereadMetadata(new ReReadLedgerMetadataCb(rc,
+                                       ensembleInfo));
+                return;
+            } else if (rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                LOG.error("Could not persist ledger metadata while "
+                          + "changing ensemble to: "
+                          + ensembleInfo.newEnsemble
+                          + " , closing ledger");
+                handleUnrecoverableErrorDuringAdd(rc);
+                return;
+            }
+            blockAddCompletions.decrementAndGet();
+
+            // the failed bookie has been replaced
+            unsetSuccessAndSendWriteRequest(ensembleInfo.bookieIndex);
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Callback which is reading the ledgerMetadata present in zk. This will try
+     * to resolve the version conflicts.
+     */
+    private final class ReReadLedgerMetadataCb extends OrderedSafeGenericCallback<LedgerMetadata> {
+        private final int rc;
+        private final EnsembleInfo ensembleInfo;
+
+        ReReadLedgerMetadataCb(int rc, EnsembleInfo ensembleInfo) {
+            super(bk.mainWorkerPool, ledgerId);
+            this.rc = rc;
+            this.ensembleInfo = ensembleInfo;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void safeOperationComplete(int newrc, LedgerMetadata newMeta) {
+            if (newrc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                LOG.error("Error reading new metadata from ledger "
+                        + "after changing ensemble, code=" + newrc);
+                handleUnrecoverableErrorDuringAdd(rc);
+            } else {
+                if (!resolveConflict(newMeta)) {
+                    LOG.error("Could not resolve ledger metadata conflict "
+                            + "while changing ensemble to: "
+                            + ensembleInfo.newEnsemble
+                            + ", old meta data is \n"
+                            + new String(metadata.serialize())
+                            + "\n, new meta data is \n"
+                            + new String(newMeta.serialize())
+                            + "\n ,closing ledger");
+                    handleUnrecoverableErrorDuringAdd(rc);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Resolving the version conflicts between local ledgerMetadata and zk
+         * ledgerMetadata. This will do the following:
+         * <ul>
+         * <li>
+         * check whether ledgerMetadata state matches of local and zk</li>
+         * <li>
+         * if the zk ledgerMetadata still contains the failed bookie, then
+         * update zookeeper with the newBookie otherwise send write request</li>
+         * </ul>
+         */
+        private boolean resolveConflict(LedgerMetadata newMeta) {
+            // close have changed, another client has opened
+            // the ledger, can't resolve this conflict.
+            if (metadata.getState() != newMeta.getState()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // update znode version
+            metadata.setVersion(newMeta.getVersion());
+            // Resolve the conflicts if zk metadata still contains failed
+            // bookie.
+            if (newMeta.currentEnsemble.get(ensembleInfo.bookieIndex).equals(
+                    ensembleInfo.addr)) {
+                // Update ledger metadata in zk, if in-memory metadata doesn't
+                // contains the failed bookie.
+                if (!metadata.currentEnsemble.get(ensembleInfo.bookieIndex)
+                        .equals(ensembleInfo.addr)) {
+                    LOG.info("Resolve ledger metadata conflict "
+                            + "while changing ensemble to: "
+                            + ensembleInfo.newEnsemble
+                            + ", old meta data is \n"
+                            + new String(metadata.serialize())
+                            + "\n, new meta data is \n"
+                            + new String(newMeta.serialize()));
+                    writeLedgerConfig(new ChangeEnsembleCb(ensembleInfo));
+                }
+            } else {
+                // the failed bookie has been replaced
+                blockAddCompletions.decrementAndGet();
+                unsetSuccessAndSendWriteRequest(ensembleInfo.bookieIndex);
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+    };
+
+    private void unsetSuccessAndSendWriteRequest(final int bookieIndex) {
+        for (PendingAddOp pendingAddOp : pendingAddOps) {
+            pendingAddOp.unsetSuccessAndSendWriteRequest(bookieIndex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void rereadMetadata(final GenericCallback<LedgerMetadata> cb) {
+        bk.getLedgerManager().readLedgerMetadata(ledgerId, cb);
+    }
+
+    synchronized void recover(final GenericCallback<Void> cb) {
+        if (metadata.isClosed()) {
+            lastAddConfirmed = lastAddPushed = metadata.getLastEntryId();
+            length = metadata.getLength();
+
+            // We are already closed, nothing to do
+            cb.operationComplete(BKException.Code.OK, null);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // if metadata is already in recover, dont try to write again,
+        // just do the recovery from the starting point
+        if (metadata.isInRecovery()) {
+            new LedgerRecoveryOp(LedgerHandle.this, cb).initiate();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        metadata.markLedgerInRecovery();
+
+        writeLedgerConfig(new OrderedSafeGenericCallback<Void>(bk.mainWorkerPool, ledgerId) {
+            @Override
+            public void safeOperationComplete(final int rc, Void result) {
+                if (rc == BKException.Code.MetadataVersionException) {
+                    rereadMetadata(new OrderedSafeGenericCallback<LedgerMetadata>(bk.mainWorkerPool,
+                                                                                  ledgerId) {
+                        @Override
+                        public void safeOperationComplete(int rc, LedgerMetadata newMeta) {
+                            if (rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                                cb.operationComplete(rc, null);
+                            } else {
+                                metadata = newMeta;
+                                recover(cb);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+                } else if (rc == BKException.Code.OK) {
+                    new LedgerRecoveryOp(LedgerHandle.this, cb).initiate();
+                } else {
+                    LOG.error("Error writing ledger config " + rc + " of ledger " + ledgerId);
+                    cb.operationComplete(rc, null);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    static class NoopCloseCallback implements CloseCallback {
+        static NoopCloseCallback instance = new NoopCloseCallback();
+
+        @Override
+        public void closeComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Object ctx) {
+            if (rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                LOG.warn("Close failed: " + BKException.getMessage(rc));
+            }
+            // noop
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static class SyncReadCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        /**
+         * Implementation of callback interface for synchronous read method.
+         *
+         * @param rc
+         *          return code
+         * @param leder
+         *          ledger identifier
+         * @param seq
+         *          sequence of entries
+         * @param ctx
+         *          control object
+         */
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh,
+                                 Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            
+            SyncCounter counter = (SyncCounter) ctx;
+            synchronized (counter) {
+                counter.setSequence(seq);
+                counter.setrc(rc);
+                counter.dec();
+                counter.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class SyncAddCallback implements AddCallback {
+        long entryId = -1;
+
+        /**
+         * Implementation of callback interface for synchronous read method.
+         *
+         * @param rc
+         *          return code
+         * @param leder
+         *          ledger identifier
+         * @param entry
+         *          entry identifier
+         * @param ctx
+         *          control object
+         */
+        public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entry, Object ctx) {
+            SyncCounter counter = (SyncCounter) ctx;
+
+            this.entryId = entry;
+            counter.setrc(rc);
+            counter.dec();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class SyncReadLastConfirmedCallback implements ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+        /**
+         * Implementation of  callback interface for synchronous read last confirmed method.
+         */
+        public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+            LastConfirmedCtx lcCtx = (LastConfirmedCtx) ctx;
+            
+            synchronized(lcCtx) {
+                lcCtx.setRC(rc);
+                lcCtx.setLastConfirmed(lastConfirmed);
+                lcCtx.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class SyncCloseCallback implements CloseCallback {
+        /**
+         * Close callback method
+         *
+         * @param rc
+         * @param lh
+         * @param ctx
+         */
+        public void closeComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Object ctx) {
+            SyncCounter counter = (SyncCounter) ctx;
+            counter.setrc(rc);
+            synchronized (counter) {
+                counter.dec();
+                counter.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle.handleBookieFailure` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle.lastAddConfirmed`. Potentially races with write in method `LedgerHandle.sendAddSuccessCallbacks()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LedgerHandle.handleBookieFailure(InetSocketAddress,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle.handleBookieFailure(java.net.InetSocketAddress,int):void.61eabd6506a93fa77f9b43bfc8f36300
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/main/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/client/LedgerHandle.java
+
+### Key:
+LedgerHandle.java|handleBookieFailure|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c7fa18f4bee1044191493cd096660ca3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7144/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7144/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92e9ef493d8c95e60c0bf633a381fa03ed6b8226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7144/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NoSuchFieldException;
+import java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerInputStream;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerOutputStream;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieReadWriteTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback, ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieReadWriteTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieReadWriteTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(3);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+    // Synchronization
+    SyncObj sync;
+    Set<Object> syncObjs;
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        long lastConfirmed;
+        volatile int counter;
+        boolean value;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            lastConfirmed = LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            value = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenException() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try {
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(0, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            fail("Haven't thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Successfully thrown and caught exception:", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * test the streaming api for reading and writing
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testStreamingClients() throws IOException, BKException, InterruptedException {
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        // write a string so that we cna
+        // create a buffer of a single bytes
+        // and check for corner cases
+        String toWrite = "we need to check for this string to match " + "and for the record mahadev is the best";
+        LedgerOutputStream lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] b = toWrite.getBytes();
+        lout.write(b);
+        lout.close();
+        long lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        // check for sanity
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LedgerInputStream lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] bread = new byte[b.length];
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+
+        String newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should same", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+        // create another ledger to write one byte at a time
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh);
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
+            lout.write(b[i]);
+        }
+        lout.close();
+        lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh);
+        bread = new byte[b.length];
+        read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+        newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should be same ", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that the add api with offset and length work correctly.
+     * First try varying the offset. Then the length with a fixed non-zero
+     * offset.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteRangeAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            byte bytes[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
+
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length, this, sync);
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, 4, this, sync); // abcd
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, 4, this, sync); // defg
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, (bytes.length-3), this, sync); // defghi
+            int numEntries = 4;
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntries) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length+1, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length+2, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset "
+                     + "with that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset & length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written",
+                       lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntries - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntries - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] expected = null;
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                switch (i) {
+                case 0:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, 4);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+4);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+(bytes.length-3));
+                    break;
+                }
+                assertNotNull("There are more checks than writes", expected);
+
+                String message = "Checking entry " + i + " for equality ["
+                                 + new String(entry, "UTF-8") + ","
+                                 + new String(expected, "UTF-8") + "]";
+                assertTrue(message, Arrays.equals(entry, expected));
+
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntries);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrottleTestCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        int throttle;
+
+        ThrottleTestCallback(int threshold) {
+            this.throttle = threshold;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+            }
+
+            ls = seq;
+            synchronized(sync) {
+                sync.counter += throttle;
+                sync.notify();
+            }
+            LOG.info("Current counter: " + sync.counter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Method for obtaining the available permits of a ledger handle
+     * using reflection to avoid adding a new public method to the
+     * class.
+     *
+     * @param lh
+     * @return
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    int getAvailablePermits(LedgerHandle lh) throws
+        NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException
+    {
+        Field field = LedgerHandle.class.getDeclaredField("opCounterSem");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        return ((Semaphore)field.get(lh)).availablePermits();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClientThrottle() throws
+        IOException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+        try {
+
+            Integer throttle = 100;
+            ThrottleTestCallback tcb = new ThrottleTestCallback(throttle);
+            // Create a ledger
+            bkc.getConf().setThrottleValue(throttle);
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+
+            numEntriesToWrite = 8000;
+            for (int i = 0; i < (numEntriesToWrite - 2000); i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            sync.counter = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i+=throttle) {
+                lh.asyncReadEntries(i, i + throttle - 1, tcb, sync);
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.info("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("TEST READ WRITE STRINGS MIXED SINGLE CLIENT");
+        String charset = "utf-8";
+        LOG.debug("Default charset: " + Charset.defaultCharset());
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                int randomInt = rng.nextInt(maxInt);
+                byte[] entry = new String(Integer.toString(randomInt)).getBytes(charset);
+                entries.add(entry);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry, this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** ASYNC WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETED // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** SYNC READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] origEntryBytes = entries.get(i++);
+                byte[] retrEntryBytes = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                LOG.debug("Original byte entry size: " + origEntryBytes.length);
+                LOG.debug("Saved byte entry size: " + retrEntryBytes.length);
+
+                String origEntry = new String(origEntryBytes, charset);
+                String retrEntry = new String(retrEntryBytes, charset);
+
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteSyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i++));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteZero() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Write a non-zero entry
+             */
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            long ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            long ledgerId2 = lh2.getId();
+
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID 1: " + lh.getId() + ", Ledger ID 2: " + lh2.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+                lh2.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh2.close();
+
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ", " + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh (" + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh2 (" + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh2
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            ls = lh2.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh2.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncLength() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            long length = numEntriesToWrite * 4;
+            assertTrue("Ledger length before closing: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            assertTrue("Ledger length after opening: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if(i == numEntriesToWrite/2) {
+                    LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+                    // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+                    lhOpen.close();
+                }
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == -1) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerOpenOnce() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if (i == numEntriesToWrite / 2) {
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is
+                    // less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+
+                    long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+                    assertTrue(readLastConfirmed != 0);
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerZeroAndOne() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            /*
+             * We haven't written anything, so it should be empty.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is empty");
+            long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed has the wrong value",
+                       readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Writing one entry.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Going to write one entry");
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            /*
+             * The hint should still indicate that there is no confirmed
+             * add.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is still empty even after writing one entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Adding one more, and this time we should expect to
+             * see one entry.
+             */
+            entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            LOG.info("Checking that it has an entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == 0L);
+
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLastConfirmedAdd() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        SyncObj x = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized (x) {
+            x.counter++;
+            x.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        ls = seq;
+
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized(sync) {
+            sync.lastConfirmed = lastConfirmed;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        sync = new SyncObj(); // initialize the synchronization data structure
+
+    }
+
+    /* Clean up a directory recursively */
+    protected boolean cleanUpDir(File dir) {
+        if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+            LOG.info("Cleaning up " + dir.getName());
+            String[] children = dir.list();
+            for (String string : children) {
+                boolean success = cleanUpDir(new File(dir, string));
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // The directory is now empty so delete it
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    /* User for testing purposes, void */
+    class emptyWatcher implements Watcher {
+        @Override
+        public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.readComplete` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.sync`. Potentially races with write in method `BookieReadWriteTest.setUp()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieReadWriteTest.readComplete(int,LedgerHandle,Enumeration,Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.readComplete(int,org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerH.88563ccd7eb49aba932ea5b5e9b9bb79
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieReadWriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieReadWriteTest.java|readComplete|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+87829399bf6e42ef37dfb333fee41491
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7150/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7150/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b9b4d0c3287a5d69b7db75df19800cf71f8d8fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7150/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NoSuchFieldException;
+import java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerInputStream;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerOutputStream;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieReadWriteTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback, ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieReadWriteTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieReadWriteTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(3);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+    // Synchronization
+    SyncObj sync;
+    Set<Object> syncObjs;
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        long lastConfirmed;
+        volatile int counter;
+        boolean value;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            lastConfirmed = LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            value = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenException() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try {
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(0, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            fail("Haven't thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Successfully thrown and caught exception:", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * test the streaming api for reading and writing
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testStreamingClients() throws IOException, BKException, InterruptedException {
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        // write a string so that we cna
+        // create a buffer of a single bytes
+        // and check for corner cases
+        String toWrite = "we need to check for this string to match " + "and for the record mahadev is the best";
+        LedgerOutputStream lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] b = toWrite.getBytes();
+        lout.write(b);
+        lout.close();
+        long lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        // check for sanity
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LedgerInputStream lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] bread = new byte[b.length];
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+
+        String newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should same", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+        // create another ledger to write one byte at a time
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh);
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
+            lout.write(b[i]);
+        }
+        lout.close();
+        lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh);
+        bread = new byte[b.length];
+        read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+        newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should be same ", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that the add api with offset and length work correctly.
+     * First try varying the offset. Then the length with a fixed non-zero
+     * offset.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteRangeAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            byte bytes[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
+
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length, this, sync);
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, 4, this, sync); // abcd
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, 4, this, sync); // defg
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, (bytes.length-3), this, sync); // defghi
+            int numEntries = 4;
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntries) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length+1, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length+2, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset "
+                     + "with that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset & length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written",
+                       lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntries - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntries - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] expected = null;
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                switch (i) {
+                case 0:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, 4);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+4);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+(bytes.length-3));
+                    break;
+                }
+                assertNotNull("There are more checks than writes", expected);
+
+                String message = "Checking entry " + i + " for equality ["
+                                 + new String(entry, "UTF-8") + ","
+                                 + new String(expected, "UTF-8") + "]";
+                assertTrue(message, Arrays.equals(entry, expected));
+
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntries);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrottleTestCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        int throttle;
+
+        ThrottleTestCallback(int threshold) {
+            this.throttle = threshold;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+            }
+
+            ls = seq;
+            synchronized(sync) {
+                sync.counter += throttle;
+                sync.notify();
+            }
+            LOG.info("Current counter: " + sync.counter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Method for obtaining the available permits of a ledger handle
+     * using reflection to avoid adding a new public method to the
+     * class.
+     *
+     * @param lh
+     * @return
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    int getAvailablePermits(LedgerHandle lh) throws
+        NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException
+    {
+        Field field = LedgerHandle.class.getDeclaredField("opCounterSem");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        return ((Semaphore)field.get(lh)).availablePermits();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClientThrottle() throws
+        IOException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+        try {
+
+            Integer throttle = 100;
+            ThrottleTestCallback tcb = new ThrottleTestCallback(throttle);
+            // Create a ledger
+            bkc.getConf().setThrottleValue(throttle);
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+
+            numEntriesToWrite = 8000;
+            for (int i = 0; i < (numEntriesToWrite - 2000); i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            sync.counter = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i+=throttle) {
+                lh.asyncReadEntries(i, i + throttle - 1, tcb, sync);
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.info("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("TEST READ WRITE STRINGS MIXED SINGLE CLIENT");
+        String charset = "utf-8";
+        LOG.debug("Default charset: " + Charset.defaultCharset());
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                int randomInt = rng.nextInt(maxInt);
+                byte[] entry = new String(Integer.toString(randomInt)).getBytes(charset);
+                entries.add(entry);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry, this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** ASYNC WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETED // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** SYNC READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] origEntryBytes = entries.get(i++);
+                byte[] retrEntryBytes = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                LOG.debug("Original byte entry size: " + origEntryBytes.length);
+                LOG.debug("Saved byte entry size: " + retrEntryBytes.length);
+
+                String origEntry = new String(origEntryBytes, charset);
+                String retrEntry = new String(retrEntryBytes, charset);
+
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteSyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i++));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteZero() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Write a non-zero entry
+             */
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            long ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            long ledgerId2 = lh2.getId();
+
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID 1: " + lh.getId() + ", Ledger ID 2: " + lh2.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+                lh2.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh2.close();
+
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ", " + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh (" + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh2 (" + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh2
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            ls = lh2.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh2.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncLength() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            long length = numEntriesToWrite * 4;
+            assertTrue("Ledger length before closing: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            assertTrue("Ledger length after opening: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if(i == numEntriesToWrite/2) {
+                    LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+                    // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+                    lhOpen.close();
+                }
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == -1) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerOpenOnce() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if (i == numEntriesToWrite / 2) {
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is
+                    // less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+
+                    long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+                    assertTrue(readLastConfirmed != 0);
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerZeroAndOne() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            /*
+             * We haven't written anything, so it should be empty.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is empty");
+            long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed has the wrong value",
+                       readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Writing one entry.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Going to write one entry");
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            /*
+             * The hint should still indicate that there is no confirmed
+             * add.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is still empty even after writing one entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Adding one more, and this time we should expect to
+             * see one entry.
+             */
+            entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            LOG.info("Checking that it has an entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == 0L);
+
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLastConfirmedAdd() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        SyncObj x = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized (x) {
+            x.counter++;
+            x.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        ls = seq;
+
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized(sync) {
+            sync.lastConfirmed = lastConfirmed;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        sync = new SyncObj(); // initialize the synchronization data structure
+
+    }
+
+    /* Clean up a directory recursively */
+    protected boolean cleanUpDir(File dir) {
+        if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+            LOG.info("Cleaning up " + dir.getName());
+            String[] children = dir.list();
+            for (String string : children) {
+                boolean success = cleanUpDir(new File(dir, string));
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // The directory is now empty so delete it
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    /* User for testing purposes, void */
+    class emptyWatcher implements Watcher {
+        @Override
+        public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.readComplete` writes to field `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.ls` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieReadWriteTest.readComplete(int,LedgerHandle,Enumeration,Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.readComplete(int,org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerH.88563ccd7eb49aba932ea5b5e9b9bb79
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieReadWriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieReadWriteTest.java|readComplete|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+061a02353988ae80633bb8e46c03c8c9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7151/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7151/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c53a73e5c2546f1ef452fe0b67da4e4c4481b47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7151/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeperTestClient;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookieServer;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieFailureTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieFailureTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    // Synchronization
+    SyncObj sync;
+    Set<Object> syncObjs;
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        int counter;
+        boolean value;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            value = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BookieFailureTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(4);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests writes and reads when a bookie fails.
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncBK1() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("#### BK1 ####");
+        auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient(bs.get(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncBK2() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("#### BK2 ####");
+        auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient(bs.get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncBK3() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("#### BK3 ####");
+        auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient(bs.get(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncBK4() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("#### BK4 ####");
+        auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient(bs.get(3));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBookieRecovery() throws Exception {
+        //Shutdown all but 1 bookie
+        bs.get(0).shutdown();
+        bs.get(1).shutdown();
+        bs.get(2).shutdown();
+
+        byte[] passwd = "blah".getBytes();
+        LedgerHandle lh = bkc.createLedger(1, 1,digestType, passwd);
+
+        int numEntries = 100;
+        for (int i=0; i< numEntries; i++) {
+            byte[] data = (""+i).getBytes();
+            lh.addEntry(data);
+        }
+
+        bs.get(3).shutdown();
+        BookieServer server = new BookieServer(bsConfs.get(3));
+        server.start();
+        bs.set(3, server);
+
+        assertEquals(numEntries - 1 , lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+        Enumeration<LedgerEntry> entries = lh.readEntries(0, lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+
+        int numScanned = 0;
+        while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
+            assertEquals((""+numScanned), new String(entries.nextElement().getEntry()));
+            numScanned++;
+        }
+        assertEquals(numEntries, numScanned);
+
+
+    }
+
+    void auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient(BookieServer bs) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(3, 2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+
+            }
+
+            LOG.info("Wrote " + numEntriesToWrite + " and now going to fail bookie.");
+            // Bookie fail
+            bs.shutdown();
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            bkc.close();
+            bkc = new BookKeeperTestClient(baseClientConf);
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait(10000);
+                    assertTrue("Haven't received entries", sync.value);
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + i);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            LOG.info("Verified that entries are ok, and now closing ledger");
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            LOG.error("Caught KeeperException", e);
+            fail(e.toString());
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Caught BKException", e);
+            fail(e.toString());
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Caught InterruptedException", e);
+            fail(e.toString());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if (rc != 0)
+            fail("Failed to write entry: " + entryId);
+        SyncObj x = (SyncObj) ctx;
+        synchronized (x) {
+            x.counter++;
+            x.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        if (rc != 0)
+            fail("Failed to write entry");
+        ls = seq;
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    @Override
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        sync = new SyncObj(); // initialize the synchronization data structure
+
+        zkc.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLedgerNoRecoveryOpenAfterBKCrashed() throws Exception {
+        // Create a ledger
+        LedgerHandle beforelh = bkc.createLedger(numBookies, numBookies, digestType, "".getBytes());
+
+        int numEntries = 10;
+        String tmp = "BookKeeper is cool!";
+        for (int i=0; i<numEntries; i++) {
+            beforelh.addEntry(tmp.getBytes());
+        }
+
+        // shutdown first bookie server
+        killBookie(0);
+
+        // try to open ledger no recovery
+        LedgerHandle afterlh = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(beforelh.getId(), digestType, "".getBytes());
+
+        assertEquals(numEntries - 2, afterlh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+
+        startNewBookie();
+        LedgerHandle beforelh2 = bkc.createLedger(numBookies, 1, digestType, "".getBytes());
+
+        for (int i=0; i<numEntries; i++) {
+            beforelh2.addEntry(tmp.getBytes());
+        }
+
+        // shutdown first bookie server
+        killBookie(0);
+
+        // try to open ledger no recovery
+        try {
+            bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(beforelh2.getId(), digestType, "".getBytes());
+            fail("Should have thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException.BKReadException e) {
+            // correct behaviour
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLedgerOpenAfterBKCrashed() throws Exception {
+        // Create a ledger
+        LedgerHandle beforelh = bkc.createLedger(numBookies, numBookies, digestType, "".getBytes());
+
+        int numEntries = 10;
+        String tmp = "BookKeeper is cool!";
+        for (int i=0; i<numEntries; i++) {
+            beforelh.addEntry(tmp.getBytes());
+        }
+
+        // shutdown first bookie server
+        killBookie(0);
+        startNewBookie();
+
+        // try to open ledger no recovery
+        LedgerHandle afterlh = bkc.openLedger(beforelh.getId(), digestType, "".getBytes());
+
+        assertEquals(beforelh.getLastAddPushed(), afterlh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+
+        LedgerHandle beforelh2 = bkc.createLedger(numBookies, 1, digestType, "".getBytes());
+
+        for (int i=0; i<numEntries; i++) {
+            beforelh2.addEntry(tmp.getBytes());
+        }
+
+        // shutdown first bookie server
+        killBookie(0);
+
+        // try to open ledger no recovery
+        try {
+            bkc.openLedger(beforelh2.getId(), digestType, "".getBytes());
+            fail("Should have thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException.BKLedgerRecoveryException e) {
+            // correct behaviour
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify read last confirmed op, it shouldn't cause any deadlock as new
+     * bookie connection is being established and returning the connection
+     * notification in the same caller thread. It would be simulated by delaying
+     * the future.addlistener() in PerChannelBookieClient after the connection
+     * establishment. Now the future.addlistener() will notify back in the same
+     * thread and simultaneously invoke the pendingOp.operationComplete() event.
+     * 
+     * BOOKKEEPER-326
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLastConfirmedOp() throws Exception {
+        startNewBookie();
+        startNewBookie();
+        // Create a ledger
+        LedgerHandle beforelh = bkc.createLedger(numBookies + 2,
+                numBookies + 2, digestType, "".getBytes());
+
+        int numEntries = 10;
+        String tmp = "BookKeeper is cool!";
+        for (int i = 0; i < numEntries; i++) {
+            beforelh.addEntry(tmp.getBytes());
+        }
+
+        // shutdown first bookie server
+        killBookie(0);
+        startNewBookie();
+
+        // create new bookie client, and forcing to establish new
+        // PerChannelBookieClient connections for recovery flows.
+        BookKeeperTestClient bkc1 = new BookKeeperTestClient(baseClientConf);
+        // try to open ledger with recovery
+        LedgerHandle afterlh = bkc1.openLedger(beforelh.getId(), digestType, ""
+                .getBytes());
+
+        assertEquals("Entries got missed", beforelh.getLastAddPushed(), afterlh
+                .getLastAddConfirmed());
+        bkc1.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieFailureTest.auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieFailureTest.sync`. Potentially races with write in method `BookieFailureTest.setUp()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieFailureTest.auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient(BookieServer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieFailureTest.auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient(org.apache.bookkeeper.e8338bad14aa84c9fe655c889b20b31c
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieFailureTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieFailureTest.java|auxTestReadWriteAsyncSingleClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+57fae579f93cb4f3ddf527908015de03
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7157/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7157/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f44ea780559917d446ee384eb7fa6a3fbdd5bb62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7157/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NoSuchFieldException;
+import java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerInputStream;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerOutputStream;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieReadWriteTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback, ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieReadWriteTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieReadWriteTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(3);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+    // Synchronization
+    SyncObj sync;
+    Set<Object> syncObjs;
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        long lastConfirmed;
+        volatile int counter;
+        boolean value;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            lastConfirmed = LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            value = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenException() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try {
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(0, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            fail("Haven't thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Successfully thrown and caught exception:", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * test the streaming api for reading and writing
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testStreamingClients() throws IOException, BKException, InterruptedException {
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        // write a string so that we cna
+        // create a buffer of a single bytes
+        // and check for corner cases
+        String toWrite = "we need to check for this string to match " + "and for the record mahadev is the best";
+        LedgerOutputStream lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] b = toWrite.getBytes();
+        lout.write(b);
+        lout.close();
+        long lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        // check for sanity
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LedgerInputStream lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] bread = new byte[b.length];
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+
+        String newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should same", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+        // create another ledger to write one byte at a time
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh);
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
+            lout.write(b[i]);
+        }
+        lout.close();
+        lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh);
+        bread = new byte[b.length];
+        read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+        newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should be same ", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that the add api with offset and length work correctly.
+     * First try varying the offset. Then the length with a fixed non-zero
+     * offset.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteRangeAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            byte bytes[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
+
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length, this, sync);
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, 4, this, sync); // abcd
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, 4, this, sync); // defg
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, (bytes.length-3), this, sync); // defghi
+            int numEntries = 4;
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntries) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length+1, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length+2, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset "
+                     + "with that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset & length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written",
+                       lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntries - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntries - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] expected = null;
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                switch (i) {
+                case 0:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, 4);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+4);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+(bytes.length-3));
+                    break;
+                }
+                assertNotNull("There are more checks than writes", expected);
+
+                String message = "Checking entry " + i + " for equality ["
+                                 + new String(entry, "UTF-8") + ","
+                                 + new String(expected, "UTF-8") + "]";
+                assertTrue(message, Arrays.equals(entry, expected));
+
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntries);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrottleTestCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        int throttle;
+
+        ThrottleTestCallback(int threshold) {
+            this.throttle = threshold;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+            }
+
+            ls = seq;
+            synchronized(sync) {
+                sync.counter += throttle;
+                sync.notify();
+            }
+            LOG.info("Current counter: " + sync.counter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Method for obtaining the available permits of a ledger handle
+     * using reflection to avoid adding a new public method to the
+     * class.
+     *
+     * @param lh
+     * @return
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    int getAvailablePermits(LedgerHandle lh) throws
+        NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException
+    {
+        Field field = LedgerHandle.class.getDeclaredField("opCounterSem");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        return ((Semaphore)field.get(lh)).availablePermits();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClientThrottle() throws
+        IOException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+        try {
+
+            Integer throttle = 100;
+            ThrottleTestCallback tcb = new ThrottleTestCallback(throttle);
+            // Create a ledger
+            bkc.getConf().setThrottleValue(throttle);
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+
+            numEntriesToWrite = 8000;
+            for (int i = 0; i < (numEntriesToWrite - 2000); i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            sync.counter = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i+=throttle) {
+                lh.asyncReadEntries(i, i + throttle - 1, tcb, sync);
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.info("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("TEST READ WRITE STRINGS MIXED SINGLE CLIENT");
+        String charset = "utf-8";
+        LOG.debug("Default charset: " + Charset.defaultCharset());
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                int randomInt = rng.nextInt(maxInt);
+                byte[] entry = new String(Integer.toString(randomInt)).getBytes(charset);
+                entries.add(entry);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry, this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** ASYNC WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETED // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** SYNC READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] origEntryBytes = entries.get(i++);
+                byte[] retrEntryBytes = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                LOG.debug("Original byte entry size: " + origEntryBytes.length);
+                LOG.debug("Saved byte entry size: " + retrEntryBytes.length);
+
+                String origEntry = new String(origEntryBytes, charset);
+                String retrEntry = new String(retrEntryBytes, charset);
+
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteSyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i++));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteZero() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Write a non-zero entry
+             */
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            long ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            long ledgerId2 = lh2.getId();
+
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID 1: " + lh.getId() + ", Ledger ID 2: " + lh2.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+                lh2.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh2.close();
+
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ", " + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh (" + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh2 (" + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh2
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            ls = lh2.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh2.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncLength() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            long length = numEntriesToWrite * 4;
+            assertTrue("Ledger length before closing: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            assertTrue("Ledger length after opening: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if(i == numEntriesToWrite/2) {
+                    LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+                    // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+                    lhOpen.close();
+                }
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == -1) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerOpenOnce() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if (i == numEntriesToWrite / 2) {
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is
+                    // less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+
+                    long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+                    assertTrue(readLastConfirmed != 0);
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerZeroAndOne() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            /*
+             * We haven't written anything, so it should be empty.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is empty");
+            long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed has the wrong value",
+                       readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Writing one entry.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Going to write one entry");
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            /*
+             * The hint should still indicate that there is no confirmed
+             * add.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is still empty even after writing one entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Adding one more, and this time we should expect to
+             * see one entry.
+             */
+            entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            LOG.info("Checking that it has an entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == 0L);
+
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLastConfirmedAdd() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        SyncObj x = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized (x) {
+            x.counter++;
+            x.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        ls = seq;
+
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized(sync) {
+            sync.lastConfirmed = lastConfirmed;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        sync = new SyncObj(); // initialize the synchronization data structure
+
+    }
+
+    /* Clean up a directory recursively */
+    protected boolean cleanUpDir(File dir) {
+        if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+            LOG.info("Cleaning up " + dir.getName());
+            String[] children = dir.list();
+            for (String string : children) {
+                boolean success = cleanUpDir(new File(dir, string));
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // The directory is now empty so delete it
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    /* User for testing purposes, void */
+    class emptyWatcher implements Watcher {
+        @Override
+        public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.sync`. Potentially races with write in method `BookieReadWriteTest.setUp()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieReadWriteTest.testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient():void.a7566ee16ee15b4f69c01953fb632f9e
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieReadWriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieReadWriteTest.java|testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+686b2370dde57b8daf8cd907d35a0fe6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7159/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7159/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2024ec557b2fe66b7a24e10bd1c2eae75ce1219b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7159/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerManager;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.conf.ServerConfiguration;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of LedgerCache interface.
+ * This class serves two purposes.
+ */
+public class LedgerCacheImpl implements LedgerCache {
+    private final static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LedgerDescriptor.class);
+
+    final File ledgerDirectories[];
+
+    public LedgerCacheImpl(ServerConfiguration conf, LedgerManager alm) {
+        this.ledgerDirectories = Bookie.getCurrentDirectories(conf.getLedgerDirs());
+        this.openFileLimit = conf.getOpenFileLimit();
+        this.pageSize = conf.getPageSize();
+        this.entriesPerPage = pageSize / 8;
+
+        if (conf.getPageLimit() <= 0) {
+            // allocate half of the memory to the page cache
+            this.pageLimit = (int)((Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory() / 3) / this.pageSize);
+        } else {
+            this.pageLimit = conf.getPageLimit();
+        }
+        LOG.info("maxMemory = " + Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory());
+        LOG.info("openFileLimit is " + openFileLimit + ", pageSize is " + pageSize + ", pageLimit is " + pageLimit);
+        activeLedgerManager = alm;
+        // Retrieve all of the active ledgers.
+        getActiveLedgers();
+    }
+    /**
+     * the list of potentially clean ledgers
+     */
+    LinkedList<Long> cleanLedgers = new LinkedList<Long>();
+
+    /**
+     * the list of potentially dirty ledgers
+     */
+    LinkedList<Long> dirtyLedgers = new LinkedList<Long>();
+
+    HashMap<Long, FileInfo> fileInfoCache = new HashMap<Long, FileInfo>();
+
+    LinkedList<Long> openLedgers = new LinkedList<Long>();
+
+    // Manage all active ledgers in LedgerManager
+    // so LedgerManager has knowledge to garbage collect inactive/deleted ledgers
+    final LedgerManager activeLedgerManager;
+
+    final int openFileLimit;
+    final int pageSize;
+    final int pageLimit;
+    final int entriesPerPage;
+
+    /**
+     * @return page size used in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getPageSize() {
+        return pageSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return entries per page used in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getEntriesPerPage() {
+        return entriesPerPage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return page limitation in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getPageLimit() {
+        return pageLimit;
+    }
+
+    // The number of pages that have actually been used
+    private int pageCount = 0;
+    HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>> pages = new HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>>();
+
+    /**
+     * @return number of page used in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getNumUsedPages() {
+        return pageCount;
+    }
+
+    private void putIntoTable(HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>> table, LedgerEntryPage lep) {
+        HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = table.get(lep.getLedger());
+        if (map == null) {
+            map = new HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage>();
+            table.put(lep.getLedger(), map);
+        }
+        map.put(lep.getFirstEntry(), lep);
+    }
+
+    private static LedgerEntryPage getFromTable(HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>> table,
+                                                Long ledger, Long firstEntry) {
+        HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = table.get(ledger);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(firstEntry);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    synchronized private LedgerEntryPage getLedgerEntryPage(Long ledger, Long firstEntry, boolean onlyDirty) {
+        LedgerEntryPage lep = getFromTable(pages, ledger, firstEntry);
+        try {
+            if (onlyDirty && lep.isClean()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return lep;
+        } finally {
+            if (lep != null) {
+                lep.usePage();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void putEntryOffset(long ledger, long entry, long offset) throws IOException {
+        int offsetInPage = (int) (entry % entriesPerPage);
+        // find the id of the first entry of the page that has the entry
+        // we are looking for
+        long pageEntry = entry-offsetInPage;
+        LedgerEntryPage lep = getLedgerEntryPage(ledger, pageEntry, false);
+        if (lep == null) {
+            // find a free page
+            lep = grabCleanPage(ledger, pageEntry);
+            updatePage(lep);
+            synchronized(this) {
+                putIntoTable(pages, lep);
+            }
+        }
+        if (lep != null) {
+            lep.setOffset(offset, offsetInPage*8);
+            lep.releasePage();
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getEntryOffset(long ledger, long entry) throws IOException {
+        int offsetInPage = (int) (entry%entriesPerPage);
+        // find the id of the first entry of the page that has the entry
+        // we are looking for
+        long pageEntry = entry-offsetInPage;
+        LedgerEntryPage lep = getLedgerEntryPage(ledger, pageEntry, false);
+        try {
+            if (lep == null) {
+                lep = grabCleanPage(ledger, pageEntry);
+                // should update page before we put it into table
+                // otherwise we would put an empty page in it
+                updatePage(lep);
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    putIntoTable(pages, lep);
+                }
+            }
+            return lep.getOffset(offsetInPage*8);
+        } finally {
+            if (lep != null) {
+                lep.releasePage();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final String getLedgerName(long ledgerId) {
+        int parent = (int) (ledgerId & 0xff);
+        int grandParent = (int) ((ledgerId & 0xff00) >> 8);
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(Integer.toHexString(grandParent));
+        sb.append('/');
+        sb.append(Integer.toHexString(parent));
+        sb.append('/');
+        sb.append(Long.toHexString(ledgerId));
+        sb.append(".idx");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    static final private Random rand = new Random();
+
+    static final private File pickDirs(File dirs[]) {
+        return dirs[rand.nextInt(dirs.length)];
+    }
+
+    FileInfo getFileInfo(Long ledger, byte masterKey[]) throws IOException {
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            FileInfo fi = fileInfoCache.get(ledger);
+            if (fi == null) {
+                File lf = findIndexFile(ledger);
+                if (lf == null) {
+                    if (masterKey == null) {
+                        throw new Bookie.NoLedgerException(ledger);
+                    }
+                    File dir = pickDirs(ledgerDirectories);
+                    String ledgerName = getLedgerName(ledger);
+                    lf = new File(dir, ledgerName);
+                    // A new ledger index file has been created for this Bookie.
+                    // Add this new ledger to the set of active ledgers.
+                    if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.debug("New ledger index file created for ledgerId: " + ledger);
+                    }
+                    activeLedgerManager.addActiveLedger(ledger, true);
+                }
+                if (openLedgers.size() > openFileLimit) {
+                    fileInfoCache.remove(openLedgers.removeFirst()).close();
+                }
+                fi = new FileInfo(lf, masterKey);
+                fileInfoCache.put(ledger, fi);
+                openLedgers.add(ledger);
+            }
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.use();
+            }
+            return fi;
+        }
+    }
+    private void updatePage(LedgerEntryPage lep) throws IOException {
+        if (!lep.isClean()) {
+            throw new IOException("Trying to update a dirty page");
+        }
+        FileInfo fi = null;
+        try {
+            fi = getFileInfo(lep.getLedger(), null);
+            long pos = lep.getFirstEntry()*8;
+            if (pos >= fi.size()) {
+                lep.zeroPage();
+            } else {
+                lep.readPage(fi);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void flushLedger(boolean doAll) throws IOException {
+        synchronized(dirtyLedgers) {
+            if (dirtyLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    for(Long l: pages.keySet()) {
+                        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.trace("Adding " + Long.toHexString(l) + " to dirty pages");
+                        }
+                        dirtyLedgers.add(l);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (dirtyLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            while(!dirtyLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                Long l = dirtyLedgers.removeFirst();
+
+                flushLedger(l);
+
+                if (!doAll) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Yeild. if we are doing all the ledgers we don't want to block other flushes that
+                // need to happen
+                try {
+                    dirtyLedgers.wait(1);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    // just pass it on
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flush a specified ledger
+     *
+     * @param l
+     *          Ledger Id
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private void flushLedger(long l) throws IOException {
+        LinkedList<Long> firstEntryList;
+        synchronized(this) {
+            HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage> pageMap = pages.get(l);
+            if (pageMap == null || pageMap.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            firstEntryList = new LinkedList<Long>();
+            for(Map.Entry<Long, LedgerEntryPage> entry: pageMap.entrySet()) {
+                LedgerEntryPage lep = entry.getValue();
+                if (lep.isClean()) {
+                    if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.trace("Page is clean " + lep);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                firstEntryList.add(lep.getFirstEntry());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (firstEntryList.size() == 0) {
+            LOG.debug("Nothing to flush for ledger {}.", l);
+            // nothing to do
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Now flush all the pages of a ledger
+        List<LedgerEntryPage> entries = new ArrayList<LedgerEntryPage>(firstEntryList.size());
+        FileInfo fi = null;
+        try {
+            for(Long firstEntry: firstEntryList) {
+                LedgerEntryPage lep = getLedgerEntryPage(l, firstEntry, true);
+                if (lep != null) {
+                    entries.add(lep);
+                }
+            }
+            Collections.sort(entries, new Comparator<LedgerEntryPage>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public int compare(LedgerEntryPage o1, LedgerEntryPage o2) {
+                    return (int)(o1.getFirstEntry()-o2.getFirstEntry());
+                    }
+                    });
+            ArrayList<Integer> versions = new ArrayList<Integer>(entries.size());
+            fi = getFileInfo(l, null);
+            int start = 0;
+            long lastOffset = -1;
+            for(int i = 0; i < entries.size(); i++) {
+                versions.add(i, entries.get(i).getVersion());
+                if (lastOffset != -1 && (entries.get(i).getFirstEntry() - lastOffset) != entriesPerPage) {
+                    // send up a sequential list
+                    int count = i - start;
+                    if (count == 0) {
+                        System.out.println("Count cannot possibly be zero!");
+                    }
+                    writeBuffers(l, entries, fi, start, count);
+                    start = i;
+                }
+                lastOffset = entries.get(i).getFirstEntry();
+            }
+            if (entries.size()-start == 0 && entries.size() != 0) {
+                System.out.println("Nothing to write, but there were entries!");
+            }
+            writeBuffers(l, entries, fi, start, entries.size()-start);
+            synchronized(this) {
+                for(int i = 0; i < entries.size(); i++) {
+                    LedgerEntryPage lep = entries.get(i);
+                    lep.setClean(versions.get(i));
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            for(LedgerEntryPage lep: entries) {
+                lep.releasePage();
+            }
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeBuffers(Long ledger,
+                              List<LedgerEntryPage> entries, FileInfo fi,
+                              int start, int count) throws IOException {
+        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+            LOG.trace("Writing " + count + " buffers of " + Long.toHexString(ledger));
+        }
+        if (count == 0) {
+            //System.out.println("Count is zero!");
+            return;
+        }
+        ByteBuffer buffs[] = new ByteBuffer[count];
+        for(int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
+            buffs[j] = entries.get(start+j).getPageToWrite();
+            if (entries.get(start+j).getLedger() != ledger) {
+                throw new IOException("Writing to " + ledger + " but page belongs to "
+                                      + entries.get(start+j).getLedger());
+            }
+        }
+        long totalWritten = 0;
+        while(buffs[buffs.length-1].remaining() > 0) {
+            long rc = fi.write(buffs, entries.get(start+0).getFirstEntry()*8);
+            if (rc <= 0) {
+                throw new IOException("Short write to ledger " + ledger + " rc = " + rc);
+            }
+            //System.out.println("Wrote " + rc + " to " + ledger);
+            totalWritten += rc;
+        }
+        if (totalWritten != count * pageSize) {
+            throw new IOException("Short write to ledger " + ledger + " wrote " + totalWritten
+                                  + " expected " + count * pageSize);
+        }
+    }
+    private LedgerEntryPage grabCleanPage(long ledger, long entry) throws IOException {
+        if (entry % entriesPerPage != 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(entry + " is not a multiple of " + entriesPerPage);
+        }
+        synchronized(this) {
+            if (pageCount  < pageLimit) {
+                // let's see if we can allocate something
+                LedgerEntryPage lep = new LedgerEntryPage(pageSize, entriesPerPage);
+                lep.setLedger(ledger);
+                lep.setFirstEntry(entry);
+
+                // note, this will not block since it is a new page
+                lep.usePage();
+                pageCount++;
+                return lep;
+            }
+        }
+
+        outerLoop:
+        while(true) {
+            synchronized(cleanLedgers) {
+                if (cleanLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                    flushLedger(false);
+                    synchronized(this) {
+                        for(Long l: pages.keySet()) {
+                            cleanLedgers.add(l);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    Long cleanLedger = cleanLedgers.getFirst();
+                    Map<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = pages.get(cleanLedger);
+                    if (map == null || map.isEmpty()) {
+                        cleanLedgers.removeFirst();
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Iterator<Map.Entry<Long, LedgerEntryPage>> it = map.entrySet().iterator();
+                    LedgerEntryPage lep = it.next().getValue();
+                    while((lep.inUse() || !lep.isClean())) {
+                        if (!it.hasNext()) {
+                            continue outerLoop;
+                        }
+                        lep = it.next().getValue();
+                    }
+                    it.remove();
+                    if (map.isEmpty()) {
+                        pages.remove(lep.getLedger());
+                    }
+                    lep.usePage();
+                    lep.zeroPage();
+                    lep.setLedger(ledger);
+                    lep.setFirstEntry(entry);
+                    return lep;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLastEntry(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        long lastEntry = 0;
+        // Find the last entry in the cache
+        synchronized(this) {
+            Map<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = pages.get(ledgerId);
+            if (map != null) {
+                for(LedgerEntryPage lep: map.values()) {
+                    if (lep.getFirstEntry() + entriesPerPage < lastEntry) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    lep.usePage();
+                    long highest = lep.getLastEntry();
+                    if (highest > lastEntry) {
+                        lastEntry = highest;
+                    }
+                    lep.releasePage();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        FileInfo fi = null;
+        try {
+            fi = getFileInfo(ledgerId, null);
+            long size = fi.size();
+            // make sure the file size is aligned with index entry size
+            // otherwise we may read incorret data
+            if (0 != size % 8) {
+                LOG.warn("Index file of ledger {} is not aligned with index entry size.", ledgerId);
+                size = size - size % 8;
+            }
+            // we may not have the last entry in the cache
+            if (size > lastEntry*8) {
+                ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(getPageSize());
+                long position = size - getPageSize();
+                if (position < 0) {
+                    position = 0;
+                }
+                fi.read(bb, position);
+                bb.flip();
+                long startingEntryId = position/8;
+                for(int i = getEntriesPerPage()-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                    if (bb.getLong(i*8) != 0) {
+                        if (lastEntry < startingEntryId+i) {
+                            lastEntry = startingEntryId+i;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.release();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return lastEntry;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method will look within the ledger directories for the ledger index
+     * files. That will comprise the set of active ledgers this particular
+     * BookieServer knows about that have not yet been deleted by the BookKeeper
+     * Client. This is called only once during initialization.
+     */
+    private void getActiveLedgers() {
+        // Ledger index files are stored in a file hierarchy with a parent and
+        // grandParent directory. We'll have to go two levels deep into these
+        // directories to find the index files.
+        for (File ledgerDirectory : ledgerDirectories) {
+            for (File grandParent : ledgerDirectory.listFiles()) {
+                if (grandParent.isDirectory()) {
+                    for (File parent : grandParent.listFiles()) {
+                        if (parent.isDirectory()) {
+                            for (File index : parent.listFiles()) {
+                                if (!index.isFile() || !index.getName().endsWith(".idx")) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                // We've found a ledger index file. The file name is the
+                                // HexString representation of the ledgerId.
+                                String ledgerIdInHex = index.getName().substring(0, index.getName().length() - 4);
+                                activeLedgerManager.addActiveLedger(Long.parseLong(ledgerIdInHex, 16), true);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called whenever a ledger is deleted by the BookKeeper Client
+     * and we want to remove all relevant data for it stored in the LedgerCache.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void deleteLedger(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
+            LOG.debug("Deleting ledgerId: " + ledgerId);
+        // Delete the ledger's index file and close the FileInfo
+        FileInfo fi = getFileInfo(ledgerId, null);
+        fi.delete();
+        fi.close();
+
+        // Remove it from the active ledger manager
+        activeLedgerManager.removeActiveLedger(ledgerId);
+
+        // Now remove it from all the other lists and maps.
+        // These data structures need to be synchronized first before removing entries.
+        synchronized(this) {
+            pages.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            fileInfoCache.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(cleanLedgers) {
+            cleanLedgers.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(dirtyLedgers) {
+            dirtyLedgers.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(openLedgers) {
+            openLedgers.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private File findIndexFile(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        String ledgerName = getLedgerName(ledgerId);
+        for(File d: ledgerDirectories) {
+            File lf = new File(d, ledgerName);
+            if (lf.exists()) {
+                return lf;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] readMasterKey(long ledgerId) throws IOException, BookieException {
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            FileInfo fi = fileInfoCache.get(ledgerId);
+            if (fi == null) {
+                File lf = findIndexFile(ledgerId);
+                if (lf == null) {
+                    throw new Bookie.NoLedgerException(ledgerId);
+                }
+                if (openLedgers.size() > openFileLimit) {
+                    fileInfoCache.remove(openLedgers.removeFirst()).close();
+                }
+                fi = new FileInfo(lf, null);
+                byte[] key = fi.getMasterKey();
+                fileInfoCache.put(ledgerId, fi);
+                openLedgers.add(ledgerId);
+                return key;
+            }
+            return fi.getMasterKey();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setMasterKey(long ledgerId, byte[] masterKey) throws IOException {
+        getFileInfo(ledgerId, masterKey);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean ledgerExists(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            FileInfo fi = fileInfoCache.get(ledgerId);
+            if (fi == null) {
+                File lf = findIndexFile(ledgerId);
+                if (lf == null) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LedgerCacheBean getJMXBean() {
+        return new LedgerCacheBean() {
+            @Override
+            public String getName() {
+                return "LedgerCache";
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isHidden() {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getPageCount() {
+                return getNumUsedPages();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getPageSize() {
+                return getPageSize();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getOpenFileLimit() {
+                return openFileLimit;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getPageLimit() {
+                return getPageLimit();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getNumCleanLedgers() {
+                return cleanLedgers.size();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getNumDirtyLedgers() {
+                return dirtyLedgers.size();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getNumOpenLedgers() {
+                return openLedgers.size();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `LedgerCacheImpl.fileInfoCache.remove(LedgerCacheImpl.openLedgers.removeFirst())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 242.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+FileInfo LedgerCacheImpl.getFileInfo(Long,byte[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.LedgerCacheImpl.getFileInfo(java.lang.Long,byte[]):org.apache.bookkeepe.12f848d6e20902b08ecef23f5a5cd7cc
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/main/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/bookie/LedgerCacheImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+LedgerCacheImpl.java|getFileInfo|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9bc4809c0c56fab4016542b5dc0a834e
+
+### Hash:
+d26895208d1bc939feee131d671b923f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7161/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7161/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d588ca23ab4783fd8debc4c169bf572b4e5636e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7161/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.EntryLogger.EntryLogMetadata;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.EntryLogger.EntryLogScanner;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.conf.ServerConfiguration;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerManager;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
+
+/**
+ * This is the garbage collector thread that runs in the background to
+ * remove any entry log files that no longer contains any active ledger.
+ */
+public class GarbageCollectorThread extends Thread {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GarbageCollectorThread.class);
+
+    private static final int SECOND = 1000;
+
+    // Maps entry log files to the set of ledgers that comprise the file and the size usage per ledger
+    private Map<Long, EntryLogMetadata> entryLogMetaMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<Long, EntryLogMetadata>();
+
+    // This is how often we want to run the Garbage Collector Thread (in milliseconds).
+    final long gcWaitTime;
+
+    // Compaction parameters
+    boolean enableMinorCompaction = false;
+    final double minorCompactionThreshold;
+    final long minorCompactionInterval;
+
+    boolean enableMajorCompaction = false;
+    final double majorCompactionThreshold;
+    final long majorCompactionInterval;
+
+    long lastMinorCompactionTime;
+    long lastMajorCompactionTime;
+
+    // Entry Logger Handle
+    final EntryLogger entryLogger;
+    final EntryLogScanner scanner;
+
+    // Ledger Cache Handle
+    final LedgerCache ledgerCache;
+
+    final LedgerManager ledgerManager;
+
+    // ZooKeeper Client
+    final ZooKeeper zk;
+
+    // flag to ensure gc thread will not be interrupted during compaction
+    // to reduce the risk getting entry log corrupted
+    final AtomicBoolean compacting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    volatile boolean running = true;
+
+    /**
+     * A scanner wrapper to check whether a ledger is alive in an entry log file
+     */
+    class CompactionScanner implements EntryLogScanner {
+        EntryLogMetadata meta;
+
+        public CompactionScanner(EntryLogMetadata meta) {
+            this.meta = meta;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean accept(long ledgerId) {
+            return meta.containsLedger(ledgerId) && scanner.accept(ledgerId);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void process(long ledgerId, ByteBuffer entry) throws IOException {
+            scanner.process(ledgerId, entry);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Create a garbage collector thread.
+     *
+     * @param conf
+     *          Server Configuration Object.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public GarbageCollectorThread(ServerConfiguration conf,
+                                  ZooKeeper zookeeper,
+                                  LedgerCache ledgerCache,
+                                  EntryLogger entryLogger,
+                                  LedgerManager ledgerManager,
+                                  EntryLogScanner scanner)
+        throws IOException {
+        super("GarbageCollectorThread");
+
+        this.zk = zookeeper;
+        this.ledgerCache = ledgerCache;
+        this.entryLogger = entryLogger;
+        this.ledgerManager = ledgerManager;
+        this.scanner = scanner;
+
+        this.gcWaitTime = conf.getGcWaitTime();
+        // compaction parameters
+        minorCompactionThreshold = conf.getMinorCompactionThreshold();
+        minorCompactionInterval = conf.getMinorCompactionInterval() * SECOND;
+        majorCompactionThreshold = conf.getMajorCompactionThreshold();
+        majorCompactionInterval = conf.getMajorCompactionInterval() * SECOND;
+
+        if (minorCompactionInterval > 0 && minorCompactionThreshold > 0) {
+            if (minorCompactionThreshold > 1.0f) {
+                throw new IOException("Invalid minor compaction threshold "
+                                    + minorCompactionThreshold);
+            }
+            if (minorCompactionInterval <= gcWaitTime) {
+                throw new IOException("Too short minor compaction interval : "
+                                    + minorCompactionInterval);
+            }
+            enableMinorCompaction = true;
+        }
+
+        if (majorCompactionInterval > 0 && majorCompactionThreshold > 0) {
+            if (majorCompactionThreshold > 1.0f) {
+                throw new IOException("Invalid major compaction threshold "
+                                    + majorCompactionThreshold);
+            }
+            if (majorCompactionInterval <= gcWaitTime) {
+                throw new IOException("Too short major compaction interval : "
+                                    + majorCompactionInterval);
+            }
+            enableMajorCompaction = true;
+        }
+
+        if (enableMinorCompaction && enableMajorCompaction) {
+            if (minorCompactionInterval >= majorCompactionInterval ||
+                minorCompactionThreshold >= majorCompactionThreshold) {
+                throw new IOException("Invalid minor/major compaction settings : minor ("
+                                    + minorCompactionThreshold + ", " + minorCompactionInterval
+                                    + "), major (" + majorCompactionThreshold + ", "
+                                    + majorCompactionInterval + ")");
+            }
+        }
+
+        LOG.info("Minor Compaction : enabled=" + enableMinorCompaction + ", threshold="
+               + minorCompactionThreshold + ", interval=" + minorCompactionInterval);
+        LOG.info("Major Compaction : enabled=" + enableMajorCompaction + ", threshold="
+               + majorCompactionThreshold + ", interval=" + majorCompactionInterval);
+
+        lastMinorCompactionTime = lastMajorCompactionTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        while (running) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                try {
+                    wait(gcWaitTime);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Dependency check.
+            if (null == zk) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Extract all of the ledger ID's that comprise all of the entry logs
+            // (except for the current new one which is still being written to).
+            try {
+                entryLogMetaMap = entryLogger.extractMetaFromEntryLogs(entryLogMetaMap);
+            } catch (IOException ie) {
+                LOG.warn("Exception when extracting entry log meta from entry logs : ", ie);
+            }
+
+            // gc inactive/deleted ledgers
+            doGcLedgers();
+
+            // gc entry logs
+            doGcEntryLogs();
+
+            long curTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            if (enableMajorCompaction &&
+                curTime - lastMajorCompactionTime > majorCompactionInterval) {
+                // enter major compaction
+                LOG.info("Enter major compaction");
+                doCompactEntryLogs(majorCompactionThreshold);
+                lastMajorCompactionTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                // also move minor compaction time
+                lastMinorCompactionTime = lastMajorCompactionTime;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (enableMinorCompaction &&
+                curTime - lastMinorCompactionTime > minorCompactionInterval) {
+                // enter minor compaction
+                LOG.info("Enter minor compaction");
+                doCompactEntryLogs(minorCompactionThreshold);
+                lastMinorCompactionTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Do garbage collection ledger index files
+     */
+    private void doGcLedgers() {
+        ledgerManager.garbageCollectLedgers(
+        new LedgerManager.GarbageCollector() {
+            @Override
+            public void gc(long ledgerId) {
+                try {
+                    ledgerCache.deleteLedger(ledgerId);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Exception when deleting the ledger index file on the Bookie: ", e);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Garbage collect those entry loggers which are not associated with any active ledgers
+     */
+    private void doGcEntryLogs() {
+        // Loop through all of the entry logs and remove the non-active ledgers.
+        for (Long entryLogId : entryLogMetaMap.keySet()) {
+            EntryLogMetadata meta = entryLogMetaMap.get(entryLogId);
+            for (Long entryLogLedger : meta.ledgersMap.keySet()) {
+                // Remove the entry log ledger from the set if it isn't active.
+                if (!ledgerManager.containsActiveLedger(entryLogLedger)) {
+                    meta.removeLedger(entryLogLedger);
+                }
+            }
+            if (meta.isEmpty()) {
+                // This means the entry log is not associated with any active ledgers anymore.
+                // We can remove this entry log file now.
+                LOG.info("Deleting entryLogId " + entryLogId + " as it has no active ledgers!");
+                removeEntryLog(entryLogId);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compact entry logs if necessary.
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * Compaction will be executed from low unused space to high unused space.
+     * Those entry log files whose remaining size percentage is higher than threshold
+     * would not be compacted.
+     * </p>
+     */
+    private void doCompactEntryLogs(double threshold) {
+        LOG.info("Do compaction to compact those files lower than " + threshold);
+        // sort the ledger meta by occupied unused space
+        Comparator<EntryLogMetadata> sizeComparator = new Comparator<EntryLogMetadata>() {
+            @Override
+            public int compare(EntryLogMetadata m1, EntryLogMetadata m2) {
+                long unusedSize1 = m1.totalSize - m1.remainingSize;
+                long unusedSize2 = m2.totalSize - m2.remainingSize;
+                if (unusedSize1 > unusedSize2) {
+                    return -1;
+                } else if (unusedSize1 < unusedSize2) {
+                    return 1;
+                } else {
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        List<EntryLogMetadata> logsToCompact = new ArrayList();
+        logsToCompact.addAll(entryLogMetaMap.values());
+        Collections.sort(logsToCompact, sizeComparator);
+        for (EntryLogMetadata meta : logsToCompact) {
+            if (meta.getUsage() >= threshold) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Compacting entry log " + meta.entryLogId + " below threshold "
+                        + threshold + ".");
+            }
+            compactEntryLog(meta.entryLogId);
+            if (!running) { // if gc thread is not running, stop compaction
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shutdown the garbage collector thread.
+     *
+     * @throws InterruptedException if there is an exception stopping gc thread.
+     */
+    public void shutdown() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.running = false;
+        if (compacting.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+            // if setting compacting flag succeed, means gcThread is not compacting now
+            // it is safe to interrupt itself now
+            this.interrupt();
+        }
+        this.join();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove entry log.
+     *
+     * @param entryLogId
+     *          Entry Log File Id
+     */
+    private void removeEntryLog(long entryLogId) {
+        // remove entry log file successfully
+        if (entryLogger.removeEntryLog(entryLogId)) {
+            entryLogMetaMap.remove(entryLogId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compact an entry log.
+     *
+     * @param entryLogId
+     *          Entry Log File Id
+     */
+    protected void compactEntryLog(long entryLogId) {
+        EntryLogMetadata entryLogMeta = entryLogMetaMap.get(entryLogId);
+        if (null == entryLogMeta) {
+            LOG.warn("Can't get entry log meta when compacting entry log " + entryLogId + ".");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Similar with Sync Thread
+        // try to mark compacting flag to make sure it would not be interrupted
+        // by shutdown during compaction. otherwise it will receive
+        // ClosedByInterruptException which may cause index file & entry logger
+        // closed and corrupted.
+        if (!compacting.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+            // set compacting flag failed, means compacting is true now
+            // indicates another thread wants to interrupt gc thread to exit
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LOG.info("Compacting entry log : " + entryLogId);
+
+        try {
+            entryLogger.scanEntryLog(entryLogId, new CompactionScanner(entryLogMeta));
+            // after moving entries to new entry log, remove this old one
+            removeEntryLog(entryLogId);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.info("Premature exception when compacting " + entryLogId, e);
+        } finally {
+            // clear compacting flag
+            compacting.set(false);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.GarbageCollectorThread.run` indirectly writes to field `meta.org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.EntryLogger$EntryLogMetadata.remainingSize` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GarbageCollectorThread.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.GarbageCollectorThread.run():void.16d9764ecd5897a6c35c1455d2de42cf
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/main/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/bookie/GarbageCollectorThread.java
+
+### Key:
+GarbageCollectorThread.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1f894bea3092a6843222eb9ea7883b92
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7166/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7166/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ec9c87555bb7cc61b2b930850b279ae11fad5f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7166/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.client;
+
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.CloseCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException.BKDigestMatchException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle.NoopCloseCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.DigestManager.RecoveryData;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookieProtocol;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.ReadEntryCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.GenericCallback;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.jboss.netty.buffer.ChannelBuffer;
+
+/**
+ * This class encapsulated the ledger recovery operation. It first does a read
+ * with entry-id of -1 (LedgerHandle.LAST_ADD_CONFIRMED) to all bookies. Then
+ * starting from the last confirmed entry (from hints in the ledger entries),
+ * it reads forward until it is not able to find a particular entry. It closes
+ * the ledger at that entry.
+ *
+ */
+class LedgerRecoveryOp implements ReadEntryCallback, ReadCallback, AddCallback {
+    static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LedgerRecoveryOp.class);
+    LedgerHandle lh;
+    int numResponsesPending;
+    boolean proceedingWithRecovery = false;
+    long maxAddPushed = -1;
+    long maxAddConfirmed = -1;
+    long maxLength = 0;
+
+    GenericCallback<Void> cb;
+
+    public LedgerRecoveryOp(LedgerHandle lh, GenericCallback<Void> cb) {
+        this.cb = cb;
+        this.lh = lh;
+        numResponsesPending = lh.metadata.ensembleSize;
+    }
+
+    public void initiate() {
+        /** 
+         * Enable fencing on this op. When the read request reaches the bookies
+         * server it will fence off the ledger, stopping any subsequent operation
+         * from writing to it.
+         */
+        int flags = BookieProtocol.FLAG_DO_FENCING;
+        for (int i = 0; i < lh.metadata.currentEnsemble.size(); i++) {
+            lh.bk.bookieClient.readEntry(lh.metadata.currentEnsemble.get(i), lh.ledgerId, 
+                                         BookieProtocol.LAST_ADD_CONFIRMED, this, i, flags);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void readEntryComplete(final int rc, final long ledgerId, final long entryId,
+            final ChannelBuffer buffer, final Object ctx) {
+
+        // Already proceeding with recovery, nothing to do
+        if (proceedingWithRecovery) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int bookieIndex = (Integer) ctx;
+
+        numResponsesPending--;
+
+        boolean heardValidResponse = false;
+
+        if (rc == BKException.Code.OK) {
+            try {
+                RecoveryData recoveryData = lh.macManager.verifyDigestAndReturnLastConfirmed(buffer);
+                maxAddConfirmed = Math.max(maxAddConfirmed, recoveryData.lastAddConfirmed);
+                maxAddPushed = Math.max(maxAddPushed, recoveryData.entryId);
+                heardValidResponse = true;
+            } catch (BKDigestMatchException e) {
+                // Too bad, this bookie didnt give us a valid answer, we
+                // still might be able to recover though so continue
+                LOG.error("Mac mismatch while reading last entry from bookie: "
+                          + lh.metadata.currentEnsemble.get(bookieIndex));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (rc == BKException.Code.NoSuchLedgerExistsException || rc == BKException.Code.NoSuchEntryException) {
+            // this still counts as a valid response, e.g., if the
+            // client
+            // crashed without writing any entry
+            heardValidResponse = true;
+        }
+
+        // other return codes dont count as valid responses
+        if (heardValidResponse && lh.distributionSchedule.canProceedWithRecovery(bookieIndex)) {
+            proceedingWithRecovery = true;
+            lh.lastAddPushed = lh.lastAddConfirmed = maxAddConfirmed;
+            lh.length = maxLength;
+            doRecoveryRead();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (numResponsesPending == 0) {
+            // Have got all responses back but was still not enough to
+            // start
+            // recovery, just fail the operation
+            LOG.error("While recovering ledger: " + ledgerId + " did not hear success responses from all quorums");
+            cb.operationComplete(BKException.Code.LedgerRecoveryException, null);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to read past the last confirmed.
+     */
+    private void doRecoveryRead() {
+        lh.lastAddConfirmed++;
+        lh.asyncReadEntries(lh.lastAddConfirmed, lh.lastAddConfirmed, this, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        // get back to prev value
+        lh.lastAddConfirmed--;
+        if (rc == BKException.Code.OK) {
+            LedgerEntry entry = seq.nextElement();
+            byte[] data = entry.getEntry();
+
+            /*
+             * We will add this entry again to make sure it is written to enough
+             * replicas. We subtract the length of the data itself, since it will
+             * be added again when processing the call to add it.
+             */
+            lh.length = entry.getLength() - (long) data.length;
+            lh.asyncRecoveryAddEntry(data, 0, data.length, this, null);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (rc == BKException.Code.NoSuchEntryException || rc == BKException.Code.NoSuchLedgerExistsException) {
+            lh.asyncCloseInternal(new CloseCallback() {
+                @Override
+                public void closeComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Object ctx) {
+                    if (rc != KeeperException.Code.OK.intValue()) {
+                        LOG.warn("Close failed: " + BKException.getMessage(rc));
+                        cb.operationComplete(BKException.Code.ZKException, null);
+                    } else {
+                        cb.operationComplete(BKException.Code.OK, null);
+                        LOG.debug("After closing length is: " + lh.getLength()); 
+                    }
+                } 
+                
+                }, null, BKException.Code.LedgerClosedException);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // otherwise, some other error, we can't handle
+        LOG.error("Failure " + BKException.getMessage(rc) + " while reading entry: " + lh.lastAddConfirmed + 1
+                  + " ledger: " + lh.ledgerId + " while recovering ledger");
+        cb.operationComplete(rc, null);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if (rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+            // Give up, we can't recover from this error
+
+            LOG.error("Failure " + BKException.getMessage(rc) + " while writing entry: " + lh.lastAddConfirmed + 1
+                      + " ledger: " + lh.ledgerId + " while recovering ledger");
+            cb.operationComplete(rc, null);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        doRecoveryRead();
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerRecoveryOp.initiate` indirectly reads without synchronization from `client.org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.PerChannelBookieClient.state`. Potentially races with write in method `LedgerRecoveryOp.readEntryComplete(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LedgerRecoveryOp.initiate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerRecoveryOp.initiate():void.a76977abc54d2aed2049ce5c946c52d9
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/main/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/client/LedgerRecoveryOp.java
+
+### Key:
+LedgerRecoveryOp.java|initiate|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+29017278490f86648f37ccdd071183c5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7168/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7168/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69211909168169b8584bdfcf08918ad62df069ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7168/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerManager;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.conf.ServerConfiguration;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of LedgerCache interface.
+ * This class serves two purposes.
+ */
+public class LedgerCacheImpl implements LedgerCache {
+    private final static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LedgerDescriptor.class);
+
+    final File ledgerDirectories[];
+
+    public LedgerCacheImpl(ServerConfiguration conf, LedgerManager alm) {
+        this.ledgerDirectories = Bookie.getCurrentDirectories(conf.getLedgerDirs());
+        this.openFileLimit = conf.getOpenFileLimit();
+        this.pageSize = conf.getPageSize();
+        this.entriesPerPage = pageSize / 8;
+
+        if (conf.getPageLimit() <= 0) {
+            // allocate half of the memory to the page cache
+            this.pageLimit = (int)((Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory() / 3) / this.pageSize);
+        } else {
+            this.pageLimit = conf.getPageLimit();
+        }
+        LOG.info("maxMemory = " + Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory());
+        LOG.info("openFileLimit is " + openFileLimit + ", pageSize is " + pageSize + ", pageLimit is " + pageLimit);
+        activeLedgerManager = alm;
+        // Retrieve all of the active ledgers.
+        getActiveLedgers();
+    }
+    /**
+     * the list of potentially clean ledgers
+     */
+    LinkedList<Long> cleanLedgers = new LinkedList<Long>();
+
+    /**
+     * the list of potentially dirty ledgers
+     */
+    LinkedList<Long> dirtyLedgers = new LinkedList<Long>();
+
+    HashMap<Long, FileInfo> fileInfoCache = new HashMap<Long, FileInfo>();
+
+    LinkedList<Long> openLedgers = new LinkedList<Long>();
+
+    // Manage all active ledgers in LedgerManager
+    // so LedgerManager has knowledge to garbage collect inactive/deleted ledgers
+    final LedgerManager activeLedgerManager;
+
+    final int openFileLimit;
+    final int pageSize;
+    final int pageLimit;
+    final int entriesPerPage;
+
+    /**
+     * @return page size used in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getPageSize() {
+        return pageSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return entries per page used in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getEntriesPerPage() {
+        return entriesPerPage;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return page limitation in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getPageLimit() {
+        return pageLimit;
+    }
+
+    // The number of pages that have actually been used
+    private int pageCount = 0;
+    HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>> pages = new HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>>();
+
+    /**
+     * @return number of page used in ledger cache
+     */
+    public int getNumUsedPages() {
+        return pageCount;
+    }
+
+    private void putIntoTable(HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>> table, LedgerEntryPage lep) {
+        HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = table.get(lep.getLedger());
+        if (map == null) {
+            map = new HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage>();
+            table.put(lep.getLedger(), map);
+        }
+        map.put(lep.getFirstEntry(), lep);
+    }
+
+    private static LedgerEntryPage getFromTable(HashMap<Long, HashMap<Long,LedgerEntryPage>> table,
+                                                Long ledger, Long firstEntry) {
+        HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = table.get(ledger);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(firstEntry);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    synchronized private LedgerEntryPage getLedgerEntryPage(Long ledger, Long firstEntry, boolean onlyDirty) {
+        LedgerEntryPage lep = getFromTable(pages, ledger, firstEntry);
+        try {
+            if (onlyDirty && lep.isClean()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return lep;
+        } finally {
+            if (lep != null) {
+                lep.usePage();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void putEntryOffset(long ledger, long entry, long offset) throws IOException {
+        int offsetInPage = (int) (entry % entriesPerPage);
+        // find the id of the first entry of the page that has the entry
+        // we are looking for
+        long pageEntry = entry-offsetInPage;
+        LedgerEntryPage lep = getLedgerEntryPage(ledger, pageEntry, false);
+        if (lep == null) {
+            // find a free page
+            lep = grabCleanPage(ledger, pageEntry);
+            updatePage(lep);
+            synchronized(this) {
+                putIntoTable(pages, lep);
+            }
+        }
+        if (lep != null) {
+            lep.setOffset(offset, offsetInPage*8);
+            lep.releasePage();
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getEntryOffset(long ledger, long entry) throws IOException {
+        int offsetInPage = (int) (entry%entriesPerPage);
+        // find the id of the first entry of the page that has the entry
+        // we are looking for
+        long pageEntry = entry-offsetInPage;
+        LedgerEntryPage lep = getLedgerEntryPage(ledger, pageEntry, false);
+        try {
+            if (lep == null) {
+                lep = grabCleanPage(ledger, pageEntry);
+                // should update page before we put it into table
+                // otherwise we would put an empty page in it
+                updatePage(lep);
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    putIntoTable(pages, lep);
+                }
+            }
+            return lep.getOffset(offsetInPage*8);
+        } finally {
+            if (lep != null) {
+                lep.releasePage();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final String getLedgerName(long ledgerId) {
+        int parent = (int) (ledgerId & 0xff);
+        int grandParent = (int) ((ledgerId & 0xff00) >> 8);
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(Integer.toHexString(grandParent));
+        sb.append('/');
+        sb.append(Integer.toHexString(parent));
+        sb.append('/');
+        sb.append(Long.toHexString(ledgerId));
+        sb.append(".idx");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    static final private Random rand = new Random();
+
+    static final private File pickDirs(File dirs[]) {
+        return dirs[rand.nextInt(dirs.length)];
+    }
+
+    FileInfo getFileInfo(Long ledger, byte masterKey[]) throws IOException {
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            FileInfo fi = fileInfoCache.get(ledger);
+            if (fi == null) {
+                File lf = findIndexFile(ledger);
+                if (lf == null) {
+                    if (masterKey == null) {
+                        throw new Bookie.NoLedgerException(ledger);
+                    }
+                    File dir = pickDirs(ledgerDirectories);
+                    String ledgerName = getLedgerName(ledger);
+                    lf = new File(dir, ledgerName);
+                    // A new ledger index file has been created for this Bookie.
+                    // Add this new ledger to the set of active ledgers.
+                    if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.debug("New ledger index file created for ledgerId: " + ledger);
+                    }
+                    activeLedgerManager.addActiveLedger(ledger, true);
+                }
+                if (openLedgers.size() > openFileLimit) {
+                    fileInfoCache.remove(openLedgers.removeFirst()).close();
+                }
+                fi = new FileInfo(lf, masterKey);
+                fileInfoCache.put(ledger, fi);
+                openLedgers.add(ledger);
+            }
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.use();
+            }
+            return fi;
+        }
+    }
+    private void updatePage(LedgerEntryPage lep) throws IOException {
+        if (!lep.isClean()) {
+            throw new IOException("Trying to update a dirty page");
+        }
+        FileInfo fi = null;
+        try {
+            fi = getFileInfo(lep.getLedger(), null);
+            long pos = lep.getFirstEntry()*8;
+            if (pos >= fi.size()) {
+                lep.zeroPage();
+            } else {
+                lep.readPage(fi);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void flushLedger(boolean doAll) throws IOException {
+        synchronized(dirtyLedgers) {
+            if (dirtyLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    for(Long l: pages.keySet()) {
+                        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.trace("Adding " + Long.toHexString(l) + " to dirty pages");
+                        }
+                        dirtyLedgers.add(l);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (dirtyLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            while(!dirtyLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                Long l = dirtyLedgers.removeFirst();
+
+                flushLedger(l);
+
+                if (!doAll) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // Yeild. if we are doing all the ledgers we don't want to block other flushes that
+                // need to happen
+                try {
+                    dirtyLedgers.wait(1);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    // just pass it on
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flush a specified ledger
+     *
+     * @param l
+     *          Ledger Id
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private void flushLedger(long l) throws IOException {
+        LinkedList<Long> firstEntryList;
+        synchronized(this) {
+            HashMap<Long, LedgerEntryPage> pageMap = pages.get(l);
+            if (pageMap == null || pageMap.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            firstEntryList = new LinkedList<Long>();
+            for(Map.Entry<Long, LedgerEntryPage> entry: pageMap.entrySet()) {
+                LedgerEntryPage lep = entry.getValue();
+                if (lep.isClean()) {
+                    if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.trace("Page is clean " + lep);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                firstEntryList.add(lep.getFirstEntry());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (firstEntryList.size() == 0) {
+            LOG.debug("Nothing to flush for ledger {}.", l);
+            // nothing to do
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Now flush all the pages of a ledger
+        List<LedgerEntryPage> entries = new ArrayList<LedgerEntryPage>(firstEntryList.size());
+        FileInfo fi = null;
+        try {
+            for(Long firstEntry: firstEntryList) {
+                LedgerEntryPage lep = getLedgerEntryPage(l, firstEntry, true);
+                if (lep != null) {
+                    entries.add(lep);
+                }
+            }
+            Collections.sort(entries, new Comparator<LedgerEntryPage>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public int compare(LedgerEntryPage o1, LedgerEntryPage o2) {
+                    return (int)(o1.getFirstEntry()-o2.getFirstEntry());
+                    }
+                    });
+            ArrayList<Integer> versions = new ArrayList<Integer>(entries.size());
+            fi = getFileInfo(l, null);
+            int start = 0;
+            long lastOffset = -1;
+            for(int i = 0; i < entries.size(); i++) {
+                versions.add(i, entries.get(i).getVersion());
+                if (lastOffset != -1 && (entries.get(i).getFirstEntry() - lastOffset) != entriesPerPage) {
+                    // send up a sequential list
+                    int count = i - start;
+                    if (count == 0) {
+                        System.out.println("Count cannot possibly be zero!");
+                    }
+                    writeBuffers(l, entries, fi, start, count);
+                    start = i;
+                }
+                lastOffset = entries.get(i).getFirstEntry();
+            }
+            if (entries.size()-start == 0 && entries.size() != 0) {
+                System.out.println("Nothing to write, but there were entries!");
+            }
+            writeBuffers(l, entries, fi, start, entries.size()-start);
+            synchronized(this) {
+                for(int i = 0; i < entries.size(); i++) {
+                    LedgerEntryPage lep = entries.get(i);
+                    lep.setClean(versions.get(i));
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            for(LedgerEntryPage lep: entries) {
+                lep.releasePage();
+            }
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeBuffers(Long ledger,
+                              List<LedgerEntryPage> entries, FileInfo fi,
+                              int start, int count) throws IOException {
+        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+            LOG.trace("Writing " + count + " buffers of " + Long.toHexString(ledger));
+        }
+        if (count == 0) {
+            //System.out.println("Count is zero!");
+            return;
+        }
+        ByteBuffer buffs[] = new ByteBuffer[count];
+        for(int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
+            buffs[j] = entries.get(start+j).getPageToWrite();
+            if (entries.get(start+j).getLedger() != ledger) {
+                throw new IOException("Writing to " + ledger + " but page belongs to "
+                                      + entries.get(start+j).getLedger());
+            }
+        }
+        long totalWritten = 0;
+        while(buffs[buffs.length-1].remaining() > 0) {
+            long rc = fi.write(buffs, entries.get(start+0).getFirstEntry()*8);
+            if (rc <= 0) {
+                throw new IOException("Short write to ledger " + ledger + " rc = " + rc);
+            }
+            //System.out.println("Wrote " + rc + " to " + ledger);
+            totalWritten += rc;
+        }
+        if (totalWritten != count * pageSize) {
+            throw new IOException("Short write to ledger " + ledger + " wrote " + totalWritten
+                                  + " expected " + count * pageSize);
+        }
+    }
+    private LedgerEntryPage grabCleanPage(long ledger, long entry) throws IOException {
+        if (entry % entriesPerPage != 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(entry + " is not a multiple of " + entriesPerPage);
+        }
+        synchronized(this) {
+            if (pageCount  < pageLimit) {
+                // let's see if we can allocate something
+                LedgerEntryPage lep = new LedgerEntryPage(pageSize, entriesPerPage);
+                lep.setLedger(ledger);
+                lep.setFirstEntry(entry);
+
+                // note, this will not block since it is a new page
+                lep.usePage();
+                pageCount++;
+                return lep;
+            }
+        }
+
+        outerLoop:
+        while(true) {
+            synchronized(cleanLedgers) {
+                if (cleanLedgers.isEmpty()) {
+                    flushLedger(false);
+                    synchronized(this) {
+                        for(Long l: pages.keySet()) {
+                            cleanLedgers.add(l);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    Long cleanLedger = cleanLedgers.getFirst();
+                    Map<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = pages.get(cleanLedger);
+                    if (map == null || map.isEmpty()) {
+                        cleanLedgers.removeFirst();
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Iterator<Map.Entry<Long, LedgerEntryPage>> it = map.entrySet().iterator();
+                    LedgerEntryPage lep = it.next().getValue();
+                    while((lep.inUse() || !lep.isClean())) {
+                        if (!it.hasNext()) {
+                            continue outerLoop;
+                        }
+                        lep = it.next().getValue();
+                    }
+                    it.remove();
+                    if (map.isEmpty()) {
+                        pages.remove(lep.getLedger());
+                    }
+                    lep.usePage();
+                    lep.zeroPage();
+                    lep.setLedger(ledger);
+                    lep.setFirstEntry(entry);
+                    return lep;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLastEntry(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        long lastEntry = 0;
+        // Find the last entry in the cache
+        synchronized(this) {
+            Map<Long, LedgerEntryPage> map = pages.get(ledgerId);
+            if (map != null) {
+                for(LedgerEntryPage lep: map.values()) {
+                    if (lep.getFirstEntry() + entriesPerPage < lastEntry) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    lep.usePage();
+                    long highest = lep.getLastEntry();
+                    if (highest > lastEntry) {
+                        lastEntry = highest;
+                    }
+                    lep.releasePage();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        FileInfo fi = null;
+        try {
+            fi = getFileInfo(ledgerId, null);
+            long size = fi.size();
+            // make sure the file size is aligned with index entry size
+            // otherwise we may read incorret data
+            if (0 != size % 8) {
+                LOG.warn("Index file of ledger {} is not aligned with index entry size.", ledgerId);
+                size = size - size % 8;
+            }
+            // we may not have the last entry in the cache
+            if (size > lastEntry*8) {
+                ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(getPageSize());
+                long position = size - getPageSize();
+                if (position < 0) {
+                    position = 0;
+                }
+                fi.read(bb, position);
+                bb.flip();
+                long startingEntryId = position/8;
+                for(int i = getEntriesPerPage()-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                    if (bb.getLong(i*8) != 0) {
+                        if (lastEntry < startingEntryId+i) {
+                            lastEntry = startingEntryId+i;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (fi != null) {
+                fi.release();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return lastEntry;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method will look within the ledger directories for the ledger index
+     * files. That will comprise the set of active ledgers this particular
+     * BookieServer knows about that have not yet been deleted by the BookKeeper
+     * Client. This is called only once during initialization.
+     */
+    private void getActiveLedgers() {
+        // Ledger index files are stored in a file hierarchy with a parent and
+        // grandParent directory. We'll have to go two levels deep into these
+        // directories to find the index files.
+        for (File ledgerDirectory : ledgerDirectories) {
+            for (File grandParent : ledgerDirectory.listFiles()) {
+                if (grandParent.isDirectory()) {
+                    for (File parent : grandParent.listFiles()) {
+                        if (parent.isDirectory()) {
+                            for (File index : parent.listFiles()) {
+                                if (!index.isFile() || !index.getName().endsWith(".idx")) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                // We've found a ledger index file. The file name is the
+                                // HexString representation of the ledgerId.
+                                String ledgerIdInHex = index.getName().substring(0, index.getName().length() - 4);
+                                activeLedgerManager.addActiveLedger(Long.parseLong(ledgerIdInHex, 16), true);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called whenever a ledger is deleted by the BookKeeper Client
+     * and we want to remove all relevant data for it stored in the LedgerCache.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void deleteLedger(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
+            LOG.debug("Deleting ledgerId: " + ledgerId);
+        // Delete the ledger's index file and close the FileInfo
+        FileInfo fi = getFileInfo(ledgerId, null);
+        fi.delete();
+        fi.close();
+
+        // Remove it from the active ledger manager
+        activeLedgerManager.removeActiveLedger(ledgerId);
+
+        // Now remove it from all the other lists and maps.
+        // These data structures need to be synchronized first before removing entries.
+        synchronized(this) {
+            pages.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            fileInfoCache.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(cleanLedgers) {
+            cleanLedgers.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(dirtyLedgers) {
+            dirtyLedgers.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+        synchronized(openLedgers) {
+            openLedgers.remove(ledgerId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private File findIndexFile(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        String ledgerName = getLedgerName(ledgerId);
+        for(File d: ledgerDirectories) {
+            File lf = new File(d, ledgerName);
+            if (lf.exists()) {
+                return lf;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] readMasterKey(long ledgerId) throws IOException, BookieException {
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            FileInfo fi = fileInfoCache.get(ledgerId);
+            if (fi == null) {
+                File lf = findIndexFile(ledgerId);
+                if (lf == null) {
+                    throw new Bookie.NoLedgerException(ledgerId);
+                }
+                if (openLedgers.size() > openFileLimit) {
+                    fileInfoCache.remove(openLedgers.removeFirst()).close();
+                }
+                fi = new FileInfo(lf, null);
+                byte[] key = fi.getMasterKey();
+                fileInfoCache.put(ledgerId, fi);
+                openLedgers.add(ledgerId);
+                return key;
+            }
+            return fi.getMasterKey();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setMasterKey(long ledgerId, byte[] masterKey) throws IOException {
+        getFileInfo(ledgerId, masterKey);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean ledgerExists(long ledgerId) throws IOException {
+        synchronized(fileInfoCache) {
+            FileInfo fi = fileInfoCache.get(ledgerId);
+            if (fi == null) {
+                File lf = findIndexFile(ledgerId);
+                if (lf == null) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LedgerCacheBean getJMXBean() {
+        return new LedgerCacheBean() {
+            @Override
+            public String getName() {
+                return "LedgerCache";
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isHidden() {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getPageCount() {
+                return getNumUsedPages();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getPageSize() {
+                return getPageSize();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getOpenFileLimit() {
+                return openFileLimit;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getPageLimit() {
+                return getPageLimit();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getNumCleanLedgers() {
+                return cleanLedgers.size();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getNumDirtyLedgers() {
+                return dirtyLedgers.size();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int getNumOpenLedgers() {
+                return openLedgers.size();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `LedgerCacheImpl.fileInfoCache.remove(LedgerCacheImpl.openLedgers.removeFirst())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 632.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] LedgerCacheImpl.readMasterKey(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.LedgerCacheImpl.readMasterKey(long):byte[].0cf5710e5a8ede77bc5aa588a8ce9315
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/main/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/bookie/LedgerCacheImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+LedgerCacheImpl.java|readMasterKey|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+46d8fea60985d158e130e69790c8b985
+
+### Hash:
+689a9a17ec60407502db3d53ccfe2be0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7172/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7172/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a023ed64eeffe3c344a36b41bfbd80a6b1a177f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7172/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 59
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine.solr;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ModelException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test the WorkflowService method parseJSONQueyResult from SolrSerachService
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ * 
+ */
+public class TestParseSolrJSONResult {
+		
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+	private final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TestParseSolrJSONResult.class.getName());
+
+	SolrSearchService solrSearchService=null;
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() throws PluginException, ModelException {
+		 solrSearchService=new SolrSearchService();
+	}
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * Test 
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testParseResult() {
+		List<ItemCollection> result=null;
+		String testString = "{\n" + 
+				"  \"responseHeader\":{\n" + 
+				"    \"status\":0,\n" + 
+				"    \"QTime\":4,\n" + 
+				"    \"params\":{\n" + 
+				"      \"q\":\"*:*\",\n" + 
+				"      \"_\":\"1567286252995\"}},\n" + 
+				"  \"response\":{\"numFound\":2,\"start\":0,\"docs\":[\n" + 
+				"      {\n" + 
+				"        \"type\":[\"model\"],\n" + 
+				"        \"id\":\"3a182d18-33d9-4951-8970-d9eaf9d337ff\",\n" + 
+				"        \"_modified\":[20190831211617],\n" + 
+				"        \"_created\":[20190831211617],\n" + 
+				"        \"_version_\":1643418672068296704},\n" + 
+				"      {\n" + 
+				"        \"type\":[\"adminp\"],\n" + 
+				"        \"id\":\"60825929-4d7d-4346-9333-afd7dbfca457\",\n" + 
+				"        \"_modified\":[20190831211618],\n" + 
+				"        \"_created\":[20190831211618],\n" + 
+				"        \"_version_\":1643418672172105728}]\n" + 
+				"  }}";
+		
+		
+		
+		result=solrSearchService.parseQueryResult(testString);
+		Assert.assertEquals(2,result.size());
+		
+		ItemCollection document=null;
+
+		document=result.get(0);
+		Assert.assertEquals("model", document.getItemValueString("type"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("3a182d18-33d9-4951-8970-d9eaf9d337ff", document.getItemValueString("id"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(1567278977000l, document.getItemValueDate("_modified").getTime());
+		Assert.assertEquals(1567278977000l, document.getItemValueDate("_created").getTime());
+		
+		document=result.get(1);
+		Assert.assertEquals("adminp", document.getItemValueString("type"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("60825929-4d7d-4346-9333-afd7dbfca457",document.getItemValueString("id"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(1567278978000l, document.getItemValueDate("_created").getTime());
+		
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `document.getItemValueDate("_created")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 74.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestParseSolrJSONResult.testParseResult()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.solr.TestParseSolrJSONResult.testParseResult():void.8bca95ae8d3576765b27ffb7c2dae7ea
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-index-solr/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/solr/TestParseSolrJSONResult.java
+
+### Key:
+TestParseSolrJSONResult.java|testParseResult|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+3e0701326dca08fd3b27a3355297ca09
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7175/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7175/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a3104da6b37c2182d267415aad5950657790043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7175/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.WorkflowSchedulerService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for WorkflowSchedulerService
+ * 
+ * This test verifies if the inDue methods workItemInDue() and addWorkDays()
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestWorkflowScheduler {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() throws PluginException {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This test the date compare base on $lastProcessingDate in days
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ProcessingErrorException
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testDaysOnLastProcess() throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+
+		ItemCollection doc = new ItemCollection();
+		ItemCollection activity = new ItemCollection();
+
+		// delay unit = days
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyActivityDelayUnit", "3");
+		// compare type = last process
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyScheduledBaseObject", "1");
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 10);
+
+		Calendar workitemCal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertTrue(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 15);
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertFalse(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+	}
+
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Monday to Fiday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+	
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+	
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 8).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 14).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		// friday - 5
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `addWorkDays(startDate,9)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 101.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromMonday()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromMonday():void.3b341ae0a16ef84212734955fa5d807d
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/TestWorkflowScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWorkflowScheduler.java|testAddWorkdaysFromMonday|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+8b4a44b5ff0c5b303b87002feac7c9ae
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7181/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7181/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f306e0262ddf982ffd1142e1729d236c9e9d28b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7181/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.WorkflowSchedulerService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for WorkflowSchedulerService
+ * 
+ * This test verifies if the inDue methods workItemInDue() and addWorkDays()
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestWorkflowScheduler {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() throws PluginException {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This test the date compare base on $lastProcessingDate in days
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ProcessingErrorException
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testDaysOnLastProcess() throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+
+		ItemCollection doc = new ItemCollection();
+		ItemCollection activity = new ItemCollection();
+
+		// delay unit = days
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyActivityDelayUnit", "3");
+		// compare type = last process
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyScheduledBaseObject", "1");
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 10);
+
+		Calendar workitemCal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertTrue(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 15);
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertFalse(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+	}
+
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Monday to Fiday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+	
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+	
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 8).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 14).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		// friday - 5
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `addWorkDays(startDate,8)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 125.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromFriday()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromFriday():void.f3946d1d8dd1b4884aa4ba3e4607a10f
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/TestWorkflowScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWorkflowScheduler.java|testAddWorkdaysFromFriday|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+753177bf42345cdfd0db503baff925df
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7188/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7188/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a234cbecfc2bcc8cc991dc94eec32dcfecd6ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7188/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ *  Imixs Workflow 
+ *  Copyright (C) 2001, 2011 Imixs Software Solutions GmbH,  
+ *  http://www.imixs.com
+ *  
+ *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or 
+ *  modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License 
+ *  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 
+ *  of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *  
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU 
+ *  General Public License for more details.
+ *  
+ *  You can receive a copy of the GNU General Public
+ *  License at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *  
+ *  Project: 
+ *  	http://www.imixs.org
+ *  	http://java.net/projects/imixs-workflow
+ *  
+ *  Contributors:  
+ *  	Imixs Software Solutions GmbH - initial API and implementation
+ *  	Ralph Soika - Software Developer
+ *******************************************************************************/
+
+package org.imixs.workflow.jee.faces.workitem;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.ejb.EJB;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.WorkflowKernel;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.InvalidAccessException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ModelException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.jee.ejb.ModelService;
+
+/**
+ * The WorkflowController can be used in JSF Applications to manage workflow
+ * processing on any workitem.
+ * 
+ * The WorklfowController can be extended by a web module implementing a project
+ * specific behavior.
+ * 
+ * The properties modelVersion and processID are used to control and create new
+ * workitem instances based on a model definition
+ * 
+ * The workflowController bean is typically used in session scope.
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ * @version 0.0.2
+ */
+public class WorkflowController extends DataController {
+
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	private List<ItemCollection> activityList;
+
+	@EJB
+	private org.imixs.workflow.jee.ejb.ModelService modelService;
+
+	@EJB
+	private org.imixs.workflow.jee.ejb.WorkflowService workflowService;
+
+	public WorkflowController() {
+		super();
+		// set default type
+		setType("workitem");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * returns an instance of the ModelService EJB
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public ModelService getModelService() {
+		return modelService;
+	}
+
+	public org.imixs.workflow.jee.ejb.WorkflowService getWorkflowService() {
+		return workflowService;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Updates the current workItem and reset the activityList.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public void setWorkitem(ItemCollection aworkitem) {
+		super.setWorkitem(aworkitem);
+		activityList = null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This action method is used to initialize a new workitem. There for the
+	 * method loads the initial ProcessEntity and updates the Workflow
+	 * attributes WorfklowGroup and EditorId.
+	 * 
+	 * if the new workItem has no $modelversion the method set a default model
+	 * version (computed by the latest version and the first processEntiy).
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @param action
+	 *            - the action returned by this method
+	 * @return - action
+	 * @throws ModelException
+	 */
+	public String init(String action) {
+
+		ItemCollection startProcessEntity = null;
+
+		activityList = null;
+
+		if (!getWorkitem().hasItem("$ModelVersion")) {
+			String modelVersion;
+			try {
+				modelVersion = modelService.getLatestVersion();
+			} catch (ModelException e) {
+				throw new InvalidAccessException(e.getErrorContext(),
+						e.getErrorCode(), e.getMessage(), e);
+			}
+			getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("$ModelVersion", modelVersion);
+		}
+
+		// if not process id was set fetch the first start workitem
+		if (getWorkitem().getItemValueInteger("$ProcessID") <= 0) {
+			// get ProcessEntities by version
+			List<ItemCollection> col;
+			col = modelService.getAllStartProcessEntities(getWorkitem()
+					.getItemValueString(WorkflowKernel.MODELVERSION));
+			if (!col.isEmpty()) {
+				startProcessEntity = col.iterator().next();
+				getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("$ProcessID",
+						startProcessEntity.getItemValueInteger("numProcessID"));
+			}
+		}
+
+		// find the ProcessEntity
+		startProcessEntity = modelService.getProcessEntity(getWorkitem()
+				.getItemValueInteger(WorkflowKernel.PROCESSID), getWorkitem()
+				.getItemValueString(WorkflowKernel.MODELVERSION));
+
+		// ProcessEntity found?
+		if (startProcessEntity == null)
+			throw new InvalidAccessException(
+					ModelException.INVALID_MODEL_ENTRY,
+					"unable to find ProcessEntity in model version "
+							+ getWorkitem().getItemValueString(
+									WorkflowKernel.MODELVERSION)
+							+ " for ID="
+							+ getWorkitem().getItemValueInteger(
+									WorkflowKernel.PROCESSID));
+
+		// update processId and WriteAccess
+		getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("$WriteAccess",
+				getWorkitem().getItemValue("namCreator"));
+
+		// assign WorkflowGroup and editor
+		getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("txtworkflowgroup",
+				startProcessEntity.getItemValueString("txtworkflowgroup"));
+		getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("txtworkflowStatus",
+				startProcessEntity.getItemValueString("txtname"));
+		getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("txtWorkflowImageURL",
+				startProcessEntity.getItemValueString("txtimageurl"));
+
+		getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("txtWorkflowEditorid",
+				startProcessEntity.getItemValueString("txteditorid"));
+
+		return action;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method processes the current workItem and returns an action result.
+	 * The method expects that the current workItem provides a valid
+	 * $ActiviytID.
+	 * 
+	 * The method returns the value of the property 'action' if provided by the
+	 * workflow model or a plug-in. The 'action' property is typically evaluated
+	 * from the ResultPlugin. Alternatively the property can be provided by an
+	 * application. If no 'action' property is provided the method evaluates the
+	 * default property 'txtworkflowResultmessage' from the model as an action
+	 * result.
+	 * 
+	 * The method resets the current ActivityList after the workitem was
+	 * processed.
+	 * 
+	 * @return the action result provided in the 'action' property or evaluated
+	 *         from the default property 'txtworkflowResultmessage' from the
+	 *         ActivityEntity
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * @throws PluginException
+	 */
+	public String process() throws AccessDeniedException,
+			ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+		// clear last action
+		workitem.removeItem("action");
+
+		// process workItem now...
+		workitem = this.getWorkflowService().processWorkItem(workitem);
+
+		// reset the activity list!
+		// Never call setWorkitem because this affects behavior of subclasses!
+		activityList = null;
+
+		// test if the property 'action' is provided
+		String action = workitem.getItemValueString("action");
+		if ("".equals(action))
+			// get default workflowResult message
+			action = workitem.getItemValueString("txtworkflowresultmessage");
+		return ("".equals(action) ? null : action);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method processes the current workItem with the provided activityID.
+	 * The meethod can be used as an actionListener.
+	 * 
+	 * @param id
+	 *            - activityID to be processed
+	 * @throws PluginException
+	 * 
+	 * @see process()
+	 * @see process(id,resetWorkitem)
+	 */
+	public String process(int id) throws AccessDeniedException,
+			ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+		return process(id, false);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method processes the current workItem with the provided activityID.
+	 * The method can be used as an actionListener. If the Boolean 'reset' is
+	 * true then the controller will be reset after process.
+	 * 
+	 * @param id
+	 *            - activityID to be processed
+	 * @param resetWorkitem
+	 *            - boolean indicates if the workitem should be reset
+	 * @throws PluginException
+	 * @see process()
+	 */
+	public String process(int id, boolean resetWorkitem)
+			throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException,
+			PluginException {
+		// update the property $ActivityID
+		this.getWorkitem().replaceItemValue("$ActivityID", id);
+		String result = process();
+
+		if (resetWorkitem)
+			reset(null);
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method overwrite the default behavior and processes the current
+	 * workItem.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public String save(String action) throws AccessDeniedException {
+		// process workItem.
+		try {
+			return process();
+		} catch (ProcessingErrorException e) {
+			throw new InvalidAccessException(e.getErrorContext(),
+					e.getErrorCode(), e.getMessage(), e);
+		} catch (PluginException e) {
+			throw new InvalidAccessException(e.getErrorContext(),
+					e.getErrorCode(), e.getMessage(), e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * returns the last computed workflow resultmessage. The property
+	 * 'txtworkflowresultmessage' is computed by the ResultPlugin.
+	 * 
+	 * If no txtworkflowresultmessage is found an empty string will be returned
+	 * 
+	 * @return - the action result
+	 */
+	public String getAction() {
+		String action = getWorkitem().getItemValueString(
+				"txtworkflowresultmessage");
+		return ("".equals(action) ? null : action);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * returns a arrayList of Activities to the corresponding processiD of the
+	 * current WorkItem. The Method returns the activities corresponding to the
+	 * workItems modelVersionID. The list of computed activities is cashed until
+	 * a new workItem was set or the current workItem was processed.
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> getActivities() {
+		if (activityList != null)
+			return activityList;
+
+		activityList = new ArrayList<ItemCollection>();
+
+		if (getWorkitem() == null)
+			return activityList;
+
+		int processId = getWorkitem().getItemValueInteger("$processid");
+
+		if (processId == 0)
+			return activityList;
+
+		String sversion = getWorkitem().getItemValueString("$modelversion");
+
+		// get Workflow-Activities by version if provided by the workitem
+		List<ItemCollection> col = null;
+		if (sversion != null && !"".equals(sversion))
+			col = this.getModelService().getPublicActivities(processId,
+					sversion);
+
+		for (ItemCollection aworkitem : col) {
+			activityList.add(aworkitem);
+		}
+		return activityList;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if the current workItem was processed before by the
+	 * workflowService. This is identified by the property 'numLastActivityID'
+	 * which is computed by the WorkflowKernel.
+	 * 
+	 * @return true if the current workItem was already processed by the
+	 *         WorkflowKernel
+	 */
+	public boolean isNewWorkitem() {
+		try {
+			return (!getWorkitem().hasItem("numlastactivityid"));
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `col` last assigned on line 316 could be null and is dereferenced at line 321.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List WorkflowController.getActivities()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.jee.faces.workitem.WorkflowController.getActivities():java.util.List.1248941301f0d610c1b16db391d33976
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-faces/src/main/java/org/imixs/workflow/jee/faces/workitem/WorkflowController.java
+
+### Key:
+WorkflowController.java|getActivities|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+239afdfcea9510c627eacfcf8cdb298f
+
+### Hash:
+909d73775ea8378f2310149762111ddc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7192/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7192/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4ccc06f1536fe1ff8bd93b69138c0ff1748d068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7192/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.WorkflowSchedulerService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for WorkflowSchedulerService
+ * 
+ * This test verifies if the inDue methods workItemInDue() and addWorkDays()
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestWorkflowScheduler {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() throws PluginException {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This test the date compare base on $lastProcessingDate in days
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ProcessingErrorException
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testDaysOnLastProcess() throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+
+		ItemCollection doc = new ItemCollection();
+		ItemCollection activity = new ItemCollection();
+
+		// delay unit = days
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyActivityDelayUnit", "3");
+		// compare type = last process
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyScheduledBaseObject", "1");
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 10);
+
+		Calendar workitemCal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertTrue(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 15);
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertFalse(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+	}
+
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Monday to Fiday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+	
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+	
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 8).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 14).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		// friday - 5
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `addWorkDays(startDate,1)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 220.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday():void.4c53079772a2fbf3beab0e6e270b456b
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/TestWorkflowScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWorkflowScheduler.java|testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+6168352844f7a185d88c42e9e3286469
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7195/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7195/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2215d45c00442719e92949074eb620f4f70c070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7195/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1254 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.bpmn;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.WorkflowKernel;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ModelException;
+import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
+
+/**
+ * The Imixs BPMNDefaultHandler is used to extract the Imixs Task and Event
+ * Elements of a Imixs BPMN model.
+ * 
+ * A BPMN file can either be a simple diagram with one process or a
+ * collaboration diagram with a bpmn2:collaboration definition. For
+ * collaboration diagrams the currentWorkflowGroup is read from the
+ * bpmn2:collaboration element. For a simple BPMN diagram type the
+ * currentWorkflowGroup is read from the bpmn2:process element.
+ * 
+ * #issue 113: The parser connects pairs of catch and throw link events with a
+ * virtual SequenceFlow to support the same behavior as if the link events were
+ * connected directly.
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ *
+ */
+public class BPMNModelHandler extends DefaultHandler {
+
+	private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(BPMNModelHandler.class.getName());
+
+	boolean bDefinitions = false;
+	boolean bMessage = false;
+	boolean bAnnotation = false;
+	boolean bExtensionElements = false;
+	boolean bImixsProperty = false;
+	boolean bImixsTask = false;
+	boolean bImixsEvent = false;
+	boolean bThrowEvent = false;
+	boolean bCatchEvent = false;
+	boolean bLinkThrowEvent = false;
+	boolean bLinkCatchEvent = false;
+	boolean bItemValue = false;
+	boolean bdocumentation = false;
+	ItemCollection currentEntity = null;
+	String currentItemName = null;
+	String currentItemType = null;
+	String currentWorkflowGroup = null;
+	String currentMessageName = null;
+	String currentAnnotationName = null;
+	String currentLinkName = null;
+	String bpmnID = null;
+	StringBuilder characterStream = null;
+
+	BPMNModel model = null;
+
+	Map<String, ItemCollection> taskCache = null;
+	Map<String, ItemCollection> eventCache = null;
+
+	Map<String, String> linkThrowEventCache = null;
+	Map<String, String> linkCatchEventCache = null;
+
+	Map<String, SequenceFlow> sequenceCache = null;
+	Map<String, SequenceFlow> associationCache = null;
+	Map<String, String> messageCache = null;
+	Map<String, String> annotationCache = null;
+
+	List<String> startEvents = null;
+
+	ItemCollection definition = null;
+
+	private List<String> ignoreItemList = null;
+
+	public BPMNModelHandler() {
+		super();
+		model = new BPMNModel();
+		// initalize cache objects
+		taskCache = new HashMap<String, ItemCollection>();
+		eventCache = new HashMap<String, ItemCollection>();
+		messageCache = new HashMap<String, String>();
+		annotationCache = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+		linkThrowEventCache = new HashMap<String, String>();
+		linkCatchEventCache = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+		startEvents = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+		sequenceCache = new HashMap<String, SequenceFlow>();
+		associationCache = new HashMap<String, SequenceFlow>();
+
+		// define items to be ignored for import
+		String[] array = { "txtname", "txtworkflowgroup", "numprocessid", "numactivityid", "type" };
+		ignoreItemList = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(array));
+
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName, Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
+		logger.finest("Start Element :" + qName);
+
+		// bpmn2:definitions
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:definitions")) {
+			bDefinitions = true;
+			currentEntity = new ItemCollection();
+			// initialize profile entity...
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("type", "WorkflowEnvironmentEntity");
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("txtname", "environment.profile");
+
+		}
+
+		// bpmn2:process - parse workflowGroup
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:process")) {
+			if (bDefinitions && currentEntity != null) {
+				definition = currentEntity;
+				bDefinitions = false;
+
+			}
+			currentWorkflowGroup = attributes.getValue("name");
+			if (currentWorkflowGroup == null || currentWorkflowGroup.isEmpty()) {
+				logger.warning("No process name defined!");
+				currentWorkflowGroup = "Default";
+			}
+		}
+
+		// bpmn2:startEvent
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:startEvent")) {
+			startEvents.add(attributes.getValue("id"));
+		}
+
+		// bpmn2:task - identify a Imixs Workflow Taks element
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:task")) {
+
+			// imixs Task element?
+			String value = attributes.getValue("imixs:processid");
+			if (value == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			bImixsTask = true;
+			int currentID = Integer.parseInt(value);
+			currentEntity = new ItemCollection();
+			bpmnID = attributes.getValue("id");
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("type", "ProcessEntity");
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("txtname", attributes.getValue("name"));
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("txtworkflowgroup", currentWorkflowGroup);
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("numprocessid", currentID);
+		}
+
+		// bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent - identify link events...
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:intermediateThrowEvent") && attributes.getValue("imixs:activityid") == null) {
+			bThrowEvent = true;
+			currentLinkName = attributes.getValue("name");
+			bpmnID = attributes.getValue("id");
+			return;
+		}
+		if (bThrowEvent && qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:linkEventDefinition")) {
+			bLinkThrowEvent = true;
+			bThrowEvent = false;
+			return;
+		}
+		// bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent - identify link events...
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent") && attributes.getValue("imixs:activityid") == null) {
+			bCatchEvent = true;
+			currentLinkName = attributes.getValue("name");
+			bpmnID = attributes.getValue("id");
+			return;
+		}
+		if (bCatchEvent && qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:linkEventDefinition")) {
+			bLinkCatchEvent = true;
+			bCatchEvent = false;
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent - identify a Imixs Workflow Event
+		// element
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent")
+				|| qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:intermediateThrowEvent")) {
+
+			// imixs Event element?
+			String value = attributes.getValue("imixs:activityid");
+			if (value == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			bImixsEvent = true;
+			int currentID = Integer.parseInt(value);
+			currentEntity = new ItemCollection();
+			bpmnID = attributes.getValue("id");
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("type", "ActivityEntity");
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("txtname", attributes.getValue("name"));
+			currentEntity.replaceItemValue("numactivityid", currentID);
+		}
+
+		// bpmn2:sequenceFlow - cache all sequenceFlows...
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:sequenceFlow")) {
+			bpmnID = attributes.getValue("id");
+			String source = attributes.getValue("sourceRef");
+			String target = attributes.getValue("targetRef");
+			sequenceCache.put(bpmnID, new SequenceFlow(source, target));
+		}
+
+		// bpmn2:association - cache all association...
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:association")) {
+			bpmnID = attributes.getValue("id");
+			String source = attributes.getValue("sourceRef");
+			String target = attributes.getValue("targetRef");
+			associationCache.put(bpmnID, new SequenceFlow(source, target));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * parse a imixs:item
+		 */
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("imixs:item")) {
+			// check attributes
+			currentItemName = attributes.getValue("name");
+			currentItemType = attributes.getValue("type");
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * parse a imixs:value
+		 */
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("imixs:value")) {
+			bItemValue = true;
+			characterStream = new StringBuilder();
+		}
+
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:extensionElements")) {
+			bExtensionElements = true;
+		}
+
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:documentation")) {
+			bdocumentation = true;
+			characterStream = new StringBuilder();
+		}
+
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:message")) {
+			bMessage = true;
+			currentMessageName = attributes.getValue("name");
+		}
+
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:textAnnotation")) {
+			bAnnotation = true;
+			currentAnnotationName = attributes.getValue("id");
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+	@Override
+	public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName) throws SAXException {
+
+		// end of bpmn2:process
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:process")) {
+			if (currentWorkflowGroup != null) {
+				currentWorkflowGroup = null;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// end of bpmn2:task -
+		if (bImixsTask && qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:task")) {
+			bImixsTask = false;
+			taskCache.put(bpmnID, currentEntity);
+		}
+
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:extensionElements")) {
+			bExtensionElements = false;
+		}
+
+		// end of bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent -
+		if (bImixsEvent && (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent")
+				|| qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:intermediateThrowEvent"))) {
+			bImixsEvent = false;
+			// we need to cache the activities because the sequenceflows must be
+			// analysed later
+			eventCache.put(bpmnID, currentEntity);
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * End of a imixs:value
+		 */
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("imixs:value")) {
+			if (bExtensionElements && bItemValue && currentEntity != null && characterStream != null) {
+
+				String svalue = characterStream.toString();
+				List valueList = currentEntity.getItemValue(currentItemName);
+
+				if ("xs:boolean".equals(currentItemType.toLowerCase())) {
+					valueList.add(Boolean.valueOf(svalue));
+				} else if ("xs:integer".equals(currentItemType.toLowerCase())) {
+					valueList.add(Integer.valueOf(svalue));
+				} else {
+					valueList.add(svalue);
+				}
+
+				// item will only be added if it is not listed in the ignoreItem
+				// List!
+				if (!ignoreItemList.contains(currentItemName)) {
+					currentEntity.replaceItemValue(currentItemName, valueList);
+				}
+			}
+			bItemValue = false;
+			characterStream = null;
+		}
+
+		if (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:documentation")) {
+			if (currentEntity != null) {
+				currentEntity.replaceItemValue("rtfdescription", characterStream.toString());
+			}
+
+			// bpmn2:message?
+			if (bMessage) {
+				// cache the message...
+				messageCache.put(currentMessageName, characterStream.toString());
+				bMessage = false;
+			}
+
+			// bpmn2:annotation?
+			if (bAnnotation) {
+				// cache the annotation
+				annotationCache.put(currentAnnotationName, characterStream.toString());
+				bAnnotation = false;
+			}
+
+			characterStream = null;
+			bdocumentation = false;
+		}
+
+		// end of bpmn2:intermediateThrowEvent -
+		if (bLinkThrowEvent && !bLinkCatchEvent && (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:linkEventDefinition"))) {
+			bLinkThrowEvent = false;
+			// we need to cache the link name
+			linkThrowEventCache.put(bpmnID, currentLinkName);
+		}
+
+		// end of bpmn2:intermediateCatchEvent -
+		if (bLinkCatchEvent && !bLinkThrowEvent && (qName.equalsIgnoreCase("bpmn2:linkEventDefinition"))) {
+			bLinkCatchEvent = false;
+			// we need to cache the link name
+			linkCatchEventCache.put(currentLinkName, bpmnID);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	// @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+	@Override
+	public void characters(char ch[], int start, int length) throws SAXException {
+
+		if (bdocumentation) {
+			characterStream = characterStream.append(new String(ch, start, length));
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * parse a imixs:value
+		 */
+		if (bExtensionElements && bItemValue && currentEntity != null) {
+			characterStream = characterStream.append(new String(ch, start, length));
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method builds the model from the information parsed by the handler.
+	 * First all task elements were adds as unique process entities into the
+	 * model. In the second step the method adds the Activity elements to the
+	 * assigned Task. We look also for activities with no incoming SequenceFlow.
+	 * 
+	 * The builder verifies the ProcessIDs for each task element to guaranty
+	 * that the numProcessID is unique
+	 * 
+	 * The build connects pairs of Catch and Throw LinkEvents with a virtual
+	 * SequenceFlow to support the same behavior as if those elements where
+	 * connected directly in the model.
+	 * 
+	 * The method tests the model for bpmn2:message elements and replace links
+	 * in Activity elements attribute 'rtfMailBody'
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ModelException
+	 */
+	public BPMNModel buildModel() throws ModelException {
+
+		String modelVersion = definition.getItemValueString("txtworkflowmodelversion");
+		definition.replaceItemValue("$modelversion", modelVersion);
+		model = new BPMNModel();
+
+		model.setDefinition(definition);
+
+		// create virtual sequence Flows for LinkEvents if available
+		for (String sourceID : linkThrowEventCache.keySet()) {
+			String linkName = linkThrowEventCache.get(sourceID);
+			// test if we found a matching target CatchEvent
+			String targetID = linkCatchEventCache.get(linkName);
+			if (targetID != null) {
+				// build a virtual sequenceFlow...
+				sequenceCache.put(WorkflowKernel.generateUniqueID(), new SequenceFlow(sourceID, targetID));
+			}
+		}
+
+		// add all Imixs tasks into the model and validate the processids
+		List<Integer> processIDList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+		for (String key : taskCache.keySet()) {
+			ItemCollection task = taskCache.get(key);
+			// check if numProcessID is unique...
+			int pId = task.getItemValueInteger("numProcessID");
+			if (processIDList.contains(pId)) {
+				// we need a new pid!
+				pId = processIDList.get(processIDList.size() - 1);
+				pId = pId + 100;
+				logger.warning("Task " + task.getItemValueInteger("numProcessID") + " ("
+						+ task.getItemValueString("txtname") + ") is not unique, assigning new ProcessID " + pId
+						+ ". Please verify the XML content.");
+				task.replaceItemValue("numProcessID", pId);
+				// update task in cache
+				taskCache.put(key, task);
+			}
+
+			// update modelversion...
+			task.replaceItemValue("$modelVersion", modelVersion);
+
+			// look for optional annotations....
+			// annotation text will be added to the task if the task has yet no
+			// documentation
+			String annotationText = getAnnotationForElement(key);
+			if (annotationText != null && task.getItemValueString("rtfdescription").isEmpty()) {
+				// we take the annotation as the new documentation
+				task.replaceItemValue("rtfdescription", annotationText);
+			}
+
+			model.addTask(task);
+
+			// add id and resort
+			processIDList.add(pId);
+			Collections.sort(processIDList);
+		}
+
+		// Iterate over all Imixs Event IDs and add them to the corresponding
+		// Imixs Task Elements
+		for (String eventID : eventCache.keySet()) {
+			List<ItemCollection> sourceTaskList = findSourceTasks(eventID);
+			for (ItemCollection sourceTask : sourceTaskList) {
+				addImixsEvent(eventID, sourceTask);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return model;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns the documentation of connected annotations to a given
+	 * Element
+	 * 
+	 * @param elementID
+	 *            - BPMN element linked with an annotation
+	 * @return - the documentation text or null if no annotation was linked
+	 **/
+	private String getAnnotationForElement(String elementID) {
+		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+		// check all annotations....
+		for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : annotationCache.entrySet()) {
+			String id = entry.getKey();
+			String annotation = entry.getValue();
+			if (annotation == null || annotation.trim().isEmpty()) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			// test if the elementID is connected to this annotation....
+			List<SequenceFlow> resultList = findIncomingAssociations(elementID);
+			for (SequenceFlow flow : resultList) {
+				if (flow.source.equals(id)) {
+					builder.append(annotation);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (builder.length() > 0) {
+			return builder.toString();
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns all SourceTask Elements connected to a given eventID.
+	 * The method takes care about loop events and follow up events. Later ones
+	 * are handled by the method addImixsEvent(). For that reason, the result of
+	 * this method can be also an empty list.
+	 * 
+	 * An event can be a shared event so it is possible that more than one
+	 * source tasks are found
+	 * 
+	 * @param eventID
+	 * @throws ModelException
+	 */
+	private List<ItemCollection> findSourceTasks(String eventID) throws ModelException {
+		List<ItemCollection> result = new ArrayList<ItemCollection>();
+		boolean isFollowUp = false;
+
+		// first we lookup all possible incoming flows to identify direct source
+		// tasks
+		List<SequenceFlow> inFlows = findIncomingFlows(eventID);
+
+		if (inFlows != null && inFlows.size() > 0) {
+			for (SequenceFlow aFlow : inFlows) {
+				List<ItemCollection> sourceTaskList = new ArrayList<ItemCollection>();
+				sourceTaskList = new ElementResolver().findAllImixsSourceTasks(aFlow, sourceTaskList);
+				if (sourceTaskList.size() > 0) {
+					result.addAll(sourceTaskList);
+				} else {
+					// we found no source task. Test if the incoming flow is a
+					// event. Than we can ignore this flow! (follow up event)
+					ItemCollection sourceEvent = new ElementResolver().findImixsSourceEvent(aFlow);
+					if (sourceEvent != null) {
+						isFollowUp = true;
+						// ignore
+						continue;
+					} else {
+						// now as we found no task or event we check if we got a
+						// start event!
+						if (startEvents.contains(aFlow.source)) {
+							// all possible target Tasks are the source tasks
+							// for this event!
+							List<SequenceFlow> outFlows = findOutgoingFlows(eventID);
+							List<String> targetTaskList = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+							for (SequenceFlow outgoingFlow : outFlows) {
+								targetTaskList = new ElementResolver().findAllImixsTargetTaskIDs(outgoingFlow,
+										targetTaskList);
+							}
+							// here we retrun all possible target tasks
+							for (String targetID : targetTaskList) {
+								result.add(taskCache.get(targetID));
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// finish?
+			if (result.size() > 0) {
+				// we do not test for loop events
+				return result;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// possible a loop event, if this is no followUp.
+		// so we test the target task...
+
+		if (!isFollowUp) {
+
+			List<SequenceFlow> outFlows = findOutgoingFlows(eventID);
+			if (outFlows != null && outFlows.size() != 1) {
+				// invalid model!!
+				throw new ModelException(ModelException.INVALID_MODEL,
+						"Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventID + "' has none or more than one targets!");
+			}
+
+			// test target element....
+			// issue #211 - verify all outFlows!
+			// SequenceFlow outgoingFlow = outFlows.get(0);
+
+			for (SequenceFlow outgoingFlow : outFlows) {
+				ItemCollection targetTask = new ElementResolver().findImixsTargetTask(outgoingFlow);
+				if (targetTask != null) {
+					result.add(targetTask);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		logger.fine("Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventID + "' is directly assigend to " + result.size() + " task elements");
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method computes the target for an event and adds the event to a
+	 * source task. The method call recursive if the target is a followUp Event.
+	 * 
+	 * If a event has no target the method throws an exception
+	 * 
+	 * If a event has more than one targets (task or event elements) then the
+	 * event is handled as a loop event.
+	 * 
+	 * If a event is already assigned to the sourceTask, the method returns
+	 * without adding the event.
+	 * 
+	 * @param sourceTask
+	 * @param event
+	 * @throws ModelException
+	 */
+	private void addImixsEvent(String eventID, ItemCollection sourceTask) throws ModelException {
+
+		ItemCollection event = eventCache.get(eventID);
+		// test event for null
+		if (event == null) {
+			// invalid model (should not happen)
+			throw new ModelException(ModelException.INVALID_MODEL, "Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventID + "' unknown!");
+		}
+		// clone event
+		event = new ItemCollection(event);
+		String eventName = event.getItemValueString("txtname");
+
+		// test sourceTask for null
+		if (sourceTask == null) {
+			// invalid model!!
+			throw new ModelException(ModelException.INVALID_MODEL,
+					"Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventName + "' has no source task!");
+		}
+
+		// if the event is already assigned to the sourceTask, then we can
+		// skip, because there is no need to duplicate an event!
+		try {
+			if (model.getEvent(sourceTask.getItemValueInteger("numProcessID"),
+					event.getItemValueInteger("numactivityid")) != null) {
+				logger.fine("Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventName + "' is already assigned tosource task!");
+				return;
+			}
+		} catch (ModelException me1) {
+			// ok we need to add the event....
+		}
+
+		logger.finest("adding event '" + eventName + "'");
+
+		List<SequenceFlow> outFlows = findOutgoingFlows(eventID);
+		if (outFlows == null || outFlows.size() == 0) {
+			// invalid model!!
+			throw new ModelException(ModelException.INVALID_MODEL,
+					"Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventName + "' has no target!");
+		}
+
+		// test if the element has multiple targets. In this case the event is
+		// handled as a loop event
+		List<String> targetList = new ArrayList<String>();
+		for (SequenceFlow outgoingFlow : outFlows) {
+			targetList = new ElementResolver().findAllImixsTargetIDs(outgoingFlow, targetList);
+		}
+		if (targetList.size() > 1) {
+			// we have a multi event which need to be handled like a loop event
+			event.removeItem("keyFollowUp");
+			event.replaceItemValue("numNextProcessID", sourceTask.getItemValue("numProcessID"));
+
+			// here we need to check if one of the targets is an event - this
+			// need to be handled in a recursive call
+			for (String elementID : targetList) {
+				// test if the target is a Imixs Event
+				ItemCollection imixsElement = eventCache.get(elementID);
+				if (imixsElement != null) {
+					// recursive call!
+					addImixsEvent(elementID, sourceTask);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} else {
+			// normal case - the event has one outgoing target and we test the
+			// target element now
+
+			// test target element....
+			// SequenceFlow outgoingFlow = outFlows.get(0);
+			String followUpEventID = null;
+			for (SequenceFlow outgoingFlow : outFlows) {
+				// is this Event connected to a followUp Activity?
+				followUpEventID = new ElementResolver().findImixsTargetEventID(outgoingFlow);
+				if (followUpEventID != null) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (followUpEventID != null) {
+				// recursive call!
+				addImixsEvent(followUpEventID, sourceTask);
+
+				ItemCollection followUpEvent = eventCache.get(followUpEventID);
+
+				event.replaceItemValue("keyFollowUp", "1");
+				event.replaceItemValue("numNextActivityID", followUpEvent.getItemValue("numactivityid"));
+
+			} else {
+				// test if we found a target task.
+				ItemCollection targetTask = null;
+				for (SequenceFlow outgoingFlow : outFlows) {
+					// invalid model if more than one target tasks!!
+					if (targetTask != null)
+						throw new ModelException(ModelException.INVALID_MODEL,
+								"Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventName + "' has more than one target task element!");
+					targetTask = new ElementResolver().findImixsTargetTask(outgoingFlow);
+					if (targetTask != null) {
+						event.removeItem("keyFollowUp");
+						event.replaceItemValue("numNextProcessID", targetTask.getItemValue("numProcessID"));
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				if (targetTask == null) {
+					// invalid model!! - no target task
+					throw new ModelException(ModelException.INVALID_MODEL,
+							"Imixs BPMN Event '" + eventName + "' has no target task element!");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// source found
+		event.replaceItemValue("numProcessID", sourceTask.getItemValue("numProcessID"));
+		event.replaceItemValue("$modelVersion", sourceTask.getModelVersion());
+		replaceMessageTags(event);
+		model.addEvent(verifyActiviytIdForEvent(event));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This helper method verifies if the activity of the event is still unique
+	 * for the task element. If not the method computes a new one and updates
+	 * the event
+	 * 
+	 * @param event
+	 * @param task
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private ItemCollection verifyActiviytIdForEvent(ItemCollection event) {
+		// ItemCollection event = activityCache.get(eventID);
+		int processid = event.getItemValueInteger("numprocessid");
+		int activityid = event.getItemValueInteger("numactivityid");
+
+		List<ItemCollection> assignedActivities = model.findAllEventsByTask(processid);
+		int bestID = -1;
+		for (ItemCollection aactivity : assignedActivities) {
+			int aid = aactivity.getItemValueInteger("numactivityid");
+			if (aid >= bestID) {
+				bestID = aid + 10;
+			}
+			if (aid == activityid) {
+				// problem!
+				String name = event.getItemValueString("txtname");
+				logger.warning("ActivityID " + name + " ID=" + activityid + " is not unique for task " + processid);
+				activityid = -1;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// suggest new activityid?
+		if (activityid <= 0) {
+			// replace id
+			logger.warning("new ActivityID suggested for task " + processid + "=" + bestID);
+			event.replaceItemValue("numactivityid", bestID);
+
+			// processCache.put(eventID, event);
+		} else {
+			// no changes needed!
+		}
+
+		return event;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns all incoming sequence flows for a given element ID
+	 * 
+	 * @param elementID
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private List<SequenceFlow> findIncomingFlows(String elementID) {
+
+		List<SequenceFlow> result = new ArrayList<BPMNModelHandler.SequenceFlow>();
+		for (String aFlowID : sequenceCache.keySet()) {
+			SequenceFlow aFlow = sequenceCache.get(aFlowID);
+			if (aFlow.target.equals(elementID)) {
+				result.add(aFlow);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns all outgoing sequence flows for a given element ID
+	 * 
+	 * @param elementID
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private List<SequenceFlow> findOutgoingFlows(String elementID) {
+		List<SequenceFlow> result = new ArrayList<BPMNModelHandler.SequenceFlow>();
+		for (String aFlowID : sequenceCache.keySet()) {
+			SequenceFlow aFlow = sequenceCache.get(aFlowID);
+			if (aFlow.source.equals(elementID)) {
+				result.add(aFlow);
+			}
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns all incoming Associations flows for a given element
+	 * ID
+	 * 
+	 * @param elementID
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private List<SequenceFlow> findIncomingAssociations(String elementID) {
+
+		List<SequenceFlow> result = new ArrayList<BPMNModelHandler.SequenceFlow>();
+		for (String aFlowID : associationCache.keySet()) {
+			SequenceFlow aFlow = associationCache.get(aFlowID);
+			if (aFlow.target.equals(elementID)) {
+				result.add(aFlow);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns all outgoing Associations flows for a given element
+	 * ID
+	 * 
+	 * @param elementID
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+	private List<SequenceFlow> findOutgoingAssociations(String elementID) {
+		List<SequenceFlow> result = new ArrayList<BPMNModelHandler.SequenceFlow>();
+		for (String aFlowID : associationCache.keySet()) {
+			SequenceFlow aFlow = associationCache.get(aFlowID);
+			if (aFlow.source.equals(elementID)) {
+				result.add(aFlow);
+			}
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method parses an event for the text fragment
+	 * <bpmn2:message>...</bpmn2:message> and replaces the tag with the
+	 * corresponding message if available
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemcol
+	 */
+	private void replaceMessageTags(ItemCollection itemcol) {
+
+		String[] fieldList = { "rtfmailbody", "txtmailsubject" };
+		for (String field : fieldList) {
+
+			String value = itemcol.getItemValueString(field);
+			int parsingPos = 0;
+			boolean bNewValue = false;
+			while (value.indexOf("<bpmn2:message>", parsingPos) > -1) {
+
+				int istart = value.indexOf("<bpmn2:message>", parsingPos);
+				int iend = value.indexOf("</bpmn2:message>", parsingPos);
+				if (istart > -1 && iend > -1 && iend > istart) {
+					String messageName = value.substring(istart + 15, iend);
+					String message = messageCache.get(messageName);
+					if (message != null) {
+						value = value.substring(0, istart) + message + value.substring(iend + 16);
+						bNewValue = true;
+					}
+				}
+
+				parsingPos = parsingPos + 15;
+			}
+
+			if (bNewValue) {
+				itemcol.replaceItemValue(field, value);
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	class SequenceFlow {
+		String target = null;
+		String source = null;
+
+		public SequenceFlow(String source, String target) {
+			this.target = target;
+			this.source = source;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This helper class provides methods to resolve the connected Imixs
+	 * elements to a flow element. The constructor is used to initialize a
+	 * loopDetection cache
+	 * 
+	 * @author rsoika
+	 *
+	 */
+	class ElementResolver {
+		List<String> loopFlowCache = null;
+
+		public ElementResolver() {
+			// initalize loop dedection
+			loopFlowCache = new ArrayList<String>();
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * This method searches a Imixs Task Element connected to the given
+		 * SequenceFlow element. If the Sequence Flow is not connected to a
+		 * Imixs Task element the method returns null.
+		 * 
+		 * 
+		 * @return the Imixs Task element or null if no Task Element was found.
+		 * @return
+		 */
+		public List<ItemCollection> findAllImixsSourceTasks(SequenceFlow flow, List<ItemCollection> sourceList) {
+
+			if (flow.source == null) {
+				return sourceList;
+			}
+
+			// detect loops...
+			if (loopFlowCache.contains(flow.source)) {
+				// loop!
+				return sourceList;
+			} else {
+				loopFlowCache.add(flow.source);
+			}
+
+			// test if the source is a Imixs task
+			ItemCollection imixstask = taskCache.get(flow.source);
+			if (imixstask != null) {
+				sourceList.add(imixstask);
+				return sourceList;
+			}
+
+			// test if the source is a Imixs Event - than we are in a follow up
+			// event!
+			ItemCollection imixsevent = eventCache.get(flow.source);
+			if (imixsevent != null) {
+				// event is connected to a event - so we are in a follow up
+				// event!
+				return sourceList;
+			}
+
+			// no Imixs task found so we are trying to look for the next
+			// incoming
+			// flow elements.
+			List<SequenceFlow> refList = findIncomingFlows(flow.source);
+			for (SequenceFlow aflow : refList) {
+				sourceList = findAllImixsSourceTasks(aflow, sourceList);
+			}
+			return sourceList;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * This method searches a Imixs Event Element connected to the given
+		 * SequenceFlow element. If the Sequence Flow is not connected to a
+		 * Imixs Event element the method returns null.
+		 * 
+		 * 
+		 * @return the Imixs event element or null if no event Element was
+		 *         found.
+		 * @return
+		 */
+		public ItemCollection findImixsSourceEvent(SequenceFlow flow) {
+
+			if (flow.source == null) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			// detect loops...
+			if (loopFlowCache.contains(flow.source)) {
+				// loop!
+				return null;
+			} else {
+				loopFlowCache.add(flow.source);
+			}
+
+			// test if the source is a Imixs Event - than we are in a follow up
+			// event!
+			ItemCollection imixsevent = eventCache.get(flow.source);
+			if (imixsevent != null) {
+				return imixsevent;
+			}
+
+			// test if the source is a Imixs task
+			ItemCollection imixstask = taskCache.get(flow.source);
+			if (imixstask != null) {
+				// event is connected to a task - so we are not in a follow up
+				// event!
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			// no Imixs task found so we are trying to look for the next
+			// incoming
+			// flow elements.
+			List<SequenceFlow> refList = findIncomingFlows(flow.source);
+			for (SequenceFlow aflow : refList) {
+				return (findImixsSourceEvent(aflow));
+			}
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * This method searches a Imixs Task Element targeted from the given
+		 * SequenceFlow element. If the Sequence Flow is not connected to a
+		 * Imixs Task element the method returns null.
+		 * 
+		 * If the target is a Event (FollowUp Event) the method returns null.
+		 * 
+		 * @return the Imixs Task element or null if no Task Element was found.
+		 */
+		public ItemCollection findImixsTargetTask(SequenceFlow flow) {
+			if (flow.source == null) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			// detect loops...
+			if (loopFlowCache.contains(flow.target)) {
+				// loop!
+				return null;
+			} else {
+				loopFlowCache.add(flow.target);
+			}
+
+			// test if the target is a Imixs task
+			ItemCollection imixstask = taskCache.get(flow.target);
+			if (imixstask != null) {
+				return imixstask;
+			}
+
+			// test if the target is a Imixs event - return null if yes!
+			ItemCollection imixsevent = eventCache.get(flow.target);
+			if (imixsevent != null) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			// no Imixs task or event found so we are trying to look for the
+			// next outgoing flow elements. (issue #211)
+			List<SequenceFlow> refList = findOutgoingFlows(flow.target);
+			for (SequenceFlow aflow : refList) {
+				// recursive call....
+				ItemCollection aResult = findImixsTargetTask(aflow);
+				if (aResult != null) {
+					// we got the task!
+					return aResult;
+				}
+			}
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * This method searches the id for a Imixs follow-Up activity. This is
+		 * the case if the target is another Imixs Event element. The method
+		 * returns the id of the followup event
+		 * 
+		 * @return the ID of the Imixs Event element or null if no Event Element
+		 *         was found.
+		 * @return
+		 */
+		public String findImixsTargetEventID(SequenceFlow flow) {
+
+			if (flow.source == null) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			// detect loops...
+			if (loopFlowCache.contains(flow.target)) {
+				// loop!
+				return null;
+			} else {
+				loopFlowCache.add(flow.target);
+			}
+
+			// test if the target is a Imixs task
+			ItemCollection imixsElement = taskCache.get(flow.target);
+			if (imixsElement != null) {
+				// stop here!
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			// test if the target is a Imixs Event
+			imixsElement = eventCache.get(flow.target);
+			if (imixsElement != null) {
+				return flow.target;
+			}
+
+			// no Imixs task or event found so we are trying to look for the
+			// next incoming flow elements.
+			List<SequenceFlow> refList = findOutgoingFlows(flow.target);
+			for (SequenceFlow aflow : refList) {
+				return (findImixsTargetEventID(aflow));
+			}
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * This method searches for all target events or task for a outgoing
+		 * sequence flow. The method returns a List of possible target elemetns.
+		 * 
+		 * 
+		 * @return the ID of the Imixs Event element or null if no Event Element
+		 *         was found.
+		 * @return
+		 */
+		public List<String> findAllImixsTargetIDs(SequenceFlow flow, List<String> targetList) {
+
+			if (targetList == null) {
+				targetList = new ArrayList<String>();
+			}
+
+			if (flow.source == null) {
+				return targetList;
+			}
+			// detect loops...
+			if (loopFlowCache.contains(flow.target)) {
+				// loop!
+				return targetList;
+			} else {
+				loopFlowCache.add(flow.target);
+			}
+
+			// test if the target is a Imixs task
+			ItemCollection imixsElement = taskCache.get(flow.target);
+			if (imixsElement != null) {
+				targetList.add(flow.target);
+				// stop here!
+				return targetList;
+			}
+
+			// test if the target is a Imixs Event
+			imixsElement = eventCache.get(flow.target);
+			if (imixsElement != null) {
+				targetList.add(flow.target);
+				// stop here!
+				return targetList;
+			}
+
+			// no Imixs task or event found so we are trying to look for the
+			// next outgoing flow elements.
+			List<SequenceFlow> refList = findOutgoingFlows(flow.target);
+			for (SequenceFlow aflow : refList) {
+				targetList = findAllImixsTargetIDs(aflow, targetList);
+			}
+			return targetList;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * This method searches for all target tasks for a outgoing sequence
+		 * flow. The method returns a List of possible imixs task elements.
+		 * 
+		 * 
+		 * @return the ID of the Imixs Event element or null if no Event Element
+		 *         was found.
+		 * @return
+		 */
+		public List<String> findAllImixsTargetTaskIDs(SequenceFlow flow, List<String> targetList) {
+
+			if (targetList == null) {
+				targetList = new ArrayList<String>();
+			}
+
+			if (flow.source == null) {
+				return targetList;
+			}
+			// detect loops...
+			if (loopFlowCache.contains(flow.target)) {
+				// loop!
+				return targetList;
+			} else {
+				loopFlowCache.add(flow.target);
+			}
+
+			// test if the target is a Imixs task
+			ItemCollection imixsElement = taskCache.get(flow.target);
+			if (imixsElement != null) {
+				targetList.add(flow.target);
+				// stop here!
+				return targetList;
+			}
+
+			// no Imixs task or event found so we are trying to look for the
+			// next outgoing flow elements.
+			List<SequenceFlow> refList = findOutgoingFlows(flow.target);
+			for (SequenceFlow aflow : refList) {
+				targetList = findAllImixsTargetIDs(aflow, targetList);
+			}
+			return targetList;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `BPMNModelHandler.characterStream` last assigned on line 309 could be null and is dereferenced at line 320.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BPMNModelHandler.endElement(String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.bpmn.BPMNModelHandler.endElement(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.Stri.2ddd5a7d20cb5e207b4127a66dd7c558
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-core/src/main/java/org/imixs/workflow/bpmn/BPMNModelHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+BPMNModelHandler.java|endElement|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6082e32af18ac2d9a31239b8d4cbf6e8
+
+### Hash:
+3ef3d916934995c9c2e7852ba45dec6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7300/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7300/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89f61f19ab8048feb8c41cc533a5c50dab993bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7300/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zookeeper
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.zookeeper;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.server.ZooTrace;
+
+public class ServerAdminClient {
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ServerAdminClient.class);
+
+    private static long getMask(String mask) {
+        long retv = 0;
+        if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("CLIENT_REQUEST_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.CLIENT_REQUEST_TRACE_MASK;
+        } else if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("CLIENT_DATA_PACKET_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.CLIENT_DATA_PACKET_TRACE_MASK;
+        } else if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("CLIENT_PING_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.CLIENT_PING_TRACE_MASK;
+        } else if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("SERVER_PACKET_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.SERVER_PACKET_TRACE_MASK;
+        } else if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("SESSION_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.SESSION_TRACE_MASK;
+        } else if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("EVENT_DELIVERY_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.EVENT_DELIVERY_TRACE_MASK;
+        } else if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("SERVER_PING_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.SERVER_PING_TRACE_MASK;
+        } else if (mask.equalsIgnoreCase("WARNING_TRACE_MASK")) {
+            retv = ZooTrace.WARNING_TRACE_MASK;
+        }
+        return retv;
+    }
+
+    private static long getMasks(String masks) {
+        long retv = 0;
+        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(masks, "|");
+        while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+            String mask = st.nextToken().trim();
+            retv = retv | getMask(mask);
+        }
+        return retv;
+    }
+
+    public static void ruok(String host, int port) {
+        try {
+            byte[] reqBytes = new byte[4];
+            ByteBuffer req = ByteBuffer.wrap(reqBytes);
+            req.putInt(ByteBuffer.wrap("ruok".getBytes()).getInt());
+            Socket s = null;
+            s = new Socket();
+            s.setSoLinger(false, 10);
+            s.setSoTimeout(20000);
+            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
+
+            InputStream is = s.getInputStream();
+            OutputStream os = s.getOutputStream();
+
+            os.write(reqBytes);
+
+            byte[] resBytes = new byte[4];
+
+            int rc = is.read(resBytes);
+            String retv = new String(resBytes);
+            System.out.println("rc=" + rc + " retv=" + retv);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            LOG.warn("Unexpected exception", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void dump(String host, int port) {
+        try {
+            byte[] reqBytes = new byte[4];
+            ByteBuffer req = ByteBuffer.wrap(reqBytes);
+            req.putInt(ByteBuffer.wrap("dump".getBytes()).getInt());
+            Socket s = null;
+            s = new Socket();
+            s.setSoLinger(false, 10);
+            s.setSoTimeout(20000);
+            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
+
+            InputStream is = s.getInputStream();
+            OutputStream os = s.getOutputStream();
+
+            os.write(reqBytes);
+
+            byte[] resBytes = new byte[1024];
+
+            int rc = is.read(resBytes);
+            String retv = new String(resBytes);
+            System.out.println("rc=" + rc + " retv=" + retv);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            LOG.warn("Unexpected exception", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void stat(String host, int port) {
+        try {
+            byte[] reqBytes = new byte[4];
+            ByteBuffer req = ByteBuffer.wrap(reqBytes);
+            req.putInt(ByteBuffer.wrap("stat".getBytes()).getInt());
+            Socket s = null;
+            s = new Socket();
+            s.setSoLinger(false, 10);
+            s.setSoTimeout(20000);
+            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
+
+            InputStream is = s.getInputStream();
+            OutputStream os = s.getOutputStream();
+
+            os.write(reqBytes);
+
+            byte[] resBytes = new byte[1024];
+
+            int rc = is.read(resBytes);
+            String retv = new String(resBytes);
+            System.out.println("rc=" + rc + " retv=" + retv);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            LOG.warn("Unexpected exception", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void kill(String host, int port) {
+        try {
+            byte[] reqBytes = new byte[4];
+            ByteBuffer req = ByteBuffer.wrap(reqBytes);
+            req.putInt(ByteBuffer.wrap("kill".getBytes()).getInt());
+            Socket s = null;
+            s = new Socket();
+            s.setSoLinger(false, 10);
+            s.setSoTimeout(20000);
+            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
+
+            InputStream is = s.getInputStream();
+            OutputStream os = s.getOutputStream();
+
+            os.write(reqBytes);
+            byte[] resBytes = new byte[4];
+
+            int rc = is.read(resBytes);
+            String retv = new String(resBytes);
+            System.out.println("rc=" + rc + " retv=" + retv);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            LOG.warn("Unexpected exception", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void setTraceMask(String host, int port, String traceMaskStr) {
+        try {
+            byte[] reqBytes = new byte[12];
+            ByteBuffer req = ByteBuffer.wrap(reqBytes);
+            long traceMask = Long.parseLong(traceMaskStr, 8);
+            req.putInt(ByteBuffer.wrap("stmk".getBytes()).getInt());
+            req.putLong(traceMask);
+
+            Socket s = null;
+            s = new Socket();
+            s.setSoLinger(false, 10);
+            s.setSoTimeout(20000);
+            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
+
+            InputStream is = s.getInputStream();
+            OutputStream os = s.getOutputStream();
+
+            os.write(reqBytes);
+
+            byte[] resBytes = new byte[8];
+
+            int rc = is.read(resBytes);
+            ByteBuffer res = ByteBuffer.wrap(resBytes);
+            long retv = res.getLong();
+            System.out.println("rc=" + rc + " retv=0"
+                    + Long.toOctalString(retv) + " masks=0"
+                    + Long.toOctalString(traceMask));
+            assert (retv == traceMask);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            LOG.warn("Unexpected exception", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void getTraceMask(String host, int port) {
+        try {
+            byte[] reqBytes = new byte[12];
+            ByteBuffer req = ByteBuffer.wrap(reqBytes);
+            req.putInt(ByteBuffer.wrap("gtmk".getBytes()).getInt());
+
+            Socket s = null;
+            s = new Socket();
+            s.setSoLinger(false, 10);
+            s.setSoTimeout(20000);
+            s.connect(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
+
+            InputStream is = s.getInputStream();
+            OutputStream os = s.getOutputStream();
+
+            os.write(reqBytes);
+
+            byte[] resBytes = new byte[8];
+
+            int rc = is.read(resBytes);
+            ByteBuffer res = ByteBuffer.wrap(resBytes);
+            long retv = res.getLong();
+            System.out.println("rc=" + rc + " retv=0"
+                    + Long.toOctalString(retv));
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            LOG.warn("Unexpected exception", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void usage() {
+        System.out
+                .println("usage: java [-cp CLASSPATH] org.apache.zookeeper.ServerAdminClient "
+                        + "host port op (ruok|stat|dump|kill|gettracemask|settracemask) [arguments]");
+
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        if (args.length < 3) {
+            usage();
+            return;
+        }
+        String host = args[0];
+        int port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
+        String op = args[2];
+        if (op.equalsIgnoreCase("gettracemask")) {
+            getTraceMask(host, port);
+        } else if (op.equalsIgnoreCase("settracemask")) {
+            setTraceMask(host, port, args[3]);
+        } else if (op.equalsIgnoreCase("ruok")) {
+            ruok(host, port);
+        } else if (op.equalsIgnoreCase("kill")) {
+            kill(host, port);
+        } else if (op.equalsIgnoreCase("stat")) {
+            stat(host, port);
+        } else if (op.equalsIgnoreCase("dump")) {
+            dump(host, port);
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Unrecognized op: " + op);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStream` acquired to `is` by call to `Socket()` at line 180 is not released after line 192.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServerAdminClient.setTraceMask(String,int,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.zookeeper.ServerAdminClient.setTraceMask(java.lang.String,int,java.lang.String):void.12cf026e352f885b8e2812f413a945a0
+
+### File:
+src/java/main/org/apache/zookeeper/ServerAdminClient.java
+
+### Key:
+ServerAdminClient.java|setTraceMask|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+08038b5f1153a3f1e72ab3f29b05862b
+
+### Hash:
+70f27d4eb13d4ed1818c7c0f5889fe8a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7307/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7307/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9757a366a9abbad24fd9c48b4a530c28935e846b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7307/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zookeeper
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.server.ServerConfig;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeer.QuorumServer;
+
+public class QuorumPeerConfig extends ServerConfig {
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(QuorumPeerConfig.class);
+
+    private int tickTime;
+    private int initLimit;
+    private int syncLimit;
+    private int electionAlg;
+    private int electionPort;
+    private ArrayList<QuorumServer> servers = null;
+    private long serverId;
+
+    private QuorumPeerConfig(int port, String dataDir, String dataLogDir) {
+        super(port, dataDir, dataLogDir);
+    }
+
+    public static void parse(String[] args) {
+        if(instance!=null)
+            return;
+
+        try {
+            if (args.length != 1) {
+                System.err.println("USAGE: configFile");
+                System.exit(2);
+            }
+            File zooCfgFile = new File(args[0]);
+            if (!zooCfgFile.exists()) {
+                LOG.error(zooCfgFile.toString() + " file is missing");
+                System.exit(2);
+            }
+            Properties cfg = new Properties();
+            cfg.load(new FileInputStream(zooCfgFile));
+            ArrayList<QuorumServer> servers = new ArrayList<QuorumServer>();
+            String dataDir = null;
+            String dataLogDir = null;
+            int clientPort = 0;
+            int tickTime = 0;
+            int initLimit = 0;
+            int syncLimit = 0;
+            int electionAlg = 3;
+            int electionPort = 2182;
+            for (Entry<Object, Object> entry : cfg.entrySet()) {
+                String key = entry.getKey().toString();
+                String value = entry.getValue().toString();
+                if (key.equals("dataDir")) {
+                    dataDir = value;
+                } else if (key.equals("dataLogDir")) {
+                    dataLogDir = value;
+                } else if (key.equals("clientPort")) {
+                    clientPort = Integer.parseInt(value);
+                } else if (key.equals("tickTime")) {
+                    tickTime = Integer.parseInt(value);
+                } else if (key.equals("initLimit")) {
+                    initLimit = Integer.parseInt(value);
+                } else if (key.equals("syncLimit")) {
+                    syncLimit = Integer.parseInt(value);
+                } else if (key.equals("electionAlg")) {
+                    electionAlg = Integer.parseInt(value);
+                } else if (key.equals("electionPort")) {
+                    electionPort = Integer.parseInt(value);
+                } else if (key.startsWith("server.")) {
+                    int dot = key.indexOf('.');
+                    long sid = Long.parseLong(key.substring(dot + 1));
+                    String parts[] = value.split(":");
+                    if (parts.length != 2) {
+                        LOG.error(value
+                                + " does not have the form host:port");
+                    }
+                    InetSocketAddress addr = new InetSocketAddress(parts[0],
+                            Integer.parseInt(parts[1]));
+                    servers.add(new QuorumServer(sid, addr));
+                } else {
+                    System.setProperty("zookeeper." + key, value);
+                }
+            }
+            if (dataDir == null) {
+                LOG.error("dataDir is not set");
+                System.exit(2);
+            }
+            if (dataLogDir == null) {
+                dataLogDir = dataDir;
+            } else {
+                if (!new File(dataLogDir).isDirectory()) {
+                    LOG.error("dataLogDir " + dataLogDir+ " is missing.");
+                    System.exit(2);
+                }
+            }
+            if (clientPort == 0) {
+                LOG.error("clientPort is not set");
+                System.exit(2);
+            }
+            if (tickTime == 0) {
+                LOG.error("tickTime is not set");
+                System.exit(2);
+            }
+            if (servers.size() > 1 && initLimit == 0) {
+                LOG.error("initLimit is not set");
+                System.exit(2);
+            }
+            if (servers.size() > 1 && syncLimit == 0) {
+                LOG.error("syncLimit is not set");
+                System.exit(2);
+            }
+            QuorumPeerConfig conf = new QuorumPeerConfig(clientPort, dataDir,
+                    dataLogDir);
+            conf.tickTime = tickTime;
+            conf.initLimit = initLimit;
+            conf.syncLimit = syncLimit;
+            conf.electionAlg = electionAlg;
+            conf.electionPort = electionPort;
+            conf.servers = servers;
+            if (servers.size() > 1) {
+                File myIdFile = new File(dataDir, "myid");
+                if (!myIdFile.exists()) {
+                    LOG.error(myIdFile.toString() + " file is missing");
+                    System.exit(2);
+                }
+                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(myIdFile));
+                String myIdString = br.readLine();
+                try {
+                    conf.serverId = Long.parseLong(myIdString);
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    LOG.error(myIdString + " is not a number");
+                    System.exit(2);
+                }
+            }
+            instance=conf;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("FIXMSG",e);
+            System.exit(2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isStandaloneServer(){
+        return QuorumPeerConfig.getServers().size() <= 1;
+    }
+
+    public static int getTickTime() {
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).tickTime;
+    }
+
+    public static int getInitLimit() {
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).initLimit;
+    }
+
+    public static int getSyncLimit() {
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).syncLimit;
+    }
+
+    public static int getElectionAlg() {
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).electionAlg;
+    }
+
+    public static int getElectionPort() {
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).electionPort;
+    }
+
+    public static ArrayList<QuorumServer> getServers() {
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).servers;
+    }
+
+    public static int getQuorumSize(){
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).servers.size();
+    }
+
+    public static long getServerId() {
+        assert instance instanceof QuorumPeerConfig;
+        return ((QuorumPeerConfig)instance).serverId;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 65 is not released after line 65.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void QuorumPeerConfig.parse(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerConfig.parse(java.lang.String[]):void.07130f19cfc25a2f3d99bfc51030d5ca
+
+### File:
+src/java/main/org/apache/zookeeper/server/quorum/QuorumPeerConfig.java
+
+### Key:
+QuorumPeerConfig.java|parse|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d1c2dd192922e8a84f988013bdd6d601
+
+### Hash:
+5437b41e8aeb26b5ea30a8e66bf66f26
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7309/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7309/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c205c211ebe339e31fa1a2d1c7aa1b326183045d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7309/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** LatencyUtils
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Written by Gil Tene of Azul Systems, and released to the public domain,
+ * as explained at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ */
+
+package org.LatencyUtils;
+
+import org.HdrHistogram.Histogram;
+import org.HdrHistogram.AtomicHistogram;
+
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLongFieldUpdater;
+
+/**
+ * LatencyStats objects are used to track and report on the behavior of latencies across measurements.
+ * recorded into a a given LatencyStats instance. Latencies are recorded using
+ * {@link #recordLatency}, which provides a thread safe, wait free, and lossless recording method.
+ * The accumulated behavior across the recorded latencies in a given LatencyStats instance can be
+ * examined in detail using interval and accumulated HdrHistogram histograms
+ * (see {@link org.HdrHistogram.Histogram}).
+ * <p>
+ * LatencyStats instances maintain internal histogram data that track all recoded latencies. All
+ * histogram access forms return histogram data accumulated to the last {@link #forceIntervalSample}
+ * call. As such, histograms data returned by the various get...() histogram access forms is always
+ * stable and self-consistent (i.e. contents represent an atomic "instant in time", and do not appear
+ * to change either during or after they are read).
+ * <p>
+ * Recorded latencies are auto-corrected for experienced pauses by leveraging pause detectors and
+ * moving window average interval estimators, compensating for coordinated omission. While most
+ * histogram access forms get...() and add...() operate with corrected data, LatencyStats
+ * instances also keep track of the raw, uncorrected records, which can be accessed via the
+ * getUncorrected...() histogram access forms.
+ * <p>
+ * LatencyStats objects can be instantiated either directly via the provided constructors, or by
+ * using the fluent API builder supported by {@link org.LatencyUtils.LatencyStats.Builder}.
+ *
+ * <h3>Correction Technique</h3>
+ * In addition to tracking the raw latency recordings provided via {@link #recordLatency}, each
+ * LatencyStats instance maintains an internal interval estimator that tracks the expected
+ * interval between latency recordings. Whenever a stall in measurement is detected by a given
+ * pause detector, each LatencyStats instances that uses that pause detector will be notified,
+ * and will generate correcting latency entries (that are separately tracked internally).
+ * Correcting latency entries are computed to "fill in" detected measurement pauses by projecting
+ * the observed recording rate into the pause gap, and creating a linearly diminishing latency
+ * measurement for each missed recording interval.
+ * <p>
+ * Pause detection and interval estimation are both configurable, and each LatencyStats instance
+ * can operate with potentially independent pause detector and interval estimator settings.
+ * <p>
+ * A configurable default pause detector is (by default) shared between LatencyStats instances
+ * that are not provided with a specific pause detector at instantiation. If the default pause
+ * detector is not explicitly set, it will itself default to creating (and starting) a single
+ * instance of {@link org.LatencyUtils.SimplePauseDetector}, which uses consensus observation
+ * of a pause across multiple observing threads as a detection technique.
+ * <p>
+ * Custom pause detectors can be provided (by subclassing {@link org.LatencyUtils.PauseDetector}).
+ * E.g. a pause detector that pauses GC log output rather than directly measuring observations
+ * can be constructed. A custom pause detector can be especially useful in situations where a
+ * stall in the operation and latency measurement of an application's is known and detectable
+ * by the application level, but would not be detectable as a process-wide stall in execution
+ * (which {@link org.LatencyUtils.SimplePauseDetector} is built to detect).
+ * <p>
+ * Interval estimation is done by using a time-capped moving window average estimator, with
+ * the expected interval computed to be the average of measurement intervals within the window
+ * (with the window being capped by both count and time). See
+ * {@link TimeCappedMovingAverageIntervalEstimator} for more details. The estimator window
+ * length and time cap can both be configured when instantiating a LatencyStats object
+ * (defaults are 1024, and 10 seconds).
+ *
+ */
+public class LatencyStats {
+    private static Builder defaultBuilder = new Builder();
+    private static final TimeServices.ScheduledExecutor latencyStatsScheduledExecutor = new TimeServices.ScheduledExecutor();
+    private static PauseDetector defaultPauseDetector;
+
+    // All times and time units are in nanoseconds
+
+    private final long lowestTrackableLatency;
+    private final long highestTrackableLatency;
+    private final int numberOfSignificantValueDigits;
+
+    private AtomicHistogram currentRecordingHistogram;
+    private Histogram currentPauseCorrectionsHistogram;
+
+    private AtomicHistogram intervalRawDataHistogram;
+    private Histogram intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram;
+
+    private Histogram uncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram;
+    private Histogram accumulatedHistogram;
+
+    private volatile long recordingStartEpoch = 0;
+    private volatile long recordingEndEpoch = 0;
+    private static final AtomicLongFieldUpdater<LatencyStats> recordingStartEpochUpdater =
+            AtomicLongFieldUpdater.newUpdater(LatencyStats.class, "recordingStartEpoch");
+    private static final AtomicLongFieldUpdater<LatencyStats> recordingEndEpochUpdater =
+            AtomicLongFieldUpdater.newUpdater(LatencyStats.class, "recordingEndEpoch");
+
+    private final PauseTracker pauseTracker;
+
+    private final IntervalEstimator intervalEstimator;
+
+    private final PauseDetector pauseDetector;
+
+
+    /**
+     * Set the default pause detector for the LatencyStats class. Used by constructors that do
+     * not explicitly provide a pause detector.
+     *
+     * @param pauseDetector the pause detector to use as a default when no explicit pause detector is provided
+     */
+    static public void setDefaultPauseDetector(PauseDetector pauseDetector) {
+        defaultPauseDetector = pauseDetector;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current default pause detector which will be used by newly constructed LatencyStats
+     * instances when the constructor is not explicitly provided with one.
+     * @return the current default pause detector
+     */
+    static public PauseDetector getDefaultPauseDetector() {
+        return defaultPauseDetector;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a LatencyStats object with default settings.<br></br>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>use the default pause detector (supplied separately set using {@link #setDefaultPauseDetector}, which
+     * will itself default to a {@link SimplePauseDetector} if not explicitly supplied)</li>
+     * <li>use a default histogram update interval (1 sec)</li>
+     * <li>use a default histogram range and accuracy (1 usec to 1hr, 2 decimal points of accuracy)</li>
+     * <li>and use a default moving window estimator (1024 entry moving window, time capped at
+     * 10 seconds)</li>
+     * </ul>
+     */
+    public LatencyStats() {
+        this(
+                defaultBuilder.lowestTrackableLatency,
+                defaultBuilder.highestTrackableLatency,
+                defaultBuilder.numberOfSignificantValueDigits,
+                defaultBuilder.intervalEstimatorWindowLength,
+                defaultBuilder.intervalEstimatorTimeCap,
+                defaultBuilder.pauseDetector
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param lowestTrackableLatency   Lowest trackable latency in latency histograms
+     * @param highestTrackableLatency   Highest trackable latency in latency histograms
+     * @param numberOfSignificantValueDigits Number of significant [decimal] digits of accuracy in latency histograms
+     * @param intervalEstimatorWindowLength Length of window in moving window interval estimator
+     * @param intervalEstimatorTimeCap Time cap (in nanoseconds) of window in moving window interval estimator
+     * @param pauseDetector The pause detector to use for identifying and correcting for pauses
+     */
+    public LatencyStats(final long lowestTrackableLatency,
+                        final long highestTrackableLatency,
+                        final int numberOfSignificantValueDigits,
+                        final int intervalEstimatorWindowLength,
+                        final long intervalEstimatorTimeCap,
+                        final PauseDetector pauseDetector) {
+
+        if (pauseDetector == null) {
+            if (defaultPauseDetector == null) {
+                // There is no pause detector supplied, and no default set. Set the default to a default
+                // simple pause detector instance. [User feedback seems to be that this is preferrable to
+                // throwing an exception and forcing people to set the default themselves...]
+                synchronized (LatencyStats.class) {
+                    if (defaultPauseDetector == null) {
+                        defaultPauseDetector = new SimplePauseDetector();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            this.pauseDetector = defaultPauseDetector;
+        } else {
+            this.pauseDetector = pauseDetector;
+        }
+
+        this.lowestTrackableLatency = lowestTrackableLatency;
+        this.highestTrackableLatency = highestTrackableLatency;
+        this.numberOfSignificantValueDigits = numberOfSignificantValueDigits;
+
+        // Create alternating recording histograms:
+        currentRecordingHistogram = new AtomicHistogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+        intervalRawDataHistogram = new AtomicHistogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+
+        // Create alternating pause correction histograms:
+        currentPauseCorrectionsHistogram = new Histogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+        intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram = new Histogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+
+        // Create accumulated Histograms:
+        accumulatedHistogram = new Histogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+        uncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram = new Histogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+
+        // Create interval estimator:
+        intervalEstimator = new TimeCappedMovingAverageIntervalEstimator(intervalEstimatorWindowLength,
+                intervalEstimatorTimeCap, this.pauseDetector);
+
+        // Create PauseTracker and register with pauseDetector:
+        pauseTracker = new PauseTracker(this.pauseDetector, this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Record a latency value in the LatencyStats object
+     * @param latency latency value (in nanoseconds) to record
+     */
+    public void recordLatency(long latency) {
+        recordingStartEpochUpdater.incrementAndGet(this); // Used for otherwise un-synchronized histogram swapping
+        trackRecordingInterval();
+        currentRecordingHistogram.recordValue(latency);
+        recordingEndEpochUpdater.incrementAndGet(this);
+    }
+
+
+    // Accumulated Histogram access:
+
+    /**
+     * Get a copy of the latest accumulated latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}).
+     * @return a copy of the latest accumulated latency histogram
+     */
+    public synchronized Histogram getAccumulatedHistogram() {
+        return accumulatedHistogram.copy();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Place a copy of the values of the latest accumulated latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}) into the given histogram
+     * @param targetHistogram the histogram into which the accumulated histogram's data should be copied
+     */
+    public synchronized void getAccumulatedHistogramInto(Histogram targetHistogram) {
+        accumulatedHistogram.copyInto(targetHistogram);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add the values of the latest accumulated latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}) into the given histogram
+     * @param toHistogram the histogram into which the accumulated histogram's data should be added
+     */
+    public synchronized void addAccumulatedHistogramTo(Histogram toHistogram) {
+        toHistogram.add(accumulatedHistogram);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a copy of the uncorrected accumulated latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}). Values will not include corrections
+     * for detected pauses.
+     * @return a copy of the latest uncorrected accumulated latency histogram
+     */
+    public synchronized Histogram getUncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram() {
+        return uncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram.copy();
+    }
+
+
+    // Interval Histogram access:
+
+    /**
+     * Get a copy of the latest interval latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}):
+     * @return a copy of the latest interval latency histogram
+     */
+    public synchronized Histogram getIntervalHistogram() {
+        Histogram intervalHistogram = new Histogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+        getIntervalHistogramInto(intervalHistogram);
+        return intervalHistogram;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Place a copy of the  values of the latest interval latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}) into the given histogram
+     * @param targetHistogram the histogram into which the interval histogram's data should be copied
+     */
+    public synchronized void getIntervalHistogramInto(Histogram targetHistogram) {
+        intervalRawDataHistogram.copyInto(targetHistogram);
+        targetHistogram.add(intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add the values of the latest interval latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}) into the given histogram
+     * @param toHistogram the histogram into which the interval histogram's data should be added
+     */
+    public synchronized void addIntervalHistogramTo(Histogram toHistogram) {
+        toHistogram.add(intervalRawDataHistogram);
+        toHistogram.add(intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a copy of the uncorrected latest interval latency histogram (the one sampled at the last
+     * call to {@link #forceIntervalSample}). Values will not include corrections
+     * for detected pauses.
+     * @return a copy of the latest uncorrected interval latency histogram
+     */
+    public synchronized Histogram getUncorrectedIntervalHistogram() {
+        Histogram intervalHistogram = new Histogram(lowestTrackableLatency, highestTrackableLatency, numberOfSignificantValueDigits);
+        intervalRawDataHistogram.copyInto(intervalHistogram);
+        return intervalHistogram;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Force an update of the interval and accumulated histograms data from the current recorded data.
+     * Note that the interval and accumulated histograms observed with the various get...() calls are
+     * ONLY updated when {@link #forceIntervalSample} is called.
+     */
+    public synchronized void forceIntervalSample() {
+        updateHistograms();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset the contents of the accumulated histogram
+     */
+    public synchronized void resetAccumulatedHistogram() {
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        accumulatedHistogram.reset();
+        accumulatedHistogram.setStartTimeStamp(now);
+        uncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram.reset();
+        uncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram.setStartTimeStamp(now);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop operation of this LatencyStats object, removing it from the pause detector's notification list
+     */
+    public synchronized void stop() {
+        pauseTracker.stop();
+        latencyStatsScheduledExecutor.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get the IntervalEstimator used by this LatencyStats object
+     * @return the IntervalEstimator used by this LatencyStats object
+     */
+    public IntervalEstimator getIntervalEstimator() {
+        return intervalEstimator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get the PauseDetector used by this LatencyStats object
+     * @return the PauseDetector used by this LatencyStats object
+     */
+    public PauseDetector getPauseDetector() {
+        return pauseDetector;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A fluent API builder class for creating LatencyStats objects.
+     * <br>Uses the following defaults:</br>
+     * <li>lowestTrackableLatency:                  1000 (1 usec)</li>
+     * <li>highestTrackableLatency:                 3600000000000L (1 hour)</li>
+     * <li>numberOfSignificantValueDigits:          2</li>
+     * <li>intervalEstimatorWindowLength:           1024</li>
+     * <li>intervalEstimatorTimeCap:                10000000000L (10 sec)</li>
+     * <li>pauseDetector:                           (use LatencyStats default)</li>
+     */
+    public static class Builder {
+        private long lowestTrackableLatency = 1000L; /* 1 usec */
+        private long highestTrackableLatency = 3600000000000L; /* 1 hr */
+        private int numberOfSignificantValueDigits = 2;
+        private int intervalEstimatorWindowLength = 1024;
+        private long intervalEstimatorTimeCap = 10000000000L; /* 10 sec */
+        private PauseDetector pauseDetector = null;
+
+        public static Builder create() {
+            return new Builder();
+        }
+
+        public Builder() {
+
+        }
+
+        public Builder lowestTrackableLatency(long lowestTrackableLatency) {
+            this.lowestTrackableLatency = lowestTrackableLatency;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        public Builder highestTrackableLatency(long highestTrackableLatency) {
+            this.highestTrackableLatency = highestTrackableLatency;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        public Builder numberOfSignificantValueDigits(int numberOfSignificantValueDigits) {
+            this.numberOfSignificantValueDigits = numberOfSignificantValueDigits;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder intervalEstimatorWindowLength(int intervalEstimatorWindowLength) {
+            this.intervalEstimatorWindowLength = intervalEstimatorWindowLength;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        public Builder intervalEstimatorTimeCap(long intervalEstimatorTimeCap) {
+            this.intervalEstimatorTimeCap = intervalEstimatorTimeCap;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        public Builder pauseDetector(PauseDetector pauseDetector) {
+            this.pauseDetector = pauseDetector;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        public LatencyStats build() {
+            return new LatencyStats(lowestTrackableLatency,
+                    highestTrackableLatency,
+                    numberOfSignificantValueDigits,
+                    intervalEstimatorWindowLength,
+                    intervalEstimatorTimeCap,
+                    pauseDetector);
+        }
+    }
+
+    synchronized void recordDetectedPause(long pauseLength, long pauseEndTime) {
+        long estimatedInterval =  intervalEstimator.getEstimatedInterval(pauseEndTime);
+        long observedLatencyMinbar = pauseLength - estimatedInterval;
+        if (observedLatencyMinbar >= estimatedInterval) {
+            currentPauseCorrectionsHistogram.recordValueWithExpectedInterval(observedLatencyMinbar, estimatedInterval);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void trackRecordingInterval() {
+        long now = TimeServices.nanoTime();
+        intervalEstimator.recordInterval(now);
+    }
+
+    void swapRecordingHistograms() {
+        final AtomicHistogram tempHistogram = intervalRawDataHistogram;
+        intervalRawDataHistogram = currentRecordingHistogram;
+        currentRecordingHistogram = tempHistogram;
+    }
+
+    void swapPauseCorrectionHistograms() {
+        final Histogram tempHistogram = intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram;
+        intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram = currentPauseCorrectionsHistogram;
+        currentPauseCorrectionsHistogram = tempHistogram;
+    }
+
+    synchronized void swapHistograms() {
+        swapRecordingHistograms();
+        swapPauseCorrectionHistograms();
+    }
+
+    synchronized void updateHistograms() {
+        intervalRawDataHistogram.reset();
+        intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram.reset();
+
+        swapHistograms();
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        currentRecordingHistogram.setStartTimeStamp(now);
+        currentPauseCorrectionsHistogram.setStartTimeStamp(now);
+        intervalRawDataHistogram.setEndTimeStamp(now);
+        intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram.setEndTimeStamp(now);
+
+        // Make sure we are not in the middle of recording a value on the previously current recording histogram:
+        long startEpoch = recordingStartEpochUpdater.get(this);
+        while (recordingEndEpochUpdater.get(this) < startEpoch);
+
+        uncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram.add(intervalRawDataHistogram);
+        uncorrectedAccumulatedHistogram.setEndTimeStamp(now);
+
+        accumulatedHistogram.add(intervalRawDataHistogram);
+        accumulatedHistogram.add(intervalPauseCorrectionsHistogram);
+        accumulatedHistogram.setEndTimeStamp(now);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * PauseTracker is used to feed pause correction histograms whenever a pause is reported:
+     */
+    static class PauseTracker extends WeakReference<LatencyStats> implements PauseDetectorListener {
+        final PauseDetector pauseDetector;
+
+        PauseTracker(final PauseDetector pauseDetector, final LatencyStats latencyStats) {
+            super(latencyStats);
+            this.pauseDetector = pauseDetector;
+            // Register as listener:
+            pauseDetector.addListener(this);
+        }
+
+        public void stop() {
+            pauseDetector.removeListener(this);
+        }
+
+        public void handlePauseEvent(final long pauseLength, final long pauseEndTime) {
+            final LatencyStats latencyStats = this.get();
+
+            if (latencyStats != null) {
+                latencyStats.recordDetectedPause(pauseLength, pauseEndTime);
+            } else {
+                // Remove listener:
+                stop();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.LatencyUtils.LatencyStats.swapRecordingHistograms` writes to field `this.org.LatencyUtils.LatencyStats.currentRecordingHistogram` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LatencyStats.swapRecordingHistograms()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.LatencyUtils.LatencyStats.swapRecordingHistograms():void.3e1551fbfbc23a899bdcc5a3b1d94345
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/LatencyUtils/LatencyStats.java
+
+### Key:
+LatencyStats.java|swapRecordingHistograms|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+75f21950af4d257daacf0b18b9b641ae
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7331/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7331/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6e19d937fedf90a139bf2b70ab8016023052e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7331/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-lemon
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.naturalprogrammer.spring.boot.security;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
+import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.SimpleUrlAuthenticationSuccessHandler;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.boot.SaUtil;
+
+@Component
+public class AuthSuccess extends SimpleUrlAuthenticationSuccessHandler {
+	
+	private Log log = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+	
+    @Autowired
+    private ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+    
+	public void onAuthenticationSuccess(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
+            Authentication authentication) throws IOException, ServletException {
+
+        // instead of this, the statement below is introduced: handle(request, response, authentication);
+    	response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_OK);
+    	response.getOutputStream().print(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(SaUtil.getSessionUser().getUserDto()));
+        clearAuthenticationAttributes(request);
+        log.info("AuthenticationSuccess: " + SaUtil.getSessionUser().getUserDto());
+        
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getSessionUser()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 32.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AuthSuccess.onAuthenticationSuccess(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,Authentication)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.naturalprogrammer.spring.boot.security.AuthSuccess.onAuthenticationSuccess(javax.servlet.http.Ht.c083eea7f4bdaae238d1f950b42db622
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/naturalprogrammer/spring/boot/security/AuthSuccess.java
+
+### Key:
+AuthSuccess.java|onAuthenticationSuccess|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dff3d69ef5eaddd960b19d94e4bc5ca3
+
+### Hash:
+854259485ebd5ebe2e23bc3181039b18
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7338/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7338/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2db97917a93e0cbc2e72993559df3a46d7deeb05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7338/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** specification-arg-resolver
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2014-2019 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.kaczmarzyk.spring.data.jpa.domain;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaBuilder;
+import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaQuery;
+import javax.persistence.criteria.Predicate;
+import javax.persistence.criteria.Root;
+
+import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.Specification;
+import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.Specifications;
+
+
+/**
+ * Helper for easier joining lists of specs with {@code OR} operator
+ * 
+ * @author Tomasz Kaczmarzyk
+ */
+public class Disjunction<T> implements Specification<T> {
+
+    private Collection<Specification<T>> innerSpecs;
+    
+    
+    @SafeVarargs
+    public Disjunction(Specification<T>... specs) {
+        this(Arrays.asList(specs));
+    }
+    
+    public Disjunction(Collection<Specification<T>> innerSpecs) {
+        this.innerSpecs = innerSpecs;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Predicate toPredicate(Root<T> root, CriteriaQuery<?> query, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
+        Specifications<T> combinedSpecs = null;
+        for (Specification<T> spec : innerSpecs) {
+            if (combinedSpecs == null) {
+                combinedSpecs = Specifications.where(spec);
+            } else {
+                combinedSpecs = combinedSpecs.or(spec);
+            }
+        }
+        return combinedSpecs.toPredicate(root, query, cb);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        final int prime = 31;
+        int result = 1;
+        result = prime * result + ((innerSpecs == null) ? 0 : innerSpecs.hashCode());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (this == obj)
+            return true;
+        if (obj == null)
+            return false;
+        if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
+            return false;
+        Disjunction<?> other = (Disjunction<?>) obj;
+        if (innerSpecs == null) {
+            if (other.innerSpecs != null)
+                return false;
+        } else if (!innerSpecs.equals(other.innerSpecs))
+            return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return "Disjunction [innerSpecs=" + innerSpecs + "]";
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `combinedSpecs` last assigned on line 51 could be null and is dereferenced at line 59.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Predicate Disjunction.toPredicate(Root,CriteriaQuery,CriteriaBuilder)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.kaczmarzyk.spring.data.jpa.domain.Disjunction.toPredicate(javax.persistence.criteria.Root,javax..da033a18d7453557d9f7d3ae65c35a75
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/kaczmarzyk/spring/data/jpa/domain/Disjunction.java
+
+### Key:
+Disjunction.java|toPredicate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+edb9899f15e031e1864977403b3fc00a
+
+### Hash:
+21d00fb02d6bca6f90bf776bb039ea90
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7340/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7340/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d39101cb2b858ecc0aff45023bc14285b702512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7340/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** requests
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dongliu.requests.json;
+
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * Lookup json, from classpath
+ *
+ * @author Liu Dong
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class JsonLookup {
+    private static final Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger();
+    private static JsonLookup instance = new JsonLookup();
+    @Nullable
+    private volatile JsonProvider registeredJsonProvider;
+
+    private JsonLookup() {
+    }
+
+    public static JsonLookup getInstance() {
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set json provider for using.
+     *
+     * @see JsonProvider
+     * @see JacksonProvider
+     * @see GsonProvider
+     */
+    public void register(JsonProvider jsonProvider) {
+        this.registeredJsonProvider = Objects.requireNonNull(jsonProvider);
+        logger.debug(() -> "Set json provider to " + jsonProvider.getClass().getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If classpath has gson
+     */
+    boolean hasGson() {
+        try {
+            Class.forName("com.google.gson.Gson");
+            return true;
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create Gson Provider
+     */
+    JsonProvider gsonProvider() {
+        return new GsonProvider();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * if jackson in classpath
+     */
+    boolean hasJackson() {
+        try {
+            Class.forName("com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper");
+            return true;
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean hasFastJson() {
+        try {
+            Class.forName("com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON");
+            return true;
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create Jackson Provider
+     */
+    JsonProvider jacksonProvider() {
+        return new JacksonProvider();
+    }
+
+    JsonProvider fastJsonProvider() {
+        return new FastJsonProvider();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find one json provider.
+     *
+     * @throws ProviderNotFoundException if no json provider found
+     */
+    @Nonnull
+    public JsonProvider lookup() {
+        if (registeredJsonProvider != null) {
+            return registeredJsonProvider;
+        }
+
+        if (!init) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (!init) {
+                    lookedJsonProvider = lookupInClasspath();
+                    init = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (lookedJsonProvider != null) {
+            return lookedJsonProvider;
+        }
+        throw new ProviderNotFoundException("Json Provider not found");
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private JsonProvider lookedJsonProvider;
+    private boolean init;
+
+    @Nullable
+    private JsonProvider lookupInClasspath() {
+        if (hasJackson()) {
+            logger.debug("Use default jackson provider to deal with json");
+            return jacksonProvider();
+        }
+        if (hasGson()) {
+            logger.debug("Use default gson provider to deal with json");
+            return gsonProvider();
+        }
+        if (hasFastJson()) {
+            logger.debug("Use default fastJson provider to deal with json");
+            return fastJsonProvider();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JsonLookup.register(JsonProvider)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dongliu.requests.json.JsonLookup.register(net.dongliu.requests.json.JsonProvider):void.218d769361017e7a9688f3064ce94cf1
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dongliu/requests/json/JsonLookup.java
+
+### Key:
+JsonLookup.java|register|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+71d8231f23bc6dd6e081fbb2c673c967
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7347/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7347/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1df94069a64c27f0397d563c6f555af7316279ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7347/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wro4j
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2008. All rights reserved.
+ */
+package ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.locator;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+
+import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
+import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
+import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequestWrapper;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponseWrapper;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import ro.isdc.wro.config.Context;
+import ro.isdc.wro.config.jmx.WroConfiguration;
+import ro.isdc.wro.http.support.DelegatingServletOutputStream;
+import ro.isdc.wro.util.WroUtil;
+
+
+/**
+ * A strategy which use ByteArray IO Streams and dispatch the request to a given location.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Objelean
+ */
+public final class DispatcherStreamLocator {
+  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DispatcherStreamLocator.class);
+
+  /**
+   * When using JBoss Portal and it has some funny quirks...actually a portal application have several small web
+   * application behind it. So when it intercepts a requests for portal then it start bombing the the application behind
+   * the portal with multiple threads (web requests) that are combined with threads for wro4j.
+   *
+   *
+   * @return a valid stream for required location. This method will never return a null.
+   * @throws IOException if the stream cannot be located at the specified location.
+   */
+  public InputStream getInputStream(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response,
+    final String location)
+    throws IOException {
+    Validate.notNull(request);
+    Validate.notNull(response);
+    // where to write the bytes of the stream
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    boolean warnOnEmptyStream = false;
+
+    // preserve context, in case it is unset during dispatching
+    final Context originalContext = Context.get();
+    try {
+      final RequestDispatcher dispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher(location);
+      if (dispatcher == null) {
+        // happens when dynamic servlet context relative resources are included outside of the request cycle (inside
+        // the thread responsible for refreshing resources)
+        // Returns the part URL from the protocol name up to the query string and contextPath.
+        final String servletContextPath = request.getRequestURL().toString().replace(request.getServletPath(), "");
+        final String absolutePath = servletContextPath + location;
+
+        return getLocationStream(absolutePath);
+      }
+      // Wrap request
+      final ServletRequest wrappedRequest = getWrappedServletRequest(request, location);
+      // Wrap response
+      final ServletResponse wrappedResponse = getWrappedServletResponse(response, os);
+      LOG.debug("dispatching request to location: " + location);
+      // use dispatcher
+      dispatcher.include(wrappedRequest, wrappedResponse);
+      warnOnEmptyStream = true;
+      // force flushing - the content will be written to
+      // BytArrayOutputStream. Otherwise exactly 32K of data will be
+      // written.
+      wrappedResponse.getWriter().flush();
+      os.close();
+    } catch (final Exception e) {
+      // Not only servletException can be thrown, also dispatch.include can throw NPE when the scheduler runs outside
+      // of the request cycle, thus connection is unavailable. This is caused mostly when invalid resources are
+      // included.
+      LOG.debug("[FAIL] Error while dispatching the request for location {}", location);
+      throw new IOException("Error while dispatching the request for location " + location);
+    } finally {
+      if (warnOnEmptyStream && os.size() == 0) {
+        LOG.warn("Wrong or empty resource with location: {}", location);
+      }
+      // Put the context back
+      if (!Context.isContextSet()) {
+        Context.set(originalContext);
+      }
+    }
+    return new ByteArrayInputStream(os.toByteArray());
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Opens a connection for a given location and retrive the stream. The connection will be configured with correct
+   * timout based on values from {@link WroConfiguration}.
+   */
+  private InputStream getLocationStream(final String location) throws IOException {
+    Validate.notNull(location);
+    final int timeout = Context.get().getConfig().getConnectionTimeout();
+    final URL url = new URL(location);
+    final URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();
+    // avoid jar file locking on Windows.
+    connection.setUseCaches(false);
+    // setting these timeouts ensures the client does not deadlock indefinitely
+    // when the server has problems.
+    LOG.debug("Computed timeout milliseconds: {}", timeout);
+    connection.setConnectTimeout(timeout);
+    connection.setReadTimeout(timeout);
+    return connection.getInputStream();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Build a wrapped servlet request which will be used for dispatching.
+   */
+  private ServletRequest getWrappedServletRequest(final HttpServletRequest request, final String location) {
+    final HttpServletRequest wrappedRequest = new HttpServletRequestWrapper(request) {
+      @Override
+      public String getRequestURI() {
+        return getContextPath() + location;
+      }
+
+
+      @Override
+      public String getPathInfo() {
+        return WroUtil.getPathInfoFromLocation(location);
+      }
+
+
+      @Override
+      public String getServletPath() {
+        return WroUtil.getServletPathFromLocation(location);
+      }
+    };
+    return wrappedRequest;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Build a wrapped servlet response which will be used for dispatching.
+   */
+  private ServletResponse getWrappedServletResponse(final HttpServletResponse response, final ByteArrayOutputStream os) {
+    /**
+     * Both servletOutputStream and PrintWriter must be overriden in order to be sure that dispatched servlet will write
+     * to the pipe.
+     */
+    final HttpServletResponseWrapper wrappedResponse = new HttpServletResponseWrapper(response) {
+      /**
+       * PrintWrapper of wrapped response.
+       */
+      private PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(os);
+
+      /**
+       * Servlet output stream of wrapped response.
+       */
+      private ServletOutputStream sos = new DelegatingServletOutputStream(os);
+
+
+      /**
+       * {@inheritDoc}
+       */
+      @Override
+      public void sendError(final int sc)
+        throws IOException {
+        onError(sc, "");
+        super.sendError(sc);
+      }
+
+
+      /**
+       * {@inheritDoc}
+       */
+      @Override
+      public void sendError(final int sc, final String msg)
+        throws IOException {
+        onError(sc, msg);
+        super.sendError(sc, msg);
+      }
+
+
+      /**
+       * Use an empty stream to avoid container writing unwanted message when a resource is missing.
+       *
+       * @param sc status code.
+       * @param msg
+       */
+      private void onError(final int sc, final String msg) {
+        LOG.debug("Error detected with code: {} and message: {}", sc, msg);
+        final OutputStream emptyStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        pw = new PrintWriter(emptyStream);
+        sos = new DelegatingServletOutputStream(emptyStream);
+      }
+
+
+      @Override
+      public ServletOutputStream getOutputStream()
+        throws IOException {
+        return sos;
+      }
+
+
+      /**
+       * By default, redirect does not allow writing to output stream its content. In order to support this use-case, we
+       * need to open a new connection and read the content manually.
+       */
+      @Override
+      public void sendRedirect(final String location)
+        throws IOException {
+        try {
+          LOG.debug("redirecting to: {}", location);
+          final InputStream is = getLocationStream(location);
+          IOUtils.copy(is, sos);
+          is.close();
+        } catch (final IOException e) {
+          LOG.warn("{}: Invalid response for location: {}", e.getClass().getName(), location);
+          throw e;
+        }
+      }
+
+
+      @Override
+      public PrintWriter getWriter()
+        throws IOException {
+        return pw;
+      }
+    };
+    return wrappedResponse;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ro.isdc.wro.http.support.DelegatingServletOutputStream` acquired by call to `getWrappedServletResponse(...)` at line 77 is not released after line 85.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+InputStream DispatcherStreamLocator.getInputStream(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.locator.DispatcherStreamLocator.getInputStream(javax.servlet.http.HttpSer.dcc2d4812ee297a976576524c4da7062
+
+### File:
+wro4j-core/src/main/java/ro/isdc/wro/model/resource/locator/DispatcherStreamLocator.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherStreamLocator.java|getInputStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+ad94e00b4ef267e38f8d54081de9b387
+
+### Hash:
+cb604c0c4fd23854fa7f78f47fb06210
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7349/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7349/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c55615f14718820b07b3f8225a8e320484a2503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7349/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wro4j
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2008. All rights reserved.
+ */
+package ro.isdc.wro.manager;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+
+import ro.isdc.wro.AbstractWroTest;
+import ro.isdc.wro.config.ConfigurationContext;
+import ro.isdc.wro.config.Context;
+import ro.isdc.wro.config.jmx.WroConfiguration;
+import ro.isdc.wro.http.DelegatingServletOutputStream;
+import ro.isdc.wro.manager.factory.ServletContextAwareWroManagerFactory;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.factory.XmlModelFactory;
+import ro.isdc.wro.test.util.WroTestUtils;
+
+
+/**
+ * TestWroManager.java.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Objelean
+ * @created Created on Nov 3, 2008
+ */
+public class TestWroManager extends AbstractWroTest {
+  private WroManager manager;
+
+
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() {
+    initConfigWithUpdatePeriodValue(0);
+    final WroManagerFactory factory = new ServletContextAwareWroManagerFactory();
+    manager = factory.getInstance();
+    Context.set(Mockito.mock(Context.class, Mockito.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS));
+  }
+
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNoProcessorWroManagerFactory() throws IOException {
+    final WroManagerFactory factory = new ServletContextAwareWroManagerFactory();
+    manager = factory.getInstance();
+    manager.setModelFactory(getValidModelFactory());
+    final HttpServletRequest request = Mockito.mock(HttpServletRequest.class);
+    final OutputStream os = System.out;
+    final HttpServletResponse response = Context.get().getResponse();
+
+    final InputStream actualStream = WroTestUtils.convertToInputStream(os);
+    Mockito.when(response.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new DelegatingServletOutputStream(os));
+    Mockito.when(request.getRequestURI()).thenReturn("/app/g1.css");
+    manager.process(request, response);
+    WroTestUtils.compare(getInputStream("classpath:ro/isdc/wro/manager/noProcessorsResult.css"), actualStream);
+  }
+
+
+  @Test
+  public void processValidModel() throws IOException {
+    manager.setModelFactory(getValidModelFactory());
+    final HttpServletRequest request = Mockito.mock(HttpServletRequest.class);
+    final HttpServletResponse response = Context.get().getResponse();
+    Mockito.when(request.getRequestURI()).thenReturn("/app/g1.css");
+    manager.process(request, response);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * @return a {@link XmlModelFactory} pointing to a valid config resource.
+   */
+  private XmlModelFactory getValidModelFactory() {
+    return new XmlModelFactory() {
+      @Override
+      protected InputStream getConfigResourceAsStream() {
+        return getResourceAsStream(TestWroManager.class.getPackage().getName().replace(".", "/") + "/wro.xml");
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Test how manager behaves when the update period value is greater than zero and the scheduler starts.
+   *
+   * @throws Exception
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManagerWhenSchedulerIsStarted() throws Exception {
+    manager.setModelFactory(getValidModelFactory());
+    initConfigWithUpdatePeriodValue(1);
+    final HttpServletRequest request = Mockito.mock(HttpServletRequest.class);
+    final HttpServletResponse response = Context.get().getResponse();
+    Mockito.when(request.getRequestURI()).thenReturn("/app/g1.css");
+    manager.process(request, response);
+    // allow thread to do their job
+    Thread.sleep(2000);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize {@link WroConfiguration} object with cacheUpdatePeriod & modelUpdatePeriod equal with provided argument.
+   */
+  private void initConfigWithUpdatePeriodValue(final long periodValue) {
+    final WroConfiguration config = new WroConfiguration();
+    config.setCacheUpdatePeriod(periodValue);
+    config.setModelUpdatePeriod(periodValue);
+
+    ConfigurationContext.get().setConfig(config);
+  }
+
+
+  @After
+  public void tearDown() {
+    manager.destroy();
+    Context.unset();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ro.isdc.wro.http.DelegatingServletOutputStream` acquired by call to `DelegatingServletOutputStream(...)` at line 57 is not released after line 57.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 57
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWroManager.testNoProcessorWroManagerFactory()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.isdc.wro.manager.TestWroManager.testNoProcessorWroManagerFactory():void.85d168d543f867f7970115b0a95f7273
+
+### File:
+wro4j-core/src/test/java/ro/isdc/wro/manager/TestWroManager.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWroManager.java|testNoProcessorWroManagerFactory|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+cffffa30946f6d45c7b0417bd9953a40
+
+### Hash:
+45bde5a79b8127f640e32e1cb3bdd38a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7353/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7353/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e00d0319214152208e3923612f5723e39ce27dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7353/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** iota-java
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jota.model;
+
+import jota.pow.ICurl;
+import jota.pow.SpongeFactory;
+import jota.utils.Converter;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents an iota transaction.
+ *
+ * @author pinpong
+ */
+public class Transaction {
+
+    private static final transient Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Transaction.class);
+
+    private transient ICurl customCurl;
+
+    private String hash;
+    private String signatureFragments;
+    private String address;
+    private long value;
+    private String tag;
+    private long timestamp;
+    private long currentIndex;
+    private long lastIndex;
+    private String bundle;
+    private String trunkTransaction;
+    private String branchTransaction;
+    private String nonce;
+    private Boolean persistence;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(ICurl curl) {
+        customCurl = curl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction() {
+        customCurl = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String trytes) {
+        transactionObject(trytes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String trytes, ICurl customCurl) {
+        transactionObject(trytes);
+        this.customCurl = customCurl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String signatureFragments, long currentIndex, long lastIndex, String nonce, String hash, String tag, long timestamp, String trunkTransaction, String branchTransaction, String address, long value, String bundle) {
+
+        this.hash = hash;
+        this.tag = tag;
+        this.signatureFragments = signatureFragments;
+        this.address = address;
+        this.value = value;
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+        this.currentIndex = currentIndex;
+        this.lastIndex = lastIndex;
+        this.bundle = bundle;
+        this.trunkTransaction = trunkTransaction;
+        this.branchTransaction = branchTransaction;
+        this.nonce = nonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String address, long value, String tag, long timestamp) {
+        this.address = address;
+        this.value = value;
+        this.tag = tag;
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a String that represents this object.
+     *
+     * @return Returns a string representation of this object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(this, ToStringStyle.MULTI_LINE_STYLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the hash.
+     *
+     * @return The hash.
+     */
+    public String getHash() {
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the hash.
+     *
+     * @param hash The hash.
+     */
+    public void setHash(String hash) {
+        this.hash = hash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the signature fragments.
+     *
+     * @return The signature fragments.
+     */
+    public String getSignatureFragments() {
+        return signatureFragments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the signature fragments.
+     *
+     * @param signatureFragments The signature fragments.
+     */
+    public void setSignatureFragments(String signatureFragments) {
+        this.signatureFragments = signatureFragments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the address.
+     *
+     * @return The address.
+     */
+    public String getAddress() {
+        return address;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the address.
+     *
+     * @param address The address.
+     */
+    public void setAddress(String address) {
+        this.address = address;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value.
+     *
+     * @return The value.
+     */
+    public long getValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value.
+     *
+     * @param value The value.
+     */
+    public void setValue(long value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the tag.
+     *
+     * @return The tag.
+     */
+    public String getTag() {
+        return tag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the tag.
+     *
+     * @param tag The tag.
+     */
+    public void setTag(String tag) {
+        this.tag = tag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the timestamp.
+     *
+     * @return The timestamp.
+     */
+    public long getTimestamp() {
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the timestamp.
+     *
+     * @param timestamp The timestamp.
+     */
+    public void setTimestamp(long timestamp) {
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current index.
+     *
+     * @return The current index.
+     */
+    public long getCurrentIndex() {
+        return currentIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the current index.
+     *
+     * @param currentIndex The current index.
+     */
+    public void setCurrentIndex(long currentIndex) {
+        this.currentIndex = currentIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the last index.
+     *
+     * @return The last index.
+     */
+    public long getLastIndex() {
+        return lastIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the last index.
+     *
+     * @param lastIndex The last index.
+     */
+    public void setLastIndex(long lastIndex) {
+        this.lastIndex = lastIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the bundle.
+     *
+     * @return The bundle.
+     */
+    public String getBundle() {
+        return bundle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the bundle.
+     *
+     * @param bundle The bundle.
+     */
+    public void setBundle(String bundle) {
+        this.bundle = bundle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the trunk transaction.
+     *
+     * @return The trunk transaction.
+     */
+    public String getTrunkTransaction() {
+        return trunkTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the trunk transaction.
+     *
+     * @param trunkTransaction The trunk transaction.
+     */
+    public void setTrunkTransaction(String trunkTransaction) {
+        this.trunkTransaction = trunkTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the branch transaction.
+     *
+     * @return The branch transaction.
+     */
+    public String getBranchTransaction() {
+        return branchTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the branch transaction.
+     *
+     * @param branchTransaction The branch transaction.
+     */
+    public void setBranchTransaction(String branchTransaction) {
+        this.branchTransaction = branchTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the nonce.
+     *
+     * @return The nonce.
+     */
+    public String getNonce() {
+        return nonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the nonce.
+     *
+     * @param nonce The trunk nonce.
+     */
+    public void setNonce(String nonce) {
+        this.nonce = nonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the persistence.
+     *
+     * @return The persistence.
+     */
+    public Boolean getPersistence() {
+        return persistence;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the persistence.
+     *
+     * @param persistence The persistence.
+     */
+    public void setPersistence(Boolean persistence) {
+        this.persistence = persistence;
+    }
+
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        return obj != null && ((Transaction) obj).getHash().equals(this.getHash());
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the transaction to the corresponding trytes representation
+     */
+    public String toTrytes() {
+        int[] valueTrits = Converter.trits(this.getValue(), 81);
+
+        int[] timestampTrits = Converter.trits(this.getTimestamp(), 27);
+
+
+        int[] currentIndexTrits = Converter.trits(this.getCurrentIndex(), 27);
+
+
+        int[] lastIndexTrits = Converter.trits(this.getLastIndex(), 27);
+
+
+        return this.getSignatureFragments()
+                + this.getAddress()
+                + Converter.trytes(valueTrits)
+                + this.getTag()
+                + Converter.trytes(timestampTrits)
+                + Converter.trytes(currentIndexTrits)
+                + Converter.trytes(lastIndexTrits)
+                + this.getBundle()
+                + this.getTrunkTransaction()
+                + this.getBranchTransaction()
+                + this.getNonce();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public void transactionObject(final String trytes) {
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(trytes)) {
+            log.warn("Warning: empty trytes in input for transactionObject");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // validity check
+        for (int i = 2279; i < 2295; i++) {
+            if (trytes.charAt(i) != '9') {
+                log.warn("Trytes {} does not seem a valid tryte", trytes);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int[] transactionTrits = Converter.trits(trytes);
+        int[] hash = new int[243];
+
+        ICurl curl = SpongeFactory.create(SpongeFactory.Mode.CURL);
+        // generate the correct transaction hash
+        curl.reset();
+        curl.absorb(transactionTrits, 0, transactionTrits.length);
+        curl.squeeze(hash, 0, hash.length);
+
+        this.setHash(Converter.trytes(hash));
+        this.setSignatureFragments(trytes.substring(0, 2187));
+        this.setAddress(trytes.substring(2187, 2268));
+        this.setValue(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 6804, 6837)));
+        this.setTag(trytes.substring(2295, 2322));
+        this.setTimestamp(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 6966, 6993)));
+        this.setCurrentIndex(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 6993, 7020)));
+        this.setLastIndex(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 7020, 7047)));
+        this.setBundle(trytes.substring(2349, 2430));
+        this.setTrunkTransaction(trytes.substring(2430, 2511));
+        this.setBranchTransaction(trytes.substring(2511, 2592));
+        this.setNonce(trytes.substring(2592, 2673));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `curl` last assigned on line 395 could be null and is dereferenced at line 397.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Transaction.transactionObject(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jota.model.Transaction.transactionObject(java.lang.String):void.928114b24e543eba154f56e9b605f608
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jota/model/Transaction.java
+
+### Key:
+Transaction.java|transactionObject|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+64170563dd4c37c05d73b70b505f5f23
+
+### Hash:
+525aa055b6d800e4dafadf82c61d448a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7354/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7354/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13161c0c02347d8c62c6493aefd42401af48e17e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7354/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** iota-java
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jota.model;
+
+import jota.pow.ICurl;
+import jota.pow.SpongeFactory;
+import jota.utils.Converter;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents an iota transaction.
+ *
+ * @author pinpong
+ */
+public class Transaction {
+
+    private static final transient Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Transaction.class);
+
+    private transient ICurl customCurl;
+
+    private String hash;
+    private String signatureFragments;
+    private String address;
+    private long value;
+    private String tag;
+    private long timestamp;
+    private long currentIndex;
+    private long lastIndex;
+    private String bundle;
+    private String trunkTransaction;
+    private String branchTransaction;
+    private String nonce;
+    private Boolean persistence;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(ICurl curl) {
+        customCurl = curl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction() {
+        customCurl = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String trytes) {
+        transactionObject(trytes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String trytes, ICurl customCurl) {
+        transactionObject(trytes);
+        this.customCurl = customCurl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String signatureFragments, long currentIndex, long lastIndex, String nonce, String hash, String tag, long timestamp, String trunkTransaction, String branchTransaction, String address, long value, String bundle) {
+
+        this.hash = hash;
+        this.tag = tag;
+        this.signatureFragments = signatureFragments;
+        this.address = address;
+        this.value = value;
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+        this.currentIndex = currentIndex;
+        this.lastIndex = lastIndex;
+        this.bundle = bundle;
+        this.trunkTransaction = trunkTransaction;
+        this.branchTransaction = branchTransaction;
+        this.nonce = nonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public Transaction(String address, long value, String tag, long timestamp) {
+        this.address = address;
+        this.value = value;
+        this.tag = tag;
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a String that represents this object.
+     *
+     * @return Returns a string representation of this object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(this, ToStringStyle.MULTI_LINE_STYLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the hash.
+     *
+     * @return The hash.
+     */
+    public String getHash() {
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the hash.
+     *
+     * @param hash The hash.
+     */
+    public void setHash(String hash) {
+        this.hash = hash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the signature fragments.
+     *
+     * @return The signature fragments.
+     */
+    public String getSignatureFragments() {
+        return signatureFragments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the signature fragments.
+     *
+     * @param signatureFragments The signature fragments.
+     */
+    public void setSignatureFragments(String signatureFragments) {
+        this.signatureFragments = signatureFragments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the address.
+     *
+     * @return The address.
+     */
+    public String getAddress() {
+        return address;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the address.
+     *
+     * @param address The address.
+     */
+    public void setAddress(String address) {
+        this.address = address;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value.
+     *
+     * @return The value.
+     */
+    public long getValue() {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the value.
+     *
+     * @param value The value.
+     */
+    public void setValue(long value) {
+        this.value = value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the tag.
+     *
+     * @return The tag.
+     */
+    public String getTag() {
+        return tag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the tag.
+     *
+     * @param tag The tag.
+     */
+    public void setTag(String tag) {
+        this.tag = tag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the timestamp.
+     *
+     * @return The timestamp.
+     */
+    public long getTimestamp() {
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the timestamp.
+     *
+     * @param timestamp The timestamp.
+     */
+    public void setTimestamp(long timestamp) {
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current index.
+     *
+     * @return The current index.
+     */
+    public long getCurrentIndex() {
+        return currentIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the current index.
+     *
+     * @param currentIndex The current index.
+     */
+    public void setCurrentIndex(long currentIndex) {
+        this.currentIndex = currentIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the last index.
+     *
+     * @return The last index.
+     */
+    public long getLastIndex() {
+        return lastIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the last index.
+     *
+     * @param lastIndex The last index.
+     */
+    public void setLastIndex(long lastIndex) {
+        this.lastIndex = lastIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the bundle.
+     *
+     * @return The bundle.
+     */
+    public String getBundle() {
+        return bundle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the bundle.
+     *
+     * @param bundle The bundle.
+     */
+    public void setBundle(String bundle) {
+        this.bundle = bundle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the trunk transaction.
+     *
+     * @return The trunk transaction.
+     */
+    public String getTrunkTransaction() {
+        return trunkTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the trunk transaction.
+     *
+     * @param trunkTransaction The trunk transaction.
+     */
+    public void setTrunkTransaction(String trunkTransaction) {
+        this.trunkTransaction = trunkTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the branch transaction.
+     *
+     * @return The branch transaction.
+     */
+    public String getBranchTransaction() {
+        return branchTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the branch transaction.
+     *
+     * @param branchTransaction The branch transaction.
+     */
+    public void setBranchTransaction(String branchTransaction) {
+        this.branchTransaction = branchTransaction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the nonce.
+     *
+     * @return The nonce.
+     */
+    public String getNonce() {
+        return nonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the nonce.
+     *
+     * @param nonce The trunk nonce.
+     */
+    public void setNonce(String nonce) {
+        this.nonce = nonce;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the persistence.
+     *
+     * @return The persistence.
+     */
+    public Boolean getPersistence() {
+        return persistence;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the persistence.
+     *
+     * @param persistence The persistence.
+     */
+    public void setPersistence(Boolean persistence) {
+        this.persistence = persistence;
+    }
+
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        return obj != null && ((Transaction) obj).getHash().equals(this.getHash());
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the transaction to the corresponding trytes representation
+     */
+    public String toTrytes() {
+        int[] valueTrits = Converter.trits(this.getValue(), 81);
+
+        int[] timestampTrits = Converter.trits(this.getTimestamp(), 27);
+
+
+        int[] currentIndexTrits = Converter.trits(this.getCurrentIndex(), 27);
+
+
+        int[] lastIndexTrits = Converter.trits(this.getLastIndex(), 27);
+
+
+        return this.getSignatureFragments()
+                + this.getAddress()
+                + Converter.trytes(valueTrits)
+                + this.getTag()
+                + Converter.trytes(timestampTrits)
+                + Converter.trytes(currentIndexTrits)
+                + Converter.trytes(lastIndexTrits)
+                + this.getBundle()
+                + this.getTrunkTransaction()
+                + this.getBranchTransaction()
+                + this.getNonce();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the Signature class.
+     */
+    public void transactionObject(final String trytes) {
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(trytes)) {
+            log.warn("Warning: empty trytes in input for transactionObject");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // validity check
+        for (int i = 2279; i < 2295; i++) {
+            if (trytes.charAt(i) != '9') {
+                log.warn("Trytes {} does not seem a valid tryte", trytes);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int[] transactionTrits = Converter.trits(trytes);
+        int[] hash = new int[243];
+
+        ICurl curl = SpongeFactory.create(SpongeFactory.Mode.CURL);
+        // generate the correct transaction hash
+        curl.reset();
+        curl.absorb(transactionTrits, 0, transactionTrits.length);
+        curl.squeeze(hash, 0, hash.length);
+
+        this.setHash(Converter.trytes(hash));
+        this.setSignatureFragments(trytes.substring(0, 2187));
+        this.setAddress(trytes.substring(2187, 2268));
+        this.setValue(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 6804, 6837)));
+        this.setTag(trytes.substring(2295, 2322));
+        this.setTimestamp(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 6966, 6993)));
+        this.setCurrentIndex(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 6993, 7020)));
+        this.setLastIndex(Converter.longValue(Arrays.copyOfRange(transactionTrits, 7020, 7047)));
+        this.setBundle(trytes.substring(2349, 2430));
+        this.setTrunkTransaction(trytes.substring(2430, 2511));
+        this.setBranchTransaction(trytes.substring(2511, 2592));
+        this.setNonce(trytes.substring(2592, 2673));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `curl.state` last assigned on line 395 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `reset()` at line 397.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Transaction.transactionObject(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jota.model.Transaction.transactionObject(java.lang.String):void.928114b24e543eba154f56e9b605f608
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jota/model/Transaction.java
+
+### Key:
+Transaction.java|transactionObject|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+64170563dd4c37c05d73b70b505f5f23
+
+### Hash:
+ecf444584a0b9c22c4b532191135c88c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7362/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7362/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3121c4016d6a1218b7c1143e02858478b41de33c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7362/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ghprb-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.upstream;
+
+import hudson.Extension;
+import hudson.Launcher;
+import hudson.model.*;
+import hudson.tasks.BuildWrapper;
+
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.extensions.comments.GhprbBuildResultMessage;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHCommitState;
+import org.kohsuke.stapler.DataBoundConstructor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+/**
+ * @author Kevin Suwala
+ */
+
+public class GhprbUpstreamStatus extends BuildWrapper {
+
+    private final String commitStatusContext;
+    private final String triggeredStatus;
+    private final String startedStatus;
+    private final String statusUrl;
+    private final List<GhprbBuildResultMessage> completedStatus;
+    
+    // sets the context and message as env vars so that they are available in the Listener class
+    @Override
+    public void makeBuildVariables(@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") AbstractBuild build, Map<String,String> variables){
+        variables.put("ghprbUpstreamStatus", "true");
+        variables.put("ghprbCommitStatusContext", commitStatusContext);
+        variables.put("ghprbTriggeredStatus", triggeredStatus);
+        variables.put("ghprbStartedStatus", startedStatus);
+        variables.put("ghprbStatusUrl", statusUrl);
+        
+        Map<GHCommitState, StringBuilder> statusMessages = new HashMap<GHCommitState, StringBuilder>(5);
+        
+        for (GhprbBuildResultMessage message : completedStatus) {
+            GHCommitState state = message.getResult();
+            StringBuilder sb;
+            if (statusMessages.containsKey(state)){
+                sb = new StringBuilder();
+                statusMessages.put(state, sb);
+            } else {
+                sb = statusMessages.get(state);
+                sb.append("\n");
+            }
+            sb.append(message.getMessage());
+        }
+        
+        for (Entry<GHCommitState, StringBuilder> next : statusMessages.entrySet()) {
+            String key = String.format("ghprb%sMessage", next.getKey().name());
+            variables.put(key, next.getValue().toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public BuildWrapper.Environment setUp(@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") AbstractBuild build, Launcher launcher, BuildListener listener) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        makeBuildVariables(build, build.getBuildVariables());
+        return new Environment(){};
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void preCheckout(@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") AbstractBuild build, Launcher launcher, BuildListener listener) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        makeBuildVariables(build, build.getBuildVariables());
+    }
+
+    @DataBoundConstructor
+    public GhprbUpstreamStatus(
+            String commitStatusContext, 
+            String statusUrl, 
+            String triggeredStatus, 
+            String startedStatus, 
+            List<GhprbBuildResultMessage> completedStatus
+            ) {
+        this.statusUrl = statusUrl;
+        this.commitStatusContext = commitStatusContext == null ? "" : commitStatusContext;
+        this.triggeredStatus = triggeredStatus;
+        this.startedStatus = startedStatus;
+        this.completedStatus = completedStatus;
+    }
+    
+
+    public String getStatusUrl() {
+        return statusUrl == null ? "" : statusUrl;
+    }
+    
+    public String getCommitStatusContext() {
+        return commitStatusContext == null ? "" : commitStatusContext;
+    }
+
+    public String getStartedStatus() {
+        return startedStatus == null ? "" : startedStatus;
+    }
+    
+    public String getTriggeredStatus() {
+        return triggeredStatus == null ? "" : triggeredStatus;
+    }
+
+    public List<GhprbBuildResultMessage> getCompletedStatus() {
+        return completedStatus == null ? new ArrayList<GhprbBuildResultMessage>(0) : completedStatus;
+    }
+
+    @Extension
+    public static final class DescriptorImpl extends Descriptor<BuildWrapper> {
+
+        @Override
+        public String getDisplayName() {
+            return "Set GitHub commit status with custom context and message (Must configure upstream job using GHPRB trigger)";
+        }
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `sb` last assigned on line 49 could be null and is dereferenced at line 50.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GhprbUpstreamStatus.makeBuildVariables(AbstractBuild,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.upstream.GhprbUpstreamStatus.makeBuildVariables(hudson.model.AbstractBui.95701f2df09e9f0e3ff1078c389fe22f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/ghprb/upstream/GhprbUpstreamStatus.java
+
+### Key:
+GhprbUpstreamStatus.java|makeBuildVariables|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+3d08ce1c4b57ca6d285ef659851b001f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7365/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7365/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bbaae1c26734214a83a7f19d69c130dc0419e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7365/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ghprb-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+
+import hudson.model.AbstractBuild;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHCommitPointer;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHIssue;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHIssueComment;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequest;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequestCommitDetail;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHUser;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GitUser;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * Maintains state about a Pull Request for a particular Jenkins job. This is what understands the current state of a PR
+ * for a particular job.
+ *
+ * @author Honza Brázdil <jbrazdil@redhat.com>
+ */
+public class GhprbPullRequest {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GhprbPullRequest.class.getName());
+
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient GHUser author;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String title;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String reponame;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient URL url;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String description;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String target;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String source;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String authorRepoGitUrl;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient Boolean changed = true;
+
+    private transient String authorEmail;
+    private transient Ghprb helper; // will be refreshed each time GhprbRepository.init() is called
+    private transient GhprbRepository repo; // will be refreshed each time GhprbRepository.init() is called
+
+    private transient GHPullRequest pr;
+
+    private transient GHUser triggerSender; // Only needed for a single build
+    private transient GitUser commitAuthor; // Only needed for a single build
+    private transient String commentBody;
+
+    private transient boolean shouldRun = false; // Declares if we should run the build this time.
+    private transient boolean triggered = false; // Only lets us know if the trigger phrase was used for this run
+    private transient boolean mergeable = false; // Only works as an easy way to pass the value around for the start of
+                                                 // this build
+
+    private final int id;
+    private Date updated; // Needed to track when the PR was updated
+    private String head;
+    private String base;
+    private boolean accepted = false; // Needed to see if the PR has been added to the accepted list
+    private String lastBuildId;
+
+    private void setUpdated(Date lastUpdateTime) {
+        updated = lastUpdateTime;
+    }
+
+    private void setHead(String newHead) {
+        this.head = StringUtils.isEmpty(newHead) ? head : newHead;
+    }
+
+    private void setBase(String newBase) {
+        this.base = StringUtils.isEmpty(newBase) ? base : newBase;
+    }
+
+    private void setAccepted(boolean shouldRun) {
+        accepted = true;
+        this.shouldRun = shouldRun;
+    }
+
+    public GhprbPullRequest(GHPullRequest pr,
+                            Ghprb ghprb,
+                            GhprbRepository repo,
+                            boolean isNew) {
+
+        id = pr.getNumber();
+        setPullRequest(pr);
+
+        this.helper = ghprb;
+
+        this.repo = repo;
+
+        GHUser author = pr.getUser();
+        String reponame = repo.getName();
+
+        try {
+            if (ghprb.isWhitelisted(getPullRequestAuthor())) {
+                setAccepted(true);
+            } else {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                           "Author of #{0} {1} on {2} not in whitelist!",
+                           new Object[] { id, author.getLogin(), reponame });
+                repo.addComment(id, GhprbTrigger.getDscp().getRequestForTestingPhrase());
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get pull request author", e);
+        }
+
+        logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                   "Created Pull Request #{0} on {1} by {2} ({3}) updated at: {4} SHA: {5}",
+                   new Object[] { id, reponame, author.getLogin(), getAuthorEmail(), updated, this.head });
+    }
+
+    public void init(Ghprb helper,
+                     GhprbRepository repo) {
+        this.helper = helper;
+        this.repo = repo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks this Pull Request representation against a GitHub version of the Pull Request, and triggers a build if
+     * necessary.
+     *
+     * @param ghpr
+     */
+    public void check(GHPullRequest ghpr) {
+        setPullRequest(ghpr);
+        if (helper.isProjectDisabled()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINE, "Project is disabled, ignoring pull request");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            getPullRequest(false);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get the latest copy of the PR from github", e);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        updatePR(pr, pr.getUser());
+
+        checkSkipBuild(pr);
+        tryBuild();
+    }
+
+    private void checkSkipBuild(GHIssue issue) {
+        String skipBuildPhrase = helper.checkSkipBuild(issue);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(skipBuildPhrase)) {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                       "Pull request commented with {0} skipBuildPhrase. Hence skipping the build.",
+                       skipBuildPhrase);
+            shouldRun = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void check(GHIssueComment comment) {
+        if (helper.isProjectDisabled()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINE, "Project is disabled, ignoring comment");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            try {
+                checkComment(comment);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't check comment #" + comment.getId(), ex);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                GHUser user = null;
+                try {
+                    user = comment.getUser();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't get the user that made the comment", e);
+                }
+                updatePR(getPullRequest(true), user);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get a new copy of the pull request!");
+            }
+
+            checkSkipBuild(comment.getParent());
+            tryBuild();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updatePR(GHPullRequest pr,
+                          GHUser user) {
+        setPullRequest(pr);
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            Date lastUpdateTime = updated;
+            if (isUpdated(pr)) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                           "Pull request #{0} was updated on {1} at {2} by {3}",
+                           new Object[] { id, repo.getName(), updated, user });
+
+                // the author of the PR could have been whitelisted since its creation
+                if (!accepted && helper.isWhitelisted(pr.getUser())) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Pull request #{0}'s author has been whitelisted", new Object[] { id });
+                    setAccepted(false);
+                }
+
+                int commentsChecked = checkComments(pr, lastUpdateTime);
+                boolean newCommit = checkCommit(pr);
+
+                if (!newCommit && commentsChecked == 0) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                               "Pull request #{0} was updated on repo {1} but there aren''t any new comments nor commits; "
+                                           + "that may mean that commit status was updated.",
+                               new Object[] { id, repo.getName() });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isWhiteListedTargetBranch() {
+        List<GhprbBranch> branches = helper.getWhiteListTargetBranches();
+        if (branches.isEmpty() || (branches.size() == 1 && branches.get(0).getBranch().equals(""))) {
+            // no branches in white list means we should test all
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        String target = getTarget();
+        for (GhprbBranch b : branches) {
+            if (b.matches(target)) {
+                // the target branch is in the whitelist!
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        logger.log(Level.FINEST,
+                   "PR #{0} target branch: {1} isn''t in our whitelist of target branches: {2}",
+                   new Object[] { id, target, Joiner.on(',').skipNulls().join(branches) });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isUpdated(GHPullRequest pr) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            Date lastUpdated = new Date();
+            boolean ret = false;
+            try {
+                lastUpdated = pr.getUpdatedAt();
+                ret = updated.compareTo(lastUpdated) < 0;
+                setUpdated(lastUpdated);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unable to update last updated date", e);
+            }
+            GHCommitPointer pointer = pr.getHead();
+            String pointerSha = pointer.getSha();
+            ret |= !pointerSha.equals(head);
+
+            pointer = pr.getBase();
+            pointerSha = pointer.getSha();
+            ret |= !pointerSha.equals(base);
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void tryBuild() {
+        if (helper.isProjectDisabled()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Project is disabled, not trying to build");
+            shouldRun = false;
+            triggered = false;
+        }
+        if (helper.ifOnlyTriggerPhrase() && !triggered) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Trigger only phrase but we are not triggered");
+            shouldRun = false;
+        }
+        triggered = false; // Once we have decided that we are triggered then the flag should be set to false.
+
+        if (!isWhiteListedTargetBranch()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Branch is not whitelisted, skipping the build");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (shouldRun) {
+            shouldRun = false; // Change the shouldRun flag as soon as we decide to build.
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Running the build");
+
+            if (pr != null) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "PR is not null, checking if mergable");
+                checkMergeable();
+                try {
+                    for (GHPullRequestCommitDetail commitDetails : pr.listCommits()) {
+                        if (commitDetails.getSha().equals(getHead())) {
+                            commitAuthor = commitDetails.getCommit().getCommitter();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception ex) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Unable to get PR commits: ", ex);
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Running build...");
+            build();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void build() {
+        GhprbBuilds builder = helper.getBuilds();
+        builder.build(this, triggerSender, commentBody);
+    }
+
+    // returns false if no new commit
+    private boolean checkCommit(GHPullRequest pr) {
+        GHCommitPointer head = pr.getHead();
+        GHCommitPointer base = pr.getBase();
+
+        String headSha = head.getSha();
+        String baseSha = base.getSha();
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(headSha, this.head) && StringUtils.equals(baseSha, this.base)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        logger.log(Level.FINE,
+                   "New commit. Sha: Head[{0} => {1}] Base[{2} => {3}]",
+                   new Object[] { this.head, headSha, this.base, baseSha });
+
+        setHead(headSha);
+        setBase(baseSha);
+
+        if (accepted) {
+            shouldRun = true;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void checkComment(GHIssueComment comment) throws IOException {
+        GHUser sender = comment.getUser();
+        String body = comment.getBody();
+
+        logger.log(Level.FINEST, "[{0}] Added comment: {1}", new Object[] { sender.getName(), body });
+
+        // Disabled until more advanced configs get set up
+        // ignore comments from bot user, this fixes an issue where the bot would auto-whitelist
+        // a user or trigger a build when the 'request for testing' phrase contains the
+        // whitelist/trigger phrase and the bot is a member of a whitelisted organisation
+        // if (helper.isBotUser(sender)) {
+        // logger.log(Level.INFO, "Comment from bot user {0} ignored.", sender);
+        // return;
+        // }
+
+        if (helper.isWhitelistPhrase(body) && helper.isAdmin(sender)) { // add to whitelist
+            GHIssue parent = comment.getParent();
+            GHUser author = parent.getUser();
+            if (!helper.isWhitelisted(author)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Author {0} not whitelisted, adding to whitelist.", author);
+                helper.addWhitelist(author.getLogin());
+            }
+            setAccepted(true);
+        } else if (helper.isOktotestPhrase(body) && helper.isAdmin(sender)) { // ok to test
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Admin {0} gave OK to test", sender);
+            setAccepted(true);
+        } else if (helper.isRetestPhrase(body)) { // test this please
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Retest phrase");
+            if (helper.isAdmin(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Admin {0} gave retest phrase", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+            } else if (accepted && helper.isWhitelisted(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Retest accepted and user {0} is whitelisted", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+            }
+        } else if (helper.isTriggerPhrase(body)) { // trigger phrase
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Trigger phrase");
+            if (helper.isAdmin(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Admin {0} ran trigger phrase", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+                triggered = true;
+            } else if (accepted && helper.isWhitelisted(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Trigger accepted and user {0} is whitelisted", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+                triggered = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (shouldRun) {
+            triggerSender = sender;
+            commentBody = body;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int checkComments(GHPullRequest ghpr,
+                              Date lastUpdatedTime) {
+        int count = 0;
+        logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Checking for comments after: {0}", lastUpdatedTime);
+        try {
+            for (GHIssueComment comment : ghpr.getComments()) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Comment was made at: {0}", comment.getUpdatedAt());
+                if (lastUpdatedTime.compareTo(comment.getUpdatedAt()) < 0) {
+                    logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Comment was made after last update time, {0}", comment.getBody());
+                    count++;
+                    try {
+                        checkComment(comment);
+                    } catch (IOException ex) {
+                        logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't check comment #" + comment.getId(), ex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't obtain comments.", e);
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkMergeable() {
+        try {
+            getPullRequest(false);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get a copy of the PR from github", e);
+            return mergeable;
+        }
+        try {
+            int r = 5;
+            Boolean isMergeable = pr.getMergeable();
+            while (isMergeable == null && r-- > 0) {
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(1000);
+                } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                isMergeable = pr.getMergeable();
+            }
+            mergeable = isMergeable != null && isMergeable;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't obtain mergeable status.", e);
+        }
+        return mergeable;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (!(obj instanceof GhprbPullRequest)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        GhprbPullRequest o = (GhprbPullRequest) obj;
+        return o.id == id;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int hash = 7;
+        hash = 89 * hash + this.id;
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    public int getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public String getHead() {
+        return head;
+    }
+
+    public String getAuthorRepoGitUrl() {
+        GHCommitPointer prHead = pr.getHead();
+        String authorRepoGitUrl = "";
+
+        if (prHead != null && prHead.getRepository() != null) {
+            authorRepoGitUrl = prHead.getRepository().gitHttpTransportUrl();
+        }
+        return authorRepoGitUrl;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isMergeable() {
+        return mergeable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base and Ref are part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getTarget() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getBase().getRef();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Head and Ref are part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getSource() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getHead().getRef();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Title is part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getTitle() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getTitle();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URL to the Github Pull Request.
+     * This URL is part of the pull request object
+     *
+     * @return the Github Pull Request URL
+     */
+    public URL getUrl() throws IOException {
+        return getPullRequest(false).getHtmlUrl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The description body is part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getDescription() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getBody();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public GitUser getCommitAuthor() {
+        return commitAuthor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Author is part of the PullRequest Object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public GHUser getPullRequestAuthor() throws IOException {
+        return getPullRequest(false).getUser();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the PullRequest object for this PR
+     * 
+     * @param force - forces the code to go get the PullRequest from GitHub now
+     * @return
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public GHPullRequest getPullRequest(boolean force) throws IOException {
+        if (this.pr == null || force) {
+            setPullRequest(repo.getActualPullRequest(this.id));
+        }
+        return pr;
+    }
+
+    private void setPullRequest(GHPullRequest pr) {
+        if (pr == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            this.pr = pr;
+
+            try {
+                if (updated == null) {
+                    setUpdated(pr.getCreatedAt());
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unable to get date for new PR", e);
+                setUpdated(new Date());
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(this.head)) {
+                GHCommitPointer prHead = pr.getHead();
+                setHead(prHead.getSha());
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(this.base)) {
+                GHCommitPointer prBase = pr.getBase();
+                setBase(prBase.getSha());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Email address is collected from GitHub as extra information, so lets cache it.
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getAuthorEmail() {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(authorEmail)) {
+            try {
+                GHUser user = getPullRequestAuthor();
+                authorEmail = user.getEmail();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to fetch author info for " + id);
+            }
+        }
+        authorEmail = StringUtils.isEmpty(authorEmail) ? "" : authorEmail;
+        return authorEmail;
+    }
+
+    public void setBuild(AbstractBuild<?, ?> build) {
+        lastBuildId = build.getId();
+    }
+
+    public String getLastBuildId() {
+        return lastBuildId;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbPullRequest.check` indirectly writes to field `this.org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbPullRequest.shouldRun` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GhprbPullRequest.check(GHPullRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbPullRequest.check(org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequest):void.8ed19a4f18a2c1190eba73d0c5c47050
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/ghprb/GhprbPullRequest.java
+
+### Key:
+GhprbPullRequest.java|check|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5d3a67dc42c29e33b860f0e17b5b63b7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7371/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7371/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..573b2fa67f439cd12a79a68238b7fdc43dad785b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7371/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ghprb-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.crypto.Mac;
+import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHEventPayload;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHIssueState;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHRepository;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GitHub;
+
+public class GhprbWebHook {
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GhprbWebHook.class.getName());
+    
+    private final GhprbTrigger trigger;
+    
+    public GhprbWebHook(GhprbTrigger trigger) {
+        this.trigger = trigger;
+    }
+    
+    public void handleWebHook(String event, String payload, String body, String signature) {
+        if (!checkSignature(body, signature, trigger.getGitHubApiAuth().getSecret())){
+            return;
+        }
+
+        GhprbRepository repo = trigger.getRepository();
+        String repoName = repo.getName();
+
+        logger.log(Level.INFO, "Got payload event: {0}", event);
+        try {
+            GitHub gh = trigger.getGitHub();
+            
+            if ("issue_comment".equals(event)) {
+                GHEventPayload.IssueComment issueComment = gh.parseEventPayload(
+                        new StringReader(payload), 
+                        GHEventPayload.IssueComment.class);
+                GHIssueState state = issueComment.getIssue().getState();
+                if (state == GHIssueState.CLOSED) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Skip comment on closed PR");
+                    return;
+                }
+                
+                if (matchRepo(repo, issueComment.getRepository())) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Checking issue comment ''{0}'' for repo {1}", 
+                            new Object[] { issueComment.getComment(), repoName }
+                    );
+                    repo.onIssueCommentHook(issueComment);
+                }
+
+            } else if ("pull_request".equals(event)) {
+                GHEventPayload.PullRequest pr = gh.parseEventPayload(
+                        new StringReader(payload), 
+                        GHEventPayload.PullRequest.class);
+                if (matchRepo(repo, pr.getPullRequest().getRepository())) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Checking PR #{1} for {0}", new Object[] { repoName, pr.getNumber() });
+                    repo.onPullRequestHook(pr);
+                }
+                
+            } else {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Request not known");
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to parse github hook payload for " + trigger.getProject(), ex);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean checkSignature(String body, String signature, String secret) {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(secret)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        if (signature != null && signature.startsWith("sha1=")) {
+            String expected = signature.substring(5);
+            String algorithm = "HmacSHA1";
+            try {
+                SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(secret.getBytes(), algorithm);
+                Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(algorithm);
+                mac.init(keySpec);
+                byte[] localSignatureBytes = mac.doFinal(body.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+                String localSignature = Hex.encodeHexString(localSignatureBytes);
+                if (! localSignature.equals(expected)) {
+                    logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Local signature {0} does not match external signature {1}",
+                            new Object[] {localSignature, expected});
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't match both signatures");
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Request doesn't contain a signature. Check that github has a secret that should be attached to the hook");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        logger.log(Level.INFO, "Signatures checking OK");
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    private boolean matchRepo(GhprbRepository ghprbRepo, GHRepository ghRepo) {
+        String jobRepoName = ghprbRepo.getName();
+        String hookRepoName = ghRepo.getFullName();
+        logger.log(Level.FINE, "Comparing repository names: {0} to {1}, case is ignored", new Object[]{jobRepoName, hookRepoName});
+        return jobRepoName.equalsIgnoreCase(hookRepoName);
+    }
+
+    public String getProjectName() {
+        return trigger.getProject();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `GhprbWebHook.trigger.getGitHubApiAuth()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 28.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GhprbWebHook.handleWebHook(String,String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbWebHook.handleWebHook(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.S.fd42eaffff88d5ed3265271e82de4587
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/ghprb/GhprbWebHook.java
+
+### Key:
+GhprbWebHook.java|handleWebHook|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+555eb4653f57a9c18c7378b53476017b
+
+### Hash:
+c094eeca14a1119d127e08b64b7d93e7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7376/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7376/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..657af00e5a2675eae86ac89622b1527bcfe68a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7376/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ghprb-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import hudson.Extension;
+import hudson.Launcher;
+import hudson.model.AbstractBuild;
+import hudson.model.BuildListener;
+import hudson.model.Environment;
+import hudson.model.Run;
+import hudson.model.TaskListener;
+import hudson.model.listeners.RunListener;
+
+/**
+ * @author janinko
+ */
+@Extension
+public class GhprbBuildListener extends RunListener<AbstractBuild<?, ?>> {
+
+    @Override
+    public void onStarted(AbstractBuild<?, ?> build, TaskListener listener) {
+        GhprbTrigger trigger = Ghprb.extractTrigger(build);
+        if (trigger != null) {
+            trigger.getBuilds().onStarted(build, listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onCompleted(AbstractBuild<?, ?> build, TaskListener listener) {
+        GhprbTrigger trigger = Ghprb.extractTrigger(build);
+        if (trigger != null) {
+            trigger.getBuilds().onCompleted(build, listener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Environment setUpEnvironment(@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") AbstractBuild build, Launcher launcher, BuildListener listener) throws IOException, InterruptedException, Run.RunnerAbortedException {
+        GhprbTrigger trigger = Ghprb.extractTrigger(build);
+        if (trigger != null) {
+            trigger.getBuilds().onEnvironmentSetup(build, launcher, listener);
+        }
+
+        return new hudson.model.Environment(){};
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `trigger.getBuilds()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 40.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Environment GhprbBuildListener.setUpEnvironment(AbstractBuild,Launcher,BuildListener)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbBuildListener.setUpEnvironment(hudson.model.AbstractBuild,hudson.La.f4d5c0a9aa264973a248b583c39b5ada
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/ghprb/GhprbBuildListener.java
+
+### Key:
+GhprbBuildListener.java|setUpEnvironment|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2c41124811d62da9168077426fc1a305
+
+### Hash:
+7a0d8ec5177e895178c663a8683b836e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7382/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7382/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76aafabc89edc20865f26d4a99c86fc8e11602cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7382/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** goodsKill
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.seckill.service.util;
+
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.apache.curator.RetryPolicy;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFrameworkFactory;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.locks.InterProcessMutex;
+import org.apache.curator.retry.ExponentialBackoffRetry;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
+import javax.annotation.PreDestroy;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * zk分布式锁工具类
+ *
+ * @author heng
+ */
+@Slf4j
+@Component
+public class ZookeeperLockUtil {
+
+    private CuratorFramework client;
+    @Value("${zookeeper_ip}")
+    private String zookeeperIp;
+    private ThreadLocal<Map<Long, InterProcessMutex>> threadLock = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+    /**
+     * 采用curator提供的互斥锁获取锁方法
+     * 采用线程本地变量的方法解决并发问题
+     *
+     * @param seckillId 秒杀id
+     * @return true 加锁成功
+     */
+    public boolean lock(long seckillId) {
+        try {
+            Map<Long, InterProcessMutex> map;
+            String rootLockPath = "/goodskill";
+            if (threadLock.get() == null) {
+                map = new ConcurrentHashMap();
+                map.put(seckillId, new InterProcessMutex(client, rootLockPath + "/" + seckillId));
+                threadLock.set(map);
+            } else {
+                if (threadLock.get().get(seckillId) == null) {
+                    map = threadLock.get();
+                    map.put(seckillId, new InterProcessMutex(client, rootLockPath + "/" + seckillId));
+                }
+            }
+            boolean acquire = threadLock.get().get(seckillId).acquire(5000L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                log.debug("成功获取到zk锁,秒杀id{}", seckillId);
+            }
+            return acquire;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("获取zk锁异常:{}", e.getMessage());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 采用curator提供的互斥锁释放方法
+     *
+     * @param seckillId 秒杀id
+     * @return true 释放锁成功
+     */
+    public boolean releaseLock(long seckillId) {
+        try {
+            threadLock.get().get(seckillId).release();
+            // 释放内存资源
+            threadLock.get().put(seckillId, null);
+            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                log.debug("zk锁已释放，秒杀id{}", seckillId);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("释放zk锁异常:{}", e.getMessage());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @PostConstruct
+    private void initClient() {
+        // 初始化Curator客户端
+        RetryPolicy retryPolicy = new ExponentialBackoffRetry(1000, 3);
+        this.client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(zookeeperIp, retryPolicy);
+        client.start();
+    }
+
+    @PreDestroy
+    private void stopLocal() {
+        threadLock.remove();
+        client.close();
+    }
+
+    private ZookeeperLockUtil() {
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `ZookeeperLockUtil.threadLock.get()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 53.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ZookeeperLockUtil.lock(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.seckill.service.util.ZookeeperLockUtil.lock(long):boolean.6957fdcabe77dc430ea342894eea4dba
+
+### File:
+goodsKill-spring-boot-provider/goodsKill-service/src/main/java/org/seckill/service/util/ZookeeperLockUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+ZookeeperLockUtil.java|lock|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5ba6076a776945b79bb0b1f0f67fde7d
+
+### Hash:
+56a00334df53c563d842eb852a3936d2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7391/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7391/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa81e559d0148aca5b4d509d473236833d1a5ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7391/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greenmail
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+import javax.mail.MessagingException;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.junit.GreenMailRule;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.pop3.commands.AuthCommand;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.user.UserException;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.util.ServerSetupTest;
+
+public class POP3CommandTest {
+    private static final String CRLF = "\r\n";
+
+    @Rule
+    public final GreenMailRule greenMail = new GreenMailRule(ServerSetupTest.POP3);
+
+    private int port;
+    private String hostAddress;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        hostAddress = greenMail.getPop3().getBindTo();
+        port = greenMail.getPop3().getPort();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlain() throws IOException, MessagingException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            // No such user
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("-ERR Authentication failed: User <test> doesn't exist");
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            // Invalid pwd
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwY" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(
+                    "-ERR Authentication failed, expected base64 encoding : Last unit does not have enough valid bits");
+
+            // Successful auth
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlainWithContinuation() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(AuthCommand.CONTINUATION);
+            printStream.print("dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authDisabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(false);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authEnabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(true);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isNotEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 83 is not released after line 89.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void POP3CommandTest.authDisabled()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands.POP3CommandTest.authDisabled():void.5f8673c5c4a5bb15f371d4e751c41207
+
+### File:
+greenmail-core/src/test/java/com/icegreen/greenmail/test/commands/POP3CommandTest.java
+
+### Key:
+POP3CommandTest.java|authDisabled|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+cae3982ec48ebc2e71a637f9430f461a
+
+### Hash:
+51dcc4ab88c6cff94f6dc073a3c75803
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7396/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7396/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9913db563746f297b29bb896fb61d40ada353f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7396/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greenmail
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+import javax.mail.MessagingException;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.junit.GreenMailRule;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.pop3.commands.AuthCommand;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.user.UserException;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.util.ServerSetupTest;
+
+public class POP3CommandTest {
+    private static final String CRLF = "\r\n";
+
+    @Rule
+    public final GreenMailRule greenMail = new GreenMailRule(ServerSetupTest.POP3);
+
+    private int port;
+    private String hostAddress;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        hostAddress = greenMail.getPop3().getBindTo();
+        port = greenMail.getPop3().getPort();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlain() throws IOException, MessagingException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            // No such user
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("-ERR Authentication failed: User <test> doesn't exist");
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            // Invalid pwd
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwY" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(
+                    "-ERR Authentication failed, expected base64 encoding : Last unit does not have enough valid bits");
+
+            // Successful auth
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlainWithContinuation() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(AuthCommand.CONTINUATION);
+            printStream.print("dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authDisabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(false);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authEnabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(true);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isNotEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired to `printStream` by call to `new()` at line 41 is not released after line 39.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 45
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void POP3CommandTest.authPlain()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands.POP3CommandTest.authPlain():void.b4484c907dd4fd6931ed69d907be867a
+
+### File:
+greenmail-core/src/test/java/com/icegreen/greenmail/test/commands/POP3CommandTest.java
+
+### Key:
+POP3CommandTest.java|authPlain|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+b5a2ccbaa8cab649cc1ba6970466a9f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7397/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7397/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..534f12a1dd0b5f8496c552c2661680537ed18bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7397/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greenmail
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Wael Chatila / Icegreen Technologies. All Rights Reserved.
+ * This software is released under the Apache license 2.0
+ */
+package com.icegreen.greenmail.util;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import javax.mail.MessagingException;
+import javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage;
+
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.Managers;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.configuration.ConfiguredGreenMail;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.configuration.GreenMailConfiguration;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.imap.ImapHostManager;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.imap.ImapServer;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.pop3.Pop3Server;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.server.AbstractServer;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.smtp.SmtpManager;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.smtp.SmtpServer;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.store.FolderException;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.store.InMemoryStore;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.store.MailFolder;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.store.StoredMessage;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.user.GreenMailUser;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.user.UserException;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Utility class that manages a greenmail server with support for multiple protocols
+ */
+public class GreenMail extends ConfiguredGreenMail {
+    final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GreenMail.class);
+    private Managers managers;
+    private Map<String, AbstractServer> services;
+    private ServerSetup[] config;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a SMTP, SMTPS, POP3, POP3S, IMAP, and IMAPS server binding onto non-default ports.
+     * The ports numbers are defined in {@link ServerSetupTest}
+     */
+    public GreenMail() {
+        this(ServerSetupTest.ALL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call this constructor if you want to run one of the email servers only
+     *
+     * @param config Server setup to use
+     */
+    public GreenMail(ServerSetup config) {
+        this(new ServerSetup[]{config});
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call this constructor if you want to run more than one of the email servers
+     *
+     * @param config Server setup to use
+     */
+    public GreenMail(ServerSetup[] config) {
+        this.config = config;
+        init();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize
+     */
+    private void init() {
+        if (managers == null) {
+            managers = new Managers();
+        }
+        if (services == null) {
+            services = createServices(config, managers);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void start() {
+        init();
+
+        final Collection<AbstractServer> servers = services.values();
+        for (AbstractServer service : servers) {
+            service.startService();
+        }
+
+        // Wait till all services are up and running
+        for (AbstractServer service : servers) {
+            try {
+                service.waitTillRunning(service.getServerSetup().getServerStartupTimeout());
+            } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not start mail service " + service, ex);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        log.debug("Started services, performing check if all up");
+        // Make sure if all services are up in a second loop, giving slow services more time.
+        for (AbstractServer service : servers) {
+            if (!service.isRunning()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not start mail server " + service
+                        + ", try to set server startup timeout > " + service.getServerSetup().getServerStartupTimeout()
+                        + " via " + ServerSetup.class.getSimpleName() + ".setServerStartupTimeout(timeoutInMs)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        doConfigure();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void stop() {
+        log.debug("Stopping GreenMail ...");
+
+        if (services != null) {
+            for (Service service : services.values()) {
+                log.debug("Stopping service {}", service);
+                service.stopService();
+            }
+        }
+        managers = new Managers();
+        services = null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() {
+        stop();
+        start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the required services according to the server setup
+     *
+     * @param config Service configuration
+     * @return Services map
+     */
+    private static Map<String, AbstractServer> createServices(ServerSetup[] config, Managers mgr) {
+        Map<String, AbstractServer> srvc = new HashMap<>();
+        for (ServerSetup setup : config) {
+            if (srvc.containsKey(setup.getProtocol())) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Server '" + setup.getProtocol() + "' was found at least twice in the array");
+            }
+            final String protocol = setup.getProtocol();
+            if (protocol.startsWith(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_SMTP)) {
+                srvc.put(protocol, new SmtpServer(setup, mgr));
+            } else if (protocol.startsWith(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_POP3)) {
+                srvc.put(protocol, new Pop3Server(setup, mgr));
+            } else if (protocol.startsWith(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_IMAP)) {
+                srvc.put(protocol, new ImapServer(setup, mgr));
+            }
+        }
+        return srvc;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SmtpServer getSmtp() {
+        return (SmtpServer) services.get(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_SMTP);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ImapServer getImap() {
+        return (ImapServer) services.get(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_IMAP);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Pop3Server getPop3() {
+        return (Pop3Server) services.get(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_POP3);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SmtpServer getSmtps() {
+        return (SmtpServer) services.get(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_SMTPS);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ImapServer getImaps() {
+        return (ImapServer) services.get(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_IMAPS);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Pop3Server getPop3s() {
+        return (Pop3Server) services.get(ServerSetup.PROTOCOL_POP3S);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Managers getManagers() {
+        return managers;
+    }
+
+    //~ Convenience Methods, often needed while testing ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    @Override
+    public boolean waitForIncomingEmail(long timeout, int emailCount) {
+        final SmtpManager.WaitObject waitObject = managers.getSmtpManager().createAndAddNewWaitObject(emailCount);
+        final long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + timeout;
+        synchronized (waitObject) {
+            while (!waitObject.isArrived()) {
+                final long waitTime = endTime - System.currentTimeMillis();
+                if (waitTime < 0L) {
+                    return waitObject.isArrived();
+                }
+                //this loop is necessary to insure correctness, see documentation on Object.wait()
+                try {
+                    waitObject.wait(waitTime);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Interrupted while waiting for incoming email", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return waitObject.isArrived();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean waitForIncomingEmail(int emailCount) {
+        return waitForIncomingEmail(5000L, emailCount);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MimeMessage[] getReceivedMessages() {
+        List<StoredMessage> msgs = managers.getImapHostManager().getAllMessages();
+        MimeMessage[] ret = new MimeMessage[msgs.size()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < msgs.size(); i++) {
+            StoredMessage storedMessage = msgs.get(i);
+            ret[i] = storedMessage.getMimeMessage();
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of 1.5 and to be removed in 1.6. Use {@link #getReceivedMessagesForDomain(String domain)} instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    @Override
+    public MimeMessage[] getReceviedMessagesForDomain(String domain) {
+        return getReceivedMessagesForDomain(domain);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MimeMessage[] getReceivedMessagesForDomain(String domain) {
+        List<StoredMessage> msgs = managers.getImapHostManager().getAllMessages();
+        List<MimeMessage> ret = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            for (StoredMessage msg : msgs) {
+                String tos = GreenMailUtil.getAddressList(msg.getMimeMessage().getAllRecipients());
+                if (tos.toLowerCase().contains(domain)) {
+                    ret.add(msg.getMimeMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (MessagingException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        return ret.toArray(new MimeMessage[ret.size()]);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public GreenMailUser setUser(String login, String password) {
+        return setUser(login, login, password);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public GreenMailUser setUser(String email, String login, String password) {
+        GreenMailUser user = managers.getUserManager().getUser(login);
+        if (null == user) {
+            try {
+                user = managers.getUserManager().createUser(email, login, password);
+            } catch (UserException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        } else {
+            user.setPassword(password);
+        }
+        return user;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setQuotaSupported(boolean isEnabled) {
+        managers.getImapHostManager().getStore().setQuotaSupported(isEnabled);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setUsers(Properties users) {
+        for (Object o : users.keySet()) {
+            String email = (String) o;
+            String password = users.getProperty(email);
+            setUser(email, email, password);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public GreenMail withConfiguration(GreenMailConfiguration config) {
+        // Just overriding to return more specific type
+        super.withConfiguration(config);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void purgeEmailFromAllMailboxes() throws FolderException {
+        ImapHostManager imaphost = getManagers().getImapHostManager();
+        InMemoryStore store = (InMemoryStore) imaphost.getStore();
+        Collection<MailFolder> mailboxes = store.listMailboxes("*");
+        for (MailFolder folder : mailboxes) {
+            folder.deleteAllMessages();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of 1.5 and to be removed in 1.6. No need to instantiate static helper class
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public GreenMailUtil util() {
+        return GreenMailUtil.instance();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.icegreen.greenmail.util.GreenMail.waitForIncomingEmail` reads without synchronization from `this.com.icegreen.greenmail.util.GreenMail.managers`. Potentially races with write in method `GreenMail.stop()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean GreenMail.waitForIncomingEmail(long,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.icegreen.greenmail.util.GreenMail.waitForIncomingEmail(long,int):boolean.6750d142ef6c934c49e08754edd58619
+
+### File:
+greenmail-core/src/main/java/com/icegreen/greenmail/util/GreenMail.java
+
+### Key:
+GreenMail.java|waitForIncomingEmail|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+3c13fdb3a4b2dc28364461c51079bad8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7398/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7398/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11db14c5928bb665c33a82c4cb225b23dda14c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7398/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greenmail
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+import javax.mail.MessagingException;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.junit.GreenMailRule;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.pop3.commands.AuthCommand;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.user.UserException;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.util.ServerSetupTest;
+
+public class POP3CommandTest {
+    private static final String CRLF = "\r\n";
+
+    @Rule
+    public final GreenMailRule greenMail = new GreenMailRule(ServerSetupTest.POP3);
+
+    private int port;
+    private String hostAddress;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        hostAddress = greenMail.getPop3().getBindTo();
+        port = greenMail.getPop3().getPort();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlain() throws IOException, MessagingException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            // No such user
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("-ERR Authentication failed: User <test> doesn't exist");
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            // Invalid pwd
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwY" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(
+                    "-ERR Authentication failed, expected base64 encoding : Last unit does not have enough valid bits");
+
+            // Successful auth
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlainWithContinuation() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(AuthCommand.CONTINUATION);
+            printStream.print("dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authDisabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(false);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authEnabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(true);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isNotEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired to `printStream` by call to `new()` at line 97 is not released after line 95.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 102
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void POP3CommandTest.authEnabled()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands.POP3CommandTest.authEnabled():void.39495975aee7ac8109c48b6a1e7c6e75
+
+### File:
+greenmail-core/src/test/java/com/icegreen/greenmail/test/commands/POP3CommandTest.java
+
+### Key:
+POP3CommandTest.java|authEnabled|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+20ce798f5a4042ca4681e4ac78bccd89
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7502/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7502/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ad899fafe01542be90e2ec333b3bf43a7d1fd7d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7502/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.neo4j.ogm.autoindex;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.junit.Assume.*;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.MetaData;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.config.Configuration;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.config.Components;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.testutil.MultiDriverTestClass;
+
+/**
+ * Make sure this tests works across all drivers supporting Neo4j 3.x and above.
+ *
+ * @author Mark Angrish
+ */
+public class AutoIndexManagerTest extends MultiDriverTestClass {
+
+	private MetaData metaData = new MetaData("org.neo4j.ogm.domain.forum");
+
+	private static final String CREATE_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER = "CREATE CONSTRAINT ON ( login:Login ) ASSERT login.userName IS UNIQUE";
+	private static final String DROP_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER = "DROP CONSTRAINT ON (login:Login) ASSERT login.userName IS UNIQUE";
+
+
+	@After
+	public void cleanUp() {
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("none");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldPreserveConfiguration() {
+		Configuration configuration = Components.getConfiguration();
+		configuration.setAutoIndex("validate");
+		Components.configure(configuration);
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.VALIDATE.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldBeAbleToCreateAndDropConstraintsOnSameDatabaseInstance() {
+		createLoginConstraint();
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIndexesAreSuccessfullyValidated() {
+
+		createLoginConstraint();
+
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("validate");
+		AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.VALIDATE.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+		assertEquals(1, indexManager.getIndexes().size());
+		indexManager.build();
+
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = MissingIndexException.class)
+	public void testIndexesAreFailValidation() {
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("validate");
+		AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.VALIDATE.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+		indexManager.build();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIndexDumpMatchesDatabaseIndexes() throws IOException {
+
+		createLoginConstraint();
+
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("dump");
+		Components.getConfiguration().setDumpDir(".");
+		Components.getConfiguration().setDumpFilename("test.cql");
+
+		File file = new File("./test.cql");
+
+		try {
+			AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+			assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.DUMP.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+			assertEquals(1, indexManager.getIndexes().size());
+			indexManager.build();
+			assertTrue(file.exists());
+			assertTrue(file.length() > 0);
+			BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+			String actual = reader.readLine();
+			assertEquals(CREATE_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER, actual);
+			reader.close();
+		} finally {
+			file.delete();
+		}
+
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIndexesAreSuccessfullyAsserted() {
+
+		createLoginConstraint();
+
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("assert");
+
+		AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.ASSERT.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+		assertEquals(1, indexManager.getIndexes().size());
+		indexManager.build();
+
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	private void createLoginConstraint() {
+		getGraphDatabaseService().execute(CREATE_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER);
+	}
+
+	private void dropLoginConstraint() {
+		getGraphDatabaseService().execute(DROP_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `indexManager.getIndexes()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 111.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AutoIndexManagerTest.testIndexesAreSuccessfullyAsserted()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.autoindex.AutoIndexManagerTest.testIndexesAreSuccessfullyAsserted():void.84d89693e3794df2f99cfc56e8b25439
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/org/neo4j/ogm/autoindex/AutoIndexManagerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AutoIndexManagerTest.java|testIndexesAreSuccessfullyAsserted|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+f17d37c4ae35db94532c4a3cc7dab971
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7505/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7505/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c1b66db2e8f20242dc9d7b530af51bd8a5c5dc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7505/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2015 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ * conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ */
+package org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.GraphModelQuery;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.Query;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.RowModelQuery;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.RowModelQueryWithStatistics;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.info.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.GraphModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.*;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.request.strategy.AggregateStatements;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.response.Neo4jResponse;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.result.QueryResult;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.result.Result;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.result.RowModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.result.RowQueryStatisticsResult;
+
+/**
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ */
+public class ExecuteQueriesDelegate implements Capability.ExecuteQueries {
+
+    private static final Pattern WRITE_CYPHER_KEYWORDS = Pattern.compile("\\b(CREATE|MERGE|SET|DELETE|REMOVE)\\b");
+    
+    private final Neo4jSession session;
+
+    public ExecuteQueriesDelegate(Neo4jSession neo4jSession) {
+        this.session = neo4jSession;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T queryForObject(Class<T> type, String cypher, Map<String, ?> parameters) {
+        Iterable<T> results = query(type, cypher, parameters);
+
+        int resultSize = Utils.size(results);
+
+        if (resultSize < 1 ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (resultSize > 1) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Result not of expected size. Expected 1 row but found " + resultSize);
+        }
+
+        return results.iterator().next();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result query(String cypher, Map<String, ?> parameters) {
+        return query(cypher, parameters, isReadOnly(cypher));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Iterable<T> query(Class<T> type, String cypher, Map<String, ?> parameters) {
+        validateQuery(cypher, parameters, false); //we'll allow modifying statements
+        if (type == null || type.equals(Void.class)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Supplied type must not be null or void.");
+        }
+        return executeAndMap(type, cypher, parameters, new EntityRowModelMapper<T>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result query(String cypher, Map<String, ?> parameters, boolean readOnly) {
+        validateQuery(cypher, parameters, readOnly);
+
+        //If readOnly=true, just execute the query. If false, execute the query and return stats as well
+        if(readOnly) {
+            return new QueryResult(executeAndMap(null, cypher, parameters, new MapRowModelMapper()),null);
+        }
+        else {
+            String url  = session.ensureTransaction().url();
+            RowModelQueryWithStatistics parameterisedStatement = new RowModelQueryWithStatistics(cypher, parameters);
+            try (Neo4jResponse<RowQueryStatisticsResult> response = session.requestHandler().execute(parameterisedStatement, url)) {
+                RowQueryStatisticsResult result = response.next();
+                RowModelMapper rowModelMapper = new MapRowModelMapper();
+                Collection rowResult = new LinkedHashSet();
+                for (Iterator<Object> iterator = result.getRows().iterator(); iterator.hasNext(); ) {
+                    List next =  (List) iterator.next();
+                    rowModelMapper.mapIntoResult(rowResult, next.toArray(), response.columns());
+                }
+                return new QueryResult(rowResult, result.getStats());
+
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private <T> Iterable<T> executeAndMap(Class<T> type, String cypher, Map<String, ?> parameters, RowModelMapper<T> rowModelMapper) {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cypher)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Supplied cypher statement must not be null or empty.");
+        }
+
+        if (parameters == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Supplied Parameters cannot be null.");
+        }
+
+        String url = session.ensureTransaction().url();
+
+        if (type != null && session.metaData().classInfo(type.getSimpleName()) != null) {
+            Query qry = new GraphModelQuery(cypher, parameters);
+            try (Neo4jResponse<GraphModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute(qry, url)) {
+                return session.responseHandler().loadAll(type, response);
+            }
+        } else {
+            RowModelQuery qry = new RowModelQuery(cypher, parameters);
+            try (Neo4jResponse<RowModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute(qry, url)) {
+
+                String[] variables = response.columns();
+
+                Collection<T> result = new ArrayList<>();
+                RowModel rowModel;
+                while ((rowModel = response.next()) != null) {
+                    rowModelMapper.mapIntoResult(result, rowModel.getValues(), variables);
+                }
+
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long countEntitiesOfType(Class<?> entity) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = session.metaData().classInfo(entity.getName());
+        if (classInfo == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        RowModelQuery countStatement = new AggregateStatements().countNodesLabelledWith(classInfo.labels());
+        String url  = session.ensureTransaction().url();
+        try (Neo4jResponse<RowModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute(countStatement, url)) {
+            RowModel queryResult = response.next();
+            return queryResult == null ? 0 : ((Number) queryResult.getValues()[0]).longValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isReadOnly(String cypher) {
+        Matcher matcher = WRITE_CYPHER_KEYWORDS.matcher(cypher.toUpperCase());
+        return !matcher.find();
+    }
+
+    private void validateQuery(String cypher, Map<String, ?> parameters, boolean readOnly) {
+        if(readOnly && !isReadOnly(cypher)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cypher query must not modify the graph if readOnly=true");
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cypher)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Supplied cypher statement must not be null or empty.");
+        }
+
+        if (parameters == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Supplied Parameters cannot be null.");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.ogm.session.transaction.SimpleTransaction` acquired by call to `ensureTransaction()` at line 114 is not released after line 114.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Iterable ExecuteQueriesDelegate.executeAndMap(Class,String,Map,RowModelMapper)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates.ExecuteQueriesDelegate.executeAndMap(java.lang.Class,java.lang.Strin.3b217c566aef861162feb02c3a0b8d60
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/session/delegates/ExecuteQueriesDelegate.java
+
+### Key:
+ExecuteQueriesDelegate.java|executeAndMap|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3442af1456cb5324245dc37b47d44129
+
+### Hash:
+6de31a0a8f6a3d495cfc9fb32b331551
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7511/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7511/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e55177acdc52d549206e8189cca8f6f331d09a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7511/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2015 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ * conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ */
+package org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.Pagination;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.Query;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.SortOrder;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.GraphModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.Capability;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.Neo4jSession;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.request.strategy.QueryStatements;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.response.Neo4jResponse;
+
+/**
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ */
+public class LoadByIdsDelegate implements Capability.LoadByIds {
+
+
+    private final Neo4jSession session;
+
+    public LoadByIdsDelegate(Neo4jSession session) {
+        this.session = session;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination, int depth) {
+
+        String url = session.ensureTransaction().url();
+        String entityType = session.entityType(type.getName());
+        QueryStatements queryStatements = session.queryStatementsFor(type);
+
+        Query qry = queryStatements.findAllByType(entityType, ids, depth)
+                .setSortOrder(sortOrder)
+                .setPagination(pagination);
+
+        try (Neo4jResponse<GraphModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute(qry, url)) {
+            return session.responseHandler().loadAll(type, response);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids) {
+        return loadAll(type, ids, new SortOrder(), null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, ids, new SortOrder(), null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids, SortOrder sortOrder) {
+        return loadAll(type, ids, sortOrder, null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids, SortOrder sortOrder, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, ids, sortOrder, null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids, Pagination paging) {
+        return loadAll(type, ids, new SortOrder(), paging, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids, Pagination paging, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, ids, new SortOrder(), paging, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Collection<Long> ids, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination) {
+        return loadAll(type, ids, sortOrder, pagination, 1);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.ogm.session.transaction.SimpleTransaction` acquired by call to `ensureTransaction()` at line 42 is not released after line 42.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Collection LoadByIdsDelegate.loadAll(Class,Collection,SortOrder,Pagination,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates.LoadByIdsDelegate.loadAll(java.lang.Class,java.util.Collection,org.n.2837beda821e516862255bca5f66971a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/session/delegates/LoadByIdsDelegate.java
+
+### Key:
+LoadByIdsDelegate.java|loadAll|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2a20cac300e37d62dcc25fd73609c68e
+
+### Hash:
+6f6fa06ede5645a45aefec3b7c815fe2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7516/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7516/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..876ae1d5abcd9e517c3937c9a49d713f35c17f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7516/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2016 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.drivers.http.response;
+
+import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertNotNull;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.response.Response;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.response.model.DefaultRestModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.result.ResultRestModel;
+
+/**
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ */
+public class JsonRestResponseTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldParseColumnsInRowResponseCorrectly() {
+        try (Response<DefaultRestModel> rsp = new TestRestHttpResponse((rowResultsAndNoErrors()))) {
+            assertEquals(3, rsp.columns().length);
+            assertEquals("count",rsp.columns()[0]);
+        }
+    }
+
+  @Test
+    public void shouldParseColumnsInRowResponseWithNoColumnsCorrectly() {
+      try (Response<DefaultRestModel> rsp = new TestRestHttpResponse((noRowResultsAndNoErrors()))) {
+          assertEquals(3, rsp.columns().length);
+            assertEquals("director",rsp.columns()[1]);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+     @Test
+    public void shouldParseDataInRowResponseCorrectly() {
+        try (Response<DefaultRestModel> rsp = new TestRestHttpResponse((rowResultsAndNoErrors()))) {
+            DefaultRestModel restModel = rsp.next();
+            assertNotNull(restModel);
+            Object[] rows = restModel.getValues();
+            assertEquals(3,rows.length);
+            assertEquals(1, rows[0]);
+            Map data = (Map) rows[1];
+            assertEquals(1931,((Map)data.get("data")).get("born"));
+            data = (Map) rows[2];
+            assertEquals("The Birdcage", ((Map)data.get("data")).get("title"));
+            assertEquals(395, ((Map)data.get("metadata")).get("id"));
+
+            restModel = rsp.next();
+            rows = restModel.getValues();
+            assertEquals(3,rows.length);
+            assertEquals(1, rows[0]);
+            data = (Map) rows[1];
+            assertEquals(1931,((Map)data.get("data")).get("born"));
+            data = (Map) rows[2];
+            assertEquals(2007, ((Map)data.get("data")).get("released"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private InputStream rowResultsAndNoErrors() {
+
+        final String s= "{\"results\":[{\"columns\":[\"count\",\"director\",\"movie\"],\"data\":[{\"rest\":[1,{\"outgoing_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/out\",\"labels\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/labels\",\"all_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/all/{-list|&|types}\",\"traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/traverse/{returnType}\",\"self\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396\",\"property\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/properties/{key}\",\"outgoing_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/out/{-list|&|types}\",\"properties\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/properties\",\"incoming_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/in\",\"create_relationship\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships\",\"paged_traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/paged/traverse/{returnType}{?pageSize,leaseTime}\",\"all_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/all\",\"incoming_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/in/{-list|&|types}\",\"metadata\":{\"id\":396,\"labels\":[\"Person\"]},\"data\":{\"born\":1931,\"name\":\"Mike Nichols\"}},{\"outgoing_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/relationships/out\",\"labels\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/labels\",\"all_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/relationships/all/{-list|&|types}\",\"traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/traverse/{returnType}\",\"self\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395\",\"property\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/properties/{key}\",\"outgoing_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/relationships/out/{-list|&|types}\",\"properties\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/properties\",\"incoming_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/relationships/in\",\"create_relationship\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/relationships\",\"paged_traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/paged/traverse/{returnType}{?pageSize,leaseTime}\",\"all_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/relationships/all\",\"incoming_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/395/relationships/in/{-list|&|types}\",\"metadata\":{\"id\":395,\"labels\":[\"Movie\"]},\"data\":{\"released\":1996,\"title\":\"The Birdcage\",\"tagline\":\"Come as you are\"}}]},{\"rest\":[1,{\"outgoing_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/out\",\"labels\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/labels\",\"all_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/all/{-list|&|types}\",\"traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/traverse/{returnType}\",\"self\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396\",\"property\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/properties/{key}\",\"outgoing_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/out/{-list|&|types}\",\"properties\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/properties\",\"incoming_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/in\",\"create_relationship\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships\",\"paged_traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/paged/traverse/{returnType}{?pageSize,leaseTime}\",\"all_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/all\",\"incoming_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/396/relationships/in/{-list|&|types}\",\"metadata\":{\"id\":396,\"labels\":[\"Person\"]},\"data\":{\"born\":1931,\"name\":\"Mike Nichols\"}},{\"outgoing_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/relationships/out\",\"labels\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/labels\",\"all_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/relationships/all/{-list|&|types}\",\"traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/traverse/{returnType}\",\"self\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457\",\"property\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/properties/{key}\",\"outgoing_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/relationships/out/{-list|&|types}\",\"properties\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/properties\",\"incoming_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/relationships/in\",\"create_relationship\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/relationships\",\"paged_traverse\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/paged/traverse/{returnType}{?pageSize,leaseTime}\",\"all_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/relationships/all\",\"incoming_typed_relationships\":\"http://localhost:7474/db/data/node/457/relationships/in/{-list|&|types}\",\"metadata\":{\"id\":457,\"labels\":[\"Movie\"]},\"data\":{\"released\":2007,\"title\":\"Charlie Wilson's War\",\"tagline\":\"A stiff drink. A little mascara. A lot of nerve. Who said they couldn't bring down the Soviet empire.\"}}]}]}],\"errors\":[]}";
+
+        return new ByteArrayInputStream(s.getBytes());
+    }
+
+    private InputStream noRowResultsAndNoErrors() {
+
+        final String s = "{\"results\":[{\"columns\":[\"count\",\"director\",\"movie\"],\"data\":[]}],\"errors\":[]}";
+
+        return new ByteArrayInputStream(s.getBytes());
+    }
+
+
+
+    static class TestRestHttpResponse extends AbstractHttpResponse<ResultRestModel> implements Response<DefaultRestModel> {
+
+        public TestRestHttpResponse(InputStream inputStream) {
+            super(inputStream, ResultRestModel.class);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public DefaultRestModel next() {
+            ResultRestModel restModel = nextDataRecord("rest");
+
+            if (restModel != null) {
+                return new DefaultRestModel(restModel.queryResults());
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() {
+            //Nothing to do, the response has been closed already
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.util.TokenBuffer` acquired by call to `JsonRestResponseTest$TestRestHttpResponse(...)` at line 52 is not released after line 72.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JsonRestResponseTest.shouldParseDataInRowResponseCorrectly()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.drivers.http.response.JsonRestResponseTest.shouldParseDataInRowResponseCorrectly():voi.80b05d89066fed4423b59c2d1b4d1b36
+
+### File:
+drivers/src/test/java/org/neo4j/ogm/drivers/http/response/JsonRestResponseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JsonRestResponseTest.java|shouldParseDataInRowResponseCorrectly|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e51514e1868709acbc6a21f9dc970738
+
+### Hash:
+61e81b4c65ac3789e2beee258f55aa31
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7518/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7518/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b944a4eb32a1f9dc12b99f739d46b0f4366f1e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7518/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2017 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.drivers.embedded.extension;
+
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.Configuration;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.GraphDatabaseService;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.drivers.embedded.driver.EmbeddedDriver;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.SessionFactory;
+import org.neo4j.server.plugins.Injectable;
+import org.neo4j.server.plugins.PluginLifecycle;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+/**
+ *  PluginLifecycle helper for use with Neo4j unmanaged extensions
+ *
+ *  To create an unmanaged extension
+ *  - subclass this initializer, provide packages as you would provide to SessionFactory <br>
+ *  - create file
+ *  {@code META-INF/services/org.neo4j.server.plugins.PluginLifecycle}
+ *  in your plugin jar and list the name of the class there <br>
+ *  - use {@code @Context} to inject SessionFactory to extension resource <br>
+ *
+ * NOTE: you also need to list your extension resource in {@code dbms.unmanaged_extension_classes} property
+ *
+ *
+ * @author Frantisek Hartman
+ * @since 3.0
+ */
+public abstract class OgmPluginInitializer implements PluginLifecycle {
+
+    private final String packages;
+
+    private SessionFactory sessionFactory;
+
+    public OgmPluginInitializer(String packages) {
+        this.packages = packages;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<Injectable<?>> start(GraphDatabaseService graphDatabaseService, Configuration config) {
+        EmbeddedDriver embeddedDriver = new EmbeddedDriver(graphDatabaseService);
+        sessionFactory = new SessionFactory(packages);
+        return Arrays.asList(new OgmInjectable<>(sessionFactory, SessionFactory.class));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop() {
+        // do no close SessionFactory here
+        // would close the database which has been provided by the server itself
+    }
+
+    public static class OgmInjectable<T> implements Injectable<T> {
+
+        private final Class<T> injectableClass;
+        private final T injectable;
+
+        public OgmInjectable(T injectable, Class<T> injectableClass) {
+            this.injectable = injectable;
+            this.injectableClass = injectableClass;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public T getValue() {
+            return injectable;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Class<T> getType() {
+            return injectableClass;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.ogm.drivers.embedded.driver.EmbeddedDriver` acquired to `embeddedDriver` by call to `EmbeddedDriver(...)` at line 54 is not released after line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Collection OgmPluginInitializer.start(GraphDatabaseService,Configuration)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.drivers.embedded.extension.OgmPluginInitializer.start(org.neo4j.graphdb.GraphDatabaseS.3f2bf81cfad74e0ee7abb540c5fd8c34
+
+### File:
+embedded-driver/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/drivers/embedded/extension/OgmPluginInitializer.java
+
+### Key:
+OgmPluginInitializer.java|start|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+399d627a58e45dd5ec351b228b0285d8
+
+### Hash:
+a51967e62fc26ccdd6f67c6a0fa274f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7520/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7520/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d605052356d9ccc7c722b8e6fa91c7ddd301a2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7520/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,750 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2016 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.annotations;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.ClassUtils;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.EndNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Property;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Relationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.StartNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.context.DirectedRelationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.context.DirectedRelationshipForType;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.AnnotationInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MethodInfo;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of {@link EntityAccessStrategy} that looks up information from {@link ClassInfo} in the following order.
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>Annotated Method (getter/setter)</li>
+ * <li>Annotated Field</li>
+ * <li>Plain Method (getter/setter)</li>
+ * <li>Plain Field</li>
+ * </ol>
+ * The rationale is simply that we want annotations, whether on fields or on methods, to always take precedence, and we want to
+ * use methods in preference to field access, because in many cases hydrating an object means more than just assigning values to
+ * fields.
+ *
+ * @author Adam George
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ */
+public class DefaultEntityAccessStrategy implements EntityAccessStrategy {
+
+    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.class);
+
+    //TODO make these LRU caches with configurable size
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationship,RelationalReader>> relationalReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalWriter>> relationalWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalWriter>> iterableWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalReader>> iterableReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<Class, RelationalWriter>> relationshipEntityWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<String, EntityAccess>> propertyWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<String, PropertyReader>> propertyReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Collection<PropertyReader>> propertyReaders = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, PropertyReader> identityPropertyReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Collection<RelationalReader>> relationalReaders = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private final boolean STRICT_MODE = true; //strict mode for matching readers and writers, will only look for explicit annotations
+    private final boolean INFERRED_MODE = false; //inferred mode for matching readers and writers, will infer the relationship type from the getter/setter
+
+
+
+    /** Used internally to hide differences in object construction from strategy algorithm. */
+    private static interface AccessorFactory<T> {
+        T makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo);
+        T makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public EntityAccess getPropertyWriter(final ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+        if(propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            propertyWriterCache.put(classInfo,new HashMap<String, EntityAccess>());
+        }
+        EntityAccess writer = propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(propertyName);
+        if(writer != null) {
+            return writer;
+        }
+
+        MethodInfo setterInfo = classInfo.propertySetter(propertyName);
+        EntityAccess propertyWriter = determinePropertyAccessor(classInfo, propertyName, setterInfo, new AccessorFactory<EntityAccess>() {
+            @Override
+            public EntityAccess makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo) {
+                return new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public EntityAccess makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+                return new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        });
+        propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(propertyName, propertyWriter);
+        return propertyWriter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PropertyReader getPropertyReader(final ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+        if(propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            propertyReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<String, PropertyReader>());
+        }
+        PropertyReader reader =  propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(propertyName);
+        if(reader != null) {
+            return reader;
+        }
+
+        MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.propertyGetter(propertyName);
+        PropertyReader propertyReader =  determinePropertyAccessor(classInfo, propertyName, getterInfo, new AccessorFactory<PropertyReader>() {
+            @Override
+            public PropertyReader makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo) {
+                return new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public PropertyReader makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+                return new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        });
+        propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(propertyName, propertyReader);
+        return propertyReader;
+    }
+
+    private <T> T determinePropertyAccessor(ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName, MethodInfo accessorMethodInfo,
+                                            AccessorFactory<T> factory) {
+        if (accessorMethodInfo != null) {
+            if (!accessorMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Property.CLASS)) {
+                // if there's an annotated field then we should prefer that over the non-annotated method
+                FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+                if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                    return factory.makeFieldAccessor(fieldInfo);
+                }
+            }
+            return factory.makeMethodAccessor(accessorMethodInfo);
+        }
+
+        // fall back to the field if method cannot be found
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            return factory.makeFieldAccessor(fieldInfo);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getRelationalWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, Object scalarValue) {
+        if (relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationalWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationship = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, scalarValue.getClass());
+        if (relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationship)) {
+            return relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationship);
+        }
+        // 1st, try to find a scalar method which is explicitly annotated with the relationship type and direction
+        for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE)) {
+            if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+
+                if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2nd, try to find a scalar or vector field explicitly annotated as the neo4j relationship type and direction
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE)) {
+            if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                    FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                    return fieldWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        //If the direction is INCOMING, then the annotation should have been present and we should have found a match already.
+        //If it's outgoing, then proceed to find other matches
+        if (!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            // 3rd, try to find a scalar method annotated with the relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+
+                    if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                        return methodWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 4th, try to find a scalar or vector field annotated as the neo4j relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                    if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                        return fieldWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 5th, try to find a "setXYZ" method where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (methodInfo != null) {
+                    if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                        return methodWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 6th, try to find a "XYZ" field name where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                        return fieldWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 7th, try to find a unique setter method that takes the parameter
+            List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findSetters(scalarValue.getClass());
+            if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+                MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+                if (!candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.UNDIRECTED).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, candidateMethodInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 8th, try to find a unique field that has the same type as the parameter
+            List<FieldInfo> fieldInfos = classInfo.findFields(scalarValue.getClass());
+            if (fieldInfos.size() == 1) {
+                FieldInfo candidateFieldInfo = fieldInfos.iterator().next();
+                if (!candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.UNDIRECTED).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                    FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, candidateFieldInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                    return fieldWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getRelationalReader(ClassInfo classInfo, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationalReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationship, RelationalReader>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationship directedRelationship = new DirectedRelationship(relationshipType,relationshipDirection);
+        if(relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationship)) {
+            return relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationship);
+        }
+
+        // 1st, try to find a method explicitly annotated with the relationship type and direction.
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = classInfo.relationshipGetter(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+            MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+            return methodReader;
+        }
+
+        // 2nd, try to find a field explicitly annotated with the neo4j relationship type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.relationshipField(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+            FieldReader fieldReader =  new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+            return fieldReader;
+        }
+
+        //If the direction is INCOMING, then the annotation should have been present and we should have found a match already.
+        //If it's outgoing, then proceed to find other matches
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+
+            // 3rd, try to find a method  annotated with the relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            methodInfo = classInfo.relationshipGetter(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            // 4th, try to find a field  annotated with the neo4j relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            fieldInfo = classInfo.relationshipField(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+
+
+            // 5th, try to find a "getXYZ" method where XYZ is derived from the given relationship type
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodReader methodReader =  new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            // 6th, try to find a "XYZ" field name where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader =  new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+        }
+        relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<PropertyReader> getPropertyReaders(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        // do we care about "implicit" fields?  i.e., setX/getX with no matching X field
+        if(propertyReaders.get(classInfo) != null) {
+            return propertyReaders.get(classInfo);
+        }
+        Collection<PropertyReader> readers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.propertyFields()) {
+            MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.propertyGetter(fieldInfo.property());
+            if (getterInfo != null) { //if we have a getter
+                if (getterInfo.hasAnnotation(Property.CLASS) || fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) { //and the getter is annotated with @Property OR the field is not annotated
+                    readers.add(new MethodReader(classInfo, getterInfo)); //use the getter
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            readers.add(new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo)); //otherwise use the field
+        }
+        propertyReaders.put(classInfo, readers);
+        return readers;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<RelationalReader> getRelationalReaders(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        if(relationalReaders.get(classInfo) != null) {
+            return relationalReaders.get(classInfo);
+        }
+        Collection<RelationalReader> readers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.methodsInfo().get(inferGetterName(fieldInfo));
+            if (getterInfo != null) {
+                if (getterInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS) || !fieldInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                    readers.add(new MethodReader(classInfo, getterInfo));
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            readers.add(new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo));
+        }
+        relationalReaders.put(classInfo, readers);
+        return readers;
+    }
+
+    private static String inferGetterName(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+        StringBuilder getterNameBuilder = new StringBuilder(fieldInfo.getName());
+        getterNameBuilder.setCharAt(0, Character.toUpperCase(fieldInfo.getName().charAt(0)));
+        return getterNameBuilder.insert(0, "get").toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getIterableWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            iterableWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, parameterType);
+        if(iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationshipForType)) {
+            return iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationshipForType);
+        }
+
+        //1st find a method annotated with type and direction
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = getIterableSetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            MethodWriter methodWriter =  new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            cacheIterableMethodWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, methodInfo, methodWriter);
+            return methodWriter;
+        }
+
+        //2nd find a field annotated with type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            cacheIterableFieldWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, fieldInfo, fieldWriter);
+            return fieldWriter;
+        }
+
+        //If relationshipDirection=INCOMING, we should have found an annotated field already
+
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            //3rd find a method with implied type and direction
+            methodInfo = getIterableSetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                cacheIterableMethodWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, methodInfo, methodWriter);
+                return methodWriter;
+            }
+
+            //4th find a field with implied type and direction
+            fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                cacheIterableFieldWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, fieldInfo, fieldWriter);
+                return fieldWriter;
+            }
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getIterableReader(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            iterableReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalReader>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, parameterType);
+        if(iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationshipForType)) {
+            return iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationshipForType);
+        }
+
+        //1st find a method annotated with type and direction
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = getIterableGetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            MethodReader methodReader =  new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodReader);
+            return methodReader;
+        }
+
+        //2nd find a field annotated with type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldReader);
+            return fieldReader;
+        }
+
+        //If relationshipDirection=INCOMING, we should have found an annotated field already
+
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            //3rd find a method with implied type and direction
+            methodInfo = getIterableGetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            //4th find a field with implied type and direction
+            fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+        }
+        iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PropertyReader getIdentityPropertyReader(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        PropertyReader propertyReader = identityPropertyReaderCache.get(classInfo);
+        if (propertyReader != null) {
+            return propertyReader;
+        }
+        propertyReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, classInfo.identityField());
+        identityPropertyReaderCache.put(classInfo, propertyReader);
+        return propertyReader;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getEndNodeReader(ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : relationshipEntityClassInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(EndNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                return new FieldReader(relationshipEntityClassInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.warn("Failed to find an @EndNode on {}", relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getStartNodeReader(ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : relationshipEntityClassInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(StartNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                return new FieldReader(relationshipEntityClassInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.warn("Failed to find an @StartNode on {}", relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getRelationalEntityWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class entityAnnotation) {
+        if (entityAnnotation.getName() == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(entityAnnotation.getSimpleName() + " is not defined on " + classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        if (relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationshipEntityWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<Class, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        if (relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(entityAnnotation)) {
+            return relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(entityAnnotation);
+        }
+
+        //Find annotated field
+        FieldInfo field = null;
+        for(FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if(fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(entityAnnotation.getName()) != null) {
+                field = fieldInfo;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if(field != null) {
+            String setter = "set" + field.getName().substring(0,1).toUpperCase() + field.getName().substring(1);
+            //Preferably find a setter for the field
+            for(MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.relationshipSetters()) {
+                if (methodInfo.getName().equals(setter)) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                    relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+
+            }
+            //Otherwise use the field
+            FieldWriter fieldWriter =  new FieldWriter(classInfo,field);
+            relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation,fieldWriter);
+            return fieldWriter;
+        }
+        relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation,null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private MethodInfo getIterableSetterMethodInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableSetters(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableSetters(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+            MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+            //If the method is annotated, then the relationship type must match
+            if (candidateMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateMethodInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (methodInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}. More than one potential matching setter found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private MethodInfo getIterableGetterMethodInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableGetters(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if(methodInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableGetters(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+            MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+            if (candidateMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateMethodInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (methodInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}.  More than one potential matching getter found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private FieldInfo getIterableFieldInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<FieldInfo> fieldInfos = classInfo.findIterableFields(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if(fieldInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                fieldInfos = classInfo.findIterableFields(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (fieldInfos.size() == 1) {
+            FieldInfo candidateFieldInfo = fieldInfos.iterator().next();
+            if (candidateFieldInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateFieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateFieldInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateFieldInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateFieldInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateFieldInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (fieldInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}. More than one potential matching field found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void cacheIterableFieldWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType, FieldInfo fieldInfo, FieldWriter fieldWriter) {
+        if(fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(parameterType)) {
+            //Cache the writer for the superclass used in the type param
+            directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, ClassUtils.getType(fieldInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor()));
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldWriter);
+    }
+
+    private void cacheIterableMethodWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType, MethodInfo methodInfo, MethodWriter methodWriter) {
+        if(methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(parameterType)) {
+            //Cache the writer for the superclass used in the type param
+            directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, ClassUtils.getType(methodInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor()));
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodWriter);
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `org.neo4j.ogm.annotations.DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 388.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RelationalWriter DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.getIterableWriter(ClassInfo,Class,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.annotations.DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.getIterableWriter(org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.Class.9464cddc3b7a75235f0209b3a1be3400
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/annotations/DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.java|getIterableWriter|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3afbefd37e743c57d3eb45b5bdcc0516
+
+### Hash:
+d6ae6ef267f1d2e906f04671db545753
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7527/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7527/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..015c2b16d106728b71df13a3f24af81b739ca0a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7527/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2015 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ * conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.unit.mapper;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.domain.education.School;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.domain.education.Teacher;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.mapper.EntityMemo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MetaData;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.info.ClassInfo;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ */
+public class ObjectMemoTest {
+
+    private static final MetaData metaData = new MetaData("org.neo4j.ogm.domain.education");
+    private static final EntityMemo objectMemo = new EntityMemo();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnchangedObjectDetected() {
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(Teacher.class.getName());
+        Teacher mrsJones = new Teacher();
+
+        objectMemo.remember(mrsJones, classInfo);
+
+        mrsJones.setId(115L); // the id field must not be part of the memoised property list
+
+        assertTrue(objectMemo.remembered(mrsJones, classInfo));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChangedPropertyDetected() {
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(Teacher.class.getName());
+        Teacher teacher = new Teacher("Miss White");
+
+        objectMemo.remember(teacher, classInfo);
+
+        teacher.setId(115L); // the id field must not be part of the memoised property list
+        teacher.setName("Mrs Jones"); // the teacher's name property has changed.
+
+        assertFalse(objectMemo.remembered(teacher, classInfo));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRelatedObjectChangeDoesNotAffectNodeMemoisation() {
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(Teacher.class.getName());
+        Teacher teacher = new Teacher("Miss White");
+
+        objectMemo.remember(teacher, classInfo);
+
+        teacher.setId(115L); // the id field must not be part of the memoised property list
+        teacher.setSchool(new School("Roedean")); // a related object does not affect the property list.
+
+        assertTrue(objectMemo.remembered(teacher, classInfo));
+    }
+
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `classInfo` last assigned on line 39 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `remember(...)` at line 42.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ObjectMemoTest.testUnchangedObjectDetected()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.unit.mapper.ObjectMemoTest.testUnchangedObjectDetected():void.1ba48f43d8e7670da4398bc3e8b2b4ab
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/neo4j/ogm/unit/mapper/ObjectMemoTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ObjectMemoTest.java|testUnchangedObjectDetected|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6380eae1586d861e00ed16f724772a38
+
+### Hash:
+069d5681b77016cd981545fdce618db4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7533/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7533/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e526347bf6beccd3cb367ea958e774780f1d0f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7533/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2017 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.context;
+
+
+import static org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Relationship.*;
+import static org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.reflect.EntityAccessManager.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.EndNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Relationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.StartNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.exception.BaseClassNotFoundException;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.exception.MappingException;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MetaData;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MethodInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.reflect.EntityAccessManager;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.reflect.EntityFactory;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.Edge;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.GraphModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.Node;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.Property;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.response.Response;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.response.model.PropertyModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.typeconversion.CompositeAttributeConverter;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.utils.ClassUtils;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.utils.EntityUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ */
+public class GraphEntityMapper implements ResponseMapper<GraphModel> {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GraphEntityMapper.class);
+
+    private static Map<String, ?> toMap(List<Property<String, Object>> propertyList) {
+
+        Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
+
+        for (Property<String, Object> property : propertyList) {
+            map.put(property.getKey(), property.getValue());
+        }
+
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    private final MappingContext mappingContext;
+    private final EntityFactory entityFactory;
+    private final MetaData metadata;
+
+    public GraphEntityMapper(MetaData metaData, MappingContext mappingContext) {
+        this.metadata = metaData;
+        this.entityFactory = new EntityFactory(metadata);
+        this.mappingContext = mappingContext;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Iterable<T> map(Class<T> type, Response<GraphModel> model) {
+
+        List<T> objects = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Long> objectIds = new HashSet<>();
+          /*
+         * these two lists will contain the node ids and edge ids from the response, in the order
+         * they were presented to us.
+         */
+        Set<Long> nodeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        Set<Long> edgeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+
+        GraphModel graphModel;
+        while ((graphModel = model.next()) != null) {
+            List<T> mappedEntities = map(type, graphModel, nodeIds, edgeIds);
+            for (T entity : mappedEntities) {
+                Long identity = EntityUtils.identity(entity, metadata);
+                if (!objectIds.contains(identity)) {
+                    objects.add(entity);
+                    objectIds.add(identity);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        model.close();
+        return objects;
+    }
+
+    Map<Long, Object> mapRelationships(GraphModel model) {
+        Map<Long, Object> results = new HashMap<>();
+        Set<Long> edgeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        mapRelationships(model, edgeIds);
+        for (Long id : edgeIds) {
+            Object o = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(id);
+            if (o != null) {
+                results.put(id, o);
+            }
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> map(Class<T> type, GraphModel graphModel) {
+        Set<Long> nodeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        Set<Long> edgeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        return map(type, graphModel, nodeIds, edgeIds);
+    }
+
+    public <T> List<T> map(Class<T> type, GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> nodeIds, Set<Long> edgeIds) {
+
+        mapEntities(type, graphModel, nodeIds, edgeIds);
+        List<T> results = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Long> seenNodeIds = new HashSet<>();
+        Set<Long> seenEdgeIds = new HashSet<>();
+
+        for (Long id : nodeIds) {
+            Object o = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(id);
+
+            if (!seenNodeIds.contains(id)) {
+                executePostLoad(o);
+                seenNodeIds.add(id);
+            }
+
+            if (o != null && type.isAssignableFrom(o.getClass())) {
+                results.add(type.cast(o));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // only look for REs if no node entities were found
+        if (results.isEmpty()) {
+            for (Long id : edgeIds) {
+                Object o = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(id);
+
+                if (!seenEdgeIds.contains(id)) {
+                    if (o != null) {
+                        executePostLoad(o);
+                    }
+                    seenEdgeIds.add(id);
+                }
+
+                if (o != null && type.isAssignableFrom(o.getClass())) {
+                    results.add(type.cast(o));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    private <T> void mapEntities(Class<T> type, GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> nodeIds, Set<Long> edgeIds) {
+        try {
+            mapNodes(graphModel, nodeIds);
+            mapRelationships(graphModel, edgeIds);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new MappingException("Error mapping GraphModel to instance of " + type.getName(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mapNodes(GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> nodeIds) {
+
+        for (Node node : graphModel.getNodes()) {
+            if (!nodeIds.contains(node.getId())) {
+                Object entity = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(node.getId());
+                try {
+                    if (entity == null) {
+                        entity = entityFactory.newObject(node);
+                        setIdentity(entity, node.getId());
+                        setProperties(node.getPropertyList(), entity);
+                        setLabels(node, entity);
+                        mappingContext.addNodeEntity(entity, node.getId());
+                    }
+                    nodeIds.add(node.getId());
+                } catch (BaseClassNotFoundException e) {
+                    logger.debug(e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void executePostLoad(Object instance) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+        MethodInfo postLoadMethod = classInfo.postLoadMethodOrNull();
+        if (postLoadMethod != null) {
+            final Method method = classInfo.getMethod(postLoadMethod);
+            try {
+                method.invoke(instance);
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+                logger.error("Failed to execute post load method", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setIdentity(Object instance, Long id) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.identityField();
+        FieldInfo.write(classInfo.getField(fieldInfo), instance, id);
+    }
+
+    private void setProperties(List<Property<String, Object>> propertyList, Object instance) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+
+        Collection<FieldInfo> compositeFields = classInfo.fieldsInfo().compositeFields();
+        if (compositeFields.size() > 0) {
+            Map<String, ?> propertyMap = toMap(propertyList);
+            for (FieldInfo field : compositeFields) {
+                CompositeAttributeConverter<?> converter = field.getCompositeConverter();
+                Object value = converter.toEntityAttribute(propertyMap);
+                FieldInfo writer = classInfo.getFieldInfo(field.getName());
+                writer.write(instance, value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (Property<?, ?> property : propertyList) {
+            writeProperty(classInfo, instance, property);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setLabels(Node nodeModel, Object instance) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+        FieldInfo labelFieldInfo = classInfo.labelFieldOrNull();
+        if (labelFieldInfo != null) {
+            Collection<String> staticLabels = classInfo.staticLabels();
+            Set<String> dynamicLabels = new HashSet<>();
+            for (String label : nodeModel.getLabels()) {
+                if (!staticLabels.contains(label)) {
+                    dynamicLabels.add(label);
+                }
+            }
+            writeProperty(classInfo, instance, PropertyModel.with(labelFieldInfo.getName(), dynamicLabels));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void writeProperty(ClassInfo classInfo, Object instance, Property<?, ?> property) {
+
+        FieldInfo writer = classInfo.getFieldInfo(property.getKey().toString());
+
+        if (writer == null) {
+            logger.debug("Unable to find property: {} on class: {} for writing", property.getKey(), classInfo.name());
+        } else {
+            Object value = property.getValue();
+            // merge iterable / arrays and co-erce to the correct attribute type
+            if (writer.type().isArray() || Iterable.class.isAssignableFrom(writer.type())) {
+                FieldInfo reader = classInfo.getFieldInfo(property.getKey().toString());
+                if (reader != null) {
+                    Object currentValue = reader.readProperty(instance);
+                    Class<?> paramType = writer.type();
+                    Class elementType = underlyingElementType(classInfo, property.getKey().toString());
+                    if (paramType.isArray()) {
+                        value = EntityAccessManager.merge(paramType, value, (Object[]) currentValue, elementType);
+                    } else {
+                        value = EntityAccessManager.merge(paramType, value, (Collection) currentValue, elementType);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            writer.write(instance, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean tryMappingAsSingleton(Object source, Object parameter, Edge edge, String relationshipDirection) {
+
+        String edgeLabel = edge.getType();
+        ClassInfo sourceInfo = metadata.classInfo(source);
+
+        FieldInfo writer = getRelationalWriter(sourceInfo, edgeLabel, relationshipDirection, parameter);
+        if (writer != null && writer.forScalar()) {
+            writer.write(source, parameter);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void mapRelationships(GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> edgeIds) {
+
+        final List<Edge> oneToMany = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (Edge edge : graphModel.getRelationships()) {
+            if (!edgeIds.contains(edge.getId())) {
+                Object source = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+                Object target = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+
+                edgeIds.add(edge.getId());
+
+                if (source != null && target != null) {
+                    // check whether this edge should in fact be handled as a relationship entity
+                    ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo = getRelationshipEntity(edge);
+
+                    if (relationshipEntityClassInfo != null) {
+                        mapRelationshipEntity(oneToMany, edge, source, target, relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+                    } else {
+                        mapRelationship(oneToMany, edge, source, target);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    logger.debug("Relationship {} cannot be hydrated because one or more required node types are not mapped to entity classes", edge);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (oneToMany.size() > 0) {
+            mapOneToMany(oneToMany);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mapRelationship(List<Edge> oneToMany, Edge edge, Object source, Object target) {
+        boolean oneToOne;
+        //Since source=start node, end=end node, the direction from source->target has to be outgoing, try mapping it
+        oneToOne = tryMappingAsSingleton(source, target, edge, OUTGOING);
+
+        //Try mapping the incoming relation on the end node, target
+        oneToOne &= tryMappingAsSingleton(target, source, edge, Relationship.INCOMING);
+
+        // if its not one->one on BOTH sides, we'll try a one->many | many->one | many->many mapping later.
+        if (!oneToOne) {
+            oneToMany.add(edge);
+        } else {
+            FieldInfo writer = getRelationalWriter(metadata.classInfo(source), edge.getType(), OUTGOING, target);
+            mappingContext.addRelationship(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), source.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(writer.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mapRelationshipEntity(List<Edge> oneToMany, Edge edge, Object source, Object target, ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+        logger.debug("Found relationship type: {} to map to RelationshipEntity: {}", edge.getType(), relationshipEntityClassInfo.name());
+
+        // look to see if this relationship already exists in the mapping context.
+        Object relationshipEntity = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(edge.getId());
+
+        // do we know about it?
+        if (relationshipEntity == null) { // no, create a new relationship entity
+            relationshipEntity = createRelationshipEntity(edge, source, target);
+        }
+
+        // If the source has a writer for an outgoing relationship for the rel entity, then write the rel entity on the source if it's a scalar writer
+        ClassInfo sourceInfo = metadata.classInfo(source);
+        FieldInfo writer = getRelationalWriter(sourceInfo, edge.getType(), OUTGOING, relationshipEntity);
+        if (writer == null) {
+            logger.debug("No writer for {}", target);
+        } else {
+            if (writer.forScalar()) {
+                writer.write(source, relationshipEntity);
+                mappingContext.addRelationship(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), source.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(writer.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+            } else {
+                oneToMany.add(edge);
+            }
+        }
+
+        //If the target has a writer for an incoming relationship for the rel entity, then write the rel entity on the target if it's a scalar writer
+        ClassInfo targetInfo = metadata.classInfo(target);
+        writer = getRelationalWriter(targetInfo, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING, relationshipEntity);
+
+        if (writer == null) {
+            logger.debug("No writer for {}", target);
+        } else {
+            if (writer.forScalar()) {
+                writer.write(target, relationshipEntity);
+            } else {
+                oneToMany.add(edge);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object createRelationshipEntity(Edge edge, Object startEntity, Object endEntity) {
+
+        // create and hydrate the new RE
+        Object relationshipEntity = entityFactory.newObject(getRelationshipEntity(edge));
+        setIdentity(relationshipEntity, edge.getId());
+
+        // REs also have properties
+        setProperties(edge.getPropertyList(), relationshipEntity);
+
+        // register it in the mapping context
+        mappingContext.addRelationshipEntity(relationshipEntity, edge.getId());
+
+        // set the start and end entities
+        ClassInfo relEntityInfo = metadata.classInfo(relationshipEntity);
+
+        FieldInfo startNodeWriter = relEntityInfo.getStartNodeReader();
+        if (startNodeWriter != null) {
+            startNodeWriter.write(relationshipEntity, startEntity);
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot find a writer for the StartNode of relational entity " + relEntityInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        FieldInfo endNodeWriter = relEntityInfo.getEndNodeReader();
+        if (endNodeWriter != null) {
+            endNodeWriter.write(relationshipEntity, endEntity);
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot find a writer for the EndNode of relational entity " + relEntityInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        return relationshipEntity;
+    }
+
+    private void mapOneToMany(Collection<Edge> oneToManyRelationships) {
+
+        EntityCollector entityCollector = new EntityCollector();
+        List<MappedRelationship> relationshipsToRegister = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Edge> registeredEdges = new HashSet<>();
+
+        // first, build the full set of related entities of each type and direction for each source entity in the relationship
+        for (Edge edge : oneToManyRelationships) {
+
+            Object instance = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+            Object parameter = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+
+            // is this a relationship entity we're trying to map?
+            Object relationshipEntity = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(edge.getId());
+            if (relationshipEntity != null) {
+                // establish a relationship between
+                FieldInfo outgoingWriter = findIterableWriter(instance, relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), OUTGOING);
+                if (outgoingWriter != null) {
+                    entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), OUTGOING);
+                    relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(outgoingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+                }
+                FieldInfo incomingWriter = findIterableWriter(parameter, relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+                if (incomingWriter != null) {
+                    entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getEndNode(), relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+                    relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(incomingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+                }
+                if (incomingWriter != null || outgoingWriter != null) {
+                    registeredEdges.add(edge);
+                }
+            } else {
+                FieldInfo outgoingWriter = findIterableWriter(instance, parameter, edge.getType(), OUTGOING);
+                if (outgoingWriter != null) {
+                    entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), parameter, edge.getType(), OUTGOING);
+                    relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(outgoingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+                }
+                FieldInfo incomingWriter = findIterableWriter(parameter, instance, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+                if (incomingWriter != null) {
+                    entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getEndNode(), instance, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+                    relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(incomingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+                }
+                if (incomingWriter != null || outgoingWriter != null) {
+                    registeredEdges.add(edge);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // then set the entire collection at the same time for each owning type
+        for (Long instanceId : entityCollector.getOwningTypes()) {
+            //get all relationship types for which we're trying to set collections of instances
+            for (String relationshipType : entityCollector.getOwningRelationshipTypes(instanceId)) {
+                //for each relationship type, get all the directions for which we're trying to set collections of instances
+                for (String relationshipDirection : entityCollector.getRelationshipDirectionsForOwningTypeAndRelationshipType(instanceId, relationshipType)) {
+                    //for each direction, get all the entity types for which we're trying to set collections of instances
+                    for (Class entityClass : entityCollector.getEntityClassesForOwningTypeAndRelationshipTypeAndRelationshipDirection(instanceId, relationshipType, relationshipDirection)) {
+                        Collection<?> entities = entityCollector.getCollectiblesForOwnerAndRelationship(instanceId, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, entityClass);
+                        //Class entityType = entityCollector.getCollectibleTypeForOwnerAndRelationship(instanceId, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+                        mapOneToMany(mappingContext.getNodeEntity(instanceId), entityClass, entities, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // now register all the relationships we've mapped as iterable types into the mapping context
+        for (MappedRelationship mappedRelationship : relationshipsToRegister) {
+            mappingContext.addRelationship(mappedRelationship);
+        }
+        // finally, register anything left over. These will be singleton relationships that
+        // were not mapped during one->one mapping, or one->many mapping.
+        for (Edge edge : oneToManyRelationships) {
+            if (!registeredEdges.contains(edge)) {
+                Object source = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+                Object target = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+                FieldInfo writer = getRelationalWriter(metadata.classInfo(source), edge.getType(), OUTGOING, target);
+                if (writer == null) {
+                    writer = getRelationalWriter(metadata.classInfo(target), edge.getType(), INCOMING, source);
+                }
+                // ensures its tracked in the domain
+                if (writer != null) {
+                    MappedRelationship mappedRelationship = new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), source.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(writer.typeParameterDescriptor()));
+                    if (!mappingContext.containsRelationship(mappedRelationship)) {
+                        mappingContext.addRelationship(mappedRelationship);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return an iterable writer to map a relationship onto an entity for the given relationshipType and relationshipDirection
+     *
+     * @param instance the instance onto which the relationship is to be mapped
+     * @param parameter the value to be mapped
+     * @param relationshipType the relationship type
+     * @param relationshipDirection the relationship direction
+     * @return FieldWriter or null if none exists
+     */
+    private FieldInfo findIterableWriter(Object instance, Object parameter, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+        return EntityAccessManager.getIterableField(classInfo, parameter.getClass(), relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Map many values to an instance based on the relationship type.
+     * See DATAGRAPH-637
+     *
+     * @param instance the instance to map values onto
+     * @param valueType the type of each value
+     * @param values the values to map
+     * @param relationshipType the relationship type associated with these values
+     */
+    private void mapOneToMany(Object instance, Class<?> valueType, Object values, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+
+        FieldInfo writer = EntityAccessManager.getIterableField(classInfo, valueType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+        if (writer != null) {
+            if (writer.type().isArray() || Iterable.class.isAssignableFrom(writer.type())) {
+                FieldInfo reader = EntityAccessManager.getIterableField(classInfo, valueType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+                Object currentValues;
+                if (reader != null) {
+                    currentValues = reader.read(instance);
+                    if (writer.type().isArray()) {
+                        values = EntityAccessManager.merge(writer.type(), values, (Object[]) currentValues, valueType);
+                    } else {
+                        values = EntityAccessManager.merge(writer.type(), values, (Collection) currentValues, valueType);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            writer.write(instance, values);
+            return;
+        }
+        // this is not necessarily an error. but we can't tell.
+        logger.debug("Unable to map iterable of type: {} onto property of {}", valueType, classInfo.name());
+    }
+
+    // Find the correct RE associated with the edge. The edge type may be polymorphic, so we need to do a bit of work
+    // to identify the correct RE to bind to. We must not cache the value when found, because the correct determination
+    // depends on the runtime values of the edge in the mapping context, which may vary for the same edge pattern.
+    private ClassInfo getRelationshipEntity(Edge edge) {
+
+        Object source = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+        Object target = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+
+        Set<ClassInfo> classInfos = metadata.classInfoByLabelOrType(edge.getType());
+
+        for (ClassInfo classInfo : classInfos) {
+
+            // both source and target must be declared as START and END nodes respectively
+            if (!nodeTypeMatches(classInfo, source, StartNode.class)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!nodeTypeMatches(classInfo, target, EndNode.class)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // if the source OR the target (or one of their superclasses) declares the relationship
+            // back to the relationshipEntityClass, we've found a match
+            Class relationshipEntityClass = classInfo.getUnderlyingClass();
+            if (declaresRelationshipTo(relationshipEntityClass, source.getClass(), edge.getType(), OUTGOING)) {
+                return classInfo;
+            }
+
+            if (declaresRelationshipTo(relationshipEntityClass, target.getClass(), edge.getType(), INCOMING)) {
+                return classInfo;
+            }
+        }
+        // we've made our best efforts to find the correct RE. If we've failed it means
+        // that either a matching RE doesn't exist, or its start and end nodes don't declare a reference
+        // to the RE. If we can find a single properly-formed matching RE for this edge we'll assume it is
+        // the right one, otherwise ... give up
+        if (classInfos.size() == 1) {
+            ClassInfo classInfo = classInfos.iterator().next();
+            if (nodeTypeMatches(classInfo, source, StartNode.class) && nodeTypeMatches(classInfo, target, EndNode.class)) {
+                return classInfo;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (classInfos.size() == 0) {
+                // not necessarily a problem, we mey be fetching edges we don't want to hydrate
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Unable to find a matching @RelationshipEntity for {}", edge.toString());
+                }
+            } else {
+                // almost definitely a user bug
+                logger.error("Found more than one matching @RelationshipEntity for {} but cannot tell which one to use", edge.toString());
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if a class hierarchy that possibly declares a given relationship declares it on a specific class.
+     * This method is used to resolve polymorphic relationship entity relationship types. In this case, 'to' is
+     * a concrete subclass of a relationship entity whose relationship type is declared on a superclass. In other words,
+     * the relationship type is polymorphic.  The class 'by' is a class that is either a start node or end node of that
+     * polymorphic type, but which does not necessarily refer to the relationship entity subtype referenced by 'to'.
+     * See #298
+     * Logic:
+     * Given a class 'to', a class 'by' and a relationship 'r':
+     * if the class 'by' (or one of its superclasses) declares a setter or field 'x', annotated with relationship 'r':
+     * if the class of 'x' is the same as 'to':
+     * <-- true
+     * Otherwise: <-- false.
+     *
+     * @param to the Class which the named relationship must refer to
+     * @param by a Class the named relationship is declared by
+     * @param relationshipName the name of the relationship
+     * @param relationshipDirection the direction of the relationship
+     * @return true if 'by' declares the specified relationship on 'to', false otherwise
+     */
+    private boolean declaresRelationshipTo(Class to, Class by, String relationshipName, String relationshipDirection) {
+        return EntityAccessManager.getRelationalWriter(metadata.classInfo(by.getName()), relationshipName, relationshipDirection, to) != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that the class of the node matches the class defined in the class info for a given annotation
+     *
+     * @param classInfo the ClassInfo
+     * @param node the node object
+     * @param annotationClass the annotation to match
+     * @return true if the class of the node matches field annotated
+     */
+    private boolean nodeTypeMatches(ClassInfo classInfo, Object node, Class<?> annotationClass) {
+        List<FieldInfo> fields = classInfo.findFields(annotationClass.getName());
+        if (fields.size() == 1) {
+            FieldInfo field = fields.get(0);
+            if (field.isTypeOf(node.getClass())) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Class underlyingElementType(ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = fieldInfoForPropertyName(propertyName, classInfo);
+        Class clazz = null;
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            clazz = ClassUtils.getType(fieldInfo.getTypeDescriptor());
+        }
+        return clazz;
+    }
+
+    private FieldInfo fieldInfoForPropertyName(String propertyName, ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        FieldInfo labelField = classInfo.labelFieldOrNull();
+        if (labelField != null && labelField.getName().toLowerCase().equals(propertyName.toLowerCase())) {
+            return labelField;
+        }
+        return classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `instance` last assigned on line 415 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `findIterableWriter(...)` at line 436.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GraphEntityMapper.mapOneToMany(ArrayList)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.context.GraphEntityMapper.mapOneToMany(java.util.ArrayList):void.1946ecc5b3c6d8a405eb74d64a6bdfb0
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/context/GraphEntityMapper.java
+
+### Key:
+GraphEntityMapper.java|mapOneToMany|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8e77d472cdb83d73c8e7e76a5a5748c4
+
+### Hash:
+9bd199573147cd6f8e3b1e24cc97f545
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7534/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7534/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c9f6cda340efe1ade89015ebb3ccfde09d406ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7534/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 40
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2016 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.context;
+
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.MetaData;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.EndNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Relationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.StartNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.DefaultEntityAccessStrategy;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.EntityAccess;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.EntityAccessStrategy;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.EntityFactory;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.FieldWriter;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.PropertyReader;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.PropertyWriter;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.RelationalReader;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.entity.io.RelationalWriter;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.exception.BaseClassNotFoundException;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.exception.MappingException;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.Edge;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.GraphModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.Node;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.Property;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.response.Response;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.response.model.PropertyModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.utils.ClassUtils;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.utils.EntityUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ */
+public class GraphEntityMapper implements ResponseMapper<GraphModel> {
+
+	private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GraphEntityMapper.class);
+
+	private final MappingContext mappingContext;
+	private final EntityFactory entityFactory;
+	private final MetaData metadata;
+	private final EntityAccessStrategy entityAccessStrategy;
+
+	public GraphEntityMapper(MetaData metaData, MappingContext mappingContext) {
+		this.metadata = metaData;
+		this.entityFactory = new EntityFactory(metadata);
+		this.mappingContext = mappingContext;
+		this.entityAccessStrategy = new DefaultEntityAccessStrategy();
+	}
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Iterable<T> map(Class<T> type, Response<GraphModel> model) {
+
+        List<T> objects = new ArrayList<>();
+		Set<Long> objectIds = new HashSet<>();
+  		/*
+		 * these two lists will contain the node ids and edge ids from the response, in the order
+         * they were presented to us.
+         */
+		Set<Long> nodeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+		Set<Long> edgeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+
+		GraphModel graphModel;
+		while ((graphModel = model.next()) != null) {
+			List<T> mappedEntities = map(type, graphModel, nodeIds, edgeIds);
+			for (T entity : mappedEntities) {
+				Long identity = EntityUtils.identity(entity, metadata);
+				if (!objectIds.contains(identity)) {
+					objects.add(entity);
+					objectIds.add(identity);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		model.close();
+        return objects;
+    }
+
+	public Map<Long, Object> mapRelationships(GraphModel model) {
+		Map<Long, Object> results = new HashMap<>();
+		Set<Long> edgeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+		mapRelationships(model,edgeIds);
+		for (Long id : edgeIds) {
+			Object o = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(id);
+			if (o != null) {
+				results.put(id, o);
+			}
+		}
+		return results;
+	}
+
+	public <T> List<T> map(Class<T> type, GraphModel graphModel) {
+		Set<Long> nodeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+		Set<Long> edgeIds = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+		return map(type, graphModel, nodeIds, edgeIds);
+	}
+
+	public <T> List<T> map(Class<T> type, GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> nodeIds, Set<Long> edgeIds) {
+
+		mapEntities(type, graphModel, nodeIds, edgeIds);
+		List<T> results = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		for (Long id : nodeIds) {
+			Object o = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(id);
+			if (o != null && type.isAssignableFrom(o.getClass())) {
+				results.add(type.cast(o));
+			}
+		}
+
+		// only look for REs if no node entities were found
+		if (results.isEmpty()) {
+			for (Long id : edgeIds) {
+				Object o = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(id);
+				if (o != null && type.isAssignableFrom(o.getClass())) {
+					results.add(type.cast(o));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return results;
+	}
+
+	private <T> void mapEntities(Class<T> type, GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> nodeIds, Set<Long> edgeIds) {
+		try {
+			mapNodes(graphModel, nodeIds);
+			mapRelationships(graphModel, edgeIds);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new MappingException("Error mapping GraphModel to instance of " + type.getName(), e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void mapNodes(GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> nodeIds) {
+
+		for (Node node : graphModel.getNodes()) {
+			if (!nodeIds.contains(node.getId())) {
+				Object entity = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(node.getId());
+				try {
+					if (entity == null) {
+						synchronized (this) {
+							entity = entityFactory.newObject(node);
+							setIdentity(entity, node.getId());
+							setProperties(node, entity);
+							setLabels(node, entity);
+						}
+					}
+					mappingContext.registerNodeEntity(entity, node.getId());
+
+					nodeIds.add(node.getId());
+
+				} catch (BaseClassNotFoundException e) {
+					logger.debug(e.getMessage());
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void setIdentity(Object instance, Long id) {
+		ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+		FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.identityField();
+		FieldWriter.write(classInfo.getField(fieldInfo), instance, id);
+	}
+
+	private void setProperties(Node nodeModel, Object instance) {
+		ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+		for (Property<?, ?> property : nodeModel.getPropertyList()) {
+			writeProperty(classInfo, instance, property);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void setProperties(Edge relationshipModel, Object instance) {
+		ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+        for (Property<?, ?> property : relationshipModel.getPropertyList()) {
+            writeProperty(classInfo, instance, property);
+        }
+	}
+
+	private void setLabels(Node nodeModel, Object instance) {
+		ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+		FieldInfo labelFieldInfo = classInfo.labelFieldOrNull();
+		if (labelFieldInfo != null) {
+			Collection<String> staticLabels = classInfo.staticLabels();
+			Set<String> dynamicLabels = new HashSet<>();
+			for (String label : nodeModel.getLabels()) {
+				if (!staticLabels.contains(label)) {
+					dynamicLabels.add(label);
+				}
+			}
+			writeProperty(classInfo, instance, PropertyModel.with(labelFieldInfo.getName(), dynamicLabels));
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void writeProperty(ClassInfo classInfo, Object instance, Property<?, ?> property) {
+
+		PropertyWriter writer = entityAccessStrategy.getPropertyWriter(classInfo, property.getKey().toString());
+
+		if (writer == null) {
+			logger.debug("Unable to find property: {} on class: {} for writing", property.getKey(), classInfo.name());
+		} else {
+			Object value = property.getValue();
+			// merge iterable / arrays and co-erce to the correct attribute type
+			if (writer.type().isArray() || Iterable.class.isAssignableFrom(writer.type())) {
+				PropertyReader reader = entityAccessStrategy.getPropertyReader(classInfo, property.getKey().toString());
+				if (reader != null) {
+					Object currentValue = reader.read(instance);
+					Class<?> paramType = writer.type();
+					Class elementType =  underlyingElementType(classInfo, property.getKey().toString());
+					if (paramType.isArray()) {
+						value = EntityAccess.merge(paramType, value, (Object[]) currentValue, elementType);
+					} else {
+						value = EntityAccess.merge(paramType, value, (Collection) currentValue, elementType);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			writer.write(instance, value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private boolean tryMappingAsSingleton(Object source, Object parameter, Edge edge, String relationshipDirection) {
+
+		String edgeLabel = edge.getType();
+		ClassInfo sourceInfo = metadata.classInfo(source);
+
+		RelationalWriter writer = entityAccessStrategy.getRelationalWriter(sourceInfo, edgeLabel, relationshipDirection, parameter);
+		if (writer != null && writer.forScalar()) {
+			writer.write(source, parameter);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	private void mapRelationships(GraphModel graphModel, Set<Long> edgeIds) {
+
+		final List<Edge> oneToMany = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		for (Edge edge : graphModel.getRelationships()) {
+			if (!edgeIds.contains(edge.getId())) {
+				Object source = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+				Object target = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+
+				edgeIds.add(edge.getId());
+
+				if (source != null && target != null) {
+					// check whether this edge should in fact be handled as a relationship entity
+					ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo = getRelationshipEntity(edge);
+
+					if (relationshipEntityClassInfo != null) {
+						mapRelationshipEntity(oneToMany, edge, source, target, relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+					} else {
+						mapRelationship(oneToMany, edge, source, target);
+					}
+				} else {
+					logger.debug("Relationship {} cannot be hydrated because one or more required node types are not mapped to entity classes", edge);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (oneToMany.size() > 0) {
+			mapOneToMany(oneToMany);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void mapRelationship(List<Edge> oneToMany, Edge edge, Object source, Object target) {
+		boolean oneToOne;
+		//Since source=start node, end=end node, the direction from source->target has to be outgoing, try mapping it
+		oneToOne = tryMappingAsSingleton(source, target, edge, Relationship.OUTGOING);
+
+		//Try mapping the incoming relation on the end node, target
+		oneToOne &= tryMappingAsSingleton(target, source, edge, Relationship.INCOMING);
+
+        // if its not one->one on BOTH sides, we'll try a one->many | many->one | many->many mapping later.
+        if (!oneToOne) {
+			oneToMany.add(edge);
+		} else {
+			RelationalWriter writer = entityAccessStrategy.getRelationalWriter(metadata.classInfo(source), edge.getType(), Relationship.OUTGOING, target);
+			mappingContext.registerRelationship(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), source.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(writer.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void mapRelationshipEntity(List<Edge> oneToMany, Edge edge, Object source, Object target, ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+		logger.debug("Found relationship type: {} to map to RelationshipEntity: {}", edge.getType(), relationshipEntityClassInfo.name());
+
+		// look to see if this relationship already exists in the mapping context.
+		Object relationshipEntity = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(edge.getId());
+
+		// do we know about it?
+		if (relationshipEntity == null) { // no, create a new relationship entity
+			relationshipEntity = createRelationshipEntity(edge, source, target);
+		}
+
+		// If the source has a writer for an outgoing relationship for the rel entity, then write the rel entity on the source if it's a scalar writer
+		ClassInfo sourceInfo = metadata.classInfo(source);
+		RelationalWriter writer = entityAccessStrategy.getRelationalWriter(sourceInfo, edge.getType(), Relationship.OUTGOING, relationshipEntity);
+		if (writer == null) {
+			logger.debug("No writer for {}", target);
+		} else {
+			if (writer.forScalar()) {
+				writer.write(source, relationshipEntity);
+				mappingContext.registerRelationship(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), source.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(writer.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+			} else {
+				oneToMany.add(edge);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//If the target has a writer for an incoming relationship for the rel entity, then write the rel entity on the target if it's a scalar writer
+		ClassInfo targetInfo = metadata.classInfo(target);
+		writer = entityAccessStrategy.getRelationalWriter(targetInfo, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING, relationshipEntity);
+
+		if (writer == null) {
+			logger.debug("No writer for {}", target);
+		} else {
+			if (writer.forScalar()) {
+				writer.write(target, relationshipEntity);
+			} else {
+				oneToMany.add(edge);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private Object createRelationshipEntity(Edge edge, Object startEntity, Object endEntity) {
+
+		// create and hydrate the new RE
+		Object relationshipEntity = entityFactory.newObject(getRelationshipEntity(edge));
+		setIdentity(relationshipEntity, edge.getId());
+
+		// REs also have properties
+		setProperties(edge, relationshipEntity);
+
+		// register it in the mapping context
+		mappingContext.registerRelationshipEntity(relationshipEntity, edge.getId());
+
+		// set the start and end entities
+		ClassInfo relEntityInfo = metadata.classInfo(relationshipEntity);
+
+		RelationalWriter startNodeWriter = entityAccessStrategy.getRelationalEntityWriter(relEntityInfo, StartNode.class);
+		if (startNodeWriter != null) {
+			startNodeWriter.write(relationshipEntity, startEntity);
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Cannot find a writer for the StartNode of relational entity " + relEntityInfo.name());
+		}
+
+		RelationalWriter endNodeWriter = entityAccessStrategy.getRelationalEntityWriter(relEntityInfo, EndNode.class);
+		if (endNodeWriter != null) {
+			endNodeWriter.write(relationshipEntity, endEntity);
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Cannot find a writer for the EndNode of relational entity " + relEntityInfo.name());
+		}
+
+		return relationshipEntity;
+	}
+
+	private void mapOneToMany(Collection<Edge> oneToManyRelationships) {
+
+		EntityCollector entityCollector = new EntityCollector();
+		List<MappedRelationship> relationshipsToRegister = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<Edge> registeredEdges = new HashSet<>();
+
+		// first, build the full set of related entities of each type and direction for each source entity in the relationship
+		for (Edge edge : oneToManyRelationships) {
+
+			Object instance = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+			Object parameter = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+
+			// is this a relationship entity we're trying to map?
+			Object relationshipEntity = mappingContext.getRelationshipEntity(edge.getId());
+			if (relationshipEntity != null) {
+				// establish a relationship between
+				RelationalWriter outgoingWriter = findIterableWriter(instance, relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), Relationship.OUTGOING);
+				if (outgoingWriter!=null) {
+					entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), Relationship.OUTGOING);
+					relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(outgoingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+				}
+				RelationalWriter incomingWriter = findIterableWriter(parameter, relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+				if (incomingWriter!=null) {
+					entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getEndNode(), relationshipEntity, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+					relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(incomingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+				}
+                if (incomingWriter != null || outgoingWriter != null) {
+                    registeredEdges.add(edge) ;
+                }
+			} else {
+				RelationalWriter outgoingWriter = findIterableWriter(instance, parameter, edge.getType(), Relationship.OUTGOING);
+				if (outgoingWriter!=null) {
+					entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), parameter, edge.getType(), Relationship.OUTGOING);
+					relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(outgoingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+				}
+				RelationalWriter incomingWriter = findIterableWriter(parameter, instance, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+				if (incomingWriter!=null) {
+					entityCollector.recordTypeRelationship(edge.getEndNode(), instance, edge.getType(), Relationship.INCOMING);
+					relationshipsToRegister.add(new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), instance.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(incomingWriter.typeParameterDescriptor())));
+
+				}
+                if (incomingWriter != null || outgoingWriter != null) {
+                    registeredEdges.add(edge) ;
+                }
+			}
+		}
+
+		// then set the entire collection at the same time for each owning type
+		for (Long instanceId : entityCollector.getOwningTypes()) {
+			//get all relationship types for which we're trying to set collections of instances
+			for (String relationshipType : entityCollector.getOwningRelationshipTypes(instanceId)) {
+				//for each relationship type, get all the directions for which we're trying to set collections of instances
+				for (String relationshipDirection : entityCollector.getRelationshipDirectionsForOwningTypeAndRelationshipType(instanceId, relationshipType)) {
+					//for each direction, get all the entity types for which we're trying to set collections of instances
+					for (Class entityClass : entityCollector.getEntityClassesForOwningTypeAndRelationshipTypeAndRelationshipDirection(instanceId, relationshipType, relationshipDirection)) {
+						Collection<?> entities = entityCollector.getCollectiblesForOwnerAndRelationship(instanceId, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, entityClass);
+						//Class entityType = entityCollector.getCollectibleTypeForOwnerAndRelationship(instanceId, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+						mapOneToMany(mappingContext.getNodeEntity(instanceId), entityClass, entities, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// now register all the relationships we've mapped as iterable types into the mapping context
+		for (MappedRelationship mappedRelationship : relationshipsToRegister) {
+			mappingContext.registerRelationship(mappedRelationship);
+		}
+        // finally, register anything left over. These will be singleton relationships that
+        // were not mapped during one->one mapping, or one->many mapping.
+        for (Edge edge : oneToManyRelationships) {
+            if (!registeredEdges.contains(edge)) {
+                Object source = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+                Object target = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+                RelationalWriter writer = entityAccessStrategy.getRelationalWriter(metadata.classInfo(source), edge.getType(), Relationship.OUTGOING, target);
+                // ensures its tracked in the domain
+                if (writer != null) {
+                    MappedRelationship mappedRelationship = new MappedRelationship(edge.getStartNode(), edge.getType(), edge.getEndNode(), edge.getId(), source.getClass(), ClassUtils.getType(writer.typeParameterDescriptor()));
+                    if (!mappingContext.isRegisteredRelationship(mappedRelationship)) {
+                        mappingContext.registerRelationship(mappedRelationship);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Return an iterable writer to map a relationship onto an entity for the given relationshipType and relationshipDirection
+	 * @param instance the instance onto which the relationship is to be mapped
+	 * @param parameter the value to be mapped
+	 * @param relationshipType the relationship type
+	 * @param relationshipDirection the relationship direction
+	 * @return RelationalWriter or null if none exists
+	 */
+	private RelationalWriter findIterableWriter(Object instance, Object parameter, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+		ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+		return entityAccessStrategy.getIterableWriter(classInfo, parameter.getClass(), relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Map many values to an instance based on the relationship type.
+	 * See DATAGRAPH-637
+	 *
+	 * @param instance the instance to map values onto
+	 * @param valueType the type of each value
+	 * @param values the values to map
+	 * @param relationshipType the relationship type associated with these values
+	 */
+	private void mapOneToMany(Object instance, Class<?> valueType, Object values, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+
+		ClassInfo classInfo = metadata.classInfo(instance);
+
+		RelationalWriter writer = entityAccessStrategy.getIterableWriter(classInfo, valueType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+		if (writer != null) {
+			if (writer.type().isArray() || Iterable.class.isAssignableFrom(writer.type())) {
+				RelationalReader reader = entityAccessStrategy.getIterableReader(classInfo, valueType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection);
+				Object currentValues;
+				if (reader != null) {
+					currentValues = reader.read(instance);
+					if (writer.type().isArray()) {
+						values = EntityAccess.merge(writer.type(), (Iterable<?>) values, (Object[]) currentValues, valueType);
+					} else {
+						values = EntityAccess.merge(writer.type(), (Iterable<?>) values, (Collection) currentValues, valueType);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			writer.write(instance, values);
+			return;
+		}
+		// this is not necessarily an error. but we can't tell.
+		logger.debug("Unable to map iterable of type: {} onto property of {}", valueType, classInfo.name());
+	}
+
+	private ClassInfo getRelationshipEntity(Edge edge) {
+		for (ClassInfo classInfo : metadata.classInfoByLabelOrType(edge.getType())) {
+			if (classInfo != null) {
+				//verify the start and end node types because there might be more than one RE defined with the same type and direction but different start/end nodes
+				Object source = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getStartNode());
+				Object target = mappingContext.getNodeEntity(edge.getEndNode());
+				if (nodeTypeMatches(classInfo, source, StartNode.class.getName()) &&
+						nodeTypeMatches(classInfo, target, EndNode.class.getName())) {
+					return classInfo;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks that the class of the node matches the class defined in the class info for a given annotation
+	 * @param classInfo the ClassInfo
+	 * @param node the node object
+	 * @param annotation the annotation to match
+	 * @return true if the class of the node matches field annotated
+	 */
+	private boolean nodeTypeMatches(ClassInfo classInfo, Object node, String annotation) {
+		List<FieldInfo> fields = classInfo.findFields(annotation);
+		if(fields.size() == 1) {
+			FieldInfo field = fields.get(0);
+			if(field.isTypeOf(node.getClass())) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	private Class underlyingElementType(ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+		FieldInfo fieldInfo = fieldInfoForPropertyName(propertyName, classInfo);
+		Class clazz = null;
+		if (fieldInfo != null) {
+			if (fieldInfo.getTypeDescriptor() != null) {
+				clazz = ClassUtils.getTypeOrNull(fieldInfo.getTypeDescriptor());
+			}
+			if (clazz == null && fieldInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor() != null) {
+				clazz = ClassUtils.getTypeOrNull(fieldInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor());
+			}
+			if (clazz == null && fieldInfo.getDescriptor() != null) {
+				clazz = ClassUtils.getTypeOrNull(fieldInfo.getDescriptor());
+			}
+		}
+		return clazz;
+	}
+
+	private FieldInfo fieldInfoForPropertyName(String propertyName, ClassInfo classInfo) {
+		FieldInfo labelField = classInfo.labelFieldOrNull();
+		if (labelField != null && labelField.getName().toLowerCase().equals(propertyName.toLowerCase())) {
+			return labelField;
+		}
+		return classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `relEntityInfo` last assigned on line 355 could be null and is dereferenced at line 361.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object GraphEntityMapper.createRelationshipEntity(Edge,Object,Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.context.GraphEntityMapper.createRelationshipEntity(org.neo4j.ogm.model.Edge,java.lang..391dae8d23846acb0b0204e5b2fecb10
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/context/GraphEntityMapper.java
+
+### Key:
+GraphEntityMapper.java|createRelationshipEntity|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+5a9b05c49a64daff6eb471ac8318c6dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7535/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7535/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33e351b6a66eef83aebb738816105cae2e95a978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7535/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 47
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2017 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+package org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.RelationshipEntity;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.context.GraphEntityMapper;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.PagingAndSortingQuery;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.GraphModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.request.GraphModelRequest;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.response.Response;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.Neo4jException;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.Neo4jSession;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.request.strategy.QueryStatements;
+
+/**
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ * @author Mark Angrish
+ */
+public class LoadOneDelegate {
+
+    private Neo4jSession session;
+
+    public LoadOneDelegate(Neo4jSession session) {
+        this.session = session;
+    }
+
+    public <T, ID extends Serializable> T load(Class<T> type, ID id) {
+        return load(type, id, 1);
+    }
+
+    public <T, ID extends Serializable> T load(Class<T> type, ID id, int depth) {
+
+        final FieldInfo primaryIndexField = session.metaData().classInfo(type.getName()).primaryIndexField();
+        if (primaryIndexField != null && !primaryIndexField.isTypeOf(id.getClass())) {
+            throw new Neo4jException("Supplied id does not match primary index type on supplied class.");
+        }
+
+        QueryStatements queryStatements = session.queryStatementsFor(type);
+        PagingAndSortingQuery qry = queryStatements.findOne(id, depth);
+
+        try (Response<GraphModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute((GraphModelRequest) qry)) {
+            new GraphEntityMapper(session.metaData(), session.context()).map(type, response);
+            return lookup(type, id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private <T, U> T lookup(Class<T> type, U id) {
+        Object ref;
+        ClassInfo typeInfo = session.metaData().classInfo(type.getName());
+
+        if (typeInfo.annotationsInfo().get(RelationshipEntity.class) == null) {
+            ref = session.context().getNodeEntity(id);
+        } else {
+            // Coercing to Long. identityField.convertedType() yields no parametrised type to call cast() with.
+            // But we know this will always be Long.
+            ref = session.context().getRelationshipEntity((Long) id);
+        }
+        try {
+            return type.cast(ref);
+        } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `LoadOneDelegate.session.metaData().classInfo(type.getName())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object LoadOneDelegate.load(Class,Serializable,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates.LoadOneDelegate.load(java.lang.Class,java.io.Serializable,int):java..bf773cd1a12b2bcc6e77ac55ce9ebedf
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/session/delegates/LoadOneDelegate.java
+
+### Key:
+LoadOneDelegate.java|load|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3442af1456cb5324245dc37b47d44129
+
+### Hash:
+8af53a8c37bf9d5dcf26f4f46b8d1835
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7551/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7551/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e518a9b3210acdc3685cdc4c5dab4f7a702f81f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7551/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nCoAP
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils.receiver;
+
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.encoding.CoapMessageDecoder;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.encoding.CoapMessageEncoder;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.CoapMessage;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.CoapRequest;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.CoapResponse;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.header.InvalidHeaderException;
+import org.jboss.netty.bootstrap.ConnectionlessBootstrap;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.*;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.DatagramChannel;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioDatagramChannelFactory;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+
+/**
+* Receives and sends CoAP Messages for testing purposes.
+* Receiving and automatic response can be configured.
+* To send a message either schedule a automatic response using addResponse (using setWriteEnabled(true))
+* or send a message manually using writeMessage (which will send the message immediately regardless of writeEnabled).
+*
+* @author Oliver Kleine, Stefan Hueske
+*/
+public class CoapMessageReceiver extends SimpleChannelHandler {
+
+    private DatagramChannel channel;
+
+    private Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass().getName());
+
+    //Received messages are ignored when set to false
+    private boolean receiveEnabled = true;
+    private boolean writeEnabled = true;
+
+    //map to save received messages
+    private SortedMap<Long, CoapMessage> receivedMessages = new TreeMap<Long, CoapMessage>();
+
+    //contains a list of test specific responses
+    private LinkedList<MessageReceiverResponse> responsesToSend = new LinkedList<MessageReceiverResponse>();
+
+    public CoapMessageReceiver() {
+        //Create datagram datagramChannel to receive messages
+        ChannelFactory channelFactory =
+                new NioDatagramChannelFactory(Executors.newCachedThreadPool());
+
+        ConnectionlessBootstrap bootstrap = new ConnectionlessBootstrap(channelFactory);
+        bootstrap.setPipelineFactory(new ChannelPipelineFactory() {
+
+            @Override
+            public ChannelPipeline getPipeline() throws Exception {
+                ChannelPipeline pipeline = Channels.pipeline();
+                pipeline.addLast("Encoder", new CoapMessageEncoder());
+                pipeline.addLast("Decoder", new CoapMessageDecoder());
+                pipeline.addLast("CoAP Message Receiver", CoapMessageReceiver.this );
+                return pipeline;
+            }
+        });
+
+        channel = (DatagramChannel) bootstrap.bind(new InetSocketAddress(0));
+        log.info("New message receiver channel created for port " + channel.getLocalAddress().getPort());
+    }
+
+    public int getReceiverPort(){
+        return channel.getLocalAddress().getPort();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageEvent e) throws Exception {
+        if ((e.getMessage() instanceof CoapMessage) && receiveEnabled) {
+            CoapMessage coapMessage = (CoapMessage) e.getMessage();
+
+            receivedMessages.put(System.currentTimeMillis(), coapMessage);
+            log.info("Incoming (from " + e.getRemoteAddress() + ") # " +  getReceivedMessages().size() + ": "
+                    + coapMessage);
+
+            if(writeEnabled && (coapMessage instanceof CoapRequest)){
+                if (responsesToSend.isEmpty()) {
+                    fail("responsesToSend is empty. This could be caused by an unexpected request.");
+                }
+                MessageReceiverResponse responseToSend = responsesToSend.remove(0);
+
+                if (responseToSend == null) {
+                    throw new InternalError("Unexpected request received. No response for: " + coapMessage);
+                }
+
+                CoapResponse coapResponse = responseToSend;
+                if (responseToSend.getReceiverSetsMsgID()) {
+                    coapResponse.setMessageID(coapMessage.getMessageID());
+                }
+                if (responseToSend.getReceiverSetsToken()) {
+                    coapResponse.setToken(coapMessage.getToken());
+                }
+                Channels.write(channel, coapResponse, e.getRemoteAddress());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public SortedMap<Long, CoapMessage> getReceivedMessages() {
+        return receivedMessages;
+    }
+
+    public LinkedList<MessageReceiverResponse> getResponsesToSend(){
+        return responsesToSend;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void setReceiveEnabled(boolean receiveEnabled) {
+        this.receiveEnabled = receiveEnabled;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void setWriteEnabled(boolean writeEnabled) {
+        this.writeEnabled = writeEnabled;
+    }
+
+//    public synchronized void reset() {
+//        receivedMessages.clear();
+//        responsesToSend.clear();
+//        setReceiveEnabled(true);
+//        setWriteEnabled(true);
+//    }
+
+    public void writeMessage(CoapMessage coapMessage, InetSocketAddress remoteAddress) {
+        log.debug("Write message: " + coapMessage);
+        Channels.write(channel, coapMessage, remoteAddress);
+    }
+
+    public void addResponse(MessageReceiverResponse response) {
+        responsesToSend.add(response);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shuts the client down by closing the datagramChannel which includes to unbind the datagramChannel from a listening port and
+     * by this means free the port. All blocked or bound external resources are released.
+     */
+    public void shutdown(){
+        //Close the datagram datagramChannel (includes unbind)
+        ChannelFuture future = channel.close();
+
+        //Await the closure and let the factory release its external resource to finalize the shutdown
+        future.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
+                DatagramChannel closedChannel = (DatagramChannel) future.getChannel();
+                log.info("Message receiver channel closed (port: " + closedChannel.getLocalAddress().getPort() + ").");
+
+                channel.getFactory().releaseExternalResources();
+                log.info("External resources released. Shutdown completed.");
+            }
+        });
+
+        future.awaitUninterruptibly();
+    }
+
+
+//    public void blockUntilMessagesReceivedOrTimeout(long timeout, int messagesCount)
+//            throws InterruptedException {
+//        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+//        while(System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime < timeout) {
+//            synchronized(this) {
+//                if (receivedMessages.size() >= messagesCount) {
+//                    return;
+//                }
+//            }
+//            Thread.sleep(50);
+//        }
+//    }
+
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils.receiver.CoapMessageReceiver.messageReceived` reads without synchronization from `this.de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils.receiver.CoapMessageReceiver.writeEnabled`. Potentially races with write in method `CoapMessageReceiver.setWriteEnabled(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoapMessageReceiver.messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext,MessageEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils.receiver.CoapMessageReceiver.messageReceived(or.4b9f42b6ee3d78b1586546bf7dc822f9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/de/uniluebeck/itm/spitfire/nCoap/communication/utils/receiver/CoapMessageReceiver.java
+
+### Key:
+CoapMessageReceiver.java|messageReceived|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+96a39dc01cfaf7381c83533d8997075d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7556/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7556/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca2ce2f791addb8daff1a363786146fe6184d3f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7556/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FastLogin
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.listener.protocollib;
+
+import com.comphenix.protocol.ProtocolLibrary;
+import com.comphenix.protocol.events.PacketContainer;
+import com.comphenix.protocol.events.PacketEvent;
+import com.comphenix.protocol.injector.server.TemporaryPlayerFactory;
+import com.comphenix.protocol.reflect.FieldUtils;
+import com.comphenix.protocol.reflect.FuzzyReflection;
+import com.comphenix.protocol.wrappers.WrappedChatComponent;
+import com.comphenix.protocol.wrappers.WrappedGameProfile;
+import com.github.games647.craftapi.model.auth.Verification;
+import com.github.games647.craftapi.model.skin.SkinProperty;
+import com.github.games647.craftapi.resolver.MojangResolver;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.BukkitLoginSession;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.EncryptionUtil;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.FastLoginBukkit;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.KeyPair;
+import java.security.PrivateKey;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import javax.crypto.Cipher;
+import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
+
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+
+import static com.comphenix.protocol.PacketType.Login.Client.START;
+import static com.comphenix.protocol.PacketType.Login.Server.DISCONNECT;
+
+public class VerifyResponseTask implements Runnable {
+
+    private final FastLoginBukkit plugin;
+    private final PacketEvent packetEvent;
+    private final KeyPair serverKey;
+
+    private final Player player;
+
+    private final byte[] sharedSecret;
+
+    public VerifyResponseTask(FastLoginBukkit plugin, PacketEvent packetEvent, Player player,
+                              byte[] sharedSecret, KeyPair keyPair) {
+        this.plugin = plugin;
+        this.packetEvent = packetEvent;
+        this.player = player;
+        this.sharedSecret = Arrays.copyOf(sharedSecret, sharedSecret.length);
+        this.serverKey = keyPair;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            BukkitLoginSession session = plugin.getLoginSessions().get(player.getAddress().toString());
+            if (session == null) {
+                disconnect("invalid-request", true
+                        , "GameProfile {0} tried to send encryption response at invalid state", player.getAddress());
+            } else {
+                verifyResponse(session);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            //this is a fake packet; it shouldn't be send to the server
+            synchronized (packetEvent.getAsyncMarker().getProcessingLock()) {
+                packetEvent.setCancelled(true);
+            }
+
+            ProtocolLibrary.getProtocolManager().getAsynchronousManager().signalPacketTransmission(packetEvent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void verifyResponse(BukkitLoginSession session) {
+        PrivateKey privateKey = serverKey.getPrivate();
+
+        Cipher cipher;
+        SecretKey loginKey;
+        try {
+            cipher = Cipher.getInstance(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
+            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
+
+            loginKey = EncryptionUtil.decryptSharedKey(cipher, sharedSecret);
+        } catch (GeneralSecurityException securityEx) {
+            disconnect("error-kick", false, "Cannot decrypt received contents", securityEx);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (!checkVerifyToken(session, cipher, privateKey) || !encryptConnection(loginKey)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            disconnect("error-kick", false, "Cannot decrypt received contents", ex);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String serverId = EncryptionUtil.getServerIdHashString("", loginKey, serverKey.getPublic());
+
+        String username = session.getUsername();
+        InetSocketAddress socketAddress = player.getAddress();
+        try {
+            MojangResolver resolver = plugin.getCore().getResolver();
+            InetAddress address = socketAddress.getAddress();
+            Optional<Verification> response = resolver.hasJoined(username, serverId, address);
+            if (response.isPresent()) {
+                plugin.getLog().info("GameProfile {} has a verified premium account", username);
+
+                SkinProperty[] properties = response.get().getProperties();
+                if (properties.length > 0) {
+                    session.setSkinProperty(properties[0]);
+                }
+
+                session.setUuid(response.get().getId());
+                session.setVerified(true);
+
+                setPremiumUUID(session.getUuid());
+                receiveFakeStartPacket(username);
+            } else {
+                //user tried to fake a authentication
+                disconnect("invalid-session", true
+                        , "GameProfile {0} ({1}) tried to log in with an invalid session ServerId: {2}"
+                        , session.getUsername(), socketAddress, serverId);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ioEx) {
+            disconnect("error-kick", false, "Failed to connect to session server", ioEx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setPremiumUUID(UUID premiumUUID) {
+        if (plugin.getConfig().getBoolean("premiumUuid") && premiumUUID != null) {
+            try {
+                Object networkManager = getNetworkManager();
+                //https://github.com/bergerkiller/CraftSource/blob/master/net.minecraft.server/NetworkManager.java#L69
+                FieldUtils.writeField(networkManager, "spoofedUUID", premiumUUID, true);
+            } catch (Exception exc) {
+                plugin.getLog().error("Error setting premium uuid of {}", player, exc);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkVerifyToken(BukkitLoginSession session, Cipher cipher, PrivateKey privateKey)
+            throws GeneralSecurityException {
+        byte[] requestVerify = session.getVerifyToken();
+        //encrypted verify token
+        byte[] responseVerify = packetEvent.getPacket().getByteArrays().read(1);
+
+        //https://github.com/bergerkiller/CraftSource/blob/master/net.minecraft.server/LoginListener.java#L182
+        if (!Arrays.equals(requestVerify, EncryptionUtil.decrypt(cipher, responseVerify))) {
+            //check if the verify token are equal to the server sent one
+            disconnect("invalid-verify-token", true
+                    , "GameProfile {0} ({1}) tried to login with an invalid verify token. Server: {2} Client: {3}"
+                    , session.getUsername(), packetEvent.getPlayer().getAddress(), requestVerify, responseVerify);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    //try to get the networkManager from ProtocolLib
+    private Object getNetworkManager() throws IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        Object injectorContainer = TemporaryPlayerFactory.getInjectorFromPlayer(player);
+
+        //ChannelInjector
+        Class<?> injectorClass = Class.forName("com.comphenix.protocol.injector.netty.Injector");
+        Object rawInjector = FuzzyReflection.getFieldValue(injectorContainer, injectorClass, true);
+        return FieldUtils.readField(rawInjector, "networkManager", true);
+    }
+
+    private boolean encryptConnection(SecretKey loginKey) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+        try {
+            //get the NMS connection handle of this player
+            Object networkManager = getNetworkManager();
+
+            //try to detect the method by parameters
+            Method encryptMethod = FuzzyReflection
+                    .fromObject(networkManager).getMethodByParameters("a", SecretKey.class);
+
+            //encrypt/decrypt following packets
+            //the client expects this behaviour
+            encryptMethod.invoke(networkManager, loginKey);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            disconnect("error-kick", false, "Couldn't enable encryption", ex);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void disconnect(String reasonKey, boolean debug, String logMessage, Object... arguments) {
+        if (debug) {
+            plugin.getLog().debug(logMessage, arguments);
+        } else {
+            plugin.getLog().error(logMessage, arguments);
+        }
+
+        kickPlayer(plugin.getCore().getMessage(reasonKey));
+    }
+
+    private void kickPlayer(String reason) {
+        PacketContainer kickPacket = new PacketContainer(DISCONNECT);
+        kickPacket.getChatComponents().write(0, WrappedChatComponent.fromText(reason));
+        try {
+            //send kick packet at login state
+            //the normal event.getPlayer.kickPlayer(String) method does only work at play state
+            ProtocolLibrary.getProtocolManager().sendServerPacket(player, kickPacket);
+            //tell the server that we want to close the connection
+            player.kickPlayer("Disconnect");
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
+            plugin.getLog().error("Error sending kick packet for: {}", player, ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    //fake a new login packet in order to let the server handle all the other stuff
+    private void receiveFakeStartPacket(String username) {
+        //see StartPacketListener for packet information
+        PacketContainer startPacket = new PacketContainer(START);
+
+        //uuid is ignored by the packet definition
+        WrappedGameProfile fakeProfile = new WrappedGameProfile(UUID.randomUUID(), username);
+        startPacket.getGameProfiles().write(0, fakeProfile);
+        try {
+            //we don't want to handle our own packets so ignore filters
+            ProtocolLibrary.getProtocolManager().recieveClientPacket(player, startPacket, false);
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException | IllegalAccessException ex) {
+            plugin.getLog().warn("Failed to fake a new start packet for: {}", username, ex);
+            //cancel the event in order to prevent the server receiving an invalid packet
+            kickPlayer(plugin.getCore().getMessage("error-kick"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `VerifyResponseTask.player.getAddress()`  at line 60.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VerifyResponseTask.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.listener.protocollib.VerifyResponseTask.run():void.fffdd8ef24ef742d2c69c80f8fcc11e9
+
+### File:
+bukkit/src/main/java/com/github/games647/fastlogin/bukkit/listener/protocollib/VerifyResponseTask.java
+
+### Key:
+VerifyResponseTask.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+555eb4653f57a9c18c7378b53476017b
+
+### Hash:
+3eb02c0b396e03684ed047fb60a705c0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7558/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7558/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78e605532efaedf44114de4bc4949d8e5d4c1ccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7558/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FastLogin
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.listener;
+
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.BukkitLoginSession;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.FastLoginBukkit;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.task.ForceLoginTask;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.core.PremiumStatus;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.core.hooks.AuthPlugin;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.core.message.LoginActionMessage;
+import com.github.games647.fastlogin.core.message.LoginActionMessage.Type;
+import com.google.common.io.ByteArrayDataInput;
+import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+import org.bukkit.plugin.messaging.PluginMessageListener;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toSet;
+
+/**
+ * Responsible for receiving messages from a BungeeCord instance.
+ *
+ * This class also receives the plugin message from the bungeecord version of this plugin in order to get notified if
+ * the connection is in online mode.
+ */
+public class BungeeListener implements PluginMessageListener {
+
+    private static final String FILE_NAME = "proxy-whitelist.txt";
+
+    private final FastLoginBukkit plugin;
+    //null if whitelist is empty so bungeecord support is disabled
+    private final Set<UUID> proxyIds;
+
+    public BungeeListener(FastLoginBukkit plugin) {
+        this.plugin = plugin;
+        this.proxyIds = loadBungeeCordIds();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onPluginMessageReceived(String channel, Player player, byte[] message) {
+        ByteArrayDataInput dataInput = ByteStreams.newDataInput(message);
+
+        LoginActionMessage loginMessage = new LoginActionMessage();
+        loginMessage.readFrom(dataInput);
+
+        plugin.getLog().debug("Received plugin message {}", loginMessage);
+
+        //check if the player is still online or disconnected
+        Player checkedPlayer = Bukkit.getPlayerExact(loginMessage.getPlayerName());
+        if (checkedPlayer == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        //fail if target player is blacklisted because already authenticated or wrong bungeecord id
+        if (checkedPlayer.hasMetadata(plugin.getName())) {
+            plugin.getLog().warn("Received message {} from a blacklisted player {}", loginMessage, checkedPlayer);
+        } else {
+            //fail if BungeeCord support is disabled (id = null)
+            UUID sourceId = loginMessage.getProxyId();
+            if (proxyIds.contains(sourceId)) {
+                readMessage(checkedPlayer, loginMessage);
+            } else {
+                plugin.getLog().warn("Received proxy id: {} that doesn't exist in the proxy whitelist file", sourceId);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void readMessage(Player player, LoginActionMessage message) {
+        String playerName = message.getPlayerName();
+        Type type = message.getType();
+
+        InetSocketAddress address = player.getAddress();
+        String id = '/' + address.getAddress().getHostAddress() + ':' + address.getPort();
+        if (type == Type.LOGIN) {
+            BukkitLoginSession playerSession = new BukkitLoginSession(playerName, true);
+            playerSession.setVerified(true);
+            plugin.getLoginSessions().put(id, playerSession);
+
+            Bukkit.getScheduler().runTaskLaterAsynchronously(plugin, new ForceLoginTask(plugin.getCore(), player), 10L);
+        } else if (type == Type.REGISTER) {
+            Bukkit.getScheduler().runTaskLaterAsynchronously(plugin, () -> {
+                AuthPlugin<Player> authPlugin = plugin.getCore().getAuthPluginHook();
+                try {
+                    //we need to check if the player is registered on Bukkit too
+                    if (authPlugin == null || !authPlugin.isRegistered(playerName)) {
+                        BukkitLoginSession playerSession = new BukkitLoginSession(playerName, false);
+                        playerSession.setVerified(true);
+                        plugin.getLoginSessions().put(id, playerSession);
+                        new ForceLoginTask(plugin.getCore(), player).run();
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception ex) {
+                    plugin.getLog().error("Failed to query isRegistered for player: {}", player, ex);
+                }
+            }, 10L);
+        } else if (type == Type.CRACKED) {
+            //we don't start a force login task here so update it manually
+            plugin.getPremiumPlayers().put(player.getUniqueId(), PremiumStatus.CRACKED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Set<UUID> loadBungeeCordIds() {
+        Path whitelistFile = plugin.getPluginFolder().resolve(FILE_NAME);
+        try {
+            if (Files.notExists(whitelistFile)) {
+                Files.createFile(whitelistFile);
+            }
+
+            try (Stream<String> lines = Files.lines(whitelistFile)) {
+                return lines.map(String::trim)
+                        .map(UUID::fromString)
+                        .collect(toSet());
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            plugin.getLog().error("Failed to create file for Proxy whitelist", ex);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            plugin.getLog().error("Failed to retrieve proxy Id. Disabling BungeeCord support", ex);
+        }
+
+        return Collections.emptySet();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `address` last assigned on line 80  at line 81.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BungeeListener.readMessage(Player,LoginActionMessage)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.games647.fastlogin.bukkit.listener.BungeeListener.readMessage(org.bukkit.entity.Player,co.02f7e9bef87d099704040f8558928003
+
+### File:
+bukkit/src/main/java/com/github/games647/fastlogin/bukkit/listener/BungeeListener.java
+
+### Key:
+BungeeListener.java|readMessage|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+7a7594d69571f7d40103c73b7c588bc3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7560/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7560/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53285fe5a9baa202bf80e22004ba1152983c5ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7560/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** OneBlog
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 yadong.zhang
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zyd.blog.business.service.impl;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.github.pagehelper.PageHelper;
+import com.github.pagehelper.PageInfo;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.annotation.RedisCache;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.dto.BizCommentDTO;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.entity.Comment;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.entity.Config;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.entity.User;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.enums.CommentStatusEnum;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.enums.TemplateKeyEnum;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.service.BizCommentService;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.service.MailService;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.service.SysConfigService;
+import com.zyd.blog.business.vo.CommentConditionVO;
+import com.zyd.blog.framework.exception.ZhydCommentException;
+import com.zyd.blog.framework.holder.RequestHolder;
+import com.zyd.blog.persistence.beans.BizComment;
+import com.zyd.blog.persistence.mapper.BizCommentMapper;
+import com.zyd.blog.util.*;
+import eu.bitwalker.useragentutils.Browser;
+import eu.bitwalker.useragentutils.OperatingSystem;
+import eu.bitwalker.useragentutils.UserAgent;
+import eu.bitwalker.useragentutils.Version;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate;
+import org.springframework.data.redis.core.ValueOperations;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
+import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils;
+import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * 评论
+ *
+ * @author yadong.zhang (yadong.zhang0415(a)gmail.com)
+ * @version 1.0
+ * @website https://www.zhyd.me
+ * @date 2018/4/16 16:26
+ * @since 1.0
+ */
+@Slf4j
+@Service
+public class BizCommentServiceImpl implements BizCommentService {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private BizCommentMapper bizCommentMapper;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RedisTemplate redisTemplate;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private MailService mailService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private SysConfigService configService;
+
+    /**
+     * 分页查询
+     *
+     * @param vo
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public PageInfo<Comment> findPageBreakByCondition(CommentConditionVO vo) {
+        PageHelper.startPage(vo.getPageNumber(), vo.getPageSize());
+        List<BizComment> list = bizCommentMapper.findPageBreakByCondition(vo);
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        List<Comment> boList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (BizComment bizComment : list) {
+            boList.add(new Comment(bizComment));
+        }
+        PageInfo bean = new PageInfo<BizComment>(list);
+        bean.setList(boList);
+        return bean;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param vo
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+//    @RedisCache
+    public Map<String, Object> list(CommentConditionVO vo) {
+        PageInfo pageInfo = findPageBreakByCondition(vo);
+        Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
+        if (pageInfo != null) {
+            map.put("commentList", convert2DTO(pageInfo.getList()));
+            map.put("total", pageInfo.getTotal());
+            map.put("hasNextPage", pageInfo.isHasNextPage());
+            map.put("nextPage", pageInfo.getNextPage());
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    private List<BizCommentDTO> convert2DTO(List<Comment> list) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        List<BizCommentDTO> dtoList = new LinkedList<>();
+        for (Comment comment : list) {
+            BizCommentDTO dto = BeanConvertUtil.doConvert(comment, BizCommentDTO.class);
+            dto.setParentDTO(BeanConvertUtil.doConvert(comment.getParent(), BizCommentDTO.class));
+            dtoList.add(dto);
+        }
+        return dtoList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * admin发表评论
+     *
+     * @param comment
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public void commentForAdmin(Comment comment) throws ZhydCommentException {
+        Config config = configService.get();
+        User user = SessionUtil.getUser();
+        comment.setQq(user.getQq());
+        comment.setEmail(user.getEmail());
+        comment.setNickname(user.getNickname());
+        comment.setAvatar(user.getAvatar());
+        comment.setUrl(config.getSiteUrl());
+        comment.setUserId(user.getId());
+        comment.setStatus(CommentStatusEnum.APPROVED.toString());
+        comment.setPid(comment.getId());
+        comment.setId(null);
+        this.comment(comment);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 发表评论
+     *
+     * @param comment
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public Comment comment(Comment comment) throws ZhydCommentException {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(comment.getNickname())) {
+            throw new ZhydCommentException("必须输入昵称哦~~");
+        }
+        String content = comment.getContent();
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(content)) {
+            throw new ZhydCommentException("不说话可不行，必须说点什么哦~~");
+        }
+        if (!XssKillerUtil.isValid(content)) {
+            throw new ZhydCommentException("内容不合法，请不要使用特殊标签哦~~");
+        }
+        content = XssKillerUtil.clean(content.trim());
+        if (content.endsWith("<p><br></p>")) {
+            comment.setContent(content.substring(0, content.length() - "<p><br></p>".length()));
+        }
+        comment.setNickname(HtmlUtil.html2Text(comment.getNickname()));
+        comment.setQq(HtmlUtil.html2Text(comment.getQq()));
+        comment.setAvatar(HtmlUtil.html2Text(comment.getAvatar()));
+        comment.setEmail(HtmlUtil.html2Text(comment.getEmail()));
+        comment.setUrl(HtmlUtil.html2Text(comment.getUrl()));
+        HttpServletRequest request = RequestHolder.getRequest();
+        String ua = request.getHeader("User-Agent");
+        UserAgent agent = UserAgent.parseUserAgentString(ua);
+        // 浏览器
+        Browser browser = agent.getBrowser();
+        String browserInfo = browser.getName();
+//        comment.setBrowserShortName(browser.getShortName());// 此处需开发者自己处理
+        // 浏览器版本
+        Version version = agent.getBrowserVersion();
+        if (version != null) {
+            browserInfo += " " + version.getVersion();
+        }
+        comment.setBrowser(browserInfo);
+        // 操作系统
+        OperatingSystem os = agent.getOperatingSystem();
+        comment.setOs(os.getName());
+//        comment.setOsShortName(os.getShortName());// 此处需开发者自己处理
+        comment.setIp(IpUtil.getRealIp(request));
+        String address = "定位失败";
+        Config config = configService.get();
+        try {
+            String locationJson = RestClientUtil.get(UrlBuildUtil.getLocationByIp(comment.getIp(), config.getBaiduApiAk()));
+            JSONObject localtionContent = JSONObject.parseObject(locationJson).getJSONObject("content");
+            // 地址详情
+            JSONObject addressDetail = localtionContent.getJSONObject("address_detail");
+            // 省
+            String province = addressDetail.getString("province");
+            // 市
+            String city = addressDetail.getString("city");
+            // 区
+            String district = addressDetail.getString("district");
+            // 街道
+            String street = addressDetail.getString("street");
+            // 街道编号
+//            String street_number = addressDetail.getString("street_number");
+            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(province);
+            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(city)) {
+                sb.append(city);
+            }
+            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(district)) {
+                sb.append(district);
+            }
+            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(street)) {
+                sb.append(street);
+            }
+            address = sb.toString();
+            // 经纬度
+            JSONObject point = localtionContent.getJSONObject("point");
+            // 纬度
+            String lat = point.getString("y");
+            // 经度
+            String lng = point.getString("x");
+            comment.setLat(lat);
+            comment.setLng(lng);
+            comment.setAddress(address);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            comment.setAddress("未知");
+            log.error("获取地址失败", e);
+        }
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(comment.getStatus())) {
+            comment.setStatus(CommentStatusEnum.VERIFYING.toString());
+        }
+        this.insert(comment);
+        this.sendEmail(comment);
+        return comment;
+    }
+
+
+    private void sendEmail(Comment comment){
+        // 发送邮件通知，此处如发生异常不应阻塞当前的业务流程
+        // 可以进行日志记录等操作
+        try {
+            if (null != comment.getPid() && 0 != comment.getPid()) {
+                // 给被评论的用户发送通知
+                Comment commentDB = this.getByPrimaryKey(comment.getPid());
+                mailService.send(commentDB, TemplateKeyEnum.TM_COMMENT_REPLY, false);
+            } else {
+                mailService.sendToAdmin(comment);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.error("发送评论通知邮件时发生异常", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询近期评论
+     *
+     * @param pageSize
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    @RedisCache
+    public List<Comment> listRecentComment(int pageSize) {
+        CommentConditionVO vo = new CommentConditionVO();
+        vo.setPageSize(pageSize);
+        vo.setStatus(CommentStatusEnum.APPROVED.toString());
+        PageHelper.startPage(vo.getPageNumber(), vo.getPageSize());
+        List<BizComment> list = bizCommentMapper.findPageBreakByCondition(vo);
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        List<Comment> boList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (BizComment bizComment : list) {
+            boList.add(new Comment(bizComment));
+        }
+        return boList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询未审核的评论
+     *
+     * @param pageSize
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public List<Comment> listVerifying(int pageSize) {
+        CommentConditionVO vo = new CommentConditionVO();
+        vo.setPageSize(pageSize);
+        vo.setStatus(CommentStatusEnum.VERIFYING.toString());
+        PageInfo pageInfo = findPageBreakByCondition(vo);
+        return null == pageInfo ? null : pageInfo.getList();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 点赞
+     *
+     * @param id
+     */
+    @Override
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public void doSupport(Long id) {
+        String key = IpUtil.getRealIp(RequestHolder.getRequest()) + "_doSupport_" + id;
+        ValueOperations<String, Object> operations = redisTemplate.opsForValue();
+        if (redisTemplate.hasKey(key)) {
+            throw new ZhydCommentException("一个小时只能点一次赞哈~");
+        }
+        bizCommentMapper.doSupport(id);
+        operations.set(key, id, 1, TimeUnit.HOURS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 点踩
+     *
+     * @param id
+     */
+    @Override
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public void doOppose(Long id) {
+        String key = IpUtil.getRealIp(RequestHolder.getRequest()) + "_doOppose_" + id;
+        ValueOperations<String, Object> operations = redisTemplate.opsForValue();
+        if (redisTemplate.hasKey(key)) {
+            throw new ZhydCommentException("一个小时只能踩一次哈~又没什么深仇大恨");
+        }
+        bizCommentMapper.doOppose(id);
+        operations.set(key, id, 1, TimeUnit.HOURS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 保存一个实体，null的属性不会保存，会使用数据库默认值
+     *
+     * @param entity
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public Comment insert(Comment entity) {
+        Assert.notNull(entity, "Comment不可为空！");
+        entity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
+        entity.setCreateTime(new Date());
+        bizCommentMapper.insertSelective(entity.getBizComment());
+        return entity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 批量插入，支持批量插入的数据库可以使用，例如MySQL,H2等，另外该接口限制实体包含id属性并且必须为自增列
+     *
+     * @param entities
+     */
+    @Override
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public void insertList(List<Comment> entities) {
+        Assert.notNull(entities, "Comments不可为空！");
+        List<BizComment> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Comment entity : entities) {
+            entity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
+            entity.setCreateTime(new Date());
+            list.add(entity.getBizComment());
+        }
+        bizCommentMapper.insertList(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据主键字段进行删除，方法参数必须包含完整的主键属性
+     *
+     * @param primaryKey
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public boolean removeByPrimaryKey(Long primaryKey) {
+        return bizCommentMapper.deleteByPrimaryKey(primaryKey) > 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据主键更新实体全部字段，null值会被更新
+     *
+     * @param entity
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public boolean update(Comment entity) {
+        Assert.notNull(entity, "Comment不可为空！");
+        entity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
+        return bizCommentMapper.updateByPrimaryKey(entity.getBizComment()) > 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据主键更新属性不为null的值
+     *
+     * @param entity
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
+    @RedisCache(flush = true)
+    public boolean updateSelective(Comment entity) {
+        Assert.notNull(entity, "Comment不可为空！");
+        entity.setUpdateTime(new Date());
+        return bizCommentMapper.updateByPrimaryKeySelective(entity.getBizComment()) > 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据主键字段进行查询，方法参数必须包含完整的主键属性，查询条件使用等号
+     *
+     * @param primaryKey
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Comment getByPrimaryKey(Long primaryKey) {
+        Assert.notNull(primaryKey, "PrimaryKey不可为空！");
+        BizComment entity = bizCommentMapper.getById(primaryKey);
+        return null == entity ? null : new Comment(entity);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据实体中的属性进行查询，只能有一个返回值，有多个结果时抛出异常，查询条件使用等号
+     *
+     * @param entity
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Comment getOneByEntity(Comment entity) {
+        Assert.notNull(entity, "Comment不可为空！");
+        BizComment bo = bizCommentMapper.selectOne(entity.getBizComment());
+        return null == bo ? null : new Comment(bo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询全部结果，listByEntity(null)方法能达到同样的效果
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public List<Comment> listAll() {
+        List<BizComment> entityList = bizCommentMapper.selectAll();
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(entityList)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        List<Comment> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (BizComment entity : entityList) {
+            list.add(new Comment(entity));
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据实体中的属性值进行查询，查询条件使用等号
+     *
+     * @param entity
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public List<Comment> listByEntity(Comment entity) {
+        Assert.notNull(entity, "Comment不可为空！");
+        List<BizComment> entityList = bizCommentMapper.select(entity.getBizComment());
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(entityList)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        List<Comment> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (BizComment po : entityList) {
+            list.add(new Comment(po));
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `content` last assigned on line 179 could be null and is dereferenced at line 180.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Comment BizCommentServiceImpl.comment(Comment)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zyd.blog.business.service.impl.BizCommentServiceImpl.comment(com.zyd.blog.business.entity.Commen.2a6eeb4db52abfbd4e528d14799b937b
+
+### File:
+blog-core/src/main/java/com/zyd/blog/business/service/impl/BizCommentServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+BizCommentServiceImpl.java|comment|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cbf4abef6a7d17d1b80dfb598ec521f3
+
+### Hash:
+c8ff8f49f80b6506114fb654b9474566
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7567/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7567/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0326d2a1208c1adb98a159318282d67c56c962d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7567/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cassandra-lucene-index
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015, Stratio.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema;
+
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.analysis.PreBuiltAnalyzers;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.Mapper;
+import org.apache.cassandra.config.CFMetaData;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AsciiType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.IntegerType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UTF8Type;
+import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.ConfigurationException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.thrift.CfDef;
+import org.apache.cassandra.thrift.ColumnDef;
+import org.apache.cassandra.thrift.IndexType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.Analyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.SchemaBuilders.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+
+/**
+ * @author Andres de la Pena {@literal <adelapena@stratio.com>}
+ */
+public class SchemaTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetDefaultAnalyzer() {
+        Map<String, Mapper> mappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(new EnglishAnalyzer(), mappers, null);
+        Analyzer analyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertEquals("Expected english analyzer", EnglishAnalyzer.class, analyzer.getClass());
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetDefaultAnalyzerNotSpecified() {
+        Map<String, Mapper> mappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(null, mappers, null);
+        Analyzer analyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertEquals("Expected default analyzer", PreBuiltAnalyzers.DEFAULT.get().getClass(), analyzer.getClass());
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testGetAnalyzerNotExistent() {
+        Map<String, Mapper> mappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(new EnglishAnalyzer(), mappers, null);
+        schema.getAnalyzer("custom");
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testGetAnalyzerNull() {
+        Map<String, Mapper> mappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(new EnglishAnalyzer(), mappers, null);
+        schema.getAnalyzer(null);
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testGetAnalyzerEmpty() {
+        Map<String, Mapper> mappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(new EnglishAnalyzer(), mappers, null);
+        schema.getAnalyzer(" \t");
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidate() throws InvalidRequestException, ConfigurationException {
+
+        List<ColumnDef> columnDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();
+        columnDefinitions.add(new ColumnDef(ByteBufferUtil.bytes("field1"),
+                                            UTF8Type.class.getCanonicalName()).setIndex_name("field1")
+                                                                              .setIndex_type(IndexType.KEYS));
+
+        columnDefinitions.add(new ColumnDef(ByteBufferUtil.bytes("field2"),
+                                            IntegerType.class.getCanonicalName()).setIndex_name("field2")
+                                                                                 .setIndex_type(IndexType.KEYS));
+        CfDef cfDef = new CfDef().setDefault_validation_class(AsciiType.class.getCanonicalName())
+                                 .setColumn_metadata(columnDefinitions)
+                                 .setKeyspace("Keyspace1")
+                                 .setName("Standard1");
+        CFMetaData metadata = CFMetaData.fromThrift(cfDef);
+
+        Schema schema = SchemaBuilders.schema().mapper("field1", stringMapper()).mapper("field2", textMapper()).build();
+        schema.validate(metadata);
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToString() {
+
+        Schema schema = schema().mapper("field1", stringMapper()).mapper("field2", textMapper()).build();
+        assertNotNull("Expected not null schema", schema.toString());
+        schema.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `analyzer` last assigned on line 53 could be null and is dereferenced at line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SchemaTest.testGetDefaultAnalyzer()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.SchemaTest.testGetDefaultAnalyzer():void.e3c1d45d571bdd605065478664ab4fa3
+
+### File:
+plugin/src/test/java/com/stratio/cassandra/lucene/schema/SchemaTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SchemaTest.java|testGetDefaultAnalyzer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+e6ee2b8a68753a18aa2207ff4f2eb2ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7569/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7569/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52385abd202f0a092037801c48eb688bc255269b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7569/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cassandra-lucene-index
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015, Stratio.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema;
+
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.analysis.PreBuiltAnalyzers;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.ColumnMapper;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.ColumnMapperInteger;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.ColumnMapperText;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.builder.ColumnMapperBuilder;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.builder.ColumnMapperIntegerBuilder;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.builder.ColumnMapperStringBuilder;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.util.JsonSerializer;
+import org.apache.cassandra.config.CFMetaData;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AsciiType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.IntegerType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.LongType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UTF8Type;
+import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.ConfigurationException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
+import org.apache.cassandra.thrift.CfDef;
+import org.apache.cassandra.thrift.ColumnDef;
+import org.apache.cassandra.thrift.IndexType;
+import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.Analyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.map.JsonMappingException;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author Andres de la Pena <adelapena@stratio.com>
+ */
+public class SchemaTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetDefaultAnalyzer() {
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, "English");
+        Analyzer analyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertEquals(EnglishAnalyzer.class, analyzer.getClass());
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetDefaultAnalyzerNotSpecified() {
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, null);
+        Analyzer analyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertEquals(PreBuiltAnalyzers.DEFAULT.get(), analyzer);
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testGetAnalyzerNotExistent() {
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, "English");
+        schema.getAnalyzer("custom");
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testGetAnalyzerNull() {
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, "English");
+        schema.getAnalyzer(null);
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testGetAnalyzerEmpty() {
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, "English");
+        schema.getAnalyzer(" \t");
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParseJSON() throws IOException {
+
+        String json = "{" +
+                      "  analyzers:{" +
+                      "    spanish_analyzer : {type:\"classpath\", " +
+                      "                        class:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_analyzer : {type:\"snowball\", " +
+                      "                         language:\"Spanish\", " +
+                      "                         stopwords : \"el,la,lo,loas,las,a,ante,bajo,cabe,con,contra\"}" +
+                      "  }," +
+                      "  default_analyzer : \"spanish_analyzer\"," +
+                      "  fields : {" +
+                      "    id : {type : \"integer\"}," +
+                      "    spanish_text : {type:\"text\", analyzer:\"spanish_analyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_text : {type:\"text\", analyzer:\"snowball_analyzer\"}" +
+                      "  }" +
+                      " }'";
+
+        Schema schema = JsonSerializer.fromString(json, Schema.class);
+
+        Analyzer defaultAnalyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertTrue(defaultAnalyzer instanceof SpanishAnalyzer);
+
+        Analyzer spanishAnalyzer = schema.getAnalyzer("spanish_analyzer");
+        assertTrue(spanishAnalyzer instanceof SpanishAnalyzer);
+
+        ColumnMapper idMapper = schema.getMapper("id");
+        assertTrue(idMapper instanceof ColumnMapperInteger);
+
+        ColumnMapper spanishMapper = schema.getMapper("spanish_text");
+        assertTrue(spanishMapper instanceof ColumnMapperText);
+        assertEquals("spanish_analyzer", spanishMapper.getAnalyzer());
+
+        ColumnMapper snowballMapper = schema.getMapper("snowball_text");
+        assertTrue(snowballMapper instanceof ColumnMapperText);
+        assertEquals("snowball_analyzer", snowballMapper.getAnalyzer());
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParseJSONWithNullAnalyzers() throws IOException {
+
+        String json = "{" +
+                      "  default_analyzer : \"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"," +
+                      "  fields : {" +
+                      "    id : {type : \"integer\"}," +
+                      "    spanish_text : {" +
+                      "      type:\"text\", " +
+                      "      analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_text : {" +
+                      "      type:\"text\", " +
+                      "      analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"}" +
+                      "  }" +
+                      " }'";
+
+        Schema schema = JsonSerializer.fromString(json, Schema.class);
+
+        Analyzer defaultAnalyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertTrue(defaultAnalyzer instanceof EnglishAnalyzer);
+
+        ColumnMapper idMapper = schema.getMapper("id");
+        assertTrue(idMapper instanceof ColumnMapperInteger);
+
+        ColumnMapper spanishMapper = schema.getMapper("spanish_text");
+        assertTrue(spanishMapper instanceof ColumnMapperText);
+        assertEquals(SpanishAnalyzer.class.getName(), spanishMapper.getAnalyzer());
+
+        ColumnMapper snowballMapper = schema.getMapper("snowball_text");
+        assertTrue(snowballMapper instanceof ColumnMapperText);
+        assertEquals(EnglishAnalyzer.class.getName(), snowballMapper.getAnalyzer());
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParseJSONWithEmptyAnalyzers() throws IOException {
+
+        String json = "{" +
+                      "  analyzers:{}, " +
+                      "  default_analyzer : \"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"," +
+                      "  fields : {" +
+                      "    id : {type : \"integer\"}," +
+                      "    spanish_text : {type:\"text\", " +
+                      "                    analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_text : {type:\"text\", " +
+                      "                     analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"}" +
+                      "  }" +
+                      " }'";
+
+        Schema schema = JsonSerializer.fromString(json, Schema.class);
+
+        Analyzer defaultAnalyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertTrue(defaultAnalyzer instanceof EnglishAnalyzer);
+
+        ColumnMapper idMapper = schema.getMapper("id");
+        assertEquals(ColumnMapperInteger.class, idMapper.getClass());
+
+        ColumnMapper spanishMapper = schema.getMapper("spanish_text");
+        assertTrue(spanishMapper instanceof ColumnMapperText);
+        assertEquals(SpanishAnalyzer.class.getName(), spanishMapper.getAnalyzer());
+
+        ColumnMapper snowballMapper = schema.getMapper("snowball_text");
+        assertTrue(snowballMapper instanceof ColumnMapperText);
+        assertEquals(EnglishAnalyzer.class.getName(), snowballMapper.getAnalyzer());
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParseJSONWithNullDefaultAnalyzer() throws IOException {
+
+        String json = "{" +
+                      "  analyzers:{" +
+                      "    spanish_analyzer : {" +
+                      "      type:\"classpath\", " +
+                      "      class:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_analyzer : {" +
+                      "      type:\"snowball\", " +
+                      "      language:\"Spanish\", " +
+                      "      stopwords : \"el,la,lo,lo,as,las,a,ante,con,contra\"}" +
+                      "  }," +
+                      "  fields : { id : {type : \"integer\"} }" +
+                      " }'";
+
+        Schema schema = JsonSerializer.fromString(json, Schema.class);
+
+        Analyzer defaultAnalyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertEquals(PreBuiltAnalyzers.DEFAULT.get(), defaultAnalyzer);
+
+        Analyzer spanishAnalyzer = schema.getAnalyzer("spanish_analyzer");
+        assertTrue(spanishAnalyzer instanceof SpanishAnalyzer);
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = JsonMappingException.class)
+    public void testParseJSONWithFailingDefaultAnalyzer() throws IOException {
+        String json = "{default_analyzer : \"xyz\", fields : { id : {type : \"integer\"} } }'";
+        JsonSerializer.fromString(json, Schema.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAddColumns() {
+
+        ColumnMapperBuilder columnMapper1 = new ColumnMapperStringBuilder();
+        ColumnMapperBuilder columnMapper2 = new ColumnMapperIntegerBuilder();
+
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        columnMappers.put("field1", columnMapper1);
+        columnMappers.put("field2", columnMapper2);
+
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, null);
+
+        Columns columns = new Columns().add(Column.fromComposed("field1", "value", UTF8Type.instance, false))
+                                       .add(Column.fromComposed("field2", 1L, LongType.instance, false));
+
+        Document document = new Document();
+        schema.addFields(document, columns);
+        assertEquals(4, document.getFields().size());
+        assertEquals(2, document.getFields("field1").length);
+        assertEquals(2, document.getFields("field2").length);
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidate() throws InvalidRequestException, ConfigurationException {
+
+        List<ColumnDef> columnDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();
+        columnDefinitions.add(new ColumnDef(ByteBufferUtil.bytes("field1"),
+                                            UTF8Type.class.getCanonicalName()).setIndex_name("field1")
+                                                                              .setIndex_type(IndexType.KEYS));
+
+        columnDefinitions.add(new ColumnDef(ByteBufferUtil.bytes("field2"),
+                                            IntegerType.class.getCanonicalName()).setIndex_name("field2")
+                                                                                 .setIndex_type(IndexType.KEYS));
+        CfDef cfDef = new CfDef().setDefault_validation_class(AsciiType.class.getCanonicalName())
+                                 .setColumn_metadata(columnDefinitions)
+                                 .setKeyspace("Keyspace1")
+                                 .setName("Standard1");
+        CFMetaData metadata = CFMetaData.fromThrift(cfDef);
+
+        ColumnMapperBuilder columnMapper1 = new ColumnMapperStringBuilder();
+        ColumnMapperBuilder columnMapper2 = new ColumnMapperIntegerBuilder();
+
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        columnMappers.put("field1", columnMapper1);
+        columnMappers.put("field2", columnMapper2);
+
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, null);
+        schema.validate(metadata);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToString() {
+
+        ColumnMapperBuilder columnMapper1 = new ColumnMapperStringBuilder();
+        ColumnMapperBuilder columnMapper2 = new ColumnMapperIntegerBuilder();
+
+        Map<String, ColumnMapperBuilder> columnMappers = new HashMap<>();
+        columnMappers.put("field1", columnMapper1);
+        columnMappers.put("field2", columnMapper2);
+
+        Schema schema = new Schema(columnMappers, null, null);
+        assertNotNull(schema.toString());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.Schema` acquired to `schema` by call to `new()` at line 290 is not released after line 291.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SchemaTest.testValidate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.SchemaTest.testValidate():void.b3c6ea3c38d51dfec08fe09434c505f7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/stratio/cassandra/lucene/schema/SchemaTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SchemaTest.java|testValidate|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f3e05835b2e0d3828d170cbdd6a93256
+
+### Hash:
+f2e87fe33e28e94c9ae5285d05b6f814
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7594/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7594/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f82405ba1ead09e65355e0d8681bc9e7fda51bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7594/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TLS-Attacker
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * TLS-Attacker - A Modular Penetration Testing Framework for TLS
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014-2016 Ruhr University Bochum / Hackmanit GmbH
+ *
+ * Licensed under Apache License 2.0 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ */
+package tls.rub.evolutionaryfuzzer;
+
+import Config.EvolutionaryFuzzerConfig;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.config.ConfigHandler;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.config.ConfigHandlerFactory;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.config.GeneralConfig;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.exceptions.ConfigurationException;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.exceptions.WorkflowExecutionException;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.GenericWorkflowExecutor;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.TlsContext;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.WorkflowExecutor;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.WorkflowTrace;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.transport.TransportHandler;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.util.KeystoreHandler;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.KeyStore;
+import java.security.KeyStoreException;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateEncodingException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateParsingException;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
+import org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1Primitive;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.tls.TlsUtils;
+import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.X509CertificateObject;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * @author Robert Merget - robert.merget@rub.de
+ */
+public class DebugExecutor {
+
+    public static void execute(WorkflowTrace trace) {
+	TLSServer server = null;
+	try {
+	    BasicAFLAgent agent = new BasicAFLAgent();
+	    // TODO The agent should not be generated by the Executor, the
+	    // Modules should be distinct
+	    server = ServerManager.getInstance().getFreeServer();
+	    server.start();
+
+	    agent.onApplicationStart();
+	    ConfigHandler configHandler = ConfigHandlerFactory.createConfigHandler("client");
+
+	    GeneralConfig gc = new GeneralConfig();
+	    gc.setLogLevel(Level.OFF);
+	    configHandler.initialize(gc);
+
+	    EvolutionaryFuzzerConfig fc = new EvolutionaryFuzzerConfig();
+
+	    TransportHandler transportHandler = null;
+	    long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
+	    while (transportHandler == null) {
+		try {
+
+		    transportHandler = configHandler.initializeTransportHandler(fc);
+
+		} catch (ConfigurationException E) {
+		    // TODO Timeout spezifizieren
+		    if (time + 10000 < System.currentTimeMillis()) {
+			System.out.println("Could not start Server! Trying to Restart it!");
+			server.restart();
+			time = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		    }
+		    // TODO what if it really is a configuration exception?
+		    // It may happen that the implementation is not ready yet
+		}
+	    }// TODO Change to config
+	    TlsContext tlsContext = new TlsContext();
+	    tlsContext.setWorkflowTrace(trace);
+
+	    KeyStore ks = KeystoreHandler.loadKeyStore(fc.getKeystore(), fc.getPassword());
+	    tlsContext.setKeyStore(ks);
+	    tlsContext.setAlias(fc.getAlias());
+	    tlsContext.setPassword(fc.getPassword());
+	    if (LOG.getLevel() == java.util.logging.Level.FINE) {
+		Enumeration<String> aliases = ks.aliases();
+		LOG.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "Successfully read keystore with the following aliases: ");
+		while (aliases.hasMoreElements()) {
+		    String alias = aliases.nextElement();
+		    LOG.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "  {}", alias);
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    java.security.cert.Certificate sunCert = tlsContext.getKeyStore().getCertificate("alias");
+	    if (sunCert == null) {
+		throw new ConfigurationException("The certificate cannot be fetched. Have you provided correct "
+			+ "certificate alias and key? (Current alias: " + "alias" + ")");
+	    }
+	    byte[] certBytes = sunCert.getEncoded();
+
+	    ASN1Primitive asn1Cert = TlsUtils.readDERObject(certBytes);
+	    org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.Certificate cert = org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.Certificate.getInstance(asn1Cert);
+
+	    org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.Certificate[] certs = new org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.Certificate[1];
+	    certs[0] = cert;
+	    org.bouncycastle.crypto.tls.Certificate tlsCerts = new org.bouncycastle.crypto.tls.Certificate(certs);
+
+	    X509CertificateObject x509CertObject = new X509CertificateObject(tlsCerts.getCertificateAt(0));
+
+	    tlsContext.setX509ServerCertificateObject(x509CertObject);
+	    // tlsContext.setProtocolVersion(ProtocolVersion.TLS12);
+	    WorkflowExecutor workflowExecutor = new GenericWorkflowExecutor(transportHandler, tlsContext);
+
+	    // tlsContext.setServerCertificate(certificate);
+	    try {
+		workflowExecutor.executeWorkflow();
+	    } catch (WorkflowExecutionException ex) {
+		ex.printStackTrace();
+	    }
+	    transportHandler.closeConnection();
+	    // TODO What if server never exited?
+	    while (!server.exited()) {
+	    }
+	    agent.onApplicationStop();
+
+	} catch (KeyStoreException ex) {
+	    Logger.getLogger(DebugExecutor.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+	} catch (CertificateParsingException ex) {
+	    Logger.getLogger(DebugExecutor.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+	} catch (IOException ex) {
+	    Logger.getLogger(DebugExecutor.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+	} catch (CertificateEncodingException ex) {
+	    Logger.getLogger(DebugExecutor.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+	} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex) {
+	    Logger.getLogger(DebugExecutor.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+	} catch (CertificateException ex) {
+	    Logger.getLogger(DebugExecutor.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+	} catch (Throwable t) {
+	    t.printStackTrace();
+	} finally {
+	    server.release();
+	}
+    }
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(DebugExecutor.class.getName());
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `server` last assigned on line 48 could be null and is dereferenced at line 49.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DebugExecutor.execute(WorkflowTrace)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+tls.rub.evolutionaryfuzzer.DebugExecutor.execute(de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.WorkflowTrace):.926fc196c9859c45cd9dac5e69e05089
+
+### File:
+EvolutionaryFuzzer/src/main/java/tls/rub/evolutionaryfuzzer/DebugExecutor.java
+
+### Key:
+DebugExecutor.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cc034676ed1d132cf713a1ae962a3735
+
+### Hash:
+3a081cd7664501ddf86da76619ae0e22
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7701/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7701/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..921dafec06d1cc0edba5a0c9fcb3d714e9a1e1c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7701/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2946 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static ezvcard.util.TestUtils.assertIntEquals;
+import static ezvcard.util.VCardStringUtils.NEWLINE;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE;x-size=8:The note\r\n" +
+		"ADR;HOME;WORK:;;;;\r\n" + //nameless parameters
+		"LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel:\r\n" + //repeated parameter name
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, note.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().first("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, label.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void type_parameter_enclosed_in_double_quotes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:4.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom,home,work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",\"home\",\"work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=dom,home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(2);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(3);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" USA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n" +
+		" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n" +
+		" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n" +
+		" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n" +
+		" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n" +
+		" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n" +
+		" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n" +
+		" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n" +
+		" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-GENDER:ma\\,le\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:22\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
+	public void registerExtendedType_no_default_constructor() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader("");
+		reader.registerExtendedType(BadType.class);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:Jane Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\r\n" +
+			"AGENT:\r\n" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+				"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\r\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard_missing_vcard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getAgent().getVCard());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\\n" +
+			"VERSION:3.0\\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\\n" +
+			"AGENT:" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n" +
+				"VERSION:3.0\\\\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\\\\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\\\\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + NEWLINE + "Austin, TX 91827" + NEWLINE + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + NEWLINE + "New York, NY 12345" + NEWLINE + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:13\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_line() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"bad-line\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_version() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:invalid\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion()); //default to 2.1
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void skip_non_vcard_components() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.0\r\n" +
+		"PRODID:-//Company//Application//EN" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getProdId());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getText());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + NEWLINE + "555-asd" + NEWLINE + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + NEWLINE + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + NEWLINE + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + NEWLINE + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + NEWLINE + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + NEWLINE + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + NEWLINE + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + NEWLINE + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + NEWLINE + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + NEWLINE + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + NEWLINE + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + NEWLINE + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + NEWLINE + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + NEWLINE + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + NEWLINE + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + NEWLINE + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertIntEquals(1, f.getHourOffset());
+			assertIntEquals(0, f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + NEWLINE + "New York, NewYork," + NEWLINE + "South Crecent Drive," + NEWLINE + "Building 5, floor 3," + NEWLINE + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + NEWLINE + "Second Line" + NEWLINE + NEWLINE + "Fourth Line" + NEWLINE + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		return vcard.getExtendedProperties().size();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `VCardReader(...)` at line 1708 is not released after line 1709.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.msOutlookVCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.msOutlookVCard():void.7ea78507e65c633f7e7542057d9b4538
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|msOutlookVCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dfe17392a7a960e94a27d58804297f95
+
+### Hash:
+ff6f3ab531420c860f55af321c723eba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7706/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7706/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0eb9d56bc26458c7fc59e938bf33033c3dfed233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7706/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2780 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.VCardType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	private static final String newline = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE;x-size=8: The note\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;HOME;WORK: ;;;;\r\n"); //nameless parameters
+		sb.append("LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel: \r\n"); //repeated parameter name
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().getFirst("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE: The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n");
+		sb.append(" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n");
+		sb.append(" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n");
+		sb.append(" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n");
+		sb.append(" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n");
+		sb.append(" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-GENDER: ma\\,le\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 22\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedType("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: Jane Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT: ");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT: ");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\\\\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + newline + "Austin, TX 91827" + newline + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + newline + "New York, NY 12345" + newline + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 13\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.EVOLUTION);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getValue());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + newline + "555-asd" + newline + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + newline + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + newline + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + newline + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + newline + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.I_PHONE);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + newline + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + newline + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + newline + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + newline + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + newline + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + newline + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + newline + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + newline + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + newline + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + newline + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + newline + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(1), f.getHourOffset());
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + newline + "New York, NewYork," + newline + "South Crecent Drive," + newline + "Building 5, floor 3," + newline + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MS_OUTLOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + newline + "Second Line" + newline + newline + "Fourth Line" + newline + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		int count = 0;
+		for (List<VCardType> list : vcard.getExtendedTypes().values()) {
+			count += list.size();
+		}
+		return count;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 1757 is not released after line 1758.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.outlook2007VCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.outlook2007VCard():void.a89277bd0b86a7a9bc380a4fe9cae75c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|outlook2007VCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dfe17392a7a960e94a27d58804297f95
+
+### Hash:
+510c909798fc38706afd2dab799f856b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7707/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7707/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b94a0dd009badfa449500a7da40a047b89980aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7707/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2946 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static ezvcard.util.TestUtils.assertIntEquals;
+import static ezvcard.util.VCardStringUtils.NEWLINE;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE;x-size=8:The note\r\n" +
+		"ADR;HOME;WORK:;;;;\r\n" + //nameless parameters
+		"LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel:\r\n" + //repeated parameter name
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, note.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().first("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, label.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void type_parameter_enclosed_in_double_quotes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:4.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom,home,work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",\"home\",\"work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=dom,home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(2);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(3);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" USA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n" +
+		" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n" +
+		" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n" +
+		" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n" +
+		" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n" +
+		" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n" +
+		" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n" +
+		" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n" +
+		" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-GENDER:ma\\,le\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:22\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
+	public void registerExtendedType_no_default_constructor() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader("");
+		reader.registerExtendedType(BadType.class);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:Jane Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\r\n" +
+			"AGENT:\r\n" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+				"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\r\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard_missing_vcard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getAgent().getVCard());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\\n" +
+			"VERSION:3.0\\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\\n" +
+			"AGENT:" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n" +
+				"VERSION:3.0\\\\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\\\\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\\\\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + NEWLINE + "Austin, TX 91827" + NEWLINE + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + NEWLINE + "New York, NY 12345" + NEWLINE + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:13\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_line() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"bad-line\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_version() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:invalid\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion()); //default to 2.1
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void skip_non_vcard_components() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.0\r\n" +
+		"PRODID:-//Company//Application//EN" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getProdId());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getText());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + NEWLINE + "555-asd" + NEWLINE + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + NEWLINE + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + NEWLINE + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + NEWLINE + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + NEWLINE + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + NEWLINE + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + NEWLINE + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + NEWLINE + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + NEWLINE + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + NEWLINE + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + NEWLINE + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + NEWLINE + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + NEWLINE + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + NEWLINE + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + NEWLINE + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + NEWLINE + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertIntEquals(1, f.getHourOffset());
+			assertIntEquals(0, f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + NEWLINE + "New York, NewYork," + NEWLINE + "South Crecent Drive," + NEWLINE + "Building 5, floor 3," + NEWLINE + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + NEWLINE + "Second Line" + NEWLINE + NEWLINE + "Fourth Line" + NEWLINE + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		return vcard.getExtendedProperties().size();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `VCardReader(...)` at line 536 is not released after line 537.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.evolutionVCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.evolutionVCard():void.c44b66fc17dc929bba064468d4b4d668
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|evolutionVCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dfe17392a7a960e94a27d58804297f95
+
+### Hash:
+f3aa8d9dbcd8e88af1d983cbe344d6b4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7708/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7708/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3291bea2bba5bb5df33be9c0d29687ef4f4b2d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7708/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.types;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardSubTypes;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.io.CompatibilityMode;
+import ezvcard.io.VCardReader;
+import ezvcard.io.VCardWriter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ValueParameter;
+import ezvcard.util.VCardStringUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * An embedded vCard or URL containing the information of someone who represents
+ * the person.
+ * 
+ * <pre>
+ * //URL
+ * VCard vcard = new VCard();
+ * AgentType agent = new AgentType(&quot;http://mi5.gov.uk/007&quot;);
+ * vcard.setAgent(agent);
+ * 
+ * //vCard
+ * VCard vcard = new VCard();
+ * VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+ * agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType(&quot;Agent 007&quot;));
+ * AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+ * vcard.setAgent(agent);
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * vCard property name: AGENT
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * vCard versions: 2.1, 3.0
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class AgentType extends VCardType {
+	public static final String NAME = "AGENT";
+
+	private String url;
+	private VCard vcard;
+
+	public AgentType() {
+		super(NAME);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param url a URL pointing to the agent's information
+	 */
+	public AgentType(String url) {
+		super(NAME);
+		setUrl(url);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param vcard a vCard containing the agent's information
+	 */
+	public AgentType(VCard vcard) {
+		super(NAME);
+		setVcard(vcard);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the URL to the agent's information.
+	 * @return the URL or null if not set
+	 */
+	public String getUrl() {
+		return url;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the URL to the agent's information.
+	 * @param url the URL
+	 */
+	public void setUrl(String url) {
+		this.url = url;
+		vcard = null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an embedded vCard with the agent's information.
+	 * @return the vCard or null if not set
+	 */
+	public VCard getVcard() {
+		return vcard;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets an embedded vCard with the agent's information.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 */
+	public void setVcard(VCard vcard) {
+		this.vcard = vcard;
+		url = null;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public VCardVersion[] getSupportedVersions() {
+		return new VCardVersion[] { VCardVersion.V2_1, VCardVersion.V3_0 };
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void doMarshalSubTypes(VCardSubTypes copy, VCardVersion version, List<String> warnings, CompatibilityMode compatibilityMode, VCard vcard) {
+		if (url != null) {
+			ValueParameter vp = (version == VCardVersion.V2_1) ? ValueParameter.URL : ValueParameter.URI;
+			copy.setValue(vp);
+		} else {
+			copy.setValue(null);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void doMarshalValue(StringBuilder sb, VCardVersion version, List<String> warnings, CompatibilityMode compatibilityMode) {
+		//VCardWriter handles 2.1 AGENT types that have an embedded vCard.
+		//this method will not be called for these instances
+
+		if (url != null) {
+			sb.append(url);
+		} else {
+			StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+			VCardWriter writer = new VCardWriter(sw, version, null, "\n");
+			writer.setCompatibilityMode(compatibilityMode);
+			writer.setAddGenerator(false);
+			try {
+				writer.write(vcard);
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				//never thrown because we're writing to a string
+			}
+			String str = sw.toString();
+
+			for (String w : writer.getWarnings()) {
+				warnings.add("AGENT marshal warning: " + w);
+			}
+
+			sb.append(VCardStringUtils.escapeText(str));
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void doUnmarshalValue(String value, VCardVersion version, List<String> warnings, CompatibilityMode compatibilityMode) {
+		value = VCardStringUtils.unescape(value);
+
+		if (subTypes.getValue() != null) {
+			url = value;
+		} else {
+			VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(value));
+			reader.setCompatibilityMode(compatibilityMode);
+			try {
+				vcard = reader.readNext();
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				//reading from a string
+			}
+			for (String w : reader.getWarnings()) {
+				warnings.add("AGENT unmarshal warning: " + w);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ezvcard.io.VCardWriter` acquired to `writer` by call to `new()` at line 157 is not released after line 167.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AgentType.doMarshalValue(StringBuilder,VCardVersion,List,CompatibilityMode)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.types.AgentType.doMarshalValue(java.lang.StringBuilder,ezvcard.VCardVersion,java.util.List,e.5f0c4b9b89f3dbfd88292c86bf81f0fd
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/ezvcard/types/AgentType.java
+
+### Key:
+AgentType.java|doMarshalValue|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+3ef0789c4c1049759c397d81e3b64e72
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7712/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7712/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36dc4bd9943157395359ed71f36c8d99c5c41dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7712/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2780 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.VCardType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	private static final String newline = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE;x-size=8: The note\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;HOME;WORK: ;;;;\r\n"); //nameless parameters
+		sb.append("LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel: \r\n"); //repeated parameter name
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().getFirst("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE: The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n");
+		sb.append(" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n");
+		sb.append(" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n");
+		sb.append(" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n");
+		sb.append(" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n");
+		sb.append(" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-GENDER: ma\\,le\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 22\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedType("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: Jane Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT: ");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT: ");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\\\\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + newline + "Austin, TX 91827" + newline + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + newline + "New York, NY 12345" + newline + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 13\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.EVOLUTION);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getValue());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + newline + "555-asd" + newline + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + newline + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + newline + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + newline + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + newline + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.I_PHONE);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + newline + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + newline + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + newline + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + newline + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + newline + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + newline + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + newline + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + newline + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + newline + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + newline + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + newline + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(1), f.getHourOffset());
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + newline + "New York, NewYork," + newline + "South Crecent Drive," + newline + "Building 5, floor 3," + newline + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MS_OUTLOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + newline + "Second Line" + newline + newline + "Fourth Line" + newline + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		int count = 0;
+		for (List<VCardType> list : vcard.getExtendedTypes().values()) {
+			count += list.size();
+		}
+		return count;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 1262 is not released after line 1264.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.lotusNotesVCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.lotusNotesVCard():void.80ce89576995471a6cff039387ffd014
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|lotusNotesVCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+440a2ac18d3e8319bfc8d78b5f377e5b
+
+### Hash:
+d41dfe80e0d027ceb96b33ec6a2c4159
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7723/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7723/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89e87c3eb37202cb674e51ef576467b06103e4fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7723/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2946 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static ezvcard.util.TestUtils.assertIntEquals;
+import static ezvcard.util.VCardStringUtils.NEWLINE;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE;x-size=8:The note\r\n" +
+		"ADR;HOME;WORK:;;;;\r\n" + //nameless parameters
+		"LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel:\r\n" + //repeated parameter name
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, note.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().first("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, label.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void type_parameter_enclosed_in_double_quotes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:4.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom,home,work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",\"home\",\"work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=dom,home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(2);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(3);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" USA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n" +
+		" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n" +
+		" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n" +
+		" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n" +
+		" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n" +
+		" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n" +
+		" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n" +
+		" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n" +
+		" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-GENDER:ma\\,le\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:22\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
+	public void registerExtendedType_no_default_constructor() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader("");
+		reader.registerExtendedType(BadType.class);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:Jane Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\r\n" +
+			"AGENT:\r\n" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+				"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\r\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard_missing_vcard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getAgent().getVCard());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\\n" +
+			"VERSION:3.0\\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\\n" +
+			"AGENT:" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n" +
+				"VERSION:3.0\\\\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\\\\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\\\\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + NEWLINE + "Austin, TX 91827" + NEWLINE + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + NEWLINE + "New York, NY 12345" + NEWLINE + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:13\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_line() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"bad-line\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_version() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:invalid\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion()); //default to 2.1
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void skip_non_vcard_components() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.0\r\n" +
+		"PRODID:-//Company//Application//EN" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getProdId());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getText());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + NEWLINE + "555-asd" + NEWLINE + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + NEWLINE + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + NEWLINE + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + NEWLINE + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + NEWLINE + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + NEWLINE + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + NEWLINE + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + NEWLINE + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + NEWLINE + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + NEWLINE + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + NEWLINE + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + NEWLINE + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + NEWLINE + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + NEWLINE + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + NEWLINE + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + NEWLINE + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertIntEquals(1, f.getHourOffset());
+			assertIntEquals(0, f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + NEWLINE + "New York, NewYork," + NEWLINE + "South Crecent Drive," + NEWLINE + "Building 5, floor 3," + NEWLINE + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + NEWLINE + "Second Line" + NEWLINE + NEWLINE + "Fourth Line" + NEWLINE + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		return vcard.getExtendedProperties().size();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `VCardReader(...)` at line 2640 is not released after line 2641.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.thunderbird()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.thunderbird():void.d6f785feb75d11db1d92db5c880081a5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|thunderbird|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dfe17392a7a960e94a27d58804297f95
+
+### Hash:
+e5a653657c7175600070549d5b9fe6f6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7724/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7724/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ac98fd0cbc9a8d585c16fe84a12e795f67f2008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7724/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2946 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static ezvcard.util.TestUtils.assertIntEquals;
+import static ezvcard.util.VCardStringUtils.NEWLINE;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE;x-size=8:The note\r\n" +
+		"ADR;HOME;WORK:;;;;\r\n" + //nameless parameters
+		"LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel:\r\n" + //repeated parameter name
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, note.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().first("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, label.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void type_parameter_enclosed_in_double_quotes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:4.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom,home,work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",\"home\",\"work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=dom,home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(2);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(3);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" USA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n" +
+		" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n" +
+		" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n" +
+		" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n" +
+		" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n" +
+		" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n" +
+		" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n" +
+		" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n" +
+		" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-GENDER:ma\\,le\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:22\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
+	public void registerExtendedType_no_default_constructor() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader("");
+		reader.registerExtendedType(BadType.class);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:Jane Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\r\n" +
+			"AGENT:\r\n" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+				"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\r\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard_missing_vcard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getAgent().getVCard());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\\n" +
+			"VERSION:3.0\\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\\n" +
+			"AGENT:" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n" +
+				"VERSION:3.0\\\\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\\\\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\\\\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + NEWLINE + "Austin, TX 91827" + NEWLINE + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + NEWLINE + "New York, NY 12345" + NEWLINE + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:13\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_line() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"bad-line\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_version() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:invalid\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion()); //default to 2.1
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void skip_non_vcard_components() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.0\r\n" +
+		"PRODID:-//Company//Application//EN" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getProdId());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getText());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + NEWLINE + "555-asd" + NEWLINE + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + NEWLINE + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + NEWLINE + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + NEWLINE + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + NEWLINE + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + NEWLINE + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + NEWLINE + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + NEWLINE + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + NEWLINE + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + NEWLINE + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + NEWLINE + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + NEWLINE + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + NEWLINE + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + NEWLINE + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + NEWLINE + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + NEWLINE + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertIntEquals(1, f.getHourOffset());
+			assertIntEquals(0, f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + NEWLINE + "New York, NewYork," + NEWLINE + "South Crecent Drive," + NEWLINE + "Building 5, floor 3," + NEWLINE + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + NEWLINE + "Second Line" + NEWLINE + NEWLINE + "Fourth Line" + NEWLINE + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		return vcard.getExtendedProperties().size();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `VCardReader(...)` at line 1436 is not released after line 1437.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.lotusNotesVCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.lotusNotesVCard():void.80ce89576995471a6cff039387ffd014
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|lotusNotesVCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dfe17392a7a960e94a27d58804297f95
+
+### Hash:
+365e32d381d9b2f9c86b1bfd5b4f7d59
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7730/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7730/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c84264f41972a5450701c1b2d0c59bd74454e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7730/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2780 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.VCardType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	private static final String newline = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE;x-size=8: The note\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;HOME;WORK: ;;;;\r\n"); //nameless parameters
+		sb.append("LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel: \r\n"); //repeated parameter name
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().getFirst("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE: The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n");
+		sb.append(" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n");
+		sb.append(" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n");
+		sb.append(" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n");
+		sb.append(" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n");
+		sb.append(" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-GENDER: ma\\,le\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 22\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedType("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: Jane Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT: ");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT: ");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\\\\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + newline + "Austin, TX 91827" + newline + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + newline + "New York, NY 12345" + newline + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 13\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.EVOLUTION);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getValue());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + newline + "555-asd" + newline + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + newline + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + newline + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + newline + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + newline + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.I_PHONE);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + newline + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + newline + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + newline + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + newline + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + newline + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + newline + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + newline + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + newline + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + newline + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + newline + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + newline + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(1), f.getHourOffset());
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + newline + "New York, NewYork," + newline + "South Crecent Drive," + newline + "Building 5, floor 3," + newline + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MS_OUTLOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + newline + "Second Line" + newline + newline + "Fourth Line" + newline + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		int count = 0;
+		for (List<VCardType> list : vcard.getExtendedTypes().values()) {
+			count += list.size();
+		}
+		return count;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 1044 is not released after line 1046.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.iPhoneVCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.iPhoneVCard():void.27c511c29a31cd997d3760750b8ac50e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|iPhoneVCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+440a2ac18d3e8319bfc8d78b5f377e5b
+
+### Hash:
+549146be8b401726fe09a5f4a18f0630
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7737/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7737/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55fe3f9a9a75452318529f2164ccb3c4bdc6cd7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7737/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.AgentType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardWriterTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it contains the BEGIN, VERSION, and END types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void generalStructure() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId_overwrites_existing_prodId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		ProdIdType prodId = new ProdIdType("Acme Co.");
+		vcard.setProdId(prodId);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 2.1 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;WORK;DOM:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 3.0 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;TYPE=work,dom:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void typeParameter() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;PARCEL;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,parcel,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals sub types correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void subTypes() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one sub type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		//make sure it properly escapes sub type values that have special chars
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("TEXT", "123 \"Main\" St\r\nAustin, ;TX; 12345");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure the folding scheme functionality works.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void foldingScheme() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.");
+		vcard.addNote(note);
+		FoldingScheme fs = new FoldingScheme(50, "  ");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, fs);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provide\r\n");
+		sb.append("  s support for representing other important infor\r\n");
+		sb.append("  mation about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ctory entry. For instance\\, the date of birth of \r\n");
+		sb.append("  the person\\; an audio clip describing the pronun\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ciation of the name associated with the director\r\n");
+		sb.append("  y entry\\, or some other application of the digit\r\n");
+		sb.append("  al sound\\; longitude and latitude geo-positionin\r\n");
+		sb.append("  g information related to the person associated w\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ith the directory entry\\; date and time that the \r\n");
+		sb.append("  directory information was last updated\\; annotat\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ions often written on a business card\\; Uniform \r\n");
+		sb.append("  Resource Locators (URL) for a website\\; public k\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ey information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it uses whatever newline string you want it to.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void newline() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, FoldingScheme.MIME_DIR, "*");
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD*");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1*");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe*");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD*");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it marshals groups correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void groups() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		fn.setGroup("group1");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("group1.FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard."));
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT."));
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part \r\n");
+				sb.append(" of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT.\r\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested \r\n");
+			sb.append(" AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard.\r\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("Bonne soir�e, 007.");
+		note.setLanguage("fr");
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		note = new NoteType("Good evening, 009.");
+		note.setLanguage("en");
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE\\\\\\;LANGUAGE=en:Good evening\\\\\\\\\\\\\\, 009.\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\\\\n\\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE\\;LANGUAGE=fr:Bonne soir�e\\\\\\, 007.\\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\\n\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals LABELs correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void labels() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//address with label
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("123 Main St.");
+		adr.setLocality("Austin");
+		adr.setRegion("TX");
+		adr.setPostalCode("12345");
+		adr.setLabel("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 12345");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.HOME);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//address without label
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("222 Broadway");
+		adr.setLocality("New York");
+		adr.setRegion("NY");
+		adr.setPostalCode("99999");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//orphaned label
+		LabelType label = new LabelType("22 Spruce Ln.\r\nChicago, IL 11111");
+		label.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addOrphanedLabel(label);
+
+		//3.0
+		//LABEL types should be used
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 12345\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=parcel:22 Spruce Ln.\\nChicago\\, IL 11111\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//4.0
+		//LABEL parameters should be used
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:4.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LABEL=\"123 Main St.\\nAustin, TX 12345\";TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's marshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be marshalled.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//add N property so a warning isn't generated (2.1 requires N to be present)
+		StructuredNameType n = new StructuredNameType();
+		vcard.setStructuredName(n);
+
+		LuckyNumType num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 24;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		//should be skipped
+		num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 13;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+
+		assertEquals(vcw.getWarnings().toString(), 1, vcw.getWarnings().size());
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("N:;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ezvcard.io.VCardWriter` acquired to `vcw` by call to `VCardWriter(...)` at line 270 is not released after line 272.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardWriterTest.subTypes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardWriterTest.subTypes():void.e1098f7fe9a04c493f3ea16a95b333d9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardWriterTest.java|subTypes|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9679d0031cbf241d8f95408180f5f907
+
+### Hash:
+4f16836746f158c9a78dc22a841f0f14
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7739/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7739/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48ee8a1e31559c92b471bbca4833aa1d0a0c65be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7739/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,807 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.parser;
+
+import org.jsoup.helper.StringUtil;
+import org.jsoup.helper.Validate;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.CDataNode;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Comment;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.DataNode;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.FormElement;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Node;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.TextNode;
+import org.jsoup.select.Elements;
+
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.jsoup.helper.StringUtil.inSorted;
+
+/**
+ * HTML Tree Builder; creates a DOM from Tokens.
+ */
+public class HtmlTreeBuilder extends TreeBuilder {
+    // tag searches. must be sorted, used in inSorted. MUST update HtmlTreeBuilderTest if more arrays are added.
+    static final String[] TagsSearchInScope = new String[]{"applet", "caption", "html", "marquee", "object", "table", "td", "th"};
+    static final String[] TagSearchList = new String[]{"ol", "ul"};
+    static final String[] TagSearchButton = new String[]{"button"};
+    static final String[] TagSearchTableScope = new String[]{"html", "table"};
+    static final String[] TagSearchSelectScope = new String[]{"optgroup", "option"};
+    static final String[] TagSearchEndTags = new String[]{"dd", "dt", "li", "optgroup", "option", "p", "rp", "rt"};
+    static final String[] TagSearchSpecial = new String[]{"address", "applet", "area", "article", "aside", "base", "basefont", "bgsound",
+        "blockquote", "body", "br", "button", "caption", "center", "col", "colgroup", "command", "dd",
+        "details", "dir", "div", "dl", "dt", "embed", "fieldset", "figcaption", "figure", "footer", "form",
+        "frame", "frameset", "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6", "head", "header", "hgroup", "hr", "html",
+        "iframe", "img", "input", "isindex", "li", "link", "listing", "marquee", "menu", "meta", "nav",
+        "noembed", "noframes", "noscript", "object", "ol", "p", "param", "plaintext", "pre", "script",
+        "section", "select", "style", "summary", "table", "tbody", "td", "textarea", "tfoot", "th", "thead",
+        "title", "tr", "ul", "wbr", "xmp"};
+
+    public static final int MaxScopeSearchDepth = 100; // prevents the parser bogging down in exceptionally broken pages
+
+    private HtmlTreeBuilderState state; // the current state
+    private HtmlTreeBuilderState originalState; // original / marked state
+
+    private boolean baseUriSetFromDoc;
+    private Element headElement; // the current head element
+    private FormElement formElement; // the current form element
+    private Element contextElement; // fragment parse context -- could be null even if fragment parsing
+    private ArrayList<Element> formattingElements; // active (open) formatting elements
+    private List<String> pendingTableCharacters; // chars in table to be shifted out
+    private Token.EndTag emptyEnd; // reused empty end tag
+
+    private boolean framesetOk; // if ok to go into frameset
+    private boolean fosterInserts; // if next inserts should be fostered
+    private boolean fragmentParsing; // if parsing a fragment of html
+
+    ParseSettings defaultSettings() {
+        return ParseSettings.htmlDefault;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void initialiseParse(Reader input, String baseUri, Parser parser) {
+        super.initialiseParse(input, baseUri, parser);
+
+        // this is a bit mucky. todo - probably just create new parser objects to ensure all reset.
+        state = HtmlTreeBuilderState.Initial;
+        originalState = null;
+        baseUriSetFromDoc = false;
+        headElement = null;
+        formElement = null;
+        contextElement = null;
+        formattingElements = new ArrayList<>();
+        pendingTableCharacters = new ArrayList<>();
+        emptyEnd = new Token.EndTag();
+        framesetOk = true;
+        fosterInserts = false;
+        fragmentParsing = false;
+    }
+
+    List<Node> parseFragment(String inputFragment, Element context, String baseUri, Parser parser) {
+        // context may be null
+        state = HtmlTreeBuilderState.Initial;
+        initialiseParse(new StringReader(inputFragment), baseUri, parser);
+        contextElement = context;
+        fragmentParsing = true;
+        Element root = null;
+
+        if (context != null) {
+            if (context.ownerDocument() != null) // quirks setup:
+                doc.quirksMode(context.ownerDocument().quirksMode());
+
+            // initialise the tokeniser state:
+            String contextTag = context.tagName();
+            if (StringUtil.in(contextTag, "title", "textarea"))
+                tokeniser.transition(TokeniserState.Rcdata);
+            else if (StringUtil.in(contextTag, "iframe", "noembed", "noframes", "style", "xmp"))
+                tokeniser.transition(TokeniserState.Rawtext);
+            else if (contextTag.equals("script"))
+                tokeniser.transition(TokeniserState.ScriptData);
+            else if (contextTag.equals(("noscript")))
+                tokeniser.transition(TokeniserState.Data); // if scripting enabled, rawtext
+            else if (contextTag.equals("plaintext"))
+                tokeniser.transition(TokeniserState.Data);
+            else
+                tokeniser.transition(TokeniserState.Data); // default
+
+            root = new Element(Tag.valueOf("html", settings), baseUri);
+            doc.appendChild(root);
+            stack.add(root);
+            resetInsertionMode();
+
+            // setup form element to nearest form on context (up ancestor chain). ensures form controls are associated
+            // with form correctly
+            Elements contextChain = context.parents();
+            contextChain.add(0, context);
+            for (Element parent: contextChain) {
+                if (parent instanceof FormElement) {
+                    formElement = (FormElement) parent;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        runParser();
+        if (context != null)
+            return root.childNodes();
+        else
+            return doc.childNodes();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean process(Token token) {
+        currentToken = token;
+        return this.state.process(token, this);
+    }
+
+    boolean process(Token token, HtmlTreeBuilderState state) {
+        currentToken = token;
+        return state.process(token, this);
+    }
+
+    void transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    HtmlTreeBuilderState state() {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    void markInsertionMode() {
+        originalState = state;
+    }
+
+    HtmlTreeBuilderState originalState() {
+        return originalState;
+    }
+
+    void framesetOk(boolean framesetOk) {
+        this.framesetOk = framesetOk;
+    }
+
+    boolean framesetOk() {
+        return framesetOk;
+    }
+
+    Document getDocument() {
+        return doc;
+    }
+
+    String getBaseUri() {
+        return baseUri;
+    }
+
+    void maybeSetBaseUri(Element base) {
+        if (baseUriSetFromDoc) // only listen to the first <base href> in parse
+            return;
+
+        String href = base.absUrl("href");
+        if (href.length() != 0) { // ignore <base target> etc
+            baseUri = href;
+            baseUriSetFromDoc = true;
+            doc.setBaseUri(href); // set on the doc so doc.createElement(Tag) will get updated base, and to update all descendants
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean isFragmentParsing() {
+        return fragmentParsing;
+    }
+
+    void error(HtmlTreeBuilderState state) {
+        if (parser.getErrors().canAddError())
+            parser.getErrors().add(new ParseError(reader.pos(), "Unexpected token [%s] when in state [%s]", currentToken.tokenType(), state));
+    }
+
+    Element insert(Token.StartTag startTag) {
+        // handle empty unknown tags
+        // when the spec expects an empty tag, will directly hit insertEmpty, so won't generate this fake end tag.
+        if (startTag.isSelfClosing()) {
+            Element el = insertEmpty(startTag);
+            stack.add(el);
+            tokeniser.transition(TokeniserState.Data); // handles <script />, otherwise needs breakout steps from script data
+            tokeniser.emit(emptyEnd.reset().name(el.tagName()));  // ensure we get out of whatever state we are in. emitted for yielded processing
+            return el;
+        }
+        
+        Element el = new Element(Tag.valueOf(startTag.name(), settings), baseUri, settings.normalizeAttributes(startTag.attributes));
+        insert(el);
+        return el;
+    }
+
+    Element insertStartTag(String startTagName) {
+        Element el = new Element(Tag.valueOf(startTagName, settings), baseUri);
+        insert(el);
+        return el;
+    }
+
+    void insert(Element el) {
+        insertNode(el);
+        stack.add(el);
+    }
+
+    Element insertEmpty(Token.StartTag startTag) {
+        Tag tag = Tag.valueOf(startTag.name(), settings);
+        Element el = new Element(tag, baseUri, startTag.attributes);
+        insertNode(el);
+        if (startTag.isSelfClosing()) {
+            if (tag.isKnownTag()) {
+                if (!tag.isEmpty())
+                    tokeniser.error("Tag cannot be self closing; not a void tag");
+            }
+            else // unknown tag, remember this is self closing for output
+                tag.setSelfClosing();
+        }
+        return el;
+    }
+
+    FormElement insertForm(Token.StartTag startTag, boolean onStack) {
+        Tag tag = Tag.valueOf(startTag.name(), settings);
+        FormElement el = new FormElement(tag, baseUri, startTag.attributes);
+        setFormElement(el);
+        insertNode(el);
+        if (onStack)
+            stack.add(el);
+        return el;
+    }
+
+    void insert(Token.Comment commentToken) {
+        Comment comment = new Comment(commentToken.getData());
+        insertNode(comment);
+    }
+
+    void insert(Token.Character characterToken) {
+        Node node;
+        // characters in script and style go in as datanodes, not text nodes
+        final String tagName = currentElement().tagName();
+        final String data = characterToken.getData();
+
+        if (characterToken.isCData())
+            node = new CDataNode(data);
+        else if (tagName.equals("script") || tagName.equals("style"))
+            node = new DataNode(data);
+        else
+            node = new TextNode(data);
+        currentElement().appendChild(node); // doesn't use insertNode, because we don't foster these; and will always have a stack.
+    }
+
+    private void insertNode(Node node) {
+        // if the stack hasn't been set up yet, elements (doctype, comments) go into the doc
+        if (stack.size() == 0)
+            doc.appendChild(node);
+        else if (isFosterInserts())
+            insertInFosterParent(node);
+        else
+            currentElement().appendChild(node);
+
+        // connect form controls to their form element
+        if (node instanceof Element && ((Element) node).tag().isFormListed()) {
+            if (formElement != null)
+                formElement.addElement((Element) node);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Element pop() {
+        int size = stack.size();
+        return stack.remove(size-1);
+    }
+
+    void push(Element element) {
+        stack.add(element);
+    }
+
+    ArrayList<Element> getStack() {
+        return stack;
+    }
+
+    boolean onStack(Element el) {
+        return isElementInQueue(stack, el);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isElementInQueue(ArrayList<Element> queue, Element element) {
+        for (int pos = queue.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = queue.get(pos);
+            if (next == element) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    Element getFromStack(String elName) {
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = stack.get(pos);
+            if (next.nodeName().equals(elName)) {
+                return next;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    boolean removeFromStack(Element el) {
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = stack.get(pos);
+            if (next == el) {
+                stack.remove(pos);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void popStackToClose(String elName) {
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = stack.get(pos);
+            stack.remove(pos);
+            if (next.nodeName().equals(elName))
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // elnames is sorted, comes from Constants
+    void popStackToClose(String... elNames) {
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = stack.get(pos);
+            stack.remove(pos);
+            if (inSorted(next.nodeName(), elNames))
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void popStackToBefore(String elName) {
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = stack.get(pos);
+            if (next.nodeName().equals(elName)) {
+                break;
+            } else {
+                stack.remove(pos);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void clearStackToTableContext() {
+        clearStackToContext("table");
+    }
+
+    void clearStackToTableBodyContext() {
+        clearStackToContext("tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "template");
+    }
+
+    void clearStackToTableRowContext() {
+        clearStackToContext("tr", "template");
+    }
+
+    private void clearStackToContext(String... nodeNames) {
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = stack.get(pos);
+            if (StringUtil.in(next.nodeName(), nodeNames) || next.nodeName().equals("html"))
+                break;
+            else
+                stack.remove(pos);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Element aboveOnStack(Element el) {
+        assert onStack(el);
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = stack.get(pos);
+            if (next == el) {
+                return stack.get(pos-1);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    void insertOnStackAfter(Element after, Element in) {
+        int i = stack.lastIndexOf(after);
+        Validate.isTrue(i != -1);
+        stack.add(i+1, in);
+    }
+
+    void replaceOnStack(Element out, Element in) {
+        replaceInQueue(stack, out, in);
+    }
+
+    private void replaceInQueue(ArrayList<Element> queue, Element out, Element in) {
+        int i = queue.lastIndexOf(out);
+        Validate.isTrue(i != -1);
+        queue.set(i, in);
+    }
+
+    void resetInsertionMode() {
+        boolean last = false;
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element node = stack.get(pos);
+            if (pos == 0) {
+                last = true;
+                node = contextElement;
+            }
+            String name = node.nodeName();
+            if ("select".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InSelect);
+                break; // frag
+            } else if (("td".equals(name) || "th".equals(name) && !last)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InCell);
+                break;
+            } else if ("tr".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InRow);
+                break;
+            } else if ("tbody".equals(name) || "thead".equals(name) || "tfoot".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InTableBody);
+                break;
+            } else if ("caption".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InCaption);
+                break;
+            } else if ("colgroup".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InColumnGroup);
+                break; // frag
+            } else if ("table".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InTable);
+                break;
+            } else if ("head".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InBody);
+                break; // frag
+            } else if ("body".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InBody);
+                break;
+            } else if ("frameset".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InFrameset);
+                break; // frag
+            } else if ("html".equals(name)) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.BeforeHead);
+                break; // frag
+            } else if (last) {
+                transition(HtmlTreeBuilderState.InBody);
+                break; // frag
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // todo: tidy up in specific scope methods
+    private String[] specificScopeTarget = {null};
+
+    private boolean inSpecificScope(String targetName, String[] baseTypes, String[] extraTypes) {
+        specificScopeTarget[0] = targetName;
+        return inSpecificScope(specificScopeTarget, baseTypes, extraTypes);
+    }
+
+    private boolean inSpecificScope(String[] targetNames, String[] baseTypes, String[] extraTypes) {
+        // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-the-specific-scope
+        final int bottom = stack.size() -1;
+        final int top = bottom > MaxScopeSearchDepth ? bottom - MaxScopeSearchDepth : 0;
+        // don't walk too far up the tree
+
+        for (int pos = bottom; pos >= top; pos--) {
+            final String elName = stack.get(pos).nodeName();
+            if (inSorted(elName, targetNames))
+                return true;
+            if (inSorted(elName, baseTypes))
+                return false;
+            if (extraTypes != null && inSorted(elName, extraTypes))
+                return false;
+        }
+        //Validate.fail("Should not be reachable"); // would end up false because hitting 'html' at root (basetypes)
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    boolean inScope(String[] targetNames) {
+        return inSpecificScope(targetNames, TagsSearchInScope, null);
+    }
+
+    boolean inScope(String targetName) {
+        return inScope(targetName, null);
+    }
+
+    boolean inScope(String targetName, String[] extras) {
+        return inSpecificScope(targetName, TagsSearchInScope, extras);
+        // todo: in mathml namespace: mi, mo, mn, ms, mtext annotation-xml
+        // todo: in svg namespace: forignOjbect, desc, title
+    }
+
+    boolean inListItemScope(String targetName) {
+        return inScope(targetName, TagSearchList);
+    }
+
+    boolean inButtonScope(String targetName) {
+        return inScope(targetName, TagSearchButton);
+    }
+
+    boolean inTableScope(String targetName) {
+        return inSpecificScope(targetName, TagSearchTableScope, null);
+    }
+
+    boolean inSelectScope(String targetName) {
+        for (int pos = stack.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element el = stack.get(pos);
+            String elName = el.nodeName();
+            if (elName.equals(targetName))
+                return true;
+            if (!inSorted(elName, TagSearchSelectScope)) // all elements except
+                return false;
+        }
+        Validate.fail("Should not be reachable");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void setHeadElement(Element headElement) {
+        this.headElement = headElement;
+    }
+
+    Element getHeadElement() {
+        return headElement;
+    }
+
+    boolean isFosterInserts() {
+        return fosterInserts;
+    }
+
+    void setFosterInserts(boolean fosterInserts) {
+        this.fosterInserts = fosterInserts;
+    }
+
+    FormElement getFormElement() {
+        return formElement;
+    }
+
+    void setFormElement(FormElement formElement) {
+        this.formElement = formElement;
+    }
+
+    void newPendingTableCharacters() {
+        pendingTableCharacters = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+
+    List<String> getPendingTableCharacters() {
+        return pendingTableCharacters;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     11.2.5.2 Closing elements that have implied end tags<p/>
+     When the steps below require the UA to generate implied end tags, then, while the current node is a dd element, a
+     dt element, an li element, an option element, an optgroup element, a p element, an rp element, or an rt element,
+     the UA must pop the current node off the stack of open elements.
+
+     @param excludeTag If a step requires the UA to generate implied end tags but lists an element to exclude from the
+     process, then the UA must perform the above steps as if that element was not in the above list.
+     */
+    void generateImpliedEndTags(String excludeTag) {
+        while ((excludeTag != null && !currentElement().nodeName().equals(excludeTag)) &&
+                inSorted(currentElement().nodeName(), TagSearchEndTags))
+            pop();
+    }
+
+    void generateImpliedEndTags() {
+        generateImpliedEndTags(null);
+    }
+
+    boolean isSpecial(Element el) {
+        // todo: mathml's mi, mo, mn
+        // todo: svg's foreigObject, desc, title
+        String name = el.nodeName();
+        return inSorted(name, TagSearchSpecial);
+    }
+
+    Element lastFormattingElement() {
+        return formattingElements.size() > 0 ? formattingElements.get(formattingElements.size()-1) : null;
+    }
+
+    Element removeLastFormattingElement() {
+        int size = formattingElements.size();
+        if (size > 0)
+            return formattingElements.remove(size-1);
+        else
+            return null;
+    }
+
+    // active formatting elements
+    void pushActiveFormattingElements(Element in) {
+        int numSeen = 0;
+        for (int pos = formattingElements.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element el = formattingElements.get(pos);
+            if (el == null) // marker
+                break;
+
+            if (isSameFormattingElement(in, el))
+                numSeen++;
+
+            if (numSeen == 3) {
+                formattingElements.remove(pos);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        formattingElements.add(in);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isSameFormattingElement(Element a, Element b) {
+        // same if: same namespace, tag, and attributes. Element.equals only checks tag, might in future check children
+        return a.nodeName().equals(b.nodeName()) &&
+                // a.namespace().equals(b.namespace()) &&
+                a.attributes().equals(b.attributes());
+        // todo: namespaces
+    }
+
+    void reconstructFormattingElements() {
+        Element last = lastFormattingElement();
+        if (last == null || onStack(last))
+            return;
+
+        Element entry = last;
+        int size = formattingElements.size();
+        int pos = size - 1;
+        boolean skip = false;
+        while (true) {
+            if (pos == 0) { // step 4. if none before, skip to 8
+                skip = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            entry = formattingElements.get(--pos); // step 5. one earlier than entry
+            if (entry == null || onStack(entry)) // step 6 - neither marker nor on stack
+                break; // jump to 8, else continue back to 4
+        }
+        while(true) {
+            if (!skip) // step 7: on later than entry
+                entry = formattingElements.get(++pos);
+            Validate.notNull(entry); // should not occur, as we break at last element
+
+            // 8. create new element from element, 9 insert into current node, onto stack
+            skip = false; // can only skip increment from 4.
+            Element newEl = insertStartTag(entry.nodeName()); // todo: avoid fostering here?
+            // newEl.namespace(entry.namespace()); // todo: namespaces
+            newEl.attributes().addAll(entry.attributes());
+
+            // 10. replace entry with new entry
+            formattingElements.set(pos, newEl);
+
+            // 11
+            if (pos == size-1) // if not last entry in list, jump to 7
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void clearFormattingElementsToLastMarker() {
+        while (!formattingElements.isEmpty()) {
+            Element el = removeLastFormattingElement();
+            if (el == null)
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void removeFromActiveFormattingElements(Element el) {
+        for (int pos = formattingElements.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = formattingElements.get(pos);
+            if (next == el) {
+                formattingElements.remove(pos);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean isInActiveFormattingElements(Element el) {
+        return isElementInQueue(formattingElements, el);
+    }
+
+    Element getActiveFormattingElement(String nodeName) {
+        for (int pos = formattingElements.size() -1; pos >= 0; pos--) {
+            Element next = formattingElements.get(pos);
+            if (next == null) // scope marker
+                break;
+            else if (next.nodeName().equals(nodeName))
+                return next;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    void replaceActiveFormattingElement(Element out, Element in) {
+        replaceInQueue(formattingElements, out, in);
+    }
+
+    void insertMarkerToFormattingElements() {
+        formattingElements.add(null);
+    }
+
+    void insertInFosterParent(Node in) {
+        Element fosterParent;
+        Element lastTable = getFromStack("table");
+        boolean isLastTableParent = false;
+        if (lastTable != null) {
+            if (lastTable.parent() != null) {
+                fosterParent = lastTable.parent();
+                isLastTableParent = true;
+            } else
+                fosterParent = aboveOnStack(lastTable);
+        } else { // no table == frag
+            fosterParent = stack.get(0);
+        }
+
+        if (isLastTableParent) {
+            Validate.notNull(lastTable); // last table cannot be null by this point.
+            lastTable.before(in);
+        }
+        else
+            fosterParent.appendChild(in);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "TreeBuilder{" +
+                "currentToken=" + currentToken +
+                ", state=" + state +
+                ", currentElement=" + currentElement() +
+                '}';
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `currentElement()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 257.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HtmlTreeBuilder.insert(Token$Character)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.parser.HtmlTreeBuilder.insert(org.jsoup.parser.Token$Character):void.3386321ab961f3668f65446e8e0745f9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jsoup/parser/HtmlTreeBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+HtmlTreeBuilder.java|insert|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+db21a750ca94e9df2ca269ddc8c20dea
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7752/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7752/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..398deaeec471b606647645a4cfe904bdbaa92dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7752/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.integration;
+
+import org.jsoup.Connection;
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.jsoup.UncheckedIOException;
+import org.jsoup.integration.servlets.Deflateservlet;
+import org.jsoup.integration.servlets.EchoServlet;
+import org.jsoup.integration.servlets.HelloServlet;
+import org.jsoup.integration.servlets.InterruptedServlet;
+import org.jsoup.integration.servlets.SlowRider;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.jsoup.integration.UrlConnectTest.browserUa;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Tests Jsoup.connect against a local server.
+ */
+public class ConnectTest {
+    private static String echoUrl;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUp() throws Exception {
+        TestServer.start();
+        echoUrl = EchoServlet.Url;
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        TestServer.stop();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canConnectToLocalServer() throws IOException {
+        String url = HelloServlet.Url;
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get();
+        Element p = doc.selectFirst("p");
+        assertEquals("Hello, World!", p.text());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fetchURl() throws IOException {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(new URL(echoUrl), 10 * 1000);
+        assertTrue(doc.title().contains("Environment Variables"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fetchURIWithWihtespace() throws IOException {
+        Connection con = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl + "#with whitespaces");
+        Document doc = con.get();
+        assertTrue(doc.title().contains("Environment Variables"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void exceptOnUnsupportedProtocol() {
+        String url = "file://etc/passwd";
+        boolean threw = false;
+        try {
+            Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get();
+        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+            threw = true;
+            assertEquals("java.net.MalformedURLException: Only http & https protocols supported", e.toString());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+        }
+        assertTrue(threw);
+    }
+
+    private static String ihVal(String key, Document doc) {
+        return doc.select("th:contains(" + key + ") + td").first().text();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void doesPost() throws IOException {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl)
+            .data("uname", "Jsoup", "uname", "Jonathan", "百", "度一下")
+            .cookie("auth", "token")
+            .post();
+
+        assertEquals("POST", ihVal("Method", doc));
+        assertEquals("gzip", ihVal("Accept-Encoding", doc));
+        assertEquals("auth=token", ihVal("Cookie", doc));
+        assertEquals("度一下", ihVal("百", doc));
+        assertEquals("Jsoup, Jonathan", ihVal("uname", doc));
+        assertEquals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8", ihVal("Content-Type", doc));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendsRequestBodyJsonWithData() throws IOException {
+        final String body = "{key:value}";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl)
+            .requestBody(body)
+            .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+            .userAgent(browserUa)
+            .data("foo", "true")
+            .post();
+        assertEquals("POST", ihVal("Method", doc));
+        assertEquals("application/json", ihVal("Content-Type", doc));
+        assertEquals("foo=true", ihVal("Query String", doc));
+        assertEquals(body, ihVal("Post Data", doc));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendsRequestBodyJsonWithoutData() throws IOException {
+        final String body = "{key:value}";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl)
+            .requestBody(body)
+            .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+            .userAgent(browserUa)
+            .post();
+        assertEquals("POST", ihVal("Method", doc));
+        assertEquals("application/json", ihVal("Content-Type", doc));
+        assertEquals(body, ihVal("Post Data", doc));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendsRequestBody() throws IOException {
+        final String body = "{key:value}";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl)
+            .requestBody(body)
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/plain")
+            .userAgent(browserUa)
+            .post();
+        assertEquals("POST", ihVal("Method", doc));
+        assertEquals("text/plain", ihVal("Content-Type", doc));
+        assertEquals(body, ihVal("Post Data", doc));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendsRequestBodyWithUrlParams() throws IOException {
+        final String body = "{key:value}";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl)
+            .requestBody(body)
+            .data("uname", "Jsoup", "uname", "Jonathan", "百", "度一下")
+            .header("Content-Type", "text/plain") // todo - if user sets content-type, we should append postcharset
+            .userAgent(browserUa)
+            .post();
+        assertEquals("POST", ihVal("Method", doc));
+        assertEquals("uname=Jsoup&uname=Jonathan&%E7%99%BE=%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B", ihVal("Query String", doc));
+        assertEquals(body, ihVal("Post Data", doc));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void doesGet() throws IOException {
+        Connection con = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl + "?what=the")
+            .userAgent("Mozilla")
+            .referrer("http://example.com")
+            .data("what", "about & me?");
+
+        Document doc = con.get();
+        assertEquals("what=the&what=about+%26+me%3F", ihVal("Query String", doc));
+        assertEquals("the, about & me?", ihVal("what", doc));
+        assertEquals("Mozilla", ihVal("User-Agent", doc));
+        assertEquals("http://example.com", ihVal("Referer", doc));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void doesPut() throws IOException {
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl)
+            .data("uname", "Jsoup", "uname", "Jonathan", "百", "度一下")
+            .cookie("auth", "token")
+            .method(Connection.Method.PUT)
+            .execute();
+
+        Document doc = res.parse();
+        assertEquals("PUT", ihVal("Method", doc));
+        assertEquals("gzip", ihVal("Accept-Encoding", doc));
+        assertEquals("auth=token", ihVal("Cookie", doc));
+    }
+
+    // Slow Rider tests. Ignored by default so tests don't take aaages
+    @Ignore
+    @Test public void canInterruptBodyStringRead() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        // todo - implement in interruptable channels, so it's immediate
+        final String[] body = new String[1];
+        Thread runner = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(SlowRider.Url)
+                        .timeout(15 * 1000)
+                        .execute();
+                    body[0] = res.body();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+
+            }
+        });
+
+        runner.start();
+        Thread.sleep(1000 * 3);
+        runner.interrupt();
+        assertTrue(runner.isInterrupted());
+        runner.join();
+
+        assertTrue(body[0].length() > 0);
+        assertTrue(body[0].contains("<p>Are you still there?"));
+    }
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test public void canInterruptDocumentRead() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        // todo - implement in interruptable channels, so it's immediate
+        final String[] body = new String[1];
+        Thread runner = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(SlowRider.Url)
+                        .timeout(15 * 1000)
+                        .execute();
+                    body[0] = res.parse().text();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+
+            }
+        });
+
+        runner.start();
+        Thread.sleep(1000 * 3);
+        runner.interrupt();
+        assertTrue(runner.isInterrupted());
+        runner.join();
+
+        assertTrue(body[0].length() == 0); // doesn't ready a failed doc
+    }
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test public void totalTimeout() throws IOException {
+        int timeout = 3 * 1000;
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        boolean threw = false;
+        try {
+            Jsoup.connect(SlowRider.Url).timeout(timeout).get();
+        } catch (SocketTimeoutException e) {
+            long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            long took = end - start;
+            assertTrue(("Time taken was " + took), took > timeout);
+            assertTrue(("Time taken was " + took), took < timeout * 1.2);
+            threw = true;
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(threw);
+    }
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test public void slowReadOk() throws IOException {
+        // make sure that a slow read that is under the request timeout is still OK
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(SlowRider.Url)
+            .data(SlowRider.MaxTimeParam, "2000") // the request completes in 2 seconds
+            .get();
+
+        Element h1 = doc.selectFirst("h1");
+        assertEquals("outatime", h1.text());
+    }
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test public void infiniteReadSupported() throws IOException {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(SlowRider.Url)
+            .timeout(0)
+            .data(SlowRider.MaxTimeParam, "2000")
+            .get();
+
+        Element h1 = doc.selectFirst("h1");
+        assertEquals("outatime", h1.text());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests upload of content to a remote service.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void postFiles() throws IOException {
+        File thumb = ParseTest.getFile("/htmltests/thumb.jpg");
+        File html = ParseTest.getFile("/htmltests/google-ipod.html");
+
+        Document res = Jsoup
+            .connect(EchoServlet.Url)
+            .data("firstname", "Jay")
+            .data("firstPart", thumb.getName(), new FileInputStream(thumb), "image/jpeg")
+            .data("secondPart", html.getName(), new FileInputStream(html)) // defaults to "application-octetstream";
+            .data("surname", "Soup")
+            .post();
+
+        assertEquals("4", ihVal("Parts", res));
+
+        assertEquals("application/octet-stream", ihVal("Part secondPart ContentType", res));
+        assertEquals("secondPart", ihVal("Part secondPart Name", res));
+        assertEquals("google-ipod.html", ihVal("Part secondPart Filename", res));
+        assertEquals("43963", ihVal("Part secondPart Size", res));
+        // if this is failing as 43972 it is because git has normalized the html line endings to crlf (windows)
+        // disable that:
+        // git config --global core.eol lf
+        // git config --global core.autocrlf input
+        // (and rm cached and reset)
+
+        assertEquals("image/jpeg", ihVal("Part firstPart ContentType", res));
+        assertEquals("firstPart", ihVal("Part firstPart Name", res));
+        assertEquals("thumb.jpg", ihVal("Part firstPart Filename", res));
+        assertEquals("1052", ihVal("Part firstPart Size", res));
+
+        assertEquals("Jay", ihVal("firstname", res));
+        assertEquals("Soup", ihVal("surname", res));
+
+        /*
+        <tr><th>Part secondPart ContentType</th><td>application/octet-stream</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Part secondPart Name</th><td>secondPart</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Part secondPart Filename</th><td>google-ipod.html</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Part secondPart Size</th><td>43972</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Part firstPart ContentType</th><td>image/jpeg</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Part firstPart Name</th><td>firstPart</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Part firstPart Filename</th><td>thumb.jpg</td></tr>
+        <tr><th>Part firstPart Size</th><td>1052</td></tr>
+         */
+    }
+
+    @Test public void multipleParsesOkAfterBufferUp() throws IOException {
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl).execute().bufferUp();
+
+        Document doc = res.parse();
+        assertTrue(doc.title().contains("Environment"));
+
+        Document doc2 = res.parse();
+        assertTrue(doc2.title().contains("Environment"));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class) public void bodyAfterParseThrowsValidationError() throws IOException {
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl).execute();
+        Document doc = res.parse();
+        String body = res.body();
+    }
+
+    @Test public void bodyAndBytesAvailableBeforeParse() throws IOException {
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl).execute();
+        String body = res.body();
+        assertTrue(body.contains("Environment"));
+        byte[] bytes = res.bodyAsBytes();
+        assertTrue(bytes.length > 100);
+
+        Document doc = res.parse();
+        assertTrue(doc.title().contains("Environment"));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class) public void parseParseThrowsValidates() throws IOException {
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl).execute();
+        Document doc = res.parse();
+        assertTrue(doc.title().contains("Environment"));
+        Document doc2 = res.parse(); // should blow up because the response input stream has been drained
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void multiCookieSet() throws IOException {
+        Connection con = Jsoup.connect("http://direct.infohound.net/tools/302-cookie.pl");
+        Connection.Response res = con.execute();
+
+        // test cookies set by redirect:
+        Map<String, String> cookies = res.cookies();
+        assertEquals("asdfg123", cookies.get("token"));
+        assertEquals("jhy", cookies.get("uid"));
+
+        // send those cookies into the echo URL by map:
+        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(echoUrl).cookies(cookies).get();
+        assertEquals("token=asdfg123; uid=jhy", ihVal("Cookie", doc));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void supportsDeflate() throws IOException {
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(Deflateservlet.Url).execute();
+        assertEquals("deflate", res.header("Content-Encoding"));
+
+        Document doc = res.parse();
+        assertEquals("Hello, World!", doc.selectFirst("p").text());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void handlesEmptyStreamDuringParseRead() throws IOException {
+        // this handles situations where the remote server sets a content length greater than it actually writes
+
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(InterruptedServlet.Url)
+            .timeout(200)
+            .execute();
+
+        boolean threw = false;
+        try {
+            Document document = res.parse();
+            assertEquals("Something", document.title());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            threw = true;
+        }
+        assertEquals(true, threw);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void handlesEmtpyStreamDuringBufferdRead() throws IOException {
+        Connection.Response res = Jsoup.connect(InterruptedServlet.Url)
+            .timeout(200)
+            .execute();
+
+        boolean threw = false;
+        try {
+            res.bufferUp();
+        } catch (UncheckedIOException e) {
+            threw = true;
+        }
+        assertEquals(true, threw);
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `doc.select(__new(java.lang.StringBuilder).append("th:contains(").append(key).append(") + td").toString()).first()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 83.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String ConnectTest.ihVal(String,Document)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.integration.ConnectTest.ihVal(java.lang.String,org.jsoup.nodes.Document):java.lang.String.eecbfd6af7b27b725a285cb314828864
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/jsoup/integration/ConnectTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ConnectTest.java|ihVal|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+e707efb1baa42bf52909cf5468811d74
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7755/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7755/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66c4bada8bd05745f0e40d55189b1091e017525d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7755/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.nodes;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.Validate;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.jsoup.select.NodeVisitor;
+import org.jsoup.select.NodeTraversor;
+
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ The base, abstract Node model. Elements, Documents, Comments etc are all Node instances.
+
+ @author Jonathan Hedley, jonathan@hedley.net */
+public abstract class Node {
+    Node parentNode;
+    final List<Node> childNodes;
+    final Attributes attributes;
+    String baseUri;
+
+    /**
+     Create a new Node.
+     @param baseUri base URI
+     @param attributes attributes (not null, but may be empty)
+     */
+    protected Node(String baseUri, Attributes attributes) {
+        Validate.notNull(baseUri);
+        Validate.notNull(attributes);
+        
+        childNodes = new ArrayList<Node>(4);
+        this.baseUri = baseUri.trim();
+        this.attributes = attributes;
+    }
+
+    protected Node(String baseUri) {
+        this(baseUri, new Attributes());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get the node name of this node. Use for debugging purposes and not logic switching (for that, use instanceof).
+     @return node name
+     */
+    public abstract String nodeName();
+
+    /**
+     * Get an attribute's value by its key.
+     * <p/>
+     * To get an absolute URL from an attribute that may be a relative URL, prefix the key with <code><b>abs</b></code>,
+     * which is a shortcut to the {@link #absUrl} method.
+     * E.g.: <blockquote><code>String url = a.attr("abs:href");</code></blockquote>
+     * @param attributeKey The attribute key.
+     * @return The attribute, or empty string if not present (to avoid nulls).
+     * @see #attributes()
+     * @see #hasAttr(String)
+     * @see #absUrl(String)
+     */
+    public String attr(String attributeKey) {
+        Validate.notNull(attributeKey);
+
+        if (hasAttr(attributeKey))
+            return attributes.get(attributeKey);
+        else if (attributeKey.toLowerCase().startsWith("abs:"))
+            return absUrl(attributeKey.substring("abs:".length()));
+        else return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all of the element's attributes.
+     * @return attributes (which implements iterable, in same order as presented in original HTML).
+     */
+    public Attributes attributes() {
+        return attributes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set an attribute (key=value). If the attribute already exists, it is replaced.
+     * @param attributeKey The attribute key.
+     * @param attributeValue The attribute value.
+     * @return this (for chaining)
+     */
+    public Node attr(String attributeKey, String attributeValue) {
+        attributes.put(attributeKey, attributeValue);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if this element has an attribute.
+     * @param attributeKey The attribute key to check.
+     * @return true if the attribute exists, false if not.
+     */
+    public boolean hasAttr(String attributeKey) {
+        Validate.notNull(attributeKey);
+        return attributes.hasKey(attributeKey);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove an attribute from this element.
+     * @param attributeKey The attribute to remove.
+     * @return this (for chaining)
+     */
+    public Node removeAttr(String attributeKey) {
+        Validate.notNull(attributeKey);
+        attributes.remove(attributeKey);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get the base URI of this node.
+     @return base URI
+     */
+    public String baseUri() {
+        return baseUri;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Update the base URI of this node.
+     @param baseUri base URI to set
+     */
+    public void setBaseUri(String baseUri) {
+        Validate.notNull(baseUri);
+        this.baseUri = baseUri;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an absolute URL from a URL attribute that may be relative (i.e. an <code>&lt;a href></code> or
+     * <code>&lt;img src></code>.
+     * <p/>
+     * If the attribute value is already absolute (i.e. it starts with a protocol, like
+     * <code>http://</code> or <code>https://</code> etc), and it successfully parses as a URL, the attribute is
+     * returned directly. Otherwise, it is treated as a URL relative to the element's {@link #baseUri}, and made
+     * absolute using that.
+     * <p/>
+     * As an alternate, you can use the {@link #attr} method with the <code>abs:</code> prefix.
+     *
+     * @param attributeKey The attribute key
+     * @return An absolute URL if one could be made, or an empty string (not null) if the attribute was missing or
+     * could not be made successfully into a URL.
+     * @see #attr
+     * @see java.net.URL#URL(java.net.URL, String)
+     */
+    public String absUrl(String attributeKey) {
+        Validate.notEmpty(attributeKey);
+
+        String relUrl = attr(attributeKey);
+        if (!hasAttr(attributeKey)) {
+            return ""; // nothing to make absolute with
+        } else {
+            URL base;
+            try {
+                try {
+                    base = new URL(baseUri);
+                } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                    // the base is unsuitable, but the attribute may be abs on its own, so try that
+                    URL abs = new URL(relUrl);
+                    return abs.toExternalForm();
+                }
+                URL abs = new URL(base, relUrl);
+                return abs.toExternalForm();
+            } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                return "";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get a child node by index
+     @param index index of child node
+     @return the child node at this index.
+     */
+    public Node childNode(int index) {
+        return childNodes.get(index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get this node's children. Presented as an unmodifiable list: new children can not be added, but the child nodes
+     themselves can be manipulated.
+     @return list of children. If no children, returns an empty list.
+     */
+    public List<Node> childNodes() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(childNodes);
+    }
+    
+    protected Node[] childNodesAsArray() {
+        return childNodes.toArray(new Node[childNodes().size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Gets this node's parent node.
+     @return parent node; or null if no parent.
+     */
+    public Node parent() {
+        return parentNode;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Remove (delete) this node from the DOM tree. If this node has children, they are also removed.
+     */
+    public void remove() {
+        Validate.notNull(parentNode);
+        parentNode.removeChild(this);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Replace this node in the DOM with the supplied node.
+     * @param in the node that will will replace the existing node.
+     */
+    public void replaceWith(Node in) {
+        Validate.notNull(in);
+        Validate.notNull(parentNode);
+        parentNode.replaceChild(this, in);
+    }
+
+    protected void setParentNode(Node parentNode) {
+        if (this.parentNode != null)
+            this.parentNode.removeChild(this);
+        this.parentNode = parentNode;
+    }
+
+    protected void replaceChild(Node out, Node in) {
+        Validate.isTrue(out.parentNode == this);
+        Validate.notNull(in);
+        if (in.parentNode != null)
+            in.parentNode.removeChild(in);
+        
+        Integer index = indexInList(out, childNodes);
+        childNodes.set(index, in);
+        in.parentNode = this;
+        out.parentNode = null;
+    }
+
+    protected void removeChild(Node out) {
+        Validate.isTrue(out.parentNode == this);
+        int index = indexInList(out, childNodes);
+        childNodes.remove(index);
+        out.parentNode = null;
+    }
+
+    protected void addChildren(Node... children) {
+        addChildren(childNodes.size(), children);
+    }
+    
+    protected void addChildren(int index, Node... children) {
+        Validate.noNullElements(children);
+        for (int i = children.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            Node in = children[i];
+            if (in.parentNode != null)
+                in.parentNode.removeChild(in);
+            
+            childNodes.add(index, in);
+            in.setParentNode(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected int nodeDepth() {
+        if (parentNode == null)
+            return 0;
+        else
+            return parentNode.nodeDepth() + 1;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     Retrieves this node's sibling nodes. Effectively, {@link #childNodes()  node.parent.childNodes()}.
+     @return node siblings, including this node
+     */
+    public List<Node> siblingNodes() {
+        return parent().childNodes(); // TODO: should this strip out this node? i.e. not a sibling of self?
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get this node's next sibling.
+     @return next sibling, or null if this is the last sibling
+     */
+    public Node nextSibling() {
+        if (parentNode == null)
+            return null; // root
+        
+        List<Node> siblings = parentNode.childNodes;
+        Integer index = indexInList(this, siblings);
+        Validate.notNull(index);
+        if (siblings.size() > index+1)
+            return siblings.get(index+1);
+        else
+            return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get this node's previous sibling.
+     @return the previous sibling, or null if this is the first sibling
+     */
+    public Node previousSibling() {
+        List<Node> siblings = parentNode.childNodes;
+        Integer index = indexInList(this, siblings);
+        Validate.notNull(index);
+        if (index > 0)
+            return siblings.get(index-1);
+        else
+            return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the list index of this node in its node sibling list. I.e. if this is the first node
+     * sibling, returns 0.
+     * @return position in node sibling list
+     * @see org.jsoup.nodes.Element#elementSiblingIndex()
+     */
+    public Integer siblingIndex() {
+        return indexInList(this, parent().childNodes);
+    }
+
+    protected static <N extends Node> Integer indexInList(N search, List<N> nodes) {
+        Validate.notNull(search);
+        Validate.notNull(nodes);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nodes.size(); i++) {
+            N node = nodes.get(i);
+            if (node.equals(search))
+                return i;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get the outer HTML of this node.
+     @return HTML
+     */
+    public String outerHtml() {
+        StringBuilder accum = new StringBuilder();
+        outerHtml(accum);
+        return accum.toString();
+    }
+
+    protected void outerHtml(StringBuilder accum) {
+        new NodeTraversor(new OuterHtmlVisitor(accum)).traverse(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get the outer HTML of this node.
+     @param accum accumulator to place HTML into
+     */
+    abstract void outerHtmlHead(StringBuilder accum, int depth);
+
+    abstract void outerHtmlTail(StringBuilder accum, int depth);
+
+    public String toString() {
+        return outerHtml();
+    }
+
+    protected void indent(StringBuilder accum, int depth) {
+        accum.append("\n").append(StringUtils.leftPad("", depth));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (this == o) return true;
+        // todo: have nodes hold a child index, compare against that and parent (not children)
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int result = parentNode != null ? parentNode.hashCode() : 0;
+        // not children, or will block stack as they go back up to parent)
+        result = 31 * result + (attributes != null ? attributes.hashCode() : 0);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static class OuterHtmlVisitor implements NodeVisitor {
+        private StringBuilder accum;
+
+        OuterHtmlVisitor(StringBuilder accum) {
+            this.accum = accum;
+        }
+
+        public void head(Node node, int depth) {
+            node.outerHtmlHead(accum, depth);
+        }
+
+        public void tail(Node node, int depth) {
+            node.outerHtmlTail(accum, depth);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `index` last assigned on line 281 could be null and is dereferenced at line 283.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Node Node.nextSibling()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.nodes.Node.nextSibling():org.jsoup.nodes.Node.bc3db4e7517f7cc2fd859401e8432a0a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jsoup/nodes/Node.java
+
+### Key:
+Node.java|nextSibling|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f9f3a406a670c0aa947d90550a5afa34
+
+### Hash:
+d379abbf233cf62727210fc8cee74b7e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7763/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7763/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1a673f5d82bdfea4b59f13e66436bb477c5b29f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7763/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.select;
+
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.jsoup.TextUtil;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Comment;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.DataNode;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.FormElement;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Node;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.TextNode;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ Tests for ElementList.
+
+ @author Jonathan Hedley, jonathan@hedley.net */
+public class ElementsTest {
+    @Test public void filter() {
+        String h = "<p>Excl</p><div class=headline><p>Hello</p><p>There</p></div><div class=headline><h1>Headline</h1></div>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        Elements els = doc.select(".headline").select("p");
+        assertEquals(2, els.size());
+        assertEquals("Hello", els.get(0).text());
+        assertEquals("There", els.get(1).text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void attributes() {
+        String h = "<p title=foo><p title=bar><p class=foo><p class=bar>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        Elements withTitle = doc.select("p[title]");
+        assertEquals(2, withTitle.size());
+        assertTrue(withTitle.hasAttr("title"));
+        assertFalse(withTitle.hasAttr("class"));
+        assertEquals("foo", withTitle.attr("title"));
+
+        withTitle.removeAttr("title");
+        assertEquals(2, withTitle.size()); // existing Elements are not reevaluated
+        assertEquals(0, doc.select("p[title]").size());
+
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p").attr("style", "classy");
+        assertEquals(4, ps.size());
+        assertEquals("classy", ps.last().attr("style"));
+        assertEquals("bar", ps.last().attr("class"));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void hasAttr() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p title=foo><p title=bar><p class=foo><p class=bar>");
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        assertTrue(ps.hasAttr("class"));
+        assertFalse(ps.hasAttr("style"));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void hasAbsAttr() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<a id=1 href='/foo'>One</a> <a id=2 href='https://jsoup.org'>Two</a>");
+        Elements one = doc.select("#1");
+        Elements two = doc.select("#2");
+        Elements both = doc.select("a");
+        assertFalse(one.hasAttr("abs:href"));
+        assertTrue(two.hasAttr("abs:href"));
+        assertTrue(both.hasAttr("abs:href")); // hits on #2
+    }
+
+    @Test public void attr() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p title=foo><p title=bar><p class=foo><p class=bar>");
+        String classVal = doc.select("p").attr("class");
+        assertEquals("foo", classVal);
+    }
+
+    @Test public void absAttr() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<a id=1 href='/foo'>One</a> <a id=2 href='https://jsoup.org'>Two</a>");
+        Elements one = doc.select("#1");
+        Elements two = doc.select("#2");
+        Elements both = doc.select("a");
+
+        assertEquals("", one.attr("abs:href"));
+        assertEquals("https://jsoup.org", two.attr("abs:href"));
+        assertEquals("https://jsoup.org", both.attr("abs:href"));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void classes() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p class='mellow yellow'></p><p class='red green'></p>");
+
+        Elements els = doc.select("p");
+        assertTrue(els.hasClass("red"));
+        assertFalse(els.hasClass("blue"));
+        els.addClass("blue");
+        els.removeClass("yellow");
+        els.toggleClass("mellow");
+
+        assertEquals("blue", els.get(0).className());
+        assertEquals("red green blue mellow", els.get(1).className());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void hasClassCaseInsensitive() {
+        Elements els = Jsoup.parse("<p Class=One>One <p class=Two>Two <p CLASS=THREE>THREE").select("p");
+        Element one = els.get(0);
+        Element two = els.get(1);
+        Element thr = els.get(2);
+
+        assertTrue(one.hasClass("One"));
+        assertTrue(one.hasClass("ONE"));
+
+        assertTrue(two.hasClass("TWO"));
+        assertTrue(two.hasClass("Two"));
+
+        assertTrue(thr.hasClass("ThreE"));
+        assertTrue(thr.hasClass("three"));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void text() {
+        String h = "<div><p>Hello<p>there<p>world</div>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        assertEquals("Hello there world", doc.select("div > *").text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void hasText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p></div><div><p></p></div>");
+        Elements divs = doc.select("div");
+        assertTrue(divs.hasText());
+        assertFalse(doc.select("div + div").hasText());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void html() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p></div><div><p>There</p></div>");
+        Elements divs = doc.select("div");
+        assertEquals("<p>Hello</p>\n<p>There</p>", divs.html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void outerHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p></div><div><p>There</p></div>");
+        Elements divs = doc.select("div");
+        assertEquals("<div><p>Hello</p></div><div><p>There</p></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(divs.outerHtml()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void setHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>One</p><p>Two</p><p>Three</p>");
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+
+        ps.prepend("<b>Bold</b>").append("<i>Ital</i>");
+        assertEquals("<p><b>Bold</b>Two<i>Ital</i></p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(ps.get(1).outerHtml()));
+
+        ps.html("<span>Gone</span>");
+        assertEquals("<p><span>Gone</span></p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(ps.get(1).outerHtml()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void val() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<input value='one' /><textarea>two</textarea>");
+        Elements els = doc.select("input, textarea");
+        assertEquals(2, els.size());
+        assertEquals("one", els.val());
+        assertEquals("two", els.last().val());
+
+        els.val("three");
+        assertEquals("three", els.first().val());
+        assertEquals("three", els.last().val());
+        assertEquals("<textarea>three</textarea>", els.last().outerHtml());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void before() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>This <a>is</a> <a>jsoup</a>.</p>");
+        doc.select("a").before("<span>foo</span>");
+        assertEquals("<p>This <span>foo</span><a>is</a> <span>foo</span><a>jsoup</a>.</p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void after() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>This <a>is</a> <a>jsoup</a>.</p>");
+        doc.select("a").after("<span>foo</span>");
+        assertEquals("<p>This <a>is</a><span>foo</span> <a>jsoup</a><span>foo</span>.</p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void wrap() {
+        String h = "<p><b>This</b> is <b>jsoup</b></p>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        doc.select("b").wrap("<i></i>");
+        assertEquals("<p><i><b>This</b></i> is <i><b>jsoup</b></i></p>", doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void wrapDiv() {
+        String h = "<p><b>This</b> is <b>jsoup</b>.</p> <p>How do you like it?</p>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        doc.select("p").wrap("<div></div>");
+        assertEquals("<div><p><b>This</b> is <b>jsoup</b>.</p></div> <div><p>How do you like it?</p></div>",
+                TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void unwrap() {
+        String h = "<div><font>One</font> <font><a href=\"/\">Two</a></font></div";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        doc.select("font").unwrap();
+        assertEquals("<div>One <a href=\"/\">Two</a></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void unwrapP() {
+        String h = "<p><a>One</a> Two</p> Three <i>Four</i> <p>Fix <i>Six</i></p>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        doc.select("p").unwrap();
+        assertEquals("<a>One</a> Two Three <i>Four</i> Fix <i>Six</i>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void unwrapKeepsSpace() {
+        String h = "<p>One <span>two</span> <span>three</span> four</p>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        doc.select("span").unwrap();
+        assertEquals("<p>One two three four</p>", doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void empty() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello <b>there</b></p> <p>now!</p></div>");
+        doc.outputSettings().prettyPrint(false);
+
+        doc.select("p").empty();
+        assertEquals("<div><p></p> <p></p></div>", doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void remove() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello <b>there</b></p> jsoup <p>now!</p></div>");
+        doc.outputSettings().prettyPrint(false);
+
+        doc.select("p").remove();
+        assertEquals("<div> jsoup </div>", doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void eq() {
+        String h = "<p>Hello<p>there<p>world";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        assertEquals("there", doc.select("p").eq(1).text());
+        assertEquals("there", doc.select("p").get(1).text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void is() {
+        String h = "<p>Hello<p title=foo>there<p>world";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        assertTrue(ps.is("[title=foo]"));
+        assertFalse(ps.is("[title=bar]"));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void parents() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p></div><p>There</p>");
+        Elements parents = doc.select("p").parents();
+
+        assertEquals(3, parents.size());
+        assertEquals("div", parents.get(0).tagName());
+        assertEquals("body", parents.get(1).tagName());
+        assertEquals("html", parents.get(2).tagName());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void not() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>One</p></div> <div id=2><p><span>Two</span></p></div>");
+
+        Elements div1 = doc.select("div").not(":has(p > span)");
+        assertEquals(1, div1.size());
+        assertEquals("1", div1.first().id());
+
+        Elements div2 = doc.select("div").not("#1");
+        assertEquals(1, div2.size());
+        assertEquals("2", div2.first().id());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void tagNameSet() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>Hello <i>there</i> <i>now</i></p>");
+        doc.select("i").tagName("em");
+
+        assertEquals("<p>Hello <em>there</em> <em>now</em></p>", doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void traverse() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p></div><div>There</div>");
+        final StringBuilder accum = new StringBuilder();
+        doc.select("div").traverse(new NodeVisitor() {
+            @Override
+            public void head(Node node, int depth) {
+                accum.append("<").append(node.nodeName()).append(">");
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void tail(Node node, int depth) {
+                accum.append("</").append(node.nodeName()).append(">");
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("<div><p><#text></#text></p></div><div><#text></#text></div>", accum.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void forms() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<form id=1><input name=q></form><div /><form id=2><input name=f></form>");
+        Elements els = doc.select("*");
+        assertEquals(9, els.size());
+
+        List<FormElement> forms = els.forms();
+        assertEquals(2, forms.size());
+        assertTrue(forms.get(0) != null);
+        assertTrue(forms.get(1) != null);
+        assertEquals("1", forms.get(0).id());
+        assertEquals("2", forms.get(1).id());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void comments() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<!-- comment1 --><p><!-- comment2 --><p class=two><!-- comment3 -->");
+        List<Comment> comments = doc.select("p").comments();
+        assertEquals(2, comments.size());
+        assertEquals(" comment2 ", comments.get(0).getData());
+        assertEquals(" comment3 ", comments.get(1).getData());
+
+        List<Comment> comments1 = doc.select("p.two").comments();
+        assertEquals(1, comments1.size());
+        assertEquals(" comment3 ", comments1.get(0).getData());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void textNodes() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("One<p>Two<a>Three</a><p>Four</p>Five");
+        List<TextNode> textNodes = doc.select("p").textNodes();
+        assertEquals(2, textNodes.size());
+        assertEquals("Two", textNodes.get(0).text());
+        assertEquals("Four", textNodes.get(1).text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void dataNodes() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>One</p><script>Two</script><style>Three</style>");
+        List<DataNode> dataNodes = doc.select("p, script, style").dataNodes();
+        assertEquals(2, dataNodes.size());
+        assertEquals("Two", dataNodes.get(0).getWholeData());
+        assertEquals("Three", dataNodes.get(1).getWholeData());
+
+        doc = Jsoup.parse("<head><script type=application/json><crux></script><script src=foo>Blah</script>");
+        Elements script = doc.select("script[type=application/json]");
+        List<DataNode> scriptNode = script.dataNodes();
+        assertEquals(1, scriptNode.size());
+        DataNode dataNode = scriptNode.get(0);
+        assertEquals("<crux>", dataNode.getWholeData());
+
+        // check if they're live
+        dataNode.setWholeData("<cromulent>");
+        assertEquals("<script type=\"application/json\"><cromulent></script>", script.outerHtml());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void nodesEmpty() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>");
+        assertEquals(0, doc.select("form").textNodes().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void formElementsDescendButNotAccumulate() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><div><form id=1>");
+        assertEquals(1, doc.select("div").forms().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void classWithHyphen() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p class='tab-nav'>Check</p>");
+        Elements els = doc.getElementsByClass("tab-nav");
+        assertEquals(1, els.size());
+        assertEquals("Check", els.text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void siblings() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>1<p>2<p>3<p>4<p>5<p>6</div><div><p>7<p>8<p>9<p>10<p>11<p>12</div>");
+
+        Elements els = doc.select("p:eq(3)"); // gets p4 and p10
+        assertEquals(2, els.size());
+
+        Elements next = els.next();
+        assertEquals(2, next.size());
+        assertEquals("5", next.first().text());
+        assertEquals("11", next.last().text());
+
+        assertEquals(0, els.next("p:contains(6)").size());
+        final Elements nextF = els.next("p:contains(5)");
+        assertEquals(1, nextF.size());
+        assertEquals("5", nextF.first().text());
+
+        Elements nextA = els.nextAll();
+        assertEquals(4, nextA.size());
+        assertEquals("5", nextA.first().text());
+        assertEquals("12", nextA.last().text());
+
+        Elements nextAF = els.nextAll("p:contains(6)");
+        assertEquals(1, nextAF.size());
+        assertEquals("6", nextAF.first().text());
+
+        Elements prev = els.prev();
+        assertEquals(2, prev.size());
+        assertEquals("3", prev.first().text());
+        assertEquals("9", prev.last().text());
+
+        assertEquals(0, els.prev("p:contains(1)").size());
+        final Elements prevF = els.prev("p:contains(3)");
+        assertEquals(1, prevF.size());
+        assertEquals("3", prevF.first().text());
+
+        Elements prevA = els.prevAll();
+        assertEquals(6, prevA.size());
+        assertEquals("3", prevA.first().text());
+        assertEquals("7", prevA.last().text());
+
+        Elements prevAF = els.prevAll("p:contains(1)");
+        assertEquals(1, prevAF.size());
+        assertEquals("1", prevAF.first().text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void eachText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>1<p>2<p>3<p>4<p>5<p>6</div><div><p>7<p>8<p>9<p>10<p>11<p>12<p></p></div>");
+        List<String> divText = doc.select("div").eachText();
+        assertEquals(2, divText.size());
+        assertEquals("1 2 3 4 5 6", divText.get(0));
+        assertEquals("7 8 9 10 11 12", divText.get(1));
+
+        List<String> pText = doc.select("p").eachText();
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        assertEquals(13, ps.size());
+        assertEquals(12, pText.size()); // not 13, as last doesn't have text
+        assertEquals("1", pText.get(0));
+        assertEquals("2", pText.get(1));
+        assertEquals("5", pText.get(4));
+        assertEquals("7", pText.get(6));
+        assertEquals("12", pText.get(11));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void eachAttr() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(
+            "<div><a href='/foo'>1</a><a href='http://example.com/bar'>2</a><a href=''>3</a><a>4</a>",
+            "http://example.com");
+
+        List<String> hrefAttrs = doc.select("a").eachAttr("href");
+        assertEquals(3, hrefAttrs.size());
+        assertEquals("/foo", hrefAttrs.get(0));
+        assertEquals("http://example.com/bar", hrefAttrs.get(1));
+        assertEquals("", hrefAttrs.get(2));
+        assertEquals(4, doc.select("a").size());
+
+        List<String> absAttrs = doc.select("a").eachAttr("abs:href");
+        assertEquals(3, absAttrs.size());
+        assertEquals(3, absAttrs.size());
+        assertEquals("http://example.com/foo", absAttrs.get(0));
+        assertEquals("http://example.com/bar", absAttrs.get(1));
+        assertEquals("http://example.com", absAttrs.get(2));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `forms.get(0)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 298.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ElementsTest.forms()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.select.ElementsTest.forms():void.2ddf831ab27dceefd4c9efe5af276115
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/jsoup/select/ElementsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ElementsTest.java|forms|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cec911882795962a5c1a6b4bae2d5de6
+
+### Hash:
+beead1a4e072bd5558fed6d937defa09
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7764/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7764/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70dc6abc871c62b6ba391336e9feb3115b35c45b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7764/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.nodes;
+
+import org.jsoup.SerializationException;
+import org.jsoup.helper.StringUtil;
+import org.jsoup.parser.Parser;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import static org.jsoup.nodes.Entities.EscapeMode.base;
+import static org.jsoup.nodes.Entities.EscapeMode.extended;
+
+/**
+ * HTML entities, and escape routines.
+ * Source: <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/named-character-references.html#named-character-references">W3C HTML
+ * named character references</a>.
+ */
+public class Entities {
+    private static Pattern entityPattern = Pattern.compile("^(\\w+)=(\\w+)(?:,(\\w+))?;(\\w+)$");
+    static final int empty = -1;
+    static final String emptyName = "";
+    static final int codepointRadix = 36;
+
+    public enum EscapeMode {
+        /** Restricted entities suitable for XHTML output: lt, gt, amp, and quot only. */
+        xhtml("entities-xhtml.properties", 4),
+        /** Default HTML output entities. */
+        base("entities-base.properties", 106),
+        /** Complete HTML entities. */
+        extended("entities-full.properties", 2125);
+
+        // table of named references to their codepoints. sorted so we can binary search. built by BuildEntities.
+        private String[] nameKeys;
+        private int[] codeVals; // limitation is the few references with multiple characters; those go into multipoints.
+
+        // table of codepoints to named entities.
+        private int[] codeKeys; // we don' support multicodepoints to single named value currently
+        private String[] nameVals;
+
+        EscapeMode(String file, int size) {
+            load(this, file, size);
+        }
+
+        int codepointForName(final String name) {
+            int index = Arrays.binarySearch(nameKeys, name);
+            return index >= 0 ? codeVals[index] : empty;
+        }
+
+        String nameForCodepoint(final int codepoint) {
+            final int index = Arrays.binarySearch(codeKeys, codepoint);
+            if (index >= 0) {
+                // the results are ordered so lower case versions of same codepoint come after uppercase, and we prefer to emit lower
+                // (and binary search for same item with multi results is undefined
+                return (index < nameVals.length-1 && codeKeys[index+1] == codepoint) ?
+                    nameVals[index+1] : nameVals[index];
+            }
+            return emptyName;
+        }
+
+        private int size() {
+            return nameKeys.length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final HashMap<String, String> multipoints = new HashMap<String, String>(); // name -> multiple character references
+
+    private Entities() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the input is a known named entity
+     * @param name the possible entity name (e.g. "lt" or "amp")
+     * @return true if a known named entity
+     */
+    public static boolean isNamedEntity(final String name) {
+        return extended.codepointForName(name) != empty;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the input is a known named entity in the base entity set.
+     * @param name the possible entity name (e.g. "lt" or "amp")
+     * @return true if a known named entity in the base set
+     * @see #isNamedEntity(String)
+     */
+    public static boolean isBaseNamedEntity(final String name) {
+        return base.codepointForName(name) != empty;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the Character value of the named entity
+     * @param name named entity (e.g. "lt" or "amp")
+     * @return the Character value of the named entity (e.g. '{@literal <}' or '{@literal &}')
+     * @deprecated does not support characters outside the BMP or multiple character names
+     */
+    public static Character getCharacterByName(String name) {
+        return (char) extended.codepointForName(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the character(s) represented by the named entitiy
+     * @param name entity (e.g. "lt" or "amp")
+     * @return the string value of the character(s) represented by this entity, or "" if not defined
+     */
+    public static String getByName(String name) {
+        String val = multipoints.get(name);
+        if (val != null)
+            return val;
+        int codepoint = extended.codepointForName(name);
+        if (codepoint != empty)
+            return new String(new int[]{codepoint}, 0, 1);
+        return emptyName;
+    }
+
+    public static int codepointsForName(final String name, final int[] codepoints) {
+        String val = multipoints.get(name);
+        if (val != null) {
+            codepoints[0] = val.codePointAt(0);
+            codepoints[1] = val.codePointAt(1);
+            return 2;
+        }
+        int codepoint = extended.codepointForName(name);
+        if (codepoint != empty) {
+            codepoints[0] = codepoint;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    static String escape(String string, Document.OutputSettings out) {
+        StringBuilder accum = new StringBuilder(string.length() * 2);
+        try {
+            escape(accum, string, out, false, false, false);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new SerializationException(e); // doesn't happen
+        }
+        return accum.toString();
+    }
+
+    // this method is ugly, and does a lot. but other breakups cause rescanning and stringbuilder generations
+    static void escape(Appendable accum, String string, Document.OutputSettings out,
+                       boolean inAttribute, boolean normaliseWhite, boolean stripLeadingWhite) throws IOException {
+
+        boolean lastWasWhite = false;
+        boolean reachedNonWhite = false;
+        final EscapeMode escapeMode = out.escapeMode();
+        final CharsetEncoder encoder = out.encoder();
+        final CoreCharset coreCharset = CoreCharset.byName(encoder.charset().name());
+        final int length = string.length();
+
+        int codePoint;
+        for (int offset = 0; offset < length; offset += Character.charCount(codePoint)) {
+            codePoint = string.codePointAt(offset);
+
+            if (normaliseWhite) {
+                if (StringUtil.isWhitespace(codePoint)) {
+                    if ((stripLeadingWhite && !reachedNonWhite) || lastWasWhite)
+                        continue;
+                    accum.append(' ');
+                    lastWasWhite = true;
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    lastWasWhite = false;
+                    reachedNonWhite = true;
+                }
+            }
+            // surrogate pairs, split implementation for efficiency on single char common case (saves creating strings, char[]):
+            if (codePoint < Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT) {
+                final char c = (char) codePoint;
+                // html specific and required escapes:
+                switch (c) {
+                    case '&':
+                        accum.append("&amp;");
+                        break;
+                    case 0xA0:
+                        if (escapeMode != EscapeMode.xhtml)
+                            accum.append("&nbsp;");
+                        else
+                            accum.append("&#xa0;");
+                        break;
+                    case '<':
+                        // escape when in character data or when in a xml attribue val; not needed in html attr val
+                        if (!inAttribute || escapeMode == EscapeMode.xhtml)
+                            accum.append("&lt;");
+                        else
+                            accum.append(c);
+                        break;
+                    case '>':
+                        if (!inAttribute)
+                            accum.append("&gt;");
+                        else
+                            accum.append(c);
+                        break;
+                    case '"':
+                        if (inAttribute)
+                            accum.append("&quot;");
+                        else
+                            accum.append(c);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        if (canEncode(coreCharset, c, encoder))
+                            accum.append(c);
+                        else
+                            appendEncoded(accum, escapeMode, codePoint);
+                }
+            } else {
+                final String c = new String(Character.toChars(codePoint));
+                if (encoder.canEncode(c)) // uses fallback encoder for simplicity
+                    accum.append(c);
+                else
+                    appendEncoded(accum, escapeMode, codePoint);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void appendEncoded(Appendable accum, EscapeMode escapeMode, int codePoint) throws IOException {
+        final String name = escapeMode.nameForCodepoint(codePoint);
+        if (name != emptyName) // ok for identity check
+            accum.append('&').append(name).append(';');
+        else
+            accum.append("&#x").append(Integer.toHexString(codePoint)).append(';');
+    }
+
+    static String unescape(String string) {
+        return unescape(string, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unescape the input string.
+     * @param string to un-HTML-escape
+     * @param strict if "strict" (that is, requires trailing ';' char, otherwise that's optional)
+     * @return unescaped string
+     */
+    static String unescape(String string, boolean strict) {
+        return Parser.unescapeEntities(string, strict);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Provides a fast-path for Encoder.canEncode, which drastically improves performance on Android post JellyBean.
+     * After KitKat, the implementation of canEncode degrades to the point of being useless. For non ASCII or UTF,
+     * performance may be bad. We can add more encoders for common character sets that are impacted by performance
+     * issues on Android if required.
+     *
+     * Benchmarks:     *
+     * OLD toHtml() impl v New (fastpath) in millis
+     * Wiki: 1895, 16
+     * CNN: 6378, 55
+     * Alterslash: 3013, 28
+     * Jsoup: 167, 2
+     */
+    private static boolean canEncode(final CoreCharset charset, final char c, final CharsetEncoder fallback) {
+        // todo add more charset tests if impacted by Android's bad perf in canEncode
+        switch (charset) {
+            case ascii:
+                return c < 0x80;
+            case utf:
+                return true; // real is:!(Character.isLowSurrogate(c) || Character.isHighSurrogate(c)); - but already check above
+            default:
+                return fallback.canEncode(c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private enum CoreCharset {
+        ascii, utf, fallback;
+
+        private static CoreCharset byName(String name) {
+            if (name.equals("US-ASCII"))
+                return ascii;
+            if (name.startsWith("UTF-")) // covers UTF-8, UTF-16, et al
+                return utf;
+            return fallback;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void load(EscapeMode e, String file, int size) {
+        e.nameKeys = new String[size];
+        e.codeVals = new int[size];
+        e.codeKeys = new int[size];
+        e.nameVals = new String[size];
+
+        InputStream stream = Entities.class.getResourceAsStream(file);
+        if (stream == null)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Could not read resource " + file + ". Make sure you copy resources for " + Entities.class.getCanonicalName());
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
+        String entry;
+        int i = 0;
+        try {
+            while ((entry = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                // NotNestedLessLess=10913,824;1887
+                final Matcher match = entityPattern.matcher(entry);
+                if (match.find()) {
+                    final String name = match.group(1);
+                    final int cp1 = Integer.parseInt(match.group(2), codepointRadix);
+                    final int cp2 = match.group(3) != null ? Integer.parseInt(match.group(3), codepointRadix) : empty;
+                    final int index = Integer.parseInt(match.group(4), codepointRadix);
+
+                    e.nameKeys[i] = name;
+                    e.codeVals[i] = cp1;
+                    e.codeKeys[index] = cp1;
+                    e.nameVals[index] = name;
+
+                    if (cp2 != empty) {
+                        multipoints.put(name, new String(new int[]{cp1, cp2}, 0, 2));
+                    }
+                    i++;
+                }
+
+            }
+            reader.close();
+        } catch (IOException err) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Error reading resource " + file);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 290 is not released after line 316.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 294
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Entities.load(Entities$EscapeMode,String,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.nodes.Entities.load(org.jsoup.nodes.Entities$EscapeMode,java.lang.String,int):void.1b3aa0e54db4520520c34ef0f9ddf754
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jsoup/nodes/Entities.java
+
+### Key:
+Entities.java|load|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+d03d26f3d32f0d528d55eb1289a04718
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7790/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7790/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffa0d634e1ef3d06582a7000e94ff2cd4c11f7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7790/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mongojack
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 VZ Netzwerke Ltd
+ * Copyright 2014 devbliss GmbH
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mongojack;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.mongodb.client.model.ReplaceOptions;
+import org.bson.BsonObjectId;
+import org.bson.Document;
+import org.bson.conversions.Bson;
+import org.bson.types.ObjectId;
+import org.mongojack.internal.MongoJackModule;
+import org.mongojack.internal.object.document.DocumentObjectGenerator;
+import org.mongojack.internal.object.document.DocumentObjectTraversingParser;
+import org.mongojack.internal.query.QueryCondition;
+import org.mongojack.internal.util.DocumentSerializationUtils;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JavaType;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonMappingException;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.mongodb.MongoBulkWriteException;
+import com.mongodb.MongoException;
+import com.mongodb.MongoWriteConcernException;
+import com.mongodb.MongoWriteException;
+import com.mongodb.ReadPreference;
+import com.mongodb.WriteConcern;
+import com.mongodb.annotations.Beta;
+import com.mongodb.client.AggregateIterable;
+import com.mongodb.client.FindIterable;
+import com.mongodb.client.MapReduceIterable;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.FindOneAndUpdateOptions;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.IndexOptions;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.ReturnDocument;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.UpdateOptions;
+import com.mongodb.client.result.DeleteResult;
+import com.mongodb.client.result.UpdateResult;
+
+/**
+ * A DBCollection that marshals/demarshals objects to/from Jackson annotated
+ * classes. It provides a very thin wrapper over an existing MongoCollection.
+ * 
+ * A JacksonMongoCollection is threadsafe, with a few caveats:
+ * 
+ * If you pass your own ObjectMapper to it, it is not thread safe to reconfigure
+ * that ObjectMapper at all after creating it. The setWritePreference and a few
+ * other methods on JacksonMongoCollection should not be called from multiple
+ * threads
+ * 
+ * @author James Roper
+ * @since 1.0
+ */
+@Beta
+public class JacksonMongoCollection<T> {
+
+    private static final ObjectMapper DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER = MongoJackModule
+            .configure(new ObjectMapper());
+
+    private com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection<T> mongoCollection;
+    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+    private final Class<?> view;
+    private final Class<T> valueClass;
+    private final JavaType type;
+
+    private JacksonMongoCollection(
+            com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection<?> mongoCollection,
+            ObjectMapper objectMapper,
+            Class<T> valueClass,
+            Class<?> view) {
+        this.objectMapper = objectMapper == null ? DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER : objectMapper;
+        this.view = view;
+        JacksonCodecRegistry jacksonCodecRegistry = new JacksonCodecRegistry(this.objectMapper, this.view);
+        jacksonCodecRegistry.addCodecForClass(valueClass);
+        this.mongoCollection = mongoCollection.withDocumentClass(valueClass).withCodecRegistry(jacksonCodecRegistry);;
+        this.valueClass = valueClass;
+        this.type = this.objectMapper.constructType(valueClass);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get the underlying mongo collection
+     * 
+     * @return The underlying mongo collection
+     */
+    public com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection<?> getMongoCollection() {
+        return mongoCollection;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts an object into the database. If the objects _id is null, the driver will generate one
+     * 
+     * @param object
+     *            The object to insert
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the insert command
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void insert(T object) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        mongoCollection.insertOne(object);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts an object into the database. If the objects _id is null, the driver will generate one
+     * 
+     * @param object
+     *            The object to insert
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the insert command
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void insert(T object, WriteConcern concern)
+            throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).insertOne(object);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database. if the objects' _id are null, they will be generated.
+     * 
+     * @param objects
+     *            The objects to insert
+     * @throws MongoBulkWriteException
+     *             If there's an exception in the bulk write operation
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     * 
+     */
+    public void insert(@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T... objects) throws MongoException, MongoBulkWriteException {
+        ArrayList<T> objectList = new ArrayList<>(objects.length);
+        for (T object : objects) {
+            objectList.add(object);
+        }
+        mongoCollection.insertMany(objectList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database. if the objects' _id are null, they will be generated.
+     * 
+     * @param objects
+     *            The objects to insert
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @throws MongoBulkWriteException
+     *             If there's an exception in the bulk write operation
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void insert(WriteConcern concern, @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T... objects)
+            throws MongoException, MongoBulkWriteException {
+        ArrayList<T> objectList = new ArrayList<>(objects.length);
+        for (T object : objects) {
+            objectList.add(object);
+        }
+        mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).insertMany(objectList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database. if the objects' _id are null, they will be generated.
+     * 
+     * @param list
+     *            The objects to insert
+     * @throws MongoBulkWriteException
+     *             If there's an exception in the bulk write operation
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void insert(List<T> list) throws MongoException, MongoBulkWriteException {
+        mongoCollection.insertMany(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database. if the objects' _id are null, they will be generated.
+     * 
+     * @param list
+     *            The objects to insert
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @throws MongoBulkWriteException
+     *             If there's an exception in the bulk write operation
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void insert(List<T> list, WriteConcern concern)
+            throws MongoException {
+        mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).insertMany(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param document
+     *            a document describing the update, which may not be null. The update to apply must include only update operators.
+     * @param upsert
+     *            if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult updateOne(Document query, Document document, boolean upsert, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException,
+            MongoWriteConcernException {
+        query = serializeFields(query);
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).updateOne(serializeFields(query), serializeFields(document), new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                    upsert));
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.updateOne(serializeFields(query), serializeFields(document), new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                    upsert));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param document
+     *            a document describing the update, which may not be null. The update to apply must include only update operators.
+     * @param upsert
+     *            if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @return The UpdateResult
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult updateMany(Document query, Document document,
+            boolean upsert, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        query = serializeFields(query);
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).updateMany(serializeFields(query), serializeFields(document), new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                    upsert));
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.updateMany(serializeFields(query), serializeFields(document), new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                    upsert));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param update
+     *            update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert
+     *            if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @return The UpdateResult
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult updateOne(DBQuery.Query query, DBUpdate.Builder update, boolean upsert, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException,
+            MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).updateOne(serializeQuery(query), update.serializeAndGetAsDocument(objectMapper, type),
+                    new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                            upsert));
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.updateOne(serializeQuery(query), update.serializeAndGetAsDocument(objectMapper, type),
+                    new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                            upsert));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param update
+     *            update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert
+     *            if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @return The UpdateResult
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult updateMany(DBQuery.Query query, DBUpdate.Builder update, boolean upsert, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException,
+            MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).updateMany(serializeQuery(query), update.serializeAndGetAsDocument(objectMapper, type),
+                    new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                            upsert));
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.updateMany(serializeQuery(query), update.serializeAndGetAsDocument(objectMapper, type), new UpdateOptions().upsert(
+                    upsert));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation without upsert and default write concern.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param object
+     *            a document describing the update, which may not be null. The update to apply must include only update operators.
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult update(Document query, Document object)
+            throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return updateOne(query, object, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param update
+     *            update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The update result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult update(DBQuery.Query query, DBUpdate.Builder update)
+            throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return this.updateOne(query, update, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     * 
+     * @param _id
+     *            The id of the document to update
+     * @param update
+     *            update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult updateById(Object _id, DBUpdate.Builder update)
+            throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return this.update(createIdQuery(_id),
+                update.serializeAndGetAsDocument(objectMapper, type));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update all matching records
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param object
+     *            object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult updateMany(Document query, Document object)
+            throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return updateMany(query, object, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update all matching records
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to update
+     * @param update
+     *            update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult updateMany(DBQuery.Query query, DBUpdate.Builder update) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException,
+            MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return updateMany(query, update, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation, replacing the entire document.
+     *
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to replace
+     * @param object
+     *            object with which to replace <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert
+     *            if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult replaceOne(DBQuery.Query query, T object, boolean upsert, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException,
+            MongoWriteConcernException {
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).replaceOne(serializeQuery(query), object, new ReplaceOptions().upsert(
+                    upsert));
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.replaceOne(serializeQuery(query), object, new ReplaceOptions().upsert(upsert));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation, replacing the entire document.
+     *
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to replace
+     * @param object
+     *            object with which to replace <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert
+     *            if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult replaceOne(Document query, T object, boolean upsert, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException,
+            MongoWriteConcernException {
+        query = serializeFields(query);
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).replaceOne(query, object, new ReplaceOptions().upsert(
+                    upsert));
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.replaceOne(query, object, new ReplaceOptions().upsert(upsert));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation, replacing the entire document.
+     *
+     * @param query
+     *            search query for old object to replace
+     * @param object
+     *            object with which to replace <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult replaceOne(DBQuery.Query query, T object)
+            throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return replaceOne(query, object, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation, replacing the entire document, for the document with this _id.
+     *
+     * @param _id
+     *            the _id of the object to replace
+     * @param object
+     *            object with which to replace <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the update command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult replaceOneById(Object _id, T object) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return replaceOne(createIdQuery(_id), object, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes objects from the database collection.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            the object that documents to be removed must match
+     * @param concern
+     *            WriteConcern for this operation
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the delete command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public DeleteResult remove(Document query, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        query = serializeFields(query);
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).deleteMany(query);
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.deleteMany(query);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes objects from the database collection.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            the query
+     * @param concern
+     *            WriteConcern for this operation
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the delete command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public DeleteResult remove(DBQuery.Query query, WriteConcern concern)
+            throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        if (concern != null) {
+            return mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern).deleteMany(serializeQuery(query));
+        } else {
+            return mongoCollection.deleteMany(serializeQuery(query));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes objects from the database collection with the default WriteConcern
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            the query that documents to be removed must match
+     * @return The Delete result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the delete command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public DeleteResult remove(Document query) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return remove(query, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes objects from the database collection with the default WriteConcern
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            the query
+     * @return The delete result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the delete command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public DeleteResult remove(DBQuery.Query query) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return remove(query, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes object from the database collection with the default WriteConcern
+     * 
+     * @param _id
+     *            the id of the document to remove
+     * @return The delete result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the delete command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public DeleteResult removeById(Object _id) throws MongoException, MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException {
+        return remove(createIdQuery(_id));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the first document in the query and updates it.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            query to match
+     * @param fields
+     *            fields to be returned
+     * @param sort
+     *            sort to apply before picking first document
+     * @param update
+     *            update to apply. This must contain only update operators
+     * @param returnNew
+     *            if true, the updated document is returned, otherwise the old
+     *            document is returned (or it would be lost forever)
+     * @param upsert
+     *            do upsert (insert if document not present)
+     * @return the object
+     */
+    public T findAndModify(Document query, Document fields, Document sort, Document update, boolean returnNew, boolean upsert) {
+        return mongoCollection.findOneAndUpdate(serializeFields(query), update, new FindOneAndUpdateOptions().returnDocument(returnNew
+                ? ReturnDocument.AFTER
+                : ReturnDocument.BEFORE).projection(fields).sort(sort).upsert(upsert));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the first document in the query and updates it.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            query to match
+     * @param fields
+     *            fields to be returned
+     * @param sort
+     *            sort to apply before picking first document
+     * @param update
+     *            update to apply
+     * @param returnNew
+     *            if true, the updated document is returned, otherwise the old
+     *            document is returned (or it would be lost forever)
+     * @param upsert
+     *            do upsert (insert if document not present)
+     * @return the object
+     */
+    public T findAndModify(DBQuery.Query query, Document fields, Document sort, DBUpdate.Builder update, boolean returnNew, boolean upsert) {
+        return mongoCollection.findOneAndUpdate(serializeQuery(query), update.serializeAndGetAsDocument(objectMapper, type),
+                new FindOneAndUpdateOptions().returnDocument(
+                        returnNew
+                                ? ReturnDocument.AFTER
+                                : ReturnDocument.BEFORE).projection(fields).sort(sort).upsert(upsert));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the first document in the query and updates it.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            query to match
+     * @param fields
+     *            fields to be returned
+     * @param sort
+     *            sort to apply before picking first document
+     * @param update
+     *            update to apply
+     * @param returnNew
+     *            if true, the updated document is returned, otherwise the old
+     *            document is returned (or it would be lost forever)
+     * @param upsert
+     *            do upsert (insert if document not present)
+     * @return the object
+     */
+    public T findAndModify(Document query, Document fields, Document sort, DBUpdate.Builder update, boolean returnNew,
+            boolean upsert) {
+        return mongoCollection.findOneAndUpdate(serializeFields(query), update.serializeAndGetAsDocument(objectMapper, type),
+                new FindOneAndUpdateOptions().returnDocument(
+                        returnNew
+                                ? ReturnDocument.AFTER
+                                : ReturnDocument.BEFORE).projection(fields).sort(sort).upsert(upsert));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a document and deletes it.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            The query
+     * @return the removed object
+     */
+    public T findAndRemove(Document query) {
+        return mongoCollection.findOneAndDelete(serializeFields(query));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a document and deletes it.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            The query
+     * @return the removed object
+     */
+    public T findAndRemove(DBQuery.Query query) {
+        return mongoCollection.findOneAndDelete(serializeQuery(query));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * creates an index with default index options
+     * 
+     * @param keys
+     *            an object with a key set of the fields desired for the index
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void createIndex(Document keys) throws MongoException {
+        mongoCollection.createIndex(keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces creation of an index on a set of fields, if one does not already
+     * exist.
+     * 
+     * @param keys
+     *            The keys to index
+     * @param options
+     *            The options
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void createIndex(Document keys, IndexOptions options)
+            throws MongoException {
+        mongoCollection.createIndex(keys, options);
+    }
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for an object in this collection.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            object for which to search
+     * @return an iterator over the results
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public FindIterable<T> find(DBQuery.Query query)
+            throws MongoException {
+        return mongoCollection.find(serializeQuery(query));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for an object in this collection.
+     * <p>
+     * <p>
+     * An empty DBObject will match every document in the collection. Regardless of fields specified, the _id fields are
+     * always returned.
+     * </p>
+     * <p>
+     * An example that returns the "x" and "_id" fields for every document in the collection that has an "x" field:
+     * </p>
+     * 
+     * <pre>
+	 * BasicDBObject keys = new BasicDBObject();
+	 * keys.put("x", 1);
+	 *
+	 * DBCursor cursor = collection.find(new BasicDBObject(), keys);
+	 * </pre>
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            object for which to search
+     * @return a cursor to iterate over results
+     */
+    public FindIterable<T> find(Document query) {
+        return mongoCollection.find(serializeFields(query));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for all objects in this collection.
+     * 
+     * @return a cursor which will iterate over every object
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public FindIterable<T> find() throws MongoException {
+        return mongoCollection.find();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection.
+     * 
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if the collection is empty
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOne() throws MongoException {
+        return findOne(new Document());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an object by the given id
+     * 
+     * @param id
+     *            The id
+     * @return The object
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOneById(Object id) throws MongoException {
+        return findOne(createIdQuery(id));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            the query object
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     */
+    public T findOne(Document query) {
+        return this.find(query).first();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            the query object
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     */
+    public T findOne(DBQuery.Query query) {
+        return this.find(query).first();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves and object to this collection (does insert or update based on the object _id). Uses default write concern.
+     * 
+     * @param object
+     *            the object to save. will add <code>_id</code> field to object if
+     *            needed
+     * @return The UpdateResult result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the delete command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult save(T object) throws MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException, MongoException {
+        return this.save(object, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves an object to this collection (does insert or update based on the
+     * object _id).
+     * 
+     * @param object
+     *            the <code>DBObject</code> to save
+     * @param concern
+     *            the write concern
+     * @return The UpdateResult result
+     * @throws MongoWriteException
+     *             If the write failed due some other failure specific to the delete command
+     * @throws MongoWriteConcernException
+     *             If the write failed due being unable to fulfill the write concern
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public UpdateResult save(T object, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoWriteException, MongoWriteConcernException, MongoException {
+        Document dbObject = convertToDocument(object);
+        Object _id = dbObject.get("_id");
+        if(_id == null) {
+            this.insert(object, concern);
+            return UpdateResult.acknowledged(0, 1L, new BsonObjectId((ObjectId) convertToDocument(object).get("_id")));
+        } else {
+            return this.replaceOne(new Document("_id", _id), object, true, concern);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops all indices from this collection
+     * 
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void dropIndexes() throws MongoException {
+        mongoCollection.dropIndexes();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops an index from this collection
+     * 
+     * @param name
+     *            the index name
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void dropIndex(String name) throws MongoException {
+        mongoCollection.dropIndex(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops (deletes) this collection. Use with care.
+     * 
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void drop() throws MongoException {
+        mongoCollection.drop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a count of documents in the collection
+     * 
+     * @return number of documents that match query
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long count() throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(new Document());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a count of documents which match the query
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            query to match
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(Document query) throws MongoException {
+        return mongoCollection.count(query);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a count of documents which match the query
+     * 
+     * @param query
+     *            query to match
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(DBQuery.Query query) throws MongoException {
+        return mongoCollection.count(serializeQuery(query));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * find distinct values for a key
+     * 
+     * @param key
+     *            The key
+     * @return The results
+     */
+    public <ResultType> List<ResultType> distinct(String key, Class<ResultType> resultClass) {
+        return mongoCollection.distinct(key, resultClass).into(new ArrayList<>());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * find distinct values for a key
+     * 
+     * @param key
+     *            The key
+     * @param query
+     *            query to match
+     * @return The results
+     */
+    public <ResultType> List<ResultType> distinct(String key, Document query, Class<ResultType> resultClass) {
+        return mongoCollection.distinct(key, serializeFields(query), resultClass).into(new ArrayList<>());
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a map reduce operation
+     * 
+     * @param mapFunction - The map function to execute
+     * @param reduceFunction - The reduce function to execute
+     * @param resultClass - The class for the expected result type
+     * @return MapReduceIterable of the resultClass
+     * @throws MongoException
+     */
+    public <ResultType> MapReduceIterable<ResultType> mapReduce(String mapFunction, String reduceFunction, Class<ResultType> resultClass) throws MongoException {
+        return mongoCollection.mapReduce(mapFunction, reduceFunction, resultClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an aggregation pipeline against this collection.
+     * 
+     * @param pipeline - This should be a List of Bson Documents in the Mongo aggregation language.
+     * @param resultClass - The class for the type that will be returned
+     * @return an AggregateIterable with the result objects mapped to the type specified by the resultClass.
+     * @throws MongoException
+     *             If an error occurred
+     * @see <a
+     *      href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation</a>
+     * @since 2.1.0
+     */
+
+    public <ResultType> AggregateIterable<ResultType> aggregate(List<? extends Bson> pipeline, Class<ResultType> resultClass)
+            throws MongoException {
+
+        return mongoCollection.aggregate(pipeline, resultClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param pipeline - This is a MongoJack Aggregation.Pipeline
+     * @param resultClass - Class of the results from the aggregationt.
+     * @return an AggregationIterable with result object mapped to the type specified by the resultClass.
+     * @throws MongoException
+     */
+    public <ResultType> AggregateIterable<ResultType> aggregate(Aggregation.Pipeline<?> pipeline, Class<ResultType> resultClass)
+            throws MongoException {
+        return mongoCollection.aggregate(serializePipeline(pipeline), resultClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the write concern for this collection. Will be used for writes to
+     * this collection. Overrides any setting of write concern at the DB level.
+     * See the documentation for {@link WriteConcern} for more information.
+     * 
+     * @param concern
+     *            write concern to use
+     */
+    public void setWriteConcern(WriteConcern concern) {
+        this.mongoCollection = mongoCollection.withWriteConcern(concern);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the write concern for this collection.
+     * 
+     * @return THe write concern
+     */
+    public WriteConcern getWriteConcern() {
+        return mongoCollection.getWriteConcern();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the read preference for this collection. Will be used as default for
+     * reads from this collection; overrides DB &amp; Connection level settings. See
+     * the * documentation for {@link ReadPreference} for more information.
+     * 
+     * @param preference
+     *            Read Preference to use
+     */
+    public void setReadPreference(ReadPreference preference) {
+        this.mongoCollection = mongoCollection.withReadPreference(preference);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the read preference
+     * 
+     * @return The read preference
+     */
+    public ReadPreference getReadPreference() {
+        return mongoCollection.getReadPreference();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a document query object for the _id field using the object as the _id. This object is expected to already
+     * be in the correct format... Document, Long, String, etc...
+     * 
+     * @param _id
+     * @return
+     */
+    private Document createIdQuery(Object _id) {
+        return new Document("_id", _id);
+    }
+
+    private Document convertToDocument(T object) throws MongoException {
+        return convertToDocument(object, this.objectMapper, this.view);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method provides a static way to convert an object into a Document. Defaults will be used for all parameters
+     * left null.
+     * 
+     * @param object The object to convert
+     * @param objectMapper The specific Jackson ObjectMapper to use. (Default MongoJack ObjectMapper)
+     * @param view The Jackson View to use in serialization. (Default null)
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static <T> Document convertToDocument(T object, ObjectMapper objectMapper, Class<?> view) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (objectMapper == null) {
+            objectMapper = DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER;
+        }
+        DocumentObjectGenerator generator = new DocumentObjectGenerator();
+        try {
+            objectMapper.writerWithView(view).writeValue(generator, object);
+        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
+            throw new MongoJsonMappingException(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // This shouldn't happen
+            throw new MongoException("Unknown error occurred converting BSON to object", e);
+        }
+        return generator.getDocument();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert a Document, normally a query result to the object type for this
+     * collection using the Jackson ObjectMapper for this collection.
+     * 
+     * @param document The Document to convert
+     * @return A converted instance of the object type of this class.
+     * @throws MongoException
+     */
+    private T convertFromDocument(Document document) throws MongoException {
+        return convertFromDocument(document, this.valueClass, this.objectMapper, this.view);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method provides a static method to convert a DBObject into a given class. If the ObjectMapper is null, use a
+     * default ObjectMapper
+     * 
+     * @param document
+     * @param clazz
+     * @param objectMapper
+     * @param view
+     * @return
+     * @throws MongoException
+     */
+    public static <S> S convertFromDocument(Document document, Class<S> clazz, ObjectMapper objectMapper, Class<?> view) throws MongoException {
+        if (document == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (objectMapper == null)
+            objectMapper = DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER;
+        try {
+            return objectMapper.readerWithView(view).readValue(new DocumentObjectTraversingParser(document, objectMapper), clazz);
+        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
+            throw new MongoJsonMappingException(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // This shouldn't happen
+            throw new MongoException(
+                    "Unknown error occurred converting BSON to object", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Serialize the fields of the given object using the object mapper
+     * for this collection.
+     * This will convert POJOs to DBObjects where necessary.
+     * 
+     * @param value The object to serialize the fields of
+     * @return The DBObject, safe for use in a mongo query.
+     */
+    public Document serializeFields(Document value) {
+        return DocumentSerializationUtils.serializeFields(objectMapper, value);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Serialize the given DBQuery.Query using the object mapper
+     * for this collection.
+     * 
+     * @param query The DBQuery.Query to serialize.
+     * @return The query as a serialized DBObject ready to pass to mongo.
+     */
+    public Document serializeQuery(DBQuery.Query query) {
+        return DocumentSerializationUtils.serializeQuery(objectMapper, type, query);
+    }
+
+    Object serializeQueryCondition(String key, QueryCondition condition) {
+        return DocumentSerializationUtils.serializeQueryCondition(objectMapper, type,
+                key, condition);
+    }
+
+    public List<Document> serializePipeline(Aggregation.Pipeline<?> pipeline) {
+        return DocumentSerializationUtils.serializePipeline(objectMapper, type, pipeline);
+    }
+
+    ObjectMapper getObjectMapper() {
+        return objectMapper;
+    }
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * Creates builder to build {@link JacksonMongoCollection}.
+     * @return created builder
+     */
+    public static <T> JacksonMongoCollectionBuilder<T> builder() {
+        return new JacksonMongoCollectionBuilder<T>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builder to build {@link JacksonMongoCollection}.
+     */
+    public static final class JacksonMongoCollectionBuilder<T> {
+        private ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+        private Class<?> view;
+
+        private JacksonMongoCollectionBuilder() {}
+
+        public JacksonMongoCollectionBuilder<T> withObjectMapper(ObjectMapper objectMapper) {
+            this.objectMapper = objectMapper;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public JacksonMongoCollectionBuilder<T> withView(Class<?> view) {
+            this.view = view;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Builds a {@link JacksonMongoCollection}. Required parameters are set here.
+         * 
+         * @param mongoCollection - The MongoCollection that {@link JacksonMongoCollection} will wrap.
+         * @param valueType - The type that this should serialize and deserialize to.
+         * @return A new instance of a JacksonMongoCollection
+         */
+        public JacksonMongoCollection<T> build(com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection<?> mongoCollection, Class<T> valueType) {
+            return new JacksonMongoCollection<T>(mongoCollection, this.objectMapper, valueType, view);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `dbObject` last assigned on line 899 could be null and is dereferenced at line 900.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+UpdateResult JacksonMongoCollection.save(Object,WriteConcern)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mongojack.JacksonMongoCollection.save(java.lang.Object,com.mongodb.WriteConcern):com.mongodb.cli.7e67f171b3dca6953c05528aeb076eb8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mongojack/JacksonMongoCollection.java
+
+### Key:
+JacksonMongoCollection.java|save|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18086a76ec6f499138a84f176568ec09
+
+### Hash:
+93397a56c267c3d3f5a84049febe8ec1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7797/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7797/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b09321f688fef850b35be9dcec48490bba816a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7797/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mongojack
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 VZ Netzwerke Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.vz.mongodb.jackson;
+
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.collection.IsCollectionWithSize.hasSize;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsEqual.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsNull.notNullValue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+public class TestDBRefHandling extends MongoDBTestBase {
+
+    @Test
+    public void simpleDbRefShouldBeSavedAsDbRef() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<Owner, String> coll = getCollection(Owner.class, String.class);
+        JacksonDBCollection<Referenced, String> refColl = getCollection(Referenced.class, String.class);
+
+        refColl.insert(new Referenced("hello", 10));
+        String id = coll.insert(new Owner(new DBRef<Referenced, String>("hello", refColl.getName()))).getSavedId();
+
+        Owner saved = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(saved.ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(saved.ref.getId(), equalTo("hello"));
+        assertThat(saved.ref.getCollectionName(), equalTo(refColl.getName()));
+
+        // Try loading it
+        Referenced ref = saved.ref.fetch();
+        assertThat(ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(ref._id, equalTo("hello"));
+        assertThat(ref.i, equalTo(10));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dbRefWithObjectIdShouldBeSavedAsDbRef() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdOwner, String> coll = getCollection(ObjectIdOwner.class, String.class);
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]> refColl = getCollection(ObjectIdReferenced.class, byte[].class);
+
+        byte[] refId = refColl.insert(new ObjectIdReferenced(10)).getSavedId();
+        String id = coll.insert(new ObjectIdOwner(new DBRef<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]>(refId, refColl.getName()))).getSavedId();
+
+        ObjectIdOwner saved = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(saved.ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(saved.ref.getId(), equalTo(refId));
+        assertThat(saved.ref.getCollectionName(), equalTo(refColl.getName()));
+
+        // Try loading it
+        ObjectIdReferenced ref = saved.ref.fetch();
+        assertThat(ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(ref._id, equalTo(refId));
+        assertThat(ref.i, equalTo(10));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUsingMongoCollectionAnnotation() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<Owner, String> coll = getCollection(Owner.class, String.class);
+        JacksonDBCollection<Referenced, String> refColl = getCollection(Referenced.class, String.class, "referenced");
+
+        refColl.insert(new Referenced("hello", 10));
+        String id = coll.insert(new Owner(new DBRef<Referenced, String>("hello", Referenced.class))).getSavedId();
+
+        Owner saved = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(saved.ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(saved.ref.getId(), equalTo("hello"));
+        assertThat(saved.ref.getCollectionName(), equalTo("referenced"));
+
+        // Try loading it
+        Referenced ref = saved.ref.fetch();
+        assertThat(ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(ref._id, equalTo("hello"));
+        assertThat(ref.i, equalTo(10));
+    }
+
+    public static class Owner {
+        public Owner(DBRef<Referenced, String> ref) {
+            this.ref = ref;
+        }
+
+        public Owner() {
+        }
+
+        @ObjectId
+        public String _id;
+        public DBRef<Referenced, String> ref;
+    }
+
+    @MongoCollection(name = "referenced")
+    public static class Referenced {
+        public Referenced(String _id, int i) {
+            this._id = _id;
+            this.i = i;
+        }
+
+        public Referenced() {
+        }
+
+        public String _id;
+        public int i;
+    }
+
+    public static class ObjectIdOwner {
+        public ObjectIdOwner(DBRef<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]> ref) {
+            this.ref = ref;
+        }
+
+        public ObjectIdOwner() {
+        }
+
+        @ObjectId
+        public String _id;
+        @ObjectId
+        public DBRef<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]> ref;
+    }
+
+    public static class ObjectIdReferenced {
+        public ObjectIdReferenced(int i) {
+            this.i = i;
+        }
+
+        public ObjectIdReferenced() {
+        }
+
+        @ObjectId
+        public byte[] _id;
+        public int i;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void collectionOfDbRefsShouldBeSavedAsDbRefs() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<CollectionOwner, String> coll = getCollection(CollectionOwner.class, String.class);
+        JacksonDBCollection<Referenced, String> refColl = getCollection(Referenced.class, String.class, "referenced");
+
+        refColl.insert(new Referenced("hello", 10));
+        refColl.insert(new Referenced("world", 20));
+
+        CollectionOwner owner = new CollectionOwner();
+        owner.list = Arrays.asList(new DBRef<Referenced, String>("hello", refColl.getName()), new DBRef<Referenced, String>("world", refColl.getName()));
+        owner._id = "foo";
+        coll.insert(owner);
+
+        CollectionOwner saved = coll.findOneById("foo");
+        assertThat(saved.list, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(saved.list, hasSize(2));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(0).getId(), equalTo("hello"));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(0).getCollectionName(), equalTo(refColl.getName()));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(1).getId(), equalTo("world"));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(1).getCollectionName(), equalTo(refColl.getName()));
+
+        // Try loading them
+        Referenced ref = saved.list.get(0).fetch();
+        assertThat(ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(ref._id, equalTo("hello"));
+        assertThat(ref.i, equalTo(10));
+
+        ref = saved.list.get(1).fetch();
+        assertThat(ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(ref._id, equalTo("world"));
+        assertThat(ref.i, equalTo(20));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fetchCollectionOfDBRefsShouldReturnRightResults() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<CollectionOwner, String> coll = getCollection(CollectionOwner.class, String.class);
+        JacksonDBCollection<Referenced, String> refColl = getCollection(Referenced.class, String.class, "referenced");
+
+        refColl.insert(new Referenced("hello", 10));
+        refColl.insert(new Referenced("world", 20));
+
+        CollectionOwner owner = new CollectionOwner();
+        owner.list = Arrays.asList(new DBRef<Referenced, String>("hello", refColl.getName()), new DBRef<Referenced, String>("world", refColl.getName()));
+        owner._id = "foo";
+        coll.insert(owner);
+
+        CollectionOwner saved = coll.findOneById("foo");
+        List<Referenced> fetched = coll.fetch(saved.list);
+        assertThat(fetched, hasSize(2));
+        assertThat(fetched.get(0)._id, equalTo("hello"));
+        assertThat(fetched.get(0).i, equalTo(10));
+        assertThat(fetched.get(1)._id, equalTo("world"));
+        assertThat(fetched.get(1).i, equalTo(20));
+    }
+
+    public static class CollectionOwner {
+        public String _id;
+        public List<DBRef<Referenced, String>> list;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void collectionOfObjectIdDbRefsShouldBeSavedAsObjectIdDbRefs() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdCollectionOwner, String> coll = getCollection(ObjectIdCollectionOwner.class, String.class);
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]> refColl = getCollection(ObjectIdReferenced.class, byte[].class, "referenced");
+
+        byte[] refId1 = refColl.insert(new ObjectIdReferenced(10)).getSavedId();
+        byte[] refId2 = refColl.insert(new ObjectIdReferenced(20)).getSavedId();
+
+        ObjectIdCollectionOwner owner = new ObjectIdCollectionOwner();
+        owner.list = Arrays.asList(new DBRef<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]>(refId1, refColl.getName()), new DBRef<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]>(refId2, refColl.getName()));
+        owner._id = "foo";
+        coll.insert(owner);
+
+        ObjectIdCollectionOwner saved = coll.findOneById("foo");
+        assertThat(saved.list, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(saved.list, hasSize(2));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(0).getId(), equalTo(refId1));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(0).getCollectionName(), equalTo(refColl.getName()));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(1).getId(), equalTo(refId2));
+        assertThat(saved.list.get(1).getCollectionName(), equalTo(refColl.getName()));
+
+
+        // Try loading them
+        ObjectIdReferenced ref = saved.list.get(0).fetch();
+        assertThat(ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(ref._id, equalTo(refId1));
+        assertThat(ref.i, equalTo(10));
+
+        ref = saved.list.get(1).fetch();
+        assertThat(ref, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(ref._id, equalTo(refId2));
+        assertThat(ref.i, equalTo(20));
+    }
+
+    public static class ObjectIdCollectionOwner {
+        public String _id;
+        @ObjectId
+        public List<DBRef<ObjectIdReferenced, byte[]>> list;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `ref` last assigned on line 66 could be null and is dereferenced at line 68.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestDBRefHandling.dbRefWithObjectIdShouldBeSavedAsDbRef()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.vz.mongodb.jackson.TestDBRefHandling.dbRefWithObjectIdShouldBeSavedAsDbRef():void.f4a2bfb481609ee0c33f9ce2cb5b8efb
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/vz/mongodb/jackson/TestDBRefHandling.java
+
+### Key:
+TestDBRefHandling.java|dbRefWithObjectIdShouldBeSavedAsDbRef|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+146ba78f463c41ad171e1d08fed468d1
+
+### Hash:
+515d2b35103e2c27aefd744b7cea1120
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7799/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7799/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a0d2d52e1424666909b7b2b6eaa73bc9a7e07f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7799/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** LuckyFrameWeb
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package luckyweb.seagull.quartz;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.rmi.Naming;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+
+import javax.annotation.Resource;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.hibernate.Session;
+import org.hibernate.Transaction;
+import org.quartz.Job;
+import org.quartz.JobExecutionContext;
+import org.quartz.JobExecutionException;
+
+import luckyweb.seagull.comm.QueueListener;
+import luckyweb.seagull.spring.entity.TestJobs;
+import luckyweb.seagull.spring.entity.TestTaskexcute;
+import luckyweb.seagull.spring.service.TestJobsService;
+import luckyweb.seagull.spring.service.TestTastExcuteService;
+import luckyweb.seagull.util.DateUtil;
+import luckyweb.seagull.util.HibernateSessionFactoryUtil;
+import rmi.model.RunBatchCaseEntity;
+import rmi.model.RunCaseEntity;
+import rmi.model.RunTaskEntity;
+import rmi.service.RunService;
+
+public class QuartzJob implements Job {
+	private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(QuartzJob.class);
+	@Resource(name = "tastExcuteService")
+	private TestTastExcuteService	tastExcuteService;
+	
+	@Resource(name = "testJobsService")
+	private TestJobsService	 testJobsService;
+	
+	@Override
+	public void execute(JobExecutionContext context)
+			throws JobExecutionException {
+		try {
+			System.out.println("执行命令中。。。");
+			String id = context.getJobDetail().getName();
+			TestJobs job = null;
+			for (int i = 0; i < QueueListener.list.size(); i++) {
+				job = new TestJobs();
+				job = QueueListener.list.get(i);
+				if (id.equals("" + job.getId())) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			toRunTask(job.getPlanproj(), job.getId(),job.getTaskName(),job.getClientip());
+			System.out.println("调用程序结束。。。");
+
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String toRunTask(String projname,int jobId,String jobname,String clientip){
+		Session s = null;
+		Transaction tx = null;
+		//System.out.println(tastId);
+		String tastName = "";
+		String time = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMddHHmmss").format(new java.util.Date().getTime());
+		tastName ="【"+jobname+ "】_"+time;
+		
+		TestTaskexcute task=add(tastName, jobId, s, tx);
+		projname = projname.replaceAll(" ","\" \""); //防止计划名称或是项目名称带了空格符号,在run.exec中会执行出错
+		String result="启动失败！";
+		try{
+			 //调用远程对象，注意RMI路径与接口必须与服务器配置一致
+			RunService service=(RunService)Naming.lookup("rmi://"+clientip+":6633/RunService"); 
+
+    		RunTaskEntity tasken = new RunTaskEntity();
+    		tasken.setProjectname(projname);
+    		tasken.setTaskid(String.valueOf(task.getId()));
+    		result=service.runtask(tasken);
+    		System.out.println(result);
+    		return result;
+		}catch (Exception e) {
+			execFail(s, tx,task.getId(),jobId,tastName);
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			return result;
+		}
+			
+	}
+	
+	
+	public String toRunCase(String projname,int tastId,String  caseName,String casVersion,String clientip) {
+		String result="启动失败！";
+		try{
+    		//调用远程对象，注意RMI路径与接口必须与服务器配置一致
+    		RunService service=(RunService)Naming.lookup("rmi://"+clientip+":6633/RunService");
+    		RunCaseEntity onecase = new RunCaseEntity();
+    		onecase.setProjectname(projname);
+    		onecase.setTaskid(String.valueOf(tastId));
+    		onecase.setTestCaseExternalId(caseName);
+    		onecase.setVersion(casVersion);
+    		result=service.runcase(onecase);
+    		System.out.println(result);
+    		return result;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			return result;
+		} 
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	public String toRunCaseBatch(String projname,int taskid,String  caseInfo,String clientip) {
+		String result="启动失败！";
+		try{
+    		//调用远程对象，注意RMI路径与接口必须与服务器配置一致
+    		RunService service=(RunService)Naming.lookup("rmi://"+clientip+":6633/RunService");
+    		RunBatchCaseEntity batchcase = new RunBatchCaseEntity();
+    		batchcase.setProjectname(projname);
+    		batchcase.setTaskid(String.valueOf(taskid));
+    		batchcase.setBatchcase(caseInfo);
+    		result=service.runbatchcase(batchcase);
+    		System.out.println(result);
+    		return result;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			return result;
+		} 
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 加入 testJobs表
+	 * @param tastId
+	 * @param name
+	 * @param jobId
+	 * @param s
+	 * @param tx
+	 */
+	private TestTaskexcute add(String tastName,int jobId,Session s,Transaction tx){
+		TestTaskexcute tast = new TestTaskexcute();
+		try {
+			tast.getTestJob().setId(jobId);
+			tast.setTaskId(tastName);
+			tast.setCaseIsExec("0");
+			tast.setTaskStatus("0");
+			tast.setCreateTime(DateUtil.now());
+			s = HibernateSessionFactoryUtil.openSession();
+			tx = s.beginTransaction();
+			s.save(tast);
+			System.out.println("tastId:"+tast.getId());
+			tx.commit();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			tx.rollback();
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		} finally {
+			s.close();
+
+		}
+		return tast;
+	}
+	
+	private void execFail(Session s,Transaction tx,int id,int jobId,String tastId){
+		//执行失败时,写入任务表记录为执行失败
+		TestTaskexcute tast = new TestTaskexcute();
+		s = HibernateSessionFactoryUtil.openSession();
+		tx = s.beginTransaction();
+		tast=(TestTaskexcute) s.load(TestTaskexcute.class, id);
+		tast.setTaskStatus("3");
+		tast.setJobid(jobId);
+		tast.setTaskId(tastId);
+		tast.setCaseIsExec("1");
+		tast.setTaskStatus("3");
+		s.update(tast);
+		tx.commit();
+		s.close();
+		
+	}
+	
+	
+	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `job` last assigned on line 42 could be null and is dereferenced at line 50.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void QuartzJob.execute(JobExecutionContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+luckyweb.seagull.quartz.QuartzJob.execute(org.quartz.JobExecutionContext):void.a5c57d3f36487ea2f40f53ce88ebaa23
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/luckyweb/seagull/quartz/QuartzJob.java
+
+### Key:
+QuartzJob.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7a2618c486ef46b6eeb9db215332888e
+
+### Hash:
+0b5ecbebf95af1b0370cb4ca22b522af
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7907/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7907/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c948333229cd57a4a9e990ff6cf3b4fc721314d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7907/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 101
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.net.mom.jms;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.net.server.JmsServer;
+
+/**
+ * Receives Topic messages that contain LogEvents. This implementation expects that all messages
+ * are serialized log events.
+ */
+public abstract class JmsTopicReceiver {
+
+    /**
+     * Main startup for the receiver.
+     * @param args The command line arguments.
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs.
+     */
+    public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
+        if (args.length != 4) {
+            usage("Wrong number of arguments.");
+        }
+
+        final String tcfBindingName = args[0];
+        final String topicBindingName = args[1];
+        final String username = args[2];
+        final String password = args[3];
+        final JmsServer server = new JmsServer(tcfBindingName, topicBindingName, username, password);
+        server.start();
+
+        final Charset enc = Charset.defaultCharset();
+        final BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in, enc));
+        // Loop until the word "exit" is typed
+        System.out.println("Type \"exit\" to quit JmsTopicReceiver.");
+        while (true) {
+            final String line = stdin.readLine();
+            if (line == null || line.equalsIgnoreCase("exit")) {
+                System.out.println("Exiting. Kill the application if it does not exit "
+                    + "due to daemon threads.");
+                server.stop();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void usage(final String msg) {
+        System.err.println(msg);
+        System.err.println("Usage: java " + JmsTopicReceiver.class.getName()
+            + " TopicConnectionFactoryBindingName TopicBindingName username password");
+        System.exit(1);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 50 is not released after line 61.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 54
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JmsTopicReceiver.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.net.mom.jms.JmsTopicReceiver.main(java.lang.String[]):void.5189e2e67ad72f9eca5027d270f3a670
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/net/mom/jms/JmsTopicReceiver.java
+
+### Key:
+JmsTopicReceiver.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+2f461b28d15ce21a614f8e0b21b233dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7909/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7909/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6783e6e636ccc97e6251dfe616cd76ecd40f6f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7909/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 97
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.CoreLoggerContexts;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.ConfigurationFactory;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.Constants;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.DummyNanoClock;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.NanoClockFactory;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.NanoClockFactory.Mode;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.SystemNanoClock;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.util.Strings;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class AsyncLoggerTestNanoTime {
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void beforeClass() {
+        System.setProperty(Constants.LOG4J_CONTEXT_SELECTOR,
+                AsyncLoggerContextSelector.class.getName());
+        System.setProperty(ConfigurationFactory.CONFIGURATION_FILE_PROPERTY,
+                "NanoTimeToFileTest.xml");
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void afterClass() {
+        System.setProperty(Constants.LOG4J_CONTEXT_SELECTOR, Strings.EMPTY);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncLogUsesNanoTimeClock() throws Exception {
+        final File file = new File("target", "NanoTimeToFileTest.log");
+        // System.out.println(f.getAbsolutePath());
+        file.delete();
+        final AsyncLogger log = (AsyncLogger) LogManager.getLogger("com.foo.Bar");
+        final long before = System.nanoTime();
+        log.info("Use actual System.nanoTime()");
+        assertTrue("using SystemNanoClock", log.getNanoClock() instanceof SystemNanoClock);
+
+        NanoClockFactory.setMode(Mode.Dummy);
+        final long DUMMYNANOTIME = 0;
+        
+        // trigger a new nano clock lookup
+        log.updateConfiguration(log.getContext().getConfiguration());
+        
+        log.info("Use dummy nano clock");
+        assertTrue("using SystemNanoClock", log.getNanoClock() instanceof DummyNanoClock);
+        
+        CoreLoggerContexts.stopLoggerContext(file); // stop async thread
+
+        final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+        final String line1 = reader.readLine();
+        final String line2 = reader.readLine();
+        // System.out.println(line1);
+        // System.out.println(line2);
+        reader.close();
+        file.delete();
+
+        assertNotNull("line1", line1);
+        assertNotNull("line2", line2);
+        final String[] line1Parts = line1.split(" AND ");
+        assertEquals("Use actual System.nanoTime()", line1Parts[2]);
+        assertEquals(line1Parts[0], line1Parts[1]);
+        long loggedNanoTime = Long.parseLong(line1Parts[0]);
+        assertTrue("used system nano time", loggedNanoTime - before < TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(1));
+        
+        final String[] line2Parts = line2.split(" AND ");
+        assertEquals("Use dummy nano clock", line2Parts[2]);
+        assertEquals(String.valueOf(DUMMYNANOTIME), line2Parts[0]);
+        assertEquals(String.valueOf(DUMMYNANOTIME), line2Parts[1]);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 75 is not released after line 95.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 77
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AsyncLoggerTestNanoTime.testAsyncLogUsesNanoTimeClock()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerTestNanoTime.testAsyncLogUsesNanoTimeClock():void.c0b2308ef83b6305fda19f9ef231aad2
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/test/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/async/AsyncLoggerTestNanoTime.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncLoggerTestNanoTime.java|testAsyncLogUsesNanoTimeClock|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+503c5de1e2b4fb1718301eed13a7d5dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7936/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7936/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f41f8d6ba6c956bf44e6814b49b1e5f6efb1b369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7936/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 122
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.mom;
+
+import javax.jms.Message;
+import javax.jms.ObjectMessage;
+import javax.jms.TextMessage;
+import javax.naming.Context;
+import javax.naming.InitialContext;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.impl.Log4jLogEvent;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.JndiCloser;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.junit.LoggerContextRule;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.message.SimpleMessage;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockejb.jms.MockQueue;
+import org.mockejb.jms.MockTopic;
+import org.mockejb.jms.QueueConnectionFactoryImpl;
+import org.mockejb.jms.TopicConnectionFactoryImpl;
+import org.mockejb.jndi.MockContextFactory;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.instanceOf;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class JmsAppenderTest {
+
+    private static final String CONNECTION_FACTORY_NAME = "jms/queues";
+    private static final String TOPIC_FACTORY_NAME = "jms/topics";
+    private static final String DESTINATION_NAME = "jms/destination";
+    private static final String QUEUE_NAME = "jms/queue";
+    private static final String TOPIC_NAME = "jms/topic";
+    private static final String LOG_MESSAGE = "Hello, world!";
+
+    private static Context context;
+
+    private static MockQueue destination;
+    private static MockQueue queue;
+    private static MockTopic topic;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
+        MockContextFactory.setAsInitial();
+        context = new InitialContext();
+        context.rebind(CONNECTION_FACTORY_NAME, new QueueConnectionFactoryImpl());
+        context.rebind(TOPIC_FACTORY_NAME, new TopicConnectionFactoryImpl());
+        destination = new MockQueue(DESTINATION_NAME);
+        context.rebind(DESTINATION_NAME, destination);
+        queue = new MockQueue(QUEUE_NAME);
+        context.rebind(QUEUE_NAME, queue);
+        topic = new MockTopic(TOPIC_NAME);
+        context.rebind(TOPIC_NAME, topic);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void tearDownClass() throws Exception {
+        JndiCloser.close(context);
+    }
+
+    @Rule
+    public LoggerContextRule ctx = new LoggerContextRule("JmsAppenderTest.xml");
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAppendToQueue() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(0, destination.size());
+        final JmsAppender appender = (JmsAppender) ctx.getRequiredAppender("JmsAppender");
+        final LogEvent event = createLogEvent();
+        appender.append(event);
+        assertEquals(1, destination.size());
+        final Message message = destination.getMessageAt(0);
+        assertNotNull(message);
+        assertThat(message, instanceOf(TextMessage.class));
+        final TextMessage textMessage = (TextMessage) message;
+        assertEquals(LOG_MESSAGE, textMessage.getText());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJmsQueueAppenderCompatibility() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(0, queue.size());
+        final JmsAppender appender = (JmsAppender) ctx.getRequiredAppender("JmsQueueAppender");
+        final LogEvent expected = createLogEvent();
+        appender.append(expected);
+        assertEquals(1, queue.size());
+        final Message message = queue.getMessageAt(0);
+        assertNotNull(message);
+        assertThat(message, instanceOf(ObjectMessage.class));
+        final ObjectMessage objectMessage = (ObjectMessage) message;
+        final Object o = objectMessage.getObject();
+        assertThat(o, instanceOf(LogEvent.class));
+        final LogEvent actual = (LogEvent) o;
+        assertEquals(expected.getMessage().getFormattedMessage(), actual.getMessage().getFormattedMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJmsTopicAppenderCompatibility() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(0, topic.size());
+        final JmsAppender appender = (JmsAppender) ctx.getRequiredAppender("JmsTopicAppender");
+        final LogEvent expected = createLogEvent();
+        appender.append(expected);
+        assertEquals(1, topic.size());
+        final Message message = topic.getMessageAt(0);
+        assertNotNull(message);
+        assertThat(message, instanceOf(ObjectMessage.class));
+        final ObjectMessage objectMessage = (ObjectMessage) message;
+        final Object o = objectMessage.getObject();
+        assertThat(o, instanceOf(LogEvent.class));
+        final LogEvent actual = (LogEvent) o;
+        assertEquals(expected.getMessage().getFormattedMessage(), actual.getMessage().getFormattedMessage());
+    }
+
+    private static Log4jLogEvent createLogEvent() {
+        return Log4jLogEvent.newBuilder()
+            .setLoggerName(JmsAppenderTest.class.getName())
+            .setLoggerFqcn(JmsAppenderTest.class.getName())
+            .setLevel(Level.INFO)
+            .setMessage(new SimpleMessage(LOG_MESSAGE))
+            .build();
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `expected.getMessage()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 110.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JmsAppenderTest.testJmsQueueAppenderCompatibility()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.mom.JmsAppenderTest.testJmsQueueAppenderCompatibility():void.8eeb6cb2d47c0ae07fa3cabd1617c3c4
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/test/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/appender/mom/JmsAppenderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JmsAppenderTest.java|testJmsQueueAppenderCompatibility|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+a092e35999dec6733d77805ef5550ba7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7938/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7938/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..056abf81b1e4f7d7ec02cc69804c6b886fd47af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7938/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 114
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Layout;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.impl.Log4jLogEvent;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.layout.PatternLayout;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.junit.CleanFiles;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.message.SimpleMessage;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.util.Strings;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class FileAppenderTest {
+
+    private static final String FILENAME = "target/fileAppenderTest.log";
+    private static final int THREADS = 2;
+
+    @Rule
+    public CleanFiles files = new CleanFiles(FILENAME);
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void cleanupClass() {
+        assertTrue("Manager for " + FILENAME + " not removed", !AbstractManager.hasManager(FILENAME));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAppender() throws Exception {
+        writer(false, 1, "test");
+        verifyFile(1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSmallestBufferSize() throws Exception {
+        final Layout<String> layout = PatternLayout.newBuilder().withPattern(PatternLayout.SIMPLE_CONVERSION_PATTERN).build();
+        final String bufferSizeStr = "1";
+        final FileAppender appender = FileAppender.createAppender(FILENAME, "true", "false", "test", "false", "false",
+                "false", bufferSizeStr, layout, null, "false", null, null);
+        appender.start();
+        final File file = new File(FILENAME);
+        assertTrue("Appender did not start", appender.isStarted());
+        long curLen = file.length();
+        long prevLen = curLen;
+        assertTrue("File length: " + curLen, curLen == 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+            final LogEvent event = Log4jLogEvent.newBuilder().setLoggerName("TestLogger") //
+                    .setLoggerFqcn(FileAppenderTest.class.getName()).setLevel(Level.INFO) //
+                    .setMessage(new SimpleMessage("Test")).setThreadName(this.getClass().getSimpleName()) //
+                    .setTimeMillis(System.currentTimeMillis()).build();
+            try {
+                appender.append(event);
+                curLen = file.length();
+                assertTrue("File length: " + curLen, curLen > prevLen);
+                Thread.sleep(25); // Give up control long enough for another thread/process to occasionally do
+                                  // something.
+            } catch (final Exception ex) {
+                throw ex;
+            }
+            prevLen = curLen;
+        }
+        appender.stop();
+        assertFalse("Appender did not stop", appender.isStarted());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockingAppender() throws Exception {
+        writer(true, 1, "test");
+        verifyFile(1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleAppenders() throws Exception {
+        final ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(THREADS);
+        final Exception[] error = new Exception[1];
+        final int count = 100;
+        final Runnable runnable = new FileWriterRunnable(false, count, error);
+        for (int i = 0; i < THREADS; ++i) {
+            pool.execute(runnable);
+        }
+        pool.shutdown();
+        pool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        if (error[0] != null) {
+            throw error[0];
+        }
+        verifyFile(THREADS * count);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleLockedAppenders() throws Exception {
+        final ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(THREADS);
+        final Exception[] error = new Exception[1];
+        final int count = 100;
+        final Runnable runnable = new FileWriterRunnable(true, count, error);
+        for (int i = 0; i < THREADS; ++i) {
+            pool.execute(runnable);
+        }
+        pool.shutdown();
+        pool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        if (error[0] != null) {
+            throw error[0];
+        }
+        verifyFile(THREADS * count);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testMultipleVMs() throws Exception {
+        final String classPath = System.getProperty("java.class.path");
+        final Integer count = 10;
+        final int processeCount = 3;
+        final Process[] processes = new Process[processeCount];
+        final ProcessBuilder[] builders = new ProcessBuilder[processeCount];
+        for (int index = 0; index < processeCount; ++index) {
+            builders[index] = new ProcessBuilder("java", "-cp", classPath, ProcessTest.class.getName(),
+                    "Process " + index, count.toString(), "true");
+        }
+        for (int index = 0; index < processeCount; ++index) {
+            processes[index] = builders[index].start();
+        }
+        for (int index = 0; index < processeCount; ++index) {
+            final Process process = processes[index];
+            // System.out.println("Process " + index + " exited with " + p.waitFor());
+            try (final BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(process.getInputStream()))) {
+                String line;
+                while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                    System.out.println(line);
+                }
+            }
+            process.destroy();
+        }
+        verifyFile(count * processeCount);
+    }
+
+    private static void writer(final boolean lock, final int count, final String name) throws Exception {
+        final Layout<String> layout = PatternLayout.newBuilder().withPattern(PatternLayout.SIMPLE_CONVERSION_PATTERN).build();
+        final FileAppender app = FileAppender.createAppender(FILENAME, "true", Boolean.toString(lock), "test", "false",
+                "false", "false", null, layout, null, "false", null, null);
+        app.start();
+        assertTrue("Appender did not start", app.isStarted());
+        Assert.assertTrue(Files.exists(Paths.get(FILENAME)));
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+            final LogEvent event = Log4jLogEvent.newBuilder().setLoggerName("TestLogger")
+                    .setLoggerFqcn(FileAppenderTest.class.getName()).setLevel(Level.INFO)
+                    .setMessage(new SimpleMessage("Test")).setThreadName(name).setTimeMillis(System.currentTimeMillis())
+                    .build();
+            try {
+                app.append(event);
+                Thread.sleep(25); // Give up control long enough for another thread/process to occasionally do
+                                  // something.
+            } catch (final Exception ex) {
+                throw ex;
+            }
+        }
+        app.stop();
+        assertFalse("Appender did not stop", app.isStarted());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyFile(final int count) throws Exception {
+        // String expected = "[\\w]* \\[\\s*\\] INFO TestLogger - Test$";
+        final String expected = "^\\d{4}-\\d{2}-\\d{2} \\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2},\\d{3} \\[[^\\]]*\\] INFO TestLogger - Test";
+        final Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(expected);
+        final FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(FILENAME);
+        final BufferedReader is = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis));
+        int counter = 0;
+        String str = Strings.EMPTY;
+        while (is.ready()) {
+            str = is.readLine();
+            // System.out.println(str);
+            ++counter;
+            final Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(str);
+            assertTrue("Bad data: " + str, matcher.matches());
+        }
+        fis.close();
+        assertTrue("Incorrect count: was " + counter + " should be " + count, count == counter);
+        fis.close();
+
+    }
+
+    public class FileWriterRunnable implements Runnable {
+        private final boolean lock;
+        private final int count;
+        private final Exception[] error;
+
+        public FileWriterRunnable(final boolean lock, final int count, final Exception[] error) {
+            this.lock = lock;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.error = error;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            final Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
+
+            try {
+                writer(lock, count, thread.getName());
+
+            } catch (final Exception ex) {
+                error[0] = ex;
+                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class ProcessTest {
+
+        public static void main(final String[] args) {
+
+            if (args.length != 3) {
+                System.out.println("Required arguments 'id', 'count' and 'lock' not provided");
+                System.exit(-1);
+            }
+            final String id = args[0];
+
+            final int count = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
+
+            if (count <= 0) {
+                System.out.println("Invalid count value: " + args[1]);
+                System.exit(-1);
+            }
+            final boolean lock = Boolean.parseBoolean(args[2]);
+
+            // System.out.println("Got arguments " + id + ", " + count + ", " + lock);
+
+            try {
+                writer(lock, count, id);
+                // thread.sleep(50);
+
+            } catch (final Exception ex) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 200 is not released after line 214.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 204
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileAppenderTest.verifyFile(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.FileAppenderTest.verifyFile(int):void.dfb9d64f9cb4863c596d8f5b7519d9b7
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/test/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/appender/FileAppenderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+FileAppenderTest.java|verifyFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+a7e6d416bef20b420d2d01b4c05c65ba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7940/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7940/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89320611c11c77af3ce79f39e1613913139cf5aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7940/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 113
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.jmx.RingBufferAdmin;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.status.StatusLogger;
+
+import com.lmax.disruptor.ExceptionHandler;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.RingBuffer;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.WaitStrategy;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.Disruptor;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.ProducerType;
+
+/**
+ * Helper class for async loggers: AsyncLoggerDisruptor handles the mechanics of working with the LMAX Disruptor, and
+ * works with its associated AsyncLoggerContext to synchronize the life cycle of the Disruptor and its thread with the
+ * life cycle of the context. The AsyncLoggerDisruptor of the context is shared by all AsyncLogger objects created by
+ * that AsyncLoggerContext.
+ */
+class AsyncLoggerDisruptor {
+    private static final int SLEEP_MILLIS_BETWEEN_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS = 50;
+    private static final int MAX_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS_BEFORE_SHUTDOWN = 200;
+    private static final StatusLogger LOGGER = StatusLogger.getLogger();
+
+    private volatile Disruptor<RingBufferLogEvent> disruptor;
+    private ExecutorService executor;
+    private String contextName;
+
+    private boolean useThreadLocalTranslator = true;
+    private long backgroundThreadId;
+    private AsyncEventRouter asyncEventRouter;
+    private int ringBufferSize;
+
+    AsyncLoggerDisruptor(String contextName) {
+        this.contextName = contextName;
+    }
+
+    public String getContextName() {
+        return contextName;
+    }
+
+    public void setContextName(String name) {
+        contextName = name;
+    }
+
+    Disruptor<RingBufferLogEvent> getDisruptor() {
+        return disruptor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and starts a new Disruptor and associated thread if none currently exists.
+     *
+     * @see #stop()
+     */
+    synchronized void start() {
+        if (disruptor != null) {
+            LOGGER.trace(
+                    "[{}] AsyncLoggerDisruptor not starting new disruptor for this context, using existing object.",
+                    contextName);
+            return;
+        }
+        LOGGER.trace("[{}] AsyncLoggerDisruptor creating new disruptor for this context.", contextName);
+        ringBufferSize = DisruptorUtil.calculateRingBufferSize("AsyncLogger.RingBufferSize");
+        final WaitStrategy waitStrategy = DisruptorUtil.createWaitStrategy("AsyncLogger.WaitStrategy");
+        executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new DaemonThreadFactory("AsyncLogger[" + contextName + "]"));
+        backgroundThreadId = DisruptorUtil.getExecutorThreadId(executor);
+        asyncEventRouter = AsyncEventRouterFactory.create();
+
+        disruptor = new Disruptor<>(RingBufferLogEvent.FACTORY, ringBufferSize, executor, ProducerType.MULTI,
+                waitStrategy);
+
+        final ExceptionHandler<RingBufferLogEvent> errorHandler = DisruptorUtil.getAsyncLoggerExceptionHandler();
+        disruptor.handleExceptionsWith(errorHandler);
+
+        final RingBufferLogEventHandler[] handlers = {new RingBufferLogEventHandler()};
+        disruptor.handleEventsWith(handlers);
+
+        LOGGER.debug("[{}] Starting AsyncLogger disruptor for this context with ringbufferSize={}, waitStrategy={}, "
+                + "exceptionHandler={}...", contextName, disruptor.getRingBuffer().getBufferSize(), waitStrategy
+                .getClass().getSimpleName(), errorHandler);
+        disruptor.start();
+
+        LOGGER.trace("[{}] AsyncLoggers use a {} translator", contextName, useThreadLocalTranslator ? "threadlocal"
+                : "vararg");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decreases the reference count. If the reference count reached zero, the Disruptor and its associated thread are
+     * shut down and their references set to {@code null}.
+     */
+    synchronized void stop() {
+        final Disruptor<RingBufferLogEvent> temp = getDisruptor();
+        if (temp == null) {
+            LOGGER.trace("[{}] AsyncLoggerDisruptor: disruptor for this context already shut down.", contextName);
+            return; // disruptor was already shut down by another thread
+        }
+        LOGGER.debug("[{}] AsyncLoggerDisruptor: shutting down disruptor for this context.", contextName);
+
+        // We must guarantee that publishing to the RingBuffer has stopped before we call disruptor.shutdown().
+        disruptor = null; // client code fails with NPE if log after stop. This is by design.
+
+        // Calling Disruptor.shutdown() will wait until all enqueued events are fully processed,
+        // but this waiting happens in a busy-spin. To avoid (postpone) wasting CPU,
+        // we sleep in short chunks, up to 10 seconds, waiting for the ringbuffer to drain.
+        for (int i = 0; hasBacklog(temp) && i < MAX_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS_BEFORE_SHUTDOWN; i++) {
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(SLEEP_MILLIS_BETWEEN_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS); // give up the CPU for a while
+            } catch (final InterruptedException e) { // ignored
+            }
+        }
+        temp.shutdown(); // busy-spins until all events currently in the disruptor have been processed
+
+        LOGGER.trace("[{}] AsyncLoggerDisruptor: shutting down disruptor executor.", contextName);
+        executor.shutdown(); // finally, kill the processor thread
+        executor = null;
+
+        if (DiscardingAsyncEventRouter.getDiscardCount(asyncEventRouter) > 0) {
+            LOGGER.trace("AsyncLoggerDisruptor: {} discarded {} events.", asyncEventRouter,
+                    DiscardingAsyncEventRouter.getDiscardCount(asyncEventRouter));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if the specified disruptor still has unprocessed events.
+     */
+    private static boolean hasBacklog(final Disruptor<?> theDisruptor) {
+        final RingBuffer<?> ringBuffer = theDisruptor.getRingBuffer();
+        return !ringBuffer.hasAvailableCapacity(ringBuffer.getBufferSize());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and returns a new {@code RingBufferAdmin} that instruments the ringbuffer of the {@code AsyncLogger}.
+     *
+     * @param jmxContextName name of the {@code AsyncLoggerContext}
+     * @return a new {@code RingBufferAdmin} that instruments the ringbuffer
+     */
+    public RingBufferAdmin createRingBufferAdmin(final String jmxContextName) {
+        final RingBuffer<RingBufferLogEvent> ring = disruptor == null ? null : disruptor.getRingBuffer();
+        return RingBufferAdmin.forAsyncLogger(ring, jmxContextName);
+    }
+
+    EventRoute getEventRoute(final Level logLevel) {
+        final int remainingCapacity = remainingDisruptorCapacity();
+        if (remainingCapacity < 0) {
+            return EventRoute.DISCARD;
+        }
+        return asyncEventRouter.getRoute(backgroundThreadId, logLevel);
+    }
+
+    private int remainingDisruptorCapacity() {
+        final Disruptor<RingBufferLogEvent> temp = disruptor;
+        if (hasLog4jBeenShutDown(temp)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return (int) temp.getRingBuffer().remainingCapacity();
+    }
+        /**
+         * Returns {@code true} if the specified disruptor is null.
+         */
+    private boolean hasLog4jBeenShutDown(final Disruptor<RingBufferLogEvent> aDisruptor) {
+        if (aDisruptor == null) { // LOG4J2-639
+            LOGGER.warn("Ignoring log event after log4j was shut down");
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean tryPublish(final RingBufferLogEventTranslator translator) {
+        // LOG4J2-639: catch NPE if disruptor field was set to null in stop()
+        try {
+            return disruptor.getRingBuffer().tryPublishEvent(translator);
+        } catch (final NullPointerException npe) {
+            LOGGER.warn("[{}] Ignoring log event after log4j was shut down.", contextName);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void enqueueLogMessageInfo(final RingBufferLogEventTranslator translator) {
+        // LOG4J2-639: catch NPE if disruptor field was set to null in stop()
+        try {
+            // Note: we deliberately access the volatile disruptor field afresh here.
+            // Avoiding this and using an older reference could result in adding a log event to the disruptor after it
+            // was shut down, which could cause the publishEvent method to hang and never return.
+            disruptor.publishEvent(translator);
+        } catch (final NullPointerException npe) {
+            LOGGER.warn("[{}] Ignoring log event after log4j was shut down.", contextName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether it is allowed to store non-JDK classes in ThreadLocal objects for efficiency.
+     *
+     * @return whether AsyncLoggers are allowed to use ThreadLocal objects
+     * @since 2.5
+     * @see <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LOG4J2-1172">LOG4J2-1172</a>
+     */
+    public boolean isUseThreadLocals() {
+        return useThreadLocalTranslator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Signals this AsyncLoggerDisruptor whether it is allowed to store non-JDK classes in ThreadLocal objects for
+     * efficiency.
+     * <p>
+     * This property may be modified after the {@link #start()} method has been called.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param allow whether AsyncLoggers are allowed to use ThreadLocal objects
+     * @since 2.5
+     * @see <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LOG4J2-1172">LOG4J2-1172</a>
+     */
+    public void setUseThreadLocals(final boolean allow) {
+        useThreadLocalTranslator = allow;
+        LOGGER.trace("[{}] AsyncLoggers have been modified to use a {} translator", contextName,
+                useThreadLocalTranslator ? "threadlocal" : "vararg");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerDisruptor.getEventRoute` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerDisruptor.asyncEventRouter`. Potentially races with write in method `AsyncLoggerDisruptor.start()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+EventRoute AsyncLoggerDisruptor.getEventRoute(Level)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerDisruptor.getEventRoute(org.apache.logging.log4j.Leve.d78dd6891d01f8dfb4b78b94e416a5f2
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/async/AsyncLoggerDisruptor.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncLoggerDisruptor.java|getEventRoute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+10a9a3feda0d7b69a88fdebb0353b84c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7947/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7947/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..629b43db539aae4ac06b234948d6ee11b712fc05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7947/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.jmx;
+
+import java.beans.PropertyChangeEvent;
+import java.beans.PropertyChangeListener;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import javax.management.MBeanNotificationInfo;
+import javax.management.Notification;
+import javax.management.NotificationBroadcasterSupport;
+import javax.management.ObjectName;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LoggerContext;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.Configuration;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.ConfigurationFactory;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.ConfigurationFactory.ConfigurationSource;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.helpers.Assert;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.helpers.Charsets;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.status.StatusLogger;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the {@code LoggerContextAdminMBean} interface.
+ */
+public class LoggerContextAdmin extends NotificationBroadcasterSupport
+        implements LoggerContextAdminMBean, PropertyChangeListener {
+    private static final int PAGE = 4 * 1024;
+    private static final int TEXT_BUFFER = 64 * 1024;
+    private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 2048;
+    private static final StatusLogger LOGGER = StatusLogger.getLogger();
+
+    private final AtomicLong sequenceNo = new AtomicLong();
+    private final ObjectName objectName;
+    private final LoggerContext loggerContext;
+    private String customConfigText;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@code LoggerContextAdmin} with the {@code Executor} to
+     * be used for sending {@code Notification}s asynchronously to listeners.
+     *
+     * @param executor used to send notifications asynchronously
+     * @param loggerContext the instrumented object
+     */
+    public LoggerContextAdmin(final LoggerContext loggerContext, final Executor executor) {
+        super(executor, createNotificationInfo());
+        this.loggerContext = Assert.isNotNull(loggerContext, "loggerContext");
+        try {
+            final String ctxName = Server.escape(loggerContext.getName());
+            final String name = String.format(PATTERN, ctxName);
+            objectName = new ObjectName(name);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
+        }
+        loggerContext.addPropertyChangeListener(this);
+    }
+
+    private static MBeanNotificationInfo createNotificationInfo() {
+        final String[] notifTypes = new String[] {//
+                NOTIF_TYPE_RECONFIGURED };
+        final String name = Notification.class.getName();
+        final String description = "Configuration reconfigured";
+        return new MBeanNotificationInfo(notifTypes, name, description);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getStatus() {
+        return loggerContext.getStatus().toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return loggerContext.getName();
+    }
+
+    private Configuration getConfig() {
+        return loggerContext.getConfiguration();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfigLocationURI() {
+        if (loggerContext.getConfigLocation() != null) {
+            return String.valueOf(loggerContext.getConfigLocation());
+        }
+        if (getConfigName() != null) {
+            return String.valueOf(new File(getConfigName()).toURI());
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setConfigLocationURI(final String configLocation)
+            throws URISyntaxException, IOException {
+        LOGGER.debug("---------");
+        LOGGER.debug("Remote request to reconfigure using location "
+                + configLocation);
+        final URI uri = new URI(configLocation);
+
+        // validate the location first: invalid location will result in
+        // default configuration being configured, try to avoid that...
+        uri.toURL().openStream().close();
+
+        loggerContext.setConfigLocation(uri);
+        LOGGER.debug("Completed remote request to reconfigure.");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void propertyChange(final PropertyChangeEvent evt) {
+        if (!LoggerContext.PROPERTY_CONFIG.equals(evt.getPropertyName())) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // erase custom text if new configuration was read from a location
+        if (loggerContext.getConfiguration().getName() != null) {
+            customConfigText = null;
+        }
+        final Notification notif = new Notification(NOTIF_TYPE_RECONFIGURED,
+                getObjectName(), nextSeqNo(), now(), null);
+        sendNotification(notif);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfigText() throws IOException {
+        return getConfigText(Charsets.UTF_8.name());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfigText(final String charsetName) throws IOException {
+        if (customConfigText != null) {
+            return customConfigText;
+        }
+        try {
+            final Charset charset = Charset.forName(charsetName);
+            return readContents(new URI(getConfigLocationURI()), charset);
+        } catch (final Exception ex) {
+            final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter(BUFFER_SIZE);
+            ex.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(sw));
+            return sw.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setConfigText(final String configText, final String charsetName) {
+        final String old = customConfigText;
+        customConfigText = Assert.isNotNull(configText, "configText");
+        LOGGER.debug("---------");
+        LOGGER.debug("Remote request to reconfigure from config text.");
+
+        try {
+            final InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(
+                    configText.getBytes(charsetName));
+            final ConfigurationSource source = new ConfigurationSource(in);
+            final Configuration updated = ConfigurationFactory.getInstance()
+                    .getConfiguration(source);
+            loggerContext.start(updated);
+            LOGGER.debug("Completed remote request to reconfigure from config text.");
+        } catch (final Exception ex) {
+            customConfigText = old;
+            final String msg = "Could not reconfigure from config text";
+            LOGGER.error(msg, ex);
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg, ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String readContents(final URI uri, final Charset charset) throws IOException {
+        InputStream in = null;
+        try {
+            in = uri.toURL().openStream();
+            final Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(in, charset);
+            final StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(TEXT_BUFFER);
+            final char[] buff = new char[PAGE];
+            int count = -1;
+            while ((count = reader.read(buff)) >= 0) {
+                result.append(buff, 0, count);
+            }
+            return result.toString();
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                in.close();
+            } catch (final Exception ignored) {
+                // ignored
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfigName() {
+        return getConfig().getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfigClassName() {
+        return getConfig().getClass().getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfigFilter() {
+        return String.valueOf(getConfig().getFilter());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfigMonitorClassName() {
+        return getConfig().getConfigurationMonitor().getClass().getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Map<String, String> getConfigProperties() {
+        return getConfig().getProperties();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code ObjectName} of this mbean.
+     *
+     * @return the {@code ObjectName}
+     * @see LoggerContextAdminMBean#PATTERN
+     */
+    public ObjectName getObjectName() {
+        return objectName;
+    }
+
+    private long nextSeqNo() {
+        return sequenceNo.getAndIncrement();
+    }
+
+    private long now() {
+        return System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 193 is not released after line 202.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 197
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String LoggerContextAdmin.readContents(URI,Charset)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.jmx.LoggerContextAdmin.readContents(java.net.URI,java.nio.charset.Char.a31fbb175bcd5be4f70b4bd1b7470245
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/jmx/LoggerContextAdmin.java
+
+### Key:
+LoggerContextAdmin.java|readContents|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6d15c9608e0b7a140ecfdba5dce92676
+
+### Hash:
+572db27f231ce86e1ab1232c0ea857c9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7949/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7949/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a4ff603330d1ee67e4d174f26e4371cda747d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7949/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 YCSB contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+// Authors: Anthony F. Voellm and Khoa Dang
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.microsoft.azure.documentdb.*;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DB;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.StringByteIterator;
+
+/**
+ * Azure Cosmos DB v1.00 client for YCSB.
+ */
+
+public class AzureCosmosClient extends DB {
+  // Document uri naming
+  private static final String DATABASES_PATH_SEGMENT = "dbs";
+  private static final String COLLECTIONS_PATH_SEGMENT = "colls";
+  private static final String DOCUMENTS_PATH_SEGMENT = "docs";
+
+  // Default configuration values
+  private static final String DEFAULT_CONSISTENCY_LEVEL = "Session";
+  private static final String DEFAULT_DATABASE_NAME = "ycsb";
+  private static final String DEFAULT_CONNECTION_MODE = "DirectHttps";
+  private static final boolean DEFAULT_USE_SINGLE_PARTITION_COLLECTION = true;
+  private static final boolean DEFAULT_USE_UPSERT = false;
+  private static final boolean DEFAULT_USE_HASH_QUERY_FOR_SCAN = false;
+  private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_DEGREE_OF_PARALLELISM_FOR_QUERY = 0;
+  private static final boolean DEFAULT_INCLUDE_EXCEPTION_STACK_IN_LOG = false;
+
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AzureCosmosClient.class);
+
+  /**
+   * Count the number of times initialized to teardown on the last
+   * {@link #cleanup()}.
+   */
+  private static final AtomicInteger INIT_COUNT = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+  private static DocumentClient client;
+
+  private String queryText;
+  private String databaseName;
+  private boolean useSinglePartitionCollection;
+  private boolean useUpsert;
+  private boolean useHashQueryForScan;
+  private int maxDegreeOfParallelismForQuery;
+  private boolean includeExceptionStackInLog;
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void init() throws DBException {
+    INIT_COUNT.incrementAndGet();
+    if (client != null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    initAzureCosmosClient();
+  }
+
+  private void initAzureCosmosClient() throws DBException {
+    // Connection properties
+    String primaryKey = this.getStringProperty("azurecosmos.primaryKey", null);
+    if (StringUtils.isEmpty(primaryKey)) {
+      throw new DBException("Missing primary key required to connect to the database.");
+    }
+
+    String uri = getProperties().getProperty("azurecosmos.uri", null);
+    if (StringUtils.isEmpty(uri)) {
+      throw new DBException("Missing uri required to connect to the database.");
+    }
+
+    this.useSinglePartitionCollection = this.getBooleanProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.useSinglePartitionCollection",
+            DEFAULT_USE_SINGLE_PARTITION_COLLECTION);
+
+    this.useUpsert = this.getBooleanProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.useUpsert",
+            DEFAULT_USE_UPSERT);
+
+    this.useHashQueryForScan = this.getBooleanProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.useHashQueryForScan",
+            DEFAULT_USE_HASH_QUERY_FOR_SCAN);
+
+    this.databaseName = this.getStringProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.databaseName",
+            DEFAULT_DATABASE_NAME);
+
+    this.maxDegreeOfParallelismForQuery = this.getIntProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.maxDegreeOfParallelismForQuery",
+            DEFAULT_MAX_DEGREE_OF_PARALLELISM_FOR_QUERY);
+
+    this.includeExceptionStackInLog = this.getBooleanProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.includeExceptionStackInLog",
+            DEFAULT_INCLUDE_EXCEPTION_STACK_IN_LOG);
+
+    ConsistencyLevel consistencyLevel = ConsistencyLevel.valueOf(this.getStringProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.consistencyLevel",
+            DEFAULT_CONSISTENCY_LEVEL));
+    String connectionModeString = this.getStringProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.connectionMode",
+            DEFAULT_CONNECTION_MODE);
+
+    ConnectionPolicy connectionPolicy = new ConnectionPolicy();
+    connectionPolicy.setEnableEndpointDiscovery(false);
+    connectionPolicy.setConnectionMode(ConnectionMode.valueOf(connectionModeString));
+    connectionPolicy.setMaxPoolSize(this.getIntProperty("azurecosmos.maxConnectionPoolSize",
+                                                        connectionPolicy.getMaxPoolSize()));
+    connectionPolicy.setIdleConnectionTimeout(this.getIntProperty("azurecosmos.idleConnectionTimeout",
+                                                                  connectionPolicy.getIdleConnectionTimeout()));
+
+    RetryOptions retryOptions = new RetryOptions();
+    retryOptions.setMaxRetryAttemptsOnThrottledRequests(this.getIntProperty(
+            "azurecosmos.maxRetryAttemptsOnThrottledRequests",
+            retryOptions.getMaxRetryAttemptsOnThrottledRequests()));
+    retryOptions.setMaxRetryWaitTimeInSeconds(this.getIntProperty(
+              "azurecosmos.maxRetryWaitTimeInSeconds",
+              retryOptions.getMaxRetryWaitTimeInSeconds()));
+    connectionPolicy.setRetryOptions(retryOptions);
+
+    // Query text
+    this.queryText = this.getQueryText();
+
+    try {
+      LOGGER.info("Creating azurecosmos client {}.. connectivityMode={}, consistencyLevel={},"
+                      + " maxRetryAttemptsOnThrottledRequests={}, maxRetryWaitTimeInSeconds={}"
+                      + " useSinglePartitionCollection={}, useUpsert={}, useHashQueryForScan={}, "
+                      + "queryText={}",
+              uri,
+              connectionPolicy.getConnectionMode(),
+              consistencyLevel.toString(),
+              connectionPolicy.getRetryOptions().getMaxRetryAttemptsOnThrottledRequests(),
+              connectionPolicy.getRetryOptions().getMaxRetryWaitTimeInSeconds(),
+              this.useSinglePartitionCollection,
+              this.useUpsert,
+              this.useHashQueryForScan,
+              this.queryText);
+      AzureCosmosClient.client = new DocumentClient(uri, primaryKey, connectionPolicy, consistencyLevel);
+      LOGGER.info("Azure Cosmos connection created: {}", uri);
+    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+      throw new DBException("Illegal argument passed in.  Check the format of your parameters.", e);
+    }
+
+    // Verify the database exists
+    try {
+      AzureCosmosClient.client.readDatabase(getDatabaseLink(this.databaseName), new RequestOptions());
+    } catch (DocumentClientException e) {
+      throw new DBException("Invalid database name (" + this.databaseName + ") or failed to read database.", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String getStringProperty(String propertyName, String defaultValue) {
+    return getProperties().getProperty(propertyName, defaultValue);
+  }
+
+  private boolean getBooleanProperty(String propertyName, boolean defaultValue) {
+    String stringVal = getProperties().getProperty(propertyName, null);
+    if (stringVal == null) {
+      return defaultValue;
+    }
+    return Boolean.parseBoolean(stringVal);
+  }
+
+  private int getIntProperty(String propertyName, int defaultValue) {
+    String stringVal = getProperties().getProperty(propertyName, null);
+    if (stringVal == null) {
+      return defaultValue;
+    }
+    try {
+      return Integer.parseInt(stringVal);
+    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+      return defaultValue;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String getQueryText() {
+    return this.useHashQueryForScan ?
+             "SELECT * FROM root r WHERE r.id = @startkey" :
+             "SELECT TOP @recordcount * FROM root r WHERE r.myid >= @startkey";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cleanup any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one DB
+   * instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    if (INIT_COUNT.decrementAndGet() == 0) {
+      try {
+        AzureCosmosClient.client.close();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        if (!this.includeExceptionStackInLog) {
+          e = null;
+        }
+        LOGGER.error("Could not close DocumentClient", e);
+      } finally {
+        client = null;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields, Map<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    String documentLink = getDocumentLink(this.databaseName, table, key);
+
+    ResourceResponse<Document> readResource = null;
+    Document document = null;
+
+    try {
+      readResource = AzureCosmosClient.client.readDocument(documentLink, getRequestOptions(key));
+      document = readResource.getResource();
+    } catch (DocumentClientException e) {
+      if (!this.includeExceptionStackInLog) {
+        e = null;
+      }
+      LOGGER.error("Failed to read key {} in collection {} in database {}", key, table, this.databaseName, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (null != document) {
+      result.putAll(extractResult(document));
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount, Set<String> fields,
+                     Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+    List<Document> documents;
+    FeedResponse<Document> feedResponse = null;
+    try {
+      feedResponse = AzureCosmosClient.client.queryDocuments(getDocumentCollectionLink(this.databaseName, table),
+            new SqlQuerySpec(queryText,
+                    new SqlParameterCollection(new SqlParameter("@recordcount", recordcount),
+                            new SqlParameter("@startkey", startkey))),
+            getFeedOptions(startkey));
+      documents = feedResponse.getQueryIterable().toList();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      if (!this.includeExceptionStackInLog) {
+        e = null;
+      }
+      LOGGER.error("Failed to scan with startKey={}, recordCount={}", startkey, recordcount, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (documents != null) {
+      for (Document document : documents) {
+        result.add(this.extractResult(document));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status update(String table, String key, Map<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    // Azure Cosmos does not have patch support.  Until then we need to read
+    // the document, update in place, and then write back.
+    // This could actually be made more efficient by using a stored procedure
+    // and doing the read/modify write on the server side.  Perhaps
+    // that will be a future improvement.
+
+    String documentLink = getDocumentLink(this.databaseName, table, key);
+    ResourceResponse<Document> updatedResource = null;
+    ResourceResponse<Document> readResouce = null;
+    RequestOptions reqOptions = null;
+    Document document = null;
+
+    try {
+      reqOptions = getRequestOptions(key);
+      readResouce = AzureCosmosClient.client.readDocument(documentLink, reqOptions);
+      document = readResouce.getResource();
+    } catch (DocumentClientException e) {
+      if (!this.includeExceptionStackInLog) {
+        e = null;
+      }
+      LOGGER.error("Failed to read key {} in collection {} in database {} during update operation",
+          key, table, this.databaseName, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    // Update values
+    for (Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      document.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toString());
+    }
+
+    AccessCondition accessCondition = new AccessCondition();
+    accessCondition.setCondition(document.getETag());
+    accessCondition.setType(AccessConditionType.IfMatch);
+    reqOptions.setAccessCondition(accessCondition);
+
+    try {
+      updatedResource = AzureCosmosClient.client.replaceDocument(documentLink, document, reqOptions);
+    } catch (DocumentClientException e) {
+      if (!this.includeExceptionStackInLog) {
+        e = null;
+      }
+      LOGGER.error("Failed to update key {}", key, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(String table, String key, Map<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    Document documentDefinition = getDocumentDefinition(key, values);
+    ResourceResponse<Document> resourceResponse = null;
+    RequestOptions requestOptions = getRequestOptions(key);
+  
+    try {
+      if (this.useUpsert) {
+        resourceResponse = AzureCosmosClient.client.upsertDocument(getDocumentCollectionLink(this.databaseName, table),
+            documentDefinition,
+            requestOptions,
+            true);
+      } else {
+        resourceResponse = AzureCosmosClient.client.createDocument(getDocumentCollectionLink(this.databaseName, table),
+            documentDefinition,
+            requestOptions,
+            true);
+      }
+
+    } catch (DocumentClientException e) {
+      if (!this.includeExceptionStackInLog) {
+        e = null;
+      }
+      LOGGER.error("Failed to insert key {} to collection {} in database {}", key, table, this.databaseName, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    ResourceResponse<Document> deletedResource = null;
+
+    try {
+      deletedResource = AzureCosmosClient.client.deleteDocument(getDocumentLink(this.databaseName, table, key),
+              getRequestOptions(key));
+    } catch (DocumentClientException e) {
+      if (!this.includeExceptionStackInLog) {
+        e = null;
+      }
+      LOGGER.error("Failed to delete key {} in collection {} in database {}", key, table, this.databaseName, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  private HashMap<String, ByteIterator> extractResult(Document item) {
+    if (null == item) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    HashMap<String, ByteIterator> rItems = new HashMap<>(item.getHashMap().size());
+
+    for (Entry<String, Object> attr : item.getHashMap().entrySet()) {
+      rItems.put(attr.getKey(), new StringByteIterator(attr.getValue().toString()));
+    }
+    return rItems;
+  }
+
+  private FeedOptions getFeedOptions(String key) {
+    if (useSinglePartitionCollection) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    FeedOptions feedOptions = new FeedOptions();
+    if (this.useHashQueryForScan) {
+      feedOptions.setEnableCrossPartitionQuery(false);
+      feedOptions.setPartitionKey(new PartitionKey(key));
+    } else {
+      feedOptions.setEnableCrossPartitionQuery(true);
+      feedOptions.setMaxDegreeOfParallelism(this.maxDegreeOfParallelismForQuery);
+    }
+    return feedOptions;
+  }
+
+  private RequestOptions getRequestOptions(String key) {
+    RequestOptions requestOptions = new RequestOptions();
+    requestOptions.setPartitionKey(new PartitionKey(key));
+    return requestOptions;
+  }
+
+  private static String getDatabaseLink(String databaseName) {
+    return String.format("%s/%s", DATABASES_PATH_SEGMENT, databaseName);
+  }
+
+  private static String getDocumentCollectionLink(String databaseName, String table) {
+    return String.format("%s/%s/%s",
+            getDatabaseLink(databaseName),
+            COLLECTIONS_PATH_SEGMENT,
+            table);
+  }
+
+  private static String getDocumentLink(String databaseName, String table, String key) {
+    return String.format("%s/%s/%s",
+            getDocumentCollectionLink(databaseName, table),
+            DOCUMENTS_PATH_SEGMENT,
+            key);
+  }
+
+  private Document getDocumentDefinition(String key, Map<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    Document document = new Document();
+    document.set("id", key);
+    if (!this.useHashQueryForScan) {
+      // This field is only needed for range scans.
+      // Even if this field is present in the document you
+      // should still partition on id for simplicity of config.
+      document.set("myid", key);
+    }
+    for (Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      document.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toString());
+    }
+    return document;
+  }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.AzureCosmosClient.scan` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.AzureCosmosClient.useHashQueryForScan`. Potentially races with write in method `AzureCosmosClient.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Status AzureCosmosClient.scan(String,String,int,Set,Vector)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.AzureCosmosClient.scan(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int,java.util.Set,java.ut.fada3900a10f8291bfca33401d9753bc
+
+### File:
+azurecosmos/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/AzureCosmosClient.java
+
+### Key:
+AzureCosmosClient.java|scan|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+255ea7387fa8e9a8d67836cd389e8782
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7952/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7952/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4d18418cc62535f3845db3e58f03f3f0aae95f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7952/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 YCSB contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import com.google.bigtable.repackaged.com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.google.bigtable.repackaged.com.google.protobuf.ServiceException;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Column;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Family;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.MutateRowRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.ReadRowsRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Row;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.RowFilter;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.RowRange;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation.DeleteFromRow;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation.SetCell;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.RowFilter.Chain.Builder;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.BigtableOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableDataClient;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableSession;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AsyncExecutor;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.HeapSizeManager;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase.BigtableOptionsFactory;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.util.ByteStringer;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+
+/**
+ * Google Bigtable Proto client for YCSB framework.
+ * 
+ * Bigtable offers two APIs. These include a native Protobuf GRPC API as well as 
+ * an HBase API wrapper for the GRPC API. This client implements the Protobuf 
+ * API to test the underlying calls wrapped up in the HBase API. To use the 
+ * HBase API, see the hbase10 client binding.
+ */
+public class GoogleBigtableClient extends com.yahoo.ycsb.DB {
+  public static final Charset UTF8_CHARSET = Charset.forName("UTF8");
+  
+  /** Property names for the CLI. */
+  private static final String ASYNC_MUTATOR_MAX_MEMORY = "mutatorMaxMemory";
+  private static final String ASYNC_MAX_INFLIGHT_RPCS = "mutatorMaxInflightRPCs";
+  private static final String CLIENT_SIDE_BUFFERING = "clientbuffering";
+  
+  /** Must be an object for synchronization and tracking running thread counts. */ 
+  private static Integer threadCount = 0;
+  
+  /** This will load the hbase-site.xml config file and/or store CLI options. */
+  private static final Configuration CONFIG = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+  
+  /** Print debug information to standard out. */
+  private boolean debug = false;
+  
+  /** Global Bigtable native API objects. */ 
+  private static BigtableOptions options;
+  private static BigtableSession session;
+  
+  /** Thread loacal Bigtable native API objects. */
+  private BigtableDataClient client;
+  private HeapSizeManager heapSizeManager;
+  private AsyncExecutor asyncExecutor;
+  
+  /** The column family use for the workload. */
+  private byte[] columnFamilyBytes;
+  
+  /** Cache for the last table name/ID to avoid byte conversions. */
+  private String lastTable = "";
+  private byte[] lastTableBytes;
+  
+  /**
+   * If true, buffer mutations on the client. For measuring insert/update/delete 
+   * latencies, client side buffering should be disabled.
+   */
+  private boolean clientSideBuffering = false;
+
+  @Override
+  public void init() throws DBException {
+    Properties props = getProperties();
+    
+    // Defaults the user can override if needed
+    CONFIG.set("google.bigtable.auth.service.account.enable", "true");
+    
+    // make it easy on ourselves by copying all CLI properties into the config object.
+    final Iterator<Entry<Object, Object>> it = props.entrySet().iterator();
+    while (it.hasNext()) {
+      Entry<Object, Object> entry = it.next();
+      CONFIG.set((String)entry.getKey(), (String)entry.getValue());
+    }
+    
+    clientSideBuffering = getProperties().getProperty(CLIENT_SIDE_BUFFERING, "false")
+        .equals("true") ? true : false;
+    
+    System.err.println("Running Google Bigtable with Proto API" +
+         (clientSideBuffering ? " and client side buffering." : "."));
+    
+    synchronized (threadCount) {
+      ++threadCount;
+      if (session == null) {
+        try {
+          options = BigtableOptionsFactory.fromConfiguration(CONFIG);
+          session = new BigtableSession(options);
+          // important to instantiate the first client here, otherwise the
+          // other threads may receive an NPE from the options when they try
+          // to read the cluster name.
+          client = session.getDataClient();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          throw new DBException("Error loading options from config: ", e);
+        }
+      } else {
+        client = session.getDataClient();
+      }
+      
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        heapSizeManager = new HeapSizeManager(
+            Long.parseLong(
+                getProperties().getProperty(ASYNC_MUTATOR_MAX_MEMORY, 
+                    Long.toString(AsyncExecutor.ASYNC_MUTATOR_MAX_MEMORY_DEFAULT))),
+            Integer.parseInt(
+                getProperties().getProperty(ASYNC_MAX_INFLIGHT_RPCS, 
+                    Integer.toString(AsyncExecutor.MAX_INFLIGHT_RPCS_DEFAULT))));
+        asyncExecutor = new AsyncExecutor(client, heapSizeManager);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("debug") != null)
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("debug").compareTo("true") == 0)) {
+      debug = true;
+    }
+    
+    final String columnFamily = getProperties().getProperty("columnfamily");
+    if (columnFamily == null) {
+      System.err.println("Error, must specify a columnfamily for Bigtable table");
+      throw new DBException("No columnfamily specified");
+    }
+    columnFamilyBytes = Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily);
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    if (asyncExecutor != null) {
+      try {
+        asyncExecutor.flush();
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        throw new DBException(e);
+      }
+    }
+    synchronized (threadCount) {
+      --threadCount;
+      if (threadCount <= 0) {
+        try {
+          session.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          throw new DBException(e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing read from Bigtable columnfamily " 
+          + new String(columnFamilyBytes));
+      System.out.println("Doing read for key: " + key);
+    }
+    
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    RowFilter filter = RowFilter.newBuilder()
+        .setFamilyNameRegexFilterBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(columnFamilyBytes))
+        .build();
+    if (fields != null && fields.size() > 0) {
+      Builder filterChain = RowFilter.Chain.newBuilder();
+      filterChain.addFilters(filter);
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setCellsPerColumnLimitFilter(1)
+          .build());
+      int count = 0;
+      // usually "field#" so pre-alloc
+      final StringBuilder regex = new StringBuilder(fields.size() * 6);
+      for (final String field : fields) {
+        if (count++ > 0) {
+          regex.append("|");
+        }
+        regex.append(field);
+      }
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setColumnQualifierRegexFilter(
+              ByteStringer.wrap(regex.toString().getBytes()))).build();
+      filter = RowFilter.newBuilder().setChain(filterChain.build()).build();
+    }
+    
+    final ReadRowsRequest.Builder rrr = ReadRowsRequest.newBuilder()
+        .setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes))
+        .setFilter(filter)
+        .setRowKey(ByteStringer.wrap(key.getBytes()));
+    
+    List<Row> rows;
+    try {
+      rows = client.readRowsAsync(rrr.build()).get();
+      if (rows == null || rows.isEmpty()) {
+        return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+      }
+      for (final Row row : rows) {
+        for (final Family family : row.getFamiliesList()) {
+          if (Arrays.equals(family.getNameBytes().toByteArray(), columnFamilyBytes)) {
+            for (final Column column : family.getColumnsList()) {
+              // we should only have a single cell per column
+              result.put(column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET), 
+                  new ByteArrayByteIterator(column.getCells(0).getValue().toByteArray()));
+              if (debug) {
+                System.out.println(
+                    "Result for field: " + column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET)
+                        + " is: " + column.getCells(0).getValue().toString(UTF8_CHARSET));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted during get: " + e);
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      System.err.println("Exception during get: " + e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+      Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    RowFilter filter = RowFilter.newBuilder()
+        .setFamilyNameRegexFilterBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(columnFamilyBytes))
+        .build();
+    if (fields != null && fields.size() > 0) {
+      Builder filterChain = RowFilter.Chain.newBuilder();
+      filterChain.addFilters(filter);
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setCellsPerColumnLimitFilter(1)
+          .build());
+      int count = 0;
+      // usually "field#" so pre-alloc
+      final StringBuilder regex = new StringBuilder(fields.size() * 6);
+      for (final String field : fields) {
+        if (count++ > 0) {
+          regex.append("|");
+        }
+        regex.append(field);
+      }
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setColumnQualifierRegexFilter(
+              ByteStringer.wrap(regex.toString().getBytes()))).build();
+      filter = RowFilter.newBuilder().setChain(filterChain.build()).build();
+    }
+    
+    final RowRange range = RowRange.newBuilder()
+        .setStartKey(ByteStringer.wrap(startkey.getBytes()))
+        .build();
+    
+    final ReadRowsRequest.Builder rrr = ReadRowsRequest.newBuilder()
+        .setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes))
+        .setFilter(filter)
+        .setRowRange(range);
+    
+    List<Row> rows;
+    try {
+      rows = client.readRowsAsync(rrr.build()).get();
+      if (rows == null || rows.isEmpty()) {
+        return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+      }
+      int numResults = 0;
+      
+      for (final Row row : rows) {
+        final HashMap<String, ByteIterator> rowResult =
+            new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>(fields != null ? fields.size() : 10);
+        
+        for (final Family family : row.getFamiliesList()) {
+          if (Arrays.equals(family.getNameBytes().toByteArray(), columnFamilyBytes)) {
+            for (final Column column : family.getColumnsList()) {
+              // we should only have a single cell per column
+              rowResult.put(column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET), 
+                  new ByteArrayByteIterator(column.getCells(0).getValue().toByteArray()));
+              if (debug) {
+                System.out.println(
+                    "Result for field: " + column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET)
+                        + " is: " + column.getCells(0).getValue().toString(UTF8_CHARSET));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        
+        result.add(rowResult);
+        
+        numResults++;
+        if (numResults >= recordcount) {// if hit recordcount, bail out
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted during scan: " + e);
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      System.err.println("Exception during scan: " + e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status update(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Setting up put for key: " + key);
+    }
+    
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    final MutateRowRequest.Builder rowMutation = MutateRowRequest.newBuilder();
+    rowMutation.setRowKey(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(key));
+    rowMutation.setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes));
+    
+    for (final Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      final Mutation.Builder mutationBuilder = rowMutation.addMutationsBuilder();
+      final SetCell.Builder setCellBuilder = mutationBuilder.getSetCellBuilder();
+      
+      setCellBuilder.setFamilyNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(columnFamilyBytes));
+      setCellBuilder.setColumnQualifier(ByteStringer.wrap(entry.getKey().getBytes()));
+      setCellBuilder.setValue(ByteStringer.wrap(entry.getValue().toArray()));
+      setCellBuilder.setTimestampMicros(System.nanoTime() / 1000);
+    }
+    
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        asyncExecutor.mutateRowAsync(rowMutation.build());
+      } else {
+        client.mutateRow(rowMutation.build());
+      }
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (ServiceException e) {
+      System.err.println("Failed to insert key: " + key + " " + e.getMessage());
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted while inserting key: " + key + " " 
+          + e.getMessage());
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR; // never get here, but lets make the compiler happy
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    return update(table, key, values);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing delete for key: " + key);
+    }
+    
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    final MutateRowRequest.Builder rowMutation = MutateRowRequest.newBuilder()
+        .setRowKey(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(key))
+        .setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes));
+    rowMutation.addMutationsBuilder().setDeleteFromRow(
+        DeleteFromRow.getDefaultInstance());
+    
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        asyncExecutor.mutateRowAsync(rowMutation.build());
+      } else {
+        client.mutateRow(rowMutation.build());
+      }
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (ServiceException e) {
+      System.err.println("Failed to delete key: " + key + " " + e.getMessage());
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted while delete key: " + key + " " 
+          + e.getMessage());
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR; // never get here, but lets make the compiler happy
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Little helper to set the table byte array. If it's different than the last
+   * table we reset the byte array. Otherwise we just use the existing array.
+   * @param table The table we're operating against
+   */
+  private void setTable(final String table) {
+    if (!lastTable.equals(table)) {
+      lastTable = table;
+      lastTableBytes = options
+          .getClusterName()
+          .toTableName(table)
+          .toString()
+          .getBytes();
+    }
+  }
+  
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.GoogleBigtableClient.init` reads without synchronization from `db.GoogleBigtableClient.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.GoogleBigtableClient.threadCount`. Potentially races with write in method `GoogleBigtableClient.cleanup()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GoogleBigtableClient.init()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.GoogleBigtableClient.init():void.0177ff4e6a9988c5d0042b86286418e5
+
+### File:
+googlebigtable/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/GoogleBigtableClient.java
+
+### Key:
+GoogleBigtableClient.java|init|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1d3ab48bc5c07627ca2c975100fcad53
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7953/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7953/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18563493aa7f01b8be03c70869f91290768987e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7953/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.measurements.Measurements;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutator;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutatorParams;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Durability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Get;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ResultScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.PageFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+/**
+ * HBase 1.0 client for YCSB framework.
+ *
+ * A modified version of HBaseClient (which targets HBase v0.9) utilizing the
+ * HBase 1.0.0 API.
+ *
+ * This client also adds toggleable client-side buffering and configurable write
+ * durability.
+ */
+public class HBaseClient10 extends com.yahoo.ycsb.DB {
+  private Configuration config = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+  
+  // Must be an object for synchronization and tracking running thread counts. 
+  private static Integer threadCount = 0;
+
+  private boolean debug = false;
+
+  private String tableName = "";
+  private static Connection connection = null;
+
+  // Depending on the value of clientSideBuffering, either bufferedMutator
+  // (clientSideBuffering) or currentTable (!clientSideBuffering) will be used.
+  private Table currentTable = null;
+  private BufferedMutator bufferedMutator = null;
+
+  private String columnFamily = "";
+  private byte[] columnFamilyBytes;
+
+  /**
+   * Durability to use for puts and deletes.
+   */
+  private Durability durability = Durability.USE_DEFAULT;
+
+  /** Whether or not a page filter should be used to limit scan length. */
+  private boolean usePageFilter = true;
+
+  /**
+   * If true, buffer mutations on the client. This is the default behavior for
+   * HBaseClient. For measuring insert/update/delete latencies, client side
+   * buffering should be disabled.
+   */
+  private boolean clientSideBuffering = false;
+  private long writeBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 * 12;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one
+   * DB instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void init() throws DBException {
+    if ("true"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("clientbuffering", "false"))) {
+      this.clientSideBuffering = true;
+    }
+    if (getProperties().containsKey("writebuffersize")) {
+      writeBufferSize =
+          Long.parseLong(getProperties().getProperty("writebuffersize"));
+    }
+
+    if (getProperties().getProperty("durability") != null) {
+      this.durability =
+          Durability.valueOf(getProperties().getProperty("durability"));
+    }
+
+    if ("kerberos".equalsIgnoreCase(config.get("hbase.security.authentication"))) {
+      config.set("hadoop.security.authentication", "Kerberos");
+      UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(config);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("principal")!=null) 
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("keytab")!=null)) {
+      try {
+        UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromKeytab(getProperties().getProperty("principal"), 
+              getProperties().getProperty("keytab"));
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Keytab file is not readable or not found");
+        throw new DBException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        ++threadCount;
+        if (connection == null) {
+          connection = ConnectionFactory.createConnection(config);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("debug") != null)
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("debug").compareTo("true") == 0)) {
+      debug = true;
+    }
+
+    if ("false"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("hbase.usepagefilter", "true"))) {
+      usePageFilter = false;
+    }
+
+    columnFamily = getProperties().getProperty("columnfamily");
+    if (columnFamily == null) {
+      System.err.println("Error, must specify a columnfamily for HBase table");
+      throw new DBException("No columnfamily specified");
+    }
+    columnFamilyBytes = Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily);
+
+    // Terminate right now if table does not exist, since the client
+    // will not propagate this error upstream once the workload
+    // starts.
+    String table = com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads.CoreWorkload.table;
+    try {
+      final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+      connection.getTable(tName).getTableDescriptor();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cleanup any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one DB
+   * instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    // Get the measurements instance as this is the only client that should
+    // count clean up time like an update if client-side buffering is
+    // enabled.
+    Measurements measurements = Measurements.getMeasurements();
+    try {
+      long st = System.nanoTime();
+      if (bufferedMutator != null) {
+        bufferedMutator.close();
+      }
+      if (currentTable != null) {
+        currentTable.close();
+      }
+      long en = System.nanoTime();
+      final String type = clientSideBuffering ? "UPDATE" : "CLEANUP";
+      measurements.measure(type, (int) ((en - st) / 1000));
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        --threadCount;
+        if (threadCount <= 0 && connection != null) {
+          connection.close();
+          connection = null;
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void getHTable(String table) throws IOException {
+    final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+    this.currentTable = this.connection.getTable(tName);
+    // suggestions from
+    // http://ryantwopointoh.blogspot.com/2009/01/
+    // performance-of-hbase-importing.html
+    if (clientSideBuffering) {
+      final BufferedMutatorParams p = new BufferedMutatorParams(tName);
+      p.writeBufferSize(writeBufferSize);
+      this.bufferedMutator = this.connection.getBufferedMutator(p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a record from the database. Each field/value pair from the result will
+   * be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to read.
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs for the result
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Result r = null;
+    try {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out
+            .println("Doing read from HBase columnfamily " + columnFamily);
+        System.out.println("Doing read for key: " + key);
+      }
+      Get g = new Get(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+      if (fields == null) {
+        g.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+      } else {
+        for (String field : fields) {
+          g.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+        }
+      }
+      r = currentTable.get(g);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing get: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...need to understand HBase concurrency model better
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (r.isEmpty()) {
+      return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+
+    while (r.advance()) {
+      final Cell c = r.current();
+      result.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c)),
+          new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println(
+            "Result for field: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c))
+                + " is: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      }
+    }
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform a range scan for a set of records in the database. Each field/value
+   * pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param startkey
+   *          The record key of the first record to read.
+   * @param recordcount
+   *          The number of records to read
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A Vector of HashMaps, where each HashMap is a set field/value
+   *          pairs for one record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+      Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Scan s = new Scan(Bytes.toBytes(startkey));
+    // HBase has no record limit. Here, assume recordcount is small enough to
+    // bring back in one call.
+    // We get back recordcount records
+    s.setCaching(recordcount);
+    if (this.usePageFilter) {
+      s.setFilter(new PageFilter(recordcount));
+    }
+
+    // add specified fields or else all fields
+    if (fields == null) {
+      s.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+    } else {
+      for (String field : fields) {
+        s.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // get results
+    ResultScanner scanner = null;
+    try {
+      scanner = currentTable.getScanner(s);
+      int numResults = 0;
+      for (Result rr = scanner.next(); rr != null; rr = scanner.next()) {
+        // get row key
+        String key = Bytes.toString(rr.getRow());
+
+        if (debug) {
+          System.out.println("Got scan result for key: " + key);
+        }
+
+        HashMap<String, ByteIterator> rowResult =
+            new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+
+        while (rr.advance()) {
+          final Cell cell = rr.current();
+          rowResult.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell)),
+              new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(cell)));
+        }
+
+        // add rowResult to result vector
+        result.add(rowResult);
+        numResults++;
+
+        // PageFilter does not guarantee that the number of results is <=
+        // pageSize, so this
+        // break is required.
+        if (numResults >= recordcount) {// if hit recordcount, bail out
+          break;
+        }
+      } // done with row
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Error in getting/parsing scan result: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } finally {
+      if (scanner != null) {
+        scanner.close();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key, overwriting any existing values with the same field name.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to write
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to update in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status update(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Setting up put for key: " + key);
+    }
+    Put p = new Put(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    p.setDurability(durability);
+    for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      byte[] value = entry.getValue().toArray();
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Adding field/value " + entry.getKey() + "/"
+            + Bytes.toStringBinary(value) + " to put request");
+      }
+      p.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(entry.getKey()), value);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(p);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.put(p);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing put: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...hope this is rare
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Insert a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to insert.
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to insert in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    return update(table, key, values);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete a record from the database.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to delete.
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing delete for key: " + key);
+    }
+
+    final Delete d = new Delete(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    d.setDurability(durability);
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(d);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.delete(d);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing delete: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void setConfiguration(final Configuration newConfig) {
+    this.config = newConfig;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * For customized vim control set autoindent set si set shiftwidth=4
+ */
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.getHTable` reads without synchronization from `this.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.writeBufferSize`. Potentially races with write in method `HBaseClient10.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HBaseClient10.getHTable(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.getHTable(java.lang.String):void.d64f2b5baa4bcfcb367a87ddf8698a98
+
+### File:
+hbase10/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/HBaseClient10.java
+
+### Key:
+HBaseClient10.java|getHTable|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a898de90dc60b5965e07b462d23a0b14
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7954/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7954/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e6d329e67996234d3a044880902ae4246ee2dc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7954/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 YCSB contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import com.google.bigtable.repackaged.com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.google.bigtable.repackaged.com.google.protobuf.ServiceException;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Column;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Family;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.MutateRowRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.ReadRowsRequest;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Row;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.RowFilter;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.RowRange;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation.DeleteFromRow;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.Mutation.SetCell;
+import com.google.bigtable.v1.RowFilter.Chain.Builder;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.BigtableOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableDataClient;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.BigtableSession;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.AsyncExecutor;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.async.HeapSizeManager;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase.BigtableOptionsFactory;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.util.ByteStringer;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+
+/**
+ * Google Bigtable Proto client for YCSB framework.
+ * 
+ * Bigtable offers two APIs. These include a native Protobuf GRPC API as well as 
+ * an HBase API wrapper for the GRPC API. This client implements the Protobuf 
+ * API to test the underlying calls wrapped up in the HBase API. To use the 
+ * HBase API, see the hbase10 client binding.
+ */
+public class GoogleBigtableClient extends com.yahoo.ycsb.DB {
+  public static final Charset UTF8_CHARSET = Charset.forName("UTF8");
+  
+  /** Property names for the CLI. */
+  private static final String ASYNC_MUTATOR_MAX_MEMORY = "mutatorMaxMemory";
+  private static final String ASYNC_MAX_INFLIGHT_RPCS = "mutatorMaxInflightRPCs";
+  private static final String CLIENT_SIDE_BUFFERING = "clientbuffering";
+  
+  /** Tracks running thread counts so we know when to close the session. */ 
+  private static int threadCount = 0;
+  
+  /** This will load the hbase-site.xml config file and/or store CLI options. */
+  private static final Configuration CONFIG = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+  
+  /** Print debug information to standard out. */
+  private boolean debug = false;
+  
+  /** Global Bigtable native API objects. */ 
+  private static BigtableOptions options;
+  private static BigtableSession session;
+  
+  /** Thread loacal Bigtable native API objects. */
+  private BigtableDataClient client;
+  private HeapSizeManager heapSizeManager;
+  private AsyncExecutor asyncExecutor;
+  
+  /** The column family use for the workload. */
+  private byte[] columnFamilyBytes;
+  
+  /** Cache for the last table name/ID to avoid byte conversions. */
+  private String lastTable = "";
+  private byte[] lastTableBytes;
+  
+  /**
+   * If true, buffer mutations on the client. For measuring insert/update/delete 
+   * latencies, client side buffering should be disabled.
+   */
+  private boolean clientSideBuffering = false;
+
+  @Override
+  public void init() throws DBException {
+    Properties props = getProperties();
+    
+    // Defaults the user can override if needed
+    CONFIG.set("google.bigtable.auth.service.account.enable", "true");
+    
+    // make it easy on ourselves by copying all CLI properties into the config object.
+    final Iterator<Entry<Object, Object>> it = props.entrySet().iterator();
+    while (it.hasNext()) {
+      Entry<Object, Object> entry = it.next();
+      CONFIG.set((String)entry.getKey(), (String)entry.getValue());
+    }
+    
+    clientSideBuffering = getProperties().getProperty(CLIENT_SIDE_BUFFERING, "false")
+        .equals("true") ? true : false;
+    
+    System.err.println("Running Google Bigtable with Proto API" +
+         (clientSideBuffering ? " and client side buffering." : "."));
+    
+    synchronized (CONFIG) {
+      ++threadCount;
+      if (session == null) {
+        try {
+          options = BigtableOptionsFactory.fromConfiguration(CONFIG);
+          session = new BigtableSession(options);
+          // important to instantiate the first client here, otherwise the
+          // other threads may receive an NPE from the options when they try
+          // to read the cluster name.
+          client = session.getDataClient();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          throw new DBException("Error loading options from config: ", e);
+        }
+      } else {
+        client = session.getDataClient();
+      }
+      
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        heapSizeManager = new HeapSizeManager(
+            Long.parseLong(
+                getProperties().getProperty(ASYNC_MUTATOR_MAX_MEMORY, 
+                    Long.toString(AsyncExecutor.ASYNC_MUTATOR_MAX_MEMORY_DEFAULT))),
+            Integer.parseInt(
+                getProperties().getProperty(ASYNC_MAX_INFLIGHT_RPCS, 
+                    Integer.toString(AsyncExecutor.MAX_INFLIGHT_RPCS_DEFAULT))));
+        asyncExecutor = new AsyncExecutor(client, heapSizeManager);
+      }
+    }
+    
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("debug") != null)
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("debug").compareTo("true") == 0)) {
+      debug = true;
+    }
+    
+    final String columnFamily = getProperties().getProperty("columnfamily");
+    if (columnFamily == null) {
+      System.err.println("Error, must specify a columnfamily for Bigtable table");
+      throw new DBException("No columnfamily specified");
+    }
+    columnFamilyBytes = Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily);
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    if (asyncExecutor != null) {
+      try {
+        asyncExecutor.flush();
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        throw new DBException(e);
+      }
+    }
+    synchronized (CONFIG) {
+      --threadCount;
+      if (threadCount <= 0) {
+        try {
+          session.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          throw new DBException(e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing read from Bigtable columnfamily " 
+          + new String(columnFamilyBytes));
+      System.out.println("Doing read for key: " + key);
+    }
+    
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    RowFilter filter = RowFilter.newBuilder()
+        .setFamilyNameRegexFilterBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(columnFamilyBytes))
+        .build();
+    if (fields != null && fields.size() > 0) {
+      Builder filterChain = RowFilter.Chain.newBuilder();
+      filterChain.addFilters(filter);
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setCellsPerColumnLimitFilter(1)
+          .build());
+      int count = 0;
+      // usually "field#" so pre-alloc
+      final StringBuilder regex = new StringBuilder(fields.size() * 6);
+      for (final String field : fields) {
+        if (count++ > 0) {
+          regex.append("|");
+        }
+        regex.append(field);
+      }
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setColumnQualifierRegexFilter(
+              ByteStringer.wrap(regex.toString().getBytes()))).build();
+      filter = RowFilter.newBuilder().setChain(filterChain.build()).build();
+    }
+    
+    final ReadRowsRequest.Builder rrr = ReadRowsRequest.newBuilder()
+        .setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes))
+        .setFilter(filter)
+        .setRowKey(ByteStringer.wrap(key.getBytes()));
+    
+    List<Row> rows;
+    try {
+      rows = client.readRowsAsync(rrr.build()).get();
+      if (rows == null || rows.isEmpty()) {
+        return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+      }
+      for (final Row row : rows) {
+        for (final Family family : row.getFamiliesList()) {
+          if (Arrays.equals(family.getNameBytes().toByteArray(), columnFamilyBytes)) {
+            for (final Column column : family.getColumnsList()) {
+              // we should only have a single cell per column
+              result.put(column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET), 
+                  new ByteArrayByteIterator(column.getCells(0).getValue().toByteArray()));
+              if (debug) {
+                System.out.println(
+                    "Result for field: " + column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET)
+                        + " is: " + column.getCells(0).getValue().toString(UTF8_CHARSET));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted during get: " + e);
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      System.err.println("Exception during get: " + e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+      Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    RowFilter filter = RowFilter.newBuilder()
+        .setFamilyNameRegexFilterBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(columnFamilyBytes))
+        .build();
+    if (fields != null && fields.size() > 0) {
+      Builder filterChain = RowFilter.Chain.newBuilder();
+      filterChain.addFilters(filter);
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setCellsPerColumnLimitFilter(1)
+          .build());
+      int count = 0;
+      // usually "field#" so pre-alloc
+      final StringBuilder regex = new StringBuilder(fields.size() * 6);
+      for (final String field : fields) {
+        if (count++ > 0) {
+          regex.append("|");
+        }
+        regex.append(field);
+      }
+      filterChain.addFilters(RowFilter.newBuilder()
+          .setColumnQualifierRegexFilter(
+              ByteStringer.wrap(regex.toString().getBytes()))).build();
+      filter = RowFilter.newBuilder().setChain(filterChain.build()).build();
+    }
+    
+    final RowRange range = RowRange.newBuilder()
+        .setStartKey(ByteStringer.wrap(startkey.getBytes()))
+        .build();
+    
+    final ReadRowsRequest.Builder rrr = ReadRowsRequest.newBuilder()
+        .setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes))
+        .setFilter(filter)
+        .setRowRange(range);
+    
+    List<Row> rows;
+    try {
+      rows = client.readRowsAsync(rrr.build()).get();
+      if (rows == null || rows.isEmpty()) {
+        return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+      }
+      int numResults = 0;
+      
+      for (final Row row : rows) {
+        final HashMap<String, ByteIterator> rowResult =
+            new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>(fields != null ? fields.size() : 10);
+        
+        for (final Family family : row.getFamiliesList()) {
+          if (Arrays.equals(family.getNameBytes().toByteArray(), columnFamilyBytes)) {
+            for (final Column column : family.getColumnsList()) {
+              // we should only have a single cell per column
+              rowResult.put(column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET), 
+                  new ByteArrayByteIterator(column.getCells(0).getValue().toByteArray()));
+              if (debug) {
+                System.out.println(
+                    "Result for field: " + column.getQualifier().toString(UTF8_CHARSET)
+                        + " is: " + column.getCells(0).getValue().toString(UTF8_CHARSET));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        
+        result.add(rowResult);
+        
+        numResults++;
+        if (numResults >= recordcount) {// if hit recordcount, bail out
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted during scan: " + e);
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      System.err.println("Exception during scan: " + e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status update(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Setting up put for key: " + key);
+    }
+    
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    final MutateRowRequest.Builder rowMutation = MutateRowRequest.newBuilder();
+    rowMutation.setRowKey(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(key));
+    rowMutation.setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes));
+    
+    for (final Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      final Mutation.Builder mutationBuilder = rowMutation.addMutationsBuilder();
+      final SetCell.Builder setCellBuilder = mutationBuilder.getSetCellBuilder();
+      
+      setCellBuilder.setFamilyNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(columnFamilyBytes));
+      setCellBuilder.setColumnQualifier(ByteStringer.wrap(entry.getKey().getBytes()));
+      setCellBuilder.setValue(ByteStringer.wrap(entry.getValue().toArray()));
+
+      // Bigtable uses a 1ms granularity
+      setCellBuilder.setTimestampMicros(System.currentTimeMillis() * 1000);
+    }
+    
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        asyncExecutor.mutateRowAsync(rowMutation.build());
+      } else {
+        client.mutateRow(rowMutation.build());
+      }
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (ServiceException e) {
+      System.err.println("Failed to insert key: " + key + " " + e.getMessage());
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted while inserting key: " + key + " " 
+          + e.getMessage());
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR; // never get here, but lets make the compiler happy
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    return update(table, key, values);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing delete for key: " + key);
+    }
+    
+    setTable(table);
+    
+    final MutateRowRequest.Builder rowMutation = MutateRowRequest.newBuilder()
+        .setRowKey(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(key))
+        .setTableNameBytes(ByteStringer.wrap(lastTableBytes));
+    rowMutation.addMutationsBuilder().setDeleteFromRow(
+        DeleteFromRow.getDefaultInstance());
+    
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        asyncExecutor.mutateRowAsync(rowMutation.build());
+      } else {
+        client.mutateRow(rowMutation.build());
+      }
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (ServiceException e) {
+      System.err.println("Failed to delete key: " + key + " " + e.getMessage());
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      System.err.println("Interrupted while delete key: " + key + " " 
+          + e.getMessage());
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return Status.ERROR; // never get here, but lets make the compiler happy
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Little helper to set the table byte array. If it's different than the last
+   * table we reset the byte array. Otherwise we just use the existing array.
+   * @param table The table we're operating against
+   */
+  private void setTable(final String table) {
+    if (!lastTable.equals(table)) {
+      lastTable = table;
+      lastTableBytes = options
+          .getClusterName()
+          .toTableName(table)
+          .toString()
+          .getBytes();
+    }
+  }
+  
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.GoogleBigtableClient.delete` reads without synchronization from `this.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.GoogleBigtableClient.asyncExecutor`. Potentially races with write in method `GoogleBigtableClient.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Status GoogleBigtableClient.delete(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.GoogleBigtableClient.delete(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):com.yahoo.ycsb.Stat.68ac8ce3ac61805e9d659b2d8b2a9ab2
+
+### File:
+googlebigtable/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/GoogleBigtableClient.java
+
+### Key:
+GoogleBigtableClient.java|delete|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+893eaed56c4d74c7193e3fbac9fb7363
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7962/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7962/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f42d4fd6befeb20ed7a07250dec9e6e94f261e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7962/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.measurements.Measurements;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutator;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutatorParams;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Durability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Get;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ResultScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.PageFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+/**
+ * HBase 1.0 client for YCSB framework.
+ *
+ * A modified version of HBaseClient (which targets HBase v0.9) utilizing the
+ * HBase 1.0.0 API.
+ *
+ * This client also adds toggleable client-side buffering and configurable write
+ * durability.
+ */
+public class HBaseClient10 extends com.yahoo.ycsb.DB {
+  private Configuration config = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+  
+  // Must be an object for synchronization and tracking running thread counts. 
+  private static Integer threadCount = 0;
+
+  private boolean debug = false;
+
+  private String tableName = "";
+  private static Connection connection = null;
+
+  // Depending on the value of clientSideBuffering, either bufferedMutator
+  // (clientSideBuffering) or currentTable (!clientSideBuffering) will be used.
+  private Table currentTable = null;
+  private BufferedMutator bufferedMutator = null;
+
+  private String columnFamily = "";
+  private byte[] columnFamilyBytes;
+
+  /**
+   * Durability to use for puts and deletes.
+   */
+  private Durability durability = Durability.USE_DEFAULT;
+
+  /** Whether or not a page filter should be used to limit scan length. */
+  private boolean usePageFilter = true;
+
+  /**
+   * If true, buffer mutations on the client. This is the default behavior for
+   * HBaseClient. For measuring insert/update/delete latencies, client side
+   * buffering should be disabled.
+   */
+  private boolean clientSideBuffering = false;
+  private long writeBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 * 12;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one
+   * DB instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void init() throws DBException {
+    if ("true"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("clientbuffering", "false"))) {
+      this.clientSideBuffering = true;
+    }
+    if (getProperties().containsKey("writebuffersize")) {
+      writeBufferSize =
+          Long.parseLong(getProperties().getProperty("writebuffersize"));
+    }
+
+    if (getProperties().getProperty("durability") != null) {
+      this.durability =
+          Durability.valueOf(getProperties().getProperty("durability"));
+    }
+
+    if ("kerberos".equalsIgnoreCase(config.get("hbase.security.authentication"))) {
+      config.set("hadoop.security.authentication", "Kerberos");
+      UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(config);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("principal")!=null) 
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("keytab")!=null)) {
+      try {
+        UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromKeytab(getProperties().getProperty("principal"), 
+              getProperties().getProperty("keytab"));
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Keytab file is not readable or not found");
+        throw new DBException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        ++threadCount;
+        if (connection == null) {
+          connection = ConnectionFactory.createConnection(config);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("debug") != null)
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("debug").compareTo("true") == 0)) {
+      debug = true;
+    }
+
+    if ("false"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("hbase.usepagefilter", "true"))) {
+      usePageFilter = false;
+    }
+
+    columnFamily = getProperties().getProperty("columnfamily");
+    if (columnFamily == null) {
+      System.err.println("Error, must specify a columnfamily for HBase table");
+      throw new DBException("No columnfamily specified");
+    }
+    columnFamilyBytes = Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily);
+
+    // Terminate right now if table does not exist, since the client
+    // will not propagate this error upstream once the workload
+    // starts.
+    String table = com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads.CoreWorkload.table;
+    try {
+      final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+      connection.getTable(tName).getTableDescriptor();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cleanup any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one DB
+   * instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    // Get the measurements instance as this is the only client that should
+    // count clean up time like an update if client-side buffering is
+    // enabled.
+    Measurements measurements = Measurements.getMeasurements();
+    try {
+      long st = System.nanoTime();
+      if (bufferedMutator != null) {
+        bufferedMutator.close();
+      }
+      if (currentTable != null) {
+        currentTable.close();
+      }
+      long en = System.nanoTime();
+      final String type = clientSideBuffering ? "UPDATE" : "CLEANUP";
+      measurements.measure(type, (int) ((en - st) / 1000));
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        --threadCount;
+        if (threadCount <= 0 && connection != null) {
+          connection.close();
+          connection = null;
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void getHTable(String table) throws IOException {
+    final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+    this.currentTable = this.connection.getTable(tName);
+    // suggestions from
+    // http://ryantwopointoh.blogspot.com/2009/01/
+    // performance-of-hbase-importing.html
+    if (clientSideBuffering) {
+      final BufferedMutatorParams p = new BufferedMutatorParams(tName);
+      p.writeBufferSize(writeBufferSize);
+      this.bufferedMutator = this.connection.getBufferedMutator(p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a record from the database. Each field/value pair from the result will
+   * be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to read.
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs for the result
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Result r = null;
+    try {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out
+            .println("Doing read from HBase columnfamily " + columnFamily);
+        System.out.println("Doing read for key: " + key);
+      }
+      Get g = new Get(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+      if (fields == null) {
+        g.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+      } else {
+        for (String field : fields) {
+          g.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+        }
+      }
+      r = currentTable.get(g);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing get: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...need to understand HBase concurrency model better
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (r.isEmpty()) {
+      return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+
+    while (r.advance()) {
+      final Cell c = r.current();
+      result.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c)),
+          new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println(
+            "Result for field: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c))
+                + " is: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      }
+    }
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform a range scan for a set of records in the database. Each field/value
+   * pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param startkey
+   *          The record key of the first record to read.
+   * @param recordcount
+   *          The number of records to read
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A Vector of HashMaps, where each HashMap is a set field/value
+   *          pairs for one record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+      Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Scan s = new Scan(Bytes.toBytes(startkey));
+    // HBase has no record limit. Here, assume recordcount is small enough to
+    // bring back in one call.
+    // We get back recordcount records
+    s.setCaching(recordcount);
+    if (this.usePageFilter) {
+      s.setFilter(new PageFilter(recordcount));
+    }
+
+    // add specified fields or else all fields
+    if (fields == null) {
+      s.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+    } else {
+      for (String field : fields) {
+        s.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // get results
+    ResultScanner scanner = null;
+    try {
+      scanner = currentTable.getScanner(s);
+      int numResults = 0;
+      for (Result rr = scanner.next(); rr != null; rr = scanner.next()) {
+        // get row key
+        String key = Bytes.toString(rr.getRow());
+
+        if (debug) {
+          System.out.println("Got scan result for key: " + key);
+        }
+
+        HashMap<String, ByteIterator> rowResult =
+            new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+
+        while (rr.advance()) {
+          final Cell cell = rr.current();
+          rowResult.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell)),
+              new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(cell)));
+        }
+
+        // add rowResult to result vector
+        result.add(rowResult);
+        numResults++;
+
+        // PageFilter does not guarantee that the number of results is <=
+        // pageSize, so this
+        // break is required.
+        if (numResults >= recordcount) {// if hit recordcount, bail out
+          break;
+        }
+      } // done with row
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Error in getting/parsing scan result: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } finally {
+      if (scanner != null) {
+        scanner.close();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key, overwriting any existing values with the same field name.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to write
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to update in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status update(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Setting up put for key: " + key);
+    }
+    Put p = new Put(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    p.setDurability(durability);
+    for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      byte[] value = entry.getValue().toArray();
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Adding field/value " + entry.getKey() + "/"
+            + Bytes.toStringBinary(value) + " to put request");
+      }
+      p.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(entry.getKey()), value);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(p);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.put(p);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing put: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...hope this is rare
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Insert a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to insert.
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to insert in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    return update(table, key, values);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete a record from the database.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to delete.
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing delete for key: " + key);
+    }
+
+    final Delete d = new Delete(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    d.setDurability(durability);
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(d);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.delete(d);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing delete: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void setConfiguration(final Configuration newConfig) {
+    this.config = newConfig;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * For customized vim control set autoindent set si set shiftwidth=4
+ */
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.getHTable` reads without synchronization from `this.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.clientSideBuffering`. Potentially races with write in method `HBaseClient10.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HBaseClient10.getHTable(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.getHTable(java.lang.String):void.d64f2b5baa4bcfcb367a87ddf8698a98
+
+### File:
+hbase10/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/HBaseClient10.java
+
+### Key:
+HBaseClient10.java|getHTable|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7f604536510d331019f903682f3911c1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7965/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7965/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..228fda93c6b610cb383306b02ae93d91095aa139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7965/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.measurements.Measurements;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutator;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutatorParams;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Durability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Get;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ResultScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.PageFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+/**
+ * HBase 1.0 client for YCSB framework.
+ *
+ * A modified version of HBaseClient (which targets HBase v0.9) utilizing the
+ * HBase 1.0.0 API.
+ *
+ * This client also adds toggleable client-side buffering and configurable write
+ * durability.
+ */
+public class HBaseClient10 extends com.yahoo.ycsb.DB {
+  private Configuration config = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+  
+  // Must be an object for synchronization and tracking running thread counts. 
+  private static Integer threadCount = 0;
+
+  private boolean debug = false;
+
+  private String tableName = "";
+  private static Connection connection = null;
+
+  // Depending on the value of clientSideBuffering, either bufferedMutator
+  // (clientSideBuffering) or currentTable (!clientSideBuffering) will be used.
+  private Table currentTable = null;
+  private BufferedMutator bufferedMutator = null;
+
+  private String columnFamily = "";
+  private byte[] columnFamilyBytes;
+
+  /**
+   * Durability to use for puts and deletes.
+   */
+  private Durability durability = Durability.USE_DEFAULT;
+
+  /** Whether or not a page filter should be used to limit scan length. */
+  private boolean usePageFilter = true;
+
+  /**
+   * If true, buffer mutations on the client. This is the default behavior for
+   * HBaseClient. For measuring insert/update/delete latencies, client side
+   * buffering should be disabled.
+   */
+  private boolean clientSideBuffering = false;
+  private long writeBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 * 12;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one
+   * DB instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void init() throws DBException {
+    if ("true"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("clientbuffering", "false"))) {
+      this.clientSideBuffering = true;
+    }
+    if (getProperties().containsKey("writebuffersize")) {
+      writeBufferSize =
+          Long.parseLong(getProperties().getProperty("writebuffersize"));
+    }
+
+    if (getProperties().getProperty("durability") != null) {
+      this.durability =
+          Durability.valueOf(getProperties().getProperty("durability"));
+    }
+
+    if ("kerberos".equalsIgnoreCase(config.get("hbase.security.authentication"))) {
+      config.set("hadoop.security.authentication", "Kerberos");
+      UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(config);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("principal")!=null) 
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("keytab")!=null)) {
+      try {
+        UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromKeytab(getProperties().getProperty("principal"), 
+              getProperties().getProperty("keytab"));
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Keytab file is not readable or not found");
+        throw new DBException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        ++threadCount;
+        if (connection == null) {
+          connection = ConnectionFactory.createConnection(config);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("debug") != null)
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("debug").compareTo("true") == 0)) {
+      debug = true;
+    }
+
+    if ("false"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("hbase.usepagefilter", "true"))) {
+      usePageFilter = false;
+    }
+
+    columnFamily = getProperties().getProperty("columnfamily");
+    if (columnFamily == null) {
+      System.err.println("Error, must specify a columnfamily for HBase table");
+      throw new DBException("No columnfamily specified");
+    }
+    columnFamilyBytes = Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily);
+
+    // Terminate right now if table does not exist, since the client
+    // will not propagate this error upstream once the workload
+    // starts.
+    String table = com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads.CoreWorkload.table;
+    try {
+      final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+      connection.getTable(tName).getTableDescriptor();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cleanup any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one DB
+   * instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    // Get the measurements instance as this is the only client that should
+    // count clean up time like an update if client-side buffering is
+    // enabled.
+    Measurements measurements = Measurements.getMeasurements();
+    try {
+      long st = System.nanoTime();
+      if (bufferedMutator != null) {
+        bufferedMutator.close();
+      }
+      if (currentTable != null) {
+        currentTable.close();
+      }
+      long en = System.nanoTime();
+      final String type = clientSideBuffering ? "UPDATE" : "CLEANUP";
+      measurements.measure(type, (int) ((en - st) / 1000));
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        --threadCount;
+        if (threadCount <= 0 && connection != null) {
+          connection.close();
+          connection = null;
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void getHTable(String table) throws IOException {
+    final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+    this.currentTable = this.connection.getTable(tName);
+    // suggestions from
+    // http://ryantwopointoh.blogspot.com/2009/01/
+    // performance-of-hbase-importing.html
+    if (clientSideBuffering) {
+      final BufferedMutatorParams p = new BufferedMutatorParams(tName);
+      p.writeBufferSize(writeBufferSize);
+      this.bufferedMutator = this.connection.getBufferedMutator(p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a record from the database. Each field/value pair from the result will
+   * be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to read.
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs for the result
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Result r = null;
+    try {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out
+            .println("Doing read from HBase columnfamily " + columnFamily);
+        System.out.println("Doing read for key: " + key);
+      }
+      Get g = new Get(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+      if (fields == null) {
+        g.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+      } else {
+        for (String field : fields) {
+          g.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+        }
+      }
+      r = currentTable.get(g);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing get: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...need to understand HBase concurrency model better
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (r.isEmpty()) {
+      return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+
+    while (r.advance()) {
+      final Cell c = r.current();
+      result.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c)),
+          new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println(
+            "Result for field: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c))
+                + " is: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      }
+    }
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform a range scan for a set of records in the database. Each field/value
+   * pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param startkey
+   *          The record key of the first record to read.
+   * @param recordcount
+   *          The number of records to read
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A Vector of HashMaps, where each HashMap is a set field/value
+   *          pairs for one record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+      Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Scan s = new Scan(Bytes.toBytes(startkey));
+    // HBase has no record limit. Here, assume recordcount is small enough to
+    // bring back in one call.
+    // We get back recordcount records
+    s.setCaching(recordcount);
+    if (this.usePageFilter) {
+      s.setFilter(new PageFilter(recordcount));
+    }
+
+    // add specified fields or else all fields
+    if (fields == null) {
+      s.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+    } else {
+      for (String field : fields) {
+        s.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // get results
+    ResultScanner scanner = null;
+    try {
+      scanner = currentTable.getScanner(s);
+      int numResults = 0;
+      for (Result rr = scanner.next(); rr != null; rr = scanner.next()) {
+        // get row key
+        String key = Bytes.toString(rr.getRow());
+
+        if (debug) {
+          System.out.println("Got scan result for key: " + key);
+        }
+
+        HashMap<String, ByteIterator> rowResult =
+            new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+
+        while (rr.advance()) {
+          final Cell cell = rr.current();
+          rowResult.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell)),
+              new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(cell)));
+        }
+
+        // add rowResult to result vector
+        result.add(rowResult);
+        numResults++;
+
+        // PageFilter does not guarantee that the number of results is <=
+        // pageSize, so this
+        // break is required.
+        if (numResults >= recordcount) {// if hit recordcount, bail out
+          break;
+        }
+      } // done with row
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Error in getting/parsing scan result: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } finally {
+      if (scanner != null) {
+        scanner.close();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key, overwriting any existing values with the same field name.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to write
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to update in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status update(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Setting up put for key: " + key);
+    }
+    Put p = new Put(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    p.setDurability(durability);
+    for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      byte[] value = entry.getValue().toArray();
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Adding field/value " + entry.getKey() + "/"
+            + Bytes.toStringBinary(value) + " to put request");
+      }
+      p.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(entry.getKey()), value);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(p);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.put(p);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing put: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...hope this is rare
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Insert a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to insert.
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to insert in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    return update(table, key, values);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete a record from the database.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to delete.
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing delete for key: " + key);
+    }
+
+    final Delete d = new Delete(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    d.setDurability(durability);
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(d);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.delete(d);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing delete: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void setConfiguration(final Configuration newConfig) {
+    this.config = newConfig;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * For customized vim control set autoindent set si set shiftwidth=4
+ */
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.getHTable` reads without synchronization from `db.HBaseClient10.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.connection`. Potentially races with write in method `HBaseClient10.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HBaseClient10.getHTable(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.getHTable(java.lang.String):void.d64f2b5baa4bcfcb367a87ddf8698a98
+
+### File:
+hbase10/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/HBaseClient10.java
+
+### Key:
+HBaseClient10.java|getHTable|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+55f498551db2a8fcfecdbcb3f2320663
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7976/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7976/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6cd72910e99741aef456bb02e72e1beb0a905d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7976/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.measurements.Measurements;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HTableDescriptor;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.HConnectionManager;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.HConnection;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.HTableInterface;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Get;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.HTable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ResultScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.PageFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+/**
+ * HBase client for YCSB framework
+ */
+public class HBaseClient extends com.yahoo.ycsb.DB
+{
+    // BFC: Change to fix broken build (with HBase 0.20.6)
+    //private static final Configuration config = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+    private static final Configuration config = HBaseConfiguration.create(); //new HBaseConfiguration();
+
+    public boolean _debug=false;
+
+    public String _table="";
+    public HConnection _hConn=null;
+    public HTableInterface _hTable=null;
+    public String _columnFamily="";
+    public byte _columnFamilyBytes[];
+    public boolean _clientSideBuffering = false;
+    public long _writeBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 * 12;
+    /** Whether or not a page filter should be used to limit scan length. */
+    public boolean _usePageFilter = true;
+
+    public static final int HttpError=-2;
+
+    public static final Object tableLock = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize any state for this DB.
+     * Called once per DB instance; there is one DB instance per client thread.
+     */
+    public void init() throws DBException
+    {
+        if ( (getProperties().getProperty("debug")!=null) &&
+                (getProperties().getProperty("debug").compareTo("true")==0) )
+        {
+            _debug=true;
+        }
+
+        if (getProperties().containsKey("clientbuffering"))
+        {
+            _clientSideBuffering = Boolean.parseBoolean(getProperties().getProperty("clientbuffering"));
+        }
+        if (getProperties().containsKey("writebuffersize"))
+        {
+            _writeBufferSize = Long.parseLong(getProperties().getProperty("writebuffersize"));
+        }
+        if ("false".equals(getProperties().getProperty("hbase.usepagefilter", "true"))) {
+          _usePageFilter = false;
+        }
+        if ("kerberos".equalsIgnoreCase(config.get("hbase.security.authentication"))) {
+          config.set("hadoop.security.authentication", "Kerberos");
+          UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(config);
+        }
+        if ( (getProperties().getProperty("principal")!=null) && (getProperties().getProperty("keytab")!=null) ){
+            try {
+                UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromKeytab(getProperties().getProperty("principal"), getProperties().getProperty("keytab"));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                System.err.println("Keytab file is not readable or not found");
+                throw new DBException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            _hConn = HConnectionManager.createConnection(config);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            System.err.println("Connection to HBase was not successful");
+            throw new DBException(e);  
+        }
+        _columnFamily = getProperties().getProperty("columnfamily");
+        if (_columnFamily == null)
+        {
+            System.err.println("Error, must specify a columnfamily for HBase table");
+            throw new DBException("No columnfamily specified");
+        }
+      _columnFamilyBytes = Bytes.toBytes(_columnFamily);
+
+      // Terminate right now if table does not exist, since the client
+      // will not propagate this error upstream once the workload
+      // starts.
+      String table = com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads.CoreWorkload.table;
+      try
+	  {
+	      HTableInterface ht = _hConn.getTable(table);
+	      ht.getTableDescriptor();
+	  }
+      catch (IOException e)
+	  {
+	      throw new DBException(e);
+	  }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleanup any state for this DB.
+     * Called once per DB instance; there is one DB instance per client thread.
+     */
+    public void cleanup() throws DBException
+    {
+        // Get the measurements instance as this is the only client that should
+        // count clean up time like an update since autoflush is off.
+        Measurements _measurements = Measurements.getMeasurements();
+        try {
+            long st=System.nanoTime();
+            if (_hTable != null) {
+                _hTable.flushCommits();
+            }
+            if (_hConn != null) {
+                _hConn.close();
+            }
+            long en=System.nanoTime();
+            _measurements.measure("UPDATE", (int)((en-st)/1000));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new DBException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void getHTable(String table) throws IOException
+    {
+        synchronized (tableLock) {
+            _hTable = _hConn.getTable(table);
+            //2 suggestions from http://ryantwopointoh.blogspot.com/2009/01/performance-of-hbase-importing.html
+            _hTable.setAutoFlush(!_clientSideBuffering, true);
+            _hTable.setWriteBufferSize(_writeBufferSize);
+            //return hTable;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read a record from the database. Each field/value pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+     *
+     * @param table The name of the table
+     * @param key The record key of the record to read.
+     * @param fields The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+     * @param result A HashMap of field/value pairs for the result
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+     */
+    public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields, HashMap<String,ByteIterator> result)
+    {
+        //if this is a "new" table, init HTable object.  Else, use existing one
+        if (!_table.equals(table)) {
+            _hTable = null;
+            try
+            {
+                getHTable(table);
+                _table = table;
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: "+e);
+                return Status.ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Result r = null;
+        try
+        {
+        if (_debug) {
+        System.out.println("Doing read from HBase columnfamily "+_columnFamily);
+        System.out.println("Doing read for key: "+key);
+        }
+            Get g = new Get(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+          if (fields == null) {
+            g.addFamily(_columnFamilyBytes);
+          } else {
+            for (String field : fields) {
+              g.addColumn(_columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+            }
+          }
+            r = _hTable.get(g);
+        }
+        catch (IOException e)
+        {
+            System.err.println("Error doing get: "+e);
+            return Status.ERROR;
+        }
+        catch (ConcurrentModificationException e)
+        {
+            //do nothing for now...need to understand HBase concurrency model better
+            return Status.ERROR;
+        }
+
+  for (KeyValue kv : r.raw()) {
+    result.put(
+        Bytes.toString(kv.getQualifier()),
+        new ByteArrayByteIterator(kv.getValue()));
+    if (_debug) {
+      System.out.println("Result for field: "+Bytes.toString(kv.getQualifier())+
+          " is: "+Bytes.toString(kv.getValue()));
+    }
+
+  }
+    return Status.OK;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform a range scan for a set of records in the database. Each field/value pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+     *
+     * @param table The name of the table
+     * @param startkey The record key of the first record to read.
+     * @param recordcount The number of records to read
+     * @param fields The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+     * @param result A Vector of HashMaps, where each HashMap is a set field/value pairs for one record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+     */
+    public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount, Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String,ByteIterator>> result)
+    {
+        //if this is a "new" table, init HTable object.  Else, use existing one
+        if (!_table.equals(table)) {
+            _hTable = null;
+            try
+            {
+                getHTable(table);
+                _table = table;
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: "+e);
+                return Status.ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Scan s = new Scan(Bytes.toBytes(startkey));
+        //HBase has no record limit.  Here, assume recordcount is small enough to bring back in one call.
+        //We get back recordcount records
+        s.setCaching(recordcount);
+        if (this._usePageFilter) {
+          s.setFilter(new PageFilter(recordcount));
+        }
+
+        //add specified fields or else all fields
+        if (fields == null)
+        {
+            s.addFamily(_columnFamilyBytes);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            for (String field : fields)
+            {
+                s.addColumn(_columnFamilyBytes,Bytes.toBytes(field));
+            }
+        }
+
+        //get results
+        ResultScanner scanner = null;
+        try {
+            scanner = _hTable.getScanner(s);
+            int numResults = 0;
+            for (Result rr = scanner.next(); rr != null; rr = scanner.next())
+            {
+                //get row key
+                String key = Bytes.toString(rr.getRow());
+                if (_debug)
+                {
+                    System.out.println("Got scan result for key: "+key);
+                }
+
+                HashMap<String,ByteIterator> rowResult = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+
+                for (KeyValue kv : rr.raw()) {
+                  rowResult.put(
+                      Bytes.toString(kv.getQualifier()),
+                      new ByteArrayByteIterator(kv.getValue()));
+                }
+                //add rowResult to result vector
+                result.add(rowResult);
+                numResults++;
+
+                // PageFilter does not guarantee that the number of results is <= pageSize, so this
+                // break is required.
+                if (numResults >= recordcount) //if hit recordcount, bail out
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } //done with row
+
+        }
+
+        catch (IOException e) {
+            if (_debug)
+            {
+                System.out.println("Error in getting/parsing scan result: "+e);
+            }
+            return Status.ERROR;
+        }
+
+        finally {
+            scanner.close();
+        }
+
+        return Status.OK;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified
+     * record key, overwriting any existing values with the same field name.
+     *
+     * @param table The name of the table
+     * @param key The record key of the record to write
+     * @param values A HashMap of field/value pairs to update in the record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+     */
+    public Status update(String table, String key, HashMap<String,ByteIterator> values)
+    {
+        //if this is a "new" table, init HTable object.  Else, use existing one
+        if (!_table.equals(table)) {
+            _hTable = null;
+            try
+            {
+                getHTable(table);
+                _table = table;
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: "+e);
+                return Status.ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        if (_debug) {
+            System.out.println("Setting up put for key: "+key);
+        }
+        Put p = new Put(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+        for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet())
+        {
+            byte[] value = entry.getValue().toArray();
+            if (_debug) {
+                System.out.println("Adding field/value " + entry.getKey() + "/"+
+                  Bytes.toStringBinary(value) + " to put request");
+            }
+            p.add(_columnFamilyBytes,Bytes.toBytes(entry.getKey()), value);
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            _hTable.put(p);
+        }
+        catch (IOException e)
+        {
+            if (_debug) {
+                System.err.println("Error doing put: "+e);
+            }
+            return Status.ERROR;
+        }
+        catch (ConcurrentModificationException e)
+        {
+            //do nothing for now...hope this is rare
+            return Status.ERROR;
+        }
+
+        return Status.OK;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified
+     * record key.
+     *
+     * @param table The name of the table
+     * @param key The record key of the record to insert.
+     * @param values A HashMap of field/value pairs to insert in the record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+     */
+    public Status insert(String table, String key, HashMap<String,ByteIterator> values)
+    {
+        return update(table,key,values);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete a record from the database.
+     *
+     * @param table The name of the table
+     * @param key The record key of the record to delete.
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+     */
+    public Status delete(String table, String key)
+    {
+        //if this is a "new" table, init HTable object.  Else, use existing one
+        if (!_table.equals(table)) {
+            _hTable = null;
+            try
+            {
+                getHTable(table);
+                _table = table;
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: "+e);
+                return Status.ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (_debug) {
+            System.out.println("Doing delete for key: "+key);
+        }
+
+        Delete d = new Delete(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+        try
+        {
+            _hTable.delete(d);
+        }
+        catch (IOException e)
+        {
+            if (_debug) {
+                System.err.println("Error doing delete: "+e);
+            }
+            return Status.ERROR;
+        }
+
+        return Status.OK;
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args)
+    {
+        if (args.length!=3)
+        {
+            System.out.println("Please specify a threadcount, columnfamily and operation count");
+            System.exit(0);
+        }
+
+        final int keyspace=10000; //120000000;
+
+        final int threadcount=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
+
+        final String columnfamily=args[1];
+
+
+        final int opcount=Integer.parseInt(args[2])/threadcount;
+
+        Vector<Thread> allthreads=new Vector<Thread>();
+
+        for (int i=0; i<threadcount; i++)
+        {
+            Thread t=new Thread()
+            {
+                public void run()
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        Random random=new Random();
+
+                        HBaseClient cli=new HBaseClient();
+
+                        Properties props=new Properties();
+                        props.setProperty("columnfamily",columnfamily);
+                        props.setProperty("debug","true");
+                        cli.setProperties(props);
+
+                        cli.init();
+
+                        //HashMap<String,String> result=new HashMap<String,String>();
+
+                        long accum=0;
+
+                        for (int i=0; i<opcount; i++)
+                        {
+                            int keynum=random.nextInt(keyspace);
+                            String key="user"+keynum;
+                            long st=System.currentTimeMillis();
+                            Status result;
+                            /*
+                            HashMap hm = new HashMap();
+                            hm.put("field1","value1");
+                            hm.put("field2","value2");
+                            hm.put("field3","value3");
+                            rescode=cli.insert("table1",key,hm);
+                            HashSet<String> s = new HashSet();
+                            s.add("field1");
+                            s.add("field2");
+
+                            rescode=cli.read("table1", key, s, result);
+                            //rescode=cli.delete("table1",key);
+                            rescode=cli.read("table1", key, s, result);
+                            */
+                            HashSet<String> scanFields = new HashSet<String>();
+                            scanFields.add("field1");
+                            scanFields.add("field3");
+                            Vector<HashMap<String,ByteIterator>> scanResults = new Vector<HashMap<String,ByteIterator>>();
+                            result = cli.scan("table1","user2",20,null,scanResults);
+
+                            long en=System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+                            accum+=(en-st);
+
+                            if (!result.equals(Status.OK))
+                            {
+                                System.out.println("Error "+result+" for "+key);
+                            }
+
+                            if (i%1==0)
+                            {
+                                System.out.println(i+" operations, average latency: "+(((double)accum)/((double)i)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        //System.out.println("Average latency: "+(((double)accum)/((double)opcount)));
+                        //System.out.println("Average get latency: "+(((double)cli.TotalGetTime)/((double)cli.TotalGetOps)));
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception e)
+                    {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            allthreads.add(t);
+        }
+
+        long st=System.currentTimeMillis();
+        for (Thread t: allthreads)
+        {
+            t.start();
+        }
+
+        for (Thread t: allthreads)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                t.join();
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+            }
+        }
+        long en=System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        System.out.println("Throughput: "+((1000.0)*(((double)(opcount*threadcount))/((double)(en-st))))+" ops/sec");
+
+    }
+}
+
+/* For customized vim control
+ * set autoindent
+ * set si
+ * set shiftwidth=4
+*/
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient.cleanup` reads without synchronization from `this.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient._hTable`. Potentially races with write in method `HBaseClient.getHTable(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HBaseClient.cleanup()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient.cleanup():void.fbc1548253075a9a2cf0b39430e0c896
+
+### File:
+hbase098/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/HBaseClient.java
+
+### Key:
+HBaseClient.java|cleanup|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6a7d0288282fbdb1217990298be2d0df
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7978/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7978/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a636b41227f77a489ae74e60daf2987c47325480
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7978/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 YCSB contributors All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasEntry;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.notNullValue;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+
+import com.datastax.driver.core.ResultSet;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.Row;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.Session;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.Statement;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Insert;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.QueryBuilder;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.StringByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.measurements.Measurements;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads.CoreWorkload;
+
+import org.cassandraunit.CassandraCQLUnit;
+import org.cassandraunit.dataset.cql.ClassPathCQLDataSet;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Assume;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.ClassRule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Integration tests for the Cassandra client
+ */
+public class CassandraCQLClientTest {
+  private final static String TABLE = "usertable";
+  private final static String HOST = "localhost";
+  private final static int PORT = 9142;
+  private final static String DEFAULT_ROW_KEY = "user1";
+
+  private CassandraCQLClient client;
+  private Session session;
+
+  @ClassRule
+  public static CassandraCQLUnit cassandraUnit = new CassandraCQLUnit(new ClassPathCQLDataSet("ycsb.cql", "ycsb"));
+
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws Exception {
+    // check that this is Java 8+
+    int javaVersion = Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("java.version").split("\\.")[1]);
+    Assume.assumeTrue(javaVersion >= 8);
+
+    session = cassandraUnit.getSession();
+
+    Properties p = new Properties();
+    p.setProperty("hosts", HOST);
+    p.setProperty("port", Integer.toString(PORT));
+    p.setProperty("table", TABLE);
+
+    Measurements.setProperties(p);
+    final CoreWorkload workload = new CoreWorkload();
+    workload.init(p);
+    client = new CassandraCQLClient();
+    client.setProperties(p);
+    client.init();
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void tearDownClient() throws Exception {
+    if (client != null) {
+      client.cleanup();
+    }
+    client = null;
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void clearTable() throws Exception {
+    // Clear the table so that each test starts fresh.
+    final Statement truncate = QueryBuilder.truncate(TABLE);
+    if (cassandraUnit != null) {
+      cassandraUnit.getSession().execute(truncate);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReadMissingRow() throws Exception {
+    final HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+    final Status status = client.read(TABLE, "Missing row", null, result);
+    assertThat(result.size(), is(0));
+    assertThat(status, is(Status.NOT_FOUND));
+  }
+
+  private void insertRow() {
+    final String rowKey = DEFAULT_ROW_KEY;
+    Insert insertStmt = QueryBuilder.insertInto(TABLE);
+    insertStmt.value(CassandraCQLClient.YCSB_KEY, rowKey);
+
+    insertStmt.value("field0", "value1");
+    insertStmt.value("field1", "value2");
+    session.execute(insertStmt);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRead() throws Exception {
+    insertRow();
+
+    final HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+    final Status status = client.read(CoreWorkload.table, DEFAULT_ROW_KEY, null, result);
+    assertThat(status, is(Status.OK));
+    assertThat(result.entrySet(), hasSize(11));
+    assertThat(result, hasEntry("field2", null));
+
+    final HashMap<String, String> strResult = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    for (final Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> e : result.entrySet()) {
+      if (e.getValue() != null) {
+        strResult.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue().toString());
+      }
+    }
+    assertThat(strResult, hasEntry(CassandraCQLClient.YCSB_KEY, DEFAULT_ROW_KEY));
+    assertThat(strResult, hasEntry("field0", "value1"));
+    assertThat(strResult, hasEntry("field1", "value2"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReadSingleColumn() throws Exception {
+    insertRow();
+    final HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+    final Set<String> fields = Sets.newHashSet("field1");
+    final Status status = client.read(CoreWorkload.table, DEFAULT_ROW_KEY, fields, result);
+    assertThat(status, is(Status.OK));
+    assertThat(result.entrySet(), hasSize(1));
+    final Map<String, String> strResult = StringByteIterator.getStringMap(result);
+    assertThat(strResult, hasEntry("field1", "value2"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testUpdate() throws Exception {
+    final String key = "key";
+    final HashMap<String, String> input = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    input.put("field0", "value1");
+    input.put("field1", "value2");
+
+    final Status status = client.insert(TABLE, key, StringByteIterator.getByteIteratorMap(input));
+    assertThat(status, is(Status.OK));
+
+    // Verify result
+    final Select selectStmt =
+        QueryBuilder.select("field0", "field1")
+            .from(TABLE)
+            .where(QueryBuilder.eq(CassandraCQLClient.YCSB_KEY, key))
+            .limit(1);
+
+    final ResultSet rs = session.execute(selectStmt);
+    final Row row = rs.one();
+    assertThat(row, notNullValue());
+    assertThat(rs.isExhausted(), is(true));
+    assertThat(row.getString("field0"), is("value1"));
+    assertThat(row.getString("field1"), is("value2"));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("java.version")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 72.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CassandraCQLClientTest.setUp()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.CassandraCQLClientTest.setUp():void.aac93c60e34251498097efe155a78488
+
+### File:
+cassandra2/src/test/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/CassandraCQLClientTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CassandraCQLClientTest.java|setUp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0aeaf7e75e7d4856bbe730d5792229b9
+
+### Hash:
+212d2a6fdf9c1f5e35f82d6318ff674c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7982/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7982/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c1170e0a706bcf1ec88ffafa50d4b244bae8899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7982/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2015 YCSB contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DB;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.StringByteIterator;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+import net.spy.memcached.ConnectionFactoryBuilder;
+import net.spy.memcached.FailureMode;
+// We also use `net.spy.memcached.MemcachedClient`; it is not imported
+// explicitly and referred to with its full path to avoid conflicts with the
+// class of the same name in this file.
+import net.spy.memcached.internal.GetFuture;
+import net.spy.memcached.internal.OperationFuture;
+
+import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonFactory;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonGenerator;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonNode;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.node.ObjectNode;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
+
+/**
+ * Concrete Memcached client implementation.
+ */
+public class MemcachedClient extends DB {
+
+  private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+  protected static final ObjectMapper MAPPER = new ObjectMapper();
+
+  private boolean checkOperationStatus;
+  private long shutdownTimeoutMillis;
+  private int objectExpirationTime;
+
+  public static final String HOSTS_PROPERTY = "memcached.hosts";
+
+  public static final int DEFAULT_PORT = 11211;
+
+  private static final String TEMPORARY_FAILURE_MSG = "Temporary failure";
+  private static final String CANCELLED_MSG = "cancelled";
+
+  public static final String SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS_PROPERTY =
+      "memcached.shutdownTimeoutMillis";
+  public static final String DEFAULT_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = "30000";
+
+  public static final String OBJECT_EXPIRATION_TIME_PROPERTY =
+      "memcached.objectExpirationTime";
+  public static final String DEFAULT_OBJECT_EXPIRATION_TIME =
+      String.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+
+  public static final String CHECK_OPERATION_STATUS_PROPERTY =
+      "memcached.checkOperationStatus";
+  public static final String CHECK_OPERATION_STATUS_DEFAULT = "true";
+
+  public static final String READ_BUFFER_SIZE_PROPERTY =
+      "memcached.readBufferSize";
+  public static final String DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE = "3000000";
+
+  public static final String OP_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY = "memcached.opTimeoutMillis";
+  public static final String DEFAULT_OP_TIMEOUT = "60000";
+
+  public static final String FAILURE_MODE_PROPERTY = "memcached.failureMode";
+  public static final FailureMode FAILURE_MODE_PROPERTY_DEFAULT =
+      FailureMode.Redistribute;
+
+  /**
+   * The MemcachedClient implementation that will be used to communicate
+   * with the memcached server.
+   */
+  private net.spy.memcached.MemcachedClient client;
+
+  /**
+   * @returns Underlying Memcached protocol client, implemented by
+   *     SpyMemcached.
+   */
+  protected net.spy.memcached.MemcachedClient memcachedClient() {
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void init() throws DBException {
+    try {
+      client = createMemcachedClient();
+      checkOperationStatus = Boolean.parseBoolean(
+          getProperties().getProperty(CHECK_OPERATION_STATUS_PROPERTY,
+                                      CHECK_OPERATION_STATUS_DEFAULT));
+      objectExpirationTime = Integer.parseInt(
+          getProperties().getProperty(OBJECT_EXPIRATION_TIME_PROPERTY,
+                                      DEFAULT_OBJECT_EXPIRATION_TIME));
+      shutdownTimeoutMillis = Integer.parseInt(
+          getProperties().getProperty(SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS_PROPERTY,
+                                      DEFAULT_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected net.spy.memcached.MemcachedClient createMemcachedClient()
+      throws Exception {
+    ConnectionFactoryBuilder connectionFactoryBuilder =
+        new ConnectionFactoryBuilder();
+
+    connectionFactoryBuilder.setReadBufferSize(Integer.parseInt(
+        getProperties().getProperty(READ_BUFFER_SIZE_PROPERTY,
+                                    DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_SIZE)));
+
+    connectionFactoryBuilder.setOpTimeout(Integer.parseInt(
+        getProperties().getProperty(OP_TIMEOUT_PROPERTY, DEFAULT_OP_TIMEOUT)));
+
+    String failureString = getProperties().getProperty(FAILURE_MODE_PROPERTY);
+    connectionFactoryBuilder.setFailureMode(
+        failureString == null ? FAILURE_MODE_PROPERTY_DEFAULT
+                              : FailureMode.valueOf(failureString));
+
+    // Note: this only works with IPv4 addresses due to its assumption of
+    // ":" being the separator of hostname/IP and port; this is not the case
+    // when dealing with IPv6 addresses.
+    //
+    // TODO(mbrukman): fix this.
+    List<InetSocketAddress> addresses = new ArrayList<InetSocketAddress>();
+    String[] hosts = getProperties().getProperty(HOSTS_PROPERTY).split(",");
+    for (String address : hosts) {
+      int colon = address.indexOf(":");
+      int port = DEFAULT_PORT;
+      String host = address;
+      if (colon != -1) {
+        port = Integer.parseInt(address.substring(colon + 1));
+        host = address.substring(0, colon);
+      }
+      addresses.add(new InetSocketAddress(host, port));
+    }
+    return new net.spy.memcached.MemcachedClient(
+        connectionFactoryBuilder.build(), addresses);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status read(
+      String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    key = createQualifiedKey(table, key);
+    try {
+      GetFuture<Object> future = memcachedClient().asyncGet(key);
+      Object document = future.get();
+      if (document != null) {
+        fromJson((String) document, fields, result);
+      }
+      return Status.OK;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      logger.error("Error encountered for key: " + key, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(
+      String table, String startkey, int recordcount, Set<String> fields,
+      Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result){
+    return Status.NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status update(
+      String table, String key, HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    key = createQualifiedKey(table, key);
+    try {
+      OperationFuture<Boolean> future =
+          memcachedClient().replace(key, objectExpirationTime, toJson(values));
+      return getReturnCode(future);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      logger.error("Error updating value with key: " + key, e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(
+      String table, String key, HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    key = createQualifiedKey(table, key);
+    try {
+      OperationFuture<Boolean> future =
+          memcachedClient().add(key, objectExpirationTime, toJson(values));
+      return getReturnCode(future);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      logger.error("Error inserting value", e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    key = createQualifiedKey(table, key);
+    try {
+      OperationFuture<Boolean> future = memcachedClient().delete(key);
+      return getReturnCode(future);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      logger.error("Error deleting value", e);
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected Status getReturnCode(OperationFuture<Boolean> future) {
+    if (!checkOperationStatus) {
+      return Status.OK;
+    }
+    if (future.getStatus().isSuccess()) {
+      return Status.OK;
+    } else if (TEMPORARY_FAILURE_MSG.equals(future.getStatus().getMessage())) {
+      return new Status("TEMPORARY_FAILURE", TEMPORARY_FAILURE_MSG);
+    } else if (CANCELLED_MSG.equals(future.getStatus().getMessage())) {
+      return new Status("CANCELLED_MSG", CANCELLED_MSG);
+    }
+    return new Status("ERROR", future.getStatus().getMessage());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    if (client != null) {
+      memcachedClient().shutdown(shutdownTimeoutMillis, MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected static String createQualifiedKey(String table, String key) {
+    return MessageFormat.format("{0}-{1}", table, key);
+  }
+
+  protected static void fromJson(
+      String value, Set<String> fields,
+      Map<String, ByteIterator> result) throws IOException {
+    JsonNode json = MAPPER.readTree(value);
+    boolean checkFields = fields != null && !fields.isEmpty();
+    for (Iterator<Map.Entry<String, JsonNode>> jsonFields = json.getFields();
+         jsonFields.hasNext();
+         /* increment in loop body */) {
+      Map.Entry<String, JsonNode> jsonField = jsonFields.next();
+      String name = jsonField.getKey();
+      if (checkFields && fields.contains(name)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      JsonNode jsonValue = jsonField.getValue();
+      if (jsonValue != null && !jsonValue.isNull()) {
+        result.put(name, new StringByteIterator(jsonValue.asText()));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected static String toJson(Map<String, ByteIterator> values)
+      throws IOException {
+    ObjectNode node = MAPPER.createObjectNode();
+    HashMap<String, String> stringMap = StringByteIterator.getStringMap(values);
+    for (Map.Entry<String, String> pair : stringMap.entrySet()) {
+      node.put(pair.getKey(), pair.getValue());
+    }
+    JsonFactory jsonFactory = new JsonFactory();
+    Writer writer = new StringWriter();
+    JsonGenerator jsonGenerator = jsonFactory.createJsonGenerator(writer);
+    MAPPER.writeTree(jsonGenerator, node);
+    return writer.toString();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperties().getProperty("memcached.hosts")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 156.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+MemcachedClient MemcachedClient.createMemcachedClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.MemcachedClient.createMemcachedClient():net.spy.memcached.MemcachedClient.2143770308d4aedadf08ac130607af0f
+
+### File:
+memcached/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/MemcachedClient.java
+
+### Key:
+MemcachedClient.java|createMemcachedClient|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+58c354d9d19d7b68101d171fafd8c97c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7985/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7985/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3932621526664881646cb27b2a18e8932c649f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7985/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dicoogle
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Universidade de Aveiro, DETI/IEETA, Bioinformatics Group - http://bioinformatics.ua.pt/
+ *
+ * This file is part of Dicoogle/dicoogle.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Dicoogle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package pt.ua.dicoogle.core.query;
+
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.sdk.datastructs.SearchResult;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.sdk.task.JointQueryTask;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.sdk.task.Task;
+
+public class ExportToCSVQueryTask extends JointQueryTask {
+
+	private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExportToCSVQueryTask.class);
+	
+	private static String[] searchChars = new String[]{"\n", ";"};
+	private static String[] replaceChars = new String[]{"", ","};
+	
+	private List<String> tagsOrder;
+	// private OutputStream outputStream;
+	private PrintWriter writter;
+	private CountDownLatch latch;
+	
+	private int nLines = 0;
+
+	public ExportToCSVQueryTask(List<String> tagsOrder, OutputStream outputStream) {
+		super();
+		this.tagsOrder = tagsOrder;
+		this.latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+		writter = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
+
+		printFirstLine();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void onCompletion() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		writter.flush();
+		writter.close();
+		latch.countDown();
+		
+		log.info("Exported CSV Table: ", tagsOrder.toString(), nLines);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void onReceive(Task<Iterable<SearchResult>> e) {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+
+		try {
+			Iterable<SearchResult> it = e.get();
+			for (SearchResult result : it) {
+				printLine(result);
+			}
+		} catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e1) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e1.printStackTrace();
+		}
+		
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Print the first line of the .csv file
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private void printFirstLine() {
+		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+		
+		log.debug("Started, Printing first line: ", tagsOrder);
+		
+		for (String tag : tagsOrder) {
+			builder.append(tag).append(";");
+		}
+
+		this.writter.println(builder.toString());
+	}
+
+	private void printLine(SearchResult result){
+		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+		
+		HashMap<String, Object> extraFields = result.getExtraData();
+
+		for (String tag : tagsOrder) {
+			Object temp1 = extraFields.get(tag);
+
+			String s = StringUtils.trimToEmpty(temp1.toString());
+			
+			if (s.length() > 0) {
+				String temp = StringUtils.replaceEach(s, searchChars, replaceChars);
+				builder.append(temp).append(";");
+			} else {
+				builder.append(";");
+			}
+		}
+		
+		log.debug("Printing Line: ", builder.toString());
+		nLines++;
+		this.writter.println(builder.toString());
+	}
+
+	public void await() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		try {
+			latch.await();
+		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `temp1` last assigned on line 108 could be null and is dereferenced at line 110.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExportToCSVQueryTask.printLine(SearchResult)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+pt.ua.dicoogle.core.query.ExportToCSVQueryTask.printLine(pt.ua.dicoogle.sdk.datastructs.SearchResult.3da65500c7c098407796a0b485554857
+
+### File:
+dicoogle/src/main/java/pt/ua/dicoogle/core/query/ExportToCSVQueryTask.java
+
+### Key:
+ExportToCSVQueryTask.java|printLine|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9140dff8bf7cd03886d368c0c0c52aa5
+
+### Hash:
+eb97625ecb565e795da30b6b099f1544
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7991/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7991/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9e5d0071756a8535e794fb4a2f46207d3730244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7991/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-iot-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
+
+package samples.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot;
+
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.DeviceClient;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.IotHubClientProtocol;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.IotHubEventCallback;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.IotHubStatusCode;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Scanner;
+
+/**
+ * File Upload Sample for an IoT Hub. This is a completed sample
+ * that upload files and directories with subdirectories. It is
+ * useful to test uploads in parallel.
+ */
+public class FileUploadSample
+{
+    private static List<String> fileNameList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    protected static class FileUploadStatusCallBack implements IotHubEventCallback
+    {
+        public void execute(IotHubStatusCode status, Object context)
+        {
+            System.out.println("IoT Hub responded to file upload for " + fileNameList.get((int)context) + " operation with status " + status.name());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Upload file or directories to blobs using IoT Hub.
+     *
+     * @param args 
+     * args[0] = IoT Hub connection string
+     * args[1] = File or directory to upload
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args)
+            throws IOException, URISyntaxException
+    {
+        String connString = null;
+        String fullFileName = null;
+
+        System.out.println("Starting...");
+        System.out.println("Beginning setup.");
+
+
+        if (args.length == 2)
+        {
+            connString = args[0];
+            fullFileName = args[1];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            System.out.format(
+                    "Expected the following argument but received: %d.\n"
+                            + "The program should be called with the following args: \n"
+                            + "[Device connection string] - String containing Hostname, Device Id & Device Key in the following formats: HostName=<iothub_host_name>;DeviceId=<device_id>;SharedAccessKey=<device_key>\n"
+                            + "[File or Directory to upload] - String containing the full path for the file or directory to upload.\n",
+                    args.length);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // File upload will always use HTTPS, DeviceClient will use this protocol only
+        //   for the other services like Device Telemetry, Device Method and Device Twin.
+        IotHubClientProtocol protocol = IotHubClientProtocol.MQTT;
+
+        System.out.println("Successfully read input parameters.");
+        System.out.format("Using communication protocol %s.\n",
+                protocol.name());
+
+        DeviceClient client = new DeviceClient(connString, protocol);
+
+        System.out.println("Successfully created an IoT Hub client.");
+        
+        try
+        {
+
+            uploadFileOrDirectory(client, fullFileName);
+
+            System.out.println("File upload started with success");
+
+            System.out.println("Waiting for file upload callback with the status...");
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            System.out.println("On exception, shutting down \n" + " Cause: " + e.getCause() + " \nERROR: " +  e.getMessage());
+            System.out.println("Shutting down...");
+            client.closeNow();
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Press any key to exit...");
+
+        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+        scanner.nextLine();
+        System.out.println("Shutting down...");
+        client.closeNow();
+    }
+
+    private static void uploadFileOrDirectory(DeviceClient client, String fullFileName) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException
+    {
+        File file = new File(fullFileName);
+        if(file.isDirectory())
+        {
+            uploadFileOrDirectoryRecursive(client, file.getPath(), "");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            uploadFile(client, file.getParent(), file.getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void uploadFileOrDirectoryRecursive(DeviceClient client, String baseDirectory, String relativePath) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException
+    {
+        String[] fileNameList = null;
+
+        File file = new File(baseDirectory, relativePath);
+        if(file.isDirectory())
+        {
+            fileNameList = file.list();
+            if(fileNameList != null)
+            {
+                for (String fileNameInDirectory:fileNameList)
+                {
+                    File newDir = new File(relativePath, fileNameInDirectory);
+                    uploadFileOrDirectoryRecursive(client, baseDirectory, newDir.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            uploadFile(client, baseDirectory, relativePath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void uploadFile(DeviceClient client, String baseDirectory, String relativeFileName) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException
+    {
+        File file = new File(baseDirectory, relativeFileName);
+        InputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+        long streamLength = file.length();
+
+        if(relativeFileName.startsWith("\\"))
+        {
+            relativeFileName = relativeFileName.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        int index = fileNameList.size();
+        fileNameList.add(relativeFileName);
+        client.uploadToBlobAsync(relativeFileName, inputStream, streamLength, new FileUploadStatusCallBack(), index);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 142 is not released after line 152.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 152
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileUploadSample.uploadFile(DeviceClient,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+samples.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.FileUploadSample.uploadFile(com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.D.9e59338feec5a9263bb32c06215e0376
+
+### File:
+device/iot-device-samples/file-upload-sample/src/main/java/samples/com/microsoft/azure/sdk/iot/FileUploadSample.java
+
+### Key:
+FileUploadSample.java|uploadFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+22c4d9ebe2fe7d7ffcb169d61088e78a
+
+### Hash:
+af18c691c4ab1a49ba625160a9971d31
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7996/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7996/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90343bdc1a7cb5d89988993e8e683a2d2d6df684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7996/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1116 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-iot-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
+ *  Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
+ */
+
+package tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.iothub;
+
+
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.*;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.DeviceTwin.DeviceMethodData;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.Message;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.DeviceTwin.Property;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.service.*;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.service.devicetwin.*;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.service.exceptions.IotHubException;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.junit.*;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.helpers.Tools;
+import tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.helpers.*;
+import tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.helpers.annotations.ContinuousIntegrationTest;
+import tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.helpers.annotations.IotHubTest;
+import tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.helpers.annotations.StandardTierHubOnlyTest;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import static com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.IotHubStatusCode.OK;
+import static com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.IotHubStatusCode.OK_EMPTY;
+import static junit.framework.TestCase.fail;
+import static tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.helpers.CorrelationDetailsLoggingAssert.buildExceptionMessage;
+import static tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.helpers.IotHubServicesCommon.sendMessagesMultiplex;
+import static tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.iothub.TransportClientTests.STATUS.FAILURE;
+import static tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.iothub.TransportClientTests.STATUS.SUCCESS;
+
+/**
+ * Test class containing all tests to be run on JVM and android pertaining to multiplexing with the TransportClient class.
+ * Class needs to be extended in order to run these tests as that extended class handles setting connection strings and certificate generation
+ */
+@IotHubTest
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
+public class TransportClientTests extends IntegrationTest
+{
+    //how many devices to test multiplexing with
+    private static final int MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX = 3;
+
+    private static final int NUM_KEYS_PER_MESSAGE = 10;
+    private static final int NUM_MESSAGES_PER_CONNECTION = 3;
+
+    private static final long RETRY_MILLISECONDS = 100; //.1 seconds
+    private static final long SEND_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS = 20 * 1000; // 20 seconds
+    private static final long RECEIVE_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS = 20 * 1000; // 20 seconds
+    private static final long MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_MILLISECONDS = 10 * 1000; // 10 seconds
+    private static final long MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS = 500; // .5 seconds
+    private static final long RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 200; // 200 seconds
+    private static final long CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 5; //5 seconds
+    private static final long MULTITHREADED_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS = 5 * 60 * 1000; // 5 minutes
+    private static final long MAX_TIMEOUT_FLUSH_NOTIFICATIONS_MILLISECONDS = 10 * 1000; // 10 secs
+    private static final long MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_PER_CALL_MILLISECONDS = 1000; // 1 second
+    private static final long MAXIMUM_TIME_FOR_IOTHUB_PROPAGATION_BETWEEN_DEVICE_SERVICE_CLIENTS_MILLISECONDS = MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS * 10; // 2 sec
+    private static final long REGISTRY_MANAGER_DEVICE_CREATION_DELAY_MILLISECONDS = 3 * 1000;
+
+    protected static String iotHubConnectionString = "";
+
+    private static ServiceClient serviceClient;
+
+    private static RegistryManager registryManager;
+
+    private static String expectedCorrelationId = "1234";
+    private static String expectedMessageId = "5678";
+
+    private static final String REMOTE_FILE_NAME = "File";
+    private static final String REMOTE_FILE_NAME_EXT = ".txt";
+
+    private static final Integer MAX_FILES_TO_UPLOAD = 1;
+
+    private static DeviceMethod methodServiceClient;
+
+    private static final int METHOD_SUCCESS = 200;
+    private static final int METHOD_NOT_DEFINED = 404;
+    private static final String METHOD_NAME = "methodName";
+    private static final String METHOD_PAYLOAD = "This is a good payload";
+
+    private static final String PROPERTY_KEY = "Key";
+    private static final String PROPERTY_VALUE = "Value";
+    private static final String PROPERTY_VALUE_UPDATE = "Update";
+
+    private static final Integer MAX_PROPERTIES_TO_TEST = 3;
+    private static final Integer MAX_DEVICES = 3;
+
+    @Parameterized.Parameters(name = "{0}")
+    public static Collection inputs() throws Exception
+    {
+        iotHubConnectionString = Tools.retrieveEnvironmentVariableValue(TestConstants.IOT_HUB_CONNECTION_STRING_ENV_VAR_NAME);
+        isBasicTierHub = Boolean.parseBoolean(Tools.retrieveEnvironmentVariableValue(TestConstants.IS_BASIC_TIER_HUB_ENV_VAR_NAME));
+        isPullRequest = Boolean.parseBoolean(Tools.retrieveEnvironmentVariableValue(TestConstants.IS_PULL_REQUEST));
+
+        registryManager = RegistryManager.createFromConnectionString(iotHubConnectionString);
+        serviceClient = ServiceClient.createFromConnectionString(iotHubConnectionString, IotHubServiceClientProtocol.AMQPS);
+        serviceClient.open();
+
+        methodServiceClient = DeviceMethod.createFromConnectionString(iotHubConnectionString);
+
+        return Arrays.asList(
+                new Object[][]
+                        {
+                                {IotHubClientProtocol.AMQPS},
+                                {IotHubClientProtocol.AMQPS_WS},
+                        });
+    }
+
+    public TransportClientTests(IotHubClientProtocol protocol) throws InterruptedException, IOException, IotHubException, URISyntaxException
+    {
+        this.testInstance = new TransportClientTestInstance(protocol);
+    }
+
+    public TransportClientTestInstance testInstance;
+
+    public class TransportClientTestInstance
+    {
+        public IotHubClientProtocol protocol;
+        public AtomicBoolean succeed;
+        public Map messageProperties;
+        public Device[] devicesList = new Device[MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX];
+        public String[] clientConnectionStringArrayList = new String[MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX];
+        public ArrayList<InternalClient> clientArrayList;
+        public TransportClient transportClient;
+        private DeviceState[] devicesUnderTest = new DeviceState[MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX];
+        private FileUploadState[] fileUploadState;
+        private MessageState[] messageStates;
+        private FileUploadNotificationReceiver fileUploadNotificationReceiver;
+        private DeviceTwin deviceTwinClient;
+
+        public TransportClientTestInstance(IotHubClientProtocol protocol)
+        {
+            this.protocol = protocol;
+        }
+
+        public void setup() throws InterruptedException, IotHubException, IOException, URISyntaxException
+        {
+            fileUploadNotificationReceiver = serviceClient.getFileUploadNotificationReceiver();
+            Assert.assertNotNull(fileUploadNotificationReceiver);
+
+            deviceTwinClient = DeviceTwin.createFromConnectionString(iotHubConnectionString);
+
+            String uuid = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+
+            succeed = new AtomicBoolean();
+
+            System.out.println("TransportClientTests UUID: " + uuid);
+
+            messageProperties = new HashMap<>(3);
+            messageProperties.put("name1", "value1");
+            messageProperties.put("name2", "value2");
+            messageProperties.put("name3", "value3");
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX; i++)
+            {
+                String deviceId = "java-device-client-e2e-test-multiplexing".concat(i + "-" + uuid);
+
+                devicesList[i] = Device.createFromId(deviceId, null, null);
+                Tools.addDeviceWithRetry(registryManager, devicesList[i]);
+                clientConnectionStringArrayList[i] = registryManager.getDeviceConnectionString(devicesList[i]);
+            }
+
+            this.clientArrayList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            this.transportClient = new TransportClient(this.protocol);
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX; i++)
+            {
+                this.clientArrayList.add(new DeviceClient(this.clientConnectionStringArrayList[i], transportClient));
+            }
+
+            Thread.sleep(REGISTRY_MANAGER_DEVICE_CREATION_DELAY_MILLISECONDS);
+        }
+
+        public void dispose()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX; i++)
+                {
+                    registryManager.removeDevice(devicesList[i]);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                //ignore the exception, don't care if tear down wasn't successful for this test
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void tearDown() throws IOException, IotHubException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        if (registryManager != null)
+        {
+            registryManager.close();
+
+            registryManager = null;
+        }
+
+        if (serviceClient != null)
+        {
+            serviceClient.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setupTestInstance() throws InterruptedException, IotHubException, URISyntaxException, IOException
+    {
+        testInstance.setup();
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDownTest()
+    {
+        testInstance.dispose();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sendMessages() throws URISyntaxException, IOException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        testInstance.transportClient.open();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); i++)
+        {
+            sendMessagesMultiplex(testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i), IotHubClientProtocol.AMQPS, NUM_MESSAGES_PER_CONNECTION, RETRY_MILLISECONDS, SEND_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS);
+        }
+
+        testInstance.transportClient.closeNow();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @StandardTierHubOnlyTest
+    public void receiveMessagesIncludingProperties() throws Exception
+    {
+        testInstance.transportClient.open();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); i++)
+        {
+            Success messageReceived = new Success();
+            com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.MessageCallback callback = new MessageCallback(testInstance.messageProperties);
+            ((DeviceClient)testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i)).setMessageCallback(callback, messageReceived);
+
+            sendMessageToDevice(testInstance.devicesList[i].getDeviceId(), "AMQPS");
+            waitForMessageToBeReceived(messageReceived, "AMQPS", testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i));
+
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+        }
+
+        testInstance.transportClient.closeNow();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @ContinuousIntegrationTest
+    public void sendMessagesMultithreaded() throws InterruptedException, IOException
+    {
+        testInstance.transportClient.open();
+        Thread[] threads = new Thread[testInstance.clientArrayList.size()];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); i++)
+        {
+            threads[i] = new Thread(new MultiplexRunnable(testInstance.devicesList[i], testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i), testInstance.succeed));
+            threads[i].start();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); i++)
+        {
+            threads[i].join(SEND_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS);
+        }
+
+        if(!testInstance.succeed.get())
+        {
+            Assert.fail(CorrelationDetailsLoggingAssert.buildExceptionMessage("Sending message over AMQP protocol in parallel failed", testInstance.clientArrayList));
+        }
+
+        testInstance.transportClient.closeNow();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @ContinuousIntegrationTest
+    public void uploadToBlobAsyncSingleFileAndTelemetry() throws Exception
+    {
+        // arrange
+        setUpFileUploadState();
+
+        testInstance.transportClient.open();
+
+        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
+
+        // act
+        for (int j = 0; j < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); j++)
+        {
+            for (int i = 1; i < MAX_FILES_TO_UPLOAD; i++)
+            {
+                final int indexI = i;
+                final int indexJ = j;
+                executor.submit(new Runnable()
+                {
+                    @Override
+                    public void run()
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            ((DeviceClient)testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ)).uploadToBlobAsync(testInstance.fileUploadState[indexI].blobName, testInstance.fileUploadState[indexI].fileInputStream, testInstance.fileUploadState[indexI].fileLength, new FileUploadCallback(), testInstance.fileUploadState[indexI]);
+                        }
+                        catch (IOException e)
+                        {
+                            Assert.fail(buildExceptionMessage(e.getMessage(), testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ)));
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+
+                executor.submit(new Runnable()
+                {
+                    @Override
+                    public void run()
+                    {
+                        testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ).sendEventAsync(new com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.Message(testInstance.messageStates[indexI].messageBody), new FileUploadCallback(), testInstance.messageStates[indexI]);
+                    }
+                });
+
+                // assert
+                FileUploadNotification fileUploadNotification = testInstance.fileUploadNotificationReceiver.receive(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_MILLISECONDS);
+                Assert.assertNotNull(buildExceptionMessage("file upload notification was null", testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ)), fileUploadNotification);
+                verifyNotification(fileUploadNotification, testInstance.fileUploadState[i], testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ));
+                Assert.assertTrue(buildExceptionMessage("File upload callback was not triggered for file upload attempt " + i, testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ)), testInstance.fileUploadState[i].isCallBackTriggered);
+                Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("File upload status was not successful on attempt " + i + ", status was: " + testInstance.fileUploadState[i].fileUploadStatus, testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ)), testInstance.fileUploadState[i].fileUploadStatus, SUCCESS);
+                Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Message status was not successful on attempt " + i + ", status was: " + testInstance.messageStates[i].messageStatus, testInstance.clientArrayList.get(indexJ)), testInstance.messageStates[i].messageStatus, SUCCESS);
+            }
+        }
+
+        executor.shutdown();
+        if (!executor.awaitTermination(MULTITHREADED_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
+        {
+            executor.shutdownNow();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 1; i < MAX_FILES_TO_UPLOAD; i++)
+        {
+            Assert.assertEquals(CorrelationDetailsLoggingAssert.buildExceptionMessage("File" + i + " has no notification", testInstance.clientArrayList), testInstance.fileUploadState[i].fileUploadNotificationReceived, SUCCESS);
+        }
+
+        testInstance.transportClient.closeNow();
+        tearDownFileUploadState();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @StandardTierHubOnlyTest
+    public void invokeMethodSucceed() throws Exception
+    {
+        testInstance.transportClient.open();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); i++)
+        {
+            ((DeviceClient)testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i)).subscribeToDeviceMethod(new SampleDeviceMethodCallback(), null, new DeviceMethodStatusCallBack(), null);
+
+            CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            RunnableInvoke runnableInvoke = new RunnableInvoke(methodServiceClient, testInstance.devicesList[i].getDeviceId(), METHOD_NAME, METHOD_PAYLOAD, countDownLatch);
+            new Thread(runnableInvoke).start();
+            countDownLatch.await(3, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+
+            MethodResult result = runnableInvoke.getResult();
+            Assert.assertNotNull(buildExceptionMessage(runnableInvoke.getException() == null ? "Runnable returns null without exception information" : runnableInvoke.getException().getMessage(), testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i)), result);
+            Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("result was not success, but was: " + result.getStatus(), testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i)), (long)METHOD_SUCCESS,(long)result.getStatus());
+            Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Received unexpected payload", testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i)), runnableInvoke.getExpectedPayload(), METHOD_NAME + ":" + result.getPayload().toString());
+        }
+
+        testInstance.transportClient.closeNow();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @StandardTierHubOnlyTest
+    @ContinuousIntegrationTest
+    public void invokeMethodInvokeParallelSucceed() throws Exception
+    {
+        testInstance.transportClient.open();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); i++)
+        {
+            ((DeviceClient)testInstance.clientArrayList.get(i)).subscribeToDeviceMethod(new SampleDeviceMethodCallback(), null, new DeviceMethodStatusCallBack(), null);
+        }
+
+        List<RunnableInvoke> runs = new LinkedList<>();
+        CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX);
+        for (int i = 0; i < testInstance.clientArrayList.size(); i++)
+        {
+            RunnableInvoke runnableInvoke = new RunnableInvoke(methodServiceClient, testInstance.devicesList[i].getDeviceId(), METHOD_NAME, METHOD_PAYLOAD, countDownLatch);
+            new Thread(runnableInvoke).start();
+            runs.add(runnableInvoke);
+        }
+        countDownLatch.await(3, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+
+        Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_PER_CALL_MILLISECONDS * MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX);
+
+        for (RunnableInvoke runnableInvoke:runs)
+        {
+            MethodResult result = runnableInvoke.getResult();
+            Assert.assertNotNull(CorrelationDetailsLoggingAssert.buildExceptionMessage(runnableInvoke.getException() == null ? "Runnable returns null without exception information" : runnableInvoke.getException().getMessage(), testInstance.clientArrayList), result);
+            Assert.assertEquals(CorrelationDetailsLoggingAssert.buildExceptionMessage("result was not success, but was: " + result.getStatus(), testInstance.clientArrayList), (long)METHOD_SUCCESS,(long)result.getStatus());
+            Assert.assertEquals(CorrelationDetailsLoggingAssert.buildExceptionMessage("Received unexpected payload", testInstance.clientArrayList), runnableInvoke.getExpectedPayload(), METHOD_NAME + ":" + result.getPayload().toString());
+        }
+
+        testInstance.transportClient.closeNow();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @StandardTierHubOnlyTest
+    public void testTwin() throws IOException, InterruptedException, IotHubException, URISyntaxException
+    {
+        testInstance.transportClient = setUpTwin();
+
+        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(MAX_PROPERTIES_TO_TEST);
+
+        //Testing subscribing to desired properties.
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICES; i++)
+        {
+            testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.getDesiredProp().clear();
+            for (int j = 0; j < MAX_PROPERTIES_TO_TEST; j++)
+            {
+                PropertyState propertyState = new PropertyState();
+                propertyState.callBackTriggered = false;
+                propertyState.property = new Property(PROPERTY_KEY + j, PROPERTY_VALUE);
+                testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.propertyStateList.add(propertyState);
+                testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.setDesiredPropertyCallback(propertyState.property, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin, propertyState);
+            }
+
+            // act
+            testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient.subscribeToDesiredProperties(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.getDesiredProp());
+            Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+
+            Set<Pair> desiredProperties = new HashSet<>();
+            for (int j = 0; j < MAX_PROPERTIES_TO_TEST; j++)
+            {
+                desiredProperties.add(new Pair(PROPERTY_KEY + j, PROPERTY_VALUE_UPDATE + UUID.randomUUID()));
+            }
+            testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].sCDeviceForTwin.setDesiredProperties(desiredProperties);
+            testInstance.deviceTwinClient.updateTwin(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].sCDeviceForTwin);
+            Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Device twin status expected to be SUCCESS, but was: " + testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceTwinStatus, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient), SUCCESS, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceTwinStatus);
+            for (PropertyState propertyState : testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.propertyStateList)
+            {
+                Assert.assertTrue(buildExceptionMessage("One or more property callbacks were not triggered", testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient), propertyState.callBackTriggered);
+                Assert.assertTrue(buildExceptionMessage("Property new value did not start with " + PROPERTY_VALUE_UPDATE, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient), ((String) propertyState.propertyNewValue).startsWith(PROPERTY_VALUE_UPDATE));
+                Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Expected SUCCESS but device twin status was " + testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceTwinStatus, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient), SUCCESS, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceTwinStatus);
+            }
+        }
+
+        //Testing updating reported properties
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICES; i++)
+        {
+            // act
+            // send max_prop RP all at once
+            testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.createNewReportedProperties(MAX_PROPERTIES_TO_TEST);
+            testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient.sendReportedProperties(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.getReportedProp());
+            Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+
+            // act
+            // Update RP
+            testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.updateAllExistingReportedProperties();
+            testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient.sendReportedProperties(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin.getReportedProp());
+            Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Expected status SUCCESS but was " + testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceTwinStatus, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient), SUCCESS, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceTwinStatus);
+
+            // verify if they are received by SC
+            Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_FOR_IOTHUB_PROPAGATION_BETWEEN_DEVICE_SERVICE_CLIENTS_MILLISECONDS);
+            int actualReportedPropFound = readReportedProperties(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i], PROPERTY_KEY, PROPERTY_VALUE_UPDATE);
+            Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Missing reported properties on the " + (i+1) + " device out of " + MAX_DEVICE_MULTIPLEX,testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient), MAX_PROPERTIES_TO_TEST.intValue(), actualReportedPropFound);
+        }
+
+        //Testing sending reported properties, send max_prop RP one at a time in parallel
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PROPERTIES_TO_TEST; i++)
+        {
+            final int finalI = i;
+            executor.submit(new Runnable()
+            {
+                @Override
+                public void run()
+                {
+                    // testSendReportedPropertiesMultiThreaded
+                    try
+                    {
+                        testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].dCDeviceForTwin.createNewReportedProperties(1);
+                        testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceClient.sendReportedProperties(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].dCDeviceForTwin.getReportedProp());
+                    }
+                    catch (IOException e)
+                    {
+                        Assert.fail(buildExceptionMessage(e.getMessage(), testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceClient));
+                    }
+                    Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Expected SUCCESS but was " + testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceTwinStatus, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceClient), SUCCESS, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceTwinStatus);
+
+                    // testUpdateReportedPropertiesMultiThreaded
+                    try
+                    {
+                        testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].dCDeviceForTwin.updateExistingReportedProperty(finalI);
+                        testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceClient.sendReportedProperties(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].dCDeviceForTwin.getReportedProp());
+                    }
+                    catch (IOException e)
+                    {
+                        Assert.fail(buildExceptionMessage(e.getMessage(), testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceClient));
+                    }
+                    Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Expected SUCCESS but was " + testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceTwinStatus, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceClient), SUCCESS, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[finalI].deviceTwinStatus);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+        executor.shutdown();
+        if (!executor.awaitTermination(MULTITHREADED_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) //4 minutes
+        {
+            executor.shutdownNow();
+            fail(buildExceptionMessage("Test threads did not finish before timeout", testInstance.devicesUnderTest[0].deviceClient));
+        }
+
+        tearDownTwin(testInstance.transportClient);
+    }
+    
+    private void verifyNotification(FileUploadNotification fileUploadNotification, FileUploadState fileUploadState, InternalClient client) throws IOException
+    {
+        Assert.assertTrue(buildExceptionMessage("Wrong file upload notification length", client), fileUploadNotification.getBlobSizeInBytes() == fileUploadState.fileLength);
+
+        URL u = new URL(fileUploadNotification.getBlobUri());
+        try (InputStream inputStream = u.openStream())
+        {
+            byte[] testBuf = new byte[(int)fileUploadState.fileLength];
+            int testLen = inputStream.read(testBuf,  0, (int)fileUploadState.fileLength);
+            byte[] actualBuf = new byte[(int)fileUploadState.fileLength];
+            fileUploadState.fileInputStream.reset();
+            int actualLen = (fileUploadState.fileLength == 0) ? (int) fileUploadState.fileLength : fileUploadState.fileInputStream.read(actualBuf, 0, (int) fileUploadState.fileLength);
+            Assert.assertEquals(buildExceptionMessage("Incorrect file length", client), testLen, actualLen);
+            Assert.assertTrue(buildExceptionMessage("Arrays are not equal", client), Arrays.equals(testBuf, actualBuf));
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertTrue(buildExceptionMessage("Incorrect blob name", client), fileUploadNotification.getBlobName().contains(fileUploadState.blobName));
+        fileUploadState.fileUploadNotificationReceived = SUCCESS;
+    }
+
+    private static class MessageCallback implements com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.MessageCallback
+    {
+        Map messageProperties;
+
+        public MessageCallback(Map messageProperties)
+        {
+            this.messageProperties = messageProperties;
+        }
+
+        public IotHubMessageResult execute(Message msg, Object context)
+        {
+            Boolean resultValue = true;
+            Success messageReceived = (Success)context;
+            if (!hasExpectedProperties(msg, messageProperties) || !hasExpectedSystemProperties(msg))
+            {
+                resultValue = false;
+            }
+
+            messageReceived.callbackWasFired();
+
+            messageReceived.setResult(resultValue);
+            return IotHubMessageResult.COMPLETE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasExpectedProperties(Message msg, Map<String, String> messageProperties)
+    {
+        for (String key : messageProperties.keySet())
+        {
+            if (msg.getProperty(key) == null || !msg.getProperty(key).equals(messageProperties.get(key)))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasExpectedSystemProperties(Message msg)
+    {
+        if (msg.getCorrelationId() == null || !msg.getCorrelationId().equals(expectedCorrelationId))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (msg.getMessageId() == null || !msg.getMessageId().equals(expectedMessageId))
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        //all system properties are as expected
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendMessageToDevice(String deviceId, String protocolName) throws IotHubException, IOException
+    {
+        String messageString = "Java service e2e test message to be received over " + protocolName + " protocol";
+        com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.service.Message serviceMessage = new com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.service.Message(messageString);
+        serviceMessage.setCorrelationId(expectedCorrelationId);
+        serviceMessage.setMessageId(expectedMessageId);
+        serviceMessage.setProperties(testInstance.messageProperties);
+        serviceClient.send(deviceId, serviceMessage);
+    }
+
+    private void waitForMessageToBeReceived(Success messageReceived, String protocolName, InternalClient client)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            while (!messageReceived.wasCallbackFired())
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(100);
+
+                if (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime > RECEIVE_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS)
+                {
+                    fail("Timed out waiting for message to be received");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!messageReceived.getResult())
+            {
+                Assert.fail(buildExceptionMessage("Receiving message over " + protocolName + " protocol failed. Received message was missing one or more properties", client));
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            Assert.fail(buildExceptionMessage("Receiving message over " + protocolName + " protocol failed", client));
+        }
+    }
+
+    enum STATUS
+    {
+        SUCCESS, FAILURE
+    }
+
+    private static class FileUploadState
+    {
+        String blobName;
+        InputStream fileInputStream;
+        long fileLength;
+        boolean isCallBackTriggered;
+        STATUS fileUploadStatus;
+        STATUS fileUploadNotificationReceived;
+    }
+
+    private static class MessageState
+    {
+        String messageBody;
+        STATUS messageStatus;
+    }
+
+    private static class FileUploadCallback implements IotHubEventCallback
+    {
+        @Override
+        public void execute(IotHubStatusCode responseStatus, Object context)
+        {
+            if (context instanceof FileUploadState)
+            {
+                FileUploadState fileUploadState = (FileUploadState) context;
+                fileUploadState.isCallBackTriggered = true;
+
+                // On failure, Don't update fileUploadStatus any further
+                if ((responseStatus == OK || responseStatus == OK_EMPTY) && fileUploadState.fileUploadStatus != FAILURE)
+                {
+                    fileUploadState.fileUploadStatus = SUCCESS;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    fileUploadState.fileUploadStatus = FAILURE;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (context instanceof MessageState)
+            {
+                MessageState messageState = (MessageState) context;
+                // On failure, Don't update message status any further
+                if ((responseStatus == OK || responseStatus == OK_EMPTY) && messageState.messageStatus != FAILURE)
+                {
+                    messageState.messageStatus = SUCCESS;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    messageState.messageStatus = FAILURE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static class SampleDeviceMethodCallback implements com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.DeviceTwin.DeviceMethodCallback
+    {
+        @Override
+        public DeviceMethodData call(String methodName, Object methodData, Object context)
+        {
+            int status;
+
+            if (methodName.equals(METHOD_NAME))
+            {
+                status = METHOD_SUCCESS;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                status = METHOD_NOT_DEFINED;
+            }
+
+            return new DeviceMethodData(status, METHOD_PAYLOAD);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static class DeviceMethodStatusCallBack implements IotHubEventCallback
+    {
+        public void execute(IotHubStatusCode status, Object context)
+        {
+            System.out.println("Device Client: IoT Hub responded to device method operation with status " + status.name());
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static class RunnableInvoke implements Runnable
+    {
+        private String deviceId;
+        private String methodName;
+        private String methodPayload;
+        private CountDownLatch latch;
+        private MethodResult result = null;
+        private DeviceMethod methodServiceClient;
+
+        private Exception exception = null;
+
+        RunnableInvoke(DeviceMethod methodServiceClient, String deviceId, String methodName, String methodPayload, CountDownLatch latch)
+        {
+            this.methodServiceClient = methodServiceClient;
+            this.deviceId = deviceId;
+            this.methodName = methodName;
+            this.methodPayload = methodPayload;
+            this.latch = latch;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run()
+        {
+            // Arrange
+            exception = null;
+
+            // Act
+            try
+            {
+                result = methodServiceClient.invoke(deviceId, methodName, RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, methodPayload);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                exception = e;
+            }
+
+            latch.countDown();
+        }
+
+        String getExpectedPayload()
+        {
+            return methodName + ":" + methodPayload;
+        }
+
+        MethodResult getResult()
+        {
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        Exception getException()
+        {
+            return exception;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static class MultiplexRunnable implements Runnable
+    {
+        private InternalClient client;
+        private String messageString;
+        private AtomicBoolean success;
+
+        @Override
+        public void run()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                this.sendMessages();
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                this.success.lazySet(false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private MultiplexRunnable(Device deviceAmqps, InternalClient client, AtomicBoolean success)
+        {
+            this.client = client;
+            this.success = success;
+
+            messageString = "Java client " + deviceAmqps.getDeviceId() + " test e2e message over AMQP protocol";
+        }
+
+        private void sendMessages() throws Exception
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < NUM_MESSAGES_PER_CONNECTION; ++i)
+            {
+                Message msgSend = new Message(messageString);
+                msgSend.setProperty("messageCount", Integer.toString(i));
+                for (int j = 0; j < NUM_KEYS_PER_MESSAGE; j++)
+                {
+                    msgSend.setProperty("key"+j, "value"+j);
+                }
+
+                Success messageSent = new Success();
+                EventCallback callback = new EventCallback(IotHubStatusCode.OK_EMPTY);
+                client.sendEventAsync(msgSend, callback, messageSent);
+
+                long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                while (!messageSent.wasCallbackFired())
+                {
+                    Thread.sleep(RETRY_MILLISECONDS);
+                    if ((System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) > SEND_TIMEOUT_MILLISECONDS)
+                    {
+                        fail(buildExceptionMessage("Timed out waiting for OK_EMPTY response for sent message", client));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (messageSent.getCallbackStatusCode() != IotHubStatusCode.OK_EMPTY)
+                {
+                    fail(buildExceptionMessage("Unexpected iot hub status code! Expected OK_EMPTY but got " + messageSent.getCallbackStatusCode(), client));
+                }
+            }
+
+            this.success.lazySet(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeviceState
+    {
+        DeviceClient deviceClient;
+        String connectionString;
+        DeviceExtension dCDeviceForTwin;
+        STATUS deviceTwinStatus;
+
+        com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.service.Device sCDeviceForRegistryManager;
+        DeviceTwinDevice sCDeviceForTwin;
+    }
+
+    class PropertyState
+    {
+        boolean callBackTriggered;
+        Property property;
+        Object propertyNewValue;
+    }
+
+    class DeviceExtension extends com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.DeviceTwin.Device
+    {
+        List<PropertyState> propertyStateList = new LinkedList<>();
+
+        @Override
+        public void PropertyCall(String propertyKey, Object propertyValue, Object context)
+        {
+            PropertyState propertyState = (PropertyState) context;
+            if (propertyKey.equals(propertyState.property.getKey()))
+            {
+                propertyState.callBackTriggered = true;
+                propertyState.propertyNewValue = propertyValue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized void createNewReportedProperties(int maximumPropertiesToCreate)
+        {
+            for( int i = 0; i < maximumPropertiesToCreate; i++)
+            {
+                UUID randomUUID = UUID.randomUUID();
+                this.setReportedProp(new Property(PROPERTY_KEY + randomUUID, PROPERTY_VALUE + randomUUID));
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized void updateAllExistingReportedProperties()
+        {
+            Set<Property> reportedProp = this.getReportedProp();
+
+            for (Property p : reportedProp)
+            {
+                UUID randomUUID = UUID.randomUUID();
+                p.setValue(PROPERTY_VALUE_UPDATE + randomUUID);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized void updateExistingReportedProperty(int index)
+        {
+            Set<Property> reportedProp = this.getReportedProp();
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Property p : reportedProp)
+            {
+                if (i == index)
+                {
+                    UUID randomUUID = UUID.randomUUID();
+                    p.setValue(PROPERTY_VALUE_UPDATE + randomUUID);
+                    break;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private TransportClient setUpTwin()
+    {
+        TransportClient transportClient = null;
+        try
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICES; i++)
+            {
+                DeviceState deviceState = new DeviceState();
+                deviceState.sCDeviceForRegistryManager = testInstance.devicesList[i];
+                deviceState.connectionString = registryManager.getDeviceConnectionString(deviceState.sCDeviceForRegistryManager);
+                testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i] = deviceState;
+
+                Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+
+            transportClient = new TransportClient(IotHubClientProtocol.AMQPS);
+
+            testInstance.clientArrayList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICES; i++)
+            {
+                DeviceState deviceState = testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i];
+                deviceState.deviceClient = new DeviceClient(deviceState.connectionString, transportClient);
+                testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin = new DeviceExtension();
+                testInstance.clientArrayList.add(deviceState.deviceClient);
+            }
+
+            transportClient.open();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEVICES; i++)
+            {
+                testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceClient.startDeviceTwin(new DeviceTwinStatusCallBack(), testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i], testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].dCDeviceForTwin, testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i]);
+                testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].deviceTwinStatus = SUCCESS;
+                testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].sCDeviceForTwin = new DeviceTwinDevice(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].sCDeviceForRegistryManager.getDeviceId());
+                testInstance.deviceTwinClient.getTwin(testInstance.devicesUnderTest[i].sCDeviceForTwin);
+                Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            TestCase.fail("Encountered exception during setUpTwin: " + Tools.getStackTraceFromThrowable(e));
+        }
+
+        return transportClient;
+    }
+
+    private void tearDownTwin(TransportClient transportClient)
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            transportClient.closeNow();
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            // No need to fail the test just because cleanup failed.
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setUpFileUploadState() throws Exception
+    {
+        // Start receiver for a test
+        testInstance.fileUploadNotificationReceiver.open();
+        testInstance.fileUploadNotificationReceiver.receive(MAX_TIMEOUT_FLUSH_NOTIFICATIONS_MILLISECONDS);
+        testInstance.fileUploadNotificationReceiver.close();
+        testInstance.fileUploadNotificationReceiver.open();
+
+        testInstance.fileUploadState = new FileUploadState[MAX_FILES_TO_UPLOAD];
+        testInstance.messageStates = new MessageState[MAX_FILES_TO_UPLOAD];
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_FILES_TO_UPLOAD; i++)
+        {
+            byte[] buf = new byte[i];
+            new Random().nextBytes(buf);
+            testInstance.fileUploadState[i] = new FileUploadState();
+            testInstance.fileUploadState[i].blobName = REMOTE_FILE_NAME + i + REMOTE_FILE_NAME_EXT;
+            testInstance.fileUploadState[i].fileInputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(buf);
+            testInstance.fileUploadState[i].fileLength = buf.length;
+            testInstance.fileUploadState[i].fileUploadStatus = SUCCESS;
+            testInstance.fileUploadState[i].fileUploadNotificationReceived = FAILURE;
+            testInstance.fileUploadState[i].isCallBackTriggered = false;
+
+            testInstance.messageStates[i] = new MessageState();
+            testInstance.messageStates[i].messageBody = new String(buf);
+            testInstance.messageStates[i].messageStatus = SUCCESS;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void tearDownFileUploadState()
+    {
+        testInstance.fileUploadState = null;
+        testInstance.messageStates = null;
+    }
+
+    private int readReportedProperties(DeviceState deviceState, String startsWithKey, String startsWithValue) throws IOException , IotHubException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        int totalCount = 0;
+        Thread.sleep(MAXIMUM_TIME_TO_WAIT_FOR_IOTHUB_TWIN_OPERATION_MILLISECONDS);
+        testInstance.deviceTwinClient.getTwin(deviceState.sCDeviceForTwin);
+        Set<Pair> repProperties = deviceState.sCDeviceForTwin.getReportedProperties();
+
+        for (Pair p : repProperties)
+        {
+            String val = (String) p.getValue();
+            if (p.getKey().startsWith(startsWithKey) && val.startsWith(startsWithValue))
+            {
+                totalCount++;
+            }
+        }
+        return totalCount;
+    }
+
+    protected class DeviceTwinStatusCallBack implements IotHubEventCallback
+    {
+        public void execute(IotHubStatusCode status, Object context)
+        {
+            DeviceState state = (DeviceState) context;
+
+            //On failure, Don't update status any further
+            if ((status == OK || status == OK_EMPTY ) && state.deviceTwinStatus != FAILURE)
+            {
+                state.deviceTwinStatus = SUCCESS;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                state.deviceTwinStatus = FAILURE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 374 could be null and is dereferenced at line 376.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TransportClientTests.invokeMethodSucceed()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+tests.integration.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.iothub.TransportClientTests.invokeMethodSucceed():void.fcbae7463f01379ad7b09442f66fc227
+
+### File:
+iot-e2e-tests/common/src/test/java/tests/integration/com/microsoft/azure/sdk/iot/iothub/TransportClientTests.java
+
+### Key:
+TransportClientTests.java|invokeMethodSucceed|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+8752705bcd4f5eebb41e0faa66e0eb44
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7998/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7998/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08872b3dda64411c047f21a78f523defb9e85e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7998/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,879 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-iot-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
+ * Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
+ */
+
+package com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.amqps;
+
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.deps.ws.impl.WebSocketImpl;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.CustomLogger;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.DeviceClientConfig;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.IotHubMessageResult;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.ObjectLock;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.auth.IotHubSasToken;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.State;
+import com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.TransportUtils;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.Proton;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.Symbol;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.messaging.Accepted;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.messaging.Source;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.messaging.Target;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.transport.DeliveryState;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.transport.SenderSettleMode;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.engine.*;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.engine.impl.TransportInternal;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.message.Message;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.reactor.FlowController;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.reactor.Handshaker;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.reactor.Reactor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.BufferOverflowException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+
+
+/**
+ * An AMQPS IotHub connection between a device and an IoTHub. This class contains functionality for sending/receiving
+ * a message, and logic to re-establish the connection with the IoTHub in case it gets lost.
+ */
+public final class AmqpsIotHubConnection extends BaseHandler
+{
+    private static final int MAX_WAIT_TO_OPEN_CLOSE_CONNECTION = 1*60*1000; // 1 second timeout
+    private static final int MAX_WAIT_TO_TERMINATE_EXECUTOR = 30;
+    private State state;
+
+    private static final String SENDER_TAG = "sender";
+    private static final String RECEIVE_TAG = "receiver";
+
+    private static final String SEND_ENDPOINT_FORMAT = "/devices/%s/messages/events";
+    private final String sendEndpoint;
+    private static final String RECEIVE_ENDPOINT_FORMAT = "/devices/%s/messages/devicebound";
+    private final String receiveEndpoint;
+
+    private int linkCredit = -1;
+    /** The {@link Delivery} tag. */
+    private long nextTag = 0;
+    private static final String VERSION_IDENTIFIER_KEY = "com.microsoft:client-version";
+    private static final String WEB_SOCKET_PATH = "/$iothub/websocket";
+    private static final String WEB_SOCKET_SUB_PROTOCOL = "AMQPWSB10";
+    private static final int AMQP_PORT = 5671;
+    private static final int AMQP_WEB_SOCKET_PORT = 443;
+    private String sasToken;
+
+    private Sender sender;
+    private Receiver receiver;
+    private Connection connection;
+    private Session session;
+
+    private String hostName;
+    private String userName;
+
+    private final Boolean useWebSockets;
+    private DeviceClientConfig config;
+
+    private final List<ServerListener> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    private final ObjectLock openLock = new ObjectLock();
+    private final ObjectLock closeLock = new ObjectLock();
+
+    private Reactor reactor;
+
+    private Boolean reconnectCall = false;
+    private int currentReconnectionAttempt = 1;
+    private CustomLogger logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor to set up connection parameters using the {@link DeviceClientConfig}.
+     *
+     * @param config The {@link DeviceClientConfig} corresponding to the device associated with this {@link com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.DeviceClient}.
+     * @param useWebSockets Whether the connection should use web sockets or not.
+     * @throws IOException if failed connecting to iothub.
+     */
+    public AmqpsIotHubConnection(DeviceClientConfig config, Boolean useWebSockets) throws IOException
+    {
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_001: [The constructor shall throw IllegalArgumentException if
+        // any of the parameters of the configuration is null or empty.]
+        if(config == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The DeviceClientConfig cannot be null.");
+        }
+        if(config.getIotHubHostname() == null || config.getIotHubHostname().length() == 0)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("hostName cannot be null or empty.");
+        }
+        if (config.getDeviceId() == null || config.getDeviceId().length() == 0)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("deviceID cannot be null or empty.");
+        }
+        if(config.getIotHubName() == null || config.getIotHubName().length() == 0)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("hubName cannot be null or empty.");
+        }
+        if(config.getDeviceKey() == null || config.getDeviceKey().length() == 0)
+        {
+            if(config.getSharedAccessToken() == null || config.getSharedAccessToken().length() == 0)
+
+                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Both deviceKey and shared access signature cannot be null or empty.");
+        }
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_002: [The constructor shall save the configuration into private member variables.]
+        this.config = config;
+
+        String deviceId = this.config.getDeviceId();
+        String iotHubName = this.config.getIotHubName();
+
+        this.userName = deviceId + "@sas." + iotHubName;
+
+        this.useWebSockets = useWebSockets;
+        if (useWebSockets)
+        {
+            this.hostName = String.format("%s:%d", this.config.getIotHubHostname(), AMQP_WEB_SOCKET_PORT);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.hostName = String.format("%s:%d", this.config.getIotHubHostname(), AMQP_PORT);
+        }
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_003: [The constructor shall initialize the sender and receiver
+        // endpoint private member variables using the send/RECEIVE_ENDPOINT_FORMAT constants and device id.]
+        this.sendEndpoint = String.format(SEND_ENDPOINT_FORMAT, deviceId);
+        this.receiveEndpoint = String.format(RECEIVE_ENDPOINT_FORMAT, deviceId);
+        this.logger = new CustomLogger(this.getClass());
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_004: [The constructor shall initialize a new Handshaker
+        // (Proton) object to handle communication handshake.]
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_005: [The constructor shall initialize a new FlowController
+        // (Proton) object to handle communication flow.]
+        add(new Handshaker());
+        add(new FlowController());
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_006: [The constructor shall set its state to CLOSED.]
+        this.state = State.CLOSED;
+
+        try
+        {
+            reactor = Proton.reactor(this);
+
+        } catch (IOException e)
+        {
+            logger.LogError(e);
+            throw new IOException("Could not create Proton reactor");
+        }
+        logger.LogInfo("AmqpsIotHubConnection object is created successfully using port %s in %s method ", useWebSockets ? AMQP_WEB_SOCKET_PORT : AMQP_PORT, logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens the {@link AmqpsIotHubConnection}.
+     * <p>
+     *     If the current connection is not open, this method
+     *     will create a new {@link IotHubSasToken}. This method will
+     *     start the {@link Reactor}, set the connection to open and make it ready for sending.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @throws IOException If the reactor could not be initialized.
+     */
+    public void open() throws IOException
+    {
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_007: [If the AMQPS connection is already open, the function shall do nothing.]
+        if(this.state == State.CLOSED)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_009: [The function shall trigger the Reactor (Proton) to begin running.]
+                openAsync();
+            }
+            catch(Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.LogError(e);
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_011: [If any exception is thrown while attempting to trigger
+                // the reactor, the function shall close the connection and throw an IOException.]
+                this.close();
+                throw new IOException("Error opening Amqp connection: ", e);
+            }
+
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_010: [The function shall wait for the reactor to be ready and for
+            // enough link credit to become available.]
+            try
+            {
+                synchronized (openLock)
+                {
+                    openLock.waitLock(MAX_WAIT_TO_OPEN_CLOSE_CONNECTION);
+                }
+            } catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+                logger.LogError(e);
+                throw new IOException("Waited too long for the connection to open.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the {@link AmqpsIotHubConnection}.
+     * <p>
+     *     If the current connection is not closed, this function
+     *     will set the current state to closed and invalidate all connection related variables.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @throws IOException if it failed closing the iothub connection.
+     */
+    public void close() throws IOException
+    {
+
+        closeAsync();
+
+        try
+        {
+            synchronized (closeLock)
+            {
+                closeLock.waitLock(MAX_WAIT_TO_OPEN_CLOSE_CONNECTION);
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            logger.LogError(e);
+            throw new IOException("Waited too long for the connection to close.");
+        }
+
+        if (this.executorService != null) {
+            logger.LogInfo("Shutdown of executor service has started, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+            this.executorService.shutdown();
+            try {
+                // Wait a while for existing tasks to terminate
+                if (!this.executorService.awaitTermination(MAX_WAIT_TO_TERMINATE_EXECUTOR, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    this.executorService.shutdownNow(); // Cancel currently executing tasks
+                    // Wait a while for tasks to respond to being cancelled
+                    if (!this.executorService.awaitTermination(MAX_WAIT_TO_TERMINATE_EXECUTOR, TimeUnit.SECONDS)){
+                        logger.LogInfo("Pool did not terminate");
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+                logger.LogError(ie);
+                // (Re-)Cancel if current thread also interrupted
+                this.executorService.shutdownNow();
+            }
+            logger.LogInfo("Shutdown of executor service completed, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void openAsync() throws IOException
+    {
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_008: [The function shall create a new sasToken valid for the duration
+        // specified in config to be used for the communication with IoTHub.]
+        this.sasToken = new IotHubSasToken(this.config, System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000L +
+                this.config.getTokenValidSecs() + 1L).toString();
+				
+        logger.LogInfo("SAS Token is created successfully, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+
+        if (this.reactor == null)
+        {
+            this.reactor = Proton.reactor(this);
+        }
+
+        if (executorService == null)
+        {
+            executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
+        }
+
+        IotHubReactor iotHubReactor = new IotHubReactor(reactor);
+        ReactorRunner reactorRunner = new ReactorRunner(iotHubReactor);
+        executorService.submit(reactorRunner);
+        logger.LogInfo("Reactor is assigned to executor service, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    private void closeAsync()
+    {
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_048 [If the AMQPS connection is already closed, the function shall do nothing.]
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_012: [The function shall set the status of the AMQPS connection to CLOSED.]
+        this.state = State.CLOSED;
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_013: [The function shall close the AMQPS sender and receiver links,
+        // the AMQPS session and the AMQPS connection.]
+        if (this.sender != null)
+            this.sender.close();
+        if (this.receiver != null)
+            this.receiver.close();
+        if (this.session != null)
+            this.session.close();
+        if (this.connection != null)
+            this.connection.close();
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_014: [The function shall stop the Proton reactor.]
+
+        this.reactor.stop();
+        logger.LogInfo("Proton reactor has been stopped, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a binary message using the given content and messageId. Sends the created message using the sender link.
+     * @param message The message to be sent.
+     * @return An {@link Integer} representing the hash of the message, or -1 if the connection is closed.
+     */
+    public Integer sendMessage(Message message)
+    {
+        Integer deliveryHash;
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_015: [If the state of the connection is CLOSED or there is not enough
+        // credit, the function shall return -1.]
+        if (this.state == State.CLOSED || this.linkCredit <= 0)
+        {
+            deliveryHash = -1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_016: [The function shall encode the message and copy the contents to the byte buffer.]
+            byte[] msgData = new byte[1024];
+            int length;
+
+            logger.LogInfo("Started encoding of message - entering in while loop, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+            while (true)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    length = message.encode(msgData, 0, msgData.length);
+                    logger.LogInfo("Completed encoding of message, length is %s - breaking the while loop to come out, method name is %s ", length, logger.getMethodName());
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (BufferOverflowException e)
+                {
+                    logger.LogError(e);
+                    msgData = new byte[msgData.length * 2];
+                }
+            }
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_017: [The function shall set the delivery tag for the sender.]
+            byte[] tag = String.valueOf(this. nextTag++).getBytes();
+	    Delivery dlv = sender.delivery(tag);
+	    try
+	    {
+            logger.LogInfo("Attempting to send the message using the sender link, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_018: [The function shall attempt to send the message using the sender link.]
+            sender.send(msgData, 0, length);
+
+            logger.LogInfo("Advancing the sender link, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_019: [The function shall advance the sender link.]
+            sender.advance();
+
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_020: [The function shall set the delivery hash to the value returned by the sender link.]
+            deliveryHash = dlv.hashCode();
+            logger.LogInfo("Delivery hash returned by the sender link %s, method name is %s ", deliveryHash, logger.getMethodName());
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            // If proton failed sending, release dlv object. Otherwise release it when received a disposition frame from proton.
+            sender.advance();
+            dlv.free();
+            deliveryHash = -1;
+	    }
+	}
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_021: [The function shall return the delivery hash.]
+        return deliveryHash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends the message result for the previously received message.
+     *
+     * @param message the message to be acknowledged.
+     * @param result the message result (one of {@link IotHubMessageResult#COMPLETE},
+     *               {@link IotHubMessageResult#ABANDON}, or {@link IotHubMessageResult#REJECT}).
+     * @return a boolean true if sent message was received with success, or false on fail.
+     */
+    public Boolean sendMessageResult(AmqpsMessage message, IotHubMessageResult result)
+    {
+        Boolean ackResult = false;
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_022: [If the AMQPS Connection is closed, the function shall return false.]
+        if(this.state != State.CLOSED)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                logger.LogInfo("Acknowledgement for received message is %s, method name is %s ", result.name(), logger.getMethodName());
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_023: [If the message result is COMPLETE, ABANDON, or REJECT,
+                // the function shall acknowledge the last message with acknowledgement type COMPLETE, ABANDON, or REJECT respectively.]
+                switch (result)
+                {
+                    case COMPLETE:
+                        message.acknowledge(AmqpsMessage.ACK_TYPE.COMPLETE);
+                        break;
+                    case REJECT:
+                        message.acknowledge(AmqpsMessage.ACK_TYPE.REJECT);
+                        break;
+                    case ABANDON:
+                        message.acknowledge(AmqpsMessage.ACK_TYPE.ABANDON);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        // should never happen.
+                        logger.LogError("Invalid IoT Hub message result (%s), method name is %s ", result.name(), logger.getMethodName());
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid IoT Hub message result.");
+                }
+
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_024: [The function shall return true after the message was acknowledged.]
+                ackResult = true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.LogError(e);
+                //do nothing, since ackResult is already false
+            }
+        }
+        return ackResult;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the connection init event
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onConnectionInit(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_025: [The event handler shall get the Connection (Proton) object from the event handler and set the host name on the connection.]
+        this.connection = event.getConnection();
+        this.connection.setHostname(this.hostName);
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_026: [The event handler shall create a Session (Proton) object from the connection.]
+        this.session = this.connection.session();
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_027: [The event handler shall create a Receiver and Sender (Proton) links and set the protocol tag on them to a predefined constant.]
+        this.receiver = this.session.receiver(RECEIVE_TAG);
+        this.sender = this.session.sender(SENDER_TAG);
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_028: [The Receiver and Sender links shall have the properties set to client version identifier.]
+        Map<Symbol, Object> properties = new HashMap<>();
+        properties.put(Symbol.getSymbol(VERSION_IDENTIFIER_KEY), TransportUtils.JAVA_DEVICE_CLIENT_IDENTIFIER + TransportUtils.CLIENT_VERSION);
+        this.receiver.setProperties(properties);
+        this.sender.setProperties(properties);
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_029: [The event handler shall open the connection, session, sender and receiver objects.]
+        this.connection.open();
+        this.session.open();
+        receiver.open();
+        sender.open();
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the connection bound event. Sets Sasl authentication and proper authentication mode.
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onConnectionBound(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_030: [The event handler shall get the Transport (Proton) object from the event.]
+        Transport transport = event.getConnection().getTransport();
+        if(transport != null){
+
+            if (this.useWebSockets)
+            {
+                WebSocketImpl webSocket = new WebSocketImpl();
+                webSocket.configure(this.hostName, WEB_SOCKET_PATH, 0, WEB_SOCKET_SUB_PROTOCOL, null, null);
+                ((TransportInternal)transport).addTransportLayer(webSocket);
+            }
+
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_031: [The event handler shall set the SASL_PLAIN authentication on the transport using the given user name and sas token.]
+            Sasl sasl = transport.sasl();
+            sasl.plain(this.userName, this.sasToken);
+
+            SslDomain domain = makeDomain();
+            transport.ssl(domain);
+        }
+        synchronized (openLock)
+        {
+            openLock.notifyLock();
+        }
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onConnectionUnbound(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        this.state = State.CLOSED;
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for reactor init event.
+     * @param event Proton Event object
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onReactorInit(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_033: [The event handler shall set the current handler to handle the connection events.]
+        if(this.useWebSockets)
+        {
+            event.getReactor().connectionToHost(this.config.getIotHubHostname(), AMQP_WEB_SOCKET_PORT, this);
+
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            event.getReactor().connectionToHost(this.config.getIotHubHostname(), AMQP_PORT, this);
+        }
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onReactorFinal(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        synchronized (closeLock)
+        {
+            closeLock.notifyLock();
+        }
+
+        this.reactor = null;
+
+        if (reconnectCall)
+        {
+            reconnectCall = false;
+            try
+            {
+                openAsync();
+            } catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                logger.LogError(e);
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the delivery event. This method handles both sending and receiving a message.
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onDelivery(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        if(event.getLink().getName().equals(RECEIVE_TAG))
+        {
+            logger.LogInfo("Reading the receiver link, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_034: [If this link is the Receiver link, the event handler shall get the Receiver and Delivery (Proton) objects from the event.]
+            Receiver receiveLink = (Receiver) event.getLink();
+            Delivery delivery = receiveLink.current();
+            if (delivery.isReadable() && !delivery.isPartial()) {
+                logger.LogInfo("Reading the received buffer, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_035: [The event handler shall read the received buffer.]
+                int size = delivery.pending();
+                byte[] buffer = new byte[size];
+                int read = receiveLink.recv(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
+                receiveLink.advance();
+                logger.LogInfo("Reading the received buffer completed, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_036: [The event handler shall create an AmqpsMessage object from the decoded buffer.]
+                AmqpsMessage msg = new AmqpsMessage();
+
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_037: [The event handler shall set the AmqpsMessage Deliver (Proton) object.]
+                msg.setDelivery(delivery);
+                logger.LogInfo("Decoding the received message , method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+                msg.decode(buffer, 0, read);
+                logger.LogInfo("Decoding the received message completed , method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_049: [All the listeners shall be notified that a message was received from the server.]
+                this.messageReceivedFromServer(msg);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            //Sender specific section for dispositions it receives
+            if(event.getType() == Event.Type.DELIVERY)
+            {
+                logger.LogInfo("Reading the delivery event in Sender link, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_038: [If this link is the Sender link and the event type is DELIVERY, the event handler shall get the Delivery (Proton) object from the event.]
+                Delivery d = event.getDelivery();
+                DeliveryState remoteState = d.getRemoteState();
+
+                // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_039: [The event handler shall note the remote delivery state and use it and the Delivery (Proton) hash code to inform the AmqpsIotHubConnection of the message receipt.]
+                boolean state = remoteState.equals(Accepted.getInstance());
+                logger.LogInfo("Is state of remote Delivery COMPLETE ? %s, method name is %s ", state, logger.getMethodName());
+                logger.LogInfo("Inform listener that a message has been sent to IoT Hub along with remote state, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+                //let any listener know that the message was received by the server
+                for(ServerListener listener : listeners)
+                {
+                    listener.messageSent(d.hashCode(), state);
+                }
+		        // release the delivery object which created in sendMessage().
+		        d.free();
+            }
+        }
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the link flow event. Handles sending a single message.
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onLinkFlow(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_040: [The event handler shall save the remaining link credit.]
+        this.linkCredit = event.getLink().getCredit();
+		logger.LogDebug("The link credit value is %s, method name is %s", this.linkCredit, logger.getMethodName());
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the link remote open event. This signifies that the
+     * {@link org.apache.qpid.proton.reactor.Reactor} is ready, so we set the connection to OPEN.
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onLinkRemoteOpen(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_041: [The connection state shall be considered OPEN when the sender link is open remotely.]
+        Link link = event.getLink();
+        if (link.getName().equals(SENDER_TAG))
+        {
+            this.state = State.OPEN;
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_99_001: [All server listeners shall be notified when that the connection has been established.]
+            for(ServerListener listener : listeners)
+            {
+                listener.connectionEstablished();
+            }
+        }
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the link remote close event. This triggers reconnection attempts until successful.
+     * Both sender and receiver links closing trigger this event, so we only handle one of them,
+     * since the other is redundant.
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onLinkRemoteClose(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        this.state = State.CLOSED;
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_042 [The event handler shall attempt to startReconnect to the IoTHub.]
+        if (event.getLink().getName().equals(SENDER_TAG))
+        {
+            logger.LogInfo("Starting to reconnect to IotHub, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_048: [The event handler shall attempt to startReconnect to IoTHub.]
+            startReconnect();
+        }
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the link init event. Sets the proper target address on the link.
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onLinkInit(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        Link link = event.getLink();
+        if(link.getName().equals(SENDER_TAG))
+        {
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_043: [If the link is the Sender link, the event handler shall create a new Target (Proton) object using the sender endpoint address member variable.]
+            Target t = new Target();
+            t.setAddress(this.sendEndpoint);
+
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_044: [If the link is the Sender link, the event handler shall set its target to the created Target (Proton) object.]
+            link.setTarget(t);
+
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_14_045: [If the link is the Sender link, the event handler shall set the SenderSettleMode to UNSETTLED.]
+            link.setSenderSettleMode(SenderSettleMode.UNSETTLED);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_14_046: [If the link is the Receiver link, the event handler shall create a new Source (Proton) object using the receiver endpoint address member variable.]
+            Source source = new Source();
+            source.setAddress(this.receiveEndpoint);
+
+            // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_14_047: [If the link is the Receiver link, the event handler shall set its source to the created Source (Proton) object.]
+            link.setSource(source);
+        }
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler for the transport error event. This triggers reconnection attempts until successful.
+     * @param event The Proton Event object.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onTransportError(Event event)
+    {
+        logger.LogDebug("Entered in method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+        this.state = State.CLOSED;
+        logger.LogInfo("Starting to reconnect to IotHub, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_15_048: [The event handler shall attempt to startReconnect to IoTHub.]
+        startReconnect();
+        logger.LogDebug("Exited from method %s", logger.getMethodName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subscribe a listener to the list of listeners.
+     * @param listener the listener to be subscribed.
+     */
+    public void addListener(ServerListener listener)
+    {
+        listeners.add(listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies all listeners that the connection was lost and attempts to startReconnect to the IoTHub
+     * using an exponential backoff interval.
+     */
+    private void startReconnect()
+    {
+        reconnectCall = true;
+
+        // Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_99_002 [All server listeners shall be notified when that the connection has been lost.]
+        for(ServerListener listener : listeners)
+        {
+            listener.connectionLost();
+        }
+
+        if (currentReconnectionAttempt == Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+            currentReconnectionAttempt = 0;
+
+        System.out.println("Lost connection to the server. Reconnection attempt " + currentReconnectionAttempt++ + "...");
+        logger.LogInfo("Lost connection to the server. Reconnection attempt %s, method name is %s ", currentReconnectionAttempt, logger.getMethodName());
+        try
+        {
+            Thread.sleep(TransportUtils.generateSleepInterval(currentReconnectionAttempt));
+        } catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+        }
+
+        closeAsync();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies all the listeners that a message was received from the server.
+     * @param msg The message received from server.
+     */
+    private void messageReceivedFromServer(AmqpsMessage msg)
+    {
+        logger.LogInfo("All the listeners are informed that a message has been received, method name is %s ", logger.getMethodName());
+        for(ServerListener listener : listeners)
+        {
+            listener.messageReceived(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create Proton SslDomain object from Address using the given Ssl mode
+     * @return the created Ssl domain
+     */
+    private SslDomain makeDomain()
+    {
+        SslDomain domain = Proton.sslDomain();
+        /*
+        Codes_SRS_AMQPSIOTHUBCONNECTION_25_049: [**The event handler shall set the SSL Context to IOTHub SSL context containing valid certificates.**]**
+         */
+        domain.setSslContext(this.config.getIotHubSSLContext().getIotHubSSlContext());
+        domain.setPeerAuthentication(SslDomain.VerifyMode.VERIFY_PEER);
+        domain.init(SslDomain.Mode.CLIENT);
+        return domain;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Class which runs the reactor.
+     */
+    private class ReactorRunner implements Callable
+    {
+        private final IotHubReactor iotHubReactor;
+
+        ReactorRunner(IotHubReactor iotHubReactor)
+        {
+            this.iotHubReactor = iotHubReactor;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object call()
+        {
+            iotHubReactor.run();
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.amqps.AmqpsIotHubConnection.onConnectionBound` reads without synchronization from `this.com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.amqps.AmqpsIotHubConnection.sasToken`. Potentially races with write in method `AmqpsIotHubConnection.open()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AmqpsIotHubConnection.onConnectionBound(Event)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.amqps.AmqpsIotHubConnection.onConnectionBound(org.apach.ac163a88a24ede287395887ff856a3f5
+
+### File:
+device/iot-device-client/src/main/java/com/microsoft/azure/sdk/iot/device/transport/amqps/AmqpsIotHubConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+AmqpsIotHubConnection.java|onConnectionBound|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+4670884fa44480bec5503ea1e7a2fdfd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7999/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7999/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36de7f91db7e888687fc4835ef4813cbb6a94d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7999/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-iot-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
+
+package com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.mqtt;
+
+import mockit.Deencapsulation;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class TopicParserTest
+{
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_001: [**The constructor shall spilt the topic by "/" and save the tokens.**]**
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void constructorSucceeds()
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/";
+
+        //act
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(testParser);
+        String[] tokens = Deencapsulation.getField(testParser, "topicTokens");
+        assertNotNull(tokens);
+        assertTrue(tokens.length > 1);
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_002: [**The constructor shall throw IllegalArgument exception if topic is null or empty.**]**
+     */
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void constructorFailsInvalidTopic()
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "";
+
+        //act
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_004: [**This method shall return the status corresponding to the tokenIndexStatus from tokens if it is not null.**]**
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void getStatusGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/status";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getStatus(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(status);
+        assertTrue(status.equals("status"));
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_003: [**If tokenIndexStatus is not valid i.e less than or equal to zero or greater then token length then getStatus shall throw  IllegalArgumentException.**]**
+     */
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void getStatusInvalidTokenThrows() throws IOException
+    {
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/status";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getStatus(4);
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_005: [**If token corresponding to tokenIndexStatus is null then this method shall throw IoException.**]**
+     */
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void getStatusMandatoryStatusExpected() throws IOException
+    {
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getStatus(3);
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_007: [**This method shall return the request ID value corresponding to the tokenIndexReqID from tokens.**]**
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void getRequestIdGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid=5";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(status);
+        assertTrue(status.equals(String.valueOf(5)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getRequestIdGets_pattern1() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/$rid=5";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNull(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getRequestIdGets_pattern2() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid=";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getRequestIdGets_pattern3() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid5&$version=7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(3);
+
+        assertNull(status);
+    }
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_008: [**If the topic token does not contain request id then this method shall return null.**]**
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void getRequestIdGetsNullIfNotFound() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$version=5";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNull(status);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getRequestIdOnTopicWithVersionGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$version=7&$rid=5";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(status);
+        assertTrue(status.equals(String.valueOf(5)));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getRequestIdOnTopicWithVersionBeforeRidGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid=5&$version=7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(status);
+        assertTrue(status.equals(String.valueOf(5)));
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_006: [**If tokenIndexReqID is not valid i.e less than or equal to zero or greater then token length then getRequestId shall throw  IllegalArgumentException.**]**
+     */
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void getRequestIdInvalidTokenThrows() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid=5&$version=7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getRequestId(4);
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_010: [**This method shall return the version value(if present) corresponding to the tokenIndexVersion from tokens.**]**
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$version=7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String version = testParser.getVersion(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(version);
+        assertTrue(version.equals(String.valueOf(7)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionGets_pattern1() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/$version=7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getVersion(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNull(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionGets_pattern2() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$version=";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getVersion(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionGets_pattern3() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid5&$version7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String status = testParser.getVersion(3);
+
+        assertNull(status);
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_011: [**If the topic token does not contain version then this method shall return null.**]**
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionGetsNullIfNotPresent() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid=7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String version = testParser.getVersion(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNull(version);
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionOnTopicWithRIDGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$rid=5&$version=7";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String version = testParser.getVersion(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(version);
+        assertTrue(version.equals(String.valueOf(7)));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getVersionOnTopicWithVersionBeforeRIDGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$version=7&$rid=5";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String version = testParser.getVersion(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(version);
+        assertTrue(version.equals(String.valueOf(7)));
+
+    }
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_009: [**If tokenIndexVersion is not valid i.e less than or equal to zero or greater then token length then getVersion shall throw  IllegalArgumentException.**]**
+     */
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void getVersionInvalidTokenThrows() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/twin/res/?$version=7&$rid=5";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String version = testParser.getVersion(0);
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_013: [**This method shall return the method name(if present) corresponding to the tokenIndexMethod from tokens.**]**
+
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_014: [**If the topic token does not contain method name or is null then this method shall throw IOException.**]**
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void getMethodNameGets() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/methods/res/methodName";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String methodName = testParser.getMethodName(3);
+
+        //assert
+        assertNotNull(methodName);
+        assertTrue(methodName.equals("methodName"));
+
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Tests_SRS_TopicParser_25_012: [**If tokenIndexMethod is not valid i.e less than or equal to zero or greater then token length then getMethodName shall throw  IllegalArgumentException.**]**
+     */
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void getMethodNameInvalidTokenThrows() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/methods/res/methodName";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String methodName = testParser.getMethodName(4);
+    }
+
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void getMethodNameInvalidTokenThrows_1() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/methods/res/";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String methodName = testParser.getMethodName(3);
+    }
+
+    @Test (expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void getMethodNameInvalidTokenThrows_2() throws IOException
+    {
+        //arrange
+        String validString = "$iothub/methods/res//";
+        TopicParser testParser = new TopicParser(validString);
+
+        //act
+        String methodName = testParser.getMethodName(3);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `version` last assigned on line 303 could be null and is dereferenced at line 307.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TopicParserTest.getVersionOnTopicWithRIDGets()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.microsoft.azure.sdk.iot.device.transport.mqtt.TopicParserTest.getVersionOnTopicWithRIDGets():voi.cdc01a9560461d85d7f485e2cf761934
+
+### File:
+device/iot-device-client/src/test/java/tests/unit/com/microsoft/azure/sdk/iot/device/transport/mqtt/TopicParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TopicParserTest.java|getVersionOnTopicWithRIDGets|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f133a6dfaa072505a5ed16416e655ea0
+
+### Hash:
+7694349c2cbfabba04e2ae4250324073
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8102/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8102/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4127257218858447c75cab2364a259413403bf3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8102/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2663 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 338 is not released after line 339.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 341
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments():void.e42dd5b856392bbcb275ad091cc12843
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+df1c97b5f942aca80b650f2ad118859e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8111/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8111/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21c1af3ab716b874eb65dba52d7982b13b988c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8111/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 1407 is not released after line 1412.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(JDBCResultSetMetaData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData.3322fdffa9c6d6e634b0d102767f4016
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4e7cf70e3290ea52366c5949eac877d2
+
+### Hash:
+a2d0c8a0a78dfd000293207ed9b3296b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8116/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8116/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1106b44d430c5b7e9cfbfe169a4f7805509107be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8116/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 1564 is not released after line 1567.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testConnectWithDbProperty()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testConnectWithDbProperty():void.9b3337bda8f11446bdafcd0603056e5d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testConnectWithDbProperty|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b2d15307b6382364ce2ba477b6f118cb
+
+### Hash:
+49e68076338d563ca491fbc0fa982ffd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8118/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8118/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d3a0a9b901fb8adab81ae0daf6a460617a31284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8118/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 55
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `begin(...)` at line 2516 is not released after line 2516.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testExceptionConfirmPattern()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testExceptionConfirmPattern():void.3e43c7acee99c3d26867ea24042fa384
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testExceptionConfirmPattern|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b2d15307b6382364ce2ba477b6f118cb
+
+### Hash:
+aabe706705260543eec78c142ade78d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8119/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8119/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b5dd7e05a7b3b80041f00e4b6804dd98e821d8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8119/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2663 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 2327 is not released after line 2360.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 2330
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testMaxHistoryFileRows()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testMaxHistoryFileRows():void.cf34cebbf4fa7465bb8d91a25f1d40be
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testMaxHistoryFileRows|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+6ef18ffdb943b7ba7bf2f7bfa8054e5a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8120/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8120/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bfa2bbd63c0dc5c7b685f986d5be49458d17bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8120/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 1730 is not released after line 1742.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testMetadataForClassHierarchy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testMetadataForClassHierarchy():void.f6698c8514eb0f2415ba508891aeb440
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testMetadataForClassHierarchy|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b2d15307b6382364ce2ba477b6f118cb
+
+### Hash:
+f3faefc3e2eae41095562bdc4138b96c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8126/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8126/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7345a15f626921a92d22ec545daf38696b7987b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8126/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5686 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+
+import java.net.*;
+
+import java.sql.*;
+
+import java.text.*;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.jar.*;
+import java.util.zip.*;
+
+import jline.*;
+import jline.console.UserInterruptException;
+import jline.console.completer.AggregateCompleter;
+import jline.console.completer.ArgumentCompleter;
+import jline.console.completer.Completer;
+import jline.console.completer.FileNameCompleter;
+import jline.console.completer.NullCompleter;
+import jline.console.ConsoleReader;
+import jline.console.completer.StringsCompleter;
+import jline.console.history.FileHistory;
+import jline.console.history.History;
+
+
+/**
+ * A console SQL shell with command completion.
+ *
+ * <p>TODO:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>User-friendly connection prompts</li>
+ * <li>Page results</li>
+ * <li>Handle binary data (blob fields)</li>
+ * <li>Implement command aliases</li>
+ * <li>Stored procedure execution</li>
+ * <li>Binding parameters to prepared statements</li>
+ * <li>Scripting language</li>
+ * <li>XA transactions</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class SqlLine
+{
+    //~ Static fields/initializers ---------------------------------------------
+
+    private static final ResourceBundle loc =
+        ResourceBundle.getBundle(
+            SqlLine.class.getName());
+
+    private static final String sep = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+    public static final String COMMAND_PREFIX = "!";
+
+    private static final Object[] EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY = new Object[0];
+
+    private static boolean initComplete = false;
+
+    static final SortedSet KNOWN_DRIVERS =
+        new TreeSet(
+            Arrays.asList(
+                new String[] {
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.informix.InformixDriver",
+                    "org.sourceforge.jxdbcon.JXDBConDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.oracle.OracleDriver",
+                    "net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcDriver",
+                    "com.internetcds.jdbc.tds.SybaseDriver",
+                    "org.enhydra.instantdb.jdbc.idbDriver",
+                    "com.sybase.jdbc2.jdbc.SybDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sybase.SybaseDriver",
+                    "COM.cloudscape.core.JDBCDriver",
+                    "in.co.daffodil.db.jdbc.DaffodilDBDriver",
+                    "com.jnetdirect.jsql.JSQLDriver",
+                    "com.lucidera.jdbc.LucidDbRmiDriver",
+                    "COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver",
+                    "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcUniversalDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.db2.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.oracle.OracleDriver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver",
+                    "com.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.informix.InformixDriver",
+                    "com.ibm.db2.jcc.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcEmbeddedDriver",
+                    "org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver",
+                    "org.postgresql.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver",
+                    "interbase.interclient.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.NonRegisteringDriver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.db2.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.sybase.SybaseDriver",
+                    "com.internetcds.jdbc.tds.Driver",
+                    "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+                    "org.hsql.jdbcDriver",
+                    "COM.cloudscape.core.JDBCDriver",
+                    "in.co.daffodil.db.jdbc.DaffodilDBDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.db2.DB2Driver",
+                    "interbase.interclient.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.oracle.OracleDriver",
+                    "org.postgresql.Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcUniversalDriver",
+                    "org.sourceforge.jxdbcon.JXDBConDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.jnetdirect.jsql.JSQLDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "weblogic.jdbc.mssqlserver4.Driver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sybase.SybaseDriver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource",
+                    "org.axiondb.jdbc.AxionDriver",
+                    "COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.app.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.ibm.as400.access.AS400JDBCDriver",
+                    "COM.FirstSQL.Dbcp.DbcpDriver",
+                    "COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver",
+                    "org.enhydra.instantdb.jdbc.idbDriver",
+                    "com.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.imaginary.sql.msql.MsqlDriver",
+                    "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver",
+                    "intersolv.jdbc.sequelink.SequeLinkDriver",
+                    "openlink.jdbc2.Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcUniversalDriver",
+                    "postgres95.PGDriver",
+                    "postgresql.Driver",
+                    "solid.jdbc.SolidDriver",
+                    "centura.java.sqlbase.SqlbaseDriver",
+                    "interbase.interclient.Driver",
+                    "com.mckoi.JDBCDriver",
+                    "com.inet.tds.TdsDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.thinweb.tds.Driver",
+                    "weblogic.jdbc.mssqlserver4.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.DatabaseMetaData",
+                    "org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver",
+                    "com.sap.dbtech.jdbc.DriverSapDB",
+                    "com.sybase.jdbc2.jdbc.SybDriver",
+                    "com.sybase.jdbc.SybDriver",
+                    "com.internetcds.jdbc.tds.Driver",
+                    "weblogic.jdbc.pool.Driver",
+                    "com.sqlstream.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "org.luciddb.jdbc.LucidDbClientDriver",
+                }));
+
+    static {
+        String testClass = "jline.console.ConsoleReader";
+        try {
+            Class.forName(testClass);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(loc("jline-missing", testClass));
+        }
+    }
+
+    //~ Instance fields --------------------------------------------------------
+
+    private SqlLineSignalHandler signalHandler = null;
+    private boolean exit = false;
+    private Collection drivers = null;
+    private Connections connections = new Connections();
+    private Completer sqlLineCommandCompleter;
+    private Map completions = new HashMap();
+    private Opts opts = new Opts(System.getProperties());
+    String lastProgress = null;
+    private Map seenWarnings = new HashMap();
+    private final Commands command = new Commands();
+    private OutputFile script = null;
+    private OutputFile record = null;
+    private ConsoleReader reader;
+    private List batch = null;
+
+    private final Map formats =
+        map(
+            new Object[] {
+                "vertical", new VerticalOutputFormat(),
+                "table", new TableOutputFormat(),
+                "csv", new SeparatedValuesOutputFormat(','),
+                "tsv", new SeparatedValuesOutputFormat('\t'),
+                "xmlattr", new XMLAttributeOutputFormat(),
+                "xmlelements", new XMLElementOutputFormat(),
+            });
+
+    private CommandHandler [] commands =
+        new CommandHandler[] {
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "quit", "done", "exit" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "connect", "open" },
+                new Completer[] {
+                    new StringsCompleter(getConnectionURLExamples())
+                }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "describe" },
+                new Completer[] { new TableNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "indexes" },
+                new Completer[] { new TableNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "primarykeys" },
+                new Completer[] { new TableNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "exportedkeys" },
+                new Completer[] { new TableNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "manual" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "importedkeys" },
+                new Completer[] { new TableNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "procedures" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "tables" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "typeinfo" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "columns" },
+                new Completer[] { new TableNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "reconnect" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "dropall" },
+                new Completer[] { new TableNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "history" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "metadata" },
+                new Completer[] {
+                    new StringsCompleter(getMetadataMethodNames())
+                }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "nativesql" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "dbinfo" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "rehash" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "verbose" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "run" },
+                new Completer[] { new FileNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "batch" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "list" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "all" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "go", "#" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "script" },
+                new Completer[] { new FileNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "record" },
+                new Completer[] { new FileNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "brief" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "close" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "closeall" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "isolation" },
+                new Completer[] { new StringsCompleter(getIsolationLevels()) }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "outputformat" },
+                new Completer[] {
+                    new StringsCompleter(
+                        (String []) formats.keySet().toArray(new String[0]))
+                }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "autocommit" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "commit" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "properties" },
+                new Completer[] { new FileNameCompleter() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "rollback" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "help", "?" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "set" },
+                opts.optionCompletors()),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "save" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "scan" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "sql" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "call" },
+                null),
+        };
+
+    //~ Constructors -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+    SqlLine()
+    {
+        // registerKnownDrivers ();
+
+        sqlLineCommandCompleter = new SQLLineCommandCompleter();
+
+        // attempt to dynamically load signal handler
+        try {
+            Class handlerClass = Class.forName("sqlline.SunSignalHandler");
+            signalHandler = (SqlLineSignalHandler) handlerClass.newInstance();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            handleException(t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    //~ Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    static Manifest getManifest()
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        URL base = SqlLine.class.getResource("/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF");
+        URLConnection c = base.openConnection();
+        if (c instanceof JarURLConnection) {
+            return ((JarURLConnection) c).getManifest();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    static String getManifestAttribute(String name)
+    {
+        try {
+            Manifest m = getManifest();
+            if (m == null) {
+                return "??";
+            }
+
+            Attributes attrs = m.getAttributes("sqlline");
+            if (attrs == null) {
+                return "???";
+            }
+
+            String val = attrs.getValue(name);
+            if ((val == null) || "".equals(val)) {
+                return "????";
+            }
+
+            return val;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return "?????";
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getApplicationTitle()
+    {
+        InputStream inputStream = getClass().getResourceAsStream( "/META-INF/maven/sqlline/sqlline/pom.properties" );
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        properties.put("artifactId", "sqlline");
+        properties.put("version", "???");
+        try {
+          properties.load(inputStream);
+        } catch( IOException e ) {
+          handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        return loc("app-introduction", properties.getProperty("artifactId"), properties.getProperty("version"));
+    }
+
+    static String getApplicationContactInformation()
+    {
+        return getManifestAttribute("Implementation-Vendor");
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res)
+    {
+        return loc(res, EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY);
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, int param)
+    {
+        try {
+            return MessageFormat.format(
+                new ChoiceFormat(loc.getString(res)).format(param),
+                new Object[] { new Integer(param) });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return res + ": " + param;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, Object param1)
+    {
+        return loc(res, new Object[] { param1 });
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, Object param1, Object param2)
+    {
+        return loc(res, new Object[] { param1, param2 });
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, Object [] params)
+    {
+        try {
+            return MessageFormat.format(loc.getString(res), params);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+
+            try {
+                return res + ": " + Arrays.asList(params);
+            } catch (Exception e2) {
+                return res;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the program.
+     */
+    public static void main(String [] args)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        mainWithInputRedirection(args, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the program with redirected input. For redirected output,
+     * System.setOut and System.setErr can be used, but System.setIn will not
+     * work.
+     *
+     * @param args same as main()
+     * @param inputStream redirected input, or null to use standard input
+     */
+    public static void mainWithInputRedirection(
+        String [] args,
+        InputStream inputStream)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        SqlLine sqlline = new SqlLine();
+        sqlline.begin(args, inputStream);
+
+        // exit the system: useful for Hypersonic and other
+        // badly-behaving systems
+        if (!Boolean.getBoolean(Opts.PROPERTY_NAME_EXIT)) {
+            System.exit(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    DatabaseConnection con()
+    {
+        return connections.current();
+    }
+
+    Connection conn()
+    {
+        if (connections.current() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        if (connections.current().connection == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        return connections.current().connection;
+    }
+
+    DatabaseMetaData meta()
+    {
+        if (connections.current() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        if (connections.current().meta == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        return connections.current().meta;
+    }
+
+    public String [] getIsolationLevels()
+    {
+        return new String[] {
+                "TRANSACTION_NONE",
+                "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED",
+                "TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED",
+                "TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ",
+                "TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE",
+            };
+    }
+
+    public String [] getMetadataMethodNames()
+    {
+        try {
+            TreeSet mnames = new TreeSet();
+            Method [] m = DatabaseMetaData.class.getDeclaredMethods();
+            for (int i = 0; (m != null) && (i < m.length); i++) {
+                mnames.add(m[i].getName());
+            }
+
+            return (String []) mnames.toArray(new String[0]);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            return new String[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String [] getConnectionURLExamples()
+    {
+        return new String[] {
+                "jdbc:JSQLConnect://<hostname>/database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:cloudscape:<database>;create=true",
+                "jdbc:twtds:sqlserver://<hostname>/<database>",
+                "jdbc:daffodilDB_embedded:<database>;create=true",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:db2://<hostname>:50000;databaseName=<database>",
+                "jdbc:inetdae:<hostname>:1433",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:oracle://<hostname>:1521;SID=<database>;"
+                + "MaxPooledStatements=0",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:sqlserver://<hostname>:1433;SelectMethod=cursor;"
+                + "DatabaseName=<database>",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:sybase://<hostname>:5000",
+                "jdbc:db2://<hostname>/<database>",
+                "jdbc:hsqldb:<database>",
+                "jdbc:idb:<database>.properties",
+                "jdbc:informix-sqli://<hostname>:1526/<database>:INFORMIXSERVER"
+                + "=<database>",
+                "jdbc:interbase://<hostname>//<database>.gdb",
+                "jdbc:luciddb:http://<hostname>",
+                "jdbc:microsoft:sqlserver://<hostname>:1433;"
+                + "DatabaseName=<database>;SelectMethod=cursor",
+                "jdbc:mysql://<hostname>/<database>?autoReconnect=true",
+                "jdbc:oracle:thin:@<hostname>:1521:<database>",
+                "jdbc:pointbase:<database>,database.home=<database>,create=true",
+                "jdbc:postgresql://<hostname>:5432/<database>",
+                "jdbc:postgresql:net//<hostname>/<database>",
+                "jdbc:sybase:Tds:<hostname>:4100/<database>?ServiceName=<database>",
+                "jdbc:weblogic:mssqlserver4:<database>@<hostname>:1433",
+                "jdbc:odbc:<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4003/[Oracle]",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4004/[Informix];Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4005/[Sybase];Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4006/[SQLServer];Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4011/[ODBC MS Access];"
+                + "Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:openlink://<hostname>/DSN=SQLServerDB/UID=sa/PWD=",
+                "jdbc:solid://<hostname>:<port>/<UID>/<PWD>",
+                "jdbc:dbaw://<hostname>:8889/<database>",
+            };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Entry point to creating a {@link ColorBuffer} with color enabled or
+     * disabled depending on the calue of {@link Opts#getColor}.
+     */
+    ColorBuffer color()
+    {
+        return new ColorBuffer(opts.getColor());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Entry point to creating a {@link ColorBuffer} with color enabled or
+     * disabled depending on the calue of {@link Opts#getColor}.
+     */
+    ColorBuffer color(String msg)
+    {
+        return new ColorBuffer(msg, opts.getColor());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Walk through all the known drivers and try to register them.
+     */
+    void registerKnownDrivers()
+    {
+        for (Iterator i = KNOWN_DRIVERS.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            try {
+                Class.forName(i.next().toString());
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean initArgs(String [] args)
+    {
+        List commands = new LinkedList();
+        List files = new LinkedList();
+        String driver = null, user = null, pass = null, url = null, cmd = null;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            if (args[i].equals("--help") || args[i].equals("-h")) {
+                usage();
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // -- arguments are treated as properties
+            if (args[i].startsWith("--")) {
+                String [] parts = split(args[i].substring(2), "=");
+                debug(loc("setting-prop", Arrays.asList(parts)));
+                if (parts.length > 0) {
+                    boolean ret;
+
+                    if (parts.length >= 2) {
+                        ret = opts.set(parts[0], parts[1], true);
+                    } else {
+                        ret = opts.set(parts[0], "true", true);
+                    }
+
+                    if (!ret) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (args[i].equals("-d")) {
+                driver = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-n")) {
+                user = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-p")) {
+                pass = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-u")) {
+                url = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-e")) {
+                commands.add(args[i++ + 1]);
+            } else {
+                files.add(args[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (url != null) {
+            String com =
+                COMMAND_PREFIX + "connect "
+                + url + " "
+                + (((user == null) || (user.length() == 0)) ? "''" : user) + " "
+                + (((pass == null) || (pass.length() == 0)) ? "''" : pass) + " "
+                + ((driver == null) ? "" : driver);
+            debug("issuing: " + com);
+            dispatch(com, new DispatchCallback());
+        }
+
+        // now load properties files
+        for (Iterator i = files.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            dispatch(COMMAND_PREFIX + "properties " + i.next(), new DispatchCallback());
+        }
+
+        if (commands.size() > 0) {
+            // for single commane execute, disable color
+            opts.setColor(false);
+            opts.setHeaderInterval(-1);
+
+            for (Iterator i = commands.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String command = i.next().toString();
+                debug(loc("executing-command", command));
+                dispatch(command, new DispatchCallback());
+            }
+
+            exit = true; // execute and exit
+        }
+
+        // if a script file was specified, run the file and quit
+        if (opts.getRun() != null) {
+            dispatch(COMMAND_PREFIX + "run " + opts.getRun(), new DispatchCallback());
+            dispatch(COMMAND_PREFIX + "quit", new DispatchCallback());
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start accepting input from stdin, and dispatch it to the appropriate
+     * {@link CommandHandler} until the global variable <code>exit</code> is
+     * true.
+     */
+    void begin(String [] args, InputStream inputStream)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        try {
+            opts.load();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        ConsoleReader reader = getConsoleReader(inputStream);
+        if (!(initArgs(args))) {
+            usage();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            info(getApplicationTitle());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        // basic setup done. From this point on, honor opts value for showing exception
+        initComplete = true;
+
+        while (!exit) {
+            DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+            try {
+                signalHandler.setCallback(callback);
+                callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.RUNNING);
+                dispatch(reader.readLine(getPrompt()), callback);
+            } catch (EOFException eof) {
+                // CTRL-D
+                command.quit(null, callback);
+            } catch (UserInterruptException ioe) {
+                // CTRL-C
+                try {
+                  callback.forceKillSqlQuery();
+                  output(loc("command-canceled"));
+                } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+                  handleException(sqle);
+                }
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                handleException(t);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // ### NOTE jvs 10-Aug-2004:  Clean up any outstanding
+        // connections automatically.
+        // nothing is done with the callback beyond
+        command.closeall(null, new DispatchCallback());
+    }
+
+    public ConsoleReader getConsoleReader(InputStream inputStream)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        Terminal terminal = TerminalFactory.create();
+        try {
+          terminal.init();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // For backwards compatibility with code that used to use this lib
+            // and expected only IOExceptions, convert back to that. We can't
+            // use IOException(Throwable) constructor, which is only JDK 1.6 and
+            // later.
+            final IOException ioException = new IOException(e.toString());
+            ioException.initCause(e);
+            throw ioException;
+        }
+        if (inputStream != null) {
+            // ### NOTE:  fix for sf.net bug 879425.
+            reader =
+                new ConsoleReader(
+                    inputStream,
+                    System.out);
+        } else {
+            reader = new ConsoleReader();
+        }
+
+        // setup history
+        ByteArrayInputStream historyBuffer = null;
+
+        if (new File(opts.getHistoryFile()).isFile()) {
+            try {
+                // save the current contents of the history buffer. This gets
+                // around a bug in JLine where setting the output before the
+                // input will clobber the history input, but setting the
+                // input before the output will cause the previous commands
+                // to not be saved to the buffer.
+                InputStream historyIn = new BufferedInputStream(
+                    new FileInputStream(
+                        opts.getHistoryFile()));
+                ByteArrayOutputStream hist = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                int n;
+                while ((n = historyIn.read()) != -1) {
+                    hist.write(n);
+                }
+                historyIn.close();
+
+                historyBuffer = new ByteArrayInputStream(hist.toByteArray());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            FileHistory history =
+                new FileHistory(new File(opts.getHistoryFile()));
+            if (null != historyBuffer) {
+              history.load(historyBuffer);
+            }
+            reader.setHistory(history);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        reader.addCompleter(new SQLLineCompleter());
+
+        reader.setHandleUserInterrupt(true); // CTRL-C handling
+        reader.setExpandEvents(false);
+
+        return reader;
+    }
+
+    void usage()
+    {
+        output(loc("cmd-usage"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dispatch the specified line to the appropriate {@link CommandHandler}.
+     *
+     * @param line the commmand-line to dispatch
+     *
+     * @return true if the command was "successful"
+     */
+    void dispatch(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+    {
+        if (line == null) {
+            // exit
+            exit = true;
+            callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.SUCCESS);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (line.trim().length() == 0) {
+            callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.SUCCESS);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (isComment(line)) {
+            callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.SUCCESS);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        line = line.trim();
+
+        // save it to the current script, if any
+        if (script != null) {
+            script.addLine(line);
+        }
+
+        if (isHelpRequest(line)) {
+            line = COMMAND_PREFIX + "help";
+        }
+
+        if (line.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+            Map cmdMap = new TreeMap();
+            line = line.substring(1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
+                String match = commands[i].matches(line);
+                if (match != null) {
+                    cmdMap.put(match, commands[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (cmdMap.size() == 0) {
+                callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.FAILURE);
+                error(loc("unknown-command", line));
+            } else if (cmdMap.size() > 1) {
+                callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.FAILURE);
+                error(
+                    loc("multiple-matches",
+                        cmdMap.keySet().toString()));
+            } else {
+                 ((CommandHandler) cmdMap.values().iterator().next())
+                    .execute(line, callback);
+            }
+        } else {
+             command.sql(line, callback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test whether a line requires a continuation.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to be tested
+     *
+     * @return true if continuation required
+     */
+    boolean needsContinuation(String line)
+    {
+        if (null == line) {
+            // happens when CTRL-C used to exit a malformed.
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (isHelpRequest(line)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (line.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (isComment(line)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String trimmed = line.trim();
+
+        if (trimmed.length() == 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return !trimmed.endsWith(";");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test whether a line is a help request other than !help.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to be tested
+     *
+     * @return true if a help request
+     */
+    boolean isHelpRequest(String line)
+    {
+        return line.equals("?") || line.equalsIgnoreCase("help");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test whether a line is a comment.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to be tested
+     *
+     * @return true if a comment
+     */
+    boolean isComment(String line)
+    {
+        // SQL92 comment prefix is "--"
+        // sqlline also supports shell-style "#" prefix
+        return line.startsWith("#") || line.startsWith("--");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print the specified message to the console
+     *
+     * @param msg the message to print
+     */
+    void output(String msg)
+    {
+        output(msg, true);
+    }
+
+    void info(String msg)
+    {
+        if (!(opts.getSilent())) {
+            output(msg, true, System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void info(ColorBuffer msg)
+    {
+        if (!(opts.getSilent())) {
+            output(msg, true, System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Issue the specified error message
+     *
+     * @param msg the message to issue
+     *
+     * @return false always
+     */
+    boolean error(String msg)
+    {
+        output(color().red(msg), true, System.err);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    boolean error(Throwable t)
+    {
+        handleException(t);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void debug(String msg)
+    {
+        if (opts.getVerbose()) {
+            output(color().blue(msg), true, System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void output(ColorBuffer msg)
+    {
+        output(msg, true);
+    }
+
+    void output(String msg, boolean newline, PrintStream out)
+    {
+        output(color(msg), newline, out);
+    }
+
+    void output(ColorBuffer msg, boolean newline)
+    {
+        output(msg, newline, System.out);
+    }
+
+    void output(ColorBuffer msg, boolean newline, PrintStream out)
+    {
+        if (newline) {
+            out.println(msg.getColor());
+        } else {
+            out.print(msg.getColor());
+        }
+
+        if (record == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // only write to the record file if we are writing a line ...
+        // otherwise we might get garbage from backspaces and such.
+        if (newline) {
+            record.addLine(msg.getMono()); // always just write mono
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print the specified message to the console
+     *
+     * @param msg the message to print
+     * @param newline if false, do not append a newline
+     */
+    void output(String msg, boolean newline)
+    {
+        output(color(msg), newline);
+    }
+
+    void autocommitStatus(Connection c)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        debug(loc("autocommit-status", c.getAutoCommit() + ""));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure that autocommit is on for the current connection
+     *
+     * @return true if autocommit is set
+     */
+    boolean assertAutoCommit()
+    {
+        if (!(assertConnection())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (con().connection.getAutoCommit()) {
+                return error(loc("autocommit-needs-off"));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return error(e);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that we have an active, living connection. Print an error message
+     * if we do not.
+     *
+     * @return true if there is a current, active connection
+     */
+    boolean assertConnection()
+    {
+        try {
+            if ((con() == null) || (con().connection == null)) {
+                return error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+            }
+
+            if (con().connection.isClosed()) {
+                return error(loc("connection-is-closed"));
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+            return error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print out any warnings that exist for the current connection.
+     */
+    void showWarnings()
+    {
+        if (con().connection == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!opts.getShowWarnings()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            showWarnings(con().connection.getWarnings());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print the specified warning on the console, as well as any warnings that
+     * are returned from {@link SQLWarning#getNextWarning}.
+     *
+     * @param warn the {@link SQLWarning} to print
+     */
+    void showWarnings(SQLWarning warn)
+    {
+        if (warn == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (seenWarnings.get(warn) == null) {
+            // don't re-display warnings we have already seen
+            seenWarnings.put(warn, new java.util.Date());
+            handleSQLException(warn);
+        }
+
+        SQLWarning next = warn.getNextWarning();
+        if (next != warn) {
+            showWarnings(next);
+        }
+    }
+
+    String getPrompt()
+    {
+        if ((con() == null) || (con().url == null)) {
+            return "sqlline> ";
+        } else {
+            return getPrompt(connections.getIndex()
+                + ": " + con().url) + "> ";
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String getPrompt(String url)
+    {
+        if ((url == null) || (url.length() == 0)) {
+            url = "sqlline";
+        }
+
+        if (url.indexOf(";") > -1) {
+            url = url.substring(0, url.indexOf(";"));
+        }
+        if (url.indexOf("?") > -1) {
+            url = url.substring(0, url.indexOf("?"));
+        }
+
+        if (url.length() > 45) {
+            url = url.substring(0, 45);
+        }
+
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to obtain the current size of the specified {@link ResultSet} by
+     * jumping to the last row and getting the row number.
+     *
+     * @param rs the {@link ResultSet} to get the size for
+     *
+     * @return the size, or -1 if it could not be obtained
+     */
+    int getSize(ResultSet rs)
+    {
+        try {
+            if (rs.getType() == rs.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            rs.last();
+            int total = rs.getRow();
+            rs.beforeFirst();
+            return total;
+        } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+            return -1;
+        } catch (AbstractMethodError ame) {
+            // JDBC 1 driver error
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ResultSet getColumns(String table)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        if (!(assertConnection())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return con().meta.getColumns(
+            con().meta.getConnection().getCatalog(),
+            null,
+            table,
+            "%");
+    }
+
+    ResultSet getTables()
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        if (!(assertConnection())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return con().meta.getTables(
+            con().meta.getConnection().getCatalog(),
+            null,
+            "%",
+            new String[] { "TABLE" });
+    }
+
+    String [] getColumnNames(DatabaseMetaData meta)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        Set names = new HashSet();
+
+        info(loc("building-tables"));
+
+        try {
+            ResultSet columns = getColumns("%");
+
+            try {
+                int total = getSize(columns);
+                int index = 0;
+
+                while (columns.next()) {
+                    // add the following strings:
+                    // 1. column name
+                    // 2. table name
+                    // 3. tablename.columnname
+
+                    progress(index++, total);
+                    String name = columns.getString("TABLE_NAME");
+                    names.add(name);
+                    names.add(columns.getString("COLUMN_NAME"));
+                    names.add(
+                        columns.getString("TABLE_NAME") + "."
+                        + columns.getString("COLUMN_NAME"));
+                }
+
+                progress(index, index);
+            } finally {
+                columns.close();
+            }
+
+            info(loc("done"));
+
+            return (String []) names.toArray(new String[0]);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            handleException(t);
+            return new String[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+    ////////////////////
+    // String utilities
+    ////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * Split the line into an array by tokenizing on space characters
+     *
+     * @param line the line to break up
+     *
+     * @return an array of individual words
+     */
+    String [] split(String line)
+    {
+        return split(line, " ");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits the line into an array of possibly-compound identifiers, observing
+     * the database's quoting syntax.
+     *
+     * <p>For example, on Oracle, which uses double-quote (&quot;) as quote
+     * character,
+     *
+     * <blockquote>!tables "My Schema"."My Table"</blockquote>
+     *
+     * returns
+     *
+     * <blockquote>{ {"!tables"}, {"My Schema", "My Table"} }</blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param line the line to break up
+     *
+     * @return an array of compound words
+     */
+    String [][] splitCompound(String line)
+    {
+        final SqlLine.DatabaseConnection databaseConnection = con();
+        final Quoting quoting;
+        if (databaseConnection == null) {
+            quoting = Quoting.DEFAULT;
+        } else {
+            quoting = databaseConnection.quoting;
+        }
+
+        int state = SPACE;
+        int idStart = -1;
+        final char[] chars = line.toCharArray();
+        int n = chars.length;
+
+        // Trim off trailing semicolon and/or whitespace
+        while (n > 0
+            && (Character.isWhitespace(chars[n - 1])
+            || chars[n - 1] == ';'))
+        {
+            --n;
+        }
+
+        final List words = new ArrayList();
+        final List current = new ArrayList();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n;) {
+            char c = chars[i];
+            switch (state) {
+            case SPACE:
+            case DOT_SPACE:
+                ++i;
+                if (Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                    ;
+                } else if (c == '.') {
+                    state = DOT_SPACE;
+                } else if (c == quoting.start) {
+                    if (state == SPACE) {
+                        if (current.size() > 0) {
+                            words.add(
+                                current.toArray(new String[current.size()]));
+                            current.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    state = QUOTED;
+                    idStart = i;
+                } else {
+                    if (state == SPACE) {
+                        if (current.size() > 0) {
+                            words.add(
+                                current.toArray(new String[current.size()]));
+                            current.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    state = UNQUOTED;
+                    idStart = i - 1;
+                }
+                break;
+            case QUOTED:
+                ++i;
+                if (c == quoting.end) {
+                    if (i < n
+                        && chars[i] == quoting.end)
+                    {
+                        // Repeated quote character inside a quoted identifier.
+                        // Elminate one of the repeats, and we remain inside a
+                        // quoted identifier.
+                        System.arraycopy(chars, i, chars, i - 1, n - i);
+                        --n;
+                    } else {
+                        state = SPACE;
+                        final String word =
+                            new String(chars, idStart, i - idStart - 1);
+                        current.add(word);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            case UNQUOTED:
+                // We are in an unquoted identifier. Whitespace or dot ends
+                // the identifier, anything else extends it.
+                ++i;
+                if (Character.isWhitespace(c) || c == '.') {
+                    String word = new String(chars, idStart, i - idStart - 1);
+                    if (word.equalsIgnoreCase("NULL")) {
+                        word = null;
+                    } else if (quoting.upper) {
+                        word = word.toUpperCase();
+                    }
+                    current.add(word);
+                    state = (c == '.') ? DOT_SPACE : SPACE;
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError("unexpected state " + state);
+            }
+        }
+
+        switch (state) {
+        case SPACE:
+        case DOT_SPACE:
+            break;
+        case QUOTED:
+        case UNQUOTED:
+            // In the middle of a quoted string. Be lenient, and complete the
+            // word.
+            String word = new String(chars, idStart, n - idStart);
+            if (state == UNQUOTED) {
+                if (word.equalsIgnoreCase("NULL")) {
+                    word = null;
+                } else if (quoting.upper) {
+                    word = word.toUpperCase();
+                }
+            }
+            current.add(word);
+            break;
+        default:
+            throw new AssertionError("unexpected state " + state);
+        }
+
+        if (current.size() > 0) {
+            words.add(current.toArray(new String[current.size()]));
+        }
+
+        return (String[][]) words.toArray(new String[words.size()][]);
+    }
+
+    /** In a region of whitespace. */
+    private static final int SPACE = 0;
+
+    /** In a region of whitespace that contains a dot. */
+    private static final int DOT_SPACE = 1;
+
+    /** Inside a quoted identifier. */
+    private static final int QUOTED = 2;
+
+    /** Inside an unquoted identifier. */
+    private static final int UNQUOTED = 3;
+
+    String dequote(String str)
+    {
+        if (str == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        while (
+            (str.startsWith("'") && str.endsWith("'"))
+            || (str.startsWith("\"") && str.endsWith("\"")))
+        {
+            str = str.substring(1, str.length() - 1);
+        }
+
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    String [] split(String line, String delim)
+    {
+        StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(line, delim);
+        String [] ret = new String[tok.countTokens()];
+        int index = 0;
+        while (tok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+            String t = tok.nextToken();
+
+            t = dequote(t);
+
+            ret[index++] = t;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    static Map map(Object [] obs)
+    {
+        Map m = new HashMap();
+        for (int i = 0; i < (obs.length - 1); i += 2) {
+            m.put(obs[i], obs[i + 1]);
+        }
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(m);
+    }
+
+    static boolean getMoreResults(Statement stmnt)
+    {
+        try {
+            return stmnt.getMoreResults();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String xmlattrencode(String str)
+    {
+        str = replace(str, "\"", "&quot;");
+        str = replace(str, "<", "&lt;");
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    static String replace(String source, String from, String to)
+    {
+        if (source == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (from.equals(to)) {
+            return source;
+        }
+
+        StringBuffer replaced = new StringBuffer();
+
+        int index = -1;
+        while ((index = source.indexOf(from)) != -1) {
+            replaced.append(source.substring(0, index));
+            replaced.append(to);
+            source = source.substring(index + from.length());
+        }
+
+        replaced.append(source);
+
+        return replaced.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Split the line based on spaces, asserting that the number of words is
+     * correct.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to split
+     * @param assertLen the number of words to assure
+     * @param usage the message to output if there are an incorrect number of
+     * words.
+     *
+     * @return the split lines, or null if the assertion failed.
+     */
+    String [] split(String line, int assertLen, String usage)
+    {
+        String [] ret = split(line);
+
+        if (ret.length != assertLen) {
+            error(usage);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap the specified string by breaking on space characters.
+     *
+     * @param toWrap the string to wrap
+     * @param len the maximum length of any line
+     * @param start the number of spaces to pad at the beginning of a line
+     *
+     * @return the wrapped string
+     */
+    String wrap(String toWrap, int len, int start)
+    {
+        String cur = toWrap;
+        StringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer();
+        StringBuffer line = new StringBuffer();
+
+        char [] head = new char[start];
+        Arrays.fill(head, ' ');
+
+        for (
+            StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(toWrap, " ");
+            tok.hasMoreTokens();)
+        {
+            String next = tok.nextToken();
+            if ((line.length() + next.length()) > len) {
+                buff.append(line).append(sep).append(head);
+                line.setLength(0);
+            }
+
+            line.append((line.length() == 0) ? "" : " ").append(next);
+        }
+
+        buff.append(line);
+
+        return buff.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Output a progress indicator to the console.
+     *
+     * @param cur the current progress
+     * @param max the maximum progress, or -1 if unknown
+     */
+    void progress(int cur, int max)
+    {
+        StringBuffer out = new StringBuffer();
+
+        if (lastProgress != null) {
+            char [] back = new char[lastProgress.length()];
+            Arrays.fill(back, '\b');
+            out.append(back);
+        }
+
+        String progress =
+            cur + "/" + ((max == -1) ? "?" : ("" + max)) + " "
+            + ((max == -1) ? "(??%)"
+                : ("(" + (cur * 100 / ((max == 0) ? 1 : max)) + "%)"));
+        ;
+
+        if ((cur >= max) && (max != -1)) {
+            progress += " " + loc("done") + sep;
+            lastProgress = null;
+        } else {
+            lastProgress = progress;
+        }
+
+        out.append(progress);
+
+        System.out.print(out.toString());
+        System.out.flush();
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////
+    // Exception handling routines
+    ///////////////////////////////
+
+    void handleException(Throwable e)
+    {
+        while (e instanceof InvocationTargetException) {
+            e = ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException();
+        }
+
+        if (e instanceof SQLException) {
+            handleSQLException((SQLException) e);
+        } else if ((!initComplete) && !(opts.getVerbose())) { // all init errors must be verbose
+            if (e.getMessage() == null) {
+                error(e.getClass().getName());
+            } else {
+                error(e.getMessage());
+            }
+        } else {
+            e.printStackTrace(System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleSQLException(SQLException e)
+    {
+        // all init errors must be verbose
+        if ((e instanceof SQLWarning) && (!initComplete) && !(opts.getShowWarnings())) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String type = (e instanceof SQLWarning) ? loc("Warning") : loc("Error");
+
+        error(
+            loc((e instanceof SQLWarning) ? "Warning" : "Error",
+                new Object[] {
+                    (e.getMessage() == null) ? "" : e.getMessage().trim(),
+                    (e.getSQLState() == null) ? "" : e.getSQLState().trim(),
+                    new Integer(e.getErrorCode())
+                }));
+
+        // all init errors must be verbose
+        if ((!initComplete) && (opts.getVerbose())) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        // all init errors must be verbose
+        if (initComplete && (!opts.getShowNestedErrs())) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (
+            SQLException nested = e.getNextException();
+            (nested != null)
+            && (nested != e);
+            nested = nested.getNextException())
+        {
+            handleSQLException(nested);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean scanForDriver(String url)
+    {
+        try {
+            // already registered
+            if (findRegisteredDriver(url) != null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // first try known drivers...
+            scanDrivers(true);
+
+            if (findRegisteredDriver(url) != null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // now really scan...
+            scanDrivers(false);
+
+            if (findRegisteredDriver(url) != null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            debug(e.toString());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Driver findRegisteredDriver(String url)
+    {
+        for (
+            Enumeration drivers = DriverManager.getDrivers();
+            (drivers != null) && drivers.hasMoreElements();)
+        {
+            Driver driver = (Driver) drivers.nextElement();
+            try {
+                if (driver.acceptsURL(url)) {
+                    return driver;
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    Driver [] scanDrivers(String line)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        return scanDrivers(false);
+    }
+
+    Driver [] scanDrivers(boolean knownOnly)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        Set classNames = new HashSet();
+
+        if (!knownOnly) {
+            classNames.addAll(
+                Arrays.asList(
+                    ClassNameCompleter.getClassNames()));
+        }
+
+        classNames.addAll(KNOWN_DRIVERS);
+
+        Set driverClasses = new HashSet();
+
+        for (Iterator i = classNames.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            String className = i.next().toString();
+
+            if (className.toLowerCase().indexOf("driver") == -1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                Class c =
+                    Class.forName(
+                        className,
+                        false,
+                        Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
+                if (!Driver.class.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (Modifier.isAbstract(c.getModifiers())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // now instantiate and initialize it
+                driverClasses.add(c.newInstance());
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+        }
+        info("scan complete in "
+            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms");
+        return (Driver []) driverClasses.toArray(new Driver[0]);
+    }
+
+    Driver [] scanDriversOLD(String line)
+    {
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        Set paths = new HashSet();
+        Set driverClasses = new HashSet();
+
+        for (
+            StringTokenizer tok =
+                new StringTokenizer(
+                    System.getProperty("java.ext.dirs"),
+                    System.getProperty("path.separator"));
+            tok.hasMoreTokens();)
+        {
+            File [] files = new File(tok.nextToken()).listFiles();
+            for (int i = 0; (files != null) && (i < files.length); i++) {
+                paths.add(files[i].getAbsolutePath());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (
+            StringTokenizer tok =
+                new StringTokenizer(
+                    System.getProperty("java.class.path"),
+                    System.getProperty("path.separator"));
+            tok.hasMoreTokens();)
+        {
+            paths.add(new File(tok.nextToken()).getAbsolutePath());
+        }
+
+        for (Iterator i = paths.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            File f = new File((String) i.next());
+            output(
+                color().pad(loc("scanning", f.getAbsolutePath()), 60),
+                false);
+
+            try {
+                ZipFile zf = new ZipFile(f);
+                int total = zf.size();
+                int index = 0;
+
+                for (
+                    Enumeration zfEnum = zf.entries();
+                    zfEnum.hasMoreElements();)
+                {
+                    ZipEntry entry = (ZipEntry) zfEnum.nextElement();
+                    String name = entry.getName();
+                    progress(index++, total);
+
+                    if (name.endsWith(".class")) {
+                        name = name.replace('/', '.');
+                        name = name.substring(0, name.length() - 6);
+
+                        try {
+                            // check for the string "driver" in the class
+                            // to see if we should load it. Not perfect, but
+                            // it is far too slow otherwise.
+                            if (name.toLowerCase().indexOf("driver") != -1) {
+                                Class c =
+                                    Class.forName(
+                                        name,
+                                        false,
+                                        getClass().getClassLoader());
+                                if (Driver.class.isAssignableFrom(c)
+                                    && !(Modifier.isAbstract(
+                                            c.getModifiers())))
+                                {
+                                    try {
+                                        // load and initialize
+                                        Class.forName(name);
+                                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                                    }
+                                    driverClasses.add(c.newInstance());
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } catch (Throwable t) {
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                progress(total, total);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        info("scan complete in "
+            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms");
+        return (Driver []) driverClasses.toArray(new Driver[0]);
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////
+    // ResultSet output formatting classes
+    ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+    int print(ResultSet rs, DispatchCallback callback)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        String format = opts.getOutputFormat();
+        OutputFormat f = (OutputFormat) formats.get(format);
+
+        if (f == null) {
+            error(
+                loc("unknown-format",
+                    new Object[] {
+                        format, formats.keySet()
+                    }));
+            f = new TableOutputFormat();
+        }
+
+        Rows rows;
+
+        if (opts.getIncremental()) {
+            rows = new IncrementalRows(rs, callback);
+        } else {
+            rows = new BufferedRows(rs);
+        }
+
+        return f.print(rows);
+    }
+
+    private Statement createStatement()
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        Statement stmnt = con().connection.createStatement();
+        if (opts.timeout > -1) {
+            stmnt.setQueryTimeout(opts.timeout);
+        }
+        if (opts.rowLimit != 0) {
+            stmnt.setMaxRows(opts.rowLimit);
+        }
+
+        return stmnt;
+    }
+
+    void runBatch(List statements)
+    {
+        try {
+            Statement stmnt = createStatement();
+            try {
+                for (Iterator i = statements.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                    stmnt.addBatch(i.next().toString());
+                }
+
+                int [] counts = stmnt.executeBatch();
+
+                output(
+                    color().pad(color().bold("COUNT"), 8).append(
+                        color().bold("STATEMENT")));
+
+                for (int i = 0; (counts != null) && (i < counts.length); i++) {
+                    output(
+                        color().pad(counts[i] + "", 8).append(
+                            statements.get(i).toString()));
+                }
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    stmnt.close();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int runCommands(List cmds, DispatchCallback callback)
+    {
+        int successCount = 0;
+
+        try {
+            int index = 1;
+            int size = cmds.size();
+            for (Iterator i = cmds.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String cmd = i.next().toString();
+                info(color().pad((index++) + "/" + (size), 13).append(cmd));
+                dispatch(cmd, callback);
+                boolean success = callback.isSuccess();
+                // if we do not force script execution, abort
+                // when a failure occurs.
+                if (!success && !opts.getForce()) {
+                    error(loc("abort-on-error", cmd));
+                    return successCount;
+                }
+                successCount += (success == true) ? 1 : 0;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        return successCount;
+    }
+
+    private void setCompletions()
+        throws SQLException, IOException
+    {
+        if (con() != null) {
+            con().setCompletions(opts.getFastConnect());
+        }
+    }
+
+    //~ Inner Interfaces -------------------------------------------------------
+
+    interface OutputFormat
+    {
+        int print(SqlLine.Rows rows);
+    }
+
+    ////////////////////////////
+    // Command handling classes
+    ////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * A generic command to be executed. Execution of the command should be
+     * dispatched to the {@link #execute(java.lang.String, DispatchCallback)} method after
+     * determining that the command is appropriate with the {@link
+     * #matches(java.lang.String)} method.
+     */
+    interface CommandHandler
+    {
+        /**
+         * @return the name of the command
+         */
+        public String getName();
+
+        /**
+         * @return all the possible names of this command.
+         */
+        public String [] getNames();
+
+        /**
+         * @return the short help description for this command.
+         */
+        public String getHelpText();
+
+        /**
+         * Check to see if the specified string can be dispatched to this
+         * command.
+         *
+         * @param line the command line to check.
+         *
+         * @return the command string that matches, or null if it no match
+         */
+        public String matches(String line);
+
+        /**
+         * Execute the specified command.
+         *
+         * @param line the full command line to execute.
+         * @param dispatchCallback the callback to check or interrupt the action
+         */
+        public void execute(String line, DispatchCallback dispatchCallback);
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the completors that can handle parameters.
+         */
+        public Completer [] getParameterCompleters();
+    }
+
+    //~ Inner Classes ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract OutputFormat.
+     */
+    abstract class AbstractOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            Rows.Row header = (Rows.Row) rows.next();
+
+            printHeader(header);
+
+            while (rows.hasNext()) {
+                printRow(rows, header, (Rows.Row) rows.next());
+                count++;
+            }
+
+            printFooter(header);
+
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        abstract void printHeader(Rows.Row header);
+
+        abstract void printFooter(Rows.Row header);
+
+        abstract void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row);
+    }
+
+    class XMLAttributeOutputFormat
+        extends AbstractOutputFormat
+    {
+        public void printHeader(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("<resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printFooter(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("</resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] head = header.values;
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+
+            StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer("  <result");
+
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                result.append(' ').append(head[i]).append("=\"").append(
+                    xmlattrencode(vals[i])).append('"');
+            }
+
+            result.append("/>");
+
+            output(result.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    class XMLElementOutputFormat
+        extends AbstractOutputFormat
+    {
+        public void printHeader(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("<resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printFooter(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("</resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] head = header.values;
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+
+            output("  <result>");
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                output(
+                    "    <" + head[i] + ">"
+                    + (xmlattrencode(vals[i]))
+                    + "</" + head[i] + ">");
+            }
+
+            output("  </result>");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * OutputFormat for vertical column name: value format.
+     */
+    class VerticalOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            Rows.Row header = (Rows.Row) rows.next();
+
+            while (rows.hasNext()) {
+                printRow(rows, header, (Rows.Row) rows.next());
+                count++;
+            }
+
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] head = header.values;
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+            int headwidth = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                headwidth = Math.max(headwidth, head[i].length());
+            }
+
+            headwidth += 2;
+
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                output(
+                    color().bold(
+                        color().pad(head[i], headwidth).getMono()).append(
+                               (vals[i] == null) ? "" : vals[i]));
+            }
+
+            output(""); // spacing
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * OutputFormat for values separated by a delimiter. <strong>TODO</strong>:
+     * Handle character escaping
+     */
+    class SeparatedValuesOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        private char separator;
+
+        public SeparatedValuesOutputFormat(char separator)
+        {
+            setSeparator(separator);
+        }
+
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            while (rows.hasNext()) {
+                printRow(rows, (Rows.Row) rows.next());
+                count++;
+            }
+
+            return count - 1; // sans header row
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+            StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+            for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+                buf.append((buf.length() == 0) ? "" : ("" + getSeparator()))
+                .append('\'').append((vals[i] == null) ? "" : vals[i]).append(
+                    '\'');
+            }
+            output(buf.toString());
+        }
+
+        public void setSeparator(char separator)
+        {
+            this.separator = separator;
+        }
+
+        public char getSeparator()
+        {
+            return this.separator;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * OutputFormat for a pretty, table-like format.
+     */
+    class TableOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int index = 0;
+            ColorBuffer header = null;
+            ColorBuffer headerCols = null;
+            final int width = opts.getMaxWidth() - 4;
+
+            // normalize the columns sizes
+            rows.normalizeWidths();
+
+            for (; rows.hasNext();) {
+                Rows.Row row = (Rows.Row) rows.next();
+                ColorBuffer cbuf = getOutputString(rows, row);
+                cbuf = cbuf.truncate(width);
+
+                if (index == 0) {
+                    StringBuffer h = new StringBuffer();
+                    for (int j = 0; j < row.sizes.length; j++) {
+                        for (int k = 0; k < row.sizes[j]; k++) {
+                            h.append('-');
+                        }
+                        h.append("-+-");
+                    }
+
+                    headerCols = cbuf;
+                    header =
+                        color().green(h.toString()).truncate(
+                            headerCols.getVisibleLength());
+                }
+
+                if ((index == 0)
+                    || ((opts.getHeaderInterval() > 0)
+                        && ((index % opts.getHeaderInterval()) == 0)
+                        && opts.getShowHeader()))
+                {
+                    printRow(header, true);
+                    printRow(headerCols, false);
+                    printRow(header, true);
+                }
+
+                if (index != 0) { // don't output the header twice
+                    printRow(cbuf, false);
+                }
+
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            if ((header != null) && opts.getShowHeader()) {
+                printRow(header, true);
+            }
+
+            return index - 1;
+        }
+
+        void printRow(ColorBuffer cbuff, boolean header)
+        {
+            if (header) {
+                output(color().green("+-").append(cbuff).green("-+"));
+            } else {
+                output(color().green("| ").append(cbuff).green(" |"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer getOutputString(Rows rows, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            return getOutputString(rows, row, " | ");
+        }
+
+        ColorBuffer getOutputString(Rows rows, Rows.Row row, String delim)
+        {
+            ColorBuffer buf = color();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < row.values.length; i++) {
+                if (buf.getVisibleLength() > 0) {
+                    buf.green(delim);
+                }
+
+                ColorBuffer v;
+
+                if (row.isMeta) {
+                    v = color().center(row.values[i], row.sizes[i]);
+                    if (rows.isPrimaryKey(i)) {
+                        buf.cyan(v.getMono());
+                    } else {
+                        buf.bold(v.getMono());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    v = color().pad(row.values[i], row.sizes[i]);
+                    if (rows.isPrimaryKey(i)) {
+                        buf.cyan(v.getMono());
+                    } else {
+                        buf.append(v.getMono());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (row.deleted) { // make deleted rows red
+                buf = color().red(buf.getMono());
+            } else if (row.updated) { // make updated rows blue
+                buf = color().blue(buf.getMono());
+            } else if (row.inserted) { // make new rows green
+                buf = color().green(buf.getMono());
+            }
+
+            return buf;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract base class representing a set of rows to be displayed.
+     */
+    abstract class Rows
+        implements Iterator
+    {
+        final ResultSetMetaData rsMeta;
+        final Boolean [] primaryKeys;
+        final NumberFormat numberFormat;
+
+        Rows(ResultSet rs)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            rsMeta = rs.getMetaData();
+            int count = rsMeta.getColumnCount();
+            primaryKeys = new Boolean[count];
+            if (opts.getNumberFormat().equals("default")) {
+                numberFormat = null;
+            } else {
+                numberFormat = new DecimalFormat(opts.getNumberFormat());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void remove()
+        {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Update all of the rows to have the same size, set to the maximum
+         * length of each column in the Rows.
+         */
+        abstract void normalizeWidths();
+
+        /**
+         * Return whether the specified column (0-based index) is a primary key.
+         * Since this method depends on whether the JDBC driver property
+         * implements {@link ResultSetMetaData#getTableName} (many do not), it
+         * is not reliable for all databases.
+         */
+        boolean isPrimaryKey(int col)
+        {
+            if (primaryKeys[col] != null) {
+                return primaryKeys[col].booleanValue();
+            }
+
+            try {
+                // this doesn't always work, since some JDBC drivers (e.g.,
+                // Oracle's) return a blank string from getTableName.
+                String table = rsMeta.getTableName(col + 1);
+                String column = rsMeta.getColumnName(col + 1);
+
+                if ((table == null)
+                    || (table.length() == 0)
+                    || (column == null)
+                    || (column.length() == 0))
+                {
+                    return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(false))
+                        .booleanValue();
+                }
+
+                ResultSet pks =
+                    con().meta.getPrimaryKeys(
+                        con().meta.getConnection().getCatalog(),
+                        null,
+                        table);
+
+                try {
+                    while (pks.next()) {
+                        if (column.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                                pks.getString("COLUMN_NAME")))
+                        {
+                            return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(true))
+                                .booleanValue();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    pks.close();
+                }
+
+                return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(false)).booleanValue();
+            } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+                return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(false)).booleanValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        class Row
+        {
+            final String [] values;
+            final boolean isMeta;
+            private boolean deleted;
+            private boolean inserted;
+            private boolean updated;
+            private int [] sizes;
+
+            Row(int size)
+                throws SQLException
+            {
+                isMeta = true;
+                values = new String[size];
+                sizes = new int[size];
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    values[i] = rsMeta.getColumnLabel(i + 1);
+                    sizes[i] = (values[i] == null) ? 1 : values[i].length();
+                }
+
+                deleted = false;
+                updated = false;
+                inserted = false;
+            }
+
+            Row(int size, ResultSet rs)
+                throws SQLException
+            {
+                isMeta = false;
+                values = new String[size];
+                sizes = new int[size];
+
+                try {
+                    deleted = rs.rowDeleted();
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+                try {
+                    updated = rs.rowUpdated();
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+                try {
+                    inserted = rs.rowInserted();
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    if (numberFormat != null) {
+                        Object o = rs.getObject(i + 1);
+                        if (o == null) {
+                            values[i] = null;
+                        } else if (o instanceof Number) {
+                            values[i] = numberFormat.format(o);
+                        } else {
+                            values[i] = o.toString();
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                      values[i] = String.valueOf(rs.getObject(i + 1));
+                    }
+                    sizes[i] = (values[i] == null) ? 1 : values[i].length();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rows implementation which buffers all rows in a linked list.
+     */
+    class BufferedRows
+        extends Rows
+    {
+        private final LinkedList list;
+
+        private final Iterator iterator;
+
+        BufferedRows(ResultSet rs)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            super(rs);
+
+            list = new LinkedList();
+
+            int count = rsMeta.getColumnCount();
+
+            list.add(new Row(count));
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                list.add(new Row(count, rs));
+            }
+
+            iterator = list.iterator();
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasNext()
+        {
+            return iterator.hasNext();
+        }
+
+        public Object next()
+        {
+            return iterator.next();
+        }
+
+        void normalizeWidths()
+        {
+            int [] max = null;
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Row row = (Row) list.get(i);
+                if (max == null) {
+                    max = new int[row.values.length];
+                }
+
+                for (int j = 0; j < max.length; j++) {
+                    max[j] = Math.max(max[j], row.sizes[j] + 1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Row row = (Row) list.get(i);
+                row.sizes = max;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rows implementation which returns rows incrementally from result set
+     * without any buffering.
+     */
+    class IncrementalRows
+        extends Rows
+    {
+        private final ResultSet rs;
+        private Row labelRow;
+        private Row maxRow;
+        private Row nextRow;
+        private boolean endOfResult;
+        private boolean normalizingWidths;
+        private DispatchCallback dispatchCallback;
+
+        IncrementalRows(ResultSet rs, DispatchCallback dispatchCallback)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            super(rs);
+            this.rs = rs;
+            this.dispatchCallback = dispatchCallback;
+
+            labelRow = new Row(rsMeta.getColumnCount());
+            maxRow = new Row(rsMeta.getColumnCount());
+
+            // pre-compute normalization so we don't have to deal
+            // with SQLExceptions later
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxRow.sizes.length; ++i) {
+                // normalized display width is based on maximum of display size
+                // and label size
+                maxRow.sizes[i] =
+                    Math.max(
+                        maxRow.sizes[i],
+                        rsMeta.getColumnDisplaySize(i + 1));
+            }
+
+            nextRow = labelRow;
+            endOfResult = false;
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasNext()
+        {
+            if (endOfResult || dispatchCallback.isCanceled()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (nextRow == null) {
+                try {
+                    if (rs.next()) {
+                        nextRow = new Row(labelRow.sizes.length, rs);
+
+                        if (normalizingWidths) {
+                            // perform incremental normalization
+                            nextRow.sizes = labelRow.sizes;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        endOfResult = true;
+                    }
+                } catch (SQLException ex) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(ex.toString());
+                }
+            }
+
+            return (nextRow != null);
+        }
+
+        public Object next()
+        {
+            if (!hasNext() && !dispatchCallback.isCanceled()) {
+                throw new NoSuchElementException();
+            }
+
+            Object ret = nextRow;
+            nextRow = null;
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        void normalizeWidths()
+        {
+            // normalize label row
+            labelRow.sizes = maxRow.sizes;
+
+            // and remind ourselves to perform incremental normalization
+            // for each row as it is produced
+            normalizingWidths = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////
+    // Console interaction classes
+    ///////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * A buffer that can output segments using ANSI color.
+     */
+    final static class ColorBuffer
+        implements Comparable
+    {
+        private static final ColorAttr BOLD = new ColorAttr("\033[1m");
+        private static final ColorAttr NORMAL = new ColorAttr("\033[m");
+        private static final ColorAttr REVERS = new ColorAttr("\033[7m");
+        private static final ColorAttr LINED = new ColorAttr("\033[4m");
+        private static final ColorAttr GREY = new ColorAttr("\033[1;30m");
+        private static final ColorAttr RED = new ColorAttr("\033[1;31m");
+        private static final ColorAttr GREEN = new ColorAttr("\033[1;32m");
+        private static final ColorAttr BLUE = new ColorAttr("\033[1;34m");
+        private static final ColorAttr CYAN = new ColorAttr("\033[1;36m");
+        private static final ColorAttr YELLOW = new ColorAttr("\033[1;33m");
+        private static final ColorAttr MAGENTA = new ColorAttr("\033[1;35m");
+        private static final ColorAttr INVISIBLE = new ColorAttr("\033[8m");
+
+        private final List parts = new LinkedList();
+
+        private final boolean useColor;
+
+        public ColorBuffer(boolean useColor)
+        {
+            this.useColor = useColor;
+
+            append("");
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer(String str, boolean useColor)
+        {
+            this.useColor = useColor;
+
+            append(str);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Pad the specified String with spaces to the indicated length
+         *
+         * @param str the String to pad
+         * @param len the length we want the return String to be
+         *
+         * @return the passed in String with spaces appended until the length
+         * matches the specified length.
+         */
+        ColorBuffer pad(ColorBuffer str, int len)
+        {
+            int n = str.getVisibleLength();
+            while (n < len) {
+                str.append(" ");
+                n++;
+            }
+
+            return append(str);
+        }
+
+        ColorBuffer center(String str, int len)
+        {
+            StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(str);
+
+            while (buf.length() < len) {
+                buf.append(" ");
+
+                if (buf.length() < len) {
+                    buf.insert(0, " ");
+                }
+            }
+
+            return append(buf.toString());
+        }
+
+        ColorBuffer pad(String str, int len)
+        {
+            if (str == null) {
+                str = "";
+            }
+
+            return pad(new ColorBuffer(str, false), len);
+        }
+
+        public String getColor()
+        {
+            return getBuffer(useColor);
+        }
+
+        public String getMono()
+        {
+            return getBuffer(false);
+        }
+
+        String getBuffer(boolean color)
+        {
+            StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+            for (Iterator i = parts.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                Object next = i.next();
+                if (!color && (next instanceof ColorAttr)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                buf.append(next.toString());
+            }
+
+            return buf.toString();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Truncate the ColorBuffer to the specified length and return the new
+         * ColorBuffer. Any open color tags will be closed.
+         */
+        public ColorBuffer truncate(int len)
+        {
+            ColorBuffer cbuff = new ColorBuffer(useColor);
+            ColorAttr lastAttr = null;
+            for (
+                Iterator i = parts.iterator();
+                (cbuff.getVisibleLength() < len) && i.hasNext();)
+            {
+                Object next = i.next();
+                if (next instanceof ColorAttr) {
+                    lastAttr = (ColorAttr) next;
+                    cbuff.append((ColorAttr) next);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String val = next.toString();
+                if ((cbuff.getVisibleLength() + val.length()) > len) {
+                    int partLen = len - cbuff.getVisibleLength();
+                    val = val.substring(0, partLen);
+                }
+
+                cbuff.append(val);
+            }
+
+            // close off the buffer with a normal tag
+            if ((lastAttr != null) && (lastAttr != NORMAL)) {
+                cbuff.append(NORMAL);
+            }
+
+            return cbuff;
+        }
+
+        public String toString()
+        {
+            return getColor();
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(String str)
+        {
+            parts.add(str);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(ColorBuffer buf)
+        {
+            parts.addAll(buf.parts);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(ColorAttr attr)
+        {
+            parts.add(attr);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public int getVisibleLength()
+        {
+            return getMono().length();
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(ColorAttr attr, String val)
+        {
+            parts.add(attr);
+            parts.add(val);
+            parts.add(NORMAL);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer bold(String str)
+        {
+            return append(BOLD, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer lined(String str)
+        {
+            return append(LINED, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer grey(String str)
+        {
+            return append(GREY, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer red(String str)
+        {
+            return append(RED, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer blue(String str)
+        {
+            return append(BLUE, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer green(String str)
+        {
+            return append(GREEN, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer cyan(String str)
+        {
+            return append(CYAN, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer yellow(String str)
+        {
+            return append(YELLOW, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer magenta(String str)
+        {
+            return append(MAGENTA, str);
+        }
+
+        public int compareTo(Object other)
+        {
+            return getMono().compareTo(((ColorBuffer) other).getMono());
+        }
+
+        private static class ColorAttr
+        {
+            private final String attr;
+
+            public ColorAttr(String attr)
+            {
+                this.attr = attr;
+            }
+
+            public String toString()
+            {
+                return attr;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An abstract implementation of CommandHandler.
+     */
+    public abstract class AbstractCommandHandler
+        implements CommandHandler
+    {
+        private final String name;
+        private final String [] names;
+        private final String helpText;
+        private Completer [] parameterCompleters = new Completer[0];
+
+        public AbstractCommandHandler(
+            String [] names,
+            String helpText,
+            Completer [] completors)
+        {
+            this.name = names[0];
+            this.names = names;
+            this.helpText = helpText;
+            if ((completors == null) || (completors.length == 0)) {
+                this.parameterCompleters =
+                    new Completer[] {
+                        new NullCompleter()
+                    };
+            } else {
+                List c = new LinkedList(Arrays.asList(completors));
+                c.add(new NullCompleter());
+                this.parameterCompleters =
+                    (Completer []) c.toArray(new Completer[0]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String getHelpText()
+        {
+            return helpText;
+        }
+
+        public String getName()
+        {
+            return this.name;
+        }
+
+        public String [] getNames()
+        {
+            return this.names;
+        }
+
+        public String matches(String line)
+        {
+            if ((line == null) || (line.length() == 0)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            if ((parts == null) || (parts.length == 0)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
+                if (names[i].startsWith(parts[0])) {
+                    return names[i];
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void setParameterCompleters(Completer [] parameterCompleters)
+        {
+            this.parameterCompleters = parameterCompleters;
+        }
+
+        public Completer [] getParameterCompleters()
+        {
+            return this.parameterCompleters;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A {@link sqlline.SqlLine.CommandHandler} implementation that uses
+     * reflection to determine the method to dispatch the command.
+     */
+    public class ReflectiveCommandHandler
+        extends AbstractCommandHandler
+    {
+        public ReflectiveCommandHandler(String [] cmds, Completer [] completer)
+        {
+            super(cmds, loc("help-" + cmds[0]), completer);
+        }
+
+        public void execute(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            try {
+                command.getClass()
+                    .getMethod(
+                        getName(),
+                        new Class[] { String.class, DispatchCallback.class })
+                    .invoke(
+                        command,
+                        new Object[] { line, callback });
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //////////////////////////
+    // Command methods follow
+    //////////////////////////
+
+    public class Commands
+    {
+        public void metadata(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            debug(line);
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            List params = new LinkedList(Arrays.asList(parts));
+            if ((parts == null) || (parts.length == 0)) {
+                dbinfo("", callback);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            params.remove(0);
+            params.remove(0);
+            debug(params.toString());
+            metadata(parts[1], params, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void metadata(String cmd, List argList, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            try {
+                Method [] m = con().meta.getClass().getMethods();
+                Set methodNames = new TreeSet();
+                Set methodNamesUpper = new TreeSet();
+                for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+                    methodNames.add(m[i].getName());
+                    methodNamesUpper.add(m[i].getName().toUpperCase());
+                }
+
+                if (!methodNamesUpper.contains(cmd.toUpperCase())) {
+                    error(loc("no-such-method", cmd));
+                    error(loc("possible-methods"));
+                    for (Iterator i = methodNames.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                        error("   " + i.next());
+                    }
+                    callback.setToFailure();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                Object res =
+                    Reflector.invoke(
+                        con().meta,
+                        DatabaseMetaData.class,
+                        cmd,
+                        argList);
+
+                if (res instanceof ResultSet) {
+                    ResultSet rs = (ResultSet) res;
+
+                    if (rs != null) {
+                        try {
+                            print(rs, callback);
+                        } finally {
+                            rs.close();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (res != null) {
+                    output(res.toString());
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void history(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            ListIterator<History.Entry> hist = reader.getHistory().entries();
+            int index = 1;
+            while (hist.hasNext()) {
+                index++ ;
+                output(color().pad(index + ".", 6).append(hist.next().toString()));
+            }
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        String arg1(String line, String paramname)
+        {
+            return arg1(line, paramname, null);
+        }
+
+        String arg1(String line, String paramname, String def)
+        {
+            String [] ret = split(line);
+
+            if ((ret == null) || (ret.length != 2)) {
+                if (def != null) {
+                    return def;
+                }
+
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    loc("arg-usage",
+                        new Object[] {
+                            (ret.length == 0) ? "" : ret[0],
+                            paramname
+                        }));
+            }
+
+            return ret[1];
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Constructs a list of string parameters for a metadata call.
+         *
+         * <p>The number of items is equal to the number of items in the
+         * <tt>strings</tt> parameter, typically three (catalog, schema, table
+         * name).
+         *
+         * <p>Parses the command line, and assumes that the the first word is
+         * a compound identifier. If the compound identifier has fewer parts
+         * than required, fills from the right.
+         *
+         * <p>The result is a mutable list of strings.
+         *
+         * @param line Command line
+         * @param paramname Name of parameter being read from command line
+         * @param defaultValues Default values for each component of parameter
+         * @return Mutable list of strings
+         */
+        private List buildMetadataArgs(
+            String line,
+            String paramname,
+            String[] defaultValues)
+        {
+            final ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
+            final String[][] ret = splitCompound(line);
+            String[] compound;
+            if ((ret == null) || (ret.length != 2)) {
+                if (defaultValues[defaultValues.length - 1] == null) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        loc("arg-usage",
+                            new Object[] {
+                                (ret.length == 0) ? "" : ret[0][0],
+                                paramname
+                            }));
+                }
+                compound = new String[0];
+            } else {
+                compound = ret[1];
+            }
+            if (compound.length <= defaultValues.length) {
+                list.addAll(
+                    Arrays.asList(defaultValues).subList(
+                        0, defaultValues.length - compound.length));
+                list.addAll(Arrays.asList(compound));
+            } else {
+                list.addAll(
+                    Arrays.asList(compound).subList(0, defaultValues.length));
+            }
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        public void indexes(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            args.add(Boolean.FALSE);
+            args.add(Boolean.TRUE);
+            metadata("getIndexInfo", args, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void primarykeys(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            metadata("getPrimaryKeys", args, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void exportedkeys(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            metadata("getExportedKeys", args, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void importedkeys(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            metadata("getImportedKeys", args, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void procedures(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args =
+                buildMetadataArgs(line, "procedure name pattern", strings);
+            metadata("getProcedures", args, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void tables(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            args.add(null);
+            metadata("getTables", args, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void typeinfo(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            metadata("getTypeInfo", Collections.EMPTY_LIST, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void nativesql(String sql, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            if (sql.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+                sql = sql.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            if (sql.startsWith("native")) {
+                sql = sql.substring("native".length() + 1);
+            }
+
+            String nat = con().getConnection().nativeSQL(sql);
+
+            output(nat);
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void columns(String line, DispatchCallback callback) throws SQLException
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            args.add("%");
+            metadata("getColumns", args, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void dropall(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if ((con() == null) || (con().url == null)) {
+                error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                if (!(reader.readLine(loc("really-drop-all")).equals("y"))) {
+                    error("abort-drop-all");
+                    callback.setToFailure();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                List cmds = new LinkedList();
+                ResultSet rs = getTables();
+                try {
+                    while (rs.next()) {
+                        cmds.add(
+                            "DROP TABLE "
+                            + rs.getString("TABLE_NAME") + ";");
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        rs.close();
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // run as a batch
+                if (runCommands(cmds, callback) == cmds.size()) {
+                  callback.setToSuccess();
+                } else {
+                  callback.setToFailure();
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void reconnect(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if ((con() == null) || (con().url == null)) {
+                error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            info(loc("reconnecting", con().url));
+            try {
+                con().reconnect();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                error(e);
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void scan(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            TreeSet names = new TreeSet();
+
+            if (drivers == null) {
+                drivers = Arrays.asList(scanDrivers(line));
+            }
+
+            info(loc("drivers-found-count", drivers.size()));
+
+            // unique the list
+            for (Iterator i = drivers.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                names.add(((Driver) i.next()).getClass().getName());
+            }
+
+            output(
+                color().bold(color().pad(loc("compliant"), 10).getMono())
+                       .bold(color().pad(loc("jdbc-version"), 8).getMono())
+                       .bold(color(loc("driver-class")).getMono()));
+
+            for (Iterator i = names.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String name = i.next().toString();
+
+                try {
+                    Driver driver = (Driver) Class.forName(name).newInstance();
+                    ColorBuffer msg =
+                        color().pad(driver.jdbcCompliant() ? "yes" : "no", 10)
+                        .pad(
+                            driver.getMajorVersion() + "."
+                            + driver.getMinorVersion(),
+                            8).append(name);
+                    if (driver.jdbcCompliant()) {
+                        output(msg);
+                    } else {
+                        output(color().red(msg.getMono()));
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    output(color().red(name)); // error with driver
+                }
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void save(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            info(loc("saving-options", opts.rcFile));
+            opts.save();
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void load(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            opts.load();
+            info(loc("loaded-options", opts.rcFile));
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void config(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            try {
+                Properties props = opts.toProperties();
+                Set keys = new TreeSet(props.keySet());
+                for (Iterator i = keys.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                    String key = (String) i.next();
+                    output(
+                        color().green(
+                                   color().pad(
+                                       key.substring(
+                                           opts.PROPERTY_PREFIX.length()),
+                                       20).getMono()).append(
+                                   props.getProperty(key)));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void set(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if ((line == null)
+                || line.trim().equals("set")
+                || (line.length() == 0))
+            {
+                config(null, callback);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line, 3, "Usage: set <key> <value>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String key = parts[1];
+            String value = parts[2];
+            boolean success = opts.set(key, value, false);
+
+            // if we autosave, then save
+            if (success && opts.getAutosave()) {
+                try {
+                    opts.save();
+                } catch (Exception saveException) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        private void reportResult(String action, long start, long end)
+        {
+            if (opts.getShowTime()) {
+                info(
+                    action
+                    + " "
+                    + loc(
+                        "time-ms",
+                        new Object[] {
+                            new Double((end - start) / 1000d)
+                        }));
+            } else {
+                info(action);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void commit(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!(assertAutoCommit())) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return ;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                con().connection.commit();
+                long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                showWarnings();
+                reportResult(loc("commit-complete"), start, end);
+
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+                return ;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void rollback(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+              callback.setToFailure();
+              return;
+            }
+            if (!(assertAutoCommit())) {
+              callback.setToFailure();
+              return ;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                con().connection.rollback();
+                long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                showWarnings();
+                reportResult(loc("rollback-complete"), start, end);
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void autocommit(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (line.endsWith("on")) {
+                con().connection.setAutoCommit(true);
+            } else if (line.endsWith("off")) {
+                con().connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+            autocommitStatus(con().connection);
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void dbinfo(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+            int padlen = 50;
+
+            String [] m =
+                new String[] {
+                    "allProceduresAreCallable",
+                    "allTablesAreSelectable",
+                    "dataDefinitionCausesTransactionCommit",
+                    "dataDefinitionIgnoredInTransactions",
+                    "doesMaxRowSizeIncludeBlobs",
+                    "getCatalogSeparator",
+                    "getCatalogTerm",
+                    "getDatabaseProductName",
+                    "getDatabaseProductVersion",
+                    "getDefaultTransactionIsolation",
+                    "getDriverMajorVersion",
+                    "getDriverMinorVersion",
+                    "getDriverName",
+                    "getDriverVersion",
+                    "getExtraNameCharacters",
+                    "getIdentifierQuoteString",
+                    "getMaxBinaryLiteralLength",
+                    "getMaxCatalogNameLength",
+                    "getMaxCharLiteralLength",
+                    "getMaxColumnNameLength",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInGroupBy",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInIndex",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInOrderBy",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInSelect",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInTable",
+                    "getMaxConnections",
+                    "getMaxCursorNameLength",
+                    "getMaxIndexLength",
+                    "getMaxProcedureNameLength",
+                    "getMaxRowSize",
+                    "getMaxSchemaNameLength",
+                    "getMaxStatementLength",
+                    "getMaxStatements",
+                    "getMaxTableNameLength",
+                    "getMaxTablesInSelect",
+                    "getMaxUserNameLength",
+                    "getNumericFunctions",
+                    "getProcedureTerm",
+                    "getSchemaTerm",
+                    "getSearchStringEscape",
+                    "getSQLKeywords",
+                    "getStringFunctions",
+                    "getSystemFunctions",
+                    "getTimeDateFunctions",
+                    "getURL",
+                    "getUserName",
+                    "isCatalogAtStart",
+                    "isReadOnly",
+                    "nullPlusNonNullIsNull",
+                    "nullsAreSortedAtEnd",
+                    "nullsAreSortedAtStart",
+                    "nullsAreSortedHigh",
+                    "nullsAreSortedLow",
+                    "storesLowerCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "storesLowerCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "storesMixedCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "storesMixedCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "storesUpperCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "storesUpperCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "supportsAlterTableWithAddColumn",
+                    "supportsAlterTableWithDropColumn",
+                    "supportsANSI92EntryLevelSQL",
+                    "supportsANSI92FullSQL",
+                    "supportsANSI92IntermediateSQL",
+                    "supportsBatchUpdates",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInDataManipulation",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInIndexDefinitions",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInPrivilegeDefinitions",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInProcedureCalls",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInTableDefinitions",
+                    "supportsColumnAliasing",
+                    "supportsConvert",
+                    "supportsCoreSQLGrammar",
+                    "supportsCorrelatedSubqueries",
+                    "supportsDataDefinitionAndDataManipulationTransactions",
+                    "supportsDataManipulationTransactionsOnly",
+                    "supportsDifferentTableCorrelationNames",
+                    "supportsExpressionsInOrderBy",
+                    "supportsExtendedSQLGrammar",
+                    "supportsFullOuterJoins",
+                    "supportsGroupBy",
+                    "supportsGroupByBeyondSelect",
+                    "supportsGroupByUnrelated",
+                    "supportsIntegrityEnhancementFacility",
+                    "supportsLikeEscapeClause",
+                    "supportsLimitedOuterJoins",
+                    "supportsMinimumSQLGrammar",
+                    "supportsMixedCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "supportsMixedCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "supportsMultipleResultSets",
+                    "supportsMultipleTransactions",
+                    "supportsNonNullableColumns",
+                    "supportsOpenCursorsAcrossCommit",
+                    "supportsOpenCursorsAcrossRollback",
+                    "supportsOpenStatementsAcrossCommit",
+                    "supportsOpenStatementsAcrossRollback",
+                    "supportsOrderByUnrelated",
+                    "supportsOuterJoins",
+                    "supportsPositionedDelete",
+                    "supportsPositionedUpdate",
+                    "supportsSchemasInDataManipulation",
+                    "supportsSchemasInIndexDefinitions",
+                    "supportsSchemasInPrivilegeDefinitions",
+                    "supportsSchemasInProcedureCalls",
+                    "supportsSchemasInTableDefinitions",
+                    "supportsSelectForUpdate",
+                    "supportsStoredProcedures",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInComparisons",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInExists",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInIns",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInQuantifieds",
+                    "supportsTableCorrelationNames",
+                    "supportsTransactions",
+                    "supportsUnion",
+                    "supportsUnionAll",
+                    "usesLocalFilePerTable",
+                    "usesLocalFiles",
+                };
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+                try {
+                    output(
+                        color().pad(m[i], padlen).append(
+                            ""
+                            + Reflector.invoke(
+                                con().meta,
+                                m[i],
+                                EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY)));
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    handleException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void verbose(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            info("verbose: on");
+            set("set verbose true", callback);
+        }
+
+        public void outputformat(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            set("set " + line, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void brief(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            info("verbose: off");
+            set("set verbose false", callback);
+        }
+
+        public void isolation(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int i;
+
+            if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_NONE")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE;
+            } else {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(
+                    "Usage: isolation <TRANSACTION_NONE "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE>");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            con().connection.setTransactionIsolation(i);
+
+            int isol = con().connection.getTransactionIsolation();
+            final String isoldesc;
+            switch (i) {
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_NONE";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE";
+                break;
+            default:
+                isoldesc = "UNKNOWN";
+            }
+
+            debug( loc( "isolation-status", isoldesc ) );
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void batch(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (batch == null) {
+                batch = new LinkedList();
+                info(loc("batch-start"));
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+                return;
+            } else {
+                info(loc("running-batch"));
+                try {
+                    runBatch(batch);
+                    callback.setToSuccess();
+                    return;
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    callback.setToFailure();
+                    error(e);
+                } finally {
+                    batch = null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void sql(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            execute(line, false, callback);
+        }
+
+        public void call(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            execute(line, true, callback);
+        }
+
+        private void execute(
+            String line, boolean call, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if ((line == null) || (line.length() == 0)) {
+                callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.FAILURE);
+            }
+
+            // ### FIXME:  doing the multi-line handling down here means
+            // higher-level logic never sees the extra lines.  So,
+            // for example, if a script is being saved, it won't include
+            // the continuation lines!  This is logged as sf.net
+            // bug 879518.
+
+            // use multiple lines for statements not terminated by ";"
+            try {
+                while (!(line.trim().endsWith(";"))) {
+                    StringBuffer prompt = new StringBuffer(getPrompt());
+                    for (int i = 0; i < (prompt.length() - 1); i++) {
+                        if (prompt.charAt(i) != '>') {
+                            prompt.setCharAt(i, ((i % 2) == 0) ? '.' : ' ');
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    String extra = reader.readLine(prompt.toString());
+                    if (!isComment(extra)) {
+                        line += sep + extra;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (UserInterruptException uie) {
+              // CTRL-C'd out of the command. Note it, but don't call it an
+              // error.
+              callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.CANCELED);
+              output(loc("command-canceled"));
+              return;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            if (line.trim().endsWith(";")) {
+                line = line.trim();
+                line = line.substring(0, line.length() - 1);
+            }
+
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String sql = line;
+
+            if (sql.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+                sql = sql.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            String prefix = call ? "call" : "sql";
+
+            if (sql.startsWith(prefix)) {
+                sql = sql.substring(prefix.length());
+            }
+
+            // batch statements?
+            if (batch != null) {
+                batch.add(sql);
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                Statement stmnt = null;
+                boolean hasResults;
+
+                try {
+                    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+                    if (call) {
+                        stmnt = con().connection.prepareCall(sql);
+                        callback.trackSqlQuery(stmnt);
+                        hasResults = ((CallableStatement) stmnt).execute();
+                    } else {
+                        stmnt = createStatement();
+                        callback.trackSqlQuery(stmnt);
+                        hasResults = stmnt.execute(sql);
+                    }
+
+                    showWarnings();
+                    showWarnings(stmnt.getWarnings());
+
+                    if (hasResults) {
+                        do {
+                            ResultSet rs = stmnt.getResultSet();
+                            try {
+                                int count = print(rs, callback);
+                                long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+                                reportResult(
+                                    loc("rows-selected", count),
+                                    start,
+                                    end);
+                            } finally {
+                                rs.close();
+                            }
+                        } while (getMoreResults(stmnt));
+                    } else {
+                        int count = stmnt.getUpdateCount();
+                        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                        reportResult(
+                            loc("rows-affected", count),
+                            start,
+                            end);
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (stmnt != null) {
+                        showWarnings(stmnt.getWarnings());
+                        stmnt.close();
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (UserInterruptException uie) {
+                // CTRL-C'd out of the command. Note it, but don't call it an
+                // error.
+                callback.setStatus(DispatchCallback.Status.CANCELED);
+                output(loc("command-canceled"));
+                return;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void quit(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            exit = true;
+            close(null, callback);
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Close all connections.
+         */
+        public void closeall(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            close(null, callback);
+            if (callback.isSuccess()) {
+                while (callback.isSuccess()) {
+                  close(null, callback);
+                }
+                // the last "close" will set it to fail so reset it to success.
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+            }
+            // probably a holdover of the old boolean returns.
+            callback.setToFailure();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Close the current connection.
+         */
+        public void close(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (con() == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                if ((con().connection != null)
+                    && !(con().connection.isClosed()))
+                {
+                    info(loc("closing",
+                            con().connection.getClass().getName()));
+                    con().connection.close();
+                } else {
+                    info(loc("already-closed"));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            connections.remove();
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Connect to the database defined in the specified properties file.
+         */
+        public void properties(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String example = "";
+            example += "Usage: properties <properties file>" + sep;
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            if (parts.length < 2) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(example);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int successes = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < parts.length; i++) {
+                Properties props = new Properties();
+                props.load(new FileInputStream(parts[i]));
+                connect(props, callback);
+                if (callback.isSuccess()) {
+                    successes++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (successes != (parts.length - 1)) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+            } else {
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void connect(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String example = "";
+            example +=
+                "Usage: connect <url> <username> <password> [driver]"
+                + sep;
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            if (parts == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (parts.length < 2) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(example);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String url = (parts.length < 2) ? null : parts[1];
+            String user = (parts.length < 3) ? null : parts[2];
+            String pass = (parts.length < 4) ? null : parts[3];
+            String driver = (parts.length < 5) ? null : parts[4];
+
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+            if (url != null) {
+                props.setProperty("url", url);
+            }
+            if (driver != null) {
+                props.setProperty("driver", driver);
+            }
+            if (user != null) {
+                props.setProperty("user", user);
+            }
+            if (pass != null) {
+                props.setProperty("password", pass);
+            }
+
+            connect(props, callback);
+        }
+
+        private String getProperty(Properties props, String [] keys)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+                String val = props.getProperty(keys[i]);
+                if (val != null) {
+                    return val;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (Iterator i = props.keySet().iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String key = (String) i.next();
+                for (int j = 0; j < keys.length; j++) {
+                    if (key.endsWith(keys[j])) {
+                        return props.getProperty(key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void connect(Properties props, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            String url =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "url",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL",
+                        "ConnectionURL",
+                    });
+            String driver =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "driver",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName",
+                        "ConnectionDriverName",
+                    });
+            String username =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "user",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName",
+                        "ConnectionUserName",
+                    });
+            String password =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "password",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword",
+                        "ConnectionPassword",
+                    });
+
+            if ((url == null) || (url.length() == 0)) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error("Property \"url\" is required");
+                return;
+            }
+            if ((driver == null) || (driver.length() == 0)) {
+                if (!scanForDriver(url)) {
+                    callback.setToFailure();
+                    error(loc("no-driver", url));
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            debug( "Connecting to " + url );
+
+            if (username == null) {
+                username = reader.readLine("Enter username for " + url + ": ");
+            }
+            if (password == null) {
+                password =
+                    reader.readLine(
+                        "Enter password for " + url + ": ",
+                        new Character('*'));
+            }
+
+            try {
+                // clear old completions
+                completions.clear();
+
+                connections.setConnection(
+                    new DatabaseConnection(driver, url, username, password));
+                con().getConnection();
+
+                setCompletions();
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void rehash(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            try {
+                if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                    callback.setToFailure();
+
+                }
+
+                completions.clear();
+                if (con() != null) {
+                    con().setCompletions(false);
+                }
+
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * List the current connections
+         */
+        public void list(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            int index = 0;
+            info(loc("active-connections", connections.size()));
+
+            for (Iterator i = connections.iterator(); i.hasNext(); index++) {
+                DatabaseConnection c = (DatabaseConnection) i.next();
+                boolean closed = false;
+                try {
+                    closed = c.connection.isClosed();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    closed = true;
+                }
+
+                output(
+                    color().pad(" #" + index + "", 5)
+                           .pad(closed ? loc("closed") : loc("open"), 9).append(
+                               c.url));
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void all(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            int index = connections.getIndex();
+
+            boolean success = true;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < connections.size(); i++) {
+                connections.setIndex(i);
+                output(loc("executing-con", con()));
+
+                // ### FIXME:  this is broken for multi-line SQL
+                sql(line.substring("all ".length()), callback);
+                success = callback.isSuccess() && success;
+            }
+
+            // restore index
+            connections.setIndex(index);
+            if (success) {
+              callback.setToSuccess();
+            } else {
+              callback.setToFailure();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void go(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: go <connection index>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int index = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+            if (!(connections.setIndex(index))) {
+                error(loc("invalid-connection", "" + index));
+                list("", callback); // list the current connections
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Save or stop saving a script to a file
+         */
+        public void script(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (script == null) {
+                startScript(line, callback);
+            } else {
+                stopScript(line, callback);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Stop writing to the script file and close the script.
+         */
+        private void stopScript(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            try {
+                script.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            output(loc("script-closed", script));
+            script = null;
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Start writing to the specified script file.
+         */
+        private void startScript(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (script != null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(loc("script-already-running", script));
+                return ;
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: script <filename>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return ;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                script = new OutputFile(parts[1]);
+                output(loc("script-started", script));
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Run a script from the specified file.
+         */
+        public void run(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: run <scriptfile>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            List cmds = new LinkedList();
+
+            try {
+                BufferedReader reader =
+                    new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                            parts[1]));
+                try {
+                    // ### NOTE:  fix for sf.net bug 879427
+                    StringBuffer cmd = null;
+                    for (;;) {
+                        String scriptLine = reader.readLine();
+
+                        if (scriptLine == null) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        String trimmedLine = scriptLine.trim();
+                        if (opts.getTrimScripts()) {
+                            scriptLine = trimmedLine;
+                        }
+
+                        if (cmd != null) {
+                            // we're continuing an existing command
+                            cmd.append(" \n");
+                            cmd.append(scriptLine);
+                            if (trimmedLine.endsWith(";")) {
+                                // this command has terminated
+                                cmds.add(cmd.toString());
+                                cmd = null;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // we're starting a new command
+                            if (needsContinuation(scriptLine)) {
+                                // multi-line
+                                cmd = new StringBuffer(scriptLine);
+                            } else {
+                                // single-line
+                                cmds.add(scriptLine);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (cmd != null) {
+                        // ### REVIEW: oops, somebody left the last command
+                        // unterminated; should we fix it for them or complain?
+                        // For now be nice and fix it.
+                        cmd.append(";");
+                        cmds.add(cmd.toString());
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    reader.close();
+                }
+
+                // success only if all the commands were successful
+                if (runCommands(cmds, callback) == cmds.size()) {
+                  callback.setToSuccess();
+                } else {
+                  callback.setToFailure();
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Save or stop saving all output to a file.
+         */
+        public void record(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (record == null) {
+                startRecording(line, callback);
+            } else {
+                stopRecording(line, callback);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Stop writing output to the record file.
+         */
+        private void stopRecording(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            try {
+                record.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            output(loc("record-closed", record));
+            record = null;
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Start writing to the specified record file.
+         */
+        private void startRecording(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (record != null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(loc("record-already-running", record));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: record <filename>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                record = new OutputFile(parts[1]);
+                output(loc("record-started", record));
+                callback.setToSuccess();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void describe(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            String[][] cmd = splitCompound(line);
+            if (cmd.length != 2) {
+                error("Usage: describe <table name>");
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (cmd[1].length == 1
+                && cmd[1][0] != null
+                && cmd[1][0].equalsIgnoreCase("tables"))
+            {
+                tables("tables", callback);
+            } else {
+                columns(line, callback);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void help(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+        {
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            String cmd = (parts.length > 1) ? parts[1] : "";
+            TreeSet clist = new TreeSet();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
+                if ((cmd.length() == 0)
+                    || Arrays.asList(commands[i].getNames()).contains(cmd))
+                {
+                    clist.add(
+                        color().pad("!" + commands[i].getName(), 20).append(
+                            wrap(commands[i].getHelpText(), 60, 20)));
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (Iterator i = clist.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                output((ColorBuffer) i.next());
+            }
+
+            if (cmd.length() == 0) {
+                output("");
+                output(loc("comments", getApplicationContactInformation()));
+            }
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+
+        public void manual(String line, DispatchCallback callback)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            InputStream in = SqlLine.class.getResourceAsStream("manual.txt");
+            if (in == null) {
+                callback.setToFailure();
+                error(loc("no-manual"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            BufferedReader breader =
+                new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
+            String man;
+            int index = 0;
+            while ((man = breader.readLine()) != null) {
+                index++;
+                output(man);
+
+                // silly little pager
+                if ((index % (opts.getMaxHeight() - 1)) == 0) {
+                    String ret = reader.readLine(loc("enter-for-more"));
+                    if ((ret != null) && ret.startsWith("q")) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            breader.close();
+
+            callback.setToSuccess();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Completor for SQLLine. It dispatches to sub-completors based on the
+     * current arguments.
+     */
+    class SQLLineCompleter
+        implements Completer
+    {
+        public int complete(String buf, int pos, List cand)
+        {
+            if ((buf != null)
+                && buf.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)
+                && !buf.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX + "all")
+                && !buf.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX + "sql"))
+            {
+                return sqlLineCommandCompleter.complete(buf, pos, cand);
+            } else {
+                if ((con() != null) && (con().sqlLineSQLCompleter != null)) {
+                    return con().sqlLineSQLCompleter.complete(buf, pos, cand);
+                } else {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SQLLineCommandCompleter
+        extends AggregateCompleter
+    {
+        public SQLLineCommandCompleter()
+        {
+            List<Completer> completors = new LinkedList<Completer>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
+                String [] cmds = commands[i].getNames();
+                for (int j = 0; (cmds != null) && (j < cmds.length); j++) {
+                    Completer [] comps = commands[i].getParameterCompleters();
+                    List<Completer> compl = new LinkedList<Completer>();
+                    compl.add(new StringsCompleter(COMMAND_PREFIX + cmds[j]));
+                    compl.addAll(Arrays.asList(comps));
+                    compl.add(new NullCompleter()); // last param no complete
+
+                    completors.add(new ArgumentCompleter(compl));
+                }
+            }
+
+            getCompleters().addAll(completors);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TableNameCompleter
+        implements Completer
+    {
+        public int complete(String buf, int pos, List cand)
+        {
+            if (con() == null) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            return new StringsCompleter(con().getTableNames(true)).complete(
+                buf,
+                pos,
+                cand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SQLLineSQLCompletor
+        extends StringsCompleter
+    {
+        public SQLLineSQLCompletor(boolean skipmeta)
+            throws IOException, SQLException
+        {
+            super(new String[0]);
+
+            Set<String> completions = new TreeSet<String>();
+
+            // add the default SQL completions
+            String keywords =
+                new BufferedReader(
+                    new InputStreamReader(
+                        SQLLineSQLCompletor.class.getResourceAsStream(
+                            "sql-keywords.properties"))).readLine();
+
+            // now add the keywords from the current connection
+
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getSQLKeywords();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getStringFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getNumericFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getSystemFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getTimeDateFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+
+            // also allow lower-case versions of all the keywords
+            keywords += "," + keywords.toLowerCase();
+
+            for (
+                StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(keywords, ", ");
+                tok.hasMoreTokens();
+                completions.add(tok.nextToken()))
+            {
+                ;
+            }
+
+            // now add the tables and columns from the current connection
+            if (!(skipmeta)) {
+                String [] columns = getColumnNames(con().meta);
+                for (
+                    int i = 0;
+                    (columns != null)
+                    && (i < columns.length);
+                    i++)
+                {
+                    completions.add(columns[i++]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // set the Strings that will be completed
+            getStrings().addAll(completions);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class Connections
+    {
+        private final List connections = new ArrayList();
+        private int index = -1;
+
+        public SqlLine.DatabaseConnection current()
+        {
+            if (index != -1) {
+                return (SqlLine.DatabaseConnection) connections.get(index);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public int size()
+        {
+            return connections.size();
+        }
+
+        public Iterator iterator()
+        {
+            return connections.iterator();
+        }
+
+        public void remove()
+        {
+            if (index != -1) {
+                connections.remove(index);
+            }
+
+            while (index >= connections.size()) {
+                index--;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void addConnection(SqlLine.DatabaseConnection connection)
+        {
+            connections.add(connection);
+        }
+
+        public void setConnection(SqlLine.DatabaseConnection connection)
+        {
+            if (connections.indexOf(connection) == -1) {
+                connections.add(connection);
+            }
+
+            index = connections.indexOf(connection);
+        }
+
+        public int getIndex()
+        {
+            return index;
+        }
+
+        public boolean setIndex(int index)
+        {
+            if ((index < 0) || (index >= connections.size())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            this.index = index;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class DatabaseConnection
+    {
+        Connection connection;
+        DatabaseMetaData meta;
+        Quoting quoting;
+        private final String driver;
+        private final String url;
+        private final String username;
+        private final String password;
+        private Schema schema = null;
+        private Completer sqlLineSQLCompleter = null;
+
+        public DatabaseConnection(
+            String driver,
+            String url,
+            String username,
+            String password)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            this.driver = driver;
+            this.url = url;
+            this.username = username;
+            this.password = password;
+        }
+
+        public String toString()
+        {
+            return url + "";
+        }
+
+        private void setCompletions(boolean skipmeta)
+            throws SQLException, IOException
+        {
+            // Deduce the string used to quote identifiers. For example, Oracle
+            // uses double-quotes:
+            //   SELECT * FROM "My Schema"."My Table"
+            String startQuote = meta.getIdentifierQuoteString();
+            final boolean upper = meta.storesUpperCaseIdentifiers();
+            if (startQuote == null
+                || startQuote.equals("")
+                || startQuote.equals(" "))
+            {
+                if (meta.getDatabaseProductName().startsWith("MySQL")) {
+                    // Some version of the MySQL JDBC driver lie.
+                    quoting = new Quoting('`', '`', upper);
+                } else {
+                    quoting = new Quoting((char) 0, (char) 0, false);
+                }
+            } else if (startQuote.equals("[")) {
+                quoting = new Quoting('[', ']', upper);
+            } else if (startQuote.length() > 1) {
+                error(
+                    "Identifier quote string is '" + startQuote
+                    + "'; quote strings longer than 1 char are not supported");
+                quoting = Quoting.DEFAULT;
+            } else {
+                quoting =
+                    new Quoting(
+                        startQuote.charAt(0), startQuote.charAt(0), upper);
+            }
+
+            final String extraNameCharacters =
+                ((meta == null) || (meta.getExtraNameCharacters() == null)) ? ""
+                : meta.getExtraNameCharacters();
+
+            // setup the completor for the database
+               sqlLineSQLCompleter =
+                new ArgumentCompleter(
+                    new ArgumentCompleter.WhitespaceArgumentDelimiter() {
+                        // delimiters for SQL statements are any
+                        // non-letter-or-number characters, except
+                        // underscore and characters that are specified
+                        // by the database to be valid name identifiers.
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean isDelimiterChar(final CharSequence buffer, int pos)
+                        {
+                            char c = buffer.charAt(pos);
+                            if (Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                                return true;
+                            }
+
+                            return !(Character.isLetterOrDigit(c))
+                                && (c != '_')
+                                && (extraNameCharacters.indexOf(c) == -1);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ,new SQLLineSQLCompletor(skipmeta));
+
+            // not all argument elements need to hold true
+            ((ArgumentCompleter) sqlLineSQLCompleter).setStrict(false);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Connection to the specified data source.
+         */
+        boolean connect()
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            try {
+                if ((driver != null) && (driver.length() != 0)) {
+                    Class.forName(driver);
+                }
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
+                return error(cnfe);
+            }
+
+            boolean foundDriver = false;
+            Driver theDriver = null;
+            try {
+                theDriver = DriverManager.getDriver(url);
+                foundDriver = theDriver != null;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+
+            if (!(foundDriver)) {
+                output(loc("autoloading-known-drivers", url));
+                registerKnownDrivers();
+            }
+
+            try {
+                close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+
+            // Avoid using DriverManager.getConnection(). It is a synchronized
+            // method and thus holds the lock while making the connection.
+            // Deadlock can occur if the driver's connection processing uses any
+            // synchronized DriverManager methods.  One such example is the
+            // RMI-JDBC driver, whose RJDriverServer.connect() method uses
+            // DriverManager.getDriver(). Because RJDriverServer.connect runs in
+            // a different thread (RMI) than the getConnection() caller (here),
+            // this sequence will hang every time.
+
+            //connection = DriverManager.getConnection (url, username,
+            //password);
+
+            // Instead, we use the driver instance to make the connection
+
+            final Properties info = new Properties();
+            info.put("user", username);
+            info.put("password", password);
+            connection = theDriver.connect(url, info);
+            meta = connection.getMetaData();
+
+            try {
+                debug(
+                  loc( "connected",
+                    new Object[]{
+                      meta.getDatabaseProductName(),
+                      meta.getDatabaseProductVersion()
+                    } ) );
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                debug(
+                  loc( "driver",
+                    new Object[]{
+                      meta.getDriverName(),
+                      meta.getDriverVersion()
+                    } ) );
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                connection.setAutoCommit(opts.getAutoCommit());
+                autocommitStatus(connection);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                // nothing is done off of this command beyond the handle so no need to use the callback.
+                command.isolation("isolation: " + opts.getIsolation(), new DispatchCallback());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public Connection getConnection()
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (connection != null) {
+                return connection;
+            }
+
+            connect();
+
+            return connection;
+        }
+
+        public void reconnect()
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            close();
+            getConnection();
+        }
+
+        public void close()
+        {
+            try {
+                try {
+                    if ((connection != null) && !connection.isClosed()) {
+                        output(loc("closing", connection));
+                        connection.close();
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    handleException(e);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                connection = null;
+                meta = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String [] getTableNames(boolean force)
+        {
+            Schema.Table [] t = getSchema().getTables();
+            Set names = new TreeSet();
+            for (int i = 0; (t != null) && (i < t.length); i++) {
+                names.add(t[i].getName());
+            }
+            return (String []) names.toArray(new String[names.size()]);
+        }
+
+        Schema getSchema()
+        {
+            if (schema == null) {
+                schema = new Schema();
+            }
+
+            return schema;
+        }
+
+        class Schema
+        {
+            private Table [] tables = null;
+
+            Table [] getTables()
+            {
+                if (tables != null) {
+                    return tables;
+                }
+
+                List tnames = new LinkedList();
+
+                try {
+                    ResultSet rs =
+                        meta.getTables(
+                            connection.getCatalog(),
+                            null,
+                            "%",
+                            new String[] { "TABLE" });
+                    try {
+                        while (rs.next()) {
+                            tnames.add(new Table(
+                                    rs.getString("TABLE_NAME")));
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        try {
+                            rs.close();
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+
+                return tables = (Table []) tnames.toArray(new Table[0]);
+            }
+
+            Table getTable(String name)
+            {
+                Table [] t = getTables();
+                for (int i = 0; (t != null) && (i < t.length); i++) {
+                    if (name.equalsIgnoreCase(t[i].getName())) {
+                        return t[i];
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            class Table
+            {
+                final String name;
+                Column [] columns;
+
+                public Table(String name)
+                {
+                    this.name = name;
+                }
+
+                public String getName()
+                {
+                    return name;
+                }
+
+                class Column
+                {
+                    final String name;
+                    boolean isPrimaryKey;
+
+                    public Column(String name)
+                    {
+                        this.name = name;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class Opts
+        implements Completer
+    {
+        public static final String PROPERTY_PREFIX = "sqlline.";
+        public static final String PROPERTY_NAME_EXIT =
+            PROPERTY_PREFIX + "system.exit";
+        private boolean autosave = false;
+        private boolean silent = false;
+        private boolean color = false;
+        private boolean showHeader = true;
+        private int headerInterval = 100;
+        private boolean fastConnect = true;
+        private boolean autoCommit = true;
+        private boolean verbose = false;
+        private boolean force = false;
+        private boolean incremental = true;
+        private boolean showTime = true;
+        private boolean showWarnings = true;
+        private boolean showNestedErrs = false;
+        private String numberFormat = "default";
+        private int maxWidth = TerminalFactory.get().getWidth();
+        private int maxHeight = TerminalFactory.get().getHeight();
+        private int maxColumnWidth = 15;
+        private int rowLimit = 0;
+        private int timeout = -1;
+        private String isolation = "TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ";
+        private String outputFormat = "table";
+        private boolean trimScripts = true;
+
+        private File rcFile = new File(saveDir(), "sqlline.properties");
+        private String historyFile =
+            new File(saveDir(), "history").getAbsolutePath();
+
+        private String runFile;
+
+        public Opts(Properties props)
+        {
+            loadProperties(props);
+        }
+
+        public Completer [] optionCompletors()
+        {
+            return new Completer[] {
+                    this,
+                    // new SimpleCompletor (possibleSettingValues ()),
+                };
+        }
+
+        public String [] possibleSettingValues()
+        {
+            List vals = new LinkedList();
+            vals.addAll(Arrays.asList(
+                    new String[] {
+                        "yes",
+                        "no",
+                    }));
+
+            return (String []) vals.toArray(new String[vals.size()]);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * The save directory if HOME/.sqlline/ on UNIX, and HOME/sqlline/ on
+         * Windows.
+         */
+        public File saveDir()
+        {
+            String dir = System.getProperty("sqlline.rcfile");
+            if ((dir != null) && (dir.length() > 0)) {
+                return new File(dir);
+            }
+
+            File f =
+                new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.home"),
+                    ((System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().indexOf(
+                                "windows") != -1) ? "" : ".") + "sqlline")
+                .getAbsoluteFile();
+            try {
+                f.mkdirs();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+
+            return f;
+        }
+
+        public int complete(String buf, int pos, List cand)
+        {
+            try {
+                return new StringsCompleter(propertyNames()).complete(
+                    buf,
+                    pos,
+                    cand);
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void save()
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(rcFile);
+            save(out);
+            out.close();
+        }
+
+        public void save(OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            try {
+                Properties props = toProperties();
+
+                // don't save maxwidth: it is automatically set based on
+                // the terminal configuration
+                props.remove(PROPERTY_PREFIX + "maxwidth");
+
+                props.store(out, getApplicationTitle());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String [] propertyNames()
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException
+        {
+            TreeSet names = new TreeSet();
+
+            // get all the values from getXXX methods
+            Method [] m = getClass().getDeclaredMethods();
+            for (int i = 0; (m != null) && (i < m.length); i++) {
+                if (!(m[i].getName().startsWith("get"))) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (m[i].getParameterTypes().length != 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String propName = m[i].getName().substring(3).toLowerCase();
+                if (propName.equals("run")) {
+                    // Not a real property
+                    continue;
+                }
+                names.add(propName);
+            }
+
+            return (String []) names.toArray(new String[names.size()]);
+        }
+
+        public Properties toProperties()
+            throws IllegalAccessException,
+                InvocationTargetException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+
+            String [] names = propertyNames();
+            for (int i = 0; (names != null) && (i < names.length); i++) {
+                props.setProperty(
+                    PROPERTY_PREFIX + names[i],
+                    Reflector.invoke(this, "get" + names[i], EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY)
+                             .toString());
+            }
+
+            debug("properties: " + props.toString());
+            return props;
+        }
+
+        public void load()
+            throws IOException
+        {
+              if (rcFile.exists()) {
+                  InputStream in = new FileInputStream(rcFile);
+                  load(in);
+                  in.close();
+              }
+        }
+
+        public void load(InputStream fin)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            Properties p = new Properties();
+            p.load(fin);
+            loadProperties(p);
+        }
+
+        public void loadProperties(Properties props)
+        {
+            for (Iterator i = props.keySet().iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String key = i.next().toString();
+                if (key.equals(PROPERTY_NAME_EXIT)) {
+                    // fix for sf.net bug 879422
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (key.startsWith(PROPERTY_PREFIX)) {
+                    set(
+                        key.substring(PROPERTY_PREFIX.length()),
+                        props.getProperty(key));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void set(String key, String value)
+        {
+            set(key, value, false);
+        }
+
+        public boolean set(String key, String value, boolean quiet)
+        {
+            try {
+                Reflector.invoke(this, "set" + key, new Object[] { value });
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (!quiet) {
+                    error(loc("error-setting", new Object[] { key, e }));
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void setFastConnect(boolean fastConnect)
+        {
+            this.fastConnect = fastConnect;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getFastConnect()
+        {
+            return this.fastConnect;
+        }
+
+        public void setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit)
+        {
+            this.autoCommit = autoCommit;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getAutoCommit()
+        {
+            return this.autoCommit;
+        }
+
+        public void setVerbose(boolean verbose)
+        {
+            this.verbose = verbose;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getVerbose()
+        {
+            return this.verbose;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowTime(boolean showTime)
+        {
+            this.showTime = showTime;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowTime()
+        {
+            return this.showTime;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowWarnings(boolean showWarnings)
+        {
+            this.showWarnings = showWarnings;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowWarnings()
+        {
+            return this.showWarnings;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowNestedErrs(boolean showNestedErrs)
+        {
+            this.showNestedErrs = showNestedErrs;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowNestedErrs()
+        {
+            return this.showNestedErrs;
+        }
+
+        public void setNumberFormat(String numberFormat)
+        {
+            this.numberFormat = numberFormat;
+        }
+
+        public String getNumberFormat()
+        {
+            return this.numberFormat;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxWidth(int maxWidth)
+        {
+            this.maxWidth = maxWidth;
+        }
+
+        public int getMaxWidth()
+        {
+            return this.maxWidth;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxColumnWidth(int maxColumnWidth)
+        {
+            this.maxColumnWidth = maxColumnWidth;
+        }
+
+        public int getMaxColumnWidth()
+        {
+            return this.maxColumnWidth;
+        }
+
+        public void setRowLimit(int rowLimit)
+        {
+            this.rowLimit = rowLimit;
+        }
+
+        public int getRowLimit()
+        {
+            return this.rowLimit;
+        }
+
+        public void setTimeout(int timeout)
+        {
+            this.timeout = timeout;
+        }
+
+        public int getTimeout()
+        {
+            return this.timeout;
+        }
+
+        public void setIsolation(String isolation)
+        {
+            this.isolation = isolation;
+        }
+
+        public String getIsolation()
+        {
+            return this.isolation;
+        }
+
+        public void setHistoryFile(String historyFile)
+        {
+            this.historyFile = historyFile;
+        }
+
+        public String getHistoryFile()
+        {
+            return this.historyFile;
+        }
+
+        public void setColor(boolean color)
+        {
+            this.color = color;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getColor()
+        {
+            return this.color;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowHeader(boolean showHeader)
+        {
+            this.showHeader = showHeader;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowHeader()
+        {
+            return this.showHeader;
+        }
+
+        public void setHeaderInterval(int headerInterval)
+        {
+            this.headerInterval = headerInterval;
+        }
+
+        public int getHeaderInterval()
+        {
+            return this.headerInterval;
+        }
+
+        public void setForce(boolean force)
+        {
+            this.force = force;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getForce()
+        {
+            return this.force;
+        }
+
+        public void setIncremental(boolean incremental)
+        {
+            this.incremental = incremental;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getIncremental()
+        {
+            return this.incremental;
+        }
+
+        public void setSilent(boolean silent)
+        {
+            this.silent = silent;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getSilent()
+        {
+            return this.silent;
+        }
+
+        public void setAutosave(boolean autosave)
+        {
+            this.autosave = autosave;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getAutosave()
+        {
+            return this.autosave;
+        }
+
+        public void setOutputFormat(String outputFormat)
+        {
+            this.outputFormat = outputFormat;
+        }
+
+        public String getOutputFormat()
+        {
+            return this.outputFormat;
+        }
+
+        public void setTrimScripts(boolean trimScripts)
+        {
+            this.trimScripts = trimScripts;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getTrimScripts()
+        {
+            return this.trimScripts;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxHeight(int maxHeight)
+        {
+            this.maxHeight = maxHeight;
+        }
+
+        public int getMaxHeight()
+        {
+            return this.maxHeight;
+        }
+
+        public void setRun(String runFile)
+        {
+            this.runFile = runFile;
+        }
+
+        public String getRun()
+        {
+            return this.runFile;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class Reflector
+    {
+        public static Object invoke(Object on, String method, Object [] args)
+            throws InvocationTargetException,
+                IllegalAccessException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            return invoke(on, method, Arrays.asList(args));
+        }
+
+        public static Object invoke(Object on, String method, List args)
+            throws InvocationTargetException,
+                IllegalAccessException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            return invoke(
+                on,
+                (on == null) ? null : on.getClass(),
+                method,
+                args);
+        }
+
+        public static Object invoke(
+            Object on,
+            Class defClass,
+            String method,
+            List args)
+            throws InvocationTargetException,
+                IllegalAccessException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            Class c = (defClass != null) ? defClass : on.getClass();
+            List candidateMethods = new LinkedList();
+
+            Method [] m = c.getMethods();
+            for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+                if (m[i].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(method)) {
+                    candidateMethods.add(m[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (candidateMethods.size() == 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    loc("no-method", new Object[] { method, c.getName() }));
+            }
+
+            for (Iterator i = candidateMethods.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                Method meth = (Method) i.next();
+                Class [] ptypes = meth.getParameterTypes();
+                if (!(ptypes.length == args.size())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Object [] converted = convert(args, ptypes);
+                if (converted == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!Modifier.isPublic(meth.getModifiers())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                return meth.invoke(on, converted);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static Object [] convert(List objects, Class [] toTypes)
+            throws ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            Object [] converted = new Object[objects.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < converted.length; i++) {
+                converted[i] = convert(objects.get(i), toTypes[i]);
+            }
+            return converted;
+        }
+
+        public static Object convert(Object ob, Class toType)
+            throws ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            if ((ob == null) || ob.toString().equals("null")) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (toType == String.class) {
+                return new String(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Byte.class) || (toType == byte.class)) {
+                return new Byte(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Character.class) || (toType == char.class)) {
+                return new Character(ob.toString().charAt(0));
+            } else if ((toType == Short.class) || (toType == short.class)) {
+                return new Short(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Integer.class) || (toType == int.class)) {
+                return new Integer(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Long.class) || (toType == long.class)) {
+                return new Long(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Double.class) || (toType == double.class)) {
+                return new Double(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Float.class) || (toType == float.class)) {
+                return new Float(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Boolean.class) || (toType == boolean.class)) {
+                return new Boolean(
+                    ob.toString().equals("true")
+                    || ob.toString().equals(true + "")
+                    || ob.toString().equals("1")
+                    || ob.toString().equals("on")
+                    || ob.toString().equals("yes"));
+            } else if (toType == Class.class) {
+                return Class.forName(ob.toString());
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class OutputFile
+    {
+        final File file;
+        final PrintWriter out;
+
+        public OutputFile(String filename)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            file = new File(filename);
+            out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(file));
+        }
+
+        public String toString()
+        {
+            return file.getAbsolutePath();
+        }
+
+        public void addLine(String command)
+        {
+            out.println(command);
+        }
+
+        public void close()
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            out.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class DriverInfo
+    {
+        public String sampleURL;
+
+        public DriverInfo(String name)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+            props.load(DriverInfo.class.getResourceAsStream(name));
+            fromProperties(props);
+        }
+
+        public DriverInfo(Properties props)
+        {
+            fromProperties(props);
+        }
+
+        public void fromProperties(Properties props)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Quoting strategy.
+     */
+    private static class Quoting
+    {
+        private final char start;
+        private final char end;
+        private final boolean upper;
+
+        Quoting(char start, char end, boolean upper)
+        {
+            this.start = start;
+            this.end = end;
+            this.upper = upper;
+        }
+
+        public static final Quoting DEFAULT = new Quoting('"', '"', true);
+    }
+}
+
+// End SqlLine.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.zip.ZipFile` acquired by call to `ZipFile(...)` at line 1794 is not released after line 1837.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+java.sql.Driver[] SqlLine.scanDriversOLD(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLine.scanDriversOLD(java.lang.String):java.sql.Driver[].46a7ead6aa08db42f8a8e180874af6e6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sqlline/SqlLine.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLine.java|scanDriversOLD|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+554693ca833920e9344070e2c2ba74f3
+
+### Hash:
+b09dab2efd630e69833ccfc853abbe9a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8127/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8127/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67c15e1bba496ab6635e68a70c30d56243ce9537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8127/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 514 is not released after line 516.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testHelpSet()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testHelpSet():void.ef9e795e72a961a82ef8c59c2ff3bb4f
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testHelpSet|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6a2b9d001d86be47333a79f81ddb8145
+
+### Hash:
+e181449df59d4cfe68d92c8d12a8366e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8129/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8129/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d5a539642b125a98cef18775d794e6a33421225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8129/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 40
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `begin(...)` at line 1567 is not released after line 1612.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testConnectWithDbProperty()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testConnectWithDbProperty():void.9b3337bda8f11446bdafcd0603056e5d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testConnectWithDbProperty|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+47a0cb555453391d4b0a0dd6396ca857
+
+### Hash:
+2b06c92fa5866e6362eeb44909b83cc7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8133/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8133/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5151edea83f88b0081aabe674b715c797ef3b75e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8133/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+import org.jline.utils.AttributedString;
+import org.jline.utils.AttributedStringBuilder;
+import org.jline.utils.AttributedStyle;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.begin;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for prompt and right prompt.
+ */
+public class PromptTest {
+  @Test
+  public void testPromptWithoutConnection() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    // default prompt
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT.defaultValue()));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT.defaultValue()));
+
+    // custom constant prompt
+    final SqlLineOpts opts = sqlLine.getOpts();
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "custom_prompt");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "custom_right_prompt");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt(),
+        is(new AttributedString("custom_prompt")));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt(),
+        is(new AttributedString("custom_right_prompt")));
+
+    // custom constant multiline prompt
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "custom\nprompt\n");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "custom\nright\nprompt\n");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt(),
+        is(new AttributedString("custom\nprompt\n")));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt(),
+        is(new AttributedString("custom\nright\nprompt\n")));
+
+    // custom constant colored prompt
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%[f:y%]sqlline%[default%]>>");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "%[bold%]end");
+    AttributedStringBuilder promptBuilder = new AttributedStringBuilder();
+    promptBuilder.append("sqlline", AttributedStyles.YELLOW).append(">>");
+    AttributedStringBuilder rightPromptBuilder = new AttributedStringBuilder();
+    rightPromptBuilder.append("end", AttributedStyle.BOLD);
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt(),
+        is(promptBuilder.toAttributedString()));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt(),
+        is(rightPromptBuilder.toAttributedString()));
+
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%[f:b,italic%]sqlline%[default%]>>");
+    promptBuilder = new AttributedStringBuilder();
+    promptBuilder.append("sqlline", AttributedStyles.ITALIC_BLUE);
+    promptBuilder.append(">>");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "[%[underline,f:m%]end%[default%]]");
+    rightPromptBuilder = new AttributedStringBuilder();
+    rightPromptBuilder.append("[");
+    rightPromptBuilder
+        .append("end",
+            AttributedStyle.DEFAULT
+                .foreground(AttributedStyle.MAGENTA).underline());
+    rightPromptBuilder.append("]");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt(),
+        is(promptBuilder.toAttributedString()));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt(),
+        is(rightPromptBuilder.toAttributedString()));
+
+    // custom prompt with date values
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%w_%W_%o_%O_%y_%Y>");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "[%w_%W_%o_%O_%y_%Y]");
+    final SimpleDateFormat sdf =
+        new SimpleDateFormat("d_E_MM_MMM_YY_YYYY", Locale.ROOT);
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is(sdf.format(new Date()) + ">"));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is("[" + sdf.format(new Date()) + "]"));
+
+    // custom prompt with data from connection (empty if there is no connection)
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%u%n");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "%d%c");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(), is(""));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt().toAnsi(), is(""));
+
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%u%c>");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "<<<%n%d");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(), is(">"));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt().toAnsi(), is("<<<"));
+
+    // custom prompt with property value
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%:color:>");
+    opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "%:outputformat:");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is(opts.getColor() + ">"));
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is(opts.getOutputFormat()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testPromptWithNickname() {
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try {
+      final SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \"\"");
+
+      // custom prompt with data from connection
+      final SqlLineOpts opts = sqlLine.getOpts();
+      sqlLine.getDatabaseConnection().setNickname("nickname");
+      opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%u@%n>");
+      opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "//%d%c");
+      // if nickname is specified for the connection
+      // it has more priority than prompt.
+      // Right prompt does not care about nickname
+      assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+          is("0: nickname> "));
+      assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt().toAnsi(),
+          is("//H20"));
+      sqlLine.getDatabaseConnection().close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testPromptWithConnection() {
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try {
+      final SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \"\"");
+
+      // custom prompt with data from connection
+      final SqlLineOpts opts = sqlLine.getOpts();
+      opts.set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%u@%n>");
+      opts.set(BuiltInProperty.RIGHT_PROMPT, "//%d%c");
+      assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+          is("jdbc:h2:mem:@SA>"));
+      assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getRightPrompt().toAnsi(),
+          is("//H20"));
+      sqlLine.getDatabaseConnection().close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testPromptWithSchema() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    sqlLine.getOpts().set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT, "%u%S>");
+
+    sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(),
+        "!connect "
+            + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \"\"");
+
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is("jdbc:h2:mem:PUBLIC>"));
+
+    sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "use information_schema");
+
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is("jdbc:h2:mem:INFORMATION_SCHEMA>"));
+
+    sqlLine.getDatabaseConnection().close();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testPromptScript() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    sqlLine.getOpts().set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT_SCRIPT, "'hel' + 'lo'");
+
+    sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(),
+        "!connect "
+            + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \"\"");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is("hello"));
+
+    sqlLine.getOpts().set(BuiltInProperty.PROMPT_SCRIPT, ""
+        + "'i=' + connectionIndex + ',p=' + databaseProductName +"
+        + " ',n=' + userName + ',u=' + url + ',s=' + currentSchema + '>'");
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is("i=0,p=H2,n=SA,u=jdbc:h2:mem:,s=PUBLIC>"));
+
+    sqlLine.getDatabaseConnection().close();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomPromptHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(),
+        "!connect "
+            + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + SqlLineArgsTest.ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \"\"",
+        "!prompthandler sqlline.extensions.CustomPromptHandler");
+
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is("my_app (PUBLIC)>"));
+
+    sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!prompthandler default");
+
+    assertThat(sqlLine.getPromptHandler().getPrompt().toAnsi(),
+        is("0: jdbc:h2:mem:> "));
+
+    sqlLine.getDatabaseConnection().close();
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End PromptTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 121 is not released after line 124.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromptTest.testPromptWithNickname()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.PromptTest.testPromptWithNickname():void.f661516c7c8922f334dcbeac4ad689d0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/PromptTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromptTest.java|testPromptWithNickname|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b2d15307b6382364ce2ba477b6f118cb
+
+### Hash:
+44237dc95edbed1f2f7fd238628a5f99
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8142/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8142/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6665814c1eb4b00ff5b673f0a95d55f988bb4563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8142/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openkeepass
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Salsa20;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Entry;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Group;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Times;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.processor.DecryptionStrategy;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.processor.ProtectedValueProcessor;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.ByteUtils;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.xml.KeePassDatabaseXmlParser;
+
+public class KeePassDatabaseXmlParserTest {
+
+	private byte[] protectedStreamKey = ByteUtils
+			.hexStringToByteArray("ec77a2169769734c5d26e5341401f8d7b11052058f8455d314879075d0b7e257");
+	private static SimpleDateFormat dateFormatter;
+
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void init() {
+		// make sure we use UTC time
+		dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
+		dateFormatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectMetadata() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+		Assert.assertEquals("KeePass", keePassFile.getMeta().getGenerator());
+		Assert.assertEquals("TestDatabase", keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Just a sample db", keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseDescription());
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:59:39",
+				dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseNameChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:59:39",
+				dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseDescriptionChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(365, keePassFile.getMeta().getMaintenanceHistoryDays());
+		Assert.assertEquals(true, keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinEnabled());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("00000000-0000-0000-0000-00000000"),
+				keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinUuid());
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:56",
+				dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(10, keePassFile.getMeta().getHistoryMaxItems());
+		Assert.assertEquals(6291456, keePassFile.getMeta().getHistoryMaxSize());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectGroups() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Group> groups = keePassFile.getTopGroups();
+		Assert.assertNotNull(groups);
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(6, groups.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("General", groups.get(0).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("16abcc27-cca3-9544-8012-df4e98d4a3d8"), groups.get(0).getUuid());
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("Windows", groups.get(1).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("ad7b7b0f-e10c-ff4a-96d6-b80f0788399f"), groups.get(1).getUuid());
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("Network", groups.get(2).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("0f074068-a9f8-b44c-9716-5539ebfd9405"), groups.get(2).getUuid());
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("Internet", groups.get(3).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("08e814ac-fb79-3f4e-bbe8-37b2667fdab9"), groups.get(3).getUuid());
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("eMail", groups.get(4).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("ff159f39-f9c2-ea48-bbea-c361ad947baf"), groups.get(4).getUuid());
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("Homebanking", groups.get(5).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("45d8eddb-5265-6b4f-84e5-0f449491f0d6"), groups.get(5).getUuid());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectEntries() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Entry> entries = keePassFile.getTopEntries();
+		Assert.assertNotNull(entries);
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(2, entries.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals(UUID.fromString("9626dd2d-6f3c-714e-81be-b3d096f2aa30"), entries.get(0).getUuid());
+		Assert.assertEquals(5, entries.get(0).getProperties().size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Sample Entry", entries.get(0).getTitle());
+		Assert.assertEquals("http://keepass.info/", entries.get(0).getUrl());
+		Assert.assertEquals("User Name", entries.get(0).getUsername());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Notes", entries.get(0).getNotes());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Password", entries.get(0).getPassword());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetEntriesShouldReturnAllEntries() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Entry> entries = keePassFile.getEntries();
+		Assert.assertEquals(3, entries.size());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetEntriesByTitleExactlyShouldReturnAllEntriesWithGivenTitle() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Entry> entries = keePassFile.getEntriesByTitle("Sample Entry", true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(1, entries.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Sample Entry", entries.get(0).getTitle());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetEntriesByTitleLooselyShouldReturnAllEntriesWithGivenTitle() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Entry> entries = keePassFile.getEntriesByTitle("Sample Entry", false);
+		Assert.assertEquals(2, entries.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Sample Entry", entries.get(0).getTitle());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Sample Entry #2", entries.get(1).getTitle());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetEntriesByTitleLooselyButNothingMatchesShouldReturnEmptyList() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Entry> entries = keePassFile.getEntriesByTitle("abcdefg", false);
+		Assert.assertEquals(0, entries.size());
+	}
+
+	private KeePassFile parseKeePassXml() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new KeePassDatabaseXmlParser().fromXml(fileInputStream,
+				Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+
+		new ProtectedValueProcessor().processProtectedValues(new DecryptionStrategy(Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey)), keePassFile);
+
+		return keePassFile;
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingKeePassFileShouldBeAbleToReadItAgain() throws IOException {
+		// Read decrypted and write again
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassDatabaseXmlParser parser = new KeePassDatabaseXmlParser();
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parser.fromXml(fileInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		new ProtectedValueProcessor().processProtectedValues(new DecryptionStrategy(Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey)), keePassFile);
+
+		ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = parser.toXml(keePassFile, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		OutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted2.xml");
+		outputStream.writeTo(fileOutputStream);
+
+		// Read written file
+		FileInputStream writtenInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted2.xml");
+		KeePassFile writtenKeePassFile = parser.fromXml(writtenInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		new ProtectedValueProcessor().processProtectedValues(new DecryptionStrategy(Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey)), writtenKeePassFile);
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("Password", writtenKeePassFile.getEntryByTitle("Sample Entry").getPassword());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetGroupsShouldReturnAllGroups() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Group> groups = keePassFile.getGroups();
+		Assert.assertEquals(7, groups.size());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetGroupsByNameExactlyShouldReturnGroupsWithGivenName() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Group> groups = keePassFile.getGroupsByName("Windows", true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(1, groups.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Windows", groups.get(0).getName());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetGroupsByNameLooslyShouldReturnGroupsWithGivenName() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		List<Group> groups = keePassFile.getGroupsByName("net", false);
+		Assert.assertEquals(2, groups.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Network", groups.get(0).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Internet", groups.get(1).getName());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetGroupByNameShouldReturnOneGroup() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		Group group = keePassFile.getGroupByName("Internet");
+		Assert.assertEquals("Internet", group.getName());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenUsingGetTimesShouldReturnCorrectlyParsedTimes() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = parseKeePassXml();
+
+		Group group = keePassFile.getGroupByName("testDatabase");
+		Times times = group.getTimes();
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(false, times.expires());
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:56", dateFormatter.format(times.getLastModificationTime().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:56", dateFormatter.format(times.getCreationTime().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:13", dateFormatter.format(times.getExpiryTime().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:59:53", dateFormatter.format(times.getLastAccessTime().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:56", dateFormatter.format(times.getLastModificationTime().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:56", dateFormatter.format(times.getLocationChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(8, times.getUsageCount());
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `fileInputStream` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 141 is not released after line 147.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 143
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+KeePassFile KeePassDatabaseXmlParserTest.parseKeePassXml()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser.KeePassDatabaseXmlParserTest.parseKeePassXml():de.slackspace.openke.02fc638baf78972b21c9dbf30dc4bb11
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/de/slackspace/openkeepass/parser/KeePassDatabaseXmlParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+KeePassDatabaseXmlParserTest.java|parseKeePassXml|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+a2fad99600f529dfa77fc6e4c914544c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8145/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8145/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7870bef75e3faa4702e8f6a0af0d8d8cfccc74da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8145/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openkeepass
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Salsa20;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Entry;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Group;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.ByteUtils;
+
+public class XmlParserTest {
+
+	private byte[] protectedStreamKey = ByteUtils.hexStringToByteArray("ec77a2169769734c5d26e5341401f8d7b11052058f8455d314879075d0b7e257");
+	private static SimpleDateFormat dateFormatter;
+	
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void init() {
+		// make sure we use UTC time
+		dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
+		dateFormatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectMetadata() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new XmlParser().parse(fileInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		Assert.assertEquals("KeePass", keePassFile.getMeta().getGenerator());
+		Assert.assertEquals("TestDatabase", keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Just a sample db", keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseDescription());
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:59:39", dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseNameChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:59:39", dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseDescriptionChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(365, keePassFile.getMeta().getMaintenanceHistoryDays());
+		Assert.assertEquals(true, keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinEnabled());
+		Assert.assertEquals("AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==", keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinUuid()); 
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:56", dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(10, keePassFile.getMeta().getHistoryMaxItems());
+		Assert.assertEquals(6291456, keePassFile.getMeta().getHistoryMaxSize());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectGroups() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new XmlParser().parse(fileInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		
+		List<Group> groups = keePassFile.getTopGroups();
+		Assert.assertNotNull(groups);
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(6, groups.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("General", groups.get(0).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("FqvMJ8yjlUSAEt9OmNSj2A==", groups.get(0).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Windows", groups.get(1).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("rXt7D+EM/0qW1rgPB4g5nw==", groups.get(1).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Network", groups.get(2).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("DwdAaKn4tEyXFlU56/2UBQ==", groups.get(2).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Internet", groups.get(3).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("COgUrPt5P0676DeyZn/auQ==", groups.get(3).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("eMail", groups.get(4).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("/xWfOfnC6ki76sNhrZR7rw==", groups.get(4).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Homebanking", groups.get(5).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Rdjt21Jla0+E5Q9ElJHw1g==", groups.get(5).getUuid());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectEntries() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new XmlParser().parse(fileInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		
+		List<Entry> entries = keePassFile.getTopEntries();
+		Assert.assertNotNull(entries);
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(2, entries.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("libdLW88cU6BvrPQlvKqMA==", entries.get(0).getUuid());
+		Assert.assertEquals(5, entries.get(0).getProperties().size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Sample Entry", entries.get(0).getTitle());
+		Assert.assertEquals("http://keepass.info/", entries.get(0).getUrl());
+		Assert.assertEquals("User Name", entries.get(0).getUsername());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Notes", entries.get(0).getNotes());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Password", entries.get(0).getPassword());
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `fileInputStream` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 34 is not released after line 35.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void XmlParserTest.whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectMetadata()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser.XmlParserTest.whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCor.84d28090343d47ba5ee594aba536e9fa
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/de/slackspace/openkeepass/parser/XmlParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+XmlParserTest.java|whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectMetadata|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+549d551a8f37004ce41f90eb7b51d9d7
+
+### Hash:
+2072e80d0d921ae33e9de3e38230e03f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8173/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8173/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06f12bdc40d18ee6cdab1bcbe1db023b8f3f3d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8173/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1014 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acme4j
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * acme4j - Java ACME client
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Richard "Shred" Körber
+ *   http://acme4j.shredzone.org
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ */
+package org.shredzone.acme4j.connector;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
+import static org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.TestUtils.url;
+import static uk.co.datumedge.hamcrest.json.SameJSONAs.sameJSONAs;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.Proxy;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.KeyPair;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.jose4j.base64url.Base64Url;
+import org.jose4j.jws.JsonWebSignature;
+import org.jose4j.jwx.CompactSerializer;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Login;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Session;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeProtocolException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeRateLimitedException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeRetryAfterException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeServerException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeUnauthorizedException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeUserActionRequiredException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.provider.AcmeProvider;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.AcmeUtils;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.JSON;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.JSONBuilder;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.TestUtils;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests for {@link DefaultConnection}.
+ */
+public class DefaultConnectionTest {
+
+    private URL requestUrl = TestUtils.url("http://example.com/acme/");
+    private URL accountUrl = TestUtils.url(TestUtils.ACCOUNT_URL);
+    private HttpURLConnection mockUrlConnection;
+    private HttpConnector mockHttpConnection;
+    private Session session;
+    private Login login;
+    private KeyPair keyPair;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        mockUrlConnection = mock(HttpURLConnection.class);
+
+        mockHttpConnection = mock(HttpConnector.class);
+        when(mockHttpConnection.openConnection(requestUrl, Proxy.NO_PROXY)).thenReturn(mockUrlConnection);
+
+        final AcmeProvider mockProvider = mock(AcmeProvider.class);
+        when(mockProvider.directory(
+                        ArgumentMatchers.any(Session.class),
+                        ArgumentMatchers.eq(URI.create(TestUtils.ACME_SERVER_URI))))
+            .thenReturn(TestUtils.getJSON("directory"));
+
+        session = TestUtils.session(mockProvider);
+        session.setLocale(Locale.JAPAN);
+
+        keyPair = TestUtils.createKeyPair();
+
+        login = session.login(accountUrl, keyPair);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#getNonce()} returns {@code null} if there is no
+     * {@code Replay-Nonce} header.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNoNonceFromHeader() {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce")).thenReturn(null);
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#getNonce()} extracts a {@code Replay-Nonce}
+     * header correctly.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNonceFromHeader() {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce"))
+                .thenReturn(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getNonce(), is(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#getNonce()} fails on an invalid
+     * {@code Replay-Nonce} header.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidNonceFromHeader() {
+        String badNonce = "#$%&/*+*#'";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce")).thenReturn(badNonce);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.getNonce();
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeProtocolException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), org.hamcrest.Matchers.startsWith("Invalid replay nonce"));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#resetNonce(Session)} fetches a new nonce via
+     * new-nonce resource and a HEAD request.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testResetNonce() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        when(mockHttpConnection.openConnection(new URL("https://example.com/acme/new-nonce"), Proxy.NO_PROXY))
+                .thenReturn(mockUrlConnection);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NO_CONTENT);
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.resetNonce(session);
+            fail("missing Replay-Nonce header not detected");
+        } catch (AcmeProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce"))
+                .thenReturn(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.resetNonce(session);
+        }
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE));
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).setRequestMethod("HEAD");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that an absolute Location header is evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAbsoluteLocation() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Location")).thenReturn("https://example.com/otherlocation");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(new URL("https://example.org/acme"));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            URL location = conn.getLocation();
+            assertThat(location, is(new URL("https://example.com/otherlocation")));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Location");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a relative Location header is evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRelativeLocation() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Location")).thenReturn("/otherlocation");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(new URL("https://example.org/acme"));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            URL location = conn.getLocation();
+            assertThat(location, is(new URL("https://example.org/otherlocation")));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Location");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that absolute and relative Link headers are evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLink() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, List<String>> headers = new HashMap<>();
+        headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+        headers.put("Location", Arrays.asList("https://example.com/acme/acct/asdf"));
+        headers.put("Link", Arrays.asList(
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/new-authz>;rel=\"next\"",
+                        "</recover-acct>;rel=recover",
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/terms>; rel=\"terms-of-service\""
+                    ));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(headers);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(new URL("https://example.org/acme"));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("next"), containsInAnyOrder(new URL("https://example.com/acme/new-authz")));
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("recover"), containsInAnyOrder(new URL("https://example.org/recover-acct")));
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("terms-of-service"), containsInAnyOrder(new URL("https://example.com/acme/terms")));
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("secret-stuff"), is(empty()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that multiple link headers are evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultiLink() {
+        URL baseUrl = url("https://example.com/acme/request/1234");
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> headers = new HashMap<>();
+        headers.put("Link", Arrays.asList(
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/terms1>; rel=\"terms-of-service\"",
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/terms2>; rel=\"terms-of-service\"",
+                        "<../terms3>; rel=\"terms-of-service\""
+                    ));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(headers);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(baseUrl);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("terms-of-service"), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        url("https://example.com/acme/terms1"),
+                        url("https://example.com/acme/terms2"),
+                        url("https://example.com/acme/terms3")
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that no link headers are properly handled.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNoLink() {
+        Map<String, List<String>> headers = Collections.emptyMap();
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(headers);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("something"), is(empty()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that no Location header returns {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNoLocation() {
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            URL location = conn.getLocation();
+            assertThat(location, is(nullValue()));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Location");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if Retry-After header with absolute date is correctly parsed.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterHeaderDate() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        Instant retryDate = Instant.now().plus(Duration.ofHours(10)).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);
+        String retryMsg = "absolute date";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After")).thenReturn(retryDate.toString());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFieldDate("Retry-After", 0L)).thenReturn(retryDate.toEpochMilli());
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter(retryMsg);
+            fail("no AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getRetryAfter(), is(retryDate));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is(retryMsg));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if Retry-After header with relative timespan is correctly parsed.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterHeaderDelta() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        int delta = 10 * 60 * 60;
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        String retryMsg = "relative time";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After"))
+                .thenReturn(String.valueOf(delta));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFieldDate(
+                        ArgumentMatchers.eq("Date"),
+                        ArgumentMatchers.anyLong()))
+                .thenReturn(now);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter(retryMsg);
+            fail("no AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getRetryAfter(), is(Instant.ofEpochMilli(now).plusSeconds(delta)));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is(retryMsg));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if no Retry-After header is correctly handled.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterHeaderNull() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After"))
+                .thenReturn(null);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter("no header");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            fail("an AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if missing retry-after header is correctly handled.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterNotAccepted() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter("http ok");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            fail("an AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeServerException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAccept() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            int rc = conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            assertThat(rc, is(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeServerException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsException() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\"type\":\"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:unauthorized\",\"detail\":\"Invalid response: 404\"}";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getErrorStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeUnauthorizedException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:ietf:params:acme:error:unauthorized")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Invalid response: 404"));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeUnauthorizedException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getErrorStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeUserActionRequiredException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsUserActionRequiredException() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\"type\":\"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired\",\"detail\":\"Accept the TOS\"}";
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> linkHeader = new HashMap<>();
+        linkHeader.put("Link", Arrays.asList("<https://example.com/tos.pdf>; rel=\"terms-of-service\""));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(linkHeader);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getErrorStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeUserActionRequiredException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Accept the TOS"));
+            assertThat(ex.getTermsOfServiceUri(), is(URI.create("https://example.com/tos.pdf")));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeUserActionRequiredException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderFields();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getErrorStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeRateLimitedException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsRateLimitedException() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\"type\":\"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rateLimited\",\"detail\":\"Too many invocations\"}";
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> linkHeader = new HashMap<>();
+        linkHeader.put("Link", Arrays.asList("<https://example.com/rates.pdf>; rel=\"urn:ietf:params:acme:documentation\""));
+
+        Instant retryAfter = Instant.now().plusSeconds(30L).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After")).thenReturn(retryAfter.toString());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFieldDate("Retry-After", 0L)).thenReturn(retryAfter.toEpochMilli());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(linkHeader);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getErrorStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeRateLimitedException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rateLimited")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Too many invocations"));
+            assertThat(ex.getRetryAfter(), is(retryAfter));
+            assertThat(ex.getDocuments(), is(notNullValue()));
+            assertThat(ex.getDocuments().size(), is(1));
+            assertThat(ex.getDocuments().iterator().next(), is(url("https://example.com/rates.pdf")));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeRateLimitedException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderFieldDate("Retry-After", 0L);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderFields();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getErrorStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeServerException} is thrown on another problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsOtherException() throws IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"))
+                .thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL())
+                .thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream())
+                .thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public JSON readJsonResponse() {
+                JSONBuilder result = new JSONBuilder();
+                result.put("type", "urn:zombie:error:apocalypse");
+                result.put("detail", "Zombie apocalypse in progress");
+                return result.toJSON();
+            }
+        }) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeServerException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:zombie:error:apocalypse")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Zombie apocalypse in progress"));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeServerException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeException} is thrown if there is no error type.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsNoTypeException() throws IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"))
+                .thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL())
+                .thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream())
+                .thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public JSON readJsonResponse() {
+                return JSON.empty();
+            }
+        }) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeProtocolException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), not(isEmptyOrNullString()));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Did not expect an AcmeException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeException} is thrown if there is a generic error.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsServerException() throws IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"))
+                .thenReturn("text/html");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseMessage())
+                .thenReturn("Infernal Server Error");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream())
+                .thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("HTTP 500: Infernal Server Error"));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseMessage();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test GET requests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendRequest() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendRequest(requestUrl, session);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("GET");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(false);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test certificate GET requests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendCertificateRequest() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendCertificateRequest(requestUrl, session);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("GET");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/pem-certificate-chain");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(false);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test signed POST requests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendSignedRequest() throws Exception {
+        final String nonce1 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-1-foo".getBytes());
+        final String nonce2 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-2-foo".getBytes());
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(outputStream);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public void resetNonce(Session session) {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == null) {
+                    session.setNonce(nonce1);
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getNonce() {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == nonce1) {
+                    return nonce2;
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }) {
+            JSONBuilder cb = new JSONBuilder();
+            cb.put("foo", 123).put("bar", "a-string");
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, cb, login);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("POST");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/jose+json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(true);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setFixedLengthStreamingMode(outputStream.toByteArray().length);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getOutputStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+
+        JSON data = JSON.parse(new String(outputStream.toByteArray(), "utf-8"));
+        String encodedHeader = data.get("protected").asString();
+        String encodedSignature = data.get("signature").asString();
+        String encodedPayload = data.get("payload").asString();
+
+        StringBuilder expectedHeader = new StringBuilder();
+        expectedHeader.append('{');
+        expectedHeader.append("\"nonce\":\"").append(nonce1).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"url\":\"").append(requestUrl).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"alg\":\"RS256\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"kid\":\"").append(accountUrl).append('"');
+        expectedHeader.append('}');
+
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedHeader), sameJSONAs(expectedHeader.toString()));
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedPayload), sameJSONAs("{\"foo\":123,\"bar\":\"a-string\"}"));
+        assertThat(encodedSignature, not(isEmptyOrNullString()));
+
+        JsonWebSignature jws = new JsonWebSignature();
+        jws.setCompactSerialization(CompactSerializer.serialize(encodedHeader, encodedPayload, encodedSignature));
+        jws.setKey(login.getKeyPair().getPublic());
+        assertThat(jws.verifySignature(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test signed POST requests without KeyIdentifier.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendSignedRequestNoKid() throws Exception {
+        final String nonce1 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-1-foo".getBytes());
+        final String nonce2 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-2-foo".getBytes());
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(outputStream);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public void resetNonce(Session session) {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == null) {
+                    session.setNonce(nonce1);
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getNonce() {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == nonce1) {
+                    return nonce2;
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }) {
+            JSONBuilder cb = new JSONBuilder();
+            cb.put("foo", 123).put("bar", "a-string");
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, cb, session, keyPair);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("POST");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/jose+json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(true);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setFixedLengthStreamingMode(outputStream.toByteArray().length);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getOutputStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+
+        JSON data = JSON.parse(new String(outputStream.toByteArray(), "utf-8"));
+        String encodedHeader = data.get("protected").asString();
+        String encodedSignature = data.get("signature").asString();
+        String encodedPayload = data.get("payload").asString();
+
+        StringBuilder expectedHeader = new StringBuilder();
+        expectedHeader.append('{');
+        expectedHeader.append("\"nonce\":\"").append(nonce1).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"url\":\"").append(requestUrl).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"alg\":\"RS256\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"jwk\":{");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"kty\":\"").append(TestUtils.KTY).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"e\":\"").append(TestUtils.E).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"n\":\"").append(TestUtils.N).append("\"");
+        expectedHeader.append("}}");
+
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedHeader), sameJSONAs(expectedHeader.toString()));
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedPayload), sameJSONAs("{\"foo\":123,\"bar\":\"a-string\"}"));
+        assertThat(encodedSignature, not(isEmptyOrNullString()));
+
+        JsonWebSignature jws = new JsonWebSignature();
+        jws.setCompactSerialization(CompactSerializer.serialize(encodedHeader, encodedPayload, encodedSignature));
+        jws.setKey(login.getKeyPair().getPublic());
+        assertThat(jws.verifySignature(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test signed POST requests if there is no nonce.
+     */
+    @Test(expected = AcmeException.class)
+    public void testSendSignedRequestNoNonce() throws Exception {
+        when(mockHttpConnection.openConnection(new URL("https://example.com/acme/new-nonce"), Proxy.NO_PROXY))
+                .thenReturn(mockUrlConnection);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            JSONBuilder cb = new JSONBuilder();
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, cb, DefaultConnectionTest.this.session, DefaultConnectionTest.this.keyPair);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test getting a JSON response.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadJsonResponse() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\n\"foo\":123,\n\"bar\":\"a-string\"\n}\n";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getInputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            JSON result = conn.readJsonResponse();
+            assertThat(result, is(notNullValue()));
+            assertThat(result.keySet(), hasSize(2));
+            assertThat(result.get("foo").asInt(), is(123));
+            assertThat(result.get("bar").asString(), is("a-string"));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getInputStream();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a certificate is downloaded correctly.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadCertificate() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/pem-certificate-chain");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getInputStream()).thenReturn(getClass().getResourceAsStream("/cert.pem"));
+
+        List<X509Certificate> downloaded;
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            downloaded = conn.readCertificates();
+        }
+
+        List<X509Certificate> original = TestUtils.createCertificate();
+        assertThat(original.size(), is(2));
+
+        assertThat(downloaded, not(nullValue()));
+        assertThat(downloaded.size(), is(original.size()));
+        for (int ix = 0; ix < downloaded.size(); ix++) {
+            assertThat(downloaded.get(ix).getEncoded(), is(original.get(ix).getEncoded()));
+        };
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getInputStream();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a bad certificate throws an exception.
+     */
+    @Test(expected = AcmeProtocolException.class)
+    public void testReadBadCertificate() throws Exception {
+        // Build a broken certificate chain PEM file
+        byte[] brokenPem;
+        try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                        OutputStreamWriter w = new OutputStreamWriter(baos)) {
+            for (X509Certificate cert : TestUtils.createCertificate()) {
+                byte[] badCert = cert.getEncoded();
+                Arrays.sort(badCert); // break it
+                AcmeUtils.writeToPem(badCert, AcmeUtils.PemLabel.CERTIFICATE, w);
+            }
+            w.flush();
+            brokenPem = baos.toByteArray();
+        }
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/pem-certificate-chain");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getInputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(brokenPem));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.readCertificates();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.HttpURLConnection` acquired by call to `sendCertificateRequest(...)` at line 674 is not released after line 675.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultConnectionTest.testSendCertificateRequest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.shredzone.acme4j.connector.DefaultConnectionTest.testSendCertificateRequest():void.dbd677766527acb4193adf935e967520
+
+### File:
+acme4j-client/src/test/java/org/shredzone/acme4j/connector/DefaultConnectionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultConnectionTest.java|testSendCertificateRequest|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+be34d01a97ade44aabeb9969f5c22e18
+
+### Hash:
+cd0420ecc6bc46702d846c3378b8e23f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8174/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8174/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce11ea0633303cff5a8f954dc3c0171fc62a8946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8174/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acme4j
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * acme4j - Java ACME client
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Richard "Shred" Körber
+ *   http://acme4j.shredzone.org
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ */
+package org.shredzone.acme4j.impl;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.shredzone.acme4j.util.TestUtils.*;
+import static uk.co.datumedge.hamcrest.json.SameJSONAs.sameJSONAs;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.security.KeyPair;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.jose4j.jws.JsonWebSignature;
+import org.jose4j.lang.JoseException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Authorization;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Registration;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Status;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.challenge.Challenge;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.challenge.Dns01Challenge;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.challenge.GenericChallenge;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.challenge.Http01Challenge;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.connector.Connection;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.connector.Resource;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.connector.Session;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.util.ClaimBuilder;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.util.TestUtils;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.util.TimestampParser;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests for {@link AbstractAcmeClient}.
+ *
+ * @author Richard "Shred" Körber
+ */
+public class AbstractAcmeClientTest {
+
+    private URI resourceUri;
+    private URI locationUri;
+    private URI anotherLocationUri;
+    private URI agreementUri;
+    private KeyPair accountKeyPair;
+    private Registration testRegistration;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
+        resourceUri = new URI("https://example.com/acme/some-resource");
+        locationUri = new URI("https://example.com/acme/some-location");
+        anotherLocationUri = new URI("https://example.com/acme/another-location");
+        agreementUri = new URI("http://example.com/agreement.pdf");
+        accountKeyPair = TestUtils.createKeyPair();
+        testRegistration = new Registration(accountKeyPair);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a new {@link Registration} can be registered.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNewRegistration() throws AcmeException {
+        Registration registration = new Registration(accountKeyPair);
+        registration.addContact("mailto:foo@example.com");
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(resourceUri));
+                assertThat(claims.toString(), sameJSONAs(getJson("newRegistration")));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration.getKeyPair(), is(sameInstance(accountKeyPair)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_CREATED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLocation() throws AcmeException {
+                return locationUri;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLink(String relation) throws AcmeException {
+                switch(relation) {
+                    case "terms-of-service": return agreementUri;
+                    default: return null;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+        client.putTestResource(Resource.NEW_REG, resourceUri);
+
+        client.newRegistration(registration);
+
+        assertThat(registration.getLocation(), is(locationUri));
+        assertThat(registration.getAgreement(), is(agreementUri));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a {@link Registration} can be modified.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testModifyRegistration() throws AcmeException {
+        Registration registration = new Registration(accountKeyPair);
+        registration.setAgreement(agreementUri);
+        registration.addContact("mailto:foo2@example.com");
+        registration.setLocation(locationUri);
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(locationUri));
+                assertThat(claims.toString(), sameJSONAs(getJson("modifyRegistration")));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration.getKeyPair(), is(sameInstance(accountKeyPair)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_ACCEPTED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLocation() throws AcmeException {
+                return locationUri;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLink(String relation) throws AcmeException {
+                switch(relation) {
+                    case "terms-of-service": return agreementUri;
+                    default: return null;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+
+        client.modifyRegistration(registration);
+
+        assertThat(registration.getLocation(), is(locationUri));
+        assertThat(registration.getAgreement(), is(agreementUri));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that the account key can be changed.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testChangeRegistrationKey() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        Registration registration = new Registration(accountKeyPair);
+        registration.setLocation(locationUri);
+
+        final KeyPair newKeyPair = TestUtils.createDomainKeyPair();
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                Map<String, Object> claimMap = claims.toMap();
+                assertThat(claimMap.get("resource"), is((Object) "reg"));
+                assertThat(claimMap.get("newKey"), not(nullValue()));
+
+                try {
+                    StringBuilder expectedPayload = new StringBuilder();
+                    expectedPayload.append('{');
+                    expectedPayload.append("\"resource\":\"reg\",");
+                    expectedPayload.append("\"oldKey\":{");
+                    expectedPayload.append("\"kty\":\"").append(TestUtils.KTY).append("\",");
+                    expectedPayload.append("\"e\":\"").append(TestUtils.E).append("\",");
+                    expectedPayload.append("\"n\":\"").append(TestUtils.N).append("\"");
+                    expectedPayload.append("}}");
+
+                    String newKey = (String) claimMap.get("newKey");
+                    JsonWebSignature jws = (JsonWebSignature) JsonWebSignature.fromCompactSerialization(newKey);
+                    jws.setKey(newKeyPair.getPublic());
+                    assertThat(jws.getPayload(), sameJSONAs(expectedPayload.toString()));
+                } catch (JoseException ex) {
+                    throw new AcmeException("Bad newKey", ex);
+                }
+
+                assertThat(uri, is(locationUri));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration.getKeyPair(), is(sameInstance(accountKeyPair)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_ACCEPTED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLocation() throws AcmeException {
+                return locationUri;
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+
+        client.changeRegistrationKey(registration, newKeyPair);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that the same account key is not accepted for change
+     */
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testChangeRegistrationSameKey() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        Registration registration = new Registration(accountKeyPair);
+        registration.setLocation(locationUri);
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection();
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+
+        client.changeRegistrationKey(registration, registration.getKeyPair());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a {@link Registration} can be recovered by contact-based recovery.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRecoverRegistration() throws AcmeException {
+        Registration registration = new Registration(accountKeyPair);
+        registration.addContact("mailto:foo@example.com");
+        registration.setLocation(locationUri);
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(resourceUri));
+                assertThat(claims.toString(), sameJSONAs(getJson("recoverRegistration")));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration.getKeyPair(), is(sameInstance(accountKeyPair)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_CREATED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLocation() throws AcmeException {
+                return anotherLocationUri;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLink(String relation) throws AcmeException {
+                switch(relation) {
+                    case "terms-of-service": return agreementUri;
+                    default: return null;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+        client.putTestResource(Resource.RECOVER_REG, resourceUri);
+
+        client.recoverRegistration(registration);
+
+        assertThat(registration.getLocation(), is(anotherLocationUri));
+        assertThat(registration.getAgreement(), is(agreementUri));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a new {@link Authorization} can be created.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNewAuthorization() throws AcmeException {
+        Authorization auth = new Authorization();
+        auth.setDomain("example.org");
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(resourceUri));
+                assertThat(claims.toString(), sameJSONAs(getJson("newAuthorizationRequest")));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration.getKeyPair(), is(sameInstance(accountKeyPair)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_CREATED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, Object> readJsonResponse() throws AcmeException {
+                return getJsonAsMap("newAuthorizationResponse");
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLocation() throws AcmeException {
+                return locationUri;
+            }
+        };
+
+        Http01Challenge httpChallenge = new Http01Challenge();
+        Dns01Challenge dnsChallenge = new Dns01Challenge();
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+        client.putTestResource(Resource.NEW_AUTHZ, resourceUri);
+        client.putTestChallenge("http-01", httpChallenge);
+        client.putTestChallenge("dns-01", dnsChallenge);
+
+        client.newAuthorization(testRegistration, auth);
+
+        assertThat(auth.getDomain(), is("example.org"));
+        assertThat(auth.getStatus(), is(Status.PENDING));
+        assertThat(auth.getExpires(), is(nullValue()));
+        assertThat(auth.getLocation(), is(locationUri));
+
+        assertThat(auth.getChallenges(), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        (Challenge) httpChallenge, (Challenge) dnsChallenge));
+
+        assertThat(auth.getCombinations(), hasSize(2));
+        assertThat(auth.getCombinations().get(0), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        (Challenge) httpChallenge));
+        assertThat(auth.getCombinations().get(1), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        (Challenge) httpChallenge, (Challenge) dnsChallenge));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link Authorization} are properly updated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAuthorization() throws AcmeException {
+        Authorization auth = new Authorization(locationUri);
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendRequest(URI uri) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(locationUri));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, Object> readJsonResponse() throws AcmeException {
+                return getJsonAsMap("updateAuthorizationResponse");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Http01Challenge httpChallenge = new Http01Challenge();
+        Dns01Challenge dnsChallenge = new Dns01Challenge();
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+        client.putTestChallenge("http-01", httpChallenge);
+        client.putTestChallenge("dns-01", dnsChallenge);
+
+        client.updateAuthorization(auth);
+
+        assertThat(auth.getDomain(), is("example.org"));
+        assertThat(auth.getStatus(), is(Status.VALID));
+        assertThat(auth.getExpires(), is(TimestampParser.parse("2016-01-02T17:12:40Z")));
+        assertThat(auth.getLocation(), is(locationUri));
+
+        assertThat(auth.getChallenges(), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        (Challenge) httpChallenge, (Challenge) dnsChallenge));
+
+        assertThat(auth.getCombinations(), hasSize(2));
+        assertThat(auth.getCombinations().get(0), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        (Challenge) httpChallenge));
+        assertThat(auth.getCombinations().get(1), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        (Challenge) httpChallenge, (Challenge) dnsChallenge));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a {@link Challenge} can be triggered.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testTriggerChallenge() throws AcmeException {
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(resourceUri));
+                assertThat(claims.toString(), sameJSONAs(getJson("triggerHttpChallengeRequest")));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration.getKeyPair(), is(sameInstance(accountKeyPair)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_ACCEPTED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, Object> readJsonResponse() throws AcmeException {
+                return getJsonAsMap("triggerHttpChallengeResponse");
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+
+        Http01Challenge challenge = new Http01Challenge();
+        challenge.unmarshall(getJsonAsMap("triggerHttpChallenge"));
+        challenge.authorize(testRegistration);
+
+        client.triggerChallenge(testRegistration, challenge);
+
+        assertThat(challenge.getStatus(), is(Status.PENDING));
+        assertThat(challenge.getLocation(), is(locationUri));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a {@link Challenge} is properly updated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateChallenge() throws AcmeException {
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendRequest(URI uri) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(locationUri));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_ACCEPTED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, Object> readJsonResponse() throws AcmeException {
+                return getJsonAsMap("updateHttpChallengeResponse");
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+
+        Challenge challenge = new Http01Challenge();
+        challenge.unmarshall(getJsonAsMap("triggerHttpChallengeResponse"));
+
+        client.updateChallenge(challenge);
+
+        assertThat(challenge.getStatus(), is(Status.VALID));
+        assertThat(challenge.getLocation(), is(locationUri));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRestoreChallenge() throws AcmeException {
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendRequest(URI uri) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(locationUri));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_ACCEPTED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, Object> readJsonResponse() throws AcmeException {
+                return getJsonAsMap("updateHttpChallengeResponse");
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+        client.putTestChallenge(Http01Challenge.TYPE, new Http01Challenge());
+
+        Challenge challenge = client.restoreChallenge(locationUri);
+
+        assertThat(challenge.getStatus(), is(Status.VALID));
+        assertThat(challenge.getLocation(), is(locationUri));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a certificate can be requested.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRequestCertificate() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(resourceUri));
+                assertThat(claims.toString(), sameJSONAs(getJson("requestCertificateRequest")));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration.getKeyPair(), is(sameInstance(accountKeyPair)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_CREATED;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public URI getLocation() throws AcmeException {
+                return locationUri;
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+        client.putTestResource(Resource.NEW_CERT, resourceUri);
+
+        byte[] csr = TestUtils.getResourceAsByteArray("/csr.der");
+        URI certUri = client.requestCertificate(testRegistration, csr);
+
+        assertThat(certUri, is(locationUri));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a certificate can be downloaded.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDownloadCertificate() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        final X509Certificate originalCert = TestUtils.createCertificate();
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendRequest(URI uri) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(locationUri));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public X509Certificate readCertificate() throws AcmeException {
+                return originalCert;
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+
+        X509Certificate downloadedCert = client.downloadCertificate(locationUri);
+        assertThat(downloadedCert, is(sameInstance(originalCert)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a certificate can be revoked.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRevokeCertificate() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        final X509Certificate cert = TestUtils.createCertificate();
+
+        Connection connection = new DummyConnection() {
+            @Override
+            public int sendSignedRequest(URI uri, ClaimBuilder claims, Session session, Registration registration) throws AcmeException {
+                assertThat(uri, is(resourceUri));
+                assertThat(claims.toString(), sameJSONAs(getJson("revokeCertificateRequest")));
+                assertThat(session, is(notNullValue()));
+                assertThat(registration, is(sameInstance(testRegistration)));
+                return HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK;
+            }
+        };
+
+        TestableAbstractAcmeClient client = new TestableAbstractAcmeClient(connection);
+        client.putTestResource(Resource.REVOKE_CERT, resourceUri);
+
+        client.revokeCertificate(testRegistration, cert);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extends the {@link AbstractAcmeClient} to be tested, and implements the abstract
+     * methods with a simple implementation specially made for testing purposes.
+     */
+    public static class TestableAbstractAcmeClient extends AbstractAcmeClient {
+        private final Map<Resource, URI> resourceMap = new HashMap<>();
+        private final Map<String, Challenge> challengeMap = new HashMap<>();
+        private final Connection connection;
+        private boolean connected = false;
+
+        public TestableAbstractAcmeClient(Connection connection) {
+            this.connection = connection;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Register a {@link Resource} mapping.
+         *
+         * @param r
+         *            {@link Resource} to be mapped
+         * @param u
+         *            {@link URI} to be returned
+         */
+        public void putTestResource(Resource r, URI u) {
+            resourceMap.put(r, u);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Register a {@link Challenge}. For the sake of simplicity,
+         * {@link #createChallenge(Map)} will always return the same {@link Challenge}
+         * instance in this test suite.
+         *
+         * @param s
+         *            Challenge type
+         * @param c
+         *            {@link Challenge} instance.
+         */
+        public void putTestChallenge(String s, Challenge c) {
+            challengeMap.put(s, c);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected URI resourceUri(Resource resource) throws AcmeException {
+            if (resourceMap.isEmpty()) {
+                fail("Unexpected invocation of resourceUri()");
+            }
+            URI resUri = resourceMap.get(resource);
+            if (resUri == null) {
+                fail("Unexpected invocation of resourceUri() with resource " + resource.name());
+            }
+            return resUri;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected Challenge createChallenge(Map<String, Object> data) {
+            if (challengeMap.isEmpty()) {
+                fail("Unexpected invocation of createChallenge()");
+            }
+            Challenge challenge = challengeMap.get(data.get("type"));
+            if (challenge == null) {
+                challenge = new GenericChallenge();
+            }
+            challenge.unmarshall(data);
+            return challenge;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected Connection createConnection() {
+            if (connected) {
+                fail("createConnection() invoked twice");
+            }
+            connected = true;
+            return connection;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.shredzone.acme4j.impl.AbstractAcmeClientTest$9` acquired by call to `AbstractAcmeClientTest$9(...)` at line 426 is not released after line 442.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractAcmeClientTest.testRestoreChallenge()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.shredzone.acme4j.impl.AbstractAcmeClientTest.testRestoreChallenge():void.e52d8b20074bb19881c04998717885a2
+
+### File:
+acme4j-client/src/test/java/org/shredzone/acme4j/impl/AbstractAcmeClientTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractAcmeClientTest.java|testRestoreChallenge|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9e02c38d5aa3bac7fa3ff946cfffd565
+
+### Hash:
+88a6cc2cbee83a17048bea4276efa43e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8187/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8187/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dd772495975d08db201166c6463aeaa521a1b42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8187/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SmartIM
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.github.biezhi.wechat.handler.msg;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class InitMsgXmlHandlerTest {
+    InitMsgXmlHandler handler;
+    
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        String content = File2String.read("init.xml");
+        handler = new InitMsgXmlHandler(content);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecents() {
+        String recents = handler.getRecents();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(recents);
+        System.out.println(recents);
+        String[] array = recents.split(",");
+        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(array));
+        assertEquals("filehelper", array[0]);
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `content` last assigned on line 17 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `InitMsgXmlHandler(...)` at line 18.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void InitMsgXmlHandlerTest.setUp()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.biezhi.wechat.handler.msg.InitMsgXmlHandlerTest.setUp():void.87ec37f11e29125ac5876675f6ef52c3
+
+### File:
+wechat/src/test/java/io/github/biezhi/wechat/handler/msg/InitMsgXmlHandlerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+InitMsgXmlHandlerTest.java|setUp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+1ea622e3065de2665c2aef206eac0fa5
+
+### Hash:
+4a6d9af78a8482c7385b770b5f998882
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8301/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8301/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..442d6621c73fa03d0a60639fb9c16bbc589fc696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8301/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jvm-tools
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS HEADER.
+ *
+ * Copyright 1997-2010 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
+ * Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of either the GNU
+ * General Public License Version 2 only ("GPL") or the Common
+ * Development and Distribution License("CDDL") (collectively, the
+ * "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the
+ * License. You can obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.netbeans.org/cddl-gplv2.html
+ * or nbbuild/licenses/CDDL-GPL-2-CP. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the
+ * License.  When distributing the software, include this License Header
+ * Notice in each file and include the License file at
+ * nbbuild/licenses/CDDL-GPL-2-CP.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the GPL Version 2 section of the License file that
+ * accompanied this code. If applicable, add the following below the
+ * License Header, with the fields enclosed by brackets [] replaced by
+ * your own identifying information:
+ * "Portions Copyrighted [year] [name of copyright owner]"
+ *
+ * Contributor(s):
+ * The Original Software is NetBeans. The Initial Developer of the Original
+ * Software is Sun Microsystems, Inc. Portions Copyright 1997-2006 Sun
+ * Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * If you wish your version of this file to be governed by only the CDDL
+ * or only the GPL Version 2, indicate your decision by adding
+ * "[Contributor] elects to include this software in this distribution
+ * under the [CDDL or GPL Version 2] license." If you do not indicate a
+ * single choice of license, a recipient has the option to distribute
+ * your version of this file under either the CDDL, the GPL Version 2 or
+ * to extend the choice of license to its licensees as provided above.
+ * However, if you add GPL Version 2 code and therefore, elected the GPL
+ * Version 2 license, then the option applies only if the new code is
+ * made subject to such option by the copyright holder.
+ */
+
+package org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.ResourceBundle;
+
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Tomas Hurka
+ */
+public abstract class HprofByteBuffer {
+    //~ Static fields/initializers -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // Magic header
+    static final String magic1 = "JAVA PROFILE 1.0.1"; // NOI18N
+    static final String magic2 = "JAVA PROFILE 1.0.2"; // NOI18N
+    static final int JAVA_PROFILE_1_0_1 = 1;
+    static final int JAVA_PROFILE_1_0_2 = 2;
+    static final int MINIMAL_SIZE = 30;
+    static final boolean DEBUG = false;
+
+    //~ Instance fields ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    int idSize;
+    int version;
+    long headerSize;
+    long length;
+    long time;
+
+    //~ Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    static HprofByteBuffer createHprofByteBuffer(File dumpFile)
+                                          throws IOException {
+        long fileLen = dumpFile.length();
+
+        if (fileLen < MINIMAL_SIZE) {
+            String errText = "File size is too small";
+            throw new IOException(errText);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (fileLen < Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+                return new HprofMappedByteBuffer(dumpFile);
+            } else {
+                return new HprofLongMappedByteBuffer(dumpFile);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            if (ex.getCause() instanceof OutOfMemoryError) { // can happen on 32bit Windows, since there is only 2G for memory mapped data for whole java process.
+                return new HprofFileBuffer(dumpFile);
+            }
+
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    abstract char getChar(long index);
+
+    abstract double getDouble(long index);
+
+    abstract float getFloat(long index);
+
+    long getHeaderSize() {
+        return headerSize;
+    }
+
+    long getID(long offset) {
+        if (idSize == 4) {
+            return ((long)getInt(offset)) & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
+        } else if (idSize == 8) {
+            return getLong(offset);
+        }
+        assert false;
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int getIDSize() {
+        return idSize;
+    }
+
+    int getFoffsetSize() {
+        return length<Integer.MAX_VALUE ? 4 : 8;
+    }
+
+    abstract int getInt(long index);
+
+    abstract long getLong(long index);
+
+    abstract short getShort(long index);
+
+    long getTime() {
+        return time;
+    }
+
+    long capacity() {
+        return length;
+    }
+
+    abstract byte get(long index);
+
+    abstract void get(long position, byte[] chars);
+
+    void readHeader() throws IOException {
+        long[] offset = new long[1];
+        String magic = readStringNull(offset, MINIMAL_SIZE);
+
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            System.out.println("Magic " + magic); // NOI18N
+        }
+
+        if (magic1.equals(magic)) {
+            version = JAVA_PROFILE_1_0_1;
+        } else if (magic2.equals(magic)) {
+            version = JAVA_PROFILE_1_0_2;
+        } else {
+            if (DEBUG) {
+                System.out.println("Invalid version"); // NOI18N
+            }
+
+            String errText = ResourceBundle.getBundle("org/netbeans/lib/profiler/heap/Bundle")
+                                           .getString("HprofByteBuffer_InvalidFormat");
+            throw new IOException(errText);
+        }
+
+        idSize = getInt(offset[0]);
+        offset[0] += 4;
+        time = getLong(offset[0]);
+        offset[0] += 8;
+
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            System.out.println("ID " + idSize); // NOI18N
+        }
+
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            System.out.println("Date " + new Date(time).toString()); // NOI18N
+        }
+
+        headerSize = offset[0];
+    }
+
+    private String readStringNull(long[] offset, int len) {
+        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(20);
+        byte b = get(offset[0]++);
+
+        for (; (b > 0) && (s.length() < len); b = get(offset[0]++)) {
+            s.append((char) b);
+        }
+
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `HprofFileBuffer(...)` at line 94 is not released after line 94.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 90
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HprofByteBuffer HprofByteBuffer.createHprofByteBuffer(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.HprofByteBuffer.createHprofByteBuffer(java.io.File):org.netbeans.lib..ffb2315a91dac07ff12ae9c5dc23ac10
+
+### File:
+hprof-heap/src/main/java/org/netbeans/lib/profiler/heap/HprofByteBuffer.java
+
+### Key:
+HprofByteBuffer.java|createHprofByteBuffer|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6eb6bacb394e6f7677484180a10d4da9
+
+### Hash:
+656f2adbdae4282a34472e535ea6d89d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8306/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8306/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c95f739a5dff4768e44de488d3a938749cb074de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8306/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.user;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.CommentSort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Sort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Thing;
+import com.github.jreddit.submissions.Submission;
+import com.github.jreddit.subreddit.Subreddit;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.Utils;
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents a user connected to Reddit.
+ *
+ * @author Omer Elnour
+ * @author Karan Goel
+ * @author Benjamin Jakobus
+ * @author Evin Ugur
+ * @author Andrei Sfat
+ */
+public class User extends Thing {
+
+    private String username, password;
+    private String modhash, cookie;
+
+    public User(String username, String password) {
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call this function to connect the user. <br /> By "connect" I mean
+     * effectively sending a POST request to reddit and getting the modhash and
+     * cookie, which are required for most reddit API functions.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception If connection fails.
+     */
+    public void connect() throws Exception {
+        ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair = hashCookiePair(username, password);
+        this.modhash = hashCookiePair.get(0);
+        this.cookie = hashCookiePair.get(1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param link      The link to the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitLink(String title, String link, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, link, false, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Link submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(16)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a self post to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param text      The text of the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitSelfPost(String title, String text, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, text, true, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Self post submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(10)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created" property isn't a double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double created() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time (in UTC/Coordinated Universal Time)
+     * that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created in UTC
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created_utc" property isn't a
+     *                               double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double createdUTC() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created_utc").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of link karma this user has. <br />
+     * Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 link karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Link Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "link_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int linkKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("link_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of comment karma this user has. <br
+     * /> Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 comment
+     * karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Comment Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "comment_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int commentKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("comment_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has a gold account.
+     *
+     * @return This user has a gold account or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isGold() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_gold").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user is a reddit moderator
+     * (apparently this means a moderator of any subreddit).
+     *
+     * @return This user is a moderator or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isMod() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_mod").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the user's ID. <br /> The user's ID. This is only
+     * used internally, <b>right</b>?
+     *
+     * @return This user's ID
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public String id() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return info().get("id").toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread moderator mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has unread moderator mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasModMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mod_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    public String getUsername() {
+        return username;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public String getModhash() {
+        return modhash;
+    }
+
+    public String getCookie() {
+        return cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function logs in to reddit and returns an ArrayList containing a
+     * modhash and cookie.
+     *
+     * @param username The username
+     * @param password The password
+     * @return An array containing a modhash and cookie
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If parsing JSON fails
+     */
+    private ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair(String username, String password)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        ArrayList<String> values = new ArrayList<String>();
+        JSONObject jsonObject = Utils.post("api_type=json&user=" + username
+                + "&passwd=" + password, String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_LOGIN, username), getCookie());
+        JSONObject valuePair = (JSONObject) ((JSONObject) jsonObject.get("json")).get("data");
+
+        values.add(valuePair.get("modhash").toString());
+        values.add(valuePair.get("cookie").toString());
+
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns a "response" (me.json) JSON data containing info
+     * about the user. <br />
+     *
+     * @return JSON data containing info about the user
+     */
+    private JSONObject info() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        if (cookie == null || modhash == null) {
+            System.err.printf("Please invoke the \"connect\" function before attempting to " +
+                    "call any other API functions.");
+            Runtime.getRuntime().exit(-1);
+        }
+
+        JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_INFO, getCookie());
+        return (JSONObject) jsonObject.get("data");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link or self post.
+     *
+     * @param title      The title of the submission
+     * @param linkOrText The link of the submission or text
+     * @param selfPost   If this submission is a self post
+     * @param subreddit  Which subreddit to submit this to
+     * @return A JSONObject
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    private JSONObject submit(String title, String linkOrText, boolean selfPost, String subreddit) throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Utils.post("title=" + title + "&" + (selfPost ? "text" : "url")
+                + "=" + linkOrText + "&sr=" + subreddit + "&kind="
+                + (selfPost ? "self" : "link") + "&uh=" + getModhash(),
+                ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMIT, getCookie());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public List<Comment> comments() {
+        return User.comments(username);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns misc info about the user (which consists of comment karma, mod
+     * mail identifier, created timestamp, gold member identifier, mod
+     * identifier, link karma and mail identifier).
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose account info you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return Misc info about the user.
+     */
+    public static UserInfo about(String username) {
+        UserInfo info = null;
+
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_ABOUT, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+
+            // Init account info wrapper
+            info = new UserInfo(Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("comment_karma"))),
+                    Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("link_karma"))),
+                    Float.parseFloat(Utils.toString(data.get("created_utc"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_gold"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_mod"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mail"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mod_mail"))));
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Error retrieving user information for " + username);
+        }
+
+        return info;
+    }
+
+
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username) {
+        return comments(username, CommentSort.NEW);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose comments you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of top 500 comments made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username, CommentSort commentSort) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Comment> comments = new ArrayList<Comment>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_COMMENTS,
+                            username, commentSort.getValue()), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            Comment c;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+
+                // Create a new comment
+                c = new Comment(Utils.toString(obj.get("body")), Utils.toString(obj.get("edited")),
+                        Utils.toString(obj.get("created_utc")), Utils.toString(obj.get("replies")),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("ups"))),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("downs"))));
+
+                // Add it to the submissions list
+                comments.add(c);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        // Return the submissions
+        return comments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose submissions you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Submission> submissions(String username) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                //add a new Submission to the list
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        // Return the submissions
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked.
+     *
+     * @return List of liked links with default sorting.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions() {
+        return getLikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked with a Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of liked submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("liked", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user chose to hide. with the default sorting
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions() {
+        return getHiddenSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user chose to hide with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of hidden Submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("hidden", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with the default sort
+     *
+     * @return List of saved links
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions() {
+        return getSavedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of saved links with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("saved", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions() {
+        return getSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions with a specified Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("submitted", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user disliked with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions() {
+        return getDislikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user disliked with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of disliked sorts with a specified sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("disliked", sort);
+    }
+
+    public List<Submission> getUserOverview() {
+        return getUserSubmissions("overview", Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * private function used to get submissions that a user interacts with on Reddit
+     *
+     * @param where place of Submission - see http://www.reddit.com/dev/api#GET_user_{username}_{where}
+     * @return Submissions from the specified location, null if the location is invalid
+     */
+    private List<Submission> getUserSubmissions(String where, Sort sort) {
+        //valid arguments for where the Submission can come from
+        final String[] LOCATIONS = {
+                //TODO: not all of these JSONs return something that can be processed purely into a Submission class, until those are taken care of, I commented them out
+                /*"overview",*/ "submitted", /*"comments",*/ "liked", "disliked", "hidden", "saved"
+        };
+        //check to see if we have a valid location
+        boolean valid = false;
+        for (String LOCATION : LOCATIONS) {
+            valid = where.equals(LOCATION);
+            if (valid) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (!valid) {
+            System.err.println(where + " is an invalid location");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        //if we got this far, the location is valid
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>();
+        try {
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS_INTERACTION,
+                            username, where, sort.getValue()), cookie);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Subreddits to which the user is subscribed.
+     * @return List of Subreddits
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> getSubscribed() {
+        List<Subreddit> subscibed = new ArrayList<Subreddit>(1000);
+        JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_GET_SUBSCRIBED, cookie);
+
+        JSONObject rawData = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+        JSONArray subreddits = (JSONArray) rawData.get("children");
+
+        for (Object subreddit : subreddits) {
+            JSONObject obj = (JSONObject) subreddit;
+            obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+            Subreddit sub = new Subreddit(obj.get("display_name").toString(),
+                    obj.get("display_name").toString(), obj.get("title").toString(),
+                    obj.get("url").toString(), obj.get("created").toString(),
+                    obj.get("created_utc").toString(),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(obj.get("over18").toString()),
+                    Integer.parseInt(obj.get("subscribers").toString()),
+                    obj.get("id").toString(), obj.get("description").toString());
+            subscibed.add(sub);
+        }
+
+        return subscibed;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `info(this).get("is_gold")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 178.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean User.isGold()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.user.User.isGold():boolean.7b9b94336dc00e69f34089abb3a5d30e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/user/User.java
+
+### Key:
+User.java|isGold|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+d216939520877c7724579b425e0627ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8308/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8308/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f4fefb3cfd6750c60a1aee21245e4b9f705f18e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8308/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.user;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.CommentSort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Sort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Thing;
+import com.github.jreddit.submissions.Submission;
+import com.github.jreddit.subreddit.Subreddit;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.Utils;
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents a user connected to Reddit.
+ *
+ * @author Omer Elnour
+ * @author Karan Goel
+ * @author Benjamin Jakobus
+ * @author Evin Ugur
+ * @author Andrei Sfat
+ */
+public class User extends Thing {
+
+    private String username, password;
+    private String modhash, cookie;
+
+    public User(String username, String password) {
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call this function to connect the user. <br /> By "connect" I mean
+     * effectively sending a POST request to reddit and getting the modhash and
+     * cookie, which are required for most reddit API functions.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception If connection fails.
+     */
+    public void connect() throws Exception {
+        ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair = hashCookiePair(username, password);
+        this.modhash = hashCookiePair.get(0);
+        this.cookie = hashCookiePair.get(1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param link      The link to the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitLink(String title, String link, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, link, false, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Link submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(16)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a self post to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param text      The text of the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitSelfPost(String title, String text, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, text, true, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Self post submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(10)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created" property isn't a double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double created() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time (in UTC/Coordinated Universal Time)
+     * that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created in UTC
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created_utc" property isn't a
+     *                               double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double createdUTC() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created_utc").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of link karma this user has. <br />
+     * Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 link karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Link Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "link_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int linkKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("link_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of comment karma this user has. <br
+     * /> Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 comment
+     * karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Comment Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "comment_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int commentKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("comment_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has a gold account.
+     *
+     * @return This user has a gold account or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isGold() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_gold").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user is a reddit moderator
+     * (apparently this means a moderator of any subreddit).
+     *
+     * @return This user is a moderator or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isMod() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_mod").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the user's ID. <br /> The user's ID. This is only
+     * used internally, <b>right</b>?
+     *
+     * @return This user's ID
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public String id() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return info().get("id").toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread moderator mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has unread moderator mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasModMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mod_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    public String getUsername() {
+        return username;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public String getModhash() {
+        return modhash;
+    }
+
+    public String getCookie() {
+        return cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function logs in to reddit and returns an ArrayList containing a
+     * modhash and cookie.
+     *
+     * @param username The username
+     * @param password The password
+     * @return An array containing a modhash and cookie
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If parsing JSON fails
+     */
+    private ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair(String username, String password)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        ArrayList<String> values = new ArrayList<String>();
+        JSONObject jsonObject = Utils.post("api_type=json&user=" + username
+                + "&passwd=" + password, String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_LOGIN, username), getCookie());
+        JSONObject valuePair = (JSONObject) ((JSONObject) jsonObject.get("json")).get("data");
+
+        values.add(valuePair.get("modhash").toString());
+        values.add(valuePair.get("cookie").toString());
+
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns a "response" (me.json) JSON data containing info
+     * about the user. <br />
+     *
+     * @return JSON data containing info about the user
+     */
+    private JSONObject info() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        if (cookie == null || modhash == null) {
+            System.err.printf("Please invoke the \"connect\" function before attempting to " +
+                    "call any other API functions.");
+            Runtime.getRuntime().exit(-1);
+        }
+
+        JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_INFO, getCookie());
+        return (JSONObject) jsonObject.get("data");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link or self post.
+     *
+     * @param title      The title of the submission
+     * @param linkOrText The link of the submission or text
+     * @param selfPost   If this submission is a self post
+     * @param subreddit  Which subreddit to submit this to
+     * @return A JSONObject
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    private JSONObject submit(String title, String linkOrText, boolean selfPost, String subreddit) throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Utils.post("title=" + title + "&" + (selfPost ? "text" : "url")
+                + "=" + linkOrText + "&sr=" + subreddit + "&kind="
+                + (selfPost ? "self" : "link") + "&uh=" + getModhash(),
+                ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMIT, getCookie());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public List<Comment> comments() {
+        return User.comments(username);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns misc info about the user (which consists of comment karma, mod
+     * mail identifier, created timestamp, gold member identifier, mod
+     * identifier, link karma and mail identifier).
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose account info you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return Misc info about the user.
+     */
+    public static UserInfo about(String username) {
+        UserInfo info = null;
+
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_ABOUT, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+
+            // Init account info wrapper
+            info = new UserInfo(Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("comment_karma"))),
+                    Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("link_karma"))),
+                    Float.parseFloat(Utils.toString(data.get("created_utc"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_gold"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_mod"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mail"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mod_mail"))));
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Error retrieving user information for " + username);
+        }
+
+        return info;
+    }
+
+
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username) {
+        return comments(username, CommentSort.NEW);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose comments you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of top 500 comments made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username, CommentSort commentSort) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Comment> comments = new ArrayList<Comment>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_COMMENTS,
+                            username, commentSort.getValue()), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            Comment c;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+
+                // Create a new comment
+                c = new Comment(Utils.toString(obj.get("body")), Utils.toString(obj.get("edited")),
+                        Utils.toString(obj.get("created_utc")), Utils.toString(obj.get("replies")),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("ups"))),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("downs"))));
+
+                // Add it to the submissions list
+                comments.add(c);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        // Return the submissions
+        return comments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose submissions you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Submission> submissions(String username) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                //add a new Submission to the list
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        // Return the submissions
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked.
+     *
+     * @return List of liked links with default sorting.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions() {
+        return getLikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked with a Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of liked submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("liked", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user chose to hide. with the default sorting
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions() {
+        return getHiddenSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user chose to hide with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of hidden Submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("hidden", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with the default sort
+     *
+     * @return List of saved links
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions() {
+        return getSavedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of saved links with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("saved", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions() {
+        return getSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions with a specified Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("submitted", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user disliked with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions() {
+        return getDislikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user disliked with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of disliked sorts with a specified sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("disliked", sort);
+    }
+
+    public List<Submission> getUserOverview() {
+        return getUserSubmissions("overview", Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * private function used to get submissions that a user interacts with on Reddit
+     *
+     * @param where place of Submission - see http://www.reddit.com/dev/api#GET_user_{username}_{where}
+     * @return Submissions from the specified location, null if the location is invalid
+     */
+    private List<Submission> getUserSubmissions(String where, Sort sort) {
+        //valid arguments for where the Submission can come from
+        final String[] LOCATIONS = {
+                //TODO: not all of these JSONs return something that can be processed purely into a Submission class, until those are taken care of, I commented them out
+                /*"overview",*/ "submitted", /*"comments",*/ "liked", "disliked", "hidden", "saved"
+        };
+        //check to see if we have a valid location
+        boolean valid = false;
+        for (String LOCATION : LOCATIONS) {
+            valid = where.equals(LOCATION);
+            if (valid) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (!valid) {
+            System.err.println(where + " is an invalid location");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        //if we got this far, the location is valid
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>();
+        try {
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS_INTERACTION,
+                            username, where, sort.getValue()), cookie);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Subreddits to which the user is subscribed.
+     * @return List of Subreddits
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> getSubscribed() {
+        List<Subreddit> subscibed = new ArrayList<Subreddit>(1000);
+        JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_GET_SUBSCRIBED, cookie);
+
+        JSONObject rawData = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+        JSONArray subreddits = (JSONArray) rawData.get("children");
+
+        for (Object subreddit : subreddits) {
+            JSONObject obj = (JSONObject) subreddit;
+            obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+            Subreddit sub = new Subreddit(obj.get("display_name").toString(),
+                    obj.get("display_name").toString(), obj.get("title").toString(),
+                    obj.get("url").toString(), obj.get("created").toString(),
+                    obj.get("created_utc").toString(),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(obj.get("over18").toString()),
+                    Integer.parseInt(obj.get("subscribers").toString()),
+                    obj.get("id").toString(), obj.get("description").toString());
+            subscibed.add(sub);
+        }
+
+        return subscibed;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `info(this)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 152.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int User.linkKarma()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.user.User.linkKarma():int.2d2a2d049bca51c32bad804c1390d3b8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/user/User.java
+
+### Key:
+User.java|linkKarma|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+343769f9bf5a1b3e28ab70dd44f6413c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8314/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8314/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30570c9ba3fd554bd4cb786159474c94e8fc781b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8314/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.submissions;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.user.User;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.restclient.RestClient;
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+
+/**
+ * This class offers some submission utilities.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="http://www.omrlnr.com">Omer Elnour</a>
+ */
+public class Submissions {
+
+    private final RestClient restClient;
+
+    public enum Popularity {
+        HOT, NEW
+    }
+
+    public enum Page {
+        FRONTPAGE
+    }
+
+    public Submissions(RestClient restClient) {
+        this.restClient = restClient;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns a linked list containing the submissions on a given
+     * subreddit and page. (in progress)
+     *
+     * @param redditName The subreddit's name
+     * @param type       HOT or NEW and some others to come
+     * @param frontpage       TODO this
+     * @param user       The user
+     * @return The linked list containing submissions
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public LinkedList<Submission> getSubmissions(String redditName,
+                       Popularity type, Page frontpage, User user) throws IOException, ParseException {
+
+        LinkedList<Submission> submissions = new LinkedList<Submission>();
+        String urlString = "/r/" + redditName;
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case NEW:
+                urlString += "/new";
+                break;
+		default:
+			break;
+        }
+
+        //TODO Implement Pages
+
+        urlString += ".json";
+
+        JSONObject object = (JSONObject)  restClient.get(urlString, user.getCookie()).getResponseObject();
+        JSONArray array = (JSONArray) ((JSONObject) object.get("data")).get("children");
+
+        JSONObject data;
+        for (Object anArray : array) {
+            data = (JSONObject) anArray;
+            data = ((JSONObject) data.get("data"));
+            submissions.add(new Submission(user, data.get("id").toString(), (data.get("permalink").toString())));
+        }
+
+        return submissions;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions from a subreddit.
+     *
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit at which submissions you want to retrieve submissions.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions on the subreddit.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions(String subreddit) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) restClient.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.SUBMISSIONS, subreddit), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                //add a new Submission to the list
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        // Return the submissions
+        return submissions;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `data.get("permalink")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 73.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+LinkedList Submissions.getSubmissions(String,Submissions$Popularity,Submissions$Page,User)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.submissions.Submissions.getSubmissions(java.lang.String,com.github.jreddit.submis.6248a7610cba7d83701562c3e9f51848
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/submissions/Submissions.java
+
+### Key:
+Submissions.java|getSubmissions|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f7f7e215da7f3ede3a2a55bcb7bdd6fc
+
+### Hash:
+5074a0c972fd739e5b8bf014e48e3e33
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8315/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8315/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..737ae9d0ba72443ca55fa1fdfa8c9fc4c592e022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8315/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.retrieval;
+
+import static com.github.jreddit.utils.restclient.JsonUtils.safeJsonToString;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.entity.Kind;
+import com.github.jreddit.entity.Submission;
+import com.github.jreddit.entity.User;
+import com.github.jreddit.exception.RedditError;
+import com.github.jreddit.exception.RetrievalFailedException;
+import com.github.jreddit.retrieval.params.QuerySyntax;
+import com.github.jreddit.retrieval.params.SubmissionSort;
+import com.github.jreddit.retrieval.params.SearchSort;
+import com.github.jreddit.retrieval.params.TimeSpan;
+import com.github.jreddit.retrieval.params.UserOverviewSort;
+import com.github.jreddit.retrieval.params.UserSubmissionsCategory;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ParamFormatter;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.RedditConstants;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.restclient.RestClient;
+
+
+/**
+ * This class offers the following functionality:
+ * 1) Parsing the results of a request into Submission objects (see <code>Submissions.parse()</code>).
+ * 2) The ability to get submissions from a subreddit (see <code>Submissions.ofSubreddit()</code>).
+ * 3) The ability to search submissions on Reddit (see <code>Submissions.search()</code>).
+ * 4) The ability to get submissions of a user (see <code>Submissions.ofUser()</code>).
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="http://www.omrlnr.com">Omer Elnour</a>
+ * @author <a href="http://www.deltacdev.com">Simon Kassing</a>
+ */
+public class Submissions implements ActorDriven {
+	
+	/**
+	 * Handle to REST client instance.
+	 */
+    private final RestClient restClient;
+    private User user;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     * Default general actor will be used.
+     * @param restClient REST client handle
+     */
+    public Submissions(RestClient restClient) {
+        this.restClient = restClient;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Constructor. The actor is the user who will
+     * be used to perform the retrieval.
+     * 
+     * @param restClient REST Client instance
+     * @param actor User instance
+     */
+    public Submissions(RestClient restClient, User actor) {
+    	this.restClient = restClient;
+        this.user = actor;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Switch the current user for the new user who will
+     * be used when invoking retrieval requests.
+     * 
+     * @param new_actor New user
+     */
+    public void switchActor(User new_actor) {
+    	this.user = new_actor;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Parses a JSON feed received from Reddit (URL) into a nice list of Submission objects.
+     * 
+     * @param url 	URL
+     * @return 		Listing of submissions
+     */
+    public List<Submission> parse(String url) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	
+    	// Determine cookie
+    	String cookie = (user == null) ? null : user.getCookie();
+    	
+    	// List of submissions
+        List<Submission> submissions = new LinkedList<Submission>();
+        
+        // Send request to reddit server via REST client
+        Object response = restClient.get(url, cookie).getResponseObject();
+        
+        if (response instanceof JSONObject) {
+        	
+	        JSONObject object = (JSONObject) response;
+	        if (object.get("error") != null) {
+	        	throw new RedditError("Response contained error code " + object.get("error") + ".");
+	        }
+	        JSONArray array = (JSONArray) ((JSONObject) object.get("data")).get("children");
+
+	        // Iterate over the submission results
+	        JSONObject data;
+	        Submission submission;
+	        for (Object anArray : array) {
+	            data = (JSONObject) anArray;
+	            
+	            // Make sure it is of the correct kind
+	            String kind = safeJsonToString(data.get("kind"));
+	            if (kind.equals(Kind.LINK.value())) {
+	            	
+	            	// Create and add submission
+		            data = ((JSONObject) data.get("data"));
+		            submission = new Submission(data);
+		            submission.setUser(user);
+		            submissions.add(submission);
+	            
+	            }
+	            
+	        }
+        
+        } else {
+        	System.err.println("Cannot cast to JSON Object: '" + response.toString() + "'");
+        }
+
+        // Finally return list of submissions 
+        return submissions;
+        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets all the submissions of a particular subreddit using the given parameters.
+     * The parameters here are in Strings instead of wrapper objects, which allows users
+     * to manually adjust the parameters (if the API changes and jReddit is not updated
+     * in time yet).
+     * 
+     * @param subreddit			Name of the reddit (e.g. "funny")
+     * @param sort				Sorting method
+     * @param count				Count at which the submissions are started being numbered
+     * @param limit				Maximum amount of submissions that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after				The submission after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before			The submission before which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param show_all			Show all (disables filters such as "hide links that I have voted on")
+     * @return 					The linked list containing submissions
+     */
+    protected List<Submission> ofSubreddit(String subreddit, String sort, String count, String limit, String after, String before, String show) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	assert subreddit != null && user != null;
+    	
+    	// Encode the reddit name for the URL:
+    	try {
+			subreddit = URLEncoder.encode(subreddit, "ISO-8859-1");
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+    	
+    	// Format parameters
+    	String params = "";
+    	
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "count", count);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "limit", limit);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "after", after);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "before", before);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "show", show);
+    	
+        // Retrieve submissions from the given URL
+        return parse(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.SUBMISSIONS_GET, subreddit, sort, params));
+        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets all the submissions of a particular subreddit using the given parameters.
+     * 
+     * @param subreddit			Name of the reddit (e.g. "funny")
+     * @param sort				Sorting method, hot default
+     * @param count				Count at which the submissions are started being numbered
+     * @param limit				Maximum amount of submissions that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after				The submission after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before			The submission before which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param show_all			Show all (disables filters such as "hide links that I have voted on")
+     * @return 					The linked list containing submissions
+     */
+    public List<Submission> ofSubreddit(String subreddit, SubmissionSort sort, int count, int limit, Submission after, Submission before, boolean show_all) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	
+    	if (subreddit == null || subreddit.isEmpty()) {
+    		throw new IllegalArgumentException("The subreddit must be defined.");
+    	}
+    	
+    	return ofSubreddit(
+    			subreddit, 
+    			(sort != null) ? sort.value() : "hot",
+    			String.valueOf(count),
+    			String.valueOf(limit),
+    			(after != null) ? after.getFullName() : "",
+    			(before != null) ? before.getFullName() : "",
+    			(show_all) ? "all" : ""	
+    	);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Searches with the given query using the constraints given as parameters.
+     * The parameters here are in Strings instead of wrapper objects, which allows users
+     * to manually adjust the parameters (if the API changes and jReddit is not updated
+     * in time yet).
+     * 
+     * @param query 			The query
+     * @param syntax			The query syntax
+     * @param sort				Search sorting method
+     * @param time				Search time
+     * @param count				Count at which the submissions are started being numbered
+     * @param limit				Maximum amount of submissions that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after				The submission after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before			The submission before which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param show_all			Show all (disables filters such as "hide links that I have voted on")
+     * @return 					The linked list containing submissions
+     */
+    protected List<Submission> search(String query, String syntax, String sort, String time, String count, String limit, String after, String before, String show) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	assert query != null && user != null;
+    	
+    	// Format parameters
+    	String params = "";
+    	try {
+			params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "q", URLEncoder.encode(query, "ISO-8859-1"));
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "syntax", syntax);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "sort", sort);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "t", time);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "count", count);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "limit", limit);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "after", after);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "before", before);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "show", show);
+    	
+        // Retrieve submissions from the given URL
+        return parse(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.SUBMISSIONS_SEARCH, params));
+        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Searches with the given query using the constraints given as parameters.
+     * 
+     * @param query 			The query
+     * @param syntax			The query syntax
+     * @param sort				Search sorting method
+     * @param time				Search time
+     * @param count				Count at which the submissions are started being numbered
+     * @param limit				Maximum amount of submissions that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after				The submission after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before			The submission before which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param show_all			Show all (disables filters such as "hide links that I have voted on")
+     * @return 					The linked list containing submissions
+     */
+    public List<Submission> search(String query, QuerySyntax syntax, SearchSort sort, TimeSpan time, int count, int limit, Submission after, Submission before, boolean show_all) throws RetrievalFailedException, IllegalArgumentException {
+    	
+    	if (query == null || query.isEmpty()) {
+    		throw new IllegalArgumentException("The query must be defined.");
+    	}
+    	
+    	if (limit < -1 || limit > RedditConstants.MAX_LIMIT_LISTING) {
+    		throw new IllegalArgumentException("The limit needs to be between 0 and 100 (or -1 for default).");
+    	}
+    	
+    	return search(
+    			query, 
+    			(syntax != null) ? syntax.value() : "",
+    			(sort != null) ? sort.value() : "",
+    			(time != null) ? time.value() : "",
+    			String.valueOf(count),
+    			String.valueOf(limit),
+    			(after != null) ? after.getFullName() : "",
+    			(before != null) ? before.getFullName() : "",
+    			(show_all) ? "all" : ""		
+    	);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the submissions of a user.
+     * In this variant all parameters are Strings.
+     *
+     * @param username	 		Username of the user you want to retrieve from.
+     * @param category    		(Optional, set null/empty if not used) Category in the user overview to retrieve submissions from
+     * @param sort	    		(Optional, set null/empty if not used) Sorting method.
+     * @param time		 		(Optional, set null/empty is not used) Time window
+     * @param count        		(Optional, set null/empty if not used) Number at which the counter starts
+     * @param limit        		(Optional, set null/empty if not used) Integer representing the maximum number of comments to return
+     * @param after				(Optional, set null/empty if not used) After which comment to retrieve
+     * @param before			(Optional, set null/empty if not used) Before which comment to retrieve
+     * @param show				(Optional, set null/empty if not used) Show parameter ('given' is only acceptable value)
+     * 
+     * @return Comments of a user.
+     */
+    protected List<Submission> ofUser(String username, String category, String sort, String count, String limit, String after, String before, String show) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	
+    	// Format parameters
+    	String params = "";
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "sort", sort);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "count", count);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "limit", limit);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "after", after);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "before", before);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "show", show);
+    	
+        // Retrieve submissions from the given URL
+        return parse(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS_INTERACTION, username, category, params));
+        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the submissions of a user.
+     * In this variant all parameters are Strings.
+     *
+     * @param username	 		Username of the user you want to retrieve from.
+     * @param category    		Category in the user overview to retrieve submissions from
+     * @param sort	    		(Optional, set null if not used) Sorting method.
+     * @param time		 		(Optional, set null is not used) Time window
+     * @param count        		(Optional, set -1 if not used) Number at which the counter starts
+     * @param limit        		(Optional, set -1 if not used) Integer representing the maximum number of comments to return
+     * @param after				(Optional, set null if not used) After which comment to retrieve
+     * @param before			(Optional, set null if not used) Before which comment to retrieve
+     * @param show				(Optional, set false if not used) Show parameter ('given' is only acceptable value)
+     * 
+     * @return Submissions of a user.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> ofUser(String username, UserSubmissionsCategory category, UserOverviewSort sort, int count, int limit, Submission after, Submission before, boolean show_given) throws RetrievalFailedException, IllegalArgumentException {
+    	
+    	if (username == null || username.isEmpty()) {
+    		throw new IllegalArgumentException("The username must be defined.");
+    	}
+
+    	if (category == null) {
+    		throw new IllegalArgumentException("The category must be defined.");
+    	}
+    	
+    	if (limit < -1 || limit > RedditConstants.MAX_LIMIT_LISTING) {
+    		throw new IllegalArgumentException("The limit needs to be between 0 and 100 (or -1 for default).");
+    	}
+    	
+    	return ofUser(
+    			username,
+    			(category != null) ? category.value() : "",
+    			(sort != null) ? sort.value() : "",
+    			String.valueOf(count),
+    			String.valueOf(limit),
+    			(after != null) ? after.getFullName() : "",
+    			(before != null) ? before.getFullName() : "",
+    			(show_given) ? "given" : ""		
+    	);
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `kind` last assigned on line 111 could be null and is dereferenced at line 112.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List Submissions.parse(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.retrieval.Submissions.parse(java.lang.String):java.util.List.48c8ed42e3312c2037dff1d61cbfb50e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/retrieval/Submissions.java
+
+### Key:
+Submissions.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+893da6fa714820b53197dff627c29d36
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8323/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8323/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7381d85a12dfb60cf4758b1473a477607499a627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8323/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.user;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.CommentSort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Sort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Thing;
+import com.github.jreddit.submissions.Submission;
+import com.github.jreddit.subreddit.Subreddit;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.Utils;
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents a user connected to Reddit.
+ *
+ * @author Omer Elnour
+ * @author Karan Goel
+ * @author Benjamin Jakobus
+ * @author Evin Ugur
+ * @author Andrei Sfat
+ */
+public class User extends Thing {
+
+    private String username, password;
+    private String modhash, cookie;
+
+    public User(String username, String password) {
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call this function to connect the user. <br /> By "connect" I mean
+     * effectively sending a POST request to reddit and getting the modhash and
+     * cookie, which are required for most reddit API functions.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception If connection fails.
+     */
+    public void connect() throws Exception {
+        ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair = hashCookiePair(username, password);
+        this.modhash = hashCookiePair.get(0);
+        this.cookie = hashCookiePair.get(1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param link      The link to the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitLink(String title, String link, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, link, false, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Link submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(16)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a self post to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param text      The text of the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitSelfPost(String title, String text, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, text, true, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Self post submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(10)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created" property isn't a double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double created() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time (in UTC/Coordinated Universal Time)
+     * that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created in UTC
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created_utc" property isn't a
+     *                               double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double createdUTC() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created_utc").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of link karma this user has. <br />
+     * Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 link karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Link Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "link_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int linkKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("link_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of comment karma this user has. <br
+     * /> Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 comment
+     * karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Comment Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "comment_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int commentKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("comment_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has a gold account.
+     *
+     * @return This user has a gold account or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isGold() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_gold").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user is a reddit moderator
+     * (apparently this means a moderator of any subreddit).
+     *
+     * @return This user is a moderator or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isMod() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_mod").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the user's ID. <br /> The user's ID. This is only
+     * used internally, <b>right</b>?
+     *
+     * @return This user's ID
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public String id() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return info().get("id").toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread moderator mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has unread moderator mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasModMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mod_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    public String getUsername() {
+        return username;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public String getModhash() {
+        return modhash;
+    }
+
+    public String getCookie() {
+        return cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function logs in to reddit and returns an ArrayList containing a
+     * modhash and cookie.
+     *
+     * @param username The username
+     * @param password The password
+     * @return An array containing a modhash and cookie
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If parsing JSON fails
+     */
+    private ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair(String username, String password)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        ArrayList<String> values = new ArrayList<String>();
+        JSONObject jsonObject = Utils.post("api_type=json&user=" + username
+                + "&passwd=" + password, String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_LOGIN, username), getCookie());
+        JSONObject valuePair = (JSONObject) ((JSONObject) jsonObject.get("json")).get("data");
+
+        values.add(valuePair.get("modhash").toString());
+        values.add(valuePair.get("cookie").toString());
+
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns a "response" (me.json) JSON data containing info
+     * about the user. <br />
+     *
+     * @return JSON data containing info about the user
+     */
+    private JSONObject info() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        if (cookie == null || modhash == null) {
+            System.err.printf("Please invoke the \"connect\" function before attempting to " +
+                    "call any other API functions.");
+            Runtime.getRuntime().exit(-1);
+        }
+
+        JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_INFO, getCookie());
+        return (JSONObject) jsonObject.get("data");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link or self post.
+     *
+     * @param title      The title of the submission
+     * @param linkOrText The link of the submission or text
+     * @param selfPost   If this submission is a self post
+     * @param subreddit  Which subreddit to submit this to
+     * @return A JSONObject
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    private JSONObject submit(String title, String linkOrText, boolean selfPost, String subreddit) throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Utils.post("title=" + title + "&" + (selfPost ? "text" : "url")
+                + "=" + linkOrText + "&sr=" + subreddit + "&kind="
+                + (selfPost ? "self" : "link") + "&uh=" + getModhash(),
+                ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMIT, getCookie());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public List<Comment> comments() {
+        return User.comments(username);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns misc info about the user (which consists of comment karma, mod
+     * mail identifier, created timestamp, gold member identifier, mod
+     * identifier, link karma and mail identifier).
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose account info you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return Misc info about the user.
+     */
+    public static UserInfo about(String username) {
+        UserInfo info = null;
+
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_ABOUT, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+
+            // Init account info wrapper
+            info = new UserInfo(Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("comment_karma"))),
+                    Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("link_karma"))),
+                    Float.parseFloat(Utils.toString(data.get("created_utc"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_gold"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_mod"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mail"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mod_mail"))));
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Error retrieving user information for " + username);
+        }
+
+        return info;
+    }
+
+
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username) {
+        return comments(username, CommentSort.NEW);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose comments you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of top 500 comments made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username, CommentSort commentSort) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Comment> comments = new ArrayList<Comment>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_COMMENTS,
+                            username, commentSort.getValue()), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            Comment c;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+
+                // Create a new comment
+                c = new Comment(Utils.toString(obj.get("body")), Utils.toString(obj.get("edited")),
+                        Utils.toString(obj.get("created_utc")), Utils.toString(obj.get("replies")),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("ups"))),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("downs"))));
+
+                // Add it to the submissions list
+                comments.add(c);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        // Return the submissions
+        return comments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose submissions you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Submission> submissions(String username) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                //add a new Submission to the list
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        // Return the submissions
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked.
+     *
+     * @return List of liked links with default sorting.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions() {
+        return getLikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked with a Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of liked submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("liked", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user chose to hide. with the default sorting
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions() {
+        return getHiddenSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user chose to hide with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of hidden Submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("hidden", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with the default sort
+     *
+     * @return List of saved links
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions() {
+        return getSavedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of saved links with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("saved", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions() {
+        return getSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions with a specified Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("submitted", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user disliked with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions() {
+        return getDislikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user disliked with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of disliked sorts with a specified sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("disliked", sort);
+    }
+
+    public List<Submission> getUserOverview() {
+        return getUserSubmissions("overview", Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * private function used to get submissions that a user interacts with on Reddit
+     *
+     * @param where place of Submission - see http://www.reddit.com/dev/api#GET_user_{username}_{where}
+     * @return Submissions from the specified location, null if the location is invalid
+     */
+    private List<Submission> getUserSubmissions(String where, Sort sort) {
+        //valid arguments for where the Submission can come from
+        final String[] LOCATIONS = {
+                //TODO: not all of these JSONs return something that can be processed purely into a Submission class, until those are taken care of, I commented them out
+                /*"overview",*/ "submitted", /*"comments",*/ "liked", "disliked", "hidden", "saved"
+        };
+        //check to see if we have a valid location
+        boolean valid = false;
+        for (String LOCATION : LOCATIONS) {
+            valid = where.equals(LOCATION);
+            if (valid) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (!valid) {
+            System.err.println(where + " is an invalid location");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        //if we got this far, the location is valid
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>();
+        try {
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS_INTERACTION,
+                            username, where, sort.getValue()), cookie);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Subreddits to which the user is subscribed.
+     * @return List of Subreddits
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> getSubscribed() {
+        List<Subreddit> subscibed = new ArrayList<Subreddit>(1000);
+        JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_GET_SUBSCRIBED, cookie);
+
+        JSONObject rawData = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+        JSONArray subreddits = (JSONArray) rawData.get("children");
+
+        for (Object subreddit : subreddits) {
+            JSONObject obj = (JSONObject) subreddit;
+            obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+            Subreddit sub = new Subreddit(obj.get("display_name").toString(),
+                    obj.get("display_name").toString(), obj.get("title").toString(),
+                    obj.get("url").toString(), obj.get("created").toString(),
+                    obj.get("created_utc").toString(),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(obj.get("over18").toString()),
+                    Integer.parseInt(obj.get("subscribers").toString()),
+                    obj.get("id").toString(), obj.get("description").toString());
+            subscibed.add(sub);
+        }
+
+        return subscibed;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `info(this).get("is_mod")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 190.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean User.isMod()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.user.User.isMod():boolean.a301651637d9bfac2e9efd207a94b364
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/user/User.java
+
+### Key:
+User.java|isMod|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+63ed9bced54f3aa44b4ace28a010bfbd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8324/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8324/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbce1d70c7feb68ce6227723c2b6b76222e1e938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8324/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.user;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.CommentSort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Sort;
+import com.github.jreddit.Thing;
+import com.github.jreddit.submissions.Submission;
+import com.github.jreddit.subreddit.Subreddit;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.Utils;
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents a user connected to Reddit.
+ *
+ * @author Omer Elnour
+ * @author Karan Goel
+ * @author Benjamin Jakobus
+ * @author Evin Ugur
+ * @author Andrei Sfat
+ */
+public class User extends Thing {
+
+    private String username, password;
+    private String modhash, cookie;
+
+    public User(String username, String password) {
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call this function to connect the user. <br /> By "connect" I mean
+     * effectively sending a POST request to reddit and getting the modhash and
+     * cookie, which are required for most reddit API functions.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception If connection fails.
+     */
+    public void connect() throws Exception {
+        ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair = hashCookiePair(username, password);
+        this.modhash = hashCookiePair.get(0);
+        this.cookie = hashCookiePair.get(1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param link      The link to the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitLink(String title, String link, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, link, false, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Link submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(16)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a self post to the specified subreddit.
+     * Requires authentication.
+     *
+     * @param title     The title of the submission
+     * @param text      The text of the submission
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit to submit to
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON Parsing fails
+     */
+    public void submitSelfPost(String title, String text, String subreddit)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        JSONObject object = submit(title, text, true, subreddit);
+        if (object.toJSONString().contains(".error.USER_REQUIRED")) {
+            System.err.println("Please login first.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.RATELIMIT.field-ratelimit")) {
+            System.err.println("You are doing that too much.");
+        } else if (object.toJSONString().contains(
+                ".error.ALREADY_SUB.field-url")) {
+            System.err.println("That link has already been submitted.");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Self post submitted to "
+                    + ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) ((JSONArray) object.get("jquery")).get(10)).get(3)).get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created" property isn't a double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double created() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the Unix time (in UTC/Coordinated Universal Time)
+     * that the user's account was created.
+     *
+     * @return Unix time that the user's account was created in UTC
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "created_utc" property isn't a
+     *                               double
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public double createdUTC() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Double.parseDouble(info().get("created_utc").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of link karma this user has. <br />
+     * Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 link karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Link Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "link_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int linkKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("link_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the amount of comment karma this user has. <br
+     * /> Returns int because I doubt anyone has more than 2,147,483,647 comment
+     * karma.
+     *
+     * @return integer representing the Comment Karma
+     * @throws NumberFormatException If the "comment_karma" property isn't an
+     *                               integer
+     * @throws IOException           If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException        If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public int commentKarma() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(info().get("comment_karma")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has a gold account.
+     *
+     * @return This user has a gold account or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isGold() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_gold").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user is a reddit moderator
+     * (apparently this means a moderator of any subreddit).
+     *
+     * @return This user is a moderator or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean isMod() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("is_mod").toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns the user's ID. <br /> The user's ID. This is only
+     * used internally, <b>right</b>?
+     *
+     * @return This user's ID
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public String id() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return info().get("id").toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This functions returns true if this user has unread moderator mail.
+     *
+     * @return This user has unread moderator mail or not
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasModMail() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Boolean.parseBoolean(info().get("has_mod_mail").toString());
+    }
+
+    public String getUsername() {
+        return username;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword() {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public String getModhash() {
+        return modhash;
+    }
+
+    public String getCookie() {
+        return cookie;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function logs in to reddit and returns an ArrayList containing a
+     * modhash and cookie.
+     *
+     * @param username The username
+     * @param password The password
+     * @return An array containing a modhash and cookie
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If parsing JSON fails
+     */
+    private ArrayList<String> hashCookiePair(String username, String password)
+            throws IOException, ParseException {
+        ArrayList<String> values = new ArrayList<String>();
+        JSONObject jsonObject = Utils.post("api_type=json&user=" + username
+                + "&passwd=" + password, String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_LOGIN, username), getCookie());
+        JSONObject valuePair = (JSONObject) ((JSONObject) jsonObject.get("json")).get("data");
+
+        values.add(valuePair.get("modhash").toString());
+        values.add(valuePair.get("cookie").toString());
+
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns a "response" (me.json) JSON data containing info
+     * about the user. <br />
+     *
+     * @return JSON data containing info about the user
+     */
+    private JSONObject info() throws IOException, ParseException {
+        if (cookie == null || modhash == null) {
+            System.err.printf("Please invoke the \"connect\" function before attempting to " +
+                    "call any other API functions.");
+            Runtime.getRuntime().exit(-1);
+        }
+
+        JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_INFO, getCookie());
+        return (JSONObject) jsonObject.get("data");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function submits a link or self post.
+     *
+     * @param title      The title of the submission
+     * @param linkOrText The link of the submission or text
+     * @param selfPost   If this submission is a self post
+     * @param subreddit  Which subreddit to submit this to
+     * @return A JSONObject
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    private JSONObject submit(String title, String linkOrText, boolean selfPost, String subreddit) throws IOException, ParseException {
+        return Utils.post("title=" + title + "&" + (selfPost ? "text" : "url")
+                + "=" + linkOrText + "&sr=" + subreddit + "&kind="
+                + (selfPost ? "self" : "link") + "&uh=" + getModhash(),
+                ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMIT, getCookie());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public List<Comment> comments() {
+        return User.comments(username);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns misc info about the user (which consists of comment karma, mod
+     * mail identifier, created timestamp, gold member identifier, mod
+     * identifier, link karma and mail identifier).
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose account info you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return Misc info about the user.
+     */
+    public static UserInfo about(String username) {
+        UserInfo info = null;
+
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_ABOUT, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+
+            // Init account info wrapper
+            info = new UserInfo(Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("comment_karma"))),
+                    Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(data.get("link_karma"))),
+                    Float.parseFloat(Utils.toString(data.get("created_utc"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_gold"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("is_mod"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mail"))),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(Utils.toString(data.get("has_mod_mail"))));
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Error retrieving user information for " + username);
+        }
+
+        return info;
+    }
+
+
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username) {
+        return comments(username, CommentSort.NEW);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose comments you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of top 500 comments made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Comment> comments(String username, CommentSort commentSort) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Comment> comments = new ArrayList<Comment>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_COMMENTS,
+                            username, commentSort.getValue()), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            Comment c;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+
+                // Create a new comment
+                c = new Comment(Utils.toString(obj.get("body")), Utils.toString(obj.get("edited")),
+                        Utils.toString(obj.get("created_utc")), Utils.toString(obj.get("replies")),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("ups"))),
+                        Integer.parseInt(Utils.toString(obj.get("downs"))));
+
+                // Add it to the submissions list
+                comments.add(c);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        // Return the submissions
+        return comments;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions made by this user.
+     *
+     * @param username The username of the user whose submissions you want
+     *                 to retrieve.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions made by this user.
+     */
+    public static List<Submission> submissions(String username) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS, username), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                //add a new Submission to the list
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        // Return the submissions
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked.
+     *
+     * @return List of liked links with default sorting.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions() {
+        return getLikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user liked with a Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of liked submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getLikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("liked", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user chose to hide. with the default sorting
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions() {
+        return getHiddenSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user chose to hide with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of hidden Submissions with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getHiddenSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("hidden", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with the default sort
+     *
+     * @return List of saved links
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions() {
+        return getSavedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user saved with a specified sorting
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of saved links with a Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSavedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("saved", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions() {
+        return getSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that the user submitted with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of submitted Submissions with a specified Reddit sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("submitted", sort);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions that this user disliked with the default Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @return List of disliked links.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions() {
+        return getDislikedSubmissions(Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Submissions that this user disliked with a specified Reddit sort
+     *
+     * @param sort Which sort you'd like to apply
+     * @return List of disliked sorts with a specified sort
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getDislikedSubmissions(Sort sort) {
+        return getUserSubmissions("disliked", sort);
+    }
+
+    public List<Submission> getUserOverview() {
+        return getUserSubmissions("overview", Sort.HOT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * private function used to get submissions that a user interacts with on Reddit
+     *
+     * @param where place of Submission - see http://www.reddit.com/dev/api#GET_user_{username}_{where}
+     * @return Submissions from the specified location, null if the location is invalid
+     */
+    private List<Submission> getUserSubmissions(String where, Sort sort) {
+        //valid arguments for where the Submission can come from
+        final String[] LOCATIONS = {
+                //TODO: not all of these JSONs return something that can be processed purely into a Submission class, until those are taken care of, I commented them out
+                /*"overview",*/ "submitted", /*"comments",*/ "liked", "disliked", "hidden", "saved"
+        };
+        //check to see if we have a valid location
+        boolean valid = false;
+        for (String LOCATION : LOCATIONS) {
+            valid = where.equals(LOCATION);
+            if (valid) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (!valid) {
+            System.err.println(where + " is an invalid location");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        //if we got this far, the location is valid
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>();
+        try {
+            JSONObject object =
+                    (JSONObject) Utils.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_SUBMISSIONS_INTERACTION,
+                            username, where, sort.getValue()), cookie);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return submissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of Subreddits to which the user is subscribed.
+     * @return List of Subreddits
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> getSubscribed() {
+        List<Subreddit> subscibed = new ArrayList<Subreddit>(1000);
+        JSONObject object = (JSONObject) Utils.get(ApiEndpointUtils.USER_GET_SUBSCRIBED, cookie);
+
+        JSONObject rawData = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+        JSONArray subreddits = (JSONArray) rawData.get("children");
+
+        for (Object subreddit : subreddits) {
+            JSONObject obj = (JSONObject) subreddit;
+            obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+            Subreddit sub = new Subreddit(obj.get("display_name").toString(),
+                    obj.get("display_name").toString(), obj.get("title").toString(),
+                    obj.get("url").toString(), obj.get("created").toString(),
+                    obj.get("created_utc").toString(),
+                    Boolean.parseBoolean(obj.get("over18").toString()),
+                    Integer.parseInt(obj.get("subscribers").toString()),
+                    obj.get("id").toString(), obj.get("description").toString());
+            subscibed.add(sub);
+        }
+
+        return subscibed;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `info(this)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 112.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean User.hasMail()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.user.User.hasMail():boolean.88ae914bf70a352f7fe00b21b1896d95
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/user/User.java
+
+### Key:
+User.java|hasMail|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+412b07b5a56bd8b61dbc504f057bea71
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8330/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8330/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16a4f61c6897de165d1f54709c8964a18080bfc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8330/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** whatsmars
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.whatsmars.tomcat.connector;
+
+import com.whatsmars.tomcat.servlet.ServletProcessor;
+import com.whatsmars.tomcat.servlet.StaticResourceProcessor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+/**
+ * Created by shenhongxi on 16/4/11.
+ */
+public class HttpProcessor {
+
+    HttpConnector connector;
+    HttpRequest request;
+    HttpResponse response;
+
+    public HttpProcessor(HttpConnector connector) {
+        this.connector = connector;
+    }
+
+    public void process(Socket socket) {
+        SocketInputStream input = null;
+        OutputStream output = null;
+        try {
+            input = new SocketInputStream(socket.getInputStream(), 2048); // 1.读取套接字的输入流
+            output = socket.getOutputStream();
+
+            // create HttpRequest object and parse
+            request = new HttpRequest(input);
+            response = new HttpResponse(output);
+            response.setRequest(request);
+            response.setHeader("Server", "Mars Servlet Container");
+            
+            parseRequest(input, output); // 解析请求行，即HTTP请求的第一行内容
+            parseHeaders(input); // 解析请求头
+            // request.addHeader(name, value); // 将请求头的名/值添加到request对象的HashMap请求头中
+
+            if (request.getUri().startsWith("/servlet/")) {
+                ServletProcessor processor = new ServletProcessor();
+                //processor.process(request, response);
+            } else {
+                StaticResourceProcessor processor = new StaticResourceProcessor();
+                //processor.process(request, response);
+            }
+
+            socket.close();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void parseHeaders(SocketInputStream input) {
+        int line = -1;
+        while (line != -1) { // 一行一行解析完hear
+            HttpHeader httpHeader = new HttpHeader();
+            input.readHeader(httpHeader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void parseRequest(SocketInputStream input, OutputStream output) {
+        StringBuffer requestStr = new StringBuffer(2048);
+        int i;
+        byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
+        try {
+            i = input.read(buffer);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            i = -1;
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+            requestStr.append((char) buffer[j]);
+        }
+        System.out.println(requestStr.toString());
+        String uri = parseUri(requestStr.toString());
+        request.setUri(uri);
+
+        // 填充HttpRequest对象
+    }
+
+    private String parseUri(String requestStr) {
+        // GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
+        // Accept: text/plain; text/html
+        // ...
+        int index1 = requestStr.indexOf(' ');
+        int index2;
+        if (index1 != -1) {
+            index2 = requestStr.indexOf(' ', index1 + 1);
+            if (index2 > index1) {
+                return requestStr.substring(index1 + 1, index2);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `HttpProcessor.request.getUri()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 40.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HttpProcessor.process(Socket)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.whatsmars.tomcat.connector.HttpProcessor.process(java.net.Socket):void.7a0405d50482050a13899f9ea1620839
+
+### File:
+whatsmars-tomcat/src/main/java/com/whatsmars/tomcat/connector/HttpProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpProcessor.java|process|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3442af1456cb5324245dc37b47d44129
+
+### Hash:
+2b69e64cec9dfc62d06d33ed672e99a5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8339/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8339/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0decbabaca249f13f707eeefde4c882f81a7a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8339/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** simple-sso
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.sheefee.simple.sso.server.controller;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
+
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
+import org.springframework.ui.Model;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+
+import com.sheefee.simple.sso.client.constant.AuthConst;
+import com.sheefee.simple.sso.client.util.AuthUtil;
+import com.sheefee.simple.sso.server.service.AuthService;
+
+/**
+ * 登录和授权控制器
+ * 
+ * @author sheefee
+ * @date 2017年9月12日 下午2:09:47
+ *
+ */
+@Controller
+public class LoginController {
+	@Autowired
+	private AuthService authService;
+
+	/**
+	 * 登录
+	 * 
+	 * @author sheefee
+	 * @date 2017年9月12日 下午2:09:24
+	 * @param request
+	 * @param model
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@RequestMapping("/login")
+	public String login(HttpServletRequest request, Model model) {
+		// 验证用户信息
+		if (!"sheefee".equals(request.getParameter("username"))) {
+			model.addAttribute("error", "user not exist.");
+			return "redirect:/";
+		}
+
+		// 创建授权令牌，将会话标记为已登录，并将token放于会话中
+		String token = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+		request.getSession().setAttribute(AuthConst.IS_LOGIN, true);
+		request.getSession().setAttribute(AuthConst.TOKEN, token);
+
+		// 如果是客户端发起的登录请求，跳转回客户端，并附带token
+		String clientUrl = request.getParameter(AuthConst.CLIENT_URL);
+		if (clientUrl != null && !"".equals(clientUrl)) {
+			// 存储token与客户端url的关联关系
+			authService.register(token, clientUrl);
+			return "redirect:" + clientUrl + "?" + AuthConst.TOKEN + "=" + token;
+		}
+
+		// 认证中心发起的登录请求，跳转至登录成功页面
+		return "redirect:/";
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 注销
+	 * 
+	 * @author sheefee
+	 * @date 2017年9月12日 下午2:08:51
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@RequestMapping("/logout")
+	public String logout(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		HttpSession session = request.getSession();
+		
+		// 注销本地会话
+		if (session != null) {
+			session.invalidate();
+		}
+		
+		// 如果是客户端发起的注销请求
+		String token = (String) session.getAttribute(AuthConst.TOKEN);
+		List<String> clientUrls = authService.remove(token);
+		if (clientUrls != null && clientUrls.size() > 0) {
+			Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
+			params.put(AuthConst.LOGOUT_REQUEST, AuthConst.LOGOUT_REQUEST);
+			params.put(AuthConst.TOKEN, token);
+			for (String url : clientUrls) {
+				AuthUtil.post(url, params);
+			}
+		}
+		// 重定向到登录页面
+		return "redirect:/";
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `session` last assigned on line 75 could be null and is dereferenced at line 83.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String LoginController.logout(HttpServletRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.sheefee.simple.sso.server.controller.LoginController.logout(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletReques.9b1eea85a39cebf8f8d61a6cc8df204f
+
+### File:
+simple-sso-server/src/main/java/com/sheefee/simple/sso/server/controller/LoginController.java
+
+### Key:
+LoginController.java|logout|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c7079b648fd4aedb7f73ec98bc91006f
+
+### Hash:
+7c626172830bb9774de387ab58c4cc59
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8341/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8341/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93f04fa41bb5a9f8245331e90ccc52e412a770cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8341/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** genson
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.owlike.genson.stream;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+import com.owlike.genson.stream.JsonReader;
+import com.owlike.genson.stream.ValueType;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+@RunWith(value = org.junit.runners.Parameterized.class)
+public class JsonReaderTest {
+	private boolean strictDoubleParse;
+	private boolean readMetadata;
+
+	public JsonReaderTest(boolean strictDoubleParse, boolean readMetadata) {
+		this.strictDoubleParse = strictDoubleParse;
+		this.readMetadata = readMetadata;
+	}
+
+	// lets run all the tests for strict double parse and custom, but also with metadata and without
+	@Parameters
+	public static Collection<Boolean[]> data() {
+		return Arrays.asList(new Boolean[] { true, true }, new Boolean[] { true, false },
+				new Boolean[] { false, true }, new Boolean[] { false, false });
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testReader() throws IOException {
+		String src = "{\"nom\" : \"toto titi, tu\", \"prenom\" : \"albert  \", \"entier\" : 1322.6}";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		reader.beginObject();
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.STRING);
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "nom");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "toto titi, tu");
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.STRING);
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "prenom");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "albert  ");
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.DOUBLE);
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "entier");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "1322.6");
+		assertFalse(reader.hasNext());
+
+		reader.endObject();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testTokenTypesAndHasNext() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[{\"a\": 1, \"b\": \"a\", \"c\":1.1,\"d\":null,\"e\":false, \"f\":[]},[1, 1.1], null, false, true, \"tt\"]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+
+		reader.beginArray();
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.OBJECT);
+		assertEquals(reader.beginObject().next(), ValueType.INTEGER);
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.STRING);
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.DOUBLE);
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.NULL);
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.BOOLEAN);
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.ARRAY);
+		assertFalse(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+		assertTrue(reader.endArray().endObject().hasNext());
+
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.ARRAY);
+		assertTrue(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.INTEGER);
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.DOUBLE);
+		assertFalse(reader.hasNext());
+
+		assertTrue(reader.endArray().hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.NULL);
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.BOOLEAN);
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.BOOLEAN);
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.STRING);
+		assertFalse(reader.hasNext());
+
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testReadDoubles() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[" + String.valueOf(Double.MAX_VALUE) + ","
+				+ String.valueOf(Double.MIN_VALUE) + "," + Double.MAX_VALUE + "" + 1 + ","
+				+ -Double.MAX_VALUE + "" + 1 + "]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		reader.beginArray();
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(Double.MAX_VALUE == reader.valueAsDouble());
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(Double.MIN_VALUE == reader.valueAsDouble());
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(Double.isInfinite(reader.valueAsDouble()));
+		assertTrue(Double.MAX_VALUE < reader.valueAsDouble());
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(Double.isInfinite(reader.valueAsDouble()));
+		assertTrue(0 > reader.valueAsDouble());
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testNumberConversion() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[1, 1.1, 1e-32, 12345678901234567890]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		reader.beginArray();
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(1, reader.valueAsInt());
+		assertEquals(1l, reader.valueAsLong());
+		assertEquals(1d, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		assertEquals(1f, reader.valueAsFloat(), 0);
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(1, reader.valueAsInt());
+		assertEquals(1l, reader.valueAsLong());
+		assertEquals(1.1, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		assertEquals(1.1f, reader.valueAsFloat(), 0);
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(0, reader.valueAsInt());
+		assertEquals(0l, reader.valueAsLong());
+		assertEquals(1e-32, reader.valueAsDouble(), 1e-33);
+		assertEquals(1e-32f, reader.valueAsFloat(), 0);
+
+		reader.next();
+		try {
+			// it must throw an numberformatexception as the integer part value will overflow ints
+			// capacity
+			reader.valueAsInt();
+			fail();
+		} catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+		}
+		try {
+			// it must throw an numberformatexception as the integer part value will overflow longs
+			// capacity
+			reader.valueAsLong();
+			fail();
+		} catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+		}
+		assertEquals(12345678901234567890d, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		assertEquals(12345678901234567890f, reader.valueAsFloat(), 0);
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	// bugs signaled by Jesse Wilson
+	@Test
+	public void testReadExtremeDoubles() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[1111e-4, 1e-4, 0.11111111111111111111, 2.2250738585072014e-308, 1.2345678901234567e22]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		reader.beginArray();
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(1111e-4, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(1e-4, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(0.11111111111111111111, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(2.2250738585072014e-308, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(1.2345678901234567e22, reader.valueAsDouble(), 0);
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testReadLong() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[" + String.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE) + "," + String.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE)
+				+ "," + 999999999999999990l + "]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		reader.beginArray();
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(Long.MAX_VALUE == reader.valueAsLong());
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(Long.MIN_VALUE == reader.valueAsLong());
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(999999999999999990l == reader.valueAsLong());
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPrimitivesArray() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[\"\\u0019\",\"abcde ..u\",null,12222.0101,true,false,9.0E-7]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+
+		reader.beginArray();
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "\u0019");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "abcde ..u");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), null);
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "12222.0101");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "true");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "false");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "9.0E-7");
+		assertTrue(reader.valueAsDouble() == 0.0000009);
+
+		assertFalse(reader.hasNext());
+
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPrimitivesObject() throws IOException {
+		String src = "{\"a\":1.0,\"b\":\"abcde ..u\",\"c\":null,\"d\":12222.0101,\"e\":true,\"f\":false,\"h\":-0.9}";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+
+		reader.beginObject();
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "a");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "1.0");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "b");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "abcde ..u");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "c");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), null);
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "d");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "12222.0101");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "e");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "true");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "f");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "false");
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "h");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "-0.9");
+
+		reader.endObject();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testEmptyArrayAndObjects() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[{},[]]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+
+		assertTrue(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.OBJECT);
+		assertFalse(reader.beginObject().hasNext());
+		assertTrue(reader.endObject().hasNext());
+		assertEquals(reader.next(), ValueType.ARRAY);
+		assertFalse(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+		assertFalse(reader.endArray().hasNext());
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testRootArrayAndNestedObjects() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[{},      " + "	[]," + "	[\"a a\", -9.9909], " + "false, " + "{"
+				+ "	\"nom\": \"toto\", " + "\"tab\":[5,6,7], "
+				+ "\"nestedObj\":	   	 {\"prenom\":\"titi\"}" + "}" + "]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+
+		assertTrue(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertFalse(reader.beginObject().hasNext());
+		assertTrue(reader.endObject().hasNext());
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertFalse(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+		assertTrue(reader.endArray().hasNext());
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "a a");
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "-9.9909");
+		assertFalse(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.endArray();
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "false");
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertTrue(reader.beginObject().hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "nom");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "toto");
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "tab");
+		assertTrue(reader.beginArray().hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "5");
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "6");
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "7");
+		assertFalse(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.endArray();
+
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "nestedObj");
+		assertTrue(reader.beginObject().hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "prenom");
+		assertEquals(reader.valueAsString(), "titi");
+		reader.endObject();
+
+		reader.endObject();
+
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testSkipValue() throws IOException {
+		String src = "{\"a\":[], \"b\":{}, \"c\": [{\"c\":null, \"d\":121212.02}, 4, null], \"e\":1234, \"end\":\"the end\"}";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+
+		reader.beginObject();
+
+		reader.next();
+		reader.skipValue();
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "b");
+		reader.skipValue();
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "c");
+		reader.skipValue();
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "e");
+		reader.skipValue();
+
+		assertTrue(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.next();
+		assertEquals(reader.name(), "end");
+
+		reader.endObject();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIllegalReadObjectInstedOfArray() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[1,2]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		try {
+			reader.beginObject();
+			fail();
+		} catch (IllegalStateException ise) {
+		}
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIllegalOperationCallNext() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[1,2]";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		try {
+			reader.beginArray();
+			reader.next();
+			reader.next();
+			reader.next();
+			fail();
+		} catch (IllegalStateException ise) {
+		}
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIncompleteSource() throws IOException {
+		String src = "[1,";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		try {
+			reader.beginArray();
+			reader.next();
+			reader.next();
+			fail();
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+		}
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMetadata() throws IOException {
+		String src = "{\"@class\"	: \"theclass\"" + ",     \"@author\":\"me\""
+				+ ", \"@comment\":\"no comment\"" + ", \"obj\" :      	"
+				+ "			{\"@class\":\"anotherclass\"}}";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), false, true);
+		assertTrue(reader.beginObject().hasNext());
+		assertEquals("theclass", reader.metadata("class"));
+		assertEquals("me", reader.metadata("author"));
+		assertEquals("no comment", reader.metadata("comment"));
+		reader.next();
+		reader.beginObject();
+		assertNull(reader.metadata("author"));
+		assertEquals("anotherclass", reader.metadata("class"));
+		assertFalse(reader.hasNext());
+		reader.endObject().endObject();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipleCallsTonextObjectMetadata() throws IOException {
+		String src = "{\"@class\"	: \"theclass\"" + ",     \"@author\":\"me\""
+				+ ", \"@comment\":\"no comment\"}";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), false, true);
+		assertEquals("theclass", reader.nextObjectMetadata().nextObjectMetadata().metadata("class"));
+		assertEquals("theclass", reader.nextObjectMetadata().metadata("class"));
+		assertEquals("no comment", reader.metadata("comment"));
+		assertEquals("no comment", reader.nextObjectMetadata().metadata("comment"));
+		assertEquals("me", reader.beginObject().metadata("author"));
+		reader.endObject();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testReadMalformedJson() throws IOException {
+		String src = "";
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(src), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		try {
+			reader.beginObject();
+			fail();
+		} catch (IllegalStateException ise) {
+		}
+		reader.close();
+	}
+	
+	// TODO this test fails for the moment as we do not handle values that overflow the buffer capacity
+	public void testReadOverflowingExtremlyLongNumber() throws IOException {
+		char[] array = new char[4100];
+		array[0] = '[';
+		array[array.length-1] = ']';
+		for (int i = 1; i < array.length-1; i++) {
+			array[i] = (char) (i%10 + 48);
+		}
+		String json = new String(array);
+		JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new StringReader(json), strictDoubleParse, readMetadata);
+		reader.beginArray();
+		reader.next();
+		reader.endArray();
+		reader.close();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.owlike.genson.stream.JsonReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 462 is not released after line 469.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 464
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JsonReaderTest.testReadMalformedJson()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.owlike.genson.stream.JsonReaderTest.testReadMalformedJson():void.246e919c76bcd0a975bc398cb91cc919
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/owlike/genson/stream/JsonReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JsonReaderTest.java|testReadMalformedJson|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+95ced91ca0473a6646194f1eb482b307
+
+### Hash:
+73f32f9d7e5cb6f6dfba17b855c9d966
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8346/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8346/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f51bf2f93de68bed79ef5f4490c3d0fb27d82ea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8346/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** genson
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.owlike.genson.stream;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.owlike.genson.TransformationRuntimeException;
+import static com.owlike.genson.stream.ValueType.*;
+
+/*
+ * TODO handle rows/cols for more precise exceptions (pretty printing)
+ */
+public class JsonReader implements ObjectReader {
+	protected final static String NULL_VALUE = "null";
+
+	protected final static int[] SKIPPED_TOKENS;
+	static {
+		SKIPPED_TOKENS = new int[128];
+		SKIPPED_TOKENS['\t'] = 1;
+		SKIPPED_TOKENS['\b'] = 1;
+		SKIPPED_TOKENS['\n'] = 1;
+		SKIPPED_TOKENS['\r'] = 1;
+		SKIPPED_TOKENS['\f'] = 1;
+		SKIPPED_TOKENS[' '] = 1;
+	}
+
+	private final static boolean[] _NEXT_TOKEN = new boolean[128];
+	static {
+		_NEXT_TOKEN[','] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['"'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['{'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['['] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['n'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['N'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['-'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['t'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['f'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['T'] = true;
+		_NEXT_TOKEN['F'] = true;
+
+		for (int i = 48; i < 58; i++)
+			_NEXT_TOKEN[i] = true;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Recupere dans Jackson
+	 */
+	private final static int[] sHexValues = new int[128];
+	static {
+		Arrays.fill(sHexValues, -1);
+		for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+			sHexValues['0' + i] = i;
+		}
+		for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
+			sHexValues['a' + i] = 10 + i;
+			sHexValues['A' + i] = 10 + i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private final static double[] _POWS = new double[309];
+	static {
+		for (int i = 0; i < _POWS.length; i++)
+			_POWS[i] = Math.pow(10, i);
+	}
+
+	private final Reader reader;
+	private final boolean strictDoubleParse;
+	private final boolean readMetadata;
+	private final char[] _buffer = new char[2048];
+	private int _position;
+	private int _cursor;
+	private int _buflen;
+
+	private char[] _stringBuffer = new char[16];
+	private int _stringBufferTail = 0;
+	private int _stringBufferLength = _stringBuffer.length;
+
+	private String currentName;
+	private String _stringValue;
+	protected long _intValue;
+	protected double _doubleValue;
+	private int _numberLen = 0;
+	private Boolean _booleanValue;
+	private ValueType valueType;
+	private boolean _first = true;
+	private boolean _metadata_readen = false;
+	private Map<String, String> _metadata = new HashMap<String, String>(5);
+
+	private final Deque<JsonType> _ctx = new ArrayDeque<JsonType>();
+	{
+		_ctx.push(JsonType.EMPTY);
+	}
+
+	public JsonReader(String source) {
+		this(new StringReader(source), false, false);
+	}
+
+	public JsonReader(Reader reader, boolean strictDoubleParse, boolean readMetadata) {
+		this.reader = reader;
+		this.strictDoubleParse = strictDoubleParse;
+		this.readMetadata = readMetadata;
+		try {
+			char token = (char) readNextToken(false);
+			if ('[' == token)
+				valueType = ARRAY;
+			else if ('{' == token)
+				valueType = OBJECT;
+			else {
+				// ok lets try to read next
+				if (_buflen > 0) {
+					try {
+						valueType = consumeValue();
+					} catch (IllegalStateException ise) {
+						try {
+							// we must cheat because consumeString attends the current token to be "
+							// and will increment the cursor
+							_cursor = -1;
+							_position = -1;
+							_stringValue = consumeString('"');
+							valueType = STRING;
+						} catch (RuntimeException re) {
+							throw ise;
+						}
+					}
+					if (valueOf(valueType.name()) == null)
+						throw new TransformationRuntimeException(
+								"Failed to instanciate reader, first character was " + (char) token
+										+ " when possible character are [ and {");
+				} else
+					valueType = NULL;
+			}
+		} catch (IOException ioe) {
+			throw new TransformationRuntimeException("Failed to instanciate reader!", ioe);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void close() throws IOException {
+		reader.close();
+	}
+
+	public ObjectReader beginArray() throws IOException {
+		begin('[', JsonType.ARRAY);
+		valueType = ARRAY;
+		if (_metadata_readen) _metadata.clear();
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public ObjectReader beginObject() throws IOException {
+		if (!_metadata_readen) {
+			begin('{', JsonType.OBJECT);
+			valueType = OBJECT;
+			if (readMetadata) {
+				_metadata.clear();
+				readMetadata();
+			}
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public ObjectReader nextObjectMetadata() throws IOException {
+		return beginObject();
+	}
+
+	public ObjectReader endArray() throws IOException {
+		end(']', JsonType.ARRAY);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public ObjectReader endObject() throws IOException {
+		end('}', JsonType.OBJECT);
+		_metadata.clear();
+		_metadata_readen = false;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public String name() {
+		return currentName;
+	}
+
+	public String valueAsString() {
+		if (STRING == valueType) return _stringValue;
+		if (INTEGER == valueType) return "" + _intValue;
+		if (DOUBLE == valueType) return "" + _doubleValue;
+		if (NULL == valueType) return null;
+		if (BOOLEAN == valueType) {
+			return _booleanValue.toString();
+		}
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Readen value can not be converted to String");
+	}
+
+	public int valueAsInt() throws IOException {
+		if (INTEGER == valueType) {
+			int value = (int) _intValue;
+			if (value != _intValue)
+				throwNumberFormatException("an int", "overflowing long value " + _intValue);
+			return value;
+		} else if (DOUBLE == valueType) {
+			int value = (int) _doubleValue;
+			long longValue = (long) _doubleValue;
+			// lets accept only if the integer part is the same and ignore the decimals
+			if (value != longValue) {
+				throwNumberFormatException("an int", "overflowing double value " + _doubleValue);
+			}
+			return value;
+		} else if (STRING == valueType)
+			return "".equals(_stringValue) ? 0 : Integer.parseInt(_stringValue);
+		else if (NULL == valueType) return 0;
+
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Expected a int but value is of type " + valueType);
+	}
+
+	public long valueAsLong() throws IOException {
+		if (INTEGER == valueType) {
+			return _intValue;
+		} else if (DOUBLE == valueType) {
+			if (Long.MIN_VALUE > _doubleValue || _doubleValue > Long.MAX_VALUE) {
+				throwNumberFormatException("a long", "overflowing double value " + _doubleValue);
+			}
+			return (long) _doubleValue;
+		} else if (STRING == valueType)
+			return "".equals(_stringValue) ? 0 : Long.parseLong(_stringValue);
+		else if (NULL == valueType) return 0l;
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Expected a long but value is of type " + valueType);
+	}
+
+	public double valueAsDouble() throws IOException {
+		if (DOUBLE == valueType) {
+			return _doubleValue;
+		} else if (INTEGER == valueType) {
+			// for the moment lets do that even if there is some precision loss...
+			return Long.valueOf(_intValue).doubleValue();
+		} else if (STRING == valueType)
+			return "".equals(_stringValue) ? 0 : Double.parseDouble(_stringValue);
+		else if (NULL == valueType) return 0d;
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Expected a double but value is of type " + valueType);
+	}
+
+	public short valueAsShort() throws IOException {
+		if (INTEGER == valueType) {
+			short value = (short) _intValue;
+			if (value != _intValue)
+				throwNumberFormatException("a short", "overflowing long value " + _intValue);
+			return value;
+		} else if (DOUBLE == valueType) {
+			short value = (short) _doubleValue;
+			long longValue = (long) _doubleValue;
+			// lets accept only if the integer part is the same and ignore the decimals
+			if (value != longValue) {
+				throwNumberFormatException("a short", "overflowing double value " + _doubleValue);
+			}
+			return value;
+		} else if (STRING == valueType)
+			return "".equals(_stringValue) ? 0 : Short.parseShort(_stringValue);
+		else if (NULL == valueType) return 0;
+
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Expected a short but value is of type " + valueType);
+	}
+
+	public float valueAsFloat() throws IOException {
+		if (DOUBLE == valueType) {
+			if (Float.MIN_VALUE > _doubleValue || _doubleValue > Float.MAX_VALUE)
+				throwNumberFormatException("a float", "overflowing double value " + _doubleValue);
+			return (float) _doubleValue;
+		} else if (INTEGER == valueType) {
+			// same as for doubles, for the moment lets do that even if there is some precision
+			// loss...
+			return Long.valueOf(_intValue).floatValue();
+		} else if (STRING == valueType)
+			return "".equals(_stringValue) ? 0 : Float.parseFloat(_stringValue);
+		else if (NULL == valueType) return 0f;
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Expected a float but value is of type " + valueType);
+	}
+
+	public boolean valueAsBoolean() throws IOException {
+		if (BOOLEAN == valueType) {
+			return _booleanValue;
+		}
+		if (STRING == valueType)
+			return Boolean.parseBoolean(_stringValue);
+		if (NULL == valueType) return false;
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Readen value is not of type boolean");
+	}
+
+	public String metadata(String name) throws IOException {
+		if (!_metadata_readen) nextObjectMetadata();
+		return _metadata.get(name);
+	}
+
+	public ValueType getValueType() {
+		return valueType;
+	}
+
+	public ObjectReader skipValue() throws IOException {
+
+		if (ARRAY == valueType || OBJECT == valueType) {
+			int balance = 0;
+			do {
+				if (ARRAY == valueType) {
+					beginArray();
+					balance++;
+				} else if (OBJECT == valueType) {
+					beginObject();
+					balance++;
+				}
+				if (hasNext())
+					next();
+				else {
+					JsonType type = _ctx.peek();
+					if (JsonType.ARRAY == type) {
+						endArray();
+						balance--;
+					} else if (JsonType.OBJECT == type) {
+						endObject();
+						balance--;
+					}
+				}
+			} while (balance > 0);
+		}
+
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	public boolean hasNext() throws IOException {
+		int token = readNextToken(false);
+		if (token == -1) return false;
+		if (token < 128) {
+			if (_first)
+				return _NEXT_TOKEN[token];
+			else if (token == ',') return true;
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public ValueType next() throws IOException {
+		_metadata_readen = false;
+		_first = false;
+		
+		char ctoken = (char) readNextToken(false);
+
+		if (ctoken == ',') {
+			_cursor++;
+			ctoken = (char) readNextToken(false);
+		} else if (JsonType.ARRAY == _ctx.peek()) {
+			if (ctoken == '[') {
+				valueType = ARRAY;
+				return valueType;
+			}
+			if (ctoken == '{') {
+				valueType = OBJECT;
+				return valueType;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (JsonType.OBJECT == _ctx.peek()) {
+			currentName = consumeName(ctoken);
+			if (readNextToken(true) != ':') newWrongTokenException(":", _cursor - 1);
+		}
+
+		valueType = consumeValue();
+		return valueType;
+	}
+
+	protected final ValueType consumeValue() throws IOException {
+		char ctoken = (char) readNextToken(false);
+		if (ctoken == '"') {
+			_stringValue = consumeString(ctoken);
+			return STRING;
+		} else if (ctoken == '[')
+			return ARRAY;
+		else if (ctoken == '{')
+			return OBJECT;
+		else
+			return consumeLiteral();
+	}
+
+	protected final void readMetadata() throws IOException {
+		_metadata_readen = true;
+		while (true) {
+			char ctoken = (char) readNextToken(false);
+			if ('"' != ctoken) return;
+			ensureBufferHas(2, true);
+
+			if ('@' == _buffer[_cursor + 1]) {
+				_cursor++;
+				// we cheat here...
+				String key = consumeString(ctoken);
+
+				if (readNextToken(true) != ':') newWrongTokenException(":", _cursor - 1);
+
+				String value = consumeString((char) readNextToken(false));
+				_metadata.put(key, value);
+				if (readNextToken(false) == ',') {
+					_cursor++;
+				}
+			} else
+				return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected final void begin(int character, JsonType type) throws IOException {
+		int token = readNextToken(true);
+		// seems unecessary as it is done in readNextToken
+		// checkIllegalEnd(token);
+		if (character == token) {
+			_ctx.push(type);
+		} else
+			newWrongTokenException("" + (char) character, _cursor - 1);
+		_first = true;
+	}
+
+	protected final void end(int character, JsonType type) throws IOException {
+		int token = readNextToken(true);
+		// seems unecessary as it is done in readNextToken
+		// checkIllegalEnd(token);
+		if (character == token && type == _ctx.peek()) {
+			_ctx.pop();
+		} else
+			newWrongTokenException("" + (char) character, _cursor - 1);
+		_first = false;
+	}
+
+	protected final String consumeName(int token) throws IOException {
+		if (token != '"') newMisplacedTokenException(_cursor);
+		_cursor++;
+		boolean buffered = false;
+		while (true) {
+			fillBuffer(true);
+			int i = _cursor;
+			for (; i < _buflen; i++) {
+				if (_buffer[i] == '"') {
+					if (buffered) {
+						writeToStringBuffer(_buffer, _cursor, i - _cursor);
+						_cursor = i + 1;
+						String name = new String(_stringBuffer, 0, _stringBufferTail);
+						_stringBufferTail = 0;
+						return name;
+					} else {
+						String name = new String(_buffer, _cursor, i - _cursor);
+						_cursor = i + 1;
+						return name;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			buffered = true;
+			writeToStringBuffer(_buffer, _cursor, i - _cursor);
+			_cursor = i + 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected final String consumeString(int token) throws IOException {
+		if (token != '"') newMisplacedTokenException(_cursor);
+		_cursor++;
+		boolean buffered = false;
+		while (true) {
+			fillBuffer(true);
+
+			int i = _cursor;
+			for (; i < _buflen;) {
+				if (_buffer[i] == '\\') {
+					buffered = true;
+					writeToStringBuffer(_buffer, _cursor, i - _cursor);
+					_cursor = i + 1;
+					if (_stringBufferLength <= (_stringBufferTail + 1)) expandStringBuffer(16);
+					_stringBuffer[_stringBufferTail++] = readEscaped();
+					i = _cursor;
+				} else if (_buffer[i] == '"') {
+					if (buffered) {
+						writeToStringBuffer(_buffer, _cursor, i - _cursor);
+						_cursor = i + 1;
+						String name = new String(_stringBuffer, 0, _stringBufferTail);
+						_stringBufferTail = 0;
+						return name;
+					} else {
+						String name = new String(_buffer, _cursor, i - _cursor);
+						_cursor = i + 1;
+						return name;
+					}
+				} else
+					i++;
+			}
+
+			buffered = true;
+			writeToStringBuffer(_buffer, _cursor, i - _cursor);
+			_cursor = i + 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reads the next literal value into _booleanValue, _doubleValue or _intValue and returns the
+	 * type of the readed literal, possible values are : INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN, NULL. When
+	 * calling this method the _cursor must be positioned on the first character of the value in the
+	 * _buffer, you can ensure that by calling {@link #readNextToken(false)}.
+	 */
+	protected final ValueType consumeLiteral() throws IOException {
+		int token = _buffer[_cursor];
+
+		if ((token > 47 && token < 58) || token == 45) {
+			return consumeNumber();
+		} else {
+			ensureBufferHas(4, true);
+
+			if ((_buffer[_cursor] == 'N' || _buffer[_cursor] == 'n')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 1] == 'U' || _buffer[_cursor + 1] == 'u')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 2] == 'L' || _buffer[_cursor + 2] == 'l')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 3] == 'L' || _buffer[_cursor + 3] == 'l')) {
+				_cursor += 4;
+				return NULL;
+			}
+
+			if ((_buffer[_cursor] == 'T' || _buffer[_cursor] == 't')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 1] == 'R' || _buffer[_cursor + 1] == 'r')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 2] == 'U' || _buffer[_cursor + 2] == 'u')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 3] == 'E' || _buffer[_cursor + 3] == 'e')) {
+				_booleanValue = true;
+				_cursor += 4;
+				return BOOLEAN;
+			}
+			ensureBufferHas(5, true);
+
+			if ((_buffer[_cursor] == 'F' || _buffer[_cursor] == 'f')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 1] == 'A' || _buffer[_cursor + 1] == 'a')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 2] == 'L' || _buffer[_cursor + 2] == 'l')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 3] == 'S' || _buffer[_cursor + 3] == 's')
+					&& (_buffer[_cursor + 4] == 'E' || _buffer[_cursor + 4] == 'e')) {
+				_booleanValue = false;
+				_cursor += 5;
+				return BOOLEAN;
+			} else {
+				throw new IllegalStateException("Illegal character around position "
+						+ (_position - valueAsString().length() - _buflen + _cursor)
+						+ " awaited for literal (number, boolean or null) but read '"
+						+ _buffer[_cursor] + "'!");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private ValueType consumeNumber() throws IOException {
+		// lets fill the buffer and handle differently overflowing values
+		if ((_buflen - _cursor) < 378)
+			ensureBufferHas(_buflen, false);
+		
+		int begin = _cursor;
+		int cur;
+		boolean negative;
+		// check the sign
+		if (_buffer[_cursor] == 45) {
+			negative = true;
+			_cursor++;
+			cur = _cursor;
+		} else {
+			negative = false;
+			cur = _cursor;
+		}
+		// just to handle invalid leading 0000
+		for (; cur < _buflen && _buffer[cur] == 48; cur++)
+			;
+		// Careful we consume the '-' here, but also all the leading 0, even if it is of form 0.xxx
+		_cursor = cur;
+
+		int len = Math.min(_buflen, cur + 18);
+		int token;
+
+		long longValue = 0;
+		for (; cur < len; cur++) {
+			token = _buffer[cur];
+			if (token < 48 || token > 57) {
+				break;
+			}
+			longValue = 10L * longValue + (token - 48);
+		}
+
+		if (cur < _buflen) {
+			// read the maximum we can to fill the long capacity, at max we can read 1 additional
+			// digit
+			token = _buffer[cur];
+			if (token > 47 && token < 58) {
+				long newLongValue = 10L * longValue + (token - 48);
+				if (newLongValue > longValue) {
+					longValue = newLongValue;
+					cur++;
+				}
+				// else we exceed long capacity, just continue and parse it as a double
+			}
+			
+			if (cur < _buflen
+					&& ((token = _buffer[cur]) == 46 || token == 101 || token == 69 || (token > 47 && token < 58))) {
+				token = _buffer[cur];
+				if (strictDoubleParse) {
+					_cursor = begin;
+					return consumeStrictNumber(cur);
+				} else return consumeDouble(cur, longValue, negative);
+			}
+		}
+
+		_intValue = negative ? -longValue : longValue;
+		_numberLen = cur - _cursor;
+		_cursor = cur;
+		return INTEGER;
+	}
+
+	// a custom implementation based on fast path principles
+	private ValueType consumeDouble(int cur, long longValue, boolean negative) {
+		int token;
+
+		// TODO a verifier : on ne veut compter dans les intDigit que ce qui n'est pas pris dans le
+		// longValue, idem pour les decimales??
+		int intDigits = cur - _cursor;
+		int valueDigits = longValue > 0 ? cur - _cursor : 0;
+
+		// ok we have readen as many characters as a long can contain
+		// the next readen characters will serve for the digit count for large integer numbers
+		if (intDigits > 17) {
+			for (; cur < _buflen; cur++) {
+				if (_buffer[cur] < 48 || _buffer[cur] > 57) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			// only if we advanced
+			if (intDigits != (cur - _cursor)) intDigits = (cur - _cursor) - intDigits;
+		} else
+			// TODO check ça m'a l'air bizarre comme cas...
+			intDigits = 0;
+
+		int decimalDigits = 0;
+
+		// next possible case is a dot
+		if (cur < _buflen && _buffer[cur] == 46) {
+			cur++;
+			int start = cur;
+			// if integer part value is zero we could use scientific notation and win in precision
+			if (longValue == 0) {
+				// reset the counter as we don't care of the leading zeros
+				intDigits = 0;
+				// now lets try to read as many consecutive zeros as available
+				for (; cur < _buflen && _buffer[cur] == 48; cur++)
+					;
+			}
+			// ok now we must read again into the longValue
+			int len = Math.min(_buflen, cur + (18 - valueDigits));
+
+			for (; cur < len; cur++) {
+				token = _buffer[cur];
+				if (token < 48 || token > 57) {
+					break;
+				}
+				longValue = 10L * longValue + (token - 48);
+			}
+			decimalDigits = cur - start;
+
+			start = cur;
+			// no need to count digits after the precision we support for decimals
+			// continue reading digits and just ignore the values, we will truncate
+			for (; cur < _buflen; cur++) {
+				if (_buffer[cur] < 48 || _buffer[cur] > 57) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// now try to read exponent E/e
+		if ((cur + 1) < _buflen && (_buffer[cur] == 101 || _buffer[cur] == 69)) {
+			token = _buffer[++cur];
+			boolean negativeExp;
+			// check the sign
+			if (token == 45) {
+				negativeExp = true;
+				cur++;
+			} else {
+				if (token == 43) cur++;
+				negativeExp = false;
+			}
+			// read the power of ten
+			int powValue = 0;
+			for (; cur < _buflen; cur++) {
+				token = _buffer[cur];
+				if (token < 48 || token > 57) {
+					break;
+				}
+				powValue = 10 * powValue + (token - 48);
+			}
+
+			// depending on the sign put it in the decimal digit counter or integer digit counter
+			if (negativeExp)
+				decimalDigits += powValue;
+			else
+				intDigits += powValue;
+		}
+
+		// and now make the difference so it balances well
+		decimalDigits = intDigits - decimalDigits;
+
+		if (decimalDigits < 0) {
+			/*
+			 * This allows to handle also Double.MIN_VALUE and Double.MIN_NORMAL as
+			 * Double.MIN_NORMAL has 16 decimal digits, 308+16=324, but 10^324 overflows the double
+			 * capacity, its Infinity. So we use this little trick.
+			 */
+			if (decimalDigits < -308) {
+				if (decimalDigits < -325) {
+					_doubleValue = 0;
+				} else {
+					_doubleValue = longValue / _POWS[-decimalDigits - 308];
+					_doubleValue = _doubleValue / _POWS[308];
+				}
+			} else {
+				// better precision than multiplication
+				_doubleValue = longValue / _POWS[-decimalDigits];
+			}
+		} else {
+			if (decimalDigits > 308) {
+				_doubleValue = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+			} else {
+				// we don't need to apply same technique as before as
+				// 308-16=292 so it's okay :)
+				_doubleValue = longValue * _POWS[decimalDigits];
+			}
+		}
+
+		_doubleValue = negative ? -_doubleValue : _doubleValue;
+		_numberLen = cur - _cursor;
+		_cursor = cur;
+		return DOUBLE;
+	}
+
+	private final ValueType consumeStrictNumber(int localCursor) throws IOException {
+		if (localCursor < _buflen) {
+			// consider all the remaining integer values as part of the double
+			for (; localCursor < _buflen; localCursor++) {
+				if (_buffer[localCursor] < 48 || _buffer[localCursor] > 57) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (localCursor < _buflen) {
+			if (_buffer[localCursor] == '.') {
+				localCursor = advanceWhileNumeric(++localCursor);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (localCursor + 1 < _buflen) {
+			char ctoken = _buffer[localCursor];
+			if (ctoken == 'e' || ctoken == 'E') {
+				ctoken = _buffer[++localCursor];
+				if (ctoken == '-' || ctoken == '+' || (ctoken > 47 && ctoken < 58)) {
+					localCursor = advanceWhileNumeric(++localCursor);
+				} else
+					newWrongTokenException("'-' or '+' or '' (same as +)");
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// it may overflow of the max numeric value we accept to read, it should
+		if (localCursor >= _buflen) {
+			
+		}
+
+		_numberLen = localCursor - _cursor;
+		_stringValue = new String(_buffer, _cursor, _numberLen);
+		_doubleValue = Double.parseDouble(_stringValue);		
+		_cursor = localCursor;
+		return DOUBLE;
+	}
+
+	private int advanceWhileNumeric(int cursor) {
+		for (; cursor < _buflen; cursor++) {
+			if ((_buffer[cursor] < 48 || _buffer[cursor] > 57)) {
+				return cursor;
+			}
+		}
+		return cursor;
+	}
+
+	protected final int readNextToken(boolean consume) throws IOException {
+		while (true) {
+			if (_cursor >= _buflen) fillBuffer(true);
+
+			for (; _cursor < _buflen; _cursor++) {
+				if (_buffer[_cursor] < 128 && SKIPPED_TOKENS[_buffer[_cursor]] == 0) {
+					if (consume) {
+						return _buffer[_cursor++];
+					} else
+						return _buffer[_cursor];
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (_buflen == -1) break;
+		}
+
+		return _cursor < _buflen ? _buffer[_cursor] : -1;
+	}
+
+	protected final char readEscaped() throws IOException {
+		fillBuffer(true);
+
+		char token = _buffer[_cursor++];
+		switch (token) {
+		case 'b':
+			return '\b';
+		case 't':
+			return '\t';
+		case 'n':
+			return '\n';
+		case 'f':
+			return '\f';
+		case 'r':
+			return '\r';
+		case '"':
+		case '/':
+		case '\\':
+			return token;
+
+		case 'u':
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			newMisplacedTokenException(_cursor - 1);
+		}
+
+		int value = 0;
+		if (ensureBufferHas(4, false) < 0) {
+			throw new IllegalStateException("Expected 4 hex-digit for character escape sequence!");
+			// System.arraycopy(buffer, cursor, buffer, 0, buflen-cursor);
+			// buflen = buflen - cursor + reader.read(buffer, buflen-cursor, cursor);
+			// cursor = 0;
+		}
+		for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+			int ch = _buffer[_cursor++];
+			int digit = (ch > 127) ? -1 : sHexValues[ch];
+			if (digit < 0) {
+				throw new IllegalStateException("Wrong character '" + ch
+						+ "' expected a hex-digit for character escape sequence!");
+			}
+			value = (value << 4) | digit;
+		}
+
+		return (char) value;
+	}
+
+	private final void writeToStringBuffer(final char[] data, final int offset, final int length)
+			throws IOException {
+		if (_stringBufferLength <= (_stringBufferTail + length)) {
+			expandStringBuffer(length);
+		}
+		System.arraycopy(data, offset, _stringBuffer, _stringBufferTail, length);
+		_stringBufferTail += length;
+	}
+
+	private final void expandStringBuffer(int length) {
+		char[] extendedStringBuffer = new char[_stringBufferLength * 2 + length];
+		System.arraycopy(_stringBuffer, 0, extendedStringBuffer, 0, _stringBufferTail);
+		_stringBuffer = extendedStringBuffer;
+		_stringBufferLength = extendedStringBuffer.length;
+	}
+
+	private final int fillBuffer(boolean doThrow) throws IOException {
+		if (_cursor < _buflen) return _buflen;
+		_buflen = reader.read(_buffer);
+		checkIllegalEnd(_buflen);
+		_cursor = 0;
+		_position += _buflen;
+		return _buflen;
+	}
+
+	private final int ensureBufferHas(int minLength, boolean doThrow) throws IOException {
+		int actualLen = _buflen - _cursor;
+		if (actualLen >= minLength) {
+			return actualLen;
+		}
+
+		System.arraycopy(_buffer, _cursor, _buffer, 0, actualLen);
+		for (; actualLen < minLength;) {
+			int len = reader.read(_buffer, actualLen, _buffer.length - actualLen);
+			if (len < 0) {
+				if (doThrow)
+					throw new IllegalStateException("Encountered end of stream, incomplete json!");
+				else {
+					_buflen = actualLen;
+					_position += actualLen;
+					_cursor = 0;
+					return len;
+				}
+			}
+			actualLen += len;
+		}
+		_buflen = actualLen;
+		_position += actualLen;
+		_cursor = 0;
+		return actualLen;
+	}
+
+	protected final boolean isEOF() throws IOException {
+		return _buflen < 0 || fillBuffer(false) < 0;
+	}
+
+	private final void newWrongTokenException(String awaited) {
+		newWrongTokenException(awaited, _cursor);
+	}
+
+	private final void newWrongTokenException(String awaited, int cursor) {
+		// otherwise it fails when an error occurs on first character
+		if (cursor < 0) cursor = 0;
+		int pos = (_position - valueAsString().length() - _buflen + cursor);
+		if (pos < 0) pos = 0;
+
+		if (_buflen < 0)
+			throw new IllegalStateException(
+					"Incomplete data or malformed json : encoutered end of stream but expected "
+							+ awaited);
+		else
+			throw new IllegalStateException("Illegal character at position " + pos + " expected "
+					+ awaited + " but read '" + _buffer[cursor] + "' !");
+	}
+
+	private final void newMisplacedTokenException(int cursor) {
+		if (_buflen < 0)
+			throw new IllegalStateException(
+					"Incomplete data or malformed json : encoutered end of stream.");
+
+		if (cursor < 0) cursor = 0;
+		int pos = (_position - valueAsString().length() - _buflen + cursor);
+		if (pos < 0) pos = 0;
+
+		throw new IllegalStateException("Encountred misplaced character '" + _buffer[cursor]
+				+ "' around position " + pos);
+	}
+
+	private final void checkIllegalEnd(int token) throws IOException {
+		if (token == -1 && JsonType.EMPTY != _ctx.peek())
+			throw new IOException("Incomplete data or malformed json : encoutered end of stream!");
+	}
+
+	private void throwNumberFormatException(String expected, String encoutered) {
+		int pos = (_position - _numberLen - _buflen + _cursor);
+		throw new NumberFormatException("Wrong numeric type at position " + pos + ", expected "
+				+ expected + " but encoutered " + encoutered);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `valueAsString()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 909.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JsonReader.newWrongTokenException(String,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.owlike.genson.stream.JsonReader.newWrongTokenException(java.lang.String,int):void.df96026af2c03eabe988d876e485517a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/owlike/genson/stream/JsonReader.java
+
+### Key:
+JsonReader.java|newWrongTokenException|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+53510ae1672d17cf8ef0785ccff17085
+
+### Hash:
+5c8d58ff1060045663471ada8cc03307
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8370/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8370/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c196467c7eca451f095ec16a34c75576d4e46fc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8370/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package main.java.riotapi;
+
+/**
+ * Riot Games API Java Library
+ * riot-api-java
+ * by Taylor Caldwell - @rithms
+ * http://rithms.im 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import constant.PlatformId;
+import constant.QueueType;
+import constant.Region;
+import constant.Season;
+import constant.staticdata.ChampData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemListData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryListData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneListData;
+import constant.staticdata.SpellData;
+import dto.Champion.*;
+import dto.CurrentGame.CurrentGameInfo;
+import dto.FeaturedGames.FeaturedGames;
+import dto.Game.RecentGames;
+import dto.League.League;
+import dto.Match.MatchDetail;
+import dto.MatchHistory.PlayerHistory;
+import dto.Team.Team;
+import dto.Static.ChampionList;
+import dto.Static.GameMapList;
+import dto.Static.Item;
+import dto.Static.ItemList;
+import dto.Static.LanguageStrings;
+import dto.Static.Mastery;
+import dto.Static.MasteryList;
+import dto.Static.Realm;
+import dto.Static.Rune;
+import dto.Static.RuneList;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpell;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpellList;
+import dto.Stats.PlayerStatsSummaryList;
+import dto.Stats.RankedStats;
+import dto.Status.Shard;
+import dto.Status.ShardStatus;
+import dto.Summoner.MasteryPages;
+import dto.Summoner.RunePages;
+import dto.Summoner.Summoner;
+import method.*;
+
+public class RiotApi {
+
+    /**
+     * The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    private String endpoint = Region.GLOBAL.getEndpoint();
+
+    private Region region = Region.NA; // North American region default
+    private Season season = null;
+    private String key;
+
+    public RiotApi() {
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key, Region region) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+        this.setRegion(region);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region, boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(Region region, int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a set region
+     *
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region, QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     * @return League
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(Region region, String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(Region region, String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+   
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+  public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+  }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region, String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region, String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region, String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(region.getName(), getKey());
+   }
+
+   /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(getRegion(), getKey());
+   }
+   
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<Shard> getShards() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StatusMethod.getShards();
+   }
+   
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(region.getName());
+  }
+
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus() throws RiotApiException {
+
+     return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(getRegion());
+ }
+  
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(region.getName(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames() throws RiotApiException {
+			
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(getRegion(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public CurrentGameInfo getCurrentGameInfo(PlatformId platformId, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return CurrentGameMethod.getCurrentGameInfo(platformId, getKey(), summonerId);
+	 }
+	 
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set season
+     *
+     * @return The currently set season
+     */
+    public String getSeason() {
+    	if(season == null){
+    		return null;
+    	}
+        return season.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set API key
+     *
+     * @return The currently set API key
+     */
+    public String getKey() {
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set region
+     *
+     * @return The currently set region
+     * @throws  
+     */
+    public String getRegion() {
+        return region.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the season
+     *
+     * @param season The season to set
+     */
+    public void setSeason(Season season) {
+        this.season = season;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the API key
+     *
+     * @param key The API key to set
+     */
+    public void setKey(String key) {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the region
+     *
+     * @param region The region to set
+     */
+    public void setRegion(Region region) {
+        this.region = region;
+        setEndpoint();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the base URL for all API requests
+     *
+     * @return The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    public String getEndpoint() {
+        return endpoint;
+    }
+
+    private void setEndpoint() {
+        this.endpoint = region.getEndpoint();
+    }
+    
+    public RiotApi clone() {
+    	return new RiotApi(this.key, this.region);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getDataItem(...)` at line 1401.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Item RiotApi.getDataItem(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+main.java.riotapi.RiotApi.getDataItem(int):dto.Static.Item.a5aa8ed2d8ae3c17af6be8b37396298e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/riotapi/RiotApi.java
+
+### Key:
+RiotApi.java|getDataItem|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+71bbd039293bbda847a7c7191bb8b301
+
+### Hash:
+1d0c56bdbd29ace601ab810f52791edb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8377/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8377/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94122e2775e1c1c020edb93c84585058489a6fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8377/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package main.java.riotapi;
+
+/**
+ * Riot Games API Java Library
+ * riot-api-java
+ * by Taylor Caldwell - @rithms
+ * http://rithms.im 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import constant.PlatformId;
+import constant.QueueType;
+import constant.Region;
+import constant.Season;
+import constant.staticdata.ChampData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemListData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryListData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneListData;
+import constant.staticdata.SpellData;
+import dto.Champion.*;
+import dto.CurrentGame.CurrentGameInfo;
+import dto.FeaturedGames.FeaturedGames;
+import dto.Game.RecentGames;
+import dto.League.League;
+import dto.Match.MatchDetail;
+import dto.MatchHistory.PlayerHistory;
+import dto.Team.Team;
+import dto.Static.ChampionList;
+import dto.Static.GameMapList;
+import dto.Static.Item;
+import dto.Static.ItemList;
+import dto.Static.LanguageStrings;
+import dto.Static.Mastery;
+import dto.Static.MasteryList;
+import dto.Static.Realm;
+import dto.Static.Rune;
+import dto.Static.RuneList;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpell;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpellList;
+import dto.Stats.PlayerStatsSummaryList;
+import dto.Stats.RankedStats;
+import dto.Status.Shard;
+import dto.Status.ShardStatus;
+import dto.Summoner.MasteryPages;
+import dto.Summoner.RunePages;
+import dto.Summoner.Summoner;
+import method.*;
+
+public class RiotApi {
+
+    /**
+     * The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    private String endpoint = Region.GLOBAL.getEndpoint();
+
+    private Region region = Region.NA; // North American region default
+    private Season season = null;
+    private String key;
+
+    public RiotApi() {
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key, Region region) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+        this.setRegion(region);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region, boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(Region region, int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a set region
+     *
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region, QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     * @return League
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(Region region, String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(Region region, String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+   
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+  public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+  }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region, String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region, String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region, String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(region.getName(), getKey());
+   }
+
+   /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(getRegion(), getKey());
+   }
+   
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<Shard> getShards() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StatusMethod.getShards();
+   }
+   
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(region.getName());
+  }
+
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus() throws RiotApiException {
+
+     return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(getRegion());
+ }
+  
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(region.getName(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames() throws RiotApiException {
+			
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(getRegion(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public CurrentGameInfo getCurrentGameInfo(PlatformId platformId, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return CurrentGameMethod.getCurrentGameInfo(platformId, getKey(), summonerId);
+	 }
+	 
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set season
+     *
+     * @return The currently set season
+     */
+    public String getSeason() {
+    	if(season == null){
+    		return null;
+    	}
+        return season.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set API key
+     *
+     * @return The currently set API key
+     */
+    public String getKey() {
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set region
+     *
+     * @return The currently set region
+     * @throws  
+     */
+    public String getRegion() {
+        return region.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the season
+     *
+     * @param season The season to set
+     */
+    public void setSeason(Season season) {
+        this.season = season;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the API key
+     *
+     * @param key The API key to set
+     */
+    public void setKey(String key) {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the region
+     *
+     * @param region The region to set
+     */
+    public void setRegion(Region region) {
+        this.region = region;
+        setEndpoint();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the base URL for all API requests
+     *
+     * @return The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    public String getEndpoint() {
+        return endpoint;
+    }
+
+    private void setEndpoint() {
+        this.endpoint = region.getEndpoint();
+    }
+    
+    public RiotApi clone() {
+    	return new RiotApi(this.key, this.region);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getDataMastery(...)` at line 1537.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Mastery RiotApi.getDataMastery(Region,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+main.java.riotapi.RiotApi.getDataMastery(constant.Region,int):dto.Static.Mastery.e63cfa7d4e066ffff60dfbcba2909680
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/riotapi/RiotApi.java
+
+### Key:
+RiotApi.java|getDataMastery|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+71bbd039293bbda847a7c7191bb8b301
+
+### Hash:
+17c1219b56fb53e4a9b87d0c914ab0e2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8383/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8383/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e709cab3f441f59d2042f6736119e3d7ad9cc601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8383/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package main.java.riotapi;
+
+/**
+ * Riot Games API Java Library
+ * riot-api-java
+ * by Taylor Caldwell - @rithms
+ * http://rithms.im 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import constant.PlatformId;
+import constant.QueueType;
+import constant.Region;
+import constant.Season;
+import constant.staticdata.ChampData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemListData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryListData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneListData;
+import constant.staticdata.SpellData;
+import dto.Champion.*;
+import dto.CurrentGame.CurrentGameInfo;
+import dto.FeaturedGames.FeaturedGames;
+import dto.Game.RecentGames;
+import dto.League.League;
+import dto.Match.MatchDetail;
+import dto.MatchHistory.PlayerHistory;
+import dto.Team.Team;
+import dto.Static.ChampionList;
+import dto.Static.GameMapList;
+import dto.Static.Item;
+import dto.Static.ItemList;
+import dto.Static.LanguageStrings;
+import dto.Static.Mastery;
+import dto.Static.MasteryList;
+import dto.Static.Realm;
+import dto.Static.Rune;
+import dto.Static.RuneList;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpell;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpellList;
+import dto.Stats.PlayerStatsSummaryList;
+import dto.Stats.RankedStats;
+import dto.Status.Shard;
+import dto.Status.ShardStatus;
+import dto.Summoner.MasteryPages;
+import dto.Summoner.RunePages;
+import dto.Summoner.Summoner;
+import method.*;
+
+public class RiotApi {
+
+    /**
+     * The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    private String endpoint = Region.GLOBAL.getEndpoint();
+
+    private Region region = Region.NA; // North American region default
+    private Season season = null;
+    private String key;
+
+    public RiotApi() {
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key, Region region) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+        this.setRegion(region);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region, boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(Region region, int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a set region
+     *
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region, QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     * @return League
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(Region region, String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(Region region, String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+   
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+  public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+  }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region, String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region, String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region, String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(region.getName(), getKey());
+   }
+
+   /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(getRegion(), getKey());
+   }
+   
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<Shard> getShards() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StatusMethod.getShards();
+   }
+   
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(region.getName());
+  }
+
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus() throws RiotApiException {
+
+     return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(getRegion());
+ }
+  
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(region.getName(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames() throws RiotApiException {
+			
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(getRegion(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public CurrentGameInfo getCurrentGameInfo(PlatformId platformId, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return CurrentGameMethod.getCurrentGameInfo(platformId, getKey(), summonerId);
+	 }
+	 
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set season
+     *
+     * @return The currently set season
+     */
+    public String getSeason() {
+    	if(season == null){
+    		return null;
+    	}
+        return season.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set API key
+     *
+     * @return The currently set API key
+     */
+    public String getKey() {
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set region
+     *
+     * @return The currently set region
+     * @throws  
+     */
+    public String getRegion() {
+        return region.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the season
+     *
+     * @param season The season to set
+     */
+    public void setSeason(Season season) {
+        this.season = season;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the API key
+     *
+     * @param key The API key to set
+     */
+    public void setKey(String key) {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the region
+     *
+     * @param region The region to set
+     */
+    public void setRegion(Region region) {
+        this.region = region;
+        setEndpoint();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the base URL for all API requests
+     *
+     * @return The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    public String getEndpoint() {
+        return endpoint;
+    }
+
+    private void setEndpoint() {
+        this.endpoint = region.getEndpoint();
+    }
+    
+    public RiotApi clone() {
+    	return new RiotApi(this.key, this.region);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getDataMasteryList(...)` at line 1513.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+MasteryList RiotApi.getDataMasteryList()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+main.java.riotapi.RiotApi.getDataMasteryList():dto.Static.MasteryList.b8e09bf1b454931b125aabc19c1ccec0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/riotapi/RiotApi.java
+
+### Key:
+RiotApi.java|getDataMasteryList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+baca1b929e71dfbb63947c80f1e5c9f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8384/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8384/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78e59084d7a0af769e583183eb9a84cb8d86c896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8384/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.rithms.riot.api.request;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import com.google.gson.JsonSyntaxException;
+
+import net.rithms.riot.api.RateLimitException;
+import net.rithms.riot.api.RiotApiException;
+
+public class Request {
+
+	private RequestMethod method = RequestMethod.GET;
+	private StringBuilder urlBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+	private String riotToken = null;
+	private String body = null;
+	private RequestResponse response = null;
+
+	public Request() {
+	}
+
+	public Request(RequestMethod method) {
+		setMethod(method);
+	}
+
+	public void setMethod(RequestMethod method) {
+		this.method = method;
+	}
+
+	public void setRiotToken(String riotToken) {
+		this.riotToken = riotToken;
+	}
+
+	public void setBody(String body) {
+		this.body = body;
+	}
+
+	public void buildJsonBody(Map<String, Object> map) {
+		body = new Gson().toJson(map);
+	}
+
+	public void addToUrl(Object... pieces) {
+		for (Object piece : pieces) {
+			urlBuilder.append(piece);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public int getResponseCode() {
+		if (response == null) {
+			throw new IllegalStateException("The request must first be executed");
+		}
+		return response.getCode();
+	}
+
+	public String getResponseBody() {
+		if (response == null) {
+			throw new IllegalStateException("The request must first be executed");
+		}
+		if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
+			throw new IllegalStateException("The request threw an exception");
+		}
+		return response.getBody();
+	}
+
+	public synchronized void execute() throws RiotApiException, RateLimitException {
+		response = new RequestResponse();
+		HttpURLConnection connection = null;
+		try {
+			URL url = new URL(urlBuilder.toString());
+			connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
+			connection.setDoInput(true);
+			connection.setInstanceFollowRedirects(false);
+			connection.setRequestMethod(method.name());
+
+			if (riotToken != null) {
+				connection.setRequestProperty("X-Riot-Token", riotToken);
+			}
+
+			if (body != null) {
+				connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json");
+				connection.setDoOutput(true);
+				DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(connection.getOutputStream());
+				dos.writeBytes(body);
+				dos.flush();
+				dos.close();
+			}
+
+			response.setCode(connection.getResponseCode());
+			if (response.getCode() == RequestResponse.CODE_ERROR_RATE_LIMITED) {
+				String retryAfterString = connection.getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+				String rateLimitType = connection.getHeaderField("X-Rate-Limit-Type");
+				if (retryAfterString != null) {
+					int retryAfter = Integer.parseInt(retryAfterString);
+					throw new RateLimitException(retryAfter, rateLimitType);
+				} else {
+					throw new RateLimitException(0, rateLimitType);
+				}
+
+			} else if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
+				throw new RiotApiException(response.getCode());
+			}
+
+			StringBuilder responseBodyBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+			if (response.getCode() != RequestResponse.CODE_SUCCESS_NOCONTENT) {
+				BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream(), "UTF-8"));
+				String line;
+				while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+					responseBodyBuilder.append(line).append(System.lineSeparator());
+				}
+				br.close();
+			}
+			response.setBody(responseBodyBuilder.toString());
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			Logger.getLogger(Request.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, e);
+			throw new RiotApiException(RiotApiException.IOEXCEPTION);
+		} finally {
+			if (connection != null) {
+				connection.disconnect();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public <T> T getDto(Class<T> desiredDto) throws RiotApiException, RateLimitException {
+		if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
+			// I think we can never get here. Let's make sure though
+			throw new RiotApiException(RiotApiException.IOEXCEPTION);
+		}
+		if (response.getCode() == RequestResponse.CODE_SUCCESS_NOCONTENT) {
+			// The Riot Api is fine with the request, and explicitly sends no content
+			return null;
+		}
+		T dto = null;
+		try {
+			dto = new Gson().fromJson(response.getBody(), desiredDto);
+		} catch (JsonSyntaxException e) {
+			throw new RiotApiException(RiotApiException.PARSE_FAILURE);
+		}
+		if (dto == null) {
+			throw new RiotApiException(RiotApiException.PARSE_FAILURE);
+		}
+		return dto;
+	}
+
+	public <T> T getDto(Type desiredDto) throws RiotApiException, RateLimitException {
+		if (!response.isSuccessful()) {
+			// I think we can never get here. Let's make sure though
+			throw new RiotApiException(RiotApiException.IOEXCEPTION);
+		}
+		if (response.getCode() == RequestResponse.CODE_SUCCESS_NOCONTENT) {
+			// The Riot Api is fine with the request, and explicitly sends no content
+			return null;
+		}
+		T dto = null;
+		try {
+			dto = new Gson().fromJson(response.getBody(), desiredDto);
+		} catch (JsonSyntaxException e) {
+			throw new RiotApiException(RiotApiException.PARSE_FAILURE);
+		}
+		if (dto == null) {
+			throw new RiotApiException(RiotApiException.PARSE_FAILURE);
+		}
+		return dto;
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `net.rithms.riot.api.request.Request.getResponseBody` reads without synchronization from `this.net.rithms.riot.api.request.Request.response`. Potentially races with write in method `Request.execute()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String Request.getResponseBody()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.rithms.riot.api.request.Request.getResponseBody():java.lang.String.dcde9413d97d3b2ec492733099374d9c
+
+### File:
+src/net/rithms/riot/api/request/Request.java
+
+### Key:
+Request.java|getResponseBody|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6a6c6a1d91a90b6e1bd9c2647a47a7c1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8510/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8510/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec5f06fef3533f2e5400d88efede073db0ff5c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8510/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GCViewer
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp.DataReader;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp.DataReaderSun1_6_0;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.math.IntData;
+
+/**
+ * Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
+ * User: Administrator
+ * Date: Jun 7, 2005
+ * Time: 11:42:16 AM
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+public class ImportPerformanceTest {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        IntData performanceData = new IntData();
+        for (int i=0; i<50; i++) {
+            long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            DataReader dataReader = new DataReaderSun1_6_0(new FileInputStream(args[0]));
+            dataReader.read();
+            performanceData.add((int)(System.currentTimeMillis() - start));
+        }
+        
+        printIntData(args[0], performanceData);
+    }
+    
+    private static void printIntData(String filename, IntData data) {
+        System.out.printf("results for %1$s in ms: %2$d runs%nmin, max, avg, stddev, sum%n" +
+        		"%3$s, %4$s, %5$s, %6$s, %7$s",
+        		filename, data.getN(), 
+        		data.getMin(), data.getMax(), data.average(), data.standardDeviation(), data.getSum());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 22 is not released after line 22.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 22
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ImportPerformanceTest.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.ImportPerformanceTest.main(java.lang.String[]):void.4d16a8f28e9f3e8bdff1a84b28d93129
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/tagtraum/perf/gcviewer/ImportPerformanceTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ImportPerformanceTest.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9460cd2cf7c5ec5d0f95915b5806d154
+
+### Hash:
+43814314d792ae5b5976197460240864
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8517/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8517/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7270db60f155727dc1f94c780dbe123463db3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8517/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GCViewer
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.ResourceBundle;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * Date: Jan 30, 2002
+ * Time: 6:47:45 PM
+ * @author <a href="mailto:hs@tagtraum.com">Hendrik Schreiber</a>
+ * @version $Id: $
+ */
+public class DataReaderFactory {
+
+    private static ResourceBundle localStrings = ResourceBundle.getBundle("com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.localStrings");
+    private static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(DataReaderFactory.class.getName());
+    private static final int ONE_KB = 1024;
+    private static final int FOUR_KB = ONE_KB * 4;
+
+    public DataReader getDataReader(InputStream inStream) throws IOException {
+        BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(inStream, FOUR_KB);
+        in.mark(FOUR_KB);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[ONE_KB * 3];
+        int length = in.read(buf);
+        in.reset();
+        String s = new String(buf, 0, length, "ASCII");
+        if (s.indexOf("[memory ] ") != -1) {
+            if ((s.indexOf("[memory ] [YC") != -1) ||(s.indexOf("[memory ] [OC") != -1)) {
+                if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: JRockit 1.6");
+                return new DataReaderJRockit1_6_0(in);
+            } else {
+                if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: JRockit 1.4.2");
+                return new DataReaderJRockit1_4_2(in);
+            }
+        } else if (s.indexOf("since last AF or CON>") != -1) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: IBM 1.4.2");
+            return new DataReaderIBM1_4_2(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("GC cycle started") != -1) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: IBM 1.3.1");
+            return new DataReaderIBM1_3_1(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("<AF") != -1) {
+            // this should be an IBM JDK < 1.3.0
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: IBM <1.3.0");
+            return new DataReaderIBM1_3_0(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("pause (young)") > 0) {
+        	// G1 logger usually starts with "<timestamp>: [GC pause (young)...]"
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: Sun 1.6.x G1 collector");
+            return new DataReaderSun1_6_0G1(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("[Times:") > 0) {
+        	// all 1.6 lines end with a block like this "[Times: user=1.13 sys=0.08, real=0.95 secs]"
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: Sun 1.6.x");
+            return new DataReaderSun1_6_0(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("CMS-initial-mark") != -1 || s.indexOf("PSYoungGen") != -1) {
+            // format is 1.5, but datareader for 1_6_0 can handle it
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: Sun 1.5.x");
+            return new DataReaderSun1_6_0(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf(": [") != -1) {
+            // format is 1.4, but datareader for 1_6_0 can handle it
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: Sun 1.4.x");
+            return new DataReaderSun1_6_0(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("[GC") != -1 || s.indexOf("[Full GC") != -1 || s.indexOf("[Inc GC")!=-1) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: Sun 1.3.1");
+            return new DataReaderSun1_3_1(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("<GC: managing allocation failure: need ") != -1) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: Sun 1.2.2");
+            return new DataReaderSun1_2_2(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("<GC: ") == 0 && s.indexOf('>') != -1 && new StringTokenizer(s.substring(0, s.indexOf('>')+1), " ").countTokens() == 20) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: HP-UX 1.2/1.3/1.4.0");
+            return new DataReaderHPUX1_2(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("<GC: ") == 0 && s.indexOf('>') != -1 && new StringTokenizer(s.substring(0, s.indexOf('>')+1), " ").countTokens() == 22) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: HP-UX 1.4.1/1.4.2");
+            return new DataReaderHPUX1_4_1(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("<verbosegc version=\"") != -1) { 
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: IBM J9 5.0");
+            return new DataReaderIBM_J9_5_0(in);
+        } else if (s.indexOf("starting collection, threshold allocation reached.") != -1) { 
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) LOG.info("File format: IBM i5/OS 1.4.2");
+            return new DataReaderIBMi5OS1_4_2(in);
+        } else
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE)) LOG.severe(localStrings.getString("datareaderfactory_instantiation_failed"));
+            throw new IOException(localStrings.getString("datareaderfactory_instantiation_failed"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedInputStream` acquired to `in` by call to `new()` at line 26 is not released after line 35.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DataReader DataReaderFactory.getDataReader(InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp.DataReaderFactory.getDataReader(java.io.InputStream):com.tagtraum.per.a2b73c4409b514469422fd56f539bc5b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/tagtraum/perf/gcviewer/imp/DataReaderFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+DataReaderFactory.java|getDataReader|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c9af770af8889bc1b302824a3a14d064
+
+### Hash:
+2244d7389cec51443141a66c1bb5b8fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8519/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8519/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c66e3819d911ee5900d1dbb51106d14c9f121311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8519/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GCViewer
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.LineNumberReader;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLEventReader;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.Attribute;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.EndElement;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.StartElement;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.XMLEvent;
+
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.AbstractGCEvent.Type;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.GCEvent;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.GCModel;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.util.NumberParser;
+
+/**
+ * Parser for IBM gc logs R26_Java6 + R27_Java7 + R28_Java8
+ */
+public class DataReaderIBM_J9_R28 implements DataReader {
+    // TODO IBM_J9: support system gcs
+
+    private static final String VERBOSEGC = "verbosegc";
+    private static final String INITIALIZED = "initialized";
+    private static final String EXCLUSIVE_START = "exclusive-start";
+    private static final String GC_START = "gc-start";
+    private static final String GC_END = "gc-end";
+    private static final String EXCLUSIVE_END = "exclusive-end";
+
+    private static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.class.getName());
+    private final DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME;
+
+    private LineNumberReader in;
+
+    public DataReaderIBM_J9_R28(InputStream in) {
+        this.in = new LineNumberReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public GCModel read() throws IOException {
+        GCModel model = new GCModel();
+        try {
+            XMLInputFactory factory = XMLInputFactory.newInstance();
+            XMLEventReader eventReader = factory.createXMLEventReader(in);
+            GCEvent currentGcEvent = null;
+            while (eventReader.hasNext()) {
+                XMLEvent event = eventReader.nextEvent();
+                if (event.isStartElement()) {
+                    StartElement startElement = event.asStartElement();
+                    switch (startElement.getName().getLocalPart()) {
+                        case VERBOSEGC:
+                            handleVerboseGC(startElement);
+                            break;
+                        case INITIALIZED:
+                            handleInitialized(eventReader);
+                            break;
+                        case EXCLUSIVE_START:
+                            currentGcEvent = handleExclusiveStart(startElement);
+                            break;
+                        case GC_START:
+                            handleGcStart(eventReader, startElement, currentGcEvent);
+                            break;
+                        case GC_END:
+                            handleGcEnd(eventReader, currentGcEvent);
+                            break;
+                        case EXCLUSIVE_END:
+                            handleExclusiveEnd(startElement, currentGcEvent);
+                            model.add(currentGcEvent);
+                            currentGcEvent = null;
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        catch (XMLStreamException e) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) LOG.warning("line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.toString());
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) LOG.log(Level.FINE, "line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+
+        return model;
+    }
+
+    private void handleVerboseGC(StartElement startElement) {
+        assert startElement.getName().getLocalPart().equals(VERBOSEGC) : "expected name of startElement: " + VERBOSEGC + ", but got " + startElement.getName();
+        LOG.info("gc log version = " + getAttributeValue(startElement, "version"));
+    }
+
+    private void handleInitialized(XMLEventReader eventReader) throws XMLStreamException {
+        String currentElementName = "";
+        while (eventReader.hasNext() && !currentElementName.equals(INITIALIZED)) {
+            XMLEvent event = eventReader.nextEvent();
+            if (event.isStartElement()) {
+                StartElement startElement = event.asStartElement();
+                if (startElement.getName().getLocalPart().equals("attribute")) {
+                    String name = getAttributeValue(startElement, "name");
+                    if (name != null && name.equals("gcPolicy")) {
+                        LOG.info("gcPolicy = " + getAttributeValue(startElement, "value"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (event.isEndElement()) {
+                EndElement endElement = event.asEndElement();
+                currentElementName = endElement.getName().getLocalPart();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private GCEvent handleExclusiveStart(StartElement startElement) {
+        GCEvent event = new GCEvent();
+        try {
+            event.setDateStamp(ZonedDateTime.of(
+                    LocalDateTime.parse(getAttributeValue(startElement, "timestamp"), dateTimeFormatter),
+                    ZoneId.systemDefault()));
+        }
+        catch (DateTimeParseException e) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) LOG.warning("line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.toString());
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) LOG.log(Level.FINE, "line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+        
+        return event;
+    }
+
+    private void handleExclusiveEnd(StartElement startElement, GCEvent event) {
+        event.setPause(NumberParser.parseDouble(getAttributeValue(startElement, "durationms")) / 1000);
+    }
+
+    private void handleGcStart(XMLEventReader eventReader, StartElement startElement, GCEvent event) throws XMLStreamException {
+        event.setType(Type.lookup(getAttributeValue(startElement, "type")));
+        if (event.getExtendedType() == null) {
+            LOG.warning("could not determine type of event " + startElement.toString());
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        String currentElementName = "";
+        while (eventReader.hasNext() && !currentElementName.equals(GC_START)) {
+            
+            XMLEvent xmlEvent = eventReader.nextEvent();
+            if (xmlEvent.isStartElement()) {
+                StartElement startEl = xmlEvent.asStartElement();
+                if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem-info")) {
+                    setTotalAndPreUsed(event, startEl);
+                }
+                else if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem")) {
+                    switch (getAttributeValue(startEl, "type")) {
+                        case "nursery":
+                            GCEvent young = new GCEvent();
+                            young.setType(Type.lookup("nursery"));
+                            setTotalAndPreUsed(young, startEl);
+                            event.add(young);
+                            break;
+                        case "tenure":
+                            GCEvent tenured = new GCEvent();
+                            tenured.setType(Type.lookup("tenure"));
+                            setTotalAndPreUsed(tenured, startEl);
+                            event.add(tenured);
+                            break;
+                        // all other are ignored
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (xmlEvent.isEndElement()) {
+                EndElement endElement = xmlEvent.asEndElement();
+                currentElementName = endElement.getName().getLocalPart();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleGcEnd(XMLEventReader eventReader, GCEvent event) throws XMLStreamException {
+        String currentElementName = "";
+        while (eventReader.hasNext() && !currentElementName.equals(GC_END)) {
+
+            XMLEvent xmlEvent = eventReader.nextEvent();
+            if (xmlEvent.isStartElement()) {
+                StartElement startEl = xmlEvent.asStartElement();
+                if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem-info")) {
+                    setPostUsed(event, startEl);
+                }
+                else if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem")) {
+                    switch (getAttributeValue(startEl, "type")) {
+                        case "nursery":
+                            setPostUsed(event.getYoung(), startEl);
+                            break;
+                        case "tenure":
+                            setPostUsed(event.getTenured(), startEl);
+                            break;
+                        // all other are ignored
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (xmlEvent.isEndElement()) {
+                EndElement endElement = xmlEvent.asEndElement();
+                currentElementName = endElement.getName().getLocalPart();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setTotalAndPreUsed(GCEvent event, StartElement startEl) {
+        long total = NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "total"));
+        event.setTotal(toKiloBytes(total));
+        event.setPreUsed(toKiloBytes(total - NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "free"))));
+    }
+
+    private void setPostUsed(GCEvent event, StartElement startEl) {
+        long total = NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "total"));
+        event.setPostUsed(toKiloBytes(total - NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "free"))));
+    }
+
+    private String getAttributeValue(StartElement event, String name) {
+        String value = null;
+        Attribute attr = event.getAttributeByName(new QName(name));
+        if (attr != null) {
+            value = attr.getValue();
+        }
+        
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private int toKiloBytes(long bytes) {
+        return (int)Math.rint(bytes / (double)1024);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getAttributeValue(this,startEl,"total")` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `parseInt(...)` at line 210.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.setTotalAndPreUsed(GCEvent,StartElement)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp.DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.setTotalAndPreUsed(com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.mo.e0e2c8bf2bb14f6463b7592701ecb043
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/tagtraum/perf/gcviewer/imp/DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.java
+
+### Key:
+DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.java|setTotalAndPreUsed|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+265ba86214678cae77b0c9ab2eedcb6d
+
+### Hash:
+ff7da539299a3e307dae113447b45af4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8521/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8521/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a008e12d44f6e7dd495987bf1f7e278c5f023f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8521/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mltk
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package mltk.core;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import mltk.util.Random;
+
+/**
+ * Class for creating samples.
+ * 
+ * @author Yin Lou
+ * 
+ */
+public class Sampling {
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a bootstrap sample.
+	 * 
+	 * @param instances the data set.
+	 * @return a bootstrap sample.
+	 */
+	public static Instances createBootstrapSample(Instances instances) {
+		Random rand = Random.getInstance();
+		Map<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
+		for (int i = 0; i < instances.size(); i++) {
+			int idx = rand.nextInt(instances.size());
+			if (!map.containsKey(idx)) {
+				map.put(idx, 0);
+			}
+			map.put(idx, map.get(idx) + 1);
+		}
+		Instances bag = new Instances(instances.getAttributes(), instances.getTargetAttribute(), map.size());
+		for (Integer idx : map.keySet()) {
+			int weight = map.get(idx);
+			Instance instance = instances.get(idx).clone();
+			instance.setWeight(weight);
+			bag.add(instance);
+		}
+		return bag;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a bootstrap sample with out-of-bag samples.
+	 * 
+	 * @param instances the data set.
+	 * @param bagIndices the index of sampled instances with weights.
+	 * @param oobIndices the out-of-bag indexes.
+	 */
+	public static void createBootstrapSample(Instances instances, Map<Integer, Integer> bagIndices,
+			List<Integer> oobIndices) {
+		Random rand = Random.getInstance();
+		for (;;) {
+			bagIndices.clear();
+			oobIndices.clear();
+			for (int i = 0; i < instances.size(); i++) {
+				int idx = rand.nextInt(instances.size());
+				if (!bagIndices.containsKey(idx)) {
+					bagIndices.put(idx, 0);
+				}
+				bagIndices.put(idx, bagIndices.get(idx) + 1);
+			}
+			for (int i = 0; i < instances.size(); i++) {
+				if (!bagIndices.containsKey(i)) {
+					oobIndices.add(i);
+				}
+			}
+			if (oobIndices.size() > 0) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a set of bags.
+	 * 
+	 * @param instances the dataset.
+	 * @param baggingIter the number of bagging iterations.
+	 * @return a set of bags.
+	 */
+	public static Instances[] createBags(Instances instances, int baggingIter) {
+		Instances[] bags = null;
+		if (baggingIter <= 0) {
+			// No bagging
+			bags = new Instances[] { instances };
+		} else {
+			bags = new Instances[baggingIter];
+			for (int i = 0; i < baggingIter; i++) {
+				bags[i] = Sampling.createBootstrapSample(instances);
+			}
+		}
+		return bags;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `map.get(valueOf(idx))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 31.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Instances Sampling.createBootstrapSample(Instances)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mltk.core.Sampling.createBootstrapSample(mltk.core.Instances):mltk.core.Instances.430cb5b167f2f365e2b20a18cc5a4c47
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/mltk/core/Sampling.java
+
+### Key:
+Sampling.java|createBootstrapSample|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+82bc4705d6466a0b8509dff7973fc602
+
+### Hash:
+1f83f043b53007ad5e3c5fcd97b71304
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8526/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8526/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03fd135a8fb68aff43c7b6b5018f99744ba3baa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8526/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** istock
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.github.kingschan1204.istock.module.spider.schedule;
+
+import io.github.kingschan1204.istock.common.util.spring.SpringContextUtil;
+import io.github.kingschan1204.istock.module.spider.crawl.info.InfoCrawlJob;
+import io.github.kingschan1204.istock.module.spider.timerjob.ITimeJobFactory;
+import io.github.kingschan1204.istock.module.spider.timerjob.ITimerJob;
+import io.github.kingschan1204.istock.module.spider.util.TradingDateUtil;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+
+/**
+ * 调度作业
+ *
+ * @author chenguoxiang
+ * @create 2019-03-26 17:00
+ **/
+@Slf4j
+public class ScheduleThread implements Runnable {
+
+
+
+
+    void jobProcess() throws Exception {
+        LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
+        TradingDateUtil tradingDateUtil = SpringContextUtil.getBean(TradingDateUtil.class);
+
+        if (tradingDateUtil.isTradingTimeNow()) {
+            ITimeJobFactory.getJob(ITimeJobFactory.TIMEJOB.INDEX).execute(ITimerJob.COMMAND.START);
+        } else {
+            ITimeJobFactory.getJob(ITimeJobFactory.TIMEJOB.INDEX).execute(ITimerJob.COMMAND.STOP);
+        }
+
+        switch (dateTime.getHour()) {
+            case 0:
+                //晚上12点
+                if(dateTime.getMinute()==1){
+                    ITimeJobFactory.getJob(ITimeJobFactory.TIMEJOB.CLEAR).execute(null);
+                    ITimeJobFactory.getJob(ITimeJobFactory.TIMEJOB.STOCKCODE).execute(null);
+                }
+                break;
+            case 9:
+                //早上9点
+                break;
+            case 11:
+                //上午11点
+                break;
+            case 13:
+                //下午1点
+                break;
+            case 15:
+                //下午3点  闭市后爬取info信息
+                ITimeJobFactory.getJob(ITimeJobFactory.TIMEJOB.INFO).execute(ITimerJob.COMMAND.START);
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            jobProcess();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
+        System.out.println(dateTime.getHour());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getJob(io.github.kingschan1204.istock.module.spider.timerjob.ITimeJobFactory$TIMEJOB.STOCKCODE)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 39.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ScheduleThread.jobProcess()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.kingschan1204.istock.module.spider.schedule.ScheduleThread.jobProcess():void.51eb2ff4688068de0e6318ad5d03b6d5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io.github.kingschan1204.istock/module/spider/schedule/ScheduleThread.java
+
+### Key:
+ScheduleThread.java|jobProcess|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+02d25c7b69fd2dff3500d9eb478b2675
+
+### Hash:
+8d004202b86dd715dd3ca4b6b76f3271
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8528/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8528/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9b7ca06289e679c7100911f882ecdd56be1093e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8528/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** istock
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.github.kingschan1204.istock.common.util.file;
+
+import org.jsoup.Connection;
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * 文件常用操作工具类
+ * @author chenguoxiang
+ * @create 2018-01-24 12:38
+ **/
+public class FileCommonOperactionTool {
+
+    private static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileCommonOperactionTool.class);
+
+    /**
+     * 通过指定的文件下载URL以及下载目录下载文件
+     * @param url      下载url路径
+     * @param dir      存放目录
+     * @param filename 文件名
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public static String downloadFile(String url, String dir, String filename) throws Exception {
+        log.info("start download file :{}",url);
+        //Open a URL Stream
+        Connection.Response resultResponse = Jsoup.connect(url)
+                .userAgent("Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3346.9 Safari/537.36")
+                .ignoreContentType(true).execute();
+        String defaultFileName="";
+        if(resultResponse.contentType().contains("name")){
+            String[] list =resultResponse.contentType().split(";");
+            defaultFileName = Arrays.stream(list)
+                    .filter(s -> s.startsWith("name")).findFirst().get().replaceAll("name=|\"", "");
+        }
+        // output here
+        String path = dir + (null == filename ? defaultFileName : filename);
+        FileOutputStream out = (new FileOutputStream(new java.io.File(path)));
+        out.write(resultResponse.bodyAsBytes());
+        out.close();
+        return path;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired to `out` by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 40 is not released after line 43.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 41
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String FileCommonOperactionTool.downloadFile(String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.kingschan1204.istock.common.util.file.FileCommonOperactionTool.downloadFile(java.lang.Stri.fa6019f4da85292e984dd1daebc5d47f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io.github.kingschan1204.istock/common/util/file/FileCommonOperactionTool.java
+
+### Key:
+FileCommonOperactionTool.java|downloadFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+c03a4131f05044474e78015e1fd6576a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8543/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8543/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b3aea18ce4210750ae989495839b8dc581d4575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8543/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xnio
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2008, JBoss Inc., and individual contributors as indicated
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.jboss.xnio.nio;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.channels.Channel;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectableChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import org.jboss.xnio.IoUtils;
+import org.jboss.xnio.log.Logger;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public final class NioProvider {
+    private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(NioProvider.class);
+
+    private Executor executor;
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+    private ThreadFactory selectorThreadFactory;
+
+    private final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> readers = new HashSet<NioSelectorRunnable>();
+    private final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> writers = new HashSet<NioSelectorRunnable>();
+    private final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> connectors = new HashSet<NioSelectorRunnable>();
+
+    private int readSelectorThreads = 2;
+    private int writeSelectorThreads = 1;
+    private int connectionSelectorThreads = 1;
+
+    private Set<Channel> managedChannelSet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<Channel>());
+
+    // dependencies
+
+    public Executor getExecutor() {
+        return executor;
+    }
+
+    public void setExecutor(final Executor executor) {
+        this.executor = executor;
+    }
+
+    public ThreadFactory getSelectorThreadFactory() {
+        return selectorThreadFactory;
+    }
+
+    public void setSelectorThreadFactory(final ThreadFactory selectorThreadFactory) {
+        this.selectorThreadFactory = selectorThreadFactory;
+    }
+
+    // configuration
+
+    public int getReadSelectorThreads() {
+        return readSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public void setReadSelectorThreads(final int readSelectorThreads) {
+        this.readSelectorThreads = readSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public int getWriteSelectorThreads() {
+        return writeSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public void setWriteSelectorThreads(final int writeSelectorThreads) {
+        this.writeSelectorThreads = writeSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public int getConnectionSelectorThreads() {
+        return connectionSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public void setConnectionSelectorThreads(final int connectionSelectorThreads) {
+        this.connectionSelectorThreads = connectionSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    // lifecycle
+
+    public void start() throws IOException {
+        if (selectorThreadFactory == null) {
+            selectorThreadFactory = Executors.defaultThreadFactory();
+        }
+        if (executor == null) {
+            executor = executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < readSelectorThreads; i ++) {
+            readers.add(new NioSelectorRunnable());
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < writeSelectorThreads; i ++) {
+            writers.add(new NioSelectorRunnable());
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < connectionSelectorThreads; i ++) {
+            connectors.add(new NioSelectorRunnable());
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : readers) {
+            selectorThreadFactory.newThread(runnable).start();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : writers) {
+            selectorThreadFactory.newThread(runnable).start();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : connectors) {
+            selectorThreadFactory.newThread(runnable).start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void stop() throws IOException {
+        final List<Channel> channels;
+        synchronized (managedChannelSet) {
+            channels = new ArrayList<Channel>(managedChannelSet);
+            managedChannelSet.clear();
+        }
+        for (Channel channel : channels) {
+            IoUtils.safeClose(channel);
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : readers) {
+            runnable.shutdown();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : writers) {
+            runnable.shutdown();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : connectors) {
+            runnable.shutdown();
+        }
+        readers.clear();
+        writers.clear();
+        connectors.clear();
+        if (executorService != null) {
+            try {
+                AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
+                    public Void run() {
+                        executorService.shutdown();
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                });
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                log.trace(t, "Failed to shut down executor service");
+            } finally {
+                executorService = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // API
+
+    private NioHandle doAdd(final SelectableChannel channel, final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> runnableSet, final Runnable handler, final boolean oneshot) throws IOException {
+        final SynchronousHolder<NioHandle, IOException> holder = new SynchronousHolder<NioHandle, IOException>();
+        NioSelectorRunnable nioSelectorRunnable = null;
+        int bestLoad = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable item : runnableSet) {
+            final int load = item.getKeyLoad();
+            if (load < bestLoad) {
+                nioSelectorRunnable = item;
+                bestLoad = load;
+            }
+        }
+        if (nioSelectorRunnable == null) {
+            throw new IOException("No threads defined to handle this event type");
+        }
+        final NioSelectorRunnable actualSelectorRunnable = nioSelectorRunnable;
+        nioSelectorRunnable.runTask(new SelectorTask() {
+            public void run(final Selector selector) {
+                try {
+                    final SelectionKey selectionKey = channel.register(selector, 0);
+                    final NioHandle handle = new NioHandle(selectionKey, actualSelectorRunnable, handler, executor, oneshot);
+                    selectionKey.attach(handle);
+                    holder.set(handle);
+                } catch (ClosedChannelException e) {
+                    holder.setProblem(e);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        return holder.get();
+    }
+
+    public NioHandle addConnectHandler(final SelectableChannel channel, final Runnable handler, final boolean oneshot) throws IOException {
+        return doAdd(channel, connectors, handler, oneshot);
+    }
+
+    public NioHandle addReadHandler(final SelectableChannel channel, final Runnable handler) throws IOException {
+        return doAdd(channel, readers, handler, true);
+    }
+
+    public NioHandle addWriteHandler(final SelectableChannel channel, final Runnable handler) throws IOException {
+        return doAdd(channel, writers, handler, true);
+    }
+
+    public void addChannel(Channel channel) {
+        managedChannelSet.add(channel);
+    }
+
+    public void removeChannel(Channel channel) {
+        managedChannelSet.remove(channel);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.jboss.xnio.nio.NioProvider.stop` writes to field `this.org.jboss.xnio.nio.NioProvider.executorService` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NioProvider.stop()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jboss.xnio.nio.NioProvider.stop():void.b119c140507ca79735fe436ed7a87a2c
+
+### File:
+nio-impl/src/main/java/org/jboss/xnio/nio/NioProvider.java
+
+### Key:
+NioProvider.java|stop|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7e2a328865ba3d117b7c4bf4885f3db6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8544/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8544/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dc240b08b604cc31c400466a627ab566a9417eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8544/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xnio
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2008, JBoss Inc., and individual contributors as indicated
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.jboss.xnio.nio;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.channels.Channel;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectableChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import org.jboss.xnio.IoUtils;
+import org.jboss.xnio.log.Logger;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public final class NioProvider {
+    private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(NioProvider.class);
+
+    private Executor executor;
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+    private ThreadFactory selectorThreadFactory;
+
+    private final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> readers = new HashSet<NioSelectorRunnable>();
+    private final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> writers = new HashSet<NioSelectorRunnable>();
+    private final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> connectors = new HashSet<NioSelectorRunnable>();
+
+    private int readSelectorThreads = 2;
+    private int writeSelectorThreads = 1;
+    private int connectionSelectorThreads = 1;
+
+    private Set<Channel> managedChannelSet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<Channel>());
+
+    // dependencies
+
+    public Executor getExecutor() {
+        return executor;
+    }
+
+    public void setExecutor(final Executor executor) {
+        this.executor = executor;
+    }
+
+    public ThreadFactory getSelectorThreadFactory() {
+        return selectorThreadFactory;
+    }
+
+    public void setSelectorThreadFactory(final ThreadFactory selectorThreadFactory) {
+        this.selectorThreadFactory = selectorThreadFactory;
+    }
+
+    // configuration
+
+    public int getReadSelectorThreads() {
+        return readSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public void setReadSelectorThreads(final int readSelectorThreads) {
+        this.readSelectorThreads = readSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public int getWriteSelectorThreads() {
+        return writeSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public void setWriteSelectorThreads(final int writeSelectorThreads) {
+        this.writeSelectorThreads = writeSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public int getConnectionSelectorThreads() {
+        return connectionSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    public void setConnectionSelectorThreads(final int connectionSelectorThreads) {
+        this.connectionSelectorThreads = connectionSelectorThreads;
+    }
+
+    // lifecycle
+
+    public void start() throws IOException {
+        if (selectorThreadFactory == null) {
+            selectorThreadFactory = Executors.defaultThreadFactory();
+        }
+        if (executor == null) {
+            executor = executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < readSelectorThreads; i ++) {
+            readers.add(new NioSelectorRunnable());
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < writeSelectorThreads; i ++) {
+            writers.add(new NioSelectorRunnable());
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < connectionSelectorThreads; i ++) {
+            connectors.add(new NioSelectorRunnable());
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : readers) {
+            selectorThreadFactory.newThread(runnable).start();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : writers) {
+            selectorThreadFactory.newThread(runnable).start();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : connectors) {
+            selectorThreadFactory.newThread(runnable).start();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void stop() throws IOException {
+        final List<Channel> channels;
+        synchronized (managedChannelSet) {
+            channels = new ArrayList<Channel>(managedChannelSet);
+            managedChannelSet.clear();
+        }
+        for (Channel channel : channels) {
+            IoUtils.safeClose(channel);
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : readers) {
+            runnable.shutdown();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : writers) {
+            runnable.shutdown();
+        }
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable runnable : connectors) {
+            runnable.shutdown();
+        }
+        readers.clear();
+        writers.clear();
+        connectors.clear();
+        if (executorService != null) {
+            try {
+                AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
+                    public Void run() {
+                        executorService.shutdown();
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                });
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                log.trace(t, "Failed to shut down executor service");
+            } finally {
+                executorService = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // API
+
+    private NioHandle doAdd(final SelectableChannel channel, final Set<NioSelectorRunnable> runnableSet, final Runnable handler, final boolean oneshot) throws IOException {
+        final SynchronousHolder<NioHandle, IOException> holder = new SynchronousHolder<NioHandle, IOException>();
+        NioSelectorRunnable nioSelectorRunnable = null;
+        int bestLoad = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        for (NioSelectorRunnable item : runnableSet) {
+            final int load = item.getKeyLoad();
+            if (load < bestLoad) {
+                nioSelectorRunnable = item;
+                bestLoad = load;
+            }
+        }
+        if (nioSelectorRunnable == null) {
+            throw new IOException("No threads defined to handle this event type");
+        }
+        final NioSelectorRunnable actualSelectorRunnable = nioSelectorRunnable;
+        nioSelectorRunnable.runTask(new SelectorTask() {
+            public void run(final Selector selector) {
+                try {
+                    final SelectionKey selectionKey = channel.register(selector, 0);
+                    final NioHandle handle = new NioHandle(selectionKey, actualSelectorRunnable, handler, executor, oneshot);
+                    selectionKey.attach(handle);
+                    holder.set(handle);
+                } catch (ClosedChannelException e) {
+                    holder.setProblem(e);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        return holder.get();
+    }
+
+    public NioHandle addConnectHandler(final SelectableChannel channel, final Runnable handler, final boolean oneshot) throws IOException {
+        return doAdd(channel, connectors, handler, oneshot);
+    }
+
+    public NioHandle addReadHandler(final SelectableChannel channel, final Runnable handler) throws IOException {
+        return doAdd(channel, readers, handler, true);
+    }
+
+    public NioHandle addWriteHandler(final SelectableChannel channel, final Runnable handler) throws IOException {
+        return doAdd(channel, writers, handler, true);
+    }
+
+    public void addChannel(Channel channel) {
+        managedChannelSet.add(channel);
+    }
+
+    public void removeChannel(Channel channel) {
+        managedChannelSet.remove(channel);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.jboss.xnio.nio.NioProvider.stop` reads without synchronization from `this.org.jboss.xnio.nio.NioProvider.executorService`. Potentially races with write in method `NioProvider.stop()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NioProvider.stop()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jboss.xnio.nio.NioProvider.stop():void.b119c140507ca79735fe436ed7a87a2c
+
+### File:
+nio-impl/src/main/java/org/jboss/xnio/nio/NioProvider.java
+
+### Key:
+NioProvider.java|stop|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c8a530536346aa17d242b2eab0ec7d72
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8550/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8550/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dc9db04a170118d7fa63319bfa8ab643f9009ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8550/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[{},{\"a\":5}]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return JsonReader.of(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.BufferedSourceJsonReader` acquired by call to `newReader(...)` at line 26 is not released after line 37.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 27
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerStringValue()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerStringValue():void.c6681a5b73c87e5a5a606eae257c751b
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerStringValue|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+fabe93c26db5cb84d4f07294af1a3b5d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8557/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8557/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cccc5c98f1a61d3e6b9149135a856fe25956fef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8557/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[{},{\"a\":5}]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return JsonReader.of(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.BufferedSourceJsonReader` acquired by call to `newReader(...)` at line 40 is not released after line 51.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 41
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerIntegerValue()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerIntegerValue():void.c778fb1bb7b0c27650f2fa8898dbbf14
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerIntegerValue|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+ee1da8aac091247c9d0328ca923ff4a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8559/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8559/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99c21ec61da57a8c9ecbdac3174c775acea9c7e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8559/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1897 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.BEGIN_ARRAY;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.BEGIN_OBJECT;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.BOOLEAN;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.END_ARRAY;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.NAME;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.NULL;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.NUMBER;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader.Token.STRING;
+import static com.squareup.moshi.TestUtil.newReader;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class JsonReaderTest {
+  @Test public void readingDoesNotBuffer() throws IOException {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer().writeUtf8("{}{}");
+
+    JsonReader reader1 = new JsonReader(buffer);
+    reader1.beginObject();
+    reader1.endObject();
+    assertThat(buffer.size()).isEqualTo(2);
+
+    JsonReader reader2 = new JsonReader(buffer);
+    reader2.beginObject();
+    reader2.endObject();
+    assertThat(buffer.size()).isEqualTo(0);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readArray() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true, true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readEmptyArray() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.hasNext()).isFalse();
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readObject() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\": \"android\", \"b\": \"banana\"}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("android");
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("banana");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readObjectBuffer() throws IOException {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer().writeUtf8("{\"a\": \"android\", \"b\": \"banana\"}");
+    JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(buffer);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("android");
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("banana");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readObjectSource() throws IOException {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer().writeUtf8("{\"a\": \"android\", \"b\": \"banana\"}");
+    JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(buffer);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("android");
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("banana");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readEmptyObject() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.hasNext()).isFalse();
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipArray() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\": [\"one\", \"two\", \"three\"], \"b\": 123}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(123);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipArrayAfterPeek() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\": [\"one\", \"two\", \"three\"], \"b\": 123}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(BEGIN_ARRAY);
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(123);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipTopLevelObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\": [\"one\", \"two\", \"three\"], \"b\": 123}");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipObject() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(
+        "{\"a\": { \"c\": [], \"d\": [true, true, {}] }, \"b\": \"banana\"}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipObjectAfterPeek() throws Exception {
+    String json = "{" + "  \"one\": { \"num\": 1 }"
+        + ", \"two\": { \"num\": 2 }" + ", \"three\": { \"num\": 3 }" + "}";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("one");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(BEGIN_OBJECT);
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("two");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(BEGIN_OBJECT);
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("three");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipInteger() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":123456789,\"b\":-123456789}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipDouble() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":-123.456e-789,\"b\":123456789.0}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+    reader.skipValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failOnUnknownFailsOnUnknownObjectValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\": 123}");
+    reader.setFailOnUnknown(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+      assertThat(expected).hasMessage("Cannot skip unexpected NUMBER at $.a");
+    }
+    // Confirm that the reader is left in a consistent state after the exception.
+    reader.setFailOnUnknown(false);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(123);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failOnUnknownFailsOnUnknownArrayElement() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[\"a\", 123]");
+    reader.setFailOnUnknown(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+      assertThat(expected).hasMessage("Cannot skip unexpected NUMBER at $[1]");
+    }
+    // Confirm that the reader is left in a consistent state after the exception.
+    reader.setFailOnUnknown(false);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(123);
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void helloWorld() throws IOException {
+    String json = "{\n" +
+        "   \"hello\": true,\n" +
+        "   \"foo\": [\"world\"]\n" +
+        "}";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("hello");
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("foo");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("world");
+    reader.endArray();
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void nullSource() {
+    try {
+      new JsonReader(null);
+      fail();
+    } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void emptyString() throws Exception {
+    try {
+      newReader("").beginArray();
+      fail();
+    } catch (EOFException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      newReader("").beginObject();
+      fail();
+    } catch (EOFException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void noTopLevelObject() {
+    try {
+      newReader("true").nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void characterUnescaping() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[\"a\","
+        + "\"a\\\"\","
+        + "\"\\\"\","
+        + "\":\","
+        + "\",\","
+        + "\"\\b\","
+        + "\"\\f\","
+        + "\"\\n\","
+        + "\"\\r\","
+        + "\"\\t\","
+        + "\" \","
+        + "\"\\\\\","
+        + "\"{\","
+        + "\"}\","
+        + "\"[\","
+        + "\"]\","
+        + "\"\\u0000\","
+        + "\"\\u0019\","
+        + "\"\\u20AC\""
+        + "]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a\"");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\"");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(":");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(",");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\f");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\n");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\r");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\t");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(" ");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\\");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("{");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("}");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("[");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("]");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\0");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\u0019");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("\u20AC");
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void unescapingInvalidCharacters() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[\"\\u000g\"]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void unescapingTruncatedCharacters() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[\"\\u000";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (EOFException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void unescapingTruncatedSequence() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[\"\\";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void integersWithFractionalPartSpecified() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[1.0,1.0,1.0]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1.0);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(1L);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void doubles() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[-0.0,"
+        + "1.0,"
+        + "1.7976931348623157E308,"
+        + "4.9E-324,"
+        + "0.0,"
+        + "-0.5,"
+        + "2.2250738585072014E-308,"
+        + "3.141592653589793,"
+        + "2.718281828459045]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(-0.0);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1.0);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1.7976931348623157E308);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(4.9E-324);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(0.0);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(-0.5);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(2.2250738585072014E-308);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(3.141592653589793);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(2.718281828459045);
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictNonFiniteDoubles() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[NaN]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextDouble();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictQuotedNonFiniteDoubles() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[\"NaN\"]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextDouble();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+      assertThat(expected).hasMessageContaining("NaN");
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientNonFiniteDoubles() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[NaN, -Infinity, Infinity]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(Double.isNaN(reader.nextDouble())).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientQuotedNonFiniteDoubles() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[\"NaN\", \"-Infinity\", \"Infinity\"]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isNaN();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictNonFiniteDoublesWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[NaN]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void longs() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[0,0,0,"
+        + "1,1,1,"
+        + "-1,-1,-1,"
+        + "-9223372036854775808,"
+        + "9223372036854775807]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(0L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(0);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(0.0d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(1L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1.0d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(-1L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(-1);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(-1.0d);
+    try {
+      reader.nextInt();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(Long.MIN_VALUE);
+    try {
+      reader.nextInt();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test @Ignore public void numberWithOctalPrefix() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[01]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.nextInt();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.nextLong();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.nextDouble();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("01");
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void booleans() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true,false]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isFalse();
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void peekingUnquotedStringsPrefixedWithBooleans() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[truey]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("truey");
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void malformedNumbers() throws IOException {
+    assertNotANumber("-");
+    assertNotANumber(".");
+
+    // exponent lacks digit
+    assertNotANumber("e");
+    assertNotANumber("0e");
+    assertNotANumber(".e");
+    assertNotANumber("0.e");
+    assertNotANumber("-.0e");
+
+    // no integer
+    assertNotANumber("e1");
+    assertNotANumber(".e1");
+    assertNotANumber("-e1");
+
+    // trailing characters
+    assertNotANumber("1x");
+    assertNotANumber("1.1x");
+    assertNotANumber("1e1x");
+    assertNotANumber("1ex");
+    assertNotANumber("1.1ex");
+    assertNotANumber("1.1e1x");
+
+    // fraction has no digit
+    assertNotANumber("0.");
+    assertNotANumber("-0.");
+    assertNotANumber("0.e1");
+    assertNotANumber("-0.e1");
+
+    // no leading digit
+    assertNotANumber(".0");
+    assertNotANumber("-.0");
+    assertNotANumber(".0e1");
+    assertNotANumber("-.0e1");
+  }
+
+  private void assertNotANumber(String s) throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[" + s + "]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(s);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void peekingUnquotedStringsPrefixedWithIntegers() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[12.34e5x]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextInt();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("12.34e5x");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void peekLongMinValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[-9223372036854775808]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NUMBER);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(-9223372036854775808L);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void peekLongMaxValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[9223372036854775807]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NUMBER);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(9223372036854775807L);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void longLargerThanMaxLongThatWrapsAround() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[22233720368547758070]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NUMBER);
+    try {
+      reader.nextLong();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void longLargerThanMinLongThatWrapsAround() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[-22233720368547758070]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NUMBER);
+    try {
+      reader.nextLong();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This test fails because there's no double for 9223372036854775808, and our
+   * long parsing uses Double.parseDouble() for fractional values.
+   */
+  @Test @Ignore public void peekLargerThanLongMaxValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[9223372036854775808]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NUMBER);
+    try {
+      reader.nextLong();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This test fails because there's no double for -9223372036854775809, and our
+   * long parsing uses Double.parseDouble() for fractional values.
+   */
+  @Test @Ignore public void peekLargerThanLongMinValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[-9223372036854775809]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NUMBER);
+    try {
+      reader.nextLong();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(-9223372036854775809d);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This test fails because there's no double for 9223372036854775806, and
+   * our long parsing uses Double.parseDouble() for fractional values.
+   */
+  @Test @Ignore public void highPrecisionLong() throws IOException {
+    String json = "[9223372036854775806.000]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(9223372036854775806L);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void peekMuchLargerThanLongMinValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[-92233720368547758080]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NUMBER);
+    try {
+      reader.nextLong();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(-92233720368547758080d);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void quotedNumberWithEscape() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[\"12\u00334\"]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1234);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void mixedCaseLiterals() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[True,TruE,False,FALSE,NULL,nulL]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isFalse();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isFalse();
+    reader.nextNull();
+    reader.nextNull();
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void missingValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void prematureEndOfInput() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":true,");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    try {
+      reader.nextName();
+      fail();
+    } catch (EOFException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void prematurelyClosed() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":[]}");
+      reader.beginObject();
+      reader.close();
+      reader.nextName();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+
+    try {
+      JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":[]}");
+      reader.close();
+      reader.beginObject();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+
+    try {
+      JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":true}");
+      reader.beginObject();
+      reader.nextName();
+      reader.peek();
+      reader.close();
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void nextFailuresDoNotAdvance() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.nextName();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.beginArray();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.endArray();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.beginObject();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.endObject();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.nextName();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.beginArray();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    try {
+      reader.endArray();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+    reader.close();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void integerMismatchWithDoubleDoesNotAdvance() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[1.5]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextInt();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1.5d);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void integerMismatchWithLongDoesNotAdvance() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[9223372036854775807]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextInt();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(9223372036854775807L);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void longMismatchWithDoubleDoesNotAdvance() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[1.5]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextLong();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1.5d);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void stringNullIsNotNull() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[\"null\"]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void nullLiteralIsNotAString() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[null]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictNameValueSeparator() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\"=true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("{\"a\"=>true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientNameValueSeparator() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\"=true}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+
+    reader = newReader("{\"a\"=>true}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictNameValueSeparatorWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\"=true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("{\"a\"=>true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void commentsInStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[\"// comment\"]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("// comment");
+    reader.endArray();
+
+    reader = newReader("{\"a\":\"#someComment\"}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("#someComment");
+    reader.endObject();
+
+    reader = newReader("{\"#//a\":\"#some //Comment\"}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("#//a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("#some //Comment");
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictComments() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[// comment \n true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[# comment \n true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[/* comment */ true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientComments() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[// comment \n true]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+
+    reader = newReader("[# comment \n true]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+
+    reader = newReader("[/* comment */ true]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+
+    reader = newReader("a//");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictCommentsWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[// comment \n true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[# comment \n true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[/* comment */ true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictUnquotedNames() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{a:true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextName();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientUnquotedNames() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{a:true}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void jsonIsSingleUnquotedString() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("abc");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("abc");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictUnquotedNamesWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{a:true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSingleQuotedNames() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{'a':true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextName();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientSingleQuotedNames() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{'a':true}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSingleQuotedNamesWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{'a':true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictUnquotedStrings() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[a]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictUnquotedStringsWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[a]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientUnquotedStrings() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[a]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientUnquotedStringsDelimitedByComment() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[a#comment\n]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSingleQuotedStrings() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("['a']");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientSingleQuotedStrings() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("['a']");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSingleQuotedStringsWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("['a']");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSemicolonDelimitedArray() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true;true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientSemicolonDelimitedArray() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true;true]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSemicolonDelimitedArrayWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true;true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSemicolonDelimitedNameValuePair() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":true;\"b\":true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      reader.nextName();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientSemicolonDelimitedNameValuePair() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":true;\"b\":true}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("b");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictSemicolonDelimitedNameValuePairWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":true;\"b\":true}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictUnnecessaryArraySeparators() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true,,true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[,true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[true,]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[,]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientUnnecessaryArraySeparators() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true,,true]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    reader.nextNull();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    reader.endArray();
+
+    reader = newReader("[,true]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.nextNull();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    reader.endArray();
+
+    reader = newReader("[true,]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    reader.nextNull();
+    reader.endArray();
+
+    reader = newReader("[,]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.nextNull();
+    reader.nextNull();
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictUnnecessaryArraySeparatorsWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[true,,true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[,true]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[true,]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+
+    reader = newReader("[,]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictMultipleTopLevelValues() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[] []");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.endArray();
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientMultipleTopLevelValues() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[] true {}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictMultipleTopLevelValuesWithSkipValue() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[] []");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.endArray();
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictTopLevelString() {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("\"a\"");
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientTopLevelString() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("\"a\"");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictTopLevelValueType() {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("true");
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientTopLevelValueType() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("true");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictTopLevelValueTypeWithSkipValue() {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("true");
+    try {
+      reader.skipValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test @Ignore public void bomIgnoredAsFirstCharacterOfDocument() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("\ufeff[]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void bomForbiddenAsOtherCharacterInDocument() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[\ufeff]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      reader.endArray();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPosition() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]",
+        "[\n\n\n\n\n\"a\",}]");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPositionGreaterThanBufferSize() throws IOException {
+    String spaces = repeat(' ', 8192);
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]",
+        "[\n\n" + spaces + "\n\n\n\"a\",}]");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPositionOverSlashSlashEndOfLineComment() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]",
+        "\n// foo\n\n//bar\r\n[\"a\",}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPositionOverHashEndOfLineComment() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]",
+        "\n# foo\n\n#bar\r\n[\"a\",}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPositionOverCStyleComment() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]",
+        "\n\n/* foo\n*\n*\r\nbar */[\"a\",}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPositionOverQuotedString() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]",
+        "[\"foo\nbar\r\nbaz\n\",\n  }");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPositionOverUnquotedString() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]", "[\n\nabcd\n\n,}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithEscapedNewlineCharacter() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]", "[\n\n\"\\\n\n\",}");
+  }
+
+  @Test @Ignore public void failWithPositionIsOffsetByBom() throws IOException {
+    testFailWithPosition("Expected value at path $[1]", "\ufeff[\"a\",}]");
+  }
+
+  private void testFailWithPosition(String message, String json) throws IOException {
+    // Validate that it works reading the string normally.
+    JsonReader reader1 = newReader(json);
+    reader1.setLenient(true);
+    reader1.beginArray();
+    reader1.nextString();
+    try {
+      reader1.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+      assertThat(expected).hasMessage(message);
+    }
+
+    // Also validate that it works when skipping.
+    JsonReader reader2 = newReader(json);
+    reader2.setLenient(true);
+    reader2.beginArray();
+    reader2.skipValue();
+    try {
+      reader2.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+      assertThat(expected).hasMessage(message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void failWithPositionDeepPath() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[1,{\"a\":[2,3,}");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.nextInt();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.nextName();
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.nextInt();
+    reader.nextInt();
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+      assertThat(expected).hasMessage("Expected value at path $[1].a[2]");
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test @Ignore public void strictVeryLongNumber() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[0." + repeat('9', 8192) + "]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    try {
+      assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1d);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test @Ignore public void lenientVeryLongNumber() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[0." + repeat('9', 8192) + "]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(1d);
+    reader.endArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void veryLongUnquotedLiteral() throws IOException {
+    String literal = "a" + repeat('b', 8192) + "c";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[" + literal + "]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(literal);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void deeplyNestedArrays() throws IOException {
+    // this is nested 40 levels deep; Gson is tuned for nesting is 30 levels deep or fewer
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(
+        "[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]");
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      reader.beginArray();
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo(
+        "$[0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0]"
+        + "[0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0][0]");
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      reader.endArray();
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void deeplyNestedObjects() throws IOException {
+    // Build a JSON document structured like {"a":{"a":{"a":{"a":true}}}}, but 40 levels deep
+    String array = "{\"a\":%s}";
+    String json = "true";
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      json = String.format(array, json);
+    }
+
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      reader.beginObject();
+      assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a"
+        + ".a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+      reader.endObject();
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  // http://code.google.com/p/google-gson/issues/detail?id=409
+  @Test public void stringEndingInSlash() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("/");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void documentWithCommentEndingInSlash() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("/* foo *//");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void stringWithLeadingSlash() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("/x");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void unterminatedObject() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":\"android\"x");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("android");
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void veryLongQuotedString() throws IOException {
+    char[] stringChars = new char[1024 * 16];
+    Arrays.fill(stringChars, 'x');
+    String string = new String(stringChars);
+    String json = "[\"" + string + "\"]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(string);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void veryLongUnquotedString() throws IOException {
+    char[] stringChars = new char[1024 * 16];
+    Arrays.fill(stringChars, 'x');
+    String string = new String(stringChars);
+    String json = "[" + string + "]";
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(string);
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void veryLongUnterminatedString() throws IOException {
+    char[] stringChars = new char[1024 * 16];
+    Arrays.fill(stringChars, 'x');
+    String string = new String(stringChars);
+    String json = "[" + string;
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(json);
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo(string);
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (EOFException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipVeryLongUnquotedString() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[" + repeat('x', 8192) + "]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.skipValue();
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipTopLevelUnquotedString() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(repeat('x', 8192));
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipVeryLongQuotedString() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[\"" + repeat('x', 8192) + "\"]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.skipValue();
+    reader.endArray();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void skipTopLevelQuotedString() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("\"" + repeat('x', 8192) + "\"");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.skipValue();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void stringAsNumberWithTruncatedExponent() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[123e]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(STRING);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void stringAsNumberWithDigitAndNonDigitExponent() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[123e4b]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(STRING);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void stringAsNumberWithNonDigitExponent() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[123eb]");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(STRING);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void emptyStringName() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"\":true}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(BEGIN_OBJECT);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(NAME);
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.BOOLEAN);
+    assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isTrue();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_DOCUMENT);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void strictExtraCommasInMaps() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":\"b\",}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test public void lenientExtraCommasInMaps() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":\"b\",}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    try {
+      reader.peek();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String repeat(char c, int count) {
+    char[] array = new char[count];
+    Arrays.fill(array, c);
+    return new String(array);
+  }
+
+  @Test public void malformedDocuments() throws IOException {
+    assertDocument("{]", BEGIN_OBJECT, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{,", BEGIN_OBJECT, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{{", BEGIN_OBJECT, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{[", BEGIN_OBJECT, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{:", BEGIN_OBJECT, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\",", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\",", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":}", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"::", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":,", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"=}", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"=>}", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"=>\"string\":", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"=>\"string\"=", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"=>\"string\"=>", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"=>\"string\",", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"=>\"string\",\"name\"", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, NAME);
+    assertDocument("[}", BEGIN_ARRAY, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("[,]", BEGIN_ARRAY, NULL, NULL, END_ARRAY);
+    assertDocument("{", BEGIN_OBJECT, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\"", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\",", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{'name'", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{'name',", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{name", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("[", BEGIN_ARRAY, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("[string", BEGIN_ARRAY, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("[\"string\"", BEGIN_ARRAY, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("['string'", BEGIN_ARRAY, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("[123", BEGIN_ARRAY, NUMBER, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("[123,", BEGIN_ARRAY, NUMBER, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":123", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, NUMBER, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":123,", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, NUMBER, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":\"string\"", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":\"string\",", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":'string'", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":'string',", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, STRING, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":false", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, BOOLEAN, IOException.class);
+    assertDocument("{\"name\":false,,", BEGIN_OBJECT, NAME, BOOLEAN, IOException.class);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This test behave slightly differently in Gson 2.2 and earlier. It fails
+   * during peek rather than during nextString().
+   */
+  @Test public void unterminatedStringFailure() throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[\"string");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginArray();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IOException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void assertDocument(String document, Object... expectations) throws IOException {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader(document);
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    for (Object expectation : expectations) {
+      if (expectation == BEGIN_OBJECT) {
+        reader.beginObject();
+      } else if (expectation == BEGIN_ARRAY) {
+        reader.beginArray();
+      } else if (expectation == END_OBJECT) {
+        reader.endObject();
+      } else if (expectation == END_ARRAY) {
+        reader.endArray();
+      } else if (expectation == NAME) {
+        assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("name");
+      } else if (expectation == BOOLEAN) {
+        assertThat(reader.nextBoolean()).isFalse();
+      } else if (expectation == STRING) {
+        assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("string");
+      } else if (expectation == NUMBER) {
+        assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(123);
+      } else if (expectation == NULL) {
+        reader.nextNull();
+      } else if (expectation == IOException.class) {
+        try {
+          reader.peek();
+          fail();
+        } catch (IOException expected) {
+        }
+      } else {
+        throw new AssertionError();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader` acquired to `reader` by call to `new()` at line 83 is not released after line 91.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 84
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JsonReaderTest.readObjectBuffer()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.JsonReaderTest.readObjectBuffer():void.ae1bd84a61bf93180f9c83a6052bd66c
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/JsonReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JsonReaderTest.java|readObjectBuffer|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+57aca6f40719d2b6da0dc348dfa821d7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8566/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8566/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a21b565f8c0a23a857b5ed8649f0df0fd9a89f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8566/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[{},{\"a\":5}]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return JsonReader.of(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.BufferedSourceJsonReader` acquired by call to `newReader(...)` at line 138 is not released after line 145.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 139
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerEmptyValueObject()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerEmptyValueObject():void.733d1c0e1a6e1bc4c8dbdf23785b3e9d
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerEmptyValueObject|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+6956928ac9b8f9f8cae80f8f17b3caf9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8572/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8572/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb6164caa5ab9703a2ad81ea93b9a39c07cf7f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8572/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** OSM2World
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.osm2world.core.osm.creation;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.osm2world.core.osm.data.OSMData;
+
+/**
+ * DataSource providing information from a single .osm file, including common
+ * non-standard variants such as those files produced by JOSM. The file is read
+ * during the {@link #getData()} call, there will be no updates when the file is
+ * changed later. This class internally uses Osmosis to read the file.
+ *
+ * At its core, this reader combines the capabilities of the {@link OSMFileReader}
+ * and the {@link JOSMFileReader}.
+ */
+public class OSMFileReader implements OSMDataReader {
+
+	private final File file;
+
+	public OSMFileReader(File file) throws FileNotFoundException {
+		this.file = file;
+		if (!file.exists()) {
+			throw new FileNotFoundException(file.toString());
+		}
+	}
+
+	public File getFile() {
+		return file;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public OSMData getData() throws IOException {
+
+		OSMData osmData = null;
+		boolean useJOSMReader = false;
+
+		if (isJOSMGenerated(file)) {
+			useJOSMReader = true;
+		} else {
+
+			/* try to read file using Osmosis */
+
+			try {
+				osmData = new StrictOSMFileReader(file).getData();
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+
+				System.out.println("could not read file," +
+						" trying workaround for files created by JOSM");
+
+				useJOSMReader = true;
+
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		/* try reading the file while taking into account JOSM-specific extensions */
+
+		if (useJOSMReader) {
+
+			try {
+				osmData = new JOSMFileReader(file).getData();
+			} catch (Exception e2) {
+				throw new IOException("could not read OSM file" +
+						" (not even with workaround for JOSM files)", e2);
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return osmData;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if the file was identified as being generated by JOSM.
+	 * This method peeks into the first lines of the file,
+	 * trying to find the generator tag.
+	 */
+	public static final boolean isJOSMGenerated(File file) {
+
+		try {
+
+			BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+
+			for (int i=0; i<100; i++) {
+				String line = reader.readLine();
+				if (line != null) {
+					if (line.contains("generator='JOSM'")) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			reader.close();
+
+		} catch (IOException e) { }
+
+		return false;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired to `return` by call to `new()` at line 86 is not released after line 92.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean OSMFileReader.isJOSMGenerated(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.osm2world.core.osm.creation.OSMFileReader.isJOSMGenerated(java.io.File):boolean.8871dc23900b9941e20d2164feeedc88
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/osm2world/core/osm/creation/OSMFileReader.java
+
+### Key:
+OSMFileReader.java|isJOSMGenerated|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+bacfe6438989b4d2359f7c8efe6596fb
+
+### Hash:
+0d9c51fbeac045c849bcee5310e8866e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8575/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8575/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a3c60844e825d8da128d01894f66128b733c90d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8575/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** OSM2World
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.osm2world.core.target.jogl;
+
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.WritableRaster;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+
+import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
+import javax.media.opengl.GL;
+import javax.media.opengl.GL2GL3;
+import javax.media.opengl.GL3;
+
+/**
+ * Utility class to manage low level shader creation.
+ */
+public class ShaderManager {
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads the vertex shader from a resource file, compiles it and does error checking.
+	 * @param filename path to the resource containing the shader code
+	 * @return handle of the created vertex shader
+	 */
+	public static int createVertexShader(GL3 gl, String filename) {
+
+		// get the unique id
+		int vertShader = gl.glCreateShader(GL3.GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+		if (vertShader == 0)
+			throw new RuntimeException("Unable to create vertex shader.");
+
+		// create a single String array index to hold the shader code
+		String[] vertCode = new String[1];
+		vertCode[0] = "";
+		String line;
+
+		// open the file and read the contents into the String array.
+		InputStream stream = loadShaderFile(filename);
+		if (stream == null) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Vertex shader not found in classpath: \""+ filename +"\"");
+		}
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
+		try {
+			while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+				vertCode[0] += line + "\n";
+			}
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Failed reading vertex shader \"" + filename + "\".",e);
+		}
+
+		// Associate the code string with the unique id
+		gl.glShaderSource(vertShader, 1, vertCode, null);
+		// compile the vertex shader
+		gl.glCompileShader(vertShader);
+
+		// acquire compilation status
+		IntBuffer shaderStatus = IntBuffer.allocate(1);
+		gl.glGetShaderiv(vertShader, GL3.GL_COMPILE_STATUS, shaderStatus);
+
+		// check whether compilation was successful
+		if (shaderStatus.get() == GL.GL_FALSE) {
+			printShaderInfoLog(gl, vertShader);
+			throw new IllegalStateException("compilation error for shader ["
+					+ filename + "].");
+		}
+		printShaderInfoLog(gl, vertShader);
+
+		// the int returned is now associated with the compiled shader
+		return vertShader;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads the fragment shader from a resource file, compiles it and does error checking.
+	 * @param filename path to the resource containing the shader code
+	 * @return handle of the created fragment shader
+	 */
+	public static int createFragmentShader(GL3 gl, String filename) {
+
+		int fragShader = gl.glCreateShader(GL3.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+		if (fragShader == 0)
+			return 0;
+
+		String[] fragCode = new String[1];
+		fragCode[0] = "";
+		String line;
+
+		InputStream stream = loadShaderFile(filename);
+		if (stream == null) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Fragment shader not found in classpath: \""+ filename +"\"");
+		}
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
+		try {
+			while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+				fragCode[0] += line + "\n";
+			}
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Failed reading fragment shader \"" + filename + "\".",e);
+		}
+
+		gl.glShaderSource(fragShader, 1, fragCode, null);
+		gl.glCompileShader(fragShader);
+
+		// acquire compilation status
+		IntBuffer shaderStatus = IntBuffer.allocate(1);
+		gl.glGetShaderiv(fragShader, GL3.GL_COMPILE_STATUS, shaderStatus);
+
+		// check whether compilation was successful
+		if (shaderStatus.get() == GL.GL_FALSE) {
+			printShaderInfoLog(gl, fragShader);
+			throw new IllegalStateException("compilation error for shader ["
+					+ filename + "].");
+		}
+		printShaderInfoLog(gl, fragShader);
+
+		return fragShader;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Prints the shader log to System.out
+	 */
+	public static boolean printShaderInfoLog(GL3 gl, int shader) {
+		IntBuffer ival = IntBuffer.allocate(1);
+		gl.glGetShaderiv(shader, GL3.GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH,
+				ival);
+
+		int size = ival.get();
+		if (size > 1) {
+			ByteBuffer log = ByteBuffer.allocate(size);
+			ival.flip();
+			gl.glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, size, ival, log);
+			byte[] infoBytes = new byte[size];
+			log.get(infoBytes);
+			System.out.println("Info log: " + new String(infoBytes));
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	 }
+
+	/**
+	 * Reads the program log into a String.
+	 * @param prog handle to the shader program
+	 * @return the program log as String
+	 */
+	public static String getProgramInfoLog(GL3 gl, int prog) {
+		IntBuffer ival = IntBuffer.allocate(1);
+		gl.glGetProgramiv(prog, GL3.GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH,
+				ival);
+
+		int size = ival.get();
+		if (size > 1) {
+			ByteBuffer log = ByteBuffer.allocate(size);
+			ival.flip();
+			gl.glGetProgramInfoLog(prog, size, ival, log);
+			byte[] infoBytes = new byte[size];
+			log.get(infoBytes);
+			return new String(infoBytes);
+		}
+		return "";
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Prints the program log to System.out
+	 */
+	public static boolean printProgramInfoLog(GL3 gl, int prog) {
+		IntBuffer ival = IntBuffer.allocate(1);
+		gl.glGetProgramiv(prog, GL3.GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH,
+				ival);
+
+		int size = ival.get();
+		if (size > 1) {
+			ByteBuffer log = ByteBuffer.allocate(size);
+			ival.flip();
+			gl.glGetProgramInfoLog(prog, size, ival, log);
+			byte[] infoBytes = new byte[size];
+			log.get(infoBytes);
+			System.out.println("Info log: " + new String(infoBytes));
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	 }
+
+	/**
+	 * Save a depth buffer texture to a file as png.
+	 */
+	public static void saveDepthBuffer(File file, int depthBufferHandle, int width, int height, GL2GL3 gl) {
+		// create buffer to store image
+		FloatBuffer buffer=FloatBuffer.allocate(width*height);//ByteBuffer.allocate(shadowMapWidth*shadowMapHeight*4).asFloatBuffer();
+
+		// load image in buffer
+		gl.glBindTexture(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthBufferHandle);
+		gl.glGetTexImage(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL3.GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL.GL_FLOAT, buffer);
+		buffer.rewind();
+
+		// create buffered image
+		BufferedImage img = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_GRAY);
+
+		// copy data to buffered image
+		WritableRaster wr = img.getRaster();
+		for (int col=0; col<img.getWidth(); col++) {
+			for (int row=0; row<img.getHeight(); row++) {
+				float f = buffer.get(row*width+col);
+				int v = (int)(f*255);
+				wr.setPixel(col, height-1-row, new int[] {v});
+			}
+		}
+
+		// save to file
+		try {
+			ImageIO.write(img, "png", file);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tries to load the shader file from classpath. If unsuccessful tries to
+	 * load from resources folder in filesystem. If also unsuccessful return
+	 * <code>null</code>.
+	 */
+	private static InputStream loadShaderFile(String filename) {
+		InputStream stream = System.class.getResourceAsStream(filename);
+		if (stream == null) {
+			File file = new File("resources/" + (filename.charAt(0) == '/' ? filename.substring(1) : filename));
+			try {
+				stream = new FileInputStream(file);
+			} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			}
+		}
+		return stream;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 97 is not released after line 102.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 99
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int ShaderManager.createFragmentShader(GL3,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.osm2world.core.target.jogl.ShaderManager.createFragmentShader(javax.media.opengl.GL3,java.lang.S.d100e955fa042a967c5b36941f872775
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/osm2world/core/target/jogl/ShaderManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ShaderManager.java|createFragmentShader|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+b5a6124dbc4ef7a32134ac5c2655892d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8581/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8581/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc0322cf8c91d87056c7befa8bb90433209f3f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8581/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** OSM2World
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.osm2world.core.world.modules.building.indoor;
+
+import org.osm2world.core.map_data.data.MapArea;
+import org.osm2world.core.map_data.data.MapElement;
+import org.osm2world.core.map_data.data.TagSet;
+import org.osm2world.core.target.Renderable;
+import org.osm2world.core.target.Target;
+import org.osm2world.core.world.modules.building.BuildingPart;
+
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.osm2world.core.util.ValueParseUtil.parseOsmDecimal;
+
+public class Indoor implements Renderable {
+
+    private final List<MapElement> elements;
+
+    private BuildingPart buildingPart;
+
+
+    private List<IndoorWall> walls = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<IndoorRoom> rooms = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<IndoorArea> areas = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<Corridor> corridors = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    public Indoor(List<MapElement> indoorElements, BuildingPart buildingPart){
+
+        /* check all elements are within height limits of building part */
+
+        List<MapElement> tempElements = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (MapElement element : indoorElements){
+
+            TagSet elementTags = element.getTags();
+
+            if (elementTags.containsKey("level")){
+
+                Float elementLevel = parseOsmDecimal(elementTags.getValue("level"), true);
+
+                if (elementLevel != null){
+
+                    if(elementLevel >= buildingPart.getMinLevel() && elementLevel <= buildingPart.getBuildingLevels()){
+                        tempElements.add(element);
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            //TODO handle element with no level tag
+
+        }
+
+        this.elements = tempElements;
+        this.buildingPart = buildingPart;
+
+        createComponents();
+
+    }
+
+    private void createComponents(){
+
+        for (MapElement element : elements){
+
+            switch (element.getTags().getValue("indoor")){
+
+                case "wall":
+
+                    walls.add(new IndoorWall(buildingPart, element));
+                    break;
+
+                case "room":
+
+                    rooms.add(new IndoorRoom((MapArea) element, buildingPart));
+                    break;
+
+                case "area":
+
+                    areas.add(new IndoorArea(buildingPart, (MapArea) element));
+                    break;
+
+                case "corridor":
+
+                    corridors.add(new Corridor(buildingPart, (MapArea) element));
+                    break;
+
+            }
+
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void renderTo(Target target) {
+
+        walls.forEach(w -> w.renderTo(target));
+
+        rooms.forEach(r -> r.renderTo(target));
+
+        areas.forEach(a -> a.renderTo(target));
+
+        corridors.forEach(c -> c.renderTo(target));
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `element.getTags().getValue("indoor")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 67.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Indoor.createComponents()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.osm2world.core.world.modules.building.indoor.Indoor.createComponents():void.ea82a4266f6e7e661f30167ba113e375
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/osm2world/core/world/modules/building/indoor/Indoor.java
+
+### Key:
+Indoor.java|createComponents|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c281f77c6dae544ee5fb7d5e2bb35118
+
+### Hash:
+3fc533954090b372c319c555bfdec6e8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8588/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8588/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf23244ea733377b74e3cc993804e030405ca739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8588/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 83 is not released after line 83.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 83
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens():void.e9d1ab40554db73c7abcd107f262af27
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f5c23f66aa0be60f5260b2bec3c2ccc6
+
+### Hash:
+8ebea885ee3b466a13a4711cd21585b6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8589/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8589/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd31fb8681ebcb3ca5e00f7cc0aec50bad9d316b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8589/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.processor.magnet;
+
+import bt.magnet.MagnetUri;
+import bt.metainfo.IMetadataService;
+import bt.metainfo.Torrent;
+import bt.metainfo.TorrentFile;
+import bt.metainfo.TorrentId;
+import bt.metainfo.TorrentSource;
+import bt.net.InetPeer;
+import bt.processor.BaseProcessingStage;
+import bt.processor.ProcessingStage;
+import bt.torrent.TorrentDescriptor;
+import bt.torrent.TorrentRegistry;
+import bt.torrent.messaging.BitfieldCollectingConsumer;
+import bt.torrent.messaging.MetadataFetcher;
+import bt.tracker.AnnounceKey;
+import bt.tracker.ITrackerService;
+import bt.tracker.TrackerAnnouncer;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public class FetchMetadataStage extends BaseProcessingStage<MagnetContext> {
+
+    private IMetadataService metadataService;
+    private TorrentRegistry torrentRegistry;
+    private ITrackerService trackerService;
+
+    public FetchMetadataStage(ProcessingStage<MagnetContext> next,
+                              IMetadataService metadataService,
+                              TorrentRegistry torrentRegistry,
+                              ITrackerService trackerService) {
+        super(next);
+        this.metadataService = metadataService;
+        this.torrentRegistry = torrentRegistry;
+        this.trackerService = trackerService;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void doExecute(MagnetContext context) {
+        TorrentId torrentId = context.getMagnetUri().getTorrentId();
+
+        MetadataFetcher metadataFetcher = new MetadataFetcher(metadataService, torrentId);
+        context.getRouter().registerMessagingAgent(metadataFetcher);
+
+        // need to also receive Bitfields and Haves (without validation for the number of pieces...)
+        BitfieldCollectingConsumer bitfieldConsumer = new BitfieldCollectingConsumer();
+        context.getRouter().registerMessagingAgent(bitfieldConsumer);
+
+        getDescriptor(torrentId).start();
+
+        context.getMagnetUri().getPeerAddresses().forEach(address -> {
+            context.getSession().get().onPeerDiscovered(new InetPeer(address));
+        });
+
+        Torrent torrent = metadataFetcher.fetchTorrent();
+        Optional<AnnounceKey> announceKey = createAnnounceKey(context.getMagnetUri());
+        torrent = amendTorrent(torrent, context.getMagnetUri().getDisplayName(), announceKey);
+        if (announceKey.isPresent()) {
+            TrackerAnnouncer announcer = new TrackerAnnouncer(trackerService, torrent);
+            announcer.start();
+        }
+
+        context.setTorrent(torrent);
+
+        context.setBitfieldConsumer(bitfieldConsumer);
+    }
+
+    private TorrentDescriptor getDescriptor(TorrentId torrentId) {
+        return torrentRegistry.getDescriptor(torrentId)
+                .orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException("No descriptor present for torrent ID: " + torrentId));
+    }
+
+    private Optional<AnnounceKey> createAnnounceKey(MagnetUri magnetUri) {
+        Optional<AnnounceKey> announceKey;
+
+        Collection<String> trackerUrls = magnetUri.getTrackerUrls();
+        if (trackerUrls.isEmpty()) {
+            announceKey = Optional.empty();
+        } else {
+            List<List<String>> trackerTiers = Collections.singletonList(new ArrayList<>(trackerUrls));
+            announceKey = Optional.of(new AnnounceKey(trackerTiers));
+        }
+        return announceKey;
+    }
+
+    private Torrent amendTorrent(Torrent delegate, Optional<String> displayName, Optional<AnnounceKey> announceKey) {
+        Torrent torrent;
+
+        if (displayName.isPresent() || announceKey.isPresent()) {
+            torrent = new Torrent() {
+                @Override
+                public TorrentSource getSource() {
+                    return delegate.getSource();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Optional<AnnounceKey> getAnnounceKey() {
+                    return announceKey;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public TorrentId getTorrentId() {
+                    return delegate.getTorrentId();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public String getName() {
+                    // prefer name from the info dictionary
+                    String name = delegate.getName();
+                    return (name == null) ? displayName.orElse(null) : name;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public long getChunkSize() {
+                    return delegate.getChunkSize();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Iterable<byte[]> getChunkHashes() {
+                    return delegate.getChunkHashes();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public long getSize() {
+                    return delegate.getSize();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public List<TorrentFile> getFiles() {
+                    return delegate.getFiles();
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean isPrivate() {
+                    return delegate.isPrivate();
+                }
+            };
+        } else {
+            torrent = delegate;
+        }
+        return torrent;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `torrent` last assigned on line 61 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `TrackerAnnouncer(...)` at line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FetchMetadataStage.doExecute(MagnetContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.processor.magnet.FetchMetadataStage.doExecute(bt.processor.magnet.MagnetContext):void.98fc9c90ce51c133ca68077b444494e5
+
+### File:
+bt-core/src/main/java/bt/processor/magnet/FetchMetadataStage.java
+
+### Key:
+FetchMetadataStage.java|doExecute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d03fa84dee5c7a7cc6efcc052d99ddbd
+
+### Hash:
+3ec19618b441dbc162346be354841b6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8592/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8592/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d4c4ce3375b701db495f0cf04a076e813cfdba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8592/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 41 is not released after line 41.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 41
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent():void.78e08e2fec74255c09871331bd11fffb
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+34a7f3dc3959865c4e6123ffbf530c11
+
+### Hash:
+17ac1aae3242e66fce14ffe397b430e3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8595/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8595/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a328ce44a0080e888ed2131c5a7fdea13e6a7ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8595/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 76 is not released after line 78.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 78
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated():void.2f4c3431eda8fcb0834e327607e22e87
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0131fec294bdeca06e2199ba6a6be717
+
+### Hash:
+bc82cdf038fba749adf208d3064afd11
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8713/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8713/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eabbdf563b785deab9c7cf3d7ad5c178956a2216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8713/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.json.hadoop;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader {
+	private UnenclosedJsonRecordReader getReaderFor(String resource, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+		Path path = new Path(this.getClass().getResource(resource).getFile());
+		
+		JobConf conf = new JobConf();
+		
+		FileSplit split = new FileSplit(path, start, end - start, new String[0]);
+		
+		return new UnenclosedJsonRecordReader(split, conf);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader) throws IOException {
+		return getRecordIndexesInReader(reader, false);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader, boolean flag) throws IOException {
+		List<Integer> linesList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
+		
+		LongWritable key = reader.createKey();
+		Text value = reader.createValue();
+		
+		while (reader.next(key, value)) {
+			int line = flag ? (int)(key.get()) : value.toString().charAt(23) - '0';
+			linesList.add(line);
+			System.out.println(key.get() + " - " + value.toString());
+		}
+		
+		int [] lines = new int[linesList.size()];
+		for (int i=0;i<linesList.size();i++) {
+			lines[i] = linesList.get(i);
+		}
+		return lines;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void TestArbitrarySplitLocations() throws IOException {
+		
+		//int totalSize = 415;
+		
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 372 };
+	
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 40)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 41)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 42)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 39, 123)));
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 20, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 40, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6, 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 240, 340)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 353, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 354, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 355, 415)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEachOnce() throws IOException {
+		//Each record exactly once - see commit b8f6d6dfaf11cce7d8cba54e6011e8684ade0e85, issue #68
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 63)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 63, 121)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 4 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 121, 187)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 5, 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 187, 264)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 264, 352)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 352, 412)));
+
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 23)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 23, 41)));
+		// Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestWhitespace() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Ignore  // May not be guaranteed behavior
+	public void TestComma() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscape() throws IOException {  // Issue #68
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 44, 88, 137, 181, 229, 270, 311, 354 };  //length 395
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 43, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {2, 3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 45, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4,5,6}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 181, 289)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 336, 400)));  // 7|{}"
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 14, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 22, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 23, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 24, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 25, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 68)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 69)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscQuoteLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscAposLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 43, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscSlashLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscCloseLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscOpenLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 268, 280)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscPoints() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 74), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 75}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 76), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {75, 146}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 70, 148), true));
+	}
+
+	// This tests some multi-byte characters in UTF-8.
+	// If implementing a byte-based approach instead of character-based,
+	// the test itself would probably have to be updated to byte-based offsets
+	@Test
+	public void TestCharacters() throws IOException {
+		//int[] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, ...};  // character-based offsets
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 42), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0,42}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 38, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 39, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {84,126,168}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 43, 200), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {210,252,294,336}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 200, 400), true));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestGeomFirst() throws IOException {
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 32, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 48, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 49, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 0, 52), true));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getReaderFor(...)` at line 126 is not released after line 126.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscape()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.json.hadoop.TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscape():void.6b1cb5cd737d3acbfab5aa0ddc9cedc5
+
+### File:
+json/src/test/java/com/esri/json/hadoop/TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java|TestEscape|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+df0efd48083e294955bf88e2a7226f99
+
+### Hash:
+a6083e0b0ae17cbf661b7a21e9005f7d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8714/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8714/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2345ca20eb4d20bdafee23ac5d18b16967576c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8714/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 52
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.json.hadoop;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader {
+	private UnenclosedJsonRecordReader getReaderFor(String resource, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+		Path path = new Path(this.getClass().getResource(resource).getFile());
+		
+		JobConf conf = new JobConf();
+		
+		FileSplit split = new FileSplit(path, start, end - start, new String[0]);
+		
+		return new UnenclosedJsonRecordReader(split, conf);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader) throws IOException {
+		return getRecordIndexesInReader(reader, false);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader, boolean flag) throws IOException {
+		List<Integer> linesList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
+		
+		LongWritable key = reader.createKey();
+		Text value = reader.createValue();
+		
+		while (reader.next(key, value)) {
+			int line = flag ? (int)(key.get()) : value.toString().charAt(23) - '0';
+			linesList.add(line);
+			System.out.println(key.get() + " - " + value.toString());
+		}
+		
+		int [] lines = new int[linesList.size()];
+		for (int i=0;i<linesList.size();i++) {
+			lines[i] = linesList.get(i);
+		}
+		return lines;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void TestArbitrarySplitLocations() throws IOException {
+		
+		//int totalSize = 415;
+		
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 372 };
+	
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 40)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 41)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 42)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 39, 123)));
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 20, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 40, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6, 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 240, 340)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 353, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 354, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 355, 415)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEachOnce() throws IOException {
+		//Each record exactly once - see commit b8f6d6dfaf11cce7d8cba54e6011e8684ade0e85, issue #68
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 63)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 63, 121)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 4 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 121, 187)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 5, 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 187, 264)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 264, 352)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 352, 412)));
+
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 23)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 23, 41)));
+		// Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestWhitespace() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Ignore  // May not be guaranteed behavior
+	public void TestComma() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscape() throws IOException {  // Issue #68
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 44, 88, 137, 181, 229, 270, 311, 354 };  //length 395
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 43, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {2, 3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 45, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4,5,6}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 181, 289)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 336, 400)));  // 7|{}"
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 14, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 22, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 23, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 24, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 25, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 68)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 69)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscQuoteLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscAposLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 43, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscSlashLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscCloseLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscOpenLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 268, 280)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscPoints() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 74), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 75}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 76), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {75, 146}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 70, 148), true));
+	}
+
+	// This tests some multi-byte characters in UTF-8.
+	// If implementing a byte-based approach instead of character-based,
+	// the test itself would probably have to be updated to byte-based offsets
+	@Test
+	public void TestCharacters() throws IOException {
+		//int[] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, ...};  // character-based offsets
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 42), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0,42}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 38, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 39, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {84,126,168}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 43, 200), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {210,252,294,336}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 200, 400), true));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestGeomFirst() throws IOException {
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 32, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 48, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 49, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 0, 52), true));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getReaderFor(...)` at line 158 is not released after line 158.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscAposLast()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.json.hadoop.TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscAposLast():void.3189b44c846a6c83aaa293c7907b540c
+
+### File:
+json/src/test/java/com/esri/json/hadoop/TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java|TestEscAposLast|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+df0efd48083e294955bf88e2a7226f99
+
+### Hash:
+431fc8c56b6292e1ee582a555b067749
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8722/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8722/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e5959cbaadea045e5b0a6e1a8348570b310681b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8722/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 77
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.json.hadoop;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader {
+	private UnenclosedJsonRecordReader getReaderFor(String resource, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+		Path path = new Path(this.getClass().getResource(resource).getFile());
+		
+		JobConf conf = new JobConf();
+		
+		FileSplit split = new FileSplit(path, start, end - start, new String[0]);
+		
+		return new UnenclosedJsonRecordReader(split, conf);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader) throws IOException {
+		return getRecordIndexesInReader(reader, false);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader, boolean flag) throws IOException {
+		List<Integer> linesList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
+		
+		LongWritable key = reader.createKey();
+		Text value = reader.createValue();
+		
+		while (reader.next(key, value)) {
+			int line = flag ? (int)(key.get()) : value.toString().charAt(23) - '0';
+			linesList.add(line);
+			System.out.println(key.get() + " - " + value.toString());
+		}
+		
+		int [] lines = new int[linesList.size()];
+		for (int i=0;i<linesList.size();i++) {
+			lines[i] = linesList.get(i);
+		}
+		return lines;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void TestArbitrarySplitLocations() throws IOException {
+		
+		//int totalSize = 415;
+		
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 372 };
+	
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 40)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 41)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 42)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 39, 123)));
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 20, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 40, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6, 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 240, 340)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 353, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 354, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 355, 415)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEachOnce() throws IOException {
+		//Each record exactly once - see commit b8f6d6dfaf11cce7d8cba54e6011e8684ade0e85, issue #68
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 63)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 63, 121)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 4 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 121, 187)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 5, 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 187, 264)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 264, 352)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 352, 412)));
+
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 23)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 23, 41)));
+		// Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestWhitespace() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Ignore  // May not be guaranteed behavior
+	public void TestComma() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscape() throws IOException {  // Issue #68
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 44, 88, 137, 181, 229, 270, 311, 354 };  //length 395
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 43, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {2, 3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 45, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4,5,6}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 181, 289)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 336, 400)));  // 7|{}"
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 14, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 22, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 23, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 24, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 25, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 68)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 69)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscQuoteLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscAposLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 43, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscSlashLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscCloseLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscOpenLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 268, 280)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscPoints() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 74), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 75}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 76), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {75, 146}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 70, 148), true));
+	}
+
+	// This tests some multi-byte characters in UTF-8.
+	// If implementing a byte-based approach instead of character-based,
+	// the test itself would probably have to be updated to byte-based offsets
+	@Test
+	public void TestCharacters() throws IOException {
+		//int[] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, ...};  // character-based offsets
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 42), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0,42}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 38, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 39, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {84,126,168}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 43, 200), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {210,252,294,336}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 200, 400), true));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestGeomFirst() throws IOException {
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 32, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 48, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 49, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 0, 52), true));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getReaderFor(...)` at line 203 is not released after line 203.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscPoints()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.json.hadoop.TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscPoints():void.0b7a8a32b3b8fb7ee17c0112f14ef797
+
+### File:
+json/src/test/java/com/esri/json/hadoop/TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java|TestEscPoints|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+df0efd48083e294955bf88e2a7226f99
+
+### Hash:
+aec5d4f4e28cd52f0f6b09cc0cab3c61
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8725/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8725/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12466c53c7c71883cb1d4fa185265c87eab57f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8725/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 84
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.hadoop.hive.serde;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Properties;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.SerDe;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.objectinspector.StructField;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.objectinspector.StructObjectInspector;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.*;
+
+import com.esri.core.geometry.Point;
+import com.esri.hadoop.hive.GeometryUtils;
+import com.esri.hadoop.shims.HiveShims;
+
+// Ideally tests to cover:
+//  - attributes and/or geometry
+//  - null attributes and values to not linger
+//  - null geometry
+//  - spatial reference preserved
+
+public class TestGeoJsonSerDe {
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestIntOnly() throws Exception {  // Is this valid for GeoJSON?
+		Configuration config = new Configuration();
+		Text value = new Text();
+
+		SerDe jserde = new GeoJsonSerDe();
+		Properties proptab = new Properties();
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMNS, "num");
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMN_TYPES, "int");
+		jserde.initialize(config, proptab);
+        StructObjectInspector rowOI = (StructObjectInspector)jserde.getObjectInspector();
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{\"num\":7}}");
+		Object row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		StructField f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("num");
+		Object fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		Assert.assertEquals(7, ((IntWritable)fieldData).get());
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{\"num\":9}}");
+        row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("num");
+		fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		Assert.assertEquals(9, ((IntWritable)fieldData).get());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestPointOnly() throws Exception {
+		Configuration config = new Configuration();
+		Text value = new Text();
+
+		SerDe jserde = new GeoJsonSerDe();
+		Properties proptab = new Properties();
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMNS, "shape");
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMN_TYPES, "binary");
+		jserde.initialize(config, proptab);
+        StructObjectInspector rowOI = (StructObjectInspector)jserde.getObjectInspector();
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[15.0,5.0]}}");
+		Object row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		StructField f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("shape");
+		Object fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		ckPoint(new Point(15.0, 5.0), (BytesWritable)fieldData);
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[7.0,4.0]}}");
+        row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("shape");
+		fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		ckPoint(new Point(7.0, 4.0), (BytesWritable)fieldData);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestIntPoint() throws Exception {
+		Configuration config = new Configuration();
+		Text value = new Text();
+
+		SerDe jserde = new GeoJsonSerDe();
+		Properties proptab = new Properties();
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMNS, "num,shape");
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMN_TYPES, "bigint,binary");
+		jserde.initialize(config, proptab);
+        StructObjectInspector rowOI = (StructObjectInspector)jserde.getObjectInspector();
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{\"num\":7},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[15.0,5.0]}}");
+		Object row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		StructField fref = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("num");
+		Object fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, fref);
+		Assert.assertEquals(7, ((LongWritable)fieldData).get());
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{\"num\":4},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[7.0,2.0]}}");
+        row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		fref = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("num");
+		fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, fref);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, ((LongWritable)fieldData).get());
+		fref = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("shape");
+		fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, fref);
+		ckPoint(new Point(7.0, 2.0), (BytesWritable)fieldData);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestNullAttr() throws Exception {
+		Configuration config = new Configuration();
+		Text value = new Text();
+
+		SerDe jserde = new GeoJsonSerDe();
+		Properties proptab = new Properties();
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMNS, "num");
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMN_TYPES, "int");
+		jserde.initialize(config, proptab);
+        StructObjectInspector rowOI = (StructObjectInspector)jserde.getObjectInspector();
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{\"num\":7}}");
+		Object row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		StructField f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("num");
+		Object fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		Assert.assertEquals(7, ((IntWritable)fieldData).get());
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{}}");
+        row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("num");
+		fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		Assert.assertEquals(null, fieldData);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestNullGeom() throws Exception {
+		Configuration config = new Configuration();
+		Text value = new Text();
+
+		SerDe jserde = new GeoJsonSerDe();
+		Properties proptab = new Properties();
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMNS, "shape");
+		proptab.setProperty(HiveShims.serdeConstants.LIST_COLUMN_TYPES, "binary");
+		jserde.initialize(config, proptab);
+        StructObjectInspector rowOI = (StructObjectInspector)jserde.getObjectInspector();
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[15.0,5.0]}}");
+		Object row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		StructField f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("shape");
+		Object fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		ckPoint(new Point(15.0, 5.0), (BytesWritable)fieldData);
+
+        value.set("{\"properties\":{},\"coordinates\":null}");
+        row = jserde.deserialize(value);
+		f0 = rowOI.getStructFieldRef("shape");
+		fieldData = rowOI.getStructFieldData(row, f0);
+		Assert.assertEquals(null, fieldData);
+	}
+
+    private void ckPoint(Point refPt, BytesWritable fieldData) {
+		Assert.assertEquals(refPt,
+							GeometryUtils.geometryFromEsriShape(fieldData).getEsriGeometry());
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `rowOI` last assigned on line 84 could be null and is dereferenced at line 88.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestGeoJsonSerDe.TestIntPoint()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.hadoop.hive.serde.TestGeoJsonSerDe.TestIntPoint():void.5b3326d9a67b198361bf280e6361f2b4
+
+### File:
+hive/src/test/java/com/esri/hadoop/hive/serde/TestGeoJsonSerDe.java
+
+### Key:
+TestGeoJsonSerDe.java|TestIntPoint|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+acaec5e305bcc4bb44d93c058ea68ab1
+
+### Hash:
+22cf94c095586e62024d39306ede2f63
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8747/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8747/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5912fd1b67bff45f24824b9f2b3c16eb30c3a032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8747/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openscoring
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of Openscoring
+ *
+ * Openscoring is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Openscoring is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with Openscoring.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.openscoring.service;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import javax.ws.rs.BadRequestException;
+import javax.ws.rs.Consumes;
+import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.Context;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.MultivaluedMap;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.UriInfo;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.MessageBodyReader;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.MessageBodyWriter;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.Provider;
+
+import org.openscoring.common.TableEvaluationRequest;
+import org.openscoring.common.TableEvaluationResponse;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.supercsv.prefs.CsvPreference;
+
+@Provider
+@Consumes({"application/csv", "text/csv", MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN, "text/*"})
+@Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN)
+public class TableProvider implements MessageBodyReader<TableEvaluationRequest>, MessageBodyWriter<TableEvaluationResponse> {
+
+	@Context
+	private UriInfo uriInfo = null;
+
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isReadable(Class<?> type, Type genericType, Annotation[] annotations, MediaType mediaType){
+		return (TableEvaluationRequest.class).equals(type);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isWriteable(Class<?> type, Type genericType, Annotation[] annotations, MediaType mediaType){
+		return (TableEvaluationResponse.class).equals(type);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public TableEvaluationRequest readFrom(Class<TableEvaluationRequest> type, Type genericType, Annotation[] annotations, MediaType mediaType, MultivaluedMap<String, String> httpHeaders, InputStream entityStream) throws IOException {
+		String charset = getCharset(mediaType);
+
+		MultivaluedMap<String, String> queryParameters = this.uriInfo.getQueryParameters();
+
+		String delimiterChar = queryParameters.getFirst("delimiterChar");
+		String quoteChar = queryParameters.getFirst("quoteChar");
+
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(entityStream, charset)){
+
+			@Override
+			public void close(){
+				// The closing of the underlying java.io.InputStream is handled elsewhere
+			}
+		};
+
+		TableEvaluationRequest tableRequest;
+
+		try {
+			CsvPreference format;
+
+			if(delimiterChar != null){
+				format = CsvUtil.getFormat(delimiterChar, quoteChar);
+			} else
+
+			{
+				format = CsvUtil.getFormat(reader);
+			}
+
+			tableRequest = CsvUtil.readTable(reader, format);
+		} catch(Exception e){
+			logger.error("Failed to load CSV document", e);
+
+			throw new BadRequestException(e);
+		} finally {
+			reader.close();
+		}
+
+		tableRequest.setCharset(charset);
+
+		return tableRequest;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void writeTo(TableEvaluationResponse tableResponse, Class<?> type, Type genericType, Annotation[] annotations, MediaType mediaType, MultivaluedMap<String, Object> httpHeaders, OutputStream entityStream) throws IOException {
+		String charset = getCharset(mediaType);
+
+		BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(entityStream, charset)){
+
+			@Override
+			public void close() throws IOException {
+				flush();
+
+				// The closing of the underlying java.io.OutputStream is handled elsewhere
+			}
+		};
+
+		try {
+			CsvUtil.writeTable(tableResponse, writer);
+		} finally {
+			writer.close();
+		}
+	}
+
+	static
+	private String getCharset(MediaType mediaType){
+		Map<String, String> parameters = mediaType.getParameters();
+
+		String charset = parameters.get(MediaType.CHARSET_PARAMETER);
+		if(charset == null){
+			charset = "UTF-8";
+		}
+
+		return charset;
+	}
+
+	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TableProvider.class);
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 77 is not released after line 104.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+TableEvaluationRequest TableProvider.readFrom(Class,Type,java.lang.annotation.Annotation[],MediaType,MultivaluedMap,InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.openscoring.service.TableProvider.readFrom(java.lang.Class,java.lang.reflect.Type,java.lang.anno.578593bf5e236cd0248c3087fb9b5c46
+
+### File:
+openscoring-service/src/main/java/org/openscoring/service/TableProvider.java
+
+### Key:
+TableProvider.java|readFrom|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5e4b9510042497f18dd01804a984d771
+
+### Hash:
+5fe01c477dd8ad81a4acab0e3057f0ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8749/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8749/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dee10a3f0b70cab6e1be984ffd9b9972ebb654f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8749/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** truth
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011 David Saff
+ * Copyright (c) 2011 Christian Gruber
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.junit.contrib.truth.subjects;
+
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+
+import org.junit.contrib.truth.FailureStrategy;
+import org.junit.contrib.truth.TestVerb;
+import org.junit.contrib.truth.util.GwtCompatible;
+import org.junit.contrib.truth.util.GwtIncompatible;
+
+/**
+ * Propositions for arbitrarily typed subjects and for properties
+ * of Object
+ *
+ * @author David Saff
+ * @author Christian Gruber (cgruber@israfil.net)
+ */
+@GwtCompatible(emulated = true)
+public class Subject<S extends Subject<S,T>,T> {
+  private final FailureStrategy failureStrategy;
+  private final T subject;
+  private final And<S> chain;
+
+  public Subject(FailureStrategy failureStrategy, T subject) {
+    this.failureStrategy = failureStrategy;
+    this.subject = subject;
+
+    this.chain = new And<S>(){
+      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+      @Override public S and() {
+        return (S)Subject.this;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A method which wraps the current Subject concrete
+   * subtype in a chaining "And" object.
+   */
+  protected final And<S> nextChain() {
+    return chain;
+  }
+
+  public And<S> is(T other) {
+
+    if (getSubject() == null) {
+      if(other != null) {
+        fail("is", other);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!getSubject().equals(other)) {
+        fail("is", other);
+      }
+    }
+    return nextChain();
+  }
+
+  public And<S> isNull() {
+    if (getSubject() != null) {
+      failWithoutSubject("is null");
+    }
+    return nextChain();
+  }
+
+  public And<S> isNotNull() {
+    if (getSubject() == null) {
+      failWithoutSubject("is not null");
+    }
+    return nextChain();
+  }
+
+  public And<S> isEqualTo(Object other) {
+    if (getSubject() == null) {
+      if(other != null) {
+        fail("is equal to", other);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!getSubject().equals(other)) {
+        fail("is equal to", other);
+      }
+    }
+    return nextChain();
+  }
+
+  public And<S> isNotEqualTo(Object other) {
+    if (getSubject() == null) {
+      if(other == null) {
+        fail("is not equal to", other);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (getSubject().equals(other)) {
+        fail("is not equal to", other);
+      }
+    }
+    return nextChain();
+  }
+
+  @GwtIncompatible("Class.isInstance")
+  public And<S> isA(Class<?> clazz) {
+    if (!clazz.isInstance(getSubject())) {
+      fail("is a", clazz.getName());
+    }
+    return nextChain();
+  }
+
+  @GwtIncompatible("Class.isInstance")
+  public And<S> isNotA(Class<?> clazz) {
+    if (clazz.isInstance(getSubject())) {
+      fail("is not a", clazz.getName());
+    }
+    return nextChain();
+  }
+
+  protected T getSubject() {
+    return subject;
+  }
+
+  protected TestVerb check() {
+    return new TestVerb(failureStrategy);
+  }
+
+  protected void fail(String verb, Object... messageParts) {
+    String message = "Not true that ";
+    message += "<" + getSubject() + "> " + verb;
+    for (Object part : messageParts) {
+      message += " <" + part + ">";
+    }
+    failureStrategy.fail(message);
+  }
+
+  protected void failWithoutSubject(String verb) {
+    String message = "Not true that ";
+    message += "the subject " + verb;
+    failureStrategy.fail(message);
+  }
+
+  public void hasFieldValue(String fieldName, Object expected) {
+    hasField(fieldName);
+    if (getSubject() == null) {
+      failWithoutSubject("Not true that <null> contains expected value <" + expected + ">");
+    }
+    Class<?> clazz = getSubject().getClass();
+    try {
+      Field f = clazz.getField(fieldName);
+      Object actual = f.get(getSubject());
+      if (expected == actual || (expected != null && expected.equals(actual))) {
+        return;
+      } else {
+        StringBuilder message = new StringBuilder("Not true that ");
+        message.append("<").append(clazz.getSimpleName()).append(">'s");
+        message.append(" field <").append(fieldName).append(">");
+        message.append(" contains expected value <").append(expected).append(">.");
+        message.append(" It contains value <").append(actual).append(">");
+        failureStrategy.fail(message.toString());
+      }
+    } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+      // Do nothing - we'll break or pass along this error as part of the hasField() call.
+    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Could not access field " + fieldName + " on class "
+          + clazz.getSimpleName(), e);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public void hasField(String fieldName) {
+    if (getSubject() == null) {
+      failWithoutSubject("<null> has a field named <" + fieldName + ">");
+    }
+    Class<?> clazz = getSubject().getClass();
+    try {
+      clazz.getField(fieldName);
+    } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+      StringBuilder message = new StringBuilder("Not true that ");
+      message.append("<").append(getSubject().getClass().getSimpleName()).append(">");
+      message.append(" has a field named <").append(fieldName).append(">");
+      failureStrategy.fail(message.toString());
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * A convenience class to allow for chaining in the fluent API
+   * style, such that subjects can make propositions in series.
+   * i.e. ASSERT.that(blah).isNotNull().and().contains(b).and().isNotEmpty();
+   */
+  public static interface And<C> {
+    /**
+     * Returns the next object in the chain of anded objects.
+     */
+    C and();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getSubject()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 185.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Subject.hasField(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.junit.contrib.truth.subjects.Subject.hasField(java.lang.String):void.f4902b167608738666705911bff63d94
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/junit/contrib/truth/subjects/Subject.java
+
+### Key:
+Subject.java|hasField|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+fc4b67e9ed34d4bcd644e121fe46c0a5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8754/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8754/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb69e6de67989f7a5d9ecbc9c23425a18d69f918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8754/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1040 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** litemall
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.linlinjava.litemall.wx.web;
+
+import com.github.binarywang.wxpay.bean.notify.WxPayNotifyResponse;
+import com.github.binarywang.wxpay.bean.notify.WxPayOrderNotifyResult;
+import com.github.binarywang.wxpay.bean.order.WxPayMpOrderResult;
+import com.github.binarywang.wxpay.bean.request.WxPayUnifiedOrderRequest;
+import com.github.binarywang.wxpay.bean.result.BaseWxPayResult;
+import com.github.binarywang.wxpay.exception.WxPayException;
+import com.github.binarywang.wxpay.service.WxPayService;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.express.ExpressService;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.express.dao.ExpressInfo;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.notify.NotifyService;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.notify.NotifyType;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.qcode.QCodeService;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.util.DateTimeUtil;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.util.JacksonUtil;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.util.ResponseUtil;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.db.domain.*;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.db.service.*;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.db.util.OrderHandleOption;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.db.util.OrderUtil;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.wx.annotation.LoginUser;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.system.SystemConfig;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.wx.util.IpUtil;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionDefinition;
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.DefaultTransactionDefinition;
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
+import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import javax.validation.constraints.NotNull;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/*
+ * 订单设计
+ *
+ * 订单状态：
+ * 101 订单生成，未支付；102，下单后未支付用户取消；103，下单后未支付超时系统自动取消
+ * 201 支付完成，商家未发货；202，订单生产，已付款未发货，但是退款取消；
+ * 301 商家发货，用户未确认；
+ * 401 用户确认收货； 402 用户没有确认收货超过一定时间，系统自动确认收货；
+ *
+ * 当101用户未付款时，此时用户可以进行的操作是取消订单，或者付款操作
+ * 当201支付完成而商家未发货时，此时用户可以取消订单并申请退款
+ * 当301商家已发货时，此时用户可以有确认收货的操作
+ * 当401用户确认收货以后，此时用户可以进行的操作是删除订单，评价商品，或者再次购买
+ * 当402系统自动确认收货以后，此时用户可以删除订单，评价商品，或者再次购买
+ *
+ * 目前不支持订单退货和售后服务
+ */
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/wx/order")
+@Validated
+public class WxOrderController {
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(WxOrderController.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PlatformTransactionManager txManager;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallUserService userService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallOrderService orderService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallOrderGoodsService orderGoodsService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallAddressService addressService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallCartService cartService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallRegionService regionService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallGoodsProductService productService;
+    @Autowired
+    private WxPayService wxPayService;
+    @Autowired
+    private NotifyService notifyService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallUserFormIdService formIdService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallGrouponRulesService grouponRulesService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallGrouponService grouponService;
+    @Autowired
+    private QCodeService qCodeService;
+    @Autowired
+    private ExpressService expressService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallCommentService commentService;
+
+    private String detailedAddress(LitemallAddress litemallAddress) {
+        Integer provinceId = litemallAddress.getProvinceId();
+        Integer cityId = litemallAddress.getCityId();
+        Integer areaId = litemallAddress.getAreaId();
+        String provinceName = regionService.findById(provinceId).getName();
+        String cityName = regionService.findById(cityId).getName();
+        String areaName = regionService.findById(areaId).getName();
+        String fullRegion = provinceName + " " + cityName + " " + areaName;
+        return fullRegion + " " + litemallAddress.getAddress();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 订单列表
+     *
+     * @param userId   用户ID
+     * @param showType 订单信息
+     *                 0， 全部订单
+     *                 1，待付款
+     *                 2，待发货
+     *                 3，待收货
+     *                 4，待评价
+     * @param page     分页页数
+     * @param size     分页大小
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则
+     * {
+     * errno: 0,
+     * errmsg: '成功',
+     * data:
+     * {
+     * data: xxx ,
+     * count: xxx
+     * }
+     * }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @GetMapping("list")
+    public Object list(@LoginUser Integer userId,
+                       @RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") Integer showType,
+                       @RequestParam(defaultValue = "1") Integer page,
+                       @RequestParam(defaultValue = "10") Integer size) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        List<Short> orderStatus = OrderUtil.orderStatus(showType);
+        List<LitemallOrder> orderList = orderService.queryByOrderStatus(userId, orderStatus);
+        int count = orderService.countByOrderStatus(userId, orderStatus);
+
+        List<Map<String, Object>> orderVoList = new ArrayList<>(orderList.size());
+        for (LitemallOrder order : orderList) {
+            Map<String, Object> orderVo = new HashMap<>();
+            orderVo.put("id", order.getId());
+            orderVo.put("orderSn", order.getOrderSn());
+            orderVo.put("actualPrice", order.getActualPrice());
+            orderVo.put("orderStatusText", OrderUtil.orderStatusText(order));
+            orderVo.put("handleOption", OrderUtil.build(order));
+
+            LitemallGroupon groupon = grouponService.queryByOrderId(order.getId());
+            if (groupon != null) {
+                orderVo.put("isGroupin", true);
+            } else {
+                orderVo.put("isGroupin", false);
+            }
+
+            List<LitemallOrderGoods> orderGoodsList = orderGoodsService.queryByOid(order.getId());
+            List<Map<String, Object>> orderGoodsVoList = new ArrayList<>(orderGoodsList.size());
+            for (LitemallOrderGoods orderGoods : orderGoodsList) {
+                Map<String, Object> orderGoodsVo = new HashMap<>();
+                orderGoodsVo.put("id", orderGoods.getId());
+                orderGoodsVo.put("goodsName", orderGoods.getGoodsName());
+                orderGoodsVo.put("number", orderGoods.getNumber());
+                orderGoodsVo.put("picUrl", orderGoods.getPicUrl());
+                orderGoodsVoList.add(orderGoodsVo);
+            }
+            orderVo.put("goodsList", orderGoodsVoList);
+
+            orderVoList.add(orderVo);
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+        result.put("count", count);
+        result.put("data", orderVoList);
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 订单详情
+     *
+     * @param userId  用户ID
+     * @param orderId 订单信息
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则
+     * {
+     * errno: 0,
+     * errmsg: '成功',
+     * data:
+     * {
+     * orderInfo: xxx ,
+     * orderGoods: xxx
+     * }
+     * }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @GetMapping("detail")
+    public Object detail(@LoginUser Integer userId, @NotNull Integer orderId) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        // 订单信息
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findById(orderId);
+        if (null == order) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不存在");
+        }
+        if (!order.getUserId().equals(userId)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "不是当前用户的订单");
+        }
+        Map<String, Object> orderVo = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+        orderVo.put("id", order.getId());
+        orderVo.put("orderSn", order.getOrderSn());
+        orderVo.put("addTime", order.getAddTime());
+        orderVo.put("consignee", order.getConsignee());
+        orderVo.put("mobile", order.getMobile());
+        orderVo.put("address", order.getAddress());
+        orderVo.put("goodsPrice", order.getGoodsPrice());
+        orderVo.put("freightPrice", order.getFreightPrice());
+        orderVo.put("actualPrice", order.getActualPrice());
+        orderVo.put("orderStatusText", OrderUtil.orderStatusText(order));
+        orderVo.put("handleOption", OrderUtil.build(order));
+        orderVo.put("expCode", order.getShipChannel());
+        orderVo.put("expNo", order.getShipSn());
+
+        List<LitemallOrderGoods> orderGoodsList = orderGoodsService.queryByOid(order.getId());
+
+        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+        result.put("orderInfo", orderVo);
+        result.put("orderGoods", orderGoodsList);
+
+        // 订单状态为已发货且物流信息不为空
+        //"YTO", "800669400640887922"
+        if (order.getOrderStatus().equals(OrderUtil.STATUS_SHIP)) {
+            ExpressInfo ei = expressService.getExpressInfo(order.getShipChannel(), order.getShipSn());
+            result.put("expressInfo", ei);
+        }
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(result);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 提交订单
+     * 1. 根据购物车ID、地址ID、优惠券ID，创建订单表项
+     * 2. 购物车清空
+     * 3. TODO 优惠券设置已用
+     * 4. 商品货品数量减少
+     *
+     * @param userId 用户ID
+     * @param body   订单信息，{ cartId：xxx, addressId: xxx, couponId: xxx }
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '成功', data: { orderId: xxx } }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @PostMapping("submit")
+    public Object submit(@LoginUser Integer userId, @RequestBody String body) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+        if (body == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+        Integer cartId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "cartId");
+        Integer addressId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "addressId");
+        Integer couponId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "couponId");
+        String message = JacksonUtil.parseString(body, "message");
+        Integer grouponRulesId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "grouponRulesId");
+        Integer grouponLinkId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "grouponLinkId");
+
+        //如果是团购项目,验证活动是否有效
+        if (grouponRulesId != null && grouponRulesId > 0) {
+            LitemallGrouponRules rules = grouponRulesService.queryById(grouponRulesId);
+            //找不到记录
+            if (rules == null) {
+                return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+            }
+            //团购活动已经过期
+            if (grouponRulesService.isExpired(rules)) {
+                return ResponseUtil.fail(402, "团购活动已过期!");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (cartId == null || addressId == null || couponId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        // 收货地址
+        LitemallAddress checkedAddress = addressService.findById(addressId);
+        if(checkedAddress == null){
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        // 获取可用的优惠券信息
+        // 使用优惠券减免的金额
+        BigDecimal couponPrice = new BigDecimal(0.00);
+
+        // 团购优惠
+        BigDecimal grouponPrice = new BigDecimal(0.00);
+        LitemallGrouponRules grouponRules = grouponRulesService.queryById(grouponRulesId);
+        if (grouponRules != null) {
+            grouponPrice = grouponRules.getDiscount();
+        }
+
+        // 货品价格
+        List<LitemallCart> checkedGoodsList = null;
+        if (cartId.equals(0)) {
+            checkedGoodsList = cartService.queryByUidAndChecked(userId);
+        } else {
+            LitemallCart cart = cartService.findById(cartId);
+            checkedGoodsList = new ArrayList<>(1);
+            checkedGoodsList.add(cart);
+        }
+        if (checkedGoodsList.size() == 0) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+        BigDecimal checkedGoodsPrice = new BigDecimal(0.00);
+        for (LitemallCart checkGoods : checkedGoodsList) {
+            //  只有当团购规格商品ID符合才进行团购优惠
+            if (grouponRules != null && grouponRules.getGoodsId().equals(checkGoods.getGoodsId())) {
+                checkedGoodsPrice = checkedGoodsPrice.add(checkGoods.getPrice().subtract(grouponPrice).multiply(new BigDecimal(checkGoods.getNumber())));
+            } else {
+                checkedGoodsPrice = checkedGoodsPrice.add(checkGoods.getPrice().multiply(new BigDecimal(checkGoods.getNumber())));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 根据订单商品总价计算运费，满88则免运费，否则8元；
+        BigDecimal freightPrice = new BigDecimal(0.00);
+        if (checkedGoodsPrice.compareTo(SystemConfig.getFreightLimit()) < 0) {
+            freightPrice = SystemConfig.getFreight();
+        }
+
+        // 可以使用的其他钱，例如用户积分
+        BigDecimal integralPrice = new BigDecimal(0.00);
+
+        // 订单费用
+        BigDecimal orderTotalPrice = checkedGoodsPrice.add(freightPrice).subtract(couponPrice);
+        BigDecimal actualPrice = orderTotalPrice.subtract(integralPrice);
+
+        // 开启事务管理
+        DefaultTransactionDefinition def = new DefaultTransactionDefinition();
+        def.setPropagationBehavior(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED);
+        TransactionStatus status = txManager.getTransaction(def);
+        Integer orderId = null;
+        LitemallOrder order = null;
+        try {
+            // 订单
+            order = new LitemallOrder();
+            order.setUserId(userId);
+            order.setOrderSn(orderService.generateOrderSn(userId));
+            order.setOrderStatus(OrderUtil.STATUS_CREATE);
+            order.setConsignee(checkedAddress.getName());
+            order.setMobile(checkedAddress.getMobile());
+            order.setMessage(message);
+            String detailedAddress = detailedAddress(checkedAddress);
+            order.setAddress(detailedAddress);
+            order.setGoodsPrice(checkedGoodsPrice);
+            order.setFreightPrice(freightPrice);
+            order.setCouponPrice(couponPrice);
+            order.setIntegralPrice(integralPrice);
+            order.setOrderPrice(orderTotalPrice);
+            order.setActualPrice(actualPrice);
+
+            // 有团购活动
+            if (grouponRules != null) {
+                order.setGrouponPrice(grouponPrice);    //  团购价格
+            } else {
+                order.setGrouponPrice(new BigDecimal(0.00));    //  团购价格
+            }
+
+            // 添加订单表项
+            orderService.add(order);
+            orderId = order.getId();
+
+            for (LitemallCart cartGoods : checkedGoodsList) {
+                // 订单商品
+                LitemallOrderGoods orderGoods = new LitemallOrderGoods();
+                orderGoods.setOrderId(order.getId());
+                orderGoods.setGoodsId(cartGoods.getGoodsId());
+                orderGoods.setGoodsSn(cartGoods.getGoodsSn());
+                orderGoods.setProductId(cartGoods.getProductId());
+                orderGoods.setGoodsName(cartGoods.getGoodsName());
+                orderGoods.setPicUrl(cartGoods.getPicUrl());
+                orderGoods.setPrice(cartGoods.getPrice());
+                orderGoods.setNumber(cartGoods.getNumber());
+                orderGoods.setSpecifications(cartGoods.getSpecifications());
+                orderGoods.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+
+                // 添加订单商品表项
+                orderGoodsService.add(orderGoods);
+            }
+
+            // 删除购物车里面的商品信息
+            cartService.clearGoods(userId);
+
+            // 商品货品数量减少
+            for (LitemallCart checkGoods : checkedGoodsList) {
+                Integer productId = checkGoods.getProductId();
+                LitemallGoodsProduct product = productService.findById(productId);
+
+                Integer remainNumber = product.getNumber() - checkGoods.getNumber();
+                if (remainNumber < 0) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("下单的商品货品数量大于库存量");
+                }
+                product.setNumber(remainNumber);
+                if(productService.updateById(product) == 0){
+                    throw new Exception("更新数据失败");
+                }
+            }
+
+            //如果是团购项目，添加团购信息
+            if (grouponRulesId != null && grouponRulesId > 0) {
+                LitemallGroupon groupon = new LitemallGroupon();
+                groupon.setOrderId(orderId);
+                groupon.setPayed(false);
+                groupon.setUserId(userId);
+                groupon.setRulesId(grouponRulesId);
+
+                //参与者
+                if (grouponLinkId != null && grouponLinkId > 0) {
+                    //参与的团购记录
+                    LitemallGroupon baseGroupon = grouponService.queryById(grouponLinkId);
+                    groupon.setCreatorUserId(baseGroupon.getCreatorUserId());
+                    groupon.setGrouponId(grouponLinkId);
+                    groupon.setShareUrl(baseGroupon.getShareUrl());
+                } else {
+                    groupon.setCreatorUserId(userId);
+                    groupon.setGrouponId(0);
+                }
+
+                grouponService.createGroupon(groupon);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            txManager.rollback(status);
+            logger.error("系统内部错误", ex);
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "下单失败");
+        }
+        txManager.commit(status);
+
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>();
+        data.put("orderId", orderId);
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 取消订单
+     * 1. 检测当前订单是否能够取消
+     * 2. 设置订单取消状态
+     * 3. 商品货品数量增加
+     *
+     * @param userId 用户ID
+     * @param body   订单信息，{ orderId：xxx }
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '成功' }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @PostMapping("cancel")
+    public Object cancel(@LoginUser Integer userId, @RequestBody String body) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+        Integer orderId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "orderId");
+        if (orderId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findById(orderId);
+        if (order == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+        if (!order.getUserId().equals(userId)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+
+        LocalDateTime preUpdateTime = order.getUpdateTime();
+
+        // 检测是否能够取消
+        OrderHandleOption handleOption = OrderUtil.build(order);
+        if (!handleOption.isCancel()) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不能取消");
+        }
+
+        // 开启事务管理
+        DefaultTransactionDefinition def = new DefaultTransactionDefinition();
+        def.setPropagationBehavior(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED);
+        TransactionStatus status = txManager.getTransaction(def);
+        try {
+            // 设置订单已取消状态
+            order.setOrderStatus(OrderUtil.STATUS_CANCEL);
+            order.setEndTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+            if(orderService.updateWithOptimisticLocker(order) == 0){
+                throw new Exception("更新数据已失效");
+            }
+
+            // 商品货品数量增加
+            List<LitemallOrderGoods> orderGoodsList = orderGoodsService.queryByOid(orderId);
+            for (LitemallOrderGoods orderGoods : orderGoodsList) {
+                Integer productId = orderGoods.getProductId();
+                LitemallGoodsProduct product = productService.findById(productId);
+                Integer number = product.getNumber() + orderGoods.getNumber();
+                product.setNumber(number);
+                if(productService.updateById(product) == 0){
+                    throw new Exception("更新数据失败");
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            txManager.rollback(status);
+            logger.error("系统内部错误", ex);
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单取消失败");
+        }
+        txManager.commit(status);
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 付款订单的预支付会话标识
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 检测当前订单是否能够付款
+     * 2. 微信支付平台返回支付订单ID
+     * 3. 设置订单付款状态
+     *
+     * @param userId 用户ID
+     * @param body   订单信息，{ orderId：xxx }
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '模拟付款支付成功' }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @PostMapping("prepay")
+    public Object prepay(@LoginUser Integer userId, @RequestBody String body, HttpServletRequest request) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+        Integer orderId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "orderId");
+        if (orderId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findById(orderId);
+        if (order == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+        if (!order.getUserId().equals(userId)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+
+        // 检测是否能够取消
+        OrderHandleOption handleOption = OrderUtil.build(order);
+        if (!handleOption.isPay()) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不能支付");
+        }
+
+        LitemallUser user = userService.findById(userId);
+        String openid = user.getWeixinOpenid();
+        if (openid == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不能支付");
+        }
+        WxPayMpOrderResult result = null;
+        try {
+            WxPayUnifiedOrderRequest orderRequest = new WxPayUnifiedOrderRequest();
+            orderRequest.setOutTradeNo(order.getOrderSn());
+            orderRequest.setOpenid(openid);
+            orderRequest.setBody("订单：" + order.getOrderSn());
+            // 元转成分
+            Integer fee = 0;
+            BigDecimal actualPrice = order.getActualPrice();
+            fee = actualPrice.multiply(new BigDecimal(100)).intValue();
+            orderRequest.setTotalFee(fee);
+            orderRequest.setSpbillCreateIp(IpUtil.getIpAddr(request));
+
+            result = wxPayService.createOrder(orderRequest);
+
+            //缓存prepayID用于后续模版通知
+            String prepayId = result.getPackageValue();
+            prepayId = prepayId.replace("prepay_id=", "");
+            LitemallUserFormid userFormid = new LitemallUserFormid();
+            userFormid.setOpenid(user.getWeixinOpenid());
+            userFormid.setFormid(prepayId);
+            userFormid.setIsprepay(true);
+            userFormid.setUseamount(3);
+            userFormid.setExpireTime(LocalDateTime.now().plusDays(7));
+            formIdService.addUserFormid(userFormid);
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不能支付");
+        }
+
+        if(orderService.updateWithOptimisticLocker(order) == 0){
+            return ResponseUtil.updatedDateExpired();
+        }
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(result);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 付款成功回调接口
+     * 1. 检测当前订单是否是付款状态
+     * 2. 设置订单付款成功状态相关信息
+     * 3. 响应微信支付平台
+     *
+     * @param request
+     * @param response
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 WxPayNotifyResponse.success的XML内容
+     * 失败则 WxPayNotifyResponse.fail的XML内容
+     * <p>
+     * 注意，这里pay-notify是示例地址，开发者应该设立一个隐蔽的回调地址
+     */
+    @PostMapping("pay-notify")
+    public Object payNotify(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {
+        String xmlResult = null;
+        try {
+            xmlResult = IOUtils.toString(request.getInputStream(), request.getCharacterEncoding());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return WxPayNotifyResponse.fail(e.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        WxPayOrderNotifyResult result = null;
+        try {
+            result = wxPayService.parseOrderNotifyResult(xmlResult);
+        } catch (WxPayException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return WxPayNotifyResponse.fail(e.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("处理腾讯支付平台的订单支付");
+        logger.info(result);
+
+        String orderSn = result.getOutTradeNo();
+        String payId = result.getTransactionId();
+
+        // 分转化成元
+        String totalFee = BaseWxPayResult.fenToYuan(result.getTotalFee());
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findBySn(orderSn);
+        if (order == null) {
+            return WxPayNotifyResponse.fail("订单不存在 sn=" + orderSn);
+        }
+
+        // 检查这个订单是否已经处理过
+        if (OrderUtil.isPayStatus(order) && order.getPayId() != null) {
+            return WxPayNotifyResponse.success("订单已经处理成功!");
+        }
+
+        // 检查支付订单金额
+        if (!totalFee.equals(order.getActualPrice().toString())) {
+            return WxPayNotifyResponse.fail(order.getOrderSn() + " : 支付金额不符合 totalFee=" + totalFee);
+        }
+
+        order.setPayId(payId);
+        order.setPayTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+        order.setOrderStatus(OrderUtil.STATUS_PAY);
+        if (orderService.updateWithOptimisticLocker(order) == 0) {
+            // 这里可能存在这样一个问题，用户支付和系统自动取消订单发生在同时
+            // 如果数据库首先因为系统自动取消订单而更新了订单状态；
+            // 此时用户支付完成回调这里也要更新数据库，而由于乐观锁机制这里的更新会失败
+            // 因此，这里会重新读取数据库检查状态是否是订单自动取消，如果是则更新成支付状态。
+            order = orderService.findBySn(orderSn);
+            int updated = 0;
+            if(OrderUtil.isAutoCancelStatus(order)){
+                order.setPayId(payId);
+                order.setPayTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+                order.setOrderStatus(OrderUtil.STATUS_PAY);
+                updated = orderService.updateWithOptimisticLocker(order);
+            }
+
+            // 如果updated是0，那么数据库更新失败
+            if(updated == 0) {
+                return WxPayNotifyResponse.fail("更新数据已失效");
+            }
+        }
+
+        //  支付成功，有团购信息，更新团购信息
+        LitemallGroupon groupon = grouponService.queryByOrderId(order.getId());
+        if (groupon != null) {
+            LitemallGrouponRules grouponRules = grouponRulesService.queryById(groupon.getRulesId());
+
+            //仅当发起者才创建分享图片
+            if (groupon.getGrouponId() == 0) {
+                String url = qCodeService.createGrouponShareImage(grouponRules.getGoodsName(), grouponRules.getPicUrl(), groupon);
+                groupon.setShareUrl(url);
+            }
+            groupon.setPayed(true);
+            if (grouponService.updateById(groupon) == 0) {
+                return WxPayNotifyResponse.fail("更新数据已失效");
+            }
+        }
+
+        //TODO 发送邮件和短信通知，这里采用异步发送
+        // 订单支付成功以后，会发送短信给用户，以及发送邮件给管理员
+        notifyService.notifyMail("新订单通知", order.toString());
+        // 这里微信的短信平台对参数长度有限制，所以将订单号只截取后6位
+        notifyService.notifySmsTemplateSync(order.getMobile(), NotifyType.PAY_SUCCEED, new String[]{orderSn.substring(8, 14)});
+
+        // 请依据自己的模版消息配置更改参数
+        String[] parms = new String[]{
+                order.getOrderSn(),
+                order.getOrderPrice().toString(),
+                DateTimeUtil.getDateTimeDisplayString(order.getAddTime()),
+                order.getConsignee(),
+                order.getMobile(),
+                order.getAddress()
+        };
+
+        notifyService.notifyWxTemplate(result.getOpenid(), NotifyType.PAY_SUCCEED, parms, "pages/index/index?orderId=" + order.getId());
+
+        return WxPayNotifyResponse.success("处理成功!");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 订单申请退款
+     * 1. 检测当前订单是否能够退款
+     * 2. 设置订单申请退款状态
+     *
+     * @param userId 用户ID
+     * @param body   订单信息，{ orderId：xxx }
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '成功' }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @PostMapping("refund")
+    public Object refund(@LoginUser Integer userId, @RequestBody String body) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+        Integer orderId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "orderId");
+        if (orderId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findById(orderId);
+        if (order == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+        if (!order.getUserId().equals(userId)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+
+        OrderHandleOption handleOption = OrderUtil.build(order);
+        if (!handleOption.isRefund()) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不能取消");
+        }
+
+        // 设置订单申请退款状态
+        order.setOrderStatus(OrderUtil.STATUS_REFUND);
+        if(orderService.updateWithOptimisticLocker(order) == 0){
+            return ResponseUtil.updatedDateExpired();
+        }
+
+        //TODO 发送邮件和短信通知，这里采用异步发送
+        // 有用户申请退款，邮件通知运营人员
+        notifyService.notifyMail("退款申请", order.toString());
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 确认收货
+     * 1. 检测当前订单是否能够确认订单
+     * 2. 设置订单确认状态
+     *
+     * @param userId 用户ID
+     * @param body   订单信息，{ orderId：xxx }
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '成功' }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @PostMapping("confirm")
+    public Object confirm(@LoginUser Integer userId, @RequestBody String body) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+        Integer orderId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "orderId");
+        if (orderId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findById(orderId);
+        if (order == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+        if (!order.getUserId().equals(userId)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+
+        OrderHandleOption handleOption = OrderUtil.build(order);
+        if (!handleOption.isConfirm()) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不能确认收货");
+        }
+
+        Short comments = orderGoodsService.getComments(orderId);
+        order.setComments(comments);
+
+        order.setOrderStatus(OrderUtil.STATUS_CONFIRM);
+        order.setConfirmTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+        if(orderService.updateWithOptimisticLocker(order) == 0){
+            return ResponseUtil.updatedDateExpired();
+        }
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 删除订单
+     * 1. 检测当前订单是否删除
+     * 2. 设置订单删除状态
+     *
+     * @param userId 用户ID
+     * @param body   订单信息，{ orderId：xxx }
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '成功' }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @PostMapping("delete")
+    public Object delete(@LoginUser Integer userId, @RequestBody String body) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+        Integer orderId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "orderId");
+        if (orderId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findById(orderId);
+        if (order == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+        if (!order.getUserId().equals(userId)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+
+        OrderHandleOption handleOption = OrderUtil.build(order);
+        if (!handleOption.isDelete()) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "订单不能删除");
+        }
+
+        // 订单order_status没有字段用于标识删除
+        // 而是存在专门的delete字段表示是否删除
+        orderService.deleteById(orderId);
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 可以评价的订单商品信息
+     *
+     * @param userId  用户ID
+     * @param orderId 订单ID
+     * @param goodsId 商品ID
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '成功', data: xxx }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @GetMapping("goods")
+    public Object goods(@LoginUser Integer userId,
+                          @NotNull Integer orderId,
+                          @NotNull Integer goodsId) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        List<LitemallOrderGoods> orderGoodsList = orderGoodsService.findByOidAndGid(orderId, goodsId);
+        int size = orderGoodsList.size();
+
+        Assert.state(size < 2, "存在多个符合条件的订单商品");
+
+        if (size == 0) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+
+        LitemallOrderGoods orderGoods = orderGoodsList.get(0);
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(orderGoods);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 评价订单商品
+     * 确认商品收货后7天内可以评价
+     *
+     * @param userId 用户ID
+     * @param body   订单信息，{ orderId：xxx }
+     * @return 订单操作结果
+     * 成功则 { errno: 0, errmsg: '成功' }
+     * 失败则 { errno: XXX, errmsg: XXX }
+     */
+    @PostMapping("comment")
+    public Object comment(@LoginUser Integer userId, @RequestBody String body) {
+        if (userId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        Integer orderGoodsId = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "orderGoodsId");
+        if(orderGoodsId == null){
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+        LitemallOrderGoods orderGoods = orderGoodsService.findById(orderGoodsId);
+        if(orderGoods == null){
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+        Integer orderId =  orderGoods.getOrderId();
+        LitemallOrder order = orderService.findById(orderId);
+        if(order == null){
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+        Short orderStatus = order.getOrderStatus();
+        if(!OrderUtil.isConfirmStatus(order) && !OrderUtil.isAutoConfirmStatus(order)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(404, "当前商品不能评价");
+        }
+        if(!order.getUserId().equals(userId)){
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(404, "当前商品不属于用户");
+        }
+        Integer commentId = orderGoods.getComment();
+        if(commentId == -1){
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(404, "当前商品评价时间已经过期");
+        }
+        if(commentId != 0){
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(404, "订单商品已评价");
+        }
+
+        String content = JacksonUtil.parseString(body, "content");
+        Integer star = JacksonUtil.parseInteger(body, "star");
+        if(star == null || star < 0 || star > 5){
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgumentValue();
+        }
+        Boolean hasPicture = JacksonUtil.parseBoolean(body, "hasPicture");
+        List<String> picUrls = JacksonUtil.parseStringList(body, "picUrls");
+        if(hasPicture == null || !hasPicture){
+            picUrls = new ArrayList<>(0);
+        }
+
+        // 1. 创建评价
+        LitemallComment comment = new LitemallComment();
+        comment.setUserId(userId);
+        comment.setValueId(orderGoods.getGoodsId());
+        comment.setType((byte)1);
+        comment.setContent(content);
+        comment.setHasPicture(hasPicture);
+        comment.setPicUrls(picUrls.toArray(new String[]{}));
+        commentService.save(comment);
+
+        // 2. 更新订单商品的评价列表
+        orderGoods.setComment(comment.getId());
+        orderGoodsService.updateById(orderGoods);
+
+        // 3. 更新订单中未评价的订单商品可评价数量
+        Short commentCount = order.getComments();
+        if(commentCount > 0){
+            commentCount--;
+        }
+        order.setComments(commentCount);
+        orderService.updateWithOptimisticLocker(order);
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `picUrls` last assigned on line 937 could be null and is dereferenced at line 949.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object WxOrderController.comment(Integer,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.linlinjava.litemall.wx.web.WxOrderController.comment(java.lang.Integer,java.lang.String):java.la.2696068bace89e29de7a11e1d61a24bf
+
+### File:
+litemall-wx-api/src/main/java/org/linlinjava/litemall/wx/web/WxOrderController.java
+
+### Key:
+WxOrderController.java|comment|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+72f57045649afd5547ca62b60adfebec
+
+### Hash:
+771adc4ce0b74f277d55831041667416
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8762/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8762/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72df2393d904f565b935c8680e76ab745194946c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8762/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** blockchain-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package one.wangwei.blockchain.util;
+
+import one.wangwei.blockchain.block.Block;
+import org.rocksdb.Options;
+import org.rocksdb.RocksDB;
+import org.rocksdb.RocksDBException;
+
+/**
+ * RocksDB 工具类
+ *
+ * @author wangwei
+ * @date 2018/02/27
+ */
+public class RocksDBUtils {
+
+    /**
+     * 区块链数据文件
+     */
+    private static final String DB_FILE = "blockchain.db";
+    /**
+     * 区块桶前缀
+     */
+    private static final String BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX = "blocks_";
+
+    private volatile static RocksDBUtils instance;
+
+    public static RocksDBUtils getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            synchronized (RocksDBUtils.class) {
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    instance = new RocksDBUtils();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    private static RocksDB rocksDB;
+
+    private RocksDBUtils() {
+        initRocksDB();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化RocksDB
+     */
+    private void initRocksDB() {
+        try {
+            rocksDB = RocksDB.open(new Options().setCreateIfMissing(true), DB_FILE);
+        } catch (RocksDBException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 保存最新一个区块的Hash值
+     *
+     * @param tipBlockHash
+     */
+    public void putLastBlockHash(String tipBlockHash) throws Exception {
+        rocksDB.put((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + "l").getBytes(), tipBlockHash.getBytes());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询最新一个区块的Hash值
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getLastBlockHash() throws Exception {
+        byte[] lastBlockHashBytes = rocksDB.get((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + "l").getBytes());
+        if (lastBlockHashBytes != null) {
+            return new String(lastBlockHashBytes);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 保存区块
+     *
+     * @param block
+     */
+    public void putBlock(Block block) throws Exception {
+        rocksDB.put((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + block.getHash()).getBytes(), SerializeUtils.serialize(block));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询区块
+     *
+     * @param blockHash
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Block getBlock(String blockHash) throws Exception {
+        return (Block) SerializeUtils.deserialize(rocksDB.get((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + blockHash).getBytes()));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `one.wangwei.blockchain.util.RocksDBUtils.putLastBlockHash` reads without synchronization from `util.RocksDBUtils.one.wangwei.blockchain.util.RocksDBUtils.rocksDB`. Potentially races with write in method `RocksDBUtils.getInstance()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RocksDBUtils.putLastBlockHash(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+one.wangwei.blockchain.util.RocksDBUtils.putLastBlockHash(java.lang.String):void.b2961eb183f318bb879daae4c7ba759f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/one/wangwei/blockchain/util/RocksDBUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+RocksDBUtils.java|putLastBlockHash|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c5f159f28f3e0d0e3257b7da444ade5e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8765/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8765/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7dbcb7b5654d23de2dd74c9b5442fd9d2ecfd28b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8765/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** blockchain-java
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package one.wangwei.blockchain.util;
+
+import one.wangwei.blockchain.block.Block;
+import org.rocksdb.Options;
+import org.rocksdb.RocksDB;
+import org.rocksdb.RocksDBException;
+
+/**
+ * RocksDB 工具类
+ *
+ * @author wangwei
+ * @date 2018/02/27
+ */
+public class RocksDBUtils {
+
+    /**
+     * 区块链数据文件
+     */
+    private static final String DB_FILE = "blockchain.db";
+    /**
+     * 区块桶前缀
+     */
+    private static final String BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX = "blocks_";
+
+    private volatile static RocksDBUtils instance;
+
+    public static RocksDBUtils getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            synchronized (RocksDBUtils.class) {
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    instance = new RocksDBUtils();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    private static RocksDB rocksDB;
+
+    private RocksDBUtils() {
+        initRocksDB();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化RocksDB
+     */
+    private void initRocksDB() {
+        try {
+            rocksDB = RocksDB.open(new Options().setCreateIfMissing(true), DB_FILE);
+        } catch (RocksDBException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 保存最新一个区块的Hash值
+     *
+     * @param tipBlockHash
+     */
+    public void putLastBlockHash(String tipBlockHash) throws Exception {
+        rocksDB.put((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + "l").getBytes(), tipBlockHash.getBytes());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询最新一个区块的Hash值
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getLastBlockHash() throws Exception {
+        byte[] lastBlockHashBytes = rocksDB.get((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + "l").getBytes());
+        if (lastBlockHashBytes != null) {
+            return new String(lastBlockHashBytes);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 保存区块
+     *
+     * @param block
+     */
+    public void putBlock(Block block) throws Exception {
+        rocksDB.put((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + block.getHash()).getBytes(), SerializeUtils.serialize(block));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询区块
+     *
+     * @param blockHash
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Block getBlock(String blockHash) throws Exception {
+        return (Block) SerializeUtils.deserialize(rocksDB.get((BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + blockHash).getBytes()));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `one.wangwei.blockchain.util.RocksDBUtils.getLastBlockHash` reads without synchronization from `util.RocksDBUtils.one.wangwei.blockchain.util.RocksDBUtils.rocksDB`. Potentially races with write in method `RocksDBUtils.getInstance()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String RocksDBUtils.getLastBlockHash()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+one.wangwei.blockchain.util.RocksDBUtils.getLastBlockHash():java.lang.String.92e5618b6bf849428a5c649dd48de63c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/one/wangwei/blockchain/util/RocksDBUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+RocksDBUtils.java|getLastBlockHash|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+64711a54e02a679de5d8eda453486112
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8770/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8770/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..118606fa171327c67241e720201fd2a76df308ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8770/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.applications.datamodeling;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataset;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.RandomValue;
+import com.datumbox.configuration.TestConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.classification.MultinomialNaiveBayes;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.datatransformation.DummyXMinMaxNormalizer;
+import com.datumbox.tests.utilities.TestUtils;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ */
+public class ModelerTest {
+    
+    public ModelerTest() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test of train and predict method, of class Modeler.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testTrainAndValidate() {
+        TestUtils.log(this.getClass(), "testTrainAndValidate");
+        RandomValue.setRandomGenerator(new Random(TestConfiguration.RANDOM_SEED));
+        DatabaseConfiguration dbConf = TestUtils.getDBConfig();
+        
+        
+        Dataset trainingData = new Dataset(dbConf);
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        
+        Dataset newData = new Dataset(dbConf);
+        newData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        String dbName = "JUnit";
+        
+        Modeler instance = new Modeler(dbName, dbConf);
+        Modeler.TrainingParameters trainingParameters = new Modeler.TrainingParameters();
+        trainingParameters.setkFolds(5);
+        
+        
+        //Model Configuration
+        
+        trainingParameters.setMLmodelClass(MultinomialNaiveBayes.class);
+        MultinomialNaiveBayes.TrainingParameters modelTrainingParameters = new MultinomialNaiveBayes.TrainingParameters();
+        modelTrainingParameters.setMultiProbabilityWeighted(true);
+        trainingParameters.setMLmodelTrainingParameters(modelTrainingParameters);
+        
+        /*
+        trainingParameters.setMLmodelClass(Kmeans.class);
+        Kmeans.TrainingParameters modelTrainingParameters = new Kmeans.TrainingParameters();
+        modelTrainingParameters.setK(2);
+        modelTrainingParameters.setMaxIterations(200);
+        modelTrainingParameters.setInitMethod(Kmeans.TrainingParameters.Initialization.FORGY);
+        modelTrainingParameters.setDistanceMethod(Kmeans.TrainingParameters.Distance.EUCLIDIAN);
+        modelTrainingParameters.setWeighted(false);
+        modelTrainingParameters.setCategoricalGamaMultiplier(1.0);
+        modelTrainingParameters.setSubsetFurthestFirstcValue(2.0);
+        trainingParameters.setMLmodelTrainingParameters(modelTrainingParameters);
+        */
+
+        //data transfomation configuration
+        trainingParameters.setDataTransformerClass(DummyXMinMaxNormalizer.class);
+        DummyXMinMaxNormalizer.TrainingParameters dtParams = new DummyXMinMaxNormalizer.TrainingParameters();
+        trainingParameters.setDataTransformerTrainingParameters(dtParams);
+        
+        //feature selection configuration
+        trainingParameters.setFeatureSelectionClass(null);
+        trainingParameters.setFeatureSelectionTrainingParameters(null);
+        
+        instance.fit(trainingData, trainingParameters);
+        
+        
+        MultinomialNaiveBayes.ValidationMetrics vm = (MultinomialNaiveBayes.ValidationMetrics) instance.validate(trainingData);
+        
+        double expResult2 = 0.8;
+        assertEquals(expResult2, vm.getMacroF1(), TestConfiguration.DOUBLE_ACCURACY_HIGH);
+        
+        instance = null;
+        
+        
+        TestUtils.log(this.getClass(), "validate");
+        
+        
+        instance = new Modeler(dbName, dbConf);
+        
+        instance.validate(newData);
+        
+        
+        
+        Map<Integer, Object> expResult = new HashMap<>();
+        Map<Integer, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+        for(Integer rId : newData) {
+            Record r = newData.get(rId);
+            expResult.put(rId, r.getY());
+            result.put(rId, r.getYPredicted());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expResult, result);
+        
+        instance.erase();
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `dbConf` last assigned on line 51 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `Dataset(...)` at line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ModelerTest.testTrainAndValidate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.applications.datamodeling.ModelerTest.testTrainAndValidate():void.a852d8a50532561418a90c74abbb4b24
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/datumbox/applications/datamodeling/ModelerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ModelerTest.java|testTrainAndValidate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+22e4272095fe75b4fde02004bbaf2026
+
+### Hash:
+afb4612ed18494ba2486c9198cb6c794
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8771/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8771/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81621b9b8c2b5ec1c6b28d66e7c82d3ea6cbd32a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8771/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.AssociativeArray;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataset;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.FlatDataList;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.BigMap;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.TypeConversions;
+import com.datumbox.framework.statistics.descriptivestatistics.Descriptives;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ */
+public abstract class BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer extends DataTransformer<BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters> {
+    
+    public static class ModelParameters extends DataTransformer.ModelParameters {
+            
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels;
+        
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues;
+
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues;
+
+        public ModelParameters(DatabaseConnector dbc) {
+            super(dbc);
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Object> getReferenceLevels() {
+            return referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public void setReferenceLevels(Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+            this.referenceLevels = referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMinColumnValues() {
+            return minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMinColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues) {
+            this.minColumnValues = minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMaxColumnValues() {
+            return maxColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+            this.maxColumnValues = maxColumnValues;
+        }
+        
+        
+    }
+    
+    public static class TrainingParameters extends DataTransformer.TrainingParameters {
+        
+    }
+
+    protected BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer(String dbName, DatabaseConfiguration dbConf) {
+        super(dbName, dbConf, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters.class, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters.class);
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        for(Map.Entry<Object, Dataset.ColumnType> entry : data.getColumns().entrySet()) {
+            Object column = entry.getKey();
+            Dataset.ColumnType columnType = entry.getValue();
+
+            if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+                FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractColumnValues(column);
+                Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+                Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+                minColumnValues.put(column, min);
+                maxColumnValues.put(column, max);
+            }
+            else {
+                //do nothing for non-numeric columns
+            }
+        }
+
+        //do nothing for the response variable Y
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = r.getX().getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min>0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                r.getX().put(column, normalizedValue);
+            }
+            
+            //do nothing for the response variable Y
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = r.getX().getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any denormalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    r.getX().put(column, min);
+                }
+                else {
+                    r.getX().put(column, value*(max-min) + min);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            //do nothing for the response variable Y
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        //check if the first record has numeric value on response variable Y
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            //if this is numeric normalize it
+
+            FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractYValues();
+            Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+            Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+            minColumnValues.put(Dataset.YColumnName, min);
+            maxColumnValues.put(Dataset.YColumnName, max);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+        
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                Double value = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getY());
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min!=0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), normalizedValue, r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+        
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                
+                Object denormalizedY = null;
+                Object denormalizedYPredicted = null;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    denormalizedY = min;
+                    if(r.getYPredicted()!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = min;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    denormalizedY = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getY())*(max-min) + min;
+                    
+                    Double YPredicted = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getYPredicted());
+                    if(YPredicted!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = YPredicted*(max-min) + min;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), denormalizedY, denormalizedYPredicted, r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean covert2dummy(Dataset.ColumnType columnType) {
+        return columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.CATEGORICAL || columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.ORDINAL;
+    }
+    
+    protected static void extractDummies(Dataset data, Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+
+        Map<Object, Dataset.ColumnType> columnTypes = data.getColumns();
+        if(referenceLevels.isEmpty()) {
+            //Training Mode
+            
+            //find the referenceLevels for each categorical variable
+            for(Integer rId: data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry: r.getX().entrySet()) {
+                    Object column = entry.getKey();
+                    if(referenceLevels.containsKey(column)==false) { //already set?
+                        if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                            continue; //only ordinal and categorical are converted into dummyvars
+                        }
+                        Object value = entry.getValue();
+                        referenceLevels.put(column, value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Replace variables with dummy versions
+        for(Integer rId: data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            
+            AssociativeArray xData = new AssociativeArray();
+            xData.putAll(r.getX());
+            
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for(Object column : r.getX().keySet()) {
+                if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Object value = xData.get(column);
+                
+                xData.remove(column); //remove the original column
+                modified = true;
+                
+                Object referenceLevel= referenceLevels.get(column);
+                
+                if(referenceLevel != null && //not unknown variable
+                   !referenceLevel.equals(value)) { //not equal to reference level
+                    
+                    //create a new column
+                    List<Object> newColumn = Arrays.<Object>asList(column,value);
+                    
+                    //add a new dummy variable for this column-value combination
+                    xData.put(newColumn, true); 
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if(modified) {
+                r = new Record(xData, r.getY(), r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities());
+                data.set(rId, r);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Reset Meta info
+        data.resetMeta();
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `r.getX()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `putAll(...)` at line 291.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.extractDummies(Dataset,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation.BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ex.911d085e6ce0647f53cdb922676b9d11
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/common/bases/datatransformation/BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java
+
+### Key:
+BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java|extractDummies|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5847ac3c3940f0e7aa2d85eec0b9b3e0
+
+### Hash:
+9ffb4ab1c3a387bbcc2cb3597bbd8e86
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8776/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8776/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f075c711b6f086f66d83cc363ecc43f822dba355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8776/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.featureselection.scorebased;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.AssociativeArray;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataset;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.RandomValue;
+import com.datumbox.tests.utilities.TestUtils;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ */
+public class TFIDFTest {
+    
+    public TFIDFTest() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test of shortMethodName method, of class TFIDF.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectFeatures() {
+        TestUtils.log(this.getClass(), "selectFeatures");
+        RandomValue.setRandomGenerator(new Random(42));
+        
+        String dbName = "JUnitChisquareFeatureSelection";
+        
+        
+        
+        TFIDF.TrainingParameters param = new TFIDF.TrainingParameters();
+        param.setBinarized(false);
+        param.setMaxFeatures(3);
+        
+        Dataset trainingData = new Dataset();
+        
+        AssociativeArray xData1 = new AssociativeArray();
+        xData1.put("important1", 2.0);
+        xData1.put("important2", 3.0);
+        xData1.put("stopword1", 10.0);
+        xData1.put("stopword2", 4.0);
+        xData1.put("stopword3", 8.0);
+        trainingData.add(new Record(xData1, null));
+        
+        AssociativeArray xData2 = new AssociativeArray();
+        xData2.put("important1", 2.0);
+        xData2.put("important3", 5.0);
+        xData2.put("stopword1", 10.0);
+        xData2.put("stopword2", 2.0);
+        xData2.put("stopword3", 4.0);
+        trainingData.add(new Record(xData2, null));
+        
+        AssociativeArray xData3 = new AssociativeArray();
+        xData3.put("important2", 2.0);
+        xData3.put("important3", 5.0);
+        xData3.put("stopword1", 10.0);
+        xData3.put("stopword2", 2.0);
+        xData3.put("stopword3", 4.0);
+        trainingData.add(new Record(xData3, null));
+        
+        TFIDF instance = new TFIDF(dbName, TestUtils.getDBConfig());
+        
+        instance.fit(trainingData, param);
+        instance = null;
+        
+        
+        instance = new TFIDF(dbName, TestUtils.getDBConfig());
+        
+        instance.transform(trainingData);
+        
+        Set<Object> expResult = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("important1", "important2", "important3"));
+        Set<Object> result = trainingData.getColumns().keySet();
+        assertEquals(expResult, result);
+        instance.erase();
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getDBConfig()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `TFIDF(...)` at line 82.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TFIDFTest.testSelectFeatures()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.featureselection.scorebased.TFIDFTest.testSelectFeatures():vo.839c6a904101bba7165ae2cbbacdee6a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/featureselection/scorebased/TFIDFTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TFIDFTest.java|testSelectFeatures|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+24e87f031503a724d8bf03ab384763b5
+
+### Hash:
+3a69e6d7c0da398f53a760fd4c7dd771
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8778/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8778/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8728c40617f8627622c063b5f5a1cd252707172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8778/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.AssociativeArray;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataset;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.FlatDataList;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.BigMap;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.TypeConversions;
+import com.datumbox.framework.statistics.descriptivestatistics.Descriptives;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ */
+public abstract class BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer extends DataTransformer<BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters> {
+    
+    public static class ModelParameters extends DataTransformer.ModelParameters {
+            
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels;
+        
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues;
+
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues;
+
+        public ModelParameters(DatabaseConnector dbc) {
+            super(dbc);
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Object> getReferenceLevels() {
+            return referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public void setReferenceLevels(Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+            this.referenceLevels = referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMinColumnValues() {
+            return minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMinColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues) {
+            this.minColumnValues = minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMaxColumnValues() {
+            return maxColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+            this.maxColumnValues = maxColumnValues;
+        }
+        
+        
+    }
+    
+    public static class TrainingParameters extends DataTransformer.TrainingParameters {
+        
+    }
+
+    protected BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer(String dbName, DatabaseConfiguration dbConf) {
+        super(dbName, dbConf, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters.class, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters.class);
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        for(Map.Entry<Object, Dataset.ColumnType> entry : data.getColumns().entrySet()) {
+            Object column = entry.getKey();
+            Dataset.ColumnType columnType = entry.getValue();
+
+            if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+                FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractColumnValues(column);
+                Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+                Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+                minColumnValues.put(column, min);
+                maxColumnValues.put(column, max);
+            }
+            else {
+                //do nothing for non-numeric columns
+            }
+        }
+
+        //do nothing for the response variable Y
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = r.getX().getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min>0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                r.getX().put(column, normalizedValue);
+            }
+            
+            //do nothing for the response variable Y
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = r.getX().getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any denormalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    r.getX().put(column, min);
+                }
+                else {
+                    r.getX().put(column, value*(max-min) + min);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            //do nothing for the response variable Y
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        //check if the first record has numeric value on response variable Y
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            //if this is numeric normalize it
+
+            FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractYValues();
+            Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+            Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+            minColumnValues.put(Dataset.YColumnName, min);
+            maxColumnValues.put(Dataset.YColumnName, max);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+        
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                Double value = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getY());
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min!=0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), normalizedValue, r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+        
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                
+                Object denormalizedY = null;
+                Object denormalizedYPredicted = null;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    denormalizedY = min;
+                    if(r.getYPredicted()!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = min;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    denormalizedY = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getY())*(max-min) + min;
+                    
+                    Double YPredicted = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getYPredicted());
+                    if(YPredicted!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = YPredicted*(max-min) + min;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), denormalizedY, denormalizedYPredicted, r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean covert2dummy(Dataset.ColumnType columnType) {
+        return columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.CATEGORICAL || columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.ORDINAL;
+    }
+    
+    protected static void extractDummies(Dataset data, Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+
+        Map<Object, Dataset.ColumnType> columnTypes = data.getColumns();
+        if(referenceLevels.isEmpty()) {
+            //Training Mode
+            
+            //find the referenceLevels for each categorical variable
+            for(Integer rId: data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry: r.getX().entrySet()) {
+                    Object column = entry.getKey();
+                    if(referenceLevels.containsKey(column)==false) { //already set?
+                        if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                            continue; //only ordinal and categorical are converted into dummyvars
+                        }
+                        Object value = entry.getValue();
+                        referenceLevels.put(column, value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Replace variables with dummy versions
+        for(Integer rId: data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            
+            AssociativeArray xData = new AssociativeArray(r.getX());
+            
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for(Object column : r.getX().keySet()) {
+                if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Object value = xData.get(column);
+                
+                xData.remove(column); //remove the original column
+                modified = true;
+                
+                Object referenceLevel= referenceLevels.get(column);
+                
+                if(referenceLevel != null && //not unknown variable
+                   !referenceLevel.equals(value)) { //not equal to reference level
+                    
+                    //create a new column
+                    List<Object> newColumn = Arrays.<Object>asList(column,value);
+                    
+                    //add a new dummy variable for this column-value combination
+                    xData.put(newColumn, true); 
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if(modified) {
+                r = new Record(xData, r.getY(), r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities());
+                data.set(rId, r);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Reset Meta info
+        data.resetMeta();
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `r.getX()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 117.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.normalizeX(Dataset,Map,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation.BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.no.a8f64d1f333637533d520ff4559b1485
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/common/bases/datatransformation/BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java
+
+### Key:
+BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java|normalizeX|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+cf4196cc06d8cadc094e99532f9d27bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8782/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8782/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffeab6dcca2032a75dbf59886b8ef9d184aa000d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8782/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis@datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.AssociativeArray;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataset;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.FlatDataList;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.BigMap;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.TypeInference;
+import com.datumbox.framework.statistics.descriptivestatistics.Descriptives;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis@datumbox.com>
+ */
+public abstract class BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer extends DataTransformer<BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters> {
+    
+    public static class ModelParameters extends DataTransformer.ModelParameters {
+            
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels;
+        
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues;
+
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues;
+
+        public ModelParameters(DatabaseConnector dbc) {
+            super(dbc);
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Object> getReferenceLevels() {
+            return referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public void setReferenceLevels(Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+            this.referenceLevels = referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMinColumnValues() {
+            return minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMinColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues) {
+            this.minColumnValues = minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMaxColumnValues() {
+            return maxColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+            this.maxColumnValues = maxColumnValues;
+        }
+        
+        
+    }
+    
+    public static class TrainingParameters extends DataTransformer.TrainingParameters {
+        
+    }
+
+    protected BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer(String dbName, DatabaseConfiguration dbConf) {
+        super(dbName, dbConf, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters.class, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters.class);
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        for(Map.Entry<Object, TypeInference.DataType> entry : data.getXDataTypes().entrySet()) {
+            Object column = entry.getKey();
+            TypeInference.DataType columnType = entry.getValue();
+
+            if(columnType==TypeInference.DataType.NUMERICAL) {
+                FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractXColumnValues(column);
+                Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+                Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+                minColumnValues.put(column, min);
+                maxColumnValues.put(column, max);
+            }
+            else {
+                //do nothing for non-numeric columns
+            }
+        }
+
+        //do nothing for the response variable Y
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            AssociativeArray xData = new AssociativeArray(r.getX());
+            
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = xData.getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min>0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                xData.put(column, normalizedValue);
+                modified = true;
+            }
+            
+            if(modified) {
+                r = new Record(xData, r.getY(), r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities());
+                data.set(rId, r);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            AssociativeArray xData = new AssociativeArray(r.getX());
+            
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = xData.getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any denormalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    xData.put(column, min);
+                }
+                else {
+                    xData.put(column, value*(max-min) + min);
+                }
+                modified = true;
+            }
+            
+            if(modified) {
+                r = new Record(xData, r.getY(), r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities());
+                data.set(rId, r);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        if(data.getYDataType()==TypeInference.DataType.NUMERICAL) {
+            //if this is numeric normalize it
+
+            FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractYValues();
+            Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+            Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+            minColumnValues.put(Dataset.yColumnName, min);
+            maxColumnValues.put(Dataset.yColumnName, max);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        if(data.getYDataType()==TypeInference.DataType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                Double value = TypeInference.toDouble(r.getY());
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.yColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.yColumnName);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min!=0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), normalizedValue, r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        if(data.getYDataType()==TypeInference.DataType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.yColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.yColumnName);
+                
+                Object denormalizedY = null;
+                Object denormalizedYPredicted = null;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    denormalizedY = min;
+                    if(r.getYPredicted()!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = min;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    denormalizedY = TypeInference.toDouble(r.getY())*(max-min) + min;
+                    
+                    Double YPredicted = TypeInference.toDouble(r.getYPredicted());
+                    if(YPredicted!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = YPredicted*(max-min) + min;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), denormalizedY, denormalizedYPredicted, r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean covert2dummy(TypeInference.DataType columnType) {
+        return columnType==TypeInference.DataType.CATEGORICAL || columnType==TypeInference.DataType.ORDINAL;
+    }
+    
+    protected static void extractDummies(Dataset data, Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+
+        Map<Object, TypeInference.DataType> columnTypes = data.getXDataTypes();
+        if(referenceLevels.isEmpty()) {
+            //Training Mode
+            
+            //find the referenceLevels for each categorical variable
+            for(Integer rId: data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry: r.getX().entrySet()) {
+                    Object column = entry.getKey();
+                    if(referenceLevels.containsKey(column)==false) { //already set?
+                        if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                            continue; //only ordinal and categorical are converted into dummyvars
+                        }
+                        Object value = entry.getValue();
+                        referenceLevels.put(column, value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Replace variables with dummy versions
+        for(Integer rId: data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            
+            AssociativeArray xData = new AssociativeArray(r.getX());
+            
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for(Object column : r.getX().keySet()) {
+                if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Object value = xData.get(column);
+                
+                xData.remove(column); //remove the original column
+                modified = true;
+                
+                Object referenceLevel= referenceLevels.get(column);
+                
+                if(referenceLevel != null && //not unknown variable
+                   !referenceLevel.equals(value)) { //not equal to reference level
+                    
+                    //create a new column
+                    List<Object> newColumn = Arrays.<Object>asList(column,value);
+                    
+                    //add a new dummy variable for this column-value combination
+                    xData.put(newColumn, true); 
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if(modified) {
+                r = new Record(xData, r.getY(), r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities());
+                data.set(rId, r);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Reset Meta info
+        data.recalculateMeta();
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `toDouble(r.getY())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 251.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.denormalizeY(Dataset,Map,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation.BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.de.71985b94321df5412b7ac8b33385171f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/common/bases/datatransformation/BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java
+
+### Key:
+BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java|denormalizeY|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+dc0c89500722e2d4a54a406b31d31d94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8784/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8784/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70f7c2d6d74ae93250edeff65ec16801d82b4ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8784/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2016 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis@datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.recommendersystem;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.AssociativeArray;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataframe;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.FlatDataList;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.TransposeDataList;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.BigMap;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.MapFunctions;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.TypeInference;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.mlmodels.BaseMLrecommender;
+import com.datumbox.framework.mathematics.distances.Distance;
+import com.datumbox.framework.statistics.parametrics.relatedsamples.PearsonCorrelation;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of Collaborative Filtering algorithm.
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis@datumbox.com>
+ */
+public class CollaborativeFiltering extends BaseMLrecommender<CollaborativeFiltering.ModelParameters, CollaborativeFiltering.TrainingParameters> {
+
+    /**
+     * The ModelParameters class stores the coefficients that were learned during
+     * the training of the algorithm.
+     */
+    public static class ModelParameters extends BaseMLrecommender.ModelParameters {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+        
+        @BigMap
+        private Map<List<Object>, Double> similarities; //the similarity map among observations
+
+        /**
+         * Protected constructor which accepts as argument the DatabaseConnector.
+         * 
+         * @param dbc 
+         */
+        protected ModelParameters(DatabaseConnector dbc) {
+            super(dbc);
+        }
+        
+        //Getters / Setters
+        
+        /**
+         * Getter for the similarities map.
+         * 
+         * @return 
+         */
+        public Map<List<Object>, Double> getSimilarities() {
+            return similarities;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Setter for the similarities map.
+         * 
+         * @param similarities 
+         */
+        protected void setSimilarities(Map<List<Object>, Double> similarities) {
+            this.similarities = similarities;
+        }
+   
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * The TrainingParameters class stores the parameters that can be changed
+     * before training the algorithm.
+     */
+    public static class TrainingParameters extends BaseMLrecommender.TrainingParameters {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+        
+        /**
+         * Enum with Similarity Measures.
+         */
+        public enum SimilarityMeasure {
+            /**
+             * Euclidian distance.
+             */
+            EUCLIDIAN,
+            
+            /**
+             * Manhattan distance.
+             */
+            MANHATTAN,
+            
+            /**
+             * Pearson's Correlation.
+             */
+            PEARSONS_CORRELATION;
+        }
+        
+        private SimilarityMeasure similarityMethod = SimilarityMeasure.EUCLIDIAN;
+        
+        /**
+         * Getter for the similarity method.
+         * 
+         * @return 
+         */
+        public SimilarityMeasure getSimilarityMethod() {
+            return similarityMethod;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Setter for the similarity method.
+         * 
+         * @param similarityMethod 
+         */
+        public void setSimilarityMethod(SimilarityMeasure similarityMethod) {
+            this.similarityMethod = similarityMethod;
+        }
+
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Public constructor of the algorithm.
+     * 
+     * @param dbName
+     * @param dbConf 
+     */
+    public CollaborativeFiltering(String dbName, DatabaseConfiguration dbConf) {
+        super(dbName, dbConf, CollaborativeFiltering.ModelParameters.class, CollaborativeFiltering.TrainingParameters.class);
+    } 
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void _fit(Dataframe trainingData) {
+        ModelParameters modelParameters = knowledgeBase.getModelParameters();
+        
+        //calculate similarity matrix
+        Map<List<Object>, Double> similarities = modelParameters.getSimilarities();
+        for(Record r1 : trainingData) {
+            for(Record r2: trainingData) {
+                Object y1 = r1.getY();
+                Object y2 = r2.getY();
+                
+                if(Objects.equals(y1, y2)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                List<Object> tkp = Arrays.asList(y1, y2);
+                if(similarities.containsKey(tkp)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                double similarity = calculateSimilarity(r1, r2);
+                if(similarity>0) {
+                    similarities.put(tkp, similarity);
+                    similarities.put(Arrays.asList(y2, y1), similarity); //add also for the reverse key because similarity is symmetric
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void predictDataset(Dataframe newData) {
+        Map<List<Object>, Double> similarities = knowledgeBase.getModelParameters().getSimilarities();
+        
+        //generate recommendation for each record in the list
+        for(Map.Entry<Integer, Record> e : newData.entries()) {
+            Integer rId = e.getKey();
+            Record r = e.getValue();
+            Map<Object, Object> recommendations = new HashMap<>();
+            
+            Map<Object, Double> simSums = new HashMap<>();
+            for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry : r.getX().entrySet()) {
+                Object row = entry.getKey();
+                Double score = TypeInference.toDouble(entry.getValue());
+                
+                //Since we can't use 2D Maps due to mongo, we are forced to loop
+                //the whole similarities map which is very inefficient.
+                for(Map.Entry<List<Object>, Double> entry2 : similarities.entrySet()) {
+                    List<Object> tpk = entry2.getKey();
+                    if(!tpk.get(0).equals(row)) {
+                        continue; //filter the irrelevant two pair key combinations that do not include the row
+                    }
+                    
+                    Object column = tpk.get(1);
+                    if(r.getX().containsKey(column)) {
+                        continue; // they already rated this
+                    }
+                    
+                    Double previousRecValue = TypeInference.toDouble(recommendations.get(column));
+                    Double previousSimsumValue = simSums.get(column);
+                    if(previousRecValue==null) {
+                        previousRecValue=0.0;
+                        previousSimsumValue=0.0;
+                    }
+                    
+                    Double similarity = entry2.getValue();
+                    
+                    recommendations.put(column, previousRecValue+similarity*score);
+                    simSums.put(column, previousSimsumValue+similarity);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry : recommendations.entrySet()) {
+                Object column = entry.getKey();
+                Double score = TypeInference.toDouble(entry.getValue());
+                
+                recommendations.put(column, score/simSums.get(column));
+            }
+            simSums = null;
+            
+            if(!recommendations.isEmpty()) {
+                //sort recommendation by popularity
+                recommendations = MapFunctions.sortNumberMapByValueDescending(recommendations);
+                newData._unsafe_set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), r.getY(), recommendations.keySet().iterator().next(), new AssociativeArray(recommendations)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private double calculateSimilarity(Record r1, Record r2) {        
+        TrainingParameters trainingParameters = knowledgeBase.getTrainingParameters();
+        
+        double similarity = 0.0;
+        TrainingParameters.SimilarityMeasure similarityMethod = trainingParameters.getSimilarityMethod();
+        if(similarityMethod==TrainingParameters.SimilarityMeasure.EUCLIDIAN) {
+            similarity = Distance.euclidean(r1.getX(), r2.getX());
+            
+            similarity = 1.0/(1.0+similarity); //convert distance into a similarity measure
+        }
+        else if(similarityMethod==TrainingParameters.SimilarityMeasure.MANHATTAN) {
+            similarity = Distance.manhattan(r1.getX(), r2.getX());
+            
+            similarity = 1.0/(1.0+similarity); //convert distance into a similarity measure
+        }
+        else if(similarityMethod==TrainingParameters.SimilarityMeasure.PEARSONS_CORRELATION) {
+            
+            
+            //extract the commonColumns to ensure that the order of the data will be the same for both records
+            Set<Object> commonColumns = new HashSet<>(r1.getX().keySet());
+            commonColumns.addAll(r2.getX().keySet());
+            
+            //create the FlatDataLists with the data of each record
+            FlatDataList flatDataList1 = new FlatDataList();
+            FlatDataList flatDataList2 = new FlatDataList();
+            for(Object column : commonColumns) {
+                flatDataList1.add(TypeInference.toDouble(r1.getX().get(column)));
+                flatDataList2.add(TypeInference.toDouble(r2.getX().get(column)));
+            }
+            
+            TransposeDataList transposeDataList = new TransposeDataList();
+            transposeDataList.put(1, flatDataList1);
+            transposeDataList.put(2, flatDataList2);
+            
+            //estimate the pearson's correlation
+            similarity = PearsonCorrelation.calculateCorrelation(transposeDataList);
+        }
+        else { 
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported Distance method.");
+        }
+        
+        return similarity;
+    } 
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `r.getX()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 187.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CollaborativeFiltering.predictDataset(Dataframe)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.recommendersystem.CollaborativeFiltering.predictDataset(com.d.c98a3c0c2b401a25a18f1405b6a1d666
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/recommendersystem/CollaborativeFiltering.java
+
+### Key:
+CollaborativeFiltering.java|predictDataset|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+5bfa1ed8e6dcfd3b9f3a37bb02056616
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8785/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8785/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09e5424f41236478d9459e8cba92d28c031b40c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8785/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.ensemblelearning;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataset;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.RandomValue;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.datatransformation.SimpleDummyVariableExtractor;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.classification.MultinomialNaiveBayes;
+import com.datumbox.configuration.TestConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.tests.utilities.TestUtils;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ */
+public class BootstrapAggregatingTest {
+    
+    public BootstrapAggregatingTest() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test of predict method, of class BootstrapAggregating.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testValidate() {
+        TestUtils.log(this.getClass(), "validate");
+        RandomValue.randomGenerator = new Random(42);
+        
+        /*
+        Example from http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/~ormandi/ai2/06-naiveBayes-example.pdf
+        FeatureList: 
+            - 0: red
+            - 1: yellow
+            - 2: sports
+            - 3: suv
+            - 4: domestic
+            - 5: imported
+            - c1: yes
+            - c2: no
+        */
+        /*
+        Dataset trainingData = new Dataset();
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        Dataset validationData = new Dataset();
+        validationData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        */
+        Dataset trainingData = new Dataset();
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"red", "sports", "domestic"}, "yes"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"red", "sports", "domestic"}, "no"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"red", "sports", "domestic"}, "yes"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"yellow", "sports", "domestic"}, "no"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"yellow", "sports", "imported"}, "yes"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"yellow", "suv", "imported"}, "no"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"yellow", "suv", "imported"}, "yes"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"yellow", "suv", "domestic"}, "no"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"red", "suv", "imported"}, "no"));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"red", "sports", "imported"}, "yes"));
+        
+        Dataset validationData = new Dataset();
+        validationData.add(Record.newDataVector(new String[] {"red", "suv", "domestic"}, "no"));
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        String dbName = "JUnitClassifier";
+        
+        
+
+        SimpleDummyVariableExtractor df = new SimpleDummyVariableExtractor(dbName, TestUtils.getDBConfig());
+        df.fit_transform(trainingData, new SimpleDummyVariableExtractor.TrainingParameters());
+        df.transform(validationData);
+        
+        
+        BootstrapAggregating instance = new BootstrapAggregating(dbName, TestUtils.getDBConfig());
+        
+        BootstrapAggregating.TrainingParameters param = new BootstrapAggregating.TrainingParameters();
+        param.setMaxWeakClassifiers(5);
+        param.setWeakClassifierClass(MultinomialNaiveBayes.class);
+        
+        
+        MultinomialNaiveBayes.TrainingParameters trainingParameters = new MultinomialNaiveBayes.TrainingParameters();
+        trainingParameters.setMultiProbabilityWeighted(true);
+        
+        
+        param.setWeakClassifierTrainingParameters(trainingParameters);
+        
+        
+        instance.fit(trainingData, param);
+        
+        
+        instance = null;
+        instance = new BootstrapAggregating(dbName, TestUtils.getDBConfig());
+        
+        instance.validate(validationData);
+        
+        df.denormalize(trainingData);
+        df.denormalize(validationData);
+        df.erase();
+        
+        Map<Integer, Object> expResult = new HashMap<>();
+        Map<Integer, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+        for(Record r : validationData) {
+            expResult.put(r.getId(), r.getY());
+            result.put(r.getId(), r.getYPredicted());
+        }
+        assertEquals(expResult, result);
+        
+        instance.erase();
+    }
+    
+
+    /**
+     * Test of kFoldCrossValidation method, of class MultinomialNaiveBayes.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testKFoldCrossValidation() {
+        TestUtils.log(this.getClass(), "kFoldCrossValidation");
+        RandomValue.randomGenerator = new Random(42);
+        int k = 5;
+        
+        Dataset trainingData = new Dataset();
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 0));
+        trainingData.add(Record.newDataVector(new Double[] {1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, 1));
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        String dbName = "JUnitClassifier";
+        BootstrapAggregating instance = new BootstrapAggregating(dbName, TestUtils.getDBConfig());
+        
+        BootstrapAggregating.TrainingParameters param = new BootstrapAggregating.TrainingParameters();
+        param.setMaxWeakClassifiers(5);
+        param.setWeakClassifierClass(MultinomialNaiveBayes.class);
+        
+        
+        MultinomialNaiveBayes.TrainingParameters trainingParameters = new MultinomialNaiveBayes.TrainingParameters();
+        trainingParameters.setMultiProbabilityWeighted(true);
+        
+        param.setWeakClassifierTrainingParameters(trainingParameters);
+
+        
+        BootstrapAggregating.ValidationMetrics vm = instance.kFoldCrossValidation(trainingData, param, k);
+        
+        double expResult = 0.6609432234432234;
+        double result = vm.getMacroF1();
+        assertEquals(expResult, result, TestConfiguration.DOUBLE_ACCURACY_HIGH);
+        instance.erase();
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getDBConfig()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `SimpleDummyVariableExtractor(...)` at line 98.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BootstrapAggregatingTest.testValidate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.ensemblelearning.BootstrapAggregatingTest.testValidate():void.21cf80bb243038aeb29e818e69258d60
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/ensemblelearning/BootstrapAggregatingTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BootstrapAggregatingTest.java|testValidate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4a2b52e46ab70d644da44a60d7cfdef8
+
+### Hash:
+f6c6bc1a79f501f89fd3f86c4d240cc6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8791/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8791/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05080ff3c82d8512202162b48a26953c18d7a501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8791/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dns-java
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Spotify AB
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.dns.examples;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+
+import com.spotify.dns.ChangeNotifier;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsException;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsSrvResolver;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsSrvResolvers;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsSrvWatcher;
+import com.spotify.dns.LookupResult;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+public final class PollingUsage {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+    Function<LookupResult, Integer> resultTransformer = new Function<LookupResult, Integer>() {
+      @Nullable
+      @Override
+      public Integer apply(@Nullable LookupResult input) {
+        return input.weight();
+      }
+    };
+
+    DnsSrvResolver resolver = DnsSrvResolvers.newBuilder()
+        .cachingLookups(true)
+        .retainingDataOnFailures(true)
+        .dnsLookupTimeoutMillis(1000)
+        .build();
+
+
+    DnsSrvWatcher<LookupResult> watcher = DnsSrvResolvers.newWatcherBuilder(resolver)
+        .polling(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+        .build();
+
+    boolean quit = false;
+    BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
+
+    while (!quit) {
+      System.out.print("Enter a SRV name (empty to quit): ");
+      String line = in.readLine();
+
+      if (line == null || line.isEmpty()) {
+        quit = true;
+      } else {
+        try {
+          ChangeNotifier<LookupResult> notifier = watcher.watch(line);
+          notifier.setListener(new ChangeListener(line), false);
+        }
+        catch (DnsException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace(System.out);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  static class ChangeListener implements ChangeNotifier.Listener<LookupResult> {
+
+    final String name;
+
+    ChangeListener(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endpointsChanged(ChangeNotifier.ChangeNotification<LookupResult> changeNotification) {
+      System.out.println("\nEndpoints changed for " + name);
+      for (LookupResult endpoint : changeNotification.previous()) {
+        System.out.println("  prev: " + endpoint);
+      }
+
+      for (LookupResult endpoint : changeNotification.current()) {
+        System.out.println("  curr: " + endpoint);
+      }
+
+      final Sets.SetView<LookupResult> unchanged =
+          Sets.intersection(changeNotification.current(), changeNotification.previous());
+
+      for (LookupResult endpoint : unchanged) {
+        System.out.println("  noch: " + endpoint);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 59 is not released after line 77.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 63
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PollingUsage.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.dns.examples.PollingUsage.main(java.lang.String[]):void.0d2fe7f4bb8f8a02006f7c3a2fb94c0a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/spotify/dns/examples/PollingUsage.java
+
+### Key:
+PollingUsage.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+95ced91ca0473a6646194f1eb482b307
+
+### Hash:
+d7648aa1779ea22dedb9c4e1b268d673
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8796/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8796/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98ec98b3ac8981903af4fa1bc22edf4394409f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8796/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** failsafe
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.jodah.failsafe;
+
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import net.jodah.failsafe.util.concurrent.Scheduler;
+
+@Test
+public class AsyncExecutionTest {
+  ConnectException e = new ConnectException();
+  AsyncExecution exec;
+  FailsafeFuture<Object> future;
+  Callable<Object> callable;
+  Scheduler scheduler;
+
+  @BeforeMethod
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  void beforeMethod() {
+    scheduler = mock(Scheduler.class);
+    future = mock(FailsafeFuture.class);
+    callable = mock(Callable.class);
+  }
+
+  public void testComplete() {
+    // Given
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+
+    // When
+    exec.complete();
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 1);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public void testCompleteForResult() {
+    // Given
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.complete(true));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastResult(), Boolean.TRUE);
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verify(future).complete(true, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public void testGetAttemptCount() {
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+    exec.retryOn(e);
+    exec.before();
+    exec.retryOn(e);
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+  }
+
+  public void testRetryForResult() {
+    // Given retry for null
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(1));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 3);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastResult(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(1, null, null);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future,
+        configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null).withMaxRetries(2)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(null));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 3);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public void testRetryForResultAndThrowable() {
+    // Given retry for null
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null, null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(1, new IllegalArgumentException()));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(1, null));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 4);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastResult(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(2);
+    verify(future).complete(1, null, null);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future,
+        configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null).withMaxRetries(2)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null, e));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(null, e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 3);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, null);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  public void testRetryOn() {
+    // Given retry on IllegalArgumentException
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future,
+        configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryOn(IllegalArgumentException.class)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertTrue(exec.retryOn(new IllegalArgumentException()));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryOn(e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, null);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().withMaxRetries(1)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryOn(e));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryOn(e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, null);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expectedExceptions = IllegalStateException.class)
+  public void shouldThrowOnRetryWhenAlreadyComplete() {
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+    exec.complete();
+    exec.before();
+    exec.retryOn(e);
+  }
+
+  public void testCompleteOrRetry() {
+    // Given retry on IllegalArgumentException
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+
+    // When / Then
+    exec.completeOrRetry(null, e);
+    assertFalse(exec.isComplete());
+    exec.before();
+    exec.completeOrRetry(null, null);
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, null);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  private void resetMocks() {
+    reset(scheduler);
+    reset(future);
+    reset(callable);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+  static <T> FailsafeConfig<T, FailsafeConfig<T, ?>> configFor(RetryPolicy retryPolicy) {
+    return (FailsafeConfig<T, FailsafeConfig<T, ?>>) new FailsafeConfig().with(retryPolicy);
+  }
+
+  private void verifyScheduler(int executions) {
+    verify(scheduler, times(executions)).schedule(any(Callable.class), any(Long.class), any(TimeUnit.class));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `AsyncExecutionTest.exec.circuitBreaker` last assigned on line 164 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `before()` at line 168.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AsyncExecutionTest.testRetryOn()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.jodah.failsafe.AsyncExecutionTest.testRetryOn():void.ce79e0991fee0fad8b8e167f54984140
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/jodah/failsafe/AsyncExecutionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncExecutionTest.java|testRetryOn|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5aef5a21bfa43788878252dc2325ba6e
+
+### Hash:
+0d734e13f8f19929fbc26f6ea1027b90
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8798/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8798/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1446ede8d7db1082543e5e5a4fc548d6cad0ecb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8798/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** failsafe
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.jodah.recurrent;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import net.jodah.recurrent.util.concurrent.Scheduler;
+
+@Test
+public class AsyncExecutionTest {
+  ConnectException e = new ConnectException();
+  AsyncExecution inv;
+  RecurrentFuture<Object> future;
+  AsyncContextualCallable<Object> callable;
+  Scheduler scheduler;
+
+  @BeforeMethod
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  void beforeMethod() {
+    scheduler = mock(Scheduler.class);
+    future = mock(RecurrentFuture.class);
+    callable = mock(AsyncContextualCallable.class);
+  }
+
+  public void testComplete() {
+    // Given
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy(), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When
+    inv.complete();
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 1);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastFailure());
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, true);
+  }
+
+  public void testCompleteForResult() {
+    // Given
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(inv.complete(null));
+    assertTrue(inv.complete(true));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 1);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(inv.getLastResult(), Boolean.TRUE);
+    assertNull(inv.getLastFailure());
+    verify(future).complete(true, null, true);
+  }
+
+  public void testGetAttemptCount() {
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy(), scheduler, future, null);
+    inv.retryOn(e);
+    inv.prepare();
+    inv.retryOn(e);
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 2);
+  }
+
+  public void testRetryForResult() {
+    // Given retry for null
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(inv.complete(null));
+    assertTrue(inv.retryFor(null));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertFalse(inv.retryFor(1));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(inv.getLastResult(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+    assertNull(inv.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(1, null, true);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null).withMaxRetries(1), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertFalse(inv.complete(null));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertTrue(inv.retryFor(null));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertFalse(inv.retryFor(null));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, false);
+  }
+
+  public void testRetryForResultAndThrowable() {
+    // Given retry for null
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(inv.complete(null));
+    assertTrue(inv.retryFor(null, null));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertTrue(inv.retryFor(1, new IllegalArgumentException()));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertFalse(inv.retryFor(1, null));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 3);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(inv.getLastResult(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+    assertNull(inv.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(2);
+    verify(future).complete(1, null, true);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null).withMaxRetries(1), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertFalse(inv.complete(null));
+    assertTrue(inv.retryFor(null, e));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertFalse(inv.retryFor(null, e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(inv.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, false);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  public void testRetryOn() {
+    // Given retry on IllegalArgumentException
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy().retryOn(IllegalArgumentException.class), scheduler, future,
+        null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertTrue(inv.retryOn(new IllegalArgumentException()));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertFalse(inv.retryOn(e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(inv.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, false);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy().withMaxRetries(1), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertTrue(inv.retryOn(e));
+    inv.prepare();
+    assertFalse(inv.retryOn(e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(inv.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, false);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expectedExceptions = IllegalStateException.class)
+  public void shouldThrowOnRetryWhenAlreadyComplete() {
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy(), scheduler, future, null);
+    inv.complete();
+    inv.retryOn(e);
+  }
+
+  public void testCompleteOrRetry() {
+    // Given retry on IllegalArgumentException
+    inv = new AsyncExecution(callable, new RetryPolicy(), scheduler, future, null);
+
+    // When / Then
+    inv.completeOrRetry(null, e);
+    assertFalse(inv.isComplete());
+    inv.completeOrRetry(null, null);
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(inv.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(inv.isComplete());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(inv.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, true);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  private void resetMocks() {
+    reset(scheduler);
+    reset(future);
+    reset(callable);
+  }
+
+  private void verifyScheduler(int executions) {
+    verify(scheduler, times(executions)).schedule(any(Callable.class), any(Long.class), any(TimeUnit.class));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `AsyncExecutionTest.inv.listeners` last assigned on line 114 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `prepare()` at line 119.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AsyncExecutionTest.testRetryForResultAndThrowable()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.jodah.recurrent.AsyncExecutionTest.testRetryForResultAndThrowable():void.fc024e337633b5504c8b165773a23ff5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/jodah/recurrent/AsyncExecutionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncExecutionTest.java|testRetryForResultAndThrowable|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c4736613d68023e91e74719fe7f11fcf
+
+### Hash:
+5ec30db3b0af6ca792aa0ae4f0b89021
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8901/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8901/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83bde2c2fcd07517d6b911be888e5ce7477afebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8901/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jkcp
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 维护kcp状态的线程
+ */
+package org.beykery.jkcp;
+
+import io.netty.channel.socket.DatagramPacket;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author beykery
+ */
+public class KcpThread extends Thread
+{
+
+  private final Output out;
+  private final LinkedBlockingQueue<DatagramPacket> inputs;
+  private boolean running;
+  private final Map<InetSocketAddress, KcpOnUdp> kcps;
+  private final KcpListerner listerner;
+  private int nodelay;
+  private int interval = Kcp.IKCP_INTERVAL;
+  private int resend;
+  private int nc;
+  private int sndwnd = Kcp.IKCP_WND_SND;
+  private int rcvwnd = Kcp.IKCP_WND_RCV;
+  private int mtu = Kcp.IKCP_MTU_DEF;
+  private long timeout;//idle
+  
+  
+  private Object wakeup = new Object();
+  public void threadNotify() {
+      synchronized(wakeup) {
+           this.wakeup.notify();
+      }
+  }
+  private Queue<KcpOnUdp> pqueue;
+  private Comparator<KcpOnUdp> cmp = new Comparator<KcpOnUdp>() { 
+      @Override
+      public int compare(KcpOnUdp e1, KcpOnUdp e2) { 
+        return (int) (e2.getTimeout() - e1.getTimeout()); 
+      } 
+    }; 
+  /**
+   * fastest: ikcp_nodelay(kcp, 1, 20, 2, 1) nodelay: 0:disable(default),
+   * 1:enable interval: internal update timer interval in millisec, default is
+   * 100ms resend: 0:disable fast resend(default), 1:enable fast resend nc:
+   * 0:normal congestion control(default), 1:disable congestion control
+   *
+   * @param nodelay
+   * @param interval
+   * @param resend
+   * @param nc
+   */
+  public void noDelay(int nodelay, int interval, int resend, int nc)
+  {
+    this.nodelay = nodelay;
+    this.interval = interval;
+    this.resend = resend;
+    this.nc = nc;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set maximum window size: sndwnd=32, rcvwnd=32 by default
+   *
+   * @param sndwnd
+   * @param rcvwnd
+   */
+  public void wndSize(int sndwnd, int rcvwnd)
+  {
+    this.sndwnd = sndwnd;
+    this.rcvwnd = rcvwnd;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * change MTU size, default is 1400
+   *
+   * @param mtu
+   */
+  public void setMtu(int mtu)
+  {
+    this.mtu = mtu;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * kcp工作线程
+   *
+   * @param out
+   * @param listerner
+   */
+  public KcpThread(Output out, KcpListerner listerner)
+  {
+    this.out = out;
+    this.listerner = listerner;
+    inputs = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+    kcps = new HashMap<>();
+    pqueue = new PriorityQueue<>(10, cmp);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 开启线程
+   */
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void start()
+  {
+    if (!this.running)
+    {
+      this.running = true;
+      super.start();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 关闭线程
+   */
+  public void close()
+  {
+    this.running = false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void run()
+  {
+    while (this.running)
+    {
+      //input
+      while (!this.inputs.isEmpty())
+      {
+        DatagramPacket dp = this.inputs.remove();
+        KcpOnUdp ku = this.kcps.get(dp.sender());
+        if (ku == null)
+        {
+          ku = new KcpOnUdp(this.out, dp.sender(), this.listerner);//初始化
+          ku.noDelay(nodelay, interval, resend, nc);
+          ku.wndSize(sndwnd, rcvwnd);
+          ku.setMtu(mtu);
+          ku.setTimeout(timeout);
+          this.kcps.put(dp.sender(), ku);
+          pqueue.add(ku);
+        }
+        ku.input(dp.content());
+      }
+      
+      //选出第一个kcp更新状态
+      KcpOnUdp first = pqueue.poll();
+      if(first != null && first.getTimeout() < System.currentTimeMillis()) {
+          first.update();
+          if(!first.isClosed()) {
+              pqueue.add(first);
+          } else {
+              this.kcps.remove((InetSocketAddress) first.getKcp().getUser());
+          }
+      }
+     
+      //每30s，更新一遍所有的kcp状态
+      if(System.currentTimeMillis()%(1000*30) == 0) {
+        //update
+        KcpOnUdp temp = null;
+        for (KcpOnUdp ku : this.kcps.values())
+        {
+          ku.update();
+          if (ku.isClosed()) {//删掉过时的kcp
+            this.kcps.remove((InetSocketAddress) temp.getKcp().getUser());
+            pqueue.remove(ku);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      
+    //等待 
+    try {  
+        synchronized(wakeup){  
+          wakeup.wait(5*60*1000);
+        }
+    } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+        Logger.getLogger(KcpThread.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+    }
+       
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 收到输入
+   *
+   * @param addr
+   * @param content
+   */
+  void input(DatagramPacket dp)
+  {
+    this.inputs.add(dp);
+    this.threadNotify();
+  }
+
+  public void setTimeout(long timeout)
+  {
+    this.timeout = timeout;
+  }
+
+  public long getTimeout()
+  {
+    return timeout;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.beykery.jkcp.KcpThread.run` reads without synchronization from `this.org.beykery.jkcp.KcpThread.timeout`. Potentially races with write in method `KcpThread.setTimeout(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void KcpThread.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.beykery.jkcp.KcpThread.run():void.bed5863ed90560ead425a16199a3e750
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/beykery/jkcp/KcpThread.java
+
+### Key:
+KcpThread.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9268b3860fab8d82d442ac98a05ac19b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8906/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8906/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d078bf8971cefe61a213e4486a4bf47584d97e1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8906/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** word
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ * APDPlat - Application Product Development Platform
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 杨尚川, yang-shangchuan@qq.com
+ * 
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * 
+ */
+
+package org.apdplat.word.lucene;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedTransferQueue;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.Tokenizer;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.CharTermAttribute;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.OffsetAttribute;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.tokenattributes.PositionIncrementAttribute;
+import org.apdplat.word.lucene.attribute.*;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.Segmentation;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.SegmentationAlgorithm;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.SegmentationFactory;
+import org.apdplat.word.recognition.StopWord;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.Word;
+import org.apdplat.word.tagging.AntonymTagging;
+import org.apdplat.word.tagging.PartOfSpeechTagging;
+import org.apdplat.word.tagging.PinyinTagging;
+import org.apdplat.word.tagging.SynonymTagging;
+import org.apdplat.word.util.WordConfTools;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Lucene中文分词器
+ * @author 杨尚川
+ */
+public class ChineseWordTokenizer extends Tokenizer {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ChineseWordTokenizer.class);
+    
+    private final CharTermAttribute charTermAttribute = addAttribute(CharTermAttribute.class);
+    private final OffsetAttribute offsetAttribute = addAttribute(OffsetAttribute.class);
+    private final PositionIncrementAttribute positionIncrementAttribute = addAttribute(PositionIncrementAttribute.class);
+    private final PartOfSpeechAttribute partOfSpeechAttribute = addAttribute(PartOfSpeechAttribute.class);
+    private final AcronymPinyinAttribute acronymPinyinAttribute = addAttribute(AcronymPinyinAttribute.class);
+    private final FullPinyinAttribute fullPinyinAttribute = addAttribute(FullPinyinAttribute.class);
+    private final SynonymAttribute synonymAttribute = addAttribute(SynonymAttribute.class);
+    private final AntonymAttribute antonymAttribute = addAttribute(AntonymAttribute.class);
+
+    private static final boolean POS = WordConfTools.getBoolean("tagging.part.of.speech", false);
+    private static final boolean PINYIN = WordConfTools.getBoolean("tagging.pinyin", false);
+    private static final boolean SYNONYM = WordConfTools.getBoolean("tagging.synonym", false);
+    private static final boolean ANTONYM = WordConfTools.getBoolean("tagging.antonym", false);
+
+    private Segmentation segmentation = null;
+    private BufferedReader reader = null;
+    private final Queue<Word> words = new LinkedTransferQueue<>();
+    private int startOffset=0;
+        
+    public ChineseWordTokenizer() {
+        segmentation = SegmentationFactory.getSegmentation(SegmentationAlgorithm.BidirectionalMaximumMatching);
+    }
+    public ChineseWordTokenizer(Segmentation segmentation) {
+        this.segmentation = segmentation;
+    }
+    private Word getWord() throws IOException {
+        Word word = words.poll();
+        if(word == null){
+            if(reader==null){
+                reader = new BufferedReader(input);
+            }
+            String line;
+            while( (line = reader.readLine()) != null ){
+                words.addAll(segmentation.seg(line));
+            }
+            startOffset = 0;
+            word = words.poll();
+        }
+        return word;
+    }
+    @Override
+    public final boolean incrementToken() throws IOException {
+        Word word = getWord();
+        if (word != null) {
+            int positionIncrement = 1;
+            //忽略停用词
+            while(StopWord.is(word.getText())){
+                positionIncrement++;
+                startOffset += word.getText().length();
+                LOGGER.debug("忽略停用词："+word.getText());
+                word = getWord();
+                if(word == null){
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            charTermAttribute.setEmpty().append(word.getText());
+            offsetAttribute.setOffset(startOffset, startOffset+word.getText().length());
+            positionIncrementAttribute.setPositionIncrement(positionIncrement);
+            startOffset += word.getText().length();
+            //词性标注
+            if(POS){
+                PartOfSpeechTagging.process(Arrays.asList(word));
+                partOfSpeechAttribute.setEmpty().append(word.getPartOfSpeech().getPos());
+            }
+            //拼音标注
+            if(PINYIN){
+                PinyinTagging.process(Arrays.asList(word));
+                acronymPinyinAttribute.setEmpty().append(word.getAcronymPinYin());
+                fullPinyinAttribute.setEmpty().append(word.getFullPinYin());
+            }
+            //同义标注
+            if(SYNONYM){
+                SynonymTagging.process(Arrays.asList(word));
+                StringBuilder synonym = new StringBuilder();
+                word.getSynonym().forEach(w -> synonym.append(w.getText()).append(" "));
+                synonymAttribute.setEmpty().append(synonym.toString().trim());
+            }
+            //反义标注
+            if(ANTONYM){
+                AntonymTagging.process(Arrays.asList(word));
+                StringBuilder antonym = new StringBuilder();
+                word.getAntonym().forEach(w -> antonym.append(w.getText()).append(" "));
+                antonymAttribute.setEmpty().append(antonym.toString().trim());
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `word.getText()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 109.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ChineseWordTokenizer.incrementToken()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apdplat.word.lucene.ChineseWordTokenizer.incrementToken():boolean.ad2d468ffbbdbc7758714ec5891671b5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apdplat/word/lucene/ChineseWordTokenizer.java
+
+### Key:
+ChineseWordTokenizer.java|incrementToken|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+de847cd69fd0331f44966d60e9b3d3dc
+
+### Hash:
+ba2eca3d70fb48f44e274d53abefe6ed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8908/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8908/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5d731a10650b829f2c50d4156f20a1691f6c183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8908/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GlobalWarming
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.porillo.config;
+
+import lombok.Getter;
+import net.porillo.GlobalWarming;
+import net.porillo.effect.api.ClimateEffectType;
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.World;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import static net.porillo.engine.models.ScoreTempModel.CarbonSensitivity;
+
+public class WorldConfig extends ConfigLoader {
+
+    @Getter private final UUID worldId;
+    @Getter private boolean enabled;
+    @Getter private Set<ClimateEffectType> enabledEffects;
+    @Getter private UUID associatedWorldId;
+    @Getter private CarbonSensitivity sensitivity;
+    @Getter private double blastFurnaceMultiplier;
+    @Getter private double methaneTicksLivedModifier;
+    @Getter private boolean bonemealReductionAllowed;
+    @Getter private double bonemealReductionModifier;
+
+    public WorldConfig(UUID worldId) {
+        super(String.format("%s.yml", Bukkit.getWorld(worldId).getName()), "world.yml");
+        super.saveIfNotExist();
+        this.worldId = worldId;
+        super.load();
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return super.getFileName().substring(0, super.getFileName().indexOf("."));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void loadKeys() {
+        sensitivity = CarbonSensitivity.LOW;
+        String carbonSensitivity = conf.getString("carbonSensitivity");
+        if (carbonSensitivity != null && !carbonSensitivity.isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                sensitivity = CarbonSensitivity.valueOf(carbonSensitivity);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                GlobalWarming.getInstance().getLogger().warning(
+                      String.format(
+                            "Unknown carbon sensitivity for: [%s], defaulting to [%s]",
+                            getDisplayName(worldId),
+                            sensitivity));
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.enabled = this.conf.getBoolean("enabled");
+        this.associatedWorldId = Bukkit.getWorld(this.conf.getString("association")).getUID();
+        this.enabledEffects = new HashSet<>();
+        this.blastFurnaceMultiplier = this.conf.getDouble("blastFurnaceMultiplier", 1.2);
+        this.methaneTicksLivedModifier = this.conf.getDouble("methaneTicksLivedModifier", 0.01);
+        this.bonemealReductionAllowed = this.conf.getBoolean("bonemealReductionAllowed", true);
+        this.bonemealReductionModifier = this.conf.getDouble("bonemealReductionModifier", 0.5);
+
+        for (String effect : this.conf.getStringList("enabledEffects")) {
+            try {
+                this.enabledEffects.add(ClimateEffectType.valueOf(effect));
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+                GlobalWarming.getInstance().getLogger().severe(String.format(
+                      "Could not load effect: [%s] for world: [%s]",
+                      effect,
+                      getDisplayName(worldId)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void reload() {
+        this.enabledEffects.clear();
+        super.reload();
+    }
+
+    public static String getDisplayName(UUID worldId) {
+        String worldName = "UNKNOWN";
+        if (worldId != null) {
+            World world = Bukkit.getWorld(worldId);
+            if (world != null) {
+                worldName = world.getName();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return worldName;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getWorld(ConfigLoader.conf.getString("association"))`  at line 55.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WorldConfig.loadKeys()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.porillo.config.WorldConfig.loadKeys():void.7fd14df39866a7ebaa1303ecf5610b6e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/porillo/config/WorldConfig.java
+
+### Key:
+WorldConfig.java|loadKeys|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fdb1f2fbea286a7be2bdab2f2dfd8b72
+
+### Hash:
+5ef2d490b18218f631bb3c1ee6a2ce9f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8915/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8915/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a4574e44cc9229590304efa384dc24cc89ddfd71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8915/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GlobalWarming
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.porillo.effect.negative.formation;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
+import net.porillo.GlobalWarming;
+import net.porillo.effect.api.ListenerClimateEffect;
+import net.porillo.engine.ClimateEngine;
+import net.porillo.util.MapUtil;
+import org.bukkit.Material;
+import org.bukkit.event.EventHandler;
+import org.bukkit.event.block.BlockFormEvent;
+
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+public class IceForm extends ListenerClimateEffect {
+
+    private TreeMap<Double, Integer> heightMap;
+
+    @EventHandler
+    public void blockFormEvent(BlockFormEvent event) {
+        if (event.getBlock().getType() == Material.SNOW) {
+            double temp = ClimateEngine.getInstance().getClimateEngine(event.getBlock().getWorld().getName()).getTemperature();
+
+            if (event.getBlock().getY() < MapUtil.searchTreeMap(heightMap, temp)) {
+                event.setCancelled(true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setJsonModel(JsonObject jsonModel) {
+        super.setJsonModel(jsonModel);
+        this.heightMap = GlobalWarming.getInstance().getGson().fromJson(jsonModel, new TypeToken<TreeMap<Integer, Integer>>(){}.getType());
+        if (this.heightMap == null) {
+            unregister();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `searchTreeMap(IceForm.heightMap,valueOf(temp))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 25.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IceForm.blockFormEvent(BlockFormEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.porillo.effect.negative.formation.IceForm.blockFormEvent(org.bukkit.event.block.BlockFormEvent):.9ccf491f1ae44a818c49a3437d0dc2c1
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/porillo/effect/negative/formation/IceForm.java
+
+### Key:
+IceForm.java|blockFormEvent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4e1c2c26c3ac0b39dda101e4d445ea98
+
+### Hash:
+610c7ab0a474ab40e9d9c074944a43f6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8923/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8923/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eed7d11a0f39342f1cf53c6a554837033f1f4a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8923/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogOk;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    public static final int OS_UNKNOWN = 0;
+    public static final int OS_WIN_32BIT = 1;
+    public static final int OS_WIN_64BIT = 2;
+    public static final int OS_LINUX = 3;
+    public static final int OS_MAC = 4;
+
+    private static String getWindowsMplayerPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Program Files\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadMplayer() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX = "/usr/bin/mplayer";
+        final String PFAD_MAC = "/opt/local/bin/mplayer";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsMplayerPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadVlc() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadFlv() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_macosx_intel_32bit_latest";
+        String pfad;
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_MAC_FLV;
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadMplayer() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, true /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(true /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, true /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static int getOs() {
+        int os = OS_UNKNOWN;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                // win 32Bit
+                os = OS_WIN_32BIT;
+            } else if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                // win 64Bit
+                os = OS_WIN_64BIT;
+            }
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            os = OS_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            os = OS_MAC;
+        }
+        return os;
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static ListePset getStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return pSet;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, GuiFunktionenProgramme.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (!testPfad.exists()) {
+                testPfad.mkdirs();
+            }
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (datenPset.progsContainPath()) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 106.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadMplayer()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadMplayer():java.lang.String.2a04323df0fc1af0e5e9b2a59cb67252
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getMusterPfadMplayer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+0397eca27321cdb7b87ce96735efde3b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8924/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8924/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe53e3ec3707018fe25ba08de841fb1ba53e2d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8924/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogOk;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    public static final int OS_UNKNOWN = 0;
+    public static final int OS_WIN_32BIT = 1;
+    public static final int OS_WIN_64BIT = 2;
+    public static final int OS_LINUX = 3;
+    public static final int OS_MAC = 4;
+
+    private static String getWindowsMplayerPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Program Files\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadMplayer() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX = "/usr/bin/mplayer";
+        final String PFAD_MAC = "/opt/local/bin/mplayer";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsMplayerPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadVlc() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadFlv() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_macosx_intel_32bit_latest";
+        String pfad;
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_MAC_FLV;
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadMplayer() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, true /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(true /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, true /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static int getOs() {
+        int os = OS_UNKNOWN;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                // win 32Bit
+                os = OS_WIN_32BIT;
+            } else if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                // win 64Bit
+                os = OS_WIN_64BIT;
+            }
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            os = OS_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            os = OS_MAC;
+        }
+        return os;
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static ListePset getStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return pSet;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, GuiFunktionenProgramme.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (!testPfad.exists()) {
+                testPfad.mkdirs();
+            }
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (datenPset.progsContainPath()) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 124.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadVlc()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadVlc():java.lang.String.246a356942db46fd2ce9cc7074b8f06e
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getMusterPfadVlc|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+154c80456ea83b00927849fa76266254
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8930/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8930/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..847a4a756a92d1cd6953426e08ef88f0d00f91a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8930/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogOk;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    public static final int OS_UNKNOWN = 0;
+    public static final int OS_WIN_32BIT = 1;
+    public static final int OS_WIN_64BIT = 2;
+    public static final int OS_LINUX = 3;
+    public static final int OS_MAC = 4;
+
+    private static String getWindowsMplayerPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Program Files\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadMplayer() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX = "/usr/bin/mplayer";
+        final String PFAD_MAC = "/opt/local/bin/mplayer";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsMplayerPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadVlc() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadFlv() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_macosx_intel_32bit_latest";
+        String pfad;
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_MAC_FLV;
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadMplayer() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, true /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(true /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, true /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static int getOs() {
+        int os = OS_UNKNOWN;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                // win 32Bit
+                os = OS_WIN_32BIT;
+            } else if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                // win 64Bit
+                os = OS_WIN_64BIT;
+            }
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            os = OS_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            os = OS_MAC;
+        }
+        return os;
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static ListePset getStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        switch (getOs()) {
+            case OS_LINUX:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+                break;
+            case OS_MAC:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+                break;
+            case OS_WIN_32BIT:
+            case OS_WIN_64BIT:
+            case OS_UNKNOWN:
+            default:
+                datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return pSet;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, GuiFunktionenProgramme.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (!testPfad.exists()) {
+                testPfad.mkdirs();
+            }
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (datenPset.progsContainPath()) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 120.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadVlc()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadVlc():java.lang.String.246a356942db46fd2ce9cc7074b8f06e
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getMusterPfadVlc|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+154c80456ea83b00927849fa76266254
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8937/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8937/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0611eb308c835adc6d902279d71dfe0be4eb21c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8937/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogOk;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    private static String getWindowsMplayerPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Program Files\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadMplayer() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX = "/usr/bin/mplayer";
+        final String PFAD_MAC = "/opt/local/bin/mplayer";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsMplayerPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadVlc() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadFlv() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_macosx_intel_32bit_latest";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_MAC_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadMplayer() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, true /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(true /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, true /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static ListePset getStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+        } else {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return pSet;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, GuiFunktionenProgramme.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (!testPfad.exists()) {
+                testPfad.mkdirs();
+            }
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (datenPset.progsContainPath()) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 187.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ListePset GuiFunktionenProgramme.getStandardprogramme(DDaten)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getStandardprogramme(mediathek.daten.DDaten):mediathek.daten.L.485fe841921ade1419ffd8f6c663797e
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getStandardprogramme|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+9fac4461b7e7f43f6125dddd5d667184
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8941/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8941/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2690f561c5858fe0b7b250a9342e5c127c8401e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8941/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import javax.swing.event.EventListenerList;
+import mediathek.controller.filme.filmeImportieren.MediathekListener;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme;
+
+public class Log {
+
+    public static boolean playerMeldungenAus = false;
+    public static final String LOG_FEHLER = "fehler";
+    public static final String LOG_SYSTEM = "system";
+    public static final String LOG_PLAYER = "player";
+    private static EventListenerList listeners = new EventListenerList();
+    private static boolean prog = false;
+
+    public static void addAdListener(MediathekListener listener) {
+        listeners.add(MediathekListener.class, listener);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void startMeldungen(String classname) {
+        Log.systemMeldung("###########################################################");
+        try {
+            //Version
+            Log.systemMeldung(Konstanten.PROGRAMMNAME + " " + Konstanten.VERSION);
+            Date d = new Date(Main.class.getResource("Main.class").openConnection().getLastModified());
+            Log.systemMeldung("Compiled: " + new SimpleDateFormat("dd.MM.yyyy, HH:mm").format(d));
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+        }
+        Log.systemMeldung("Klassenname: " + classname);
+        Log.systemMeldung("");
+        Log.systemMeldung("Programmpfad: " + GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar());
+        Log.systemMeldung("Verzeichnis Einstellungen: " + Daten.getBasisVerzeichnis());
+        Log.systemMeldung("Useragent: " + Daten.getUserAgent());
+        Log.systemMeldung("");
+        long totalMem = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory();
+        Log.systemMeldung("totalMemory: " + totalMem / (1024L * 1024L) + " MB");
+        long maxMem = Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory();
+        Log.systemMeldung("maxMemory: " + maxMem / (1024L * 1024L) + " MB");
+        long freeMem = Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();
+        Log.systemMeldung("freeMemory: " + freeMem / (1024L * 1024L) + " MB");
+        Log.systemMeldung("###########################################################");
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, Exception ex) {
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, new String[]{ex.getMessage(), ""});
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, Exception ex, String text) {
+        String[] str = new String[2];
+        str[0] = ex.getLocalizedMessage();
+        str[1] = text;
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, str);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, String text) {
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, new String[]{text});
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, String[] text) {
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, text);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void systemMeldung(String[] text) {
+        meldung(text);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void systemMeldung(String text) {
+        meldung(new String[]{text});
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void playerMeldung(String text) {
+        if (!playerMeldungenAus) {
+            playermeldung(new String[]{text});
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void progress(String texte) {
+        prog = true;
+        texte += "\r";
+        System.out.print(texte);
+    }
+
+    private static void fehlermeldung(String klasse, String[] texte) {
+        if (prog) {
+            // dann brauchen wir erst eine Leerzeite um die Progresszeile zu löschen
+            System.out.print("                                                                            \r");
+            prog = false;
+        }
+        final String FEHLER = "Fehler: ";
+        final String z = "*";
+        System.out.println(z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z);
+        System.out.println(z + " " + FEHLER + klasse);
+        notifyMediathekListener(LOG_FEHLER, FEHLER + klasse);
+        for (int i = 0; i < texte.length; ++i) {
+            System.out.println(z + "           " + texte[i]);
+            notifyMediathekListener(LOG_FEHLER, texte[i]);
+        }
+        System.out.println(z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z);
+    }
+
+    private static void meldung(String[] texte) {
+        if (prog) {
+            // dann brauchen wir erst eine Leerzeite um die Progresszeile zu löschen
+            System.out.print("                                                                            \r");
+            prog = false;
+        }
+        final String SYSTEMMELDUNG = "";
+        final String z = ".";
+        System.out.println(z + " " + SYSTEMMELDUNG + texte[0]);
+        notifyMediathekListener(LOG_SYSTEM, texte[0]);
+        for (int i = 1; i < texte.length; ++i) {
+            System.out.println(z + " " + texte[i]);
+            notifyMediathekListener(LOG_SYSTEM, texte[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void playermeldung(String[] texte) {
+        if (prog) {
+            // dann brauchen wir erst eine Leerzeite um die Progresszeile zu löschen
+            System.out.print("                                                                            \r");
+            prog = false;
+        }
+        final String z = "  >>";
+        System.out.println(z + " " + texte[0]);
+        notifyMediathekListener(LOG_PLAYER, texte[0]);
+        for (int i = 1; i < texte.length; ++i) {
+            System.out.println(z + " " + texte[i]);
+            notifyMediathekListener(LOG_PLAYER, texte[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void notifyMediathekListener(String art, String zeile) {
+        for (MediathekListener l : listeners.getListeners(MediathekListener.class)) {
+            l.ping(art, zeile);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection` acquired by call to `openConnection()` at line 47 is not released after line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Log.startMeldungen(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.Log.startMeldungen(java.lang.String):void.3463ae8624fa0e2cf7af9508b197ab1a
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/Log.java
+
+### Key:
+Log.java|startMeldungen|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4ca352405b7b88367bd1ea08956d3411
+
+### Hash:
+7ceb1ede6cb1cd0e564d0e09fd33220e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8946/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8946/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f084dc2c397f0ca37159eb51ae24e4719c40aeb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8946/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.daten;
+
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.FilmeLaden;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.Mediathek3Sat;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekArd;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekMdr;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekNdr;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekWdr;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekZdf;
+import mediathek.tool.DatumZeit;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionen;
+import mediathek.tool.Log;
+import mediathek.tool.TModelFilm;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringEscapeUtils;
+
+public class ListeFilme extends LinkedList<DatenFilm> {
+
+    public static final String THEMA_LIVE = "Livestream";
+    //Tags Infos Filmliste, erste Zeile der .filme-Datei
+    public static final String FILMLISTE = "Filmliste";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_MAX_ELEM = 6;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_DATUM = "Filmliste-Datum";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_DATUM_NR = 0;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_ZEIT = "Filmliste-Nur-Zeit";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_NUR_ZEIT_NR = 1;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_DATUM_ZEIT = "Filmliste-Nur-Datum";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_NUR_DATUM_NR = 2;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_ANZAHL = "Filmliste-Anzahl";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_ANZAHL_NR = 3;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_VERSION = "Filmliste-Version";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_VERSION_NR = 4;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_PROGRAMM = "Filmliste-Programm";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_PRGRAMM_NR = 5;
+    public static final String[] FILMLISTE_COLUMN_NAMES = {FILMLISTE_DATUM, FILMLISTE_ZEIT, FILMLISTE_DATUM_ZEIT,
+        FILMLISTE_ANZAHL, FILMLISTE_VERSION, FILMLISTE_PROGRAMM};
+    // Infos
+//    public static final String FILMLISTE_INFOS = "Filmliste-Infos";
+//    public static final int FILMLISTE_INFOS_MAX_ELEM = 2;
+//    public static final String FILMLISTE_INFOS_SWR_NR_THEMA = "Filmliste-Infos-Swr-NrThema";
+//    public static final int FILMLISTE_INFOS_SWR_NR_THEMA_NR = 0;
+//    public static final String FILMLISTE_INFOS_frei = "Filmliste-Infos-frei";
+//    public static final int FILMLISTE_INFOS_frei_NR = 1;
+//    public static final String[] FILMLISTE_INFOS_COLUMN_NAMES = {FILMLISTE_INFOS_SWR_NR_THEMA, FILMLISTE_INFOS_frei};
+    private int nr = 0;
+//    public String[] infos;
+    public String[] metaDaten;
+    private HashSet<String> treeGetModelOfField = new HashSet<String>();
+    private LinkedList<String> listGetModelOfField = new LinkedList<String>();
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param ddaten
+     */
+    public ListeFilme() {
+//        infos = newInfo();
+        metaDaten = newMetaDaten();
+    }
+    //===================================
+    // public
+    //===================================
+
+    public static String[] newMetaDaten() {
+        String[] ret = new String[FILMLISTE_MAX_ELEM];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ret.length; ++i) {
+            ret[i] = "";
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+//    public static String[] newInfo() {
+//        String[] ret = new String[FILMLISTE_INFOS_MAX_ELEM];
+//        for (int i = 0; i < ret.length; ++i) {
+//            ret[i] = "";
+//        }
+//        return ret;
+//    }
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void clear() {
+        nr = 0;
+        super.clear();
+    }
+
+    public void sort() {
+        Collections.<DatenFilm>sort(this);
+        // und jetzt noch die Nummerierung in Ordnung brinegen
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        int i = 0;
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            it.next().arr[DatenFilm.FILM_NR_NR] = getNr(i++);
+        }
+    }
+
+//    public synchronized void setInfo(int feld, String wert) {
+//        infos[feld] = wert;
+//    }
+//
+//    public synchronized void setInfo(String[] iinfo) {
+//        for (int i = 0; i < FILMLISTE_INFOS_MAX_ELEM; ++i) {
+//            infos[i] = iinfo[i].toString();
+//        }
+//    }
+    public synchronized void setMeta(String[] mmeta) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < FILMLISTE_MAX_ELEM; ++i) {
+            metaDaten[i] = mmeta[i].toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean addFilmVomSender(DatenFilm film) {
+        // Filme die beim Sender gesucht wurden (und nur die) hier eintragen
+        // nur für die MediathekReader
+        // ist eine URL,Sender,Thema,Titel schon vorhanden, wird sie verworfen, die aktuellste bleibt erhalten
+        DatenFilm f;
+        // Thema
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR].trim());
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR].trim());
+        // Titel
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR].trim());
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR].trim());
+        // erst mal schauen obs das schon gibt
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            f = it.next();
+            if (f.getIndex().equals(film.getIndex())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return add(film);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void updateListe(ListeFilme liste, boolean index /* Vergleich über Index, sonst nur URL */) {
+        // in eine vorhandene Liste soll eine andere Filmliste einsortiert werden
+        // es werden nur Filme die noch nicht vorhanden sind, einsortiert
+        DatenFilm film;
+        HashSet<String> hashSet = new HashSet<String>();
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            if (index) {
+                hashSet.add(it.next().getIndex());
+            } else {
+                hashSet.add(it.next().arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR]);
+            }
+        }
+        it = liste.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            film = it.next();
+            if (index) {
+                if (!hashSet.contains(film.getIndex())) {
+                    add(film);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!hashSet.contains(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR])) {
+                    add(film);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean addWithNr(DatenFilm film) {
+//        if (!film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR].equals(StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR].trim()))) {
+//            Log.debugMeldung("----");
+//        }
+//        if (!film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR].equals(StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR].trim()))) {
+//            Log.debugMeldung("----");
+//        }
+//        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR].trim());
+//        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR].trim());
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_NR_NR] = getNr(nr++);
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR] = film.getUrlOrg();
+        return add(film);
+    }
+
+    private String getNr(int nr) {
+        final int MAX_STELLEN = 5;
+        final String FUELL_ZEICHEN = "0";
+        String str = String.valueOf(nr);
+        while (str.length() < MAX_STELLEN) {
+            str = FUELL_ZEICHEN + str;
+        }
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int countSender(String sender) {
+        int ret = 0;
+        ListIterator<DatenFilm> it = this.listIterator(0);
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            if (it.next().arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR].equalsIgnoreCase(sender)) {
+                ++ret;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void delSender(String sender) {
+        // alle Filme VOM SENDER löschen
+        DatenFilm film;
+        ListIterator<DatenFilm> it = this.listIterator(0);
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            film = it.next();
+            if (film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR].equalsIgnoreCase(sender)) {
+                it.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void liveStreamEintragen() {
+        // Live-Stream eintragen
+        //DatenFilm(Daten ddaten, String ssender, String tthema, String urlThema, String ttitel, String uurl, String datum, String zeit) {
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekZdf.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekZdf.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://wstreaming.zdf.de/encoder/livestream2_vh.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(Mediathek3Sat.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, Mediathek3Sat.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://wstreaming.zdf.de/encoder/3sat_vh.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekArd.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekArd.SENDER + " Tagesschau" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "mmsh://tagesschau-live1-webm-wmv.wm.llnwd.net/tagesschau_live1_webm_wmv?MSWMExt=.asf", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekNdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekNdr.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://www.ndr.de/resources/metadaten/ndr_fs_nds_hi_wmv.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekWdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekWdr.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://www.wdr.de/wdrlive/media/wdr-fernsehen_web-l.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekMdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekMdr.SENDER + " SACHSEN" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://avw.mdr.de/livestreams/mdr_tv_sachsen.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekMdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekMdr.SENDER + " SACHSEN-ANHALT" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://avw.mdr.de/livestreams/mdr_tv_sachsen-anhalt.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekMdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekMdr.SENDER + " THÜRINGEN" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://avw.mdr.de/livestreams/mdr_tv_thueringen.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekArd.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekArd.SENDER + " Phoenix" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://hstreaming.zdf.de/encoder/phoenix_vh.mov", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void getModelTabFilme(DDaten ddaten, TModelFilm modelFilm, String filterSender, String filterThema, String filterTitel, String filterThemaTitel) {
+        modelFilm.setRowCount(0);
+        if (this.size() != 0) {
+            if (filterSender.equals("") && filterThema.equals("") && filterTitel.equals("") && filterThemaTitel.equals("")) {
+                addObjectDataTabFilme(ddaten, modelFilm);
+            } else {
+                ListeFilme liste = new ListeFilme();
+                DatenFilm film;
+                Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+                while (it.hasNext()) {
+                    film = it.next();
+                    // aboPruefen(String senderSuchen, String themaSuchen, boolean themaExakt, String textSuchen,
+                    //                     String imSender, String imThema, String imText) {
+                    if (ListeAbo.filterAufAboPruefen(filterSender, filterThema, filterTitel, filterThemaTitel,
+                            film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR], film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR], film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR])) {
+                        liste.add(film);
+                    }
+                }
+                liste.addObjectDataTabFilme(ddaten, modelFilm);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized String[] getModelOfField(int feld, String filterString, int filterFeld) {
+        // erstellt ein StringArray mit den Daten des Feldes und filtert nach filterFeld
+        // ist für die Filterfelder im GuiFilme
+        // doppelte Einträge (bei der Groß- und Klienschribung) werden entfernt
+        String str;
+        String s;
+        listGetModelOfField.add("");
+        DatenFilm film;
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        if (filterString.equals("")) {
+            //alle Werte dieses Feldes
+            while (it.hasNext()) {
+                str = it.next().arr[feld];
+                //hinzufügen
+                s = str.toLowerCase();
+                if (!treeGetModelOfField.contains(s)) {
+                    treeGetModelOfField.add(s);
+                    listGetModelOfField.add(str);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            //Werte dieses Feldes, filtern nach filterString im FilterFeld
+            while (it.hasNext()) {
+                film = it.next();
+                str = film.arr[feld];
+                if (film.arr[filterFeld].equalsIgnoreCase(filterString)) {
+                    //hinzufügen
+                    s = str.toLowerCase();
+                    if (!treeGetModelOfField.contains(s)) {
+                        treeGetModelOfField.add(s);
+                        listGetModelOfField.add(str);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        treeGetModelOfField.clear();
+        GuiFunktionen.listeSort(listGetModelOfField);
+        String[] ret = new String[0];
+        ret = listGetModelOfField.toArray(ret);
+        listGetModelOfField.clear();
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DatenFilm getFilmByUrl(String url) {
+        DatenFilm ret = null;
+        ListIterator<DatenFilm> it = this.listIterator(0);
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            DatenFilm f = it.next();
+            if (f.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR].equals(url)) {
+                ret = f;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    //===================================
+    // private
+    //===================================
+    private void addObjectDataTabFilme(DDaten ddaten, TModelFilm model) {
+        Object[] object;
+        DatenFilm film;
+        DatenAbo datenAbo;
+        if (this.size() > 0) {
+            ListIterator<DatenFilm> iterator = this.listIterator(0);
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                film = iterator.next();
+                datenAbo = ddaten.listeAbo.getAbo(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR],
+                        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR],
+                        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR]);
+                if (datenAbo != null) {
+                    film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_ABO_NAME_NR] = datenAbo.arr[DatenAbo.ABO_NAME_NR];
+                } else {
+                    film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_ABO_NAME_NR] = "";
+                }
+                object = new Object[DatenFilm.FILME_MAX_ELEM];
+                for (int m = 0; m < DatenFilm.FILME_MAX_ELEM; ++m) {
+                    if (m == DatenFilm.FILM_DATUM_NR) {
+                        object[m] = DatumZeit.getDatumForObject(film);
+                    } else {
+                        object[m] = film.arr[m];
+                    }
+                }
+                model.addRow(object);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int alterFilmlisteSek() {
+        // Alter der Filmliste in Sekunden
+        int ret = 0;
+        Date jetzt = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd.MM.yyyy, HH:mm");
+        String date = metaDaten[ListeFilme.FILMLISTE_DATUM_NR];
+        Date filmDate = null;
+        try {
+            filmDate = sdf.parse(date);
+        } catch (ParseException ex) {
+        }
+        if (jetzt != null && filmDate != null) {
+            ret = Math.round((jetzt.getTime() - filmDate.getTime()) / (1000));
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                ret = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public boolean filmlisteIstAelter() {
+        // Filmliste ist älter als: FilmeLaden.ALTER_FILMLISTE_SEKUNDEN_FUER_AUTOUPDATE
+        int ret = -1;
+        Date jetzt = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd.MM.yyyy, HH:mm");
+        String date = metaDaten[ListeFilme.FILMLISTE_DATUM_NR];
+        Date filmDate = null;
+        try {
+            filmDate = sdf.parse(date);
+        } catch (ParseException ex) {
+        }
+        if (jetzt != null && filmDate != null) {
+            ret = Math.round((jetzt.getTime() - filmDate.getTime()) / (1000));
+            ret = Math.abs(ret);
+        }
+        if (ret != -1) {
+            Log.systemMeldung("Die Filmliste ist " + ret / 60 + " Minuten alt");
+        }
+        if (ret > FilmeLaden.ALTER_FILMLISTE_SEKUNDEN_FUER_AUTOUPDATE) {
+            return true;
+        } else if (ret == -1) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `mediathek.daten.ListeFilme.filmlisteIstAelter` reads without synchronization from `this.mediathek.daten.ListeFilme.metaDaten.[_]`. Potentially races with write in method `ListeFilme.setMeta(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ListeFilme.filmlisteIstAelter()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.daten.ListeFilme.filmlisteIstAelter():boolean.a4a4ec0ee42f9aeb178b09d1d250bd12
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/daten/ListeFilme.java
+
+### Key:
+ListeFilme.java|filmlisteIstAelter|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+ab0385d0448014a11b22d409ab415a3f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8948/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8948/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8db522838e25f57c3b21c190d0758a3e3a5702ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8948/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import javax.swing.event.EventListenerList;
+import mediathek.controller.filme.filmeImportieren.MediathekListener;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme;
+
+public class Log {
+
+    public static boolean playerMeldungenAus = false;
+    public static final String LOG_FEHLER = "fehler";
+    public static final String LOG_SYSTEM = "system";
+    public static final String LOG_PLAYER = "player";
+    private static EventListenerList listeners = new EventListenerList();
+    private static boolean prog = false;
+
+    public static void addAdListener(MediathekListener listener) {
+        listeners.add(MediathekListener.class, listener);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void versionsMeldungen(String classname) {
+        Log.systemMeldung("###########################################################");
+        long totalMem = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory();
+        Log.systemMeldung("totalMemory: " + totalMem / (1024L * 1024L) + " MB");
+        long maxMem = Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory();
+        Log.systemMeldung("maxMemory: " + maxMem / (1024L * 1024L) + " MB");
+        long freeMem = Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();
+        Log.systemMeldung("freeMemory: " + freeMem / (1024L * 1024L) + " MB");
+        Log.systemMeldung("###########################################################");
+        try {
+            //Version
+            Log.systemMeldung(Konstanten.PROGRAMMNAME + " " + Konstanten.VERSION);
+            Date d = new Date(Main.class.getResource("Main.class").openConnection().getLastModified());
+            Log.systemMeldung("Compiled: " + new SimpleDateFormat("dd.MM.yyyy, HH:mm").format(d));
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+        }
+        Log.systemMeldung("Klassenname: " + classname);
+        Log.systemMeldung("###########################################################");
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void startMeldungen(String classname) {
+        versionsMeldungen(classname);
+        Log.systemMeldung("Programmpfad: " + GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar());
+        Log.systemMeldung("Verzeichnis Einstellungen: " + Daten.getBasisVerzeichnis());
+        Log.systemMeldung("Useragent: " + Daten.getUserAgent());
+        Log.systemMeldung("###########################################################");
+        Log.systemMeldung("");
+        Log.systemMeldung("");
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, Exception ex) {
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, new String[]{ex.getMessage(), ""});
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, Exception ex, String text) {
+        String[] str = new String[2];
+        str[0] = ex.getLocalizedMessage();
+        str[1] = text;
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, str);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, String text) {
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, new String[]{text});
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void fehlerMeldung(String klasse, String[] text) {
+        fehlermeldung(klasse, text);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void systemMeldung(String[] text) {
+        meldung(text);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void systemMeldung(String text) {
+        meldung(new String[]{text});
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void playerMeldung(String text) {
+        if (!playerMeldungenAus) {
+            playermeldung(new String[]{text});
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized void progress(String texte) {
+        prog = true;
+        texte += "\r";
+        System.out.print(texte);
+    }
+
+    private static void fehlermeldung(String klasse, String[] texte) {
+        if (prog) {
+            // dann brauchen wir erst eine Leerzeite um die Progresszeile zu löschen
+            System.out.print("                                                                            \r");
+            prog = false;
+        }
+        final String FEHLER = "Fehler: ";
+        final String z = "*";
+        System.out.println(z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z);
+        System.out.println(z + " " + FEHLER + klasse);
+        notifyMediathekListener(LOG_FEHLER, FEHLER + klasse);
+        for (int i = 0; i < texte.length; ++i) {
+            System.out.println(z + "           " + texte[i]);
+            notifyMediathekListener(LOG_FEHLER, texte[i]);
+        }
+        System.out.println(z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z + z);
+    }
+
+    private static void meldung(String[] texte) {
+        if (prog) {
+            // dann brauchen wir erst eine Leerzeite um die Progresszeile zu löschen
+            System.out.print("                                                                            \r");
+            prog = false;
+        }
+        final String SYSTEMMELDUNG = "";
+        final String z = ".";
+        System.out.println(z + " " + SYSTEMMELDUNG + texte[0]);
+        notifyMediathekListener(LOG_SYSTEM, texte[0]);
+        for (int i = 1; i < texte.length; ++i) {
+            System.out.println(z + " " + texte[i]);
+            notifyMediathekListener(LOG_SYSTEM, texte[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void playermeldung(String[] texte) {
+        if (prog) {
+            // dann brauchen wir erst eine Leerzeite um die Progresszeile zu löschen
+            System.out.print("                                                                            \r");
+            prog = false;
+        }
+        final String z = "  >>";
+        System.out.println(z + " " + texte[0]);
+        notifyMediathekListener(LOG_PLAYER, texte[0]);
+        for (int i = 1; i < texte.length; ++i) {
+            System.out.println(z + " " + texte[i]);
+            notifyMediathekListener(LOG_PLAYER, texte[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void notifyMediathekListener(String art, String zeile) {
+        for (MediathekListener l : listeners.getListeners(MediathekListener.class)) {
+            l.ping(art, zeile);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection` acquired by call to `openConnection()` at line 54 is not released after line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Log.versionsMeldungen(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.Log.versionsMeldungen(java.lang.String):void.ef17c48ae37bab1d22d5e5544d384f9a
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/Log.java
+
+### Key:
+Log.java|versionsMeldungen|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4ca352405b7b88367bd1ea08956d3411
+
+### Hash:
+530cbd228cf482f8229fbedc5d7a9580
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8977/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8977/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a86719a8ba066cf8d352a9d20ed52c4c060adf43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8977/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.security.CodeSource;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.Daten;
+import mediathek.Konstanten;
+import mediathek.Main;
+import mediathek.controller.filme.filmeImportieren.MediathekListener;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogLeer;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelPsetImport;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    public static String getPathJar() {
+        String pFilePath = "pFile";
+        File propFile = new File(pFilePath);
+        if (!propFile.exists()) {
+            try {
+                CodeSource cS = Main.class.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
+                File jarFile = new File(cS.getLocation().toURI().getPath());
+                String jarDir = jarFile.getParentFile().getPath();
+                propFile = new File(jarDir + File.separator + pFilePath);
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+            }
+        }
+        return propFile.getAbsolutePath().replace(pFilePath, "");
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_VLC_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN_VLC = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad = "";
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN_VLC;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN_VLC;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_VLC_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        ///////////////////////
+        if (!Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+        }
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        /////////////////////
+        if (!Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+        }
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfadScript = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfadScript = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else {
+            pfadScript = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten, boolean auto) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+        } else {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return addVorlagen(ddaten, pSet, auto);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                Daten.notifyMediathekListener(MediathekListener.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, PanelPsetImport.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (datenPset.needsPath()) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    File pfad = new File(zielPfad);
+                    if (!pfad.isDirectory()) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" ist kein Verzeichnis!" + "\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 118.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPfadFlv()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPfadFlv():java.lang.String.c214c570861b842bfe60ef716d6d36d0
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getPfadFlv|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+3359fb2cc47080b5f04c9dc790cbdaa0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8979/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8979/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fa2be8cfbcd775bd70dc29ad1e0a651c2df13d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8979/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.daten;
+
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.FilmeLaden;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.Mediathek3Sat;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekArd;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekMdr;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekNdr;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekWdr;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekZdf;
+import mediathek.tool.DatumZeit;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionen;
+import mediathek.tool.Log;
+import mediathek.tool.TModelFilm;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringEscapeUtils;
+
+public class ListeFilme extends LinkedList<DatenFilm> {
+
+    public static final String THEMA_LIVE = "Livestream";
+    //Tags Infos Filmliste, erste Zeile der .filme-Datei
+    public static final String FILMLISTE = "Filmliste";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_MAX_ELEM = 4;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_DATUM = "Filmliste-Datum";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_DATUM_NR = 0;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_DATUM_GMT = "Filmliste-Datum-GMT";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_DATUM_GMT_NR = 1;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_VERSION = "Filmliste-Version";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_VERSION_NR = 2;
+    public static final String FILMLISTE_PROGRAMM = "Filmliste-Programm";
+    public static final int FILMLISTE_PRGRAMM_NR = 3;
+    public static final String[] FILMLISTE_COLUMN_NAMES = {FILMLISTE_DATUM, FILMLISTE_DATUM_GMT, FILMLISTE_VERSION, FILMLISTE_PROGRAMM};
+    private int nr = 0;
+    public String[] metaDaten;
+    private HashSet<String> treeGetModelOfField = new HashSet<String>();
+    private LinkedList<String> listGetModelOfField = new LinkedList<String>();
+
+    public ListeFilme() {
+        metaDaten = newMetaDaten();
+    }
+
+    //===================================
+    // public
+    //===================================
+    public static String[] newMetaDaten() {
+        String[] ret = new String[FILMLISTE_MAX_ELEM];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ret.length; ++i) {
+            ret[i] = "";
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void clear() {
+        nr = 0;
+        super.clear();
+    }
+
+    public void sort() {
+        Collections.<DatenFilm>sort(this);
+        // und jetzt noch die Nummerierung in Ordnung brinegen
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        int i = 0;
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            it.next().arr[DatenFilm.FILM_NR_NR] = getNr(i++);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void setMeta(String[] mmeta) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < FILMLISTE_MAX_ELEM; ++i) {
+            metaDaten[i] = mmeta[i].toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean addFilmVomSender(DatenFilm film) {
+        // Filme die beim Sender gesucht wurden (und nur die) hier eintragen
+        // nur für die MediathekReader
+        // ist eine URL,Sender,Thema,Titel schon vorhanden, wird sie verworfen, die aktuellste bleibt erhalten
+        DatenFilm f;
+        // Thema
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR].trim());
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR].trim());
+        // Titel
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR].trim());
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR] = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeHtml4(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR].trim());
+        // erst mal schauen obs das schon gibt
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            f = it.next();
+            if (f.getIndex().equals(film.getIndex())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return add(film);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void updateListe(ListeFilme liste, boolean index /* Vergleich über Index, sonst nur URL */) {
+        // in eine vorhandene Liste soll eine andere Filmliste einsortiert werden
+        // es werden nur Filme die noch nicht vorhanden sind, einsortiert
+        DatenFilm film;
+        HashSet<String> hashSet = new HashSet<String>();
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            if (index) {
+                hashSet.add(it.next().getIndex());
+            } else {
+                hashSet.add(it.next().arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR]);
+            }
+        }
+        it = liste.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            film = it.next();
+            if (index) {
+                if (!hashSet.contains(film.getIndex())) {
+                    add(film);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!hashSet.contains(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR])) {
+                    add(film);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean addWithNr(DatenFilm film) {
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_NR_NR] = getNr(nr++);
+        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR] = film.getUrlOrg();
+        return add(film);
+    }
+
+    private String getNr(int nr) {
+        final int MAX_STELLEN = 5;
+        final String FUELL_ZEICHEN = "0";
+        String str = String.valueOf(nr);
+        while (str.length() < MAX_STELLEN) {
+            str = FUELL_ZEICHEN + str;
+        }
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int countSender(String sender) {
+        int ret = 0;
+        ListIterator<DatenFilm> it = this.listIterator(0);
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            if (it.next().arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR].equalsIgnoreCase(sender)) {
+                ++ret;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void delSender(String sender) {
+        // alle Filme VOM SENDER löschen
+        DatenFilm film;
+        ListIterator<DatenFilm> it = this.listIterator(0);
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            film = it.next();
+            if (film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR].equalsIgnoreCase(sender)) {
+                it.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void liveStreamEintragen() {
+        // Live-Stream eintragen
+        //DatenFilm(Daten ddaten, String ssender, String tthema, String urlThema, String ttitel, String uurl, String datum, String zeit) {
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekZdf.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekZdf.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://wstreaming.zdf.de/encoder/livestream2_vh.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(Mediathek3Sat.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, Mediathek3Sat.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://wstreaming.zdf.de/encoder/3sat_vh.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekArd.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekArd.SENDER + " Tagesschau" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "mmsh://tagesschau-live1-webm-wmv.wm.llnwd.net/tagesschau_live1_webm_wmv?MSWMExt=.asf", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekNdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekNdr.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://www.ndr.de/resources/metadaten/ndr_fs_nds_hi_wmv.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekWdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekWdr.SENDER + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://www.wdr.de/wdrlive/media/wdr-fernsehen_web-l.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekMdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekMdr.SENDER + " SACHSEN" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://avw.mdr.de/livestreams/mdr_tv_sachsen.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekMdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekMdr.SENDER + " SACHSEN-ANHALT" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://avw.mdr.de/livestreams/mdr_tv_sachsen-anhalt.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekMdr.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekMdr.SENDER + " THÜRINGEN" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://avw.mdr.de/livestreams/mdr_tv_thueringen.asx", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+        addFilmVomSender(
+                new DatenFilm(MediathekArd.SENDER, THEMA_LIVE, ""/* urlThema */, MediathekArd.SENDER + " Phoenix" + " " + THEMA_LIVE, "http://hstreaming.zdf.de/encoder/phoenix_vh.mov", ""/* datum */, ""/* zeit */));
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void getModelTabFilme(DDaten ddaten, TModelFilm modelFilm, String filterSender, String filterThema, String filterTitel, String filterThemaTitel) {
+        modelFilm.setRowCount(0);
+        if (this.size() != 0) {
+            if (filterSender.equals("") && filterThema.equals("") && filterTitel.equals("") && filterThemaTitel.equals("")) {
+                addObjectDataTabFilme(ddaten, modelFilm);
+            } else {
+                ListeFilme liste = new ListeFilme();
+                DatenFilm film;
+                Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+                while (it.hasNext()) {
+                    film = it.next();
+                    // aboPruefen(String senderSuchen, String themaSuchen, boolean themaExakt, String textSuchen,
+                    //                     String imSender, String imThema, String imText) {
+                    if (ListeAbo.filterAufAboPruefen(filterSender, filterThema, filterTitel, filterThemaTitel,
+                            film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR], film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR], film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR])) {
+                        liste.add(film);
+                    }
+                }
+                liste.addObjectDataTabFilme(ddaten, modelFilm);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized String[] getModelOfField(int feld, String filterString, int filterFeld) {
+        // erstellt ein StringArray mit den Daten des Feldes und filtert nach filterFeld
+        // ist für die Filterfelder im GuiFilme
+        // doppelte Einträge (bei der Groß- und Klienschribung) werden entfernt
+        String str;
+        String s;
+        listGetModelOfField.add("");
+        DatenFilm film;
+        Iterator<DatenFilm> it = this.iterator();
+        if (filterString.equals("")) {
+            //alle Werte dieses Feldes
+            while (it.hasNext()) {
+                str = it.next().arr[feld];
+                //hinzufügen
+                s = str.toLowerCase();
+                if (!treeGetModelOfField.contains(s)) {
+                    treeGetModelOfField.add(s);
+                    listGetModelOfField.add(str);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            //Werte dieses Feldes, filtern nach filterString im FilterFeld
+            while (it.hasNext()) {
+                film = it.next();
+                str = film.arr[feld];
+                if (film.arr[filterFeld].equalsIgnoreCase(filterString)) {
+                    //hinzufügen
+                    s = str.toLowerCase();
+                    if (!treeGetModelOfField.contains(s)) {
+                        treeGetModelOfField.add(s);
+                        listGetModelOfField.add(str);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        treeGetModelOfField.clear();
+        GuiFunktionen.listeSort(listGetModelOfField);
+        String[] ret = new String[0];
+        ret = listGetModelOfField.toArray(ret);
+        listGetModelOfField.clear();
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DatenFilm getFilmByUrl(String url) {
+        DatenFilm ret = null;
+        ListIterator<DatenFilm> it = this.listIterator(0);
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            DatenFilm f = it.next();
+            if (f.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR].equals(url)) {
+                ret = f;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    //===================================
+    // private
+    //===================================
+    private void addObjectDataTabFilme(DDaten ddaten, TModelFilm model) {
+        Object[] object;
+        DatenFilm film;
+        DatenAbo datenAbo;
+        if (this.size() > 0) {
+            ListIterator<DatenFilm> iterator = this.listIterator(0);
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                film = iterator.next();
+                datenAbo = ddaten.listeAbo.getAbo(film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_SENDER_NR],
+                        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_THEMA_NR],
+                        film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_TITEL_NR]);
+                if (datenAbo != null) {
+                    film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_ABO_NAME_NR] = datenAbo.arr[DatenAbo.ABO_NAME_NR];
+                } else {
+                    film.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_ABO_NAME_NR] = "";
+                }
+                object = new Object[DatenFilm.FILME_MAX_ELEM];
+                for (int m = 0; m < DatenFilm.FILME_MAX_ELEM; ++m) {
+                    if (m == DatenFilm.FILM_DATUM_NR) {
+                        object[m] = DatumZeit.getDatumForObject(film);
+                    } else {
+                        object[m] = film.arr[m];
+                    }
+                }
+                model.addRow(object);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int alterFilmlisteSek() {
+        // Alter der Filmliste in Sekunden
+        int ret = 0;
+        Date jetzt = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd.MM.yyyy, HH:mm");
+        String date = metaDaten[ListeFilme.FILMLISTE_DATUM_NR];
+        Date filmDate = null;
+        try {
+            filmDate = sdf.parse(date);
+        } catch (ParseException ex) {
+        }
+        if (jetzt != null && filmDate != null) {
+            ret = Math.round((jetzt.getTime() - filmDate.getTime()) / (1000));
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                ret = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public boolean filmlisteIstAelter() {
+        return filmlisteIstAelter(FilmeLaden.ALTER_FILMLISTE_SEKUNDEN_FUER_AUTOUPDATE);
+    }
+
+    public boolean filmlisteIstAelter(int sekunden) {
+        // Filmliste ist älter als: FilmeLaden.ALTER_FILMLISTE_SEKUNDEN_FUER_AUTOUPDATE
+        int ret = -1;
+        Date jetzt = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd.MM.yyyy, HH:mm");
+        String date = metaDaten[ListeFilme.FILMLISTE_DATUM_NR];
+        Date filmDate = null;
+        try {
+            filmDate = sdf.parse(date);
+        } catch (ParseException ex) {
+        }
+        if (jetzt != null && filmDate != null) {
+            ret = Math.round((jetzt.getTime() - filmDate.getTime()) / (1000));
+            ret = Math.abs(ret);
+        }
+        if (ret != -1) {
+            Log.systemMeldung("Die Filmliste ist " + ret / 60 + " Minuten alt");
+        }
+        if (ret > sekunden) {
+            return true;
+        } else if (ret == -1) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `mediathek.daten.ListeFilme.filmlisteIstAelter` reads without synchronization from `this.mediathek.daten.ListeFilme.metaDaten.[_]`. Potentially races with write in method `ListeFilme.setMeta(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ListeFilme.filmlisteIstAelter(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.daten.ListeFilme.filmlisteIstAelter(int):boolean.3430e81dfc1bad807187adcd19b2a4e8
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/daten/ListeFilme.java
+
+### Key:
+ListeFilme.java|filmlisteIstAelter|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fe03c9f3bf20bed972f05dc456362d67
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8983/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8983/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59d4a4eb01743cb4c96a2944c03989db5bcec8ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8983/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** database-oop
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package oop.sqlite.connection;
+
+import oop.sqlite.config.SqliteConfig;
+import oop.sqlite.utils.SqliteLogUtils;
+import oop.sqlite.utils.SqliteUtils;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+/**
+ * Sqlite连接工厂
+ *
+ * @author 欧阳洁
+ * @since 2018-05-02 13:30
+ */
+public class SqliteBaseConnectionFactory {
+    private static String DEFAULT_DB_PATH = SqliteConfig.getUri();//默认库
+    private static int CON_MAX = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.max"), 2);// 最大池链接
+    private static int CON_MIN = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.min"), 1);// 初始池链接
+    private static int CON_STEP = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.step"), 1);// 每次最大补充线程数量
+    private static boolean REFRESH_CON_POOL = false;
+    private static boolean USE_CONNECT_POOL = Boolean.parseBoolean(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.pool"));
+    protected static long CON_TIMEOUT = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.timeout"), 500000);// 超时线程回收
+    protected static Vector<SqliteBaseConnection> idleConList = new Vector<SqliteBaseConnection>();// 闲置连接
+    protected static Vector<SqliteBaseConnection> runConList = new Vector<SqliteBaseConnection>();// 已分配的连接
+
+    static {
+        init();
+        // 是否启用线程池
+        if(USE_CONNECT_POOL){
+            SqliteConnectionPool.initConnectPoolThreads();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化连接池
+     *
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private static void init() {
+        try {
+            if(Boolean.parseBoolean(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.path.classpath"))){
+                DEFAULT_DB_PATH = SqliteUtils.getClassRootPath(DEFAULT_DB_PATH);
+            }
+            loadSqliteJdbcClass();//加载 org.sqlite.JDBC
+            addConnection(DEFAULT_DB_PATH, CON_MIN);//默认预先建立一些连接到链接对象
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            idleConList.clear();
+            SqliteLogUtils.error("ERROR:[池初始化失败][池容器已清空]");
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载 org.sqlite.JDBC
+     *
+     * @return 返回结果
+     * @author 欧阳洁
+     * @date 2018/5/2
+     * @description
+     */
+    private static void loadSqliteJdbcClass() throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        Class.forName("org.sqlite.JDBC");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取链接
+     *
+     * @return
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    public static Connection getConnection(String dbPath) throws SQLException {
+        // 先进先出原则
+        SqliteBaseConnection currCon = null;
+        synchronized (idleConList) {
+            // 当可用连接池不为空时候
+            if (SqliteUtils.isNotEmpty(idleConList)) {
+                currCon = idleConList.get(0);
+                idleConList.remove(0);
+                addRunningConnection(currCon);
+            }
+            if (currCon == null || currCon.getConnection() == null || currCon.getConnection().isClosed()) {
+                currCon = createBaseConnection(dbPath);
+                addRunningConnection(currCon);
+            }
+        }
+        return currCon.getConnection();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 添加已分配的连接到已分配队列
+     *
+     * @param running
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static boolean addRunningConnection(SqliteBaseConnection running) {
+        if (runConList.size() < CON_MAX) {
+            runConList.add(running);
+            return true;
+        }
+        SqliteLogUtils.warn("当前连接数量大于自定义的最大连接数量！");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查容器是否满足使用需求
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected static boolean checkConnectionBox(String dbPath){
+        // 如果连接池里闲置的连接没有
+        int addNum = 0;
+        if (idleConList.size() == 0) {
+            // 超过最大线程数
+            addNum = CON_MAX - runConList.size();
+            if (addNum <= 0) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.warn("当前使用的连接数量大于自定义的最大连接[{}]限制！", CON_MAX);
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else if (idleConList.size() < CON_MIN) {
+            addNum = CON_MAX - idleConList.size() - runConList.size();
+            if (addNum <= 0) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.warn("连接池中当前使用的连接数量太多，闲置连接数量小于自定义的最小[{}]闲置连接！", CON_MIN);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // 剩余可增加连接对象数，默认每次最多增加 CON_STEP 个
+        addNum = addNum > CON_STEP ? CON_STEP : addNum;
+        if (SqliteUtils.isBlank(dbPath)) {
+            addConnection(DEFAULT_DB_PATH, addNum);
+        } else {
+            addConnection(dbPath, addNum);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查闲置连接
+     * @return 检查到并重置的无效闲置连接数量
+     * @author 欧阳洁
+     */
+    protected synchronized static int checkAllIdleConnection() {
+        int idleRefreshCount = 0;
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("INFO:[可用链接数:{}]，[已用连接数:{}]",idleConList.size(),runConList.size());
+        try {
+            if (REFRESH_CON_POOL) {//是否刷新闲置连接池里面的连接
+                for (SqliteBaseConnection con : idleConList) {
+                    if (null == con.getConnection() || con.getConnection().isClosed()) {
+                        con.refreshConnection();
+                        idleRefreshCount++;
+                    }
+                }
+                REFRESH_CON_POOL = false;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            SqliteLogUtils.error("ERROR:[新日期检查更新失败][池容器已清空]");
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("检测到闲置连接池中无效连接并重置的数量：{}",idleRefreshCount);
+        return idleRefreshCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查已分配的连接
+     * @return 清除已分配使用中的无效连接数量
+     * @author 欧阳洁
+     */
+    protected synchronized static int checkAllRunningConnection() {
+        int runningRemoveCount = 0;
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("INFO:[可用链接数:{}]，[已用连接数:{}]",idleConList.size(),runConList.size());
+        SqliteBaseConnection con = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < runConList.size(); i++) {
+            con = runConList.get(i);
+            try {
+                if(null == con.getConnection() || con.getConnection().isClosed() || SqliteUtils.getNowStamp() - con.getCreateTime() > CON_TIMEOUT){
+                    runConList.remove(i--);
+                    runningRemoveCount++;
+                }
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.error("检查已分配的连接出现异常！",e);
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("定时清除已分配的废弃或超时连接，清除数量：{}",runningRemoveCount);
+        return runningRemoveCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 创建connection
+     *
+     * @param dbPath
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static SqliteBaseConnection createBaseConnection(String dbPath) throws SQLException {
+        if (SqliteUtils.isBlank(dbPath)) {
+            dbPath = DEFAULT_DB_PATH;
+        }
+        // 获取连接字符串
+        String JDBC = getJDBCStr(dbPath);
+        try {
+            SqliteBaseConnection result = new SqliteBaseConnection();
+            if (!result.resetUri(JDBC)) {
+                result.setCreateTime(SqliteUtils.getNowStamp());
+                result.setConnection(DriverManager.getConnection(JDBC));
+            }
+            return result;
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            SqliteLogUtils.error("ERROR:[Connection对象创建异常]");
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取固定格式的数据库路径信息
+     *
+     * @param dbPath
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static String getJDBCStr(String dbPath) {
+        String JDBC = "jdbc:sqlite:/" + dbPath;
+        if (SqliteUtils.isWindows()) {
+            dbPath = dbPath.toLowerCase();
+            JDBC = "jdbc:sqlite:/" + dbPath;
+        }
+        return JDBC;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 添加新的链接到容器
+     *
+     * @param dbPath 数据库的路径
+     * @param num    添加的数量
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private static void addConnection(String dbPath, int num) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+            // 添加前检查连接池里面所有连接对象
+            checkAllIdleConnection();
+            // 创建新的连接对象
+            SqliteBaseConnection newSqliteConnection = null;
+            try {
+                newSqliteConnection = createBaseConnection(dbPath);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.error("[addConnection]添加新连接异常！",e);
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            idleConList.add(newSqliteConnection);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.getConnection` indirectly reads with synchronization from `currCon.oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnection.connection`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.getConnection(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path currCon has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on currCon.oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnection.connection might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Connection SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.getConnection(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.getConnection(java.lang.String):java.sql.Connectio.cdbecb86adbcb3189523ae91888860eb
+
+### File:
+sqlite-oop/src/main/java/oop/sqlite/connection/SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.java|getConnection|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a69a451b813fa8d178dae1feb779f1ed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8984/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8984/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f7daa9fab27c49d2b35062977ab84c110c6fd50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8984/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** database-oop
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package oop.sqlite.connection;
+
+import oop.sqlite.config.SqliteConfig;
+import oop.sqlite.utils.SqliteLogUtils;
+import oop.sqlite.utils.SqliteUtils;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+/**
+ * Sqlite连接工厂
+ *
+ * @author 欧阳洁
+ * @since 2018-05-02 13:30
+ */
+public class SqliteBaseConnectionFactory {
+    private static String DEFAULT_DB_PATH = SqliteConfig.getUri();//默认库
+    private static int CON_MAX = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.max"), 2);// 最大池链接
+    private static int CON_MIN = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.min"), 1);// 初始池链接
+    private static int CON_STEP = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.step"), 1);// 每次最大补充线程数量
+    private static boolean REFRESH_CON_POOL = false;
+    private static boolean USE_CONNECT_POOL = Boolean.parseBoolean(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.pool"));
+    protected static long CON_TIMEOUT = SqliteUtils.parseInt(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.connection.timeout"), 500000);// 超时线程回收
+    protected static Vector<SqliteBaseConnection> idleConList = new Vector<SqliteBaseConnection>();// 闲置连接
+    protected static Vector<SqliteBaseConnection> runConList = new Vector<SqliteBaseConnection>();// 已分配的连接
+
+    static {
+        init();
+        // 是否启用线程池
+        if(USE_CONNECT_POOL){
+            SqliteConnectionPool.initConnectPoolThreads();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化连接池
+     *
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private static void init() {
+        try {
+            if(Boolean.parseBoolean(SqliteConfig.getValue("sqlite.path.classpath"))){
+                DEFAULT_DB_PATH = SqliteUtils.getClassRootPath(DEFAULT_DB_PATH);
+            }
+            loadSqliteJdbcClass();//加载 org.sqlite.JDBC
+            addConnection(DEFAULT_DB_PATH, CON_MIN);//默认预先建立一些连接到链接对象
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            idleConList.clear();
+            SqliteLogUtils.error("ERROR:[池初始化失败][池容器已清空]");
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载 org.sqlite.JDBC
+     *
+     * @return 返回结果
+     * @author 欧阳洁
+     * @date 2018/5/2
+     * @description
+     */
+    private static void loadSqliteJdbcClass() throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        Class.forName("org.sqlite.JDBC");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取链接
+     *
+     * @return
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    public static Connection getConnection(String dbPath) throws SQLException {
+        // 先进先出原则
+        SqliteBaseConnection currCon = null;
+        synchronized (idleConList) {
+            // 当可用连接池不为空时候
+            if (SqliteUtils.isNotEmpty(idleConList)) {
+                currCon = idleConList.get(0);
+                idleConList.remove(0);
+                addRunningConnection(currCon);
+            }
+            if (currCon == null || currCon.getConnection() == null || currCon.getConnection().isClosed()) {
+                currCon = createBaseConnection(dbPath);
+                addRunningConnection(currCon);
+            }
+        }
+        return currCon.getConnection();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 添加已分配的连接到已分配队列
+     *
+     * @param running
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static boolean addRunningConnection(SqliteBaseConnection running) {
+        if (runConList.size() < CON_MAX) {
+            runConList.add(running);
+            return true;
+        }
+        SqliteLogUtils.warn("当前连接数量大于自定义的最大连接数量！");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查容器是否满足使用需求
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected static boolean checkConnectionBox(String dbPath){
+        // 如果连接池里闲置的连接没有
+        int addNum = 0;
+        if (idleConList.size() == 0) {
+            // 超过最大线程数
+            addNum = CON_MAX - runConList.size();
+            if (addNum <= 0) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.warn("当前使用的连接数量大于自定义的最大连接[{}]限制！", CON_MAX);
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else if (idleConList.size() < CON_MIN) {
+            addNum = CON_MAX - idleConList.size() - runConList.size();
+            if (addNum <= 0) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.warn("连接池中当前使用的连接数量太多，闲置连接数量小于自定义的最小[{}]闲置连接！", CON_MIN);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // 剩余可增加连接对象数，默认每次最多增加 CON_STEP 个
+        addNum = addNum > CON_STEP ? CON_STEP : addNum;
+        if (SqliteUtils.isBlank(dbPath)) {
+            addConnection(DEFAULT_DB_PATH, addNum);
+        } else {
+            addConnection(dbPath, addNum);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查闲置连接
+     * @return 检查到并重置的无效闲置连接数量
+     * @author 欧阳洁
+     */
+    protected synchronized static int checkAllIdleConnection() {
+        int idleRefreshCount = 0;
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("INFO:[可用链接数:{}]，[已用连接数:{}]",idleConList.size(),runConList.size());
+        try {
+            if (REFRESH_CON_POOL) {//是否刷新闲置连接池里面的连接
+                for (SqliteBaseConnection con : idleConList) {
+                    if (null == con.getConnection() || con.getConnection().isClosed()) {
+                        con.refreshConnection();
+                        idleRefreshCount++;
+                    }
+                }
+                REFRESH_CON_POOL = false;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            SqliteLogUtils.error("ERROR:[新日期检查更新失败][池容器已清空]");
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("检测到闲置连接池中无效连接并重置的数量：{}",idleRefreshCount);
+        return idleRefreshCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查已分配的连接
+     * @return 清除已分配使用中的无效连接数量
+     * @author 欧阳洁
+     */
+    protected synchronized static int checkAllRunningConnection() {
+        int runningRemoveCount = 0;
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("INFO:[可用链接数:{}]，[已用连接数:{}]",idleConList.size(),runConList.size());
+        SqliteBaseConnection con = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < runConList.size(); i++) {
+            con = runConList.get(i);
+            try {
+                if(null == con.getConnection() || con.getConnection().isClosed() || SqliteUtils.getNowStamp() - con.getCreateTime() > CON_TIMEOUT){
+                    runConList.remove(i--);
+                    runningRemoveCount++;
+                }
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.error("检查已分配的连接出现异常！",e);
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        SqliteLogUtils.info("定时清除已分配的废弃或超时连接，清除数量：{}",runningRemoveCount);
+        return runningRemoveCount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 创建connection
+     *
+     * @param dbPath
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static SqliteBaseConnection createBaseConnection(String dbPath) throws SQLException {
+        if (SqliteUtils.isBlank(dbPath)) {
+            dbPath = DEFAULT_DB_PATH;
+        }
+        // 获取连接字符串
+        String JDBC = getJDBCStr(dbPath);
+        try {
+            SqliteBaseConnection result = new SqliteBaseConnection();
+            if (!result.resetUri(JDBC)) {
+                result.setCreateTime(SqliteUtils.getNowStamp());
+                result.setConnection(DriverManager.getConnection(JDBC));
+            }
+            return result;
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            SqliteLogUtils.error("ERROR:[Connection对象创建异常]");
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取固定格式的数据库路径信息
+     *
+     * @param dbPath
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static String getJDBCStr(String dbPath) {
+        String JDBC = "jdbc:sqlite:/" + dbPath;
+        if (SqliteUtils.isWindows()) {
+            dbPath = dbPath.toLowerCase();
+            JDBC = "jdbc:sqlite:/" + dbPath;
+        }
+        return JDBC;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 添加新的链接到容器
+     *
+     * @param dbPath 数据库的路径
+     * @param num    添加的数量
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private static void addConnection(String dbPath, int num) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+            // 添加前检查连接池里面所有连接对象
+            checkAllIdleConnection();
+            // 创建新的连接对象
+            SqliteBaseConnection newSqliteConnection = null;
+            try {
+                newSqliteConnection = createBaseConnection(dbPath);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                SqliteLogUtils.error("[addConnection]添加新连接异常！",e);
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            idleConList.add(newSqliteConnection);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.getConnection` indirectly writes to field `currCon.oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnection.connection` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path currCon has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on currCon.oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnection.connection might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Connection SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.getConnection(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oop.sqlite.connection.SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.getConnection(java.lang.String):java.sql.Connectio.cdbecb86adbcb3189523ae91888860eb
+
+### File:
+sqlite-oop/src/main/java/oop/sqlite/connection/SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+SqliteBaseConnectionFactory.java|getConnection|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+61e72cf3e25915871f4481a7ad496179
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9000/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9000/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b16fb4ae00eea9756154d0c06c0971abebac58d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9000/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** swagger-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.reader;
+
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.GenerateException;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.LogAdapter;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.spring.SpringResource;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.util.Annotations;
+import io.swagger.annotations.*;
+import io.swagger.converter.ModelConverters;
+import io.swagger.models.*;
+import io.swagger.models.Tag;
+import io.swagger.models.parameters.Parameter;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.ArrayProperty;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.MapProperty;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.Property;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.RefProperty;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.StringUtils;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class SpringMvcApiReader extends AbstractReader implements ClassSwaggerReader {
+    private String resourcePath;
+
+    public SpringMvcApiReader(Swagger swagger, LogAdapter log) {
+        super(swagger, log);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Swagger read(Set<Class<?>> classes) throws GenerateException {
+        //relate all methods to one base request mapping if multiple controllers exist for that mapping
+        //get all methods from each controller & find their request mapping
+        //create map - resource string (after first slash) as key, new SpringResource as value
+        Map<String, SpringResource> resourceMap = generateResourceMap(classes);
+        for (String str : resourceMap.keySet()) {
+            SpringResource resource = resourceMap.get(str);
+            read(resource);
+        }
+
+        return swagger;
+    }
+
+    public Swagger read(SpringResource resource) {
+        if (swagger == null) {
+            swagger = new Swagger();
+        }
+        List<Method> methods = resource.getMethods();
+        Map<String, Tag> tags = new HashMap<String, Tag>();
+
+        List<SecurityRequirement> resourceSecurities = new ArrayList<SecurityRequirement>();
+
+        // Add the description from the controller api
+        Class<?> controller = resource.getControllerClass();
+        RequestMapping controllerRM = Annotations.get(controller, RequestMapping.class);
+
+
+        String[] controllerProduces = new String[0];
+        String[] controllerConsumes = new String[0];
+        if (controllerRM != null) {
+            controllerConsumes = controllerRM.consumes();
+            controllerProduces = controllerRM.produces();
+        }
+
+        if (controller != null && controller.isAnnotationPresent(Api.class)) {
+            Api api = Annotations.get(controller, Api.class);
+            if (!canReadApi(false, api)) {
+                return swagger;
+            }
+            tags = updateTagsForApi(null, api);
+            resourceSecurities = getSecurityRequirements(api);
+        }
+
+        resourcePath = resource.getControllerMapping();
+
+        //collect api from method with @RequestMapping
+        Map<String, List<Method>> apiMethodMap = collectApisByRequestMapping(methods);
+
+        for (String path : apiMethodMap.keySet()) {
+            for (Method method : apiMethodMap.get(path)) {
+
+                RequestMapping requestMapping = Annotations.get(method, RequestMapping.class);
+                if (requestMapping == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                ApiOperation apiOperation = Annotations.get(method, ApiOperation.class);
+                if (apiOperation == null || apiOperation.hidden()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                String httpMethod = null;
+
+
+                Map<String, String> regexMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
+                String operationPath = parseOperationPath(path, regexMap);
+
+                //http method
+                for (RequestMethod requestMethod : requestMapping.method()) {
+                    httpMethod = requestMethod.toString().toLowerCase();
+                    Operation operation = parseMethod(method);
+
+                    updateOperationParameters(new ArrayList<Parameter>(), regexMap, operation);
+
+                    updateOperationProtocols(apiOperation, operation);
+
+                    String[] apiProduces = requestMapping.produces();
+                    String[] apiConsumes = requestMapping.consumes();
+
+                    apiProduces = (apiProduces == null || apiProduces.length == 0) ? controllerProduces : apiProduces;
+                    apiConsumes = (apiConsumes == null || apiProduces.length == 0) ? controllerConsumes : apiConsumes;
+
+                    apiConsumes = updateOperationConsumes(new String[0], apiConsumes, operation);
+                    apiProduces = updateOperationProduces(new String[0], apiProduces, operation);
+
+                    updateTagsForOperation(operation, apiOperation);
+                    updateOperation(apiConsumes, apiProduces, tags, resourceSecurities, operation);
+                    updatePath(operationPath, httpMethod, operation);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        return swagger;
+    }
+
+    private Operation parseMethod(Method method) {
+        Operation operation = new Operation();
+
+        RequestMapping requestMapping = Annotations.get(method, RequestMapping.class);
+        Class<?> responseClass = null;
+        List<String> produces = new ArrayList<String>();
+        List<String> consumes = new ArrayList<String>();
+        String responseContainer = null;
+        String operationId = method.getName();
+        Map<String, Property> defaultResponseHeaders = null;
+        Set<Map<String, Object>> customExtensions = null;
+
+        ApiOperation apiOperation = Annotations.get(method, ApiOperation.class);
+
+        if (apiOperation.hidden())
+            return null;
+        if (!"".equals(apiOperation.nickname()))
+            operationId = apiOperation.nickname();
+
+        defaultResponseHeaders = parseResponseHeaders(apiOperation.responseHeaders());
+
+        operation.summary(apiOperation.value()).description(apiOperation.notes());
+
+        customExtensions = parseCustomExtensions(apiOperation.extensions());
+        if (customExtensions != null) {
+            for (Map<String, Object> extension : customExtensions) {
+                if (extension != null) {
+                    for (Map.Entry<String, Object> map : extension.entrySet()) {
+                        operation.setVendorExtension(map.getKey().startsWith("x-") ? map.getKey() : "x-" + map.getKey(), map.getValue());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (apiOperation.response() != null && !Void.class.equals(apiOperation.response()))
+            responseClass = apiOperation.response();
+        if (!"".equals(apiOperation.responseContainer()))
+            responseContainer = apiOperation.responseContainer();
+
+        ///security
+        if (apiOperation.authorizations() != null) {
+            List<SecurityRequirement> securities = new ArrayList<SecurityRequirement>();
+            for (Authorization auth : apiOperation.authorizations()) {
+                if (auth.value() != null && !"".equals(auth.value())) {
+                    SecurityRequirement security = new SecurityRequirement();
+                    security.setName(auth.value());
+                    AuthorizationScope[] scopes = auth.scopes();
+                    for (AuthorizationScope scope : scopes) {
+                        if (scope.scope() != null && !"".equals(scope.scope())) {
+                            security.addScope(scope.scope());
+                        }
+                    }
+                    securities.add(security);
+                }
+            }
+            if (securities.size() > 0) {
+                for (SecurityRequirement sec : securities)
+                    operation.security(sec);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (responseClass == null) {
+            // pick out response from method declaration
+            LOG.info("picking up response class from method " + method);
+            Type t = method.getGenericReturnType();
+            responseClass = method.getReturnType();
+            if (responseClass.equals(ResponseEntity.class)) {
+                responseClass = getGenericSubtype(method.getReturnType(), method.getGenericReturnType());
+            }
+            if (!responseClass.equals(Void.class) && !"void".equals(responseClass.toString()) && Annotations.get(responseClass, Api.class) == null) {
+                LOG.info("reading model " + responseClass);
+                Map<String, Model> models = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAll(t);
+            }
+        }
+        if (responseClass != null
+                && !responseClass.equals(Void.class)
+                && !responseClass.equals(ResponseEntity.class)
+                && Annotations.get(responseClass, Api.class) == null) {
+            if (isPrimitive(responseClass)) {
+                Property responseProperty = null;
+                Property property = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAsProperty(responseClass);
+                if (property != null) {
+                    if ("list".equalsIgnoreCase(responseContainer))
+                        responseProperty = new ArrayProperty(property);
+                    else if ("map".equalsIgnoreCase(responseContainer))
+                        responseProperty = new MapProperty(property);
+                    else
+                        responseProperty = property;
+                    operation.response(apiOperation.code(), new Response()
+                            .description("successful operation")
+                            .schema(responseProperty)
+                            .headers(defaultResponseHeaders));
+                }
+            } else if (!responseClass.equals(Void.class) && !"void".equals(responseClass.toString())) {
+                Map<String, Model> models = ModelConverters.getInstance().read(responseClass);
+                if (models.size() == 0) {
+                    Property pp = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAsProperty(responseClass);
+                    operation.response(apiOperation.code(), new Response()
+                            .description("successful operation")
+                            .schema(pp)
+                            .headers(defaultResponseHeaders));
+                }
+                for (String key : models.keySet()) {
+                    Property responseProperty = null;
+
+                    if ("list".equalsIgnoreCase(responseContainer))
+                        responseProperty = new ArrayProperty(new RefProperty().asDefault(key));
+                    else if ("map".equalsIgnoreCase(responseContainer))
+                        responseProperty = new MapProperty(new RefProperty().asDefault(key));
+                    else
+                        responseProperty = new RefProperty().asDefault(key);
+                    operation.response(apiOperation.code(), new Response()
+                            .description("successful operation")
+                            .schema(responseProperty)
+                            .headers(defaultResponseHeaders));
+                    swagger.model(key, models.get(key));
+                }
+                models = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAll(responseClass);
+                for (String key : models.keySet()) {
+                    swagger.model(key, models.get(key));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        operation.operationId(operationId);
+
+        if (requestMapping.produces() != null) {
+            for (String str : Arrays.asList(requestMapping.produces())) {
+                if (!produces.contains(str)) {
+                    produces.add(str);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (requestMapping.consumes() != null) {
+            for (String str : Arrays.asList(requestMapping.consumes())) {
+                if (!consumes.contains(str)) {
+                    consumes.add(str);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        ApiResponses responseAnnotation = Annotations.get(method, ApiResponses.class);
+        if (responseAnnotation != null) {
+            updateApiResponse(operation, responseAnnotation);
+        } else {
+            ResponseStatus responseStatus = Annotations.get(method, ResponseStatus.class);
+            if (responseStatus != null) {
+                operation.response(responseStatus.value().value(), new Response().description(responseStatus.reason()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Deprecated annotation = Annotations.get(method, Deprecated.class);
+        if (annotation != null)
+            operation.deprecated(true);
+
+        // FIXME `hidden` is never used
+        boolean hidden = false;
+        if (apiOperation != null)
+            hidden = apiOperation.hidden();
+
+        // process parameters
+        Class[] parameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
+        Type[] genericParameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();
+        Annotation[][] paramAnnotations = method.getParameterAnnotations();
+        // paramTypes = method.getParameterTypes
+        // genericParamTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes
+        for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
+            Type type = genericParameterTypes[i];
+            List<Annotation> annotations = Arrays.asList(paramAnnotations[i]);
+            List<Parameter> parameters = getParameters(type, annotations);
+
+            for (Parameter parameter : parameters) {
+                operation.parameter(parameter);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (operation.getResponses() == null) {
+            operation.defaultResponse(new Response().description("successful operation"));
+        }
+
+        // Process @ApiImplicitParams
+        this.readImplicitParameters(method, operation);
+
+        return operation;
+
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, List<Method>> collectApisByRequestMapping(List<Method> methods) {
+        Map<String, List<Method>> apiMethodMap = new HashMap<String, List<Method>>();
+        for (Method method : methods) {
+            if (method.isAnnotationPresent(RequestMapping.class)) {
+                RequestMapping requestMapping = Annotations.get(method, RequestMapping.class);
+                String path = "";
+                if (requestMapping.value() != null && requestMapping.value().length != 0) {
+                    path = generateFullPath(requestMapping.value()[0]);
+                } else {
+                    path = resourcePath;
+                }
+                if (apiMethodMap.containsKey(path)) {
+                    apiMethodMap.get(path).add(method);
+                } else {
+                    List<Method> ms = new ArrayList<Method>();
+                    ms.add(method);
+                    apiMethodMap.put(path, ms);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return apiMethodMap;
+    }
+
+    private String generateFullPath(String path) {
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(path)) {
+            return this.resourcePath + (path.startsWith("/") ? path : '/' + path);
+        } else {
+            return this.resourcePath;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Class<?> getGenericSubtype(Class<?> clazz, Type t) {
+        if (!(clazz.getName().equals("void") || t.toString().equals("void"))) {
+            try {
+                ParameterizedType paramType = (ParameterizedType) t;
+                Type[] argTypes = paramType.getActualTypeArguments();
+                if (argTypes.length > 0) {
+                    Class<?> c = (Class<?>) argTypes[0];
+                    return c;
+                }
+            } catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                //FIXME: find out why this happens to only certain types
+            }
+        }
+        return clazz;
+    }
+
+    //Helper method for loadDocuments()
+    private Map<String, SpringResource> analyzeController(Class<?> clazz, Map<String, SpringResource> resourceMap, String description) throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        String controllerCanonicalName = clazz.getCanonicalName();
+        String[] controllerRequestMappingValues = null;
+
+        //Determine if we will use class-level requestmapping or dummy string
+        if (Annotations.get(clazz, RequestMapping.class) != null && Annotations.get(clazz, RequestMapping.class).value() != null) {
+            controllerRequestMappingValues = Annotations.get(clazz, RequestMapping.class).value();
+        } else {
+            controllerRequestMappingValues = new String[1];
+            controllerRequestMappingValues[0] = "";
+        }
+
+        // Iterate over all value attributes of the class-level RequestMapping annotation
+        for (int i = 0; i < controllerRequestMappingValues.length; i++) {
+
+            // Iterate over all methods inside the controller
+            Method[] methods = clazz.getMethods();
+            for (Method method : methods) {
+                RequestMapping methodRequestMapping = Annotations.get(method, RequestMapping.class);
+
+                // Look for method-level @RequestMapping annotation
+                if (methodRequestMapping instanceof RequestMapping) {
+                    RequestMethod[] requestMappingRequestMethods = methodRequestMapping.method();
+
+                    // For each method-level @RequestMapping annotation, iterate over HTTP Verb
+                    for (RequestMethod requestMappingRequestMethod : requestMappingRequestMethods) {
+                        String[] methodRequestMappingValues = methodRequestMapping.value();
+
+                        // Check for cases where method-level @RequestMapping#value is not set, and use the controllers @RequestMapping
+                        if (methodRequestMappingValues == null || methodRequestMappingValues.length == 0) {
+                            // The map key is a concat of the following:
+                            //   1. The controller package
+                            //   2. The controller class name
+                            //   3. The controller-level @RequestMapping#value
+                            String resourceKey = controllerCanonicalName + controllerRequestMappingValues[i] + requestMappingRequestMethod;
+                            if ((!(resourceMap.containsKey(resourceKey)))) {
+                                resourceMap.put(
+                                        resourceKey,
+                                        new SpringResource(clazz, controllerRequestMappingValues[i], resourceKey, description));
+                            }
+                            resourceMap.get(resourceKey).addMethod(method);
+                        } else {
+                            // Here we know that method-level @RequestMapping#value is populated, so
+                            // iterate over all the @RequestMapping#value attributes, and add them to the resource map.
+                            for (String methodRequestMappingValue : methodRequestMappingValues) {
+                                String resourceName = methodRequestMappingValue;
+                                // The map key is a concat of the following:
+                                //   1. The controller package
+                                //   2. The controller class name
+                                //   3. The controller-level @RequestMapping#value
+                                //   4. The method-level @RequestMapping#value
+                                //   5. The method-level @RequestMapping#method
+                                String resourceKey = controllerCanonicalName + controllerRequestMappingValues[i] + resourceName + requestMappingRequestMethod;
+                                if (!(resourceName.equals(""))) {
+                                    if ((!(resourceMap.containsKey(resourceKey)))) {
+                                        resourceMap.put(resourceKey, new SpringResource(clazz, resourceName, resourceKey, description));
+                                    }
+                                    resourceMap.get(resourceKey).addMethod(method);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        clazz.getFields();
+        clazz.getDeclaredFields(); //<--In case developer declares a field without an associated getter/setter.
+        //this will allow NoClassDefFoundError to be caught before it triggers bamboo failure.
+
+        return resourceMap;
+    }
+
+    protected Map<String, SpringResource> generateResourceMap(Set<Class<?>> validClasses) throws GenerateException {
+        Map<String, SpringResource> resourceMap = new HashMap<String, SpringResource>();
+        for (Class<?> c : validClasses) {
+            RequestMapping requestMapping = Annotations.get(c, RequestMapping.class);
+            String description = "";
+            //This try/catch block is to stop a bamboo build from failing due to NoClassDefFoundError
+            //This occurs when a class or method loaded by reflections contains a type that has no dependency
+            try {
+                resourceMap = analyzeController(c, resourceMap, description);
+                List<Method> mList = new ArrayList<Method>(Arrays.asList(c.getMethods()));
+                if (c.getSuperclass() != null) {
+                    mList.addAll(Arrays.asList(c.getSuperclass().getMethods()));
+                }
+
+            } catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+                LOG.error(e.getMessage());
+                LOG.info(c.getName());
+                //exception occurs when a method type or annotation is not recognized by the plugin
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                LOG.error(e.getMessage());
+                LOG.info(c.getName());
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        return resourceMap;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `apiOperation` last assigned on line 142 could be null and is dereferenced at line 144.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Operation SpringMvcApiReader.parseMethod(Method)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.reader.SpringMvcApiReader.parseMethod(java.lang.reflect.Method):i.491024e4d2241c10eba01f09ab9d8f42
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/kongchen/swagger/docgen/reader/SpringMvcApiReader.java
+
+### Key:
+SpringMvcApiReader.java|parseMethod|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cbf4abef6a7d17d1b80dfb598ec521f3
+
+### Hash:
+077378334d67428e535089b37604ce92
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9001/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9001/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ce2b8de28425001be7043003ab0f762c322da74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9001/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** swagger-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.mustache.OutputTemplate;
+import com.github.mustachejava.DefaultMustacheFactory;
+import com.github.mustachejava.Mustache;
+import com.wordnik.swagger.core.Documentation;
+
+/**
+ * Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
+ *
+ * @author: chekong 05/13/2013
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractDocumentSource {
+
+    protected final LogAdapter LOG;
+
+    private final String outputPath;
+
+    private final String templatePath;
+
+    private final String mustacheFileRoot;
+
+    private final String swaggerPath;
+
+    protected Documentation serviceDocument;
+
+    List<Documentation> validDocuments = new LinkedList<Documentation>();
+
+    private String basePath;
+
+    private String apiVersion;
+
+    private ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+
+    private OutputTemplate outputTemplate;
+
+    private boolean useOutputFlatStructure;
+
+    public AbstractDocumentSource(LogAdapter logAdapter, String outputPath, String outputTpl, String swaggerOutput, String mustacheFileRoot, boolean useOutputFlatStructure1) {
+        LOG = logAdapter;
+        this.outputPath = outputPath;
+        this.templatePath = outputTpl;
+        this.mustacheFileRoot = mustacheFileRoot;
+        this.useOutputFlatStructure = useOutputFlatStructure1;
+        this.swaggerPath = swaggerOutput;
+    }
+
+    public abstract void loadDocuments() throws Exception, GenerateException;
+
+    public String getBasePath() {
+        return basePath;
+    }
+
+    public void setBasePath(String basePath) {
+        this.basePath = basePath;
+    }
+
+    public String getApiVersion() {
+        return apiVersion;
+    }
+
+    public void setApiVersion(String apiVersion) {
+        this.apiVersion = apiVersion;
+    }
+
+    public OutputTemplate getOutputTemplate() {
+        return outputTemplate;
+    }
+
+    protected void acceptDocument(Documentation doc) {
+        validDocuments.add(doc);
+    }
+
+    public List<Documentation> getValidDocuments() {
+        return validDocuments;
+    }
+
+    public void toSwaggerDocuments() throws GenerateException {
+        if (swaggerPath == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        File dir = new File(swaggerPath);
+        if (dir.isFile()) {
+            throw new GenerateException(String.format("Swagger-outputDirectory[%s] must be a directory!", swaggerPath));
+        }
+
+        if (!dir.exists()) {
+            try {
+                FileUtils.forceMkdir(dir);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new GenerateException(String.format("Create Swagger-outputDirectory[%s] failed.", swaggerPath));
+            }
+        }
+        cleanupOlds(dir);
+
+        writeInDirectory(dir, serviceDocument);
+        for (Documentation doc : validDocuments) {
+            writeInDirectory(dir, doc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void cleanupOlds(File dir) {
+        if (dir.listFiles() != null) {
+            for (File f : dir.listFiles()) {
+                if (f.getName().endsWith("json")) {
+                    f.delete();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String resourcePathToFilename(String resourcePath) {
+        if (resourcePath == null) {
+            return "service.json";
+        }
+        String name = resourcePath;
+        if (resourcePath.startsWith("/")) {
+            name = resourcePath.substring(1);
+        }
+
+        if (useOutputFlatStructure) {
+            name = name.replaceAll("/", "_");
+        }
+
+        return name + ".json";
+    }
+
+    private void writeInDirectory(File dir, Documentation doc) throws GenerateException {
+        String filename = resourcePathToFilename(doc.getResourcePath());
+        try {
+            File serviceFile = createFile(dir, filename);
+            mapper.writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter().writeValue(serviceFile, doc);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new GenerateException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private File createFile(File dir, String outputResourcePath) throws IOException {
+        File serviceFile;
+        int i = outputResourcePath.lastIndexOf("/");
+        if (i != -1) {
+            String fileName = outputResourcePath.substring(i + 1);
+            String subDir = outputResourcePath.substring(0, i);
+            File finalDirectory = new File(dir, subDir);
+            finalDirectory.mkdirs();
+            serviceFile = new File(finalDirectory, fileName);
+        } else {
+            serviceFile = new File(dir, outputResourcePath);
+        }
+        while (!serviceFile.createNewFile()) {
+            serviceFile.delete();
+        }
+        LOG.info("Creating file " + serviceFile.getAbsolutePath());
+        return serviceFile;
+    }
+
+    public OutputTemplate prepareMustacheTemplate() {
+        this.outputTemplate = new OutputTemplate(this);
+        return outputTemplate;
+
+    }
+
+    public void toDocuments() throws GenerateException {
+        if (outputTemplate == null) {
+            prepareMustacheTemplate();
+        }
+        if (outputTemplate.getApiDocuments().isEmpty()) {
+            LOG.warn("nothing to write.");
+            return;
+        }
+        LOG.info("Writing doc to " + outputPath + "...");
+
+        FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = null;
+        try {
+            fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(outputPath);
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new GenerateException(e);
+        }
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(fileOutputStream, Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+
+        try {
+            URL url = getTemplateUri().toURL();
+            InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(url.openStream(), Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+            Mustache mustache = getMustacheFactory().compile(reader, templatePath);
+
+            mustache.execute(writer, outputTemplate).flush();
+            writer.close();
+            LOG.info("Done!");
+        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+            throw new GenerateException(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new GenerateException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private URI getTemplateUri() throws GenerateException {
+        URI uri = null;
+        try {
+            uri = new URI(templatePath);
+        } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+            File file = new File(templatePath);
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                throw new GenerateException("Template " + file.getAbsoluteFile()
+                        + " not found. You can go to https://github.com/kongchen/api-doc-template to get templates.");
+            }
+            uri = file.toURI();
+        }
+        if (!uri.isAbsolute()) {
+            File file = new File(templatePath);
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                throw new GenerateException("Template " + file.getAbsoluteFile()
+                        + " not found. You can go to https://github.com/kongchen/api-doc-template to get templates.");
+            } else {
+                uri = new File(templatePath).toURI();
+            }
+        }
+        return uri;
+    }
+
+    private DefaultMustacheFactory getMustacheFactory() {
+        if (mustacheFileRoot == null) {
+            return new DefaultMustacheFactory();
+        } else {
+            return new DefaultMustacheFactory(new File(mustacheFileRoot));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.OutputStreamWriter` acquired to `writer` by call to `new()` at line 196 is not released after line 206.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 199
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractDocumentSource.toDocuments()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.AbstractDocumentSource.toDocuments():void.786e5a53870ccf853e88f3294e4de0dd
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/kongchen/swagger/docgen/AbstractDocumentSource.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractDocumentSource.java|toDocuments|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+b6008fed9292eaadd5c48a86bc69ef08
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9006/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9006/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12535f9ae6ca5e8aac742532d48c171428937114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9006/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** swagger-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.reader;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.LogAdapter;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.jaxrs.BeanParamInjectParamExtention;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.jaxrs.JaxrsParameterExtension;
+import com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.spring.SpringSwaggerExtension;
+import io.swagger.annotations.*;
+import io.swagger.converter.ModelConverters;
+import io.swagger.jaxrs.ParameterProcessor;
+import io.swagger.jaxrs.ext.SwaggerExtension;
+import io.swagger.jaxrs.ext.SwaggerExtensions;
+import io.swagger.jersey.SwaggerJerseyJaxrs;
+import io.swagger.models.Model;
+import io.swagger.models.Operation;
+import io.swagger.models.Path;
+import io.swagger.models.Response;
+import io.swagger.models.Scheme;
+import io.swagger.models.SecurityRequirement;
+import io.swagger.models.Swagger;
+import io.swagger.models.Tag;
+import io.swagger.models.parameters.BodyParameter;
+import io.swagger.models.parameters.FormParameter;
+import io.swagger.models.parameters.HeaderParameter;
+import io.swagger.models.parameters.Parameter;
+import io.swagger.models.parameters.PathParameter;
+import io.swagger.models.parameters.QueryParameter;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.ArrayProperty;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.MapProperty;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.Property;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.RefProperty;
+import io.swagger.models.properties.StringProperty;
+import io.swagger.models.RefModel;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.springframework.core.annotation.AnnotationUtils;
+
+/**
+ * Created by chekong on 15/4/28.
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractReader {
+    protected final LogAdapter LOG;
+    protected Swagger swagger;
+
+    public AbstractReader(Swagger swagger, LogAdapter LOG) {
+        this.swagger = swagger;
+        this.LOG = LOG;
+        updateExtensionChain();
+    }
+
+    private void updateExtensionChain() {
+        List<SwaggerExtension> extensions = new ArrayList<SwaggerExtension>();
+        if (this.getClass() == SpringMvcApiReader.class) {
+            extensions.add(new SpringSwaggerExtension());
+        } else {
+            extensions.add(new BeanParamInjectParamExtention());
+            extensions.add(new SwaggerJerseyJaxrs());
+            extensions.add(new JaxrsParameterExtension());
+        }
+        SwaggerExtensions.setExtensions(extensions);
+    }
+
+    protected List<SecurityRequirement> getSecurityRequirements(Api api) {
+        int position = api.position();
+        String produces = api.produces();
+        String consumes = api.consumes();
+        String schems = api.protocols();
+        Authorization[] authorizations = api.authorizations();
+
+        List<SecurityRequirement> securities = new ArrayList<SecurityRequirement>();
+        for (Authorization auth : authorizations) {
+            if (auth.value() != null && !"".equals(auth.value())) {
+                SecurityRequirement security = new SecurityRequirement();
+                security.setName(auth.value());
+                AuthorizationScope[] scopes = auth.scopes();
+                for (AuthorizationScope scope : scopes) {
+                    if (scope.scope() != null && !"".equals(scope.scope())) {
+                        security.addScope(scope.scope());
+                    }
+                }
+                securities.add(security);
+            }
+        }
+        return securities;
+    }
+
+    protected String parseOperationPath(String operationPath, Map<String, String> regexMap) {
+        String[] pps = operationPath.split("/");
+        String[] pathParts = new String[pps.length];
+
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < pps.length; i++) {
+            String p = pps[i];
+            if (p.startsWith("{")) {
+                int pos = p.indexOf(":");
+                if (pos > 0) {
+                    String left = p.substring(1, pos);
+                    String right = p.substring(pos + 1, p.length() - 1);
+                    pathParts[i] = "{" + left.trim() + "}";
+                    regexMap.put(left.trim(), right);
+                } else
+                    pathParts[i] = p;
+            } else pathParts[i] = p;
+        }
+        StringBuilder pathBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        for (String p : pathParts) {
+            if (!p.isEmpty())
+                pathBuilder.append("/").append(p);
+        }
+        operationPath = pathBuilder.toString();
+        return operationPath;
+    }
+
+    protected void updateOperationParameters(List<Parameter> parentParameters, Map<String, String> regexMap, Operation operation) {
+        if (parentParameters != null) {
+            for (Parameter param : parentParameters) {
+                operation.parameter(param);
+            }
+        }
+        for (Parameter param : operation.getParameters()) {
+            if (regexMap.get(param.getName()) != null) {
+                String pattern = regexMap.get(param.getName());
+                param.setPattern(pattern);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Map<String, Property> parseResponseHeaders(ResponseHeader[] headers) {
+        Map<String, Property> responseHeaders = null;
+        if (headers != null && headers.length > 0) {
+            for (ResponseHeader header : headers) {
+                String name = header.name();
+                if (!"".equals(name)) {
+                    if (responseHeaders == null)
+                        responseHeaders = new HashMap<String, Property>();
+                    String description = header.description();
+                    Class<?> cls = header.response();
+                    String container = header.responseContainer();
+
+                    if (!cls.equals(Void.class) && !"void".equals(cls.toString())) {
+                        Property responseProperty = null;
+                        Property property = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAsProperty(cls);
+                        if (property != null) {
+                            if ("list".equalsIgnoreCase(container))
+                                responseProperty = new ArrayProperty(property);
+                            else if ("map".equalsIgnoreCase(container))
+                                responseProperty = new MapProperty(property);
+                            else
+                                responseProperty = property;
+                            responseProperty.setDescription(description);
+                            responseHeaders.put(name, responseProperty);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return responseHeaders;
+    }
+
+
+    protected void updatePath(String operationPath, String httpMethod, Operation operation) {
+        if (httpMethod == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Path path = swagger.getPath(operationPath);
+        if (path == null) {
+            path = new Path();
+            swagger.path(operationPath, path);
+        }
+        path.set(httpMethod, operation);
+    }
+
+    protected void updateTagsForOperation(Operation operation, ApiOperation op) {
+        if (op != null) {
+            boolean hasExplicitTag = false;
+            for (String tag : op.tags()) {
+                if (!"".equals(tag)) {
+                    operation.tag(tag);
+                    swagger.tag(new Tag().name(tag));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean canReadApi(boolean readHidden, Api api) {
+        return (api != null && readHidden) || (api != null && !api.hidden());
+    }
+
+    protected Set<String> extractTags(Api api) {
+        Set<String> output = new LinkedHashSet<String>();
+
+        boolean hasExplicitTags = false;
+        for (String tag : api.tags()) {
+            if (!"".equals(tag)) {
+                hasExplicitTags = true;
+                output.add(tag);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!hasExplicitTags) {
+            // derive tag from api path + description
+            String tagString = api.value().replace("/", "");
+            if (!"".equals(tagString))
+                output.add(tagString);
+        }
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    protected void updateOperationProtocols(ApiOperation apiOperation, Operation operation) {
+        String protocols = apiOperation.protocols();
+        if (!"".equals(protocols)) {
+            String[] parts = protocols.split(",");
+            for (String part : parts) {
+                String trimmed = part.trim();
+                if (!"".equals(trimmed))
+                    operation.scheme(Scheme.forValue(trimmed));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Map<String, Tag> updateTagsForApi(Map<String, Tag> parentTags, Api api) {
+        // the value will be used as a tag for 2.0 UNLESS a Tags annotation is present
+        Set<String> tagStrings = extractTags(api);
+        Map<String, Tag> tags = new HashMap<String, Tag>();
+        for (String tagString : tagStrings) {
+            Tag tag = new Tag().name(tagString);
+            tags.put(tagString, tag);
+        }
+        if (parentTags != null)
+            tags.putAll(parentTags);
+        for (String tagName : tags.keySet()) {
+            swagger.tag(tags.get(tagName));
+        }
+        return tags;
+    }
+
+    boolean isPrimitive(Class<?> cls) {
+        boolean out = false;
+
+        Property property = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAsProperty(cls);
+        if (property == null)
+            out = false;
+        else if ("integer".equals(property.getType()))
+            out = true;
+        else if ("string".equals(property.getType()))
+            out = true;
+        else if ("number".equals(property.getType()))
+            out = true;
+        else if ("boolean".equals(property.getType()))
+            out = true;
+        else if ("array".equals(property.getType()))
+            out = true;
+        else if ("file".equals(property.getType()))
+            out = true;
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    protected void updateOperation(String[] apiConsumes, String[] apiProduces, Map<String, Tag> tags, List<SecurityRequirement> securities, Operation operation) {
+        if (operation == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (operation.getConsumes() == null) {
+            for (String mediaType : apiConsumes) {
+                operation.consumes(mediaType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (operation.getProduces() == null) {
+            for (String mediaType : apiProduces) {
+                operation.produces(mediaType);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (operation.getTags() == null) {
+            for (String tagString : tags.keySet()) {
+                operation.tag(tagString);
+            }
+        }
+        for (SecurityRequirement security : securities) {
+            operation.security(security);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected List<Parameter> getParameters(Type type, List<Annotation> annotations) {
+        // look for path, query
+        Iterator<SwaggerExtension> chain = SwaggerExtensions.chain();
+        List<Parameter> parameters = null;
+
+        LOG.info("getParameters for " + type.getClass().getName());
+        Set<Type> typesToSkip = new HashSet<Type>();
+        if (chain.hasNext()) {
+            SwaggerExtension extension = chain.next();
+            LOG.info("trying extension " + extension);
+            parameters = extension.extractParameters(annotations, type, typesToSkip, chain);
+        }
+
+        if (parameters.size() > 0) {
+            for (Parameter parameter : parameters) {
+
+                ParameterProcessor.applyAnnotations(swagger, parameter, type, annotations);
+            }
+        } else {
+            LOG.info("no parameter found, looking at body params");
+            if (typesToSkip.contains(type) == false) {
+                Parameter param = null;
+                param = ParameterProcessor.applyAnnotations(swagger, null, type, annotations);
+                if (param != null) {
+                    for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
+                        if (annotation instanceof ApiParam) {
+                            ApiParam apiParam = (ApiParam) annotation;
+                            param.setRequired(apiParam.required());
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    parameters.add(param);
+                }
+
+
+            }
+        }
+        return parameters;
+    }
+
+    protected void updateApiResponse(Operation operation, ApiResponses responseAnnotation) {
+        Class<?> responseClass;
+        for (ApiResponse apiResponse : responseAnnotation.value()) {
+            Map<String, Property> responseHeaders = parseResponseHeaders(apiResponse.responseHeaders());
+            responseClass = apiResponse.response();  
+            Response response = new Response()
+                    .description(apiResponse.message())
+                    .headers(responseHeaders);
+            
+            if (responseClass == null || responseClass.equals(Void.class)) {
+                if (operation.getResponses() != null && !operation.getResponses().isEmpty()) {
+                    Response apiOperationResponse = operation.getResponses().get(String.valueOf(apiResponse.code()));
+                    if (apiOperationResponse != null) {
+                        response.setSchema(apiOperationResponse.getSchema());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if (apiResponse.code() == 0)
+                operation.defaultResponse(response);
+            else
+                operation.response(apiResponse.code(), response);
+            
+            if (responseClass != null && !responseClass.equals(Void.class)) {
+                Map<String, Model> models = ModelConverters.getInstance().read(responseClass);
+                for (String key : models.keySet()) {
+                    response.schema(new RefProperty().asDefault(key));
+                    swagger.model(key, models.get(key));
+                }
+                models = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAll(responseClass);
+                for (String key : models.keySet()) {
+                    swagger.model(key, models.get(key));
+                }
+            } 
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected String[] updateOperationProduces(String[] parentProduces, String[] apiProduces, Operation operation) {
+
+        if (parentProduces != null) {
+            Set<String> both = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(apiProduces));
+            both.addAll(new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(parentProduces)));
+            if (operation.getProduces() != null)
+                both.addAll(new HashSet<String>(operation.getProduces()));
+            apiProduces = both.toArray(new String[both.size()]);
+        }
+        return apiProduces;
+    }
+
+    protected String[] updateOperationConsumes(String[] parentConsumes, String[] apiConsumes, Operation operation) {
+
+        if (parentConsumes != null) {
+            Set<String> both = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(apiConsumes));
+            both.addAll(new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(parentConsumes)));
+            if (operation.getConsumes() != null)
+                both.addAll(new HashSet<String>(operation.getConsumes()));
+            apiConsumes = both.toArray(new String[both.size()]);
+        }
+        return apiConsumes;
+    }
+
+    public Parameter convertApiImplicitParamToSwaggerParameter(ApiImplicitParam apiImplicitParam) {
+
+        ModelConverterHelper modelConverterHelper = new ModelConverterHelper(new ObjectMapper());
+
+        String paramType = apiImplicitParam.paramType();
+        Property property = modelConverterHelper.getPropertyFromTypeName(apiImplicitParam.dataType());
+        
+        if (property == null) {
+            // If the property cannot be determined from the ApiImplicitParam datatype, default to string.
+            property = new StringProperty();
+        }
+        
+        // Check to see if the parameter is an enum type
+        String[] enumValuesArray = apiImplicitParam.allowableValues().split(",");
+        boolean isEnum = !apiImplicitParam.allowableValues().isEmpty() && enumValuesArray.length > 0;
+        List<String> enumValues = new ArrayList<String>();
+        if (isEnum) {
+            enumValues = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(enumValuesArray));
+        }
+        
+        if ("header".equalsIgnoreCase(paramType)) {
+            HeaderParameter parameter = new HeaderParameter();
+            parameter.setDefaultValue(apiImplicitParam.defaultValue());
+            parameter.setDescription(apiImplicitParam.value());
+            parameter.setName(apiImplicitParam.name());
+            parameter.setRequired(apiImplicitParam.required());
+            parameter.setType(property.getType());
+            if (apiImplicitParam.allowMultiple()) {
+                parameter.setCollectionFormat("multi");
+                parameter.setItems(property);
+            } else {
+                parameter.setProperty(property);
+            }
+            if (isEnum) {
+                parameter.setEnum(enumValues);
+            }
+            
+            return parameter;
+
+        } else if ("path".equalsIgnoreCase(paramType)) {
+            PathParameter parameter = new PathParameter();
+            parameter.setDefaultValue(apiImplicitParam.defaultValue());
+            parameter.setDescription(apiImplicitParam.value());
+            parameter.setName(apiImplicitParam.name());
+            parameter.setType(apiImplicitParam.dataType());
+            parameter.setRequired(apiImplicitParam.required());
+            parameter.setProperty(property);
+            if (isEnum) {
+                parameter.setEnum(enumValues);
+            }
+            
+            return parameter;
+
+        } else if ("query".equalsIgnoreCase(paramType)) {
+            QueryParameter parameter = new QueryParameter();
+            parameter.setDefaultValue(apiImplicitParam.defaultValue());
+            parameter.setDescription(apiImplicitParam.value());
+            parameter.setName(apiImplicitParam.name());
+            parameter.setRequired(apiImplicitParam.required());
+            parameter.setType(property.getType());
+            if (apiImplicitParam.allowMultiple()) {
+                parameter.setCollectionFormat("multi");
+                parameter.setItems(property);
+            } else {
+                parameter.setProperty(property);
+            }
+            if (isEnum) {
+                parameter.setEnum(enumValues);
+            }
+            
+            return parameter;
+
+        } else if ("body".equalsIgnoreCase(paramType)) {
+            BodyParameter parameter = new BodyParameter();
+            parameter.setName(apiImplicitParam.name());
+            parameter.setRequired(apiImplicitParam.required());
+            parameter.setDescription(apiImplicitParam.value());
+            
+            Class<?> cls = null;
+            try {
+                cls = Class.forName(apiImplicitParam.dataType());
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            }
+            
+            if (cls != null) {
+                Map<String, Model> models = ModelConverters.getInstance().read(cls);
+                for (String key : models.keySet()) {
+                    swagger.model(key, models.get(key));
+                }
+                models = ModelConverters.getInstance().readAll(cls);
+                for (String key : models.keySet()) {
+                    swagger.model(key, models.get(key));
+                }
+                parameter.setSchema(new RefModel(cls.getSimpleName()));
+            }
+
+            return parameter;
+
+        } else if ("form".equalsIgnoreCase(paramType)) {
+            FormParameter parameter = new FormParameter();
+            parameter.setDefaultValue(apiImplicitParam.defaultValue());
+            parameter.setName(apiImplicitParam.name());
+            parameter.setRequired(apiImplicitParam.required());
+            parameter.setType(property.getType());
+            if (apiImplicitParam.allowMultiple()) {
+                parameter.setCollectionFormat("multi");
+                parameter.setItems(property);
+            } else {
+                parameter.setProperty(property);
+            }
+            if (isEnum) {
+                parameter.setEnum(enumValues);
+            }
+            
+            return parameter;
+            
+        }
+        
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected List<Parameter> getParametersFromApiImplicitParams(Method method) {
+
+        List<Parameter> parameters = new ArrayList<Parameter>();
+        
+        // Process @ApiImplicitParams
+        Annotation paramsAnnotation = AnnotationUtils.getAnnotation(method, ApiImplicitParams.class);
+        if (paramsAnnotation != null && (paramsAnnotation instanceof ApiImplicitParams)) {
+            ApiImplicitParams apiImplicitParamsAnnotation = (ApiImplicitParams) paramsAnnotation;
+            for (ApiImplicitParam apiImplicitParam : apiImplicitParamsAnnotation.value()) {
+                Parameter convertedParameter = convertApiImplicitParamToSwaggerParameter(apiImplicitParam);
+                if (convertedParameter != null) {
+                    parameters.add(convertedParameter);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return parameters;
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `parameters` last assigned on line 297 could be null and is dereferenced at line 307.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List AbstractReader.getParameters(Type,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kongchen.swagger.docgen.reader.AbstractReader.getParameters(java.lang.reflect.Type,java.u.51a18fb0927a302ead59f614a4d3628c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/kongchen/swagger/docgen/reader/AbstractReader.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractReader.java|getParameters|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7fe77dcb9ae72e86559a4723ce195a6b
+
+### Hash:
+4631b1443599a08c630845899b5e84b1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9008/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9008/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21a3bfdeab86f5a6460a8384ef17feb7dd83b818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9008/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** boxable
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ Quodlibet.be
+ */
+package be.quodlibet.boxable;
+
+import com.google.common.io.Files;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.exceptions.COSVisitorException;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDPage;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.font.PDType1Font;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.interactive.documentnavigation.outline.PDDocumentOutline;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.interactive.documentnavigation.outline.PDOutlineItem;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+public class TableTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void Sample1 () throws IOException, COSVisitorException {
+
+        //Set margins
+        float margin = 10;
+
+        
+        List<String[]> facts = getFacts();
+
+        //Initialize Document
+        PDDocument doc = new PDDocument();
+        PDPage page = addNewPage(doc);
+        float top = page.findMediaBox().getHeight() - (2 * margin);
+        
+        //Initialize table
+        float tableWidth = page.findMediaBox().getWidth() - (2 * margin);
+        boolean drawContent = false;
+        Table table  = new Table(top,tableWidth, margin, doc, page, true, drawContent);
+
+        //Create Header row
+        Row headerRow = table.createRow(15f);
+        Cell cell = headerRow.createCell(100, "Awesome Facts About Belgium");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.BLACK);
+        cell.setTextColor(Color.WHITE);
+        
+
+        table.setHeader(headerRow);
+
+        //Create 2 column row
+        Row row = table.createRow(15f);
+        cell = row.createCell(30,"Source:");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        
+        cell = row.createCell(70, "http://www.factsofbelgium.com/");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+
+        //Create Fact header row
+        Row factHeaderrow = table.createRow(15f);
+        
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100 / 3) * 2, "Fact");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        cell.setFontSize(6);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+        
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100 / 3), "Tags");
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+        cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+        //Add multiple rows with random facts about Belgium
+        for (String[] fact : facts) {
+
+            row = table.createRow(10f);
+            cell = row.createCell((100 / 3) * 2, fact[0]);
+            cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+            cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < fact.length; i++) {
+
+                cell = row.createCell((100 / 9), fact[i]);
+                cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+                cell.setFontSize(6);
+                //Set colors
+                if (fact[i].contains("beer")) cell.setFillColor(Color.yellow);
+                if (fact[i].contains("champion")) cell.setTextColor(Color.GREEN);
+            }
+        }
+
+        table.draw();
+
+        //Close Stream and save pdf
+        File file = new File("target/BoxableSample1.pdf");
+        Files.createParentDirs(file);
+        doc.save(file);
+        doc.close();
+
+    }
+
+   
+
+    private static List<String[]> getFacts() {
+        List<String[]> facts = new ArrayList<String[]>();
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Oil Painting was invented by the Belgian van Eyck brothers", "art", "inventions", "science"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The Belgian Adolphe Sax invented the Saxophone", "inventions", "music", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"11 sites in Belgium are on the UNESCO World Heritage List", "art", "history", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium was the second country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage", "politics", "", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"In the seventies, schools served light beer during lunch", "beer", "health", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has the sixth fastest domestic internet connection in the world", "science", "technology", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium hosts the World's Largest Sand Sculpture Festival", "art", "festivals", "world championship"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has compulsary education between the ages of 6 and 18", "education", "", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium also has more comic makers per square kilometer than any other country in the world", "art", "social", "world championship"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has one of the lowest proportion of McDonald's restaurants per inhabitant in the developed world", "food", "health", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has approximately 178 beer breweries", "beer", "food", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Gotye was born in Bruges, Belgium", "music", "celebrities", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The Belgian Coast Tram is the longest tram line in the world", "technology", "world championship", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Stefan Everts is the only motocross racer with 10 World Championship titles.", "celebrities", "sports", "world champions"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Tintin was conceived by Belgian artist Hergé", "art", "celebrities", "inventions"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Brussels Airport is the world's biggest selling point of chocolate", "food", "world champions", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Tomorrowland is the biggest electronic dance music festival in the world", "festivals", "music", "world champion"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"French Fries are actually from Belgium", "food", "inventions", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Herman Van Rompy is the first full-time president of the European Council", "politics", "", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgians are the fourth most money saving people in the world", "economy", "social", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The Belgian highway system is the only man-made structure visible from the moon at night", "technology", "world champions", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Andreas Vesalius, the founder of modern human anatomy, is from Belgium", "celebrities", "education", "history"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo, Belgium", "celebrities", "history", "politicians"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The first natural color picture in National Geographic was of a flower garden in Gent, Belgium in 1914", "art", "history", "science"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Rock Werchter is the Best Festival in the World", "festivals", "music", "world champions"});
+
+        //Make the table a bit bigger
+        facts.addAll(facts);
+        facts.addAll(facts);
+        facts.addAll(facts);
+
+
+        return facts;
+    }
+    
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void SampleTest2() throws IOException, COSVisitorException {
+
+        //Set margins
+        float margin = 10;
+
+        List<String[]> facts = getFacts();
+
+        //A list of bookmarks of all the tables
+        List<PDOutlineItem> bookmarks = new ArrayList<PDOutlineItem>();
+
+        //Initialize Document
+        PDDocument doc = new PDDocument();
+        PDPage page = addNewPage(doc);
+
+        //Initialize table
+        float tableWidth = page.findMediaBox().getWidth()-(2*margin);
+        float top = page.findMediaBox().getHeight() - (2 * margin);
+        boolean drawContent = true;
+        boolean drawLines = true;
+        Table table  = new Table(top,tableWidth, margin, doc, page, drawLines, drawContent);
+        
+
+        //Create Header row
+        Row headerRow = table.createRow(15f);
+        Cell cell = headerRow.createCell(100,"Awesome Facts About Belgium");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.BLACK);cell.setTextColor(Color.WHITE);
+
+        table.setHeader(headerRow);
+
+        //Create 2 column row
+        Row row = table.createRow(15f);
+        cell = row.createCell(75,"Source:");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        
+        cell = row.createCell(25,"http://www.factsofbelgium.com/");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+
+        //Create Fact header row
+        Row factHeaderrow = table.createRow(15f);
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100/3) * 2 ,"Fact");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        cell.setFontSize(6);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100/3),"Tags");
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+        //Add multiple rows with random facts about Belgium
+        int bookmarkid = 0;
+        for(String[] fact : facts) {
+
+            row = table.createRow(10f);
+            cell = row.createCell((100/3)*2 ,fact[0]+ " " + fact[0]+ " " + fact[0]);
+            cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+            //Create a bookmark for each record
+            PDOutlineItem outlineItem = new PDOutlineItem();
+            outlineItem.setTitle((++bookmarkid ) + ") " + fact[0]);
+            row.setBookmark( outlineItem);
+
+            for(int i = 1; i< fact.length; i++) {
+                cell = row.createCell((100/9) ,fact[i]);
+                cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);cell.setFontSize(6);
+            
+                //Set colors
+                if(fact[i].contains("beer"))cell.setFillColor(Color.yellow);
+                if(fact[i].contains("champion"))cell.setTextColor(Color.GREEN);
+
+            }
+        }
+        table.draw();
+
+        //Get all bookmarks of previous table
+        bookmarks.addAll(table.getBookmarks());
+
+        //Create document outline
+        PDDocumentOutline outline =  new PDDocumentOutline();
+
+        for(PDOutlineItem bm : bookmarks) {
+            outline.appendChild(bm);
+        }
+
+        doc.getDocumentCatalog().setDocumentOutline(outline);
+
+        //Save the document
+        File file = new File("target/BoxableSample2.pdf");
+        Files.createParentDirs(file);
+        doc.save(file);
+        doc.close();
+
+    }
+
+    private static PDPage addNewPage(PDDocument doc) {
+        PDPage page = new PDPage();
+        doc.addPage(page);
+        return page;
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument` acquired by call to `new()` at line 34 is not released after line 101.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 45
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TableTest.Sample1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+be.quodlibet.boxable.TableTest.Sample1():void.6958b8ddf16e8f9ae37330f941827f50
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/be/quodlibet/boxable/TableTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TableTest.java|Sample1|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+490aa910232b88b31690c1c96de534ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9012/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9012/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..084bf8814faf7f600cdc7fe437beb335f0669205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9012/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jnr-posix
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+
+package jnr.posix;
+
+import jnr.constants.platform.Fcntl;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Sysconf;
+import jnr.ffi.Pointer;
+import jnr.posix.util.ProcessMaker;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Confstr;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Pathconf;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Signal;
+
+final class LazyPOSIX implements POSIX {
+
+    private final POSIXHandler handler;
+    private final boolean useNativePosix;
+
+    // NOTE: because all implementations of POSIX that are loaded via loadPOSIX()
+    // are immutable, there is no need for 'posix' to be a volatile field.
+    // See http://www.cs.umd.edu/~pugh/java/memoryModel/DoubleCheckedLocking.html
+    // (but since volatile reads on x86 and x86_64 are cheap, do it anyway)
+    private volatile POSIX posix;
+
+    LazyPOSIX(POSIXHandler handler, boolean useNativePosix) {
+        this.handler = handler;
+        this.useNativePosix = useNativePosix;
+    }
+
+    private final POSIX posix() {
+        return posix != null ? posix : loadPOSIX();
+    }
+
+    private final synchronized POSIX loadPOSIX() {
+        return posix != null
+                ? posix
+                : (posix = POSIXFactory.loadPOSIX(handler, useNativePosix));
+    }
+
+    public ProcessMaker newProcessMaker(String... command) {
+        return posix().newProcessMaker(command);
+    }
+
+    public ProcessMaker newProcessMaker() {
+        return posix().newProcessMaker();
+    }
+    
+    public FileStat allocateStat() {
+        return posix().allocateStat();
+    }
+
+    public MsgHdr allocateMsgHdr() {
+        return posix().allocateMsgHdr();
+    }
+
+    public int chdir(String path) {
+        return posix().chdir(path);
+    }
+
+    public int chmod(String filename, int mode) {
+        return posix().chmod(filename, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int fchmod(int fd, int mode) {
+        return posix().fchmod(fd, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int chown(String filename, int user, int group) {
+        return posix().chown(filename, user, group);
+    }
+
+    public CharSequence crypt(CharSequence key, CharSequence salt) {
+        return posix().crypt(key, salt);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] crypt(byte[] key, byte[] salt) {
+        return posix().crypt(key, salt);
+    }
+
+    public int fchown(int fd, int user, int group) {
+        return posix().fchown(fd, user, group);
+    }
+
+    public int endgrent() {
+        return posix().endgrent();
+    }
+
+    public int endpwent() {
+        return posix().endpwent();
+    }
+
+    public int errno() {
+        return posix().errno();
+    }
+
+    public void errno(int value) {
+        posix().errno(value);
+    }
+    
+    public int exec(String path, String... args) {
+        return posix().exec(path, args);
+    }
+    
+    public int exec(String path, String[] args, String[] envp) {
+        return posix().exec(path, args, envp);
+    }
+
+    public int execv(String path, String[] argv) {
+        return posix().execv(path, argv);
+    }
+
+    public int execve(String path, String[] argv, String[] envp) {
+        return posix().execve(path, argv, envp);
+    }
+    
+    public int fork() {
+        return posix().fork();
+    }
+
+    public FileStat fstat(int fd) {
+        return posix().fstat(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int fstat(int fd, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().fstat(fd, stat);
+    }
+
+    public FileStat fstat(FileDescriptor descriptor) {
+        return posix().fstat(descriptor);
+    }
+
+    public int fstat(FileDescriptor descriptor, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().fstat(descriptor, stat);
+    }
+
+    public int getegid() {
+        return posix().getegid();
+    }
+
+    public int geteuid() {
+        return posix().geteuid();
+    }
+
+    public int getgid() {
+        return posix().getgid();
+    }
+
+    public int getdtablesize() {
+        return posix().getdtablesize();
+    }
+
+    public Group getgrent() {
+        return posix().getgrent();
+    }
+
+    public Group getgrgid(int which) {
+        return posix().getgrgid(which);
+    }
+
+    public Group getgrnam(String which) {
+        return posix().getgrnam(which);
+    }
+
+    public String getlogin() {
+        return posix().getlogin();
+    }
+
+    public int getpgid() {
+        return posix().getpgid();
+    }
+
+    public int getpgid(int pid) {
+        return posix().getpgid(pid);
+    }
+
+    public int getpgrp() {
+        return posix().getpgrp();
+    }
+
+    public int getpid() {
+        return posix().getpid();
+    }
+
+    public int getppid() {
+        return posix().getppid();
+    }
+
+    public int getpriority(int which, int who) {
+        return posix().getpriority(which, who);
+    }
+
+    public Passwd getpwent() {
+        return posix().getpwent();
+    }
+
+    public Passwd getpwnam(String which) {
+        return posix().getpwnam(which);
+    }
+
+    public Passwd getpwuid(int which) {
+        return posix().getpwuid(which);
+    }
+
+    public int getuid() {
+        return posix().getuid();
+    }
+
+    public int getrlimit(int resource, RLimit rlim) {
+        return posix().getrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public int getrlimit(int resource, Pointer rlim) {
+        return posix().getrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public RLimit getrlimit(int resource) {
+        return posix().getrlimit(resource);
+    }
+
+    public int setrlimit(int resource, RLimit rlim) {
+        return posix().setrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public int setrlimit(int resource, Pointer rlim) {
+        return posix().setrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public int setrlimit(int resource, long rlimCur, long rlimMax) {
+        return posix().setrlimit(resource, rlimCur, rlimMax);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isatty(FileDescriptor descriptor) {
+        return posix().isatty(descriptor);
+    }
+
+    public int isatty(int descriptor) {
+        return posix().isatty(descriptor);
+    }
+
+    public int kill(int pid, int signal) {
+        return kill((long) pid, signal);
+    }
+
+    public int kill(long pid, int signal) {
+        return posix().kill(pid, signal);
+    }
+    
+    public SignalHandler signal(Signal sig, SignalHandler handler) {
+        return posix().signal(sig, handler);
+    }
+
+    public int raise(int sig) {
+        return posix().raise(sig);
+    }
+
+    public int lchmod(String filename, int mode) {
+        return posix().lchmod(filename, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int lchown(String filename, int user, int group) {
+        return posix().lchown(filename, user, group);
+    }
+
+    public int link(String oldpath, String newpath) {
+        return posix().link(oldpath, newpath);
+    }
+
+    public FileStat lstat(String path) {
+        return posix().lstat(path);
+    }
+
+    public int lstat(String path, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().lstat(path, stat);
+    }
+
+    public int mkdir(String path, int mode) {
+        return posix().mkdir(path, mode);
+    }
+
+    public String readlink(String path) throws IOException {
+        return posix().readlink(path);
+    }
+
+    public int readlink(CharSequence path, byte[] buf, int bufsize) {
+        return posix().readlink(path, buf, bufsize);
+    }
+
+    public int readlink(CharSequence path, ByteBuffer buf, int bufsize) {
+        return posix().readlink(path, buf, bufsize);
+    }
+
+    public int readlink(CharSequence path, Pointer bufPtr, int bufsize) {
+        return posix().readlink(path, bufPtr, bufsize);
+    }
+
+    public int rmdir(String path) {
+        return posix().rmdir(path);
+    }
+
+    public int setegid(int egid) {
+        return posix().setegid(egid);
+    }
+
+    public int seteuid(int euid) {
+        return posix().seteuid(euid);
+    }
+
+    public int setgid(int gid) {
+        return posix().setgid(gid);
+    }
+
+    public int setgrent() {
+        return posix().setgrent();
+    }
+
+    public int setpgid(int pid, int pgid) {
+        return posix().setpgid(pid, pgid);
+    }
+
+    public int setpgrp(int pid, int pgrp) {
+        return posix().setpgrp(pid, pgrp);
+    }
+
+    public int setpriority(int which, int who, int prio) {
+        return posix().setpriority(which, who, prio);
+    }
+
+    public int setpwent() {
+        return posix().setpwent();
+    }
+
+    public int setsid() {
+        return posix().setsid();
+    }
+
+    public int setuid(int uid) {
+        return posix().setuid(uid);
+    }
+
+    public FileStat stat(String path) {
+        return posix().stat(path);
+    }
+
+    public int stat(String path, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().stat(path, stat);
+    }
+
+    public int symlink(String oldpath, String newpath) {
+        return posix().symlink(oldpath, newpath);
+    }
+
+    public int umask(int mask) {
+        return posix().umask(mask);
+    }
+
+    public int utimes(String path, long[] atimeval, long[] mtimeval) {
+        return posix().utimes(path, atimeval, mtimeval);
+    }
+
+    public int utimes(String path, Pointer times) {
+        return posix().utimes(path, times);
+    }
+
+    public int futimes(int fd, long[] atimeval, long[] mtimeval) {
+        return posix().futimes(fd, atimeval, mtimeval);
+    }
+
+    public int lutimes(String path, long[] atimeval, long[] mtimeval) {
+        return posix().lutimes(path, atimeval, mtimeval);
+    }
+
+    public int utimensat(int dirfd, String path, long[] atimespec, long[] mtimespec, int flag) {
+        return posix().utimensat(dirfd, path, atimespec, mtimespec, flag);
+    }
+
+    public int utimensat(int dirfd, String path, Pointer times, int flag) {
+        return posix().utimensat(dirfd, path, times, flag);
+    }
+
+    public int futimens(int fd, long[] atimespec, long[] mtimespec) {
+        return posix().futimens(fd, atimespec, mtimespec);
+    }
+
+    public int futimens(int fd, Pointer times) {
+        return posix().futimens(fd, times);
+    }
+
+    public int wait(int[] status) {
+        return posix().wait(status);
+    }
+
+    public int waitpid(int pid, int[] status, int flags) {
+        return waitpid((long) pid, status, flags);
+    }
+
+    public int waitpid(long pid, int[] status, int flags) {
+        return posix().waitpid(pid, status, flags);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isNative() {
+        return posix().isNative();
+    }
+
+    public LibC libc() {
+        return posix().libc();
+    }
+
+    public Pointer environ() {
+        return posix().environ();
+    }
+
+    public String getenv(String envName) {
+        return posix().getenv(envName);
+    }
+
+    public int setenv(String envName, String envValue, int overwrite) {
+        return posix().setenv(envName, envValue, overwrite);
+    }
+
+    public int unsetenv(String envName) {
+        return posix().unsetenv(envName);
+    }
+
+    public long posix_spawnp(String path, Collection<? extends SpawnFileAction> fileActions, Collection<? extends CharSequence> argv, Collection<? extends CharSequence> envp) {
+        return posix().posix_spawnp(path, fileActions, argv, envp);
+    }
+
+    public long posix_spawnp(String path, Collection<? extends SpawnFileAction> fileActions,
+                             Collection<? extends SpawnAttribute> spawnAttributes,
+                             Collection<? extends CharSequence> argv, Collection<? extends CharSequence> envp) {
+        return posix().posix_spawnp(path, fileActions, spawnAttributes, argv, envp);
+    }
+
+    public long sysconf(Sysconf name) {
+        return posix().sysconf(name);
+    }
+
+    public int confstr(Confstr name, ByteBuffer buf, int len) {
+        return libc().confstr(name, buf, len);
+    }
+
+    public int fpathconf(int fd, Pathconf name) {
+        return libc().fpathconf(fd, name);
+    }
+
+    public Times times() {
+        return posix().times();
+    }
+    
+    public int flock(int fd, int mode) {
+        return posix().flock(fd, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int dup(int fd) {
+        return posix().dup(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int dup2(int oldFd, int newFd) {
+        return posix().dup2(oldFd, newFd);
+    }
+
+    public int fcntlInt(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst, int arg) {
+        return posix().fcntlInt(fd, fcntlConst, arg);
+    }
+
+    public int fcntl(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst) {
+        return posix().fcntl(fd, fcntlConst);
+    }
+
+    public int fcntl(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst, int arg) {
+        return posix().fcntl(fd, fcntlConst, arg);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    public int fcntl(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst, int... arg) {
+        return posix().fcntl(fd, fcntlConst);
+    }
+
+    public int access(CharSequence path, int amode) {
+        return posix().access(path, amode);
+    }
+
+    public int close(int fd) {
+        return posix().close(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int unlink(CharSequence path) {
+        return posix().unlink(path);
+    }
+
+    public int open(CharSequence path, int flags, int perm) {
+        return posix().open(path, flags, perm);
+    }
+
+    public long read(int fd, byte[] buf, long n) {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long write(int fd, byte[] buf, long n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long read(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n) {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long write(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long pread(int fd, byte[] buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public long pwrite(int fd, byte[] buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public long pread(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public long pwrite(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+
+    public int read(int fd, byte[] buf, int n)
+    {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int write(int fd, byte[] buf, int n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int read(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n) {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int write(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int pread(int fd, byte[] buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public int pwrite(int fd, byte[] buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public int pread(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public int pwrite(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+
+    public int lseek(int fd, long offset, int whence) {
+        return posix().lseek(fd, offset, whence);
+    }
+
+    public long lseekLong(int fd, long offset, int whence) {
+        return posix().lseekLong(fd, offset, whence);
+    }
+
+    public int pipe(int[] fds) {
+        return posix().pipe(fds);
+    }
+
+    public int socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol, int[] fds) {
+        return posix().socketpair(domain, type, protocol, fds);
+    }
+
+    public int sendmsg(int socket, MsgHdr message, int flags) {
+        return posix().sendmsg(socket, message, flags);
+    }
+
+    public int recvmsg(int socket, MsgHdr message, int flags) {
+        return posix().recvmsg(socket, message, flags);
+    }
+
+    public int truncate(CharSequence path, long length) {
+        return posix().truncate(path, length);
+    }
+
+    public int ftruncate(int fd, long offset) {
+        return posix().ftruncate(fd, offset);
+    }
+
+    public int rename(CharSequence oldName, CharSequence newName) {
+        return posix().rename(oldName, newName);
+    }
+
+    public String getcwd() {
+        return posix().getcwd();
+    }
+
+    public int fsync(int fd) {
+        return posix().fsync(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int fdatasync(int fd) {
+        return posix().fdatasync(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int mkfifo(String path, int mode) {
+        return posix().mkfifo(path, mode);
+    }
+
+    public String gethostname() {
+        return posix().gethostname();
+    }
+
+    public int daemon(int nochdir, int noclose) {
+        return posix().daemon(nochdir, noclose);
+    }
+
+    public long[] getgroups() {
+        return posix().getgroups();
+    }
+
+    public int getgroups(int size, int[] groups) {
+        return posix().getgroups(size, groups);
+    }
+
+    public String nl_langinfo(int item) {
+        return posix().nl_langinfo(item);
+    }
+
+    public String setlocale(int category, String locale) {
+        return posix().setlocale(category, locale);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String strerror(int code) {
+        return posix().strerror(code);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Timeval allocateTimeval() { return posix().allocateTimeval(); }
+
+    @Override
+    public int gettimeofday(Timeval tv) { return posix().gettimeofday(tv); }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `libc()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 442.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int LazyPOSIX.confstr(Confstr,ByteBuffer,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jnr.posix.LazyPOSIX.confstr(jnr.constants.platform.Confstr,java.nio.ByteBuffer,int):int.e25c004b9ea955820ac719779cd9e1d9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jnr/posix/LazyPOSIX.java
+
+### Key:
+LazyPOSIX.java|confstr|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c3d45bee99108f43987fad86ebd14f63
+
+### Hash:
+df7d8f8ec260184f6b56af9b1829198f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9015/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9015/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3940e8f2a8b550fec2a37b7927f60c915c2b669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9015/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jnr-posix
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jnr.posix;
+
+import jnr.constants.platform.Fcntl;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class FileTest {
+    private static POSIX posix;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
+        posix = POSIXFactory.getPOSIX(new DummyPOSIXHandler(), true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void utimeTest() throws Throwable {
+        File f = File.createTempFile("utime", null);
+        long oldTime = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath()).mtime();
+        Thread.sleep(2000);
+        int rval = posix.utimes(f.getAbsolutePath(), null, null);
+        assertEquals("utime did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        long newTime = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath()).mtime();
+        f.delete();
+        assertTrue("mtime failed", newTime > oldTime);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void linkTest() throws Throwable {
+        File f1 = File.createTempFile("utime", null);
+        File f2 = new File(f1.getAbsolutePath() + "link");
+        int rval = posix.link(f1.getAbsolutePath(), f2.getAbsolutePath());
+        assertEquals("link did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Link was not created", f2.exists());
+        f1.delete();
+        f2.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mkdirRelativeTest() throws Throwable {
+        File dir = new File("tmp");
+        int rval = posix.mkdir(dir.getPath(), 0);
+        assertEquals("mkdir did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Directory was not created", dir.exists());
+        dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mkdirAbsoluteTest() throws Throwable {
+        File dir = new File("tmp");
+        int rval = posix.mkdir(dir.getAbsolutePath(), 0);
+        assertEquals("mkdir did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Directory was not created", dir.exists());
+        dir.delete();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void flockTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("flockTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        RandomAccessFile raf2 = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        FileChannel fc = raf.getChannel();
+        FileChannel fc2 = raf2.getChannel();
+        FileDescriptor FD = JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fc);
+        FileDescriptor FD2 = JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fc2);
+        int fd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(FD);
+        int fd2 = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(FD2);
+        
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 1)); // LOCK_SH
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 8)); // LOCK_UN
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 2)); // LOCK_EX
+        assertEquals(-1, posix.flock(fd2, 2 | 4)); // LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 8)); // LOCK_UN
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dupTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        FileChannel fileChannel = raf.getChannel();
+        int fileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fileChannel));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(posix.dup(fileDescriptor));
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(fileDescriptor)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dup2Test() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        int oldFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+        int newFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(posix.dup2(oldFd, newFd));
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(oldFd)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fcntlDupfdTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("fcntlTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        int fd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        int newFd = posix.fcntl(fd, Fcntl.F_DUPFD);
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(fd)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(newFd)).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fcntlDupfdWithArgTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        int oldFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+        int newFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(posix.fcntl(oldFd, Fcntl.F_DUPFD, newFd));
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(newFd)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired to `raf` by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 148 is not released after line 157.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileTest.fcntlDupfdWithArgTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jnr.posix.FileTest.fcntlDupfdWithArgTest():void.1559e792a5ac762b376e2e99e5807f23
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/jnr/posix/FileTest.java
+
+### Key:
+FileTest.java|fcntlDupfdWithArgTest|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+734de9b26e688966a79959c29dc4ba96
+
+### Hash:
+74c47acf4cd37bad046d54eb47940088
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9023/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9023/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9d598cb0b676032cc02b7ff937848dfe0914f30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9023/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graphchi-java
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.cmu.graphchi.shards;
+
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.ChiVertex;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.BytesToValueConverter;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.DataBlockManager;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright [2012] [Aapo Kyrola, Guy Blelloch, Carlos Guestrin / Carnegie Mellon University]
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+public class MemoryShard <EdgeDataType> {
+
+    private String edgeDataFilename;
+    private String adjDataFilename;
+    private int rangeStart;
+    private int rangeEnd;
+
+    private byte[] adjData;
+    private int blockId;
+    private int edataFilesize;
+    private boolean loaded = false;
+    private boolean hasSetRangeOffset = false, hasSetOffset = false;
+
+    private int rangeStartOffset, rangeStartEdgePtr, rangeContVid;
+
+    private DataBlockManager dataBlockManager;
+    private BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter;
+    private int streamingOffset, streamingOffsetEdgePtr, streamingOffsetVid;
+
+    private MemoryShard() {}
+
+    public MemoryShard(String edgeDataFilename, String adjDataFilename, int rangeStart, int rangeEnd) {
+        this.edgeDataFilename = edgeDataFilename;
+        this.adjDataFilename = adjDataFilename;
+        this.rangeStart = rangeStart;
+        this.rangeEnd = rangeEnd;
+    }
+
+    public void commitAndRelease(boolean modifiesInedges, boolean modifiesOutedges) throws IOException {
+        byte[] data = dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId);
+
+        if (modifiesInedges) {
+            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            fos.write(data);
+            fos.close();
+        } else if (modifiesOutedges) {
+            ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile rFile =
+                    new ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile(edgeDataFilename, "rwd");
+            rFile.seek(rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            int last = streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+            if (last == 0) last = edataFilesize;
+            rFile.write(data, rangeStartEdgePtr, last  - rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            rFile.close();
+        }
+        dataBlockManager.release(blockId);
+
+    }
+
+    public void loadVertices(int windowStart, int windowEnd, ChiVertex[] vertices)
+            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if (adjData == null) {
+            loadAdj();
+
+            edataFilesize = (int) new File(edgeDataFilename).length();
+            blockId = dataBlockManager.allocateBlock(edataFilesize);
+        }
+
+
+        System.out.println("Load memory shard");
+        int vid = 0;
+        int edataPtr = 0;
+        int adjOffset = 0;
+        int sizeOf = converter.sizeOf();
+        DataInputStream adjInput = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(adjData));
+        while(adjInput.available() > 0) {
+            if (!hasSetOffset && vid > rangeEnd) {
+                streamingOffset = adjOffset;
+                streamingOffsetEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                streamingOffsetVid = vid;
+                hasSetOffset = true;
+            }
+            if (!hasSetRangeOffset && vid >= rangeStart) {
+                rangeStartOffset = adjOffset;
+                rangeStartEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                hasSetRangeOffset = true;
+            }
+
+            int n = 0;
+            int ns = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+            adjOffset += 1;
+            assert(ns >= 0);
+            if (ns == 0) {
+                // next value tells the number of vertices with zeros
+                vid++;
+                int nz = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+                adjOffset += 1;
+                vid += nz;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (ns == 0xff) {   // If 255 is not enough, then stores a 32-bit integer after.
+                n = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+            } else {
+                n = ns;
+            }
+
+            ChiVertex vertex = null;
+            if (vid >= windowStart && vid <= windowEnd) {
+                vertex = vertices[vid - windowStart];
+            }
+
+            while (--n >= 0) {
+                int target = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+                if (!(target >= rangeStart && target <= rangeEnd))
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Target " + target + " not in range!");
+                if (vertex != null) {
+                    vertex.addOutEdge(blockId, edataPtr, target);
+                }
+
+                if (target >= windowStart) {
+                    if (target <= windowEnd) {
+                        ChiVertex dstVertex = vertices[target - windowStart];
+                        if (dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.addInEdge(blockId, edataPtr, vid);
+                        }
+                        if (vertex != null && dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                            vertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                edataPtr += sizeOf;
+
+                // TODO: skip
+            }
+            vid++;
+        }
+
+        /* Load the edge data from file. Should be done asynchronously. */
+        if (!loaded) {
+            int read = 0;
+            FileInputStream fdis = new FileInputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            while (read < edataFilesize) {
+                read += fdis.read(dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId), read, edataFilesize - read);
+            }
+
+            loaded = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void loadAdj() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        File adjFile = new File(adjDataFilename);
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(adjFile);
+
+        int filesize = (int) adjFile.length();
+        adjData = new byte[filesize];
+
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < filesize) {
+            read += fis.read(adjData, read, filesize - read);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public DataBlockManager getDataBlockManager() {
+        return dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setDataBlockManager(DataBlockManager dataBlockManager) {
+        this.dataBlockManager = dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setConverter(BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter) {
+        this.converter = converter;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffset() {
+        return streamingOffset;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetEdgePtr() {
+        return streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetVid() {
+        return streamingOffsetVid;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 60 is not released after line 70.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 62
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.cmu.graphchi.shards.MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean):void.2d929323907b6d7f6e71be996df592b1
+
+### File:
+src/edu/cmu/graphchi/shards/MemoryShard.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryShard.java|commitAndRelease|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+b94b8cad6c296115455f572176604680
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9024/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9024/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6aac767bd8eb4e38e4ed1cced39cbf96b9ad6ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9024/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graphchi-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.cmu.graphchi.shards;
+
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.ChiVertex;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.BytesToValueConverter;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.DataBlockManager;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright [2012] [Aapo Kyrola, Guy Blelloch, Carlos Guestrin / Carnegie Mellon University]
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+public class MemoryShard <EdgeDataType> {
+
+    private String edgeDataFilename;
+    private String adjDataFilename;
+    private int rangeStart;
+    private int rangeEnd;
+
+    private byte[] adjData;
+    private int blockId;
+    private int edataFilesize;
+    private boolean loaded = false;
+    private boolean hasSetRangeOffset = false, hasSetOffset = false;
+
+    private int rangeStartOffset, rangeStartEdgePtr, rangeContVid;
+
+    private DataBlockManager dataBlockManager;
+    private BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter;
+    private int streamingOffset, streamingOffsetEdgePtr, streamingOffsetVid;
+
+    private MemoryShard() {}
+
+    public MemoryShard(String edgeDataFilename, String adjDataFilename, int rangeStart, int rangeEnd) {
+        this.edgeDataFilename = edgeDataFilename;
+        this.adjDataFilename = adjDataFilename;
+        this.rangeStart = rangeStart;
+        this.rangeEnd = rangeEnd;
+    }
+
+    public void commitAndRelease(boolean modifiesInedges, boolean modifiesOutedges) throws IOException {
+        byte[] data = dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId);
+
+        if (modifiesInedges) {
+            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            fos.write(data);
+            fos.close();
+        } else if (modifiesOutedges) {
+            ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile rFile =
+                    new ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile(edgeDataFilename, "rwd");
+            rFile.seek(rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            int last = streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+            if (last == 0) last = edataFilesize;
+            rFile.write(data, rangeStartEdgePtr, last  - rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            rFile.close();
+        }
+        dataBlockManager.release(blockId);
+
+    }
+
+    public void loadVertices(int windowStart, int windowEnd, ChiVertex[] vertices)
+            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if (adjData == null) {
+            loadAdj();
+
+            edataFilesize = (int) new File(edgeDataFilename).length();
+            blockId = dataBlockManager.allocateBlock(edataFilesize);
+        }
+
+
+        System.out.println("Load memory shard");
+        int vid = 0;
+        int edataPtr = 0;
+        int adjOffset = 0;
+        int sizeOf = converter.sizeOf();
+        DataInputStream adjInput = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(adjData));
+        while(adjInput.available() > 0) {
+            if (!hasSetOffset && vid > rangeEnd) {
+                streamingOffset = adjOffset;
+                streamingOffsetEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                streamingOffsetVid = vid;
+                hasSetOffset = true;
+            }
+            if (!hasSetRangeOffset && vid >= rangeStart) {
+                rangeStartOffset = adjOffset;
+                rangeStartEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                hasSetRangeOffset = true;
+            }
+
+            int n = 0;
+            int ns = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+            adjOffset += 1;
+            assert(ns >= 0);
+            if (ns == 0) {
+                // next value tells the number of vertices with zeros
+                vid++;
+                int nz = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+                adjOffset += 1;
+                vid += nz;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (ns == 0xff) {   // If 255 is not enough, then stores a 32-bit integer after.
+                n = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+            } else {
+                n = ns;
+            }
+
+            ChiVertex vertex = null;
+            if (vid >= windowStart && vid <= windowEnd) {
+                vertex = vertices[vid - windowStart];
+            }
+
+            while (--n >= 0) {
+                int target = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+                if (!(target >= rangeStart && target <= rangeEnd))
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Target " + target + " not in range!");
+                if (vertex != null) {
+                    vertex.addOutEdge(blockId, edataPtr, target);
+                }
+
+                if (target >= windowStart) {
+                    if (target <= windowEnd) {
+                        ChiVertex dstVertex = vertices[target - windowStart];
+                        if (dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.addInEdge(blockId, edataPtr, vid);
+                        }
+                        if (vertex != null && dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                            vertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                edataPtr += sizeOf;
+
+                // TODO: skip
+            }
+            vid++;
+        }
+
+        /* Load the edge data from file. Should be done asynchronously. */
+        if (!loaded) {
+            int read = 0;
+            FileInputStream fdis = new FileInputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            while (read < edataFilesize) {
+                read += fdis.read(dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId), read, edataFilesize - read);
+            }
+
+            loaded = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void loadAdj() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        File adjFile = new File(adjDataFilename);
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(adjFile);
+
+        int filesize = (int) adjFile.length();
+        adjData = new byte[filesize];
+
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < filesize) {
+            read += fis.read(adjData, read, filesize - read);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public DataBlockManager getDataBlockManager() {
+        return dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setDataBlockManager(DataBlockManager dataBlockManager) {
+        this.dataBlockManager = dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setConverter(BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter) {
+        this.converter = converter;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffset() {
+        return streamingOffset;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetEdgePtr() {
+        return streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetVid() {
+        return streamingOffsetVid;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 60 is not released after line 66.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.cmu.graphchi.shards.MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean):void.2d929323907b6d7f6e71be996df592b1
+
+### File:
+src/edu/cmu/graphchi/shards/MemoryShard.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryShard.java|commitAndRelease|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b94885c0b787c52294b2180cfd5ba877
+
+### Hash:
+1ba00155ec77d06f9bcad809529e03a3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9037/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9037/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c3c0b055fb263e73aac17aef5b127b80a234342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9037/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jMetal
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+//  NSGAIIRunner.java
+//
+//  Author:
+//       Antonio J. Nebro <antonio@lcc.uma.es>
+//
+//  Copyright (c) 2014 Antonio J. Nebro
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+// 
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII;
+
+import jmetal.core.Algorithm;
+import jmetal.core.Operator;
+import jmetal.core.Problem;
+import jmetal.core.SolutionSet;
+import jmetal.operators.crossover.CrossoverFactory;
+import jmetal.operators.mutation.MutationFactory;
+import jmetal.operators.selection.SelectionFactory;
+import jmetal.problems.ProblemFactory;
+import jmetal.problems.ZDT.ZDT3;
+import jmetal.qualityIndicator.QualityIndicator;
+import jmetal.util.Configuration;
+import jmetal.util.JMException;
+import jmetal.util.evaluator.SequentialSolutionSetEvaluator;
+import jmetal.util.evaluator.SolutionSetEvaluator;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.DefaultFileOutputContext;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.FileOutputContext;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.SolutionSetOutput;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.logging.FileHandler;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * Class to configure and execute the NSGA-II algorithm.
+ * <p/>
+ * Besides the classic NSGA-II, a steady-state version (ssNSGAII) is also
+ * included (See: J.J. Durillo, A.J. Nebro, F. Luna and E. Alba
+ * "On the Effect of the Steady-State Selection Scheme in
+ * Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms"
+ * 5th International Conference, EMO 2009, pp: 183-197.
+ * April 2009)
+ */
+
+public class NSGAIIRunner {
+  public static Logger logger_;
+  public static FileHandler fileHandler_;
+
+  /**
+   * @param args Command line arguments.
+   * @throws jmetal.util.JMException
+   * @throws java.io.IOException
+   * @throws SecurityException Usage: three options
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAII_main
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAII_main problemName
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAII_main problemName paretoFrontFile
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws
+    JMException,
+    SecurityException,
+    IOException,
+    ClassNotFoundException {
+    Problem problem;
+    Algorithm algorithm;
+    Operator crossover;
+    Operator mutation;
+    Operator selection;
+
+    QualityIndicator indicators;
+
+    // Logger object and file to store log messages
+    logger_ = Configuration.logger_;
+    fileHandler_ = new FileHandler("NSGAII_main.log");
+    logger_.addHandler(fileHandler_);
+
+    indicators = null;
+    if (args.length == 1) {
+      Object[] params = {"Real"};
+      problem = (new ProblemFactory()).getProblem(args[0], params);
+    } else if (args.length == 2) {
+      Object[] params = {"Real"};
+      problem = (new ProblemFactory()).getProblem(args[0], params);
+      indicators = new QualityIndicator(problem, args[1]);
+    } else {
+      //problem = new Kursawe("Real", 3);
+      //problem = new Kursawe("BinaryReal", 3);
+      //problem = new Water("Real");
+      problem = new ZDT3("ArrayReal", 30);
+      //problem = new ConstrEx("Real");
+      //problem = new DTLZ1("Real");
+      //problem = new OKA2("Real") ;
+    }
+
+    //Injector injector = Guice.createInjector(new ExecutorModule()) ;
+    //Executor executor = injector.getInstance(Executor.class) ;
+
+    SolutionSetEvaluator evaluator = new SequentialSolutionSetEvaluator();
+    //SolutionSetEvaluator executor = new MultithreadedSolutionSetEvaluator(4, problem) ;
+    algorithm = new NSGAIIE(problem, evaluator);
+
+    // Algorithm parameters
+    algorithm.setInputParameter("populationSize", 100);
+    algorithm.setInputParameter("maxEvaluations", 25000);
+
+    // Mutation and Crossover for Real codification 
+    HashMap<String, Object> crossoverParameters = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+    crossoverParameters.put("probability", 0.9);
+    crossoverParameters.put("distributionIndex", 20.0);
+    crossover = CrossoverFactory.getCrossoverOperator("SBXCrossover", crossoverParameters);
+
+    HashMap<String, Object> mutationParameters = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+    mutationParameters.put("probability", 1.0 / problem.getNumberOfVariables());
+    mutationParameters.put("distributionIndex", 20.0);
+    mutation = MutationFactory.getMutationOperator("PolynomialMutation", mutationParameters);
+
+    // Selection Operator 
+    HashMap<String, Object> selectionParameters = null; // FIXME: why we are passing null?
+    selection = SelectionFactory.getSelectionOperator("BinaryTournament2", selectionParameters);
+
+    // Add the operators to the algorithm
+    algorithm.addOperator("crossover", crossover);
+    algorithm.addOperator("mutation", mutation);
+    algorithm.addOperator("selection", selection);
+
+    // Add the indicator object to the algorithm
+    algorithm.setInputParameter("indicators", indicators);
+
+    // Execute the Algorithm
+    long initTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    SolutionSet population = algorithm.execute();
+    long estimatedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - initTime;
+    logger_.info("Total execution time: " + estimatedTime + "ms");
+
+    // Result messages
+    FileOutputContext fileContext = new DefaultFileOutputContext("VAR.tsv") ;
+    fileContext.setSeparator("\t");
+
+    logger_.info("Variables values have been writen to file VAR.tsv");
+    SolutionSetOutput.printVariablesToFile(fileContext, population) ;
+
+    fileContext = new DefaultFileOutputContext("FUN.tsv");
+    fileContext.setSeparator("\t");
+
+    SolutionSetOutput.printObjectivesToFile(fileContext, population);
+    //population.printObjectivesToFile("FUN");
+    //logger_.info("Objectives values have been written to file FUN");
+    
+    if (indicators != null) {
+      logger_.info("Quality indicators");
+      logger_.info("Hypervolume: " + indicators.getHypervolume(population));
+      logger_.info("GD         : " + indicators.getGD(population));
+      logger_.info("IGD        : " + indicators.getIGD(population));
+      logger_.info("Spread     : " + indicators.getSpread(population));
+      logger_.info("Epsilon    : " + indicators.getEpsilon(population));
+
+      int evaluations = (Integer) algorithm.getOutputParameter("evaluations");
+      logger_.info("Speed      : " + evaluations + " evaluations");
+    }
+
+    evaluator.shutdown();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired by call to `DefaultFileOutputContext(...)` at line 147 is not released after line 151.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NSGAIIRunner.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAIIRunner.main(java.lang.String[]):void.a43c3919a7138e0060c90c9d6f7ce53a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jmetal/metaheuristics/nsgaII/NSGAIIRunner.java
+
+### Key:
+NSGAIIRunner.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d068919cd4d5d4a16323d26226981a27
+
+### Hash:
+37482800938d4937ea40443c94f2b0ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9039/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9039/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57057641e5ed4320fa8af45a0db46b16a2a6f876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9039/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jMetal
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+//  NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest.java
+//
+//  Author:
+//       Antonio J. Nebro <antonio@lcc.uma.es>
+//
+//  Copyright (c) 2014 Antonio J. Nebro
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+
+package org.uma.test.experiments.settings;
+
+import org.uma.jmetal.core.Algorithm;
+import org.uma.jmetal.core.Problem;
+import org.uma.jmetal.experiment.Settings;
+import org.uma.jmetal.experiment.settings.NSGAIIBinarySettings;
+import org.uma.jmetal.operator.crossover.SinglePointCrossover;
+import org.uma.jmetal.operator.mutation.BitFlipMutation;
+import org.uma.jmetal.problem.ZDT.ZDT5;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+/**
+ * Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
+ * User: antelverde
+ * Date: 26/06/13
+ * Time: 19:41
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+public class NSGAIIBinarySettingsTest {
+  Properties configuration_ ;
+
+  @Before
+  public void init() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+    configuration_ = new Properties();
+    InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(ClassLoader.getSystemResource("NSGAIIBinary.conf").getPath()));
+    configuration_.load(isr);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testConfigure() throws Exception {
+    double epsilon = 0.000000000000001 ;
+    Settings nsgaIISettings = new NSGAIIBinarySettings("ZDT5");
+    Algorithm algorithm = nsgaIISettings.configure() ;
+    Problem problem = new ZDT5("Binary") ;
+
+    SinglePointCrossover crossover = (SinglePointCrossover)algorithm.getOperator("crossover") ;
+    double pc = (Double)crossover.getParameter("probability") ;
+    BitFlipMutation mutation = (BitFlipMutation)algorithm.getOperator("mutation") ;
+    double pm = (Double)mutation.getParameter("probability") ;
+
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 100, ((Integer)algorithm.getInputParameter("populationSize")).intValue());
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 25000, ((Integer)algorithm.getInputParameter("maxEvaluations")).intValue());
+
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 0.9, pc, epsilon);
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 1.0/problem.getNumberOfBits(), pm, epsilon);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testConfigure2() throws Exception {
+    double epsilon = 0.000000000000001 ;
+    Settings nsgaIISettings = new NSGAIIBinarySettings("ZDT5");
+    Algorithm algorithm = nsgaIISettings.configure(configuration_) ;
+    Problem problem = new ZDT5("Binary") ;
+
+    SinglePointCrossover crossover = (SinglePointCrossover)algorithm.getOperator("crossover") ;
+    double pc = (Double)crossover.getParameter("probability") ;
+    BitFlipMutation mutation = (BitFlipMutation)algorithm.getOperator("mutation") ;
+    double pm = (Double)mutation.getParameter("probability") ;
+
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 100, ((Integer)algorithm.getInputParameter("populationSize")).intValue());
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 25000, ((Integer)algorithm.getInputParameter("maxEvaluations")).intValue());
+
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 0.9, pc, epsilon);
+    assertEquals("NSGAIIBinary_SettingsTest", 1.0/problem.getNumberOfBits(), pm, epsilon);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `algorithm.operators_` last assigned on line 82 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getOperator(...)` at line 85.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NSGAIIBinarySettingsTest.testConfigure2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.uma.test.experiments.settings.NSGAIIBinarySettingsTest.testConfigure2():void.334a501c17eb1105382b90862dd237a2
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/uma/test/experiments/settings/NSGAIIBinarySettingsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+NSGAIIBinarySettingsTest.java|testConfigure2|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ecb005b3b398757c0871c208dae4f8e6
+
+### Hash:
+2caa67c4aa717f03a99745386af8af54
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9052/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9052/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39bbd0e7a9c0c8c2b1c8fe133e0a6fb3dd22c4f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9052/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jMetal
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+//  NSGAIIRunner.java
+//
+//  Author:
+//       Antonio J. Nebro <antonio@lcc.uma.es>
+//
+//  Copyright (c) 2014 Antonio J. Nebro
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+// 
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jmetal.runner;
+
+import jmetal.core.Algorithm;
+import jmetal.core.Operator;
+import jmetal.core.Problem;
+import jmetal.core.SolutionSet;
+import jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAIITemplate;
+import jmetal.operators.crossover.SBXCrossover;
+import jmetal.operators.mutation.PolynomialMutation;
+import jmetal.operators.selection.BinaryTournament2;
+import jmetal.problems.Kursawe;
+import jmetal.problems.ProblemFactory;
+import jmetal.qualityIndicator.QualityIndicator;
+import jmetal.util.AlgorithmRunner;
+import jmetal.util.Configuration;
+import jmetal.util.JMException;
+import jmetal.util.evaluator.SequentialSolutionSetEvaluator;
+import jmetal.util.evaluator.SolutionSetEvaluator;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.DefaultFileOutputContext;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.SolutionSetOutput;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.logging.FileHandler;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * Class to configure and execute the NSGA-II algorithm.
+ * <p/>
+ * Besides the classic NSGA-II, a steady-state version (ssNSGAII) is also
+ * included (See: J.J. Durillo, A.J. Nebro, F. Luna and E. Alba
+ * "On the Effect of the Steady-State Selection Scheme in
+ * Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms"
+ * 5th International Conference, EMO 2009, pp: 183-197.
+ * April 2009)
+ */
+
+public class NSGAIIRunner {
+  private static Logger logger_;
+  private static FileHandler fileHandler_;
+
+  /**
+   * @param args Command line arguments.
+   * @throws jmetal.util.JMException
+   * @throws java.io.IOException
+   * @throws SecurityException Usage: three options
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAIIRunner
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAIIRunner problemName
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAIIRunner problemName paretoFrontFile
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws
+    JMException,
+    SecurityException,
+    IOException,
+    ClassNotFoundException {
+
+    Problem problem;
+    Algorithm algorithm;
+    Operator crossover;
+    Operator mutation;
+    Operator selection;
+
+    QualityIndicator indicators;
+
+    // Logger object and file to store log messages
+    logger_ = Configuration.logger_;
+    fileHandler_ = new FileHandler("NSGAII_main.log");
+    logger_.addHandler(fileHandler_);
+
+    indicators = null;
+    if (args.length == 1) {
+      Object[] params = {"Real"};
+      problem = (new ProblemFactory()).getProblem(args[0], params);
+    } else if (args.length == 2) {
+      Object[] params = {"Real"};
+      problem = (new ProblemFactory()).getProblem(args[0], params);
+      indicators = new QualityIndicator(problem, args[1]);
+    } else {
+      problem = new Kursawe("Real", 3);
+      /*
+        Examples:
+        problem = new Water("Real");
+        problem = new ZDT3("ArrayReal", 30);
+        problem = new ConstrEx("Real");
+        problem = new DTLZ1("Real");
+        problem = new OKA2("Real")
+      */
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Alternatives:
+     * - "NSGAII"
+     * - "SteadyStateNSGAII"
+     */
+    String nsgaIIVersion = "NSGAII" ;
+
+    /*
+     * Alternatives:
+     * - evaluator = new SequentialSolutionSetEvaluator() // NSGAII
+     * - evaluator = new new MultithreadedSolutionSetEvaluator(threads, problem) // parallel NSGAII
+     */
+    SolutionSetEvaluator evaluator = new SequentialSolutionSetEvaluator() ;
+
+    crossover = new SBXCrossover.Builder()
+      .distributionIndex(20.0)
+      .probability(0.9)
+      .build() ;
+
+    mutation = new PolynomialMutation.Builder()
+      .distributionIndex(20.0)
+      .probability(1.0/problem.getNumberOfVariables())
+      .build();
+
+    selection = new BinaryTournament2.Builder()
+      .build();
+
+    algorithm = new NSGAIITemplate.Builder(problem, evaluator)
+      .crossover(crossover)
+      .mutation(mutation)
+      .selection(selection)
+      .maxEvaluations(25000)
+      .populationSize(100)
+      .build(nsgaIIVersion) ;
+
+    AlgorithmRunner algorithmRunner = new AlgorithmRunner.Executor(algorithm)
+      .execute() ;
+
+    SolutionSet population = algorithmRunner.getSolutionSet() ;
+    long computingTime = algorithmRunner.getComputingTime() ;
+
+    new SolutionSetOutput.Printer(population)
+      .separator("\t")
+      .varFileOutputContext(new DefaultFileOutputContext("VAR.tsv"))
+      .funFileOutputContext(new DefaultFileOutputContext("FUN.tsv"))
+      .print();
+
+    logger_.info("Total execution time: " + computingTime + "ms");
+    logger_.info("Objectives values have been written to file FUN.tsv");
+    logger_.info("Variables values have been written to file VAR.tsv");
+
+    if (indicators != null) {
+      logger_.info("Quality indicators");
+      logger_.info("Hypervolume: " + indicators.getHypervolume(population));
+      logger_.info("GD         : " + indicators.getGD(population));
+      logger_.info("IGD        : " + indicators.getIGD(population));
+      logger_.info("Spread     : " + indicators.getSpread(population));
+      logger_.info("Epsilon    : " + indicators.getEpsilon(population));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired by call to `DefaultFileOutputContext(...)` at line 152 is not released after line 154.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NSGAIIRunner.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jmetal.runner.NSGAIIRunner.main(java.lang.String[]):void.14240db51ba6234a0f7e6588d9a5ee00
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jmetal/runner/NSGAIIRunner.java
+
+### Key:
+NSGAIIRunner.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2e9ee2adcd8551ca6883e109f0ce5451
+
+### Hash:
+37482800938d4937ea40443c94f2b0ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9055/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9055/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c6be538c5f4c920d235776ca854cf7a714b0bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9055/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jMetal
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+//  ExtractParetoFront.java
+//
+//  Author:
+//       Juan J. Durillo <durillo@lcc.uma.es>
+//
+//  Copyright (c) 2012 Juan J. Durillo
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+// 
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jmetal.util;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+/**
+ * This class extract the Pareto front among a set of dominated and
+ * non-dominated solutions
+ */
+
+public class ExtractParetoFront {
+
+  String fileName_;
+  int dimensions_;
+  List<Point> points_ = new LinkedList<Point>();
+
+
+  /**
+   * @param name: the name of the file
+   * @author Juan J. Durillo
+   * Creates a new instance
+   */
+  public ExtractParetoFront(String name, int dimensions) {
+    fileName_ = name;
+    dimensions_ = dimensions;
+    loadInstance();
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws JMException {
+    if (args.length != 2) {
+      Configuration.logger_.info("Wrong number of arguments: ");
+      Configuration.logger_.info("Sintaxt: java ExtractParetoFront <file> <dimensions>");
+      Configuration.logger_.info("\t<file> is a file containing points");
+      Configuration.logger_.info("\t<dimensions> represents the number of dimensions of the problem");
+      throw new JMException("");
+    }
+
+    ExtractParetoFront epf = new ExtractParetoFront(args[0], new Integer(args[1]));
+
+    epf.writeParetoFront();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read the points instance from file
+   */
+  public void loadInstance() {
+    try {
+      File archivo = new File(fileName_);
+      FileReader fr = null;
+      BufferedReader br = null;
+      fr = new FileReader(archivo);
+      br = new BufferedReader(fr);
+
+      // File reading
+      String line;
+      int lineCnt = 0;
+      line = br.readLine(); // reading the first line (special case)
+
+      while (line != null) {
+        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(line);
+        try {
+          Point auxPoint = new Point(dimensions_);
+          for (int i = 0; i < dimensions_; i++) {
+            auxPoint.vector_[i] = new Double(st.nextToken());
+          }
+
+          add(auxPoint);
+
+          line = br.readLine();
+          lineCnt++;
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+          Configuration.logger_.log(
+            Level.WARNING,
+            "Number in a wrong format in line " + lineCnt + "\n" + line, e);
+          line = br.readLine();
+          lineCnt++;
+        } catch (NoSuchElementException e2) {
+          Configuration.logger_.log(
+            Level.WARNING,
+            "Line " + lineCnt + " does not have the right number of objectives\n" + line, e2);
+          line = br.readLine();
+          lineCnt++;
+        }
+      }
+      br.close();
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e3) {
+      Configuration.logger_
+        .log(Level.SEVERE, "The file " + fileName_ + " has not been found in your file system", e3);
+    } catch (IOException e3) {
+      Configuration.logger_
+        .log(Level.SEVERE, "The file " + fileName_ + " has not been found in your file system", e3);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  public void add(Point point) {
+    Iterator<Point> iterator = points_.iterator();
+
+    while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+      Point auxPoint = iterator.next();
+      int flag = compare(point, auxPoint);
+
+      if (flag == -1) {
+        // A solution in the list is dominated by the new one
+        iterator.remove();
+      } else if (flag == 1) {
+        // The solution is dominated
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    points_.add(point);
+  }
+
+
+  public int compare(Point one, Point two) {
+    int flag1 = 0, flag2 = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < dimensions_; i++) {
+      if (one.vector_[i] < two.vector_[i]) {
+        flag1 = 1;
+      }
+
+      if (one.vector_[i] > two.vector_[i]) {
+        flag2 = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (flag1 > flag2) {
+      // one dominates
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if (flag2 > flag1) {
+      // two dominates
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    // both are non dominated
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+
+  public void writeParetoFront() {
+    try {
+      /* Open the file */
+      FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(fileName_ + ".pf");
+      OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(fos);
+      BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(osw);
+
+      for (Point auxPoint : points_) {
+        String aux = "";
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < auxPoint.vector_.length; i++) {
+          aux += auxPoint.vector_[i] + " ";
+        }
+        bw.write(aux);
+        bw.newLine();
+      }
+
+      // Close the file
+      bw.close();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      Configuration.logger_.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  private class Point {
+    double[] vector_;
+
+    public Point(double[] vector) {
+      vector_ = new double[vector.length];
+      for (int i = 0; i < vector.length; i++) {
+        vector_[i] = vector[i];
+      }
+    }
+
+    public Point(int size) {
+      vector_ = new double[size];
+      for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        vector_[i] = 0.0f;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 72 is not released after line 110.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 90
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtractParetoFront.loadInstance()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jmetal.util.ExtractParetoFront.loadInstance():void.48e24f7441ecd2f5e0d13c50ded39acb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jmetal/util/ExtractParetoFront.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtractParetoFront.java|loadInstance|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+938719110654ddb2da0e23ba23928e97
+
+### Hash:
+690799d578e6b1f5279f66adb6f8cdc5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9063/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9063/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31f0af783b04ecdd4159e2047b33a511aacb3e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9063/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** newts
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.opennms.newts.gsod;
+
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.CmdLineException;
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.CmdLineParser;
+import org.kohsuke.args4j.Option;
+import org.opennms.newts.api.Results;
+import org.opennms.newts.api.Sample;
+import org.opennms.newts.api.SampleRepository;
+import org.opennms.newts.api.Timestamp;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Optional;
+import com.google.inject.Guice;
+import com.google.inject.Injector;
+
+
+public class ExportRunner {
+
+    private final SampleRepository m_repository;
+    private final CmdLineParser m_parser = new CmdLineParser(this);
+
+    @Option(name = "-r", usage = "resource name to query (required)")
+    private String m_resource;
+
+    @Option(name = "-m", usage = "metric to query (required)")
+    private String m_metric;
+
+    @Option(name = "-s", usage = "query start time in milliseconds")
+    private Long m_start;
+
+    @Option(name = "-e", usage = "query end time milliseconds")
+    private Long m_end;
+
+    @Option(name = "-h", usage = "print this usage information")
+    private boolean m_needsHelp;
+
+    @Inject
+    public ExportRunner(SampleRepository repository) {
+        m_repository = repository;
+    }
+
+    private void printUsage(PrintStream writer) {
+        writer.println("Usage: java ExportRunner [options...] ");
+        m_parser.printUsage(writer);
+    }
+
+    private int go(String[] args) {
+
+        m_parser.setUsageWidth(80);
+
+        try {
+            m_parser.parseArgument(args);
+        }
+        catch (CmdLineException e) {
+            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
+            printUsage(System.err);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (m_needsHelp) {
+            printUsage(System.out);
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (m_resource == null || m_metric == null) {
+            System.err.println("Missing required argument(s)");
+            printUsage(System.err);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        System.out.printf("timestamp,%s%n", m_metric);
+
+        for (Results.Row<Sample> row : m_repository.select(m_resource, timestamp(m_start), timestamp(m_end))) {
+            System.out.printf("%s,%.2f%n", row.getTimestamp().asDate(), row.getElement(m_metric).getValue());
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private static Optional<Timestamp> timestamp(Long arg) {
+        if (arg == null) return Optional.<Timestamp> absent();
+        return Optional.of(new Timestamp(arg, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String... args) {
+
+        Injector injector = Guice.createInjector(new Config());
+        ExportRunner runner = injector.getInstance(ExportRunner.class);
+
+        System.exit(runner.go(args));
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+printf(...) at line 79: parameter 3 is expected to be of type java.lang.Double but org.opennms.newts.api.ValueType was given.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int ExportRunner.go(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.opennms.newts.gsod.ExportRunner.go(java.lang.String[]):int.592b54b6f5f849a4651d25f5d28a50a9
+
+### File:
+examples/gsod/src/main/java/org/opennms/newts/gsod/ExportRunner.java
+
+### Key:
+ExportRunner.java|go|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d173b100ac77acbbdd6db21b51c6f24a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9064/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9064/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36d645855b40b4d88513e4f0ecdb208348ddff13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9064/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vlingo-actors
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright © 2012-2020 VLINGO LABS. All rights reserved.
+//
+// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the
+// Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL
+// was not distributed with this file, You can obtain
+// one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+package io.vlingo.actors;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.pcollections.PVector;
+import org.pcollections.TreePVector;
+
+public class Environment {
+  final Address address;
+  PVector<Actor> children;
+  Address completesEventuallyAddress;
+  final Definition definition;
+  final FailureMark failureMark;
+  final Logger logger;
+  final Mailbox mailbox;
+  final Supervisor maybeSupervisor;
+  final Actor parent;
+  final Map<String,Object> proxyCache;
+  final Stage stage;
+//  final Stowage stowage;
+//  final Stowage suspended;
+
+  private final AtomicBoolean secured;
+  private final AtomicBoolean stopped;
+
+  private Class<?>[] stowageOverrides;
+
+  protected Environment(
+          final Stage stage,
+          final Address address,
+          final Definition definition,
+          final Actor parent,
+          final Mailbox mailbox,
+          final Supervisor maybeSupervisor,
+          final Logger logger) {
+    assert(stage != null);
+    this.stage = stage;
+    assert(address != null);
+    this.address = address;
+    assert(definition != null);
+    this.definition = definition;
+    if (address.id() != World.PRIVATE_ROOT_ID) assert(parent != null);
+    this.parent = parent;
+    assert(mailbox != null);
+    this.mailbox = mailbox;
+    this.maybeSupervisor = maybeSupervisor;
+    this.failureMark = new FailureMark();
+    this.logger = logger;
+    this.children = TreePVector.empty();
+    this.proxyCache = new HashMap<>(1);
+//    this.stowage = new Stowage();
+    this.stowageOverrides = null;
+//    this.suspended = new Stowage();
+
+    this.secured = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    this.stopped = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+  }
+
+  void addChild(final Actor child) {
+    children = children.plus(child);
+  }
+
+  synchronized void removeChild(final Actor child) {
+    children = children.minus(child);
+  }
+
+  CompletesEventually completesEventually(final ResultReturns result) {
+    if (completesEventuallyAddress == null) {
+      final CompletesEventually completesEventually = stage.world().completesFor(result.clientReturns());
+      completesEventuallyAddress = completesEventually.address();
+      return completesEventually;
+    }
+    return stage.world().completesFor(completesEventuallyAddress, result.clientReturns());
+  }
+
+  <T> void cacheProxy(final T proxy) {
+    proxyCache.put(proxy.getClass().getName(), proxy);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  <T> T lookUpProxy(final Class<T> protocol) {
+    return (T) proxyCache.get(protocol.getName());
+  }
+
+  boolean isSecured() {
+    return secured.get();
+  }
+
+  void setSecured() {
+    secured.set(true);
+  }
+
+  boolean isStopped() {
+    return stopped.get();
+  }
+
+  void removeFromParent(Actor actor) {
+    if (parent != null) {
+      parent.lifeCycle.environment.removeChild(actor);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void stop() {
+    if (stopped.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+      stopChildren();
+
+//      suspended.reset();
+
+//      stowage.reset();
+
+      mailbox.close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  boolean isStowageOverride(final Class<?> protocol) {
+    if (stowageOverrides != null) {
+      for (final Class<?> override : stowageOverrides) {
+        if (override == protocol) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  void stowageOverrides(final Class<?>... overrides) {
+    stowageOverrides = overrides;
+  }
+
+  private void stopChildren() {
+    // TODO: re-implement as: children.forEach(child -> selfAs(Stoppable.class).stop());
+    children.forEach(child -> child.stop());
+    children = TreePVector.empty();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `io.vlingo.actors.Environment.stop` indirectly writes to field `this.io.vlingo.actors.Environment.children` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Environment.stop()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vlingo.actors.Environment.stop():void.73f95d14cec4259087e25ea5ef99c5bc
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/vlingo/actors/Environment.java
+
+### Key:
+Environment.java|stop|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+200b7bed0d9a43489d42473611274125
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9202/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9202/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a763a6a9fac9028d032c062dafdaeb617221ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9202/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1667 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.RouteTable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.JRaftHelper;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.LeaderStateListener;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.RegionEngine;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.StoreEngine;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.FailoverClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.ListRetryCallable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.RetryCallable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.RetryRunner;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.impl.BoolFailoverFuture;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.impl.FailoverClosureImpl;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.impl.ListFailoverFuture;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.failover.impl.MapFailoverFuture;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.pd.FakePlacementDriverClient;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.pd.PlacementDriverClient;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.pd.RemotePlacementDriverClient;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.BatchPutRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.DeleteRangeRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.DeleteRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.GetAndPutRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.GetRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.GetSequenceRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.KeyLockRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.KeyUnlockRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.MergeRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.MultiGetRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.NodeExecuteRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.PutIfAbsentRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.PutRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.ResetSequenceRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.cmd.store.ScanRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.errors.ApiExceptionHelper;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.errors.Errors;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.errors.ErrorsHelper;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.errors.RheaRuntimeException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.metadata.Region;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.metrics.KVMetricNames;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.metrics.KVMetrics;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.options.BatchingOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.options.PlacementDriverOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.options.RheaKVStoreOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.options.RpcOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.options.StoreEngineOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.rpc.ExtSerializerSupports;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.storage.KVEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.storage.KVIterator;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.storage.KVStoreClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.storage.NodeExecutor;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.storage.RawKVStore;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.storage.Sequence;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.ByteArray;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.Constants;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.Lists;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.StackTraceUtil;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.Strings;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.concurrent.AffinityNamedThreadFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.concurrent.DistributedLock;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.concurrent.NamedThreadFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.concurrent.disruptor.Dispatcher;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.concurrent.disruptor.TaskDispatcher;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.util.concurrent.disruptor.WaitStrategyType;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.BytesUtil;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.LogExceptionHandler;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Histogram;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventFactory;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventHandler;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.RingBuffer;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.Disruptor;
+
+/**
+ * Default client of RheaKV store implementation.
+ *
+ * For example, the processing flow of the method {@link #scan(byte[], byte[])},
+ * and the implementation principle of failover:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * 1. The first step is to filter out region1, region2, and region3 from the routing table.
+ *
+ *                ┌─────────────────┐                               ┌─────────────────┐
+ *                │  scan startKey  │                               │   scan endKey   │
+ *                └────────┬────────┘                               └────────┬────────┘
+ *                         │                                                 │
+ *                         │                                                 │
+ *                         │                                                 │
+ * ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─     │  ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┐           ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┐      │    ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┐
+ *  startKey1=byte[0] │    │     startKey2                 startKey3         │       startKey4
+ * └ ─ ─ ─ ┬ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─     │  └ ─ ─ ─│─ ─ ─ ┘           └ ─ ─ ─│─ ─ ─ ┘      │    └ ─ ─ ─│─ ─ ─ ┘
+ *         │               │         │                         │             │           │
+ *         ▼───────────────▼─────────▼─────────────────────────▼─────────────▼───────────▼─────────────────────────┐
+ *         │                         │                         │                         │                         │
+ *         │                         │                         │                         │                         │
+ *         │         region1         │         region2         │          region3        │         region4         │
+ *         │                         │                         │                         │                         │
+ *         └─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘
+ *
+ * 2. The second step is to split the request(scan -> multi-region scan):
+ *          region1->regionScan(startKey, regionEndKey1)
+ *          region2->regionScan(regionStartKey2, regionEndKey2)
+ *          region3->regionScan(regionStartKey3, endKey)
+ *
+ *            ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─     ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─      ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─
+ *                call region1   │        call region2   │         call region3   │
+ *            └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─     └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─      └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─
+ *                     ║                       ║                        ║
+ *
+ *                     ║                       ║                        ║
+ *                     ▽                       ▽                        ▽
+ *     ┌─────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐
+ *     │                         │                         │                         │                         │
+ *     │                         │                         │                         │                         │
+ *     │         region1         │         region2         │          region3        │         region4         │
+ *     │                         │                         │                         │                         │
+ *     └─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘
+ *
+ * 3. The third step, encountering the region split (the sign of the split is the change of the region epoch)
+ *      To refresh the RegionRouteTable, you need to obtain the latest routing table from the PD.
+ *
+ *      For example, region2 is split into region2 + region5:
+ *          The request 'region2->regionScan(regionStartKey2, regionEndKey2)' split and retry
+ *              1. region2->regionScan(regionStartKey2, newRegionEndKey2)
+ *              2. region5->regionScan(regionStartKey5, regionEndKey5)
+ *
+ *            ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─                              ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─
+ *                call region1   │                                 call region3   │
+ *            └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─                              └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─
+ *                     ║        ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┐                         ║
+ *                               retry region2
+ *                     ║        └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┘┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┐          ║
+ *                                     ║        retry region5
+ *                     ║                       └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┘          ║
+ *                                     ║              ║
+ *                     ║                                                ║
+ *                     ▽               ▽              ▽                 ▽
+ *     ┌─────────────────────────┬────────────┬ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─┌─────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐
+ *     │                         │            │            │                         │                         │
+ *     │                         │            │            │                         │                         │
+ *     │         region1         │  region2   │  region5   │          region3        │         region4         │
+ *     │                         │            │            │                         │                         │
+ *     └─────────────────────────┴────────────┘─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┴─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘
+ *
+ * 4. Encountering 'Invalid-Peer'(NOT_LEADER, NO_REGION_FOUND, LEADER_NOT_AVAILABLE)
+ *      This is very simple, re-acquire the latest leader of the raft-group to which the current key belongs,
+ *      and then call again.
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author jiachun.fjc
+ */
+public class DefaultRheaKVStore implements RheaKVStore {
+
+    private static final Logger   LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultRheaKVStore.class);
+
+    static {
+        ExtSerializerSupports.init();
+    }
+
+    private StoreEngine           storeEngine;
+    private PlacementDriverClient pdClient;
+    private RheaKVRpcService      rheaKVRpcService;
+    private RheaKVStoreOptions    opts;
+    private int                   failoverRetries;
+    private long                  futureTimeoutMillis;
+    private boolean               onlyLeaderRead;
+    private Dispatcher            kvDispatcher;
+    private BatchingOptions       batchingOpts;
+    private GetBatching           getBatching;
+    private GetBatching           getBatchingOnlySafe;
+    private PutBatching           putBatching;
+
+    private volatile boolean      started;
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized boolean init(final RheaKVStoreOptions opts) {
+        if (this.started) {
+            LOG.info("[DefaultRheaKVStore] already started.");
+            return true;
+        }
+        this.opts = opts;
+        // init placement driver
+        final PlacementDriverOptions pdOpts = opts.getPlacementDriverOptions();
+        final String clusterName = opts.getClusterName();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(pdOpts, "opts.placementDriverOptions");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(clusterName, "opts.clusterName");
+        if (Strings.isBlank(pdOpts.getInitialServerList())) {
+            // if blank, extends parent's value
+            pdOpts.setInitialServerList(opts.getInitialServerList());
+        }
+        if (pdOpts.isFake()) {
+            this.pdClient = new FakePlacementDriverClient(opts.getClusterId(), clusterName);
+        } else {
+            this.pdClient = new RemotePlacementDriverClient(opts.getClusterId(), clusterName);
+        }
+        if (!this.pdClient.init(pdOpts)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init [PlacementDriverClient].");
+            return false;
+        }
+        // init store engine
+        final StoreEngineOptions stOpts = opts.getStoreEngineOptions();
+        if (stOpts != null) {
+            stOpts.setInitialServerList(opts.getInitialServerList());
+            this.storeEngine = new StoreEngine(this.pdClient);
+            if (!this.storeEngine.init(stOpts)) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to init [StoreEngine].");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        final Endpoint selfEndpoint = this.storeEngine == null ? null : this.storeEngine.getSelfEndpoint();
+        final RpcOptions rpcOpts = opts.getRpcOptions();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(rpcOpts, "opts.rpcOptions");
+        this.rheaKVRpcService = new DefaultRheaKVRpcService(this.pdClient, selfEndpoint) {
+
+            @Override
+            public Endpoint getLeader(final long regionId, final boolean forceRefresh, final long timeoutMillis) {
+                final Endpoint leader = getLeaderByRegionEngine(regionId);
+                if (leader != null) {
+                    return leader;
+                }
+                return super.getLeader(regionId, forceRefresh, timeoutMillis);
+            }
+        };
+        if (!this.rheaKVRpcService.init(rpcOpts)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init [RheaKVRpcService].");
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.failoverRetries = opts.getFailoverRetries();
+        this.futureTimeoutMillis = opts.getFutureTimeoutMillis();
+        this.onlyLeaderRead = opts.isOnlyLeaderRead();
+        if (opts.isUseParallelKVExecutor()) {
+            final int numWorkers = Constants.AVAILABLE_PROCESSORS;
+            final int bufSize = numWorkers << 4;
+            final String name = "parallel-kv-executor";
+            final ThreadFactory threadFactory = Constants.THREAD_AFFINITY_ENABLED
+                    ? new AffinityNamedThreadFactory(name, true) : new NamedThreadFactory(name, true);
+            this.kvDispatcher = new TaskDispatcher(bufSize, numWorkers, WaitStrategyType.LITE_BLOCKING_WAIT, threadFactory);
+        }
+        this.batchingOpts = opts.getBatchingOptions();
+        if (this.batchingOpts.isAllowBatching()) {
+            this.getBatching = new GetBatching(KeyEvent::new, "get_batching",
+                    new GetBatchingHandler("get", false));
+            this.getBatchingOnlySafe = new GetBatching(KeyEvent::new, "get_batching_only_safe",
+                    new GetBatchingHandler("get_only_safe", true));
+            this.putBatching = new PutBatching(KVEvent::new, "put_batching",
+                    new PutBatchingHandler("put"));
+        }
+        LOG.info("[DefaultRheaKVStore] start successfully, options: {}.", opts);
+        return this.started = true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void shutdown() {
+        if (!this.started) {
+            return;
+        }
+        this.started = false;
+        if (this.pdClient != null) {
+            this.pdClient.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (this.storeEngine != null) {
+            this.storeEngine.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (this.rheaKVRpcService != null) {
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (this.kvDispatcher != null) {
+            this.kvDispatcher.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (this.getBatching != null) {
+            this.getBatching.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (this.getBatchingOnlySafe != null) {
+            this.getBatchingOnlySafe.shutdown();
+        }
+        if (this.putBatching != null) {
+            this.putBatching.shutdown();
+        }
+        LOG.info("[DefaultRheaKVStore] shutdown successfully.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a heap-allocated iterator over the contents of the
+     * database.
+     * <p>
+     * Caller should close the iterator when it is no longer needed.
+     * The returned iterator should be closed before this db is closed.
+     * <p>
+     * <pre>
+     *     KVIterator it = unsafeLocalIterator();
+     *     try {
+     *         // do something
+     *     } finally {
+     *         it.close();
+     *     }
+     * <pre/>
+     */
+    public KVIterator unsafeLocalIterator() {
+        checkState();
+        if (this.pdClient instanceof RemotePlacementDriverClient) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("unsupported operation on multi-region");
+        }
+        if (this.storeEngine == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("current node do not have store engine");
+        }
+        return this.storeEngine.getRawKVStore().localIterator();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> get(final byte[] key) {
+        return get(key, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> get(final String key) {
+        return get(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(key));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> get(final byte[] key, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        return get(key, readOnlySafe, new CompletableFuture<>(), true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> get(final String key, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return get(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(key), readOnlySafe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bGet(final byte[] key) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(get(key), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bGet(final String key) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(get(key), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bGet(final byte[] key, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(get(key, readOnlySafe), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bGet(final String key, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(get(key, readOnlySafe), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private CompletableFuture<byte[]> get(final byte[] key, final boolean readOnlySafe,
+                                          final CompletableFuture<byte[]> future, final boolean tryBatching) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        if (tryBatching) {
+            final GetBatching getBatching = readOnlySafe ? this.getBatchingOnlySafe : this.getBatching;
+            if (getBatching != null && getBatching.apply(key, future)) {
+                return future;
+            }
+        }
+        internalGet(key, readOnlySafe, future, this.failoverRetries, null, this.onlyLeaderRead);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    private void internalGet(final byte[] key, final boolean readOnlySafe, final CompletableFuture<byte[]> future,
+                             final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause, final boolean requireLeader) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), requireLeader);
+        // require leader on retry
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalGet(key, readOnlySafe, future, retriesLeft - 1,
+                retryCause, true);
+        final FailoverClosure<byte[]> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).get(key, readOnlySafe, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final GetRequest request = new GetRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setReadOnlySafe(readOnlySafe);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause, requireLeader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>> multiGet(final List<byte[]> keys) {
+        return multiGet(keys, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>> multiGet(final List<byte[]> keys, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(keys, "keys");
+        final FutureGroup<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>> futureGroup = internalMultiGet(keys, readOnlySafe,
+            this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return FutureHelper.joinMap(futureGroup, keys.size());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Map<ByteArray, byte[]> bMultiGet(final List<byte[]> keys) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(multiGet(keys), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Map<ByteArray, byte[]> bMultiGet(final List<byte[]> keys, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(multiGet(keys, readOnlySafe), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private FutureGroup<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>> internalMultiGet(final List<byte[]> keys, final boolean readOnlySafe,
+                                                                 final int retriesLeft, final Throwable lastCause) {
+        final Map<Region, List<byte[]>> regionMap = this.pdClient
+                .findRegionsByKeys(keys, ApiExceptionHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final List<CompletableFuture<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>>> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(regionMap.size());
+        final Errors lastError = lastCause == null ? null : Errors.forException(lastCause);
+        for (final Map.Entry<Region, List<byte[]>> entry : regionMap.entrySet()) {
+            final Region region = entry.getKey();
+            final List<byte[]> subKeys = entry.getValue();
+            final RetryCallable<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>> retryCallable = retryCause -> internalMultiGet(subKeys,
+                    readOnlySafe, retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+            final MapFailoverFuture<ByteArray, byte[]> future = new MapFailoverFuture<>(retriesLeft, retryCallable);
+            internalRegionMultiGet(region, subKeys, readOnlySafe, future, retriesLeft, lastError, this.onlyLeaderRead);
+            futures.add(future);
+        }
+        return new FutureGroup<>(futures);
+    }
+
+    private void internalRegionMultiGet(final Region region, final List<byte[]> subKeys, final boolean readOnlySafe,
+                                        final CompletableFuture<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                        final Errors lastCause, final boolean requireLeader) {
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), requireLeader);
+        // require leader on retry
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalRegionMultiGet(region, subKeys, readOnlySafe, future,
+                retriesLeft - 1, retryCause, true);
+        final FailoverClosure<Map<ByteArray, byte[]>> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future,
+                false, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                final RawKVStore rawKVStore = getRawKVStore(regionEngine);
+                if (this.kvDispatcher == null) {
+                    rawKVStore.multiGet(subKeys, readOnlySafe, closure);
+                } else {
+                    this.kvDispatcher.execute(() -> rawKVStore.multiGet(subKeys, readOnlySafe, closure));
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            final MultiGetRequest request = new MultiGetRequest();
+            request.setKeys(subKeys);
+            request.setReadOnlySafe(readOnlySafe);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause, requireLeader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> scan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey) {
+        return scan(startKey, endKey, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> scan(final String startKey, final String endKey) {
+        return scan(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(startKey), BytesUtil.writeUtf8(endKey));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> scan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return scan(startKey, endKey, readOnlySafe, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> scan(final String startKey, final String endKey, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return scan(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(startKey), BytesUtil.writeUtf8(endKey), readOnlySafe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> scan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey,
+                                                 final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue) {
+        checkState();
+        final byte[] realStartKey = BytesUtil.nullToEmpty(startKey);
+        if (endKey != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(BytesUtil.compare(realStartKey, endKey) < 0, "startKey must < endKey");
+        }
+        final FutureGroup<List<KVEntry>> futureGroup = internalScan(realStartKey, endKey, readOnlySafe, returnValue,
+            this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return FutureHelper.joinList(futureGroup);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> scan(final String startKey, final String endKey,
+                                                 final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue) {
+        return scan(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(startKey), BytesUtil.writeUtf8(endKey), readOnlySafe, returnValue);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<KVEntry> bScan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(scan(startKey, endKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<KVEntry> bScan(final String startKey, final String endKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(scan(startKey, endKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<KVEntry> bScan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(scan(startKey, endKey, readOnlySafe), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<KVEntry> bScan(final String startKey, final String endKey, final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(scan(startKey, endKey, readOnlySafe), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<KVEntry> bScan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final boolean readOnlySafe,
+                               final boolean returnValue) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(scan(startKey, endKey, readOnlySafe, returnValue), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<KVEntry> bScan(final String startKey, final String endKey, final boolean readOnlySafe,
+                               final boolean returnValue) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(scan(startKey, endKey, readOnlySafe, returnValue), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private FutureGroup<List<KVEntry>> internalScan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey,
+                                                    final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue,
+                                                    final int retriesLeft, final Throwable lastCause) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(startKey, "startKey");
+        final List<Region> regionList = this.pdClient
+                .findRegionsByKeyRange(startKey, endKey, ApiExceptionHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final List<CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>>> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(regionList.size());
+        final Errors lastError = lastCause == null ? null : Errors.forException(lastCause);
+        for (final Region region : regionList) {
+            final byte[] regionStartKey = region.getStartKey();
+            final byte[] regionEndKey = region.getEndKey();
+            final byte[] subStartKey = regionStartKey == null ? startKey : BytesUtil.max(regionStartKey, startKey);
+            final byte[] subEndKey = regionEndKey == null ? endKey :
+                    (endKey == null ? regionEndKey : BytesUtil.min(regionEndKey, endKey));
+            final ListRetryCallable<KVEntry> retryCallable = retryCause -> internalScan(subStartKey, subEndKey,
+                    readOnlySafe, returnValue, retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+            final ListFailoverFuture<KVEntry> future = new ListFailoverFuture<>(retriesLeft, retryCallable);
+            internalRegionScan(region, subStartKey, subEndKey, readOnlySafe, returnValue, future, retriesLeft, lastError,
+                    this.onlyLeaderRead);
+            futures.add(future);
+        }
+        return new FutureGroup<>(futures);
+    }
+
+    private void internalRegionScan(final Region region, final byte[] subStartKey, final byte[] subEndKey,
+                                    final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue,
+                                    final CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                    final Errors lastCause, final boolean requireLeader) {
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), requireLeader);
+        // require leader on retry
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalRegionScan(region, subStartKey, subEndKey, readOnlySafe,
+                returnValue, future, retriesLeft - 1, retryCause, true);
+        final FailoverClosure<List<KVEntry>> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, false,
+                retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                final RawKVStore rawKVStore = getRawKVStore(regionEngine);
+                if (this.kvDispatcher == null) {
+                    rawKVStore.scan(subStartKey, subEndKey, readOnlySafe, returnValue, closure);
+                } else {
+                    this.kvDispatcher.execute(
+                            () -> rawKVStore.scan(subStartKey, subEndKey, readOnlySafe, returnValue, closure));
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            final ScanRequest request = new ScanRequest();
+            request.setStartKey(subStartKey);
+            request.setEndKey(subEndKey);
+            request.setReadOnlySafe(readOnlySafe);
+            request.setReturnValue(returnValue);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause, requireLeader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public List<KVEntry> singleRegionScan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final int limit,
+                                          final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue) {
+        checkState();
+        final byte[] realStartKey = BytesUtil.nullToEmpty(startKey);
+        if (endKey != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(BytesUtil.compare(realStartKey, endKey) < 0, "startKey must < endKey");
+        }
+        Requires.requireTrue(limit > 0, "limit must > 0");
+        final CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalSingleRegionScan(realStartKey, endKey, limit, readOnlySafe, returnValue, future, this.failoverRetries,
+            null, this.onlyLeaderRead);
+        return FutureHelper.get(future, this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalSingleRegionScan(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final int limit,
+                                          final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue,
+                                          final CompletableFuture<List<KVEntry>> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                          final Errors lastCause, final boolean requireLeader) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(startKey, "startKey");
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(startKey, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final byte[] regionEndKey = region.getEndKey();
+        final byte[] realEndKey = regionEndKey == null ? endKey :
+                (endKey == null ? regionEndKey : BytesUtil.min(regionEndKey, endKey));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), requireLeader);
+        // require leader on retry
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalSingleRegionScan(startKey, endKey, limit, readOnlySafe,
+                returnValue, future, retriesLeft - 1, retryCause, true);
+        final FailoverClosure<List<KVEntry>> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).scan(startKey, realEndKey, limit, readOnlySafe, returnValue, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final ScanRequest request = new ScanRequest();
+            request.setStartKey(startKey);
+            request.setEndKey(realEndKey);
+            request.setLimit(limit);
+            request.setReadOnlySafe(readOnlySafe);
+            request.setReturnValue(returnValue);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause, requireLeader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RheaIterator<KVEntry> iterator(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final int bufSize) {
+        return iterator(startKey, endKey, bufSize, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RheaIterator<KVEntry> iterator(final String startKey, final String endKey, final int bufSize) {
+        return iterator(startKey, endKey, bufSize, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RheaIterator<KVEntry> iterator(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final int bufSize,
+                                          final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return iterator(startKey, endKey, bufSize, readOnlySafe, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RheaIterator<KVEntry> iterator(final String startKey, final String endKey, final int bufSize,
+                                          final boolean readOnlySafe) {
+        return iterator(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(startKey), BytesUtil.writeUtf8(endKey), bufSize, readOnlySafe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RheaIterator<KVEntry> iterator(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final int bufSize,
+                                          final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue) {
+        return new DefaultRheaIterator(this, startKey, endKey, bufSize, readOnlySafe, returnValue);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RheaIterator<KVEntry> iterator(final String startKey, final String endKey, final int bufSize,
+                                          final boolean readOnlySafe, final boolean returnValue) {
+        return iterator(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(startKey), BytesUtil.writeUtf8(endKey), bufSize, readOnlySafe, returnValue);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Sequence> getSequence(final byte[] seqKey, final int step) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(seqKey, "seqKey");
+        Requires.requireTrue(step >= 0, "step must >= 0");
+        final CompletableFuture<Sequence> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalGetSequence(seqKey, step, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Sequence> getSequence(final String seqKey, final int step) {
+        return getSequence(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(seqKey), step);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Sequence bGetSequence(final byte[] seqKey, final int step) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(getSequence(seqKey, step), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Sequence bGetSequence(final String seqKey, final int step) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(getSequence(seqKey, step), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Long> getLatestSequence(final byte[] seqKey) {
+        final CompletableFuture<Long> cf = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        getSequence(seqKey, 0).whenComplete((sequence, throwable) -> {
+            if (throwable == null) {
+                cf.complete(sequence.getStartValue());
+            } else {
+                cf.completeExceptionally(throwable);
+            }
+        });
+        return cf;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Long> getLatestSequence(final String seqKey) {
+        return getLatestSequence(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(seqKey));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Long bGetLatestSequence(final byte[] seqKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(getLatestSequence(seqKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Long bGetLatestSequence(final String seqKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(getLatestSequence(seqKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalGetSequence(final byte[] seqKey, final int step, final CompletableFuture<Sequence> future,
+                                     final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(seqKey, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalGetSequence(seqKey, step, future,
+                retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Sequence> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).getSequence(seqKey, step, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final GetSequenceRequest request = new GetSequenceRequest();
+            request.setSeqKey(seqKey);
+            request.setStep(step);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> resetSequence(final byte[] seqKey) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(seqKey, "seqKey");
+        final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalResetSequence(seqKey, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> resetSequence(final String seqKey) {
+        return resetSequence(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(seqKey));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean bResetSequence(final byte[] seqKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(resetSequence(seqKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean bResetSequence(final String seqKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(resetSequence(seqKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalResetSequence(final byte[] seqKey, final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future,
+                                       final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(seqKey, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalResetSequence(seqKey, future, retriesLeft - 1,
+                retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Boolean> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).resetSequence(seqKey, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final ResetSequenceRequest request = new ResetSequenceRequest();
+            request.setSeqKey(seqKey);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> put(final byte[] key, final byte[] value) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(value, "value");
+        return put(key, value, new CompletableFuture<>(), true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> put(final String key, final byte[] value) {
+        return put(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(key), value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean bPut(final byte[] key, final byte[] value) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(put(key, value), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean bPut(final String key, final byte[] value) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(put(key, value), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private CompletableFuture<Boolean> put(final byte[] key, final byte[] value,
+                                           final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future, final boolean tryBatching) {
+        checkState();
+        if (tryBatching) {
+            final PutBatching putBatching = this.putBatching;
+            if (putBatching != null && putBatching.apply(new KVEntry(key, value), future)) {
+                return future;
+            }
+        }
+        internalPut(key, value, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    private void internalPut(final byte[] key, final byte[] value, final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future,
+                             final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalPut(key, value, future, retriesLeft - 1,
+                retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Boolean> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).put(key, value, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final PutRequest request = new PutRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setValue(value);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> getAndPut(final byte[] key, final byte[] value) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(value, "value");
+        final CompletableFuture<byte[]> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalGetAndPut(key, value, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> getAndPut(final String key, final byte[] value) {
+        return getAndPut(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(key), value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bGetAndPut(final byte[] key, final byte[] value) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(getAndPut(key, value), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bGetAndPut(final String key, final byte[] value) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(getAndPut(key, value), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalGetAndPut(final byte[] key, final byte[] value, final CompletableFuture<byte[]> future,
+                                   final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalGetAndPut(key, value, future, retriesLeft - 1,
+                retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<byte[]> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).getAndPut(key, value, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final GetAndPutRequest request = new GetAndPutRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setValue(value);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> merge(final String key, final String value) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(value, "value");
+        final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalMerge(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(key), BytesUtil.writeUtf8(value), future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean bMerge(final String key, final String value) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(merge(key, value), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalMerge(final byte[] key, final byte[] value, final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future,
+                               final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalMerge(key, value, future, retriesLeft - 1,
+                retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Boolean> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).merge(key, value, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final MergeRequest request = new MergeRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setValue(value);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Note: the current implementation, if the 'keys' are distributed across
+    // multiple regions, can not provide transaction guarantee.
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> put(final List<KVEntry> entries) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(entries, "entries");
+        Requires.requireTrue(!entries.isEmpty(), "entries empty");
+        final FutureGroup<Boolean> futureGroup = internalPut(entries, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return FutureHelper.joinBooleans(futureGroup);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean bPut(final List<KVEntry> entries) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(put(entries), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private FutureGroup<Boolean> internalPut(final List<KVEntry> entries, final int retriesLeft,
+                                             final Throwable lastCause) {
+        final Map<Region, List<KVEntry>> regionMap = this.pdClient
+                .findRegionsByKvEntries(entries, ApiExceptionHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final List<CompletableFuture<Boolean>> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(regionMap.size());
+        final Errors lastError = lastCause == null ? null : Errors.forException(lastCause);
+        for (final Map.Entry<Region, List<KVEntry>> entry : regionMap.entrySet()) {
+            final Region region = entry.getKey();
+            final List<KVEntry> subEntries = entry.getValue();
+            final RetryCallable<Boolean> retryCallable = retryCause -> internalPut(subEntries, retriesLeft - 1,
+                    retryCause);
+            final BoolFailoverFuture future = new BoolFailoverFuture(retriesLeft, retryCallable);
+            internalRegionPut(region, subEntries, future, retriesLeft, lastError);
+            futures.add(future);
+        }
+        return new FutureGroup<>(futures);
+    }
+
+    private void internalRegionPut(final Region region, final List<KVEntry> subEntries,
+                                   final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                   final Errors lastCause) {
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalRegionPut(region, subEntries, future,
+                retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Boolean> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, false, retriesLeft,
+                retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                final RawKVStore rawKVStore = getRawKVStore(regionEngine);
+                if (this.kvDispatcher == null) {
+                    rawKVStore.put(subEntries, closure);
+                } else {
+                    this.kvDispatcher.execute(() -> rawKVStore.put(subEntries, closure));
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            final BatchPutRequest request = new BatchPutRequest();
+            request.setKvEntries(subEntries);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> putIfAbsent(final byte[] key, final byte[] value) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(value, "value");
+        final CompletableFuture<byte[]> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalPutIfAbsent(key, value, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<byte[]> putIfAbsent(final String key, final byte[] value) {
+        return putIfAbsent(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(key), value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bPutIfAbsent(final byte[] key, final byte[] value) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(putIfAbsent(key, value), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public byte[] bPutIfAbsent(final String key, final byte[] value) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(putIfAbsent(key, value), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalPutIfAbsent(final byte[] key, final byte[] value, final CompletableFuture<byte[]> future,
+                                     final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalPutIfAbsent(key, value, future, retriesLeft - 1,
+                retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<byte[]> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).putIfAbsent(key, value, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final PutIfAbsentRequest request = new PutIfAbsentRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setValue(value);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> delete(final byte[] key) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalDelete(key, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> delete(final String key) {
+        return delete(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(key));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean bDelete(final byte[] key) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(delete(key), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Boolean bDelete(final String key) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(delete(key), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalDelete(final byte[] key, final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalDelete(key, future, retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Boolean> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).delete(key, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final DeleteRequest request = new DeleteRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> deleteRange(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(startKey, "startKey");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(endKey, "endKey");
+        Requires.requireTrue(BytesUtil.compare(startKey, endKey) < 0, "startKey must < endKey");
+        final FutureGroup<Boolean> futureGroup = internalDeleteRange(startKey, endKey, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return FutureHelper.joinBooleans(futureGroup);
+    }
+
+    private FutureGroup<Boolean> internalDeleteRange(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final int retriesLeft,
+                                                     final Throwable lastCause) {
+        final List<Region> regionList = this.pdClient
+                .findRegionsByKeyRange(startKey, endKey, ApiExceptionHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final List<CompletableFuture<Boolean>> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(regionList.size());
+        final Errors lastError = lastCause == null ? null : Errors.forException(lastCause);
+        for (final Region region : regionList) {
+            final byte[] regionStartKey = region.getStartKey();
+            final byte[] regionEndKey = region.getEndKey();
+            final byte[] subStartKey = regionStartKey == null ? startKey : BytesUtil.max(regionStartKey, startKey);
+            final byte[] subEndKey = regionEndKey == null ? endKey : BytesUtil.min(regionEndKey, endKey);
+            final RetryCallable<Boolean> retryCallable = retryCause -> internalDeleteRange(subStartKey, subEndKey,
+                    retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+            final BoolFailoverFuture future = new BoolFailoverFuture(retriesLeft, retryCallable);
+            internalRegionDeleteRange(region, subStartKey, subEndKey, future, retriesLeft, lastError);
+            futures.add(future);
+        }
+        return new FutureGroup<>(futures);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> deleteRange(final String startKey, final String endKey) {
+        return deleteRange(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(startKey), BytesUtil.writeUtf8(endKey));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean bDeleteRange(final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(deleteRange(startKey, endKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean bDeleteRange(final String startKey, final String endKey) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(deleteRange(startKey, endKey), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalRegionDeleteRange(final Region region, final byte[] subStartKey, final byte[] subEndKey,
+                                           final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                           final Errors lastCause) {
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalRegionDeleteRange(region, subStartKey, subEndKey, future,
+                retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Boolean> closure =
+                new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, false, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).deleteRange(subStartKey, subEndKey, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final DeleteRangeRequest request = new DeleteRangeRequest();
+            request.setStartKey(subStartKey);
+            request.setEndKey(subEndKey);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // internal api
+    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> execute(final long regionId, final NodeExecutor executor) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(executor, "executor");
+        final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalExecute(regionId, executor, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    // internal api
+    public Boolean bExecute(final long regionId, final NodeExecutor executor) {
+        return FutureHelper.get(execute(regionId, executor), this.futureTimeoutMillis);
+    }
+
+    private void internalExecute(final long regionId, final NodeExecutor executor,
+                                 final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future, final int retriesLeft, final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.getRegionById(regionId);
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalExecute(regionId, executor, future,
+                retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<Boolean> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft, retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).execute(executor, true, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final NodeExecuteRequest request = new NodeExecuteRequest();
+            request.setNodeExecutor(executor);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DistributedLock<byte[]> getDistributedLock(final byte[] target, final long lease, final TimeUnit unit) {
+        return getDistributedLock(target, lease, unit, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DistributedLock<byte[]> getDistributedLock(final String target, final long lease, final TimeUnit unit) {
+        return getDistributedLock(target, lease, unit, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DistributedLock<byte[]> getDistributedLock(final byte[] target, final long lease, final TimeUnit unit,
+                                                      final ScheduledExecutorService watchdog) {
+        return new DefaultDistributedLock(target, lease, unit, watchdog, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DistributedLock<byte[]> getDistributedLock(final String target, final long lease, final TimeUnit unit,
+                                                      final ScheduledExecutorService watchdog) {
+        return getDistributedLock(BytesUtil.writeUtf8(target), lease, unit, watchdog);
+    }
+
+    public CompletableFuture<DistributedLock.Owner> tryLockWith(final byte[] key, final boolean keepLease,
+                                                                final DistributedLock.Acquirer acquirer) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        final CompletableFuture<DistributedLock.Owner> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalTryLockWith(key, keepLease, acquirer, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    private void internalTryLockWith(final byte[] key, final boolean keepLease, final DistributedLock.Acquirer acquirer,
+                                     final CompletableFuture<DistributedLock.Owner> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                     final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalTryLockWith(key, keepLease, acquirer, future,
+                retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<DistributedLock.Owner> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft,
+                retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).tryLockWith(key, region.getStartKey(), keepLease, acquirer, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final KeyLockRequest request = new KeyLockRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setKeepLease(keepLease);
+            request.setAcquirer(acquirer);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public CompletableFuture<DistributedLock.Owner> releaseLockWith(final byte[] key,
+                                                                    final DistributedLock.Acquirer acquirer) {
+        checkState();
+        Requires.requireNonNull(key, "key");
+        final CompletableFuture<DistributedLock.Owner> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        internalReleaseLockWith(key, acquirer, future, this.failoverRetries, null);
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    private void internalReleaseLockWith(final byte[] key, final DistributedLock.Acquirer acquirer,
+                                         final CompletableFuture<DistributedLock.Owner> future, final int retriesLeft,
+                                         final Errors lastCause) {
+        final Region region = this.pdClient.findRegionByKey(key, ErrorsHelper.isInvalidEpoch(lastCause));
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(region.getId(), true);
+        final RetryRunner retryRunner = retryCause -> internalReleaseLockWith(key, acquirer, future,
+                retriesLeft - 1, retryCause);
+        final FailoverClosure<DistributedLock.Owner> closure = new FailoverClosureImpl<>(future, retriesLeft,
+                retryRunner);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            if (ensureOnValidEpoch(region, regionEngine, closure)) {
+                getRawKVStore(regionEngine).releaseLockWith(key, acquirer, closure);
+            }
+        } else {
+            final KeyUnlockRequest request = new KeyUnlockRequest();
+            request.setKey(key);
+            request.setAcquirer(acquirer);
+            request.setRegionId(region.getId());
+            request.setRegionEpoch(region.getRegionEpoch());
+            this.rheaKVRpcService.callAsyncWithRpc(request, closure, lastCause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PlacementDriverClient getPlacementDriverClient() {
+        return pdClient;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addLeaderStateListener(final long regionId, final LeaderStateListener listener) {
+        checkState();
+        if (this.storeEngine == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("current node do not have store engine");
+        }
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = this.storeEngine.getRegionEngine(regionId);
+        if (regionEngine == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("current node do not have this region engine[" + regionId + "]");
+        }
+        regionEngine.getFsm().addLeaderStateListener(listener);
+    }
+
+    public long getClusterId() {
+        return this.opts.getClusterId();
+    }
+
+    public StoreEngine getStoreEngine() {
+        return storeEngine;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOnlyLeaderRead() {
+        return onlyLeaderRead;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isLeader(final long regionId) {
+        checkState();
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(regionId);
+        return regionEngine != null && regionEngine.isLeader();
+    }
+
+    private void checkState() {
+        // Not a strict state check, more is to use a read volatile operation to make
+        // a happen-before, because the init() method finally wrote 'this.started'
+        if (!this.started) {
+            throw new RheaRuntimeException("rhea kv is not started or shutdown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private RegionEngine getRegionEngine(final long regionId) {
+        if (this.storeEngine == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.storeEngine.getRegionEngine(regionId);
+    }
+
+    private RegionEngine getRegionEngine(final long regionId, final boolean requireLeader) {
+        final RegionEngine engine = getRegionEngine(regionId);
+        if (engine == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (requireLeader && !engine.isLeader()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return engine;
+    }
+
+    private Endpoint getLeaderByRegionEngine(final long regionId) {
+        final RegionEngine regionEngine = getRegionEngine(regionId);
+        if (regionEngine != null) {
+            final PeerId leader = regionEngine.getLeaderId();
+            if (leader != null) {
+                final String raftGroupId = JRaftHelper.getJRaftGroupId(this.pdClient.getClusterName(), regionId);
+                RouteTable.getInstance().updateLeader(raftGroupId, leader);
+                return leader.getEndpoint();
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private RawKVStore getRawKVStore(final RegionEngine engine) {
+        return engine.getMetricsRawKVStore();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean ensureOnValidEpoch(final Region region, final RegionEngine engine,
+                                              final KVStoreClosure closure) {
+        if (isValidEpoch(region, engine)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        // will retry on this error and status
+        closure.setError(Errors.INVALID_REGION_EPOCH);
+        closure.run(new Status(-1, "Invalid region epoch: %s", region));
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isValidEpoch(final Region region, final RegionEngine engine) {
+        return region.getRegionEpoch().equals(engine.getRegion().getRegionEpoch());
+    }
+
+    private class GetBatching extends Batching<KeyEvent, byte[], byte[]> {
+
+        public GetBatching(EventFactory<KeyEvent> factory, String name, EventHandler<KeyEvent> handler) {
+            super(factory, batchingOpts.getBufSize(), name, handler);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean apply(final byte[] message, final CompletableFuture<byte[]> future) {
+            return this.ringBuffer.tryPublishEvent((event, sequence) -> {
+                event.reset();
+                event.key = message;
+                event.future = future;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class PutBatching extends Batching<KVEvent, KVEntry, Boolean> {
+
+        public PutBatching(EventFactory<KVEvent> factory, String name, PutBatchingHandler handler) {
+            super(factory, batchingOpts.getBufSize(), name, handler);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean apply(final KVEntry message, final CompletableFuture<Boolean> future) {
+            return this.ringBuffer.tryPublishEvent((event, sequence) -> {
+                event.reset();
+                event.kvEntry = message;
+                event.future = future;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class GetBatchingHandler extends AbstractBatchingHandler<KeyEvent> {
+
+        private final boolean readOnlySafe;
+
+        private GetBatchingHandler(String metricsName, boolean readOnlySafe) {
+            super(metricsName);
+            this.readOnlySafe = readOnlySafe;
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent(final KeyEvent event, final long sequence, final boolean endOfBatch) throws Exception {
+            this.events.add(event);
+            this.cachedBytes += event.key.length;
+            final int size = this.events.size();
+            if (!endOfBatch && size < batchingOpts.getBatchSize() && this.cachedBytes < batchingOpts.getMaxReadBytes()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (size == 1) {
+                reset();
+                try {
+                    get(event.key, this.readOnlySafe, event.future, false);
+                } catch (final Throwable t) {
+                    exceptionally(t, event.future);
+                }
+            } else {
+                final List<byte[]> keys = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(size);
+                final CompletableFuture<byte[]>[] futures = new CompletableFuture[size];
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    final KeyEvent e = this.events.get(i);
+                    keys.add(e.key);
+                    futures[i] = e.future;
+                }
+                reset();
+                try {
+                    multiGet(keys, this.readOnlySafe).whenComplete((result, throwable) -> {
+                        if (throwable == null) {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < futures.length; i++) {
+                                final ByteArray realKey = ByteArray.wrap(keys.get(i));
+                                futures[i].complete(result.get(realKey));
+                            }
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        exceptionally(throwable, futures);
+                    });
+                } catch (final Throwable t) {
+                    exceptionally(t, futures);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class PutBatchingHandler extends AbstractBatchingHandler<KVEvent> {
+
+        public PutBatchingHandler(String metricsName) {
+            super(metricsName);
+        }
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent(final KVEvent event, final long sequence, final boolean endOfBatch) throws Exception {
+            this.events.add(event);
+            this.cachedBytes += event.kvEntry.length();
+            final int size = this.events.size();
+            if (!endOfBatch && size < batchingOpts.getBatchSize() && this.cachedBytes < batchingOpts.getMaxWriteBytes()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (size == 1) {
+                reset();
+                final KVEntry kv = event.kvEntry;
+                try {
+                    put(kv.getKey(), kv.getValue(), event.future, false);
+                } catch (final Throwable t) {
+                    exceptionally(t, event.future);
+                }
+            } else {
+                final List<KVEntry> entries = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(size);
+                final CompletableFuture<Boolean>[] futures = new CompletableFuture[size];
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    final KVEvent e = this.events.get(i);
+                    entries.add(e.kvEntry);
+                    futures[i] = e.future;
+                }
+                reset();
+                try {
+                    put(entries).whenComplete((result, throwable) -> {
+                        if (throwable == null) {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < futures.length; i++) {
+                                futures[i].complete(result);
+                            }
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        exceptionally(throwable, futures);
+                    });
+                } catch (final Throwable t) {
+                    exceptionally(t, futures);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private abstract class AbstractBatchingHandler<T> implements EventHandler<T> {
+
+        protected final Histogram histogramWithKeys;
+        protected final Histogram histogramWithBytes;
+
+        protected final List<T>   events      = Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(batchingOpts.getBatchSize());
+        protected int             cachedBytes = 0;
+
+        public AbstractBatchingHandler(String metricsName) {
+            this.histogramWithKeys = KVMetrics.histogram(KVMetricNames.SEND_BATCHING, metricsName + "_keys");
+            this.histogramWithBytes = KVMetrics.histogram(KVMetricNames.SEND_BATCHING, metricsName + "_bytes");
+        }
+
+        public void exceptionally(final Throwable t, final CompletableFuture<?>... futures) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < futures.length; i++) {
+                futures[i].completeExceptionally(t);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void reset() {
+            this.histogramWithKeys.update(this.events.size());
+            this.histogramWithBytes.update(this.cachedBytes);
+
+            this.events.clear();
+            this.cachedBytes = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class KeyEvent {
+
+        private byte[]                    key;
+        private CompletableFuture<byte[]> future;
+
+        public void reset() {
+            this.key = null;
+            this.future = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class KVEvent {
+
+        private KVEntry                    kvEntry;
+        private CompletableFuture<Boolean> future;
+
+        public void reset() {
+            this.kvEntry = null;
+            this.future = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static abstract class Batching<T, E, F> {
+
+        protected final String        name;
+        protected final Disruptor<T>  disruptor;
+        protected final RingBuffer<T> ringBuffer;
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public Batching(EventFactory<T> factory, int bufSize, String name, EventHandler<T> handler) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.disruptor = new Disruptor<>(factory, bufSize, new NamedThreadFactory(name, true));
+            this.disruptor.handleEventsWith(handler);
+            this.disruptor.setDefaultExceptionHandler(new LogExceptionHandler<Object>(name));
+            this.disruptor.start();
+            this.ringBuffer = disruptor.getRingBuffer();
+        }
+
+        public abstract boolean apply(final E message, final CompletableFuture<F> future);
+
+        public void shutdown() {
+            try {
+                this.disruptor.shutdown(3L, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            } catch (final Exception e) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to shutdown {}, {}.", toString(), StackTraceUtil.stackTrace(e));
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Batching{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", disruptor=" + disruptor + '}';
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.DefaultRheaKVStore.addLeaderStateListener` reads without synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.DefaultRheaKVStore.storeEngine`. Potentially races with write in method `DefaultRheaKVStore.init(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultRheaKVStore.addLeaderStateListener(long,LeaderStateListener)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rhea.client.DefaultRheaKVStore.addLeaderStateListener(long,com.alipay.sofa.jra.30a3c843dd55c2af65d294158733ee9a
+
+### File:
+jraft-rheakv/rheakv-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/rhea/client/DefaultRheaKVStore.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultRheaKVStore.java|addLeaderStateListener|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+bd04140d411e489931b3fe8b22bf38ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9205/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9205/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d0d9183ac3aa95f328577c6bcf0682fc6e70254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9205/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+
+/**
+ * Copy session based on bolt framework.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-08 12:01:23 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BoltSession implements Session {
+
+    private static final Logger          LOG  = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BoltSession.class);
+
+    private final Lock                   lock;
+    private final Status                 st;
+    private final RaftClientService      rpcService;
+    private int                          retryTimes;
+    private boolean                      finished;
+    private ByteBufferCollector          destBuf;
+    private CopyOptions                  copyOptions;
+    private GetFileRequest.Builder       requestBuilder;
+    private final CountDownLatch         finishLatch;
+    private OutputStream                 outputStream;
+    private final Endpoint               endpoint;
+    private final GetFileResponseClosure done = new GetFileResponseClosure();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>           timer;
+    private String                       destPath;
+    private final RaftOptions            raftOptions;
+    private Future<Message>              rpcCall;
+    private final TimerManager           timerManager;
+    private final SnapshotThrottle       snapshotThrottle;
+
+    /**
+     * Get file response closure to answer client.
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-13 4:50:21 PM
+     */
+    private class GetFileResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<GetFileResponse> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(Status status) {
+            onRpcReturned(status, getResponse());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestPath(String destPath) {
+        this.destPath = destPath;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    GetFileResponseClosure getDone() {
+        return this.done;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcCall() {
+        return this.rpcCall;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getTimer() {
+        return this.timer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.finished) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BoltSession(RaftClientService rpcService, TimerManager timerManager, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle,
+                       RaftOptions raftOptions, GetFileRequest.Builder rb, Endpoint ep) {
+        super();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.timerManager = timerManager;
+        this.rpcService = rpcService;
+        this.requestBuilder = rb;
+        this.retryTimes = 0;
+        this.copyOptions = new CopyOptions();
+        this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        this.endpoint = ep;
+        this.st = Status.OK();
+        this.finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestBuf(ByteBufferCollector bufRef) {
+        this.destBuf = bufRef;
+    }
+
+    public void setCopyOptions(CopyOptions copyOptions) {
+        this.copyOptions = copyOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this.outputStream = out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.timer != null) {
+                this.timer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (this.rpcCall != null) {
+                this.rpcCall.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                st.setError(RaftError.ECANCELED, RaftError.ECANCELED.name());
+            }
+
+            this.onFinished();
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.finishLatch.await();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() {
+        return st;
+    }
+
+    private void onFinished() {
+        if (!this.finished) {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+                this.outputStream = null;
+            }
+            if (this.destBuf != null) {
+                final ByteBuffer buf = this.destBuf.getBuffer();
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.flip();
+                }
+                this.destBuf = null;
+            }
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.finishLatch.countDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTimer() {
+        Utils.runInThread(this::sendNextRpc);
+    }
+
+    void onRpcReturned(Status status, GetFileResponse response) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                if (status.getCode() == RaftError.ECANCELED.getNumber()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Throttled reading failure does not increase _retry_times
+                if (status.getCode() != RaftError.EAGAIN.getNumber()
+                    && ++this.retryTimes >= this.copyOptions.getMaxRetry()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.retryTimes = 0;
+            Requires.requireNonNull(response, "response");
+            // Reset count to |real_read_size| to make next rpc get the right offset
+            if (response.hasReadSize() && response.getReadSize() != 0) {
+                this.requestBuilder.setCount(response.getReadSize());
+            }
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    response.getData().writeTo(outputStream);
+                } catch (final IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to write into file {}", this.destPath);
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EIO, RaftError.EIO.name());
+                    this.onFinished();
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                final byte[] data = response.getData().toByteArray();
+                this.destBuf.put(data);
+            }
+            if (response.getEof()) {
+                onFinished();
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+        this.sendNextRpc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send next RPC request to get a piece of file data.
+     */
+    void sendNextRpc() {
+        this.timer = null;
+        final long offset = requestBuilder.getOffset() + requestBuilder.getCount();
+        final long maxCount = this.destBuf == null ? raftOptions.getMaxByteCountPerRpc() : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        this.requestBuilder = requestBuilder.setOffset(offset).setCount(maxCount).setReadPartly(true);
+        this.lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // throttle
+            long newMaxCount = maxCount;
+            if (this.snapshotThrottle != null) {
+                newMaxCount = snapshotThrottle.throttledByThroughput(maxCount);
+                if (newMaxCount == 0) {
+                    // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                    this.requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                    this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            this.requestBuilder.setCount(newMaxCount);
+            LOG.debug("Send get file request {} to peer {}", this.requestBuilder.build(), this.endpoint);
+            this.rpcCall = this.rpcService.getFile(endpoint, this.requestBuilder.build(),
+                this.copyOptions.getTimeoutMs(), done);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc` writes to field `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.requestBuilder` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoltSession.sendNextRpc()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc():void.df8bf8734eb44ec2bca56be19a43f342
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/BoltSession.java
+
+### Key:
+BoltSession.java|sendNextRpc|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c817f46e4fb14efac77c5179f2d35cd2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9211/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9211/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1735ab2ce74a9886f8d896b8ad840bb2a214511a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9211/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+
+/**
+ * Copy session based on bolt framework.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-08 12:01:23 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BoltSession implements Session {
+
+    private static final Logger          LOG  = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BoltSession.class);
+
+    private final Lock                   lock;
+    private final Status                 st;
+    private final RaftClientService      rpcService;
+    private int                          retryTimes;
+    private boolean                      finished;
+    private ByteBufferCollector          destBuf;
+    private CopyOptions                  copyOptions;
+    private GetFileRequest.Builder       requestBuilder;
+    private final CountDownLatch         finishLatch;
+    private OutputStream                 outputStream;
+    private final Endpoint               endpoint;
+    private final GetFileResponseClosure done = new GetFileResponseClosure();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>           timer;
+    private String                       destPath;
+    private final RaftOptions            raftOptions;
+    private Future<Message>              rpcCall;
+    private final TimerManager           timerManager;
+    private final SnapshotThrottle       snapshotThrottle;
+
+    /**
+     * Get file response closure to answer client.
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-13 4:50:21 PM
+     */
+    private class GetFileResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<GetFileResponse> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(Status status) {
+            onRpcReturned(status, getResponse());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestPath(String destPath) {
+        this.destPath = destPath;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    GetFileResponseClosure getDone() {
+        return this.done;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcCall() {
+        return this.rpcCall;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getTimer() {
+        return this.timer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.finished) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BoltSession(RaftClientService rpcService, TimerManager timerManager, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle,
+                       RaftOptions raftOptions, GetFileRequest.Builder rb, Endpoint ep) {
+        super();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.timerManager = timerManager;
+        this.rpcService = rpcService;
+        this.requestBuilder = rb;
+        this.retryTimes = 0;
+        this.copyOptions = new CopyOptions();
+        this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        this.endpoint = ep;
+        this.st = Status.OK();
+        this.finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestBuf(ByteBufferCollector bufRef) {
+        this.destBuf = bufRef;
+    }
+
+    public void setCopyOptions(CopyOptions copyOptions) {
+        this.copyOptions = copyOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this.outputStream = out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.timer != null) {
+                this.timer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (this.rpcCall != null) {
+                this.rpcCall.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                st.setError(RaftError.ECANCELED, RaftError.ECANCELED.name());
+            }
+
+            this.onFinished();
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.finishLatch.await();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() {
+        return st;
+    }
+
+    private void onFinished() {
+        if (!this.finished) {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+                this.outputStream = null;
+            }
+            if (this.destBuf != null) {
+                final ByteBuffer buf = this.destBuf.getBuffer();
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.flip();
+                }
+                this.destBuf = null;
+            }
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.finishLatch.countDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTimer() {
+        Utils.runInThread(this::sendNextRpc);
+    }
+
+    void onRpcReturned(Status status, GetFileResponse response) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                if (status.getCode() == RaftError.ECANCELED.getNumber()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Throttled reading failure does not increase _retry_times
+                if (status.getCode() != RaftError.EAGAIN.getNumber()
+                    && ++this.retryTimes >= this.copyOptions.getMaxRetry()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.retryTimes = 0;
+            Requires.requireNonNull(response, "response");
+            // Reset count to |real_read_size| to make next rpc get the right offset
+            if (response.hasReadSize() && response.getReadSize() != 0) {
+                this.requestBuilder.setCount(response.getReadSize());
+            }
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    response.getData().writeTo(outputStream);
+                } catch (final IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to write into file {}", this.destPath);
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EIO, RaftError.EIO.name());
+                    this.onFinished();
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                final byte[] data = response.getData().toByteArray();
+                this.destBuf.put(data);
+            }
+            if (response.getEof()) {
+                onFinished();
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+        this.sendNextRpc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send next RPC request to get a piece of file data.
+     */
+    void sendNextRpc() {
+        this.timer = null;
+        final long offset = requestBuilder.getOffset() + requestBuilder.getCount();
+        final long maxCount = this.destBuf == null ? raftOptions.getMaxByteCountPerRpc() : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        this.requestBuilder = requestBuilder.setOffset(offset).setCount(maxCount).setReadPartly(true);
+        this.lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // throttle
+            long newMaxCount = maxCount;
+            if (this.snapshotThrottle != null) {
+                newMaxCount = snapshotThrottle.throttledByThroughput(maxCount);
+                if (newMaxCount == 0) {
+                    // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                    this.requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                    this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            this.requestBuilder.setCount(newMaxCount);
+            LOG.debug("Send get file request {} to peer {}", this.requestBuilder.build(), this.endpoint);
+            this.rpcCall = this.rpcService.getFile(endpoint, this.requestBuilder.build(),
+                this.copyOptions.getTimeoutMs(), done);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.requestBuilder.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests$GetFileRequest$Builder.count_`. Potentially races with write in method `BoltSession.sendNextRpc()`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoltSession.sendNextRpc()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc():void.df8bf8734eb44ec2bca56be19a43f342
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/BoltSession.java
+
+### Key:
+BoltSession.java|sendNextRpc|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1cb05f2140c4912ad6128309d1354200
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9216/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9216/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b80c173422554f30419b11868444d0e87dc9d30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9216/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.SnapshotCopierOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.Snapshot;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+
+/**
+ * Remote file copier
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Mar-23 2:03:14 PM
+ */
+public class RemoteFileCopier {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RemoteFileCopier.class);
+
+    private long                readId;
+    private RaftClientService   rpcService;
+    private Endpoint            endpoint;
+    private RaftOptions         raftOptions;
+    private TimerManager        timerManager;
+    private SnapshotThrottle    snapshotThrottle;
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getReaderId() {
+        return this.readId;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Endpoint getEndpoint() {
+        return this.endpoint;
+    }
+
+    public boolean init(String uri, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle, SnapshotCopierOptions opts) {
+        this.rpcService = opts.getRaftClientService();
+        this.timerManager = opts.getTimerManager();
+        this.raftOptions = opts.getRaftOptions();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+
+        final int prefixSize = Snapshot.REMOTE_SNAPSHOT_URI_SCHEME.length();
+        if (uri == null || !uri.startsWith(Snapshot.REMOTE_SNAPSHOT_URI_SCHEME)) {
+            LOG.error("Invalid uri {}", uri);
+            return false;
+        }
+        uri = uri.substring(prefixSize);
+        final int slasPos = uri.indexOf('/');
+        final String ipAndPort = uri.substring(0, slasPos);
+        uri = uri.substring(slasPos + 1);
+
+        try {
+            this.readId = Long.parseLong(uri);
+            final String[] ipAndPortStrs = ipAndPort.split(":");
+            this.endpoint = new Endpoint(ipAndPortStrs[0], Integer.parseInt(ipAndPortStrs[1]));
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to parse readerId or endpoint", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!this.rpcService.connect(endpoint)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init channel to {}", this.endpoint);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy `source` from remote to local dest.
+     *
+     * @param source   source from remote
+     * @param destPath local path
+     * @param opts     options of copy
+     * @return true if copy success
+     */
+    public boolean copyToFile(String source, String destPath, CopyOptions opts) throws IOException,
+                                                                               InterruptedException {
+        final Session session = startCopyToFile(source, destPath, opts);
+        if (session == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        try {
+            session.join();
+            return session.status().isOk();
+        } finally {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(session);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Session startCopyToFile(String source, String destPath, CopyOptions opts) throws IOException {
+        final File file = new File(destPath);
+
+        // delete exists file.
+        if (file.exists()) {
+            if (!file.delete()) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to delete destPath: {}", destPath);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        final OutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file, false));
+        final BoltSession session = newBoltSession(source);
+        session.setOutputStream(out);
+        session.setDestPath(destPath);
+        session.setDestBuf(null);
+        if (opts != null) {
+            session.setCopyOptions(opts);
+        }
+        session.sendNextRpc();
+        return session;
+    }
+
+    private BoltSession newBoltSession(String source) {
+        final GetFileRequest.Builder reqBuilder = GetFileRequest.newBuilder();
+        reqBuilder.setFilename(source);
+        reqBuilder.setReaderId(this.readId);
+        return new BoltSession(this.rpcService, this.timerManager, this.snapshotThrottle, this.raftOptions, reqBuilder,
+            this.endpoint);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy `source` from remote to  buffer.
+     * @param source  source from remote
+     * @param destBuf buffer of dest
+     * @param opt     options of copy
+     * @return true if copy success
+     */
+    public boolean copy2IoBuffer(String source, ByteBufferCollector destBuf, CopyOptions opt)
+                                                                                             throws InterruptedException {
+        final Session session = startCopy2IoBuffer(source, destBuf, opt);
+        if (session == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        try {
+            session.join();
+            return session.status().isOk();
+        } finally {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(session);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Session startCopy2IoBuffer(String source, ByteBufferCollector destBuf, CopyOptions opts) {
+        final BoltSession session = newBoltSession(source);
+        session.setOutputStream(null);
+        session.setDestBuf(destBuf);
+        if (opts != null) {
+            session.setCopyOptions(opts);
+        }
+        session.sendNextRpc();
+        return session;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 133 is not released after line 142.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Session RemoteFileCopier.startCopyToFile(String,String,CopyOptions)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.RemoteFileCopier.startCopyToFile(java.lang.String,java.14c7762fda4569b48b070249325cf8f6
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/RemoteFileCopier.java
+
+### Key:
+RemoteFileCopier.java|startCopyToFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+befadf2c3f9de4b60d374f865455499d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9218/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9218/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6a0b33a54612adb0ab81f253292c26a12202400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9218/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+
+/**
+ * Copy session based on bolt framework.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-08 12:01:23 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BoltSession implements Session {
+
+    private static final Logger          LOG  = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BoltSession.class);
+
+    private final Lock                   lock;
+    private final Status                 st;
+    private final RaftClientService      rpcService;
+    private int                          retryTimes;
+    private boolean                      finished;
+    private ByteBufferCollector          destBuf;
+    private CopyOptions                  copyOptions;
+    private GetFileRequest.Builder       requestBuilder;
+    private final CountDownLatch         finishLatch;
+    private OutputStream                 outputStream;
+    private final Endpoint               endpoint;
+    private final GetFileResponseClosure done = new GetFileResponseClosure();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>           timer;
+    private String                       destPath;
+    private final RaftOptions            raftOptions;
+    private Future<Message>              rpcCall;
+    private final TimerManager           timerManager;
+    private final SnapshotThrottle       snapshotThrottle;
+
+    /**
+     * Get file response closure to answer client.
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-13 4:50:21 PM
+     */
+    private class GetFileResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<GetFileResponse> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(Status status) {
+            onRpcReturned(status, getResponse());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestPath(String destPath) {
+        this.destPath = destPath;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    GetFileResponseClosure getDone() {
+        return this.done;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcCall() {
+        return this.rpcCall;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getTimer() {
+        return this.timer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.finished) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BoltSession(RaftClientService rpcService, TimerManager timerManager, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle,
+                       RaftOptions raftOptions, GetFileRequest.Builder rb, Endpoint ep) {
+        super();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.timerManager = timerManager;
+        this.rpcService = rpcService;
+        this.requestBuilder = rb;
+        this.retryTimes = 0;
+        this.copyOptions = new CopyOptions();
+        this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        this.endpoint = ep;
+        this.st = Status.OK();
+        this.finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestBuf(ByteBufferCollector bufRef) {
+        this.destBuf = bufRef;
+    }
+
+    public void setCopyOptions(CopyOptions copyOptions) {
+        this.copyOptions = copyOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this.outputStream = out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.timer != null) {
+                this.timer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (this.rpcCall != null) {
+                this.rpcCall.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                st.setError(RaftError.ECANCELED, RaftError.ECANCELED.name());
+            }
+
+            this.onFinished();
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.finishLatch.await();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() {
+        return st;
+    }
+
+    private void onFinished() {
+        if (!this.finished) {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+                this.outputStream = null;
+            }
+            if (this.destBuf != null) {
+                final ByteBuffer buf = this.destBuf.getBuffer();
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.flip();
+                }
+                this.destBuf = null;
+            }
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.finishLatch.countDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTimer() {
+        Utils.runInThread(this::sendNextRpc);
+    }
+
+    void onRpcReturned(Status status, GetFileResponse response) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                if (status.getCode() == RaftError.ECANCELED.getNumber()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Throttled reading failure does not increase _retry_times
+                if (status.getCode() != RaftError.EAGAIN.getNumber()
+                    && ++this.retryTimes >= this.copyOptions.getMaxRetry()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.retryTimes = 0;
+            Requires.requireNonNull(response, "response");
+            // Reset count to |real_read_size| to make next rpc get the right offset
+            if (response.hasReadSize() && response.getReadSize() != 0) {
+                this.requestBuilder.setCount(response.getReadSize());
+            }
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    response.getData().writeTo(outputStream);
+                } catch (final IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to write into file {}", this.destPath);
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EIO, RaftError.EIO.name());
+                    this.onFinished();
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                final byte[] data = response.getData().toByteArray();
+                this.destBuf.put(data);
+            }
+            if (response.getEof()) {
+                onFinished();
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+        this.sendNextRpc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send next RPC request to get a piece of file data.
+     */
+    void sendNextRpc() {
+        this.timer = null;
+        final long offset = requestBuilder.getOffset() + requestBuilder.getCount();
+        final long maxCount = this.destBuf == null ? raftOptions.getMaxByteCountPerRpc() : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        this.requestBuilder = requestBuilder.setOffset(offset).setCount(maxCount).setReadPartly(true);
+        this.lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // throttle
+            long newMaxCount = maxCount;
+            if (this.snapshotThrottle != null) {
+                newMaxCount = snapshotThrottle.throttledByThroughput(maxCount);
+                if (newMaxCount == 0) {
+                    // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                    this.requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                    this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            this.requestBuilder.setCount(newMaxCount);
+            LOG.debug("Send get file request {} to peer {}", this.requestBuilder.build(), this.endpoint);
+            this.rpcCall = this.rpcService.getFile(endpoint, this.requestBuilder.build(),
+                this.copyOptions.getTimeoutMs(), done);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc` indirectly writes to field `n$27.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests$GetFileRequest$Builder.bitField0_` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+Note that the prefix path n$27 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$27.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests$GetFileRequest$Builder.bitField0_ might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoltSession.sendNextRpc()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc():void.df8bf8734eb44ec2bca56be19a43f342
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/BoltSession.java
+
+### Key:
+BoltSession.java|sendNextRpc|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c101259825aac8a449b29f895da37bdb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9220/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9220/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5e355480da56171b9ac801253a14b69bb551d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9220/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1801 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Node;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotReader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Recyclable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecyclableByteBufferList;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecycleUtil;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Gauge;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Metric;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricSet;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.google.protobuf.ZeroByteStringHelper;
+
+/**
+ * Replicator for replicating log entry from leader to followers.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-04 10:32:02 AM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class Replicator implements ThreadId.OnError {
+
+    private static final Logger              LOG                    = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Replicator.class);
+
+    private final RaftClientService          rpcService;
+    // Next sending log index
+    private volatile long                    nextIndex;
+    private int                              consecutiveErrorTimes  = 0;
+    private boolean                          hasSucceeded;
+    private long                             timeoutNowIndex;
+    private volatile long                    lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    private volatile long                    heartbeatCounter       = 0;
+    private volatile long                    appendEntriesCounter   = 0;
+    private volatile long                    installSnapshotCounter = 0;
+    protected Stat                           statInfo               = new Stat();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               blockTimer;
+
+    // Cached the latest RPC in-flight request.
+    private Inflight                         rpcInFly;
+    // Heartbeat RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  heartbeatInFly;
+    // Timeout request RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  timeoutNowInFly;
+    // In-flight RPC requests, FIFO queue
+    private final ArrayDeque<Inflight>       inflights              = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+    private long                             waitId                 = -1L;
+    protected ThreadId                       id;
+    private final ReplicatorOptions          options;
+    private final RaftOptions                raftOptions;
+
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               heartbeatTimer;
+    private volatile SnapshotReader          reader;
+    private CatchUpClosure                   catchUpClosure;
+    private final TimerManager               timerManager;
+    private final NodeMetrics                nodeMetrics;
+    private volatile State                   state;
+
+    // Request sequence
+    private int                              reqSeq                 = 0;
+    // Response sequence
+    private int                              requiredNextSeq        = 0;
+    // Replicator state reset version
+    private int                              version                = 0;
+
+    // Pending response queue;
+    private final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> pendingResponses       = new PriorityQueue<>(50);
+
+    private int getAndIncrementReqSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.reqSeq;
+        this.reqSeq++;
+        if (this.reqSeq < 0) {
+            this.reqSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    private int getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.requiredNextSeq;
+        this.requiredNextSeq++;
+        if (this.requiredNextSeq < 0) {
+            this.requiredNextSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator state
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    public enum State {
+        Probe, // probe follower state
+        Snapshot, // installing snapshot to follower
+        Replicate, // replicate logs normally
+        Destroyed // destroyed
+    }
+
+    public Replicator(final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOptions, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        super();
+        this.options = replicatorOptions;
+        this.nodeMetrics = this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics();
+        this.nextIndex = this.options.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.timerManager = replicatorOptions.getTimerManager();
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.rpcService = replicatorOptions.getRaftRpcService();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator metric set.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    private static final class ReplicatorMetricSet implements MetricSet {
+        private final ReplicatorOptions opts;
+        private final Replicator        r;
+
+        private ReplicatorMetricSet(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final Replicator r) {
+            this.opts = opts;
+            this.r = r;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Map<String, Metric> getMetrics() {
+            final Map<String, Metric> gauges = new HashMap<>();
+            gauges.put("log-lags",
+                (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.opts.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() - (this.r.nextIndex - 1));
+            gauges.put("next-index", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.nextIndex);
+            gauges.put("heartbeat-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.heartbeatCounter);
+            gauges.put("install-snapshot-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.installSnapshotCounter);
+            gauges.put("append-entries-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.appendEntriesCounter);
+            return gauges;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal state
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:45 AM
+     */
+    enum RunningState {
+        IDLE, // idle
+        BLOCKING, // blocking state
+        APPENDING_ENTRIES, // appending log entries
+        INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT // installing snapshot
+    }
+
+    enum ReplicatorEvent {
+        CREATED, // created
+        ERROR, // error
+        DESTROYED // destroyed
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * User can implement the ReplicatorStateListener interface by themselves.
+     * So they can do some their own logic codes when replicator created, destroyed or had some errors.
+     *
+     * @author zongtanghu
+     *
+     * 2019-Aug-20 2:32:10 PM
+     */
+    public interface ReplicatorStateListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been created.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onCreated(final PeerId peer);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has some errors.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         * @param status replicator's error detailed status
+         */
+        void onError(final PeerId peer, final Status status);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been destroyed.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onDestroyed(final PeerId peer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     * @param status        replicator's error detailed status
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event, final Status status) {
+        final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOpts = Requires.requireNonNull(replicator.getOpts(), "replicatorOptions");
+        final Node node = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getNode(), "node");
+        final PeerId peer = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getPeerId(), "peer");
+
+        final List<ReplicatorStateListener> listenerList = node.getReplicatorStatueListeners();
+        for (int i = 0; i < listenerList.size(); i++) {
+            final ReplicatorStateListener listener = listenerList.get(i);
+            if(listener != null) {
+                try {
+                    switch (event) {
+                        case CREATED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onCreated(peer));
+                            break;
+                        case ERROR:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onError(peer, status));
+                            break;
+                        case DESTROYED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onDestroyed(peer));
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } catch (final Exception e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to notify ReplicatorStatusListener, listener={}, event={}.", listener, event);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users for none status.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event) {
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(replicator, event, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Statistics structure
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:53 AM
+     */
+    static class Stat {
+        RunningState runningState;
+        long         firstLogIndex;
+        long         lastLogIncluded;
+        long         lastLogIndex;
+        long         lastTermIncluded;
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "<running=" + this.runningState + ", firstLogIndex=" + this.firstLogIndex + ", lastLogIncluded="
+                   + this.lastLogIncluded + ", lastLogIndex=" + this.lastLogIndex + ", lastTermIncluded="
+                   + this.lastTermIncluded + ">";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // In-flight request type
+    enum RequestType {
+        Snapshot, // install snapshot
+        AppendEntries // replicate logs
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In-flight request.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class Inflight {
+        // In-flight request count
+        final int             count;
+        // Start log index
+        final long            startIndex;
+        // Entries size in bytes
+        final int             size;
+        // RPC future
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture;
+        final RequestType     requestType;
+        // Request sequence.
+        final int             seq;
+
+        public Inflight(final RequestType requestType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                        final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcFuture) {
+            super();
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.requestType = requestType;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.startIndex = startIndex;
+            this.size = size;
+            this.rpcFuture = rpcFuture;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Inflight [count=" + this.count + ", startIndex=" + this.startIndex + ", size=" + this.size
+                   + ", rpcFuture=" + this.rpcFuture + ", requestType=" + this.requestType + ", seq=" + this.seq + "]";
+        }
+
+        boolean isSendingLogEntries() {
+            return this.requestType == RequestType.AppendEntries && this.count > 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * RPC response for AppendEntries/InstallSnapshot.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class RpcResponse implements Comparable<RpcResponse> {
+        final Status      status;
+        final Message     request;
+        final Message     response;
+        final long        rpcSendTime;
+        final int         seq;
+        final RequestType requestType;
+
+        public RpcResponse(final RequestType reqType, final int seq, final Status status, final Message request,
+                           final Message response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+            super();
+            this.requestType = reqType;
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.status = status;
+            this.request = request;
+            this.response = response;
+            this.rpcSendTime = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "RpcResponse [status=" + this.status + ", request=" + this.request + ", response=" + this.response
+                   + ", rpcSendTime=" + this.rpcSendTime + ", seq=" + this.seq + ", requestType=" + this.requestType
+                   + "]";
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sort by sequence.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(final RpcResponse o) {
+            return Integer.compare(this.seq, o.seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ArrayDeque<Inflight> getInflights() {
+        return this.inflights;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    State getState() {
+        return this.state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setState(final State state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getReqSeq() {
+        return this.reqSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getRequiredNextSeq() {
+        return this.requiredNextSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getVersion() {
+        return this.version;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    public PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> getPendingResponses() {
+        return this.pendingResponses;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getWaitId() {
+        return this.waitId;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getBlockTimer() {
+        return this.blockTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getTimeoutNowIndex() {
+        return this.timeoutNowIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ReplicatorOptions getOpts() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getRealNextIndex() {
+        return this.nextIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcInFly() {
+        if (this.rpcInFly == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.rpcInFly.rpcFuture;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getHeartbeatInFly() {
+        return this.heartbeatInFly;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getHeartbeatTimer() {
+        return this.heartbeatTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setHasSucceeded() {
+        this.hasSucceeded = true;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getTimeoutNowInFly() {
+        return this.timeoutNowInFly;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a in-flight request
+     * @param reqType   type of request
+     * @param count     count if request
+     * @param size      size in bytes
+     */
+    private void addInflight(final RequestType reqType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                             final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcInfly) {
+        this.rpcInFly = new Inflight(reqType, startIndex, count, size, seq, rpcInfly);
+        this.inflights.add(this.rpcInFly);
+        this.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-inflights-count", this.inflights.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the next in-flight sending index, return -1 when can't send more in-flight requests.
+     *
+     * @return next in-flight sending index
+     */
+    long getNextSendIndex() {
+        // Fast path
+        if (this.inflights.isEmpty()) {
+            return this.nextIndex;
+        }
+        // Too many in-flight requests.
+        if (this.inflights.size() > this.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+        // Last request should be a AppendEntries request and has some entries.
+        if (this.rpcInFly != null && this.rpcInFly.isSendingLogEntries()) {
+            return this.rpcInFly.startIndex + this.rpcInFly.count;
+        }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    private Inflight pollInflight() {
+        return this.inflights.poll();
+    }
+
+    private void startHeartbeatTimer(final long startMs) {
+        final long dueTime = startMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            this.heartbeatTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to schedule heartbeat timer", e);
+            onTimeout(this.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void installSnapshot() {
+        if (this.state == State.Snapshot) {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} is installing snapshot, ignore the new request.", this.options.getPeerId());
+            this.id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.reader == null,
+                "Replicator %s already has a snapshot reader, current state is %s", this.options.getPeerId(),
+                this.state);
+            this.reader = this.options.getSnapshotStorage().open();
+            if (this.reader == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to open snapshot"));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final String uri = this.reader.generateURIForCopy();
+            if (uri == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to generate uri for snapshot reader"));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final RaftOutter.SnapshotMeta meta = this.reader.load();
+            if (meta == null) {
+                final String snapshotPath = this.reader.getPath();
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to load meta from %s", snapshotPath));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder rb = InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+            rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+            rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+            rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+            rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+            rb.setMeta(meta);
+            rb.setUri(uri);
+
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT;
+            this.statInfo.lastLogIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedIndex();
+            this.statInfo.lastTermIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedTerm();
+
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest request = rb.build();
+            this.state = State.Snapshot;
+            // noinspection NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField
+            this.installSnapshotCounter++;
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final int stateVersion = this.version;
+            final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+            final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.installSnapshot(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                request, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<InstallSnapshotResponse>() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void run(final Status status) {
+                        onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.Snapshot, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                            stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                    }
+                });
+            addInflight(RequestType.Snapshot, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static boolean onInstallSnapshotReturned(final ThreadId id, final Replicator r, final Status status,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotRequest request,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotResponse response) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        r.releaseReader();
+        // noinspection ConstantConditions
+        do {
+            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received InstallSnapshotResponse from ").append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedIndex=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedTerm=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedTerm());
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                sb.append(" error:").append(status);
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to install snapshot at peer={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(), status);
+                }
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+                sb.append(" success=false");
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            // success
+            r.nextIndex = request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex() + 1;
+            sb.append(" success=true");
+            LOG.info(sb.toString());
+        } while (false);
+        // We don't retry installing the snapshot explicitly.
+        // id is unlock in sendEntries
+        if (!success) {
+            //should reset states
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.block(Utils.nowMs(), status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        // id is unlock in _send_entriesheartbeatCounter
+        r.state = State.Replicate;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        sendEmptyEntries(isHeartbeat, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send probe or heartbeat request
+     * @param isHeartbeat      if current entries is heartbeat
+     * @param heartBeatClosure heartbeat callback
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField")
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat,
+                                  final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartBeatClosure) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, this.nextIndex - 1, isHeartbeat)) {
+            // id is unlock in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            if (isHeartbeat && heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(heartBeatClosure, new Status(RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "Fail to send heartbeat to peer %s", this.options.getPeerId()));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+
+            if (isHeartbeat) {
+                // Sending a heartbeat request
+                this.heartbeatCounter++;
+                RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartbeatDone;
+                // Prefer passed-in closure.
+                if (heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                    heartbeatDone = heartBeatClosure;
+                } else {
+                    heartbeatDone = new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onHeartbeatReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                this.heartbeatInFly = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request,
+                    this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() / 2, heartbeatDone);
+            } else {
+                // Sending a probe request.
+                this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+                this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = this.nextIndex;
+                this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = this.nextIndex - 1;
+                this.appendEntriesCounter++;
+                this.state = State.Probe;
+                final int stateVersion = this.version;
+                final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+                final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                    request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request,
+                                getResponse(), seq, stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+
+                    });
+
+                addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} send HeartbeatRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {}", this.options.getNode()
+                .getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(), request.getCommittedIndex());
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean prepareEntry(final long nextSendingIndex, final int offset, final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb,
+                         final RecyclableByteBufferList dateBuffer) {
+        if (dateBuffer.getCapacity() >= this.raftOptions.getMaxBodySize()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final long logIndex = nextSendingIndex + offset;
+        final LogEntry entry = this.options.getLogManager().getEntry(logIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        emb.setTerm(entry.getId().getTerm());
+        if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+            emb.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); //since 1.2.6
+        }
+        emb.setType(entry.getType());
+        if (entry.getPeers() != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!entry.getPeers().isEmpty(), "Empty peers at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+            for (final PeerId peer : entry.getPeers()) {
+                emb.addPeers(peer.toString());
+            }
+            if (entry.getOldPeers() != null) {
+                for (final PeerId peer : entry.getOldPeers()) {
+                    emb.addOldPeers(peer.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            Requires.requireTrue(entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION,
+                "Empty peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+        }
+        final int remaining = entry.getData() != null ? entry.getData().remaining() : 0;
+        emb.setDataLen(remaining);
+        if (entry.getData() != null) {
+            // should slice entry data
+            dateBuffer.add(entry.getData().slice());
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static ThreadId start(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        if (opts.getLogManager() == null || opts.getBallotBox() == null || opts.getNode() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ReplicatorOptions.");
+        }
+        final Replicator r = new Replicator(opts, raftOptions);
+        if (!r.rpcService.connect(opts.getPeerId().getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init sending channel to {}.", opts.getPeerId());
+            // Return and it will be retried later.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Register replicator metric set.
+        final MetricRegistry metricRegistry = opts.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry();
+        if (metricRegistry != null) {
+            try {
+                final String replicatorMetricName = getReplicatorMetricName(opts);
+                if (!metricRegistry.getNames().contains(replicatorMetricName)) {
+                    metricRegistry.register(replicatorMetricName, new ReplicatorMetricSet(opts, r));
+                }
+            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                // ignore
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Start replication
+        r.id = new ThreadId(r, r);
+        r.id.lock();
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.CREATED);
+        LOG.info("Replicator={}@{} is started", r.id, r.options.getPeerId());
+        r.catchUpClosure = null;
+        r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        r.startHeartbeatTimer(Utils.nowMs());
+        // id.unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        return r.id;
+    }
+
+    private static String getReplicatorMetricName(final ReplicatorOptions opts) {
+        return "replicator-" + opts.getNode().getGroupId() + "/" + opts.getPeerId();
+    }
+
+    public static void waitForCaughtUp(final ThreadId id, final long maxMargin, final long dueTime,
+                                       final CatchUpClosure done) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such replicator"));
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.catchUpClosure != null) {
+                LOG.error("Previous wait_for_caught_up is not over");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Duplicated call"));
+                return;
+            }
+            done.setMaxMargin(maxMargin);
+            if (dueTime > 0) {
+                done.setTimer(r.timerManager.schedule(() -> onCatchUpTimedOut(id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            }
+            r.catchUpClosure = done;
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Replicator [state=" + this.state + ", statInfo=" + this.statInfo + ",peerId="
+               + this.options.getPeerId() + "]";
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            continueSending(id, RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unblock and continue sending right now.
+     */
+    static void unBlockAndSendNow(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // It was destroyed already
+            return;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                if (r.blockTimer.cancel(true)) {
+                    onBlockTimeout(id);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean continueSending(final ThreadId id, final int errCode) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            //It was destroyed already
+            return true;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.waitId = -1;
+        if (errCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            // Send empty entries after block timeout to check the correct
+            // _next_index otherwise the replicator is likely waits in            executor.shutdown();
+            // _wait_more_entries and no further logs would be replicated even if the
+            // last_index of this followers is less than |next_index - 1|
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        } else if (errCode != RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            // id is unlock in _send_entries
+            r.sendEntries();
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} stops sending entries.", id);
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeout(final ThreadId arg) {
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(arg));
+    }
+
+    void block(final long startTimeMs, @SuppressWarnings("unused") final int errorCode) {
+        // TODO: Currently we don't care about error_code which indicates why the
+        // very RPC fails. To make it better there should be different timeout for
+        // each individual error (e.g. we don't need check every
+        // heartbeat_timeout_ms whether a dead follower has come back), but it's just
+        // fine now.
+        final long dueTime = startTimeMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Blocking {} for {} ms", this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs());
+            this.blockTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onBlockTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.BLOCKING;
+            this.id.unlock();
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add timer", e);
+            // id unlock in sendEmptyEntries.
+            sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onError(final ThreadId id, final Object data, final int errorCode) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) data;
+        if (errorCode == RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            try {
+                for (final Inflight inflight : r.inflights) {
+                    if (inflight != r.rpcInFly) {
+                        inflight.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (r.rpcInFly != null) {
+                    r.rpcInFly.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    r.rpcInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatInFly != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.timeoutNowInFly != null) {
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatTimer != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                    r.blockTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.blockTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.waitId >= 0) {
+                    r.options.getLogManager().removeWaiter(r.waitId);
+                }
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(errorCode, true);
+            } finally {
+                r.destroy();
+            }
+        } else if (errorCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            id.unlock();
+            Utils.runInThread(() -> sendHeartbeat(id));
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            Requires.requireTrue(false, "Unknown error code for replicator: " + errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void onCatchUpTimedOut(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber(), false);
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyOnCaughtUp(final int code, final boolean beforeDestroy) {
+        if (this.catchUpClosure == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (code != RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            if (this.nextIndex - 1 + this.catchUpClosure.getMaxMargin() < this.options.getLogManager()
+                .getLastLogIndex()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.catchUpClosure.setErrorWasSet(true);
+            if (code != RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.hasTimer()) {
+                if (!beforeDestroy && !this.catchUpClosure.getTimer().cancel(true)) {
+                    // There's running timer task, let timer task trigger
+                    // on_caught_up to void ABA problem
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // timed out
+            if (!this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+        }
+        final CatchUpClosure savedClosure = this.catchUpClosure;
+        this.catchUpClosure = null;
+        Utils.runClosureInThread(savedClosure, savedClosure.getStatus());
+    }
+
+    private static void onTimeout(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            id.setError(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator id is null when timeout, maybe it's destroyed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void destroy() {
+        final ThreadId savedId = this.id;
+        LOG.info("Replicator {} is going to quit", savedId);
+        this.id = null;
+        releaseReader();
+        // Unregister replicator metric set
+        if (this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().isEnabled()) {
+            this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry().remove(getReplicatorMetricName(this.options));
+        }
+        this.state = State.Destroyed;
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener((Replicator) savedId.getData(), ReplicatorEvent.DESTROYED);
+        savedId.unlockAndDestroy();
+    }
+
+    private void releaseReader() {
+        if (this.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(this.reader);
+            this.reader = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void onHeartbeatReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                    final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // replicator already was destroyed.
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+            StringBuilder sb = null;
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                    append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                    append(" received HeartbeatResponse from "). //
+                    append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                    append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                    append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm());
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                r.state = State.Probe;
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                        r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+                }
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess() && response.hasLastLogIndex()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, response term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" lastLogIndex ")
+                        .append(response.getLastLogIndex());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                LOG.warn("Heartbeat to peer {} failure, try to send a probe request.", r.options.getPeerId());
+                doUnlock = false;
+                r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("ContinueOrBreakFromFinallyBlock")
+    static void onRpcReturned(final ThreadId id, final RequestType reqType, final Status status, final Message request,
+                              final Message response, final int seq, final int stateVersion, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (stateVersion != r.version) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Replicator {} ignored old version response {}, current version is {}, request is {}\n, and response is {}\n, status is {}.",
+                r, stateVersion, r.version, request, response, status);
+            id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> holdingQueue = r.pendingResponses;
+        holdingQueue.add(new RpcResponse(reqType, seq, status, request, response, rpcSendTime));
+
+        if (holdingQueue.size() > r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            LOG.warn("Too many pending responses {} for replicator {}, maxReplicatorInflightMsgs={}",
+                holdingQueue.size(), r.options.getPeerId(), r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean continueSendEntries = false;
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Replicator ").append(r).append(" is processing RPC responses,");
+        }
+        try {
+            int processed = 0;
+            while (!holdingQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                final RpcResponse queuedPipelinedResponse = holdingQueue.peek();
+
+                // Sequence mismatch, waiting for next response.
+                if (queuedPipelinedResponse.seq != r.requiredNextSeq) {
+                    if (processed > 0) {
+                        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                            sb.append("has processed ").append(processed).append(" responses,");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        // Do not processed any responses, UNLOCK id and return.
+                        continueSendEntries = false;
+                        id.unlock();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                holdingQueue.remove();
+                processed++;
+                final Inflight inflight = r.pollInflight();
+                if (inflight == null) {
+                    // The previous in-flight requests were cleared.
+                    if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                        sb.append("ignore response because request not found:").append(queuedPipelinedResponse)
+                            .append(",\n");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (inflight.seq != queuedPipelinedResponse.seq) {
+                    // reset state
+                    LOG.warn(
+                        "Replicator {} response sequence out of order, expect {}, but it is {}, reset state to try again.",
+                        r, inflight.seq, queuedPipelinedResponse.seq);
+                    r.resetInflights();
+                    r.state = State.Probe;
+                    continueSendEntries = false;
+                    r.block(Utils.nowMs(), RaftError.EREQUEST.getNumber());
+                    return;
+                }
+                try {
+                    switch (queuedPipelinedResponse.requestType) {
+                        case AppendEntries:
+                            continueSendEntries = onAppendEntriesReturned(id, inflight, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (AppendEntriesRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (AppendEntriesResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response, rpcSendTime, startTimeMs, r);
+                            break;
+                        case Snapshot:
+                            continueSendEntries = onInstallSnapshotReturned(id, r, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (InstallSnapshotRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (InstallSnapshotResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (continueSendEntries) {
+                        // Success, increase the response sequence.
+                        r.getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq();
+                    } else {
+                        // The id is already unlocked in onAppendEntriesReturned/onInstallSnapshotReturned, we SHOULD break out.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(", after processed, continue to send entries: ").append(continueSendEntries);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (continueSendEntries) {
+                // unlock in sendEntries.
+                r.sendEntries();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset in-flight state.
+     */
+    void resetInflights() {
+        this.version++;
+        this.inflights.clear();
+        this.pendingResponses.clear();
+        final int rs = Math.max(this.reqSeq, this.requiredNextSeq);
+        this.reqSeq = this.requiredNextSeq = rs;
+        releaseReader();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean onAppendEntriesReturned(final ThreadId id, final Inflight inflight, final Status status,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime,
+                                                   final long startTimeMs, final Replicator r) {
+        if (inflight.startIndex != request.getPrevLogIndex() + 1) {
+            LOG.warn(
+                "Replicator {} received invalid AppendEntriesResponse, in-flight startIndex={}, request prevLogIndex={}, reset the replicator state and probe again.",
+                r, inflight.startIndex, request.getPrevLogIndex());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock id in sendEmptyEntries
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        // record metrics
+        if (request.getEntriesCount() > 0) {
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordLatency("replicate-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - rpcSendTime);
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-count", request.getEntriesCount());
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-bytes", request.getData() != null ? request.getData().size()
+                : 0);
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received AppendEntriesResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm()). //
+                append(" count=").append(request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            // If the follower crashes, any RPC to the follower fails immediately,
+            // so we need to block the follower for a while instead of looping until
+            // it comes back or be removed
+            // dummy_id is unlock in block
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                    r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+            }
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock in in block
+            r.block(startTimeMs, status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+        if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, find nextIndex remote lastLogIndex ").append(response.getLastLogIndex())
+                    .append(" local nextIndex ").append(r.nextIndex);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            // Fail, reset the state to try again from nextIndex.
+            r.resetInflights();
+            // prev_log_index and prev_log_term doesn't match
+            if (response.getLastLogIndex() + 1 < r.nextIndex) {
+                LOG.debug("LastLogIndex at peer={} is {}", r.options.getPeerId(), response.getLastLogIndex());
+                // The peer contains less logs than leader
+                r.nextIndex = response.getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+            } else {
+                // The peer contains logs from old term which should be truncated,
+                // decrease _last_log_at_peer by one to test the right index to keep
+                if (r.nextIndex > 1) {
+                    LOG.debug("logIndex={} dismatch", r.nextIndex);
+                    r.nextIndex--;
+                } else {
+                    LOG.error("Peer={} declares that log at index=0 doesn't match, which is not supposed to happen",
+                        r.options.getPeerId());
+                }
+            }
+            // dummy_id is unlock in _send_heartbeat
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(", success");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        // success
+        if (response.getTerm() != r.options.getTerm()) {
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            LOG.error("Fail, response term {} dismatch, expect term {}", response.getTerm(), r.options.getTerm());
+            id.unlock();
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+            r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+        final int entriesSize = request.getEntriesCount();
+        if (entriesSize > 0) {
+            r.options.getBallotBox().commitAt(r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1, r.options.getPeerId());
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Replicated logs in [{}, {}] to peer {}", r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1,
+                    r.options.getPeerId());
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The request is probe request, change the state into Replicate.
+            r.state = State.Replicate;
+        }
+        r.nextIndex += entriesSize;
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        // dummy_id is unlock in _send_entries
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean fillCommonFields(final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb, long prevLogIndex, final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        final long prevLogTerm = this.options.getLogManager().getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+        if (prevLogTerm == 0 && prevLogIndex != 0) {
+            if (!isHeartbeat) {
+                Requires.requireTrue(prevLogIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex());
+                LOG.debug("logIndex={} was compacted", prevLogIndex);
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                // The log at prev_log_index has been compacted, which indicates
+                // we is or is going to install snapshot to the follower. So we let
+                // both prev_log_index and prev_log_term be 0 in the heartbeat
+                // request so that follower would do nothing besides updating its
+                // leader timestamp.
+                prevLogIndex = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        rb.setPrevLogIndex(prevLogIndex);
+        rb.setPrevLogTerm(prevLogTerm);
+        rb.setCommittedIndex(this.options.getBallotBox().getLastCommittedIndex());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void waitMoreEntries(final long nextWaitIndex) {
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} waits more entries", this.options.getNode().getNodeId());
+            if (this.waitId >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.waitId = this.options.getLogManager().wait(nextWaitIndex - 1,
+                (arg, errorCode) -> continueSending((ThreadId) arg, errorCode), this.id);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.IDLE;
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send as many requests as possible.
+     */
+    void sendEntries() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            long prevSendIndex = -1;
+            while (true) {
+                final long nextSendingIndex = getNextSendIndex();
+                if (nextSendingIndex > prevSendIndex) {
+                    if (sendEntries(nextSendingIndex)) {
+                        prevSendIndex = nextSendingIndex;
+                    } else {
+                        doUnlock = false;
+                        // id already unlock in sendEntries when it returns false.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send log entries to follower, returns true when success, otherwise false and unlock the id.
+     *
+     * @param nextSendingIndex next sending index
+     * @return send result.
+     */
+    private boolean sendEntries(final long nextSendingIndex) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, nextSendingIndex - 1, false)) {
+            // unlock id in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ByteBufferCollector dataBuf = null;
+        final int maxEntriesSize = this.raftOptions.getMaxEntriesSize();
+        final RecyclableByteBufferList byteBufList = RecyclableByteBufferList.newInstance();
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxEntriesSize; i++) {
+                final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb = RaftOutter.EntryMeta.newBuilder();
+                if (!prepareEntry(nextSendingIndex, i, emb, byteBufList)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                rb.addEntries(emb.build());
+            }
+            if (rb.getEntriesCount() == 0) {
+                if (nextSendingIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex()) {
+                    installSnapshot();
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // _id is unlock in _wait_more
+                waitMoreEntries(nextSendingIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (byteBufList.getCapacity() > 0) {
+                dataBuf = ByteBufferCollector.allocateByRecyclers(byteBufList.getCapacity());
+                for (final ByteBuffer b : byteBufList) {
+                    dataBuf.put(b);
+                }
+                final ByteBuffer buf = dataBuf.getBuffer();
+                buf.flip();
+                rb.setData(ZeroByteStringHelper.wrap(buf));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            RecycleUtil.recycle(byteBufList);
+        }
+
+        final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Node {} send AppendEntriesRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {} prevLogIndex {} prevLogTerm {} logIndex {} count {}",
+                this.options.getNode().getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(),
+                request.getCommittedIndex(), request.getPrevLogIndex(), request.getPrevLogTerm(), nextSendingIndex,
+                request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+        this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + rb.getEntriesCount();
+
+        final Recyclable recyclable = dataBuf;
+        final int v = this.version;
+        final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+            request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    RecycleUtil.recycle(recyclable);
+                    onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                        v, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                }
+
+            });
+        addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, nextSendingIndex, request.getEntriesCount(), request.getData().size(),
+            seq, rpcFuture);
+        return true;
+
+    }
+
+    public static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id, final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> closure) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(closure, new Status(RaftError.EHOSTDOWN, "Peer %s is not connected", id));
+            return;
+        }
+        //id unlock in send empty entries.
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true, closure);
+    }
+
+    private static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        sendTimeoutNow(unlockId, stopAfterFinish, -1);
+    }
+
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb = TimeoutNowRequest.newBuilder();
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        try {
+            if (!stopAfterFinish) {
+                // This RPC is issued by transfer_leadership, save this call_id so that
+                // the RPC can be cancelled by stop.
+                this.timeoutNowInFly = timeoutNow(rb, false, timeoutMs);
+                this.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+            } else {
+                timeoutNow(rb, true, timeoutMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (unlockId) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Future<Message> timeoutNow(final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb, final boolean stopAfterFinish,
+                                       final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest request = rb.build();
+        return this.rpcService.timeoutNow(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request, timeoutMs,
+            new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<TimeoutNowResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    if (Replicator.this.id != null) {
+                        onTimeoutNowReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), stopAfterFinish);
+                    }
+                }
+
+            });
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static void onTimeoutNowReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final TimeoutNowRequest request,
+                                     final TimeoutNowResponse response, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received TimeoutNowResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail:").append(status);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (stopAfterFinish) {
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+            } else {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(response.getSuccess() ? " success" : " fail");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+            final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+            node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                "Leader receives higher term timeout_now_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (stopAfterFinish) {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stop(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.setError(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean join(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.join();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getLastRpcSendTimestamp(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.getData();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        return r.lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean transferLeadership(final ThreadId id, final long logIndex) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // dummy is unlock in _transfer_leadership
+        return r.transferLeadership(logIndex);
+    }
+
+    private boolean transferLeadership(final long logIndex) {
+        if (this.hasSucceeded && this.nextIndex > logIndex) {
+            // _id is unlock in _send_timeout_now
+            sendTimeoutNow(true, false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Register log_index so that _on_rpc_return trigger
+        // _send_timeout_now if _next_index reaches log_index
+        this.timeoutNowIndex = logIndex;
+        this.id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stopTransferLeadership(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+        id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean sendTimeoutNowAndStop(final ThreadId id, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // id unlock in sendTimeoutNow
+        r.sendTimeoutNow(true, true, timeoutMs);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getNextIndex(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        long nextIdx = 0;
+        if (r.hasSucceeded) {
+            nextIdx = r.nextIndex;
+        }
+        id.unlock();
+        return nextIdx;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.sendEntries` reads without synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.id`. Potentially races with write in method `Replicator.destroy()`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Replicator.sendEntries()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.sendEntries():void.6b51013735c19490f14f7957e86cc468
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/Replicator.java
+
+### Key:
+Replicator.java|sendEntries|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+89caebfda6ca5b172ad2ca509cf7e910
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9227/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9227/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1d6895d11018b8be47077b67ee183c225c5f1d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9227/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1801 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Node;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotReader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Recyclable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecyclableByteBufferList;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecycleUtil;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Gauge;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Metric;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricSet;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.google.protobuf.ZeroByteStringHelper;
+
+/**
+ * Replicator for replicating log entry from leader to followers.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-04 10:32:02 AM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class Replicator implements ThreadId.OnError {
+
+    private static final Logger              LOG                    = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Replicator.class);
+
+    private final RaftClientService          rpcService;
+    // Next sending log index
+    private volatile long                    nextIndex;
+    private int                              consecutiveErrorTimes  = 0;
+    private boolean                          hasSucceeded;
+    private long                             timeoutNowIndex;
+    private volatile long                    lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    private volatile long                    heartbeatCounter       = 0;
+    private volatile long                    appendEntriesCounter   = 0;
+    private volatile long                    installSnapshotCounter = 0;
+    protected Stat                           statInfo               = new Stat();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               blockTimer;
+
+    // Cached the latest RPC in-flight request.
+    private Inflight                         rpcInFly;
+    // Heartbeat RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  heartbeatInFly;
+    // Timeout request RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  timeoutNowInFly;
+    // In-flight RPC requests, FIFO queue
+    private final ArrayDeque<Inflight>       inflights              = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+    private long                             waitId                 = -1L;
+    protected ThreadId                       id;
+    private final ReplicatorOptions          options;
+    private final RaftOptions                raftOptions;
+
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               heartbeatTimer;
+    private volatile SnapshotReader          reader;
+    private CatchUpClosure                   catchUpClosure;
+    private final TimerManager               timerManager;
+    private final NodeMetrics                nodeMetrics;
+    private volatile State                   state;
+
+    // Request sequence
+    private int                              reqSeq                 = 0;
+    // Response sequence
+    private int                              requiredNextSeq        = 0;
+    // Replicator state reset version
+    private int                              version                = 0;
+
+    // Pending response queue;
+    private final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> pendingResponses       = new PriorityQueue<>(50);
+
+    private int getAndIncrementReqSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.reqSeq;
+        this.reqSeq++;
+        if (this.reqSeq < 0) {
+            this.reqSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    private int getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.requiredNextSeq;
+        this.requiredNextSeq++;
+        if (this.requiredNextSeq < 0) {
+            this.requiredNextSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator state
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    public enum State {
+        Probe, // probe follower state
+        Snapshot, // installing snapshot to follower
+        Replicate, // replicate logs normally
+        Destroyed // destroyed
+    }
+
+    public Replicator(final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOptions, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        super();
+        this.options = replicatorOptions;
+        this.nodeMetrics = this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics();
+        this.nextIndex = this.options.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.timerManager = replicatorOptions.getTimerManager();
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.rpcService = replicatorOptions.getRaftRpcService();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator metric set.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    private static final class ReplicatorMetricSet implements MetricSet {
+        private final ReplicatorOptions opts;
+        private final Replicator        r;
+
+        private ReplicatorMetricSet(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final Replicator r) {
+            this.opts = opts;
+            this.r = r;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Map<String, Metric> getMetrics() {
+            final Map<String, Metric> gauges = new HashMap<>();
+            gauges.put("log-lags",
+                (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.opts.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() - (this.r.nextIndex - 1));
+            gauges.put("next-index", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.nextIndex);
+            gauges.put("heartbeat-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.heartbeatCounter);
+            gauges.put("install-snapshot-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.installSnapshotCounter);
+            gauges.put("append-entries-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.appendEntriesCounter);
+            return gauges;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal state
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:45 AM
+     */
+    enum RunningState {
+        IDLE, // idle
+        BLOCKING, // blocking state
+        APPENDING_ENTRIES, // appending log entries
+        INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT // installing snapshot
+    }
+
+    enum ReplicatorEvent {
+        CREATED, // created
+        ERROR, // error
+        DESTROYED // destroyed
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * User can implement the ReplicatorStateListener interface by themselves.
+     * So they can do some their own logic codes when replicator created, destroyed or had some errors.
+     *
+     * @author zongtanghu
+     *
+     * 2019-Aug-20 2:32:10 PM
+     */
+    public interface ReplicatorStateListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been created.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onCreated(final PeerId peer);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has some errors.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         * @param status replicator's error detailed status
+         */
+        void onError(final PeerId peer, final Status status);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been destroyed.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onDestroyed(final PeerId peer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     * @param status        replicator's error detailed status
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event, final Status status) {
+        final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOpts = Requires.requireNonNull(replicator.getOpts(), "replicatorOptions");
+        final Node node = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getNode(), "node");
+        final PeerId peer = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getPeerId(), "peer");
+
+        final List<ReplicatorStateListener> listenerList = node.getReplicatorStatueListeners();
+        for (int i = 0; i < listenerList.size(); i++) {
+            final ReplicatorStateListener listener = listenerList.get(i);
+            if(listener != null) {
+                try {
+                    switch (event) {
+                        case CREATED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onCreated(peer));
+                            break;
+                        case ERROR:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onError(peer, status));
+                            break;
+                        case DESTROYED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onDestroyed(peer));
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } catch (final Exception e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to notify ReplicatorStatusListener, listener={}, event={}.", listener, event);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users for none status.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event) {
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(replicator, event, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Statistics structure
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:53 AM
+     */
+    static class Stat {
+        RunningState runningState;
+        long         firstLogIndex;
+        long         lastLogIncluded;
+        long         lastLogIndex;
+        long         lastTermIncluded;
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "<running=" + this.runningState + ", firstLogIndex=" + this.firstLogIndex + ", lastLogIncluded="
+                   + this.lastLogIncluded + ", lastLogIndex=" + this.lastLogIndex + ", lastTermIncluded="
+                   + this.lastTermIncluded + ">";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // In-flight request type
+    enum RequestType {
+        Snapshot, // install snapshot
+        AppendEntries // replicate logs
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In-flight request.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class Inflight {
+        // In-flight request count
+        final int             count;
+        // Start log index
+        final long            startIndex;
+        // Entries size in bytes
+        final int             size;
+        // RPC future
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture;
+        final RequestType     requestType;
+        // Request sequence.
+        final int             seq;
+
+        public Inflight(final RequestType requestType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                        final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcFuture) {
+            super();
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.requestType = requestType;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.startIndex = startIndex;
+            this.size = size;
+            this.rpcFuture = rpcFuture;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Inflight [count=" + this.count + ", startIndex=" + this.startIndex + ", size=" + this.size
+                   + ", rpcFuture=" + this.rpcFuture + ", requestType=" + this.requestType + ", seq=" + this.seq + "]";
+        }
+
+        boolean isSendingLogEntries() {
+            return this.requestType == RequestType.AppendEntries && this.count > 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * RPC response for AppendEntries/InstallSnapshot.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class RpcResponse implements Comparable<RpcResponse> {
+        final Status      status;
+        final Message     request;
+        final Message     response;
+        final long        rpcSendTime;
+        final int         seq;
+        final RequestType requestType;
+
+        public RpcResponse(final RequestType reqType, final int seq, final Status status, final Message request,
+                           final Message response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+            super();
+            this.requestType = reqType;
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.status = status;
+            this.request = request;
+            this.response = response;
+            this.rpcSendTime = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "RpcResponse [status=" + this.status + ", request=" + this.request + ", response=" + this.response
+                   + ", rpcSendTime=" + this.rpcSendTime + ", seq=" + this.seq + ", requestType=" + this.requestType
+                   + "]";
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sort by sequence.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(final RpcResponse o) {
+            return Integer.compare(this.seq, o.seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ArrayDeque<Inflight> getInflights() {
+        return this.inflights;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    State getState() {
+        return this.state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setState(final State state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getReqSeq() {
+        return this.reqSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getRequiredNextSeq() {
+        return this.requiredNextSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getVersion() {
+        return this.version;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    public PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> getPendingResponses() {
+        return this.pendingResponses;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getWaitId() {
+        return this.waitId;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getBlockTimer() {
+        return this.blockTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getTimeoutNowIndex() {
+        return this.timeoutNowIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ReplicatorOptions getOpts() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getRealNextIndex() {
+        return this.nextIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcInFly() {
+        if (this.rpcInFly == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.rpcInFly.rpcFuture;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getHeartbeatInFly() {
+        return this.heartbeatInFly;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getHeartbeatTimer() {
+        return this.heartbeatTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setHasSucceeded() {
+        this.hasSucceeded = true;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getTimeoutNowInFly() {
+        return this.timeoutNowInFly;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a in-flight request
+     * @param reqType   type of request
+     * @param count     count if request
+     * @param size      size in bytes
+     */
+    private void addInflight(final RequestType reqType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                             final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcInfly) {
+        this.rpcInFly = new Inflight(reqType, startIndex, count, size, seq, rpcInfly);
+        this.inflights.add(this.rpcInFly);
+        this.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-inflights-count", this.inflights.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the next in-flight sending index, return -1 when can't send more in-flight requests.
+     *
+     * @return next in-flight sending index
+     */
+    long getNextSendIndex() {
+        // Fast path
+        if (this.inflights.isEmpty()) {
+            return this.nextIndex;
+        }
+        // Too many in-flight requests.
+        if (this.inflights.size() > this.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+        // Last request should be a AppendEntries request and has some entries.
+        if (this.rpcInFly != null && this.rpcInFly.isSendingLogEntries()) {
+            return this.rpcInFly.startIndex + this.rpcInFly.count;
+        }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    private Inflight pollInflight() {
+        return this.inflights.poll();
+    }
+
+    private void startHeartbeatTimer(final long startMs) {
+        final long dueTime = startMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            this.heartbeatTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to schedule heartbeat timer", e);
+            onTimeout(this.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void installSnapshot() {
+        if (this.state == State.Snapshot) {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} is installing snapshot, ignore the new request.", this.options.getPeerId());
+            this.id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.reader == null,
+                "Replicator %s already has a snapshot reader, current state is %s", this.options.getPeerId(),
+                this.state);
+            this.reader = this.options.getSnapshotStorage().open();
+            if (this.reader == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to open snapshot"));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final String uri = this.reader.generateURIForCopy();
+            if (uri == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to generate uri for snapshot reader"));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final RaftOutter.SnapshotMeta meta = this.reader.load();
+            if (meta == null) {
+                final String snapshotPath = this.reader.getPath();
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to load meta from %s", snapshotPath));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder rb = InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+            rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+            rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+            rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+            rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+            rb.setMeta(meta);
+            rb.setUri(uri);
+
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT;
+            this.statInfo.lastLogIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedIndex();
+            this.statInfo.lastTermIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedTerm();
+
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest request = rb.build();
+            this.state = State.Snapshot;
+            // noinspection NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField
+            this.installSnapshotCounter++;
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final int stateVersion = this.version;
+            final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+            final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.installSnapshot(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                request, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<InstallSnapshotResponse>() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void run(final Status status) {
+                        onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.Snapshot, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                            stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                    }
+                });
+            addInflight(RequestType.Snapshot, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static boolean onInstallSnapshotReturned(final ThreadId id, final Replicator r, final Status status,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotRequest request,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotResponse response) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        r.releaseReader();
+        // noinspection ConstantConditions
+        do {
+            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received InstallSnapshotResponse from ").append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedIndex=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedTerm=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedTerm());
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                sb.append(" error:").append(status);
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to install snapshot at peer={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(), status);
+                }
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+                sb.append(" success=false");
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            // success
+            r.nextIndex = request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex() + 1;
+            sb.append(" success=true");
+            LOG.info(sb.toString());
+        } while (false);
+        // We don't retry installing the snapshot explicitly.
+        // id is unlock in sendEntries
+        if (!success) {
+            //should reset states
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.block(Utils.nowMs(), status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        // id is unlock in _send_entriesheartbeatCounter
+        r.state = State.Replicate;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        sendEmptyEntries(isHeartbeat, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send probe or heartbeat request
+     * @param isHeartbeat      if current entries is heartbeat
+     * @param heartBeatClosure heartbeat callback
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField")
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat,
+                                  final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartBeatClosure) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, this.nextIndex - 1, isHeartbeat)) {
+            // id is unlock in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            if (isHeartbeat && heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(heartBeatClosure, new Status(RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "Fail to send heartbeat to peer %s", this.options.getPeerId()));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+
+            if (isHeartbeat) {
+                // Sending a heartbeat request
+                this.heartbeatCounter++;
+                RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartbeatDone;
+                // Prefer passed-in closure.
+                if (heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                    heartbeatDone = heartBeatClosure;
+                } else {
+                    heartbeatDone = new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onHeartbeatReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                this.heartbeatInFly = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request,
+                    this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() / 2, heartbeatDone);
+            } else {
+                // Sending a probe request.
+                this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+                this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = this.nextIndex;
+                this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = this.nextIndex - 1;
+                this.appendEntriesCounter++;
+                this.state = State.Probe;
+                final int stateVersion = this.version;
+                final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+                final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                    request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request,
+                                getResponse(), seq, stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+
+                    });
+
+                addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} send HeartbeatRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {}", this.options.getNode()
+                .getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(), request.getCommittedIndex());
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean prepareEntry(final long nextSendingIndex, final int offset, final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb,
+                         final RecyclableByteBufferList dateBuffer) {
+        if (dateBuffer.getCapacity() >= this.raftOptions.getMaxBodySize()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final long logIndex = nextSendingIndex + offset;
+        final LogEntry entry = this.options.getLogManager().getEntry(logIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        emb.setTerm(entry.getId().getTerm());
+        if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+            emb.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); //since 1.2.6
+        }
+        emb.setType(entry.getType());
+        if (entry.getPeers() != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!entry.getPeers().isEmpty(), "Empty peers at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+            for (final PeerId peer : entry.getPeers()) {
+                emb.addPeers(peer.toString());
+            }
+            if (entry.getOldPeers() != null) {
+                for (final PeerId peer : entry.getOldPeers()) {
+                    emb.addOldPeers(peer.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            Requires.requireTrue(entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION,
+                "Empty peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+        }
+        final int remaining = entry.getData() != null ? entry.getData().remaining() : 0;
+        emb.setDataLen(remaining);
+        if (entry.getData() != null) {
+            // should slice entry data
+            dateBuffer.add(entry.getData().slice());
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static ThreadId start(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        if (opts.getLogManager() == null || opts.getBallotBox() == null || opts.getNode() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ReplicatorOptions.");
+        }
+        final Replicator r = new Replicator(opts, raftOptions);
+        if (!r.rpcService.connect(opts.getPeerId().getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init sending channel to {}.", opts.getPeerId());
+            // Return and it will be retried later.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Register replicator metric set.
+        final MetricRegistry metricRegistry = opts.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry();
+        if (metricRegistry != null) {
+            try {
+                final String replicatorMetricName = getReplicatorMetricName(opts);
+                if (!metricRegistry.getNames().contains(replicatorMetricName)) {
+                    metricRegistry.register(replicatorMetricName, new ReplicatorMetricSet(opts, r));
+                }
+            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                // ignore
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Start replication
+        r.id = new ThreadId(r, r);
+        r.id.lock();
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.CREATED);
+        LOG.info("Replicator={}@{} is started", r.id, r.options.getPeerId());
+        r.catchUpClosure = null;
+        r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        r.startHeartbeatTimer(Utils.nowMs());
+        // id.unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        return r.id;
+    }
+
+    private static String getReplicatorMetricName(final ReplicatorOptions opts) {
+        return "replicator-" + opts.getNode().getGroupId() + "/" + opts.getPeerId();
+    }
+
+    public static void waitForCaughtUp(final ThreadId id, final long maxMargin, final long dueTime,
+                                       final CatchUpClosure done) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such replicator"));
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.catchUpClosure != null) {
+                LOG.error("Previous wait_for_caught_up is not over");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Duplicated call"));
+                return;
+            }
+            done.setMaxMargin(maxMargin);
+            if (dueTime > 0) {
+                done.setTimer(r.timerManager.schedule(() -> onCatchUpTimedOut(id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            }
+            r.catchUpClosure = done;
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Replicator [state=" + this.state + ", statInfo=" + this.statInfo + ",peerId="
+               + this.options.getPeerId() + "]";
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            continueSending(id, RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unblock and continue sending right now.
+     */
+    static void unBlockAndSendNow(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // It was destroyed already
+            return;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                if (r.blockTimer.cancel(true)) {
+                    onBlockTimeout(id);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean continueSending(final ThreadId id, final int errCode) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            //It was destroyed already
+            return true;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.waitId = -1;
+        if (errCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            // Send empty entries after block timeout to check the correct
+            // _next_index otherwise the replicator is likely waits in            executor.shutdown();
+            // _wait_more_entries and no further logs would be replicated even if the
+            // last_index of this followers is less than |next_index - 1|
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        } else if (errCode != RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            // id is unlock in _send_entries
+            r.sendEntries();
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} stops sending entries.", id);
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeout(final ThreadId arg) {
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(arg));
+    }
+
+    void block(final long startTimeMs, @SuppressWarnings("unused") final int errorCode) {
+        // TODO: Currently we don't care about error_code which indicates why the
+        // very RPC fails. To make it better there should be different timeout for
+        // each individual error (e.g. we don't need check every
+        // heartbeat_timeout_ms whether a dead follower has come back), but it's just
+        // fine now.
+        final long dueTime = startTimeMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Blocking {} for {} ms", this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs());
+            this.blockTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onBlockTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.BLOCKING;
+            this.id.unlock();
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add timer", e);
+            // id unlock in sendEmptyEntries.
+            sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onError(final ThreadId id, final Object data, final int errorCode) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) data;
+        if (errorCode == RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            try {
+                for (final Inflight inflight : r.inflights) {
+                    if (inflight != r.rpcInFly) {
+                        inflight.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (r.rpcInFly != null) {
+                    r.rpcInFly.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    r.rpcInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatInFly != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.timeoutNowInFly != null) {
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatTimer != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                    r.blockTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.blockTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.waitId >= 0) {
+                    r.options.getLogManager().removeWaiter(r.waitId);
+                }
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(errorCode, true);
+            } finally {
+                r.destroy();
+            }
+        } else if (errorCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            id.unlock();
+            Utils.runInThread(() -> sendHeartbeat(id));
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            Requires.requireTrue(false, "Unknown error code for replicator: " + errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void onCatchUpTimedOut(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber(), false);
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyOnCaughtUp(final int code, final boolean beforeDestroy) {
+        if (this.catchUpClosure == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (code != RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            if (this.nextIndex - 1 + this.catchUpClosure.getMaxMargin() < this.options.getLogManager()
+                .getLastLogIndex()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.catchUpClosure.setErrorWasSet(true);
+            if (code != RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.hasTimer()) {
+                if (!beforeDestroy && !this.catchUpClosure.getTimer().cancel(true)) {
+                    // There's running timer task, let timer task trigger
+                    // on_caught_up to void ABA problem
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // timed out
+            if (!this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+        }
+        final CatchUpClosure savedClosure = this.catchUpClosure;
+        this.catchUpClosure = null;
+        Utils.runClosureInThread(savedClosure, savedClosure.getStatus());
+    }
+
+    private static void onTimeout(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            id.setError(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator id is null when timeout, maybe it's destroyed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void destroy() {
+        final ThreadId savedId = this.id;
+        LOG.info("Replicator {} is going to quit", savedId);
+        this.id = null;
+        releaseReader();
+        // Unregister replicator metric set
+        if (this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().isEnabled()) {
+            this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry().remove(getReplicatorMetricName(this.options));
+        }
+        this.state = State.Destroyed;
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener((Replicator) savedId.getData(), ReplicatorEvent.DESTROYED);
+        savedId.unlockAndDestroy();
+    }
+
+    private void releaseReader() {
+        if (this.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(this.reader);
+            this.reader = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void onHeartbeatReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                    final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // replicator already was destroyed.
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+            StringBuilder sb = null;
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                    append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                    append(" received HeartbeatResponse from "). //
+                    append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                    append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                    append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm());
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                r.state = State.Probe;
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                        r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+                }
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess() && response.hasLastLogIndex()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, response term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" lastLogIndex ")
+                        .append(response.getLastLogIndex());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                LOG.warn("Heartbeat to peer {} failure, try to send a probe request.", r.options.getPeerId());
+                doUnlock = false;
+                r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("ContinueOrBreakFromFinallyBlock")
+    static void onRpcReturned(final ThreadId id, final RequestType reqType, final Status status, final Message request,
+                              final Message response, final int seq, final int stateVersion, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (stateVersion != r.version) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Replicator {} ignored old version response {}, current version is {}, request is {}\n, and response is {}\n, status is {}.",
+                r, stateVersion, r.version, request, response, status);
+            id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> holdingQueue = r.pendingResponses;
+        holdingQueue.add(new RpcResponse(reqType, seq, status, request, response, rpcSendTime));
+
+        if (holdingQueue.size() > r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            LOG.warn("Too many pending responses {} for replicator {}, maxReplicatorInflightMsgs={}",
+                holdingQueue.size(), r.options.getPeerId(), r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean continueSendEntries = false;
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Replicator ").append(r).append(" is processing RPC responses,");
+        }
+        try {
+            int processed = 0;
+            while (!holdingQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                final RpcResponse queuedPipelinedResponse = holdingQueue.peek();
+
+                // Sequence mismatch, waiting for next response.
+                if (queuedPipelinedResponse.seq != r.requiredNextSeq) {
+                    if (processed > 0) {
+                        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                            sb.append("has processed ").append(processed).append(" responses,");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        // Do not processed any responses, UNLOCK id and return.
+                        continueSendEntries = false;
+                        id.unlock();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                holdingQueue.remove();
+                processed++;
+                final Inflight inflight = r.pollInflight();
+                if (inflight == null) {
+                    // The previous in-flight requests were cleared.
+                    if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                        sb.append("ignore response because request not found:").append(queuedPipelinedResponse)
+                            .append(",\n");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (inflight.seq != queuedPipelinedResponse.seq) {
+                    // reset state
+                    LOG.warn(
+                        "Replicator {} response sequence out of order, expect {}, but it is {}, reset state to try again.",
+                        r, inflight.seq, queuedPipelinedResponse.seq);
+                    r.resetInflights();
+                    r.state = State.Probe;
+                    continueSendEntries = false;
+                    r.block(Utils.nowMs(), RaftError.EREQUEST.getNumber());
+                    return;
+                }
+                try {
+                    switch (queuedPipelinedResponse.requestType) {
+                        case AppendEntries:
+                            continueSendEntries = onAppendEntriesReturned(id, inflight, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (AppendEntriesRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (AppendEntriesResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response, rpcSendTime, startTimeMs, r);
+                            break;
+                        case Snapshot:
+                            continueSendEntries = onInstallSnapshotReturned(id, r, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (InstallSnapshotRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (InstallSnapshotResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (continueSendEntries) {
+                        // Success, increase the response sequence.
+                        r.getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq();
+                    } else {
+                        // The id is already unlocked in onAppendEntriesReturned/onInstallSnapshotReturned, we SHOULD break out.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(", after processed, continue to send entries: ").append(continueSendEntries);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (continueSendEntries) {
+                // unlock in sendEntries.
+                r.sendEntries();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset in-flight state.
+     */
+    void resetInflights() {
+        this.version++;
+        this.inflights.clear();
+        this.pendingResponses.clear();
+        final int rs = Math.max(this.reqSeq, this.requiredNextSeq);
+        this.reqSeq = this.requiredNextSeq = rs;
+        releaseReader();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean onAppendEntriesReturned(final ThreadId id, final Inflight inflight, final Status status,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime,
+                                                   final long startTimeMs, final Replicator r) {
+        if (inflight.startIndex != request.getPrevLogIndex() + 1) {
+            LOG.warn(
+                "Replicator {} received invalid AppendEntriesResponse, in-flight startIndex={}, request prevLogIndex={}, reset the replicator state and probe again.",
+                r, inflight.startIndex, request.getPrevLogIndex());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock id in sendEmptyEntries
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        // record metrics
+        if (request.getEntriesCount() > 0) {
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordLatency("replicate-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - rpcSendTime);
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-count", request.getEntriesCount());
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-bytes", request.getData() != null ? request.getData().size()
+                : 0);
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received AppendEntriesResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm()). //
+                append(" count=").append(request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            // If the follower crashes, any RPC to the follower fails immediately,
+            // so we need to block the follower for a while instead of looping until
+            // it comes back or be removed
+            // dummy_id is unlock in block
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                    r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+            }
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock in in block
+            r.block(startTimeMs, status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+        if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, find nextIndex remote lastLogIndex ").append(response.getLastLogIndex())
+                    .append(" local nextIndex ").append(r.nextIndex);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            // Fail, reset the state to try again from nextIndex.
+            r.resetInflights();
+            // prev_log_index and prev_log_term doesn't match
+            if (response.getLastLogIndex() + 1 < r.nextIndex) {
+                LOG.debug("LastLogIndex at peer={} is {}", r.options.getPeerId(), response.getLastLogIndex());
+                // The peer contains less logs than leader
+                r.nextIndex = response.getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+            } else {
+                // The peer contains logs from old term which should be truncated,
+                // decrease _last_log_at_peer by one to test the right index to keep
+                if (r.nextIndex > 1) {
+                    LOG.debug("logIndex={} dismatch", r.nextIndex);
+                    r.nextIndex--;
+                } else {
+                    LOG.error("Peer={} declares that log at index=0 doesn't match, which is not supposed to happen",
+                        r.options.getPeerId());
+                }
+            }
+            // dummy_id is unlock in _send_heartbeat
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(", success");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        // success
+        if (response.getTerm() != r.options.getTerm()) {
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            LOG.error("Fail, response term {} dismatch, expect term {}", response.getTerm(), r.options.getTerm());
+            id.unlock();
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+            r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+        final int entriesSize = request.getEntriesCount();
+        if (entriesSize > 0) {
+            r.options.getBallotBox().commitAt(r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1, r.options.getPeerId());
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Replicated logs in [{}, {}] to peer {}", r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1,
+                    r.options.getPeerId());
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The request is probe request, change the state into Replicate.
+            r.state = State.Replicate;
+        }
+        r.nextIndex += entriesSize;
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        // dummy_id is unlock in _send_entries
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean fillCommonFields(final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb, long prevLogIndex, final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        final long prevLogTerm = this.options.getLogManager().getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+        if (prevLogTerm == 0 && prevLogIndex != 0) {
+            if (!isHeartbeat) {
+                Requires.requireTrue(prevLogIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex());
+                LOG.debug("logIndex={} was compacted", prevLogIndex);
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                // The log at prev_log_index has been compacted, which indicates
+                // we is or is going to install snapshot to the follower. So we let
+                // both prev_log_index and prev_log_term be 0 in the heartbeat
+                // request so that follower would do nothing besides updating its
+                // leader timestamp.
+                prevLogIndex = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        rb.setPrevLogIndex(prevLogIndex);
+        rb.setPrevLogTerm(prevLogTerm);
+        rb.setCommittedIndex(this.options.getBallotBox().getLastCommittedIndex());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void waitMoreEntries(final long nextWaitIndex) {
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} waits more entries", this.options.getNode().getNodeId());
+            if (this.waitId >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.waitId = this.options.getLogManager().wait(nextWaitIndex - 1,
+                (arg, errorCode) -> continueSending((ThreadId) arg, errorCode), this.id);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.IDLE;
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send as many requests as possible.
+     */
+    void sendEntries() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            long prevSendIndex = -1;
+            while (true) {
+                final long nextSendingIndex = getNextSendIndex();
+                if (nextSendingIndex > prevSendIndex) {
+                    if (sendEntries(nextSendingIndex)) {
+                        prevSendIndex = nextSendingIndex;
+                    } else {
+                        doUnlock = false;
+                        // id already unlock in sendEntries when it returns false.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send log entries to follower, returns true when success, otherwise false and unlock the id.
+     *
+     * @param nextSendingIndex next sending index
+     * @return send result.
+     */
+    private boolean sendEntries(final long nextSendingIndex) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, nextSendingIndex - 1, false)) {
+            // unlock id in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ByteBufferCollector dataBuf = null;
+        final int maxEntriesSize = this.raftOptions.getMaxEntriesSize();
+        final RecyclableByteBufferList byteBufList = RecyclableByteBufferList.newInstance();
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxEntriesSize; i++) {
+                final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb = RaftOutter.EntryMeta.newBuilder();
+                if (!prepareEntry(nextSendingIndex, i, emb, byteBufList)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                rb.addEntries(emb.build());
+            }
+            if (rb.getEntriesCount() == 0) {
+                if (nextSendingIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex()) {
+                    installSnapshot();
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // _id is unlock in _wait_more
+                waitMoreEntries(nextSendingIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (byteBufList.getCapacity() > 0) {
+                dataBuf = ByteBufferCollector.allocateByRecyclers(byteBufList.getCapacity());
+                for (final ByteBuffer b : byteBufList) {
+                    dataBuf.put(b);
+                }
+                final ByteBuffer buf = dataBuf.getBuffer();
+                buf.flip();
+                rb.setData(ZeroByteStringHelper.wrap(buf));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            RecycleUtil.recycle(byteBufList);
+        }
+
+        final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Node {} send AppendEntriesRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {} prevLogIndex {} prevLogTerm {} logIndex {} count {}",
+                this.options.getNode().getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(),
+                request.getCommittedIndex(), request.getPrevLogIndex(), request.getPrevLogTerm(), nextSendingIndex,
+                request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+        this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + rb.getEntriesCount();
+
+        final Recyclable recyclable = dataBuf;
+        final int v = this.version;
+        final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+            request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    RecycleUtil.recycle(recyclable);
+                    onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                        v, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                }
+
+            });
+        addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, nextSendingIndex, request.getEntriesCount(), request.getData().size(),
+            seq, rpcFuture);
+        return true;
+
+    }
+
+    public static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id, final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> closure) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(closure, new Status(RaftError.EHOSTDOWN, "Peer %s is not connected", id));
+            return;
+        }
+        //id unlock in send empty entries.
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true, closure);
+    }
+
+    private static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        sendTimeoutNow(unlockId, stopAfterFinish, -1);
+    }
+
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb = TimeoutNowRequest.newBuilder();
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        try {
+            if (!stopAfterFinish) {
+                // This RPC is issued by transfer_leadership, save this call_id so that
+                // the RPC can be cancelled by stop.
+                this.timeoutNowInFly = timeoutNow(rb, false, timeoutMs);
+                this.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+            } else {
+                timeoutNow(rb, true, timeoutMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (unlockId) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Future<Message> timeoutNow(final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb, final boolean stopAfterFinish,
+                                       final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest request = rb.build();
+        return this.rpcService.timeoutNow(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request, timeoutMs,
+            new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<TimeoutNowResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    if (Replicator.this.id != null) {
+                        onTimeoutNowReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), stopAfterFinish);
+                    }
+                }
+
+            });
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static void onTimeoutNowReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final TimeoutNowRequest request,
+                                     final TimeoutNowResponse response, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received TimeoutNowResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail:").append(status);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (stopAfterFinish) {
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+            } else {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(response.getSuccess() ? " success" : " fail");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+            final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+            node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                "Leader receives higher term timeout_now_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (stopAfterFinish) {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stop(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.setError(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean join(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.join();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getLastRpcSendTimestamp(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.getData();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        return r.lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean transferLeadership(final ThreadId id, final long logIndex) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // dummy is unlock in _transfer_leadership
+        return r.transferLeadership(logIndex);
+    }
+
+    private boolean transferLeadership(final long logIndex) {
+        if (this.hasSucceeded && this.nextIndex > logIndex) {
+            // _id is unlock in _send_timeout_now
+            sendTimeoutNow(true, false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Register log_index so that _on_rpc_return trigger
+        // _send_timeout_now if _next_index reaches log_index
+        this.timeoutNowIndex = logIndex;
+        this.id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stopTransferLeadership(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+        id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean sendTimeoutNowAndStop(final ThreadId id, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // id unlock in sendTimeoutNow
+        r.sendTimeoutNow(true, true, timeoutMs);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getNextIndex(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        long nextIdx = 0;
+        if (r.hasSucceeded) {
+            nextIdx = r.nextIndex;
+        }
+        id.unlock();
+        return nextIdx;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.destroy` reads without synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.id`. Potentially races with write in method `Replicator.destroy()`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Replicator.destroy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.destroy():void.7d6a56b93dd19c576109b0cec5680863
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/Replicator.java
+
+### Key:
+Replicator.java|destroy|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+0c2f741ae72e06c794d2f625b1450f6a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9229/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9229/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14132bf1d32ed836f76b9fa587a7f49174020bac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9229/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1801 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Node;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotReader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Recyclable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecyclableByteBufferList;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecycleUtil;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Gauge;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Metric;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricSet;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.google.protobuf.ZeroByteStringHelper;
+
+/**
+ * Replicator for replicating log entry from leader to followers.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-04 10:32:02 AM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class Replicator implements ThreadId.OnError {
+
+    private static final Logger              LOG                    = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Replicator.class);
+
+    private final RaftClientService          rpcService;
+    // Next sending log index
+    private volatile long                    nextIndex;
+    private int                              consecutiveErrorTimes  = 0;
+    private boolean                          hasSucceeded;
+    private long                             timeoutNowIndex;
+    private volatile long                    lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    private volatile long                    heartbeatCounter       = 0;
+    private volatile long                    appendEntriesCounter   = 0;
+    private volatile long                    installSnapshotCounter = 0;
+    protected Stat                           statInfo               = new Stat();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               blockTimer;
+
+    // Cached the latest RPC in-flight request.
+    private Inflight                         rpcInFly;
+    // Heartbeat RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  heartbeatInFly;
+    // Timeout request RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  timeoutNowInFly;
+    // In-flight RPC requests, FIFO queue
+    private final ArrayDeque<Inflight>       inflights              = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+    private long                             waitId                 = -1L;
+    protected ThreadId                       id;
+    private final ReplicatorOptions          options;
+    private final RaftOptions                raftOptions;
+
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               heartbeatTimer;
+    private volatile SnapshotReader          reader;
+    private CatchUpClosure                   catchUpClosure;
+    private final TimerManager               timerManager;
+    private final NodeMetrics                nodeMetrics;
+    private volatile State                   state;
+
+    // Request sequence
+    private int                              reqSeq                 = 0;
+    // Response sequence
+    private int                              requiredNextSeq        = 0;
+    // Replicator state reset version
+    private int                              version                = 0;
+
+    // Pending response queue;
+    private final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> pendingResponses       = new PriorityQueue<>(50);
+
+    private int getAndIncrementReqSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.reqSeq;
+        this.reqSeq++;
+        if (this.reqSeq < 0) {
+            this.reqSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    private int getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.requiredNextSeq;
+        this.requiredNextSeq++;
+        if (this.requiredNextSeq < 0) {
+            this.requiredNextSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator state
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    public enum State {
+        Probe, // probe follower state
+        Snapshot, // installing snapshot to follower
+        Replicate, // replicate logs normally
+        Destroyed // destroyed
+    }
+
+    public Replicator(final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOptions, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        super();
+        this.options = replicatorOptions;
+        this.nodeMetrics = this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics();
+        this.nextIndex = this.options.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.timerManager = replicatorOptions.getTimerManager();
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.rpcService = replicatorOptions.getRaftRpcService();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator metric set.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    private static final class ReplicatorMetricSet implements MetricSet {
+        private final ReplicatorOptions opts;
+        private final Replicator        r;
+
+        private ReplicatorMetricSet(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final Replicator r) {
+            this.opts = opts;
+            this.r = r;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Map<String, Metric> getMetrics() {
+            final Map<String, Metric> gauges = new HashMap<>();
+            gauges.put("log-lags",
+                (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.opts.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() - (this.r.nextIndex - 1));
+            gauges.put("next-index", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.nextIndex);
+            gauges.put("heartbeat-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.heartbeatCounter);
+            gauges.put("install-snapshot-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.installSnapshotCounter);
+            gauges.put("append-entries-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.appendEntriesCounter);
+            return gauges;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal state
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:45 AM
+     */
+    enum RunningState {
+        IDLE, // idle
+        BLOCKING, // blocking state
+        APPENDING_ENTRIES, // appending log entries
+        INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT // installing snapshot
+    }
+
+    enum ReplicatorEvent {
+        CREATED, // created
+        ERROR, // error
+        DESTROYED // destroyed
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * User can implement the ReplicatorStateListener interface by themselves.
+     * So they can do some their own logic codes when replicator created, destroyed or had some errors.
+     *
+     * @author zongtanghu
+     *
+     * 2019-Aug-20 2:32:10 PM
+     */
+    public interface ReplicatorStateListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been created.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onCreated(final PeerId peer);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has some errors.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         * @param status replicator's error detailed status
+         */
+        void onError(final PeerId peer, final Status status);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been destroyed.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onDestroyed(final PeerId peer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     * @param status        replicator's error detailed status
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event, final Status status) {
+        final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOpts = Requires.requireNonNull(replicator.getOpts(), "replicatorOptions");
+        final Node node = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getNode(), "node");
+        final PeerId peer = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getPeerId(), "peer");
+
+        final List<ReplicatorStateListener> listenerList = node.getReplicatorStatueListeners();
+        for (int i = 0; i < listenerList.size(); i++) {
+            final ReplicatorStateListener listener = listenerList.get(i);
+            if(listener != null) {
+                try {
+                    switch (event) {
+                        case CREATED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onCreated(peer));
+                            break;
+                        case ERROR:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onError(peer, status));
+                            break;
+                        case DESTROYED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onDestroyed(peer));
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } catch (final Exception e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to notify ReplicatorStatusListener, listener={}, event={}.", listener, event);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users for none status.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event) {
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(replicator, event, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Statistics structure
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:53 AM
+     */
+    static class Stat {
+        RunningState runningState;
+        long         firstLogIndex;
+        long         lastLogIncluded;
+        long         lastLogIndex;
+        long         lastTermIncluded;
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "<running=" + this.runningState + ", firstLogIndex=" + this.firstLogIndex + ", lastLogIncluded="
+                   + this.lastLogIncluded + ", lastLogIndex=" + this.lastLogIndex + ", lastTermIncluded="
+                   + this.lastTermIncluded + ">";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // In-flight request type
+    enum RequestType {
+        Snapshot, // install snapshot
+        AppendEntries // replicate logs
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In-flight request.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class Inflight {
+        // In-flight request count
+        final int             count;
+        // Start log index
+        final long            startIndex;
+        // Entries size in bytes
+        final int             size;
+        // RPC future
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture;
+        final RequestType     requestType;
+        // Request sequence.
+        final int             seq;
+
+        public Inflight(final RequestType requestType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                        final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcFuture) {
+            super();
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.requestType = requestType;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.startIndex = startIndex;
+            this.size = size;
+            this.rpcFuture = rpcFuture;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Inflight [count=" + this.count + ", startIndex=" + this.startIndex + ", size=" + this.size
+                   + ", rpcFuture=" + this.rpcFuture + ", requestType=" + this.requestType + ", seq=" + this.seq + "]";
+        }
+
+        boolean isSendingLogEntries() {
+            return this.requestType == RequestType.AppendEntries && this.count > 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * RPC response for AppendEntries/InstallSnapshot.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class RpcResponse implements Comparable<RpcResponse> {
+        final Status      status;
+        final Message     request;
+        final Message     response;
+        final long        rpcSendTime;
+        final int         seq;
+        final RequestType requestType;
+
+        public RpcResponse(final RequestType reqType, final int seq, final Status status, final Message request,
+                           final Message response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+            super();
+            this.requestType = reqType;
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.status = status;
+            this.request = request;
+            this.response = response;
+            this.rpcSendTime = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "RpcResponse [status=" + this.status + ", request=" + this.request + ", response=" + this.response
+                   + ", rpcSendTime=" + this.rpcSendTime + ", seq=" + this.seq + ", requestType=" + this.requestType
+                   + "]";
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sort by sequence.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(final RpcResponse o) {
+            return Integer.compare(this.seq, o.seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ArrayDeque<Inflight> getInflights() {
+        return this.inflights;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    State getState() {
+        return this.state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setState(final State state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getReqSeq() {
+        return this.reqSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getRequiredNextSeq() {
+        return this.requiredNextSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getVersion() {
+        return this.version;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    public PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> getPendingResponses() {
+        return this.pendingResponses;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getWaitId() {
+        return this.waitId;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getBlockTimer() {
+        return this.blockTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getTimeoutNowIndex() {
+        return this.timeoutNowIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ReplicatorOptions getOpts() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getRealNextIndex() {
+        return this.nextIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcInFly() {
+        if (this.rpcInFly == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.rpcInFly.rpcFuture;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getHeartbeatInFly() {
+        return this.heartbeatInFly;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getHeartbeatTimer() {
+        return this.heartbeatTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setHasSucceeded() {
+        this.hasSucceeded = true;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getTimeoutNowInFly() {
+        return this.timeoutNowInFly;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a in-flight request
+     * @param reqType   type of request
+     * @param count     count if request
+     * @param size      size in bytes
+     */
+    private void addInflight(final RequestType reqType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                             final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcInfly) {
+        this.rpcInFly = new Inflight(reqType, startIndex, count, size, seq, rpcInfly);
+        this.inflights.add(this.rpcInFly);
+        this.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-inflights-count", this.inflights.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the next in-flight sending index, return -1 when can't send more in-flight requests.
+     *
+     * @return next in-flight sending index
+     */
+    long getNextSendIndex() {
+        // Fast path
+        if (this.inflights.isEmpty()) {
+            return this.nextIndex;
+        }
+        // Too many in-flight requests.
+        if (this.inflights.size() > this.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+        // Last request should be a AppendEntries request and has some entries.
+        if (this.rpcInFly != null && this.rpcInFly.isSendingLogEntries()) {
+            return this.rpcInFly.startIndex + this.rpcInFly.count;
+        }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    private Inflight pollInflight() {
+        return this.inflights.poll();
+    }
+
+    private void startHeartbeatTimer(final long startMs) {
+        final long dueTime = startMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            this.heartbeatTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to schedule heartbeat timer", e);
+            onTimeout(this.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void installSnapshot() {
+        if (this.state == State.Snapshot) {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} is installing snapshot, ignore the new request.", this.options.getPeerId());
+            this.id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.reader == null,
+                "Replicator %s already has a snapshot reader, current state is %s", this.options.getPeerId(),
+                this.state);
+            this.reader = this.options.getSnapshotStorage().open();
+            if (this.reader == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to open snapshot"));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final String uri = this.reader.generateURIForCopy();
+            if (uri == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to generate uri for snapshot reader"));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final RaftOutter.SnapshotMeta meta = this.reader.load();
+            if (meta == null) {
+                final String snapshotPath = this.reader.getPath();
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to load meta from %s", snapshotPath));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder rb = InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+            rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+            rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+            rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+            rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+            rb.setMeta(meta);
+            rb.setUri(uri);
+
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT;
+            this.statInfo.lastLogIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedIndex();
+            this.statInfo.lastTermIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedTerm();
+
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest request = rb.build();
+            this.state = State.Snapshot;
+            // noinspection NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField
+            this.installSnapshotCounter++;
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final int stateVersion = this.version;
+            final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+            final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.installSnapshot(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                request, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<InstallSnapshotResponse>() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void run(final Status status) {
+                        onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.Snapshot, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                            stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                    }
+                });
+            addInflight(RequestType.Snapshot, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static boolean onInstallSnapshotReturned(final ThreadId id, final Replicator r, final Status status,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotRequest request,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotResponse response) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        r.releaseReader();
+        // noinspection ConstantConditions
+        do {
+            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received InstallSnapshotResponse from ").append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedIndex=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedTerm=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedTerm());
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                sb.append(" error:").append(status);
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to install snapshot at peer={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(), status);
+                }
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+                sb.append(" success=false");
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            // success
+            r.nextIndex = request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex() + 1;
+            sb.append(" success=true");
+            LOG.info(sb.toString());
+        } while (false);
+        // We don't retry installing the snapshot explicitly.
+        // id is unlock in sendEntries
+        if (!success) {
+            //should reset states
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.block(Utils.nowMs(), status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        // id is unlock in _send_entriesheartbeatCounter
+        r.state = State.Replicate;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        sendEmptyEntries(isHeartbeat, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send probe or heartbeat request
+     * @param isHeartbeat      if current entries is heartbeat
+     * @param heartBeatClosure heartbeat callback
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField")
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat,
+                                  final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartBeatClosure) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, this.nextIndex - 1, isHeartbeat)) {
+            // id is unlock in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            if (isHeartbeat && heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(heartBeatClosure, new Status(RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "Fail to send heartbeat to peer %s", this.options.getPeerId()));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+
+            if (isHeartbeat) {
+                // Sending a heartbeat request
+                this.heartbeatCounter++;
+                RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartbeatDone;
+                // Prefer passed-in closure.
+                if (heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                    heartbeatDone = heartBeatClosure;
+                } else {
+                    heartbeatDone = new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onHeartbeatReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                this.heartbeatInFly = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request,
+                    this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() / 2, heartbeatDone);
+            } else {
+                // Sending a probe request.
+                this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+                this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = this.nextIndex;
+                this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = this.nextIndex - 1;
+                this.appendEntriesCounter++;
+                this.state = State.Probe;
+                final int stateVersion = this.version;
+                final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+                final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                    request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request,
+                                getResponse(), seq, stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+
+                    });
+
+                addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} send HeartbeatRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {}", this.options.getNode()
+                .getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(), request.getCommittedIndex());
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean prepareEntry(final long nextSendingIndex, final int offset, final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb,
+                         final RecyclableByteBufferList dateBuffer) {
+        if (dateBuffer.getCapacity() >= this.raftOptions.getMaxBodySize()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final long logIndex = nextSendingIndex + offset;
+        final LogEntry entry = this.options.getLogManager().getEntry(logIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        emb.setTerm(entry.getId().getTerm());
+        if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+            emb.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); //since 1.2.6
+        }
+        emb.setType(entry.getType());
+        if (entry.getPeers() != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!entry.getPeers().isEmpty(), "Empty peers at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+            for (final PeerId peer : entry.getPeers()) {
+                emb.addPeers(peer.toString());
+            }
+            if (entry.getOldPeers() != null) {
+                for (final PeerId peer : entry.getOldPeers()) {
+                    emb.addOldPeers(peer.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            Requires.requireTrue(entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION,
+                "Empty peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+        }
+        final int remaining = entry.getData() != null ? entry.getData().remaining() : 0;
+        emb.setDataLen(remaining);
+        if (entry.getData() != null) {
+            // should slice entry data
+            dateBuffer.add(entry.getData().slice());
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static ThreadId start(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        if (opts.getLogManager() == null || opts.getBallotBox() == null || opts.getNode() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ReplicatorOptions.");
+        }
+        final Replicator r = new Replicator(opts, raftOptions);
+        if (!r.rpcService.connect(opts.getPeerId().getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init sending channel to {}.", opts.getPeerId());
+            // Return and it will be retried later.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Register replicator metric set.
+        final MetricRegistry metricRegistry = opts.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry();
+        if (metricRegistry != null) {
+            try {
+                final String replicatorMetricName = getReplicatorMetricName(opts);
+                if (!metricRegistry.getNames().contains(replicatorMetricName)) {
+                    metricRegistry.register(replicatorMetricName, new ReplicatorMetricSet(opts, r));
+                }
+            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                // ignore
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Start replication
+        r.id = new ThreadId(r, r);
+        r.id.lock();
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.CREATED);
+        LOG.info("Replicator={}@{} is started", r.id, r.options.getPeerId());
+        r.catchUpClosure = null;
+        r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        r.startHeartbeatTimer(Utils.nowMs());
+        // id.unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        return r.id;
+    }
+
+    private static String getReplicatorMetricName(final ReplicatorOptions opts) {
+        return "replicator-" + opts.getNode().getGroupId() + "/" + opts.getPeerId();
+    }
+
+    public static void waitForCaughtUp(final ThreadId id, final long maxMargin, final long dueTime,
+                                       final CatchUpClosure done) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such replicator"));
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.catchUpClosure != null) {
+                LOG.error("Previous wait_for_caught_up is not over");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Duplicated call"));
+                return;
+            }
+            done.setMaxMargin(maxMargin);
+            if (dueTime > 0) {
+                done.setTimer(r.timerManager.schedule(() -> onCatchUpTimedOut(id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            }
+            r.catchUpClosure = done;
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Replicator [state=" + this.state + ", statInfo=" + this.statInfo + ",peerId="
+               + this.options.getPeerId() + "]";
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            continueSending(id, RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unblock and continue sending right now.
+     */
+    static void unBlockAndSendNow(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // It was destroyed already
+            return;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                if (r.blockTimer.cancel(true)) {
+                    onBlockTimeout(id);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean continueSending(final ThreadId id, final int errCode) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            //It was destroyed already
+            return true;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.waitId = -1;
+        if (errCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            // Send empty entries after block timeout to check the correct
+            // _next_index otherwise the replicator is likely waits in            executor.shutdown();
+            // _wait_more_entries and no further logs would be replicated even if the
+            // last_index of this followers is less than |next_index - 1|
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        } else if (errCode != RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            // id is unlock in _send_entries
+            r.sendEntries();
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} stops sending entries.", id);
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeout(final ThreadId arg) {
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(arg));
+    }
+
+    void block(final long startTimeMs, @SuppressWarnings("unused") final int errorCode) {
+        // TODO: Currently we don't care about error_code which indicates why the
+        // very RPC fails. To make it better there should be different timeout for
+        // each individual error (e.g. we don't need check every
+        // heartbeat_timeout_ms whether a dead follower has come back), but it's just
+        // fine now.
+        final long dueTime = startTimeMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Blocking {} for {} ms", this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs());
+            this.blockTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onBlockTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.BLOCKING;
+            this.id.unlock();
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add timer", e);
+            // id unlock in sendEmptyEntries.
+            sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onError(final ThreadId id, final Object data, final int errorCode) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) data;
+        if (errorCode == RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            try {
+                for (final Inflight inflight : r.inflights) {
+                    if (inflight != r.rpcInFly) {
+                        inflight.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (r.rpcInFly != null) {
+                    r.rpcInFly.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    r.rpcInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatInFly != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.timeoutNowInFly != null) {
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatTimer != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                    r.blockTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.blockTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.waitId >= 0) {
+                    r.options.getLogManager().removeWaiter(r.waitId);
+                }
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(errorCode, true);
+            } finally {
+                r.destroy();
+            }
+        } else if (errorCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            id.unlock();
+            Utils.runInThread(() -> sendHeartbeat(id));
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            Requires.requireTrue(false, "Unknown error code for replicator: " + errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void onCatchUpTimedOut(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber(), false);
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyOnCaughtUp(final int code, final boolean beforeDestroy) {
+        if (this.catchUpClosure == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (code != RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            if (this.nextIndex - 1 + this.catchUpClosure.getMaxMargin() < this.options.getLogManager()
+                .getLastLogIndex()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.catchUpClosure.setErrorWasSet(true);
+            if (code != RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.hasTimer()) {
+                if (!beforeDestroy && !this.catchUpClosure.getTimer().cancel(true)) {
+                    // There's running timer task, let timer task trigger
+                    // on_caught_up to void ABA problem
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // timed out
+            if (!this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+        }
+        final CatchUpClosure savedClosure = this.catchUpClosure;
+        this.catchUpClosure = null;
+        Utils.runClosureInThread(savedClosure, savedClosure.getStatus());
+    }
+
+    private static void onTimeout(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            id.setError(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator id is null when timeout, maybe it's destroyed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void destroy() {
+        final ThreadId savedId = this.id;
+        LOG.info("Replicator {} is going to quit", savedId);
+        this.id = null;
+        releaseReader();
+        // Unregister replicator metric set
+        if (this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().isEnabled()) {
+            this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry().remove(getReplicatorMetricName(this.options));
+        }
+        this.state = State.Destroyed;
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener((Replicator) savedId.getData(), ReplicatorEvent.DESTROYED);
+        savedId.unlockAndDestroy();
+    }
+
+    private void releaseReader() {
+        if (this.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(this.reader);
+            this.reader = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void onHeartbeatReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                    final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // replicator already was destroyed.
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+            StringBuilder sb = null;
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                    append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                    append(" received HeartbeatResponse from "). //
+                    append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                    append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                    append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm());
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                r.state = State.Probe;
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                        r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+                }
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess() && response.hasLastLogIndex()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, response term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" lastLogIndex ")
+                        .append(response.getLastLogIndex());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                LOG.warn("Heartbeat to peer {} failure, try to send a probe request.", r.options.getPeerId());
+                doUnlock = false;
+                r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("ContinueOrBreakFromFinallyBlock")
+    static void onRpcReturned(final ThreadId id, final RequestType reqType, final Status status, final Message request,
+                              final Message response, final int seq, final int stateVersion, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (stateVersion != r.version) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Replicator {} ignored old version response {}, current version is {}, request is {}\n, and response is {}\n, status is {}.",
+                r, stateVersion, r.version, request, response, status);
+            id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> holdingQueue = r.pendingResponses;
+        holdingQueue.add(new RpcResponse(reqType, seq, status, request, response, rpcSendTime));
+
+        if (holdingQueue.size() > r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            LOG.warn("Too many pending responses {} for replicator {}, maxReplicatorInflightMsgs={}",
+                holdingQueue.size(), r.options.getPeerId(), r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean continueSendEntries = false;
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Replicator ").append(r).append(" is processing RPC responses,");
+        }
+        try {
+            int processed = 0;
+            while (!holdingQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                final RpcResponse queuedPipelinedResponse = holdingQueue.peek();
+
+                // Sequence mismatch, waiting for next response.
+                if (queuedPipelinedResponse.seq != r.requiredNextSeq) {
+                    if (processed > 0) {
+                        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                            sb.append("has processed ").append(processed).append(" responses,");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        // Do not processed any responses, UNLOCK id and return.
+                        continueSendEntries = false;
+                        id.unlock();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                holdingQueue.remove();
+                processed++;
+                final Inflight inflight = r.pollInflight();
+                if (inflight == null) {
+                    // The previous in-flight requests were cleared.
+                    if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                        sb.append("ignore response because request not found:").append(queuedPipelinedResponse)
+                            .append(",\n");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (inflight.seq != queuedPipelinedResponse.seq) {
+                    // reset state
+                    LOG.warn(
+                        "Replicator {} response sequence out of order, expect {}, but it is {}, reset state to try again.",
+                        r, inflight.seq, queuedPipelinedResponse.seq);
+                    r.resetInflights();
+                    r.state = State.Probe;
+                    continueSendEntries = false;
+                    r.block(Utils.nowMs(), RaftError.EREQUEST.getNumber());
+                    return;
+                }
+                try {
+                    switch (queuedPipelinedResponse.requestType) {
+                        case AppendEntries:
+                            continueSendEntries = onAppendEntriesReturned(id, inflight, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (AppendEntriesRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (AppendEntriesResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response, rpcSendTime, startTimeMs, r);
+                            break;
+                        case Snapshot:
+                            continueSendEntries = onInstallSnapshotReturned(id, r, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (InstallSnapshotRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (InstallSnapshotResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (continueSendEntries) {
+                        // Success, increase the response sequence.
+                        r.getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq();
+                    } else {
+                        // The id is already unlocked in onAppendEntriesReturned/onInstallSnapshotReturned, we SHOULD break out.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(", after processed, continue to send entries: ").append(continueSendEntries);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (continueSendEntries) {
+                // unlock in sendEntries.
+                r.sendEntries();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset in-flight state.
+     */
+    void resetInflights() {
+        this.version++;
+        this.inflights.clear();
+        this.pendingResponses.clear();
+        final int rs = Math.max(this.reqSeq, this.requiredNextSeq);
+        this.reqSeq = this.requiredNextSeq = rs;
+        releaseReader();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean onAppendEntriesReturned(final ThreadId id, final Inflight inflight, final Status status,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime,
+                                                   final long startTimeMs, final Replicator r) {
+        if (inflight.startIndex != request.getPrevLogIndex() + 1) {
+            LOG.warn(
+                "Replicator {} received invalid AppendEntriesResponse, in-flight startIndex={}, request prevLogIndex={}, reset the replicator state and probe again.",
+                r, inflight.startIndex, request.getPrevLogIndex());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock id in sendEmptyEntries
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        // record metrics
+        if (request.getEntriesCount() > 0) {
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordLatency("replicate-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - rpcSendTime);
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-count", request.getEntriesCount());
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-bytes", request.getData() != null ? request.getData().size()
+                : 0);
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received AppendEntriesResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm()). //
+                append(" count=").append(request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            // If the follower crashes, any RPC to the follower fails immediately,
+            // so we need to block the follower for a while instead of looping until
+            // it comes back or be removed
+            // dummy_id is unlock in block
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                    r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+            }
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock in in block
+            r.block(startTimeMs, status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+        if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, find nextIndex remote lastLogIndex ").append(response.getLastLogIndex())
+                    .append(" local nextIndex ").append(r.nextIndex);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            // Fail, reset the state to try again from nextIndex.
+            r.resetInflights();
+            // prev_log_index and prev_log_term doesn't match
+            if (response.getLastLogIndex() + 1 < r.nextIndex) {
+                LOG.debug("LastLogIndex at peer={} is {}", r.options.getPeerId(), response.getLastLogIndex());
+                // The peer contains less logs than leader
+                r.nextIndex = response.getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+            } else {
+                // The peer contains logs from old term which should be truncated,
+                // decrease _last_log_at_peer by one to test the right index to keep
+                if (r.nextIndex > 1) {
+                    LOG.debug("logIndex={} dismatch", r.nextIndex);
+                    r.nextIndex--;
+                } else {
+                    LOG.error("Peer={} declares that log at index=0 doesn't match, which is not supposed to happen",
+                        r.options.getPeerId());
+                }
+            }
+            // dummy_id is unlock in _send_heartbeat
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(", success");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        // success
+        if (response.getTerm() != r.options.getTerm()) {
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            LOG.error("Fail, response term {} dismatch, expect term {}", response.getTerm(), r.options.getTerm());
+            id.unlock();
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+            r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+        final int entriesSize = request.getEntriesCount();
+        if (entriesSize > 0) {
+            r.options.getBallotBox().commitAt(r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1, r.options.getPeerId());
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Replicated logs in [{}, {}] to peer {}", r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1,
+                    r.options.getPeerId());
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The request is probe request, change the state into Replicate.
+            r.state = State.Replicate;
+        }
+        r.nextIndex += entriesSize;
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        // dummy_id is unlock in _send_entries
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean fillCommonFields(final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb, long prevLogIndex, final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        final long prevLogTerm = this.options.getLogManager().getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+        if (prevLogTerm == 0 && prevLogIndex != 0) {
+            if (!isHeartbeat) {
+                Requires.requireTrue(prevLogIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex());
+                LOG.debug("logIndex={} was compacted", prevLogIndex);
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                // The log at prev_log_index has been compacted, which indicates
+                // we is or is going to install snapshot to the follower. So we let
+                // both prev_log_index and prev_log_term be 0 in the heartbeat
+                // request so that follower would do nothing besides updating its
+                // leader timestamp.
+                prevLogIndex = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        rb.setPrevLogIndex(prevLogIndex);
+        rb.setPrevLogTerm(prevLogTerm);
+        rb.setCommittedIndex(this.options.getBallotBox().getLastCommittedIndex());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void waitMoreEntries(final long nextWaitIndex) {
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} waits more entries", this.options.getNode().getNodeId());
+            if (this.waitId >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.waitId = this.options.getLogManager().wait(nextWaitIndex - 1,
+                (arg, errorCode) -> continueSending((ThreadId) arg, errorCode), this.id);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.IDLE;
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send as many requests as possible.
+     */
+    void sendEntries() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            long prevSendIndex = -1;
+            while (true) {
+                final long nextSendingIndex = getNextSendIndex();
+                if (nextSendingIndex > prevSendIndex) {
+                    if (sendEntries(nextSendingIndex)) {
+                        prevSendIndex = nextSendingIndex;
+                    } else {
+                        doUnlock = false;
+                        // id already unlock in sendEntries when it returns false.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send log entries to follower, returns true when success, otherwise false and unlock the id.
+     *
+     * @param nextSendingIndex next sending index
+     * @return send result.
+     */
+    private boolean sendEntries(final long nextSendingIndex) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, nextSendingIndex - 1, false)) {
+            // unlock id in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ByteBufferCollector dataBuf = null;
+        final int maxEntriesSize = this.raftOptions.getMaxEntriesSize();
+        final RecyclableByteBufferList byteBufList = RecyclableByteBufferList.newInstance();
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxEntriesSize; i++) {
+                final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb = RaftOutter.EntryMeta.newBuilder();
+                if (!prepareEntry(nextSendingIndex, i, emb, byteBufList)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                rb.addEntries(emb.build());
+            }
+            if (rb.getEntriesCount() == 0) {
+                if (nextSendingIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex()) {
+                    installSnapshot();
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // _id is unlock in _wait_more
+                waitMoreEntries(nextSendingIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (byteBufList.getCapacity() > 0) {
+                dataBuf = ByteBufferCollector.allocateByRecyclers(byteBufList.getCapacity());
+                for (final ByteBuffer b : byteBufList) {
+                    dataBuf.put(b);
+                }
+                final ByteBuffer buf = dataBuf.getBuffer();
+                buf.flip();
+                rb.setData(ZeroByteStringHelper.wrap(buf));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            RecycleUtil.recycle(byteBufList);
+        }
+
+        final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Node {} send AppendEntriesRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {} prevLogIndex {} prevLogTerm {} logIndex {} count {}",
+                this.options.getNode().getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(),
+                request.getCommittedIndex(), request.getPrevLogIndex(), request.getPrevLogTerm(), nextSendingIndex,
+                request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+        this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + rb.getEntriesCount();
+
+        final Recyclable recyclable = dataBuf;
+        final int v = this.version;
+        final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+            request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    RecycleUtil.recycle(recyclable);
+                    onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                        v, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                }
+
+            });
+        addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, nextSendingIndex, request.getEntriesCount(), request.getData().size(),
+            seq, rpcFuture);
+        return true;
+
+    }
+
+    public static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id, final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> closure) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(closure, new Status(RaftError.EHOSTDOWN, "Peer %s is not connected", id));
+            return;
+        }
+        //id unlock in send empty entries.
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true, closure);
+    }
+
+    private static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        sendTimeoutNow(unlockId, stopAfterFinish, -1);
+    }
+
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb = TimeoutNowRequest.newBuilder();
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        try {
+            if (!stopAfterFinish) {
+                // This RPC is issued by transfer_leadership, save this call_id so that
+                // the RPC can be cancelled by stop.
+                this.timeoutNowInFly = timeoutNow(rb, false, timeoutMs);
+                this.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+            } else {
+                timeoutNow(rb, true, timeoutMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (unlockId) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Future<Message> timeoutNow(final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb, final boolean stopAfterFinish,
+                                       final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest request = rb.build();
+        return this.rpcService.timeoutNow(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request, timeoutMs,
+            new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<TimeoutNowResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    if (Replicator.this.id != null) {
+                        onTimeoutNowReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), stopAfterFinish);
+                    }
+                }
+
+            });
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static void onTimeoutNowReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final TimeoutNowRequest request,
+                                     final TimeoutNowResponse response, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received TimeoutNowResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail:").append(status);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (stopAfterFinish) {
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+            } else {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(response.getSuccess() ? " success" : " fail");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+            final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+            node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                "Leader receives higher term timeout_now_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (stopAfterFinish) {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stop(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.setError(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean join(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.join();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getLastRpcSendTimestamp(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.getData();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        return r.lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean transferLeadership(final ThreadId id, final long logIndex) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // dummy is unlock in _transfer_leadership
+        return r.transferLeadership(logIndex);
+    }
+
+    private boolean transferLeadership(final long logIndex) {
+        if (this.hasSucceeded && this.nextIndex > logIndex) {
+            // _id is unlock in _send_timeout_now
+            sendTimeoutNow(true, false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Register log_index so that _on_rpc_return trigger
+        // _send_timeout_now if _next_index reaches log_index
+        this.timeoutNowIndex = logIndex;
+        this.id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stopTransferLeadership(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+        id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean sendTimeoutNowAndStop(final ThreadId id, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // id unlock in sendTimeoutNow
+        r.sendTimeoutNow(true, true, timeoutMs);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getNextIndex(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        long nextIdx = 0;
+        if (r.hasSucceeded) {
+            nextIdx = r.nextIndex;
+        }
+        id.unlock();
+        return nextIdx;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.destroy` writes to field `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.id` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Replicator.destroy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.destroy():void.7d6a56b93dd19c576109b0cec5680863
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/Replicator.java
+
+### Key:
+Replicator.java|destroy|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+4f9ecf253322aacee1ba1289822337ce
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9232/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9232/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e1bddbebe2d8c025aee8e97328d9498bc81b28b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9232/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1708 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotReader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Recyclable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecyclableByteBufferList;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecycleUtil;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Gauge;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Metric;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricSet;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.google.protobuf.ZeroByteStringHelper;
+
+/**
+ * Replicator for replicating log entry from leader to followers.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-04 10:32:02 AM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class Replicator implements ThreadId.OnError {
+
+    private static final Logger              LOG                    = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Replicator.class);
+
+    private final RaftClientService          rpcService;
+    // Next sending log index
+    private volatile long                    nextIndex;
+    private int                              consecutiveErrorTimes  = 0;
+    private boolean                          hasSucceeded;
+    private long                             timeoutNowIndex;
+    private volatile long                    lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    private volatile long                    heartbeatCounter       = 0;
+    private volatile long                    appendEntriesCounter   = 0;
+    private volatile long                    installSnapshotCounter = 0;
+    protected Stat                           statInfo               = new Stat();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               blockTimer;
+
+    // Cached the latest RPC in-flight request.
+    private Inflight                         rpcInFly;
+    // Heartbeat RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  heartbeatInFly;
+    // Timeout request RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  timeoutNowInFly;
+    // In-flight RPC requests, FIFO queue
+    private final ArrayDeque<Inflight>       inflights              = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+    private long                             waitId                 = -1L;
+    protected ThreadId                       id;
+    private final ReplicatorOptions          options;
+    private final RaftOptions                raftOptions;
+
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               heartbeatTimer;
+    private volatile SnapshotReader          reader;
+    private CatchUpClosure                   catchUpClosure;
+    private final TimerManager               timerManager;
+    private final NodeMetrics                nodeMetrics;
+    private volatile State                   state;
+
+    // Request sequence
+    private int                              reqSeq                 = 0;
+    // Response sequence
+    private int                              requiredNextSeq        = 0;
+    // Replicator state reset version
+    private int                              version                = 0;
+
+    // Pending response queue;
+    private final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> pendingResponses       = new PriorityQueue<>(50);
+
+    private int getAndIncrementReqSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.reqSeq;
+        this.reqSeq++;
+        if (this.reqSeq < 0) {
+            this.reqSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    private int getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.requiredNextSeq;
+        this.requiredNextSeq++;
+        if (this.requiredNextSeq < 0) {
+            this.requiredNextSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator state
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    public enum State {
+        Probe, // probe follower state
+        Snapshot, // installing snapshot to follower
+        Replicate, // replicate logs normally
+        Destroyed // destroyed
+    }
+
+    public Replicator(final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOptions, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        super();
+        this.options = replicatorOptions;
+        this.nodeMetrics = this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics();
+        this.nextIndex = this.options.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.timerManager = replicatorOptions.getTimerManager();
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.rpcService = replicatorOptions.getRaftRpcService();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator metric set.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    private static final class ReplicatorMetricSet implements MetricSet {
+        private final ReplicatorOptions opts;
+        private final Replicator        r;
+
+        private ReplicatorMetricSet(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final Replicator r) {
+            this.opts = opts;
+            this.r = r;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Map<String, Metric> getMetrics() {
+            final Map<String, Metric> gauges = new HashMap<>();
+            gauges.put("log-lags",
+                (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.opts.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() - (this.r.nextIndex - 1));
+            gauges.put("next-index", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.nextIndex);
+            gauges.put("heartbeat-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.heartbeatCounter);
+            gauges.put("install-snapshot-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.installSnapshotCounter);
+            gauges.put("append-entries-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.appendEntriesCounter);
+            return gauges;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal state
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:45 AM
+     */
+    enum RunningState {
+        IDLE, // idle
+        BLOCKING, // blocking state
+        APPENDING_ENTRIES, // appending log entries
+        INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT // installing snapshot
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Statistics structure
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:53 AM
+     */
+    static class Stat {
+        RunningState runningState;
+        long         firstLogIndex;
+        long         lastLogIncluded;
+        long         lastLogIndex;
+        long         lastTermIncluded;
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "<running=" + this.runningState + ", firstLogIndex=" + this.firstLogIndex + ", lastLogIncluded="
+                   + this.lastLogIncluded + ", lastLogIndex=" + this.lastLogIndex + ", lastTermIncluded="
+                   + this.lastTermIncluded + ">";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // In-flight request type
+    enum RequestType {
+        Snapshot, // install snapshot
+        AppendEntries // replicate logs
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In-flight request.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class Inflight {
+        // In-flight request count
+        final int             count;
+        // Start log index
+        final long            startIndex;
+        // Entries size in bytes
+        final int             size;
+        // RPC future
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture;
+        final RequestType     requestType;
+        // Request sequence.
+        final int             seq;
+
+        public Inflight(final RequestType requestType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                        final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcFuture) {
+            super();
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.requestType = requestType;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.startIndex = startIndex;
+            this.size = size;
+            this.rpcFuture = rpcFuture;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Inflight [count=" + this.count + ", startIndex=" + this.startIndex + ", size=" + this.size
+                   + ", rpcFuture=" + this.rpcFuture + ", requestType=" + this.requestType + ", seq=" + this.seq + "]";
+        }
+
+        boolean isSendingLogEntries() {
+            return this.requestType == RequestType.AppendEntries && this.count > 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * RPC response for AppendEntries/InstallSnapshot.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class RpcResponse implements Comparable<RpcResponse> {
+        final Status      status;
+        final Message     request;
+        final Message     response;
+        final long        rpcSendTime;
+        final int         seq;
+        final RequestType requestType;
+
+        public RpcResponse(final RequestType reqType, final int seq, final Status status, final Message request,
+                           final Message response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+            super();
+            this.requestType = reqType;
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.status = status;
+            this.request = request;
+            this.response = response;
+            this.rpcSendTime = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "RpcResponse [status=" + this.status + ", request=" + this.request + ", response=" + this.response
+                   + ", rpcSendTime=" + this.rpcSendTime + ", seq=" + this.seq + ", requestType=" + this.requestType
+                   + "]";
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sort by sequence.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(final RpcResponse o) {
+            return Integer.compare(this.seq, o.seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ArrayDeque<Inflight> getInflights() {
+        return this.inflights;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    State getState() {
+        return this.state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setState(final State state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getReqSeq() {
+        return this.reqSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getRequiredNextSeq() {
+        return this.requiredNextSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getVersion() {
+        return this.version;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    public PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> getPendingResponses() {
+        return this.pendingResponses;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getWaitId() {
+        return this.waitId;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getBlockTimer() {
+        return this.blockTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getTimeoutNowIndex() {
+        return this.timeoutNowIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ReplicatorOptions getOpts() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getRealNextIndex() {
+        return this.nextIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcInFly() {
+        if (this.rpcInFly == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.rpcInFly.rpcFuture;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getHeartbeatInFly() {
+        return this.heartbeatInFly;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getHeartbeatTimer() {
+        return this.heartbeatTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setHasSucceeded() {
+        this.hasSucceeded = true;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getTimeoutNowInFly() {
+        return this.timeoutNowInFly;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a in-flight request
+     * @param reqType   type of request
+     * @param count     count if request
+     * @param size      size in bytes
+     */
+    private void addInflight(final RequestType reqType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                             final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcInfly) {
+        this.rpcInFly = new Inflight(reqType, startIndex, count, size, seq, rpcInfly);
+        this.inflights.add(this.rpcInFly);
+        this.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-inflights-count", this.inflights.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the next in-flight sending index, return -1 when can't send more in-flight requests.
+     *
+     * @return next in-flight sending index
+     */
+    long getNextSendIndex() {
+        // Fast path
+        if (this.inflights.isEmpty()) {
+            return this.nextIndex;
+        }
+        // Too many in-flight requests.
+        if (this.inflights.size() > this.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+        // Last request should be a AppendEntries request and has some entries.
+        if (this.rpcInFly != null && this.rpcInFly.isSendingLogEntries()) {
+            return this.rpcInFly.startIndex + this.rpcInFly.count;
+        }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    private Inflight pollInflight() {
+        return this.inflights.poll();
+    }
+
+    private void startHeartbeatTimer(final long startMs) {
+        final long dueTime = startMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            this.heartbeatTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to schedule heartbeat timer", e);
+            onTimeout(this.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void installSnapshot() {
+        if (this.state == State.Snapshot) {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} is installing snapshot, ignore the new request.", this.options.getPeerId());
+            this.id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.reader == null,
+                "Replicator %s already has a snapshot reader, current state is %s", this.options.getPeerId(),
+                this.state);
+            this.reader = this.options.getSnapshotStorage().open();
+            if (this.reader == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to open snapshot"));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final String uri = this.reader.generateURIForCopy();
+            if (uri == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to generate uri for snapshot reader"));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final RaftOutter.SnapshotMeta meta = this.reader.load();
+            if (meta == null) {
+                final String snapshotPath = this.reader.getPath();
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to load meta from %s", snapshotPath));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder rb = InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+            rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+            rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+            rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+            rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+            rb.setMeta(meta);
+            rb.setUri(uri);
+
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT;
+            this.statInfo.lastLogIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedIndex();
+            this.statInfo.lastTermIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedTerm();
+
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest request = rb.build();
+            this.state = State.Snapshot;
+            // noinspection NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField
+            this.installSnapshotCounter++;
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final int stateVersion = this.version;
+            final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+            final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.installSnapshot(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                request, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<InstallSnapshotResponse>() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void run(final Status status) {
+                        onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.Snapshot, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                            stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                    }
+                });
+            addInflight(RequestType.Snapshot, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static boolean onInstallSnapshotReturned(final ThreadId id, final Replicator r, final Status status,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotRequest request,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotResponse response) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        r.releaseReader();
+        // noinspection ConstantConditions
+        do {
+            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received InstallSnapshotResponse from ").append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedIndex=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedTerm=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedTerm());
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                sb.append(" error:").append(status);
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to install snapshot at peer={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(), status);
+                }
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+                sb.append(" success=false");
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            // success
+            r.nextIndex = request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex() + 1;
+            sb.append(" success=true");
+            LOG.info(sb.toString());
+        } while (false);
+        // We don't retry installing the snapshot explicitly.
+        // id is unlock in sendEntries
+        if (!success) {
+            //should reset states
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.block(Utils.nowMs(), status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        // id is unlock in _send_entriesheartbeatCounter
+        r.state = State.Replicate;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        sendEmptyEntries(isHeartbeat, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send probe or heartbeat request
+     * @param isHeartbeat      if current entries is heartbeat
+     * @param heartBeatClosure heartbeat callback
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField")
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat,
+                                  final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartBeatClosure) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, this.nextIndex - 1, isHeartbeat)) {
+            // id is unlock in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            if (isHeartbeat && heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(heartBeatClosure, new Status(RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "Fail to send heartbeat to peer %s", this.options.getPeerId()));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+
+            if (isHeartbeat) {
+                // Sending a heartbeat request
+                this.heartbeatCounter++;
+                RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartbeatDone;
+                // Prefer passed-in closure.
+                if (heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                    heartbeatDone = heartBeatClosure;
+                } else {
+                    heartbeatDone = new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onHeartbeatReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                this.heartbeatInFly = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request,
+                    this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() / 2, heartbeatDone);
+            } else {
+                // Sending a probe request.
+                this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+                this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = this.nextIndex;
+                this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = this.nextIndex - 1;
+                this.appendEntriesCounter++;
+                this.state = State.Probe;
+                final int stateVersion = this.version;
+                final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+                final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                    request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request,
+                                getResponse(), seq, stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+
+                    });
+
+                addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} send HeartbeatRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {}", this.options.getNode()
+                .getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(), request.getCommittedIndex());
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean prepareEntry(final long nextSendingIndex, final int offset, final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb,
+                         final RecyclableByteBufferList dateBuffer) {
+        if (dateBuffer.getCapacity() >= this.raftOptions.getMaxBodySize()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final long logIndex = nextSendingIndex + offset;
+        final LogEntry entry = this.options.getLogManager().getEntry(logIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        emb.setTerm(entry.getId().getTerm());
+        if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+            emb.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); //since 1.2.6
+        }
+        emb.setType(entry.getType());
+        if (entry.getPeers() != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!entry.getPeers().isEmpty(), "Empty peers at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+            for (final PeerId peer : entry.getPeers()) {
+                emb.addPeers(peer.toString());
+            }
+            if (entry.getOldPeers() != null) {
+                for (final PeerId peer : entry.getOldPeers()) {
+                    emb.addOldPeers(peer.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            Requires.requireTrue(entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION,
+                "Empty peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+        }
+        final int remaining = entry.getData() != null ? entry.getData().remaining() : 0;
+        emb.setDataLen(remaining);
+        if (entry.getData() != null) {
+            // should slice entry data
+            dateBuffer.add(entry.getData().slice());
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static ThreadId start(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        if (opts.getLogManager() == null || opts.getBallotBox() == null || opts.getNode() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ReplicatorOptions.");
+        }
+        final Replicator r = new Replicator(opts, raftOptions);
+        if (!r.rpcService.connect(opts.getPeerId().getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init sending channel to {}", opts.getPeerId());
+            // Return and it will be retried later.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Register replicator metric set.
+        final MetricRegistry metricRegistry = opts.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry();
+        if (metricRegistry != null) {
+            try {
+                final String replicatorMetricName = getReplicatorMetricName(opts);
+                if (!metricRegistry.getNames().contains(replicatorMetricName)) {
+                    metricRegistry.register(replicatorMetricName, new ReplicatorMetricSet(opts, r));
+                }
+            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                // ignore
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Start replication
+        r.id = new ThreadId(r, r);
+        r.id.lock();
+        LOG.info("Replicator={}@{} is started", r.id, r.options.getPeerId());
+        r.catchUpClosure = null;
+        r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        r.startHeartbeatTimer(Utils.nowMs());
+        // id.unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        return r.id;
+    }
+
+    private static String getReplicatorMetricName(final ReplicatorOptions opts) {
+        return "replicator-" + opts.getNode().getGroupId() + "/" + opts.getPeerId();
+    }
+
+    public static void waitForCaughtUp(final ThreadId id, final long maxMargin, final long dueTime,
+                                       final CatchUpClosure done) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such replicator"));
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.catchUpClosure != null) {
+                LOG.error("Previous wait_for_caught_up is not over");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Duplicated call"));
+                return;
+            }
+            done.setMaxMargin(maxMargin);
+            if (dueTime > 0) {
+                done.setTimer(r.timerManager.schedule(() -> onCatchUpTimedOut(id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            }
+            r.catchUpClosure = done;
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Replicator [state=" + this.state + ", statInfo=" + this.statInfo + ",peerId="
+               + this.options.getPeerId() + "]";
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            continueSending(id, RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unblock and continue sending right now.
+     */
+    static void unBlockAndSendNow(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // It was destroyed already
+            return;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                if (r.blockTimer.cancel(true)) {
+                    onBlockTimeout(id);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean continueSending(final ThreadId id, final int errCode) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            //It was destroyed already
+            return true;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.waitId = -1;
+        if (errCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            // Send empty entries after block timeout to check the correct
+            // _next_index otherwise the replicator is likely waits in            executor.shutdown();
+            // _wait_more_entries and no further logs would be replicated even if the
+            // last_index of this followers is less than |next_index - 1|
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        } else if (errCode != RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            // id is unlock in _send_entries
+            r.sendEntries();
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} stops sending entries.", id);
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeout(final ThreadId arg) {
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(arg));
+    }
+
+    void block(final long startTimeMs, @SuppressWarnings("unused") final int errorCode) {
+        // TODO: Currently we don't care about error_code which indicates why the
+        // very RPC fails. To make it better there should be different timeout for
+        // each individual error (e.g. we don't need check every
+        // heartbeat_timeout_ms whether a dead follower has come back), but it's just
+        // fine now.
+        final long dueTime = startTimeMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Blocking {} for {} ms", this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs());
+            this.blockTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onBlockTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.BLOCKING;
+            this.id.unlock();
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add timer", e);
+            // id unlock in sendEmptyEntries.
+            sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onError(final ThreadId id, final Object data, final int errorCode) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) data;
+        if (errorCode == RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            try {
+                for (final Inflight inflight : r.inflights) {
+                    if (inflight != r.rpcInFly) {
+                        inflight.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (r.rpcInFly != null) {
+                    r.rpcInFly.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    r.rpcInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatInFly != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.timeoutNowInFly != null) {
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatTimer != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                    r.blockTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.blockTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.waitId >= 0) {
+                    r.options.getLogManager().removeWaiter(r.waitId);
+                }
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(errorCode, true);
+            } finally {
+                r.destroy();
+            }
+        } else if (errorCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            id.unlock();
+            Utils.runInThread(() -> sendHeartbeat(id));
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            Requires.requireTrue(false, "Unknown error code for replicator: " + errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void onCatchUpTimedOut(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber(), false);
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyOnCaughtUp(final int code, final boolean beforeDestroy) {
+        if (this.catchUpClosure == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (code != RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            if (this.nextIndex - 1 + this.catchUpClosure.getMaxMargin() < this.options.getLogManager()
+                .getLastLogIndex()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.catchUpClosure.setErrorWasSet(true);
+            if (code != RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.hasTimer()) {
+                if (!beforeDestroy && !this.catchUpClosure.getTimer().cancel(true)) {
+                    // There's running timer task, let timer task trigger
+                    // on_caught_up to void ABA problem
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // timed out
+            if (!this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+        }
+        final CatchUpClosure savedClosure = this.catchUpClosure;
+        this.catchUpClosure = null;
+        Utils.runClosureInThread(savedClosure, savedClosure.getStatus());
+    }
+
+    private static void onTimeout(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            id.setError(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator id is null when timeout, maybe it's destroyed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void destroy() {
+        final ThreadId savedId = this.id;
+        LOG.info("Replicator {} is going to quit", savedId);
+        this.id = null;
+        releaseReader();
+        // Unregister replicator metric set
+        if (this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().isEnabled()) {
+            this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry().remove(getReplicatorMetricName(this.options));
+        }
+        this.state = State.Destroyed;
+        savedId.unlockAndDestroy();
+    }
+
+    private void releaseReader() {
+        if (this.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(this.reader);
+            this.reader = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void onHeartbeatReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                    final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // replicator already was destroyed.
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+            StringBuilder sb = null;
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                    append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                    append(" received HeartbeatResponse from "). //
+                    append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                    append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                    append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm());
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                r.state = State.Probe;
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                        r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+                }
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess() && response.hasLastLogIndex()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, response term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" lastLogIndex ")
+                        .append(response.getLastLogIndex());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                LOG.warn("Heartbeat to peer {} failure, try to send a probe request.", r.options.getPeerId());
+                doUnlock = false;
+                r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("ContinueOrBreakFromFinallyBlock")
+    static void onRpcReturned(final ThreadId id, final RequestType reqType, final Status status, final Message request,
+                              final Message response, final int seq, final int stateVersion, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (stateVersion != r.version) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Replicator {} ignored old version response {}, current version is {}, request is {}\n, and response is {}\n, status is {}.",
+                r, stateVersion, r.version, request, response, status);
+            id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> holdingQueue = r.pendingResponses;
+        holdingQueue.add(new RpcResponse(reqType, seq, status, request, response, rpcSendTime));
+
+        if (holdingQueue.size() > r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            LOG.warn("Too many pending responses {} for replicator {}, maxReplicatorInflightMsgs={}",
+                holdingQueue.size(), r.options.getPeerId(), r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean continueSendEntries = false;
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Replicator ").append(r).append(" is processing RPC responses,");
+        }
+        try {
+            int processed = 0;
+            while (!holdingQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                final RpcResponse queuedPipelinedResponse = holdingQueue.peek();
+
+                //sequence mismatch, waiting for next response.
+                if (queuedPipelinedResponse.seq != r.requiredNextSeq) {
+                    if (processed > 0) {
+                        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                            sb.append("has processed ").append(processed).append(" responses,");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        //Do not processed any responses, UNLOCK id and return.
+                        continueSendEntries = false;
+                        id.unlock();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                holdingQueue.remove();
+                processed++;
+                final Inflight inflight = r.pollInflight();
+                if (inflight == null) {
+                    // The previous in-flight requests were cleared.
+                    if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                        sb.append("ignore response because request not found:").append(queuedPipelinedResponse)
+                            .append(",\n");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (inflight.seq != queuedPipelinedResponse.seq) {
+                    // reset state
+                    LOG.warn(
+                        "Replicator {} response sequence out of order, expect {}, but it is {}, reset state to try again.",
+                        r, inflight.seq, queuedPipelinedResponse.seq);
+                    r.resetInflights();
+                    r.state = State.Probe;
+                    continueSendEntries = false;
+                    r.block(Utils.nowMs(), RaftError.EREQUEST.getNumber());
+                    return;
+                }
+                try {
+                    switch (queuedPipelinedResponse.requestType) {
+                        case AppendEntries:
+                            continueSendEntries = onAppendEntriesReturned(id, inflight, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (AppendEntriesRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (AppendEntriesResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response, rpcSendTime, startTimeMs, r);
+                            break;
+                        case Snapshot:
+                            continueSendEntries = onInstallSnapshotReturned(id, r, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (InstallSnapshotRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (InstallSnapshotResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (continueSendEntries) {
+                        // Success, increase the response sequence.
+                        r.getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq();
+                    } else {
+                        // The id is already unlocked in onAppendEntriesReturned/onInstallSnapshotReturned, we SHOULD break out.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(", after processed, continue to send entries: ").append(continueSendEntries);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (continueSendEntries) {
+                // unlock in sendEntries.
+                r.sendEntries();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset in-flight state.
+     */
+    void resetInflights() {
+        this.version++;
+        this.inflights.clear();
+        this.pendingResponses.clear();
+        final int rs = Math.max(this.reqSeq, this.requiredNextSeq);
+        this.reqSeq = this.requiredNextSeq = rs;
+        releaseReader();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean onAppendEntriesReturned(final ThreadId id, final Inflight inflight, final Status status,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime,
+                                                   final long startTimeMs, final Replicator r) {
+        if (inflight.startIndex != request.getPrevLogIndex() + 1) {
+            LOG.warn(
+                "Replicator {} received invalid AppendEntriesResponse, in-flight startIndex={}, request prevLogIndex={}, reset the replicator state and probe again.",
+                r, inflight.startIndex, request.getPrevLogIndex());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock id in sendEmptyEntries
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        // record metrics
+        if (request.getEntriesCount() > 0) {
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordLatency("replicate-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - rpcSendTime);
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-count", request.getEntriesCount());
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-bytes", request.getData() != null ? request.getData().size()
+                : 0);
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received AppendEntriesResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm()). //
+                append(" count=").append(request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            // If the follower crashes, any RPC to the follower fails immediately,
+            // so we need to block the follower for a while instead of looping until
+            // it comes back or be removed
+            // dummy_id is unlock in block
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                    r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+            }
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock in in block
+            r.block(startTimeMs, status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+        if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, find nextIndex remote lastLogIndex ").append(response.getLastLogIndex())
+                    .append(" local nextIndex ").append(r.nextIndex);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            // Fail, reset the state to try again from nextIndex.
+            r.resetInflights();
+            // prev_log_index and prev_log_term doesn't match
+            if (response.getLastLogIndex() + 1 < r.nextIndex) {
+                LOG.debug("LastLogIndex at peer={} is {}", r.options.getPeerId(), response.getLastLogIndex());
+                // The peer contains less logs than leader
+                r.nextIndex = response.getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+            } else {
+                // The peer contains logs from old term which should be truncated,
+                // decrease _last_log_at_peer by one to test the right index to keep
+                if (r.nextIndex > 1) {
+                    LOG.debug("logIndex={} dismatch", r.nextIndex);
+                    r.nextIndex--;
+                } else {
+                    LOG.error("Peer={} declares that log at index=0 doesn't match, which is not supposed to happen",
+                        r.options.getPeerId());
+                }
+            }
+            // dummy_id is unlock in _send_heartbeat
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(", success");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        // success
+        if (response.getTerm() != r.options.getTerm()) {
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            LOG.error("Fail, response term {} dismatch, expect term {}", response.getTerm(), r.options.getTerm());
+            id.unlock();
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+            r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+        final int entriesSize = request.getEntriesCount();
+        if (entriesSize > 0) {
+            r.options.getBallotBox().commitAt(r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1, r.options.getPeerId());
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Replicated logs in [{}, {}] to peer {}", r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1,
+                    r.options.getPeerId());
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The request is probe request, change the state into Replicate.
+            r.state = State.Replicate;
+        }
+        r.nextIndex += entriesSize;
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        // dummy_id is unlock in _send_entries
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean fillCommonFields(final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb, long prevLogIndex, final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        final long prevLogTerm = this.options.getLogManager().getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+        if (prevLogTerm == 0 && prevLogIndex != 0) {
+            if (!isHeartbeat) {
+                Requires.requireTrue(prevLogIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex());
+                LOG.debug("logIndex={} was compacted", prevLogIndex);
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                // The log at prev_log_index has been compacted, which indicates
+                // we is or is going to install snapshot to the follower. So we let
+                // both prev_log_index and prev_log_term be 0 in the heartbeat
+                // request so that follower would do nothing besides updating its
+                // leader timestamp.
+                prevLogIndex = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        rb.setPrevLogIndex(prevLogIndex);
+        rb.setPrevLogTerm(prevLogTerm);
+        rb.setCommittedIndex(this.options.getBallotBox().getLastCommittedIndex());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void waitMoreEntries(final long nextWaitIndex) {
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} waits more entries", this.options.getNode().getNodeId());
+            if (this.waitId >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.waitId = this.options.getLogManager().wait(nextWaitIndex - 1,
+                (arg, errorCode) -> continueSending((ThreadId) arg, errorCode), this.id);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.IDLE;
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send as many requests as possible.
+     */
+    void sendEntries() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            long prevSendIndex = -1;
+            while (true) {
+                final long nextSendingIndex = getNextSendIndex();
+                if (nextSendingIndex > prevSendIndex) {
+                    if (sendEntries(nextSendingIndex)) {
+                        prevSendIndex = nextSendingIndex;
+                    } else {
+                        doUnlock = false;
+                        // id already unlock in sendEntries when it returns false.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send log entries to follower, returns true when success, otherwise false and unlock the id.
+     *
+     * @param nextSendingIndex next sending index
+     * @return send result.
+     */
+    private boolean sendEntries(final long nextSendingIndex) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, nextSendingIndex - 1, false)) {
+            // unlock id in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ByteBufferCollector dataBuf = null;
+        final int maxEntriesSize = this.raftOptions.getMaxEntriesSize();
+        final RecyclableByteBufferList byteBufList = RecyclableByteBufferList.newInstance();
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxEntriesSize; i++) {
+                final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb = RaftOutter.EntryMeta.newBuilder();
+                if (!prepareEntry(nextSendingIndex, i, emb, byteBufList)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                rb.addEntries(emb.build());
+            }
+            if (rb.getEntriesCount() == 0) {
+                if (nextSendingIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex()) {
+                    installSnapshot();
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // _id is unlock in _wait_more
+                waitMoreEntries(nextSendingIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (byteBufList.getCapacity() > 0) {
+                dataBuf = ByteBufferCollector.allocateByRecyclers(byteBufList.getCapacity());
+                for (final ByteBuffer b : byteBufList) {
+                    dataBuf.put(b);
+                }
+                final ByteBuffer buf = dataBuf.getBuffer();
+                buf.flip();
+                rb.setData(ZeroByteStringHelper.wrap(buf));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            RecycleUtil.recycle(byteBufList);
+        }
+
+        final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Node {} send AppendEntriesRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {} prevLogIndex {} prevLogTerm {} logIndex {} count {}",
+                this.options.getNode().getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(),
+                request.getCommittedIndex(), request.getPrevLogIndex(), request.getPrevLogTerm(), nextSendingIndex,
+                request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+        this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + rb.getEntriesCount();
+
+        final Recyclable recyclable = dataBuf;
+        final int v = this.version;
+        final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+            request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    RecycleUtil.recycle(recyclable);
+                    onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                        v, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                }
+
+            });
+        addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, nextSendingIndex, request.getEntriesCount(), request.getData().size(),
+            seq, rpcFuture);
+        return true;
+
+    }
+
+    public static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id, final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> closure) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(closure, new Status(RaftError.EHOSTDOWN, "Peer %s is not connected", id));
+            return;
+        }
+        //id unlock in send empty entries.
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true, closure);
+    }
+
+    private static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        sendTimeoutNow(unlockId, stopAfterFinish, -1);
+    }
+
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb = TimeoutNowRequest.newBuilder();
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        try {
+            if (!stopAfterFinish) {
+                // This RPC is issued by transfer_leadership, save this call_id so that
+                // the RPC can be cancelled by stop.
+                this.timeoutNowInFly = timeoutNow(rb, false, timeoutMs);
+                this.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+            } else {
+                timeoutNow(rb, true, timeoutMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (unlockId) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Future<Message> timeoutNow(final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb, final boolean stopAfterFinish,
+                                       final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest request = rb.build();
+        return this.rpcService.timeoutNow(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request, timeoutMs,
+            new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<TimeoutNowResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    if (Replicator.this.id != null) {
+                        onTimeoutNowReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), stopAfterFinish);
+                    }
+                }
+
+            });
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static void onTimeoutNowReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final TimeoutNowRequest request,
+                                     final TimeoutNowResponse response, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received TimeoutNowResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail:").append(status);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (stopAfterFinish) {
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+            } else {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(response.getSuccess() ? " success" : " fail");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+            final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+            node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                "Leader receives higher term timeout_now_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (stopAfterFinish) {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stop(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.setError(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean join(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.join();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getLastRpcSendTimestamp(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.getData();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        return r.lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean transferLeadership(final ThreadId id, final long logIndex) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // dummy is unlock in _transfer_leadership
+        return r.transferLeadership(logIndex);
+    }
+
+    private boolean transferLeadership(final long logIndex) {
+        if (this.hasSucceeded && this.nextIndex > logIndex) {
+            // _id is unlock in _send_timeout_now
+            this.sendTimeoutNow(true, false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Register log_index so that _on_rpc_return trigger
+        // _send_timeout_now if _next_index reaches log_index
+        this.timeoutNowIndex = logIndex;
+        this.id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stopTransferLeadership(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+        id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean sendTimeoutNowAndStop(final ThreadId id, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // id unlock in sendTimeoutNow
+        r.sendTimeoutNow(true, true, timeoutMs);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getNextIndex(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        long nextIdx = 0;
+        if (r.hasSucceeded) {
+            nextIdx = r.nextIndex;
+        }
+        id.unlock();
+        return nextIdx;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.start` indirectly reads with synchronization from `n$20.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId.endpoint.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint.str`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `Replicator.onInstallSnapshotReturned(...)`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ThreadId Replicator.start(ReplicatorOptions,RaftOptions)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.start(com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorOptions,com.alipa.bc5aa6e1746cd218ccfc9ca7311521db
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/Replicator.java
+
+### Key:
+Replicator.java|start|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e795565ebc3c7876edfff71416d2d55d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9233/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9233/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0248f94fd1930d6ed74231931cfc3c96c989caa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9233/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+
+/**
+ * Copy session based on bolt framework.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-08 12:01:23 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BoltSession implements Session {
+
+    private static final Logger          LOG  = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BoltSession.class);
+
+    private final Lock                   lock;
+    private final Status                 st;
+    private final RaftClientService      rpcService;
+    private int                          retryTimes;
+    private boolean                      finished;
+    private ByteBufferCollector          destBuf;
+    private CopyOptions                  copyOptions;
+    private GetFileRequest.Builder       requestBuilder;
+    private final CountDownLatch         finishLatch;
+    private OutputStream                 outputStream;
+    private final Endpoint               endpoint;
+    private final GetFileResponseClosure done = new GetFileResponseClosure();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>           timer;
+    private String                       destPath;
+    private final RaftOptions            raftOptions;
+    private Future<Message>              rpcCall;
+    private final TimerManager           timerManager;
+    private final SnapshotThrottle       snapshotThrottle;
+
+    /**
+     * Get file response closure to answer client.
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-13 4:50:21 PM
+     */
+    private class GetFileResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<GetFileResponse> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(Status status) {
+            onRpcReturned(status, getResponse());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestPath(String destPath) {
+        this.destPath = destPath;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    GetFileResponseClosure getDone() {
+        return this.done;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcCall() {
+        return this.rpcCall;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getTimer() {
+        return this.timer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.finished) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BoltSession(RaftClientService rpcService, TimerManager timerManager, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle,
+                       RaftOptions raftOptions, GetFileRequest.Builder rb, Endpoint ep) {
+        super();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.timerManager = timerManager;
+        this.rpcService = rpcService;
+        this.requestBuilder = rb;
+        this.retryTimes = 0;
+        this.copyOptions = new CopyOptions();
+        this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        this.endpoint = ep;
+        this.st = Status.OK();
+        this.finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestBuf(ByteBufferCollector bufRef) {
+        this.destBuf = bufRef;
+    }
+
+    public void setCopyOptions(CopyOptions copyOptions) {
+        this.copyOptions = copyOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this.outputStream = out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.timer != null) {
+                this.timer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (this.rpcCall != null) {
+                this.rpcCall.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                st.setError(RaftError.ECANCELED, RaftError.ECANCELED.name());
+            }
+
+            this.onFinished();
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.finishLatch.await();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() {
+        return st;
+    }
+
+    private void onFinished() {
+        if (!this.finished) {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+                this.outputStream = null;
+            }
+            if (this.destBuf != null) {
+                final ByteBuffer buf = this.destBuf.getBuffer();
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.flip();
+                }
+                this.destBuf = null;
+            }
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.finishLatch.countDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTimer() {
+        Utils.runInThread(this::sendNextRpc);
+    }
+
+    void onRpcReturned(Status status, GetFileResponse response) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                if (status.getCode() == RaftError.ECANCELED.getNumber()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Throttled reading failure does not increase _retry_times
+                if (status.getCode() != RaftError.EAGAIN.getNumber()
+                    && ++this.retryTimes >= this.copyOptions.getMaxRetry()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.retryTimes = 0;
+            Requires.requireNonNull(response, "response");
+            // Reset count to |real_read_size| to make next rpc get the right offset
+            if (response.hasReadSize() && response.getReadSize() != 0) {
+                this.requestBuilder.setCount(response.getReadSize());
+            }
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    response.getData().writeTo(outputStream);
+                } catch (final IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to write into file {}", this.destPath);
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EIO, RaftError.EIO.name());
+                    this.onFinished();
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                final byte[] data = response.getData().toByteArray();
+                this.destBuf.put(data);
+            }
+            if (response.getEof()) {
+                onFinished();
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+        this.sendNextRpc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send next RPC request to get a piece of file data.
+     */
+    void sendNextRpc() {
+        this.timer = null;
+        final long offset = requestBuilder.getOffset() + requestBuilder.getCount();
+        final long maxCount = this.destBuf == null ? raftOptions.getMaxByteCountPerRpc() : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        this.requestBuilder = requestBuilder.setOffset(offset).setCount(maxCount).setReadPartly(true);
+        this.lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // throttle
+            long newMaxCount = maxCount;
+            if (this.snapshotThrottle != null) {
+                newMaxCount = snapshotThrottle.throttledByThroughput(maxCount);
+                if (newMaxCount == 0) {
+                    // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                    this.requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                    this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            this.requestBuilder.setCount(newMaxCount);
+            LOG.debug("Send get file request {} to peer {}", this.requestBuilder.build(), this.endpoint);
+            this.rpcCall = this.rpcService.getFile(endpoint, this.requestBuilder.build(),
+                this.copyOptions.getTimeoutMs(), done);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.onRpcReturned` indirectly writes to field `n$23.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests$GetFileRequest$Builder.bitField0_` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoltSession.onRpcReturned(Status,RpcRequests$GetFileResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.onRpcReturned(com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status.2658788c2bba78a412ddf60eb2b9cb11
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/BoltSession.java
+
+### Key:
+BoltSession.java|onRpcReturned|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2517dfd82593cb2ae2e422fd0be04fde
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9234/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9234/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7dc166f12176d5c47e1b1bf0e0b2dcea1aa53163
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9234/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.StampedLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Closure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.FSMCaller;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Lifecycle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.ClosureQueue;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.conf.Configuration;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.Ballot;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.BallotBoxOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ArrayDequeue;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+
+/**
+ * Ballot box for voting.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-04 2:32:10 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BallotBox implements Lifecycle<BallotBoxOptions> {
+
+    private static final Logger        LOG                = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BallotBox.class);
+
+    private FSMCaller                  waiter;
+    private ClosureQueue               closureQueue;
+    private final StampedLock          stampedLock        = new StampedLock();
+    private long                       lastCommittedIndex = 0;
+    private long                       pendingIndex;
+    private final ArrayDequeue<Ballot> pendingMetaQueue   = new ArrayDequeue<>();
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getPendingIndex() {
+        return this.pendingIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ArrayDequeue<Ballot> getPendingMetaQueue() {
+        return this.pendingMetaQueue;
+    }
+
+    public long getLastCommittedIndex() {
+        long stamp = stampedLock.tryOptimisticRead();
+        long optimisticVal = this.lastCommittedIndex;
+        if (stampedLock.validate(stamp)) {
+            return optimisticVal;
+        }
+        stamp = stampedLock.readLock();
+        try {
+            return this.lastCommittedIndex;
+        } finally {
+            stampedLock.unlockRead(stamp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean init(BallotBoxOptions opts) {
+        if (opts.getWaiter() == null || opts.getClosureQueue() == null) {
+            LOG.error("waiter or closure queue is null");
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.waiter = opts.getWaiter();
+        this.closureQueue = opts.getClosureQueue();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by leader, otherwise the behavior is undefined
+     * Set logs in [first_log_index, last_log_index] are stable at |peer|.
+     */
+    public boolean commitAt(long firstLogIndex, long lastLogIndex, PeerId peer) {
+        //TODO  use lock-free algorithm here?
+        final long stamp = stampedLock.writeLock();
+        long lastCommittedIndex = 0;
+        try {
+            if (pendingIndex == 0) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (lastLogIndex < pendingIndex) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (lastLogIndex >= pendingIndex + pendingMetaQueue.size()) {
+                throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException();
+            }
+
+            final long startAt = Math.max(pendingIndex, firstLogIndex);
+            Ballot.PosHint hint = new Ballot.PosHint();
+            for (long logIndex = startAt; logIndex <= lastLogIndex; logIndex++) {
+                final Ballot bl = this.pendingMetaQueue.get((int) (logIndex - pendingIndex));
+                hint = bl.grant(peer, hint);
+                if (bl.isGranted()) {
+                    lastCommittedIndex = logIndex;
+                }
+            }
+            if (lastCommittedIndex == 0) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            // When removing a peer off the raft group which contains even number of
+            // peers, the quorum would decrease by 1, e.g. 3 of 4 changes to 2 of 3. In
+            // this case, the log after removal may be committed before some previous
+            // logs, since we use the new configuration to deal the quorum of the
+            // removal request, we think it's safe to commit all the uncommitted
+            // previous logs, which is not well proved right now
+            for (long index = pendingIndex; index <= lastCommittedIndex; index++) {
+                pendingMetaQueue.pollFirst();
+                LOG.debug("Committed log index={}", index);
+            }
+            pendingIndex = lastCommittedIndex + 1;
+            this.lastCommittedIndex = lastCommittedIndex;
+        } finally {
+            stampedLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
+        }
+        this.waiter.onCommitted(lastCommittedIndex);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when the leader steps down, otherwise the behavior is undefined
+     * When a leader steps down, the uncommitted user applications should
+     * fail immediately, which the new leader will deal whether to commit or
+     * truncate.
+     */
+    public void clearPendingTasks() {
+        final long stamp = stampedLock.writeLock();
+        try {
+            this.pendingMetaQueue.clear();
+            this.pendingIndex = 0;
+            this.closureQueue.clear();
+        } finally {
+            stampedLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a candidate becomes the new leader, otherwise the behavior is
+     * undefined.
+     * According the the raft algorithm, the logs from previous terms can't be
+     * committed until a log at the new term becomes committed, so
+     * |newPendingIndex| should be |last_log_index| + 1.
+     * @param newPendingIndex pending index of new leader
+     * @return returns true if reset success
+     */
+    public boolean resetPendingIndex(long newPendingIndex) {
+        final long stamp = stampedLock.writeLock();
+        try {
+            if (!(pendingIndex == 0 && pendingMetaQueue.isEmpty())) {
+                LOG.error("resetPendingIndex fail, pendingIndex={}, pendingMetaQueueSize={}", pendingIndex,
+                    pendingMetaQueue.size());
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (newPendingIndex <= this.lastCommittedIndex) {
+                LOG.error("resetPendingIndex fail, newPendingIndex={}, lastCommittedIndex={}", newPendingIndex,
+                    lastCommittedIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            this.pendingIndex = newPendingIndex;
+            this.closureQueue.resetFirstIndex(newPendingIndex);
+            return true;
+        } finally {
+            stampedLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by leader, otherwise the behavior is undefined
+     * Store application context before replication.
+     *
+     * @param conf      current configuration
+     * @param oldConf   old configuration
+     * @param done      callback
+     * @return          returns true on success
+     */
+    public boolean appendPendingTask(Configuration conf, Configuration oldConf, Closure done) {
+        final Ballot bl = new Ballot();
+        if (!bl.init(conf, oldConf)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init ballot");
+            return false;
+        }
+        final long stamp = stampedLock.writeLock();
+        try {
+            if (pendingIndex <= 0) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to appendingTask, pendingIndex={}", pendingIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            this.pendingMetaQueue.add(bl);
+            this.closureQueue.appendPendingClosure(done);
+            return true;
+        } finally {
+            stampedLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by follower, otherwise the behavior is undefined.
+     *  Set committed index received from leader
+     * @param lastCommittedIndex last committed index
+     * @return returns true if set success
+     */
+    public boolean setLastCommittedIndex(long lastCommittedIndex) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        final long stamp = stampedLock.writeLock();
+        try {
+            if (pendingIndex != 0 || !pendingMetaQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                Requires.requireTrue(lastCommittedIndex < this.pendingIndex,
+                    "Node changes to leader, pendingIndex=%d, param lastCommittedIndex=%d", pendingIndex,
+                    lastCommittedIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (lastCommittedIndex < this.lastCommittedIndex) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (lastCommittedIndex > this.lastCommittedIndex) {
+                this.lastCommittedIndex = lastCommittedIndex;
+                stampedLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
+                doUnlock = false;
+                this.waiter.onCommitted(lastCommittedIndex);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                stampedLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() {
+        this.clearPendingTasks();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface org.slf4j.Logger. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean BallotBox.commitAt(long,long,PeerId)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.BallotBox.commitAt(long,long,com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId):boolean.ee24c6c079a8890837d629a7a633d595
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/BallotBox.java
+
+### Key:
+BallotBox.java|commitAt|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8a821a2d9b5643012105271128933c0c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9251/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9251/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc8c5ca4a412b0be5966be9d2da1faee66100715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9251/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HtmlExtractor
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ * APDPlat - Application Product Development Platform
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 杨尚川, yang-shangchuan@qq.com
+ * 
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * 
+ */
+
+package org.apdplat.extractor.html;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.BrowserVersion;
+import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.WebClient;
+import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.html.HtmlPage;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.apdplat.extractor.html.model.CssPath;
+import org.apdplat.extractor.html.model.ExtractFailLog;
+import org.apdplat.extractor.html.model.ExtractFunction;
+import org.apdplat.extractor.html.model.ExtractResult;
+import org.apdplat.extractor.html.model.ExtractResultItem;
+import org.apdplat.extractor.html.model.HtmlTemplate;
+import org.apdplat.extractor.html.model.UrlPattern;
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
+import org.jsoup.select.Elements;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * 网页抽取工具
+ * 根据URL模式、页面模板、CSS路径、抽取函数，抽取HTML页面
+ *
+ * @author 杨尚川
+ *
+ */
+public class HtmlExtractor {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HtmlExtractor.class);
+    private static final WebClient WEB_CLIENT = new WebClient(BrowserVersion.INTERNET_EXPLORER_11);
+    private static HtmlExtractor htmlExtractor;
+    private ExtractRegular extractRegular;
+
+    private HtmlExtractor() {
+    }
+    /**
+     * 获取实例
+     * @param extractRegular URL抽取规则
+     * @return 
+     */
+    public static HtmlExtractor getInstance(ExtractRegular extractRegular) {
+        if (htmlExtractor != null) {
+            return htmlExtractor;
+        }
+        synchronized (HtmlExtractor.class) {
+            if (htmlExtractor == null) {
+                htmlExtractor = new HtmlExtractor();
+                htmlExtractor.extractRegular = extractRegular;
+            }
+        }
+        return htmlExtractor;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 获取实例
+     * @param allExtractRegularUrl 获取抽取规则的WEB服务器地址
+     * @param redisHost REDIS主机
+     * @param redisPort REDIS端口
+     * @return 
+     */
+    public static HtmlExtractor getInstance(String allExtractRegularUrl, String redisHost, int redisPort) {
+        if (htmlExtractor != null) {
+            return htmlExtractor;
+        }
+        synchronized (HtmlExtractor.class) {
+            if (htmlExtractor == null) {
+                ExtractRegular extractRegular = ExtractRegular.getInstance(allExtractRegularUrl, redisHost, redisPort);
+                htmlExtractor = new HtmlExtractor();
+                htmlExtractor.extractRegular = extractRegular;
+            }
+        }
+        return htmlExtractor;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 抽取信息
+     * @param url html页面路径
+     * @param encoding 页面编码
+     * @return 抽取结果
+     */
+    public List<ExtractResult> extract(String url, String encoding) {
+        InputStream in = null;
+        try {
+            in = new URL(url).openConnection().getInputStream();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取URL输入流失败：" + url, e);
+        }
+        return extract(url, in, encoding);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 使用HtmlUnit获取页面内容，HtmlUnit能执行JS，动态渲染网页，但不是所有JS都能渲染，需要测试
+     * @param url html页面路径
+     * @return
+     */
+    public List<ExtractResult> extractUseHtmlUnit(String url){
+        try{
+            HtmlPage htmlPage = WEB_CLIENT.getPage(url);
+            String html = htmlPage.getBody().asXml();
+            String encoding = htmlPage.getPageEncoding();
+            return extract(url, html.getBytes(Charset.forName(encoding)), encoding);
+        }catch (Exception e) {
+            LOGGER.error("抽取页面失败："+url, e);
+        }
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+    /**
+     * 抽取信息
+     * @param url html页面路径
+     * @param encoding 页面编码
+     * @param content html页面内容
+     * @return 
+     */
+    public List<ExtractResult> extract(String url, byte[] content, String encoding) {
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(content);
+        return extract(url, in, encoding);
+    }
+    /**
+     * 抽取信息
+     * @param url html页面路径
+     * @param encoding 页面编码
+     * @param in html页面内容输入流
+     * @return 
+     */
+    public List<ExtractResult> extract(String url, InputStream in, String encoding) {
+        List<ExtractResult> extractResults = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (!Charset.isSupported(encoding)) {
+            LOGGER.error("不支持的网页字符编码：" + encoding + " ，URL：" + url);
+            return extractResults;
+        }
+        //同一个URL可能会有多个页面模板
+        List<HtmlTemplate> htmlTemplates = extractRegular.getHtmlTemplate(url);
+        if (htmlTemplates.isEmpty()) {
+            return extractResults;
+        }
+        try {
+            byte[] content = readAll(in);
+            Document doc = Jsoup.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(content), encoding, url);
+            Elements metas = doc.select("meta");
+            String keywords = "";
+            String description = "";
+            for (Element meta : metas) {
+                String name = meta.attr("name");
+                if ("keywords".equals(name)) {
+                    keywords = meta.attr("content");
+                }
+                if ("description".equals(name)) {
+                    description = meta.attr("content");
+                }
+            }
+            Set<String> tableNames = new HashSet<>();
+            for (HtmlTemplate htmlTemplate : htmlTemplates) {
+                if (tableNames.contains(htmlTemplate.getTableName())) {
+                    LOGGER.debug("多个模板定义的tableName重复，这有可能会导致数据丢失，检查UrlPattern下定义的模板：" + htmlTemplate.getUrlPattern().getUrlPattern());
+                    LOGGER.debug(htmlTemplates.toString());
+                }
+                tableNames.add(htmlTemplate.getTableName());
+                try {
+                    //按页面模板的定义对网页进行抽取
+                    ExtractResult extractResult = extractHtmlTemplate(url, htmlTemplate, doc);
+                    extractResult.setContent(content);
+                    extractResult.setEncoding(encoding);
+                    extractResult.setKeywords(keywords);
+                    extractResult.setDescription(description);
+                    extractResults.add(extractResult);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    LOGGER.error("页面模板抽取失败：" + htmlTemplate.getTemplateName(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOGGER.error("抽取网页出错: " + url, e);
+        }
+        return extractResults;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 从输入流中读取所有字节
+     *
+     * @param in 输入流
+     * @return 字节数组
+     */
+    public static byte[] readAll(InputStream in) {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        try {
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
+            for (int n; (n = in.read(buffer)) > 0;) {
+                out.write(buffer, 0, n);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            LOGGER.error("读取文件失败", ex);
+        }
+        return out.toByteArray();
+    }
+    /**
+     * 根据模板的定义抽取信息
+     * @param url html页面路径
+     * @param htmlTemplate html页面模板
+     * @param doc jsoup文档
+     * @return 抽取结果
+     */
+    private ExtractResult extractHtmlTemplate(String url, HtmlTemplate htmlTemplate, Document doc) {
+        //一个页面模板对应一个抽取结果
+        ExtractResult extractResult = new ExtractResult();
+        extractResult.setUrl(url);
+        extractResult.setTableName(htmlTemplate.getTableName());
+        List<CssPath> cssPaths = htmlTemplate.getCssPaths();
+	//页面模板中定义的所有CSS路径和抽取表达式全部抽取成功，才算抽取成功
+        //只要有一个CSS路径或抽取表达式失败，就是抽取失败
+        for (CssPath cssPath : cssPaths) {
+            // 抽取一条CSS PATH
+            Elements elements = doc.select(cssPath.getCssPath());
+            // 如果CSS路径匹配多个元素，则抽取字段为多值
+            for (Element element : elements) {
+                String text = null;
+                if(StringUtils.isBlank(cssPath.getAttr())){
+                    //提取文本
+                    text = element.text();
+                }else{
+                    //提取属性
+                    text = element.attr(cssPath.getAttr());
+                }
+                if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(text)) {
+                    // 成功提取文本
+                    if (cssPath.hasExtractFunction()) {
+                        //使用CSS路径下的抽取函数做进一步抽取
+                        for (ExtractFunction pf : cssPath.getExtractFunctions()) {
+                            text = ExtractFunctionExecutor.execute(text, doc, cssPath, pf.getExtractExpression());
+                            if (text != null) {
+                                ExtractResultItem extractResultItem = new ExtractResultItem();
+                                extractResultItem.setField(pf.getFieldName());
+                                extractResultItem.setValue(text);
+                                extractResult.addExtractResultItem(extractResultItem);
+                            } else {
+                                ExtractFailLog extractFailLog = new ExtractFailLog();
+                                extractFailLog.setUrl(url);
+                                extractFailLog.setUrlPattern(htmlTemplate.getUrlPattern().getUrlPattern());
+                                extractFailLog.setTemplateName(htmlTemplate.getTemplateName());
+                                extractFailLog.setCssPath(cssPath.getCssPath());
+                                extractFailLog.setExtractExpression(pf.getExtractExpression());
+                                extractFailLog.setTableName(htmlTemplate.getTableName());
+                                extractFailLog.setFieldName(pf.getFieldName());
+                                extractFailLog.setFieldDescription(pf.getFieldDescription());
+                                extractResult.addExtractFailLog(extractFailLog);
+                                //未抽取到结果，保存抽取失败日志并停止抽取，抽取失败
+                                //快速失败模式
+                                //如果要记录所有失败日志，则去除下面一行返回的代码
+                                return extractResult;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //使用CSS路径抽取的结果
+                        ExtractResultItem extractResultItem = new ExtractResultItem();
+                        extractResultItem.setField(cssPath.getFieldName());
+                        extractResultItem.setValue(text);
+                        extractResult.addExtractResultItem(extractResultItem);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    //未抽取到结果，保存抽取失败日志并停止抽取，抽取失败
+                    ExtractFailLog extractFailLog = new ExtractFailLog();
+                    extractFailLog.setUrl(url);
+                    extractFailLog.setUrlPattern(htmlTemplate.getUrlPattern().getUrlPattern());
+                    extractFailLog.setTemplateName(htmlTemplate.getTemplateName());
+                    extractFailLog.setCssPath(cssPath.getCssPath());
+                    extractFailLog.setExtractExpression("");
+                    extractFailLog.setTableName(htmlTemplate.getTableName());
+                    extractFailLog.setFieldName(cssPath.getFieldName());
+                    extractFailLog.setFieldDescription(cssPath.getFieldDescription());
+                    extractResult.addExtractFailLog(extractFailLog);
+                    //未抽取到结果，保存抽取失败日志并停止抽取，抽取失败
+                    //快速失败模式
+                    //如果要记录所有失败日志，则去除下面一行返回的代码
+                    return extractResult;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return extractResult;
+    }
+    private static void usage2(){
+        String allExtractRegularUrl = "http://localhost:8080/html-extractor-web/api/all_extract_regular.jsp";
+        String redisHost = "localhost";
+        int redisPort = 6379;
+        
+        HtmlExtractor htmlExtractor = HtmlExtractor.getInstance(allExtractRegularUrl, redisHost, redisPort);
+
+        String url = "http://money.163.com/08/1219/16/4THR2TMP002533QK.html";
+        List<ExtractResult> extractResults = htmlExtractor.extract(url, "gb2312");
+
+        int i = 1;
+        for (ExtractResult extractResult : extractResults) {
+            System.out.println((i++) + "、网页 " + extractResult.getUrl() + " 的抽取结果");
+            if(!extractResult.isSuccess()){
+                System.out.println("抽取失败：");
+                for(ExtractFailLog extractFailLog : extractResult.getExtractFailLogs()){
+                    System.out.println("\turl:"+extractFailLog.getUrl());
+                    System.out.println("\tfieldName:"+extractFailLog.getFieldName());
+                    System.out.println("\tfieldDescription:"+extractFailLog.getFieldDescription());
+                    System.out.println("\tcssPath:"+extractFailLog.getCssPath());
+                    if(extractFailLog.getExtractExpression()!=null) {
+                        System.out.println("\textractExpression:" + extractFailLog.getExtractExpression());
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            Map<String, List<ExtractResultItem>> extractResultItems = extractResult.getExtractResultItems();
+            for(String field : extractResultItems.keySet()){
+                List<ExtractResultItem> values = extractResultItems.get(field);
+                if(values.size() > 1){
+                    int j=1;
+                    System.out.println("\t多值字段:"+field);
+                    for(ExtractResultItem item : values){
+                        System.out.println("\t\t"+(j++)+"、"+field+" = "+item.getValue());   
+                    }
+                }else{
+                    System.out.println("\t"+field+" = "+values.get(0).getValue());     
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("\tdescription = "+extractResult.getDescription());
+            System.out.println("\tkeywords = "+extractResult.getKeywords());
+        }
+    }
+    private static void usage1(){
+        //1、构造抽取规则
+        List<UrlPattern> urlPatterns = new ArrayList<>();
+        //1.1、构造URL模式
+        UrlPattern urlPattern = new UrlPattern();
+        urlPattern.setUrlPattern("http://money.163.com/\\d{2}/\\d{4}/\\d{2}/[0-9A-Z]{16}.html");
+        //1.2、构造HTML模板
+        HtmlTemplate htmlTemplate = new HtmlTemplate();
+        htmlTemplate.setTemplateName("网易财经频道");
+        htmlTemplate.setTableName("finance");
+        //1.3、将URL模式和HTML模板建立关联
+        urlPattern.addHtmlTemplate(htmlTemplate);
+        //1.4、构造CSS路径
+        CssPath cssPath = new CssPath();
+        cssPath.setCssPath("h1");
+        cssPath.setFieldName("title");
+        cssPath.setFieldDescription("标题");
+        //1.5、将CSS路径和模板建立关联
+        htmlTemplate.addCssPath(cssPath);
+        //1.6、构造CSS路径
+        cssPath = new CssPath();
+        cssPath.setCssPath("div#endText");
+        cssPath.setFieldName("content");
+        cssPath.setFieldDescription("正文");
+        //1.7、将CSS路径和模板建立关联
+        htmlTemplate.addCssPath(cssPath);
+        //可象上面那样构造多个URLURL模式
+        urlPatterns.add(urlPattern);
+        //2、获取抽取规则对象
+        ExtractRegular extractRegular = ExtractRegular.getInstance(urlPatterns);
+        //注意：可通过如下3个方法动态地改变抽取规则
+        //extractRegular.addUrlPatterns(urlPatterns);
+        //extractRegular.addUrlPattern(urlPattern);
+        //extractRegular.removeUrlPattern(urlPattern.getUrlPattern());
+        //3、获取HTML抽取工具
+        HtmlExtractor htmlExtractor = HtmlExtractor.getInstance(extractRegular);
+        //4、抽取网页
+        String url = "http://money.163.com/08/1219/16/4THR2TMP002533QK.html";
+        List<ExtractResult> extractResults = htmlExtractor.extract(url, "gb2312");
+        //5、输出结果
+        int i = 1;
+        for (ExtractResult extractResult : extractResults) {
+            System.out.println((i++) + "、网页 " + extractResult.getUrl() + " 的抽取结果");
+            if(!extractResult.isSuccess()){
+                System.out.println("抽取失败：");
+                for(ExtractFailLog extractFailLog : extractResult.getExtractFailLogs()){
+                    System.out.println("\turl:"+extractFailLog.getUrl());
+                    System.out.println("\tfieldName:"+extractFailLog.getFieldName());
+                    System.out.println("\tfieldDescription:"+extractFailLog.getFieldDescription());
+                    System.out.println("\tcssPath:"+extractFailLog.getCssPath());
+                    if(extractFailLog.getExtractExpression()!=null) {
+                        System.out.println("\textractExpression:" + extractFailLog.getExtractExpression());
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            Map<String, List<ExtractResultItem>> extractResultItems = extractResult.getExtractResultItems();
+            for(String field : extractResultItems.keySet()){
+                List<ExtractResultItem> values = extractResultItems.get(field);
+                if(values.size() > 1){
+                    int j=1;
+                    System.out.println("\t多值字段:"+field);
+                    for(ExtractResultItem item : values){
+                        System.out.println("\t\t"+(j++)+"、"+field+" = "+item.getValue());   
+                    }
+                }else{
+                    System.out.println("\t"+field+" = "+values.get(0).getValue());     
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("\tdescription = "+extractResult.getDescription());
+            System.out.println("\tkeywords = "+extractResult.getKeywords());
+        }
+    }
+    private static void usage3(){
+        //1、构造抽取规则
+        List<UrlPattern> urlPatterns = new ArrayList<>();
+        //1.1、构造URL模式
+        UrlPattern urlPattern = new UrlPattern();
+        urlPattern.setUrlPattern("http://list.jd.com/list.html\\?cat=([\\d,]+)");
+        //1.2、构造HTML模板
+        HtmlTemplate htmlTemplate = new HtmlTemplate();
+        htmlTemplate.setTemplateName("京东商品");
+        htmlTemplate.setTableName("jd_goods");
+        //1.3、将URL模式和HTML模板建立关联
+        urlPattern.addHtmlTemplate(htmlTemplate);
+        //1.4、构造CSS路径
+        CssPath cssPath = new CssPath();
+        cssPath.setCssPath("html body div div div ul li div div.p-name");
+        cssPath.setFieldName("name");
+        cssPath.setFieldDescription("名称");
+        //1.5、将CSS路径和模板建立关联
+        htmlTemplate.addCssPath(cssPath);
+        //1.6、构造CSS路径
+        cssPath = new CssPath();
+        cssPath.setCssPath("html body div div div ul li div div.p-name a");
+        cssPath.setAttr("href");
+        cssPath.setFieldName("link");
+        cssPath.setFieldDescription("链接");
+        //1.7、将CSS路径和模板建立关联
+        htmlTemplate.addCssPath(cssPath);
+        //1.8、构造CSS路径
+        cssPath = new CssPath();
+        cssPath.setCssPath("html body div div div ul li div div.p-price strong");
+        cssPath.setFieldName("price");
+        cssPath.setFieldDescription("价格");
+        //1.9、将CSS路径和模板建立关联
+        htmlTemplate.addCssPath(cssPath);
+        //可象上面那样构造多个URLURL模式
+        urlPatterns.add(urlPattern);
+        //2、获取抽取规则对象
+        ExtractRegular extractRegular = ExtractRegular.getInstance(urlPatterns);
+        //注意：可通过如下3个方法动态地改变抽取规则
+        //extractRegular.addUrlPatterns(urlPatterns);
+        //extractRegular.addUrlPattern(urlPattern);
+        //extractRegular.removeUrlPattern(urlPattern.getUrlPattern());
+        //3、获取HTML抽取工具
+        HtmlExtractor htmlExtractor = HtmlExtractor.getInstance(extractRegular);
+        //4、抽取网页
+        String url = "http://list.jd.com/list.html?cat=9987,653,655";
+        List<ExtractResult> extractResults = htmlExtractor.extract(url, "utf-8");
+        //5、输出结果
+        int i = 1;
+        for (ExtractResult extractResult : extractResults) {
+            System.out.println((i++) + "、网页 " + extractResult.getUrl() + " 的抽取结果");
+            if(!extractResult.isSuccess()){
+                System.out.println("抽取失败：");
+                for(ExtractFailLog extractFailLog : extractResult.getExtractFailLogs()){
+                    System.out.println("\turl:"+extractFailLog.getUrl());
+                    System.out.println("\tfieldName:"+extractFailLog.getFieldName());
+                    System.out.println("\tfieldDescription:"+extractFailLog.getFieldDescription());
+                    System.out.println("\tcssPath:"+extractFailLog.getCssPath());
+                    if(extractFailLog.getExtractExpression()!=null) {
+                        System.out.println("\textractExpression:" + extractFailLog.getExtractExpression());
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            Map<String, List<ExtractResultItem>> extractResultItems = extractResult.getExtractResultItems();
+            for(String field : extractResultItems.keySet()){
+                List<ExtractResultItem> values = extractResultItems.get(field);
+                if(values.size() > 1){
+                    int j=1;
+                    System.out.println("\t多值字段:"+field);
+                    for(ExtractResultItem item : values){
+                        System.out.println("\t\t"+(j++)+"、"+field+" = "+item.getValue());   
+                    }
+                }else{
+                    System.out.println("\t"+field+" = "+values.get(0).getValue());     
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("\tdescription = "+extractResult.getDescription());
+            System.out.println("\tkeywords = "+extractResult.getKeywords());
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * @param args
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        //下面的三种方法代表了3种不同的使用模式，只能单独使用
+        //usage1();
+        //usage2();
+        usage3();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apdplat.extractor.html.HtmlExtractor.main` indirectly reads without synchronization from `html.ExtractRegular.org.apdplat.extractor.html.ExtractRegular.extractRegular`. Potentially races with write in method `HtmlExtractor.getInstance(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HtmlExtractor.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apdplat.extractor.html.HtmlExtractor.main(java.lang.String[]):void.2a4f536cac60ddf993150fe05e2781a0
+
+### File:
+html-extractor/src/main/java/org/apdplat/extractor/html/HtmlExtractor.java
+
+### Key:
+HtmlExtractor.java|main|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fe794d5a74611a4216ea26fed029b289
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9256/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9256/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55d1a64c36f4aeee7cf7b1ed72fd87595a57614c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9256/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-Web-Security
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Dominik Schadow, dominikschadow@gmail.com
+ *
+ * This file is part of Java-Web-Security
+.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package de.dominikschadow.webappsecurity;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.codehaus.jettison.json.JSONException;
+import org.codehaus.jettison.json.JSONObject;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+/**
+ * Simple CSP-Reporting servlet to receive and print out any JSON style CSP report with violations.
+ *
+ * @author Dominik Schadow
+ */
+@WebServlet(name = "CSPReporting", urlPatterns = {"/CSPReporting"})
+public class CSPReporting extends HttpServlet {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(CSPReporting.class);
+
+    /**
+     * @see javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet#doPost(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
+     */
+    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException {
+        LOGGER.info("CSP-Reporting-Servlet");
+
+        try {
+            BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(request.getInputStream()));
+            StringBuilder responseBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+
+            String inputStr;
+            while ((inputStr = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                responseBuilder.append(inputStr);
+            }
+
+            LOGGER.info("REPORT " + responseBuilder.toString());
+
+            JSONObject json = new JSONObject(responseBuilder.toString());
+            JSONObject cspReport = json.getJSONObject("csp-report");
+            LOGGER.info("document-uri: " + cspReport.getString("document-uri"));
+            LOGGER.info("referrer: " + cspReport.getString("referrer"));
+            LOGGER.info("blocked-uri: " + cspReport.getString("blocked-uri"));
+            LOGGER.info("violated-directive: " + cspReport.getString("violated-directive"));
+            LOGGER.info("source-file: " + cspReport.getString("source-file"));
+            LOGGER.info("script-sample: " + cspReport.getString("script-sample"));
+            LOGGER.info("line-number: " + cspReport.getString("line-number"));
+        } catch (IOException | JSONException ex) {
+            LOGGER.error(ex.getMessage(), ex);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 51 is not released after line 70.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 55
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSPReporting.doPost(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.dominikschadow.webappsecurity.CSPReporting.doPost(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest,javax.ser.e1421ee1126e5719a91c7dd0483067de
+
+### File:
+Ch07_CSP/src/main/java/de/dominikschadow/webappsecurity/CSPReporting.java
+
+### Key:
+CSPReporting.java|doPost|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+1c313f67e922f217e799e37771a84958
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9258/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9258/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a642309c184c6f94f130c21e2f7a19cc7cdfc4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9258/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,698 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commands
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2017 Daniel Ennis (Aikar) - MIT License
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ *  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ *  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ *  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ *  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ *  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ *  the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ *  included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ *  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ *  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ *  LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ *  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ *  WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package co.aikar.commands;
+
+import co.aikar.commands.annotation.*;
+import co.aikar.commands.apachecommonslang.ApacheCommonsLangUtil;
+import com.google.common.collect.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Parameter;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+public abstract class BaseCommand {
+
+    public static final String UNKNOWN = "__unknown";
+    public static final String DEFAULT = "__default";
+    final SetMultimap<String, RegisteredCommand> subCommands = HashMultimap.create();
+    private Method preCommandHandler;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
+    private String execLabel;
+    @SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
+    private String execSubcommand;
+    @SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
+    private String[] origArgs;
+    CommandManager<?, ?, ?, ?> manager = null;
+    BaseCommand parentCommand;
+    Map<String, RootCommand> registeredCommands = new HashMap<>();
+    String description;
+    String commandName;
+    String usageMessage;
+    String permission;
+
+    private ExceptionHandler exceptionHandler = null;
+    CommandOperationContext lastCommandOperationContext;
+
+    public BaseCommand() {}
+    public BaseCommand(String cmd) {
+        this.commandName = cmd;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the root command name that the user actually typed
+     * @return Name
+     */
+    public String getExecCommandLabel() {
+        return execLabel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the actual sub command name the user typed
+     * @return Name
+     */
+    public String getExecSubcommand() {
+        return execSubcommand;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the actual args in string form the user typed
+     * @return Args
+     */
+    public String[] getOrigArgs() {
+        return origArgs;
+    }
+
+    void setParentCommand(BaseCommand command) {
+        this.parentCommand = command;
+    }
+    void onRegister(CommandManager manager) {
+        onRegister(manager, this.commandName);
+    }
+    void onRegister(CommandManager manager, String cmd) {
+        this.manager = manager;
+        final Class<? extends BaseCommand> self = this.getClass();
+        CommandAlias rootCmdAliasAnno = self.getAnnotation(CommandAlias.class);
+        String rootCmdAlias = rootCmdAliasAnno != null ? manager.getCommandReplacements().replace(rootCmdAliasAnno.value()).toLowerCase() : null;
+        if (cmd == null && rootCmdAlias != null) {
+            cmd = ACFPatterns.PIPE.split(rootCmdAlias)[0];
+        }
+        this.commandName = cmd != null ? cmd : self.getSimpleName().toLowerCase();
+
+        this.description = this.commandName + " commands";
+        this.usageMessage = "/" + this.commandName;
+
+        final CommandPermission perm = self.getAnnotation(CommandPermission.class);
+        if (perm != null) {
+            this.permission = manager.getCommandReplacements().replace(perm.value());
+        }
+
+        boolean foundDefault = false;
+        boolean foundUnknown = false;
+        for (Method method : self.getMethods()) {
+            method.setAccessible(true);
+            String sublist = null;
+            String sub = getSubcommandValue(method);
+            final Default def = method.getAnnotation(Default.class);
+            final HelpCommand helpCommand = method.getAnnotation(HelpCommand.class);
+
+            final CommandAlias commandAliases = method.getAnnotation(CommandAlias.class);
+
+            if (def != null || (!foundDefault && helpCommand != null)) {
+                if (!foundDefault) {
+                    registerSubcommand(method, DEFAULT);
+                    if (def != null) {
+                        foundDefault = true;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    ACFUtil.sneaky(new IllegalStateException("Multiple @Default/@HelpCommand commands, duplicate on " + method.getDeclaringClass().getName() + "#" + method.getName()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (sub != null) {
+                sublist = sub;
+            } else if (commandAliases != null) {
+                sublist = commandAliases.value();
+            } else if (helpCommand != null) {
+                sublist = helpCommand.value();
+            }
+
+            UnknownHandler unknown    = method.getAnnotation(UnknownHandler.class);
+            PreCommand     preCommand = method.getAnnotation(PreCommand.class);
+            if (unknown != null || (!foundUnknown && helpCommand != null)) {
+                if (!foundUnknown) {
+                    registerSubcommand(method, UNKNOWN);
+                    if (unknown != null) {
+                        foundUnknown = true;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    ACFUtil.sneaky(new IllegalStateException("Multiple @UnknownHandler/@HelpCommand commands, duplicate on " + method.getDeclaringClass().getName() + "#" + method.getName()));
+                }
+            } else if (preCommand != null) {
+                if (this.preCommandHandler == null) {
+                    this.preCommandHandler = method;
+                } else {
+                    ACFUtil.sneaky(new IllegalStateException("Multiple @PreCommand commands, duplicate on " + method.getDeclaringClass().getName() + "#" + method.getName()));
+                }
+            }
+            if (Objects.equals(method.getDeclaringClass(), this.getClass()) && sublist != null) {
+                registerSubcommand(method, sublist);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (rootCmdAlias != null) {
+            Set<String> cmdList = new HashSet<>();
+            Collections.addAll(cmdList, ACFPatterns.PIPE.split(rootCmdAlias));
+            cmdList.remove(cmd);
+            for (String cmdAlias : cmdList) {
+                register(cmdAlias, this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (cmd != null) {
+            register(cmd, this);
+        }
+        for (Class<?> clazz : this.getClass().getDeclaredClasses()) {
+            if (BaseCommand.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
+                try {
+                    BaseCommand subCommand = null;
+                    Constructor<?>[] declaredConstructors = clazz.getDeclaredConstructors();
+                    for (Constructor<?> declaredConstructor : declaredConstructors) {
+
+                        declaredConstructor.setAccessible(true);
+                        Parameter[] parameters = declaredConstructor.getParameters();
+                        if (parameters.length == 1) {
+                            subCommand = (BaseCommand) declaredConstructor.newInstance(this);
+                        } else {
+                            manager.log(LogLevel.INFO, "Found unusable constructor: " + declaredConstructor.getName() + "(" + Stream.of(parameters).map(p -> p.getType().getSimpleName() + " " + p.getName()).collect(Collectors.joining("<c2>,</c2> ")) + ")");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (subCommand != null) {
+                        subCommand.setParentCommand(this);
+                        subCommand.onRegister(manager, cmd);
+                        this.subCommands.putAll(subCommand.subCommands);
+                        this.registeredCommands.putAll(subCommand.registeredCommands);
+                    } else {
+                        this.manager.log(LogLevel.ERROR, "Could not find a subcommand ctor for " + clazz.getName());
+                    }
+                } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private String getSubcommandValue(Method method) {
+        final Subcommand sub = method.getAnnotation(Subcommand.class);
+        if (sub == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        List<String> subList = new ArrayList<>();
+        subList.add(sub.value());
+        Class<?> clazz = method.getDeclaringClass();
+        while (clazz != null) {
+            Subcommand classSub = clazz.getAnnotation(Subcommand.class);
+            if (classSub != null) {
+                subList.add(classSub.value());
+            }
+            clazz = clazz.getEnclosingClass();
+        }
+        Collections.reverse(subList);
+        return ACFUtil.join(subList, " ");
+    }
+
+    private void register(String name, BaseCommand cmd) {
+        String nameLower = name.toLowerCase();
+        RootCommand rootCommand = manager.obtainRootCommand(nameLower);
+        rootCommand.addChild(cmd);
+
+        this.registeredCommands.put(nameLower, rootCommand);
+    }
+
+    private void registerSubcommand(Method method, String subCommand) {
+        subCommand = manager.getCommandReplacements().replace(subCommand.toLowerCase());
+        final String[] subCommandParts = ACFPatterns.SPACE.split(subCommand);
+        // Must run getSubcommandPossibility BEFORE we rewrite it just after this.
+        Set<String> cmdList = getSubCommandPossibilityList(subCommandParts);
+
+        // Strip pipes off for auto complete addition
+        for (int i = 0; i < subCommandParts.length; i++) {
+            subCommandParts[i] = ACFPatterns.PIPE.split(subCommandParts[i])[0];
+        }
+        String prefSubCommand = ApacheCommonsLangUtil.join(subCommandParts, " ");
+        final CommandAlias cmdAlias = method.getAnnotation(CommandAlias.class);
+
+        final String[] aliasNames = cmdAlias != null ? ACFPatterns.PIPE.split(manager.getCommandReplacements().replace(cmdAlias.value().toLowerCase())) : null;
+        String cmdName = aliasNames != null ? aliasNames[0] : this.commandName + " ";
+        RegisteredCommand cmd = manager.createRegisteredCommand(this, cmdName, method, prefSubCommand);
+
+        for (String subcmd : cmdList) {
+            subCommands.put(subcmd, cmd);
+        }
+        cmd.addSubcommands(cmdList);
+
+        if (aliasNames != null) {
+            for (String name : aliasNames) {
+                register(name, new ForwardingCommand(this, subCommandParts));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a string like "foo|bar baz|qux" and generates a list of
+     * - foo baz
+     * - foo qux
+     * - bar baz
+     * - bar qux
+     *
+     * For every possible sub command combination
+     *
+     * @param subCommandParts
+     * @return List of all sub command possibilities
+     */
+    private static Set<String> getSubCommandPossibilityList(String[] subCommandParts) {
+        int i = 0;
+        Set<String> current = null;
+        while (true) {
+            Set<String> newList = new HashSet<>();
+
+            if (i < subCommandParts.length) {
+                for (String s1 : ACFPatterns.PIPE.split(subCommandParts[i])) {
+                    if (current != null) {
+                        newList.addAll(current.stream().map(s -> s + " " + s1).collect(Collectors.toList()));
+                    } else {
+                        newList.add(s1);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (i + 1 < subCommandParts.length) {
+                current = newList;
+                i = i + 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            return newList;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void execute(CommandIssuer issuer, String commandLabel, String[] args) {
+        commandLabel = commandLabel.toLowerCase();
+        try {
+            CommandOperationContext commandContext = preCommandOperation(issuer, commandLabel, args);
+
+            if (args.length > 0) {
+                CommandSearch cmd = findSubCommand(args);
+                if (cmd != null) {
+                    execSubcommand = cmd.getCheckSub();
+                    final String[] execargs = Arrays.copyOfRange(args, cmd.argIndex, args.length);
+                    executeCommand(commandContext, issuer, execargs, cmd.cmd);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            if (subCommands.get(DEFAULT) != null && args.length == 0) {
+                executeSubcommand(commandContext, DEFAULT, issuer, args);
+            } else if (subCommands.get(UNKNOWN) != null) {
+                if (!executeSubcommand(commandContext, UNKNOWN, issuer, args)) {
+                    help(issuer, args);
+                }
+            } else if (subCommands.get(DEFAULT) != null) {
+                executeSubcommand(commandContext, DEFAULT, issuer, args);
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            postCommandOperation();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void postCommandOperation() {
+        CommandManager.commandOperationContext.get().pop();
+        execSubcommand = null;
+        execLabel = null;
+        origArgs = new String[]{};
+    }
+
+    private CommandOperationContext preCommandOperation(CommandIssuer issuer, String commandLabel, String[] args) {
+        Stack<CommandOperationContext> contexts = CommandManager.commandOperationContext.get();
+        CommandOperationContext context = this.manager.createCommandOperationContext(this, issuer, commandLabel, args);
+        contexts.push(context);
+        lastCommandOperationContext = context;
+        execSubcommand = null;
+        execLabel = commandLabel;
+        origArgs = args;
+        return context;
+    }
+
+    public CommandIssuer getCurrentCommandIssuer() {
+        return CommandManager.getCurrentCommandIssuer();
+    }
+    public CommandManager getCurrentCommandManager() {
+        return CommandManager.getCurrentCommandManager();
+    }
+
+    private CommandSearch findSubCommand(String[] args) {
+        return findSubCommand(args, false);
+    }
+    private CommandSearch findSubCommand(String[] args, boolean completion) {
+        for (int i = args.length; i >= 0; i--) {
+            String checkSub = ApacheCommonsLangUtil.join(args, " ", 0, i).toLowerCase();
+            Set<RegisteredCommand> cmds = subCommands.get(checkSub);
+
+            final int extraArgs = args.length - i;
+            if (!cmds.isEmpty()) {
+                RegisteredCommand cmd = null;
+                if (cmds.size() == 1) {
+                    cmd = Iterables.getOnlyElement(cmds);
+                } else {
+                    Optional<RegisteredCommand> optCmd = cmds.stream().filter(c -> {
+                        int required = c.requiredResolvers;
+                        int optional = c.optionalResolvers;
+                        return extraArgs <= required + optional && (completion || extraArgs >= required);
+                    }).sorted((c1, c2) -> {
+                        int a = c1.requiredResolvers + c1.optionalResolvers;
+                        int b = c2.requiredResolvers + c2.optionalResolvers;
+
+                        if (a == b) {
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                        return a < b ? 1 : -1;
+                    }).findFirst();
+                    if (optCmd.isPresent()) {
+                        cmd = optCmd.get();
+                    }
+                }
+                if (cmd != null) {
+                    return new CommandSearch(cmd, i, checkSub);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void executeCommand(CommandOperationContext commandOperationContext,
+                                CommandIssuer issuer, String[] args, RegisteredCommand cmd) {
+        if (cmd.hasPermission(issuer)) {
+            commandOperationContext.setRegisteredCommand(cmd);
+            if (checkPrecommand(commandOperationContext, cmd, issuer, args)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            List<String> sargs = Lists.newArrayList(args);
+            cmd.invoke(issuer, sargs);
+        } else {
+            issuer.sendMessage(MessageType.ERROR, MessageKeys.PERMISSION_DENIED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean canExecute(CommandIssuer issuer, RegisteredCommand<?> cmd) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public List<String> tabComplete(CommandIssuer issuer, String commandLabel, String[] args)
+        throws IllegalArgumentException {
+
+        commandLabel = commandLabel.toLowerCase();
+        try {
+            CommandOperationContext commandOperationContext = preCommandOperation(issuer, commandLabel, args);
+
+            final CommandSearch search = findSubCommand(args, true);
+
+            String argString = ApacheCommonsLangUtil.join(args, " ").toLowerCase();
+
+            final List<String> cmds = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            if (search != null) {
+                cmds.addAll(completeCommand(commandOperationContext, issuer, search.cmd, Arrays.copyOfRange(args, search.argIndex, args.length), commandLabel));
+            } else if (subCommands.get(UNKNOWN).size() == 1) {
+                cmds.addAll(completeCommand(commandOperationContext, issuer, Iterables.getOnlyElement(subCommands.get(UNKNOWN)), args, commandLabel));
+            }
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, RegisteredCommand> entry : subCommands.entries()) {
+                final String key = entry.getKey();
+                if (key.startsWith(argString) && !UNKNOWN.equals(key) && !DEFAULT.equals(key)) {
+                    final RegisteredCommand value = entry.getValue();
+                    if (!value.hasPermission(issuer)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    String prefCommand = value.prefSubCommand;
+
+                    final String[] psplit = ACFPatterns.SPACE.split(prefCommand);
+                    cmds.add(psplit[args.length - 1]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return filterTabComplete(args[args.length - 1], cmds);
+        } finally {
+            postCommandOperation();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> completeCommand(CommandOperationContext commandOperationContext, CommandIssuer issuer, RegisteredCommand cmd, String[] args, String commandLabel) {
+        if (!cmd.hasPermission(issuer) || args.length > cmd.requiredResolvers + cmd.optionalResolvers || args.length == 0
+                || cmd.complete == null) {
+            return ImmutableList.of();
+        }
+
+        String[] completions = ACFPatterns.SPACE.split(cmd.complete);
+
+        List<String> cmds = manager.getCommandCompletions().of(commandOperationContext, cmd, issuer, completions, args);
+        return filterTabComplete(args[args.length-1], cmds);
+    }
+
+    private static List<String> filterTabComplete(String arg, List<String> cmds) {
+        return cmds.stream()
+                   .distinct()
+                   .filter(cmd -> cmd != null && (arg.isEmpty() || ApacheCommonsLangUtil.startsWithIgnoreCase(cmd, arg)))
+                   .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
+
+    RegisteredCommand getSubcommand(String subcommand) {
+        return getSubcommand(subcommand, false);
+    }
+
+    RegisteredCommand getSubcommand(String subcommand, boolean requireOne) {
+        final Set<RegisteredCommand> commands = subCommands.get(subcommand);
+        if (!commands.isEmpty() && (!requireOne || commands.size() == 1)) {
+            return commands.iterator().next();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private boolean executeSubcommand(CommandOperationContext commandContext, String subcommand, CommandIssuer issuer, String... args) {
+        final RegisteredCommand cmd = this.getSubcommand(subcommand);
+        if (cmd != null) {
+            executeCommand(commandContext, issuer, args, cmd);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkPrecommand(CommandOperationContext commandOperationContext, RegisteredCommand cmd, CommandIssuer issuer, String[] args) {
+        Method pre = this.preCommandHandler;
+        if (pre != null) {
+            try {
+                Class<?>[] types = pre.getParameterTypes();
+                Object[] parameters = new Object[pre.getParameterCount()];
+                for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+                    Class<?> type = types[i];
+                    Object issuerObject = issuer.getIssuer();
+                    if (manager.isCommandIssuer(type) && type.isAssignableFrom(issuerObject.getClass())) {
+                        parameters[i] = issuerObject;
+                    } else if (CommandIssuer.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+                        parameters[i] = issuer;
+                    } else if (RegisteredCommand.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+                        parameters[i] = cmd;
+                    } else if (String[].class.isAssignableFrom((type))) {
+                        parameters[i] = args;
+                    } else {
+                        parameters[i] = null;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return (boolean) pre.invoke(this, parameters);
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+                this.manager.log(LogLevel.ERROR, "Exception encountered while command pre-processing", e);
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated Unstable API */ @Deprecated @UnstableAPI
+    public CommandHelp getCommandHelp() {
+       return manager.generateCommandHelp();
+    }
+
+    /** @deprecated Unstable API */ @Deprecated @UnstableAPI
+    public void showCommandHelp() {
+        getCommandHelp().showHelp();
+    }
+
+    public void help(Object issuer, String[] args) {
+        help(manager.getCommandIssuer(issuer), args);
+    }
+    public void help(CommandIssuer issuer, String[] args) {
+        issuer.sendMessage(MessageType.ERROR, MessageKeys.UNKNOWN_COMMAND);
+    }
+    public void doHelp(Object issuer, String... args) {
+        doHelp(manager.getCommandIssuer(issuer), args);
+    }
+    public void doHelp(CommandIssuer issuer, String... args) {
+        help(issuer, args);
+    }
+
+    public void showSyntax(CommandIssuer issuer, RegisteredCommand<?> cmd) {
+        issuer.sendMessage(MessageType.SYNTAX, MessageKeys.INVALID_SYNTAX,
+                "{command}", "/" + cmd.command,
+                "{syntax}", cmd.syntaxText
+        );
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasPermission(Object issuer) {
+        return hasPermission(manager.getCommandIssuer(issuer));
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasPermission(CommandIssuer issuer) {
+        return permission == null || permission.isEmpty() || (manager.hasPermission(issuer, permission) && (parentCommand == null || parentCommand.hasPermission(issuer)));
+    }
+
+
+    public Set<String> getRequiredPermissions() {
+        if (this.permission == null || this.permission.isEmpty()) {
+            return ImmutableSet.of();
+        }
+        return Sets.newHashSet(ACFPatterns.COMMA.split(this.permission));
+    }
+
+    public boolean requiresPermission(String permission) {
+        return getRequiredPermissions().contains(permission) || this.parentCommand != null && parentCommand.requiresPermission(permission);
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return commandName;
+    }
+
+    public ExceptionHandler getExceptionHandler() {
+        return exceptionHandler;
+    }
+
+    public BaseCommand setExceptionHandler(ExceptionHandler exceptionHandler) {
+        this.exceptionHandler = exceptionHandler;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public RegisteredCommand getDefaultRegisteredCommand() {
+        return this.getSubcommand(DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    private static class CommandSearch { RegisteredCommand cmd; int argIndex; String checkSub;
+
+        CommandSearch(RegisteredCommand cmd, int argIndex, String checkSub) {
+            this.cmd = cmd;
+            this.argIndex = argIndex;
+            this.checkSub = checkSub;
+        }
+
+        String getCheckSub() {
+            return this.checkSub;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (this == o) return true;
+            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
+            CommandSearch that = (CommandSearch) o;
+            return argIndex == that.argIndex &&
+                    Objects.equals(cmd, that.cmd) &&
+                    Objects.equals(checkSub, that.checkSub);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(cmd, argIndex, checkSub);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `join(args," ")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 429.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List BaseCommand.tabComplete(CommandIssuer,String,java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+co.aikar.commands.BaseCommand.tabComplete(co.aikar.commands.CommandIssuer,java.lang.String,java.lang.5b7ed242dfb98f62efcbe83a18382432
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/co/aikar/commands/BaseCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+BaseCommand.java|tabComplete|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6f60fb7cb2d7b2c9393d1f5f9c08da7d
+
+### Hash:
+536507fba3725e2ab34d6b41e29b64ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9260/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9260/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a97ed92d542841291d3ce77baacd3b5c1456807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9260/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** easy-random
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ *   Copyright (c) 2017, Mahmoud Ben Hassine (mahmoud.benhassine@icloud.com)
+ *
+ *   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *   of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *   in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *   to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *   copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *   furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *   OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ *   THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.github.benas.randombeans.util;
+
+import io.github.benas.randombeans.beans.*;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.Target;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.*;
+import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+public class ReflectionUtilsTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetDeclaredFields() throws Exception {
+        String javaVersion = System.getProperty("java.specification.version");
+        if (javaVersion.startsWith("9") || javaVersion.startsWith("10")) {
+            assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getDeclaredFields(Street.class)).hasSize(22);
+        } else {
+            assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getDeclaredFields(Street.class)).hasSize(20);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetInheritedFields() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getInheritedFields(SocialPerson.class)).hasSize(11);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsStatic() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isStatic(Human.class.getField("SERIAL_VERSION_UID"))).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsInterface() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isInterface(List.class)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isInterface(Mammal.class)).isTrue();
+
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isInterface(MammalImpl.class)).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isInterface(ArrayList.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsAbstract() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isAbstract(Foo.class)).isFalse();
+
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isAbstract(Bar.class)).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsPublic() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPublic(Foo.class)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPublic(Dummy.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsArrayType() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isArrayType(int[].class)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isArrayType(Foo.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsEnumType() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isEnumType(Gender.class)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isEnumType(Foo.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsCollectionType() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isCollectionType(CustomList.class)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isCollectionType(Foo.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsMapType() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isMapType(CustomMap.class)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isMapType(Foo.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsJdkBuiltIn() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isJdkBuiltIn(ArrayList.class)).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isJdkBuiltIn(CustomList.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getWrapperTypeTest() throws Exception {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Byte.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Byte.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Short.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Short.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Integer.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Integer.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Long.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Long.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Double.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Double.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Float.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Float.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Boolean.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Boolean.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(Character.TYPE)).isEqualTo(Character.class);
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getWrapperType(String.class)).isEqualTo(String.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue() throws Exception {
+        Class<PrimitiveFieldsWithDefaultValuesBean> defaultValueClass = PrimitiveFieldsWithDefaultValuesBean.class;
+        PrimitiveFieldsWithDefaultValuesBean defaultValueBean = new PrimitiveFieldsWithDefaultValuesBean();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("bool"))).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("b"))).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("s"))).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("i"))).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("l"))).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("f"))).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("d"))).isTrue();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(defaultValueBean, defaultValueClass.getField("c"))).isTrue();
+
+        Class<PrimitiveFieldsWithNonDefaultValuesBean> nonDefaultValueClass = PrimitiveFieldsWithNonDefaultValuesBean.class;
+        PrimitiveFieldsWithNonDefaultValuesBean nonDefaultValueBean = new PrimitiveFieldsWithNonDefaultValuesBean();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("bool"))).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("b"))).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("s"))).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("i"))).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("l"))).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("f"))).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("d"))).isFalse();
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isPrimitiveFieldWithDefaultValue(nonDefaultValueBean, nonDefaultValueClass.getField("c"))).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetReadMethod() throws NoSuchFieldException {
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getReadMethod(PrimitiveFieldsWithDefaultValuesBean.class.getDeclaredField("b"))).isEmpty();
+        final Optional<Method> readMethod =
+                ReflectionUtils.getReadMethod(Foo.class.getDeclaredField("bar"));
+        assertThat(readMethod).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(readMethod.get().getName()).isEqualTo("getBar");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAnnotation() throws NoSuchMethodException, NoSuchFieldException {
+        Field field = AnnotatedBean.class.getDeclaredField("fieldAnnotation");
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getAnnotation(field, NotNull.class)).isInstanceOf(NotNull.class);
+
+        field = AnnotatedBean.class.getDeclaredField("methodAnnotation");
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getAnnotation(field, NotNull.class)).isInstanceOf(NotNull.class);
+
+        field = AnnotatedBean.class.getDeclaredField("noAnnotation");
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.getAnnotation(field, NotNull.class)).isNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsAnnotationPresent() throws NoSuchMethodException, NoSuchFieldException {
+        Field field = AnnotatedBean.class.getDeclaredField("fieldAnnotation");
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isAnnotationPresent(field, NotNull.class)).isTrue();
+
+        field = AnnotatedBean.class.getDeclaredField("methodAnnotation");
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isAnnotationPresent(field, NotNull.class)).isTrue();
+
+        field = AnnotatedBean.class.getDeclaredField("noAnnotation");
+        assertThat(ReflectionUtils.isAnnotationPresent(field, NotNull.class)).isFalse();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private class PrimitiveFieldsWithDefaultValuesBean {
+        public boolean bool;
+        public byte b;
+        public short s;
+        public int i;
+        public long l;
+        public float f;
+        public double d;
+        public char c;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private class PrimitiveFieldsWithNonDefaultValuesBean {
+        public boolean bool = true;
+        public byte b = (byte) 1;
+        public short s = (short) 1;
+        public int i = 1;
+        public long l = 1L;
+        public float f = 1.0F;
+        public double d = 1.0D;
+        public char c = 'a';
+    }
+
+    public static class AnnotatedBean {
+        @NotNull
+        private String fieldAnnotation;
+        private String methodAnnotation;
+        private String noAnnotation;
+
+        public String getFieldAnnotation() {
+            return fieldAnnotation;
+        }
+
+        public void setFieldAnnotation(String fieldAnnotation) {
+            this.fieldAnnotation = fieldAnnotation;
+        }
+
+        @NotNull
+        public String getMethodAnnotation() {
+            return methodAnnotation;
+        }
+
+        public void setMethodAnnotation(String methodAnnotation) {
+            this.methodAnnotation = methodAnnotation;
+        }
+
+        public String getNoAnnotation() {
+            return noAnnotation;
+        }
+
+        public void setNoAnnotation(String noAnnotation) {
+            this.noAnnotation = noAnnotation;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class Dummy { }
+
+    @Target({ METHOD, FIELD, ANNOTATION_TYPE, CONSTRUCTOR, PARAMETER })
+    @Retention(RUNTIME)
+    @Documented
+    public @interface NotNull {
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `javaVersion` last assigned on line 46 could be null and is dereferenced at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ReflectionUtilsTest.testGetDeclaredFields()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.benas.randombeans.util.ReflectionUtilsTest.testGetDeclaredFields():void.e5a796f4366f45ad73575bc4c0fe7347
+
+### File:
+random-beans/src/test/java/io/github/benas/randombeans/util/ReflectionUtilsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ReflectionUtilsTest.java|testGetDeclaredFields|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+965bbf0a29188a78e25245c992eef045
+
+### Hash:
+03e47b4eda3deb228cba658815a0eb53
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9267/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9267/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90ec1a0f6cc09b163406693a47f3c676d5dc9d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9267/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** easy-random
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ *   Copyright (c) 2016, Mahmoud Ben Hassine (mahmoud.benhassine@icloud.com)
+ *
+ *   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *   of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *   in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *   to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *   copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *   furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *   OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ *   THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package io.github.benas.randombeans;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+
+import static io.github.benas.randombeans.randomizers.ByteRandomizer.aNewByteRandomizer;
+import static java.lang.Math.abs;
+
+/**
+ * Random array populator.
+ *
+ * @author Mahmoud Ben Hassine (mahmoud.benhassine@icloud.com)
+ */
+class ArrayPopulator {
+
+    private EnhancedRandomImpl enhancedRandom;
+
+    ArrayPopulator(final EnhancedRandomImpl enhancedRandom) {
+        this.enhancedRandom = enhancedRandom;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    <T> Object getRandomArray(final Class<?> fieldType, final PopulatorContext context) {
+        Class<?> componentType = fieldType.getComponentType();
+        if (componentType.isPrimitive()) {
+            return getRandomPrimitiveArray(componentType);
+        }
+        int randomSize = abs(aNewByteRandomizer().getRandomValue());
+        T[] itemsList = (T[]) Array.newInstance(componentType, randomSize);
+        for (int i = 0; i < randomSize; i++) {
+            itemsList[i] = (T) enhancedRandom.doPopulateBean(fieldType.getComponentType(), context);
+        }
+        return itemsList;
+    }
+
+    Object getRandomPrimitiveArray(final Class<?> primitiveType) {
+        int size = abs(aNewByteRandomizer().getRandomValue());
+        // TODO A bounty will be offered to anybody that comes with a generic template method for that..
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Byte.TYPE)) {
+            byte[] result = new byte[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Byte.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Short.TYPE)) {
+            short[] result = new short[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Short.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Integer.TYPE)) {
+            int[] result = new int[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Integer.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Long.TYPE)) {
+            long[] result = new long[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Long.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Float.TYPE)) {
+            float[] result = new float[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Float.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Double.TYPE)) {
+            double[] result = new double[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Double.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Character.TYPE)) {
+            char[] result = new char[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Character.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (primitiveType.equals(Boolean.TYPE)) {
+            boolean[] result = new boolean[size];
+            for (int index = 0; index < size; index ++) {
+                result[index] = enhancedRandom.nextObject(Boolean.TYPE);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `ArrayPopulator.enhancedRandom.nextObject(java.lang.Byte.TYPE,__new_array(java.lang.String*[_*_]))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 65.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object ArrayPopulator.getRandomPrimitiveArray(Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.benas.randombeans.ArrayPopulator.getRandomPrimitiveArray(java.lang.Class):java.lang.Object.6d0abdf100d89a87c6b59fa39eda23ea
+
+### File:
+random-beans/src/main/java/io/github/benas/randombeans/ArrayPopulator.java
+
+### Key:
+ArrayPopulator.java|getRandomPrimitiveArray|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56a0d0589c3b0884d5cbb6dc32f825ab
+
+### Hash:
+89670c8af062b9f2165413f620d67ba3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9269/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9269/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d334f6ee031048f4ea91644ae69d1ff80390228b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9269/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** easy-random
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ *   Copyright (c) 2020, Mahmoud Ben Hassine (mahmoud.benhassine@icloud.com)
+ *
+ *   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *   of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *   in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *   to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *   copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *   furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *   OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ *   THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.jeasy.random;
+
+import org.jeasy.random.api.Randomizer;
+import org.jeasy.random.beans.*;
+import org.jeasy.random.util.ReflectionUtils;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import static java.sql.Timestamp.valueOf;
+import static java.time.LocalDateTime.of;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.*;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.BDDAssertions.then;
+import static org.jeasy.random.FieldPredicates.*;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
+class EasyRandomTest {
+
+    private static final String FOO = "foo";
+
+    @Mock
+    private Randomizer<String> randomizer;
+
+    private EasyRandom easyRandom;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        easyRandom = new EasyRandom();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void generatedBeansShouldBeCorrectlyPopulated() {
+        Person person = easyRandom.nextObject(Person.class);
+        validatePerson(person);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void generatedBeanWithFluentSetterShouldBeCorrectlyPopulated() {
+        // when
+        FluentSetterBean fluentSetterBean = easyRandom.nextObject(FluentSetterBean.class);
+
+        // then
+        assertThat(fluentSetterBean.getName()).isNotEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shouldFailIfSetterInvocationFails() {
+        EasyRandom easyRandom = new EasyRandom();
+        Throwable thrown = catchThrowable(() -> easyRandom.nextObject(Salary.class));
+
+        assertThat(thrown).isInstanceOf(ObjectCreationException.class)
+                .hasMessageContaining("Unable to create a random instance of type class org.jeasy.random.beans.Salary");
+
+        Throwable cause = thrown.getCause();
+        assertThat(cause).isInstanceOf(ObjectCreationException.class)
+                .hasMessageContaining("Unable to invoke setter for field amount of class org.jeasy.random.beans.Salary");
+
+        Throwable rootCause = cause.getCause();
+        assertThat(rootCause).isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class)
+                .hasMessageContaining("Amount must be positive");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void finalFieldsShouldBePopulated() {
+        Person person = easyRandom.nextObject(Person.class);
+
+        assertThat(person).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(person.getId()).isNotNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void staticFieldsShouldNotBePopulated() {
+        try {
+            Human human = easyRandom.nextObject(Human.class);
+            assertThat(human).isNotNull();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Should be able to populate types with private static final fields.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void immutableBeansShouldBePopulated() {
+        final ImmutableBean immutableBean = easyRandom.nextObject(ImmutableBean.class);
+        assertThat(immutableBean).hasNoNullFieldsOrProperties();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void generatedBeansNumberShouldBeEqualToSpecifiedNumber() {
+        Stream<Person> persons = easyRandom.objects(Person.class, 2);
+
+        assertThat(persons).hasSize(2).hasOnlyElementsOfType(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void customRandomzierForFieldsShouldBeUsedToPopulateObjects() {
+        when(randomizer.getRandomValue()).thenReturn(FOO);
+
+        EasyRandomParameters parameters = new EasyRandomParameters()
+                .randomize(named("name").and(ofType(String.class)).and(inClass(Human.class)), randomizer);
+        easyRandom = new EasyRandom(parameters);
+
+        Person person = easyRandom.nextObject(Person.class);
+
+        assertThat(person).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(person.getName()).isEqualTo(FOO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void customRandomzierForFieldsShouldBeUsedToPopulateFieldsWithOneModifier() {
+        when(randomizer.getRandomValue()).thenReturn(FOO);
+
+        // Given
+        EasyRandomParameters parameters = new EasyRandomParameters()
+                .randomize(hasModifiers(Modifier.TRANSIENT).and(ofType(String.class)), randomizer);
+        easyRandom = new EasyRandom(parameters);
+
+        // When
+        Person person = easyRandom.nextObject(Person.class);
+
+        // Then
+        assertThat(person.getEmail()).isEqualTo(FOO);
+        assertThat(person.getName()).isNotEqualTo(FOO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void customRandomzierForFieldsShouldBeUsedToPopulateFieldsWithMultipleModifier() {
+        // Given
+        when(randomizer.getRandomValue()).thenReturn(FOO);
+        int modifiers = Modifier.TRANSIENT | Modifier.PROTECTED;
+        EasyRandomParameters parameters = new EasyRandomParameters()
+                .randomize(hasModifiers(modifiers).and(ofType(String.class)), randomizer);
+        easyRandom = new EasyRandom(parameters);
+
+        // When
+        Person person = easyRandom.nextObject(Person.class);
+
+        // Then
+        assertThat(person.getEmail()).isEqualTo(FOO);
+        assertThat(person.getName()).isNotEqualTo(FOO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void customRandomzierForTypesShouldBeUsedToPopulateObjects() {
+        when(randomizer.getRandomValue()).thenReturn(FOO);
+
+        EasyRandomParameters parameters = new EasyRandomParameters()
+                .randomize(String.class, randomizer);
+        easyRandom = new EasyRandom(parameters);
+
+        String string = easyRandom.nextObject(String.class);
+
+        assertThat(string).isEqualTo(FOO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void customRandomzierForTypesShouldBeUsedToPopulateFields() {
+        when(randomizer.getRandomValue()).thenReturn(FOO);
+
+        EasyRandomParameters parameters = new EasyRandomParameters()
+                .randomize(String.class, randomizer);
+        easyRandom = new EasyRandom(parameters);
+
+        Human human = easyRandom.nextObject(Human.class);
+
+        assertThat(human.getName()).isEqualTo(FOO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void whenSpecifiedNumberOfBeansToGenerateIsNegative_thenShouldThrowAnIllegalArgumentException() {
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> easyRandom.objects(Person.class, -2)).isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void whenUnableToInstantiateField_thenShouldThrowObjectGenerationException() {
+        assertThatThrownBy(() -> easyRandom.nextObject(AbstractBean.class)).isInstanceOf(ObjectCreationException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void beansWithRecursiveStructureMustNotCauseStackOverflowException() {
+        Node node = easyRandom.nextObject(Node.class);
+
+        assertThat(node).hasNoNullFieldsOrProperties();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void objectTypeMustBeCorrectlyPopulated() {
+        Object object = easyRandom.nextObject(Object.class);
+
+        assertThat(object).isNotNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void annotatedRandomizerArgumentsShouldBeCorrectlyParsed() {
+        TestData data = easyRandom.nextObject(TestData.class);
+
+        then(data.getDate()).isBetween(valueOf(of(2016, 1, 10, 0, 0, 0)), valueOf(of(2016, 1, 30, 23, 59, 59)));
+        then(data.getPrice()).isBetween(200, 500);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void nextEnumShouldNotAlwaysReturnTheSameValue() {
+        HashSet<TestEnum> distinctEnumBeans = new HashSet<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            distinctEnumBeans.add(easyRandom.nextObject(TestEnum.class));
+        }
+
+        assertThat(distinctEnumBeans.size()).isGreaterThan(1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void fieldsOfTypeClassShouldBeSkipped() {
+        try {
+            TestBean testBean = easyRandom.nextObject(TestBean.class);
+            assertThat(testBean.getException()).isNotNull();
+            assertThat(testBean.getClazz()).isNull();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Should skip fields of type Class");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    void differentCollectionsShouldBeRandomizedWithDifferentSizes() {
+        // given
+        class Foo {
+            List<String> names;
+            List<String> addresses;
+        }
+        
+        // when
+        Foo foo = new EasyRandom().nextObject(Foo.class);
+        
+        // then
+        assertThat(foo.names.size()).isNotEqualTo(foo.addresses.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void differentArraysShouldBeRandomizedWithDifferentSizes() {
+        // given
+        class Foo {
+            String[] names;
+            String[] addresses;
+        }
+
+        // when
+        Foo foo = new EasyRandom().nextObject(Foo.class);
+
+        // then
+        assertThat(foo.names.length).isNotEqualTo(foo.addresses.length);
+    }
+
+    private void validatePerson(final Person person) {
+        assertThat(person).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(person.getEmail()).isNotEmpty();
+        assertThat(person.getGender()).isIn(asList(Gender.values()));
+        assertThat(person.getBirthDate()).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(person.getPhoneNumber()).isNotEmpty();
+        assertThat(person.getNicknames()).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(person.getName()).isNotEmpty();
+
+        final Address address = person.getAddress();
+        assertThat(address).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(address.getCity()).isNotEmpty();
+        assertThat(address.getCountry()).isNotEmpty();
+        assertThat(address.getZipCode()).isNotEmpty();
+
+        final Street street = address.getStreet();
+        assertThat(street).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(street.getName()).isNotEmpty();
+        assertThat(street.getNumber()).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(street.getType()).isNotNull();
+    }
+
+    void validatePersons(final Collection<Person> persons, final int expectedSize) {
+        assertThat(persons).hasSize(expectedSize);
+        persons.forEach(this::validatePerson);
+    }
+
+    @Disabled("Dummy test to see possible reasons of randomization failures")
+    @Test
+    void tryToRandomizeAllPublicConcreteTypesInTheClasspath(){
+        int success = 0;
+        int failure = 0;
+        List<Class<?>> publicConcreteTypes = ReflectionUtils.getPublicConcreteSubTypesOf(Object.class);
+        System.out.println("Found " + publicConcreteTypes.size() + " public concrete types in the classpath");
+        for (Class<?> aClass : publicConcreteTypes) {
+            try {
+                easyRandom.nextObject(aClass);
+                System.out.println(aClass.getName() + " has been successfully randomized");
+                success++;
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                System.err.println("Unable to populate a random instance of type: " + aClass.getName());
+                e.printStackTrace();
+                System.err.println("----------------------------------------------");
+                failure++;
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("Success: " + success);
+        System.out.println("Failure: " + failure);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fluentSetterBean` last assigned on line 72 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void EasyRandomTest.generatedBeanWithFluentSetterShouldBeCorrectlyPopulated()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jeasy.random.EasyRandomTest.generatedBeanWithFluentSetterShouldBeCorrectlyPopulated():void.eccbfb94f7133649df566b17d87e8c89
+
+### File:
+easy-random-core/src/test/java/org/jeasy/random/EasyRandomTest.java
+
+### Key:
+EasyRandomTest.java|generatedBeanWithFluentSetterShouldBeCorrectlyPopulated|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+bdf557054db4f75c44177356bf1bd774
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9293/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9293/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02cc310119a49e48ada2172e5601e7acb2a63161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9293/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3597 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javacpp
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2016 Samuel Audet
+ *
+ * Licensed either under the Apache License, Version 2.0, or (at your option)
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation (subject to the "Classpath" exception),
+ * either version 2, or any later version (collectively, the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *     http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+ *     http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html
+ *
+ * or as provided in the LICENSE.txt file that accompanied this code.
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.bytedeco.javacpp.tools;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.nio.Buffer;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.CharBuffer;
+import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
+import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.nio.LongBuffer;
+import java.nio.ShortBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.BoolPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.BytePointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.CLongPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.CharPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.ClassProperties;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.DoublePointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.FloatPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.FunctionPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.IntPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.Loader;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.LongPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.Pointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.PointerPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.ShortPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.SizeTPointer;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Adapter;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Allocator;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ArrayAllocator;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ByPtr;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ByPtrPtr;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ByPtrRef;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ByRef;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ByVal;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Cast;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Const;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Convention;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Function;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Index;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.MemberGetter;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.MemberSetter;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Name;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Namespace;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.NoDeallocator;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.NoException;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.NoOffset;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Opaque;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Platform;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Raw;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ValueGetter;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.ValueSetter;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Virtual;
+
+/**
+ * The Generator is where all the C++ source code that we need gets generated.
+ * It has not been designed in any meaningful way since the requirements were
+ * not well understood. It is basically a prototype and is really quite a mess.
+ * Now that we understand better what we need, it could use some refactoring.
+ * <p>
+ * When attempting to understand what the Generator does, try to run experiments
+ * and inspect the generated code: It is quite readable.
+ * <p>
+ * Moreover, although Generator is the one ultimately doing something with the
+ * various annotations it relies on, it was easier to describe the behavior its
+ * meant to have with them as part of the documentation of the annotations, so
+ * we can refer to them to understand more about how Generator should work:
+ *
+ * @see Adapter
+ * @see Allocator
+ * @see ArrayAllocator
+ * @see ByPtr
+ * @see ByPtrPtr
+ * @see ByPtrRef
+ * @see ByRef
+ * @see ByVal
+ * @see Cast
+ * @see Const
+ * @see Convention
+ * @see Function
+ * @see Index
+ * @see MemberGetter
+ * @see MemberSetter
+ * @see Name
+ * @see Namespace
+ * @see NoDeallocator
+ * @see NoException
+ * @see NoOffset
+ * @see Opaque
+ * @see Platform
+ * @see Raw
+ * @see ValueGetter
+ * @see ValueSetter
+ *
+ * @author Samuel Audet
+ */
+public class Generator implements Closeable {
+
+    public Generator(Logger logger, ClassProperties properties) {
+        this.logger = logger;
+        this.properties = properties;
+    }
+
+    static final String JNI_VERSION = "JNI_VERSION_1_4";
+    static final List<Class> baseClasses = Arrays.asList(new Class[] {
+            Loader.class,
+            Pointer.class,
+            //FunctionPointer.class,
+            BytePointer.class,
+            ShortPointer.class,
+            IntPointer.class,
+            LongPointer.class,
+            FloatPointer.class,
+            DoublePointer.class,
+            CharPointer.class,
+            PointerPointer.class,
+            BoolPointer.class,
+            CLongPointer.class,
+            SizeTPointer.class });
+
+    final Logger logger;
+    final ClassProperties properties;
+    PrintWriter out, out2;
+    IndexedSet<String> callbacks;
+    IndexedSet<Class> functions, deallocators, arrayDeallocators, jclasses;
+    Map<Class,Set<String>> members, virtualFunctions, virtualMembers;
+    Map<Method,MethodInformation> annotationCache;
+    boolean mayThrowExceptions, usesAdapters, passesStrings;
+
+    public boolean generate(String sourceFilename, String headerFilename,
+            String classPath, Class<?> ... classes) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        // first pass using a null writer to fill up the IndexedSet objects
+        out = new PrintWriter(new Writer() {
+            @Override public void write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) { }
+            @Override public void flush() { }
+            @Override public void close() { }
+        });
+        out2 = null;
+        callbacks           = new IndexedSet<String>();
+        functions           = new IndexedSet<Class>();
+        deallocators        = new IndexedSet<Class>();
+        arrayDeallocators   = new IndexedSet<Class>();
+        jclasses            = new IndexedSet<Class>();
+        members             = new HashMap<Class,Set<String>>();
+        virtualFunctions    = new HashMap<Class,Set<String>>();
+        virtualMembers      = new HashMap<Class,Set<String>>();
+        annotationCache     = new HashMap<Method,MethodInformation>();
+        mayThrowExceptions  = false;
+        usesAdapters        = false;
+        passesStrings       = false;
+        for (Class<?> cls : baseClasses) {
+            jclasses.index(cls);
+        }
+        if (classes(true, true, true, classPath, classes)) {
+            // second pass with a real writer
+            File sourceFile = new File(sourceFilename);
+            File sourceDir = sourceFile.getParentFile();
+            if (sourceDir != null) {
+                sourceDir.mkdirs();
+            }
+            out = new PrintWriter(sourceFile);
+            if (headerFilename != null) {
+                File headerFile = new File(headerFilename);
+                File headerDir = headerFile.getParentFile();
+                if (headerDir != null) {
+                    headerDir.mkdirs();
+                }
+                out2 = new PrintWriter(headerFile);
+            }
+            return classes(mayThrowExceptions, usesAdapters, passesStrings, classPath, classes);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        if (out != null) {
+            out.close();
+        }
+        if (out2 != null) {
+            out2.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean classes(boolean handleExceptions, boolean defineAdapters, boolean convertStrings, String classPath, Class<?> ... classes) {
+        String version = Generator.class.getPackage().getImplementationVersion();
+        if (version == null) {
+            version = "unknown";
+        }
+        String warning = "// Generated by JavaCPP version " + version + ": DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE";
+        out.println(warning);
+        out.println();
+        if (out2 != null) {
+            out2.println(warning);
+            out2.println();
+        }
+        for (String s : properties.get("platform.pragma")) {
+            out.println("#pragma " + s);
+        }
+        for (String s : properties.get("platform.define")) {
+            out.println("#define " + s);
+        }
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#ifdef _WIN32");
+        out.println("    #define _JAVASOFT_JNI_MD_H_");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("    #define JNIEXPORT __declspec(dllexport)");
+        out.println("    #define JNIIMPORT __declspec(dllimport)");
+        out.println("    #define JNICALL __stdcall");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("    typedef int jint;");
+        out.println("    typedef long long jlong;");
+        out.println("    typedef signed char jbyte;");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)");
+        out.println("    #define _JAVASOFT_JNI_MD_H_");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("    #define JNIEXPORT __attribute__((visibility(\"default\")))");
+        out.println("    #define JNIIMPORT");
+        out.println("    #define JNICALL");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("    typedef int jint;");
+        out.println("    typedef long long jlong;");
+        out.println("    typedef signed char jbyte;");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#include <jni.h>");
+        if (out2 != null) {
+            out2.println("#include <jni.h>");
+        }
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#ifdef __ANDROID__");
+        out.println("    #include <android/log.h>");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__OBJC__)");
+        out.println("    #include <TargetConditionals.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <Foundation/Foundation.h>");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#ifdef __linux__");
+        out.println("    #include <sys/types.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <sys/stat.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <sys/sysinfo.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <fcntl.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <unistd.h>");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__)");
+        out.println("    #include <sys/types.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <sys/sysctl.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <mach/mach_init.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <mach/mach_host.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <mach/task.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <unistd.h>");
+        out.println("#elif defined(_WIN32)");
+        out.println("    #define NOMINMAX");
+        out.println("    #include <windows.h>");
+        out.println("    #include <psapi.h>");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#if defined(__ANDROID__) || TARGET_OS_IPHONE");
+        out.println("    #define NewWeakGlobalRef(obj) NewGlobalRef(obj)");
+        out.println("    #define DeleteWeakGlobalRef(obj) DeleteGlobalRef(obj)");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#include <limits.h>");
+        out.println("#include <stddef.h>");
+        out.println("#ifndef _WIN32");
+        out.println("    #include <stdint.h>");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("#include <stdio.h>");
+        out.println("#include <stdlib.h>");
+        out.println("#include <string.h>");
+        out.println("#include <exception>");
+        out.println("#include <memory>");
+        out.println("#include <new>");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#if defined(NATIVE_ALLOCATOR) && defined(NATIVE_DEALLOCATOR)");
+        out.println("    void* operator new(std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) throw() {");
+        out.println("        return NATIVE_ALLOCATOR(size);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    void* operator new[](std::size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) throw() {");
+        out.println("        return NATIVE_ALLOCATOR(size);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    void* operator new(std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc) {");
+        out.println("        return NATIVE_ALLOCATOR(size);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    void* operator new[](std::size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc) {");
+        out.println("        return NATIVE_ALLOCATOR(size);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    void operator delete(void* ptr) throw() {");
+        out.println("        NATIVE_DEALLOCATOR(ptr);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    void operator delete[](void* ptr) throw() {");
+        out.println("        NATIVE_DEALLOCATOR(ptr);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#define jlong_to_ptr(a) ((void*)(uintptr_t)(a))");
+        out.println("#define ptr_to_jlong(a) ((jlong)(uintptr_t)(a))");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("#if defined(_MSC_VER)");
+        out.println("    #define JavaCPP_noinline __declspec(noinline)");
+        out.println("    #define JavaCPP_hidden /* hidden by default */");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__GNUC__)");
+        out.println("    #define JavaCPP_noinline __attribute__((noinline))");
+        out.println("    #define JavaCPP_hidden   __attribute__((visibility(\"hidden\")))");
+        out.println("#else");
+        out.println("    #define JavaCPP_noinline");
+        out.println("    #define JavaCPP_hidden");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println();
+        List[] include = { properties.get("platform.include"),
+                           properties.get("platform.cinclude") };
+        for (int i = 0; i < include.length; i++) {
+            if (include[i] != null && include[i].size() > 0) {
+                if (i == 1) {
+                    out.println("extern \"C\" {");
+                    if (out2 != null) {
+                        out2.println("#ifdef __cplusplus");
+                        out2.println("extern \"C\" {");
+                        out2.println("#endif");
+                    }
+                }
+                for (String s : (List<String>)include[i]) {
+                    String line = "#include ";
+                    if (!s.startsWith("<") && !s.startsWith("\"")) {
+                        line += '"';
+                    }
+                    line += s;
+                    if (!s.endsWith(">") && !s.endsWith("\"")) {
+                        line += '"';
+                    }
+                    out.println(line);
+                    if (out2 != null) {
+                        out2.println(line);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (i == 1) {
+                    out.println("}");
+                    if (out2 != null) {
+                        out2.println("#ifdef __cplusplus");
+                        out2.println("}");
+                        out2.println("#endif");
+                    }
+                }
+                out.println();
+            }
+        }
+        out.println("static JavaVM* JavaCPP_vm = NULL;");
+        out.println("static bool JavaCPP_haveAllocObject = false;");
+        out.println("static bool JavaCPP_haveNonvirtual = false;");
+        out.println("static const char* JavaCPP_classNames[" + jclasses.size() + "] = {");
+        Iterator<Class> classIterator = jclasses.iterator();
+        int maxMemberSize = 0;
+        while (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+            Class c = classIterator.next();
+            out.print("        \"" + c.getName().replace('.','/') + "\"");
+            if (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+                out.println(",");
+            }
+            Set<String> m = members.get(c);
+            if (m != null && m.size() > maxMemberSize) {
+                maxMemberSize = m.size();
+            }
+        }
+        out.println(" };");
+        out.println("static jclass JavaCPP_classes[" + jclasses.size() + "] = { NULL };");
+        out.println("static jfieldID JavaCPP_addressFID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jfieldID JavaCPP_positionFID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jfieldID JavaCPP_limitFID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jfieldID JavaCPP_capacityFID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jfieldID JavaCPP_deallocatorFID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jfieldID JavaCPP_ownerAddressFID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jmethodID JavaCPP_initMID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jmethodID JavaCPP_arrayMID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jmethodID JavaCPP_stringMID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jmethodID JavaCPP_getBytesMID = NULL;");
+        out.println("static jmethodID JavaCPP_toStringMID = NULL;");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static inline void JavaCPP_log(const char* fmt, ...) {");
+        out.println("    va_list ap;");
+        out.println("    va_start(ap, fmt);");
+        out.println("#ifdef __ANDROID__");
+        out.println("    __android_log_vprint(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, \"javacpp\", fmt, ap);");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__OBJC__)");
+        out.println("    NSLogv([NSString stringWithUTF8String:fmt], ap);");
+        out.println("#else");
+        out.println("    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);");
+        out.println("    fprintf(stderr, \"\\n\");");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("    va_end(ap);");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static inline jlong JavaCPP_physicalBytes() {");
+        out.println("    jlong size = 0;");
+        out.println("#ifdef __linux__");
+        out.println("    static int fd = open(\"/proc/self/statm\", O_RDONLY, 0);");
+        out.println("    if (fd >= 0) {");
+        out.println("        char line[256];");
+        out.println("        char* s;");
+        out.println("        int n;");
+        out.println("        lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);");
+        out.println("        if ((n = read(fd, line, sizeof(line))) > 0 && (s = (char*)memchr(line, ' ', n)) != NULL) {");
+        out.println("            size = (jlong)(atoll(s + 1) * getpagesize());");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        // no close(fd);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__)");
+        out.println("    task_basic_info info;");
+        out.println("    mach_msg_type_number_t count = TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;");
+        out.println("    if (task_info(current_task(), TASK_BASIC_INFO, (task_info_t)&info, &count) == KERN_SUCCESS) {");
+        out.println("        size = (jlong)info.resident_size;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#elif defined(_WIN32)");
+        out.println("    PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS counters;");
+        out.println("    if (GetProcessMemoryInfo(GetCurrentProcess(), &counters, sizeof(counters))) {");
+        out.println("        size = (jlong)counters.WorkingSetSize;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("    return size;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static inline jlong JavaCPP_totalPhysicalBytes() {");
+        out.println("    jlong size = 0;");
+        out.println("#ifdef __linux__");
+        out.println("    struct sysinfo info;");
+        out.println("    if (sysinfo(&info) == 0) {");
+        out.println("        size = info.totalram;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__)");
+        out.println("    size_t length = sizeof(size);");
+        out.println("    sysctlbyname(\"hw.memsize\", &size, &length, NULL, 0);");
+        out.println("#elif defined(_WIN32)");
+        out.println("    MEMORYSTATUSEX status;");
+        out.println("    status.dwLength = sizeof(status);");
+        out.println("    if (GlobalMemoryStatusEx(&status)) {");
+        out.println("        size = status.ullTotalPhys;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("    return size;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static inline jlong JavaCPP_availablePhysicalBytes() {");
+        out.println("    jlong size = 0;");
+        out.println("#ifdef __linux__");
+        out.println("    int fd = open(\"/proc/meminfo\", O_RDONLY, 0);");
+        out.println("    if (fd >= 0) {");
+        out.println("        char temp[4096];");
+        out.println("        char *s;");
+        out.println("        int n;");
+        out.println("        if ((n = read(fd, temp, sizeof(temp))) > 0 && (s = (char*)memmem(temp, n, \"MemAvailable:\", 13)) != NULL) {");
+        out.println("            size = (jlong)(atoll(s + 13) * 1024);");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        close(fd);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    if (size == 0) {");
+        out.println("        struct sysinfo info;");
+        out.println("        if (sysinfo(&info) == 0) {");
+        out.println("            size = info.freeram;");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__)");
+        out.println("    vm_statistics_data_t info;");
+        out.println("    mach_msg_type_number_t count = HOST_VM_INFO_COUNT;");
+        out.println("    if (host_statistics(mach_host_self(), HOST_VM_INFO, (host_info_t)&info, &count) == KERN_SUCCESS) {");
+        out.println("        size = (jlong)info.free_count * getpagesize();");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#elif defined(_WIN32)");
+        out.println("    MEMORYSTATUSEX status;");
+        out.println("    status.dwLength = sizeof(status);");
+        out.println("    if (GlobalMemoryStatusEx(&status)) {");
+        out.println("        size = status.ullAvailPhys;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("    return size;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static inline jint JavaCPP_totalProcessors() {");
+        out.println("    jint total = 0;");
+        out.println("#ifdef __linux__");
+        out.println("    total = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF);");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__)");
+        out.println("    size_t length = sizeof(total);");
+        out.println("    sysctlbyname(\"hw.logicalcpu_max\", &total, &length, NULL, 0);");
+        out.println("#elif defined(_WIN32)");
+        out.println("    SYSTEM_INFO info;");
+        out.println("    GetSystemInfo(&info);");
+        out.println("    total = info.dwNumberOfProcessors;");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("    return total;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static inline jint JavaCPP_totalCores() {");
+        out.println("    jint total = 0;");
+        out.println("#ifdef __linux__");
+        out.println("    const int n = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF);");
+        out.println("    int pids[n], cids[n];");
+        out.println("    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {");
+        out.println("        int fd = 0, pid = 0, cid = 0;");
+        out.println("        char temp[256];");
+        out.println("        sprintf(temp, \"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id\", i);");
+        out.println("        if ((fd = open(temp, O_RDONLY, 0)) >= 0) {");
+        out.println("            if (read(fd, temp, sizeof(temp)) > 0) {");
+        out.println("                pid = atoi(temp);");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("            close(fd);");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        sprintf(temp, \"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_id\", i);");
+        out.println("        if ((fd = open(temp, O_RDONLY, 0)) >= 0) {");
+        out.println("            if (read(fd, temp, sizeof(temp)) > 0) {");
+        out.println("                cid = atoi(temp);");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("            close(fd);");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        bool found = false;");
+        out.println("        for (int j = 0; j < total; j++) {");
+        out.println("            if (pids[j] == pid && cids[j] == cid) {");
+        out.println("                found = true;");
+        out.println("                break;");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        if (!found) {");
+        out.println("            pids[total] = pid;");
+        out.println("            cids[total] = cid;");
+        out.println("            total++;");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__)");
+        out.println("    size_t length = sizeof(total);");
+        out.println("    sysctlbyname(\"hw.physicalcpu_max\", &total, &length, NULL, 0);");
+        out.println("#elif defined(_WIN32)");
+        out.println("    SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION *info = NULL;");
+        out.println("    DWORD length = 0;");
+        out.println("    BOOL success = GetLogicalProcessorInformation(info, &length);");
+        out.println("    while (!success && GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {");
+        out.println("        info = (SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION*)realloc(info, length);");
+        out.println("        success = GetLogicalProcessorInformation(info, &length);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    if (success) {");
+        out.println("        length /= sizeof(SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION);");
+        out.println("        for (DWORD i = 0; i < length; i++) {");
+        out.println("            if (info[i].Relationship == RelationProcessorCore) {");
+        out.println("                total++;");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    free(info);");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("    return total;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static inline jint JavaCPP_totalChips() {");
+        out.println("    jint total = 0;");
+        out.println("#ifdef __linux__");
+        out.println("    const int n = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF);");
+        out.println("    int pids[n];");
+        out.println("    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {");
+        out.println("        int fd = 0, pid = 0;");
+        out.println("        char temp[256];");
+        out.println("        sprintf(temp, \"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id\", i);");
+        out.println("        if ((fd = open(temp, O_RDONLY, 0)) >= 0) {");
+        out.println("            if (read(fd, temp, sizeof(temp)) > 0) {");
+        out.println("                pid = atoi(temp);");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("            close(fd);");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        bool found = false;");
+        out.println("        for (int j = 0; j < total; j++) {");
+        out.println("            if (pids[j] == pid) {");
+        out.println("                found = true;");
+        out.println("                break;");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        if (!found) {");
+        out.println("            pids[total] = pid;");
+        out.println("            total++;");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("#elif defined(__APPLE__)");
+        out.println("    size_t length = sizeof(total);");
+        out.println("    sysctlbyname(\"hw.packages\", &total, &length, NULL, 0);");
+        out.println("#elif defined(_WIN32)");
+        out.println("    SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION *info = NULL;");
+        out.println("    DWORD length = 0;");
+        out.println("    BOOL success = GetLogicalProcessorInformation(info, &length);");
+        out.println("    while (!success && GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {");
+        out.println("        info = (SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION*)realloc(info, length);");
+        out.println("        success = GetLogicalProcessorInformation(info, &length);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    if (success) {");
+        out.println("        length /= sizeof(SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION);");
+        out.println("        for (DWORD i = 0; i < length; i++) {");
+        out.println("            if (info[i].Relationship == RelationProcessorPackage) {");
+        out.println("                total++;");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    free(info);");
+        out.println("#endif");
+        out.println("    return total;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline jclass JavaCPP_getClass(JNIEnv* env, int i) {");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_classes[i] == NULL && env->PushLocalFrame(1) == 0) {");
+        out.println("        jclass cls = env->FindClass(JavaCPP_classNames[i]);");
+        out.println("        if (cls == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("            JavaCPP_log(\"Error loading class %s.\", JavaCPP_classNames[i]);");
+        out.println("            return NULL;");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_classes[i] = (jclass)env->NewWeakGlobalRef(cls);");
+        out.println("        if (JavaCPP_classes[i] == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("            JavaCPP_log(\"Error creating global reference of class %s.\", JavaCPP_classNames[i]);");
+        out.println("            return NULL;");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        env->PopLocalFrame(NULL);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    return JavaCPP_classes[i];");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline jfieldID JavaCPP_getFieldID(JNIEnv* env, int i, const char* name, const char* sig) {");
+        out.println("    jclass cls = JavaCPP_getClass(env, i);");
+        out.println("    if (cls == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    jfieldID fid = env->GetFieldID(cls, name, sig);");
+        out.println("    if (fid == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Error getting field ID of %s/%s\", JavaCPP_classNames[i], name);");
+        out.println("        return NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    return fid;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline jmethodID JavaCPP_getMethodID(JNIEnv* env, int i, const char* name, const char* sig) {");
+        out.println("    jclass cls = JavaCPP_getClass(env, i);");
+        out.println("    if (cls == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    jmethodID mid = env->GetMethodID(cls, name, sig);");
+        out.println("    if (mid == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Error getting method ID of %s/%s\", JavaCPP_classNames[i], name);");
+        out.println("        return NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    return mid;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline jmethodID JavaCPP_getStaticMethodID(JNIEnv* env, int i, const char* name, const char* sig) {");
+        out.println("    jclass cls = JavaCPP_getClass(env, i);");
+        out.println("    if (cls == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    jmethodID mid = env->GetStaticMethodID(cls, name, sig);");
+        out.println("    if (mid == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Error getting static method ID of %s/%s\", JavaCPP_classNames[i], name);");
+        out.println("        return NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    return mid;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline jobject JavaCPP_createPointer(JNIEnv* env, int i, jclass cls = NULL) {");
+        out.println("    if (cls == NULL && (cls = JavaCPP_getClass(env, i)) == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_haveAllocObject) {");
+        out.println("        return env->AllocObject(cls);");
+        out.println("    } else {");
+        out.println("        jmethodID mid = env->GetMethodID(cls, \"<init>\", \"(Lorg/bytedeco/javacpp/Pointer;)V\");");
+        out.println("        if (mid == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("            JavaCPP_log(\"Error getting Pointer constructor of %s, while VM does not support AllocObject()\", JavaCPP_classNames[i]);");
+        out.println("            return NULL;");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("        return env->NewObject(cls, mid, NULL);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline void JavaCPP_initPointer(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj, const void* ptr, jlong size, void* owner, void (*deallocator)(void*)) {");
+        out.println("    if (deallocator != NULL) {");
+        out.println("        jvalue args[4];");
+        out.println("        args[0].j = ptr_to_jlong(ptr);");
+        out.println("        args[1].j = size;");
+        out.println("        args[2].j = ptr_to_jlong(owner);");
+        out.println("        args[3].j = ptr_to_jlong(deallocator);");
+        out.println("        if (JavaCPP_haveNonvirtual) {");
+        out.println("            env->CallNonvirtualVoidMethodA(obj, JavaCPP_getClass(env, "
+                                     + jclasses.index(Pointer.class) + "), JavaCPP_initMID, args);");
+        out.println("        } else {");
+        out.println("            env->CallVoidMethodA(obj, JavaCPP_initMID, args);");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    } else {");
+        out.println("        env->SetLongField(obj, JavaCPP_addressFID, ptr_to_jlong(ptr));");
+        out.println("        env->SetLongField(obj, JavaCPP_limitFID, (jlong)size);");
+        out.println("        env->SetLongField(obj, JavaCPP_capacityFID, (jlong)size);");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        if (handleExceptions || convertStrings) {
+            out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline jstring JavaCPP_createString(JNIEnv* env, const char* ptr) {");
+            out.println("    if (ptr == NULL) {");
+            out.println("        return NULL;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("#ifdef MODIFIED_UTF8_STRING");
+            out.println("    return env->NewStringUTF(ptr);");
+            out.println("#else");
+            out.println("    size_t length = strlen(ptr);");
+            out.println("    jbyteArray bytes = env->NewByteArray(length < INT_MAX ? length : INT_MAX);");
+            out.println("    env->SetByteArrayRegion(bytes, 0, length < INT_MAX ? length : INT_MAX, (signed char*)ptr);");
+            out.println("    return (jstring)env->NewObject(JavaCPP_getClass(env, " + jclasses.index(String.class) + "), JavaCPP_stringMID, bytes);");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println("}");
+            out.println();
+        }
+        if (convertStrings) {
+            out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline const char* JavaCPP_getStringBytes(JNIEnv* env, jstring str) {");
+            out.println("    if (str == NULL) {");
+            out.println("        return NULL;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("#ifdef MODIFIED_UTF8_STRING");
+            out.println("    return env->GetStringUTFChars(str, NULL);");
+            out.println("#else");
+            out.println("    jbyteArray bytes = (jbyteArray)env->CallObjectMethod(str, JavaCPP_getBytesMID);");
+            out.println("    if (bytes == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+            out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Error getting bytes from string.\");");
+            out.println("        return NULL;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    jsize length = env->GetArrayLength(bytes);");
+            out.println("    signed char* ptr = new (std::nothrow) signed char[length + 1];");
+            out.println("    if (ptr != NULL) {");
+            out.println("        env->GetByteArrayRegion(bytes, 0, length, ptr);");
+            out.println("        ptr[length] = 0;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    return (const char*)ptr;");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println("}");
+            out.println();
+            out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline void JavaCPP_releaseStringBytes(JNIEnv* env, jstring str, const char* ptr) {");
+            out.println("#ifdef MODIFIED_UTF8_STRING");
+            out.println("    if (str != NULL) {");
+            out.println("        env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(str, ptr);");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("#else");
+            out.println("    delete[] ptr;");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println("}");
+            out.println();
+        }
+        out.println("class JavaCPP_hidden JavaCPP_exception : public std::exception {");
+        out.println("public:");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_exception(const char* str) throw() {");
+        out.println("        if (str == NULL) {");
+        out.println("            strcpy(msg, \"Unknown exception.\");");
+        out.println("        } else {");
+        out.println("            strncpy(msg, str, sizeof(msg));");
+        out.println("            msg[sizeof(msg) - 1] = 0;");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    virtual const char* what() const throw() { return msg; }");
+        out.println("    char msg[1024];");
+        out.println("};");
+        out.println();
+        if (handleExceptions) {
+            out.println("#ifndef GENERIC_EXCEPTION_CLASS");
+            out.println("#define GENERIC_EXCEPTION_CLASS std::exception");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline jthrowable JavaCPP_handleException(JNIEnv* env, int i) {");
+            out.println("    jstring str = NULL;");
+            out.println("    try {");
+            out.println("        throw;");
+            out.println("    } catch (GENERIC_EXCEPTION_CLASS& e) {");
+            out.println("        str = JavaCPP_createString(env, e.what());");
+            out.println("    } catch (...) {");
+            out.println("        str = JavaCPP_createString(env, \"Unknown exception.\");");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    jmethodID mid = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, i, \"<init>\", \"(Ljava/lang/String;)V\");");
+            out.println("    if (mid == NULL) {");
+            out.println("        return NULL;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    return (jthrowable)env->NewObject(JavaCPP_getClass(env, i), mid, str);");
+            out.println("}");
+            out.println();
+        }
+        Class deallocator, nativeDeallocator;
+        try {
+            deallocator = Class.forName(Pointer.class.getName() + "$Deallocator", false, Pointer.class.getClassLoader());
+            nativeDeallocator = Class.forName(Pointer.class.getName() + "$NativeDeallocator", false, Pointer.class.getClassLoader());
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+        }
+        if (defineAdapters) {
+            out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline void* JavaCPP_getPointerOwner(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj) {");
+            out.println("    if (obj != NULL) {");
+            out.println("        jobject deallocator = env->GetObjectField(obj, JavaCPP_deallocatorFID);");
+            out.println("        if (deallocator != NULL && env->IsInstanceOf(deallocator, JavaCPP_getClass(env, "
+                                                                + jclasses.index(nativeDeallocator) + "))) {");
+            out.println("            return jlong_to_ptr(env->GetLongField(deallocator, JavaCPP_ownerAddressFID));");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    return NULL;");
+            out.println("}");
+            out.println();
+            out.println("#include <vector>");
+            out.println("template<typename P, typename T = P> class JavaCPP_hidden VectorAdapter {");
+            out.println("public:");
+            out.println("    VectorAdapter(const P* ptr, typename std::vector<T>::size_type size, void* owner) : ptr((P*)ptr), size(size), owner(owner),");
+            out.println("        vec2(ptr ? std::vector<T>((P*)ptr, (P*)ptr + size) : std::vector<T>()), vec(vec2) { }");
+            out.println("    VectorAdapter(const std::vector<T>& vec) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), vec2(vec), vec(vec2) { }");
+            out.println("    VectorAdapter(      std::vector<T>& vec) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), vec(vec) { }");
+            out.println("    VectorAdapter(const std::vector<T>* vec) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), vec(*(std::vector<T>*)vec) { }");
+            out.println("    void assign(P* ptr, typename std::vector<T>::size_type size, void* owner) {");
+            out.println("        this->ptr = ptr;");
+            out.println("        this->size = size;");
+            out.println("        this->owner = owner;");
+            out.println("        vec.assign(ptr, ptr + size);");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    static void deallocate(void* owner) { operator delete(owner); }");
+            out.println("    operator P*() {");
+            out.println("        if (vec.size() > size) {");
+            out.println("            ptr = (P*)(operator new(sizeof(P) * vec.size(), std::nothrow_t()));");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        if (ptr) {");
+            out.println("            std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), ptr);");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        size = vec.size();");
+            out.println("        owner = ptr;");
+            out.println("        return ptr;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    operator const P*()        { return &vec[0]; }");
+            out.println("    operator std::vector<T>&() { return vec; }");
+            out.println("    operator std::vector<T>*() { return ptr ? &vec : 0; }");
+            out.println("    P* ptr;");
+            out.println("    typename std::vector<T>::size_type size;");
+            out.println("    void* owner;");
+            out.println("    std::vector<T> vec2;");
+            out.println("    std::vector<T>& vec;");
+            out.println("};");
+            out.println();
+            out.println("#include <string>");
+            out.println("class JavaCPP_hidden StringAdapter {");
+            out.println("public:");
+            out.println("    StringAdapter(const          char* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) : ptr((char*)ptr), size(size), owner(owner),");
+            out.println("        str2(ptr ? (char*)ptr : \"\", ptr ? (size > 0 ? size : strlen((char*)ptr)) : 0), str(str2) { }");
+            out.println("    StringAdapter(const signed   char* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) : ptr((char*)ptr), size(size), owner(owner),");
+            out.println("        str2(ptr ? (char*)ptr : \"\", ptr ? (size > 0 ? size : strlen((char*)ptr)) : 0), str(str2) { }");
+            out.println("    StringAdapter(const unsigned char* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) : ptr((char*)ptr), size(size), owner(owner),");
+            out.println("        str2(ptr ? (char*)ptr : \"\", ptr ? (size > 0 ? size : strlen((char*)ptr)) : 0), str(str2) { }");
+            out.println("    StringAdapter(const std::string& str) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), str2(str), str(str2) { }");
+            out.println("    StringAdapter(      std::string& str) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), str(str) { }");
+            out.println("    StringAdapter(const std::string* str) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), str(*(std::string*)str) { }");
+            out.println("    void assign(char* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) {");
+            out.println("        this->ptr = ptr;");
+            out.println("        this->size = size;");
+            out.println("        this->owner = owner;");
+            out.println("        str.assign(ptr ? ptr : \"\", ptr ? (size > 0 ? size : strlen((char*)ptr)) : 0);");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    void assign(const          char* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) { assign((char*)ptr, size, owner); }");
+            out.println("    void assign(const signed   char* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) { assign((char*)ptr, size, owner); }");
+            out.println("    void assign(const unsigned char* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) { assign((char*)ptr, size, owner); }");
+            out.println("    static void deallocate(void* owner) { delete[] (char*)owner; }");
+            out.println("    operator char*() {");
+            out.println("        const char* data = str.data();");
+            out.println("        if (str.size() > size) {");
+            out.println("            ptr = new (std::nothrow) char[str.size()+1];");
+            out.println("            if (ptr) memset(ptr, 0, str.size()+1);");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        if (ptr && memcmp(ptr, data, str.size()) != 0) {");
+            out.println("            memcpy(ptr, data, str.size());");
+            out.println("            if (size > str.size()) ptr[str.size()] = 0;");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        size = str.size();");
+            out.println("        owner = ptr;");
+            out.println("        return ptr;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    operator       signed   char*() { return (signed   char*)(operator char*)(); }");
+            out.println("    operator       unsigned char*() { return (unsigned char*)(operator char*)(); }");
+            out.println("    operator const          char*() { return                 str.c_str(); }");
+            out.println("    operator const signed   char*() { return (signed   char*)str.c_str(); }");
+            out.println("    operator const unsigned char*() { return (unsigned char*)str.c_str(); }");
+            out.println("    operator         std::string&() { return str; }");
+            out.println("    operator         std::string*() { return ptr ? &str : 0; }");
+            out.println("    char* ptr;");
+            out.println("    size_t size;");
+            out.println("    void* owner;");
+            out.println("    std::string str2;");
+            out.println("    std::string& str;");
+            out.println("};");
+            out.println();
+            out.println("#ifdef SHARED_PTR_NAMESPACE");
+            out.println("template<class T> class SharedPtrAdapter {");
+            out.println("public:");
+            out.println("    typedef SHARED_PTR_NAMESPACE::shared_ptr<T> S;");
+            out.println("    SharedPtrAdapter(const T* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) : ptr((T*)ptr), size(size), owner(owner),");
+            out.println("            sharedPtr2(owner != NULL && owner != ptr ? *(S*)owner : S((T*)ptr)), sharedPtr(sharedPtr2) { }");
+            out.println("    SharedPtrAdapter(const S& sharedPtr) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), sharedPtr2(sharedPtr), sharedPtr(sharedPtr2) { }");
+            out.println("    SharedPtrAdapter(      S& sharedPtr) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), sharedPtr(sharedPtr) { }");
+            out.println("    SharedPtrAdapter(const S* sharedPtr) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), sharedPtr(*(S*)sharedPtr) { }");
+            out.println("    void assign(T* ptr, size_t size, S* owner) {");
+            out.println("        this->ptr = ptr;");
+            out.println("        this->size = size;");
+            out.println("        this->owner = owner;");
+            out.println("        this->sharedPtr = owner != NULL && owner != ptr ? *(S*)owner : S((T*)ptr);");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    static void deallocate(void* owner) { delete (S*)owner; }");
+            out.println("    operator typename SHARED_PTR_NAMESPACE::remove_const<T>::type*() {");
+            out.println("        ptr = sharedPtr.get();");
+            out.println("        if (owner == NULL || owner == ptr) {");
+            out.println("            owner = new S(sharedPtr);");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        return ptr;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    operator const T*() { return sharedPtr.get(); }");
+            out.println("    operator       S&() { return sharedPtr; }");
+            out.println("    operator       S*() { return &sharedPtr; }");
+            out.println("    T* ptr;");
+            out.println("    size_t size;");
+            out.println("    void* owner;");
+            out.println("    S sharedPtr2;");
+            out.println("    S& sharedPtr;");
+            out.println("};");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println();
+            out.println("#ifdef UNIQUE_PTR_NAMESPACE");
+            out.println("template<class T> class UniquePtrAdapter {");
+            out.println("public:");
+            out.println("    typedef UNIQUE_PTR_NAMESPACE::unique_ptr<T> U;");
+            out.println("    UniquePtrAdapter(const T* ptr, size_t size, void* owner) : ptr((T*)ptr), size(size), owner(owner),");
+            out.println("            uniquePtr2(owner != NULL && owner != ptr ? U() : U((T*)ptr)),");
+            out.println("            uniquePtr(owner != NULL && owner != ptr ? *(U*)owner : uniquePtr2) { }");
+            out.println("    UniquePtrAdapter(const U& uniquePtr) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), uniquePtr((U&)uniquePtr) { }");
+            out.println("    UniquePtrAdapter(      U& uniquePtr) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), uniquePtr(uniquePtr) { }");
+            out.println("    UniquePtrAdapter(const U* uniquePtr) : ptr(0), size(0), owner(0), uniquePtr(*(U*)uniquePtr) { }");
+            out.println("    void assign(T* ptr, size_t size, U* owner) {");
+            out.println("        this->ptr = ptr;");
+            out.println("        this->size = size;");
+            out.println("        this->owner = owner;");
+            out.println("        this->uniquePtr = owner != NULL && owner != ptr ? *(U*)owner : U((T*)ptr);");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    static void deallocate(void* owner) { delete (U*)owner; }");
+            out.println("    operator typename UNIQUE_PTR_NAMESPACE::remove_const<T>::type*() {");
+            out.println("        ptr = uniquePtr.get();");
+            out.println("        if (owner == NULL || owner == ptr) {");
+            out.println("            owner = new U(UNIQUE_PTR_NAMESPACE::move(uniquePtr));");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        return ptr;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    operator const T*() { return uniquePtr.get(); }");
+            out.println("    operator       U&() { return uniquePtr; }");
+            out.println("    operator       U*() { return &uniquePtr; }");
+            out.println("    T* ptr;");
+            out.println("    size_t size;");
+            out.println("    void* owner;");
+            out.println("    U uniquePtr2;");
+            out.println("    U& uniquePtr;");
+            out.println("};");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println();
+        }
+        if (!functions.isEmpty() || !virtualFunctions.isEmpty()) {
+            out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline void JavaCPP_detach(bool detach) {");
+            out.println("#ifndef NO_JNI_DETACH_THREAD");
+            out.println("    if (detach && JavaCPP_vm->DetachCurrentThread() != JNI_OK) {");
+            out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Could not detach the JavaVM from the current thread.\");");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println("}");
+            out.println();
+            out.println("static JavaCPP_noinline bool JavaCPP_getEnv(JNIEnv** env) {");
+            out.println("    bool attached = false;");
+            out.println("    JavaVM *vm = JavaCPP_vm;");
+            out.println("    if (vm == NULL) {");
+            if (out2 != null) {
+                out.println("#if !defined(__ANDROID__) && !TARGET_OS_IPHONE");
+                out.println("        int size = 1;");
+                out.println("        if (JNI_GetCreatedJavaVMs(&vm, 1, &size) != JNI_OK || size == 0) {");
+                out.println("#endif");
+            }
+            out.println("            JavaCPP_log(\"Could not get any created JavaVM.\");");
+            out.println("            *env = NULL;");
+            out.println("            return false;");
+            if (out2 != null) {
+                out.println("#if !defined(__ANDROID__) && !TARGET_OS_IPHONE");
+                out.println("        }");
+                out.println("#endif");
+            }
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    if (vm->GetEnv((void**)env, " + JNI_VERSION + ") != JNI_OK) {");
+            out.println("        struct {");
+            out.println("            JNIEnv **env;");
+            out.println("            operator JNIEnv**() { return env; } // Android JNI");
+            out.println("            operator void**() { return (void**)env; } // standard JNI");
+            out.println("        } env2 = { env };");
+            out.println("        if (vm->AttachCurrentThread(env2, NULL) != JNI_OK) {");
+            out.println("            JavaCPP_log(\"Could not attach the JavaVM to the current thread.\");");
+            out.println("            *env = NULL;");
+            out.println("            return false;");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        attached = true;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    if (JavaCPP_vm == NULL) {");
+            out.println("        if (JNI_OnLoad(vm, NULL) < 0) {");
+            out.println("            JavaCPP_detach(attached);");
+            out.println("            *env = NULL;");
+            out.println("            return false;");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    return attached;");
+            out.println("}");
+            out.println();
+        }
+        for (Class c : functions) {
+            String[] typeName = cppTypeName(c);
+            String[] returnConvention = typeName[0].split("\\(");
+            returnConvention[1] = constValueTypeName(returnConvention[1]);
+            String parameterDeclaration = typeName[1].substring(1);
+            String instanceTypeName = functionClassName(c);
+            out.println("struct JavaCPP_hidden " + instanceTypeName + " {");
+            out.println("    " + instanceTypeName + "() : ptr(NULL), obj(NULL) { }");
+            if (parameterDeclaration != null && parameterDeclaration.length() > 0) {
+                out.println("    " + returnConvention[0] + "operator()" + parameterDeclaration + ";");
+            }
+            out.println("    " + typeName[0] + "ptr" + typeName[1] + ";");
+            out.println("    jobject obj; static jmethodID mid;");
+            out.println("};");
+            out.println("jmethodID " + instanceTypeName + "::mid = NULL;");
+        }
+        out.println();
+        for (Class c : jclasses) {
+            Set<String> functionList = virtualFunctions.get(c);
+            if (functionList == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            Set<String> memberList = virtualMembers.get(c);
+            String[] typeName = cppTypeName(c);
+            String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+            String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(valueTypeName);
+            out.println("class JavaCPP_hidden " + subType + " : public " + valueTypeName + " {");
+            out.println("public:");
+            out.println("    jobject obj;");
+            for (String s : functionList) {
+                out.println("    static jmethodID " + s + ";");
+            }
+            out.println();
+            for (String s : memberList) {
+                out.println(s);
+            }
+            out.println("};");
+            for (String s : functionList) {
+                out.println("jmethodID " + subType + "::" + s + " = NULL;");
+            }
+        }
+        out.println();
+        for (String s : callbacks) {
+            out.println(s);
+        }
+        out.println();
+        for (Class c : deallocators) {
+            String name = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(c.getName());
+            out.print("static void " + name + "_deallocate(void *p) { ");
+            if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
+                String typeName = functionClassName(c) + "*";
+                out.println("JNIEnv *e; bool a = JavaCPP_getEnv(&e); if (e != NULL) e->DeleteWeakGlobalRef((jweak)(("
+                        + typeName + ")p)->obj); delete (" + typeName + ")p; JavaCPP_detach(a); }");
+            } else if (virtualFunctions.containsKey(c)) {
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(c);
+                String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(valueTypeName);
+                out.println("JNIEnv *e; bool a = JavaCPP_getEnv(&e); if (e != NULL) e->DeleteWeakGlobalRef((jweak)(("
+                        + subType + "*)p)->obj); delete (" + subType + "*)p; JavaCPP_detach(a); }");
+            } else {
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(c);
+                out.println("delete (" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")p; }");
+            }
+        }
+        for (Class c : arrayDeallocators) {
+            String name = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(c.getName());
+            String[] typeName = cppTypeName(c);
+            out.println("static void " + name + "_deallocateArray(void* p) { delete[] (" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")p; }");
+        }
+        out.println();
+        out.println("extern \"C\" {");
+        if (out2 != null) {
+            out2.println();
+            out2.println("#ifdef __cplusplus");
+            out2.println("extern \"C\" {");
+            out2.println("#endif");
+            out2.println("JNIIMPORT int JavaCPP_init(int argc, const char *argv[]);");
+            out.println();
+            out.println("JNIEXPORT int JavaCPP_init(int argc, const char *argv[]) {");
+            out.println("#if defined(__ANDROID__) || TARGET_OS_IPHONE");
+            out.println("    return JNI_OK;");
+            out.println("#else");
+            out.println("    if (JavaCPP_vm != NULL) {");
+            out.println("        return JNI_OK;");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    int err;");
+            out.println("    JavaVM *vm;");
+            out.println("    JNIEnv *env;");
+            out.println("    int nOptions = 1 + (argc > 255 ? 255 : argc);");
+            out.println("    JavaVMOption options[256] = { { NULL } };");
+            out.println("    options[0].optionString = (char*)\"-Djava.class.path=" + classPath.replace('\\', '/') + "\";");
+            out.println("    for (int i = 1; i < nOptions && argv != NULL; i++) {");
+            out.println("        options[i].optionString = (char*)argv[i - 1];");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    JavaVMInitArgs vm_args = { " + JNI_VERSION + ", nOptions, options };");
+            out.println("    return (err = JNI_CreateJavaVM(&vm, (void**)&env, &vm_args)) == JNI_OK && vm != NULL && (err = JNI_OnLoad(vm, NULL)) >= 0 ? JNI_OK : err;");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println("}");
+        }
+        out.println(); // XXX: JNI_OnLoad() should ideally be protected by some mutex
+        out.println("JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* reserved) {");
+        out.println("    JNIEnv* env;");
+        out.println("    if (vm->GetEnv((void**)&env, " + JNI_VERSION + ") != JNI_OK) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Could not get JNIEnv for " + JNI_VERSION + " inside JNI_OnLoad().\");");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_vm == vm) {");
+        out.println("        return env->GetVersion();");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_vm = vm;");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_haveAllocObject = env->functions->AllocObject != NULL;");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_haveNonvirtual = env->functions->CallNonvirtualVoidMethodA != NULL;");
+        out.println("    const char* members[" + jclasses.size() + "][" + maxMemberSize + "] = {");
+        classIterator = jclasses.iterator();
+        while (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+            out.print("            { ");
+            Set<String> m = members.get(classIterator.next());
+            Iterator<String> memberIterator = m == null ? null : m.iterator();
+            if (memberIterator == null) {
+                out.print("NULL");
+            } else while (memberIterator.hasNext()) {
+                out.print("\"" + memberIterator.next() + "\"");
+                if (memberIterator.hasNext()) {
+                    out.print(", ");
+                }
+            }
+            out.print(" }");
+            if (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+                out.println(",");
+            }
+        }
+        out.println(" };");
+        out.println("    int offsets[" + jclasses.size() + "][" + maxMemberSize + "] = {");
+        classIterator = jclasses.iterator();
+        while (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+            out.print("            { ");
+            Class c = classIterator.next();
+            Set<String> m = members.get(c);
+            Iterator<String> memberIterator = m == null ? null : m.iterator();
+            if (memberIterator == null) {
+                out.print("-1");
+            } else while (memberIterator.hasNext()) {
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(c);
+                String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                String memberName = memberIterator.next();
+                if ("sizeof".equals(memberName)) {
+                    if ("void".equals(valueTypeName)) {
+                        valueTypeName = "void*";
+                    }
+                    out.print("sizeof(" + valueTypeName + ")");
+                } else {
+                    out.print("offsetof(" + valueTypeName  + ", " + memberName + ")");
+                }
+                if (memberIterator.hasNext()) {
+                    out.print(", ");
+                }
+            }
+            out.print(" }");
+            if (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+                out.println(",");
+            }
+        }
+        out.println(" };");
+        out.print("    int memberOffsetSizes[" + jclasses.size() + "] = { ");
+        classIterator = jclasses.iterator();
+        while (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+            Set<String> m = members.get(classIterator.next());
+            out.print(m == null ? 1 : m.size());
+            if (classIterator.hasNext()) {
+                out.print(", ");
+            }
+        }
+        out.println(" };");
+        out.println("    jmethodID putMemberOffsetMID = JavaCPP_getStaticMethodID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Loader.class) + ", \"putMemberOffset\", \"(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;I)Ljava/lang/Class;\");");
+        out.println("    if (putMemberOffsetMID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    for (int i = 0; i < " + jclasses.size() + " && !env->ExceptionCheck(); i++) {");
+        out.println("        for (int j = 0; j < memberOffsetSizes[i] && !env->ExceptionCheck(); j++) {");
+        out.println("            if (env->PushLocalFrame(3) == 0) {");
+        out.println("                jvalue args[3];");
+        out.println("                args[0].l = env->NewStringUTF(JavaCPP_classNames[i]);");
+        out.println("                args[1].l = members[i][j] == NULL ? NULL : env->NewStringUTF(members[i][j]);");
+        out.println("                args[2].i = offsets[i][j];");
+        out.println("                jclass cls = (jclass)env->CallStaticObjectMethodA(JavaCPP_getClass(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Loader.class) + "), putMemberOffsetMID, args);");
+        out.println("                if (cls == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("                    JavaCPP_log(\"Error putting member offsets for class %s.\", JavaCPP_classNames[i]);");
+        out.println("                    return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("                }");
+        out.println("                JavaCPP_classes[i] = (jclass)env->NewWeakGlobalRef(cls);"); // cache here for custom class loaders
+        out.println("                if (JavaCPP_classes[i] == NULL || env->ExceptionCheck()) {");
+        out.println("                    JavaCPP_log(\"Error creating global reference of class %s.\", JavaCPP_classNames[i]);");
+        out.println("                    return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("                }");
+        out.println("                env->PopLocalFrame(NULL);");
+        out.println("            }");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_addressFID = JavaCPP_getFieldID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Pointer.class) + ", \"address\", \"J\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_addressFID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_positionFID = JavaCPP_getFieldID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Pointer.class) + ", \"position\", \"J\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_positionFID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_limitFID = JavaCPP_getFieldID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Pointer.class) + ", \"limit\", \"J\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_limitFID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_capacityFID = JavaCPP_getFieldID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Pointer.class) + ", \"capacity\", \"J\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_capacityFID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_deallocatorFID = JavaCPP_getFieldID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Pointer.class) + ", \"deallocator\", \"" + signature(deallocator) + "\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_deallocatorFID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_ownerAddressFID = JavaCPP_getFieldID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(nativeDeallocator) + ", \"ownerAddress\", \"J\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_ownerAddressFID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_initMID = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Pointer.class) + ", \"init\", \"(JJJJ)V\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_initMID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_arrayMID = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Buffer.class) + ", \"array\", \"()Ljava/lang/Object;\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_arrayMID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_stringMID = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(String.class) + ", \"<init>\", \"([B)V\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_stringMID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_getBytesMID = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(String.class) + ", \"getBytes\", \"()[B\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_getBytesMID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_toStringMID = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, " +
+                jclasses.index(Object.class) + ", \"toString\", \"()Ljava/lang/String;\");");
+        out.println("    if (JavaCPP_toStringMID == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        return JNI_ERR;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    return env->GetVersion();");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        if (out2 != null) {
+            out2.println("JNIIMPORT int JavaCPP_uninit();");
+            out2.println();
+            out.println("JNIEXPORT int JavaCPP_uninit() {");
+            out.println("#if defined(__ANDROID__) || TARGET_OS_IPHONE");
+            out.println("    return JNI_OK;");
+            out.println("#else");
+            out.println("    JavaVM *vm = JavaCPP_vm;");
+            out.println("    JNI_OnUnload(JavaCPP_vm, NULL);");
+            out.println("    return vm->DestroyJavaVM();");
+            out.println("#endif");
+            out.println("}");
+        }
+        out.println();
+        out.println("JNIEXPORT void JNICALL JNI_OnUnload(JavaVM* vm, void* reserved) {");
+        out.println("    JNIEnv* env;");
+        out.println("    if (vm->GetEnv((void**)&env, " + JNI_VERSION + ") != JNI_OK) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Could not get JNIEnv for " + JNI_VERSION + " inside JNI_OnUnLoad().\");");
+        out.println("        return;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    for (int i = 0; i < " + jclasses.size() + "; i++) {");
+        out.println("        env->DeleteWeakGlobalRef((jweak)JavaCPP_classes[i]);");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_classes[i] = NULL;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    JavaCPP_vm = NULL;");
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+
+        LinkedHashSet<Class> allClasses = new LinkedHashSet<Class>();
+        allClasses.addAll(baseClasses);
+        allClasses.addAll(Arrays.asList(classes));
+
+        boolean supportedPlatform = false;
+        for (Class<?> cls : classes) {
+            supportedPlatform |= checkPlatform(cls);
+        }
+
+        boolean didSomethingUseful = false;
+        for (Class<?> cls : allClasses) {
+            try {
+                didSomethingUseful |= methods(cls);
+            } catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+                logger.warn("Could not generate code for class " + cls.getCanonicalName() + ": " + e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println();
+        if (out2 != null) {
+            out2.println("#ifdef __cplusplus");
+            out2.println("}");
+            out2.println("#endif");
+        }
+
+        return supportedPlatform && didSomethingUseful;
+    }
+
+    boolean methods(Class<?> cls) {
+        if (!checkPlatform(cls)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        Set<String> memberList = members.get(cls);
+        if (!cls.isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class) && cls != Loader.class
+                && !FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(cls)
+                && cls.getEnclosingClass() != Pointer.class) {
+            if (memberList == null) {
+                members.put(cls, memberList = new LinkedHashSet<String>());
+            }
+            if (!memberList.contains("sizeof")) {
+                memberList.add("sizeof");
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean didSomething = false;
+        for (Class<?> c : cls.getDeclaredClasses()) {
+            if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(c) ||
+                    Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(c.getEnclosingClass())) {
+                didSomething |= methods(c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Method[] methods = cls.getDeclaredMethods();
+        MethodInformation[] methodInfos = new MethodInformation[methods.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            methodInfos[i] = methodInformation(methods[i]);
+        }
+        Class<?> c = cls.getSuperclass();
+        while (c != null && c != Object.class) {
+            // consider non-duplicate virtual functions from superclasses as well
+            for (Method m : c.getDeclaredMethods()) {
+                if (m.isAnnotationPresent(Virtual.class)) {
+                    boolean found = false;
+                    String name = m.getName();
+                    Class<?>[] types = m.getParameterTypes();
+                    for (Method m2 : methods) {
+                        if (name.equals(m2.getName()) && Arrays.equals(types, m2.getParameterTypes())) {
+                            found = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (!found) {
+                        methods = Arrays.copyOf(methods, methods.length + 1);
+                        methods[methods.length - 1] = m;
+                        methodInfos = Arrays.copyOf(methodInfos, methodInfos.length + 1);
+                        methodInfos[methods.length - 1] = methodInformation(m);
+                        methodInfos[methods.length - 1].cls = cls;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            c = c.getSuperclass();
+        }
+        boolean[] callbackAllocators = new boolean[methods.length];
+        Method[] functionMethods = functionMethods(cls, callbackAllocators);
+        boolean firstCallback = true;
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            if (!checkPlatform(methods[i].getAnnotation(Platform.class), null)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            MethodInformation methodInfo = methodInfos[i];
+            String nativeName = mangle(cls.getName()) + "_" + mangle(methods[i].getName());
+            String callbackName = callbackAllocators[i] && methodInfo.parameterTypes.length > 0
+                    ? null : "JavaCPP_" + nativeName + "_callback";
+            if (callbackAllocators[i] && functionMethods == null) {
+                logger.warn("No callback method call() or apply() has been not declared in \"" +
+                        cls.getCanonicalName() + "\". No code will be generated for callback allocator.");
+                continue;
+            } else if (functionMethods != null) {
+                for (Method functionMethod : functionMethods) {
+                    if (functionMethod != null && (callbackAllocators[i])
+                            || (methods[i].equals(functionMethod) && !Modifier.isNative(methods[i].getModifiers()))) {
+                        functions.index(cls);
+                        Name name = methods[i].getAnnotation(Name.class);
+                        if (name != null && name.value().length > 0 && name.value()[0].length() > 0) {
+                            callbackName = name.value()[0];
+                        }
+                        callback(cls, functionMethod, callbackName, firstCallback, null);
+                        firstCallback = false;
+                        didSomething = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ((Modifier.isNative(methods[i].getModifiers()) || Modifier.isAbstract(methods[i].getModifiers()))
+                    && !methodInfo.valueGetter && !methodInfo.valueSetter && !methodInfo.memberGetter && !methodInfo.memberSetter
+                    && !cls.isInterface() && (methods[i].isAnnotationPresent(Virtual.class) || methodInfo.allocator)) {
+                callback(cls, methods[i], methodInfo.memberName[0], !methodInfo.allocator, methodInfo);
+            }
+
+            if (!Modifier.isNative(methods[i].getModifiers())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ((methodInfo.memberGetter || methodInfo.memberSetter) && !methodInfo.noOffset &&
+                    memberList != null && !Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers)) {
+                if (!memberList.contains(methodInfo.memberName[0])) {
+                    memberList.add(methodInfo.memberName[0]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            didSomething = true;
+            out.print("JNIEXPORT " + jniTypeName(methodInfo.returnType) + " JNICALL Java_" + nativeName);
+            if (methodInfo.overloaded) {
+                out.print("__" + mangle(signature(methodInfo.parameterTypes)));
+            }
+            if (Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers)) {
+                out.print("(JNIEnv* env, jclass cls");
+            } else {
+                out.print("(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj");
+            }
+            for (int j = 0; j < methodInfo.parameterTypes.length; j++) {
+                out.print(", " + jniTypeName(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j]) + " arg" + j);
+            }
+            out.println(") {");
+
+            if (callbackAllocators[i]) {
+                callbackAllocator(cls, callbackName);
+                continue;
+            } else if (!Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers) && Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(cls)
+                    && !methodInfo.allocator && !methodInfo.arrayAllocator && !methodInfo.deallocator) {
+                // get our "this" pointer
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(cls);
+                if ("void*".equals(typeName[0]) && !cls.isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                    typeName[0] = "char*";
+                } else if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(cls)) {
+                    functions.index(cls);
+                    typeName[0] = functionClassName(cls) + "*";
+                    typeName[1] = "";
+                }
+                out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " ptr" + typeName[1] + " = (" + typeName[0] +
+                        typeName[1] + ")jlong_to_ptr(env->GetLongField(obj, JavaCPP_addressFID));");
+                out.println("    if (ptr == NULL) {");
+                out.println("        env->ThrowNew(JavaCPP_getClass(env, " +
+                        jclasses.index(NullPointerException.class) + "), \"This pointer address is NULL.\");");
+                out.println("        return" + (methodInfo.returnType == void.class ? ";" : " 0;"));
+                out.println("    }");
+                if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(cls)) {
+                    out.println("    if (ptr->ptr == NULL) {");
+                    out.println("        env->ThrowNew(JavaCPP_getClass(env, " +
+                            jclasses.index(NullPointerException.class) + "), \"This function pointer address is NULL.\");");
+                    out.println("        return" + (methodInfo.returnType == void.class ? ";" : " 0;"));
+                    out.println("    }");
+                }
+                if (!cls.isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                    out.println("    jlong position = env->GetLongField(obj, JavaCPP_positionFID);");
+                    out.println("    ptr += position;");
+                    if (methodInfo.bufferGetter) {
+                        out.println("    jlong size = env->GetLongField(obj, JavaCPP_limitFID);");
+                        out.println("    size -= position;");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            parametersBefore(methodInfo);
+            String returnPrefix = returnBefore(methodInfo);
+            call(methodInfo, returnPrefix, false);
+            returnAfter(methodInfo);
+            parametersAfter(methodInfo);
+            if (methodInfo.throwsException != null) {
+                out.println("    if (exc != NULL) {");
+                out.println("        env->Throw(exc);");
+                out.println("    }");
+            }
+            if (methodInfo.returnType != void.class) {
+                out.println("    return rarg;");
+            }
+            out.println("}");
+        }
+        out.println();
+        return didSomething;
+    }
+
+    void parametersBefore(MethodInformation methodInfo) {
+        String adapterLine  = "";
+        AdapterInformation prevAdapterInfo = null;
+        int skipParameters = methodInfo.parameterTypes.length > 0 && methodInfo.parameterTypes[0] == Class.class ? 1 : 0;
+        for (int j = skipParameters; j < methodInfo.parameterTypes.length; j++) {
+            if (!methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isPrimitive()) {
+                Annotation passBy = by(methodInfo, j);
+                String cast = cast(methodInfo, j);
+                String[] typeName = methodInfo.parameterRaw[j] ? new String[] { "" }
+                        : cppTypeName(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j]);
+                AdapterInformation adapterInfo = methodInfo.parameterRaw[j] ? null
+                        : adapterInformation(false, methodInfo, j);
+
+                if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j])) {
+                    functions.index(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j]);
+                    if (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] == FunctionPointer.class) {
+                        logger.warn("Method \"" + methodInfo.method + "\" has an abstract FunctionPointer parameter, " +
+                                "but a concrete subclass is required. Compilation will most likely fail.");
+                    }
+                    typeName[0] = functionClassName(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j]) + "*";
+                    typeName[1] = "";
+                }
+
+                if (typeName[0].length() == 0 || methodInfo.parameterRaw[j]) {
+                    methodInfo.parameterRaw[j] = true;
+                    typeName[0] = jniTypeName(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j]);
+                    out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " ptr" + j + " = arg" + j + ";");
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ("void*".equals(typeName[0]) && !methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                    typeName[0] = "char*";
+                }
+                out.print("    " + typeName[0] + " ptr" + j + typeName[1] + " = ");
+                if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j])) {
+                    out.println("arg" + j + " == NULL ? NULL : (" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] +
+                            ")jlong_to_ptr(env->GetLongField(arg" + j + ", JavaCPP_addressFID));");
+                    if ((j == 0 && FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.cls)
+                            && methodInfo.cls.isAnnotationPresent(Namespace.class))
+                            || (passBy instanceof ByVal && ((ByVal)passBy).nullValue().length() == 0)
+                            || (passBy instanceof ByRef && ((ByRef)passBy).nullValue().length() == 0)) {
+                        // in the case of member ptr, ptr0 is our object pointer, which cannot be NULL
+                        out.println("    if (ptr" + j + " == NULL) {");
+                        out.println("        env->ThrowNew(JavaCPP_getClass(env, " +
+                                jclasses.index(NullPointerException.class) + "), \"Pointer address of argument " + j + " is NULL.\");");
+                        out.println("        return" + (methodInfo.returnType == void.class ? ";" : " 0;"));
+                        out.println("    }");
+                    }
+                    if (adapterInfo != null || prevAdapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println("    jlong size" + j + " = arg" + j + " == NULL ? 0 : env->GetLongField(arg" + j +
+                                ", JavaCPP_limitFID);");
+                        out.println("    void* owner" + j + " = JavaCPP_getPointerOwner(env, arg" + j + ");");
+                    }
+                    if (!methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                        out.println("    jlong position" + j + " = arg" + j + " == NULL ? 0 : env->GetLongField(arg" + j +
+                                ", JavaCPP_positionFID);");
+                        out.println("    ptr"  + j + " += position" + j + ";");
+                        if (adapterInfo != null || prevAdapterInfo != null) {
+                            out.println("    size" + j + " -= position" + j + ";");
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] == String.class) {
+                    passesStrings = true;
+                    out.println("JavaCPP_getStringBytes(env, arg" + j + ");");
+                    if (adapterInfo != null || prevAdapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println("    jlong size" + j + " = 0;");
+                        out.println("    void* owner" + j + " = (void*)ptr" + j + ";");
+                    }
+                } else if (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isArray() &&
+                        methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].getComponentType().isPrimitive()) {
+                    out.print("arg" + j + " == NULL ? NULL : ");
+                    String s = methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].getComponentType().getName();
+                    if (methodInfo.valueGetter || methodInfo.valueSetter ||
+                            methodInfo.memberGetter || methodInfo.memberSetter) {
+                        out.println("(j" + s + "*)env->GetPrimitiveArrayCritical(arg" + j + ", NULL);");
+                    } else {
+                        s = Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(0)) + s.substring(1);
+                        out.println("env->Get" + s + "ArrayElements(arg" + j + ", NULL);");
+                    }
+                    if (adapterInfo != null || prevAdapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println("    jlong size" + j +
+                                " = arg" + j + " == NULL ? 0 : env->GetArrayLength(arg" + j + ");");
+                        out.println("    void* owner" + j + " = (void*)ptr" + j + ";");
+                    }
+                } else if (Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j])) {
+                    out.println("arg" + j + " == NULL ? NULL : (" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")env->GetDirectBufferAddress(arg" + j + ");");
+                    if (adapterInfo != null || prevAdapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println("    jlong size" + j +
+                                " = arg" + j + " == NULL ? 0 : env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(arg" + j + ");");
+                        out.println("    void* owner" + j + " = (void*)ptr" + j + ";");
+                    }
+                    if (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] != Buffer.class) {
+                        // given the component type, we can also fetch the array of non-direct buffers
+                        String paramName = methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].getSimpleName();
+                        paramName = paramName.substring(0, paramName.length() - 6);
+                        String paramNameLowerCase = Character.toLowerCase(paramName.charAt(0)) + paramName.substring(1);
+                        out.println("    j" + paramNameLowerCase + "Array arr" + j + " = NULL;");
+                        out.println("    if (arg" + j + " != NULL && ptr" + j + " == NULL) {");
+                        out.println("        arr" + j + " = (j" + paramNameLowerCase + "Array)env->CallObjectMethod(arg" + j + ", JavaCPP_arrayMID);");
+                        out.println("        if (env->ExceptionOccurred() != NULL) {");
+                        out.println("            env->ExceptionClear();");
+                        out.println("        } else {");
+                        out.println("            ptr" + j + " = arr" + j + " == NULL ? NULL : env->Get" + paramName + "ArrayElements(arr" + j + ", NULL);");
+                        if (adapterInfo != null || prevAdapterInfo != null) {
+                            out.println("            size" + j + " = env->GetArrayLength(arr" + j + ");");
+                        }
+                        out.println("        }");
+                        out.println("    }");
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    out.println("arg" + j + ";");
+                    logger.warn("Method \"" + methodInfo.method + "\" has an unsupported parameter of type \"" +
+                            methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].getCanonicalName() + "\". Compilation will most likely fail.");
+                }
+
+                if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                    usesAdapters = true;
+                    adapterLine = "    " + adapterInfo.name + " adapter" + j + "(";
+                    prevAdapterInfo = adapterInfo;
+                }
+                if (prevAdapterInfo != null) {
+                    if (!FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.cls)) {
+                        // sometimes we need to use the Cast annotation for declaring functions only
+                        adapterLine += cast;
+                    }
+                    adapterLine += "ptr" + j + ", size" + j + ", owner" + j;
+                    if (--prevAdapterInfo.argc > 0) {
+                        adapterLine += ", ";
+                    }
+                }
+                if (prevAdapterInfo != null && prevAdapterInfo.argc <= 0) {
+                    out.println(adapterLine + ");");
+                    prevAdapterInfo = null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    String returnBefore(MethodInformation methodInfo) {
+        String returnPrefix = "";
+        if (methodInfo.returnType == void.class) {
+            if (methodInfo.allocator || methodInfo.arrayAllocator) {
+                jclasses.index(methodInfo.cls); // makes sure to index all POD structs
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(methodInfo.cls);
+                returnPrefix = typeName[0] + " rptr" + typeName[1] + " = ";
+            }
+        } else {
+            String cast = cast(methodInfo.returnType, methodInfo.annotations);
+            String[] typeName = methodInfo.returnRaw ? new String[] { "" }
+                    : cppCastTypeName(methodInfo.returnType, methodInfo.annotations);
+            if (methodInfo.valueSetter || methodInfo.memberSetter || methodInfo.noReturnGetter) {
+                out.println("    jobject rarg = obj;");
+            } else if (methodInfo.returnType.isPrimitive()) {
+                out.println("    " + jniTypeName(methodInfo.returnType) + " rarg = 0;");
+                returnPrefix = typeName[0] + " rvalue" + typeName[1] + " = " + cast;
+            } else {
+                Annotation returnBy = by(methodInfo.annotations);
+                String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+
+                returnPrefix = "rptr = " + cast;
+                if (typeName[0].length() == 0 || methodInfo.returnRaw) {
+                    methodInfo.returnRaw = true;
+                    typeName[0] = jniTypeName(methodInfo.returnType);
+                    out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " rarg = NULL;");
+                    out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " rptr;");
+                } else if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType) ||
+                        Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType) ||
+                        (methodInfo.returnType.isArray() &&
+                         methodInfo.returnType.getComponentType().isPrimitive())) {
+                    if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType)) {
+                        functions.index(methodInfo.returnType);
+                        returnPrefix = "if (rptr != NULL) rptr->ptr = ";
+                        if (methodInfo.method.isAnnotationPresent(Virtual.class)) {
+                            // cast from member function pointers declared in Java
+                            returnPrefix += "(" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")&";
+                        }
+                        typeName[0] = functionClassName(methodInfo.returnType) + "*";
+                        typeName[1] = "";
+                        valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                    }
+                    if (returnBy instanceof ByVal) {
+                        returnPrefix += (noException(methodInfo.returnType, methodInfo.method) ?
+                            "new (std::nothrow) " : "new ") + valueTypeName + typeName[1] + "(";
+                    } else if (returnBy instanceof ByRef) {
+                        returnPrefix += "&";
+                    } else if (returnBy instanceof ByPtrPtr) {
+                        if (cast.length() > 0) {
+                            typeName[0] = typeName[0].substring(0, typeName[0].length()-1);
+                        }
+                        returnPrefix = "rptr = NULL; " + typeName[0] + "* rptrptr" + typeName[1] + " = " + cast;
+                    } // else ByPtr || ByPtrRef
+                    if (methodInfo.bufferGetter) {
+                        out.println("    jobject rarg = NULL;");
+                        out.println("    char* rptr;");
+                    } else {
+                        out.println("    " + jniTypeName(methodInfo.returnType) + " rarg = NULL;");
+                        out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " rptr" + typeName[1] + ";");
+                    }
+                    if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType)) {
+                        out.println("    rptr = new (std::nothrow) " + valueTypeName + ";");
+                    }
+                } else if (methodInfo.returnType == String.class) {
+                    out.println("    jstring rarg = NULL;");
+                    out.println("    const char* rptr;");
+                    if (returnBy instanceof ByRef) {
+                        returnPrefix = "std::string rstr(";
+                    } else {
+                        returnPrefix += "(const char*)";
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    logger.warn("Method \"" + methodInfo.method + "\" has unsupported return type \"" +
+                            methodInfo.returnType.getCanonicalName() + "\". Compilation will most likely fail.");
+                }
+
+                AdapterInformation adapterInfo = adapterInformation(false, valueTypeName, methodInfo.annotations);
+                if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                    usesAdapters = true;
+                    returnPrefix = adapterInfo.name + " radapter(";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (methodInfo.throwsException != null) {
+            out.println("    jthrowable exc = NULL;");
+            out.println("    try {");
+        }
+        return returnPrefix;
+    }
+
+    void call(MethodInformation methodInfo, String returnPrefix, boolean secondCall) {
+        boolean needSecondCall = false;
+        String indent = secondCall ? "" : methodInfo.throwsException != null ? "        " : "    ";
+        String prefix = "(";
+        String suffix = ")";
+        int skipParameters = methodInfo.parameterTypes.length > 0 && methodInfo.parameterTypes[0] == Class.class ? 1 : 0;
+        boolean index = methodInfo.method.isAnnotationPresent(Index.class) ||
+                 (methodInfo.pairedMethod != null &&
+                  methodInfo.pairedMethod.isAnnotationPresent(Index.class));
+        if (methodInfo.deallocator) {
+            out.println(indent + "void* allocatedAddress = jlong_to_ptr(arg0);");
+            out.println(indent + "void (*deallocatorAddress)(void*) = (void(*)(void*))jlong_to_ptr(arg1);");
+            out.println(indent + "if (deallocatorAddress != NULL && allocatedAddress != NULL) {");
+            out.println(indent + "    (*deallocatorAddress)(allocatedAddress);");
+            out.println(indent + "}");
+            return; // nothing else should be appended here for deallocator
+        } else if (!FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.cls) &&
+               (methodInfo.valueGetter || methodInfo.valueSetter ||
+                methodInfo.memberGetter || methodInfo.memberSetter)) {
+            boolean wantsPointer = false;
+            int k = methodInfo.parameterTypes.length-1;
+            if ((methodInfo.valueSetter || methodInfo.memberSetter) &&
+                    !(by(methodInfo, k) instanceof ByRef) &&
+                    adapterInformation(false, methodInfo, k) == null &&
+                    methodInfo.parameterTypes[k] == String.class) {
+                // special considerations for char arrays as strings
+                out.print(indent + "strcpy((char*)");
+                wantsPointer = true;
+                prefix = ", ";
+            } else if (k >= 1 && methodInfo.parameterTypes[0].isArray() &&
+                    methodInfo.parameterTypes[0].getComponentType().isPrimitive() &&
+                    (methodInfo.parameterTypes[1] == int.class ||
+                     methodInfo.parameterTypes[1] == long.class)) {
+                // special considerations for primitive arrays
+                out.print(indent + "memcpy(");
+                wantsPointer = true;
+                prefix = ", ";
+                if (methodInfo.memberGetter || methodInfo.valueGetter) {
+                    out.print("ptr0 + arg1, ");
+                } else { // methodInfo.memberSetter || methodInfo.valueSetter
+                    prefix += "ptr0 + arg1, ";
+                }
+                skipParameters = 2;
+                suffix = " * sizeof(*ptr0)" + suffix;
+            } else {
+                out.print(indent + returnPrefix);
+                prefix = methodInfo.valueGetter || methodInfo.memberGetter ? "" : " = ";
+                suffix = "";
+            }
+            if (Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers) || !Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.cls)) {
+                out.print(cppScopeName(methodInfo));
+            } else if (methodInfo.memberGetter || methodInfo.memberSetter) {
+                if (index) {
+                    out.print("(*ptr)");
+                    prefix = "." + methodInfo.memberName[0] + prefix;
+                } else {
+                    out.print("ptr->" + methodInfo.memberName[0]);
+                }
+            } else { // methodInfo.valueGetter || methodInfo.valueSetter
+                String cast = cast(methodInfo.returnType, methodInfo.annotations);
+                if (!index && cast.length() > 0) {
+                    // make sure to cast the returned pointer and not the value
+                    out.print("*(" + cast.substring(1, cast.length() - 1) + "*)&");
+                }
+                out.print(index ? "(*ptr)" : methodInfo.dim > 0 || wantsPointer ? "ptr" : "*ptr");
+            }
+        } else if (methodInfo.bufferGetter) {
+            out.print(indent + returnPrefix + "ptr");
+            prefix = "";
+            suffix = "";
+        } else { // function call
+            out.print(indent + returnPrefix);
+            if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.cls)) {
+                if (methodInfo.cls.isAnnotationPresent(Namespace.class)) {
+                    out.print("(ptr0->*(ptr->ptr))");
+                    skipParameters = 1;
+                    if (methodInfo.valueGetter || methodInfo.valueSetter) {
+                        // this is get/put for a field pointer, not a real function
+                        prefix = methodInfo.valueGetter ? "" : " = ";
+                        suffix = "";
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    out.print("(*ptr->ptr)");
+                }
+            } else if (methodInfo.allocator) {
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(methodInfo.cls);
+                String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                if (virtualFunctions.containsKey(methodInfo.cls)) {
+                    String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(valueTypeName);
+                    valueTypeName = subType;
+                }
+                if (methodInfo.cls == Pointer.class) {
+                    // can't allocate a "void", so simply assign the argument instead
+                    prefix = "";
+                    suffix = "";
+                } else {
+                    out.print((noException(methodInfo.cls, methodInfo.method) ?
+                        "new (std::nothrow) " : "new ") + valueTypeName + typeName[1]);
+                    if (methodInfo.arrayAllocator) {
+                        prefix = "[";
+                        suffix = "]";
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers) || !Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.cls)) {
+                out.print(cppScopeName(methodInfo));
+            } else {
+                String name = methodInfo.memberName[0];
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(methodInfo.cls);
+                String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                if (virtualFunctions.containsKey(methodInfo.cls) && !secondCall) {
+                    String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(valueTypeName);
+                    if (Modifier.isPublic(methodInfo.method.getModifiers())) {
+                        // non-protected method that could be from any subclass, so check for ours
+                        out.print("(dynamic_cast<" + subType + "*>(ptr) != NULL ? ");
+                        needSecondCall = true;
+                    }
+                    if (methodInfo.method.isAnnotationPresent(Virtual.class)) {
+                        name = "super_" + name;
+                    }
+                    out.print("((" + subType + "*)ptr)->" + name);
+                } else if (index) {
+                    out.print("(*ptr)");
+                    prefix = "." + name + prefix;
+                } else {
+                    String op = name.startsWith("operator") ? name.substring(8).trim() : "";
+                    if (methodInfo.parameterTypes.length > 0
+                            && (op.equals("=") || op.equals("+") || op.equals("-") || op.equals("*") || op.equals("/") || op.equals("%")
+                            || op.equals("==") || op.equals("!=") || op.equals("<") || op.equals(">") || op.equals("<=") || op.equals(">="))) {
+                        out.print("((*ptr)");
+                        prefix = op + prefix;
+                        suffix += ")";
+                    } else {
+                        out.print("ptr->" + name);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int j = skipParameters; j <= methodInfo.parameterTypes.length; j++) {
+            if (j == skipParameters + methodInfo.dim) {
+                if (methodInfo.memberName.length > 1) {
+                    out.print(methodInfo.memberName[1]);
+                }
+                out.print(prefix);
+                if (methodInfo.withEnv) {
+                    out.print(Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers) ? "env, cls" : "env, obj");
+                    if (methodInfo.parameterTypes.length - skipParameters - methodInfo.dim > 0) {
+                        out.print(", ");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (j == methodInfo.parameterTypes.length) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (j < skipParameters + methodInfo.dim) {
+                // print array indices to access array members, or whatever
+                // the C++ operator does with them when the Index annotation is present
+                out.print("[");
+            }
+            Annotation passBy = by(methodInfo, j);
+            String cast = cast(methodInfo, j);
+            AdapterInformation adapterInfo = methodInfo.parameterRaw[j] ? null
+                    : adapterInformation(false, methodInfo, j);
+
+            if (("(void*)".equals(cast) || "(void *)".equals(cast)) &&
+                    methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] == long.class) {
+                out.print("jlong_to_ptr(arg" + j + ")");
+            } else if (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isPrimitive()) {
+                out.print(cast + "arg" + j);
+            } else if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                cast = adapterInfo.cast.trim();
+                if (cast.length() > 0 && !cast.startsWith("(") && !cast.endsWith(")")) {
+                    cast = "(" + cast + ")";
+                }
+                String cast2 = adapterInfo.cast2.trim();
+                if (cast2.length() > 0 && !cast2.startsWith("(") && !cast2.endsWith(")")) {
+                    cast2 = "(" + cast2 + ")";
+                }
+                out.print(cast + cast2 + "adapter" + j);
+                j += adapterInfo.argc - 1;
+            } else if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j])
+                    && !(passBy instanceof ByVal || passBy instanceof ByRef)) {
+                if (passBy instanceof ByPtrRef) {
+                    out.print(cast + "(ptr" + j + "->ptr)");
+                } else {
+                    out.print(cast + "(ptr" + j + " == NULL ? NULL : " + (passBy instanceof ByPtrPtr ? "&ptr" : "ptr") + j + "->ptr)");
+                }
+            } else if (passBy instanceof ByVal || (passBy instanceof ByRef &&
+                    methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] != String.class)) {
+                String nullValue = passBy instanceof ByVal ? ((ByVal)passBy).nullValue()
+                                 : passBy instanceof ByRef ? ((ByRef)passBy).nullValue() : "";
+                out.print((nullValue.length() > 0 ? "ptr" + j + " == NULL ? " + nullValue + " : " : "") + "*" + cast + "ptr" + j);
+            } else if (passBy instanceof ByPtrPtr) {
+                out.print(cast + "(arg" + j + " == NULL ? NULL : &ptr" + j + ")");
+            } else { // ByPtr || ByPtrRef || (ByRef && std::string)
+                out.print(cast + "ptr" + j);
+            }
+
+            if (j < skipParameters + methodInfo.dim) {
+                out.print("]");
+            } else if (j < methodInfo.parameterTypes.length - 1) {
+                out.print(", ");
+            }
+        }
+        out.print(suffix);
+        if (methodInfo.memberName.length > 2) {
+            out.print(methodInfo.memberName[2]);
+        }
+        if (by(methodInfo.annotations) instanceof ByRef &&
+                methodInfo.returnType == String.class) {
+            // special considerations for std::string
+            out.print(");\n" + indent + "rptr = rstr.c_str()");
+        }
+        if (needSecondCall) {
+            call(methodInfo, " : ", true);
+            out.print(")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void returnAfter(MethodInformation methodInfo) {
+        String indent = methodInfo.throwsException != null ? "        " : "    ";
+        String[] typeName = methodInfo.returnRaw ? new String[] { "" }
+                : cppCastTypeName(methodInfo.returnType, methodInfo.annotations);
+        Annotation returnBy = by(methodInfo.annotations);
+        String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+        AdapterInformation adapterInfo = adapterInformation(false, valueTypeName, methodInfo.annotations);
+        String suffix = methodInfo.deallocator ? "" : ";";
+        if (!methodInfo.returnType.isPrimitive() && adapterInfo != null) {
+            suffix = ")" + suffix;
+        }
+        if ((Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType) ||
+                (methodInfo.returnType.isArray() &&
+                 methodInfo.returnType.getComponentType().isPrimitive()) ||
+                Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType))) {
+            if (returnBy instanceof ByVal && adapterInfo == null) {
+                suffix = ")" + suffix;
+            } else if (returnBy instanceof ByPtrPtr) {
+                out.println(suffix);
+                suffix = "";
+                out.println(indent + "if (rptrptr == NULL) {");
+                out.println(indent + "    env->ThrowNew(JavaCPP_getClass(env, " +
+                        jclasses.index(NullPointerException.class) + "), \"Return pointer address is NULL.\");");
+                out.println(indent + "} else {");
+                out.println(indent + "    rptr = *rptrptr;");
+                out.println(indent + "}");
+            }
+        }
+        out.println(suffix);
+
+        if (methodInfo.returnType == void.class) {
+            if (methodInfo.allocator || methodInfo.arrayAllocator) {
+                out.println(indent + "jlong rcapacity = " + (methodInfo.arrayAllocator ? "arg0;" : "1;"));
+                boolean noDeallocator = methodInfo.cls == Pointer.class ||
+                        methodInfo.cls.isAnnotationPresent(NoDeallocator.class) ||
+                        methodInfo.method.isAnnotationPresent(NoDeallocator.class);
+                out.print(indent + "JavaCPP_initPointer(env, obj, rptr, rcapacity, rptr, ");
+                if (noDeallocator) {
+                    out.println("NULL);");
+                } else if (methodInfo.arrayAllocator) {
+                    out.println("&JavaCPP_" + mangle(methodInfo.cls.getName()) + "_deallocateArray);");
+                    arrayDeallocators.index(methodInfo.cls);
+                } else {
+                    out.println("&JavaCPP_" + mangle(methodInfo.cls.getName()) + "_deallocate);");
+                    deallocators.index(methodInfo.cls);
+                }
+                if (virtualFunctions.containsKey(methodInfo.cls)) {
+                    typeName = cppTypeName(methodInfo.cls);
+                    valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                    String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(valueTypeName);
+                    out.println(indent + "((" + subType + "*)rptr)->obj = env->NewWeakGlobalRef(obj);");
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (methodInfo.valueSetter || methodInfo.memberSetter || methodInfo.noReturnGetter) {
+                // nothing
+            } else if (methodInfo.returnType.isPrimitive()) {
+                out.println(indent + "rarg = (" + jniTypeName(methodInfo.returnType) + ")rvalue;");
+            } else if (methodInfo.returnRaw) {
+                out.println(indent + "rarg = rptr;");
+            } else {
+                boolean needInit = false;
+                if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                    out.println(indent + "rptr = radapter;");
+                    if (methodInfo.returnType != String.class) {
+                        out.println(indent + "jlong rcapacity = (jlong)radapter.size;");
+                        if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType)) {
+                            out.println(indent + "void* rowner = radapter.owner;");
+                        }
+                        out.println(indent + "void (*deallocator)(void*) = " +
+                                (adapterInfo.constant ? "NULL;" : "&" + adapterInfo.name + "::deallocate;"));
+                    }
+                    needInit = true;
+                } else if (returnBy instanceof ByVal ||
+                        FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType)) {
+                    out.println(indent + "jlong rcapacity = 1;");
+                    out.println(indent + "void* rowner = (void*)rptr;");
+                    out.println(indent + "void (*deallocator)(void*) = &JavaCPP_" +
+                            mangle(methodInfo.returnType.getName()) + "_deallocate;");
+                    deallocators.index(methodInfo.returnType);
+                    needInit = true;
+                }
+
+                if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType)) {
+                    out.print(indent);
+                    if (!(returnBy instanceof ByVal)) {
+                        // check if we can reuse one of the Pointer objects from the arguments
+                        if (Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers) && methodInfo.parameterTypes.length > 0) {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < methodInfo.parameterTypes.length; i++) {
+                                String cast = cast(methodInfo, i);
+                                if (Arrays.equals(methodInfo.parameterAnnotations[i], methodInfo.annotations)
+                                        && methodInfo.parameterTypes[i] == methodInfo.returnType) {
+                                    out.println(         "if (rptr == " + cast + "ptr" + i + ") {");
+                                    out.println(indent + "    rarg = arg" + i + ";");
+                                    out.print(indent + "} else ");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else if (!Modifier.isStatic(methodInfo.modifiers) && methodInfo.cls == methodInfo.returnType) {
+                            out.println(         "if (rptr == ptr) {");
+                            out.println(indent + "    rarg = obj;");
+                            out.print(indent + "} else ");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    out.println(         "if (rptr != NULL) {");
+                    out.println(indent + "    rarg = JavaCPP_createPointer(env, " + jclasses.index(methodInfo.returnType) +
+                            (methodInfo.parameterTypes.length > 0 && methodInfo.parameterTypes[0] == Class.class ? ", arg0);" : ");"));
+                    out.println(indent + "    if (rarg != NULL) {");
+                    if (needInit) {
+                        out.println(indent + "        JavaCPP_initPointer(env, rarg, rptr, rcapacity, rowner, deallocator);");
+                    } else {
+                        out.println(indent + "        env->SetLongField(rarg, JavaCPP_addressFID, ptr_to_jlong(rptr));");
+                    }
+                    out.println(indent + "    }");
+                    out.println(indent + "}");
+                } else if (methodInfo.returnType == String.class) {
+                    passesStrings = true;
+                    out.println(indent + "if (rptr != NULL) {");
+                    out.println(indent + "    rarg = JavaCPP_createString(env, rptr);");
+                    out.println(indent + "}");
+                } else if (methodInfo.returnType.isArray() &&
+                        methodInfo.returnType.getComponentType().isPrimitive()) {
+                    if (adapterInfo == null && !(returnBy instanceof ByVal)) {
+                        out.println(indent + "jlong rcapacity = rptr != NULL ? 1 : 0;");
+                    }
+                    String componentName = methodInfo.returnType.getComponentType().getName();
+                    String componentNameUpperCase = Character.toUpperCase(componentName.charAt(0)) + componentName.substring(1);
+                    out.println(indent + "if (rptr != NULL) {");
+                    out.println(indent + "    rarg = env->New" + componentNameUpperCase + "Array(rcapacity < INT_MAX ? rcapacity : INT_MAX);");
+                    out.println(indent + "    env->Set" + componentNameUpperCase + "ArrayRegion(rarg, 0, rcapacity < INT_MAX ? rcapacity : INT_MAX, (j" + componentName + "*)rptr);");
+                    out.println(indent + "}");
+                    if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println(indent + "if (deallocator != 0 && rptr != NULL) {");
+                        out.println(indent + "    (*(void(*)(void*))jlong_to_ptr(deallocator))((void*)rptr);");
+                        out.println(indent + "}");
+                    }
+                } else if (Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.returnType)) {
+                    if (methodInfo.bufferGetter) {
+                        out.println(indent + "jlong rcapacity = size;");
+                    } else if (adapterInfo == null && !(returnBy instanceof ByVal)) {
+                        out.println(indent + "jlong rcapacity = rptr != NULL ? 1 : 0;");
+                    }
+                    out.println(indent + "if (rptr != NULL) {");
+                    out.println(indent + "    jlong rcapacityptr = rcapacity * sizeof(rptr[0]);");
+                    out.println(indent + "    rarg = env->NewDirectByteBuffer((void*)rptr, rcapacityptr < INT_MAX ? rcapacityptr : INT_MAX);");
+                    out.println(indent + "}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void parametersAfter(MethodInformation methodInfo) {
+        if (methodInfo.throwsException != null) {
+            mayThrowExceptions = true;
+            out.println("    } catch (...) {");
+            out.println("        exc = JavaCPP_handleException(env, " + jclasses.index(methodInfo.throwsException) + ");");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println();
+        }
+        int skipParameters = methodInfo.parameterTypes.length > 0 && methodInfo.parameterTypes[0] == Class.class ? 1 : 0;
+        for (int j = skipParameters; j < methodInfo.parameterTypes.length; j++) {
+            if (methodInfo.parameterRaw[j]) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            Annotation passBy = by(methodInfo, j);
+            String cast = cast(methodInfo, j);
+            String[] typeName = cppCastTypeName(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j], methodInfo.parameterAnnotations[j]);
+            AdapterInformation adapterInfo = adapterInformation(true, methodInfo, j);
+            if ("void*".equals(typeName[0]) && !methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                typeName[0] = "char*";
+            }
+            
+            // If const array, then use JNI_ABORT to avoid copying unmodified data back to JVM
+            final String releaseArrayFlag;
+            if (cast.contains(" const *") || cast.startsWith("(const ")) {
+                releaseArrayFlag = "JNI_ABORT";
+            } else {
+                releaseArrayFlag = "0";
+            }
+
+            if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j])) {
+                if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                    for (int k = 0; k < adapterInfo.argc; k++) {
+                        out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " rptr" + (j+k) + typeName[1] + " = " + cast + "adapter" + j + ";");
+                        out.println("    jlong rsize" + (j+k) + " = (jlong)adapter" + j + ".size" + (k > 0 ? (k+1) + ";" : ";"));
+                        out.println("    void* rowner" + (j+k) + " = adapter" + j + ".owner" + (k > 0 ? (k+1) + ";" : ";"));
+                        out.println("    if (rptr" + (j+k) + " != " + cast + "ptr" + (j+k) + ") {");
+                        out.println("        JavaCPP_initPointer(env, arg" + j + ", rptr" + (j+k) + ", rsize" + (j+k) + ", rowner" + (j+k) + ", &" + adapterInfo.name + "::deallocate);");
+                        out.println("    } else {");
+                        out.println("        env->SetLongField(arg" + j + ", JavaCPP_limitFID, rsize" + (j+k) + " + position" + (j+k) + ");");
+                        out.println("    }");
+                    }
+                } else if ((passBy instanceof ByPtrPtr || passBy instanceof ByPtrRef) &&
+                        !methodInfo.valueSetter && !methodInfo.memberSetter) {
+                    if (!methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                        out.println("    ptr" + j + " -= position" + j + ";");
+                    }
+                    out.println("    if (arg" + j + " != NULL) env->SetLongField(arg" + j +
+                            ", JavaCPP_addressFID, ptr_to_jlong(ptr" + j + "));");
+                }
+            } else if (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] == String.class) {
+                out.println("    JavaCPP_releaseStringBytes(env, arg" + j + ", ptr" + j + ");");
+            } else if (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].isArray() &&
+                    methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].getComponentType().isPrimitive()) {
+                for (int k = 0; adapterInfo != null && k < adapterInfo.argc; k++) {
+                    out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " rptr" + (j+k) + typeName[1] + " = " + cast + "adapter" + j + ";");
+                    out.println("    void* rowner" + (j+k) + " = adapter" + j + ".owner" + (k > 0 ? (k+1) + ";" : ";"));
+                    out.println("    if (rptr" + (j+k) + " != " + cast + "ptr" + (j+k) + ") {");
+                    out.println("        " + adapterInfo.name + "::deallocate(rowner" + (j+k) + ");");
+                    out.println("    }");
+                }
+                out.print("    if (arg" + j + " != NULL) ");
+                if (methodInfo.valueGetter || methodInfo.valueSetter ||
+                        methodInfo.memberGetter || methodInfo.memberSetter) {
+                    out.println("env->ReleasePrimitiveArrayCritical(arg" + j + ", ptr" + j + ", " + releaseArrayFlag + ");");
+                } else {
+                    String componentType = methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].getComponentType().getName();
+                    String componentTypeUpperCase = Character.toUpperCase(componentType.charAt(0)) + componentType.substring(1);
+                    out.println("env->Release" + componentTypeUpperCase + "ArrayElements(arg" + j + ", (j" + componentType + "*)ptr" + j + ", " + releaseArrayFlag + ");");
+                }
+            } else if (Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j])
+                    && methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] != Buffer.class) {
+                for (int k = 0; adapterInfo != null && k < adapterInfo.argc; k++) {
+                    out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " rptr" + (j+k) + typeName[1] + " = " + cast + "adapter" + j + ";");
+                    out.println("    void* rowner" + (j+k) + " = adapter" + j + ".owner" + (k > 0 ? (k+1) + ";" : ";"));
+                    out.println("    if (rptr" + (j+k) + " != " + cast + "ptr" + (j+k) + ") {");
+                    out.println("        " + adapterInfo.name + "::deallocate(rowner" + (j+k) + ");");
+                    out.println("    }");
+                }
+                out.print("    if (arr" + j + " != NULL) ");
+                String parameterSimpleName = methodInfo.parameterTypes[j].getSimpleName();
+                parameterSimpleName = parameterSimpleName.substring(0, parameterSimpleName.length() - 6);
+                String parameterSimpleNameLowerCase = Character.toLowerCase(parameterSimpleName.charAt(0)) + parameterSimpleName.substring(1);
+                
+                out.println("env->Release" + parameterSimpleName + "ArrayElements(arr" + j + ", " + 
+                            "(j" + parameterSimpleNameLowerCase + "*)ptr" + j + ", " + 
+                            releaseArrayFlag + ");");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void callback(Class<?> cls, Method callbackMethod, String callbackName, boolean needDefinition, MethodInformation methodInfo) {
+        Class<?> callbackReturnType = callbackMethod.getReturnType();
+        Class<?>[] callbackParameterTypes = callbackMethod.getParameterTypes();
+        Annotation[] callbackAnnotations = callbackMethod.getAnnotations();
+        Annotation[][] callbackParameterAnnotations = callbackMethod.getParameterAnnotations();
+
+        String instanceTypeName = functionClassName(cls);
+        String[] callbackTypeName = cppFunctionTypeName(callbackMethod);
+        String[] returnConvention = callbackTypeName[0].split("\\(");
+        returnConvention[1] = constValueTypeName(returnConvention[1]);
+        String parameterDeclaration = callbackTypeName[1].substring(1);
+        String fieldName = mangle(callbackMethod.getName()) + "__" + mangle(signature(callbackMethod.getParameterTypes()));
+
+        String firstLine = "";
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            // stuff from a virtualized class
+            String nonconstParamDeclaration = parameterDeclaration.endsWith(" const")
+                    ? parameterDeclaration.substring(0, parameterDeclaration.length() - 6)
+                    : parameterDeclaration;
+            String[] typeName = methodInfo.returnRaw ? new String[] { "" }
+                    : cppTypeName(methodInfo.cls);
+            String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+            String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(valueTypeName);
+            Set<String> memberList = virtualMembers.get(cls);
+            if (memberList == null) {
+                virtualMembers.put(cls, memberList = new LinkedHashSet<String>());
+            }
+            String member = "    ";
+            if (methodInfo.arrayAllocator) {
+                return;
+            } else if (methodInfo.allocator) {
+                member += subType + nonconstParamDeclaration + " : " + valueTypeName + "(";
+                for (int j = 0; j < callbackParameterTypes.length; j++) {
+                    member += "arg" + j;
+                    if (j < callbackParameterTypes.length - 1) {
+                        member += ", ";
+                    }
+                }
+                member += "), obj(NULL) { }";
+            } else {
+                Set<String> functionList = virtualFunctions.get(cls);
+                if (functionList == null) {
+                    virtualFunctions.put(cls, functionList = new LinkedHashSet<String>());
+                }
+                String usingLine = "using " + valueTypeName + "::" + methodInfo.memberName[0] + ";";
+                boolean needUsing = true;
+                for (String s : memberList) {
+                    if (s.split("\n", 2)[0].equals(member + usingLine)) {
+                        needUsing = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (needUsing) {
+                    member += usingLine + "\n    ";
+                }
+                member += "virtual " + returnConvention[0] + (returnConvention.length > 1 ? returnConvention[1] : "")
+                       +  methodInfo.memberName[0] + parameterDeclaration + ";\n    "
+                       +  returnConvention[0] + "super_" + methodInfo.memberName[0] + nonconstParamDeclaration + " { ";
+                if (methodInfo.method.getAnnotation(Virtual.class).value()) {
+                    member += "throw JavaCPP_exception(\"Cannot call a pure virtual function.\"); }";
+                } else {
+                    member += (callbackReturnType != void.class ? "return " : "") + valueTypeName + "::" + methodInfo.memberName[0] + "(";
+                    for (int j = 0; j < callbackParameterTypes.length; j++) {
+                        member += "arg" + j;
+                        if (j < callbackParameterTypes.length - 1) {
+                            member += ", ";
+                        }
+                    }
+                    member += "); }";
+                }
+                firstLine = returnConvention[0] + (returnConvention.length > 1 ? returnConvention[1] : "")
+                        + subType + "::" + methodInfo.memberName[0] + parameterDeclaration + " {";
+                functionList.add(fieldName);
+            }
+            memberList.add(member);
+        } else if (callbackName != null) {
+            callbacks.index("static " + instanceTypeName + " " + callbackName + "_instance;");
+            Convention convention = cls.getAnnotation(Convention.class);
+            if (convention != null && !convention.extern().equals("C")) {
+                out.println("extern \"" + convention.extern() + "\" {");
+                if (out2 != null) {
+                    out2.println("extern \"" + convention.extern() + "\" {");
+                }
+            }
+            if (out2 != null) {
+                out2.println("JNIIMPORT " + returnConvention[0] + (returnConvention.length > 1 ?
+                        returnConvention[1] : "") + callbackName + parameterDeclaration + ";");
+            }
+            out.println("JNIEXPORT " + returnConvention[0] + (returnConvention.length > 1 ?
+                    returnConvention[1] : "") + callbackName + parameterDeclaration + " {");
+            out.print((callbackReturnType != void.class ? "    return " : "    ") + callbackName + "_instance(");
+            for (int j = 0; j < callbackParameterTypes.length; j++) {
+                out.print("arg" + j);
+                if (j < callbackParameterTypes.length - 1) {
+                    out.print(", ");
+                }
+            }
+            out.println(");");
+            out.println("}");
+            if (convention != null && !convention.extern().equals("C")) {
+                out.println("}");
+                if (out2 != null) {
+                    out2.println("}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            firstLine = returnConvention[0] + instanceTypeName + "::operator()" + parameterDeclaration + " {";
+        }
+
+        if (!needDefinition) {
+            return;
+        }
+        out.println(firstLine);
+
+        String returnPrefix = "";
+        if (callbackReturnType != void.class) {
+            out.println("    " + jniTypeName(callbackReturnType) + " rarg = 0;");
+            returnPrefix = "rarg = ";
+            if (callbackReturnType == String.class) {
+                returnPrefix += "(jstring)";
+            }
+        }
+        String callbackReturnCast = cast(callbackReturnType, callbackAnnotations);
+        Annotation returnBy = by(callbackAnnotations);
+        String[] returnTypeName = cppTypeName(callbackReturnType);
+        String returnValueTypeName = valueTypeName(returnTypeName);
+        AdapterInformation returnAdapterInfo = adapterInformation(false, returnValueTypeName, callbackAnnotations);
+
+        out.println("    jthrowable exc = NULL;");
+        out.println("    JNIEnv* env;");
+        out.println("    bool attached = JavaCPP_getEnv(&env);");
+        out.println("    if (env == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        goto end;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("{");
+        if (callbackParameterTypes.length > 0) {
+            out.println("    jvalue args[" + callbackParameterTypes.length + "];");
+            for (int j = 0; j < callbackParameterTypes.length; j++) {
+                if (callbackParameterTypes[j].isPrimitive()) {
+                    out.println("    args[" + j + "]." +
+                            signature(callbackParameterTypes[j]).toLowerCase() + " = (" +
+                            jniTypeName(callbackParameterTypes[j]) + ")arg" + j + ";");
+                } else {
+                    Annotation passBy = by(callbackParameterAnnotations[j]);
+                    String[] typeName = cppTypeName(callbackParameterTypes[j]);
+                    String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                    AdapterInformation adapterInfo = adapterInformation(false, valueTypeName, callbackParameterAnnotations[j]);
+
+                    if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                        usesAdapters = true;
+                        out.println("    " + adapterInfo.name + " adapter" + j + "(arg" + j + ");");
+                    }
+
+                    if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j]) ||
+                            Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j]) ||
+                            (callbackParameterTypes[j].isArray() &&
+                             callbackParameterTypes[j].getComponentType().isPrimitive())) {
+                        String cast = "(" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")";
+                        if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j])) {
+                            functions.index(callbackParameterTypes[j]);
+                            typeName[0] = functionClassName(callbackParameterTypes[j]) + "*";
+                            typeName[1] = "";
+                            valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                        } else if (virtualFunctions.containsKey(callbackParameterTypes[j])) {
+                            String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(valueTypeName);
+                            valueTypeName = subType;
+                        }
+                        out.println("    " + jniTypeName(callbackParameterTypes[j]) + " obj" + j + " = NULL;");
+                        out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " ptr" + j + typeName[1] + " = NULL;");
+                        if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j])) {
+                            out.println("    ptr" + j + " = new (std::nothrow) " + valueTypeName + ";");
+                            out.println("    if (ptr" + j + " != NULL) {");
+                            out.println("        ptr" + j + "->ptr = " + cast + "&arg" + j + ";");
+                            out.println("    }");
+                        } else if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                            out.println("    ptr" + j + " = adapter" + j + ";");
+                        } else if (passBy instanceof ByVal && callbackParameterTypes[j] != Pointer.class) {
+                            out.println("    ptr" + j + (noException(callbackParameterTypes[j], callbackMethod) ?
+                                " = new (std::nothrow) " : " = new ") + valueTypeName + typeName[1] +
+                                "(*" + cast + "&arg" + j + ");");
+                        } else if (passBy instanceof ByVal || passBy instanceof ByRef) {
+                            out.println("    ptr" + j + " = " + cast + "&arg" + j + ";");
+                        } else if (passBy instanceof ByPtrPtr) {
+                            out.println("    if (arg" + j + " == NULL) {");
+                            out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Pointer address of argument " + j + " is NULL in callback for " + cls.getCanonicalName() + ".\");");
+                            out.println("    } else {");
+                            out.println("        ptr" + j + " = " + cast + "*arg" + j + ";");
+                            out.println("    }");
+                        } else { // ByPtr || ByPtrRef
+                            out.println("    ptr" + j + " = " + cast + "arg" + j + ";");
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    boolean needInit = false;
+                    if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                        if (callbackParameterTypes[j] != String.class) {
+                            out.println("    jlong size" + j + " = (jlong)adapter" + j + ".size;");
+                            out.println("    void* owner" + j + " = adapter" + j + ".owner;");
+                            out.println("    void (*deallocator" + j + ")(void*) = &" + adapterInfo.name + "::deallocate;");
+                        }
+                        needInit = true;
+                    } else if ((passBy instanceof ByVal && callbackParameterTypes[j] != Pointer.class) ||
+                            FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j])) {
+                        out.println("    jlong size" + j + " = 1;");
+                        out.println("    void* owner" + j + " = ptr" + j + ";");
+                        out.println("    void (*deallocator" + j + ")(void*) = &JavaCPP_" +
+                                mangle(callbackParameterTypes[j].getName()) + "_deallocate;");
+                        deallocators.index(callbackParameterTypes[j]);
+                        needInit = true;
+                    }
+
+                    if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j])) {
+                        String s = "    obj" + j + " = JavaCPP_createPointer(env, " + jclasses.index(callbackParameterTypes[j]) + ");";
+                        adapterInfo = adapterInformation(true, valueTypeName, callbackParameterAnnotations[j]);
+                        if (adapterInfo != null || passBy instanceof ByPtrPtr || passBy instanceof ByPtrRef) {
+                            out.println(s);
+                        } else {
+                            out.println("    if (ptr" + j + " != NULL) { ");
+                            out.println("    " + s);
+                            out.println("    }");
+                        }
+                        out.println("    if (obj" + j + " != NULL) { ");
+                        if (needInit) {
+                            out.println("        JavaCPP_initPointer(env, obj" + j + ", ptr" + j + ", size" + j + ", owner" + j + ", deallocator" + j + ");");
+                        } else {
+                            out.println("        env->SetLongField(obj" + j + ", JavaCPP_addressFID, ptr_to_jlong(ptr" + j + "));");
+                        }
+                        out.println("    }");
+                        out.println("    args[" + j + "].l = obj" + j + ";");
+                    } else if (callbackParameterTypes[j] == String.class) {
+                        passesStrings = true;
+                        out.println("    jstring obj" + j + " = JavaCPP_createString(env, (const char*)" + (adapterInfo != null ? "adapter" : "arg") + j + ");");
+                        out.println("    args[" + j + "].l = obj" + j + ";");
+                    } else if (callbackParameterTypes[j].isArray() &&
+                            callbackParameterTypes[j].getComponentType().isPrimitive()) {
+                        if (adapterInfo == null) {
+                            out.println("    jlong size" + j + " = ptr" + j + " != NULL ? 1 : 0;");
+                        }
+                        String componentType = callbackParameterTypes[j].getComponentType().getName();
+                        String S = Character.toUpperCase(componentType.charAt(0)) + componentType.substring(1);
+                        out.println("    if (ptr" + j + " != NULL) {");
+                        out.println("        obj" + j + " = env->New" + S + "Array(size" + j + " < INT_MAX ? size" + j + " : INT_MAX);");
+                        out.println("        env->Set" + S + "ArrayRegion(obj" + j + ", 0, size" + j + " < INT_MAX ? size" + j + " : INT_MAX, (j" + componentType + "*)ptr" + j + ");");
+                        out.println("    }");
+                        if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                            out.println("    if (deallocator" + j + " != 0 && ptr" + j + " != NULL) {");
+                            out.println("        (*(void(*)(void*))jlong_to_ptr(deallocator" + j + "))((void*)ptr" + j + ");");
+                            out.println("    }");
+                        }
+                    } else if (Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j])) {
+                        if (adapterInfo == null) {
+                            out.println("    jlong size" + j + " = ptr" + j + " != NULL ? 1 : 0;");
+                        }
+                        out.println("    if (ptr" + j + " != NULL) {");
+                        out.println("        jlong sizeptr = size" + j + " * sizeof(ptr" + j + "[0]);");
+                        out.println("        obj" + j + " = env->NewDirectByteBuffer((void*)ptr" + j + ", sizeptr < INT_MAX ? sizeptr : INT_MAX);");
+                        out.println("    }");
+                    } else {
+                        logger.warn("Callback \"" + callbackMethod + "\" has unsupported parameter type \"" +
+                                callbackParameterTypes[j].getCanonicalName() + "\". Compilation will most likely fail.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            out.println("    if (" + fieldName + " == NULL) {");
+            out.println("        " + fieldName + " = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, " + jclasses.index(cls) + ", \"" + methodInfo.method.getName() + "\", \"(" +
+                    signature(methodInfo.method.getParameterTypes()) + ")" + signature(methodInfo.method.getReturnType()) + "\");");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    jmethodID mid = " + fieldName + ";");
+        } else if (callbackName != null) {
+            out.println("    if (obj == NULL) {");
+            out.println("        obj = JavaCPP_createPointer(env, " + jclasses.index(cls) + ");");
+            out.println("        obj = obj == NULL ? NULL : env->NewGlobalRef(obj);");
+            out.println("        if (obj == NULL) {");
+            out.println("            JavaCPP_log(\"Error creating global reference of " + cls.getCanonicalName() + " instance for callback.\");");
+            out.println("        } else {");
+            out.println("            env->SetLongField(obj, JavaCPP_addressFID, ptr_to_jlong(this));");
+            out.println("        }");
+            out.println("        ptr = &" + callbackName + ";");
+            out.println("    }");
+            out.println("    if (mid == NULL) {");
+            out.println("        mid = JavaCPP_getMethodID(env, " + jclasses.index(cls) + ", \"" + callbackMethod.getName() + "\", \"(" +
+                    signature(callbackMethod.getParameterTypes()) + ")" + signature(callbackMethod.getReturnType()) + "\");");
+            out.println("    }");
+        }
+        out.println("    if (env->IsSameObject(obj, NULL)) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Function pointer object is NULL in callback for " + cls.getCanonicalName() + ".\");");
+        out.println("    } else if (mid == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Error getting method ID of function caller \\\"" + callbackMethod + "\\\" for callback.\");");
+        out.println("    } else {");
+        String s = "Object";
+        if (callbackReturnType.isPrimitive()) {
+            s = callbackReturnType.getName();
+            s = Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(0)) + s.substring(1);
+        }
+        out.println("        " + returnPrefix + "env->Call" + s + "MethodA(obj, mid, " + (callbackParameterTypes.length == 0 ? "NULL);" : "args);"));
+        out.println("        if ((exc = env->ExceptionOccurred()) != NULL) {");
+        out.println("            env->ExceptionClear();");
+        out.println("        }");
+        out.println("    }");
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < callbackParameterTypes.length; j++) {
+            if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackParameterTypes[j])) {
+                String[] typeName = cppTypeName(callbackParameterTypes[j]);
+                Annotation passBy = by(callbackParameterAnnotations[j]);
+                String cast = cast(callbackParameterTypes[j], callbackParameterAnnotations[j]);
+                String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+                AdapterInformation adapterInfo = adapterInformation(true, valueTypeName, callbackParameterAnnotations[j]);
+
+                if ("void*".equals(typeName[0]) && !callbackParameterTypes[j].isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                    typeName[0] = "char*";
+                }
+                if (adapterInfo != null || passBy instanceof ByPtrPtr || passBy instanceof ByPtrRef) {
+                    out.println("    " + typeName[0] + " rptr" + j + typeName[1] + " = (" +
+                            typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")jlong_to_ptr(env->GetLongField(obj" + j + ", JavaCPP_addressFID));");
+                    if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println("    jlong rsize" + j + " = env->GetLongField(obj" + j + ", JavaCPP_limitFID);");
+                        out.println("    void* rowner" + j + " = JavaCPP_getPointerOwner(env, obj" + j + ");");
+                    }
+                    if (!callbackParameterTypes[j].isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                        out.println("    jlong rposition" + j + " = env->GetLongField(obj" + j + ", JavaCPP_positionFID);");
+                        out.println("    rptr" + j + " += rposition" + j + ";");
+                        if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                            out.println("    rsize" + j + " -= rposition" + j + ";");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (adapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println("    adapter" + j + ".assign(rptr" + j + ", rsize" + j + ", rowner" + j + ");");
+                    } else if (passBy instanceof ByPtrPtr) {
+                        out.println("    if (arg" + j + " != NULL) {");
+                        out.println("        *arg" + j + " = *" + cast + "&rptr" + j + ";");
+                        out.println("    }");
+                    } else if (passBy instanceof ByPtrRef) {
+                        out.println("    arg"  + j + " = " + cast + "rptr" + j + ";");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (!callbackParameterTypes[j].isPrimitive()) {
+                out.println("    env->DeleteLocalRef(obj" + j + ");");
+            }
+        }
+        out.println("}");
+        out.println("end:");
+
+        if (callbackReturnType != void.class) {
+            if ("void*".equals(returnTypeName[0]) && !callbackReturnType.isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                returnTypeName[0] = "char*";
+            }
+            if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackReturnType)) {
+                out.println("    " + returnTypeName[0] + " rptr" + returnTypeName[1] + " = rarg == NULL ? NULL : (" +
+                        returnTypeName[0] + returnTypeName[1] + ")jlong_to_ptr(env->GetLongField(rarg, JavaCPP_addressFID));");
+                if (returnAdapterInfo != null) {
+                    out.println("    jlong rsize = rarg == NULL ? 0 : env->GetLongField(rarg, JavaCPP_limitFID);");
+                    out.println("    void* rowner = JavaCPP_getPointerOwner(env, rarg);");
+                }
+                if (!callbackReturnType.isAnnotationPresent(Opaque.class)) {
+                    out.println("    jlong rposition = rarg == NULL ? 0 : env->GetLongField(rarg, JavaCPP_positionFID);");
+                    out.println("    rptr += rposition;");
+                    if (returnAdapterInfo != null) {
+                        out.println("    rsize -= rposition;");
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (callbackReturnType == String.class) {
+                passesStrings = true;
+                out.println("    " + returnTypeName[0] + " rptr" + returnTypeName[1] + " = JavaCPP_getStringBytes(env, rarg);");
+                if (returnAdapterInfo != null) {
+                    out.println("    jlong rsize = 0;");
+                    out.println("    void* rowner = (void*)rptr");
+                }
+            } else if (Buffer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackReturnType)) {
+                out.println("    " + returnTypeName[0] + " rptr" + returnTypeName[1] + " = rarg == NULL ? NULL : env->GetDirectBufferAddress(rarg);");
+                if (returnAdapterInfo != null) {
+                    out.println("    jlong rsize = rarg == NULL ? 0 : env->GetDirectBufferCapacity(rarg);");
+                    out.println("    void* rowner = (void*)rptr;");
+                }
+            } else if (!callbackReturnType.isPrimitive()) {
+                logger.warn("Callback \"" + callbackMethod + "\" has unsupported return type \"" +
+                        callbackReturnType.getCanonicalName() + "\". Compilation will most likely fail.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        passesStrings = true;
+        out.println("    if (exc != NULL) {");
+        out.println("        jstring str = (jstring)env->CallObjectMethod(exc, JavaCPP_toStringMID);");
+        out.println("        env->DeleteLocalRef(exc);");
+        out.println("        const char *msg = JavaCPP_getStringBytes(env, str);");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_exception e(msg);");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_releaseStringBytes(env, str, msg);");
+        out.println("        env->DeleteLocalRef(str);");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_detach(attached);");
+        out.println("        throw e;");
+        out.println("    } else {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_detach(attached);");
+        out.println("    }");
+
+        if (callbackReturnType != void.class) {
+            if (callbackReturnType.isPrimitive()) {
+                out.println("    return " + callbackReturnCast + "rarg;");
+            } else if (returnAdapterInfo != null) {
+                usesAdapters = true;
+                out.println("    return " + returnAdapterInfo.name + "(" + callbackReturnCast + "rptr, rsize, rowner);");
+            } else if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(callbackReturnType)) {
+                functions.index(callbackReturnType);
+                out.println("    return " + callbackReturnCast + "(rptr == NULL ? NULL : rptr->ptr);");
+            } else if (returnBy instanceof ByVal || returnBy instanceof ByRef) {
+                out.println("    if (rptr == NULL) {");
+                out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Return pointer address is NULL in callback for " + cls.getCanonicalName() + ".\");");
+                out.println("        static " + returnConvention[0] + " empty" + returnTypeName[1] + ";");
+                out.println("        return empty;");
+                out.println("    } else {");
+                out.println("        return *" + callbackReturnCast + "rptr;");
+                out.println("    }");
+            } else if (returnBy instanceof ByPtrPtr) {
+                out.println("    return " + callbackReturnCast + "&rptr;");
+            } else { // ByPtr || ByPtrRef
+                out.println("    return " + callbackReturnCast + "rptr;");
+            }
+        }
+        out.println("}");
+    }
+
+    void callbackAllocator(Class cls, String callbackName) {
+        // XXX: Here, we should actually allocate new trampolines on the heap somehow...
+        // For now it just bumps out from the global variable the last object that called this method
+        String[] typeName = cppTypeName(cls);
+        String instanceTypeName = functionClassName(cls);
+        out.println("    obj = env->NewWeakGlobalRef(obj);");
+        out.println("    if (obj == NULL) {");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_log(\"Error creating global reference of " + cls.getCanonicalName() + " instance for callback.\");");
+        out.println("        return;");
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("    " + instanceTypeName + "* rptr = new (std::nothrow) " + instanceTypeName + ";");
+        out.println("    if (rptr != NULL) {");
+        out.println("        rptr->ptr = " + (callbackName == null ? "(" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")jlong_to_ptr(arg0)" : "&" + callbackName) + ";");
+        out.println("        rptr->obj = obj;");
+        out.println("        JavaCPP_initPointer(env, obj, rptr, 1, rptr, &JavaCPP_" + mangle(cls.getName()) + "_deallocate);");
+        deallocators.index(cls);
+        if (callbackName != null) {
+            out.println("        " + callbackName + "_instance = *rptr;");
+        }
+        out.println("    }");
+        out.println("}");
+    }
+
+    boolean checkPlatform(Class<?> cls) {
+        // check in priority this class for platform information, before the enclosing class
+        Class<?> enclosingClass = Loader.getEnclosingClass(cls);
+        while (!cls.isAnnotationPresent(org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties.class)
+                && !cls.isAnnotationPresent(Platform.class) && cls.getSuperclass() != null) {
+            if (enclosingClass != null && cls.getSuperclass() == Object.class) {
+                cls = enclosingClass;
+                enclosingClass = null;
+            } else {
+                cls = cls.getSuperclass();
+            }
+        }
+
+        org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties classProperties =
+                cls.getAnnotation(org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties.class);
+        if (classProperties != null) {
+            Class[] classes = classProperties.inherit();
+
+            // get default platform names, searching in inherited classes as well
+            String[] defaultNames = classProperties.names();
+            Deque<Class> queue = new ArrayDeque<Class>(Arrays.asList(classes));
+            while (queue.size() > 0 && (defaultNames == null || defaultNames.length == 0)) {
+                Class<?> c = queue.removeFirst();
+                org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties p =
+                        c.getAnnotation(org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties.class);
+                if (p != null) {
+                    defaultNames = p.names();
+                    queue.addAll(Arrays.asList(p.inherit()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // check in priority the platforms inside our properties annotation, before inherited ones
+            Platform[] platforms = classProperties.value();
+            if (platforms != null) {
+                for (Platform p : platforms) {
+                    if (checkPlatform(p, defaultNames)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (classes != null) {
+                for (Class c : classes) {
+                    if (checkPlatform(c)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (checkPlatform(cls.getAnnotation(Platform.class), null)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    boolean checkPlatform(Platform platform, String[] defaultNames) {
+        if (platform == null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (defaultNames == null) {
+            defaultNames = new String[0];
+        }
+        String platform2 = properties.getProperty("platform");
+        String[][] names = { platform.value().length > 0 ? platform.value() : defaultNames, platform.not() };
+        boolean[] matches = { false, false };
+        for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
+            for (String s : names[i]) {
+                if (platform2.startsWith(s)) {
+                    matches[i] = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if ((names[0].length == 0 || matches[0]) && (names[1].length == 0 || !matches[1])) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static String functionClassName(Class<?> cls) {
+        Name name = cls.getAnnotation(Name.class);
+        return name != null ? name.value()[0] : "JavaCPP_" + mangle(cls.getName());
+    }
+
+    static Method[] functionMethods(Class<?> cls, boolean[] callbackAllocators) {
+        if (!FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(cls)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Method[] methods = cls.getDeclaredMethods();
+        Method[] functionMethods = new Method[3];
+        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
+            String methodName = methods[i].getName();
+            int modifiers = methods[i].getModifiers();
+            Class[] parameterTypes = methods[i].getParameterTypes();
+            Class returnType = methods[i].getReturnType();
+            if (Modifier.isStatic(modifiers)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (callbackAllocators != null && methodName.startsWith("allocate") &&
+                    Modifier.isNative(modifiers) && returnType == void.class &&
+                    (parameterTypes.length == 0 || (parameterTypes.length == 1 &&
+                    (parameterTypes[0] == int.class || parameterTypes[0] == long.class)))) {
+                // found a callback allocator method
+                callbackAllocators[i] = true;
+            } else if (methodName.startsWith("call") || methodName.startsWith("apply")) {
+                // found a function caller method and/or callback method
+                functionMethods[0] = methods[i];
+            } else if (methodName.startsWith("get") && Modifier.isNative(modifiers)) {
+                functionMethods[1] = methods[i];
+            } else if (methodName.startsWith("put") && Modifier.isNative(modifiers)) {
+                functionMethods[2] = methods[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return (functionMethods[0] != null || functionMethods[1] != null || functionMethods[2] != null) ?
+                functionMethods : null;
+    }
+
+    MethodInformation methodInformation(Method method) {
+        MethodInformation info = new MethodInformation();
+        info.cls         = method.getDeclaringClass();
+        info.method      = method;
+        info.annotations = method.getAnnotations();
+        info.modifiers   = method.getModifiers();
+        info.returnType  = method.getReturnType();
+        info.name = method.getName();
+        Name name = method.getAnnotation(Name.class);
+        info.memberName = name != null ? name.value() : new String[] { info.name };
+        Index index = method.getAnnotation(Index.class);
+        info.dim    = index != null ? index.value() : 0;
+        info.parameterTypes       = method.getParameterTypes();
+        info.parameterAnnotations = method.getParameterAnnotations();
+        info.returnRaw = method.isAnnotationPresent(Raw.class);
+        info.withEnv = info.returnRaw ? method.getAnnotation(Raw.class).withEnv() : false;
+        info.parameterRaw = new boolean[info.parameterAnnotations.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < info.parameterAnnotations.length; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < info.parameterAnnotations[i].length; j++) {
+                if (info.parameterAnnotations[i][j] instanceof Raw) {
+                    info.parameterRaw[i] = true;
+                    info.withEnv |= ((Raw)info.parameterAnnotations[i][j]).withEnv();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean canBeGetter =  info.returnType != void.class || (info.parameterTypes.length > 0 &&
+                info.parameterTypes[0].isArray() && info.parameterTypes[0].getComponentType().isPrimitive());
+        boolean canBeSetter = (info.returnType == void.class ||
+                info.returnType == info.cls) && info.parameterTypes.length > 0;
+        boolean canBeAllocator = !Modifier.isStatic(info.modifiers) && info.returnType == void.class;
+        boolean canBeArrayAllocator = canBeAllocator && info.parameterTypes.length == 1 &&
+                (info.parameterTypes[0] == int.class || info.parameterTypes[0] == long.class);
+
+        boolean valueGetter = false;
+        boolean valueSetter = false;
+        boolean memberGetter = false;
+        boolean memberSetter = false;
+        boolean noReturnGetter = false;
+        Method pairedMethod = null;
+        for (Method method2 : info.cls.getDeclaredMethods()) {
+            MethodInformation info2 = annotationCache.get(method2);
+            if (info2 == null) {
+                annotationCache.put(method2, info2 = new MethodInformation());
+                info2.modifiers            = method2.getModifiers();
+                info2.returnType           = method2.getReturnType();
+                info2.name                 = method2.getName();
+                info2.parameterTypes       = method2.getParameterTypes();
+                info2.annotations          = method2.getAnnotations();
+                info2.parameterAnnotations = method2.getParameterAnnotations();
+            }
+            int skipParameters = info.parameterTypes.length > 0 && info.parameterTypes[0] == Class.class ? 1 : 0;
+            int skipParameters2 = info2.parameterTypes.length > 0 && info2.parameterTypes[0] == Class.class ? 1 : 0;
+
+            if (method.equals(method2) || !Modifier.isNative(info2.modifiers)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            boolean canBeValueGetter = false;
+            boolean canBeValueSetter = false;
+            boolean canBeMemberGetter = false;
+            boolean canBeMemberSetter = false;
+            if (canBeGetter && "get".equals(info.name) && "put".equals(info2.name)) {
+                canBeValueGetter = true;
+            } else if (canBeSetter && "put".equals(info.name) && "get".equals(info2.name)) {
+                canBeValueSetter = true;
+            } else if (info2.name.equals(info.name)) {
+                info.overloaded = true;
+                canBeMemberGetter = canBeGetter;
+                canBeMemberSetter = canBeSetter;
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            boolean sameIndexParameters = true;
+            for (int j = 0; j < info.parameterTypes.length - skipParameters && j < info2.parameterTypes.length - skipParameters2; j++) {
+                if (info.parameterTypes[j + skipParameters] != info2.parameterTypes[j + skipParameters2]) {
+                    sameIndexParameters = false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!sameIndexParameters) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            boolean parameterAsReturn = canBeValueGetter && info.parameterTypes.length > 0 &&
+                    info.parameterTypes[0].isArray() && info.parameterTypes[0].getComponentType().isPrimitive();
+            boolean parameterAsReturn2 = canBeValueSetter && info2.parameterTypes.length > 0 &&
+                    info2.parameterTypes[0].isArray() && info2.parameterTypes[0].getComponentType().isPrimitive();
+
+            if (canBeGetter && info2.parameterTypes.length - (parameterAsReturn ? 0 : 1) == info.parameterTypes.length - skipParameters
+                    && (parameterAsReturn ? info.parameterTypes[info.parameterTypes.length - 1] : info.returnType) ==
+                        info2.parameterTypes[info2.parameterTypes.length - 1] && (info2.returnType == void.class || info2.returnType == info.cls)
+                    && (info2.parameterAnnotations[info2.parameterAnnotations.length - 1].length == 0
+                        || (Arrays.equals(info2.parameterAnnotations[info2.parameterAnnotations.length - 1], info.annotations)))) {
+                pairedMethod = method2;
+                valueGetter  = canBeValueGetter;
+                memberGetter = canBeMemberGetter;
+                noReturnGetter = parameterAsReturn;
+            } else if (canBeSetter && info.parameterTypes.length - (parameterAsReturn2 ? 0 : 1) == info2.parameterTypes.length - skipParameters2
+                    && (parameterAsReturn2 ? info2.parameterTypes[info2.parameterTypes.length - 1] : info2.returnType) ==
+                        info.parameterTypes[info.parameterTypes.length - 1] && (info.returnType == void.class || info.returnType == info.cls)
+                    && (info.parameterAnnotations[info.parameterAnnotations.length - 1].length == 0
+                        || (Arrays.equals(info.parameterAnnotations[info.parameterAnnotations.length - 1], info2.annotations)))) {
+                pairedMethod = method2;
+                valueSetter  = canBeValueSetter;
+                memberSetter = canBeMemberSetter;
+            }
+
+            if (memberGetter || memberSetter) {
+                for (int j = skipParameters; j < info.parameterTypes.length; j++) {
+                    if (!method.isAnnotationPresent(Index.class) && (pairedMethod == null || !pairedMethod.isAnnotationPresent(Index.class))
+                            && info.parameterTypes[j] != int.class && info.parameterTypes[j] != long.class) {
+                        memberGetter = false;
+                        if (j < info.parameterTypes.length - 1) {
+                            memberSetter = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Annotation behavior = behavior(info.annotations);
+        if (canBeGetter && behavior instanceof ValueGetter) {
+            info.valueGetter = true;
+            info.noReturnGetter = noReturnGetter;
+        } else if (canBeSetter && behavior instanceof ValueSetter) {
+            info.valueSetter = true;
+        } else if (canBeGetter && behavior instanceof MemberGetter) {
+            info.memberGetter = true;
+            info.noReturnGetter = noReturnGetter;
+        } else if (canBeSetter && behavior instanceof MemberSetter) {
+            info.memberSetter = true;
+        } else if (canBeAllocator && behavior instanceof Allocator) {
+            info.allocator = true;
+        } else if (canBeArrayAllocator && behavior instanceof ArrayAllocator) {
+            info.allocator = info.arrayAllocator = true;
+        } else if (behavior == null) {
+            // try to guess the behavior of the method
+            if (info.returnType == void.class && "deallocate".equals(info.name) &&
+                    !Modifier.isStatic(info.modifiers) && info.parameterTypes.length == 2 &&
+                    info.parameterTypes[0] == long.class && info.parameterTypes[1] == long.class) {
+                info.deallocator = true;
+            } else if (canBeAllocator && "allocate".equals(info.name)) {
+                info.allocator = true;
+            } else if (canBeArrayAllocator && "allocateArray".equals(info.name)) {
+                info.allocator = info.arrayAllocator = true;
+            } else if (info.returnType.isAssignableFrom(ByteBuffer.class) && "asDirectBuffer".equals(info.name) &&
+                    !Modifier.isStatic(info.modifiers) && info.parameterTypes.length == 0) {
+                info.bufferGetter = true;
+            } else if (valueGetter) {
+                info.valueGetter = true;
+                info.noReturnGetter = noReturnGetter;
+                info.pairedMethod = pairedMethod;
+            } else if (valueSetter) {
+                info.valueSetter = true;
+                info.pairedMethod = pairedMethod;
+            } else if (memberGetter) {
+                info.memberGetter = true;
+                info.noReturnGetter = noReturnGetter;
+                info.pairedMethod = pairedMethod;
+            } else if (memberSetter) {
+                info.memberSetter = true;
+                info.pairedMethod = pairedMethod;
+            }
+        } else if (!(behavior instanceof Function)) {
+            logger.warn("Method \"" + method + "\" cannot behave like a \"" +
+                    behavior.annotationType().getSimpleName() + "\". No code will be generated.");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (name == null && info.pairedMethod != null) {
+            name = info.pairedMethod.getAnnotation(Name.class);
+            if (name != null) {
+                info.memberName = name.value();
+            }
+        }
+
+        info.noOffset = info.cls.isAnnotationPresent(NoOffset.class) ||
+                          method.isAnnotationPresent(NoOffset.class) ||
+                          method.isAnnotationPresent(Index.class);
+        if (!info.noOffset && info.pairedMethod != null) {
+            info.noOffset = info.pairedMethod.isAnnotationPresent(NoOffset.class) ||
+                            info.pairedMethod.isAnnotationPresent(Index.class);
+        }
+
+        if (info.parameterTypes.length == 0 || !info.parameterTypes[0].isArray()) {
+            if (info.valueGetter || info.memberGetter) {
+                info.dim = info.parameterTypes.length;
+            } else if (info.memberSetter || info.valueSetter) {
+                info.dim = info.parameterTypes.length-1;
+            }
+            if ((info.valueGetter || info.valueSetter)
+                    && FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(info.cls)
+                    && info.cls.isAnnotationPresent(Namespace.class)) {
+                // a member pointer where the first argument is the object
+                info.dim--;
+            }
+        }
+
+        info.throwsException = null;
+        if (!noException(info.cls, method)) {
+            if ((by(info.annotations) instanceof ByVal && !noException(info.returnType, method)) ||
+                    !info.deallocator && !info.valueGetter && !info.valueSetter &&
+                    !info.memberGetter && !info.memberSetter && !info.bufferGetter) {
+                Class<?>[] exceptions = method.getExceptionTypes();
+                info.throwsException = exceptions.length > 0 ? exceptions[0] : RuntimeException.class;
+            }
+        }
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    static boolean noException(Class<?> cls, Method method) {
+        boolean noException = baseClasses.contains(cls) ||
+                method.isAnnotationPresent(NoException.class);
+        while (!noException && cls != null) {
+            if (noException = cls.isAnnotationPresent(NoException.class)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            cls = cls.getDeclaringClass();
+        }
+        return noException;
+    }
+
+    AdapterInformation adapterInformation(boolean out, MethodInformation methodInfo, int j) {
+        if (out && (methodInfo.parameterTypes[j] == String.class || methodInfo.valueSetter || methodInfo.memberSetter)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        String typeName = cast(methodInfo, j);
+        if (typeName != null && typeName.startsWith("(") && typeName.endsWith(")")) {
+            typeName = typeName.substring(1, typeName.length()-1);
+        }
+        if (typeName == null || typeName.length() == 0) {
+            typeName = cppCastTypeName(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j], methodInfo.parameterAnnotations[j])[0];
+        }
+        String valueTypeName = valueTypeName(typeName);
+        AdapterInformation adapter = adapterInformation(out, valueTypeName, methodInfo.parameterAnnotations[j]);
+        if (adapter == null && methodInfo.pairedMethod != null && j == methodInfo.parameterTypes.length - 1 &&
+                (methodInfo.valueSetter || methodInfo.memberSetter)) {
+            adapter = adapterInformation(out, valueTypeName, methodInfo.pairedMethod.getAnnotations());
+        }
+        return adapter;
+    }
+
+    AdapterInformation adapterInformation(boolean out, String valueTypeName, Annotation ... annotations) {
+        AdapterInformation adapterInfo = null;
+        boolean constant = false;
+        String cast = "", cast2 = "";
+        for (Annotation a : annotations) {
+            Adapter adapter = a instanceof Adapter ? (Adapter)a : a.annotationType().getAnnotation(Adapter.class);
+            if (adapter != null) {
+                adapterInfo = new AdapterInformation();
+                adapterInfo.name = adapter.value();
+                adapterInfo.argc = adapter.argc();
+                if (a != adapter) {
+                    try {
+                        Class cls = a.annotationType();
+                        if (cls.isAnnotationPresent(Const.class)) {
+                            constant = true;
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            String value = cls.getDeclaredMethod("value").invoke(a).toString();
+                            if (value != null && value.length() > 0) {
+                                valueTypeName = value;
+                            }
+                            // else use inferred type
+                        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+                            // this adapter does not support a template type
+                            valueTypeName = null;
+                        }
+                        Cast c = (Cast)cls.getAnnotation(Cast.class);
+                        if (c != null && cast.length() == 0) {
+                            cast = c.value()[0];
+                            if (valueTypeName != null) {
+                                cast += "< " + valueTypeName + " >";
+                            }
+                            if (c.value().length > 1) {
+                                cast += c.value()[1];
+                            }
+                            if (c.value().length > 2) {
+                                cast2 = c.value()[2];
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } catch (Exception ex) { 
+                        logger.warn("Could not invoke the value() method on annotation \"" + a + "\": " + ex);
+                    }
+                    if (valueTypeName != null && valueTypeName.length() > 0) {
+                        adapterInfo.name += "< " + valueTypeName + " >";
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (a instanceof Const) {
+                constant = true;
+            } else if (a instanceof Cast) {
+                Cast c = ((Cast)a);
+                if (c.value().length > 1) {
+                    cast = c.value()[1];
+                }
+                if (c.value().length > 2) {
+                    cast2 = c.value()[2];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (adapterInfo != null) {
+            adapterInfo.cast = cast;
+            adapterInfo.cast2 = cast2;
+            adapterInfo.constant = constant;
+        }
+        return out && constant ? null : adapterInfo;
+    }
+
+    String cast(MethodInformation methodInfo, int j) {
+        String cast = cast(methodInfo.parameterTypes[j], methodInfo.parameterAnnotations[j]);
+        if ((cast == null || cast.length() == 0) && j == methodInfo.parameterTypes.length-1 &&
+                (methodInfo.valueSetter || methodInfo.memberSetter) && methodInfo.pairedMethod != null) {
+            cast = cast(methodInfo.pairedMethod.getReturnType(), methodInfo.pairedMethod.getAnnotations());
+        }
+        return cast;
+    }
+
+    String cast(Class<?> type, Annotation ... annotations) {
+        String[] typeName = null;
+        for (Annotation a : annotations) {
+            if ((a instanceof Cast && ((Cast)a).value()[0].length() > 0) || a instanceof Const) {
+                typeName = cppCastTypeName(type, annotations);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return typeName != null && typeName.length > 0 ? "(" + typeName[0] + typeName[1] + ")" : "";
+    }
+
+    Annotation by(MethodInformation methodInfo, int j) {
+        Annotation passBy = by(methodInfo.parameterAnnotations[j]);
+        if (passBy == null && methodInfo.pairedMethod != null &&
+                (methodInfo.valueSetter || methodInfo.memberSetter)) {
+            passBy = by(methodInfo.pairedMethod.getAnnotations());
+        }
+        return passBy;
+    }
+
+    Annotation by(Annotation ... annotations) {
+        Annotation byAnnotation = null;
+        for (Annotation a : annotations) {
+            if (a instanceof ByPtr || a instanceof ByPtrPtr || a instanceof ByPtrRef ||
+                    a instanceof ByRef || a instanceof ByVal) {
+                if (byAnnotation != null) {
+                    logger.warn("\"By\" annotation \"" + byAnnotation +
+                            "\" already found. Ignoring superfluous annotation \"" + a + "\".");
+                } else {
+                    byAnnotation = a;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return byAnnotation;
+    }
+
+    Annotation behavior(Annotation ... annotations) {
+        Annotation behaviorAnnotation = null;
+        for (Annotation a : annotations) {
+            if (a instanceof Function || a instanceof Allocator || a instanceof ArrayAllocator ||
+                    a instanceof ValueSetter || a instanceof ValueGetter ||
+                    a instanceof MemberGetter || a instanceof MemberSetter) {
+                if (behaviorAnnotation != null) {
+                    logger.warn("Behavior annotation \"" + behaviorAnnotation +
+                            "\" already found. Ignoring superfluous annotation \"" + a + "\".");
+                } else {
+                    behaviorAnnotation = a;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return behaviorAnnotation;
+    }
+
+    static String constValueTypeName(String ... typeName) {
+        String type = typeName[0];
+        if (type.endsWith("*") || type.endsWith("&")) {
+            type = type.substring(0, type.length()-1);
+        }
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    static String valueTypeName(String ... typeName) {
+        String type = typeName[0];
+        if (type.startsWith("const ")) {
+            type = type.substring(6, type.length()-1);
+        } else if (type.endsWith("*") || type.endsWith("&")) {
+            type = type.substring(0, type.length()-1);
+        }
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    String[] cppAnnotationTypeName(Class<?> type, Annotation ... annotations) {
+        String[] typeName = cppCastTypeName(type, annotations);
+        String prefix = typeName[0];
+        String suffix = typeName[1];
+
+        boolean casted = false;
+        for (Annotation a : annotations) {
+            if ((a instanceof Cast && ((Cast)a).value()[0].length() > 0) || a instanceof Const) {
+                casted = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Annotation by = by(annotations);
+        if (by instanceof ByVal) {
+            prefix = constValueTypeName(typeName);
+        } else if (by instanceof ByRef) {
+            prefix = constValueTypeName(typeName) + "&";
+        } else if (by instanceof ByPtrPtr && !casted) {
+            prefix = prefix + "*";
+        } else if (by instanceof ByPtrRef) {
+            prefix = prefix + "&";
+        } // else ByPtr
+
+        typeName[0] = prefix;
+        typeName[1] = suffix;
+        return typeName;
+    }
+
+    String[] cppCastTypeName(Class<?> type, Annotation ... annotations) {
+        String[] typeName = null;
+        boolean warning = false, adapter = false;
+        for (Annotation a : annotations) {
+            if (a instanceof Cast) {
+                warning = typeName != null;
+                String prefix = ((Cast)a).value()[0], suffix = "";
+                int parenthesis = prefix.indexOf(')');
+                if (parenthesis > 0) {
+                    suffix = prefix.substring(parenthesis).trim();
+                    prefix = prefix.substring(0, parenthesis).trim();
+                }
+                typeName = prefix.length() > 0 ? new String[] { prefix, suffix } : null;
+            } else if (a instanceof Const) {
+                if (warning = typeName != null) {
+                    // prioritize @Cast
+                    continue;
+                }
+                typeName = cppTypeName(type);
+                boolean[] b = ((Const)a).value();
+                if (b.length > 1 && b[1] && !typeName[0].endsWith(" const *")) {
+                    typeName[0] = valueTypeName(typeName) + " const *";
+                }
+                if (b.length > 0 && b[0] && !typeName[0].startsWith("const ")) {
+                    typeName[0] = "const " + typeName[0];
+                }
+                Annotation by = by(annotations);
+                if (by instanceof ByPtrPtr) {
+                    typeName[0] += "*";
+                } else if (by instanceof ByPtrRef) {
+                    typeName[0] += "&";
+                }
+            } else if (a instanceof Adapter || a.annotationType().isAnnotationPresent(Adapter.class)) {
+                adapter = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (warning && !adapter) {
+            logger.warn("Without \"Adapter\", \"Cast\" and \"Const\" annotations are mutually exclusive.");
+        }
+        if (typeName == null) {
+            typeName = cppTypeName(type);
+        }
+        return typeName;
+    }
+
+    String[] cppTypeName(Class<?> type) {
+        String prefix = "", suffix = "";
+        if (type == Buffer.class || type == Pointer.class) {
+            prefix = "void*";
+        } else if (type == byte[].class || type == ByteBuffer.class || type == BytePointer.class) {
+            prefix = "signed char*";
+        } else if (type == short[].class || type == ShortBuffer.class || type == ShortPointer.class) {
+            prefix = "short*";
+        } else if (type == int[].class || type == IntBuffer.class || type == IntPointer.class) {
+            prefix = "int*";
+        } else if (type == long[].class || type == LongBuffer.class || type == LongPointer.class) {
+            prefix = "jlong*";
+        } else if (type == float[].class || type == FloatBuffer.class || type == FloatPointer.class) {
+            prefix = "float*";
+        } else if (type == double[].class || type == DoubleBuffer.class || type == DoublePointer.class) {
+            prefix = "double*";
+        } else if (type == char[].class || type == CharBuffer.class || type == CharPointer.class) {
+            prefix = "unsigned short*";
+        } else if (type == boolean[].class) {
+            prefix = "unsigned char*";
+        } else if (type == PointerPointer.class) {
+            prefix = "void**";
+        } else if (type == String.class) {
+            prefix = "const char*";
+        } else if (type == byte.class) {
+            prefix = "signed char";
+        } else if (type == long.class) {
+            prefix = "jlong";
+        } else if (type == char.class) {
+            prefix = "unsigned short";
+        } else if (type == boolean.class) {
+            prefix = "unsigned char";
+        } else if (type.isPrimitive()) {
+            prefix = type.getName();
+        } else if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
+            Method[] functionMethods = functionMethods(type, null);
+            String[] prefixSuffix = cppFunctionTypeName(functionMethods);
+            if (prefixSuffix != null) {
+                return prefixSuffix;
+            }
+        } else {
+            String scopedType = cppScopeName(type);
+            if (scopedType.length() > 0) {
+                prefix = scopedType + "*";
+            } else {
+                logger.warn("The class " + type.getCanonicalName() +
+                        " does not map to any C++ type. Compilation will most likely fail.");
+            }
+        }
+        return new String[] { prefix, suffix };
+    }
+
+    String[] cppFunctionTypeName(Method... functionMethods) {
+        Method functionMethod = null;
+        if (functionMethods != null) {
+            for (Method m : functionMethods) {
+                if (m != null) {
+                    functionMethod = m;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (functionMethod == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        String prefix, suffix;
+        Class<?> type = functionMethod.getDeclaringClass();
+        Convention convention = type.getAnnotation(Convention.class);
+        String callingConvention = convention == null ? "" : convention.value() + " ";
+        // for virtual functions, the namespace is managed by the enclosing class
+        Namespace namespace = FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(type) ? type.getAnnotation(Namespace.class) : null;
+        if (namespace != null && namespace.value().length() == 0) {
+            // user reset of the namespace
+            namespace = null;
+        }
+        String spaceName = namespace == null ? "" : namespace.value();
+        if (spaceName.length() > 0 && !spaceName.endsWith("::")) {
+            spaceName += "::";
+        }
+        Class returnType = functionMethod.getReturnType();
+        Class[] parameterTypes = functionMethod.getParameterTypes();
+        Annotation[] annotations = functionMethod.getAnnotations();
+        Annotation[][] parameterAnnotations = functionMethod.getParameterAnnotations();
+        String[] returnTypeName = cppAnnotationTypeName(returnType, annotations);
+        AdapterInformation returnAdapterInfo = adapterInformation(false, valueTypeName(returnTypeName), annotations);
+        if (returnAdapterInfo != null && returnAdapterInfo.cast.length() > 0) {
+            prefix = returnAdapterInfo.cast;
+        } else {
+            prefix = returnTypeName[0] + returnTypeName[1];
+        }
+        prefix += " (" + callingConvention + spaceName + "*";
+        suffix = ")";
+        if (functionMethod == functionMethods[0]) {
+            // this is a real function, not get/put for a field pointer
+            suffix += "(";
+            if (FunctionPointer.class.isAssignableFrom(type) && namespace != null
+                    && (parameterTypes.length == 0 || !Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterTypes[0]))) {
+                logger.warn("First parameter of caller method call() or apply() for member function pointer " +
+                        type.getCanonicalName() + " is not a Pointer. Compilation will most likely fail.");
+            }
+            for (int j = namespace == null ? 0 : 1; j < parameterTypes.length; j++) {
+                String[] paramTypeName = cppAnnotationTypeName(parameterTypes[j], parameterAnnotations[j]);
+                AdapterInformation paramAdapterInfo = adapterInformation(false, valueTypeName(paramTypeName), parameterAnnotations[j]);
+                if (paramAdapterInfo != null && paramAdapterInfo.cast.length() > 0) {
+                    suffix += paramAdapterInfo.cast + " arg" + j;
+                } else {
+                    suffix += paramTypeName[0] + " arg" + j + paramTypeName[1];
+                }
+                if (j < parameterTypes.length - 1) {
+                    suffix += ", ";
+                }
+            }
+            suffix += ")";
+        }
+        if (type.isAnnotationPresent(Const.class)) {
+            suffix += " const";
+        }
+        return new String[] { prefix, suffix };
+    }
+
+    static String cppScopeName(MethodInformation methodInfo) {
+        String scopeName = cppScopeName(methodInfo.cls);
+        if (methodInfo.method.isAnnotationPresent(Virtual.class)) {
+            String subType = "JavaCPP_" + mangle(scopeName);
+            scopeName = subType;
+        }
+        Namespace namespace = methodInfo.method.getAnnotation(Namespace.class);
+        String spaceName = namespace == null ? "" : namespace.value();
+        if ((namespace != null && namespace.value().length() == 0) || spaceName.startsWith("::")) {
+            scopeName = ""; // user wants to reset namespace here
+        }
+        if (scopeName.length() > 0 && !scopeName.endsWith("::")) {
+            scopeName += "::";
+        }
+        scopeName += spaceName;
+        if (spaceName.length() > 0 && !spaceName.endsWith("::")) {
+            scopeName += "::";
+        }
+        return scopeName + methodInfo.memberName[0];
+    }
+
+    static String cppScopeName(Class<?> type) {
+        String scopeName = "";
+        while (type != null) {
+            Namespace namespace = type.getAnnotation(Namespace.class);
+            String spaceName = namespace == null ? "" : namespace.value();
+            if (Pointer.class.isAssignableFrom(type) && (!baseClasses.contains(type)
+                    || type.isAnnotationPresent(Name.class))) {
+                Name name = type.getAnnotation(Name.class);
+                String s;
+                if (name == null) {
+                    s = type.getName();
+                    int i = s.lastIndexOf("$");
+                    if (i < 0) {
+                        i = s.lastIndexOf(".");
+                    }
+                    s = s.substring(i+1);
+                } else {
+                    s = name.value()[0];
+                }
+                if (spaceName.length() > 0 && !spaceName.endsWith("::")) {
+                    spaceName += "::";
+                }
+                spaceName += s;
+            }
+            if (scopeName.length() > 0 && !scopeName.startsWith("class ") && !scopeName.startsWith("struct ")
+                    && !scopeName.startsWith("union ") && !spaceName.endsWith("::")) {
+                spaceName += "::";
+            }
+            scopeName = spaceName + scopeName;
+            if ((namespace != null && namespace.value().length() == 0) || spaceName.startsWith("::")) {
+                // user wants to reset namespace here
+                break;
+            }
+            type = type.getDeclaringClass();
+        }
+        return scopeName;
+    }
+
+    static String jniTypeName(Class type) {
+        if (type == byte.class) {
+            return "jbyte";
+        } else if (type == short.class) {
+            return "jshort";
+        } else if (type == int.class) {
+            return "jint";
+        } else if (type == long.class) {
+            return "jlong";
+        } else if (type == float.class) {
+            return "jfloat";
+        } else if (type == double.class) {
+            return "jdouble";
+        } else if (type == char.class) {
+            return "jchar";
+        } else if (type == boolean.class) {
+            return "jboolean";
+        } else if (type == byte[].class) {
+            return "jbyteArray";
+        } else if (type == short[].class) {
+            return "jshortArray";
+        } else if (type == int[].class) {
+            return "jintArray";
+        } else if (type == long[].class) {
+            return "jlongArray";
+        } else if (type == float[].class) {
+            return "jfloatArray";
+        } else if (type == double[].class) {
+            return "jdoubleArray";
+        } else if (type == char[].class) {
+            return "jcharArray";
+        } else if (type == boolean[].class) {
+            return "jbooleanArray";
+        } else if (type.isArray()) {
+            return "jobjectArray";
+        } else if (type == String.class) {
+            return "jstring";
+        } else if (type == Class.class) {
+            return "jclass";
+        } else if (type == void.class) {
+            return "void";
+        } else {
+            return "jobject";
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String signature(Class ... types) {
+        StringBuilder signature = new StringBuilder(2*types.length);
+        for (Class type : types) {
+            if (type == byte.class) {
+                signature.append("B");
+            } else if (type == short.class) {
+                signature.append("S");
+            } else if (type == int.class) {
+                signature.append("I");
+            } else if (type == long.class) {
+                signature.append("J");
+            } else if (type == float.class) {
+                signature.append("F");
+            } else if (type == double.class) {
+                signature.append("D");
+            } else if (type == boolean.class) {
+                signature.append("Z");
+            } else if (type == char.class) {
+                signature.append("C");
+            } else if (type == void.class) {
+                signature.append("V");
+            } else if (type.isArray()) {
+                signature.append(type.getName().replace('.', '/'));
+            } else {
+                signature.append("L").append(type.getName().replace('.', '/')).append(";");
+            }
+        }
+        return signature.toString();
+    }
+
+    static String mangle(String name) {
+        StringBuilder mangledName = new StringBuilder(2*name.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < name.length(); i++) {
+            char c = name.charAt(i);
+            if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')) {
+                mangledName.append(c);
+            } else if (c == '_') {
+                mangledName.append("_1");
+            } else if (c == ';') {
+                mangledName.append("_2");
+            } else if (c == '[') {
+                mangledName.append("_3");
+            } else if (c == '.' || c == '/') {
+                mangledName.append("_");
+            } else {
+                String code = Integer.toHexString(c);
+                mangledName.append("_0");
+                switch (code.length()) {
+                    case 1:  mangledName.append("0");
+                    case 2:  mangledName.append("0");
+                    case 3:  mangledName.append("0");
+                    default: mangledName.append(code);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return mangledName.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintWriter` acquired to `Generator.out` by call to `new()` at line 170 is not released after line 198.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Generator.generate(String,String,String,java.lang.Class[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.bytedeco.javacpp.tools.Generator.generate(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang.String,jav.9e412d0aae1fd17cb881eedb904850e8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/bytedeco/javacpp/tools/Generator.java
+
+### Key:
+Generator.java|generate|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b863fc42c67021fc4ae6d06a2e820151
+
+### Hash:
+cbac6b15f9b3cc7d8ecde26b47e7ffcd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9294/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9294/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b195d8047bc14836e9498cce92c05c401cad1371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9294/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1538 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javacpp
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2018 Samuel Audet
+ *
+ * Licensed either under the Apache License, Version 2.0, or (at your option)
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation (subject to the "Classpath" exception),
+ * either version 2, or any later version (collectively, the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *     http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+ *     http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html
+ *
+ * or as provided in the LICENSE.txt file that accompanied this code.
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.bytedeco.javacpp;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.JarURLConnection;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.FileLock;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Cast;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Name;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Platform;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.tools.Builder;
+import org.bytedeco.javacpp.tools.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * The Loader contains functionality to load native libraries, but also has a bit
+ * of everything that does not fit anywhere else. In addition to its library loading
+ * features, it also has utility methods to get the platform name, to load properties
+ * from Java resources and from Class annotations, to extract file resources to the
+ * temporary directory, and to get the {@code offsetof()} or {@code sizeof()} a native
+ * {@code struct}, {@code class}, or {@code union} with its {@link Pointer} peer class
+ * and a {@link HashMap} initialized by the native libraries inside {@code JNI_OnLoad()}.
+ *
+ * @author Samuel Audet
+ */
+public class Loader {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.create(Loader.class);
+
+    /** Value created out of "java.vm.name", "os.name", and "os.arch" system properties.
+     *  Returned by {@link #getPlatform()} as default. */
+    private static final String PLATFORM;
+    /** Default platform properties loaded and returned by {@link #loadProperties()}. */
+    private static Properties platformProperties = null;
+
+    static {
+        String jvmName = System.getProperty("java.vm.name", "").toLowerCase();
+        String osName  = System.getProperty("os.name", "").toLowerCase();
+        String osArch  = System.getProperty("os.arch", "").toLowerCase();
+        String abiType = System.getProperty("sun.arch.abi", "").toLowerCase();
+        String libPath = System.getProperty("sun.boot.library.path", "").toLowerCase();
+        if (jvmName.startsWith("dalvik") && osName.startsWith("linux")) {
+            osName = "android";
+        } else if (jvmName.startsWith("robovm") && osName.startsWith("darwin")) {
+            osName = "ios";
+            osArch = "arm";
+        } else if (osName.startsWith("mac os x") || osName.startsWith("darwin")) {
+            osName = "macosx";
+        } else {
+            int spaceIndex = osName.indexOf(' ');
+            if (spaceIndex > 0) {
+                osName = osName.substring(0, spaceIndex);
+            }
+        }
+        if (osArch.equals("i386") || osArch.equals("i486") || osArch.equals("i586") || osArch.equals("i686")) {
+            osArch = "x86";
+        } else if (osArch.equals("amd64") || osArch.equals("x86-64") || osArch.equals("x64")) {
+            osArch = "x86_64";
+        } else if (osArch.startsWith("aarch64") || osArch.startsWith("armv8") || osArch.startsWith("arm64")) {
+            osArch = "arm64";
+        } else if ((osArch.startsWith("arm")) && ((abiType.equals("gnueabihf")) || (libPath.contains("openjdk-armhf")))) {
+            osArch = "armhf";
+        } else if (osArch.startsWith("arm")) {
+            osArch = "arm";
+        }
+        PLATFORM = osName + "-" + osArch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns either the value of the "org.bytedeco.javacpp.platform"
+     * system property, or {@link #PLATFORM} when the former is not set.
+     *
+     * @return {@code System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.platform", platform)}
+     * @see #PLATFORM
+     */
+    public static String getPlatform() {
+        return System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.platform", PLATFORM);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the {@link Properties} associated with the default {@link #getPlatform()}.
+     *
+     * @return {@code loadProperties(getPlatform(), null)}
+     * @see #loadProperties(String, String)
+     */
+    public static Properties loadProperties() {
+        String name = getPlatform();
+        if (platformProperties != null && name.equals(platformProperties.getProperty("platform"))) {
+            return platformProperties;
+        }
+        return platformProperties = loadProperties(name, null);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Loads from resources the default {@link Properties} of the specified platform name.
+     * The resource must be at {@code "org/bytedeco/javacpp/properties/" + name + ".properties"}.
+     *
+     * @param name the platform name
+     * @param defaults the fallback platform name (null == "generic")
+     * @return the Properties from resources
+     */
+    public static Properties loadProperties(String name, String defaults) {
+        if (defaults == null) {
+            defaults = "generic";
+        }
+        Properties p = new Properties();
+        p.put("platform", name);
+        p.put("platform.path.separator", File.pathSeparator);
+        String s = System.mapLibraryName("/");
+        int i = s.indexOf('/');
+        p.put("platform.library.prefix", s.substring(0, i));
+        p.put("platform.library.suffix", s.substring(i + 1));
+        name = "properties/" + name + ".properties";
+        InputStream is = Loader.class.getResourceAsStream(name);
+        try {
+            try {
+                p.load(new InputStreamReader(is));
+            } catch (NoSuchMethodError e) {
+                p.load(is);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            name = "properties/" + defaults + ".properties";
+            InputStream is2 = Loader.class.getResourceAsStream(name);
+            try {
+                try {
+                    p.load(new InputStreamReader(is2));
+                } catch (NoSuchMethodError e2) {
+                    p.load(is2);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e2) {
+                // give up and return defaults
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (is2 != null) {
+                        is2.close();
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException ex) {
+                    logger.error("Unable to close resource : " + ex.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (is != null) {
+                    is.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                logger.error("Unable to close resource : " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If annotated with properties, returns the argument as "enclosing Class".
+     * If no properties are found on the Class, makes a search for the first Class
+     * with properties that we can use, and returns it as the enclosing Class found.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class to start the search from
+     * @return the enclosing Class
+     * @see org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Platform
+     * @see org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties
+     */
+    public static Class getEnclosingClass(Class cls) {
+        Class<?> c = cls;
+        // Find first enclosing declaring class with some properties to use
+        while (c.getEnclosingClass() != null) {
+            if (c.isAnnotationPresent(org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties.class)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (c.isAnnotationPresent(Platform.class)) {
+                Platform p = c.getAnnotation(Platform.class);
+                if (p.pragma().length > 0 || p.define().length > 0 || p.exclude().length > 0 || p.include().length > 0 || p.cinclude().length > 0
+                    || p.includepath().length > 0 || p.includeresource().length > 0 || p.compiler().length > 0
+                    || p.linkpath().length > 0 || p.linkresource().length > 0 || p.link().length > 0 || p.frameworkpath().length > 0
+                    || p.framework().length > 0 || p.preloadresource().length > 0 || p.preloadpath().length > 0 || p.preload().length > 0
+                    || p.resourcepath().length > 0 || p.resource().length > 0 || p.library().length() > 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            c = c.getEnclosingClass();
+        }
+        return c;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * For all the classes, loads all properties from each Class annotations for the given platform.
+     * @see #loadProperties(Class, java.util.Properties, boolean)
+     */
+    public static ClassProperties loadProperties(Class[] cls, Properties properties, boolean inherit) {
+        ClassProperties cp = new ClassProperties(properties);
+        if (cls != null) {
+            for (Class c : cls) {
+                cp.load(c, inherit);
+            }
+        }
+        return cp;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Loads all properties from Class annotations for the given platform. The platform
+     * of interest needs to be specified as the value of the "platform" key in the
+     * properties argument. It is also possible to indicate whether to load all the classes
+     * specified in the {@link org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties#inherit()}
+     * annotation recursively via the inherit argument.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class of which to return Properties
+     * @param properties the platform Properties to inherit
+     * @param inherit indicates whether or not to inherit properties from other classes
+     * @return all the properties associated with the Class for the given platform
+     */
+    public static ClassProperties loadProperties(Class cls, Properties properties, boolean inherit) {
+        ClassProperties cp = new ClassProperties(properties);
+        if (cls != null) {
+            cp.load(cls, inherit);
+        }
+        return cp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@link Class} object that contains a caller's method.
+     *
+     * @param i the offset on the call stack of the method of interest
+     * @return the Class found from the calling context, or {@code null} if not found
+     */
+    public static Class getCallerClass(int i) {
+        Class[] classContext = null;
+        try {
+            classContext = new SecurityManager() {
+                @Override public Class[] getClassContext() {
+                    return super.getClassContext();
+                }
+            }.getClassContext();
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodError | SecurityException e) {
+            logger.warn("Could not create an instance of SecurityManager: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+        if (classContext != null) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < classContext.length; j++) {
+                if (classContext[j] == Loader.class) {
+                    return classContext[i+j];
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // SecurityManager.getClassContext() returns null on Android 4.0
+            try {
+                StackTraceElement[] classNames = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+                for (int j = 0; j < classNames.length; j++) {
+                    if (Class.forName(classNames[j].getClassName()) == Loader.class) {
+                        return Class.forName(classNames[i+j].getClassName());
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                logger.error("No definition for the class found : " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts a resource using the {@link ClassLoader} of the caller class,
+     * and returns the cached {@link File}.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the resource passed to {@link Class#getResource(String)}
+     * @see #cacheResource(Class, String)
+     */
+    public static File cacheResource(String name) throws IOException {
+        Class cls = getCallerClass(2);
+        return cacheResource(cls, name);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Extracts a resource using the {@link ClassLoader} of the specified {@link Class},
+     * and returns the cached {@link File}.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class from which to load resources
+     * @param name the name of the resource passed to {@link Class#getResource(String)}
+     * @see #cacheResource(URL)
+     */
+    public static File cacheResource(Class cls, String name) throws IOException {
+        return cacheResource(cls.getResource(name));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts resources using the {@link ClassLoader} of the caller class,
+     * and returns the cached {@link File} objects.
+     *
+     * @param name of the resources passed to {@link #findResources(Class, String)}
+     * @see #cacheResources(Class, String)
+     */
+    public static File[] cacheResources(String name) throws IOException {
+        Class cls = getCallerClass(2);
+        return cacheResources(cls, name);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Extracts resources using the {@link ClassLoader} of the specified {@link Class},
+     * and returns the cached {@link File} objects.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class from which to load resources
+     * @param name of the resources passed to {@link #findResources(Class, String)}
+     * @see #cacheResource(URL)
+     */
+    public static File[] cacheResources(Class cls, String name) throws IOException {
+        URL[] urls = findResources(cls, name);
+        File[] files = new File[urls.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
+            files[i] = cacheResource(urls[i]);
+        }
+        return files;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns {@code cacheResource(resourceUrl, null)} */
+    public static File cacheResource(URL resourceURL) throws IOException {
+        return cacheResource(resourceURL, null);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Extracts a resource, if the size or last modified timestamp differs from what is in cache,
+     * and returns the cached {@link File}. If target is not null, creates instead a symbolic link
+     * where the resource would have been extracted.
+     *
+     * @param resourceURL the URL of the resource to extract and cache
+     * @param target of the symbolic link to create (must be null to have the resource actually extracted)
+     * @return the File object representing the extracted file from the cache
+     * @throws IOException if fails to extract resource properly
+     * @see #extractResource(URL, File, String, String)
+     * @see #cacheDir
+     */
+    public static File cacheResource(URL resourceURL, String target) throws IOException {
+        // Find appropriate subdirectory in cache for the resource ...
+        File urlFile;
+        try {
+            urlFile = new File(new URI(resourceURL.toString().split("#")[0]));
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | URISyntaxException e) {
+            urlFile = new File(resourceURL.getPath());
+        }
+        String name = urlFile.getName();
+        boolean reference = false;
+        long size, timestamp;
+        File cacheDir = getCacheDir();
+        File cacheSubdir = cacheDir.getCanonicalFile();
+        String s = System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.cachedir.nosubdir", "false").toLowerCase();
+        boolean noSubdir = s.equals("true") || s.equals("t") || s.equals("");
+        URLConnection urlConnection = resourceURL.openConnection();
+        if (urlConnection instanceof JarURLConnection) {
+            JarFile jarFile = ((JarURLConnection)urlConnection).getJarFile();
+            JarEntry jarEntry = ((JarURLConnection)urlConnection).getJarEntry();
+            File jarFileFile = new File(jarFile.getName());
+            File jarEntryFile = new File(jarEntry.getName());
+            size = jarEntry.getSize();
+            timestamp = jarEntry.getTime();
+            if (!noSubdir) {
+                String subdirName = jarFileFile.getName();
+                String parentName = jarEntryFile.getParent();
+                if (parentName != null) {
+                    subdirName = subdirName + File.separator + parentName;
+                }
+                cacheSubdir = new File(cacheSubdir, subdirName);
+            }
+        } else {
+            size = urlFile.length();
+            timestamp = urlFile.lastModified();
+            if (!noSubdir) {
+                cacheSubdir = new File(cacheSubdir, urlFile.getParentFile().getName());
+            }
+        }
+        if (resourceURL.getRef() != null) {
+            // ... get the URL fragment to let users rename library files ...
+            String newName = resourceURL.getRef();
+            // ... but create a symbolic link only if the name does not change ...
+            reference = newName.equals(name);
+            name = newName;
+        }
+        File file = new File(cacheSubdir, name);
+        File lockFile = new File(cacheDir, ".lock");
+        FileChannel lockChannel = null;
+        FileLock lock = null;
+        ReentrantLock threadLock = null;
+        if (target != null && target.length() > 0) {
+            // ... create symbolic link to already extracted library or ...
+            try {
+                Path path = file.toPath(), targetPath = Paths.get(target);
+                if ((!file.exists() || !Files.isSymbolicLink(path) || !Files.readSymbolicLink(path).equals(targetPath))
+                        && targetPath.isAbsolute() && !targetPath.equals(path)) {
+                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        logger.debug("Locking " + cacheDir + " to create symbolic link");
+                    }
+                    threadLock = new ReentrantLock();
+                    threadLock.lock();
+                    lockChannel = new FileOutputStream(lockFile).getChannel();
+                    lock = lockChannel.lock();
+                    if ((!file.exists() || !Files.isSymbolicLink(path) || !Files.readSymbolicLink(path).equals(targetPath))
+                            && targetPath.isAbsolute() && !targetPath.equals(path)) {
+                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            logger.debug("Creating symbolic link " + path + " to " + targetPath);
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            file.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+                            Files.createSymbolicLink(path, targetPath);
+                        } catch (java.nio.file.FileAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                            file.delete();
+                            Files.createSymbolicLink(path, targetPath);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
+                // ... (probably an unsupported operation on Windows, but DLLs never need links,
+                // or other (filesystem?) exception: for example,
+                // "sun.nio.fs.UnixException: No such file or directory" on File.toPath()) ...
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Failed to create symbolic link " + file + ": " + e);
+                }
+                return null;
+            } finally {
+                if (lock != null) {
+                    lock.release();
+                }
+                if (lockChannel != null) {
+                    lockChannel.close();
+                }
+                if (threadLock != null) {
+                    threadLock.unlock();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (urlFile.exists() && reference) {
+                // ... try to create a symbolic link to the existing file, if we can, ...
+                try {
+                    Path path = file.toPath(), urlPath = urlFile.toPath();
+                    if ((!file.exists() || !Files.isSymbolicLink(path) || !Files.readSymbolicLink(path).equals(urlPath))
+                            && urlPath.isAbsolute() && !urlPath.equals(path)) {
+                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            logger.debug("Locking " + cacheDir + " to create symbolic link");
+                        }
+                        threadLock = new ReentrantLock();
+                        threadLock.lock();
+                        lockChannel = new FileOutputStream(lockFile).getChannel();
+                        lock = lockChannel.lock();
+                        if ((!file.exists() || !Files.isSymbolicLink(path) || !Files.readSymbolicLink(path).equals(urlPath))
+                                && urlPath.isAbsolute() && !urlPath.equals(path)) {
+                            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                                logger.debug("Creating symbolic link " + path + " to " + urlPath);
+                            }
+                            try {
+                                file.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+                                Files.createSymbolicLink(path, urlPath);
+                            } catch (java.nio.file.FileAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                                file.delete();
+                                Files.createSymbolicLink(path, urlPath);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return file;
+                } catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
+                    // ... (let's try to copy the file instead, such as on Windows) ...
+                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        logger.debug("Could not create symbolic link " + file + ": " + e);
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (lock != null) {
+                        lock.release();
+                    }
+                    if (lockChannel != null) {
+                        lockChannel.close();
+                    }
+                    if (threadLock != null) {
+                        threadLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // ... check if it has not already been extracted, and if not ...
+            if (!file.exists() || file.length() != size || file.lastModified() != timestamp
+                    || !cacheSubdir.equals(file.getCanonicalFile().getParentFile())) {
+                // ... add lock to avoid two JVMs access cacheDir simultaneously and ...
+                try {
+                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        logger.debug("Locking " + cacheDir + " before extracting");
+                    }
+                    threadLock = new ReentrantLock();
+                    threadLock.lock();
+                    lockChannel = new FileOutputStream(lockFile).getChannel();
+                    lock = lockChannel.lock();
+                    // ... check if other JVM has extracted it before this JVM get the lock ...
+                    if (!file.exists() || file.length() != size || file.lastModified() != timestamp
+                            || !cacheSubdir.equals(file.getCanonicalFile().getParentFile())) {
+                        // ... extract it from our resources ...
+                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            logger.debug("Extracting " + resourceURL);
+                        }
+                        file.delete();
+                        extractResource(resourceURL, file, null, null);
+                        file.setLastModified(timestamp);
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (lock != null) {
+                        lock.release();
+                    }
+                    if (lockChannel != null) {
+                        lockChannel.close();
+                    }
+                    if (threadLock != null) {
+                        threadLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts by name a resource using the {@link ClassLoader} of the caller.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the resource passed to {@link Class#getResource(String)}
+     * @see #extractResource(URL, File, String, String)
+     */
+    public static File extractResource(String name, File directory,
+            String prefix, String suffix) throws IOException {
+        Class cls = getCallerClass(2);
+        return extractResource(cls, name, directory, prefix, suffix);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Extracts by name a resource using the {@link ClassLoader} of the specified {@link Class}.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class from which to load resources
+     * @param name the name of the resource passed to {@link Class#getResource(String)}
+     * @see #extractResource(URL, File, String, String)
+     */
+    public static File extractResource(Class cls, String name, File directory,
+            String prefix, String suffix) throws IOException {
+        return extractResource(cls.getResource(name), directory, prefix, suffix);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts by name resources using the {@link ClassLoader} of the caller.
+     *
+     * @param name of the resources passed to {@link #findResources(Class, String)}
+     * @see #extractResources(Class, String, File, String, String)
+     */
+    public static File[] extractResources(String name, File directory,
+            String prefix, String suffix) throws IOException {
+        Class cls = getCallerClass(2);
+        return extractResources(cls, name, directory, prefix, suffix);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Extracts by name resources using the {@link ClassLoader} of the specified {@link Class}.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class from which to load resources
+     * @param name of the resources passed to {@link #findResources(Class, String)}
+     * @see #extractResource(URL, File, String, String)
+     */
+    public static File[] extractResources(Class cls, String name, File directory,
+            String prefix, String suffix) throws IOException {
+        URL[] urls = findResources(cls, name);
+        File[] files = new File[urls.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < urls.length; i++) {
+            files[i] = extractResource(urls[i], directory, prefix, suffix);
+        }
+        return files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts a resource into the specified directory and with the specified
+     * prefix and suffix for the filename. If both prefix and suffix are {@code null},
+     * the original filename is used, so directoryOrFile must not be {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @param resourceURL the URL of the resource to extract
+     * @param directoryOrFile the output directory or file ({@code null == System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir")})
+     * @param prefix the prefix of the temporary filename to use
+     * @param suffix the suffix of the temporary filename to use
+     * @return the File object representing the extracted file
+     * @throws IOException if fails to extract resource properly
+     */
+    public static File extractResource(URL resourceURL, File directoryOrFile,
+            String prefix, String suffix) throws IOException {
+        URLConnection urlConnection = resourceURL != null ? resourceURL.openConnection() : null;
+        if (urlConnection instanceof JarURLConnection) {
+            JarFile jarFile = ((JarURLConnection)urlConnection).getJarFile();
+            JarEntry jarEntry = ((JarURLConnection)urlConnection).getJarEntry();
+            String jarFileName = jarFile.getName();
+            String jarEntryName = jarEntry.getName();
+            if (!jarEntryName.endsWith("/")) {
+                jarEntryName += "/";
+            }
+            if (jarEntry.isDirectory() || jarFile.getJarEntry(jarEntryName) != null) {
+                // Extract all files in directory of JAR file
+                Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = jarFile.entries();
+                while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
+                    JarEntry entry = entries.nextElement();
+                    String entryName = entry.getName();
+                    if (entryName.startsWith(jarEntryName)) {
+                        File file = new File(directoryOrFile, entryName.substring(jarEntryName.length()));
+                        if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+                            file.mkdirs();
+                        } else {
+                            String s = resourceURL.toString();
+                            URL u = new URL(s.substring(0, s.indexOf("!/") + 2) + entryName);
+                            file = extractResource(u, file, prefix, suffix);
+                        }
+                        file.setLastModified(entry.getTime());
+                    }
+                }
+                return directoryOrFile;
+            }
+        }
+        InputStream is = urlConnection != null ? urlConnection.getInputStream() : null;
+        OutputStream os = null;
+        if (is == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        File file = null;
+        boolean fileExisted = false;
+        try {
+            if (prefix == null && suffix == null) {
+                if (directoryOrFile == null) {
+                    directoryOrFile = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
+                }
+                File directory;
+                if (directoryOrFile.isDirectory()) {
+                    directory = directoryOrFile;
+                    try {
+                        file = new File(directoryOrFile, new File(new URI(resourceURL.toString().split("#")[0])).getName());
+                    } catch (IllegalArgumentException | URISyntaxException ex) {
+                        file = new File(directoryOrFile, new File(resourceURL.getPath()).getName());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    directory = directoryOrFile.getParentFile();
+                    file = directoryOrFile;
+                }
+                if (directory != null) {
+                    directory.mkdirs();
+                }
+                fileExisted = file.exists();
+            } else {
+                file = File.createTempFile(prefix, suffix, directoryOrFile);
+            }
+            file.delete();
+            os = new FileOutputStream(file);
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[64 * 1024];
+            int length;
+            while ((length = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+                os.write(buffer, 0, length);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (file != null && !fileExisted) {
+                file.delete();
+            }
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            is.close();
+            if (os != null) {
+                os.close();
+            }
+        }
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds by name resources using the {@link ClassLoader} of the specified {@link Class}.
+     * Names not prefixed with '/' are considered relative to the Class.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class from whose ClassLoader to load resources
+     * @param name of the resources passed to {@link ClassLoader#getResources(String)}
+     * @return URLs to the resources
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public static URL[] findResources(Class cls, String name) throws IOException {
+        while (name.contains("//")) {
+            name = name.replace("//", "/");
+        }
+        if (!name.startsWith("/")) {
+            String s = cls.getName().replace('.', '/');
+            int n = s.lastIndexOf('/');
+            if (n >= 0) {
+                name = s.substring(0, n + 1) + name;
+            }
+        } else {
+            name = name.substring(1);
+        }
+        Enumeration<URL> urls = cls.getClassLoader().getResources(name);
+        ArrayList<URL> array = new ArrayList<URL>();
+        while (urls.hasMoreElements()) {
+            array.add(urls.nextElement());
+        }
+        return array.toArray(new URL[array.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /** User-specified cache directory set and returned by {@link #getCacheDir()}. */
+    static File cacheDir = null;
+    /** Temporary directory set and returned by {@link #getTempDir()}. */
+    static File tempDir = null;
+    /** Contains all the native libraries that we have loaded to avoid reloading them. */
+    static Map<String,String> loadedLibraries = new HashMap<String,String>();
+
+    static boolean pathsFirst = false;
+    static {
+        String s = System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.pathsfirst", "false").toLowerCase();
+        pathsFirst = s.equals("true") || s.equals("t") || s.equals("");
+    }
+
+    /** Creates and returns {@code System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.cachedir")} or {@code ~/.javacpp/cache/} when not set. */
+    public static File getCacheDir() throws IOException {
+        if (cacheDir == null) {
+            String[] dirNames = {System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.cachedir"),
+                                 System.getProperty("user.home") + "/.javacpp/cache/",
+                                 System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + "/.javacpp-" + System.getProperty("user.name") + "/cache/"};
+            for (String dirName : dirNames) {
+                if (dirName != null) {
+                    try {
+                        File f = new File(dirName);
+                        if (f.exists() || f.mkdirs()) {
+                            cacheDir = f;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } catch (SecurityException e) {
+                        // No access, try the next option.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (cacheDir == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Could not create the cache: Set the \"org.bytedeco.javacpp.cachedir\" system property.");
+        }
+        return cacheDir;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a unique name for {@link #tempDir} out of
+     * {@code System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir")} and {@code System.nanoTime()}.
+     *
+     * @return {@link #tempDir}
+     */
+    public static File getTempDir() {
+        if (tempDir == null) {
+            File tmpdir = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
+            File f;
+            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+                f = new File(tmpdir, "javacpp" + System.nanoTime());
+                if (f.mkdir()) {
+                    tempDir = f;
+                    tempDir.deleteOnExit();
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return tempDir;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns a Map that relates each library name to the path of the loaded file. */
+    public static synchronized Map<String,String> getLoadedLibraries() {
+        return new HashMap<String,String>(loadedLibraries);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns {@code System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.loadlibraries")}.
+     *  Flag set by the {@link Builder} to tell us not to try to load anything. */
+    public static boolean isLoadLibraries() {
+        String s = System.getProperty("org.bytedeco.javacpp.loadlibraries", "true").toLowerCase();
+        return s.equals("true") || s.equals("t") || s.equals("");
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPlatform(Class<?> cls, Properties properties) {
+        // check in priority this class for platform information, before the enclosing class
+        Class<?> enclosingClass = Loader.getEnclosingClass(cls);
+        while (!cls.isAnnotationPresent(org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties.class)
+                && !cls.isAnnotationPresent(Platform.class) && cls.getSuperclass() != null) {
+            if (enclosingClass != null && cls.getSuperclass() == Object.class) {
+                cls = enclosingClass;
+                enclosingClass = null;
+            } else {
+                cls = cls.getSuperclass();
+            }
+        }
+
+        org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties classProperties =
+                cls.getAnnotation(org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties.class);
+        if (classProperties != null) {
+            Class[] classes = classProperties.inherit();
+
+            // get default platform names, searching in inherited classes as well
+            String[] defaultNames = classProperties.names();
+            Deque<Class> queue = new ArrayDeque<Class>(Arrays.asList(classes));
+            while (queue.size() > 0 && (defaultNames == null || defaultNames.length == 0)) {
+                Class<?> c = queue.removeFirst();
+                org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties p =
+                        c.getAnnotation(org.bytedeco.javacpp.annotation.Properties.class);
+                if (p != null) {
+                    defaultNames = p.names();
+                    queue.addAll(Arrays.asList(p.inherit()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // check in priority the platforms inside our properties annotation, before inherited ones
+            Platform[] platforms = classProperties.value();
+            if (platforms != null) {
+                for (Platform p : platforms) {
+                    if (checkPlatform(p, properties, defaultNames)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (classes != null) {
+                for (Class c : classes) {
+                    if (checkPlatform(c, properties)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (checkPlatform(cls.getAnnotation(Platform.class), properties)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPlatform(Platform platform, Properties properties, String... defaultNames) {
+        if (platform == null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (defaultNames == null) {
+            defaultNames = new String[0];
+        }
+        String platform2 = properties.getProperty("platform");
+        String platformExtension = properties.getProperty("platform.extension", "");
+        String[][] names = { platform.value().length > 0 ? platform.value() : defaultNames, platform.not() };
+        boolean[] matches = { false, false };
+        for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
+            for (String s : names[i]) {
+                if (platform2.startsWith(s)) {
+                    matches[i] = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if ((names[0].length == 0 || matches[0]) && (names[1].length == 0 || !matches[1])) {
+            // when no extensions are given by user, but we are in library loading mode, try to load extensions anyway
+            boolean match = platform.extension().length == 0 || (Loader.isLoadLibraries() && platformExtension.length() == 0);
+            for (String s : platform.extension()) {
+                if (platformExtension.length() > 0 && platformExtension.endsWith(s)) {
+                    match = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!match) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns {@code load(getCallerClass(2), loadProperties(), Loader.pathsFirst)}. */
+    public static String load() {
+        return load(getCallerClass(2), loadProperties(), Loader.pathsFirst);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Loads native libraries associated with the {@link Class} of the caller.
+     *
+     * @param pathsFirst search the paths first before bundled resources
+     * @return {@code load(getCallerClass(2), loadProperties(), pathsFirst) }
+     * @see #getCallerClass(int)
+     * @see #load(Class, Properties, boolean)
+     */
+    public static String load(boolean pathsFirst) {
+        Class cls = getCallerClass(2);
+        return load(cls, loadProperties(), pathsFirst);
+    }
+    /** Returns {@code load(cls, loadProperties(), Loader.pathsFirst)}. */
+    public static String load(Class cls) {
+        return load(cls, loadProperties(), Loader.pathsFirst);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Loads native libraries associated with the given {@link Class}.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class to get native library information from
+     * @param properties the platform Properties to inherit
+     * @param pathsFirst search the paths first before bundled resources
+     * @return the full path to the main file loaded, or the library name if unknown
+     *         (but {@code if (!isLoadLibraries() || cls == null) { return null; }})
+     * @throws NoClassDefFoundError on Class initialization failure
+     * @throws UnsatisfiedLinkError on native library loading failure or when interrupted
+     * @see #findLibrary(Class, ClassProperties, String, boolean)
+     * @see #loadLibrary(URL[], String)
+     */
+    public static String load(Class cls, Properties properties, boolean pathsFirst) {
+        if (!isLoadLibraries() || cls == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!checkPlatform(cls, properties)) {
+            throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("Platform \"" + properties.getProperty("platform") + "\" not supported by " + cls);
+        }
+
+        // Find the top enclosing class, to match the library filename
+        cls = getEnclosingClass(cls);
+        ClassProperties p = loadProperties(cls, properties, true);
+
+        // Force initialization of all the target classes in case they need it
+        List<String> targets = p.get("global");
+        if (targets.isEmpty()) {
+            if (p.getInheritedClasses() != null) {
+                for (Class c : p.getInheritedClasses()) {
+                    targets.add(c.getName());
+                }
+            }
+            targets.add(cls.getName());
+        }
+        for (String s : targets) {
+            try {
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Loading class " + s);
+                }
+                Class.forName(s, true, cls.getClassLoader());
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Failed to load class " + s + ": " + ex);
+                }
+                Error e = new NoClassDefFoundError(ex.toString());
+                e.initCause(ex);
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        String cacheDir = null;
+        try {
+            cacheDir = getCacheDir().getCanonicalPath();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // no cache dir, no worries
+        }
+
+        // Preload native libraries desired by our class
+        List<String> preloads = new ArrayList<String>();
+        List<String> preloaded = new ArrayList<String>();
+        preloads.addAll(p.get("platform.preload"));
+        preloads.addAll(p.get("platform.link"));
+        UnsatisfiedLinkError preloadError = null;
+        for (String preload : preloads) {
+            try {
+                URL[] urls = findLibrary(cls, p, preload, pathsFirst);
+                String filename = loadLibrary(urls, preload);
+                if (filename != null) {
+                    preloaded.add(filename);
+                }
+                if (cacheDir != null && filename != null && filename.startsWith(cacheDir)) {
+                    createLibraryLink(filename, p, preload);
+                }
+            } catch (UnsatisfiedLinkError e) {
+                preloadError = e;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int librarySuffix = -1;
+    tryAgain:
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                String library = p.getProperty("platform.library");
+                if (librarySuffix >= 0) {
+                    // try to load the JNI library using a different name
+                    library += "#" + library + librarySuffix;
+                }
+                URL[] urls = findLibrary(cls, p, library, pathsFirst);
+                String filename = loadLibrary(urls, library, preloaded.toArray(new String[preloaded.size()]));
+                if (cacheDir != null && filename != null && filename.startsWith(cacheDir)) {
+                    createLibraryLink(filename, p, library);
+                }
+                return filename;
+            } catch (UnsatisfiedLinkError e) {
+                Throwable t = e;
+                while (t != null) {
+                    if (t instanceof UnsatisfiedLinkError &&
+                            t.getMessage().contains("already loaded in another classloader")) {
+                        librarySuffix++;
+                        continue tryAgain;
+                    }
+                    t = t.getCause() != t ? t.getCause() : null;
+                }
+                if (preloadError != null && e.getCause() == null) {
+                    e.initCause(preloadError);
+                }
+                throw e;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Returns {@code findLibrary(cls, properties, libnameversion, Loader.pathsFirst)}. */
+    public static URL[] findLibrary(Class cls, ClassProperties properties, String libnameversion) {
+        return findLibrary(cls, properties, libnameversion, Loader.pathsFirst);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds from where the library may be extracted and loaded among the {@link Class}
+     * resources. But in case that fails, and depending on the value of {@code pathsFirst},
+     * either as a fallback or in priority over bundled resources, also searches the paths
+     * found in the "platform.preloadpath" and "platform.linkpath" class properties (as well as
+     * the "java.library.path" system property if {@code pathsFirst || !loadLibraries}), in that order.
+     *
+     * @param cls the Class whose package name and {@link ClassLoader} are used to extract from resources
+     * @param properties contains the directories to scan for if we fail to extract the library from resources
+     * @param libnameversion the name of the library + "@" + optional version tag
+     *                       + "#" + a second optional name used at extraction (or empty to prevent it)
+     * @param pathsFirst search the paths first before bundled resources
+     * @return URLs that point to potential locations of the library
+     */
+    public static URL[] findLibrary(Class cls, ClassProperties properties, String libnameversion, boolean pathsFirst) {
+        if (libnameversion.trim().endsWith("#")) {
+            return new URL[0];
+        }
+        String[] split = libnameversion.split("#");
+        boolean reference = split.length > 1;
+        String[] s = split[0].split("@");
+        String[] s2 = (reference ? split[1] : split[0]).split("@");
+        String libname = s[0];
+        String libname2 = s2[0];
+        String version = s.length > 1 ? s[s.length-1] : "";
+        String version2 = s2.length > 1 ? s2[s2.length-1] : "";
+
+        // If we do not already have the native library file ...
+        String platform = properties.getProperty("platform");
+        String[] extensions = properties.get("platform.extension").toArray(new String[0]);
+        String prefix = properties.getProperty("platform.library.prefix", "");
+        String suffix = properties.getProperty("platform.library.suffix", "");
+        String[] styles = {
+            prefix + libname + suffix + version, // Linux style
+            prefix + libname + version + suffix, // Mac OS X style
+            prefix + libname + suffix            // without version
+        };
+        String[] styles2 = {
+            prefix + libname2 + suffix + version2, // Linux style
+            prefix + libname2 + version2 + suffix, // Mac OS X style
+            prefix + libname2 + suffix             // without version
+        };
+
+        String[] suffixes = properties.get("platform.library.suffix").toArray(new String[0]);
+        if (suffixes.length > 1) {
+            styles = new String[3 * suffixes.length];
+            styles2 = new String[3 * suffixes.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < suffixes.length; i++) {
+                styles[3 * i    ] = prefix + libname + suffixes[i] + version; // Linux style
+                styles[3 * i + 1] = prefix + libname + version + suffixes[i]; // Mac OS X style
+                styles[3 * i + 2] = prefix + libname + suffixes[i];           // without version
+                styles2[3 * i    ] = prefix + libname2 + suffixes[i] + version2; // Linux style
+                styles2[3 * i + 1] = prefix + libname2 + version2 + suffixes[i]; // Mac OS X style
+                styles2[3 * i + 2] = prefix + libname2 + suffixes[i];            // without version
+            }
+        }
+
+        List<String> paths = new ArrayList<String>();
+        paths.addAll(properties.get("platform.linkpath"));
+        paths.addAll(properties.get("platform.preloadpath"));
+        String[] resources = properties.get("platform.preloadresource").toArray(new String[0]);
+        String libpath = System.getProperty("java.library.path", "");
+        if (libpath.length() > 0 && (pathsFirst || !isLoadLibraries() || reference)) {
+            // leave loading from "java.library.path" to System.loadLibrary() as fallback,
+            // which works better on Android, unless the user wants to rename a library
+            paths.addAll(Arrays.asList(libpath.split(File.pathSeparator)));
+        }
+        ArrayList<URL> urls = new ArrayList<URL>(styles.length * (1 + paths.size()));
+        for (int i = 0; cls != null && i < styles.length; i++) {
+            // ... then find it from in our resources ...
+            for (String extension : Arrays.copyOf(extensions, extensions.length + 1)) {
+                for (String resource : Arrays.copyOf(resources, resources.length + 1)) {
+                    if (resource != null && !resource.endsWith("/")) {
+                        resource += "/";
+                    }
+                    String subdir = (resource == null ? "" : "/" + resource) + platform
+                                  + (extension == null ? "" : extension) + "/";
+                    URL u = cls.getResource(subdir + styles[i]);
+                    if (u != null) {
+                        if (reference) {
+                            try {
+                                u = new URL(u + "#" + styles2[i]);
+                            } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (!urls.contains(u)) {
+                            urls.add(u);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // ... and in case of bad resources search the paths last, or first on user request.
+        int k = pathsFirst ? 0 : urls.size();
+        for (int i = 0; paths.size() > 0 && i < styles.length; i++) {
+            for (String path : paths) {
+                File file = new File(path, styles[i]);
+                if (file.exists()) {
+                    try {
+                        URL u = file.toURI().toURL();
+                        if (reference) {
+                            u = new URL(u + "#" + styles2[i]);
+                        }
+                        if (!urls.contains(u)) {
+                            urls.add(k++, u);
+                        }
+                    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return urls.toArray(new URL[urls.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tries to load the library from the URLs in order, extracting resources as necessary.
+     * Finally, if all fails, falls back on {@link System#loadLibrary(String)}.
+     *
+     * @param urls the URLs to try loading the library from
+     * @param libnameversion the name of the library + "@" + optional version tag
+     *                       + "#" + a second optional name used at extraction
+     * @param preloaded libraries for which to create symbolic links in same cache directory
+     * @return the full path of the file loaded, or the library name if unknown
+     *         (but {@code if (!isLoadLibraries) { return null; }})
+     * @throws UnsatisfiedLinkError on failure or when interrupted
+     */
+    public static synchronized String loadLibrary(URL[] urls, String libnameversion, String ... preloaded) {
+        if (!isLoadLibraries()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        String[] split = libnameversion.split("#");
+        String libnameversion2 = split[0];
+        if (split.length > 1) {
+            libnameversion2 = split[1];
+        }
+
+        // If we do not already have the native library file ...
+        String filename = loadedLibraries.get(libnameversion2);
+        UnsatisfiedLinkError loadError = null;
+        try {
+            for (URL url : urls) {
+                URI uri = url.toURI();
+                File file = null;
+                try {
+                    // ... and if the URL is not already a file without fragments, etc ...
+                    file = new File(uri);
+                } catch (Exception exc) {
+                    // ... extract it from resources into the cache, if necessary ...
+                    File f = cacheResource(url, filename);
+                    try {
+                        if (f != null) {
+                            file = f;
+                        } else {
+                            // ... else try to load directly as some libraries do not like being renamed ...
+                            try {
+                                file = new File(new URI(uri.toString().split("#")[0]));
+                            } catch (IllegalArgumentException | URISyntaxException e) {
+                                file = new File(uri.getPath());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } catch (Exception exc2) {
+                        // ... (or give up) and ...
+                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            logger.debug("Failed to access " + uri + ": " + exc2);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // ... create symbolic links to previously loaded libraries as needed on Mac,
+                    // at least, and some libraries like MKL on Linux too, ...
+                    if (file != null && preloaded != null) {
+                        File dir = file.getParentFile();
+                        for (String s : preloaded) {
+                            File file2 = new File(s);
+                            File dir2 = file2.getParentFile();
+                            if (dir2 != null && !dir2.equals(dir)) {
+                                File linkFile = new File(dir, file2.getName());
+                                try {
+                                    Path linkPath = linkFile.toPath();
+                                    Path targetPath = file2.toPath();
+                                    if ((!linkFile.exists() || !Files.isSymbolicLink(linkPath) || !Files.readSymbolicLink(linkPath).equals(targetPath))
+                                            && targetPath.isAbsolute() && !targetPath.equals(linkPath)) {
+                                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                                            logger.debug("Creating symbolic link " + linkPath + " to " + targetPath);
+                                        }
+                                        linkFile.delete();
+                                        Files.createSymbolicLink(linkPath, targetPath);
+                                    }
+                                } catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
+                                    // ... (probably an unsupported operation on Windows, but DLLs never need links,
+                                    // or other (filesystem?) exception: for example,
+                                    // "sun.nio.fs.UnixException: No such file or directory" on File.toPath()) ...
+                                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                                        logger.debug("Failed to create symbolic link " + linkFile + " to " + file2 + ": " + e);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (filename != null) {
+                    return filename;
+                } else if (file != null && file.exists()) {
+                    String filename2 = file.getAbsolutePath();
+                    try {
+                        // ... and load it!
+                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            logger.debug("Loading " + filename2);
+                        }
+                        loadedLibraries.put(libnameversion2, filename2);
+                        System.load(filename2);
+                        return filename2;
+                    } catch (UnsatisfiedLinkError e) {
+                        loadError = e;
+                        loadedLibraries.remove(libnameversion2);
+                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                            logger.debug("Failed to load " + filename2 + ": " + e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (filename != null) {
+                return filename;
+            } else if (!libnameversion.trim().endsWith("#")) {
+                // ... or as last resort, try to load it via the system.
+                String libname = libnameversion.split("#")[0].split("@")[0];
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Loading library " + libname);
+                }
+                loadedLibraries.put(libnameversion2, libname);
+                System.loadLibrary(libname);
+                return libname;
+            } else {
+                // But do not load when tagged as a system library
+                return null;
+            }
+        } catch (UnsatisfiedLinkError e) {
+            loadedLibraries.remove(libnameversion2);
+            if (loadError != null && e.getCause() == null) {
+                e.initCause(loadError);
+            }
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logger.debug("Failed to load for " + libnameversion + ": " + e);
+            }
+            throw e;
+        } catch (IOException | URISyntaxException ex) {
+            loadedLibraries.remove(libnameversion2);
+            if (loadError != null && ex.getCause() == null) {
+                ex.initCause(loadError);
+            }
+            Error e = new UnsatisfiedLinkError(ex.toString());
+            e.initCause(ex);
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logger.debug("Failed to extract for " + libnameversion + ": " + e);
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a version-less symbolic link to a library file, if needed.
+     * Also creates symbolic links in given paths, with and without version.
+     *
+     * @param filename of the probably versioned library
+     * @param properties of the class associated with the library
+     * @param libnameversion the library name and version as with {@link #loadLibrary(URL[], String)} (can be null)
+     * @param paths where to create links, in addition to the parent directory of filename
+     * @return the version-less filename (or null on failure), a symbolic link only if needed
+     */
+    public static String createLibraryLink(String filename, ClassProperties properties, String libnameversion, String ... paths) {
+        File file = new File(filename);
+        String parent = file.getParent(), name = file.getName(), link = null;
+
+        String[] split = libnameversion != null ? libnameversion.split("#") : new String[] {""};
+        String[] s = (split.length > 1 ? split[1] : split[0]).split("@");
+        String libname = s[0];
+        String version = s.length > 1 ? s[s.length-1] : "";
+
+        if (!name.contains(libname)) {
+            return filename;
+        }
+        for (String suffix : properties.get("platform.library.suffix")) {
+            int n = name.lastIndexOf(suffix);
+            int n2 = version.length() != 0 ? name.lastIndexOf(version)
+                                           : name.indexOf(".");
+            if (n > 0 && n2 > 0) {
+                link = name.substring(0, n < n2 ? n : n2) + suffix;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (link == null) {
+            for (String suffix : properties.get("platform.library.suffix")) {
+                if (name.endsWith(suffix)) {
+                    link = name;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (link != null && link.length() > 0) {
+            File linkFile = new File(parent, link);
+            try {
+                Path linkPath = linkFile.toPath();
+                Path targetPath = Paths.get(name);
+                if ((!linkFile.exists() || !Files.isSymbolicLink(linkPath) || !Files.readSymbolicLink(linkPath).equals(targetPath))
+                        && !targetPath.isAbsolute() && !targetPath.equals(linkPath.getFileName())) {
+                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        logger.debug("Creating symbolic link " + linkPath);
+                    }
+                    linkFile.delete();
+                    Files.createSymbolicLink(linkPath, targetPath);
+                }
+                filename = linkFile.toString();
+
+                for (String parent2 : paths) {
+                    if (parent2 == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    for (String link2 : new String[] { link, name }) {
+                        File linkFile2 = new File(parent2, link2);
+                        Path linkPath2 = linkFile2.toPath();
+                        Path relativeTarget = Paths.get(parent2).relativize(Paths.get(parent)).resolve(name);
+                        if ((!linkFile2.exists() || !Files.isSymbolicLink(linkPath2) || !Files.readSymbolicLink(linkPath2).equals(relativeTarget))
+                                && !relativeTarget.isAbsolute() && !relativeTarget.equals(linkPath2.getFileName())) {
+                            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                                logger.debug("Creating symbolic link " + linkPath2);
+                            }
+                            linkFile2.delete();
+                            Files.createSymbolicLink(linkPath2, relativeTarget);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
+                // ... (probably an unsupported operation on Windows, but DLLs never need links,
+                // or other (filesystem?) exception: for example,
+                // "sun.nio.fs.UnixException: No such file or directory" on File.toPath()) ...
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Failed to create symbolic link " + linkFile + ": " + e);
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        return filename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Contains {@code offsetof()} and {@code sizeof()} values of native types
+     * of {@code struct}, {@code class}, and {@code union}. A {@link WeakHashMap}
+     * is used to prevent the Loader from hanging onto Class objects the user may
+     * be trying to unload.
+     */
+    static WeakHashMap<Class<? extends Pointer>,HashMap<String,Integer>> memberOffsets =
+            new WeakHashMap<Class<? extends Pointer>,HashMap<String,Integer>>();
+
+    /**
+     * Called by native libraries to put {@code offsetof()} and {@code sizeof()} values in {@link #memberOffsets}.
+     * Tries to load the Class object for typeName using the {@link ClassLoader} of the Loader.
+     *
+     * @param typeName the name of the peer Class acting as interface to the native type
+     * @param member the name of the native member variable (can be null to retrieve the Class object only)
+     * @param offset the value of {@code offsetof()} (or {@code sizeof()} when {@code member.equals("sizeof")})
+     * @return {@code Class.forName(typeName, false)}
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException on Class initialization failure
+     */
+    static Class putMemberOffset(String typeName, String member, int offset) throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        try {
+            Class<?> c = Class.forName(typeName.replace('/', '.'), false, Loader.class.getClassLoader());
+            if (member != null) {
+                putMemberOffset(c.asSubclass(Pointer.class), member, offset);
+            }
+            return c;
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            logger.warn("Loader.putMemberOffset(): " + e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Called by native libraries to put {@code offsetof()} and {@code sizeof()} values in {@link #memberOffsets}.
+     *
+     * @param type the peer Class acting as interface to the native type
+     * @param member the name of the native member variable
+     * @param offset the value of {@code offsetof()} (or {@code sizeof()} when {@code member.equals("sizeof")})
+     */
+    static synchronized void putMemberOffset(Class<? extends Pointer> type, String member, int offset) {
+        HashMap<String,Integer> offsets = memberOffsets.get(type);
+        if (offsets == null) {
+            memberOffsets.put(type, offsets = new HashMap<String,Integer>());
+        }
+        offsets.put(member, offset);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets {@code offsetof()} values from {@link #memberOffsets} filled by native libraries.
+     *
+     * @param type the peer Class acting as interface to the native type
+     * @param member the name of the native member variable
+     * @return {@code memberOffsets.get(type).get(member)}
+     */
+    public static int offsetof(Class<? extends Pointer> type, String member) {
+        // Should we synchronize that?
+        HashMap<String,Integer> offsets = memberOffsets.get(type);
+        while (offsets == null && type.getSuperclass() != null) {
+            type = type.getSuperclass().asSubclass(Pointer.class);
+            offsets = memberOffsets.get(type);
+        }
+        return offsets.get(member);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets {@code sizeof()} values from {@link #memberOffsets} filled by native libraries.
+     *
+     * @param type the peer Class acting as interface to the native type
+     * @return {@code memberOffsets.get(type).get("sizeof")}
+     */
+    public static int sizeof(Class<? extends Pointer> type) {
+        return offsetof(type, "sizeof");
+    }
+
+
+    /** Returns the number of processors configured according to the operating system, or 0 if unknown.
+     * This value can be greater than {@link Runtime#availableProcessors()} and {@link #totalCores()}. */
+    @Name("JavaCPP_totalProcessors") public static native int totalProcessors();
+
+    /** Returns the number of CPU cores usable according to the operating system, or 0 if unknown.
+     * For SMT-capable systems, this value may be less than {@link #totalProcessors()}. */
+    @Name("JavaCPP_totalCores") public static native int totalCores();
+
+    /** Returns the number of CPU chips installed according to the operating system, or 0 if unknown.
+     * For multi-core processors, this value may be less than {@link #totalCores()}. */
+    @Name("JavaCPP_totalChips") public static native int totalChips();
+
+    /** Returns the address found under the given name in the "dynamic symbol tables" (Linux, Mac OS X, etc)
+     * or the "export tables" (Windows) of all libraries loaded, or null if not found. */
+    @Name("JavaCPP_addressof") public static native Pointer addressof(String symbol);
+
+    /** Returns the JavaVM JNI object, as required by some APIs for initialization. */
+    @Name("JavaCPP_getJavaVM") public static native @Cast("JavaVM*") Pointer getJavaVM();
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.HttpURLConnection` acquired by call to `openConnection()` at line 385 is not released after line 402.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+File Loader.cacheResource(URL,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.bytedeco.javacpp.Loader.cacheResource(java.net.URL,java.lang.String):java.io.File.1db15ef41d1c8fd0fba2a3808458641b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/bytedeco/javacpp/Loader.java
+
+### Key:
+Loader.java|cacheResource|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b038a3a8d35154e7b0ce20266db05bc3
+
+### Hash:
+c2f910351ae6ffb4674d7613ca9cb6e4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9400/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9400/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ab75a9c8162970663182713d8aad646419dd014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9400/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** InflatableDonkey
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright 2016 Ahseya.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.chunk.engine;
+
+import com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.chunk.Chunk;
+import com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.chunk.store.ChunkStore;
+import com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.io.IOFunction;
+import com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.io.IORunnable;
+import com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.io.IOSupplier;
+import com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.protobuf.ChunkServer;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+import net.jcip.annotations.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.BoundedInputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.io.output.NullOutputStream;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.io.CipherInputStream;
+import org.bouncycastle.util.encoders.Hex;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Ahseya
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public final class ChunkListDecrypter implements IOFunction<InputStream, Map<ChunkServer.ChunkReference, Chunk>> {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ChunkListDecrypter.class);
+
+    private final BiFunction<byte[], InputStream, CipherInputStream> cipherInputStreams;
+    private final BiFunction<byte[], byte[], Optional<byte[]>> keyUnwrap;
+    private final ChunkStore store;
+    private final SHCLContainer container;
+
+    public ChunkListDecrypter(
+            BiFunction< byte[], InputStream, CipherInputStream> cipherInputStreams,
+            BiFunction<byte[], byte[], Optional<byte[]>> keyUnwrap,
+            ChunkStore store,
+            SHCLContainer container) {
+
+        this.cipherInputStreams = Objects.requireNonNull(cipherInputStreams);
+        this.keyUnwrap = Objects.requireNonNull(keyUnwrap);
+        this.store = Objects.requireNonNull(store);
+        this.container = Objects.requireNonNull(container);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Map<ChunkServer.ChunkReference, Chunk> apply(InputStream inputStream) throws IOException {
+        logger.trace("<< apply() - InputStream: {}", inputStream);
+        Map<ChunkServer.ChunkReference, Chunk> chunks = new HashMap<>();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (Map.Entry<ChunkServer.ChunkReference, ChunkServer.ChunkInfo> entry : container.chunkInfos().entrySet()) {
+            chunk(inputStream, entry.getValue(), i++)
+                    .map(c -> chunks.put(entry.getKey(), c));
+        }
+        logger.trace(">> apply() - chunks: {}", chunks);
+        return chunks;
+    }
+
+    Optional<Chunk> chunk(InputStream inputStream, ChunkServer.ChunkInfo chunkInfo, int index) throws IOException {
+        logger.trace("<< chunk() - chunkInfo: {} index: {}", chunkInfo, index);
+
+        BoundedInputStream bis = new BoundedInputStream(inputStream, chunkInfo.getChunkLength());
+        bis.setPropagateClose(false);
+        Optional<Chunk> chunk = chunk(bis, chunkInfo, index);
+        consume(bis);
+
+        logger.trace(">> chunk() - chunk: {}", chunk);
+        return chunk;
+    }
+
+    Optional<Chunk> chunk(BoundedInputStream bis, ChunkServer.ChunkInfo chunkInfo, int index) throws IOException {
+        byte[] checksum = chunkInfo.getChunkChecksum().toByteArray();
+        return store.chunk(checksum)
+                .<IOSupplier<Optional<Chunk>>>map(u -> () -> {
+                    logger.debug("-- chunk() - chunk present in store: 0x:{}", Hex.toHexString(checksum));
+                    return Optional.of(u);
+                })
+                .orElseGet(() -> () -> {
+                    logger.debug("-- chunk() - chunk not present in store: 0x:{}", Hex.toHexString(checksum));
+                    byte[] chunkEncryptionKey = chunkInfo.getChunkEncryptionKey().toByteArray();
+                    return decrypt(bis, chunkEncryptionKey, checksum, index);
+                })
+                .get();
+    }
+
+    Optional<Chunk>
+            decrypt(BoundedInputStream bis, byte[] chunkEncryptionKey, byte[] checksum, int index) throws IOException {
+        unwrapKey(chunkEncryptionKey, index)
+                .map(u -> {
+                    logger.debug("-- decrypt() - key unwrapped: 0x{} chunk: 0x{}",
+                            Hex.toHexString(u), Hex.toHexString(checksum));
+                    return cipherInputStreams.apply(u, bis);
+                })
+                .<IORunnable>map(u -> () -> store(u, checksum))
+                .orElse(() -> {
+                    logger.warn("-- decrypt() - key unwrap failed chunk: 0x{}", Hex.toHexString(checksum));
+                })
+                .run();
+        return store.chunk(checksum);
+    }
+
+    Optional<byte[]> unwrapKey(byte[] chunkEncryptionKey, int index) {
+        return container.keyEncryptionKey(index)
+                .flatMap(kek -> keyUnwrap.apply(chunkEncryptionKey, kek));
+    }
+
+    void store(CipherInputStream is, byte[] checksum) throws IOException {
+        store.outputStream(checksum)
+                .<IORunnable>map(u -> () -> {
+                    logger.debug("-- store() - copying chunk into store: 0x{}", Hex.toHexString(checksum));
+                    copy(is, u);
+                })
+                .orElse(() -> {
+                    logger.debug("-- store() - store now contains chunk: 0x{}", Hex.toHexString(checksum));
+                })
+                .run();
+    }
+
+    void consume(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        copy(is, new NullOutputStream());
+    }
+
+    void copy(InputStream is, OutputStream os) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            IOUtils.copy(is, os);
+        } finally {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(is);
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(os);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.io.IORunnable. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Optional ChunkListDecrypter.decrypt(BoundedInputStream,byte[],byte[],int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.horrorho.inflatabledonkey.chunk.engine.ChunkListDecrypter.decrypt(org.apache.commons.io.i.ba67b5ce31c2faeddb07107891c590b0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/horrorho/inflatabledonkey/chunk/engine/ChunkListDecrypter.java
+
+### Key:
+ChunkListDecrypter.java|decrypt|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e337a617608e07a7214ffa9ee7cb39d3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9407/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9407/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe54bf3df368f7656098367fd3d73f27623898d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9407/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** netty-zmtp
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2015 Spotify AB
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
+
+import static com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp.ZMTPVersion.ZMTP10;
+import static io.netty.buffer.Unpooled.copiedBuffer;
+import static io.netty.util.CharsetUtil.UTF_8;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.sameInstance;
+import static org.hamcrest.collection.IsIterableContainingInOrder.contains;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class ZMTPWriterTest {
+
+  private final List<Object> out = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+  @Test
+  public void testOneFrame() throws Exception {
+    final ZMTPWriter writer = ZMTPWriter.create(ZMTP10);
+    final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
+    writer.reset(buf);
+
+    ByteBuf frame = writer.frame(11, false);
+    assertThat(frame, is(sameInstance(buf)));
+
+    final ByteBuf content = copiedBuffer("hello world", UTF_8);
+
+    frame.writeBytes(content.duplicate());
+
+    final ZMTPParser parser = ZMTPParser.create(ZMTP10, new RawDecoder());
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) singletonList(content)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTwoFrames() throws Exception {
+    final ZMTPWriter writer = ZMTPWriter.create(ZMTP10);
+    final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
+    writer.reset(buf);
+
+    final ByteBuf f0 = copiedBuffer("hello ", UTF_8);
+    final ByteBuf f1 = copiedBuffer("hello ", UTF_8);
+
+    writer.frame(f0.readableBytes(), true).writeBytes(f0.duplicate());
+    writer.frame(f1.readableBytes(), false).writeBytes(f1.duplicate());
+
+    final ZMTPParser parser = ZMTPParser.create(ZMTP10, new RawDecoder());
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) asList(f0, f1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReframe() throws Exception {
+    final ZMTPParser parser = ZMTPParser.create(ZMTP10, new RawDecoder());
+    final ZMTPWriter writer = ZMTPWriter.create(ZMTP10);
+    final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
+
+    writer.reset(buf);
+
+    // Request a frame with margin in anticipation of a larger payload...
+    // ... but write a smaller payload
+    final ByteBuf content = copiedBuffer("hello world", UTF_8);
+    writer.frame(content.readableBytes() * 2, true).writeBytes(content.duplicate());
+
+    // And rewrite the frame accordingly
+    writer.reframe(content.readableBytes(), false);
+
+    // Verify that the message can be parsed
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) singletonList(content)));
+
+    // Write and verify another message
+    final ByteBuf next = copiedBuffer("next", UTF_8);
+    writer.frame(next.readableBytes(), false).writeBytes(next.duplicate());
+
+    out.clear();
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) singletonList(next)));
+  }
+
+
+  private class RawDecoder implements ZMTPDecoder {
+
+    private long length;
+
+    private List<ByteBuf> frames = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    public void header(final long length, final boolean more, final List<Object> out) {
+      this.length = length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void content(final ByteBuf data, final List<Object> out) {
+      if (data.readableBytes() < length) {
+        return;
+      }
+      frames.add(data.readBytes((int) length));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void finish(final List<Object> out) {
+      out.add(frames);
+      frames = Lists.newArrayList();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+      for (final ByteBuf frame : frames) {
+        frame.release();
+      }
+      frames.clear();
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp.ZMTPWriterTest$RawDecoder` acquired by call to `new()` at line 87 is not released after line 111.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZMTPWriterTest.testReframe()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp.ZMTPWriterTest.testReframe():void.309bc034fe4aa4d44b18a47de7d413d1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/spotify/netty4/handler/codec/zmtp/ZMTPWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ZMTPWriterTest.java|testReframe|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e4541adc5a04713bee6ed684510343e5
+
+### Hash:
+c54b0c828676d25b5ec29b91ba88c3ee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9409/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9409/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70f0b9c30047d6ad58d0274f2dc70dc69359a223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9409/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** netty-zmtp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2015 Spotify AB
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
+
+import static com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp.ZMTPVersion.ZMTP10;
+import static io.netty.buffer.Unpooled.copiedBuffer;
+import static io.netty.util.CharsetUtil.UTF_8;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.sameInstance;
+import static org.hamcrest.collection.IsIterableContainingInOrder.contains;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class ZMTPWriterTest {
+
+  private final List<Object> out = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+  @Test
+  public void testOneFrame() throws Exception {
+    final ZMTPWriter writer = ZMTPWriter.create(ZMTP10);
+    final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
+    writer.reset(buf);
+
+    ByteBuf frame = writer.frame(11, false);
+    assertThat(frame, is(sameInstance(buf)));
+
+    final ByteBuf content = copiedBuffer("hello world", UTF_8);
+
+    frame.writeBytes(content.duplicate());
+
+    final ZMTPParser parser = ZMTPParser.create(ZMTP10, new RawDecoder());
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) singletonList(content)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTwoFrames() throws Exception {
+    final ZMTPWriter writer = ZMTPWriter.create(ZMTP10);
+    final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
+    writer.reset(buf);
+
+    final ByteBuf f0 = copiedBuffer("hello ", UTF_8);
+    final ByteBuf f1 = copiedBuffer("hello ", UTF_8);
+
+    writer.frame(f0.readableBytes(), true).writeBytes(f0.duplicate());
+    writer.frame(f1.readableBytes(), false).writeBytes(f1.duplicate());
+
+    final ZMTPParser parser = ZMTPParser.create(ZMTP10, new RawDecoder());
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) asList(f0, f1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReframe() throws Exception {
+    final ZMTPParser parser = ZMTPParser.create(ZMTP10, new RawDecoder());
+    final ZMTPWriter writer = ZMTPWriter.create(ZMTP10);
+    final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
+
+    writer.reset(buf);
+
+    // Request a frame with margin in anticipation of a larger payload...
+    // ... but write a smaller payload
+    final ByteBuf content = copiedBuffer("hello world", UTF_8);
+    writer.frame(content.readableBytes() * 2, true).writeBytes(content.duplicate());
+
+    // And rewrite the frame accordingly
+    writer.reframe(content.readableBytes(), false);
+
+    // Verify that the message can be parsed
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) singletonList(content)));
+
+    // Write and verify another message
+    final ByteBuf next = copiedBuffer("next", UTF_8);
+    writer.frame(next.readableBytes(), false).writeBytes(next.duplicate());
+
+    out.clear();
+    parser.parse(buf, out);
+    assertThat(out, hasSize(1));
+    assertThat(out, contains((Object) singletonList(next)));
+  }
+
+
+  private class RawDecoder implements ZMTPDecoder {
+
+    private long length;
+
+    private List<ByteBuf> frames = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    public void header(final long length, final boolean more, final List<Object> out) {
+      this.length = length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void content(final ByteBuf data, final List<Object> out) {
+      if (data.readableBytes() < length) {
+        return;
+      }
+      frames.add(data.readBytes((int) length));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void finish(final List<Object> out) {
+      out.add(frames);
+      frames = Lists.newArrayList();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+      for (final ByteBuf frame : frames) {
+        frame.release();
+      }
+      frames.clear();
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp.ZMTPWriterTest$RawDecoder` acquired by call to `new()` at line 78 is not released after line 78.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 78
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZMTPWriterTest.testTwoFrames()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.netty4.handler.codec.zmtp.ZMTPWriterTest.testTwoFrames():void.429e94a189cf613fe492019a4f37a1d3
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/spotify/netty4/handler/codec/zmtp/ZMTPWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ZMTPWriterTest.java|testTwoFrames|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f53999b12c42abecc8f5457adbe08261
+
+### Hash:
+269b5e0c9d1172e988d3d6376704f9d7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9431/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9431/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e0e0b196db3486a9cb65a46a5520f4c2ea0350c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9431/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,498 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * 
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+
+    /**
+     * 日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+     */
+    protected static Log log;
+
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+
+    protected boolean prepared;
+
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        if (ts.length > 2) {
+            setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * 
+     * @param mainClass
+     *            主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        if (ts.length > 2) {
+            setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx, Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * 
+     * @param flag
+     *            默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+        this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        }
+        catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+        Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+        this.prepare();
+
+        // 依次启动
+        try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(ctx.getMainClass());
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+        if (prepared)
+            return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+        this.prepareBasic();
+
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+
+        // 创建IocLoader体系
+        prepareIocLoader();
+
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+
+        // 打印配置文档
+        if (printProcDoc) {
+            PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader();
+            docReader.load(starterClasses);
+            Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+        }
+
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance();
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareIocLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+            int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+            List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+            args.add("*js");
+            args.add("ioc/");
+            args.add("*tx");
+            args.add("*async");
+            args.add("" + asyncPoolSize);
+            args.add("*anno");
+            args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+            IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+            if (iocBy != null) {
+                String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+                ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (int i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+                    if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+                        if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+                            switch (_args.get(0)) {
+                            case "*tx":
+                            case "*async":
+                            case "*anno":
+                            case "*js":
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                args.addAll(_args);
+                            }
+                            _args.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _args.add(tmp[i]);
+                }
+                if (_args.size() > 0) {
+                    switch (_args.get(0)) {
+                    case "*tx":
+                    case "*async":
+                    case "*anno":
+                    case "*js":
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        args.addAll(_args);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+    }
+
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+        starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+        HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                        String className = _tmp.trim();
+                        if (!classNames.add(className))
+                            continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareIoc() {
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")) {
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2) ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConf()));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "nbApp", new ObjectProxy(this));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+                obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            } else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+        // 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareConfigureLoader` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.ioc`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp._run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareConfigureLoader()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareConfigureLoader():void.b8738725d4c6ba1e81a4281a317f5394
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-core/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareConfigureLoader|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+518f5a3c124a22d8f61bb245be078b3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9436/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9436/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1570bd72ff06c522b24fcf764fae8e73268adee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9436/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主启动器类,必须设置
+     */
+    protected Class<?> mainClass;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (mainClass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(mainClass);
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+    	if (this.ctx == null) {
+            ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        }
+        if (ctx.getMainClass() == null && mainClass != null)
+            ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConfigureLoader().get()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.mainClass`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp._run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.mainClass might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareBasic()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic():void.dd6da23e2d20c27b6fe908f129d9169b
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareBasic|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+967d252e377c6da277543e2ef57f0f9f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9438/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9438/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..221773fea7abf0dbe9f3775e3758331f2d8cd70a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9438/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主启动器类,必须设置
+     */
+    protected Class<?> mainClass;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (mainClass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(mainClass);
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+    	if (this.ctx == null) {
+            ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        }
+        if (ctx.getMainClass() == null && mainClass != null)
+            ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConfigureLoader().get()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic` writes to field `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareBasic()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic():void.dd6da23e2d20c27b6fe908f129d9169b
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareBasic|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+cdca6551800bfbed6454bbfca24e4b7b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9440/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9440/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a626bbd4b93f8069c24b2484843e570202630c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9440/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主启动器类,必须设置
+     */
+    protected Class<?> mainClass;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (mainClass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(mainClass);
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+    	if (this.ctx == null) {
+            ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        }
+        if (ctx.getMainClass() == null && mainClass != null)
+            ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConfigureLoader().get()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp._run` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp.run()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp._run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp._run():void.3641f60336c24c77461f31b034e2a838
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|_run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+90fbd734676ed495409da526ccea6d35
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9447/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9447/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e777c44653fc94d9ce242e7dcbaca9f78e134ac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9447/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** tesb-rt-se
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.talend.esb.locator;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException.Code;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs.Ids;
+
+/**
+ * This is the entry point for clients of the Service Locator. To access the
+ * Service Locator clients have to first {@link #connect() connect} to the
+ * Service Locator to get a session assigned. Once the connection is established
+ * the client will periodically send heart beats to the server to keep the
+ * session alive.
+ * <p>
+ * The Service Locator provides the following operations.
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>An endpoint for a specific service can be registered.
+ * <li>All endpoints for a specific service that were registered before by other
+ * clients can be looked up.
+ * </ul>
+ * 
+ */
+public class ServiceLocator {
+
+	private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ServiceLocator.class
+			.getName());
+
+	public static final NodePath LOCATOR_ROOT_PATH = new NodePath("cxf-locator");
+
+	public static final byte[] EMPTY_CONTENT = new byte[0];
+
+	// Count of register() and lookup() methods which performed in parallel in
+	// this moment
+	private int businessOperations = 0;
+
+	// Is blocked by connect() or disconnect() method
+	private boolean blockedByRunUpOperation = false;
+
+	public static final PostConnectAction DO_NOTHING_ACTION = new PostConnectAction() {
+
+		@Override
+		public void process(ServiceLocator lc) {
+		}
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback interface to define actions that must be executed after a
+	 * successful connect or reconnect.
+	 */
+	static interface PostConnectAction {
+		/**
+		 * Execute this after the connection to the Service Locator is
+		 * established or re-established.
+		 * 
+		 * @param lc
+		 *            the Service Locator client that just successfully
+		 *            connected to the server, must not be <code>null</code>
+		 */
+		void process(ServiceLocator lc);
+	}
+
+	private String locatorEndpoints = "localhost:2181";
+
+	private int sessionTimeout = 5000;
+
+	private int connectionTimeout = 5000;
+
+	private int waitingTimeout = 3000;
+
+	private PostConnectAction pca = DO_NOTHING_ACTION;
+
+	private volatile ZooKeeper zk;
+
+	/**
+	 * Establish a connection to the Service Locator. After successful
+	 * connection the specified {@link PostConnectAction} is run. If the session
+	 * to the server expires because the server could not be reached within the
+	 * {@link #setSessionTimeout(int) specified time}, a reconnect is
+	 * automatically executed as soon as the server can be reached again.
+	 * Because after a session time out all registered endpoints are removed it
+	 * is important to specify a {@link PostConnectAction} that re-registers all
+	 * endpoints.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             At least one of the endpoints does not represent a valid
+	 *             address
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 *             the current <code>Thread</code> was interrupted when waiting
+	 *             for a successful connection to the ServiceLocator
+	 * @throws ServiceLocatorException
+	 *             the connect operation failed
+	 */
+	public void connect() throws IOException, InterruptedException,
+			ServiceLocatorException {
+		connect(false);
+	}
+
+	synchronized public void connect(boolean immediately) throws IOException,
+			InterruptedException, ServiceLocatorException {
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+			LOG.log(Level.FINE, "Start connect session");
+		}
+		blockedByRunUpOperation = true;
+		disconnect(false, immediately);
+
+		CountDownLatch connectionLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+		zk = createZooKeeper(connectionLatch);
+		boolean connected = connectionLatch.await(connectionTimeout,
+				TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+		if (!connected) {
+			throw new ServiceLocatorException(
+					"Connection to Service Locator failed.");
+		} else {
+			pca.process(this);
+		}
+		blockedByRunUpOperation = false;
+
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINER)) {
+			LOG.log(Level.FINER, "End connect session");
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Disconnects from a Service Locator server. All endpoints that were
+	 * registered before are removed from the server. To be able to communicate
+	 * with a Service Locator server again the client has to {@link #connect()
+	 * connect} again.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 *             the current <code>Thread</code> was interrupted when waiting
+	 *             for the disconnect to happen
+	 * @throws ServiceLocatorException
+	 */
+	public void disconnect() throws InterruptedException,
+			ServiceLocatorException {
+		disconnect(true, false);
+	}
+
+	synchronized public void disconnect(boolean notify, boolean immediately)
+			throws InterruptedException, ServiceLocatorException {
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+			LOG.log(Level.FINE, "Start disconnect session");
+		}
+		blockedByRunUpOperation = true;
+		if (!immediately) {
+			try {
+				int waiting = 0;
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+					LOG.fine("Waiting "
+							+ waitingTimeout
+							+ " ms for some business operations to complete its work");
+				}
+				while (businessOperations != 0 && waiting < waitingTimeout) {
+						Thread.sleep(1);
+						waiting++;
+				}
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+					LOG.fine("In fact waiting was " + waiting + " ms ;)");
+				}
+				businessOperations = 0;
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE)) {
+					LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,
+							"Thread sleeping, and the thread is interrupted, either before or during the activity: "
+									+ e.getMessage());
+				}
+				throw new ServiceLocatorException("Thread is interrupted.", e);
+			}
+		} else {
+			businessOperations = 0;
+		}
+
+		if (zk != null) {
+			zk.close();
+			zk = null;
+		}
+		if (notify) {
+			blockedByRunUpOperation = false;
+		}
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINER)) {
+			LOG.log(Level.FINER, "End disconnect session");
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * For a given service register the endpoint of a concrete provider of this
+	 * service. If the client is destroyed, disconnected, or fails to
+	 * successfully send the heartbeat for a period of time defined by the
+	 * {@link #setSessionTimeout(int) session timeout parameter} the endpoint is
+	 * removed from the Service Locator. To ensure that all available endpoints
+	 * are re-registered when the client reconnects after a session expired a
+	 * {@link PostConnectAction} should be
+	 * {@link #setPostConnectAction(PostConnectAction) set} that registers all
+	 * endpoints.
+	 * 
+	 * @param serviceName
+	 *            the name of the service the endpoint is registered for, must
+	 *            not be <code>null</code>
+	 * @param endpoint
+	 *            the endpoint to register, must not be <code>null</code>
+	 * @throws ServiceLocatorException
+	 *             the server returned an error
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 *             the current <code>Thread</code> was interrupted when waiting
+	 *             for a response of the ServiceLocator
+	 */
+	public void register(QName serviceName, String endpoint)
+			throws ServiceLocatorException, InterruptedException {
+		if (blockedByRunUpOperation) {
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+				LOG.info("It seems that Service Locator performs connection operation. We are waiting for completion.");
+			}
+			synchronized (this) {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)) {
+					LOG.log(Level.FINEST, "Entering into synchronization block");
+				}
+			}
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)) {
+				LOG.log(Level.FINEST, "Leaving the synchronization block");
+			}
+		}
+		businessOperations++;
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+			LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Register endpoint " + endpoint
+					+ " for service " + serviceName + ".");
+		}
+		NodePath serviceNodePath = LOCATOR_ROOT_PATH.child(serviceName
+				.toString());
+		ensurePathExists(serviceNodePath, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+
+		NodePath endpointNodePath = serviceNodePath.child(endpoint);
+		ensurePathExists(endpointNodePath, CreateMode.EPHEMERAL);
+		if (businessOperations > 0)
+			businessOperations--;
+	}
+
+	public void unregister(QName serviceName, String endpoint)
+			throws ServiceLocatorException, InterruptedException {
+		if (blockedByRunUpOperation) {
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+				LOG.log(Level.INFO,
+						"It seems that Service Locator performs connection operation. We are waiting for completion.");
+			}
+			synchronized (this) {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)) {
+					LOG.log(Level.FINEST, "Entering into synchronization block");
+				}
+			}
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)) {
+				LOG.log(Level.FINEST, "Leaving the synchronization block");
+			}
+		}
+		businessOperations++;
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+			LOG.info("Unregister endpoint " + endpoint + " for service "
+					+ serviceName + ".");
+		}
+
+		NodePath serviceNodePath = LOCATOR_ROOT_PATH.child(serviceName
+				.toString());
+		NodePath endpointNodePath = serviceNodePath.child(endpoint);
+
+		try {
+			deleteNode(endpointNodePath);
+			deleteNode(serviceNodePath);
+		} catch (KeeperException e) {
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE)) {
+				LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,
+						"The service locator server signaled an error: "
+								+ e.getMessage());
+			}
+			throw new ServiceLocatorException(
+					"The service locator server signaled an error.", e);
+
+		}
+
+		if (businessOperations > 0)
+			businessOperations--;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * For the given service return all endpoints that currently registered at
+	 * the Service Locator Service.
+	 * 
+	 * @param serviceName
+	 *            the name of the service for which to get the endpoints, must
+	 *            not be <code>null</code>
+	 * @return a possibly empty list of endpoints
+	 * @throws ServiceLocatorException
+	 *             the server returned an error
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 *             the current <code>Thread</code> was interrupted when waiting
+	 *             for a response of the ServiceLocator
+	 */
+	public List<String> lookup(QName serviceName)
+			throws ServiceLocatorException, InterruptedException {
+		if (blockedByRunUpOperation) {
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+				LOG.log(Level.INFO,
+						"It seems that Service Locator performs connection operation. We are waiting for completion.");
+			}
+			synchronized (this) {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)) {
+					LOG.log(Level.FINEST, "Entering into synchronization block");
+				}
+			}
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINEST)) {
+				LOG.log(Level.FINEST, "Leaving the synchronization block");
+			}
+		}
+		businessOperations++;
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+			LOG.info("Lookup endpoints of " + serviceName + " service.");
+		}
+		try {
+			NodePath providerPath = LOCATOR_ROOT_PATH.child(serviceName
+					.toString());
+			List<String> children;
+			if (nodeExists(providerPath)) {
+				children = decode(getChildren(providerPath));
+			} else {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+					LOG.fine("Lookup for provider" + serviceName
+							+ " failed, provider not known.");
+				}
+				children = Collections.emptyList();
+			}
+			if (businessOperations > 0)
+				businessOperations--;
+
+			return children;
+
+		} catch (KeeperException e) {
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE)) {
+				LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,
+						"The service locator server signaled an error: "
+								+ e.getMessage());
+			}
+			throw new ServiceLocatorException(
+					"The service locator server signaled an error.", e);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	public void setLocatorEndpoints(String endpoints) {
+		locatorEndpoints = endpoints;
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+			LOG.fine("Locator endpoints set to " + locatorEndpoints);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void setSessionTimeout(int timeout) {
+		sessionTimeout = timeout;
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+			LOG.fine("Locator session timeout set to: " + sessionTimeout);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void setConnectionTimeout(int timeout) {
+		connectionTimeout = timeout;
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+			LOG.fine("Locator connection timeout set to: " + connectionTimeout);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void setPostConnectAction(PostConnectAction pca) {
+		this.pca = pca;
+	}
+
+	public void setWaitingTimeout(int waitingTimeout) {
+		this.waitingTimeout = waitingTimeout;
+		if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+			LOG.fine("Locator wating timeout set to: " + waitingTimeout);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private void ensurePathExists(NodePath path, CreateMode mode)
+			throws ServiceLocatorException, InterruptedException {
+		try {
+			if (!nodeExists(path)) {
+				createNode(path, mode);
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+					LOG.fine("Node " + path + " created.");
+				}
+			} else {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+					LOG.fine("Node " + path + " already exists.");
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (KeeperException e) {
+			if (!e.code().equals(Code.NODEEXISTS)) {
+				throw new ServiceLocatorException(
+						"The service locator server signaled an error.", e);
+			} else {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+					LOG.fine("Some other client created node" + path
+							+ " concurrently.");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private boolean nodeExists(NodePath path) throws KeeperException,
+			InterruptedException {
+		return zk.exists(path.toString(), false) != null;
+	}
+
+	private void createNode(NodePath path, CreateMode mode)
+			throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+		zk.create(path.toString(), EMPTY_CONTENT, Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, mode);
+	}
+
+	private void deleteNode(NodePath path) throws KeeperException,
+			InterruptedException {
+		if (getChildren(path).isEmpty())
+			zk.delete(path.toString(), -1);
+	}
+
+	private List<String> getChildren(NodePath path) throws KeeperException,
+			InterruptedException {
+		return zk.getChildren(path.toString(), false);
+	}
+
+	private List<String> decode(List<String> encoded) {
+		List<String> raw = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+		for (String oneEncoded : encoded) {
+			raw.add(NodePath.decode(oneEncoded));
+		}
+		return raw;
+	}
+
+	protected ZooKeeper createZooKeeper(CountDownLatch connectionLatch)
+			throws IOException {
+		return new ZooKeeper(locatorEndpoints, sessionTimeout, new WatcherImpl(
+				connectionLatch));
+	}
+
+	public class WatcherImpl implements Watcher {
+
+		private CountDownLatch connectionLatch;
+
+		public WatcherImpl(CountDownLatch connectionLatch) {
+			this.connectionLatch = connectionLatch;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+			if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+				LOG.fine("Event with state " + event.getState() + " sent.");
+			}
+
+			KeeperState eventState = event.getState();
+			try {
+				if (eventState == KeeperState.SyncConnected) {
+					ensurePathExists(LOCATOR_ROOT_PATH, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+					connectionLatch.countDown();
+				} else if (eventState == KeeperState.Expired) {
+					connect();
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE)) {
+					LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,
+							"An IOException  was thrown when trying to connect to the ServiceLocator",
+							e);
+				}
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE)) {
+					LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,
+							"An InterruptedException was thrown while waiting for an answer from the Service Locator",
+							e);
+				}
+			} catch (ServiceLocatorException e) {
+				if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE)) {
+					LOG.log(Level.SEVERE,
+							"Failed to execute an request to Service Locator.",
+							e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.talend.esb.locator.ServiceLocator.disconnect` indirectly reads with synchronization from `this.org.talend.esb.locator.ServiceLocator.businessOperations`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `ServiceLocator.unregister(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServiceLocator.disconnect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.talend.esb.locator.ServiceLocator.disconnect():void.0d9b7aaaff2d1b9237f1835b29ed9141
+
+### File:
+locator/src/main/java/org/talend/esb/locator/ServiceLocator.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceLocator.java|disconnect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+3b4c4d74c07172d5cf3f35c50f9f4e2f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9449/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9449/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..945e5600f346c3fd9cb7272dab967e5362a0a2e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9449/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** aws-apigateway-importer
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.amazonaws.service.apigateway.importer.config;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+public class AwsConfig {
+    private static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(AwsConfig.class);
+
+    private String region = "us-east-1";
+    private String profile = "default";
+
+    public String getRegion() {
+        return region;
+    }
+
+    public String getProfile() {
+        return profile;
+    }
+
+    public void load() {
+        String home = System.getProperty("user.home");
+
+        Properties awsConfigProperties = new Properties();
+
+        try {
+            // todo: use default profile
+            awsConfigProperties.load(new FileInputStream(home + "/.aws/config"));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not load configuration. Please run 'aws configure'");
+        }
+
+        String region = awsConfigProperties.getProperty("region");
+
+        if (region != null) {
+            this.region = region;
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Could not load region configuration. Please ensure AWS CLI is configured via 'aws configure'. Will use default region of " + this.region);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 31 is not released after line 31.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AwsConfig.load()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.amazonaws.service.apigateway.importer.config.AwsConfig.load():void.75dd4c9fdbfd70687d8accbd5d89c6f9
+
+### File:
+src/com/amazonaws/service/apigateway/importer/config/AwsConfig.java
+
+### Key:
+AwsConfig.java|load|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3cc09a942e4229549bed859de33fc95d
+
+### Hash:
+380b5803e776987b73353817f0689a2c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9453/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9453/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5f15b1e93840f13671df139fe9ee6e2b12ac6a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9453/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hraven
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+package com.twitter.hraven.datasource;
+
+import com.twitter.hraven.Flow;
+import com.twitter.hraven.FlowQueueKey;
+import com.twitter.hraven.datasource.FlowQueueService;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseTestingUtility;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ */
+public class TestFlowQueueService {
+  private static Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(TestFlowQueueService.class);
+  private static HBaseTestingUtility UTIL;
+  private static final String TEST_CLUSTER = "test@test";
+  private static final String TEST_USER = "testuser";
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setupBeforeClass() throws Exception {
+    UTIL = new HBaseTestingUtility();
+    UTIL.startMiniCluster();
+    HRavenTestUtil.createFlowQueueTable(UTIL);
+  }
+
+  @AfterClass
+  public static void tearDownAfterClass() throws Exception {
+    UTIL.shutdownMiniCluster();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testFlowQueueReadWrite() throws Exception {
+    FlowQueueService service = new FlowQueueService(UTIL.getConfiguration());
+
+    // add a couple of test flows
+    FlowQueueKey key1 = new FlowQueueKey(TEST_CLUSTER, Flow.Status.RUNNING,
+        System.currentTimeMillis(), "flow1");
+    Flow flow1 = new Flow(null);
+    flow1.setJobGraphJSON("{}");
+    flow1.setFlowName("flow1");
+    flow1.setUserName(TEST_USER);
+    flow1.setProgress(10);
+    service.updateFlow(key1, flow1);
+
+    FlowQueueKey key2 = new FlowQueueKey(TEST_CLUSTER, Flow.Status.RUNNING,
+        System.currentTimeMillis(), "flow2");
+    Flow flow2 = new Flow(null);
+    flow2.setJobGraphJSON("{}");
+    flow2.setFlowName("flow2");
+    flow2.setUserName(TEST_USER);
+    flow2.setProgress(20);
+    service.updateFlow(key2, flow2);
+
+    // read back one flow
+    Flow flow1Retrieved = service.getFlowFromQueue(key1.getCluster(), key1.getTimestamp(),
+        key1.getFlowId());
+    assertNotNull(flow1Retrieved);
+    assertFlowEquals(key1, flow1, flow1Retrieved);
+
+    // try reading both flows back
+    List<Flow> running = service.getFlowsForStatus(TEST_CLUSTER, Flow.Status.RUNNING, 10);
+    assertNotNull(running);
+    assertEquals(2, running.size());
+
+    // results should be in reverse order by timestamp
+    Flow result1 = running.get(1);
+    assertFlowEquals(key1, flow1, result1);
+    Flow result2 = running.get(0);
+    assertFlowEquals(key2, flow2, result2);
+
+    // move both flows to successful status
+    FlowQueueKey newKey1 = new FlowQueueKey(key1.getCluster(), Flow.Status.SUCCEEDED,
+        key1.getTimestamp(), key1.getFlowId());
+    service.moveFlow(key1, newKey1);
+    FlowQueueKey newKey2 = new FlowQueueKey(key2.getCluster(), Flow.Status.SUCCEEDED,
+        key2.getTimestamp(), key2.getFlowId());
+    service.moveFlow(key2, newKey2);
+
+    List<Flow> succeeded = service.getFlowsForStatus(TEST_CLUSTER, Flow.Status.SUCCEEDED, 10);
+    assertNotNull(succeeded);
+    assertEquals(2, succeeded.size());
+    // results should still be in reverse order by timestamp
+    result1 = succeeded.get(1);
+    assertFlowEquals(newKey1, flow1, result1);
+    result2 = succeeded.get(0);
+    assertFlowEquals(newKey2, flow2, result2);
+  }
+
+  protected void assertFlowEquals(FlowQueueKey expectedKey, Flow expectedFlow, Flow resultFlow) {
+    assertNotNull(resultFlow.getQueueKey());
+    LOG.info("Expected queue key is " + expectedKey);
+    LOG.info("Result queue key is "+resultFlow.getQueueKey());
+    assertTrue(expectedKey.equals(resultFlow.getQueueKey()));
+    assertEquals(expectedFlow.getJobGraphJSON(), resultFlow.getJobGraphJSON());
+    assertEquals(expectedFlow.getFlowName(), resultFlow.getFlowName());
+    assertEquals(expectedFlow.getUserName(), resultFlow.getUserName());
+    assertEquals(expectedFlow.getProgress(), resultFlow.getProgress());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.HTable` acquired by call to `FlowQueueService(...)` at line 57 is not released after line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestFlowQueueService.testFlowQueueReadWrite()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.twitter.hraven.datasource.TestFlowQueueService.testFlowQueueReadWrite():void.0a03364fb9fbb26c46417c991d4f0b72
+
+### File:
+hraven-core/src/test/java/com/twitter/hraven/datasource/TestFlowQueueService.java
+
+### Key:
+TestFlowQueueService.java|testFlowQueueReadWrite|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+99825d56d12c18532dbeceef87b91a98
+
+### Hash:
+0d360a695ee7808df0ab3b22301382cb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9454/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9454/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..808fdfacf1fcaf04e0ab8e74d9ba14706dff10a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9454/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hraven
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Twitter, Inc. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License
+ * at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in
+ * writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific
+ * language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.twitter.hraven.etl;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import com.google.common.io.Files;
+import com.twitter.hraven.Constants;
+import com.twitter.hraven.HadoopVersion;
+import com.twitter.hraven.JobHistoryKeys;
+import com.twitter.hraven.JobKey;
+import com.twitter.hraven.datasource.JobKeyConverter;
+import com.twitter.hraven.datasource.ProcessingException;
+import com.twitter.hraven.datasource.TaskKeyConverter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Test {@link JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2}
+ */
+public class TestJobHistoryFileParserHadoop2 {
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCreateJobHistoryFileParserCorrectCreation() throws IOException {
+
+    final String JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME =
+        "src/test/resources/job_1329348432655_0001-1329348443227-user-Sleep+job-1329348468601-10-1-SUCCEEDED-default.jhist";
+
+    File jobHistoryfile = new File(JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME);
+    byte[] contents = Files.toByteArray(jobHistoryfile);
+    // now load the conf file and check
+    final String JOB_CONF_FILE_NAME =
+        "src/test/resources/job_1329348432655_0001_conf.xml";
+    Configuration jobConf = new Configuration();
+    jobConf.addResource(new Path(JOB_CONF_FILE_NAME));
+
+    JobHistoryFileParser historyFileParser =
+        JobHistoryFileParserFactory.createJobHistoryFileParser(contents, jobConf);
+    assertNotNull(historyFileParser);
+
+    // confirm that we get back an object that can parse hadoop 2.0 files
+    assertTrue(historyFileParser instanceof JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2);
+
+    JobKey jobKey = new JobKey("cluster1", "user", "Sleep", 1, "job_1329348432655_0001");
+    historyFileParser.parse(contents, jobKey);
+
+    List<Put> jobPuts = historyFileParser.getJobPuts();
+    assertEquals(6, jobPuts.size());
+
+    JobKeyConverter jobKeyConv = new JobKeyConverter();
+    assertEquals("cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001",
+      jobKeyConv.fromBytes(jobPuts.get(0).getRow()).toString());
+
+    // check hadoop version
+    boolean foundVersion2 = false;
+    for (Put p : jobPuts) {
+    	List<KeyValue> kv2 = p.get(Constants.INFO_FAM_BYTES,
+    			Bytes.toBytes(JobHistoryKeys.hadoopversion.toString()));
+    	if (kv2.size() == 0) {
+    	  // we are interested in hadoop version put only
+    	  // hence continue
+          continue;
+    	}
+    	assertEquals(1, kv2.size());
+    	Map<byte[], List<KeyValue>> d = p.getFamilyMap();
+    	for (List<KeyValue> lkv : d.values()) {
+    	  for (KeyValue kv : lkv) {
+    		// ensure we have a hadoop2 version as the value
+    		assertEquals(Bytes.toString(kv.getValue()), 
+    				HadoopVersion.TWO.toString()); 
+
+    	    // ensure we don't see the same put twice
+    	    assertFalse(foundVersion2);
+    		// now set this to true
+    		foundVersion2 = true;
+    	  }
+       }
+    }
+    // ensure that we got the hadoop2 version put
+    assertTrue(foundVersion2);
+
+    // check job status
+    boolean foundJobStatus = false;
+    for (Put p : jobPuts) {
+      List<KeyValue> kv2 =
+          p.get(Constants.INFO_FAM_BYTES,
+            Bytes.toBytes(JobHistoryKeys.JOB_STATUS.toString().toLowerCase()));
+      if (kv2.size() == 0) {
+        // we are interested in JobStatus put only
+        // hence continue
+        continue;
+      }
+      assertEquals(1, kv2.size());
+
+      for (KeyValue kv : kv2) {
+        // ensure we have a job status value as the value
+        assertEquals(Bytes.toString(kv.getValue()),
+          JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2.JOB_STATUS_SUCCEEDED);
+
+        // ensure we don't see the same put twice
+        assertFalse(foundJobStatus);
+        // now set this to true
+        foundJobStatus = true;
+      }
+    }
+    // ensure that we got the JobStatus put
+    assertTrue(foundJobStatus);
+
+    List<Put> taskPuts = historyFileParser.getTaskPuts();
+    assertEquals(taskPuts.size(), 45);
+
+    TaskKeyConverter taskKeyConv = new TaskKeyConverter();
+
+    Set<String> putRowKeys =
+        new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!AM_appattempt_1329348432655_0001_000001",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!r_000000",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!r_000000_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000000",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000000_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000009",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000009_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000008",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000008_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000007",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000007_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000006",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000006_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000005",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000005_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000004",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000004_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000003",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000003_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000002",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000002_0",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000001",
+          "cluster1!user!Sleep!1!job_1329348432655_0001!m_000001_0"));
+
+    String tKey;
+    for (Put p : taskPuts) {
+      tKey = taskKeyConv.fromBytes(p.getRow()).toString();
+      assertTrue(putRowKeys.contains(tKey));
+    }
+
+    // check post processing for megabytemillis
+    // first with empty job conf
+    Long mbMillis = historyFileParser.getMegaByteMillis();
+    assertNotNull(mbMillis);
+    Long expValue = 10390016L;
+    assertEquals(expValue, mbMillis);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected=ProcessingException.class)
+  public void testCreateJobHistoryFileParserNullConf() throws IOException {
+
+    final String JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME =
+        "src/test/resources/job_1329348432655_0001-1329348443227-user-Sleep+job-1329348468601-10-1-SUCCEEDED-default.jhist";
+
+    File jobHistoryfile = new File(JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME);
+    byte[] contents = Files.toByteArray(jobHistoryfile);
+    JobHistoryFileParser historyFileParser =
+        JobHistoryFileParserFactory.createJobHistoryFileParser(contents, null);
+    assertNotNull(historyFileParser);
+
+    // confirm that we get back an object that can parse hadoop 2.0 files
+    assertTrue(historyFileParser instanceof JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2);
+
+    JobKey jobKey = new JobKey("cluster1", "user", "Sleep", 1, "job_1329348432655_0001");
+    // pass in null as jobConf and confirm the exception thrown
+    historyFileParser.parse(contents, jobKey);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMissingSlotMillis() throws IOException {
+    final String JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME =
+        "src/test/resources/job_1329348432999_0003-1329348443227-user-Sleep+job-1329348468601-10-1-SUCCEEDED-default.jhist";
+
+    File jobHistoryfile = new File(JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME);
+    byte[] contents = Files.toByteArray(jobHistoryfile);
+    final String JOB_CONF_FILE_NAME =
+        "src/test/resources/job_1329348432655_0001_conf.xml";
+    Configuration jobConf = new Configuration();
+    jobConf.addResource(new Path(JOB_CONF_FILE_NAME));
+
+    JobHistoryFileParser historyFileParser =
+        JobHistoryFileParserFactory.createJobHistoryFileParser(contents, jobConf);
+    assertNotNull(historyFileParser);
+
+    // confirm that we get back an object that can parse hadoop 2.0 files
+    assertTrue(historyFileParser instanceof JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2);
+    JobKey jobKey = new JobKey("cluster1", "user", "Sleep", 1, "job_1329348432655_0001");
+    historyFileParser.parse(contents, jobKey);
+
+    // this history file has only map slot millis no reduce millis
+    Long mbMillis = historyFileParser.getMegaByteMillis();
+    assertNotNull(mbMillis);
+    Long expValue = 10402816L;
+    assertEquals(expValue, mbMillis);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * To ensure we write these keys as Longs, not as ints
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testLongExpGetValuesIntBytes() {
+
+    String[] keysToBeChecked = {"totalMaps", "totalReduces", "finishedMaps",
+                                 "finishedReduces", "failedMaps", "failedReduces"};
+    byte[] byteValue = null;
+    int intValue10 = 10;
+    long longValue10 = 10L;
+
+    JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2 jh = new JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2(null);
+
+    for(String key: keysToBeChecked) {
+      byteValue = jh.getValue(JobHistoryKeys.HADOOP2_TO_HADOOP1_MAPPING.get(key), intValue10);
+      assertEquals(Bytes.toLong(byteValue), longValue10);
+     }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * To ensure we write these keys as ints
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIntExpGetValuesIntBytes() {
+
+    String[] keysToBeChecked = {"httpPort"};
+    byte[] byteValue = null;
+    int intValue10 = 10;
+
+    JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2 jh = new JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2(null);
+
+    for(String key: keysToBeChecked) {
+      byteValue = jh.getValue(JobHistoryKeys.HADOOP2_TO_HADOOP1_MAPPING.get(key), intValue10);
+      assertEquals(Bytes.toInt(byteValue), intValue10);
+     }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion2_4() throws IOException {
+    final String JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME = "src/test/resources/" +
+        "job_1410289045532_259974-1411647985641-user35-SomeJobName-1411647999554-1-0-SUCCEEDED-root.someQueueName-1411647995323.jhist";
+    File jobHistoryfile = new File(JOB_HISTORY_FILE_NAME);
+    byte[] contents = Files.toByteArray(jobHistoryfile);
+    final String JOB_CONF_FILE_NAME =
+        "src/test/resources/job_1329348432655_0001_conf.xml";
+    Configuration jobConf = new Configuration();
+    jobConf.addResource(new Path(JOB_CONF_FILE_NAME));
+
+    JobHistoryFileParser historyFileParser =
+        JobHistoryFileParserFactory.createJobHistoryFileParser(contents, jobConf);
+    assertNotNull(historyFileParser);
+
+    // confirm that we get back an object that can parse hadoop 2.x files
+    assertTrue(historyFileParser instanceof JobHistoryFileParserHadoop2);
+    JobKey jobKey = new JobKey("cluster1", "user", "Sleep", 1, "job_1329348432655_0001");
+    historyFileParser.parse(contents, jobKey);
+
+    List<Put> jobPuts = historyFileParser.getJobPuts();
+
+    // now confirm that 2.4 constructs have been parsed
+    // check that queue name is found, since
+    // it's part of the JobQueueChange object in the history file
+    boolean foundQueue = false;
+    for (Put p : jobPuts) {
+      List<KeyValue> kv2 =
+          p.get(Constants.INFO_FAM_BYTES,
+            Bytes.toBytes(JobHistoryKeys.JOB_QUEUE.toString().toLowerCase()));
+      if (kv2.size() == 0) {
+        // we are interested in queue put only
+        // hence continue
+        continue;
+      } else {
+        for (KeyValue kv : kv2) {
+          // ensure we have a hadoop2 version as the value
+          assertEquals(Bytes.toString(kv.getValue()), "root.someQueueName");
+          // ensure we don't see the same put twice
+          assertFalse(foundQueue);
+          // now set this to true
+          foundQueue = true;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+    }
+    // ensure that we got the hadoop2 version put
+    assertTrue(foundQueue);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `historyFileParser.jobDetails` last assigned on line 207 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getMegaByteMillis()` at line 216.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestJobHistoryFileParserHadoop2.testMissingSlotMillis()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.twitter.hraven.etl.TestJobHistoryFileParserHadoop2.testMissingSlotMillis():void.f1b8adf575decad86451675e18cc4bfe
+
+### File:
+hraven-etl/src/test/java/com/twitter/hraven/etl/TestJobHistoryFileParserHadoop2.java
+
+### Key:
+TestJobHistoryFileParserHadoop2.java|testMissingSlotMillis|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+195ed6af61e9cd9797d64d29bfcc1626
+
+### Hash:
+e81e2d28b8641e9b12145b40848f874c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9462/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9462/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fed10ce689c03c8a4e8e7e67f9a0c7ddebc92b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9462/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zalenium
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.zalando.tip.zalenium.proxy;
+
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.LogStream;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.exceptions.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.Container;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerConfig;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerCreation;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ExecCreation;
+import de.zalando.tip.zalenium.util.Environment;
+import de.zalando.tip.zalenium.util.TestUtils;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.StatusLine;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.openqa.grid.common.RegistrationRequest;
+import org.openqa.grid.internal.Registry;
+import org.openqa.grid.internal.TestSession;
+import org.openqa.selenium.Platform;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.BrowserType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
+import static org.awaitility.Awaitility.await;
+import static org.awaitility.Awaitility.to;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.withSettings;
+
+public class DockerSeleniumRemoteProxyTest {
+
+    private DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy proxy;
+    private Registry registry;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws DockerException, InterruptedException, IOException {
+        registry = Registry.newInstance();
+
+        // Creating the configuration and the registration request of the proxy (node)
+        RegistrationRequest request = TestUtils.getRegistrationRequestForTesting(40000,
+                DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.class.getCanonicalName());
+        request.getCapabilities().clear();
+        request.getCapabilities().addAll(DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.getDockerSeleniumFallbackCapabilities());
+
+        // Creating the proxy
+        proxy = DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.getNewInstance(request, registry);
+
+        DockerClient dockerClient = mock(DockerClient.class);
+        ExecCreation execCreation = mock(ExecCreation.class);
+        LogStream logStream = mock(LogStream.class);
+        when(logStream.readFully()).thenReturn("ANY_STRING");
+        when(execCreation.id()).thenReturn("ANY_ID");
+        when(dockerClient.execCreate(anyString(), any(String[].class), any(DockerClient.ExecCreateParam.class),
+                any(DockerClient.ExecCreateParam.class))).thenReturn(execCreation);
+        when(dockerClient.execStart(anyString())).thenReturn(logStream);
+
+        DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.setDockerClient(dockerClient);
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.restoreDockerClient();
+        DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.restoreEnvironment();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dockerSeleniumOnlyRunsOneTestPerContainer() {
+        // Supported desired capability for the test session
+        Map<String, Object> requestedCapability = getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium();
+
+        // Not tests have been executed.
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, proxy.getAmountOfExecutedTests());
+
+        TestSession newSession = proxy.getNewSession(requestedCapability);
+
+        Assert.assertNotNull(newSession);
+
+        // One test is/has been executed and the session amount limit was reached.
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, proxy.getAmountOfExecutedTests());
+        Assert.assertTrue(proxy.isTestSessionLimitReached());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void secondRequestGetsANullTestRequest() {
+        // Supported desired capability for the test session
+        Map<String, Object> requestedCapability = getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium();
+
+        {
+            TestSession newSession = proxy.getNewSession(requestedCapability);
+            Assert.assertNotNull(newSession);
+        }
+
+        // Since only one test should be executed, the second request should come null
+        {
+            TestSession newSession = proxy.getNewSession(requestedCapability);
+            Assert.assertNull(newSession);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void noSessionIsCreatedWhenCapabilitiesAreNotSupported() {
+        // Non supported capabilities
+        Map<String, Object> requestedCapability = new HashMap<>();
+        requestedCapability.put(CapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, BrowserType.IE);
+        requestedCapability.put(CapabilityType.PLATFORM, Platform.WIN10);
+
+        TestSession newSession = proxy.getNewSession(requestedCapability);
+        Assert.assertNull(newSession);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void pollerThreadTearsDownNodeAfterTestIsCompleted() throws IOException {
+
+        // Supported desired capability for the test session
+        Map<String, Object> requestedCapability = getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium();
+
+        // Start poller thread
+        proxy.startPolling();
+
+        // Mock the poller HttpClient to avoid exceptions due to failed connections
+        proxy.getDockerSeleniumNodePollerThread().setClient(getMockedClient());
+
+        // Get a test session
+        TestSession newSession = proxy.getNewSession(requestedCapability);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(newSession);
+
+        // The node should be busy since there is a session in it
+        Assert.assertTrue(proxy.isBusy());
+
+        // We release the session, the node should be free
+        newSession.getSlot().doFinishRelease();
+
+        // After running one test, the node shouldn't be busy and also down
+        Assert.assertFalse(proxy.isBusy());
+        long sleepTime = proxy.getDockerSeleniumNodePollerThread().getSleepTimeBetweenChecks();
+        await().atMost(sleepTime + 2000, MILLISECONDS).untilCall(to(proxy).isDown(), equalTo(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fallbackToDefaultValueWhenEnvVariableIsNotABoolean() {
+        Environment environment = mock(Environment.class, withSettings().useConstructor());
+        when(environment.getEnvVariable(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.ZALENIUM_VIDEO_RECORDING_ENABLED))
+                .thenReturn("any_nonsense_value");
+        when(environment.getBooleanEnvVariable(any(String.class), any(Boolean.class))).thenCallRealMethod();
+        DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.setEnv(environment);
+        DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.readEnvVarForVideoRecording();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.DEFAULT_VIDEO_RECORDING_ENABLED,
+                DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.isVideoRecordingEnabled());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void videoRecordingIsStartedAndStopped() throws DockerException, InterruptedException,
+            URISyntaxException, IOException {
+
+        DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient("unix:///var/run/docker.sock");
+        String containerId = null;
+        String zaleniumContainerId = null;
+        try {
+            cleanUpZaleniumContainer(dockerClient);
+
+            // We create a container with the name "zalenium", so the container creation in the next step works
+            zaleniumContainerId = createZaleniumContainer(dockerClient);
+
+            // Create a docker-selenium container
+            RegistrationRequest request = TestUtils.getRegistrationRequestForTesting(30000,
+                    DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.class.getCanonicalName());
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy dsProxy = new DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy(request, registry);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setMaxDockerSeleniumContainers(1);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setScreenHeight(DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.DEFAULT_SCREEN_HEIGHT);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setScreenWidth(DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.DEFAULT_SCREEN_WIDTH);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setTimeZone(DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.DEFAULT_TZ);
+            dsProxy.getNewSession(getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium());
+
+            // Creating a spy proxy to verify the invoked methods
+            DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy spyProxy = spy(proxy);
+            DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.setDockerClient(dockerClient);
+
+            // Wait for the container to be ready
+            containerId = waitForContainerToBeReady(dockerClient, spyProxy);
+
+            // Start poller thread
+            spyProxy.startPolling();
+
+            // Mock the poller HttpClient to avoid exceptions due to failed connections
+            spyProxy.getDockerSeleniumNodePollerThread().setClient(getMockedClient());
+
+            // Get a test session
+            TestSession newSession = spyProxy.getNewSession(getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium());
+            Assert.assertNotNull(newSession);
+
+            // Assert video recording started
+            verify(spyProxy, times(1)).videoRecording(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.START_RECORDING);
+            verify(spyProxy, times(1))
+                    .processVideoAction(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.START_RECORDING, containerId);
+
+            // We release the sessions, the node should be free
+            newSession.getSlot().doFinishRelease();
+
+            Assert.assertFalse(spyProxy.isBusy());
+            verify(spyProxy, timeout(40000))
+                    .videoRecording(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.STOP_RECORDING);
+            verify(spyProxy, timeout(40000))
+                    .processVideoAction(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.STOP_RECORDING, containerId);
+            verify(spyProxy, timeout(40000)).copyVideos(containerId);
+        } finally {
+            cleanUpAfterVideoRecordingTests(dockerClient, containerId, zaleniumContainerId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void videoRecordingIsDisabled() throws DockerException, InterruptedException, IOException, URISyntaxException {
+
+        DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient("unix:///var/run/docker.sock");
+        String containerId = null;
+        String zaleniumContainerId = null;
+        try {
+            cleanUpZaleniumContainer(dockerClient);
+
+            // We create a container with the name "zalenium", so the container creation in the next step works
+            zaleniumContainerId = createZaleniumContainer(dockerClient);
+
+            // Create a docker-selenium container
+            RegistrationRequest request = TestUtils.getRegistrationRequestForTesting(30000,
+                    DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.class.getCanonicalName());
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy dsProxy = new DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy(request, registry);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setMaxDockerSeleniumContainers(1);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setScreenHeight(DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.DEFAULT_SCREEN_HEIGHT);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setScreenWidth(DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.DEFAULT_SCREEN_WIDTH);
+            DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setTimeZone(DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.DEFAULT_TZ);
+            dsProxy.getNewSession(getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium());
+
+            // Mocking the environment variable to return false for video recording enabled
+            Environment environment = mock(Environment.class);
+            when(environment.getEnvVariable(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.ZALENIUM_VIDEO_RECORDING_ENABLED))
+                    .thenReturn("false");
+
+            // Creating a spy proxy to verify the invoked methods
+            DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy spyProxy = spy(proxy);
+            DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.setDockerClient(dockerClient);
+            DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.setEnv(environment);
+            DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.readEnvVarForVideoRecording();
+
+            // Wait for the container to be ready
+            containerId = waitForContainerToBeReady(dockerClient, spyProxy);
+
+            // Start poller thread
+            spyProxy.startPolling();
+
+            // Mock the poller HttpClient to avoid exceptions due to failed connections
+            spyProxy.getDockerSeleniumNodePollerThread().setClient(getMockedClient());
+
+            // Get a test session
+            TestSession newSession = spyProxy.getNewSession(getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium());
+            Assert.assertNotNull(newSession);
+
+            // Assert no video recording was started, videoRecording is invoked but processVideoAction should not
+            verify(spyProxy, times(1)).videoRecording(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.START_RECORDING);
+            verify(spyProxy, never())
+                    .processVideoAction(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.START_RECORDING, containerId);
+
+            // We release the sessions, the node should be free
+            newSession.getSlot().doFinishRelease();
+
+            Assert.assertFalse(spyProxy.isBusy());
+            // Now we assert that videoRecording was invoked but processVideoAction not, neither copyVideos
+            verify(spyProxy, timeout(40000))
+                    .videoRecording(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.STOP_RECORDING);
+            verify(spyProxy, never())
+                    .processVideoAction(DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy.VideoRecordingAction.STOP_RECORDING, containerId);
+            verify(spyProxy, never()).copyVideos(containerId);
+        } finally {
+            cleanUpAfterVideoRecordingTests(dockerClient, containerId, zaleniumContainerId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void cleanUpAfterVideoRecordingTests(DockerClient dockerClient, String containerId,
+                                                 String zaleniumContainerId) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        String busyboxLatestImage = "busybox:latest";
+        DockerSeleniumStarterRemoteProxy.setMaxDockerSeleniumContainers(0);
+        if (containerId != null) {
+            dockerClient.stopContainer(containerId, 5);
+            dockerClient.removeContainer(containerId);
+        }
+        if (zaleniumContainerId != null) {
+            dockerClient.stopContainer(zaleniumContainerId, 5);
+            dockerClient.removeContainer(zaleniumContainerId);
+        }
+        dockerClient.removeImage(busyboxLatestImage);
+    }
+
+    private String waitForContainerToBeReady(DockerClient dockerClient, DockerSeleniumRemoteProxy spyProxy)
+            throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        Callable<Boolean> callable = () -> spyProxy.getContainerId() != null;
+        await().atMost(20, SECONDS).pollInterval(500, MILLISECONDS).until(callable);
+        String containerId = spyProxy.getContainerId();
+        final String[] command = {"bash", "-c", "wait_all_done 30s"};
+        final ExecCreation execCreation = dockerClient.execCreate(containerId, command,
+                DockerClient.ExecCreateParam.attachStdout(), DockerClient.ExecCreateParam.attachStderr());
+        dockerClient.execStart(execCreation.id());
+
+        final String finalContainerId = containerId;
+        callable = () ->
+                !dockerClient.topContainer(finalContainerId).processes().toString().contains("wait_all_done");
+        await().atMost(40, SECONDS).pollInterval(2, SECONDS).until(callable);
+        return containerId;
+    }
+
+    private String createZaleniumContainer(DockerClient dockerClient) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        String busyboxLatestImage = "busybox:latest";
+        dockerClient.pull(busyboxLatestImage);
+        final ContainerConfig containerConfig = ContainerConfig.builder()
+                .image(busyboxLatestImage)
+                // make sure the container's busy doing something upon startup
+                .cmd("sh", "-c", "while :; do sleep 1; done")
+                .build();
+        final ContainerCreation containerCreation = dockerClient.createContainer(containerConfig, "zalenium");
+        String zaleniumContainerId = containerCreation.id();
+        dockerClient.startContainer(zaleniumContainerId);
+        return zaleniumContainerId;
+    }
+
+    private void cleanUpZaleniumContainer(DockerClient dockerClient) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        // Removing first all docker-selenium containers
+        List<Container> containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(DockerClient.ListContainersParam.allContainers());
+        for (Container container : containerList) {
+            String containerName = "zalenium";
+            if (container.names().get(0).contains(containerName)) {
+                dockerClient.stopContainer(container.id(), 5);
+                dockerClient.removeContainer(container.id());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Object> getCapabilitySupportedByDockerSelenium() {
+        Map<String, Object> requestedCapability = new HashMap<>();
+        requestedCapability.put(CapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, BrowserType.CHROME);
+        requestedCapability.put(CapabilityType.PLATFORM, Platform.LINUX);
+        return requestedCapability;
+    }
+
+    private HttpClient getMockedClient() throws IOException {
+        HttpClient client = mock(HttpClient.class);
+        HttpResponse httpResponse = mock(HttpResponse.class);
+        StatusLine statusLine = mock(StatusLine.class);
+        when(statusLine.getStatusCode()).thenReturn(200);
+        when(httpResponse.getStatusLine()).thenReturn(statusLine);
+        when(client.execute(any(HttpPost.class))).thenReturn(httpResponse);
+        return client;
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `newSession` last assigned on line 145 could be null and is dereferenced at line 152.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DockerSeleniumRemoteProxyTest.pollerThreadTearsDownNodeAfterTestIsCompleted()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.zalando.tip.zalenium.proxy.DockerSeleniumRemoteProxyTest.pollerThreadTearsDownNodeAfterTestIsComp.737908c27ba6d39a74c66e3aa4e2d200
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/de/zalando/tip/zalenium/proxy/DockerSeleniumRemoteProxyTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DockerSeleniumRemoteProxyTest.java|pollerThreadTearsDownNodeAfterTestIsCompleted|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0fb4c112fe53a7a5db0ef6443aae001d
+
+### Hash:
+669d30d499b8b444074e64bdfd02191b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9464/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9464/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27f22e9d316adcd10887dddb19fc3a096ad84719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9464/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,754 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zalenium
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.AnsiProgressHandler;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.exceptions.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.*;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.mount.Mount;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.swarm.*;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClient;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClientRegistration;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerCreationStatus;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.proxy.DockeredSeleniumStarter;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.Environment;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.GoogleAnalyticsApi;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.ZaleniumConfiguration;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusCreated;
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusRunning;
+import static de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.ZaleniumConfiguration.ZALENIUM_RUNNING_LOCALLY;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("ConstantConditions")
+public class SwarmContainerClient implements ContainerClient {
+
+    private static final String DEFAULT_DOCKER_NETWORK_MODE = "default";
+    private static final String DEFAULT_DOCKER_NETWORK_NAME = "bridge";
+    private static final String DOCKER_NETWORK_HOST_MODE_NAME = "host";
+    private static final String NODE_MOUNT_POINT = "/tmp/node";
+    private static final String[] PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS = {
+            "/var/run/docker.sock",
+            "/home/seluser/videos",
+            "/dev/shm"
+    };
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT";
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT";
+
+    private static final Environment defaultEnvironment = new Environment();
+    /**
+     * Number of times to attempt to create a container when the generated name is not unique.
+     */
+    private static final int NAME_COLLISION_RETRIES = 10;
+    private static Environment env = defaultEnvironment;
+    private static String seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    private static String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    private static String dockerHost;
+    private static AtomicBoolean environmentInitialised = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    static {
+        readConfigurationFromEnvVariables();
+    }
+
+    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SwarmContainerClient.class.getName());
+    private final GoogleAnalyticsApi ga = new GoogleAnalyticsApi();
+    private DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient(dockerHost);
+    private String nodeId;
+    private String zaleniumNetwork;
+    private List<String> zaleniumExtraHosts;
+    private List<ContainerMount> mntFolders = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Map<String, String> seleniumContainerLabels = new HashMap<>();
+    private boolean pullSeleniumImage = false;
+    private boolean isZaleniumPrivileged = true;
+    private ImmutableMap<String, String> storageOpt;
+    private AtomicBoolean pullSeleniumImageChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean isZaleniumPrivilegedChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean storageOptsLoaded = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean seleniumContainerLabelsChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    private static void readConfigurationFromEnvVariables() {
+
+        String cpuLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(cpuLimit);
+
+        String memoryLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(memoryLimit);
+
+        String dockerHost = env.getStringEnvVariable("DOCKER_HOST", "unix:///var/run/docker.sock");
+        setDockerHost(dockerHost);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected static void setEnv(final Environment env) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.env = env;
+    }
+
+    private static void setDockerHost(String dockerHost) {
+        // https://github.com/spotify/docker-client/issues/946
+        SwarmContainerClient.dockerHost = dockerHost.replace("tcp", "http");
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerCpuLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(String seleniumContainerCpuLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerCpuLimit = seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerMemoryLimit = seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isNameCollision(Exception e, String containerName) {
+        return e.getMessage().contains("The container name \"" + containerName + "/\" is already in use by container ");
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasRemainingAttempts(int collisionAttempts) {
+        return collisionAttempts > 0;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void setContainerClient(final DockerClient client) {
+        dockerClient = client;
+    }
+
+    public void setNodeId(String nodeId) {
+        this.nodeId = nodeId;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(String zaleniumContainerName, URL remoteUrl) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                for (NetworkAttachment networkAttachment : task.networkAttachments()) {
+                    for (String address : networkAttachment.addresses()) {
+                        if (address.startsWith(remoteUrl.getHost())) {
+                            return task.status().containerStatus().containerId();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(String containerName) {
+        final String containerNameSearch = containerName.contains("/") ?
+                containerName : String.format("/%s", containerName);
+
+        List<Container> containerList = null;
+        try {
+            containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(withStatusRunning(), withStatusCreated());
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting containerId", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        if (containerList != null) {
+            String containerByName = containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> containerNameSearch.equalsIgnoreCase(container.names().get(0)))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(null);
+            return containerByName != null ? containerByName : containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> container.names().get(0).contains(containerName))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(null);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public InputStream copyFiles(String containerId, String folderName) {
+        try {
+            return dockerClient.archiveContainer(containerId, folderName);
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Something happened while copying the folder " + folderName + ", " +
+                    "most of the time it is an issue while closing the input/output stream, which is usually OK.", e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void stopContainer(String containerId) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                if (containerStatus != null && containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    String serviceId = task.serviceId();
+                    List<Service> services = dockerClient.listServices();
+                    if (services.stream().anyMatch(service -> service.id().equals(serviceId))) {
+                        dockerClient.removeService(serviceId);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while stopping the container", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void executeCommand(String containerId, String[] command, boolean waitForExecution) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                if (containerStatus != null && containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    String taskId = task.id();
+                    String image = "datagridsys/skopos-plugin-swarm-exec:latest";
+
+                    List<String> binds = new ArrayList<>();
+                    binds.add("/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock");
+
+                    HostConfig.Builder hostConfigBuilder = HostConfig.builder()
+                            .autoRemove(true)
+                            .appendBinds(binds);
+
+                    HostConfig hostConfig = hostConfigBuilder.build();
+
+                    command[0] = "task-exec";
+                    command[1] = taskId;
+
+                    logger.debug(String.format("Container ID: %s; Task ID: %s; Command: %s",
+                            containerId,
+                            taskId,
+                            Arrays.toString(command)));
+
+                    dockerClient.pull(image, new AnsiProgressHandler());
+
+                    ContainerConfig containerConfig = ContainerConfig.builder()
+                            .image(image)
+                            .hostConfig(hostConfig)
+                            .cmd(command)
+                            .build();
+
+                    ContainerCreation containerCreation = dockerClient.createContainer(containerConfig);
+
+                    dockerClient.startContainer(containerCreation.id());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getLatestDownloadedImage(String imageName) {
+        List<Image> images;
+        try {
+            images = dockerClient.listImages(DockerClient.ListImagesParam.byName(imageName));
+            if (images.isEmpty()) {
+                logger.error(nodeId + " A downloaded docker-selenium image was not found!");
+                return imageName;
+            }
+            for (int i = images.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (images.get(i).repoTags() == null) {
+                    images.remove(i);
+                }
+            }
+            images.sort((o1, o2) -> o2.created().compareTo(o1.created()));
+            return images.get(0).repoTags().get(0);
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while executing the command", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return imageName;
+    }
+
+    public ContainerCreationStatus createContainer(String zaleniumContainerName, String image, Map<String, String> envVars,
+                                                   String nodePort) {
+        loadMountedFolders(zaleniumContainerName);
+        loadSeleniumContainerLabels();
+        loadPullSeleniumImageFlag();
+        loadIsZaleniumPrivileged(zaleniumContainerName);
+        loadStorageOpts(zaleniumContainerName);
+
+        List<String> flattenedEnvVars = envVars.entrySet().stream()
+                .map(e -> e.getKey() + "=" + e.getValue())
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+        final ContainerSpec containerSpec = buildContainerSpec(flattenedEnvVars, image);
+        final TaskSpec taskSpec = buildTaskSpec(containerSpec);
+        String noVncPort = envVars.get("NOVNC_PORT");
+        final ServiceSpec serviceSpec = buildServiceSpec(taskSpec, nodePort, noVncPort);
+
+        try {
+            ServiceCreateResponse service = dockerClient.createService(serviceSpec);
+
+            TaskStatus taskStatus = waitForTaskStatus(service.id());
+
+            if(taskStatus != null) {
+                return getContainerCreationStatus(service.id(), nodePort);
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (pullSeleniumImage) {
+                List<Image> images = dockerClient.listImages(DockerClient.ListImagesParam.byName(image));
+                if (images.size() == 0) {
+                    // If the image has no tag, we add latest, otherwise we end up pulling all the images with that name.
+                    String imageToPull = image.lastIndexOf(':') > 0 ? image : image.concat(":latest");
+                    dockerClient.pull(imageToPull, new AnsiProgressHandler());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while checking (and pulling) if the image is present", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private ContainerSpec buildContainerSpec(List<String> flattenedEnvVars, String image) {
+        final Mount.Builder mountBuilder = Mount.builder()
+                .source("/dev/shm")
+                .target("/dev/shm")
+                .type("bind");
+
+        final ContainerSpec.Builder containerSpecBuilder = ContainerSpec.builder()
+                .env(flattenedEnvVars)
+                .image(image)
+                .mounts(mountBuilder.build());
+
+        if (seleniumContainerLabels.size() > 0) {
+            containerSpecBuilder.labels(seleniumContainerLabels);
+        }
+
+        return containerSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskSpec buildTaskSpec(ContainerSpec containerSpec) {
+        final RestartPolicy restartPolicy = RestartPolicy.builder()
+                .condition("none")
+                .build();
+
+        final List<String> placementList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        placementList.add("node.role==worker");
+
+        final Placement placement = Placement.create(placementList);
+
+        final TaskSpec.Builder taskSpecBuilder = TaskSpec.builder()
+                .restartPolicy(restartPolicy)
+                .placement(placement)
+                .containerSpec(containerSpec);
+
+        return taskSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private ServiceSpec buildServiceSpec(TaskSpec taskSpec, String nodePort, String noVncPort) {
+        final PortConfig nodePortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .build();
+
+        final PortConfig noVncPortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .build();
+
+        final EndpointSpec.Builder endpointSpecBuilder = EndpointSpec.builder()
+                .addPort(nodePortConfig)
+                .addPort(noVncPortConfig);
+
+        final NetworkAttachmentConfig networkAttachmentConfig = NetworkAttachmentConfig.builder()
+                .target(ZaleniumConfiguration.getSwarmOverlayNetwork())
+                .build();
+
+        return ServiceSpec.builder()
+                .name(generateServiceName())
+                .endpointSpec(endpointSpecBuilder.build())
+                .networks(networkAttachmentConfig)
+                .taskTemplate(taskSpec)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, 0);
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId, int attempts) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        int attemptsLimit = 1000;
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        TaskStatus taskStatus = null;
+        String serviceName = dockerClient.inspectService(serviceId).spec().name();
+        Task.Criteria criteria = Task.Criteria.builder().serviceName(serviceName).build();
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks(criteria);
+        Task task = tasks.get(0);
+
+        String taskId = task == null ? null : task.id();
+//        logger.debug(String.format("[VBN] ServiceID: %s, Tries: %s/%s, Task: %s",
+//                serviceId,
+//                attempts,
+//                attemptsLimit,
+//                taskId));
+
+
+        if (task == null && attempts < attemptsLimit) {
+            return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, attempts + 1);
+        } else {
+            ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+            if (containerStatus == null) {
+                return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, attempts + 1);
+//            } else {
+//                logger.debug(String.format("[VBN] Retrieved container id %s after %s ms.",
+//                        containerStatus.containerId(),
+//                        attempts * 100));
+            }
+            return task.status();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ContainerCreationStatus getContainerCreationStatus (String serviceId, String nodePort) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+        for (Task task : tasks) {
+            if (task.serviceId().equals(serviceId)) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                if (containerStatus != null) {
+                    String containerId = containerStatus.containerId();
+                    String containerName =  containerStatus.containerId();
+                    return new ContainerCreationStatus(true, containerName, containerId, nodePort);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String generateServiceName() {
+        final String suffix = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(6);
+        return String.format("node_%s", suffix);
+    }
+
+    private void loadSeleniumContainerLabels() {
+        if (!this.seleniumContainerLabelsChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerLabels = env.getStringEnvVariable("SELENIUM_CONTAINER_LABELS", "");
+            if (containerLabels.length() == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            try {
+                for (String label : containerLabels.split(";")) {
+                    String[] split = label.split("=");
+                    seleniumContainerLabels.put(split[0], split[1]);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while retrieving the added labels for the Selenium containers.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadPullSeleniumImageFlag() {
+        if (!this.pullSeleniumImageChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            pullSeleniumImage = env.getBooleanEnvVariable("PULL_SELENIUM_IMAGE", false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadIsZaleniumPrivileged(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.isZaleniumPrivilegedChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+                isZaleniumPrivileged = containerInfo.hostConfig().privileged();
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting value to check if Zalenium is running in privileged mode.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadStorageOpts(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.storageOptsLoaded.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+                storageOpt = containerInfo.hostConfig().storageOpt();
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting value to use passed storageOpts.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadMountedFolders(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked.get()) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo = null;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting mounted folders and env vars.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+
+            loadMountedFolders(containerInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void loadMountedFolders(ContainerInfo containerInfo) {
+        if (!this.mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+
+            for (ContainerMount containerMount : containerInfo.mounts()) {
+                if (containerMount.destination().startsWith(NODE_MOUNT_POINT)) {
+                    this.mntFolders.add(containerMount);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> generateMountedFolderBinds() {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        this.mntFolders.stream().filter(mount -> mount.destination().startsWith(NODE_MOUNT_POINT)).forEach(
+                containerMount -> {
+                    String destination = containerMount.destination().substring(NODE_MOUNT_POINT.length());
+
+                    if (Arrays.stream(PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS).anyMatch(item -> item.equalsIgnoreCase(destination))) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("The following points may not be mounted via node mounting: "
+                                + String.join(",", PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS));
+                    }
+                    String mountedBind = String.format("%s:%s", containerMount.source(), destination);
+                    result.add(mountedBind);
+                }
+        );
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private synchronized List<String> getContainerExtraHosts(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (zaleniumExtraHosts != null) {
+            return zaleniumExtraHosts;
+        }
+        String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+        ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+        try {
+            containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            zaleniumExtraHosts = containerInfo.hostConfig().extraHosts();
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException | NullPointerException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting Zalenium extra hosts.", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return Optional.ofNullable(zaleniumExtraHosts).orElse(new ArrayList<>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void initialiseContainerEnvironment() {
+        if (!environmentInitialised.getAndSet(true)) {
+            // Delete any leftover containers from a previous time
+            deleteSeleniumContainers();
+            // Register a shutdown hook to cleanup pods
+            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(this::deleteSeleniumContainers, "DockerContainerClient shutdown hook"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deleteSeleniumContainers() {
+        logger.info("About to clean up any left over DockerSelenium containers created by Zalenium");
+        String image = DockeredSeleniumStarter.getDockerSeleniumImageName();
+        String zaleniumContainerName = DockeredSeleniumStarter.getContainerName();
+        try {
+            List<Container> containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(withStatusRunning(), withStatusCreated())
+                    .stream().filter(container -> container.image().contains(image)
+                            && container.names().stream().anyMatch(name -> name.contains(zaleniumContainerName)))
+                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
+            containerList.stream()
+                    .parallel()
+                    .forEach(container -> stopContainer(container.id()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while deleting existing DockerSelenium containers", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ContainerClientRegistration registerNode(String zaleniumContainerName, URL remoteHost) {
+        ContainerClientRegistration registration = new ContainerClientRegistration();
+
+        Integer noVncPort = remoteHost.getPort() + DockeredSeleniumStarter.NO_VNC_PORT_GAP;
+
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName, remoteHost);
+
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            logger.warn("No container id for {} - {}, can't register.", zaleniumContainerName, remoteHost.toExternalForm());
+        }
+
+        registration.setNoVncPort(noVncPort);
+        registration.setContainerId(containerId);
+        registration.setIpAddress(remoteHost.getHost());
+        return registration;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getContainerIp(String containerName) {
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(containerName);
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        try {
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            if (containerInfo.networkSettings().ipAddress().trim().isEmpty()) {
+                ImmutableMap<String, AttachedNetwork> networks = containerInfo.networkSettings().networks();
+                return networks.entrySet().stream().findFirst().get().getValue().ipAddress();
+            }
+            return containerInfo.networkSettings().ipAddress();
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting the container IP.", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isReady(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        String containerIp = this.getContainerIp(container.getContainerName());
+        if (ZALENIUM_RUNNING_LOCALLY) {
+            containerIp = "localhost";
+        }
+        if (containerIp != null) {
+            try {
+                URL statusUrl = new URL(String.format("http://%s:%s/wd/hub/status", containerIp, container.getNodePort()));
+                String status = IOUtils.toString(statusUrl, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+                String successMessage = "\"Node is running\"";
+                if (status.contains(successMessage)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.debug("Error while getting node status, probably the node is still starting up...", e);
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isTerminated(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        List<String> termStates = Arrays.asList("complete", "failed", "shutdown", "rejected", "orphaned", "removed");
+        String containerId = container.getContainerId();
+
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                TaskStatus taskStatus = task.status();
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = taskStatus.containerStatus();
+                if (containerStatus != null && containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    String state = taskStatus.state();
+                    return termStates.contains(state);
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn("Failed to fetch container status [" + container + "].", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `containerInfo.networkSettings().ipAddress()`  at line 625.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String SwarmContainerClient.getContainerIp(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm.SwarmContainerClient.getContainerIp(java.lang.String):java.la.b3196ce320e791b25607a27c8ba759ad
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/zalando/ep/zalenium/container/swarm/SwarmContainerClient.java
+
+### Key:
+SwarmContainerClient.java|getContainerIp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+9adf4efc668dc9e0da57cd52fd86a7a3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9465/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9465/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b88dbb353b1083d52f6ef5eb3a62bea739f6fc25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9465/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,729 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zalenium
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.AnsiProgressHandler;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.exceptions.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.*;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.mount.Mount;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.swarm.*;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClient;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClientRegistration;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerCreationStatus;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.proxy.DockeredSeleniumStarter;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.Environment;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.GoogleAnalyticsApi;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.ZaleniumConfiguration;
+import net.schmizz.sshj.SSHClient;
+import net.schmizz.sshj.connection.channel.direct.Session;
+import net.schmizz.sshj.transport.verification.PromiscuousVerifier;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusCreated;
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusRunning;
+import static de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.ZaleniumConfiguration.ZALENIUM_RUNNING_LOCALLY;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("ConstantConditions")
+public class SwarmContainerClient implements ContainerClient {
+
+    private static final String DEFAULT_DOCKER_NETWORK_MODE = "default";
+    private static final String DEFAULT_DOCKER_NETWORK_NAME = "bridge";
+    private static final String DOCKER_NETWORK_HOST_MODE_NAME = "host";
+    private static final String NODE_MOUNT_POINT = "/tmp/node";
+    private static final String[] PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS = {
+            "/var/run/docker.sock",
+            "/home/seluser/videos",
+            "/dev/shm"
+    };
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT";
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT";
+
+    private static final Environment defaultEnvironment = new Environment();
+    /**
+     * Number of times to attempt to create a container when the generated name is not unique.
+     */
+    private static final int NAME_COLLISION_RETRIES = 10;
+    private static Environment env = defaultEnvironment;
+    private static String seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    private static String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    private static String dockerHost;
+    private static AtomicBoolean environmentInitialised = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    static {
+        readConfigurationFromEnvVariables();
+    }
+
+    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SwarmContainerClient.class.getName());
+    private final GoogleAnalyticsApi ga = new GoogleAnalyticsApi();
+    private DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient(dockerHost);
+    private String nodeId;
+    private String zaleniumNetwork;
+    private List<String> zaleniumExtraHosts;
+    private List<ContainerMount> mntFolders = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Map<String, String> seleniumContainerLabels = new HashMap<>();
+    private boolean pullSeleniumImage = false;
+    private boolean isZaleniumPrivileged = true;
+    private ImmutableMap<String, String> storageOpt;
+    private AtomicBoolean pullSeleniumImageChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean isZaleniumPrivilegedChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean storageOptsLoaded = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean seleniumContainerLabelsChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    private static void readConfigurationFromEnvVariables() {
+
+        String cpuLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(cpuLimit);
+
+        String memoryLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(memoryLimit);
+
+        String dockerHost = env.getStringEnvVariable("DOCKER_HOST", "unix:///var/run/docker.sock");
+        setDockerHost(dockerHost);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected static void setEnv(final Environment env) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.env = env;
+    }
+
+    private static void setDockerHost(String dockerHost) {
+        // https://github.com/spotify/docker-client/issues/946
+        SwarmContainerClient.dockerHost = dockerHost.replace("tcp", "http");
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerCpuLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(String seleniumContainerCpuLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerCpuLimit = seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerMemoryLimit = seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isNameCollision(Exception e, String containerName) {
+        return e.getMessage().contains("The container name \"" + containerName + "/\" is already in use by container ");
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasRemainingAttempts(int collisionAttempts) {
+        return collisionAttempts > 0;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void setContainerClient(final DockerClient client) {
+        dockerClient = client;
+    }
+
+    public void setNodeId(String nodeId) {
+        this.nodeId = nodeId;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(String zaleniumContainerName, URL remoteUrl) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                for (NetworkAttachment networkAttachment : task.networkAttachments()) {
+                    for (String address : networkAttachment.addresses()) {
+                        if (address.startsWith(remoteUrl.getHost())) {
+                            return task.status().containerStatus().containerId();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(String containerName) {
+        final String containerNameSearch = containerName.contains("/") ?
+                containerName : String.format("/%s", containerName);
+
+        List<Container> containerList = null;
+        try {
+            containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(withStatusRunning(), withStatusCreated());
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting containerId", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        if (containerList != null) {
+            String containerByName = containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> containerNameSearch.equalsIgnoreCase(container.names().get(0)))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(null);
+            return containerByName != null ? containerByName : containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> container.names().get(0).contains(containerName))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(null);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public InputStream copyFiles(String containerId, String folderName) {
+        try {
+            return dockerClient.archiveContainer(containerId, folderName);
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Something happened while copying the folder " + folderName + ", " +
+                    "most of the time it is an issue while closing the input/output stream, which is usually OK.", e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void stopContainer(String containerId) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                if (task.status().containerStatus().containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    String serviceId = task.serviceId();
+                    dockerClient.removeService(serviceId);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while stopping the container", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Work In Progress => Must be implemented correctly
+    public void executeCommand(String containerId, String[] command, boolean waitForExecution) {
+        String swarmNodeIp = null;
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                if (task.status().containerStatus().containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    List<Node> nodes = dockerClient.listNodes();
+                    for (Node node :nodes) {
+                        if (node.id().equals(task.nodeId())) {
+                            swarmNodeIp = node.status().addr();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException | NullPointerException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while executing the command", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        if (swarmNodeIp != null) {
+            execCommandOnRemote(swarmNodeIp, containerId, command);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Work In Progress => Must be implemented correctly
+    private void execCommandOnRemote (String ip, String containerId, String[] command) {
+        SSHClient ssh = new SSHClient();
+        try {
+            ssh.connect(ip);
+            ssh.authPublickey("id_rsa");
+            Session session = ssh.startSession();
+            Session.Command cmd = session.exec("docker exec -ti " + containerId + " sh -c notify 'Zalenium', 'TEST COMPLETED', --icon=/home/seluser/images/completed.png");
+            System.out.println(cmd.toString());
+            session.close();
+            ssh.disconnect();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getLatestDownloadedImage(String imageName) {
+        List<Image> images;
+        try {
+            images = dockerClient.listImages(DockerClient.ListImagesParam.byName(imageName));
+            if (images.isEmpty()) {
+                logger.error(nodeId + " A downloaded docker-selenium image was not found!");
+                return imageName;
+            }
+            for (int i = images.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (images.get(i).repoTags() == null) {
+                    images.remove(i);
+                }
+            }
+            images.sort((o1, o2) -> o2.created().compareTo(o1.created()));
+            return images.get(0).repoTags().get(0);
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while executing the command", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return imageName;
+    }
+
+    public ContainerCreationStatus createContainer(String zaleniumContainerName, String image, Map<String, String> envVars,
+                                                   String nodePort) {
+        loadMountedFolders(zaleniumContainerName);
+        loadSeleniumContainerLabels();
+        loadPullSeleniumImageFlag();
+        loadIsZaleniumPrivileged(zaleniumContainerName);
+        loadStorageOpts(zaleniumContainerName);
+
+        List<String> flattenedEnvVars = envVars.entrySet().stream()
+                .map(e -> e.getKey() + "=" + e.getValue())
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+        final ContainerSpec containerSpec = buildContainerSpec(flattenedEnvVars, image);
+        final TaskSpec taskSpec = buildTaskSpec(containerSpec);
+        String noVncPort = envVars.get("NOVNC_PORT");
+        final ServiceSpec serviceSpec = buildServiceSpec(taskSpec, nodePort, noVncPort);
+
+        try {
+            ServiceCreateResponse service = dockerClient.createService(serviceSpec);
+
+            TaskStatus taskStatus = waitForTaskStatus(service.id());
+
+            if(taskStatus != null) {
+                return getContainerCreationStatus(service.id(), nodePort);
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (pullSeleniumImage) {
+                List<Image> images = dockerClient.listImages(DockerClient.ListImagesParam.byName(image));
+                if (images.size() == 0) {
+                    // If the image has no tag, we add latest, otherwise we end up pulling all the images with that name.
+                    String imageToPull = image.lastIndexOf(':') > 0 ? image : image.concat(":latest");
+                    dockerClient.pull(imageToPull, new AnsiProgressHandler());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while checking (and pulling) if the image is present", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private ContainerSpec buildContainerSpec(List<String> flattenedEnvVars, String image) {
+        final Mount.Builder mountBuilder = Mount.builder()
+                .source("/dev/shm")
+                .target("/dev/shm")
+                .type("bind");
+
+        final ContainerSpec.Builder containerSpecBuilder = ContainerSpec.builder()
+                .env(flattenedEnvVars)
+                .image(image)
+                .mounts(mountBuilder.build());
+
+        if (seleniumContainerLabels.size() > 0) {
+            containerSpecBuilder.labels(seleniumContainerLabels);
+        }
+
+        return containerSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskSpec buildTaskSpec(ContainerSpec containerSpec) {
+        final RestartPolicy restartPolicy = RestartPolicy.builder()
+                .condition("none")
+                .build();
+
+        final TaskSpec.Builder taskSpecBuilder = TaskSpec.builder()
+                .restartPolicy(restartPolicy)
+                .containerSpec(containerSpec);
+
+        return taskSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private ServiceSpec buildServiceSpec(TaskSpec taskSpec, String nodePort, String noVncPort) {
+        final PortConfig nodePortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .build();
+
+        final PortConfig noVncPortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .build();
+
+        final EndpointSpec.Builder endpointSpecBuilder = EndpointSpec.builder()
+                .addPort(nodePortConfig)
+                .addPort(noVncPortConfig);
+
+        final NetworkAttachmentConfig networkAttachmentConfig = NetworkAttachmentConfig.builder()
+                .target(ZaleniumConfiguration.getSwarmOverlayNetwork())
+                .build();
+
+        return ServiceSpec.builder()
+                .name(generateServiceName())
+                .endpointSpec(endpointSpecBuilder.build())
+                .networks(networkAttachmentConfig)
+                .taskTemplate(taskSpec)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, 0);
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId, int attempts) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        int attemptsLimit = 50;
+        Thread.sleep(2000);
+        TaskStatus taskStatus = null;
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+
+        for (Task task : tasks) {
+            String currentId = task.serviceId();
+            if (currentId.equals(serviceId) && task.status().state().equals("running")) {
+                taskStatus = task.status();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (taskStatus == null && attempts < attemptsLimit) {
+            return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, attempts + 1);
+        } else {
+            return taskStatus;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ContainerCreationStatus getContainerCreationStatus (String serviceId, String nodePort) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+        for (Task task : tasks) {
+            if (task.serviceId().equals(serviceId)) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                String containerId = containerStatus.containerId();
+                String containerName =  containerStatus.containerId();
+                return new ContainerCreationStatus(true, containerName, containerId, nodePort);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String generateServiceName() {
+        final String suffix = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(6);
+        return String.format("node_%s", suffix);
+    }
+
+    private void loadSeleniumContainerLabels() {
+        if (!this.seleniumContainerLabelsChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerLabels = env.getStringEnvVariable("SELENIUM_CONTAINER_LABELS", "");
+            if (containerLabels.length() == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            try {
+                for (String label : containerLabels.split(";")) {
+                    String[] split = label.split("=");
+                    seleniumContainerLabels.put(split[0], split[1]);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while retrieving the added labels for the Selenium containers.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadPullSeleniumImageFlag() {
+        if (!this.pullSeleniumImageChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            pullSeleniumImage = env.getBooleanEnvVariable("PULL_SELENIUM_IMAGE", false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadIsZaleniumPrivileged(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.isZaleniumPrivilegedChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+                isZaleniumPrivileged = containerInfo.hostConfig().privileged();
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting value to check if Zalenium is running in privileged mode.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadStorageOpts(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.storageOptsLoaded.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+                storageOpt = containerInfo.hostConfig().storageOpt();
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting value to use passed storageOpts.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadMountedFolders(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked.get()) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo = null;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting mounted folders and env vars.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+
+            loadMountedFolders(containerInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void loadMountedFolders(ContainerInfo containerInfo) {
+        if (!this.mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+
+            for (ContainerMount containerMount : containerInfo.mounts()) {
+                if (containerMount.destination().startsWith(NODE_MOUNT_POINT)) {
+                    this.mntFolders.add(containerMount);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> generateMountedFolderBinds() {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        this.mntFolders.stream().filter(mount -> mount.destination().startsWith(NODE_MOUNT_POINT)).forEach(
+                containerMount -> {
+                    String destination = containerMount.destination().substring(NODE_MOUNT_POINT.length());
+
+                    if (Arrays.stream(PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS).anyMatch(item -> item.equalsIgnoreCase(destination))) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("The following points may not be mounted via node mounting: "
+                                + String.join(",", PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS));
+                    }
+                    String mountedBind = String.format("%s:%s", containerMount.source(), destination);
+                    result.add(mountedBind);
+                }
+        );
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private synchronized List<String> getContainerExtraHosts(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (zaleniumExtraHosts != null) {
+            return zaleniumExtraHosts;
+        }
+        String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+        ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+        try {
+            containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            zaleniumExtraHosts = containerInfo.hostConfig().extraHosts();
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException | NullPointerException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting Zalenium extra hosts.", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return Optional.ofNullable(zaleniumExtraHosts).orElse(new ArrayList<>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void initialiseContainerEnvironment() {
+        if (!environmentInitialised.getAndSet(true)) {
+            // Delete any leftover containers from a previous time
+            deleteSeleniumContainers();
+            // Register a shutdown hook to cleanup pods
+            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(this::deleteSeleniumContainers, "DockerContainerClient shutdown hook"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deleteSeleniumContainers() {
+        logger.info("About to clean up any left over DockerSelenium containers created by Zalenium");
+        String image = DockeredSeleniumStarter.getDockerSeleniumImageName();
+        String zaleniumContainerName = DockeredSeleniumStarter.getContainerName();
+        try {
+            List<Container> containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(withStatusRunning(), withStatusCreated())
+                    .stream().filter(container -> container.image().contains(image)
+                            && container.names().stream().anyMatch(name -> name.contains(zaleniumContainerName)))
+                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
+            containerList.stream()
+                    .parallel()
+                    .forEach(container -> stopContainer(container.id()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while deleting existing DockerSelenium containers", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ContainerClientRegistration registerNode(String zaleniumContainerName, URL remoteHost) {
+        ContainerClientRegistration registration = new ContainerClientRegistration();
+
+        Integer noVncPort = remoteHost.getPort() + DockeredSeleniumStarter.NO_VNC_PORT_GAP;
+
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName, remoteHost);
+
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            logger.warn("No container id for {} - {}, can't register.", zaleniumContainerName, remoteHost.toExternalForm());
+        }
+
+        registration.setNoVncPort(noVncPort);
+        registration.setContainerId(containerId);
+        registration.setIpAddress(remoteHost.getHost());
+        return registration;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getContainerIp(String containerName) {
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(containerName);
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        try {
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            if (containerInfo.networkSettings().ipAddress().trim().isEmpty()) {
+                ImmutableMap<String, AttachedNetwork> networks = containerInfo.networkSettings().networks();
+                return networks.entrySet().stream().findFirst().get().getValue().ipAddress();
+            }
+            return containerInfo.networkSettings().ipAddress();
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting the container IP.", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isReady(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        String containerIp = this.getContainerIp(container.getContainerName());
+        if (ZALENIUM_RUNNING_LOCALLY) {
+            containerIp = "localhost";
+        }
+        if (containerIp != null) {
+            try {
+                URL statusUrl = new URL(String.format("http://%s:%s/wd/hub/status", containerIp, container.getNodePort()));
+                String status = IOUtils.toString(statusUrl, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+                String successMessage = "\"Node is running\"";
+                if (status.contains(successMessage)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.debug("Error while getting node status, probably the node is still starting up...", e);
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isTerminated(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        List<String> termStates = Arrays.asList("complete", "failed", "shutdown", "rejected", "orphaned", "removed");
+        String containerId = container.getContainerId();
+
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                TaskStatus taskStatus = task.status();
+                boolean isContainer = taskStatus.containerStatus().containerId().equals(containerId);
+                String state = taskStatus.state();
+                if (isContainer && termStates.contains(state)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn("Failed to fetch container status [" + container + "].", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `task.status().containerStatus()`  at line 198.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SwarmContainerClient.stopContainer(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm.SwarmContainerClient.stopContainer(java.lang.String):void.cd580cf8c25899433684c2ba399deb3e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/zalando/ep/zalenium/container/swarm/SwarmContainerClient.java
+
+### Key:
+SwarmContainerClient.java|stopContainer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+b2533d04ce41d6d845a1abebb7e78c41
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9471/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9471/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2b99c1302a471ab3c1973b368b723f0acd7c41e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9471/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,729 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zalenium
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.AnsiProgressHandler;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.exceptions.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.*;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.mount.Mount;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.swarm.*;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClient;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClientRegistration;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerCreationStatus;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.proxy.DockeredSeleniumStarter;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.Environment;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.GoogleAnalyticsApi;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.ZaleniumConfiguration;
+import net.schmizz.sshj.SSHClient;
+import net.schmizz.sshj.connection.channel.direct.Session;
+import net.schmizz.sshj.transport.verification.PromiscuousVerifier;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusCreated;
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusRunning;
+import static de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.ZaleniumConfiguration.ZALENIUM_RUNNING_LOCALLY;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("ConstantConditions")
+public class SwarmContainerClient implements ContainerClient {
+
+    private static final String DEFAULT_DOCKER_NETWORK_MODE = "default";
+    private static final String DEFAULT_DOCKER_NETWORK_NAME = "bridge";
+    private static final String DOCKER_NETWORK_HOST_MODE_NAME = "host";
+    private static final String NODE_MOUNT_POINT = "/tmp/node";
+    private static final String[] PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS = {
+            "/var/run/docker.sock",
+            "/home/seluser/videos",
+            "/dev/shm"
+    };
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT";
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT";
+
+    private static final Environment defaultEnvironment = new Environment();
+    /**
+     * Number of times to attempt to create a container when the generated name is not unique.
+     */
+    private static final int NAME_COLLISION_RETRIES = 10;
+    private static Environment env = defaultEnvironment;
+    private static String seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    private static String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    private static String dockerHost;
+    private static AtomicBoolean environmentInitialised = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    static {
+        readConfigurationFromEnvVariables();
+    }
+
+    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SwarmContainerClient.class.getName());
+    private final GoogleAnalyticsApi ga = new GoogleAnalyticsApi();
+    private DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient(dockerHost);
+    private String nodeId;
+    private String zaleniumNetwork;
+    private List<String> zaleniumExtraHosts;
+    private List<ContainerMount> mntFolders = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Map<String, String> seleniumContainerLabels = new HashMap<>();
+    private boolean pullSeleniumImage = false;
+    private boolean isZaleniumPrivileged = true;
+    private ImmutableMap<String, String> storageOpt;
+    private AtomicBoolean pullSeleniumImageChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean isZaleniumPrivilegedChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean storageOptsLoaded = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    private AtomicBoolean seleniumContainerLabelsChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    private static void readConfigurationFromEnvVariables() {
+
+        String cpuLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(cpuLimit);
+
+        String memoryLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(memoryLimit);
+
+        String dockerHost = env.getStringEnvVariable("DOCKER_HOST", "unix:///var/run/docker.sock");
+        setDockerHost(dockerHost);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected static void setEnv(final Environment env) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.env = env;
+    }
+
+    private static void setDockerHost(String dockerHost) {
+        // https://github.com/spotify/docker-client/issues/946
+        SwarmContainerClient.dockerHost = dockerHost.replace("tcp", "http");
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerCpuLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(String seleniumContainerCpuLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerCpuLimit = seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerMemoryLimit = seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isNameCollision(Exception e, String containerName) {
+        return e.getMessage().contains("The container name \"" + containerName + "/\" is already in use by container ");
+    }
+
+    private static boolean hasRemainingAttempts(int collisionAttempts) {
+        return collisionAttempts > 0;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public void setContainerClient(final DockerClient client) {
+        dockerClient = client;
+    }
+
+    public void setNodeId(String nodeId) {
+        this.nodeId = nodeId;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(String zaleniumContainerName, URL remoteUrl) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                for (NetworkAttachment networkAttachment : task.networkAttachments()) {
+                    for (String address : networkAttachment.addresses()) {
+                        if (address.startsWith(remoteUrl.getHost())) {
+                            return task.status().containerStatus().containerId();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(String containerName) {
+        final String containerNameSearch = containerName.contains("/") ?
+                containerName : String.format("/%s", containerName);
+
+        List<Container> containerList = null;
+        try {
+            containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(withStatusRunning(), withStatusCreated());
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting containerId", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        if (containerList != null) {
+            String containerByName = containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> containerNameSearch.equalsIgnoreCase(container.names().get(0)))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(null);
+            return containerByName != null ? containerByName : containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> container.names().get(0).contains(containerName))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(null);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public InputStream copyFiles(String containerId, String folderName) {
+        try {
+            return dockerClient.archiveContainer(containerId, folderName);
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Something happened while copying the folder " + folderName + ", " +
+                    "most of the time it is an issue while closing the input/output stream, which is usually OK.", e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void stopContainer(String containerId) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                if (task.status().containerStatus().containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    String serviceId = task.serviceId();
+                    dockerClient.removeService(serviceId);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while stopping the container", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Work In Progress => Must be implemented correctly
+    public void executeCommand(String containerId, String[] command, boolean waitForExecution) {
+        String swarmNodeIp = null;
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                if (task.status().containerStatus().containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    List<Node> nodes = dockerClient.listNodes();
+                    for (Node node :nodes) {
+                        if (node.id().equals(task.nodeId())) {
+                            swarmNodeIp = node.status().addr();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException | NullPointerException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while executing the command", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        if (swarmNodeIp != null) {
+            execCommandOnRemote(swarmNodeIp, containerId, command);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Work In Progress => Must be implemented correctly
+    private void execCommandOnRemote (String ip, String containerId, String[] command) {
+        SSHClient ssh = new SSHClient();
+        try {
+            ssh.connect(ip);
+            ssh.authPublickey("id_rsa");
+            Session session = ssh.startSession();
+            Session.Command cmd = session.exec("docker exec -ti " + containerId + " sh -c notify 'Zalenium', 'TEST COMPLETED', --icon=/home/seluser/images/completed.png");
+            System.out.println(cmd.toString());
+            session.close();
+            ssh.disconnect();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getLatestDownloadedImage(String imageName) {
+        List<Image> images;
+        try {
+            images = dockerClient.listImages(DockerClient.ListImagesParam.byName(imageName));
+            if (images.isEmpty()) {
+                logger.error(nodeId + " A downloaded docker-selenium image was not found!");
+                return imageName;
+            }
+            for (int i = images.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (images.get(i).repoTags() == null) {
+                    images.remove(i);
+                }
+            }
+            images.sort((o1, o2) -> o2.created().compareTo(o1.created()));
+            return images.get(0).repoTags().get(0);
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while executing the command", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return imageName;
+    }
+
+    public ContainerCreationStatus createContainer(String zaleniumContainerName, String image, Map<String, String> envVars,
+                                                   String nodePort) {
+        loadMountedFolders(zaleniumContainerName);
+        loadSeleniumContainerLabels();
+        loadPullSeleniumImageFlag();
+        loadIsZaleniumPrivileged(zaleniumContainerName);
+        loadStorageOpts(zaleniumContainerName);
+
+        List<String> flattenedEnvVars = envVars.entrySet().stream()
+                .map(e -> e.getKey() + "=" + e.getValue())
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+        final ContainerSpec containerSpec = buildContainerSpec(flattenedEnvVars, image);
+        final TaskSpec taskSpec = buildTaskSpec(containerSpec);
+        String noVncPort = envVars.get("NOVNC_PORT");
+        final ServiceSpec serviceSpec = buildServiceSpec(taskSpec, nodePort, noVncPort);
+
+        try {
+            ServiceCreateResponse service = dockerClient.createService(serviceSpec);
+
+            TaskStatus taskStatus = waitForTaskStatus(service.id());
+
+            if(taskStatus != null) {
+                return getContainerCreationStatus(service.id(), nodePort);
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (pullSeleniumImage) {
+                List<Image> images = dockerClient.listImages(DockerClient.ListImagesParam.byName(image));
+                if (images.size() == 0) {
+                    // If the image has no tag, we add latest, otherwise we end up pulling all the images with that name.
+                    String imageToPull = image.lastIndexOf(':') > 0 ? image : image.concat(":latest");
+                    dockerClient.pull(imageToPull, new AnsiProgressHandler());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while checking (and pulling) if the image is present", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private ContainerSpec buildContainerSpec(List<String> flattenedEnvVars, String image) {
+        final Mount.Builder mountBuilder = Mount.builder()
+                .source("/dev/shm")
+                .target("/dev/shm")
+                .type("bind");
+
+        final ContainerSpec.Builder containerSpecBuilder = ContainerSpec.builder()
+                .env(flattenedEnvVars)
+                .image(image)
+                .mounts(mountBuilder.build());
+
+        if (seleniumContainerLabels.size() > 0) {
+            containerSpecBuilder.labels(seleniumContainerLabels);
+        }
+
+        return containerSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskSpec buildTaskSpec(ContainerSpec containerSpec) {
+        final RestartPolicy restartPolicy = RestartPolicy.builder()
+                .condition("none")
+                .build();
+
+        final TaskSpec.Builder taskSpecBuilder = TaskSpec.builder()
+                .restartPolicy(restartPolicy)
+                .containerSpec(containerSpec);
+
+        return taskSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private ServiceSpec buildServiceSpec(TaskSpec taskSpec, String nodePort, String noVncPort) {
+        final PortConfig nodePortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .build();
+
+        final PortConfig noVncPortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .build();
+
+        final EndpointSpec.Builder endpointSpecBuilder = EndpointSpec.builder()
+                .addPort(nodePortConfig)
+                .addPort(noVncPortConfig);
+
+        final NetworkAttachmentConfig networkAttachmentConfig = NetworkAttachmentConfig.builder()
+                .target(ZaleniumConfiguration.getSwarmOverlayNetwork())
+                .build();
+
+        return ServiceSpec.builder()
+                .name(generateServiceName())
+                .endpointSpec(endpointSpecBuilder.build())
+                .networks(networkAttachmentConfig)
+                .taskTemplate(taskSpec)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, 0);
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId, int attempts) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        int attemptsLimit = 50;
+        Thread.sleep(2000);
+        TaskStatus taskStatus = null;
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+
+        for (Task task : tasks) {
+            String currentId = task.serviceId();
+            if (currentId.equals(serviceId) && task.status().state().equals("running")) {
+                taskStatus = task.status();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (taskStatus == null && attempts < attemptsLimit) {
+            return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, attempts + 1);
+        } else {
+            return taskStatus;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ContainerCreationStatus getContainerCreationStatus (String serviceId, String nodePort) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+        for (Task task : tasks) {
+            if (task.serviceId().equals(serviceId)) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                String containerId = containerStatus.containerId();
+                String containerName =  containerStatus.containerId();
+                return new ContainerCreationStatus(true, containerName, containerId, nodePort);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String generateServiceName() {
+        final String suffix = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(6);
+        return String.format("node_%s", suffix);
+    }
+
+    private void loadSeleniumContainerLabels() {
+        if (!this.seleniumContainerLabelsChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerLabels = env.getStringEnvVariable("SELENIUM_CONTAINER_LABELS", "");
+            if (containerLabels.length() == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            try {
+                for (String label : containerLabels.split(";")) {
+                    String[] split = label.split("=");
+                    seleniumContainerLabels.put(split[0], split[1]);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while retrieving the added labels for the Selenium containers.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadPullSeleniumImageFlag() {
+        if (!this.pullSeleniumImageChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            pullSeleniumImage = env.getBooleanEnvVariable("PULL_SELENIUM_IMAGE", false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadIsZaleniumPrivileged(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.isZaleniumPrivilegedChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+                isZaleniumPrivileged = containerInfo.hostConfig().privileged();
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting value to check if Zalenium is running in privileged mode.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadStorageOpts(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.storageOptsLoaded.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+                storageOpt = containerInfo.hostConfig().storageOpt();
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting value to use passed storageOpts.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadMountedFolders(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (!this.mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked.get()) {
+            String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+            if (containerId == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo = null;
+
+            try {
+                containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while getting mounted folders and env vars.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+
+            loadMountedFolders(containerInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void loadMountedFolders(ContainerInfo containerInfo) {
+        if (!this.mntFoldersAndHttpEnvVarsChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+
+            for (ContainerMount containerMount : containerInfo.mounts()) {
+                if (containerMount.destination().startsWith(NODE_MOUNT_POINT)) {
+                    this.mntFolders.add(containerMount);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> generateMountedFolderBinds() {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        this.mntFolders.stream().filter(mount -> mount.destination().startsWith(NODE_MOUNT_POINT)).forEach(
+                containerMount -> {
+                    String destination = containerMount.destination().substring(NODE_MOUNT_POINT.length());
+
+                    if (Arrays.stream(PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS).anyMatch(item -> item.equalsIgnoreCase(destination))) {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("The following points may not be mounted via node mounting: "
+                                + String.join(",", PROTECTED_NODE_MOUNT_POINTS));
+                    }
+                    String mountedBind = String.format("%s:%s", containerMount.source(), destination);
+                    result.add(mountedBind);
+                }
+        );
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private synchronized List<String> getContainerExtraHosts(String zaleniumContainerName) {
+        if (zaleniumExtraHosts != null) {
+            return zaleniumExtraHosts;
+        }
+        String containerId = getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName);
+        ContainerInfo containerInfo;
+        try {
+            containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            zaleniumExtraHosts = containerInfo.hostConfig().extraHosts();
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException | NullPointerException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting Zalenium extra hosts.", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return Optional.ofNullable(zaleniumExtraHosts).orElse(new ArrayList<>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void initialiseContainerEnvironment() {
+        if (!environmentInitialised.getAndSet(true)) {
+            // Delete any leftover containers from a previous time
+            deleteSeleniumContainers();
+            // Register a shutdown hook to cleanup pods
+            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(this::deleteSeleniumContainers, "DockerContainerClient shutdown hook"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deleteSeleniumContainers() {
+        logger.info("About to clean up any left over DockerSelenium containers created by Zalenium");
+        String image = DockeredSeleniumStarter.getDockerSeleniumImageName();
+        String zaleniumContainerName = DockeredSeleniumStarter.getContainerName();
+        try {
+            List<Container> containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(withStatusRunning(), withStatusCreated())
+                    .stream().filter(container -> container.image().contains(image)
+                            && container.names().stream().anyMatch(name -> name.contains(zaleniumContainerName)))
+                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
+            containerList.stream()
+                    .parallel()
+                    .forEach(container -> stopContainer(container.id()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while deleting existing DockerSelenium containers", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ContainerClientRegistration registerNode(String zaleniumContainerName, URL remoteHost) {
+        ContainerClientRegistration registration = new ContainerClientRegistration();
+
+        Integer noVncPort = remoteHost.getPort() + DockeredSeleniumStarter.NO_VNC_PORT_GAP;
+
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(zaleniumContainerName, remoteHost);
+
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            logger.warn("No container id for {} - {}, can't register.", zaleniumContainerName, remoteHost.toExternalForm());
+        }
+
+        registration.setNoVncPort(noVncPort);
+        registration.setContainerId(containerId);
+        registration.setIpAddress(remoteHost.getHost());
+        return registration;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getContainerIp(String containerName) {
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(containerName);
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        try {
+            ContainerInfo containerInfo = dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+            if (containerInfo.networkSettings().ipAddress().trim().isEmpty()) {
+                ImmutableMap<String, AttachedNetwork> networks = containerInfo.networkSettings().networks();
+                return networks.entrySet().stream().findFirst().get().getValue().ipAddress();
+            }
+            return containerInfo.networkSettings().ipAddress();
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting the container IP.", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isReady(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        String containerIp = this.getContainerIp(container.getContainerName());
+        if (ZALENIUM_RUNNING_LOCALLY) {
+            containerIp = "localhost";
+        }
+        if (containerIp != null) {
+            try {
+                URL statusUrl = new URL(String.format("http://%s:%s/wd/hub/status", containerIp, container.getNodePort()));
+                String status = IOUtils.toString(statusUrl, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+                String successMessage = "\"Node is running\"";
+                if (status.contains(successMessage)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.debug("Error while getting node status, probably the node is still starting up...", e);
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isTerminated(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        List<String> termStates = Arrays.asList("complete", "failed", "shutdown", "rejected", "orphaned", "removed");
+        String containerId = container.getContainerId();
+
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                TaskStatus taskStatus = task.status();
+                boolean isContainer = taskStatus.containerStatus().containerId().equals(containerId);
+                String state = taskStatus.state();
+                if (isContainer && termStates.contains(state)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn("Failed to fetch container status [" + container + "].", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `task.status().containerStatus()`  at line 215.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SwarmContainerClient.executeCommand(String,java.lang.String[],boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm.SwarmContainerClient.executeCommand(java.lang.String,java.lan.afcb3f092d3d38a657a9cc9ed25346c9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/zalando/ep/zalenium/container/swarm/SwarmContainerClient.java
+
+### Key:
+SwarmContainerClient.java|executeCommand|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+ba5bb6045a34ca2c27dab2c4aee0f723
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9476/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9476/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c779c6db0587c0df51764d1e18850760f4139ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9476/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** niubi-job
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2016 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.api.curator;
+
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.api.StandbyNodeApi;
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.api.data.StandbyNodeData;
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.api.helper.PathHelper;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.cache.ChildData;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * @author Xiaolong Zuo
+ * @since 0.9.3
+ */
+public class StandbyNodeApiImpl extends AbstractCurdApiImpl implements StandbyNodeApi {
+
+    public StandbyNodeApiImpl(CuratorFramework client) {
+        super(client);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<StandbyNodeData> getAllNodes() {
+        List<ChildData> childDataList = getChildren(PathHelper.getParentPath(getStandbyPathApi().getNodePath()));
+        List<StandbyNodeData> standbyNodeDataList = childDataList.stream().map(StandbyNodeData::new).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        return standbyNodeDataList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String saveNode(StandbyNodeData.Data data) {
+        StandbyNodeData standbyNodeData = new StandbyNodeData(getStandbyPathApi().getNodePath(), data);
+        return createEphemeralSequential(standbyNodeData.getPath(), standbyNodeData.getDataBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateNode(String path, StandbyNodeData.Data data) {
+        StandbyNodeData standbyNodeData = new StandbyNodeData(path, data);
+        setData(standbyNodeData.getPath(), standbyNodeData.getDataBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public StandbyNodeData getNode(String path) {
+        return new StandbyNodeData(getData(path));
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void deleteNode(String path) {
+        delete(path);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `childDataList` last assigned on line 40 could be null and is dereferenced at line 41.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List StandbyNodeApiImpl.getAllNodes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.api.curator.StandbyNodeApiImpl.getAllNodes():java.util.List.4ebfc43c989fde9a61725283abe8e4a9
+
+### File:
+niubi-job-api/src/main/java/com/zuoxiaolong/niubi/job/api/curator/StandbyNodeApiImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+StandbyNodeApiImpl.java|getAllNodes|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+00fd53f6c8ed62d1059a57f6a2bd0ac0
+
+### Hash:
+68e0b2244651194ad72f6e5c30db3cc6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9478/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9478/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb220a524f615280d6e2d4167a6bb089e8d414bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9478/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** niubi-job
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2016 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.example;
+
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.cluster.node.Node;
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.cluster.node.StandbyNode;
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.core.config.Configuration;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+/**
+ * @author Xiaolong Zuo
+ * @since 16/1/9 15:08
+ */
+public class StandbyNodeTest {
+
+    @org.junit.Test
+    public void test() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        Node node = new StandbyNode(new Configuration("com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.jobs"), "localhost:2181,localhost:3181,localhost:4181");
+        node.join();
+        new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)).readLine();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.leader.LeaderSelector` acquired by call to `StandbyNode(...)` at line 35 is not released after line 36.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StandbyNodeTest.test()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.example.StandbyNodeTest.test():void.6475d7c222e20c0f50268785ebc24813
+
+### File:
+niubi-job-examples/src/test/java/com/zuoxiaolong/niubi/job/example/StandbyNodeTest.java
+
+### Key:
+StandbyNodeTest.java|test|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+eddcc74cf72136a54303f2014ecfd196
+
+### Hash:
+b74c9b214ebb37dce70bf2efc650c951
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9482/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9482/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2de2740ed2dcbc69f34d72a2e942c8fcb858944f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9482/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** craft-atom
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.craft.atom.protocol.http;
+
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.COLON;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.CONTENT_ENCODING_DEFLATE;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.CONTENT_ENCODING_GZIP;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.CONTENT_ENCODING_IDENTITY;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.CR;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.EQUAL_SIGN;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.HT;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.LF;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.NUL;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.SEMICOLON;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.SP;
+import static org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants.TRANSFER_ENCODING_CHUNKED;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.AbstractProtocolDecoder;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.ProtocolException;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.ProtocolExceptionType;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpChunk;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpChunkEntity;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpConstants;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpEntity;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpHeader;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpHeaderValueElement;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpHeaders;
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpMessage;
+import org.craft.atom.util.ByteUtil;
+import org.craft.atom.util.GzipUtil;
+
+/**
+ * A http decoder for {@code HttpRequest} and {@code HttpResponse}
+ * 
+ * @author mindwind
+ * @version 1.0, Feb 3, 2013
+ * @param <T>
+ * @see HttpRequestDecoder
+ * @see HttpResponseDecoder
+ */
+abstract public class HttpDecoder<T extends HttpMessage>  extends AbstractProtocolDecoder {
+	
+	protected static final int START = 0;
+	protected static final int METHOD = 11;
+	protected static final int REQUEST_URI = 12;
+	protected static final int STATUS_CODE = 21;
+	protected static final int REASON_PHRASE = 22;
+	protected static final int VERSION = 30;
+	protected static final int HEADER_NAME = 40;
+	protected static final int HEADER_VALUE_PREFIX = 41;
+	protected static final int HEADER_VALUE = 42;
+	protected static final int HEADER_VALUE_SUFFIX = 43;
+	protected static final int ENTITY = 50;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_LENGTH = 51;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_CHUNKED_SIZE = 52;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_CHUNKED_EXTENSION_NAME = 53;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_CHUNKED_EXTENSION_VALUE = 54;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_CHUNKED_DATA = 55;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_CHUNKED_TRAILER_NAME = 56;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_CHUNKED_TRAILER_VALUE = 57;
+	protected static final int ENTITY_ENCODING = 58;
+	protected static final int END = -1;
+	
+	protected int stateIndex = 0;
+	protected int state = START;
+	protected int maxLineLength = defaultBufferSize;
+	
+	protected Charset contentCharset;
+	protected HttpHeader header;
+	protected HttpEntity entity;
+	protected HttpChunk chunk;
+	protected String chunkExtName;
+	protected int trailerSize;
+	protected T httpMessage;
+	
+	// ~ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	
+	protected void state4END(List<T> httpMessages) throws ProtocolException {
+		// enter END state means search index stay for the last byte of the HttpMessage, move to next
+		slide(1);
+		
+		httpMessages.add(httpMessage);
+		splitIndex = stateIndex = searchIndex;
+		clear();
+		state = START;
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_ENCODING() throws ProtocolException, IOException {
+		HttpHeader ceh = httpMessage.getFirstHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_ENCODING.getName());
+		String coding = null;
+		if (ceh == null){
+			coding = CONTENT_ENCODING_IDENTITY;
+		} else {
+			coding = ceh.getValue();
+		}
+		
+		// none or identity
+		if (coding == null || CONTENT_ENCODING_IDENTITY.equals(coding)) {
+			// if content is chunked, getContent() will restructure chunked content to a complete content.
+			httpMessage.getEntity().setContent(httpMessage.getEntity().getContent());
+		}
+		// gzip
+		else if (CONTENT_ENCODING_GZIP.equals(coding)) {
+			byte[] content = GzipUtil.ungzip(httpMessage.getEntity().getContent());
+			httpMessage.getEntity().setContent(content);
+		}
+		// deflate
+		else if (CONTENT_ENCODING_DEFLATE.equals(coding)) {
+			/*
+			 * A zlib stream will have a header.
+			 * 
+			 * CMF | FLG [| DICTID ] | ...compressed data | ADLER32 |
+			 * 
+			 * * CMF is one byte.
+			 * 
+			 * * FLG is one byte.
+			 * 
+			 * * DICTID is four bytes, and only present if FLG.FDICT is set.
+			 * 
+			 * Sniff the content. Does it look like a zlib stream, with a CMF, etc?
+			 * c.f. RFC1950, section 2.2. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1950#page-4
+			 * 
+			 * We need to see if it looks like a proper zlib stream, or whether it
+			 * is just a deflate stream. RFC2616 calls zlib streams deflate.
+			 * Confusing, isn't it? That's why some servers implement deflate
+			 * Content-Encoding using deflate streams, rather than zlib streams.
+			 * 
+			 * We could start looking at the bytes, but to be honest, someone else
+			 * has already read the RFCs and implemented that for us. So we'll just
+			 * use the JDK libraries and exception handling to do this. If that
+			 * proves slow, then we could potentially change this to check the first
+			 * byte - does it look like a CMF? What about the second byte - does it
+			 * look like a FLG, etc.
+			 * 
+			 * Many browsers over the years implemented an incorrect deflate algorithm, 
+			 * For example: deflate works in Safari 4.0 but is broken in Safari 5.1, it also always has issues on IE.
+			 * So, we don't support deflate encoding now.
+			 */
+			throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.UNEXPECTED, "unsupported content encoding=" + coding);
+		}
+		// compress or others encoding is unsupported
+		else {
+			throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.UNEXPECTED, "unsupported content encoding=" + coding);
+		}
+		
+		// next state
+		httpMessage.setEntity(entity);
+		state = END;
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_CHUNKED_TRAILER_NAME() throws ProtocolException {
+		boolean done = skip(CR, LF);
+		if (!done) { 
+			return; 
+		}
+		
+		// slice header name
+		String name = sliceBySeparators(0, COLON);
+		if (name == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		header = new HttpHeader();
+		header.setName(name);
+
+		// to next state
+		trailerSize--;
+		state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_TRAILER_VALUE;
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_CHUNKED_TRAILER_VALUE() throws ProtocolException {
+		// skip SP or HT
+		boolean done = skip(SP, HT);
+		if (!done) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		// slice header value
+		String value = sliceBySeparators(-1, LF);
+		if (value == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		header.appendValue(value);
+		((HttpChunkEntity) entity).addTrailer(header);
+		
+		// to next state
+		if (trailerSize == 0) {
+			slide(-1);
+			state = END;
+		} else {
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_TRAILER_NAME;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_CHUNKED_DATA() throws ProtocolException {
+		boolean done = skip(CR, LF);
+		if (!done) { 
+			return; 
+		}
+		
+		// slice content value
+		int clen = chunk.getSize();
+		byte[] chunkData = sliceByLength(clen);
+		if (chunkData == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		chunk.setData(chunkData);
+		((HttpChunkEntity) entity).addChunk(chunk);
+		
+		// skip CRLF
+		slide(2);
+		state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_SIZE;
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_CHUNKED_EXTENSION_VALUE() throws ProtocolException {
+		// slice chunk extension value
+		String chunkExtValue = sliceBySeparators(0, SEMICOLON, CR);
+		if (chunkExtValue == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		chunk.addExtension(chunkExtName, chunkExtValue);
+		
+		byte pb = previousByte();
+		if (SEMICOLON == pb) {
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_EXTENSION_NAME;
+		} else {
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_DATA;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_CHUNKED_EXTENSION_NAME() throws ProtocolException {
+		// slice chunk extension name
+		String name = sliceBySeparators(0, EQUAL_SIGN, CR);
+		if (name == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		this.chunkExtName = name;
+		
+		byte pb = previousByte();
+		if (EQUAL_SIGN == pb) {
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_EXTENSION_VALUE;
+		} else {
+			chunk.addExtension(chunkExtName, null);
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_DATA;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_CHUNKED_SIZE() throws ProtocolException {		
+		boolean done = skip(LF);
+		if (!done) { 
+			return; 
+		}
+		
+		// slice chunk size
+		String sizeStr = sliceBySeparators(0, SEMICOLON, CR);
+		if (sizeStr == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		int size = Integer.parseInt(sizeStr, 16);
+		if (size < 0) {
+			throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.UNEXPECTED, "chunked size < 0");
+		}
+		
+		chunk = new HttpChunk();
+		chunk.setSize(size);
+		
+		byte pb = previousByte();
+		if (SEMICOLON == pb) {
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_EXTENSION_NAME;
+		} else if (size > 0){
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_DATA;
+		} else if (size == 0) {
+			HttpHeader trailerHeader = httpMessage.getFirstHeader(HttpHeaders.TRAILER.getName());
+			httpMessage.setEntity(entity);
+			if (trailerHeader != null) {
+				trailerSize = trailerHeader.getValue().split(",").length;
+				if (trailerSize <= 0) {
+					throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.UNEXPECTED, "trailer size ilegal=" + trailerSize);
+				}
+				state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_TRAILER_NAME;
+			} else {
+				state = ENTITY_ENCODING;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY_LENGTH() throws ProtocolException {
+		// get content length
+		int clen = Integer.parseInt(httpMessage.getFirstHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LENGTH.getName()).getValue());
+		if (clen < 0) {
+			throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.UNEXPECTED, "content length < 0");
+		}
+		
+		// slice content value
+		byte[] content = sliceByLength(clen);
+		if (content == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		// render current request with entity
+		entity.setContent(content);
+		httpMessage.setEntity(entity);
+		
+		// to next state
+		state = ENTITY_ENCODING;
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4ENTITY() throws ProtocolException {
+		boolean done = skip(CR, LF);
+		if (!done) { 
+			return; 
+		}
+		
+		// content length
+		if (httpMessage.getFirstHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LENGTH.getName()) != null) {
+			entity = new HttpEntity();
+			entity.setCharset(getContentCharset(httpMessage));
+			state = ENTITY_LENGTH;
+		}
+		// chunked
+		else if (TRANSFER_ENCODING_CHUNKED.equals(httpMessage.getFirstHeader(HttpHeaders.TRANSFER_ENCODING.getName()).getValue())) {
+			entity = new HttpChunkEntity();
+			entity.setCharset(getContentCharset(httpMessage));
+			state = ENTITY_CHUNKED_SIZE;
+		}
+		// no entity
+		else {
+			state = END;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4HEADER_VALUE_SUFFIX() throws ProtocolException {
+		byte cb = currentByte();
+		
+		// folded header
+		if (SP == cb || HT == cb) {
+			state = HEADER_VALUE_PREFIX;
+		}
+		// header end
+		else if (CR == cb) {
+			httpMessage.addHeader(header);
+			state = hasEntity(httpMessage) ? ENTITY : END;
+			slide(1);
+		}
+		// next header
+		else {
+			httpMessage.addHeader(header);
+			state = HEADER_NAME;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4HEADER_VALUE() throws ProtocolException {
+		// slice header value
+		String value = sliceBySeparators(-1, LF);
+		if (value == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		header.appendValue(value);
+		
+		// to next state
+		byte cb = currentByte();
+		// has no next byte in buffer
+		if (NUL == cb) {
+			state = HEADER_VALUE_SUFFIX;
+		}
+		// folded header
+		else if (SP == cb || HT == cb) {
+			state = HEADER_VALUE_PREFIX;
+		}
+		// header end
+		else if (CR == cb) {
+			httpMessage.addHeader(header);
+			state = hasEntity(httpMessage) ? ENTITY : END;
+			slide(1);
+		}
+		// next header
+		else {
+			httpMessage.addHeader(header);
+		   state = HEADER_NAME;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4HEADER_VALUE_PREFIX() throws ProtocolException {
+		// skip SP or HT 
+		boolean done = skip(SP, HT);
+		if (!done) { 
+			return; 
+		}
+		
+		// to next state
+		state = HEADER_VALUE;
+	}
+	
+	protected void state4HEADER_NAME() throws ProtocolException {
+		// slice header name
+		String name = sliceBySeparators(0, COLON);
+		if (name == null) { 
+			return; 
+		}
+		
+		header = new HttpHeader();
+		header.setName(name);
+		
+		// to next state
+		state = HEADER_VALUE_PREFIX;
+	}
+	
+	protected void reset() {
+		if (splitIndex > 0 && splitIndex < buf.length()) {
+			byte[] tailBytes = buf.array(splitIndex, buf.length());
+			buf.clear();
+			buf.append(tailBytes);
+			stateIndex -= splitIndex;
+			searchIndex = buf.length();
+			splitIndex = 0;
+		}
+		
+		if (splitIndex > 0 && splitIndex == buf.length()) {
+			buf.clear();
+			stateIndex = splitIndex = searchIndex = 0;
+		}
+		
+		if (buf.length() == 0 && buf.capacity() > maxSize * 2) {
+			buf.reset(defaultBufferSize);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected Charset getContentCharset(HttpMessage httpMessage) {
+		if (contentCharset != null) {
+			return contentCharset;
+		}
+		
+		HttpHeader contentTypeHeader = httpMessage.getFirstHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE.getName());
+		if (contentTypeHeader == null) {
+			contentCharset =  charset;
+			return contentCharset;
+		}
+		
+		List<HttpHeaderValueElement> elements = contentTypeHeader.getValueElements();
+		if (elements.isEmpty()) {
+			contentCharset = charset;
+			return contentCharset;
+		}
+		
+		String charsetName = elements.get(0).getParamValue(HttpConstants.CONTENT_TYPE_CHARSET);
+		if (charsetName == null) {
+			contentCharset = charset;
+			return contentCharset;
+		}
+		
+		contentCharset = Charset.forName(charsetName);
+		return contentCharset;
+	}
+	
+	protected byte previousByte() {
+		int i = searchIndex - 1;
+		if ( i < buf.length()) {
+			return buf.byteAt(i);
+		} else {
+			return NUL;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected byte currentByte() {
+		int i = searchIndex;
+		if ( i < buf.length()) {
+			return buf.byteAt(i);
+		} else {
+			return NUL;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected byte nextByte() {
+		int i = searchIndex + 1;
+		if (i < buf.length()) {
+			return buf.byteAt(i);
+		} else {
+			return NUL;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected byte[] sliceByLength(int len) throws ProtocolException {
+		boolean done = false;
+		int offset = stateIndex;
+		int length = searchIndex - stateIndex;
+		if (len < length) {
+			throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.UNEXPECTED, "slice len=" + len + "< length=" + length); 
+		}
+		
+		int tailIndex = offset + len - 1;
+		if (tailIndex < buf.length()) {
+			stateIndex = searchIndex = tailIndex;
+			done = true;
+		} else {
+			searchIndex = buf.length();
+		}
+		
+		if (searchIndex > maxSize) { throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.MAX_SIZE_LIMIT, maxSize); }
+		
+		if (done) {
+			byte[] bytes = new byte[len];
+			System.arraycopy(buf.buffer(), offset, bytes, 0, len);
+			return bytes;
+		} else {
+			return null;	
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected String sliceBySeparators(int shift, byte... separators) throws ProtocolException {
+		boolean done = false;
+		int offset = stateIndex;
+		int length = searchIndex - stateIndex;
+		for (int i = searchIndex; i < buf.length(); length++) {
+			if (length > maxLineLength) { throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.LINE_LENGTH_LIMIT, maxLineLength); }
+			
+			byte b = buf.byteAt(i);
+			searchIndex = ++i;
+			if (ByteUtil.indexOf(separators, b) >= 0) {
+				length = searchIndex - stateIndex - 1;
+				stateIndex = searchIndex;
+				done = true;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		if (searchIndex > maxSize) { throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.MAX_SIZE_LIMIT, maxSize); }
+		
+		if (done) {
+			return new String(buf.buffer(), offset, length + shift, charset);
+		} else {
+			return null;	
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected boolean skip(byte... bytes) throws ProtocolException {
+		boolean done = false;
+		int length = searchIndex - stateIndex;
+		while (searchIndex < buf.length()) {
+			byte cb = currentByte();
+			if (ByteUtil.indexOf(bytes, cb) < 0 && NUL != cb) {
+				done = true;
+				break;
+			}
+			slide(1);
+			length++;
+			if (length > maxSize) { throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.MAX_SIZE_LIMIT, maxSize); }
+		}
+		return done;
+	}
+	
+	protected void slide(int shift) throws ProtocolException {
+		stateIndex = searchIndex += shift;
+		if (searchIndex > maxSize) {
+			throw new ProtocolException(ProtocolExceptionType.MAX_SIZE_LIMIT, maxSize);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected void clear() {
+		contentCharset = null;
+		header = null;
+		entity = null;
+		chunk = null;
+		chunkExtName = null;
+		trailerSize = 0;
+		httpMessage = null;
+	}
+	
+	protected void resetIndex() {
+		searchIndex = splitIndex = stateIndex = 0;
+	}
+	
+	abstract boolean hasEntity(T httpMessage);
+	
+	// ~ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	
+	public int getMaxLineLength() {
+		return maxLineLength;
+	}
+
+	public void setMaxLineLength(int maxLineLength) {
+		this.maxLineLength = maxLineLength;
+	}
+
+	public int getState() {
+		return state;
+	}
+
+	public void setState(int state) {
+		this.state = state;
+	}
+	
+	public HttpHeader getHeader() {
+		return header;
+	}
+
+	public void setHeader(HttpHeader header) {
+		this.header = header;
+	}
+
+	public HttpEntity getEntity() {
+		return entity;
+	}
+
+	public void setEntity(HttpEntity entity) {
+		this.entity = entity;
+	}
+
+	public HttpChunk getChunk() {
+		return chunk;
+	}
+
+	public void setChunk(HttpChunk chunk) {
+		this.chunk = chunk;
+	}
+
+	public String getChunkExtName() {
+		return chunkExtName;
+	}
+
+	public void setChunkExtName(String chunkExtName) {
+		this.chunkExtName = chunkExtName;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return String
+				.format("HttpDecoder [stateIndex=%s, state=%s, maxLineLength=%s, contentCharset=%s, header=%s, entity=%s, chunk=%s, chunkExtName=%s, trailerSize=%s, httpMessage=%s, defaultBufferSize=%s, buf=%s, splitIndex=%s, searchIndex=%s, maxSize=%s, charset=%s]",
+						stateIndex, state, maxLineLength, contentCharset,
+						header, entity, chunk, chunkExtName, trailerSize,
+						httpMessage, defaultBufferSize, buf, splitIndex,
+						searchIndex, maxSize, charset);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `HttpDecoder.httpMessage.getFirstHeader(org.craft.atom.protocol.http.model.HttpHeaders.TRANSFER_ENCODING.getName())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 328.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HttpDecoder.state4ENTITY()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.craft.atom.protocol.http.HttpDecoder.state4ENTITY():void.e8a42817b42094598f2c499a9439f4fb
+
+### File:
+craft-atom-protocol-http/src/main/java/org/craft/atom/protocol/http/HttpDecoder.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpDecoder.java|state4ENTITY|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9140dff8bf7cd03886d368c0c0c52aa5
+
+### Hash:
+833010e8545bca0eafdaa96dedb972b0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9485/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9485/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41d2fcb2a7cb1899dc2a89ce793be1842d8a828d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9485/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** craft-atom
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.craft.atom.rpc;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+
+import org.craft.atom.protocol.rpc.model.RpcMessage;
+
+/**
+ * @author mindwind
+ * @version 1.0, Aug 19, 2014
+ */
+public class DefaultRpcFuture<V> implements RpcFuture<V> {
+	
+	
+	private RpcMessage response ;
+	private Exception  exception;
+	private boolean    ready    ;
+	private int        waiters  ;
+	
+	 
+	// ~ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	
+	
+	@Override
+	public boolean await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
+		long timeoutMillis = unit.toMillis(timeout);
+		long endTime       = System.currentTimeMillis() + timeoutMillis;
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (ready)              return ready;
+			if (timeoutMillis <= 0) return ready;
+			waiters++;
+			try {
+				while (!ready) {
+					wait(timeoutMillis);
+					if (endTime < System.currentTimeMillis() && !ready) {
+						exception = new TimeoutException();
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			} finally {
+				waiters--;
+			}
+		}
+		return ready;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Exception getException() {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			return exception;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public RpcMessage getResponse() throws IOException, TimeoutException {
+		Exception e = getException();
+		if (e != null) {
+			if (e instanceof IOException     ) throw (IOException)      e;
+			if (e instanceof TimeoutException) throw (TimeoutException) e;
+			throw new RpcException(RpcException.UNKNOWN, "unkonw error", e);
+		}
+		
+		synchronized (this) {
+			return response;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setException(Exception exception) {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (ready) return;
+			this.exception = exception;
+			ready = true;
+			if (waiters > 0) {
+                notifyAll();
+            }
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResponse(RpcMessage response) {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (ready) return;
+			this.response = response;
+			ready = true;
+			if (waiters > 0) {
+                notifyAll();
+            }
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isCancelled() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isDone() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+		return null;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.craft.atom.rpc.DefaultRpcFuture.await` reads without synchronization from `this.org.craft.atom.rpc.DefaultRpcFuture.ready`. Potentially races with write in method `DefaultRpcFuture.setResponse(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean DefaultRpcFuture.await(long,TimeUnit)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.craft.atom.rpc.DefaultRpcFuture.await(long,java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit):boolean.c760882efde04a76055f93287c59f078
+
+### File:
+craft-atom-rpc/src/main/java/org/craft/atom/rpc/DefaultRpcFuture.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultRpcFuture.java|await|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+92b4817596296d12487e602ffa5dbf76
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9491/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9491/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1eef999816f84c6b6971e0b89aa16ee2ef21e5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9491/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package numpy.core;
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
+import com.google.common.primitives.Ints;
+import com.google.common.primitives.Longs;
+import joblib.NDArrayWrapper;
+import net.razorvine.pickle.Unpickler;
+import net.razorvine.serpent.Parser;
+import net.razorvine.serpent.ast.Ast;
+import numpy.DType;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.TupleUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.ValueUtil;
+
+public class NDArrayUtil {
+
+	private NDArrayUtil(){
+	}
+
+	static
+	public Object unwrap(Object object){
+
+		if(object instanceof NDArrayWrapper){
+			NDArrayWrapper arrayWrapper = (NDArrayWrapper)object;
+
+			return arrayWrapper.getContent();
+		}
+
+		return object;
+	}
+
+	static
+	public int[] getShape(NDArray array){
+		Object[] shape = array.getShape();
+
+		int[] result = new int[shape.length];
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < shape.length; i++){
+			result[i] = ValueUtil.asInteger((Number)shape[i]);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the payload of a one-dimensional array.
+	 */
+	static
+	public List<?> getContent(NDArray array){
+		Object content = array.getContent();
+
+		return asJavaList(array, (List<?>)content);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the payload of the specified dimension of a multi-dimensional array.
+	 *
+	 * @param key The dimension.
+	 */
+	static
+	public List<?> getContent(NDArray array, String key){
+		Map<String, ?> content = (Map<String, ?>)array.getContent();
+
+		return asJavaList(array, (List<?>)content.get(key));
+	}
+
+	static
+	public <E> List<E> getRow(List<E> values, int rows, int columns, int row){
+
+		if(values.size() != (rows * columns)){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+
+		int offset = (row * columns);
+
+		return values.subList(offset, offset + columns);
+	}
+
+	static
+	public <E> List<E> getColumn(List<E> values, int rows, int columns, int column){
+
+		if(values.size() != (rows * columns)){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+
+		List<E> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		for(int row = 0; row < rows; row++){
+			E value = values.get((row * columns) + column);
+
+			result.add(value);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	static
+	private <E> List<E> asJavaList(NDArray array, List<E> values){
+		boolean fortranOrder = array.getFortranOrder();
+
+		if(fortranOrder){
+			int[] shape = getShape(array);
+
+			switch(shape.length){
+				case 1:
+					return values;
+				case 2:
+					return toJavaList(values, shape[0], shape[1]);
+				default:
+					throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+			}
+		}
+
+		return values;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Translates a column-major (ie. Fortran-type) array to a row-major (ie. C-type) array.
+	 */
+	static
+	private <E> List<E> toJavaList(List<E> values, int rows, int columns){
+		List<E> result = new ArrayList<>(values.size());
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < values.size(); i++){
+			int row = i / columns;
+			int column = i % columns;
+
+			E value = values.get((column * rows) + row);
+
+			result.add(value);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-dev/neps/npy-format.html
+	 */
+	static
+	public NDArray parseNpy(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+		byte[] magicBytes = new byte[MAGIC_STRING.length];
+
+		ByteStreams.readFully(is, magicBytes);
+
+		if(!Arrays.equals(magicBytes, MAGIC_STRING)){
+			throw new IOException();
+		}
+
+		int majorVersion = readUnsignedByte(is);
+		int minorVersion = readUnsignedByte(is);
+
+		if(majorVersion != 1 || minorVersion != 0){
+			throw new IOException();
+		}
+
+		int headerLength = readUnsignedShort(is, ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		if(headerLength < 0){
+			throw new IOException();
+		}
+
+		byte[] headerBytes = new byte[headerLength];
+
+		ByteStreams.readFully(is, headerBytes);
+
+		String header = new String(headerBytes);
+
+		// Remove trailing whitespace
+		header = header.trim();
+
+		Map<String, ?> headerDict = parseDict(header);
+
+		Object descr = headerDict.get("descr");
+		Boolean fortranOrder = (Boolean)headerDict.get("fortran_order");
+		Object[] shape = (Object[])headerDict.get("shape");
+
+		byte[] data = ByteStreams.toByteArray(is);
+
+		NDArray result = new NDArray();
+
+		result.__setstate__(new Object[]{Arrays.asList(majorVersion, minorVersion), shape, descr, fortranOrder, data});
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	static
+	public Object parseData(InputStream is, Object descr, Object[] shape) throws IOException {
+
+		if(descr instanceof DType){
+			DType dType = (DType)descr;
+
+			descr = dType.toDescr();
+		}
+
+		int length = 1;
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < shape.length; i++){
+			length *= ValueUtil.asInteger((Number)shape[i]);
+		} // End if
+
+		if(descr instanceof String){
+			return parseArray(is, (String)descr, length);
+		}
+
+		List<Object[]> dims = (List<Object[]>)descr;
+
+		Map<String, List<?>> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+		List<Object[]> objects = parseMultiArray(is, (List<String>)TupleUtil.extractElement(dims, 1), length);
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < dims.size(); i++){
+			Object[] dim = dims.get(i);
+
+			result.put((String)dim[0], TupleUtil.extractElement(objects, i));
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	static
+	public List<Object> parseArray(InputStream is, String descr, int length) throws IOException {
+		List<Object> result = new ArrayList<>(length);
+
+		TypeDescriptor descriptor = new TypeDescriptor(descr);
+
+		while(result.size() < length){
+			Object element = descriptor.read(is);
+
+			if(descriptor.isObject()){
+				NDArray array = (NDArray)element;
+
+				result.addAll(NDArrayUtil.getContent(array));
+
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			result.add(element);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	static
+	public List<Object[]> parseMultiArray(InputStream is, List<String> descrs, int length) throws IOException {
+		List<Object[]> result = new ArrayList<>(length);
+
+		List<TypeDescriptor> descriptors = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		for(String descr : descrs){
+			TypeDescriptor descriptor = new TypeDescriptor(descr);
+
+			if(descriptor.isObject()){
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException(descr);
+			}
+
+			descriptors.add(descriptor);
+		}
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < length; i++){
+			Object[] element = new Object[descriptors.size()];
+
+			for(int j = 0; j < descriptors.size(); j++){
+				TypeDescriptor descriptor = descriptors.get(j);
+
+				element[j] = descriptor.read(is);
+			}
+
+			result.add(element);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	static
+	private Map<String, ?> parseDict(String string){
+		Parser parser = new Parser();
+
+		Ast ast = parser.parse(string);
+
+		return (Map<String, ?>)ast.getData();
+	}
+
+	static
+	private byte readByte(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+		int b = is.read();
+		if(b < 0){
+			throw new EOFException();
+		}
+
+		return (byte)b;
+	}
+
+	static
+	private int readUnsignedByte(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+		int b = is.read();
+		if(b < 0){
+			throw new EOFException();
+		}
+
+		return b;
+	}
+
+	static
+	private int readUnsignedShort(InputStream is, ByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+		byte b1 = readByte(is);
+		byte b2 = readByte(is);
+
+		if((ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return Ints.fromBytes((byte)0, (byte)0, b1, b2);
+		} else
+
+		if((ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return Ints.fromBytes((byte)0, (byte)0, b2, b1);
+		}
+
+		throw new IOException();
+	}
+
+	static
+	private int readInt(InputStream is, ByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+		byte b1 = readByte(is);
+		byte b2 = readByte(is);
+		byte b3 = readByte(is);
+		byte b4 = readByte(is);
+
+		if((ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return Ints.fromBytes(b1, b2, b3, b4);
+		} else
+
+		if((ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return Ints.fromBytes(b4, b3, b2, b1);
+		}
+
+		throw new IOException();
+	}
+
+	static
+	private long readLong(InputStream is, ByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+		byte b1 = readByte(is);
+		byte b2 = readByte(is);
+		byte b3 = readByte(is);
+		byte b4 = readByte(is);
+		byte b5 = readByte(is);
+		byte b6 = readByte(is);
+		byte b7 = readByte(is);
+		byte b8 = readByte(is);
+
+		if((ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return Longs.fromBytes(b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8);
+		} else
+
+		if((ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return Longs.fromBytes(b8, b7, b6, b5, b4, b3, b2, b1);
+		}
+
+		throw new IOException();
+	}
+
+	static
+	private float readFloat(InputStream is, ByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+		return Float.intBitsToFloat(readInt(is, byteOrder));
+	}
+
+	static
+	private double readDouble(InputStream is, ByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+		return Double.longBitsToDouble(readLong(is, byteOrder));
+	}
+
+	static
+	private Object readObject(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+		Unpickler unpickler = new Unpickler();
+
+		return unpickler.load(is);
+	}
+
+	static
+	private String readString(InputStream is, int size) throws IOException {
+		byte[] buffer = new byte[size];
+
+		ByteStreams.readFully(is, buffer);
+
+		return toString(buffer, "UTF-8");
+	}
+
+	static
+	private String readUnicode(InputStream is, ByteOrder byteOrder, int size) throws IOException {
+		byte[] buffer = new byte[size * 4];
+
+		ByteStreams.readFully(is, buffer);
+
+		if((ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return toString(buffer, "UTF-32BE");
+		} else
+
+		if((ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).equals(byteOrder)){
+			return toString(buffer, "UTF-32LE");
+		}
+
+		throw new IOException();
+	}
+
+	static
+	private String toString(byte[] buffer, String encoding) throws IOException {
+		String string = new String(buffer, encoding);
+
+		// Trim trailing zero characters
+		while(string.length() > 0 && string.charAt(string.length() - 1) == '\0'){
+			string = string.substring(0, string.length() - 1);
+		}
+
+		return string;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/arrays.dtypes.html
+	 * http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.dtype.byteorder.html
+	 */
+	static
+	private class TypeDescriptor {
+
+		private ByteOrder byteOrder = null;
+
+		private Kind kind = null;
+
+		private int size = 0;
+
+
+		private TypeDescriptor(String descr){
+			int i = 0;
+
+			ByteOrder byteOrder = null;
+
+			switch(descr.charAt(i)){
+				// Native
+				case '=':
+					byteOrder = ByteOrder.nativeOrder();
+					i++;
+					break;
+				// Big-endian
+				case '>':
+					byteOrder = ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN;
+					i++;
+					break;
+				// Little-endian
+				case '<':
+					byteOrder = ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN;
+					i++;
+					break;
+				// Not applicable
+				case '|':
+					i++;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			setByteOrder(byteOrder);
+
+			Kind kind = Kind.forChar(descr.charAt(i));
+
+			i++;
+
+			setKind(kind);
+
+			if(i < descr.length()){
+				int size = Integer.parseInt(descr.substring(i));
+
+				setSize(size);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public Object read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+			Kind kind = getKind();
+			ByteOrder byteOrder = getByteOrder();
+			int size = getSize();
+
+			switch(kind){
+				case BOOLEAN:
+					{
+						switch(size){
+							case 1:
+								return (readByte(is) == 1);
+							default:
+								break;
+						}
+					}
+					break;
+				case INTEGER:
+					{
+						switch(size){
+							case 4:
+								return readInt(is, byteOrder);
+							case 8:
+								return readLong(is, byteOrder);
+							default:
+								break;
+						}
+					}
+					break;
+				case FLOAT:
+					{
+						switch(size){
+							case 4:
+								return readFloat(is, byteOrder);
+							case 8:
+								return readDouble(is, byteOrder);
+							default:
+								break;
+						}
+					}
+					break;
+				case OBJECT:
+					{
+						return readObject(is);
+					}
+				case STRING:
+					{
+						return readString(is, size);
+					}
+				case UNICODE:
+					{
+						return readUnicode(is, byteOrder, size);
+					}
+				case VOID:
+					{
+						byte[] buffer = new byte[size];
+
+						ByteStreams.readFully(is, buffer);
+
+						return buffer;
+					}
+				default:
+					break;
+			}
+
+			throw new IOException();
+		}
+
+		public boolean isObject(){
+			Kind kind = getKind();
+
+			switch(kind){
+				case OBJECT:
+					return true;
+				default:
+					return false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public ByteOrder getByteOrder(){
+			return this.byteOrder;
+		}
+
+		private void setByteOrder(ByteOrder byteOrder){
+			this.byteOrder = byteOrder;
+		}
+
+		public Kind getKind(){
+			return this.kind;
+		}
+
+		private void setKind(Kind kind){
+			this.kind = kind;
+		}
+
+		public int getSize(){
+			return this.size;
+		}
+
+		private void setSize(int size){
+			this.size = size;
+		}
+
+		static
+		private enum Kind {
+			BOOLEAN,
+			INTEGER,
+			UNSIGNED_INTEGER,
+			FLOAT,
+			COMPLEX_FLOAT,
+			OBJECT,
+			STRING,
+			UNICODE,
+			VOID,
+			;
+
+			static
+			public Kind forChar(char c){
+
+				switch(c){
+					case 'b':
+						return BOOLEAN;
+					case 'i':
+						return INTEGER;
+					case 'u':
+						return UNSIGNED_INTEGER;
+					case 'f':
+						return FLOAT;
+					case 'c':
+						return COMPLEX_FLOAT;
+					case 'O':
+						return OBJECT;
+					case 'S':
+					case 'a':
+						return STRING;
+					case 'U':
+						return UNICODE;
+					case 'V':
+						return VOID;
+					default:
+						throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static final byte[] MAGIC_STRING = {(byte)'\u0093', 'N', 'U', 'M', 'P', 'Y'};
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `shape` last assigned on line 61 could be null and is dereferenced at line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int[] NDArrayUtil.getShape(NDArray)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+numpy.core.NDArrayUtil.getShape(numpy.core.NDArray):int[].154fbe846bb2deb85b2d07d5d98bcbfb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/numpy/core/NDArrayUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+NDArrayUtil.java|getShape|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+697c4a18e9f41476b4c55eb52d87130c
+
+### Hash:
+b8c203c7c21ed95f2ca3fe16255e488b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9496/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9496/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b59854e664ea47de61c31f19775ae2d11dfc180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9496/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2017 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package sklearn.feature_extraction.text;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.BiMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.HashBiMap;
+import numpy.DType;
+import numpy.core.Scalar;
+import org.dmg.pmml.Apply;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DataType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DefineFunction;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DerivedField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FieldName;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FieldRef;
+import org.dmg.pmml.OpType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.ParameterField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.TextIndex;
+import org.jpmml.converter.ContinuousFeature;
+import org.jpmml.converter.Feature;
+import org.jpmml.converter.PMMLEncoder;
+import org.jpmml.converter.PMMLUtil;
+import org.jpmml.converter.ValueUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.ClassDictUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.SkLearnEncoder;
+import sklearn.HasNumberOfFeatures;
+import sklearn.Transformer;
+
+public class CountVectorizer extends Transformer implements HasNumberOfFeatures {
+
+	public CountVectorizer(String module, String name){
+		super(module, name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getNumberOfFeatures(){
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public OpType getOpType(){
+		return OpType.CATEGORICAL;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public DataType getDataType(){
+		return DataType.STRING;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public List<Feature> encodeFeatures(List<String> ids, List<Feature> features, SkLearnEncoder encoder){
+		Boolean lowercase = getLowercase();
+		Map<String, Scalar> vocabulary = getVocabulary();
+
+		ClassDictUtil.checkSize(1, ids, features);
+
+		Feature feature = features.get(0);
+
+		BiMap<String, Integer> termIndexMap = HashBiMap.create(vocabulary.size());
+
+		Collection<Map.Entry<String, Scalar>> entries = vocabulary.entrySet();
+		for(Map.Entry<String, Scalar> entry : entries){
+			termIndexMap.put(entry.getKey(), ValueUtil.asInt((Number)(entry.getValue()).getOnlyElement()));
+		}
+
+		BiMap<Integer, String> indexTermMap = termIndexMap.inverse();
+
+		DType dtype = getDType();
+
+		if(lowercase){
+			DerivedField derivedField = encoder.createDerivedField(FieldName.create("lowercase(" + (feature.getName()).getValue() + ")"), OpType.CATEGORICAL, DataType.STRING, PMMLUtil.createApply("lowercase", feature.ref()));
+
+			feature = new Feature(encoder, derivedField.getName(), derivedField.getDataType()){
+
+				@Override
+				public ContinuousFeature toContinuousFeature(){
+					throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+				}
+			};
+		}
+
+		DefineFunction defineFunction = encodeDefineFunction();
+
+		encoder.addDefineFunction(defineFunction);
+
+		ids.clear();
+
+		List<Feature> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		for(int i = 0, max = indexTermMap.size(); i < max; i++){
+			String term = indexTermMap.get(i);
+
+			final
+			Apply apply = encodeApply(defineFunction.getName(), feature, i, term);
+
+			Feature termFeature = new Feature(encoder, FieldName.create(defineFunction.getName() + "(" + term + ")"), dtype != null ? dtype.getDataType() : DataType.DOUBLE){
+
+				@Override
+				public ContinuousFeature toContinuousFeature(){
+					PMMLEncoder encoder = ensureEncoder();
+
+					DerivedField derivedField = encoder.getDerivedField(getName());
+					if(derivedField == null){
+						derivedField = encoder.createDerivedField(getName(), OpType.CONTINUOUS, getDataType(), apply);
+					}
+
+					return new ContinuousFeature(encoder, derivedField);
+				}
+			};
+
+			ids.add((termFeature.getName()).getValue());
+
+			result.add(termFeature);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	public DefineFunction encodeDefineFunction(){
+		String analyzer = getAnalyzer();
+		Boolean binary = getBinary();
+		String stripAccents = getStripAccents();
+		String tokenPattern = getTokenPattern();
+
+		switch(analyzer){
+			case "word":
+				break;
+			default:
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException(analyzer);
+		}
+
+		if(stripAccents != null){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException(stripAccents);
+		} // End if
+
+		if(tokenPattern != null && !("(?u)\\b\\w\\w+\\b").equals(tokenPattern)){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException(tokenPattern);
+		}
+
+		ParameterField documentField = new ParameterField(FieldName.create("document"));
+
+		ParameterField termField = new ParameterField(FieldName.create("term"));
+
+		TextIndex textIndex = new TextIndex(documentField.getName())
+			.setTokenize(Boolean.TRUE)
+			.setLocalTermWeights(binary ? TextIndex.LocalTermWeights.BINARY : null)
+			.setExpression(new FieldRef(termField.getName()));
+
+		DefineFunction defineFunction = new DefineFunction("tf", OpType.CONTINUOUS, null)
+			.setDataType(DataType.DOUBLE)
+			.addParameterFields(documentField, termField)
+			.setExpression(textIndex);
+
+		return defineFunction;
+	}
+
+	public Apply encodeApply(String function, Feature feature, int index, String term){
+		return PMMLUtil.createApply(function, feature.ref(), PMMLUtil.createConstant(term));
+	}
+
+	public String getAnalyzer(){
+		return (String)get("analyzer");
+	}
+
+	public Boolean getBinary(){
+		return (Boolean)get("binary");
+	}
+
+	public Boolean getLowercase(){
+		return (Boolean)get("lowercase");
+	}
+
+	public String getStripAccents(){
+		return (String)get("strip_accents");
+	}
+
+	public String getTokenPattern(){
+		return (String)get("token_pattern");
+	}
+
+	public Map<String, Scalar> getVocabulary(){
+		return (Map)get("vocabulary_");
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `analyzer` last assigned on line 140 could be null and is dereferenced at line 145.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DefineFunction CountVectorizer.encodeDefineFunction()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sklearn.feature_extraction.text.CountVectorizer.encodeDefineFunction():org.dmg.pmml.DefineFunction.fef3b0751135eee1adc694a4182e2286
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sklearn/feature_extraction/text/CountVectorizer.java
+
+### Key:
+CountVectorizer.java|encodeDefineFunction|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7bd17c1126d78fe17b36ab2ac6be1419
+
+### Hash:
+c793a37606736fd26068554bbc59159d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9498/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9498/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c9fff1538241592f08e87343f43b265c2d5e3d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9498/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package sklearn.linear_model;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import joblib.NDArrayWrapper;
+import numpy.core.NDArray;
+import numpy.core.NDArrayUtil;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DataField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DataType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DefineFunction;
+import org.dmg.pmml.Expression;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FeatureType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FieldName;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FieldRef;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FieldUsageType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MiningField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MiningFunctionType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MiningModel;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MiningSchema;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MultipleModelMethodType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.NumericPredictor;
+import org.dmg.pmml.OpType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.Output;
+import org.dmg.pmml.OutputField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.PMML;
+import org.dmg.pmml.ParameterField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.RegressionModel;
+import org.dmg.pmml.RegressionNormalizationMethodType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.RegressionTable;
+import org.dmg.pmml.Segment;
+import org.dmg.pmml.Segmentation;
+import org.dmg.pmml.TransformationDictionary;
+import org.dmg.pmml.True;
+import org.jpmml.converter.PMMLUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.ClassDictUtil;
+import sklearn.Classifier;
+
+public class LogisticRegression extends Classifier {
+
+	public LogisticRegression(String module, String name){
+		super(module, name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getNumberOfFeatures(){
+		int[] shape = getCoefShape();
+
+		if(shape.length != 2){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+
+		return shape[1];
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MiningModel encodeModel(List<DataField> dataFields){
+		DataField dataField = dataFields.get(0);
+
+		int[] shape = getCoefShape();
+
+		int numberOfClasses = shape[0];
+		int numberOfFeatures = shape[1];
+
+		List<? extends Number> coefficients = getCoef();
+
+		List<? extends Number> intercepts = getIntercept();
+
+		List<?> classes = getClasses();
+
+		if(numberOfClasses == 1){
+
+			if(classes.size() != 2){
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+			}
+		} else
+
+		{
+			if(classes.size() != numberOfClasses){
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+			}
+		}
+
+		MiningSchema regressionMiningSchema = PMMLUtil.createMiningSchema(null, dataFields.subList(1, dataFields.size()));
+
+		Segmentation segmentation = new Segmentation(MultipleModelMethodType.MODEL_CHAIN, null);
+
+		Map<String, FieldName> categoryProbabilities = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < numberOfClasses; i++){
+			String targetCategory;
+
+			// The probability of the second class is obtained by computation.
+			// The probability of the first class is obtained by subtracting the probability of the second class from 1.0
+			if(numberOfClasses == 1){
+				targetCategory = String.valueOf(classes.get(classes.size() - 1));
+			} else
+
+			{
+				targetCategory = String.valueOf(classes.get(i));
+			}
+
+			RegressionTable regressionTable = RegressionModelUtil.encodeRegressionTable(getRow(coefficients, numberOfClasses, numberOfFeatures, i), intercepts.get(i), dataFields);
+
+			OutputField decisionFunction = PMMLUtil.createPredictedField(FieldName.create("decisionFunction_" + targetCategory));
+
+			OutputField logitDecisionFunction = new OutputField(FieldName.create("logitDecisionFunction_" + targetCategory))
+				.setFeature(FeatureType.TRANSFORMED_VALUE)
+				.setDataType(DataType.DOUBLE)
+				.setOpType(OpType.CONTINUOUS)
+				.setExpression(PMMLUtil.createApply("logit", new FieldRef(decisionFunction.getName())));
+
+			categoryProbabilities.put(targetCategory, logitDecisionFunction.getName());
+
+			Output output = new Output()
+				.addOutputFields(decisionFunction, logitDecisionFunction);
+
+			RegressionModel regressionModel = new RegressionModel(MiningFunctionType.REGRESSION, regressionMiningSchema, null)
+				.addRegressionTables(regressionTable)
+				.setOutput(output);
+
+			Segment segment = new Segment()
+				.setPredicate(new True())
+				.setModel(regressionModel);
+
+			segmentation.addSegments(segment);
+		}
+
+		if(numberOfClasses == 1){
+			String targetCategory = String.valueOf(classes.get(0));
+
+			MiningField miningField = PMMLUtil.createMiningField(Iterables.getOnlyElement(categoryProbabilities.values()));
+
+			MiningSchema miningSchema = new MiningSchema()
+				.addMiningFields(miningField);
+
+			NumericPredictor numericPredictor = new NumericPredictor(miningField.getName(), -1d);
+
+			RegressionTable regressionTable = RegressionModelUtil.encodeRegressionTable(numericPredictor, 1d);
+
+			OutputField logitDecisionFunction = PMMLUtil.createPredictedField(FieldName.create("logitDecisionFunction_" + targetCategory));
+
+			categoryProbabilities.put(targetCategory, logitDecisionFunction.getName());
+
+			Output output = new Output()
+				.addOutputFields(logitDecisionFunction);
+
+			RegressionModel regressionModel = new RegressionModel(MiningFunctionType.REGRESSION, miningSchema, null)
+				.addRegressionTables(regressionTable)
+				.setOutput(output);
+
+			Segment segment = new Segment()
+				.setPredicate(new True())
+				.setModel(regressionModel);
+
+			segmentation.addSegments(segment);
+		}
+
+		MiningSchema classificationMiningSchema = new MiningSchema();
+
+		classificationMiningSchema.addMiningFields(PMMLUtil.createMiningField(dataField.getName(), FieldUsageType.TARGET));
+
+		RegressionModel regressionModel = new RegressionModel(MiningFunctionType.CLASSIFICATION, classificationMiningSchema, null)
+			.setNormalizationMethod(numberOfClasses > 1 ? RegressionNormalizationMethodType.SIMPLEMAX : null);
+
+		Collection<Map.Entry<String, FieldName>> entries = categoryProbabilities.entrySet();
+		for(Map.Entry<String, FieldName> entry : entries){
+			MiningField miningField = PMMLUtil.createMiningField(entry.getValue());
+
+			classificationMiningSchema.addMiningFields(miningField);
+
+			NumericPredictor numericPredictor = new NumericPredictor(miningField.getName(), 1d);
+
+			RegressionTable regressionTable = RegressionModelUtil.encodeRegressionTable(numericPredictor, 0d)
+				.setTargetCategory(entry.getKey());
+
+			regressionModel.addRegressionTables(regressionTable);
+		}
+
+		Segment segment = new Segment()
+			.setPredicate(new True())
+			.setModel(regressionModel);
+
+		segmentation.addSegments(segment);
+
+		MiningSchema miningSchema = PMMLUtil.createMiningSchema(dataFields);
+
+		Output output = new Output(PMMLUtil.createProbabilityFields(dataField));
+
+		MiningModel miningModel = new MiningModel(MiningFunctionType.CLASSIFICATION, miningSchema)
+			.setSegmentation(segmentation)
+			.setOutput(output);
+
+		return miningModel;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public PMML encodePMML(){
+		PMML pmml = super.encodePMML();
+
+		TransformationDictionary transformationDictionary = new TransformationDictionary()
+			.addDefineFunctions(encodeLogitFunction());
+
+		pmml.setTransformationDictionary(transformationDictionary);
+
+		return pmml;
+	}
+
+	public DefineFunction encodeLogitFunction(){
+		FieldName name = FieldName.create("value");
+
+		ParameterField parameterField = new ParameterField(name)
+			.setDataType(DataType.DOUBLE)
+			.setOpType(OpType.CONTINUOUS);
+
+		// "1 / (1 + exp(-1 * $name))"
+		Expression expression = PMMLUtil.createApply("/", PMMLUtil.createConstant(1d), PMMLUtil.createApply("+", PMMLUtil.createConstant(1d), PMMLUtil.createApply("exp", PMMLUtil.createApply("*", PMMLUtil.createConstant(-1d), new FieldRef(name)))));
+
+		DefineFunction defineFunction = new DefineFunction("logit", OpType.CONTINUOUS, null)
+			.setDataType(DataType.DOUBLE)
+			.setOpType(OpType.CONTINUOUS)
+			.addParameterFields(parameterField)
+			.setExpression(expression);
+
+		return defineFunction;
+	}
+
+	public List<? extends Number> getCoef(){
+		return (List)ClassDictUtil.getArray(this, "coef_");
+	}
+
+	public List<? extends Number> getIntercept(){
+		return (List)ClassDictUtil.getArray(this, "intercept_");
+	}
+
+	private int[] getCoefShape(){
+		NDArrayWrapper arrayWrapper = (NDArrayWrapper)get("coef_");
+
+		NDArray array = arrayWrapper.getContent();
+
+		return NDArrayUtil.getShape(array);
+	}
+
+	static
+	private <E> List<E> getRow(List<E> values, int rows, int columns, int row){
+
+		if(values.size() != (rows * columns)){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+
+		int offset = (row * columns);
+
+		return values.subList(offset, offset + columns);
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `arrayWrapper` last assigned on line 258 could be null and is dereferenced at line 260.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int[] LogisticRegression.getCoefShape()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression.getCoefShape():int[].5b74e5659dceac33fef30e22d56e7891
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sklearn/linear_model/LogisticRegression.java
+
+### Key:
+LogisticRegression.java|getCoefShape|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+a3846bb33bb5cd08ce2f8b3c654f12a5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9603/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9603/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb8d6d28f912667abd504a916586c94ff460ea65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9603/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.linkedin.helix.controller.restlet;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
+
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.DataUpdater;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.restlet.Component;
+import org.restlet.Context;
+import org.restlet.data.Protocol;
+
+import com.linkedin.helix.BaseDataAccessor;
+import com.linkedin.helix.HelixManager;
+import com.linkedin.helix.ZNRecord;
+/**
+ * Controller side restlet server that receives ZNRecordUpdate requests from
+ * clients, and batch the ZNRecordUpdate and apply them to zookeeper. This is 
+ * to optimize the concurrency level of zookeeper access for ZNRecord updates 
+ * that does not require real-time, like message handling status updates and 
+ * healthcheck reports. 
+ * 
+ * As one server will be used by multiple helix controllers that runs on the same machine,
+ * This class is designed as a singleton. Application is responsible to call init() 
+ * and shutdown() on the getInstance().
+ * */
+public class ZKPropertyTransferServer
+{
+  public static final String PORT = "port";
+  public static final String SERVER = "ZKPropertyTransferServer";
+  public static int PERIOD = 10 * 1000;
+  public static String RESTRESOURCENAME = "ZNRecordUpdates";
+  // If the buffered ZNRecord updates exceed the limit, do a zookeeper batch update.
+  public static int MAX_UPDATE_LIMIT = 1000;
+  private static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ZKPropertyTransferServer.class);
+  
+  int _localWebservicePort;
+  String _webserviceUrl;
+  HelixManager _manager;
+  Timer _timer;
+  AtomicReference<ConcurrentHashMap<String, ZNRecordUpdate>> _dataBufferRef
+    = new AtomicReference<ConcurrentHashMap<String, ZNRecordUpdate>>();
+  final ReadWriteLock _lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+  boolean _initialized = false;
+  boolean _shutdownFlag = false;
+  Component _component;
+  
+  /**
+   * Timertask for zookeeper batched writes
+   * */
+  class ZKPropertyTransferTask extends TimerTask
+  {
+    @Override
+    public void run()
+    {
+      sendData();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  void sendData()
+  {
+    ConcurrentHashMap<String, ZNRecordUpdate> updateCache  = null;
+    
+    synchronized(_dataBufferRef)
+    {
+      updateCache = _dataBufferRef.getAndSet(new ConcurrentHashMap<String, ZNRecordUpdate>());
+    }
+    
+    if(updateCache != null)
+    {
+      List<String> paths = new ArrayList<String>();
+      List<DataUpdater<ZNRecord>> updaters = new ArrayList<DataUpdater<ZNRecord>>();
+      List<ZNRecord> vals = new ArrayList<ZNRecord>();
+      for(ZNRecordUpdate holder : updateCache.values())
+      {
+        paths.add(holder.getPath());
+        updaters.add(holder.getZNRecordUpdater());
+        vals.add(holder.getRecord());
+      }
+      // Batch write the accumulated updates into zookeeper
+      if(paths.size() > 0)
+      {
+        _manager.getHelixDataAccessor().updateChildren(paths, updaters, BaseDataAccessor.Option.PERSISTENT);
+      }
+      LOG.info("Updating " + vals.size() + " records");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      LOG.warn("null _dataQueueRef. Should be in the beginning only");
+    }
+  }
+  
+  static ZKPropertyTransferServer _instance = new ZKPropertyTransferServer();
+  
+  private ZKPropertyTransferServer()
+  {
+    _dataBufferRef.getAndSet(new ConcurrentHashMap<String, ZNRecordUpdate>());
+  }
+  
+  public static ZKPropertyTransferServer getInstance()
+  {
+    return _instance;
+  }
+  
+  public boolean isInitialized()
+  {
+    return _initialized;
+  }
+  
+  public void init(int localWebservicePort, HelixManager manager)
+  {
+    if(!_initialized && !_shutdownFlag)
+    {
+      _localWebservicePort = localWebservicePort;
+      _manager = manager;
+      startServer();
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      LOG.error("Already initialized with port " + _localWebservicePort + " shutdownFlag: " + _shutdownFlag);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  public String getWebserviceUrl()
+  {
+    if(!_initialized || _shutdownFlag)
+    {
+      LOG.error("inited:" + _initialized + " shutdownFlag:"+_shutdownFlag+" , return");
+      return null;
+    }
+    return _webserviceUrl;
+  }
+  
+  /** Add an ZNRecordUpdate to the change queue. 
+   *  Called by the webservice front-end.
+   *
+   */
+  void enqueueData(ZNRecordUpdate e)
+  {
+    if(!_initialized || _shutdownFlag)
+    {
+      LOG.error("inited:" + _initialized + " shutdownFlag:"+_shutdownFlag+" , return");
+      return;
+    }
+    // Do local merge if receive multiple update on the same path
+    synchronized(_dataBufferRef)
+    {
+      if(_dataBufferRef.get().containsKey(e.getPath()))
+      {
+        ZNRecord oldVal = _dataBufferRef.get().get(e.getPath()).getRecord();
+        oldVal = e.getZNRecordUpdater().update(oldVal);
+        _dataBufferRef.get().get(e.getPath())._record = oldVal;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        _dataBufferRef.get().put(e.getPath(), e);
+      }
+    }
+    if(_dataBufferRef.get().size() > MAX_UPDATE_LIMIT)
+    {
+      sendData();
+    }
+  }
+  
+  void startServer()
+  {
+    LOG.info("Cluster " + _manager.getClusterName() + " " + _manager.getInstanceName() 
+        + " zkDataTransferServer starting...");
+    _component = new Component();
+    
+    _component.getServers().add(Protocol.HTTP, _localWebservicePort);
+    Context applicationContext = _component.getContext().createChildContext();
+    applicationContext.getAttributes().put(SERVER, this);
+    applicationContext.getAttributes().put(PORT, "" + _localWebservicePort);
+    ZkPropertyTransferApplication application = new ZkPropertyTransferApplication(
+        applicationContext);
+    // Attach the application to the component and start it
+    _component.getDefaultHost().attach(application);
+    _timer = new Timer();
+    _timer.schedule(new ZKPropertyTransferTask(), PERIOD , PERIOD);
+    
+    try
+    {
+      _webserviceUrl 
+        = "http://" + InetAddress.getLocalHost().getCanonicalHostName() + ":" + _localWebservicePort 
+              + "/" + RESTRESOURCENAME;
+      _component.start();
+      _initialized = true;
+    }
+    catch (Exception e)
+    {
+      LOG.error("", e);
+    }
+    LOG.info("Cluster " + _manager.getClusterName() + " " + _manager.getInstanceName() 
+        + " zkDataTransferServer started");
+  }
+  
+  public void shutdown()
+  {
+    if(_shutdownFlag)
+    {
+      LOG.error("ZKPropertyTransferServer already has been shutdown...");
+      return;
+    }
+    LOG.info("Cluster " + _manager.getClusterName() + " " + _manager.getInstanceName() 
+        + " zkDataTransferServer shuting down");
+    if(_timer != null)
+    {
+      _timer.cancel();
+    }
+    try
+    {
+      _component.stop();
+    }
+    catch (Exception e)
+    {
+      LOG.error("", e);
+    }
+    _shutdownFlag = true;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.linkedin.helix.controller.restlet.ZKPropertyTransferServer.enqueueData` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.linkedin.helix.controller.restlet.ZKPropertyTransferServer._manager`. Potentially races with write in method `ZKPropertyTransferServer.init(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZKPropertyTransferServer.enqueueData(ZNRecordUpdate)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.linkedin.helix.controller.restlet.ZKPropertyTransferServer.enqueueData(com.linkedin.helix.contro.dbe3a55ef1caaa1ef4247902814f9c20
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/com/linkedin/helix/controller/restlet/ZKPropertyTransferServer.java
+
+### Key:
+ZKPropertyTransferServer.java|enqueueData|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+ba186285e231a98a7eaf29ea89d01475
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9604/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9604/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fef6b01f73409abc031d95e0f830fe6fd616d9c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9604/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 75
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.controller.stages.task;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixConstants;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManager;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.LogUtil;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.AbstractBaseStage;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.StageException;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.Rebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.SemiAutoRebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.internal.MappingCalculator;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.stages.AttributeName;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.stages.BestPossibleStateOutput;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.stages.ClusterDataCache;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.stages.ClusterEvent;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.stages.CurrentStateOutput;
+import org.apache.helix.model.IdealState;
+import org.apache.helix.model.Partition;
+import org.apache.helix.model.Resource;
+import org.apache.helix.model.ResourceAssignment;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ClusterStatusMonitor;
+import org.apache.helix.task.TaskConstants;
+import org.apache.helix.task.TaskRebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.task.WorkflowConfig;
+import org.apache.helix.task.WorkflowContext;
+import org.apache.helix.task.WorkflowDispatcher;
+import org.apache.helix.task.assigner.AssignableInstance;
+import org.apache.helix.util.HelixUtil;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+public class TaskSchedulingStage extends AbstractBaseStage {
+  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TaskSchedulingStage.class.getName());
+  private Map<String, PriorityQueue<WorkflowObject>> _quotaBasedWorkflowPQs = Maps.newHashMap();
+  private WorkflowDispatcher _workflowDispatcher;
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(ClusterEvent event) throws Exception {
+    _eventId = event.getEventId();
+    CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.CURRENT_STATE.name());
+    final Map<String, Resource> resourceMap =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.RESOURCES_TO_REBALANCE.name());
+    ClusterDataCache cache = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.ClusterDataCache.name());
+
+    if (currentStateOutput == null || resourceMap == null || cache == null) {
+      throw new StageException(
+          "Missing attributes in event:" + event + ". Requires CURRENT_STATE|RESOURCES|DataCache");
+    }
+
+    // Reset current INIT/RUNNING tasks on participants for throttling
+    cache.resetActiveTaskCount(currentStateOutput);
+
+    buildQuotaBasedWorkflowPQsAndInitDispatchers(cache,
+        (HelixManager) event.getAttribute(AttributeName.helixmanager.name()),
+        (ClusterStatusMonitor) event.getAttribute(AttributeName.clusterStatusMonitor.name()));
+
+    final BestPossibleStateOutput bestPossibleStateOutput =
+        compute(event, resourceMap, currentStateOutput);
+    event.addAttribute(AttributeName.BEST_POSSIBLE_STATE.name(), bestPossibleStateOutput);
+  }
+
+  private BestPossibleStateOutput compute(ClusterEvent event, Map<String, Resource> resourceMap,
+      CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput) {
+    ClusterDataCache cache = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.ClusterDataCache.name());
+    // After compute all workflows and jobs, there are still task resources need to be DROPPED
+    Map<String, Resource> restOfResources = new HashMap<>(resourceMap);
+    BestPossibleStateOutput output = new BestPossibleStateOutput();
+    final List<String> failureResources = new ArrayList<>();
+    // Queues only for Workflows
+    scheduleWorkflows(resourceMap, cache, restOfResources, failureResources, currentStateOutput, output);
+    for (String jobName : cache.getDispatchedJobs()) {
+      updateResourceMap(jobName, resourceMap, output.getPartitionStateMap(jobName).partitionSet());
+      restOfResources.remove(jobName);
+    }
+
+    // Current rest of resources including: only current state left over ones
+    for (Resource resource : restOfResources.values()) {
+      if (!computeResourceBestPossibleState(event, cache, currentStateOutput, resource, output)) {
+        failureResources.add(resource.getResourceName());
+        LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId,
+            "Failed to calculate best possible states for " + resource.getResourceName());
+      }
+    }
+
+    return output;
+  }
+
+
+  private boolean computeResourceBestPossibleState(ClusterEvent event, ClusterDataCache cache,
+      CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput, Resource resource, BestPossibleStateOutput output) {
+    // for each ideal state
+    // read the state model def
+    // for each resource
+    // get the preference list
+    // for each instanceName check if its alive then assign a state
+
+    String resourceName = resource.getResourceName();
+    LogUtil.logDebug(logger, _eventId, "Processing resource:" + resourceName);
+    // Ideal state may be gone. In that case we need to get the state model name
+    // from the current state
+    IdealState idealState = cache.getIdealState(resourceName);
+    if (idealState == null) {
+      // if ideal state is deleted, use an empty one
+      LogUtil.logInfo(logger, _eventId, "resource:" + resourceName + " does not exist anymore");
+      idealState = new IdealState(resourceName);
+      idealState.setStateModelDefRef(resource.getStateModelDefRef());
+    }
+
+    // Skip the resources are not belonging to task pipeline
+    if (!idealState.getStateModelDefRef().equals(TaskConstants.STATE_MODEL_NAME)) {
+      LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId, String
+          .format("Resource %s should not be processed by %s pipeline", resourceName,
+              cache.isTaskCache() ? "TASK" : "DEFAULT"));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    Rebalancer rebalancer = null;
+    String rebalancerClassName = idealState.getRebalancerClassName();
+    if (rebalancerClassName != null) {
+      if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+        LogUtil.logDebug(logger, _eventId,
+            "resource " + resourceName + " use idealStateRebalancer " + rebalancerClassName);
+      }
+      try {
+        rebalancer = Rebalancer.class
+            .cast(HelixUtil.loadClass(getClass(), rebalancerClassName).newInstance());
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId,
+            "Exception while invoking custom rebalancer class:" + rebalancerClassName, e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    MappingCalculator mappingCalculator = null;
+    if (rebalancer != null) {
+      try {
+        mappingCalculator = MappingCalculator.class.cast(rebalancer);
+      } catch (ClassCastException e) {
+        LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId,
+            "Rebalancer does not have a mapping calculator, defaulting to SEMI_AUTO, resource: "
+                + resourceName);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Create dummy rebalancer for dropping existing current states
+      rebalancer = new SemiAutoRebalancer();
+      mappingCalculator = new SemiAutoRebalancer();
+    }
+
+    if (rebalancer instanceof TaskRebalancer) {
+      TaskRebalancer taskRebalancer = TaskRebalancer.class.cast(rebalancer);
+      taskRebalancer.setClusterStatusMonitor(
+          (ClusterStatusMonitor) event.getAttribute(AttributeName.clusterStatusMonitor.name()));
+    }
+    ResourceAssignment partitionStateAssignment = null;
+    try {
+      HelixManager manager = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.helixmanager.name());
+      rebalancer.init(manager);
+        partitionStateAssignment = mappingCalculator
+            .computeBestPossiblePartitionState(cache, idealState, resource, currentStateOutput);
+        _workflowDispatcher.updateBestPossibleStateOutput(resource.getResourceName(), partitionStateAssignment, output);
+
+        // Check if calculation is done successfully
+        return true;
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LogUtil
+            .logError(logger, _eventId, "Error computing assignment for resource " + resourceName + ". Skipping.", e);
+        // TODO : remove this part after debugging NPE
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+        sb.append(String
+            .format("HelixManager is null : %s\n", event.getAttribute("helixmanager") == null));
+        sb.append(String.format("Rebalancer is null : %s\n", rebalancer == null));
+        sb.append(String.format("Calculated idealState is null : %s\n", idealState == null));
+        sb.append(String.format("MappingCaculator is null : %s\n", mappingCalculator == null));
+        sb.append(
+            String.format("PartitionAssignment is null : %s\n", partitionStateAssignment == null));
+        sb.append(String.format("Output is null : %s\n", output == null));
+
+        LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId, sb.toString());
+      }
+
+    // Exception or rebalancer is not found
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  class WorkflowObject implements Comparable<WorkflowObject> {
+    String _workflowId;
+    Long _rankingValue;
+
+    public WorkflowObject(String workflowId, long rankingValue) {
+      _workflowId = workflowId;
+      _rankingValue = rankingValue;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(WorkflowObject o) {
+      return (int) (_rankingValue - o._rankingValue);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void buildQuotaBasedWorkflowPQsAndInitDispatchers(ClusterDataCache cache, HelixManager manager,
+      ClusterStatusMonitor monitor) {
+    _quotaBasedWorkflowPQs.clear();
+    Map<String, String> quotaRatioMap = cache.getClusterConfig().getTaskQuotaRatioMap();
+
+    // Create quota based queues
+    if (quotaRatioMap == null || quotaRatioMap.size() == 0) {
+      _quotaBasedWorkflowPQs
+          .put(AssignableInstance.DEFAULT_QUOTA_TYPE, new PriorityQueue<WorkflowObject>());
+    } else {
+      for (String quotaType : quotaRatioMap.keySet()) {
+        _quotaBasedWorkflowPQs.put(quotaType, new PriorityQueue<WorkflowObject>());
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (String workflowId : cache.getWorkflowConfigMap().keySet()) {
+      WorkflowConfig workflowConfig = cache.getWorkflowConfig(workflowId);
+      String workflowType = workflowConfig.getWorkflowType();
+      if (workflowType == null || !_quotaBasedWorkflowPQs.containsKey(workflowType)) {
+        workflowType = AssignableInstance.DEFAULT_QUOTA_TYPE;
+      }
+      // TODO: We can support customized sorting field for user. Currently sort by creation time
+      _quotaBasedWorkflowPQs.get(workflowType)
+          .add(new WorkflowObject(workflowId, workflowConfig.getRecord().getCreationTime()));
+    }
+    if (_workflowDispatcher == null) {
+      _workflowDispatcher = new WorkflowDispatcher();
+    }
+    _workflowDispatcher.init(manager);
+    _workflowDispatcher.setClusterStatusMonitor(monitor);
+    _workflowDispatcher.updateCache(cache);
+  }
+
+  private void scheduleWorkflows(Map<String, Resource> resourceMap, ClusterDataCache cache,
+      Map<String, Resource> restOfResources, List<String> failureResources,
+      CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput, BestPossibleStateOutput bestPossibleOutput) {
+    for (PriorityQueue<WorkflowObject> quotaBasedWorkflowPQ : _quotaBasedWorkflowPQs.values()) {
+      Iterator<WorkflowObject> it = quotaBasedWorkflowPQ.iterator();
+      while (it.hasNext()) {
+        String workflowId = it.next()._workflowId;
+        Resource resource = resourceMap.get(workflowId);
+        // TODO : Resource is null could be workflow just created without any IdealState.
+        // Let's remove this check when Helix is independent from IdealState
+        if (resource != null) {
+          try {
+            WorkflowContext context = _workflowDispatcher
+                .getOrInitializeWorkflowContext(workflowId, cache.getTaskDataCache());
+            _workflowDispatcher
+                .updateWorkflowStatus(workflowId, cache.getWorkflowConfig(workflowId), context,
+                    currentStateOutput, bestPossibleOutput);
+            _workflowDispatcher
+                .assignWorkflow(workflowId, cache.getWorkflowConfig(workflowId), context,
+                    currentStateOutput, bestPossibleOutput, resourceMap);
+            restOfResources.remove(workflowId);
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId,
+                "Error computing assignment for Workflow " + workflowId + ". Skipping.", e);
+            failureResources.add(workflowId);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void updateResourceMap(String jobName, Map<String, Resource> resourceMap,
+      Set<Partition> partitionSet) {
+    Resource resource = new Resource(jobName);
+    for (Partition partition : partitionSet) {
+      resource.addPartition(partition.getPartitionName());
+    }
+    resource.setStateModelDefRef(TaskConstants.STATE_MODEL_NAME);
+    resource.setStateModelFactoryName(HelixConstants.DEFAULT_STATE_MODEL_FACTORY);
+    resourceMap.put(jobName, resource);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `cache` last assigned on line 72 could be null and is dereferenced at line 79.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+BestPossibleStateOutput TaskSchedulingStage.compute(ClusterEvent,Map,CurrentStateOutput)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.controller.stages.task.TaskSchedulingStage.compute(org.apache.helix.controller.stag.4ec0ae018fac91c11dabf29137631ce8
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/controller/stages/task/TaskSchedulingStage.java
+
+### Key:
+TaskSchedulingStage.java|compute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3719f76dabc70d3d68e6a6de669de8d5
+
+### Hash:
+143b69b2d32904226f822c7d76ef00b6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9632/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9632/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1dae86dfd2d29562c33adf96b001fa993d491d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9632/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 70
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.manager.zk;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.IZkStateListener;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.exception.ZkInterruptedException;
+import org.apache.helix.*;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyKey.Builder;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ControllerChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.CurrentStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ExternalViewChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.IdealStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.InstanceConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.LiveInstanceChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.MessageListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ResourceConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ScopedConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.GenericHelixController;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportCollector;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportTask;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.client.DedicatedZkClientFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.client.HelixZkClient;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.client.SharedZkClientFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.messaging.DefaultMessagingService;
+import org.apache.helix.model.BuiltInStateModelDefinitions;
+import org.apache.helix.model.HelixConfigScope.ConfigScopeProperty;
+import org.apache.helix.model.LiveInstance;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.ZKPathDataDumpTask;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.HelixCallbackMonitor;
+import org.apache.helix.participant.HelixStateMachineEngine;
+import org.apache.helix.participant.StateMachineEngine;
+import org.apache.helix.store.zk.AutoFallbackPropertyStore;
+import org.apache.helix.store.zk.ZkHelixPropertyStore;
+import org.apache.helix.util.HelixUtil;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.EventType;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.management.JMException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class ZKHelixManager implements HelixManager, IZkStateListener {
+  private static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ZKHelixManager.class);
+
+  public static final String ALLOW_PARTICIPANT_AUTO_JOIN = "allowParticipantAutoJoin";
+  private static final int FLAPPING_TIME_WINDOW = 300000; // Default to 300 sec
+  public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_DISCONNECT_THRESHOLD = 600; // Default to be a large number
+  private static final int DEFAULT_WAIT_CONNECTED_TIMEOUT = 10 * 1000;  // wait until connected for up to 10 seconds.
+
+  protected final String _zkAddress;
+  private final String _clusterName;
+  private final String _instanceName;
+  private final InstanceType _instanceType;
+  private final int _waitForConnectedTimeout; // wait time for testing connect
+  private final int _sessionTimeout; // client side session timeout, will be overridden by server timeout. Disconnect after timeout
+  private final int _connectionInitTimeout; // client timeout to init connect
+  private final List<PreConnectCallback> _preConnectCallbacks;
+  protected final List<CallbackHandler> _handlers;
+  private final HelixManagerProperties _properties;
+  private final HelixManagerStateListener _stateListener;
+
+  /**
+   * helix version#
+   */
+  private final String _version;
+  private int _reportLatency;
+
+  protected HelixZkClient _zkclient = null;
+  private final DefaultMessagingService _messagingService;
+  private Map<ChangeType, HelixCallbackMonitor> _callbackMonitors;
+
+  private BaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> _baseDataAccessor;
+  private ZKHelixDataAccessor _dataAccessor;
+  private final Builder _keyBuilder;
+  private ConfigAccessor _configAccessor;
+  private ZkHelixPropertyStore<ZNRecord> _helixPropertyStore;
+  protected LiveInstanceInfoProvider _liveInstanceInfoProvider = null;
+
+  private volatile String _sessionId;
+
+  /**
+   * Keep track of timestamps that zk State has become Disconnected If in a _timeWindowLengthMs
+   * window zk State has become Disconnected for more than_maxDisconnectThreshold times disconnect
+   * the zkHelixManager
+   */
+  private final List<Long> _disconnectTimeHistory = new ArrayList<Long>();
+  private final int _flappingTimeWindowMs;
+  private final int _maxDisconnectThreshold;
+
+  /**
+   * participant fields
+   */
+  private final StateMachineEngine _stateMachineEngine;
+  private final List<HelixTimerTask> _timerTasks = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private final ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl _participantHealthInfoCollector;
+  private Long _sessionStartTime;
+  private ParticipantManager _participantManager;
+
+  /**
+   * controller fields
+   */
+  private GenericHelixController _controller;
+  private CallbackHandler _leaderElectionHandler = null;
+  protected final List<HelixTimerTask> _controllerTimerTasks = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  /**
+   * status dump timer-task
+   */
+  static class StatusDumpTask extends HelixTimerTask {
+    Timer _timer = null;
+    final HelixManager helixController;
+
+    public StatusDumpTask(HelixManager helixController) {
+      this.helixController = helixController;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void start() {
+      long initialDelay = 0;
+      long period = 15 * 60 * 1000;
+      long timeThresholdNoChangeForStatusUpdates = 15 * 60 * 1000; // 15 minutes
+      long timeThresholdNoChangeForErrors = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000; // 1 day
+      int maximumNumberOfLeafNodesAllowed = 100;
+
+      if (_timer == null) {
+        LOG.info("Start StatusDumpTask");
+        _timer = new Timer("StatusDumpTimerTask", true);
+        _timer.scheduleAtFixedRate(
+            new ZKPathDataDumpTask(helixController, timeThresholdNoChangeForStatusUpdates,
+                timeThresholdNoChangeForErrors, maximumNumberOfLeafNodesAllowed), initialDelay,
+            period);
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop() {
+      if (_timer != null) {
+        LOG.info("Stop StatusDumpTask");
+        _timer.cancel();
+        _timer = null;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public ZKHelixManager(String clusterName, String instanceName, InstanceType instanceType,
+      String zkAddress) {
+    this(clusterName, instanceName, instanceType, zkAddress, null);
+  }
+
+  public ZKHelixManager(String clusterName, String instanceName, InstanceType instanceType,
+      String zkAddress, HelixManagerStateListener stateListener) {
+
+    LOG.info(
+        "Create a zk-based cluster manager. zkSvr: " + zkAddress + ", clusterName: " + clusterName + ", instanceName: " + instanceName + ", type: " + instanceType);
+
+    _zkAddress = zkAddress;
+    _clusterName = clusterName;
+    _instanceType = instanceType;
+
+    if (instanceName == null) {
+      try {
+        instanceName =
+            InetAddress.getLocalHost().getCanonicalHostName() + "-" + instanceType.toString();
+      } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+        // can ignore it
+        LOG.info("Unable to get host name. Will set it to UNKNOWN, mostly ignorable", e);
+        instanceName = "UNKNOWN";
+      }
+    }
+
+    _instanceName = instanceName;
+    _preConnectCallbacks = new ArrayList<>();
+    _handlers = new ArrayList<>();
+    _properties = new HelixManagerProperties(SystemPropertyKeys.CLUSTER_MANAGER_VERSION);
+    _version = _properties.getVersion();
+
+    _keyBuilder = new Builder(clusterName);
+    _messagingService = new DefaultMessagingService(this);
+    try {
+      _callbackMonitors = new HashMap<>();
+      for (ChangeType changeType : ChangeType.values()) {
+        HelixCallbackMonitor callbackMonitor =
+            new HelixCallbackMonitor(instanceType, clusterName, instanceName, changeType);
+        callbackMonitor.register();
+        _callbackMonitors.put(changeType, callbackMonitor);
+      }
+    } catch (JMException e) {
+      LOG.error("Error in creating callback monitor.", e);
+    }
+
+    _stateListener = stateListener;
+
+    /**
+     * use system property if available
+     */
+    _flappingTimeWindowMs = HelixUtil.getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.FLAPPING_TIME_WINDOW,
+        ZKHelixManager.FLAPPING_TIME_WINDOW);
+
+    _maxDisconnectThreshold = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.MAX_DISCONNECT_THRESHOLD,
+            ZKHelixManager.DEFAULT_MAX_DISCONNECT_THRESHOLD);
+
+    _sessionTimeout = HelixUtil.getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.ZK_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
+        HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_SESSION_TIMEOUT);
+
+    _connectionInitTimeout = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.ZK_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT,
+            HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT);
+
+    _waitForConnectedTimeout = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.ZK_WAIT_CONNECTED_TIMEOUT,
+            DEFAULT_WAIT_CONNECTED_TIMEOUT);
+
+    _reportLatency = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.PARTICIPANT_HEALTH_REPORT_LATENCY,
+            ParticipantHealthReportTask.DEFAULT_REPORT_LATENCY);
+
+    /**
+     * instance type specific init
+     */
+    switch (instanceType) {
+    case PARTICIPANT:
+      _stateMachineEngine = new HelixStateMachineEngine(this);
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector =
+          new ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl(this, _instanceName);
+      _timerTasks
+          .add(new ParticipantHealthReportTask(_participantHealthInfoCollector, _reportLatency));
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER:
+      _stateMachineEngine = null;
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector = null;
+      _controllerTimerTasks.add(new StatusDumpTask(this));
+
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT:
+      _stateMachineEngine = new HelixStateMachineEngine(this);
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector =
+          new ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl(this, _instanceName);
+
+      _timerTasks
+          .add(new ParticipantHealthReportTask(_participantHealthInfoCollector, _reportLatency));
+      _controllerTimerTasks.add(new StatusDumpTask(this));
+      break;
+    case ADMINISTRATOR:
+    case SPECTATOR:
+      _stateMachineEngine = null;
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector = null;
+      break;
+    default:
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("unrecognized type: " + instanceType);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override public boolean removeListener(PropertyKey key, Object listener) {
+    LOG.info("Removing listener: " + listener + " on path: " + key.getPath() + " from cluster: "
+        + _clusterName + " by instance: " + _instanceName);
+
+    synchronized (this) {
+      List<CallbackHandler> toRemove = new ArrayList<>();
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : _handlers) {
+        // compare property-key path and listener reference
+        if (handler.getPath().equals(key.getPath()) && handler.getListener().equals(listener)) {
+          toRemove.add(handler);
+        }
+      }
+
+      _handlers.removeAll(toRemove);
+
+      // handler.reset() may modify the handlers list, so do it outside the iteration
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : toRemove) {
+        handler.reset();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void checkConnected() {
+    checkConnected(-1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if HelixManager is connected, if it is not connected,
+   * wait for the specified timeout and check again before return.
+   *
+   * @param timeout
+   */
+  void checkConnected(long timeout) {
+    if (_zkclient == null || _zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      throw new HelixException(
+          "HelixManager (ZkClient) is not connected. Call HelixManager#connect()");
+    }
+
+    boolean isConnected = isConnected();
+    if (!isConnected && timeout > 0) {
+      LOG.warn(
+          "zkClient to " + _zkAddress + " is not connected, wait for " + _waitForConnectedTimeout
+              + "ms.");
+      isConnected = _zkclient.waitUntilConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    if (!isConnected) {
+      LOG.error("zkClient is not connected after waiting " + timeout + "ms."
+          + ", clusterName: " + _clusterName + ", zkAddress: " + _zkAddress);
+      throw new HelixException(
+          "HelixManager is not connected within retry timeout for cluster " + _clusterName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void addListener(Object listener, PropertyKey propertyKey, ChangeType changeType,
+      EventType[] eventType) {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+
+    PropertyType type = propertyKey.getType();
+
+    synchronized (this) {
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : _handlers) {
+        // compare property-key path and listener reference
+        if (handler.getPath().equals(propertyKey.getPath())
+            && handler.getListener().equals(listener)) {
+          LOG.info("Listener: " + listener + " on path: " + propertyKey.getPath()
+              + " already exists. skip add");
+
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      CallbackHandler newHandler =
+          new CallbackHandler(this, _zkclient, propertyKey, listener, eventType, changeType,
+              _callbackMonitors.get(changeType));
+
+      _handlers.add(newHandler);
+      LOG.info("Added listener: " + listener + " for type: " + type + " to path: "
+          + newHandler.getPath());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addIdealStateChangeListener(final IdealStateChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).idealStates(), ChangeType.IDEAL_STATE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addIdealStateChangeListener(final org.apache.helix.IdealStateChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).idealStates(), ChangeType.IDEAL_STATE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addLiveInstanceChangeListener(LiveInstanceChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).liveInstances(), ChangeType.LIVE_INSTANCE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addLiveInstanceChangeListener(org.apache.helix.LiveInstanceChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).liveInstances(), ChangeType.LIVE_INSTANCE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addConfigChangeListener(ConfigChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).instanceConfigs(), ChangeType.INSTANCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addInstanceConfigChangeListener(InstanceConfigChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).instanceConfigs(), ChangeType.INSTANCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addInstanceConfigChangeListener(org.apache.helix.InstanceConfigChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).instanceConfigs(), ChangeType.INSTANCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addResourceConfigChangeListener(ResourceConfigChangeListener listener) throws Exception{
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).resourceConfigs(), ChangeType.RESOURCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addClusterfigChangeListener(ClusterConfigChangeListener listener) throws Exception{
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).clusterConfig(), ChangeType.CLUSTER_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeDataChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addConfigChangeListener(ScopedConfigChangeListener listener, ConfigScopeProperty scope)
+      throws Exception {
+    Builder keyBuilder = new Builder(_clusterName);
+
+    PropertyKey propertyKey = null;
+    switch (scope) {
+    case CLUSTER:
+      propertyKey = keyBuilder.clusterConfigs();
+      break;
+    case PARTICIPANT:
+      propertyKey = keyBuilder.instanceConfigs();
+      break;
+    case RESOURCE:
+      propertyKey = keyBuilder.resourceConfigs();
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (propertyKey != null) {
+      addListener(listener, propertyKey, ChangeType.CONFIG, new EventType[] {
+        EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+      });
+    } else {
+      LOG.error("Can't add listener to config scope: " + scope);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addConfigChangeListener(org.apache.helix.ScopedConfigChangeListener listener, ConfigScopeProperty scope)
+      throws Exception {
+    addConfigChangeListener((ScopedConfigChangeListener) listener, scope);
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Decide if do we still need this since we are exposing
+  // ClusterMessagingService
+  @Override
+  public void addMessageListener(MessageListener listener, String instanceName) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).messages(instanceName), ChangeType.MESSAGE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addMessageListener(org.apache.helix.MessageListener listener, String instanceName) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).messages(instanceName), ChangeType.MESSAGE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerMessageListener(MessageListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controllerMessages(),
+        ChangeType.MESSAGES_CONTROLLER, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerMessageListener(org.apache.helix.MessageListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controllerMessages(),
+        ChangeType.MESSAGES_CONTROLLER, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCurrentStateChangeListener(CurrentStateChangeListener listener,
+      String instanceName, String sessionId) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).currentStates(instanceName, sessionId),
+        ChangeType.CURRENT_STATE, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addCurrentStateChangeListener(org.apache.helix.CurrentStateChangeListener listener,
+      String instanceName, String sessionId) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).currentStates(instanceName, sessionId),
+        ChangeType.CURRENT_STATE, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addExternalViewChangeListener(ExternalViewChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).externalViews(), ChangeType.EXTERNAL_VIEW,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addTargetExternalViewChangeListener(ExternalViewChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).externalViews(), ChangeType.TARGET_EXTERNAL_VIEW,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addExternalViewChangeListener(org.apache.helix.ExternalViewChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).externalViews(), ChangeType.EXTERNAL_VIEW,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerListener(ControllerChangeListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controller(), ChangeType.CONTROLLER,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerListener(org.apache.helix.ControllerChangeListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controller(), ChangeType.CONTROLLER,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public HelixDataAccessor getHelixDataAccessor() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    return _dataAccessor;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ConfigAccessor getConfigAccessor() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    return _configAccessor;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getClusterName() {
+    return _clusterName;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a string that can be used to connect to metadata store for this HelixManager instance
+   * i.e. for ZkHelixManager, this will have format "{zookeeper-address}:{port}"
+   * @return a string used to connect to metadata store
+   */
+  @Override
+  public String getMetadataStoreConnectionString() {
+    return _zkAddress;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getInstanceName() {
+    return _instanceName;
+  }
+
+  BaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> createBaseDataAccessor() {
+    ZkBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> baseDataAccessor = new ZkBaseDataAccessor<>(_zkclient);
+    return baseDataAccessor;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add Helix built-in state model definitions if not exist
+   */
+  private void addBuiltInStateModelDefinitions() {
+    for (BuiltInStateModelDefinitions def : BuiltInStateModelDefinitions.values()) {
+      // creation succeeds only if not exist
+      _dataAccessor.createStateModelDef(def.getStateModelDefinition());
+    }
+  }
+
+  void createClient() throws Exception {
+    PathBasedZkSerializer zkSerializer =
+        ChainedPathZkSerializer.builder(new ZNRecordSerializer()).build();
+
+    HelixZkClient.ZkConnectionConfig connectionConfig = new HelixZkClient.ZkConnectionConfig(_zkAddress);
+    connectionConfig.setSessionTimeout(_sessionTimeout);
+    HelixZkClient.ZkClientConfig clientConfig = new HelixZkClient.ZkClientConfig();
+    clientConfig
+        .setZkSerializer(zkSerializer)
+        .setConnectInitTimeout(_connectionInitTimeout)
+        .setMonitorType(_instanceType.name())
+        .setMonitorKey(_clusterName)
+        .setMonitorInstanceName(_instanceName)
+        .setMonitorRootPathOnly(!_instanceType.equals(InstanceType.CONTROLLER) && !_instanceType
+            .equals(InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT));
+
+    HelixZkClient newClient;
+    switch (_instanceType) {
+    case ADMINISTRATOR:
+      newClient = SharedZkClientFactory.getInstance().buildZkClient(connectionConfig, clientConfig);
+      break;
+    default:
+      newClient = DedicatedZkClientFactory
+          .getInstance().buildZkClient(connectionConfig, clientConfig);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (_zkclient != null) {
+        _zkclient.close();
+      }
+      _zkclient = newClient;
+
+      _baseDataAccessor = createBaseDataAccessor();
+
+      _dataAccessor = new ZKHelixDataAccessor(_clusterName, _instanceType, _baseDataAccessor);
+      _configAccessor = new ConfigAccessor(_zkclient);
+
+      if (_instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER
+          || _instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT) {
+        addBuiltInStateModelDefinitions();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // subscribe to state change
+    _zkclient.subscribeStateChanges(this);
+    int retryCount = 0;
+    while (retryCount < 3) {
+      try {
+        _zkclient.waitUntilConnected(_connectionInitTimeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        handleStateChanged(KeeperState.SyncConnected);
+        handleNewSession();
+        break;
+      } catch (HelixException e) {
+        LOG.error("fail to createClient.", e);
+        throw e;
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        retryCount++;
+        LOG.error("fail to createClient. retry " + retryCount, e);
+        if (retryCount == 3) {
+          throw e;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void connect() throws Exception {
+    LOG.info("ClusterManager.connect()");
+    if (isConnected()) {
+      LOG.warn("Cluster manager: " + _instanceName + " for cluster: " + _clusterName
+          + " already connected. skip connect");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    switch (_instanceType) {
+    case CONTROLLER:
+    case CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT:
+      if (_controller == null) {
+        _controller = new GenericHelixController(_clusterName);
+        _messagingService.getExecutor().setController(_controller);
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      createClient();
+      _messagingService.onConnected();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.error("fail to connect " + _instanceName, e);
+      try {
+        disconnect();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        // if zk connection fails to be created, disconnect may throw exception about reporting disconnect to ZK.
+      }
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void disconnect() {
+    if (_zkclient == null || _zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      LOG.info("instanceName: " + _instanceName + " already disconnected");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    LOG.info("disconnect " + _instanceName + "(" + _instanceType + ") from " + _clusterName);
+
+    try {
+      /**
+       * stop all timer tasks
+       */
+      stopTimerTasks();
+
+      /**
+       * shutdown thread pool first to avoid reset() being invoked in the middle of state
+       * transition
+       */
+      _messagingService.getExecutor().shutdown();
+
+      // TODO reset user defined handlers only
+      // TODO Fix the issue that when connection disconnected, reset handlers will be blocked. -- JJ
+      // This is because reset logic contains ZK operations.
+      resetHandlers();
+
+      if (_leaderElectionHandler != null) {
+        _leaderElectionHandler.reset();
+      }
+
+    } finally {
+      GenericHelixController controller = _controller;
+      if (controller != null) {
+        try {
+          controller.shutdown();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          LOG.info("Interrupted shutting down GenericHelixController", e);
+        }
+      }
+
+      ParticipantManager participantManager = _participantManager;
+      if (participantManager != null) {
+        participantManager.disconnect();
+      }
+
+      for (HelixCallbackMonitor callbackMonitor : _callbackMonitors.values()) {
+        callbackMonitor.unregister();
+      }
+
+      _helixPropertyStore = null;
+
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_controller != null) {
+          _controller = null;
+          _leaderElectionHandler = null;
+        }
+
+        if (_participantManager != null) {
+          _participantManager = null;
+        }
+
+        if (_zkclient != null) {
+          _zkclient.close();
+        }
+      }
+      _sessionStartTime = null;
+      LOG.info("Cluster manager: " + _instanceName + " disconnected");
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getSessionId() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    return _sessionId;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isConnected() {
+    if (_zkclient == null || _zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Don't check ZkConnection state, which is different from ZkClient's watcher state.
+    // ZkConnection state is the internal state of the connection, which can be different from the
+    // ZkClient state due to internal thread/retry logic.
+    try {
+      return _zkclient.waitUntilConnected(0, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    } catch (ZkInterruptedException ex) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public long getLastNotificationTime() {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addPreConnectCallback(PreConnectCallback callback) {
+    LOG.info("Adding preconnect callback: " + callback);
+    _preConnectCallbacks.add(callback);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isLeader() {
+    String warnLogPrefix = String
+        .format("Instance %s is not leader of cluster %s due to", _instanceName, _clusterName);
+    if (_instanceType != InstanceType.CONTROLLER
+        && _instanceType != InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT) {
+      LOG.warn(String
+          .format("%s instance type %s does not match to CONTROLLER/CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT",
+              warnLogPrefix, _instanceType.name()));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!isConnected()) {
+      LOG.warn(String.format("%s HelixManager is not connected", warnLogPrefix));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      LiveInstance leader = _dataAccessor.getProperty(_keyBuilder.controllerLeader());
+      if (leader != null) {
+        String leaderName = leader.getInstanceName();
+        String sessionId = leader.getSessionId();
+        if (leaderName != null && leaderName.equals(_instanceName) && sessionId != null && sessionId
+            .equals(_sessionId)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        LOG.warn(String
+            .format("%s current session %s does not match leader session %s", warnLogPrefix,
+                _sessionId, sessionId));
+      }
+      LOG.warn(String.format("%s leader ZNode is null", warnLogPrefix));
+
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // log
+      LOG.warn(String.format("%s exception happen when session check", warnLogPrefix), e);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized ZkHelixPropertyStore<ZNRecord> getHelixPropertyStore() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+
+    if (_helixPropertyStore == null) {
+      String path = PropertyPathBuilder.propertyStore(_clusterName);
+      String fallbackPath = String.format("/%s/%s", _clusterName, "HELIX_PROPERTYSTORE");
+      _helixPropertyStore =
+          new AutoFallbackPropertyStore<>(new ZkBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord>(_zkclient),
+              path, fallbackPath);
+    }
+
+    return _helixPropertyStore;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized HelixAdmin getClusterManagmentTool() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    if (_zkclient != null && !_zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      return new ZKHelixAdmin(_zkclient);
+    }
+
+    LOG.error("Couldn't get ZKClusterManagementTool because zkclient is null");
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ClusterMessagingService getMessagingService() {
+    // The caller can register message handler factories on messaging service before the
+    // helix manager is connected. Thus we do not do connected check here.
+    return _messagingService;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public InstanceType getInstanceType() {
+    return _instanceType;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getVersion() {
+    return _version;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public HelixManagerProperties getProperties() {
+    return _properties;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public StateMachineEngine getStateMachineEngine() {
+    return _stateMachineEngine;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: rename this and not expose this function as part of interface
+  @Override
+  public void startTimerTasks() {
+    for (HelixTimerTask task : _timerTasks) {
+      task.start();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void stopTimerTasks() {
+    for (HelixTimerTask task : _timerTasks) {
+      task.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setLiveInstanceInfoProvider(LiveInstanceInfoProvider liveInstanceInfoProvider) {
+    _liveInstanceInfoProvider = liveInstanceInfoProvider;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * wait until we get a non-zero session-id. note that we might lose zkconnection
+   * right after we read session-id. but it's ok to get stale session-id and we will have
+   * another handle-new-session callback to correct this.
+   */
+  void waitUntilConnected() {
+    boolean isConnected;
+    do {
+      isConnected =
+          _zkclient.waitUntilConnected(HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+      if (!isConnected) {
+        LOG.error("fail to connect zkserver: " + _zkAddress + " in "
+            + HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + "ms. expiredSessionId: " + _sessionId
+            + ", clusterName: " + _clusterName);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      _sessionId = Long.toHexString(_zkclient.getSessionId());
+
+      /**
+       * at the time we read session-id, zkconnection might be lost again
+       * wait until we get a non-zero session-id
+       */
+    } while (!isConnected || "0".equals(_sessionId));
+
+    LOG.info("Handling new session, session id: " + _sessionId + ", instance: " + _instanceName
+        + ", instanceTye: " + _instanceType + ", cluster: " + _clusterName);
+  }
+
+  void initHandlers(List<CallbackHandler> handlers) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (handlers != null) {
+        for (CallbackHandler handler : handlers) {
+          handler.init();
+          LOG.info("init handler: " + handler.getPath() + ", " + handler.getListener());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void resetHandlers() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (_handlers != null) {
+        // get a copy of the list and iterate over the copy list
+        // in case handler.reset() modify the original handler list
+        List<CallbackHandler> tmpHandlers = new ArrayList<>();
+        tmpHandlers.addAll(_handlers);
+
+        for (CallbackHandler handler : tmpHandlers) {
+          handler.reset();
+          LOG.info("reset handler: " + handler.getPath() + ", " + handler.getListener());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * If zk state has changed into Disconnected for maxDisconnectThreshold times during previous
+   * timeWindowLengthMs Ms
+   * time window, we think that there are something wrong going on and disconnect the zkHelixManager
+   * from zk.
+   */
+  boolean isFlapping() {
+    if (_disconnectTimeHistory.size() == 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    long mostRecentTimestamp = _disconnectTimeHistory.get(_disconnectTimeHistory.size() - 1);
+
+    // Remove disconnect history timestamp that are older than flappingTimeWindowMs ago
+    while ((_disconnectTimeHistory.get(0) + _flappingTimeWindowMs) < mostRecentTimestamp) {
+      _disconnectTimeHistory.remove(0);
+    }
+    return _disconnectTimeHistory.size() > _maxDisconnectThreshold;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleStateChanged(KeeperState state) {
+    switch (state) {
+    case SyncConnected:
+      LOG.info("KeeperState: " + state + ", instance: " + _instanceName + ", type: " + _instanceType);
+      break;
+    case Disconnected:
+      /**
+       * Track the time stamp that the disconnected happens, then check history and see if
+       * we should disconnect the helix-manager
+       */
+      _disconnectTimeHistory.add(System.currentTimeMillis());
+      if (isFlapping()) {
+        String errorMsg = "instanceName: " + _instanceName + " is flapping. disconnect it. "
+            + " maxDisconnectThreshold: " + _maxDisconnectThreshold + " disconnects in "
+            + _flappingTimeWindowMs + "ms.";
+        LOG.error(errorMsg);
+
+        // Only disable the instance when it's instance type is PARTICIPANT
+        if (_instanceType.equals(InstanceType.PARTICIPANT)) {
+          LOG.warn("instanceName: " + _instanceName
+              + " is flapping. Since it is a participant, disable it.");
+          try {
+            getClusterManagmentTool().enableInstance(_clusterName, _instanceName, false);
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Failed to disable participant before disconnecting participant.", e);
+          }
+        }
+
+        try {
+          // TODO Call disconnect in another thread.
+          // handleStateChanged is triggered in ZkClient eventThread. The disconnect logic will
+          // interrupt this thread. This issue prevents the ZkClient.close() from complete. So the
+          // client is left in a strange state.
+          disconnect();
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+          LOG.error("Disconnect HelixManager is not completely done.", ex);
+        }
+
+        if (_stateListener != null) {
+          try {
+            _stateListener.onDisconnected(this, new HelixException(errorMsg));
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.warn("stateListener.onDisconnected callback fails", e);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    // if not flapping, share the continuous logic with Expired case
+    case Expired:
+      LOG.warn("KeeperState:" + state + ", SessionId: " + _sessionId + ", instance: "
+          + _instanceName + ", type: " + _instanceType);
+      break;
+    default:
+      LOG.info("KeeperState:" + state + ", currentSessionId: " + _sessionId + ", instance: "
+          + _instanceName + ", type: " + _instanceType);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleNewSession() throws Exception {
+    LOG.info(
+        "Handle new session, instance: " + _instanceName + ", type: " + _instanceType);
+    waitUntilConnected();
+
+    /**
+     * stop all timer tasks, reset all handlers, make sure cleanup completed for previous session
+     * disconnect if fail to cleanup
+     */
+    stopTimerTasks();
+    if (_leaderElectionHandler != null) {
+      _leaderElectionHandler.reset();
+    }
+    resetHandlers();
+
+    /**
+     * clean up write-through cache
+     */
+    _baseDataAccessor.reset();
+
+    /**
+     * from here on, we are dealing with new session
+     */
+    if (!ZKUtil.isClusterSetup(_clusterName, _zkclient)) {
+      throw new HelixException("Cluster structure is not set up for cluster: " + _clusterName);
+    }
+
+    _sessionStartTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    switch (_instanceType) {
+    case PARTICIPANT:
+      handleNewSessionAsParticipant();
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER:
+      handleNewSessionAsController();
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT:
+      handleNewSessionAsParticipant();
+      handleNewSessionAsController();
+      break;
+    case ADMINISTRATOR:
+    case SPECTATOR:
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    startTimerTasks();
+
+    /**
+     * init handlers
+     * ok to init message handler and data-accessor twice
+     * the second init will be skipped (see CallbackHandler)
+     */
+    initHandlers(_handlers);
+
+    if (_stateListener != null) {
+      try {
+        _stateListener.onConnected(this);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LOG.warn("stateListener.onConnected callback fails", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void handleNewSessionAsParticipant() throws Exception {
+    if (_participantManager != null) {
+      _participantManager.reset();
+    }
+    _participantManager =
+        new ParticipantManager(this, _zkclient, _sessionTimeout, _liveInstanceInfoProvider,
+            _preConnectCallbacks);
+    _participantManager.handleNewSession();
+  }
+
+  void handleNewSessionAsController() {
+    if (_leaderElectionHandler != null) {
+      _leaderElectionHandler.init();
+    } else {
+      _leaderElectionHandler =
+          new CallbackHandler(this, _zkclient, _keyBuilder.controller(),
+              new DistributedLeaderElection(this, _controller, _controllerTimerTasks),
+              new EventType[] {
+                  EventType.NodeChildrenChanged, EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated
+              }, ChangeType.CONTROLLER, _callbackMonitors.get(ChangeType.CONTROLLER));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ParticipantHealthReportCollector getHealthReportCollector() {
+    return _participantHealthInfoCollector;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleSessionEstablishmentError(Throwable error) throws Exception {
+    LOG.warn("Handling Session Establishment Error. Disconnect Helix Manager.", error);
+    disconnect();
+
+    if (_stateListener != null) {
+      _stateListener.onDisconnected(this, error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Long getSessionStartTime() {
+    return _sessionStartTime;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager.disconnect` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager._leaderElectionHandler.org.apache.helix.manager.zk.CallbackHandler._batchCallbackProcessor`. Potentially races with write in method `ZKHelixManager.handleNewSessionAsController()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZKHelixManager.disconnect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager.disconnect():void.0716666aec749e0a4d5d805dbaf9f743
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/manager/zk/ZKHelixManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ZKHelixManager.java|disconnect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+493d9eaa12ed73db8aef7a89e77e0063
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9635/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9635/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6bcb658243ebb81bff177df0492040b0492913f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9635/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.manager.zk;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.CONFIG;
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.CURRENT_STATE;
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.EXTERNAL_VIEW;
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.HEALTH;
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.IDEAL_STATE;
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.LIVE_INSTANCE;
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.MESSAGE;
+import static org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType.MESSAGES_CONTROLLER;
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.ZkConnection;
+import org.apache.helix.BaseDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.ClusterMessagingService;
+import org.apache.helix.ConfigAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.ConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.ConfigScope.ConfigScopeProperty;
+import org.apache.helix.ControllerChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.CurrentStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.ExternalViewChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.HealthStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixAdmin;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixException;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManager;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixTimerTask;
+import org.apache.helix.IdealStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.InstanceType;
+import org.apache.helix.LiveInstanceChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.MessageListener;
+import org.apache.helix.PreConnectCallback;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyKey.Builder;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyPathConfig;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyType;
+import org.apache.helix.ZNRecord;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.restlet.ZKPropertyTransferServer;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.HealthStatsAggregationTask;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportCollector;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl;
+import org.apache.helix.messaging.DefaultMessagingService;
+import org.apache.helix.messaging.handling.MessageHandlerFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.model.CurrentState;
+import org.apache.helix.model.LiveInstance;
+import org.apache.helix.model.Message.MessageType;
+import org.apache.helix.model.StateModelDefinition;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.ZKPathDataDumpTask;
+import org.apache.helix.participant.DistClusterControllerElection;
+import org.apache.helix.participant.HelixStateMachineEngine;
+import org.apache.helix.participant.StateMachineEngine;
+import org.apache.helix.store.ZNRecordJsonSerializer;
+import org.apache.helix.store.zk.ZkHelixPropertyStore;
+import org.apache.helix.tools.PropertiesReader;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.EventType;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
+
+
+public class ZKHelixManager implements HelixManager
+{
+  private static Logger                        logger                  =
+                                                                           Logger.getLogger(ZKHelixManager.class);
+  private static final int                     RETRY_LIMIT             = 3;
+  private static final int                     CONNECTIONTIMEOUT       = 60 * 1000;
+  private final String                         _clusterName;
+  private final String                         _instanceName;
+  private final String                         _zkConnectString;
+  private static final int                     DEFAULT_SESSION_TIMEOUT = 30 * 1000;
+  private ZKHelixDataAccessor                  _helixAccessor;
+  private ConfigAccessor                       _configAccessor;
+  protected ZkClient                           _zkClient;
+  private final List<CallbackHandler>          _handlers;
+  private final ZkStateChangeListener          _zkStateChangeListener;
+  private final InstanceType                   _instanceType;
+  volatile String                              _sessionId;
+  private Timer                                _timer;
+  private CallbackHandler                      _leaderElectionHandler;
+  private ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl _participantHealthCheckInfoCollector;
+  private final DefaultMessagingService        _messagingService;
+  private ZKHelixAdmin                         _managementTool;
+  private final String                         _version;
+  private final StateMachineEngine             _stateMachEngine;
+  private int                                  _sessionTimeout;
+  private ZkHelixPropertyStore<ZNRecord>       _helixPropertyStore;
+  private final List<HelixTimerTask>           _controllerTimerTasks;
+  private BaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord>           _baseDataAccessor;
+  List<PreConnectCallback>                     _preConnectCallbacks    =
+                                                                           new LinkedList<PreConnectCallback>();
+  ZKPropertyTransferServer                     _transferServer         = null;
+
+  public ZKHelixManager(String clusterName,
+                        String instanceName,
+                        InstanceType instanceType,
+                        String zkConnectString) throws Exception
+  {
+    logger.info("Create a zk-based cluster manager. clusterName:" + clusterName
+        + ", instanceName:" + instanceName + ", type:" + instanceType + ", zkSvr:"
+        + zkConnectString);
+    int sessionTimeoutInt = -1;
+    try
+    {
+      sessionTimeoutInt =
+          Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("zk.session.timeout", ""
+              + DEFAULT_SESSION_TIMEOUT));
+    }
+    catch (NumberFormatException e)
+    {
+      logger.warn("Exception while parsing session timeout: "
+          + System.getProperty("zk.session.timeout", "" + DEFAULT_SESSION_TIMEOUT));
+    }
+    if (sessionTimeoutInt > 0)
+    {
+      _sessionTimeout = sessionTimeoutInt;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      _sessionTimeout = DEFAULT_SESSION_TIMEOUT;
+    }
+    if (instanceName == null)
+    {
+      try
+      {
+        instanceName =
+            InetAddress.getLocalHost().getCanonicalHostName() + "-"
+                + instanceType.toString();
+      }
+      catch (UnknownHostException e)
+      {
+        // can ignore it
+        logger.info("Unable to get host name. Will set it to UNKNOWN, mostly ignorable",
+                    e);
+        instanceName = "UNKNOWN";
+      }
+    }
+
+    _clusterName = clusterName;
+    _instanceName = instanceName;
+    _instanceType = instanceType;
+    _zkConnectString = zkConnectString;
+    _zkStateChangeListener = new ZkStateChangeListener(this);
+    _timer = null;
+
+    _handlers = new ArrayList<CallbackHandler>();
+
+    _messagingService = new DefaultMessagingService(this);
+
+    _version =
+        new PropertiesReader("cluster-manager-version.properties").getProperty("clustermanager.version");
+
+    _stateMachEngine = new HelixStateMachineEngine(this);
+
+    // add all timer tasks
+    _controllerTimerTasks = new ArrayList<HelixTimerTask>();
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER)
+    {
+      _controllerTimerTasks.add(new HealthStatsAggregationTask(this));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean isInstanceSetup()
+  {
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.PARTICIPANT
+        || _instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT)
+    {
+      boolean isValid =
+          _zkClient.exists(PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.CONFIGS,
+                                                      _clusterName,
+                                                      ConfigScopeProperty.PARTICIPANT.toString(),
+                                                      _instanceName))
+              && _zkClient.exists(PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.MESSAGES,
+                                                             _clusterName,
+                                                             _instanceName))
+              && _zkClient.exists(PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.CURRENTSTATES,
+                                                             _clusterName,
+                                                             _instanceName))
+              && _zkClient.exists(PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.STATUSUPDATES,
+                                                             _clusterName,
+                                                             _instanceName))
+              && _zkClient.exists(PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.ERRORS,
+                                                             _clusterName,
+                                                             _instanceName));
+
+      return isValid;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addIdealStateChangeListener(final IdealStateChangeListener listener) throws Exception
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addIdealStateChangeListener()");
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path =
+        PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.IDEALSTATES, _clusterName);
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeDataChanged,
+                                  EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                              IDEAL_STATE);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addLiveInstanceChangeListener(LiveInstanceChangeListener listener) throws Exception
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addLiveInstanceChangeListener()");
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().liveInstances().getPath();
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeDataChanged, EventType.NodeChildrenChanged,
+                                  EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                              LIVE_INSTANCE);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addConfigChangeListener(ConfigChangeListener listener)
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addConfigChangeListener()");
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path =
+        PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.CONFIGS,
+                                   _clusterName,
+                                   ConfigScopeProperty.PARTICIPANT.toString());
+
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged },
+                              CONFIG);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Decide if do we still need this since we are exposing
+  // ClusterMessagingService
+  @Override
+  public void addMessageListener(MessageListener listener, String instanceName)
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addMessageListener() " + instanceName);
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().messages(instanceName).getPath();
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged,
+                                  EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                              MESSAGE);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  void addControllerMessageListener(MessageListener listener)
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addControllerMessageListener()");
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().controllerMessages().getPath();
+
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged,
+                                  EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                              MESSAGES_CONTROLLER);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCurrentStateChangeListener(CurrentStateChangeListener listener,
+                                            String instanceName,
+                                            String sessionId)
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addCurrentStateChangeListener() " + instanceName + " "
+        + sessionId);
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path =
+        _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().currentStates(instanceName, sessionId).getPath();
+
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged,
+                                  EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                              CURRENT_STATE);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addHealthStateChangeListener(HealthStateChangeListener listener,
+                                           String instanceName)
+  {
+    // System.out.println("ZKClusterManager.addHealthStateChangeListener()");
+    // TODO: re-form this for stats checking
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addHealthStateChangeListener()" + instanceName);
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().healthReports(instanceName).getPath();
+
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path, listener, new EventType[] {
+            EventType.NodeChildrenChanged, EventType.NodeDataChanged,
+            EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated }, HEALTH);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addExternalViewChangeListener(ExternalViewChangeListener listener)
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.addExternalViewChangeListener()");
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().externalViews().getPath();
+
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeDataChanged,
+                                  EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                              EXTERNAL_VIEW);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public HelixDataAccessor getHelixDataAccessor()
+  {
+    checkConnected();
+    return _helixAccessor;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ConfigAccessor getConfigAccessor()
+  {
+    checkConnected();
+    return _configAccessor;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getClusterName()
+  {
+    return _clusterName;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getInstanceName()
+  {
+    return _instanceName;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void connect() throws Exception
+  {
+    logger.info("ClusterManager.connect()");
+    if (_zkStateChangeListener.isConnected())
+    {
+      logger.warn("Cluster manager " + _clusterName + " " + _instanceName
+          + " already connected");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try
+    {
+      createClient(_zkConnectString);
+      _messagingService.onConnected();
+    }
+    catch (Exception e)
+    {
+      logger.error(e);
+      disconnect();
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void disconnect()
+  {
+
+    if (!isConnected())
+    {
+      logger.warn("ClusterManager " + _instanceName + " already disconnected");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    logger.info("disconnect " + _instanceName + "(" + _instanceType + ") from "
+        + _clusterName);
+
+    /**
+     * shutdown thread pool first to avoid reset() being invoked in the middle of state
+     * transition
+     */
+    _messagingService.getExecutor().shutDown();
+    resetHandlers();
+
+    _helixAccessor.shutdown();
+
+    if (_leaderElectionHandler != null)
+    {
+      _leaderElectionHandler.reset();
+    }
+
+    if (_participantHealthCheckInfoCollector != null)
+    {
+      _participantHealthCheckInfoCollector.stop();
+    }
+
+    if (_timer != null)
+    {
+      _timer.cancel();
+      _timer = null;
+    }
+
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER)
+    {
+      stopTimerTasks();
+    }
+
+    // unsubscribe accessor from controllerChange
+    _zkClient.unsubscribeAll();
+
+    _zkClient.close();
+
+    // HACK seems that zkClient is not sending DISCONNECT event
+    _zkStateChangeListener.disconnect();
+    logger.info("Cluster manager: " + _instanceName + " disconnected");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getSessionId()
+  {
+    checkConnected();
+    return _sessionId;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isConnected()
+  {
+    return _zkStateChangeListener.isConnected();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public long getLastNotificationTime()
+  {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerListener(ControllerChangeListener listener)
+  {
+    checkConnected();
+    final String path = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().controller().getPath();
+    logger.info("Add controller listener at: " + path);
+    CallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        createCallBackHandler(path,
+                              listener,
+                              new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged,
+                                  EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                              ChangeType.CONTROLLER);
+
+    // System.out.println("add controller listeners to " + _instanceName +
+    // " for " + _clusterName);
+    // _handlers.add(callbackHandler);
+    addListener(callbackHandler);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean removeListener(Object listener)
+  {
+    logger.info("remove listener: " + listener + " from " + _instanceName);
+
+    synchronized (this)
+    {
+      Iterator<CallbackHandler> iterator = _handlers.iterator();
+      while (iterator.hasNext())
+      {
+        CallbackHandler handler = iterator.next();
+        // simply compare reference
+        if (handler.getListener().equals(listener))
+        {
+          handler.reset();
+          iterator.remove();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private void addLiveInstance()
+  {
+    LiveInstance liveInstance = new LiveInstance(_instanceName);
+    liveInstance.setSessionId(_sessionId);
+    liveInstance.setHelixVersion(_version);
+    liveInstance.setLiveInstance(ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getName());
+
+    logger.info("Add live instance: InstanceName: " + _instanceName + " Session id:"
+        + _sessionId);
+    Builder keyBuilder = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder();
+    if (!_helixAccessor.createProperty(keyBuilder.liveInstance(_instanceName),
+                                       liveInstance))
+    {
+      String errorMsg =
+          "Fail to create live instance node after waiting, so quit. instance:"
+              + _instanceName;
+      logger.warn(errorMsg);
+      throw new HelixException(errorMsg);
+
+    }
+    String currentStatePathParent =
+        PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.CURRENTSTATES,
+                                   _clusterName,
+                                   _instanceName,
+                                   getSessionId());
+
+    if (!_zkClient.exists(currentStatePathParent))
+    {
+      _zkClient.createPersistent(currentStatePathParent);
+      logger.info("Creating current state path " + currentStatePathParent);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void startStatusUpdatedumpTask()
+  {
+    long initialDelay = 30 * 60 * 1000;
+    long period = 120 * 60 * 1000;
+    int timeThresholdNoChange = 180 * 60 * 1000;
+
+    if (_timer == null)
+    {
+      _timer = new Timer(true);
+      _timer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new ZKPathDataDumpTask(this,
+                                                        _zkClient,
+                                                        timeThresholdNoChange),
+                                 initialDelay,
+                                 period);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void createClient(String zkServers) throws Exception
+  {
+    String propertyStorePath =
+        PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.PROPERTYSTORE, _clusterName);
+
+    // by default use ZNRecordStreamingSerializer except for paths within the property
+    // store which expects raw byte[] serialization/deserialization
+    PathBasedZkSerializer zkSerializer =
+        ChainedPathZkSerializer.builder(new ZNRecordStreamingSerializer())
+                               .serialize(propertyStorePath, new ByteArraySerializer())
+                               .build();
+
+    _zkClient = new ZkClient(zkServers, _sessionTimeout, CONNECTIONTIMEOUT, zkSerializer);
+
+    ZkBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> baseDataAccessor =
+        new ZkBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord>(_zkClient);
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.PARTICIPANT)
+    {
+      String curStatePath =
+          PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.CURRENTSTATES,
+                                     _clusterName,
+                                     _instanceName);
+      _baseDataAccessor =
+          new ZkCacheBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord>(baseDataAccessor,
+                                                Arrays.asList(curStatePath));
+    }
+    else if (_instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER)
+    {
+      String extViewPath = PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.EXTERNALVIEW,
+
+      _clusterName);
+      _baseDataAccessor =
+          new ZkCacheBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord>(baseDataAccessor,
+                                                Arrays.asList(extViewPath));
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      _baseDataAccessor = baseDataAccessor;
+    }
+
+    _helixAccessor =
+        new ZKHelixDataAccessor(_clusterName, _instanceType, _baseDataAccessor);
+    _configAccessor = new ConfigAccessor(_zkClient);
+    int retryCount = 0;
+
+    _zkClient.subscribeStateChanges(_zkStateChangeListener);
+    while (retryCount < RETRY_LIMIT)
+    {
+      try
+      {
+        _zkClient.waitUntilConnected(_sessionTimeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        _zkStateChangeListener.handleStateChanged(KeeperState.SyncConnected);
+        _zkStateChangeListener.handleNewSession();
+        break;
+      }
+      catch (HelixException e)
+      {
+        logger.error("fail to createClient.", e);
+        throw e;
+      }
+      catch (Exception e)
+      {
+        retryCount++;
+
+        logger.error("fail to createClient. retry " + retryCount, e);
+        if (retryCount == RETRY_LIMIT)
+        {
+          throw e;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private CallbackHandler createCallBackHandler(String path,
+                                                Object listener,
+                                                EventType[] eventTypes,
+                                                ChangeType changeType)
+  {
+    if (listener == null)
+    {
+      throw new HelixException("Listener cannot be null");
+    }
+    return new CallbackHandler(this, _zkClient, path, listener, eventTypes, changeType);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This will be invoked when ever a new session is created<br/>
+   * 
+   * case 1: the cluster manager was a participant carry over current state, add live
+   * instance, and invoke message listener; case 2: the cluster manager was controller and
+   * was a leader before do leader election, and if it becomes leader again, invoke ideal
+   * state listener, current state listener, etc. if it fails to become leader in the new
+   * session, then becomes standby; case 3: the cluster manager was controller and was NOT
+   * a leader before do leader election, and if it becomes leader, instantiate and invoke
+   * ideal state listener, current state listener, etc. if if fails to become leader in
+   * the new session, stay as standby
+   */
+
+  protected void handleNewSession()
+  {
+    boolean isConnected = _zkClient.waitUntilConnected(CONNECTIONTIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    while (!isConnected)
+    {
+      logger.error("Could NOT connect to zk server in " + CONNECTIONTIMEOUT + "ms. zkServer: "
+          + _zkConnectString + ", expiredSessionId: " + _sessionId + ", clusterName: "
+          + _clusterName);
+      isConnected = _zkClient.waitUntilConnected(CONNECTIONTIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    ZkConnection zkConnection = ((ZkConnection) _zkClient.getConnection());
+    
+    synchronized (this)
+    {
+      _sessionId = Long.toHexString(zkConnection.getZookeeper().getSessionId());
+    }
+    _baseDataAccessor.reset();
+
+    resetHandlers();
+
+    logger.info("Handling new session, session id:" + _sessionId + ", instance:"
+        + _instanceName + ", instanceTye: " + _instanceType + ", cluster: " + _clusterName);
+
+    logger.info(zkConnection.getZookeeper());
+
+    if (!ZKUtil.isClusterSetup(_clusterName, _zkClient))
+    {
+      throw new HelixException("Initial cluster structure is not set up for cluster:"
+          + _clusterName);
+    }
+    if (!isInstanceSetup())
+    {
+      throw new HelixException("Initial cluster structure is not set up for instance:"
+          + _instanceName + " instanceType:" + _instanceType);
+    }
+
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.PARTICIPANT
+        || _instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT)
+    {
+      handleNewSessionAsParticipant();
+    }
+
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER
+        || _instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT)
+    {
+      addControllerMessageListener(_messagingService.getExecutor());
+      MessageHandlerFactory defaultControllerMsgHandlerFactory =
+          new DefaultControllerMessageHandlerFactory();
+      _messagingService.getExecutor()
+                       .registerMessageHandlerFactory(defaultControllerMsgHandlerFactory.getMessageType(),
+                                                      defaultControllerMsgHandlerFactory);
+      MessageHandlerFactory defaultSchedulerMsgHandlerFactory =
+          new DefaultSchedulerMessageHandlerFactory(this);
+      _messagingService.getExecutor()
+                       .registerMessageHandlerFactory(defaultSchedulerMsgHandlerFactory.getMessageType(),
+                                                      defaultSchedulerMsgHandlerFactory);
+      MessageHandlerFactory defaultParticipantErrorMessageHandlerFactory =
+          new DefaultParticipantErrorMessageHandlerFactory(this);
+      _messagingService.getExecutor()
+                       .registerMessageHandlerFactory(defaultParticipantErrorMessageHandlerFactory.getMessageType(),
+                                                      defaultParticipantErrorMessageHandlerFactory);
+
+      if (_leaderElectionHandler == null)
+      {
+        final String path =
+            PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.CONTROLLER, _clusterName);
+
+        _leaderElectionHandler =
+            createCallBackHandler(path,
+                                  new DistClusterControllerElection(_zkConnectString),
+                                  new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged,
+                                      EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated },
+                                  ChangeType.CONTROLLER);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        _leaderElectionHandler.init();
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.PARTICIPANT
+        || _instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT
+        || (_instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER && isLeader()))
+    {
+      initHandlers();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void handleNewSessionAsParticipant()
+  {
+    // In case there is a live instance record on zookeeper
+    Builder keyBuilder = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder();
+
+    if (_helixAccessor.getProperty(keyBuilder.liveInstance(_instanceName)) != null)
+    {
+      logger.warn("Found another instance with same instanceName: " + _instanceName
+          + " in cluster " + _clusterName);
+      // Wait for a while, in case previous storage node exits unexpectedly
+      // and its liveinstance
+      // still hangs around until session timeout happens
+      try
+      {
+        Thread.sleep(_sessionTimeout + 5000);
+      }
+      catch (InterruptedException e)
+      {
+        logger.warn("Sleep interrupted while waiting for previous liveinstance to go away.",
+                    e);
+      }
+
+      if (_helixAccessor.getProperty(keyBuilder.liveInstance(_instanceName)) != null)
+      {
+        String errorMessage =
+            "instance " + _instanceName + " already has a liveinstance in cluster "
+                + _clusterName;
+        logger.error(errorMessage);
+        throw new HelixException(errorMessage);
+      }
+    }
+    // Invoke the PreConnectCallbacks
+    for (PreConnectCallback callback : _preConnectCallbacks)
+    {
+      callback.onPreConnect();
+    }
+    addLiveInstance();
+    carryOverPreviousCurrentState();
+
+    // In case the cluster manager is running as a participant, setup message
+    // listener
+    _messagingService.registerMessageHandlerFactory(MessageType.STATE_TRANSITION.toString(),
+                                                    _stateMachEngine);
+    addMessageListener(_messagingService.getExecutor(), _instanceName);
+    addControllerListener(_helixAccessor);
+
+    if (_participantHealthCheckInfoCollector == null)
+    {
+      _participantHealthCheckInfoCollector =
+          new ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl(this, _instanceName);
+      _participantHealthCheckInfoCollector.start();
+    }
+    // start the participant health check timer, also create zk path for health
+    // check info
+    String healthCheckInfoPath =
+        _helixAccessor.keyBuilder().healthReports(_instanceName).getPath();
+    if (!_zkClient.exists(healthCheckInfoPath))
+    {
+      _zkClient.createPersistent(healthCheckInfoPath, true);
+      logger.info("Creating healthcheck info path " + healthCheckInfoPath);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addPreConnectCallback(PreConnectCallback callback)
+  {
+    logger.info("Adding preconnect callback");
+    _preConnectCallbacks.add(callback);
+  }
+
+  private void resetHandlers()
+  {
+    synchronized (this)
+    {
+      // get a copy of the list and iterate over the copy list
+      // in case handler.reset() will modify the original handler list
+      List<CallbackHandler> handlers = new ArrayList<CallbackHandler>();
+      handlers.addAll(_handlers);
+
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : handlers)
+      {
+        handler.reset();
+        logger.info("reset handler: " + handler.getPath() + " by "
+            + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void initHandlers()
+  {
+    // may add new currentState and message listeners during init()
+    // so make a copy and iterate over the copy
+    synchronized (this)
+    {
+      List<CallbackHandler> handlers = new ArrayList<CallbackHandler>();
+      handlers.addAll(_handlers);
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : handlers)
+      {
+        handler.init();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void addListener(CallbackHandler handler)
+  {
+    synchronized (this)
+    {
+      _handlers.add(handler);
+      logger.info("add handler: " + handler.getPath() + " by "
+          + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isLeader()
+  {
+    if (!isConnected())
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (_instanceType != InstanceType.CONTROLLER)
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    Builder keyBuilder = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder();
+    LiveInstance leader = _helixAccessor.getProperty(keyBuilder.controllerLeader());
+    if (leader == null)
+    {
+      return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      String leaderName = leader.getInstanceName();
+      // TODO need check sessionId also, but in distributed mode, leader's
+      // sessionId is
+      // not equal to
+      // the leader znode's sessionId field which is the sessionId of the
+      // controller_participant that
+      // successfully creates the leader node
+      if (leaderName == null || !leaderName.equals(_instanceName))
+      {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private void carryOverPreviousCurrentState()
+  {
+    Builder keyBuilder = _helixAccessor.keyBuilder();
+
+    List<String> subPaths =
+        _helixAccessor.getChildNames(keyBuilder.sessions(_instanceName));
+    for (String previousSessionId : subPaths)
+    {
+      List<CurrentState> previousCurrentStates =
+          _helixAccessor.getChildValues(keyBuilder.currentStates(_instanceName,
+                                                                 previousSessionId));
+
+      for (CurrentState previousCurrentState : previousCurrentStates)
+      {
+        if (!previousSessionId.equalsIgnoreCase(_sessionId))
+        {
+          logger.info("Carrying over old session:" + previousSessionId + " resource "
+              + previousCurrentState.getId() + " to new session:" + _sessionId);
+          String stateModelDefRef = previousCurrentState.getStateModelDefRef();
+          if (stateModelDefRef == null)
+          {
+            logger.error("pervious current state doesn't have a state model def. skip it. prevCS: "
+                + previousCurrentState);
+            continue;
+          }
+          StateModelDefinition stateModel =
+              _helixAccessor.getProperty(keyBuilder.stateModelDef(stateModelDefRef));
+          for (String partitionName : previousCurrentState.getPartitionStateMap()
+                                                          .keySet())
+          {
+
+            previousCurrentState.setState(partitionName, stateModel.getInitialState());
+          }
+          previousCurrentState.setSessionId(_sessionId);
+          _helixAccessor.setProperty(keyBuilder.currentState(_instanceName,
+                                                             _sessionId,
+                                                             previousCurrentState.getId()),
+                                     previousCurrentState);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // Deleted old current state
+    for (String previousSessionId : subPaths)
+    {
+      if (!previousSessionId.equalsIgnoreCase(_sessionId))
+      {
+        String path =
+            _helixAccessor.keyBuilder()
+                          .currentStates(_instanceName, previousSessionId)
+                          .getPath();
+        logger.info("Deleting previous current state. path: " + path + "/"
+            + previousSessionId);
+        _zkClient.deleteRecursive(path);
+
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized ZkHelixPropertyStore<ZNRecord> getHelixPropertyStore()
+  {
+    checkConnected();
+
+    if (_helixPropertyStore == null)
+    {
+      String path =
+          PropertyPathConfig.getPath(PropertyType.HELIX_PROPERTYSTORE, _clusterName);
+
+      _helixPropertyStore =
+          new ZkHelixPropertyStore<ZNRecord>(new ZkBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord>(_zkClient),
+                                             path,
+                                             null);
+    }
+
+    return _helixPropertyStore;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized HelixAdmin getClusterManagmentTool()
+  {
+    checkConnected();
+    if (_zkClient != null)
+    {
+      _managementTool = new ZKHelixAdmin(_zkClient);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      logger.error("Couldn't get ZKClusterManagementTool because zkClient is null");
+    }
+
+    return _managementTool;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ClusterMessagingService getMessagingService()
+  {
+    // The caller can register message handler factories on messaging service before the
+    // helix manager is connected. Thus we do not do connected check here.
+    return _messagingService;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ParticipantHealthReportCollector getHealthReportCollector()
+  {
+    checkConnected();
+    return _participantHealthCheckInfoCollector;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public InstanceType getInstanceType()
+  {
+    return _instanceType;
+  }
+
+  private void checkConnected()
+  {
+    if (!isConnected())
+    {
+      throw new HelixException("ClusterManager not connected. Call clusterManager.connect()");
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getVersion()
+  {
+    return _version;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public StateMachineEngine getStateMachineEngine()
+  {
+    return _stateMachEngine;
+  }
+
+  protected List<CallbackHandler> getHandlers()
+  {
+    return _handlers;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: rename this and not expose this function as part of interface
+  @Override
+  public void startTimerTasks()
+  {
+    for (HelixTimerTask task : _controllerTimerTasks)
+    {
+      task.start();
+    }
+    startStatusUpdatedumpTask();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void stopTimerTasks()
+  {
+    for (HelixTimerTask task : _controllerTimerTasks)
+    {
+      task.stop();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager.disconnect` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager._participantHealthCheckInfoCollector`. Potentially races with write in method `ZKHelixManager.handleNewSession()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZKHelixManager.disconnect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager.disconnect():void.0716666aec749e0a4d5d805dbaf9f743
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/manager/zk/ZKHelixManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ZKHelixManager.java|disconnect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+bf1a0224edcbe2aed15e679d6b13e8e6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9643/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9643/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84154cd8c95747e29d0f91f98ca2a9034945e1f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9643/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1473 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 82
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.manager.zk;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import javax.management.JMException;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+
+import org.apache.helix.BaseDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.ClusterMessagingService;
+import org.apache.helix.ConfigAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixAdmin;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixConstants.ChangeType;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixException;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManager;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManagerProperties;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManagerProperty;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixPropertyFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixTimerTask;
+import org.apache.helix.InstanceType;
+import org.apache.helix.LiveInstanceInfoProvider;
+import org.apache.helix.PreConnectCallback;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyKey;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyKey.Builder;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyPathBuilder;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyType;
+import org.apache.helix.SystemPropertyKeys;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ControllerChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.CurrentStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.CustomizedStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.CustomizedStateConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.CustomizedStateRootChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.CustomizedViewChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.CustomizedViewRootChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ExternalViewChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.IdealStateChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.InstanceConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.LiveInstanceChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.MessageListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ResourceConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ScopedConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.GenericHelixController;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportCollector;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl;
+import org.apache.helix.healthcheck.ParticipantHealthReportTask;
+import org.apache.helix.messaging.DefaultMessagingService;
+import org.apache.helix.model.BuiltInStateModelDefinitions;
+import org.apache.helix.model.HelixConfigScope.ConfigScopeProperty;
+import org.apache.helix.model.LiveInstance;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.ZKPathDataDumpTask;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.HelixCallbackMonitor;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.MonitorLevel;
+import org.apache.helix.msdcommon.exception.InvalidRoutingDataException;
+import org.apache.helix.participant.HelixStateMachineEngine;
+import org.apache.helix.participant.StateMachineEngine;
+import org.apache.helix.store.zk.AutoFallbackPropertyStore;
+import org.apache.helix.store.zk.ZkHelixPropertyStore;
+import org.apache.helix.util.HelixUtil;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.api.client.HelixZkClient;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.api.client.RealmAwareZkClient;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.datamodel.ZNRecord;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.impl.factory.DedicatedZkClientFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.impl.factory.HelixZkClientFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.impl.factory.SharedZkClientFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.zkclient.IZkStateListener;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.zkclient.exception.ZkInterruptedException;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.zkclient.serialize.PathBasedZkSerializer;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.EventType;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.datamodel.serializer.ChainedPathZkSerializer;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.datamodel.serializer.ZNRecordSerializer;
+
+public class ZKHelixManager implements HelixManager, IZkStateListener {
+  private static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ZKHelixManager.class);
+
+  public static final String ALLOW_PARTICIPANT_AUTO_JOIN = "allowParticipantAutoJoin";
+  private static final int FLAPPING_TIME_WINDOW = 300000; // Default to 300 sec
+  public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_DISCONNECT_THRESHOLD = 600; // Default to be a large number
+  private static final int DEFAULT_WAIT_CONNECTED_TIMEOUT = 10 * 1000;  // wait until connected for up to 10 seconds.
+
+  protected final String _zkAddress;
+  private final String _clusterName;
+  private final String _instanceName;
+  private final InstanceType _instanceType;
+  private final int _waitForConnectedTimeout; // wait time for testing connect
+  private final int _sessionTimeout; // client side session timeout, will be overridden by server timeout. Disconnect after timeout
+  private final int _connectionInitTimeout; // client timeout to init connect
+  private final List<PreConnectCallback> _preConnectCallbacks;
+  protected final List<CallbackHandler> _handlers;
+  private final HelixManagerProperties _properties;
+  private final HelixManagerProperty _helixManagerProperty;
+  private final HelixManagerStateListener _stateListener;
+
+  /**
+   * helix version#
+   */
+  private final String _version;
+  private int _reportLatency;
+
+  protected RealmAwareZkClient _zkclient;
+  private final DefaultMessagingService _messagingService;
+  private Map<ChangeType, HelixCallbackMonitor> _callbackMonitors;
+
+  private final MonitorLevel _monitorLevel;
+
+  private BaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> _baseDataAccessor;
+  private ZKHelixDataAccessor _dataAccessor;
+  private final Builder _keyBuilder;
+  private ConfigAccessor _configAccessor;
+  private ZkHelixPropertyStore<ZNRecord> _helixPropertyStore;
+  protected LiveInstanceInfoProvider _liveInstanceInfoProvider = null;
+
+  private volatile String _sessionId;
+
+  /**
+   * Keep track of timestamps that zk State has become Disconnected If in a _timeWindowLengthMs
+   * window zk State has become Disconnected for more than_maxDisconnectThreshold times disconnect
+   * the zkHelixManager
+   */
+  private final List<Long> _disconnectTimeHistory = new ArrayList<Long>();
+  private final int _flappingTimeWindowMs;
+  private final int _maxDisconnectThreshold;
+
+  /**
+   * participant fields
+   */
+  private final StateMachineEngine _stateMachineEngine;
+  private final List<HelixTimerTask> _timerTasks = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private final ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl _participantHealthInfoCollector;
+  private Long _sessionStartTime;
+  private ParticipantManager _participantManager;
+
+  /**
+   * controller fields
+   */
+  private GenericHelixController _controller;
+  private Set<Pipeline.Type> _enabledPipelineTypes;
+  private CallbackHandler _leaderElectionHandler = null;
+  protected final List<HelixTimerTask> _controllerTimerTasks = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  /**
+   * status dump timer-task
+   */
+  protected static class StatusDumpTask extends HelixTimerTask {
+    final HelixManager helixController;
+
+    public StatusDumpTask(HelixManager helixController) {
+      this.helixController = helixController;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void start() {
+      long initialDelay = 0;
+      long period = 15 * 60 * 1000;
+      long timeThresholdNoChangeForStatusUpdates = 15 * 60 * 1000; // 15 minutes
+      long timeThresholdNoChangeForErrors = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000; // 1 day
+      int maximumNumberOfLeafNodesAllowed = 100;
+
+      if (_timer == null) {
+        LOG.info("Start StatusDumpTask");
+        _timer = new Timer("StatusDumpTimerTask", true);
+        _timer.scheduleAtFixedRate(
+            new ZKPathDataDumpTask(helixController, timeThresholdNoChangeForStatusUpdates,
+                timeThresholdNoChangeForErrors, maximumNumberOfLeafNodesAllowed), initialDelay,
+            period);
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void stop() {
+      if (_timer != null) {
+        LOG.info("Stop StatusDumpTask");
+        _timer.cancel();
+        _timer = null;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public ZKHelixManager(String clusterName, String instanceName, InstanceType instanceType,
+      String zkAddress) {
+    this(clusterName, instanceName, instanceType, zkAddress, null);
+  }
+
+  public ZKHelixManager(String clusterName, String instanceName, InstanceType instanceType,
+      String zkAddress, HelixManagerStateListener stateListener) {
+    this(clusterName, instanceName, instanceType, zkAddress, stateListener,
+        HelixPropertyFactory.getInstance().getHelixManagerProperty(zkAddress, clusterName));
+  }
+
+  public ZKHelixManager(String clusterName, String instanceName, InstanceType instanceType,
+      String zkAddress, HelixManagerStateListener stateListener,
+      HelixManagerProperty helixManagerProperty) {
+
+    LOG.info("Create a zk-based cluster manager. zkSvr: " + zkAddress + ", clusterName: "
+        + clusterName + ", instanceName: " + instanceName + ", type: " + instanceType);
+
+    _zkAddress = zkAddress;
+    _clusterName = clusterName;
+    _instanceType = instanceType;
+
+    if (instanceName == null) {
+      try {
+        instanceName =
+            InetAddress.getLocalHost().getCanonicalHostName() + "-" + instanceType.toString();
+      } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+        // can ignore it
+        LOG.info("Unable to get host name. Will set it to UNKNOWN, mostly ignorable", e);
+        instanceName = "UNKNOWN";
+      }
+    }
+
+    _instanceName = instanceName;
+    _enabledPipelineTypes =
+        Sets.newHashSet(Pipeline.Type.DEFAULT, Pipeline.Type.TASK);
+    _preConnectCallbacks = new ArrayList<>();
+    _handlers = new ArrayList<>();
+    _properties = new HelixManagerProperties(SystemPropertyKeys.CLUSTER_MANAGER_VERSION);
+    _version = _properties.getVersion();
+
+    _keyBuilder = new Builder(clusterName);
+    _messagingService = new DefaultMessagingService(this);
+    try {
+      _callbackMonitors = new HashMap<>();
+      for (ChangeType changeType : ChangeType.values()) {
+        HelixCallbackMonitor callbackMonitor =
+            new HelixCallbackMonitor(instanceType, clusterName, instanceName, changeType);
+        callbackMonitor.register();
+        _callbackMonitors.put(changeType, callbackMonitor);
+      }
+    } catch (JMException e) {
+      LOG.error("Error in creating callback monitor.", e);
+    }
+
+    _stateListener = stateListener;
+    _helixManagerProperty = helixManagerProperty;
+
+    /**
+     * use system property if available
+     */
+    _flappingTimeWindowMs = HelixUtil.getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.FLAPPING_TIME_WINDOW,
+        ZKHelixManager.FLAPPING_TIME_WINDOW);
+
+    _maxDisconnectThreshold = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.MAX_DISCONNECT_THRESHOLD,
+            ZKHelixManager.DEFAULT_MAX_DISCONNECT_THRESHOLD);
+
+    _sessionTimeout = HelixUtil.getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.ZK_SESSION_TIMEOUT,
+        HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_SESSION_TIMEOUT);
+
+    _connectionInitTimeout = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.ZK_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT,
+            HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT);
+
+    _waitForConnectedTimeout = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.ZK_WAIT_CONNECTED_TIMEOUT,
+            DEFAULT_WAIT_CONNECTED_TIMEOUT);
+
+    _reportLatency = HelixUtil
+        .getSystemPropertyAsInt(SystemPropertyKeys.PARTICIPANT_HEALTH_REPORT_LATENCY,
+            ParticipantHealthReportTask.DEFAULT_REPORT_LATENCY);
+
+    MonitorLevel configuredMonitorLevel;
+    try {
+      configuredMonitorLevel = MonitorLevel.valueOf(
+          System.getProperty(SystemPropertyKeys.MONITOR_LEVEL, MonitorLevel.DEFAULT.name()));
+    } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+      LOG.warn("Unrecognizable Monitor Level configuration. Use DEFAULT monitor level.", ex);
+      configuredMonitorLevel = MonitorLevel.DEFAULT;
+    }
+    _monitorLevel = configuredMonitorLevel;
+
+    /**
+     * instance type specific init
+     */
+    switch (instanceType) {
+    case PARTICIPANT:
+      _stateMachineEngine = new HelixStateMachineEngine(this);
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector =
+          new ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl(this, _instanceName);
+      _timerTasks
+          .add(new ParticipantHealthReportTask(_participantHealthInfoCollector, _reportLatency));
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER:
+      _stateMachineEngine = null;
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector = null;
+      _controllerTimerTasks.add(new StatusDumpTask(this));
+
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT:
+      _stateMachineEngine = new HelixStateMachineEngine(this);
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector =
+          new ParticipantHealthReportCollectorImpl(this, _instanceName);
+
+      _timerTasks
+          .add(new ParticipantHealthReportTask(_participantHealthInfoCollector, _reportLatency));
+      _controllerTimerTasks.add(new StatusDumpTask(this));
+      break;
+    case ADMINISTRATOR:
+    case SPECTATOR:
+      _stateMachineEngine = null;
+      _participantHealthInfoCollector = null;
+      break;
+    default:
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("unrecognized type: " + instanceType);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setEnabledControlPipelineTypes(Set<Pipeline.Type> types) {
+    if (!InstanceType.CONTROLLER.equals(_instanceType) && !InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT
+        .equals(_instanceType)) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException(
+          String.format("Cannot enable control pipeline for instance type %s", _instanceType));
+    }
+    _enabledPipelineTypes = types;
+  }
+
+  @Override public boolean removeListener(PropertyKey key, Object listener) {
+    LOG.info("Removing listener: " + listener + " on path: " + key.getPath() + " from cluster: "
+        + _clusterName + " by instance: " + _instanceName);
+
+    synchronized (this) {
+      List<CallbackHandler> toRemove = new ArrayList<>();
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : _handlers) {
+        // compare property-key path and listener reference
+        if (handler.getPath().equals(key.getPath()) && handler.getListener().equals(listener)) {
+          toRemove.add(handler);
+        }
+      }
+
+      _handlers.removeAll(toRemove);
+
+      // handler.reset() may modify the handlers list, so do it outside the iteration
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : toRemove) {
+        handler.reset(true);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void checkConnected() {
+    checkConnected(-1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if HelixManager is connected, if it is not connected,
+   * wait for the specified timeout and check again before return.
+   *
+   * @param timeout
+   */
+  void checkConnected(long timeout) {
+    if (_zkclient == null || _zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      throw new HelixException(
+          "HelixManager (ZkClient) is not connected. Call HelixManager#connect()");
+    }
+
+    boolean isConnected = isConnected();
+    if (!isConnected && timeout > 0) {
+      LOG.warn(
+          "zkClient to " + _zkAddress + " is not connected, wait for " + _waitForConnectedTimeout
+              + "ms.");
+      isConnected = _zkclient.waitUntilConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    if (!isConnected) {
+      LOG.error("zkClient is not connected after waiting " + timeout + "ms."
+          + ", clusterName: " + _clusterName + ", zkAddress: " + _zkAddress);
+      throw new HelixException(
+          "HelixManager is not connected within retry timeout for cluster " + _clusterName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void addListener(Object listener, PropertyKey propertyKey, ChangeType changeType,
+      EventType[] eventType) {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+
+    PropertyType type = propertyKey.getType();
+
+    synchronized (this) {
+      for (CallbackHandler handler : _handlers) {
+        // compare property-key path and listener reference
+        if (handler.getPath().equals(propertyKey.getPath())
+            && handler.getListener().equals(listener)) {
+          LOG.info("Listener: " + listener + " on path: " + propertyKey.getPath()
+              + " already exists. skip add");
+
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      CallbackHandler newHandler =
+          new CallbackHandler(this, _zkclient, propertyKey, listener, eventType, changeType,
+              _callbackMonitors.get(changeType));
+
+      _handlers.add(newHandler);
+      LOG.info("Added listener: " + listener + " for type: " + type + " to path: "
+          + newHandler.getPath());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addIdealStateChangeListener(final IdealStateChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).idealStates(), ChangeType.IDEAL_STATE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addIdealStateChangeListener(final org.apache.helix.IdealStateChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).idealStates(), ChangeType.IDEAL_STATE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addLiveInstanceChangeListener(LiveInstanceChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).liveInstances(), ChangeType.LIVE_INSTANCE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addLiveInstanceChangeListener(org.apache.helix.LiveInstanceChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).liveInstances(), ChangeType.LIVE_INSTANCE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addConfigChangeListener(ConfigChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).instanceConfigs(), ChangeType.INSTANCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addInstanceConfigChangeListener(InstanceConfigChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).instanceConfigs(), ChangeType.INSTANCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addInstanceConfigChangeListener(org.apache.helix.InstanceConfigChangeListener listener)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).instanceConfigs(), ChangeType.INSTANCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addResourceConfigChangeListener(ResourceConfigChangeListener listener) throws Exception{
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).resourceConfigs(), ChangeType.RESOURCE_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCustomizedStateConfigChangeListener(
+      CustomizedStateConfigChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).customizedStateConfig(),
+        ChangeType.CUSTOMIZED_STATE_CONFIG, new EventType[] {
+            EventType.NodeDataChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addClusterfigChangeListener(ClusterConfigChangeListener listener) throws Exception{
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).clusterConfig(), ChangeType.CLUSTER_CONFIG,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeDataChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addConfigChangeListener(ScopedConfigChangeListener listener, ConfigScopeProperty scope)
+      throws Exception {
+    Builder keyBuilder = new Builder(_clusterName);
+
+    PropertyKey propertyKey = null;
+    switch (scope) {
+    case CLUSTER:
+      propertyKey = keyBuilder.clusterConfigs();
+      break;
+    case PARTICIPANT:
+      propertyKey = keyBuilder.instanceConfigs();
+      break;
+    case RESOURCE:
+      propertyKey = keyBuilder.resourceConfigs();
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (propertyKey != null) {
+      addListener(listener, propertyKey, ChangeType.CONFIG, new EventType[] {
+        EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+      });
+    } else {
+      LOG.error("Can't add listener to config scope: " + scope);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addConfigChangeListener(org.apache.helix.ScopedConfigChangeListener listener, ConfigScopeProperty scope)
+      throws Exception {
+    addConfigChangeListener((ScopedConfigChangeListener) listener, scope);
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Decide if do we still need this since we are exposing
+  // ClusterMessagingService
+  @Override
+  public void addMessageListener(MessageListener listener, String instanceName) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).messages(instanceName), ChangeType.MESSAGE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addMessageListener(org.apache.helix.MessageListener listener, String instanceName) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).messages(instanceName), ChangeType.MESSAGE,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerMessageListener(MessageListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controllerMessages(),
+        ChangeType.MESSAGES_CONTROLLER, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerMessageListener(org.apache.helix.MessageListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controllerMessages(),
+        ChangeType.MESSAGES_CONTROLLER, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCurrentStateChangeListener(CurrentStateChangeListener listener,
+      String instanceName, String sessionId) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).currentStates(instanceName, sessionId),
+        ChangeType.CURRENT_STATE, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addCurrentStateChangeListener(org.apache.helix.CurrentStateChangeListener listener,
+      String instanceName, String sessionId) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).currentStates(instanceName, sessionId),
+        ChangeType.CURRENT_STATE, new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCustomizedStateRootChangeListener(CustomizedStateRootChangeListener listener,
+      String instanceName) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).customizedStatesRoot(instanceName),
+        ChangeType.CUSTOMIZED_STATE_ROOT, new EventType[]{EventType.NodeChildrenChanged});
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCustomizedStateChangeListener(CustomizedStateChangeListener listener,
+      String instanceName, String customizedStateType) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener,
+        new Builder(_clusterName).customizedStates(instanceName, customizedStateType),
+        ChangeType.CUSTOMIZED_STATE, new EventType[]{EventType.NodeChildrenChanged});
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addExternalViewChangeListener(ExternalViewChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).externalViews(), ChangeType.EXTERNAL_VIEW,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCustomizedViewChangeListener(CustomizedViewChangeListener listener, String customizedStateType)
+      throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).customizedView(customizedStateType),
+        ChangeType.CUSTOMIZED_VIEW, new EventType[] {
+            EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addCustomizedViewRootChangeListener(CustomizedViewRootChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).customizedViews(),
+        ChangeType.CUSTOMIZED_VIEW_ROOT, new EventType[] {
+            EventType.NodeChildrenChanged
+        });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addTargetExternalViewChangeListener(ExternalViewChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).externalViews(), ChangeType.TARGET_EXTERNAL_VIEW,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addExternalViewChangeListener(org.apache.helix.ExternalViewChangeListener listener) throws Exception {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).externalViews(), ChangeType.EXTERNAL_VIEW,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerListener(ControllerChangeListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controller(), ChangeType.CONTROLLER,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  @Override
+  public void addControllerListener(org.apache.helix.ControllerChangeListener listener) {
+    addListener(listener, new Builder(_clusterName).controller(), ChangeType.CONTROLLER,
+        new EventType[] { EventType.NodeChildrenChanged });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public HelixDataAccessor getHelixDataAccessor() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    return _dataAccessor;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ConfigAccessor getConfigAccessor() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    return _configAccessor;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getClusterName() {
+    return _clusterName;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a string that can be used to connect to metadata store for this HelixManager instance
+   * i.e. for ZkHelixManager, this will have format "{zookeeper-address}:{port}"
+   * @return a string used to connect to metadata store
+   */
+  @Override
+  public String getMetadataStoreConnectionString() {
+    return _zkAddress;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getInstanceName() {
+    return _instanceName;
+  }
+
+  BaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> createBaseDataAccessor() {
+    ZkBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> baseDataAccessor = new ZkBaseDataAccessor<>(_zkclient);
+    return baseDataAccessor;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add Helix built-in state model definitions if not exist
+   */
+  private void addBuiltInStateModelDefinitions() {
+    for (BuiltInStateModelDefinitions def : BuiltInStateModelDefinitions.values()) {
+      // creation succeeds only if not exist
+      _dataAccessor.createStateModelDef(def.getStateModelDefinition());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean isMonitorRootPathOnly() {
+    switch (_monitorLevel) {
+    case ALL:
+      return false;
+    case AGGREGATED_ONLY:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      // Otherwise, apply the default policy. Emitting full metrics for controllers only.
+      return !_instanceType.equals(InstanceType.CONTROLLER) && !_instanceType
+          .equals(InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void createClient() throws Exception {
+    final RealmAwareZkClient newClient = createSingleRealmZkClient();
+
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (_zkclient != null) {
+        _zkclient.close();
+      }
+      _zkclient = newClient;
+
+      _baseDataAccessor = createBaseDataAccessor();
+
+      _dataAccessor = new ZKHelixDataAccessor(_clusterName, _instanceType, _baseDataAccessor);
+      _configAccessor = new ConfigAccessor(_zkclient);
+
+      if (_instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER
+          || _instanceType == InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT) {
+        addBuiltInStateModelDefinitions();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // subscribe to state change
+    _zkclient.subscribeStateChanges(this);
+    int retryCount = 0;
+    while (retryCount < 3) {
+      try {
+        final long sessionId =
+            _zkclient.waitForEstablishedSession(_connectionInitTimeout, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        handleStateChanged(KeeperState.SyncConnected);
+        /*
+         * This listener is subscribed after SyncConnected and firing new session events,
+         * which means this listener has not yet handled new session, so we have to handle new
+         * session here just for this listener.
+         */
+        handleNewSession(ZKUtil.toHexSessionId(sessionId));
+        break;
+      } catch (HelixException e) {
+        LOG.error("fail to createClient.", e);
+        throw e;
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        retryCount++;
+        LOG.error("fail to createClient. retry " + retryCount, e);
+        if (retryCount == 3) {
+          throw e;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void connect() throws Exception {
+    LOG.info("ClusterManager.connect()");
+    if (isConnected()) {
+      LOG.warn("Cluster manager: " + _instanceName + " for cluster: " + _clusterName
+          + " already connected. skip connect");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    switch (_instanceType) {
+    case CONTROLLER:
+    case CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT:
+      if (_controller == null) {
+        _controller = new GenericHelixController(_clusterName, _enabledPipelineTypes);
+        _messagingService.getExecutor().setController(_controller);
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      createClient();
+      _messagingService.onConnected();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.error("fail to connect " + _instanceName, e);
+      try {
+        disconnect();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        // if zk connection fails to be created, disconnect may throw exception about reporting disconnect to ZK.
+      }
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void disconnect() {
+    if (_zkclient == null || _zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      LOG.info("instanceName: " + _instanceName + " already disconnected");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    LOG.info("disconnect " + _instanceName + "(" + _instanceType + ") from " + _clusterName);
+
+    try {
+      /**
+       * stop all timer tasks
+       */
+      stopTimerTasks();
+
+      /**
+       * shutdown thread pool first to avoid reset() being invoked in the middle of state
+       * transition
+       */
+      _messagingService.getExecutor().shutdown();
+
+      // TODO reset user defined handlers only
+      // TODO Fix the issue that when connection disconnected, reset handlers will be blocked. -- JJ
+      // This is because reset logic contains ZK operations.
+      resetHandlers(true);
+
+      if (_leaderElectionHandler != null) {
+        _leaderElectionHandler.reset(true);
+      }
+
+    } finally {
+      GenericHelixController controller = _controller;
+      if (controller != null) {
+        try {
+          controller.shutdown();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          LOG.info("Interrupted shutting down GenericHelixController", e);
+        }
+      }
+
+      ParticipantManager participantManager = _participantManager;
+      if (participantManager != null) {
+        participantManager.disconnect();
+      }
+
+      for (HelixCallbackMonitor callbackMonitor : _callbackMonitors.values()) {
+        callbackMonitor.unregister();
+      }
+
+      _helixPropertyStore = null;
+
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_controller != null) {
+          _controller = null;
+          _leaderElectionHandler = null;
+        }
+
+        if (_participantManager != null) {
+          _participantManager = null;
+        }
+
+        if (_zkclient != null) {
+          _zkclient.close();
+        }
+      }
+      _sessionStartTime = null;
+      LOG.info("Cluster manager: " + _instanceName + " disconnected");
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getSessionId() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    // TODO: session id should be updated after zk client is connected.
+    // Otherwise, this session id might be an expired one.
+    return _sessionId;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isConnected() {
+    if (_zkclient == null || _zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Don't check ZkConnection state, which is different from ZkClient's watcher state.
+    // ZkConnection state is the internal state of the connection, which can be different from the
+    // ZkClient state due to internal thread/retry logic.
+    try {
+      return _zkclient.waitUntilConnected(0, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    } catch (ZkInterruptedException ex) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public long getLastNotificationTime() {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addPreConnectCallback(PreConnectCallback callback) {
+    LOG.info("Adding preconnect callback: " + callback);
+    _preConnectCallbacks.add(callback);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isLeader() {
+    String warnLogPrefix = String
+        .format("Instance %s is not leader of cluster %s due to", _instanceName, _clusterName);
+    if (_instanceType != InstanceType.CONTROLLER
+        && _instanceType != InstanceType.CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT) {
+      LOG.warn(String
+          .format("%s instance type %s does not match to CONTROLLER/CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT",
+              warnLogPrefix, _instanceType.name()));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!isConnected()) {
+      LOG.warn(String.format("%s HelixManager is not connected", warnLogPrefix));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      LiveInstance leader = _dataAccessor.getProperty(_keyBuilder.controllerLeader());
+      if (leader != null) {
+        String leaderName = leader.getInstanceName();
+        String sessionId = leader.getEphemeralOwner();
+        if (leaderName != null && leaderName.equals(_instanceName) && sessionId
+            .equals(_sessionId)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        LOG.warn(String
+            .format("%s current session %s does not match leader session %s", warnLogPrefix,
+                _sessionId, sessionId));
+      } else {
+        LOG.warn(String.format("%s leader ZNode is null", warnLogPrefix));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.warn(String.format("%s exception happen when session check", warnLogPrefix), e);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized ZkHelixPropertyStore<ZNRecord> getHelixPropertyStore() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+
+    if (_helixPropertyStore == null) {
+      String path = PropertyPathBuilder.propertyStore(_clusterName);
+      String fallbackPath = String.format("/%s/%s", _clusterName, "HELIX_PROPERTYSTORE");
+      _helixPropertyStore =
+          new AutoFallbackPropertyStore<>(new ZkBaseDataAccessor<>(_zkclient),
+              path, fallbackPath);
+    }
+
+    return _helixPropertyStore;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized HelixAdmin getClusterManagmentTool() {
+    checkConnected(_waitForConnectedTimeout);
+    if (_zkclient != null && !_zkclient.isClosed()) {
+      return new ZKHelixAdmin(_zkclient);
+    }
+
+    LOG.error("Couldn't get ZKClusterManagementTool because zkclient is null");
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ClusterMessagingService getMessagingService() {
+    // The caller can register message handler factories on messaging service before the
+    // helix manager is connected. Thus we do not do connected check here.
+    return _messagingService;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public InstanceType getInstanceType() {
+    return _instanceType;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getVersion() {
+    return _version;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public HelixManagerProperties getProperties() {
+    return _properties;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public StateMachineEngine getStateMachineEngine() {
+    return _stateMachineEngine;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: rename this and not expose this function as part of interface
+  @Override
+  public void startTimerTasks() {
+    for (HelixTimerTask task : _timerTasks) {
+      task.start();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void stopTimerTasks() {
+    for (HelixTimerTask task : _timerTasks) {
+      task.stop();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setLiveInstanceInfoProvider(LiveInstanceInfoProvider liveInstanceInfoProvider) {
+    _liveInstanceInfoProvider = liveInstanceInfoProvider;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * wait until we get a non-zero session-id. note that we might lose zkconnection
+   * right after we read session-id. but it's ok to get stale session-id and we will have
+   * another handle-new-session callback to correct this.
+   */
+  void waitUntilConnected() {
+    boolean isConnected;
+    do {
+      isConnected =
+          _zkclient.waitUntilConnected(HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+      if (!isConnected) {
+        LOG.error("fail to connect zkserver: " + _zkAddress + " in "
+            + HelixZkClient.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + "ms. expiredSessionId: " + _sessionId
+            + ", clusterName: " + _clusterName);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      _sessionId = ZKUtil.toHexSessionId(_zkclient.getSessionId());
+
+      /**
+       * at the time we read session-id, zkconnection might be lost again
+       * wait until we get a non-zero session-id
+       */
+    } while (!isConnected || "0".equals(_sessionId));
+
+    LOG.info("Handling new session, session id: " + _sessionId + ", instance: " + _instanceName
+        + ", instanceTye: " + _instanceType + ", cluster: " + _clusterName);
+  }
+
+  void initHandlers(List<CallbackHandler> handlers) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (handlers != null) {
+        // get a copy of the list and iterate over the copy list
+        // in case handler.init() modifies the original handler list
+        List<CallbackHandler> tmpHandlers = new ArrayList<>(handlers);
+        for (CallbackHandler handler : tmpHandlers) {
+          handler.init();
+          LOG.info("init handler: " + handler.getPath() + ", " + handler.getListener());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void resetHandlers(boolean isShutdown) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (_handlers != null) {
+        // get a copy of the list and iterate over the copy list
+        // in case handler.reset() modifies the original handler list
+        List<CallbackHandler> tmpHandlers = new ArrayList<>(_handlers);
+        for (CallbackHandler handler : tmpHandlers) {
+          handler.reset(isShutdown);
+          LOG.info("reset handler: " + handler.getPath() + ", " + handler.getListener());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * If zk state has changed into Disconnected for maxDisconnectThreshold times during previous
+   * timeWindowLengthMs Ms
+   * time window, we think that there are something wrong going on and disconnect the zkHelixManager
+   * from zk.
+   */
+  boolean isFlapping() {
+    if (_disconnectTimeHistory.size() == 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    long mostRecentTimestamp = _disconnectTimeHistory.get(_disconnectTimeHistory.size() - 1);
+
+    // Remove disconnect history timestamp that are older than flappingTimeWindowMs ago
+    while ((_disconnectTimeHistory.get(0) + _flappingTimeWindowMs) < mostRecentTimestamp) {
+      _disconnectTimeHistory.remove(0);
+    }
+    return _disconnectTimeHistory.size() > _maxDisconnectThreshold;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleStateChanged(KeeperState state) {
+    switch (state) {
+    case SyncConnected:
+      LOG.info("KeeperState: " + state + ", instance: " + _instanceName + ", type: " + _instanceType);
+      break;
+    case Disconnected:
+      /**
+       * Track the time stamp that the disconnected happens, then check history and see if
+       * we should disconnect the helix-manager
+       */
+      _disconnectTimeHistory.add(System.currentTimeMillis());
+      if (isFlapping()) {
+        String errorMsg = "instanceName: " + _instanceName + " is flapping. disconnect it. "
+            + " maxDisconnectThreshold: " + _maxDisconnectThreshold + " disconnects in "
+            + _flappingTimeWindowMs + "ms.";
+        LOG.error(errorMsg);
+
+        // Only disable the instance when it's instance type is PARTICIPANT
+        if (_instanceType.equals(InstanceType.PARTICIPANT)) {
+          LOG.warn("instanceName: " + _instanceName
+              + " is flapping. Since it is a participant, disable it.");
+          try {
+            getClusterManagmentTool().enableInstance(_clusterName, _instanceName, false);
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Failed to disable participant before disconnecting participant.", e);
+          }
+        }
+
+        try {
+          // TODO Call disconnect in another thread.
+          // handleStateChanged is triggered in ZkClient eventThread. The disconnect logic will
+          // interrupt this thread. This issue prevents the ZkClient.close() from complete. So the
+          // client is left in a strange state.
+          disconnect();
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+          LOG.error("Disconnect HelixManager is not completely done.", ex);
+        }
+
+        if (_stateListener != null) {
+          try {
+            _stateListener.onDisconnected(this, new HelixException(errorMsg));
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.warn("stateListener.onDisconnected callback fails", e);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    // if not flapping, share the continuous logic with Expired case
+    case Expired:
+      LOG.warn("KeeperState:" + state + ", SessionId: " + _sessionId + ", instance: "
+          + _instanceName + ", type: " + _instanceType);
+      break;
+    default:
+      LOG.info("KeeperState:" + state + ", currentSessionId: " + _sessionId + ", instance: "
+          + _instanceName + ", type: " + _instanceType);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Called after zookeeper session has expired and a new session has been established. This method
+   * may cause session race condition when creating ephemeral nodes. Internally, this method calls
+   * {@link #handleNewSession(String)} with a null value as the sessionId parameter, which results
+   * in later creating the ephemeral node in the session of the latest zk connection.
+   * But please note that the session of the latest zk connection might not be the expected session.
+   * This is the session race condition issue.
+   *
+   * To avoid the race condition issue, please use {@link #handleNewSession(String)}.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   * This method is deprecated, because it may cause session race condition when creating ephemeral
+   * nodes. It is kept for backward compatibility in case a user class extends this class.
+   *
+   * Please use {@link #handleNewSession(String)} instead, which takes care of race condition.
+   *
+   * @throws Exception If any error occurs.
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public void handleNewSession() throws Exception {
+    handleNewSession(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Called after the zookeeper session has expired and a new session has been established. This
+   * methods handles a new session with its session id passed in. Before handling, this method
+   * waits until zk client is connected to zk service and gets a non-zero session id(current actual
+   * session id). If the passed-in(expected) session id does not match current actual session id,
+   * the expected session id is expired and will NOT be handled.
+   *
+   * @param sessionId the new session's id. The ephemeral nodes are expected to be created in this
+   *                  session. If this session id is expired, ephemeral nodes should not be created.
+   * @throws Exception if any error occurs during handling new session
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void handleNewSession(String sessionId) throws Exception {
+    /*
+     * TODO: after removing I0ItecIZkStateListenerImpl, null session should be checked and
+     *  discarded.
+     * Null session is still a special case here, which is treated as non-session aware operation.
+     * This special case could still potentially cause race condition, so null session should NOT
+     * be acceptable, once I0ItecIZkStateListenerImpl is removed. Currently this special case
+     * is kept for backward compatibility.
+     */
+
+    // Wait until we get a non-zero session id. Otherwise, getSessionId() might be null.
+    waitUntilConnected();
+
+    /*
+     * Filter out stale sessions. If a session id is not null and not the same as current session
+     * id, this session is expired. With this filtering, expired sessions are NOT handled,
+     * so performance is expected to improve.
+     */
+    if (sessionId != null && !getSessionId().equals(sessionId)) {
+      LOG.warn("Session is expired and not handled. Expected: {}. Actual: {}.", sessionId,
+          getSessionId());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * When a null session id is passed in, we will take current session's id for following
+     * operations. Please note that current session might not be the one we expect to handle,
+     * because the one we expect might be already expired when the zk event is waiting in the
+     * event queue. Why we use current session here is for backward compatibility with the old
+     * method handleNewSession().
+     */
+    if (sessionId == null) {
+      sessionId = getSessionId();
+      LOG.debug("Session id: <null> is passed in. Current session id: {} will be used.", sessionId);
+    }
+
+    LOG.info("Handle new session, instance: {}, type: {}, session id: {}.", _instanceName,
+        _instanceType,  sessionId);
+
+    /**
+     * stop all timer tasks, reset all handlers, make sure cleanup completed for previous session
+     * disconnect if fail to cleanup
+     */
+    stopTimerTasks();
+    if (_leaderElectionHandler != null) {
+      _leaderElectionHandler.reset(false);
+    }
+    resetHandlers(false);
+
+    /**
+     * clean up write-through cache
+     */
+    _baseDataAccessor.reset();
+
+    /**
+     * from here on, we are dealing with new session
+     */
+    if (!ZKUtil.isClusterSetup(_clusterName, _zkclient)) {
+      throw new HelixException("Cluster structure is not set up for cluster: " + _clusterName);
+    }
+
+    _sessionStartTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    switch (_instanceType) {
+    case PARTICIPANT:
+      handleNewSessionAsParticipant(sessionId);
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER:
+      handleNewSessionAsController();
+      break;
+    case CONTROLLER_PARTICIPANT:
+      handleNewSessionAsParticipant(sessionId);
+      handleNewSessionAsController();
+      break;
+    case ADMINISTRATOR:
+    case SPECTATOR:
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    startTimerTasks();
+
+    /**
+     * init handlers
+     * ok to init message handler and data-accessor twice
+     * the second init will be skipped (see CallbackHandler)
+     */
+    initHandlers(_handlers);
+
+    if (_stateListener != null) {
+      try {
+        _stateListener.onConnected(this);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LOG.warn("stateListener.onConnected callback fails", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void handleNewSessionAsParticipant(final String sessionId) throws Exception {
+    if (_participantManager != null) {
+      _participantManager.reset();
+    }
+    _participantManager =
+        new ParticipantManager(this, _zkclient, _sessionTimeout, _liveInstanceInfoProvider,
+            _preConnectCallbacks, sessionId, _helixManagerProperty);
+    _participantManager.handleNewSession();
+  }
+
+  // TODO: pass in session id and make this method session aware to avoid potential session race
+  //  condition.
+  void handleNewSessionAsController() {
+    if (_leaderElectionHandler != null) {
+      _leaderElectionHandler.init();
+    } else {
+      _leaderElectionHandler =
+          new CallbackHandler(this, _zkclient, _keyBuilder.controller(),
+              new DistributedLeaderElection(this, _controller, _controllerTimerTasks),
+              new EventType[] {
+                  EventType.NodeChildrenChanged, EventType.NodeDeleted, EventType.NodeCreated
+              }, ChangeType.CONTROLLER, _callbackMonitors.get(ChangeType.CONTROLLER));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ParticipantHealthReportCollector getHealthReportCollector() {
+    return _participantHealthInfoCollector;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleSessionEstablishmentError(Throwable error) throws Exception {
+    LOG.warn("Handling Session Establishment Error. Disconnect Helix Manager.", error);
+    disconnect();
+
+    if (_stateListener != null) {
+      _stateListener.onDisconnected(this, error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Long getSessionStartTime() {
+    return _sessionStartTime;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Prepares connection config and client config based on the internal parameters given to
+   * HelixManager in order to create a ZkClient instance to use. Note that a shared ZkClient
+   * instance will be created if connecting as an ADMINISTRATOR to minimize the cost of creating
+   * ZkConnections.
+   */
+  private RealmAwareZkClient createSingleRealmZkClient() {
+    final String shardingKey = buildShardingKey();
+    PathBasedZkSerializer zkSerializer =
+        ChainedPathZkSerializer.builder(new ZNRecordSerializer()).build();
+
+    RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkConnectionConfig connectionConfig =
+        new RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkConnectionConfig.Builder()
+            .setRealmMode(RealmAwareZkClient.RealmMode.SINGLE_REALM)
+            .setZkRealmShardingKey(shardingKey)
+            .setSessionTimeout(_sessionTimeout).build();
+
+    RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkClientConfig clientConfig =
+        new RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkClientConfig();
+
+    clientConfig.setZkSerializer(zkSerializer)
+        .setConnectInitTimeout(_connectionInitTimeout)
+        .setMonitorType(_instanceType.name())
+        .setMonitorKey(_clusterName)
+        .setMonitorInstanceName(_instanceName)
+        .setMonitorRootPathOnly(isMonitorRootPathOnly());
+
+    if (_instanceType == InstanceType.ADMINISTRATOR) {
+      return resolveZkClient(SharedZkClientFactory.getInstance(), connectionConfig,
+          clientConfig);
+    }
+
+    return resolveZkClient(DedicatedZkClientFactory.getInstance(), connectionConfig,
+        clientConfig);
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Resolves what type of ZkClient this HelixManager should use based on whether MULTI_ZK_ENABLED
+   * System config is set or not. Two types of ZkClients are available:
+   * 1) If MULTI_ZK_ENABLED is set to true, we create a dedicated RealmAwareZkClient
+   * that provides full ZkClient functionalities and connects to the correct ZK by querying
+   * MetadataStoreDirectoryService.
+   * 2) Otherwise, we create a dedicated HelixZkClient which plainly connects to
+   * the ZK address given.
+   */
+  private RealmAwareZkClient resolveZkClient(HelixZkClientFactory zkClientFactory,
+      RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkConnectionConfig connectionConfig,
+      RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkClientConfig clientConfig) {
+    if (Boolean.getBoolean(SystemPropertyKeys.MULTI_ZK_ENABLED)) {
+      try {
+        // Create realm-aware ZkClient.
+        return zkClientFactory.buildZkClient(connectionConfig, clientConfig);
+      } catch (IllegalArgumentException | IOException | InvalidRoutingDataException e) {
+        throw new HelixException("Not able to connect on realm-aware mode for sharding key: "
+            + connectionConfig.getZkRealmShardingKey(), e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If multi-zk mode is not enabled, create HelixZkClient with the provided zk address.
+    HelixZkClient.ZkClientConfig helixZkClientConfig = clientConfig.createHelixZkClientConfig();
+    HelixZkClient.ZkConnectionConfig helixZkConnectionConfig =
+        new HelixZkClient.ZkConnectionConfig(_zkAddress)
+            .setSessionTimeout(connectionConfig.getSessionTimeout());
+
+    return zkClientFactory.buildZkClient(helixZkConnectionConfig, helixZkClientConfig);
+  }
+
+  private String buildShardingKey() {
+    return _clusterName.charAt(0) == '/' ? _clusterName : "/" + _clusterName;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager.disconnect` indirectly writes to field `record.org.apache.helix.zookeeper.datamodel.ZNRecord._creationTime` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZKHelixManager.disconnect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixManager.disconnect():void.0716666aec749e0a4d5d805dbaf9f743
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/manager/zk/ZKHelixManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ZKHelixManager.java|disconnect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+03f7ce288fda7903fddaa73fecd5162f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9650/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9650/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a71cf8fc8c4c8819e7955dac6a1950d157a6474f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9650/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.linkedin.clustermanager;
+
+import org.testng.AssertJUnit;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.Mocks.MockManager;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.Mocks.MockStateModel;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.Mocks.MockStateModelAnnotated;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.messaging.handling.CMStateTransitionHandler;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.messaging.handling.CMTaskHandler;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.Message;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.Message.MessageType;
+
+public class TestCMTaskHandler
+{
+  @Test
+  public void testInvocation() throws Exception
+  {
+    System.out.println("TestCMTaskHandler.testInvocation()");
+    Message message = new Message(MessageType.STATE_TRANSITION);
+    message.setSrcName("cm-instance-0");
+    message.setTgtSessionId("1234");
+    message.setFromState("Offline");
+    message.setToState("Slave");
+    message.setStateUnitKey("Teststateunitkey");
+    message.setId("Some unique id");
+    message.setMsgId("Some unique message id");
+    message.setStateUnitGroup("TeststateunitGroup");
+    MockStateModel stateModel = new MockStateModel();
+    NotificationContext context;
+
+    context = new NotificationContext(new MockManager());
+    CMTaskHandler handler;
+    handler = new CMTaskHandler(message, context, null, null);
+    handler.call();
+    AssertJUnit.assertTrue(stateModel.stateModelInvoked);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testInvocationAnnotated() throws Exception
+  {
+    System.out.println("TestCMTaskHandler.testInvocationAnnotated()");
+    Message message = new Message(MessageType.STATE_TRANSITION);
+    message.setSrcName("cm-instance-0");
+    message.setTgtSessionId("1234");
+    message.setFromState("Offline");
+    message.setToState("Slave");
+    message.setStateUnitKey("Teststateunitkey");
+    message.setId("Some unique id");
+    message.setMsgId("Some unique message id");
+    MockStateModelAnnotated stateModel = new MockStateModelAnnotated();
+    NotificationContext context;
+
+    context = new NotificationContext(new MockManager());
+    CMTaskHandler handler;
+    handler = new CMTaskHandler(message, context, null, null);
+    handler.call();
+    AssertJUnit.assertTrue(stateModel.stateModelInvoked);
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `handler._handler` last assigned on line 56 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `call()` at line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestCMTaskHandler.testInvocationAnnotated()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.linkedin.clustermanager.TestCMTaskHandler.testInvocationAnnotated():void.4df909ae307e04de54cfcc35a9d7bd0f
+
+### File:
+cluster-manager-core/src/test/java/com/linkedin/clustermanager/TestCMTaskHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestCMTaskHandler.java|testInvocationAnnotated|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8a8ed94e6e4aa567b978b7dd6030750f
+
+### Hash:
+45f82ff4aa91c1332c63e0ab930851e3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9656/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9656/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f440cbbaef3ad6f872278412922bc589ac8229f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9656/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 66
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2020 The OSHI Project Contributors: https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.Memory; // NOSONAR squid:S1191
+import com.sun.jna.Native;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Advapi32Util;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Kernel32;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.PowrProf.POWER_INFORMATION_LEVEL;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.VersionHelpers;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Win32Exception;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinBase;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinBase.SYSTEM_INFO;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinReg;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.WbemcliUtil.WmiResult;
+
+import oshi.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import oshi.driver.windows.LogicalProcessorInformation;
+import oshi.driver.windows.perfmon.ProcessorInformation;
+import oshi.driver.windows.perfmon.ProcessorInformation.InterruptsProperty;
+import oshi.driver.windows.perfmon.ProcessorInformation.ProcessorFrequencyProperty;
+import oshi.driver.windows.perfmon.ProcessorInformation.ProcessorTickCountProperty;
+import oshi.driver.windows.perfmon.ProcessorInformation.SystemTickCountProperty;
+import oshi.driver.windows.perfmon.SystemInformation;
+import oshi.driver.windows.perfmon.SystemInformation.ContextSwitchProperty;
+import oshi.driver.windows.wmi.Win32Processor;
+import oshi.driver.windows.wmi.Win32Processor.ProcessorIdProperty;
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractCentralProcessor;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.PowrProf;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.PowrProf.ProcessorPowerInformation;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil;
+import oshi.util.tuples.Pair;
+
+/**
+ * A CPU, representing all of a system's processors. It may contain multiple
+ * individual Physical and Logical processors.
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+final class WindowsCentralProcessor extends AbstractCentralProcessor {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WindowsCentralProcessor.class);
+
+    // populated by initProcessorCounts called by the parent constructor
+    private Map<String, Integer> numaNodeProcToLogicalProcMap;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes Class variables
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected ProcessorIdentifier queryProcessorId() {
+        String cpuVendor = "";
+        String cpuName = "";
+        String cpuIdentifier = "";
+        String cpuFamily = "";
+        String cpuModel = "";
+        String cpuStepping = "";
+        long cpuVendorFreq = 0L;
+        String processorID;
+        boolean cpu64bit = false;
+
+        final String cpuRegistryRoot = "HARDWARE\\DESCRIPTION\\System\\CentralProcessor\\";
+        String[] processorIds = Advapi32Util.registryGetKeys(WinReg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, cpuRegistryRoot);
+        if (processorIds.length > 0) {
+            String cpuRegistryPath = cpuRegistryRoot + processorIds[0];
+            cpuVendor = Advapi32Util.registryGetStringValue(WinReg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, cpuRegistryPath,
+                    "VendorIdentifier");
+            cpuName = Advapi32Util.registryGetStringValue(WinReg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, cpuRegistryPath,
+                    "ProcessorNameString");
+            cpuIdentifier = Advapi32Util.registryGetStringValue(WinReg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, cpuRegistryPath,
+                    "Identifier");
+            try {
+                cpuVendorFreq = Advapi32Util.registryGetIntValue(WinReg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, cpuRegistryPath, "~MHz")
+                        * 1_000_000L;
+            } catch (Win32Exception e) {
+                // Leave as 0, parse the identifier as backup
+            }
+        }
+        if (!cpuIdentifier.isEmpty()) {
+            cpuFamily = parseIdentifier(cpuIdentifier, "Family");
+            cpuModel = parseIdentifier(cpuIdentifier, "Model");
+            cpuStepping = parseIdentifier(cpuIdentifier, "Stepping");
+        }
+        SYSTEM_INFO sysinfo = new SYSTEM_INFO();
+        Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetNativeSystemInfo(sysinfo);
+        int processorArchitecture = sysinfo.processorArchitecture.pi.wProcessorArchitecture.intValue();
+        if (processorArchitecture == 9 // PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64
+                || processorArchitecture == 12 // PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64
+                || processorArchitecture == 6) { // PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_IA64
+            cpu64bit = true;
+        }
+        WmiResult<ProcessorIdProperty> processorId = Win32Processor.queryProcessorId();
+        if (processorId.getResultCount() > 0) {
+            processorID = WmiUtil.getString(processorId, ProcessorIdProperty.PROCESSORID, 0);
+        } else {
+            processorID = createProcessorID(cpuStepping, cpuModel, cpuFamily,
+                    cpu64bit ? new String[] { "ia64" } : new String[0]);
+        }
+        return new ProcessorIdentifier(cpuVendor, cpuName, cpuFamily, cpuModel, cpuStepping, processorID, cpu64bit,
+                cpuVendorFreq);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses identifier string
+     *
+     * @param identifier
+     *            the full identifier string
+     * @param key
+     *            the key to retrieve
+     * @return the string following id
+     */
+    private static String parseIdentifier(String identifier, String key) {
+        String[] idSplit = ParseUtil.whitespaces.split(identifier);
+        boolean found = false;
+        for (String s : idSplit) {
+            // If key string found, return next value
+            if (found) {
+                return s;
+            }
+            found = s.equals(key);
+        }
+        // If key string not found, return empty string
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected List<LogicalProcessor> initProcessorCounts() {
+        if (VersionHelpers.IsWindows7OrGreater()) {
+            List<LogicalProcessor> logProcs = LogicalProcessorInformation.getLogicalProcessorInformationEx();
+            // Save numaNode,Processor lookup for future PerfCounter instance lookup
+            // The processor number is based on the Processor Group, so we keep a separate
+            // index by NUMA node.
+            int curNode = -1;
+            int procNum = 0;
+            // 0-indexed list of all lps for array lookup
+            int lp = 0;
+            this.numaNodeProcToLogicalProcMap = new HashMap<>();
+            for (LogicalProcessor logProc : logProcs) {
+                int node = logProc.getNumaNode();
+                // This list is grouped by NUMA node so a change in node will reset this counter
+                if (node != curNode) {
+                    curNode = node;
+                    procNum = 0;
+                }
+                numaNodeProcToLogicalProcMap.put(String.format("%d,%d", logProc.getNumaNode(), procNum++), lp++);
+            }
+            return logProcs;
+        } else {
+            return LogicalProcessorInformation.getLogicalProcessorInformation();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long[] querySystemCpuLoadTicks() {
+        long[] ticks = new long[TickType.values().length];
+        WinBase.FILETIME lpIdleTime = new WinBase.FILETIME();
+        WinBase.FILETIME lpKernelTime = new WinBase.FILETIME();
+        WinBase.FILETIME lpUserTime = new WinBase.FILETIME();
+        if (!Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetSystemTimes(lpIdleTime, lpKernelTime, lpUserTime)) {
+            LOG.error("Failed to update system idle/kernel/user times. Error code: {}", Native.getLastError());
+            return ticks;
+        }
+        // IOwait:
+        // Windows does not measure IOWait.
+
+        // IRQ and ticks:
+        // Percent time raw value is cumulative 100NS-ticks
+        // Divide by 10_000 to get milliseconds
+
+        Map<SystemTickCountProperty, Long> valueMap = ProcessorInformation.querySystemCounters();
+        ticks[TickType.IRQ.getIndex()] = valueMap.getOrDefault(SystemTickCountProperty.PERCENTINTERRUPTTIME, 0L)
+                / 10_000L;
+        ticks[TickType.SOFTIRQ.getIndex()] = valueMap.getOrDefault(SystemTickCountProperty.PERCENTDPCTIME, 0L)
+                / 10_000L;
+
+        ticks[TickType.IDLE.getIndex()] = lpIdleTime.toDWordLong().longValue() / 10_000L;
+        ticks[TickType.SYSTEM.getIndex()] = lpKernelTime.toDWordLong().longValue() / 10_000L
+                - ticks[TickType.IDLE.getIndex()];
+        ticks[TickType.USER.getIndex()] = lpUserTime.toDWordLong().longValue() / 10_000L;
+        // Additional decrement to avoid double counting in the total array
+        ticks[TickType.SYSTEM.getIndex()] -= ticks[TickType.IRQ.getIndex()] + ticks[TickType.SOFTIRQ.getIndex()];
+        return ticks;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long[] queryCurrentFreq() {
+        if (VersionHelpers.IsWindows7OrGreater()) {
+            Pair<List<String>, Map<ProcessorFrequencyProperty, List<Long>>> instanceValuePair = ProcessorInformation
+                    .queryFrequencyCounters();
+            List<String> instances = instanceValuePair.getA();
+            Map<ProcessorFrequencyProperty, List<Long>> valueMap = instanceValuePair.getB();
+            List<Long> percentMaxList = valueMap.get(ProcessorFrequencyProperty.PERCENTOFMAXIMUMFREQUENCY);
+            if (!instances.isEmpty()) {
+                long maxFreq = this.getMaxFreq();
+                long[] freqs = new long[getLogicalProcessorCount()];
+                for (int p = 0; p < instances.size(); p++) {
+                    int cpu = instances.get(p).contains(",")
+                            ? numaNodeProcToLogicalProcMap.getOrDefault(instances.get(p), 0)
+                            : ParseUtil.parseIntOrDefault(instances.get(p), 0);
+                    if (cpu >= getLogicalProcessorCount()) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    freqs[cpu] = percentMaxList.get(cpu) * maxFreq / 100L;
+                }
+                return freqs;
+            }
+        }
+        // If <Win7 or anything failed in PDH/WMI, use the native call
+        return queryNTPower(2); // Current is field index 2
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long queryMaxFreq() {
+        long[] freqs = queryNTPower(1); // Max is field index 1
+        return Arrays.stream(freqs).max().orElse(-1L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call CallNTPowerInformation for Processor information and return an array of
+     * the specified index
+     *
+     * @param fieldIndex
+     *            The field, in order as defined in the
+     *            {@link PowrProf#PROCESSOR_INFORMATION} structure.
+     * @return The array of values.
+     */
+    private long[] queryNTPower(int fieldIndex) {
+        ProcessorPowerInformation ppi = new ProcessorPowerInformation();
+        long[] freqs = new long[getLogicalProcessorCount()];
+        int bufferSize = ppi.size() * freqs.length;
+        Memory mem = new Memory(bufferSize);
+        if (0 != PowrProf.INSTANCE.CallNtPowerInformation(POWER_INFORMATION_LEVEL.ProcessorInformation, null, 0, mem,
+                bufferSize)) {
+            LOG.error("Unable to get Processor Information");
+            Arrays.fill(freqs, -1L);
+            return freqs;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < freqs.length; i++) {
+            ppi = new ProcessorPowerInformation(mem.share(i * (long) ppi.size()));
+            if (fieldIndex == 1) { // Max
+                freqs[i] = ppi.maxMhz * 1_000_000L;
+            } else if (fieldIndex == 2) { // Current
+                freqs[i] = ppi.currentMhz * 1_000_000L;
+            } else {
+                freqs[i] = -1L;
+            }
+        }
+        return freqs;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double[] getSystemLoadAverage(int nelem) {
+        if (nelem < 1 || nelem > 3) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must include from one to three elements.");
+        }
+        double[] average = new double[nelem];
+        // Windows doesn't have load average
+        for (int i = 0; i < average.length; i++) {
+            average[i] = -1;
+        }
+        return average;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long[][] queryProcessorCpuLoadTicks() {
+        Pair<List<String>, Map<ProcessorTickCountProperty, List<Long>>> instanceValuePair = ProcessorInformation
+                .queryProcessorCounters();
+        List<String> instances = instanceValuePair.getA();
+        Map<ProcessorTickCountProperty, List<Long>> valueMap = instanceValuePair.getB();
+        List<Long> systemList = valueMap.get(ProcessorTickCountProperty.PERCENTPRIVILEGEDTIME);
+        List<Long> userList = valueMap.get(ProcessorTickCountProperty.PERCENTUSERTIME);
+        List<Long> irqList = valueMap.get(ProcessorTickCountProperty.PERCENTINTERRUPTTIME);
+        List<Long> softIrqList = valueMap.get(ProcessorTickCountProperty.PERCENTDPCTIME);
+        // % Processor Time is actually Idle time
+        List<Long> idleList = valueMap.get(ProcessorTickCountProperty.PERCENTPROCESSORTIME);
+
+        long[][] ticks = new long[getLogicalProcessorCount()][TickType.values().length];
+        if (instances.isEmpty() || systemList == null || userList == null || irqList == null || softIrqList == null
+                || idleList == null) {
+            return ticks;
+        }
+        for (int p = 0; p < instances.size(); p++) {
+            int cpu = instances.get(p).contains(",") ? numaNodeProcToLogicalProcMap.getOrDefault(instances.get(p), 0)
+                    : ParseUtil.parseIntOrDefault(instances.get(p), 0);
+            if (cpu >= getLogicalProcessorCount()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.SYSTEM.getIndex()] = systemList.get(cpu);
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.USER.getIndex()] = userList.get(cpu);
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.IRQ.getIndex()] = irqList.get(cpu);
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.SOFTIRQ.getIndex()] = softIrqList.get(cpu);
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.IDLE.getIndex()] = idleList.get(cpu);
+
+            // Additional decrement to avoid double counting in the
+            // total array
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.SYSTEM.getIndex()] -= ticks[cpu][TickType.IRQ.getIndex()]
+                    + ticks[cpu][TickType.SOFTIRQ.getIndex()];
+
+            // Raw value is cumulative 100NS-ticks
+            // Divide by 10_000 to get milliseconds
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.SYSTEM.getIndex()] /= 10_000L;
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.USER.getIndex()] /= 10_000L;
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.IRQ.getIndex()] /= 10_000L;
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.SOFTIRQ.getIndex()] /= 10_000L;
+            ticks[cpu][TickType.IDLE.getIndex()] /= 10_000L;
+        }
+        // Skipping nice and IOWait, they'll stay 0
+        return ticks;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long queryContextSwitches() {
+        return SystemInformation.queryContextSwitchCounters().getOrDefault(ContextSwitchProperty.CONTEXTSWITCHESPERSEC,
+                0L);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long queryInterrupts() {
+        return ProcessorInformation.queryInterruptCounters().getOrDefault(InterruptsProperty.INTERRUPTSPERSEC, 0L);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Ole32. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long[] WindowsCentralProcessor.querySystemCpuLoadTicks()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.windows.WindowsCentralProcessor.querySystemCpuLoadTicks():long[].a585272fe3604206d4fb75fa0505c7c1
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/windows/WindowsCentralProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsCentralProcessor.java|querySystemCpuLoadTicks|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2a3b0330e55a9f84151d1eeeffca7e4e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9657/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9657/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..074068f1475ebf3b99e1882b7f4410e12626c731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9657/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 50
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * OSHI (https://github.com/oshi/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2019 The OSHI Project Team:
+ * https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.mac;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.EnumMap;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.mac.SystemB; // NOSONAR squid:S1191
+import com.sun.jna.platform.mac.SystemB.Statfs;
+
+import oshi.hardware.Disks;
+import oshi.hardware.HWDiskStore;
+import oshi.hardware.HWPartition;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation.CFBooleanRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation.CFIndex;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation.CFMutableDictionaryRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation.CFNumberRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation.CFStringRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.CoreFoundation.CFTypeRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.DiskArbitration;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.DiskArbitration.DADiskRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.DiskArbitration.DASessionRef;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.IOKit;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.IOKit.IOIterator;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.IOKit.IORegistryEntry;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.IOKitUtil;
+import oshi.util.Constants;
+import oshi.util.ExecutingCommand;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Mac hard disk implementation.
+ */
+public class MacDisks implements Disks {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    private static final CoreFoundation CF = CoreFoundation.INSTANCE;
+    private static final DiskArbitration DA = DiskArbitration.INSTANCE;
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MacDisks.class);
+
+    /*
+     * Strings to convert to CFStringRef for pointer lookups
+     */
+    private enum CFKey {
+        IO_PROPERTY_MATCH("IOPropertyMatch"), //
+
+        STATISTICS("Statistics"), //
+        READ_OPS("Operations (Read)"), READ_BYTES("Bytes (Read)"), READ_TIME("Total Time (Read)"), //
+        WRITE_OPS("Operations (Write)"), WRITE_BYTES("Bytes (Write)"), WRITE_TIME("Total Time (Write)"), //
+
+        BSD_UNIT("BSD Unit"), LEAF("Leaf"), WHOLE("Whole"), //
+
+        DA_MEDIA_NAME("DAMediaName"), DA_VOLUME_NAME("DAVolumeName"), DA_MEDIA_SIZE("DAMediaSize"), //
+        DA_DEVICE_MODEL("DADeviceModel"), MODEL("Model");
+
+        private final String key;
+
+        CFKey(String key) {
+            this.key = key;
+        }
+
+        public String getKey() {
+            return this.key;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Temporarily cache pointers to keys. The values from this map must be
+     * released after use.}
+     *
+     * @return A map of keys in the {@link CFKey} enum to corresponding
+     *         {@link CFStringRef}.
+     */
+    private static Map<CFKey, CFStringRef> mapCFKeys() {
+        Map<CFKey, CFStringRef> keyMap = new EnumMap<>(CFKey.class);
+        for (CFKey cfKey : CFKey.values()) {
+            keyMap.put(cfKey, CFStringRef.createCFString(cfKey.getKey()));
+        }
+        return keyMap;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String, String> queryMountPointMap() {
+        final Map<String, String> mountPointMap = new HashMap<>();
+        // Use statfs to populate mount point map
+        int numfs = SystemB.INSTANCE.getfsstat64(null, 0, 0);
+        // Create array to hold results
+        Statfs[] fs = new Statfs[numfs];
+        // Fill array with results
+        SystemB.INSTANCE.getfsstat64(fs, numfs * new Statfs().size(), SystemB.MNT_NOWAIT);
+        // Iterate all mounted file systems
+        for (Statfs f : fs) {
+            String mntFrom = new String(f.f_mntfromname).trim();
+            mountPointMap.put(mntFrom.replace("/dev/", ""), new String(f.f_mntonname).trim());
+        }
+        return mountPointMap;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String, String> queryLogicalVolumeMap() {
+        final Map<String, String> logicalVolumeMap = new HashMap<>();
+        // Parse `diskutil cs list` to populate logical volume map
+        Set<String> physicalVolumes = new HashSet<>();
+        boolean logicalVolume = false;
+        for (String line : ExecutingCommand.runNative("diskutil cs list")) {
+            if (line.contains("Logical Volume Group")) {
+                // Logical Volume Group defines beginning of grouping which will
+                // list multiple physical volumes followed by the logical volume
+                // they are associated with. Each physical volume will be a key
+                // with the logical volume as its value, but since the value
+                // doesn't appear until the end we collect the keys in a list
+                physicalVolumes.clear();
+                logicalVolume = false;
+            } else if (line.contains("Logical Volume Family")) {
+                // Done collecting physical volumes, prepare to store logical
+                // volume
+                logicalVolume = true;
+            } else if (line.contains("Disk:")) {
+                String volume = ParseUtil.parseLastString(line);
+                if (logicalVolume) {
+                    // Store this disk as the logical volume value for all the
+                    // physical volume keys
+                    for (String pv : physicalVolumes) {
+                        logicalVolumeMap.put(pv, volume);
+                    }
+                    physicalVolumes.clear();
+                } else {
+                    physicalVolumes.add(ParseUtil.parseLastString(line));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return logicalVolumeMap;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean updateDiskStats(HWDiskStore diskStore, DASessionRef session,
+            Map<String, String> mountPointMap, Map<String, String> logicalVolumeMap, Map<CFKey, CFStringRef> cfKeyMap) {
+        // Now look up the device using the BSD Name to get its
+        // statistics
+        String bsdName = diskStore.getName();
+        CFMutableDictionaryRef matchingDict = IOKitUtil.getBSDNameMatchingDict(bsdName);
+        if (matchingDict != null) {
+            // search for all IOservices that match the bsd name
+            IOIterator driveListIter = IOKitUtil.getMatchingServices(matchingDict);
+            if (driveListIter != null) {
+                // getMatchingServices releases matchingDict
+                IORegistryEntry drive = driveListIter.next();
+                // Should only match one drive
+                if (drive != null) {
+                    // Should be an IOMedia object with a parent
+                    // IOBlockStorageDriver object
+                    // Get the properties from the parent
+                    if (drive.conformsTo("IOMedia")) {
+                        IORegistryEntry parent = drive.getParentEntry("IOService");
+                        if (parent != null && parent.conformsTo("IOBlockStorageDriver")) {
+                            CFMutableDictionaryRef properties = parent.createCFProperties();
+                            // We now have a properties object with the
+                            // statistics we need on it. Fetch them
+                            Pointer result = properties.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.STATISTICS));
+                            CFDictionaryRef statistics = new CFDictionaryRef(result);
+                            diskStore.setTimeStamp(System.currentTimeMillis());
+
+                            // Now get the stats we want
+                            result = statistics.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.READ_OPS));
+                            CFNumberRef stat = new CFNumberRef(result);
+                            diskStore.setReads(stat.longValue());
+                            result = statistics.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.READ_BYTES));
+                            stat.setPointer(result);
+                            diskStore.setReadBytes(stat.longValue());
+
+                            result = statistics.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.WRITE_OPS));
+                            stat.setPointer(result);
+                            diskStore.setWrites(stat.longValue());
+                            result = statistics.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.WRITE_BYTES));
+                            stat.setPointer(result);
+                            diskStore.setWriteBytes(stat.longValue());
+
+                            // Total time is in nanoseconds. Add read+write
+                            // and convert total to ms
+                            result = statistics.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.READ_TIME));
+                            stat.setPointer(result);
+                            long xferTime = stat.longValue();
+                            result = statistics.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.WRITE_TIME));
+                            stat.setPointer(result);
+                            xferTime += stat.longValue();
+                            diskStore.setTransferTime(xferTime / 1_000_000L);
+
+                            properties.release();
+                        } else {
+                            // This is normal for FileVault drives, Fusion
+                            // drives, and other virtual bsd names
+                            LOG.debug("Unable to find block storage driver properties for {}", bsdName);
+                        }
+                        // Now get partitions for this disk.
+                        List<HWPartition> partitions = new ArrayList<>();
+
+                        CFMutableDictionaryRef properties = drive.createCFProperties();
+                        // Partitions will match BSD Unit property
+                        Pointer result = properties.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.BSD_UNIT));
+                        CFNumberRef bsdUnit = new CFNumberRef(result);
+                        // We need a CFBoolean that's false.
+                        // Whole disk has 'true' for Whole and 'false'
+                        // for leaf; store the boolean false
+                        result = properties.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.LEAF));
+                        CFBooleanRef cfFalse = new CFBooleanRef(result);
+                        // create a matching dict for BSD Unit
+                        CFMutableDictionaryRef propertyDict = CF.CFDictionaryCreateMutable(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault(),
+                                new CFIndex(0), null, null);
+                        propertyDict.setValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.BSD_UNIT), bsdUnit);
+                        propertyDict.setValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.WHOLE), cfFalse);
+                        matchingDict = CF.CFDictionaryCreateMutable(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault(), new CFIndex(0), null,
+                                null);
+                        matchingDict.setValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.IO_PROPERTY_MATCH), propertyDict);
+
+                        // search for IOservices that match the BSD Unit
+                        // with whole=false; these are partitions
+                        IOIterator serviceIterator = IOKitUtil.getMatchingServices(matchingDict);
+                        // getMatchingServices releases matchingDict
+                        properties.release();
+                        propertyDict.release();
+
+                        // Iterate disks
+                        IORegistryEntry sdService = IOKit.INSTANCE.IOIteratorNext(serviceIterator);
+                        while (sdService != null) {
+                            // look up the BSD Name
+                            String partBsdName = sdService.getStringProperty("BSD Name");
+                            String name = partBsdName;
+                            String type = "";
+                            // Get the DiskArbitration dictionary for
+                            // this partition
+                            DADiskRef disk = DA.DADiskCreateFromBSDName(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault(), session,
+                                    partBsdName);
+                            if (disk != null) {
+                                CFDictionaryRef diskInfo = DA.DADiskCopyDescription(disk);
+                                if (diskInfo != null) {
+                                    // get volume name from its key
+                                    result = diskInfo.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.DA_MEDIA_NAME));
+                                    CFStringRef volumePtr = new CFStringRef(result);
+                                    type = volumePtr.stringValue();
+                                    if (type == null) {
+                                        type = Constants.UNKNOWN;
+                                    }
+                                    result = diskInfo.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.DA_VOLUME_NAME));
+                                    if (result == null) {
+                                        name = type;
+                                    } else {
+                                        volumePtr.setPointer(result);
+                                        name = volumePtr.stringValue();
+                                    }
+                                    diskInfo.release();
+                                }
+                                disk.release();
+                            }
+                            String mountPoint;
+                            if (logicalVolumeMap.containsKey(partBsdName)) {
+                                mountPoint = "Logical Volume: " + logicalVolumeMap.get(partBsdName);
+                            } else {
+                                mountPoint = mountPointMap.getOrDefault(partBsdName, "");
+                            }
+                            Long size = sdService.getLongProperty("Size");
+                            Integer bsdMajor = sdService.getIntegerProperty("BSD Major");
+                            Integer bsdMinor = sdService.getIntegerProperty("BSD Minor");
+                            partitions.add(new HWPartition(partBsdName, name, type, sdService.getStringProperty("UUID"),
+                                    size == null ? 0L : size, bsdMajor == null ? 0 : bsdMajor,
+                                    bsdMinor == null ? 0 : bsdMinor, mountPoint));
+                            // iterate
+                            sdService.release();
+                            sdService = IOKit.INSTANCE.IOIteratorNext(serviceIterator);
+                        }
+                        serviceIterator.release();
+                        Collections.sort(partitions);
+                        diskStore.setPartitions(partitions.toArray(new HWPartition[0]));
+                        if (parent != null) {
+                            parent.release();
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        LOG.error("Unable to find IOMedia device or parent for {}", bsdName);
+                    }
+                    drive.release();
+                }
+                driveListIter.release();
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>
+     * updateDiskStats.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param diskStore
+     *            a {@link oshi.hardware.HWDiskStore} object.
+     * @return a boolean.
+     */
+    public static boolean updateDiskStats(HWDiskStore diskStore) {
+        DASessionRef session = DA.DASessionCreate(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault());
+        if (session == null) {
+            LOG.error("Unable to open session to DiskArbitration framework.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        Map<CFKey, CFStringRef> cfKeyMap = mapCFKeys();
+
+        boolean diskFound = updateDiskStats(diskStore, session, queryMountPointMap(), queryLogicalVolumeMap(),
+                cfKeyMap);
+
+        session.release();
+        for (CFTypeRef value : cfKeyMap.values()) {
+            value.release();
+        }
+
+        return diskFound;
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    public HWDiskStore[] getDisks() {
+        Map<String, String> mountPointMap = queryMountPointMap();
+        Map<String, String> logicalVolumeMap = queryLogicalVolumeMap();
+        Map<CFKey, CFStringRef> cfKeyMap = mapCFKeys();
+
+        List<HWDiskStore> diskList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        // Open a DiskArbitration session
+        DASessionRef session = DA.DASessionCreate(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault());
+        if (session == null) {
+            LOG.error("Unable to open session to DiskArbitration framework.");
+            return new HWDiskStore[0];
+        }
+
+        // Get IOMedia objects representing whole drives
+        List<String> bsdNames = new ArrayList<>();
+        IOIterator iter = IOKitUtil.getMatchingServices("IOMedia");
+        if (iter != null) {
+            IORegistryEntry media = iter.next();
+            while (media != null) {
+                Boolean whole = media.getBooleanProperty("Whole");
+                if (whole != null && whole) {
+                    DADiskRef disk = DA.DADiskCreateFromIOMedia(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault(), session, media);
+                    bsdNames.add(DA.DADiskGetBSDName(disk));
+                    disk.release();
+                }
+                media.release();
+                media = iter.next();
+            }
+            iter.release();
+        }
+
+        // Now iterate the bsdNames
+        for (String bsdName : bsdNames) {
+            String model = "";
+            String serial = "";
+            long size = 0L;
+
+            // Get a reference to the disk - only matching /dev/disk*
+            String path = "/dev/" + bsdName;
+
+            // Get the DiskArbitration dictionary for this disk, which has model
+            // and size (capacity)
+            DADiskRef disk = DA.DADiskCreateFromBSDName(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault(), session, path);
+            if (disk != null) {
+                CFDictionaryRef diskInfo = DA.DADiskCopyDescription(disk);
+                if (diskInfo != null) {
+                    // Parse out model and size from their respective keys
+                    Pointer result = diskInfo.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.DA_DEVICE_MODEL));
+                    CFStringRef modelPtr = new CFStringRef(result);
+                    model = modelPtr.stringValue();
+                    if (model == null) {
+                        model = Constants.UNKNOWN;
+                    }
+                    result = diskInfo.getValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.DA_MEDIA_SIZE));
+                    CFNumberRef sizePtr = new CFNumberRef(result);
+                    size = sizePtr.longValue();
+                    diskInfo.release();
+
+                    // Use the model as a key to get serial from IOKit
+                    if (!"Disk Image".equals(model)) {
+                        CFStringRef modelNameRef = CFStringRef.createCFString(model);
+                        CFMutableDictionaryRef propertyDict = CF.CFDictionaryCreateMutable(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault(),
+                                new CFIndex(0), null, null);
+                        propertyDict.setValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.MODEL), modelNameRef);
+                        CFMutableDictionaryRef matchingDict = CF.CFDictionaryCreateMutable(CF.CFAllocatorGetDefault(),
+                                new CFIndex(0), null, null);
+                        matchingDict.setValue(cfKeyMap.get(CFKey.IO_PROPERTY_MATCH), propertyDict);
+
+                        // search for all IOservices that match the model
+                        IOIterator serviceIterator = IOKitUtil.getMatchingServices(matchingDict);
+                        // getMatchingServices releases matchingDict
+                        modelNameRef.release();
+                        propertyDict.release();
+
+                        if (serviceIterator != null) {
+                            IORegistryEntry sdService = serviceIterator.next();
+                            while (sdService != null) {
+                                // look up the serial number
+                                serial = sdService.getStringProperty("Serial Number");
+                                sdService.release();
+                                if (serial != null) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                // iterate
+                                sdService.release();
+                                sdService = serviceIterator.next();
+                            }
+                            serviceIterator.release();
+                        }
+                        if (serial == null) {
+                            serial = "";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                disk.release();
+
+                // If empty, ignore
+                if (size <= 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                HWDiskStore diskStore = new HWDiskStore();
+                diskStore.setName(bsdName);
+                diskStore.setModel(model.trim());
+                diskStore.setSerial(serial.trim());
+                diskStore.setSize(size);
+
+                updateDiskStats(diskStore, session, mountPointMap, logicalVolumeMap, cfKeyMap);
+                diskList.add(diskStore);
+            }
+        }
+        // Close DA session
+        session.release();
+        for (CFTypeRef value : cfKeyMap.values()) {
+            value.release();
+        }
+        Collections.sort(diskList);
+        return diskList.toArray(new HWDiskStore[0]);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `serviceIterator` last assigned on line 249 could be null and is dereferenced at line 302.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean MacDisks.updateDiskStats(HWDiskStore,DiskArbitration$DASessionRef,Map,Map,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.mac.MacDisks.updateDiskStats(oshi.hardware.HWDiskStore,oshi.jna.platform.mac..4c6179ea8d3aad7b3edf4eb9a9ee9b6d
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/mac/MacDisks.java
+
+### Key:
+MacDisks.java|updateDiskStats|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d12a89303cd812d8d8ce1b513988f657
+
+### Hash:
+cc068e52acdc22046481c24df4def28f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9659/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9659/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55d8a54d84edd14d7fcd2277c3a0d217569123ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9659/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 57
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2020 The OSHI Project Contributors: https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package oshi.util.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.EnumMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.PdhUtil; //NOSONAR
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.PdhUtil.PdhException;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Win32Exception;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.Wbemcli;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.WbemcliUtil.WmiQuery;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.WbemcliUtil.WmiResult;
+
+import oshi.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfDataUtil.PerfCounter;
+
+/**
+ * Enables queries of Performance Counters using wild cards to filter instances
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public final class PerfCounterQuery {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PerfCounterQuery.class);
+
+    /*
+     * Multiple classes use these constants
+     */
+    public static final String TOTAL_INSTANCE = "_Total";
+    public static final String TOTAL_INSTANCES = "*_Total";
+    public static final String NOT_TOTAL_INSTANCE = "^" + TOTAL_INSTANCE;
+    public static final String NOT_TOTAL_INSTANCES = "^" + TOTAL_INSTANCES;
+
+    private PerfCounterQuery() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query the a Performance Counter using PDH, with WMI backup on failure, for
+     * values corresponding to the property enum.
+     *
+     * @param <T>
+     *            The enum type of {@code propertyEnum}
+     * @param propertyEnum
+     *            An enum which implements
+     *            {@link oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterQuery.PdhCounterProperty}
+     *            and contains the WMI field (Enum value) and PDH Counter string
+     *            (instance and counter)
+     * @param perfObject
+     *            The PDH object for this counter; all counters on this object will
+     *            be refreshed at the same time
+     * @param perfWmiClass
+     *            The WMI PerfData_RawData_* class corresponding to the PDH object
+     * @return An {@link EnumMap} of the values indexed by {@code propertyEnum} on
+     *         success, or an empty map if both PDH and WMI queries failed.
+     */
+    public static <T extends Enum<T>> Map<T, Long> queryValues(Class<T> propertyEnum, String perfObject,
+            String perfWmiClass) {
+        Map<T, Long> valueMap = queryValuesFromPDH(propertyEnum, perfObject);
+        if (valueMap.isEmpty()) {
+            return queryValuesFromWMI(propertyEnum, perfWmiClass);
+        }
+        return valueMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query the a Performance Counter using PDH for values corresponding to the
+     * property enum.
+     *
+     * @param <T>
+     *            The enum type of {@code propertyEnum}
+     * @param propertyEnum
+     *            An enum which implements
+     *            {@link oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterQuery.PdhCounterProperty}
+     *            and contains the WMI field (Enum value) and PDH Counter string
+     *            (instance and counter)
+     * @param perfObject
+     *            The PDH object for this counter; all counters on this object will
+     *            be refreshed at the same time
+     * @return An {@link EnumMap} of the values indexed by {@code propertyEnum} on
+     *         success, or an empty map if the PDH query failed.
+     */
+    public static <T extends Enum<T>> Map<T, Long> queryValuesFromPDH(Class<T> propertyEnum, String perfObject) {
+        T[] props = propertyEnum.getEnumConstants();
+        String perfObjectLocalized = localize(perfObject);
+        EnumMap<T, PerfCounter> counterMap = new EnumMap<>(propertyEnum);
+        EnumMap<T, Long> valueMap = new EnumMap<>(propertyEnum);
+        try (PerfCounterQueryHandler pdhQueryHandler = new PerfCounterQueryHandler()) {
+            // Set up the query and counter handles
+            for (T prop : props) {
+                PerfCounter counter = PerfDataUtil.createCounter(perfObjectLocalized,
+                        ((PdhCounterProperty) prop).getInstance(), ((PdhCounterProperty) prop).getCounter());
+                counterMap.put(prop, counter);
+                if (!pdhQueryHandler.addCounterToQuery(counter)) {
+                    return valueMap;
+                }
+            }
+            // And then query. Zero timestamp means update failed
+            if (0 < pdhQueryHandler.updateQuery()) {
+                for (T prop : props) {
+                    valueMap.put(prop, pdhQueryHandler.queryCounter(counterMap.get(prop)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return valueMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query the a Performance Counter using WMI for values corresponding to the
+     * property enum.
+     *
+     * @param <T>
+     *            The enum type of {@code propertyEnum}
+     * @param propertyEnum
+     *            An enum which implements
+     *            {@link oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterQuery.PdhCounterProperty}
+     *            and contains the WMI field (Enum value) and PDH Counter string
+     *            (instance and counter)
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI PerfData_RawData_* class corresponding to the PDH object
+     * @return An {@link EnumMap} of the values indexed by {@code propertyEnum} if
+     *         successful, an empty map if the WMI query failed.
+     */
+    public static <T extends Enum<T>> Map<T, Long> queryValuesFromWMI(Class<T> propertyEnum, String wmiClass) {
+        WmiQuery<T> query = new WmiQuery<>(wmiClass, propertyEnum);
+        WmiResult<T> result = WmiQueryHandler.createInstance().queryWMI(query);
+        EnumMap<T, Long> valueMap = new EnumMap<>(propertyEnum);
+        if (result.getResultCount() > 0) {
+            for (T prop : propertyEnum.getEnumConstants()) {
+                switch (result.getCIMType(prop)) {
+                case Wbemcli.CIM_UINT16:
+                    valueMap.put(prop, Long.valueOf(WmiUtil.getUint16(result, prop, 0)));
+                    break;
+                case Wbemcli.CIM_UINT32:
+                    valueMap.put(prop, WmiUtil.getUint32asLong(result, prop, 0));
+                    break;
+                case Wbemcli.CIM_UINT64:
+                    valueMap.put(prop, WmiUtil.getUint64(result, prop, 0));
+                    break;
+                case Wbemcli.CIM_DATETIME:
+                    valueMap.put(prop, WmiUtil.getDateTime(result, prop, 0).toInstant().toEpochMilli());
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ClassCastException("Unimplemented CIM Type Mapping.");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return valueMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Localize a PerfCounter string. English counter names should normally be in
+     * {@code HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows
+     * NT\CurrentVersion\Perflib\009\Counter}, but language manipulations may delete
+     * the {@code 009} index. In this case we can assume English must be the
+     * language and continue. We may still fail to match the name if the assumption
+     * is wrong but it's better than nothing.
+     *
+     * @param perfObject
+     *            A String to localize
+     * @return The localized string if localization successful, or the original
+     *         string otherwise.
+     */
+    public static String localize(String perfObject) {
+        String localized = perfObject;
+        try {
+            localized = PdhUtil.PdhLookupPerfNameByIndex(null, PdhUtil.PdhLookupPerfIndexByEnglishName(perfObject));
+        } catch (Win32Exception e) {
+            LOG.warn(
+                    "Unable to locate English counter names in registry Perflib 009. Assuming English counters. Error {}. {}",
+                    String.format("0x%x", e.getHR().intValue()),
+                    "See https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/300956/how-to-manually-rebuild-performance-counter-library-values");
+        } catch (PdhException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Unable to localize {} performance counter.  Error {}.", perfObject,
+                    String.format("0x%x", e.getErrorCode()));
+        }
+        if (localized.isEmpty()) {
+            return perfObject;
+        }
+        LOG.debug("Localized {} to {}", perfObject, localized);
+        return localized;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Contract for Counter Property Enums
+     */
+    public interface PdhCounterProperty {
+        /**
+         * @return Returns the instance.
+         */
+        String getInstance();
+
+        /**
+         * @return Returns the counter.
+         */
+        String getCounter();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Pdh. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map PerfCounterQuery.queryValues(Class,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterQuery.queryValues(java.lang.Class,java.lang.String,java.lang.S.447d51a76d7210413df3c9e87d263670
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/util/platform/windows/PerfCounterQuery.java
+
+### Key:
+PerfCounterQuery.java|queryValues|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+0e9dc24587c2317ec76846cbcc0b8974
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9661/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9661/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0259d5d8bbf31213100960f6b01659a573ab07be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9661/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/oshi/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2018 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Kernel32; // NOSONAR
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Psapi;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Psapi.PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION;
+
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractGlobalMemory;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Memory obtained by GlobalMemoryStatusEx.
+ *
+ * @author dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ */
+public class WindowsGlobalMemory extends AbstractGlobalMemory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WindowsGlobalMemory.class);
+
+    private transient PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION perfInfo = new PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION();
+
+    private long lastUpdate = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Update the performance information no more frequently than every 100ms
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void updateMeminfo() {
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (now - this.lastUpdate > 100) {
+            if (!Psapi.INSTANCE.GetPerformanceInfo(this.perfInfo, this.perfInfo.size())) {
+                LOG.error("Failed to get Performance Info. Error code: {}", Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetLastError());
+                return;
+            }
+            this.pageSize = this.perfInfo.PageSize.longValue();
+            this.memAvailable = this.pageSize * this.perfInfo.PhysicalAvailable.longValue();
+            this.memTotal = this.pageSize * this.perfInfo.PhysicalTotal.longValue();
+            this.swapTotal = this.pageSize
+                    * (this.perfInfo.CommitLimit.longValue() - this.perfInfo.PhysicalTotal.longValue());
+            this.lastUpdate = now;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void updateSwap() {
+        updateMeminfo();
+        Map<String, List<Long>> usage = WmiUtil.selectUint32sFrom(null, "Win32_PerfRawData_PerfOS_PagingFile",
+                "PercentUsage,PercentUsage_Base", "WHERE Name=\"_Total\"");
+        if (!usage.get("PercentUsage").isEmpty()) {
+            this.swapUsed = this.swapTotal * usage.get("PercentUsage").get(0) / usage.get("PercentUsage_Base").get(0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `usage.get("PercentUsage")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WindowsGlobalMemory.updateSwap()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.windows.WindowsGlobalMemory.updateSwap():void.a4e30b4c77a9c7bb34dce819e6f70722
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/windows/WindowsGlobalMemory.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsGlobalMemory.java|updateSwap|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+35b4ef148fe9303099b5380b4ecc0478
+
+### Hash:
+035ee2e2e8cc531fd102aab5764c0235
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9666/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9666/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20741cdced917e7440f6aa8cac8b2efd0b560e26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9666/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 67
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2020 The OSHI Project Contributors: https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.linux;
+
+import static oshi.util.platform.linux.ProcPath.CPUINFO;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import oshi.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import oshi.driver.linux.Lshw;
+import oshi.driver.linux.proc.CpuStat;
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractCentralProcessor;
+import oshi.jna.platform.linux.LinuxLibc;
+import oshi.software.os.linux.LinuxOperatingSystem;
+import oshi.util.ExecutingCommand;
+import oshi.util.FileUtil;
+import oshi.util.GlobalConfig;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+
+/**
+ * A CPU as defined in Linux /proc.
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+final class LinuxCentralProcessor extends AbstractCentralProcessor {
+
+    // See https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/user-guide.txt
+    private static final String CPUFREQ_PATH = "oshi.cpu.freq.path";
+
+    @Override
+    protected ProcessorIdentifier queryProcessorId() {
+        String cpuVendor = "";
+        String cpuName = "";
+        String cpuFamily = "";
+        String cpuModel = "";
+        String cpuStepping = "";
+        String processorID;
+        long cpuFreq = 0L;
+        boolean cpu64bit = false;
+
+        StringBuilder armStepping = new StringBuilder(); // For ARM equivalent
+        String[] flags = new String[0];
+        List<String> cpuInfo = FileUtil.readFile(CPUINFO);
+        for (String line : cpuInfo) {
+            String[] splitLine = ParseUtil.whitespacesColonWhitespace.split(line);
+            if (splitLine.length < 2) {
+                // special case
+                if (line.startsWith("CPU architecture: ")) {
+                    cpuFamily = line.replace("CPU architecture: ", "").trim();
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            switch (splitLine[0]) {
+            case "vendor_id":
+            case "CPU implementer":
+                cpuVendor = splitLine[1];
+                break;
+            case "model name":
+                cpuName = splitLine[1];
+                break;
+            case "flags":
+                flags = splitLine[1].toLowerCase().split(" ");
+                for (String flag : flags) {
+                    if ("lm".equals(flag)) {
+                        cpu64bit = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            case "stepping":
+                cpuStepping = splitLine[1];
+                break;
+            case "CPU variant":
+                if (!armStepping.toString().startsWith("r")) {
+                    armStepping.insert(0, "r" + splitLine[1]);
+                }
+                break;
+            case "CPU revision":
+                if (!armStepping.toString().contains("p")) {
+                    armStepping.append('p').append(splitLine[1]);
+                }
+                break;
+            case "model":
+            case "CPU part":
+                cpuModel = splitLine[1];
+                break;
+            case "cpu family":
+                cpuFamily = splitLine[1];
+                break;
+            case "cpu MHz":
+                cpuFreq = ParseUtil.parseHertz(splitLine[1]);
+                break;
+            default:
+                // Do nothing
+            }
+        }
+        if (cpuName.contains("Hz")) {
+            // if Name contains CPU vendor frequency, ignore cpuinfo and use it
+            cpuFreq = -1L;
+        } else {
+            // Try lshw and use it in preference to cpuinfo
+            long cpuCapacity = Lshw.queryCpuCapacity();
+            if (cpuCapacity > cpuFreq) {
+                cpuFreq = cpuCapacity;
+            }
+        }
+        if (cpuStepping.isEmpty()) {
+            cpuStepping = armStepping.toString();
+        }
+        processorID = getProcessorID(cpuVendor, cpuStepping, cpuModel, cpuFamily, flags);
+        if (cpuVendor.startsWith("0x")) {
+            List<String> lscpu = ExecutingCommand.runNative("lscpu");
+            for (String line : lscpu) {
+                if (line.startsWith("Architecture:")) {
+                    cpuVendor = line.replace("Architecture:", "").trim();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new ProcessorIdentifier(cpuVendor, cpuName, cpuFamily, cpuModel, cpuStepping, processorID, cpu64bit,
+                cpuFreq);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected List<LogicalProcessor> initProcessorCounts() {
+        Map<Integer, Integer> numaNodeMap = mapNumaNodes();
+        List<String> procCpu = FileUtil.readFile(CPUINFO);
+        List<LogicalProcessor> logProcs = new ArrayList<>();
+        int currentProcessor = 0;
+        int currentCore = 0;
+        int currentPackage = 0;
+        boolean first = true;
+        for (String cpu : procCpu) {
+            // Count logical processors
+            if (cpu.startsWith("processor")) {
+                if (!first) {
+                    logProcs.add(new LogicalProcessor(currentProcessor, currentCore, currentPackage,
+                            numaNodeMap.getOrDefault(currentProcessor, 0)));
+                } else {
+                    first = false;
+                }
+                currentProcessor = ParseUtil.parseLastInt(cpu, 0);
+            } else if (cpu.startsWith("core id") || cpu.startsWith("cpu number")) {
+                // Count unique combinations of core id and physical id.
+                currentCore = ParseUtil.parseLastInt(cpu, 0);
+            } else if (cpu.startsWith("physical id")) {
+                currentPackage = ParseUtil.parseLastInt(cpu, 0);
+            }
+        }
+        logProcs.add(new LogicalProcessor(currentProcessor, currentCore, currentPackage,
+                numaNodeMap.getOrDefault(currentProcessor, 0)));
+
+        return logProcs;
+    }
+
+    private static Map<Integer, Integer> mapNumaNodes() {
+        Map<Integer, Integer> numaNodeMap = new HashMap<>();
+        // Get numa node info from lscpu
+        List<String> lscpu = ExecutingCommand.runNative("lscpu -p=cpu,node");
+        // Format:
+        // # comment lines starting with #
+        // # then comma-delimited cpu,node
+        // 0,0
+        // 1,0
+        for (String line : lscpu) {
+            if (line.startsWith("#")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String[] split = line.split(",");
+            if (split.length == 2) {
+                numaNodeMap.put(ParseUtil.parseIntOrDefault(split[0], 0), ParseUtil.parseIntOrDefault(split[1], 0));
+            }
+        }
+        return numaNodeMap;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long[] querySystemCpuLoadTicks() {
+        // convert the Linux Jiffies to Milliseconds.
+        long[] ticks = CpuStat.getSystemCpuLoadTicks();
+        long hz = LinuxOperatingSystem.getHz();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ticks.length; i++) {
+            ticks[i] = ticks[i] * 1000L / hz;
+        }
+        return ticks;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long[] queryCurrentFreq() {
+        String cpuFreqPath = GlobalConfig.get(CPUFREQ_PATH, "");
+        long[] freqs = new long[getLogicalProcessorCount()];
+        // Attempt to fill array from cpu-freq source
+        long max = 0L;
+        for (int i = 0; i < freqs.length; i++) {
+            freqs[i] = FileUtil.getLongFromFile(cpuFreqPath + "/cpu" + i + "/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq");
+            if (freqs[i] == 0) {
+                freqs[i] = FileUtil.getLongFromFile(cpuFreqPath + "/cpu" + i + "/cpufreq/cpuinfo_cur_freq");
+            }
+            if (max < freqs[i]) {
+                max = freqs[i];
+            }
+        }
+        if (max > 0L) {
+            // If successful, array is filled with values in KHz.
+            for (int i = 0; i < freqs.length; i++) {
+                freqs[i] *= 1000L;
+            }
+            return freqs;
+        }
+        // If unsuccessful, try from /proc/cpuinfo
+        Arrays.fill(freqs, -1);
+        List<String> cpuInfo = FileUtil.readFile(CPUINFO);
+        int proc = 0;
+        for (String s : cpuInfo) {
+            if (s.toLowerCase().contains("cpu mhz")) {
+                freqs[proc] = (long) (ParseUtil.parseLastDouble(s, 0d) * 1_000_000);
+                if (++proc >= freqs.length) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return freqs;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long queryMaxFreq() {
+        String cpuFreqPath = GlobalConfig.get(CPUFREQ_PATH, "");
+        long max = Arrays.stream(this.getCurrentFreq()).max().orElse(-1L);
+        // Max of current freq, if populated, is in units of Hz, convert to kHz
+        if (max > 0) {
+            max /= 1000L;
+        }
+        // Iterating CPUs only gets the existing policy, so we need to iterate the
+        // policy directories to find the system-wide policy max
+        File cpufreqdir = new File(cpuFreqPath + "/cpufreq");
+        File[] policies = cpufreqdir.listFiles();
+        if (policies != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < policies.length; i++) {
+                File f = policies[i];
+                if (f.getName().startsWith("policy")) {
+                    long freq = FileUtil.getLongFromFile(cpuFreqPath + "/cpufreq/" + f.getName() + "/scaling_max_freq");
+                    if (freq == 0) {
+                        freq = FileUtil.getLongFromFile(cpuFreqPath + "/cpufreq/" + f.getName() + "/cpuinfo_max_freq");
+                    }
+                    if (max < freq) {
+                        max = freq;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (max > 0L) {
+            // If successful, value is in KHz.
+            max *= 1000L;
+            // Cpufreq result assumes intel pstates and is unreliable for AMD processors.
+            // Check lshw as a backup
+            long lshwMax = Lshw.queryCpuCapacity();
+            return lshwMax > max ? lshwMax : max;
+        }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double[] getSystemLoadAverage(int nelem) {
+        if (nelem < 1 || nelem > 3) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must include from one to three elements.");
+        }
+        double[] average = new double[nelem];
+        int retval = LinuxLibc.INSTANCE.getloadavg(average, nelem);
+        if (retval < nelem) {
+            for (int i = Math.max(retval, 0); i < average.length; i++) {
+                average[i] = -1d;
+            }
+        }
+        return average;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long[][] queryProcessorCpuLoadTicks() {
+        long[][] ticks = CpuStat.getProcessorCpuLoadTicks(getLogicalProcessorCount());
+        // convert the Linux Jiffies to Milliseconds.
+        long hz = LinuxOperatingSystem.getHz();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ticks.length; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < ticks[i].length; j++) {
+                ticks[i][j] = ticks[i][j] * 1000L / hz;
+            }
+        }
+        return ticks;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetches the ProcessorID from dmidecode (if possible with root permissions),
+     * the cpuid command (if installed) or by encoding the stepping, model, family,
+     * and feature flags.
+     *
+     * @param vendor
+     *            The vendor
+     * @param stepping
+     *            The stepping
+     * @param model
+     *            The model
+     * @param family
+     *            The family
+     * @param flags
+     *            The flags
+     * @return The Processor ID string
+     */
+    private static String getProcessorID(String vendor, String stepping, String model, String family, String[] flags) {
+        boolean procInfo = false;
+        String marker = "Processor Information";
+        for (String checkLine : ExecutingCommand.runNative("dmidecode -t 4")) {
+            if (!procInfo && checkLine.contains(marker)) {
+                marker = "ID:";
+                procInfo = true;
+            } else if (procInfo && checkLine.contains(marker)) {
+                return checkLine.split(marker)[1].trim();
+            }
+        }
+        // If we've gotten this far, dmidecode failed. Try cpuid.
+        marker = "eax=";
+        for (String checkLine : ExecutingCommand.runNative("cpuid -1r")) {
+            if (checkLine.contains(marker) && checkLine.trim().startsWith("0x00000001")) {
+                String eax = "";
+                String edx = "";
+                for (String register : ParseUtil.whitespaces.split(checkLine)) {
+                    if (register.startsWith("eax=")) {
+                        eax = ParseUtil.removeMatchingString(register, "eax=0x");
+                    } else if (register.startsWith("edx=")) {
+                        edx = ParseUtil.removeMatchingString(register, "edx=0x");
+                    }
+                }
+                return edx + eax;
+            }
+        }
+        // If we've gotten this far, dmidecode failed. Encode arguments
+        if (vendor.startsWith("0x")) {
+            return createMIDR(vendor, stepping, model, family) + "00000000";
+        }
+        return createProcessorID(stepping, model, family, flags);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the MIDR, the ARM equivalent of CPUID ProcessorID
+     *
+     * @param vendor
+     *            the CPU implementer
+     * @param stepping
+     *            the "rnpn" variant and revision
+     * @param model
+     *            the partnum
+     * @param family
+     *            the architecture
+     * @return A 32-bit hex string for the MIDR
+     */
+    private static String createMIDR(String vendor, String stepping, String model, String family) {
+        int midrBytes = 0;
+        // Build 32-bit MIDR
+        if (stepping.startsWith("r") && stepping.contains("p")) {
+            String[] rev = stepping.substring(1).split("p");
+            // 3:0 – Revision: last n in rnpn
+            midrBytes |= ParseUtil.parseLastInt(rev[1], 0);
+            // 23:20 - Variant: first n in rnpn
+            midrBytes |= ParseUtil.parseLastInt(rev[0], 0) << 20;
+        }
+        // 15:4 - PartNum = model
+        midrBytes |= ParseUtil.parseLastInt(model, 0) << 4;
+        // 19:16 - Architecture = family
+        midrBytes |= ParseUtil.parseLastInt(family, 0) << 16;
+        // 31:24 - Implementer = vendor
+        midrBytes |= ParseUtil.parseLastInt(vendor, 0) << 24;
+
+        return String.format("%08X", midrBytes);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long queryContextSwitches() {
+        return CpuStat.getContextSwitches();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long queryInterrupts() {
+        return CpuStat.getInterrupts();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface org.slf4j.Logger. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long[] LinuxCentralProcessor.querySystemCpuLoadTicks()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.linux.LinuxCentralProcessor.querySystemCpuLoadTicks():long[].c3d111630ee5710f4547b8a0827b0471
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/linux/LinuxCentralProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+LinuxCentralProcessor.java|querySystemCpuLoadTicks|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7544e7d51a855d4d5daeca22a6e44285
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9668/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9668/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8078948ea9121dd9157795cfe8ffd039da2d62f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9668/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,687 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/oshi/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2018 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.util.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.NativeLong;
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.OleAuto;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Variant.VARIANT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WTypes.BSTR;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinNT.HRESULT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.COMUtils;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.LongByReference;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference;
+
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.Ole32;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.EnumWbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemLocator;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemServices;
+import oshi.util.FormatUtil;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to WMI queries
+ *
+ * @author widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class WmiUtil {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WmiUtil.class);
+
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = "ROOT\\CIMV2";
+
+    private static boolean comInitialized = false;
+    private static boolean securityInitialized = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Enum for WMI queries for proper parsing from the returned VARIANT
+     */
+    public enum ValueType {
+        // Properties
+        STRING, UINT32, FLOAT, DATETIME, BOOLEAN, UINT64, UINT16,
+        // Methods (use "__PATH" for property)
+        PROCESS_GETOWNER, PROCESS_GETOWNERSID
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For WMI queries requiring array input
+     */
+    private static final ValueType[] STRING_TYPE = { ValueType.STRING };
+    private static final ValueType[] UINT32_TYPE = { ValueType.UINT32 };
+    private static final ValueType[] FLOAT_TYPE = { ValueType.FLOAT };
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if WMI has the requested namespace. Some namespaces only exist
+     * on newer versions of Windows.
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to test
+     * @return true if the namespace exists, false otherwise
+     */
+    public static boolean hasNamespace(String namespace) {
+        Map<String, List<String>> nsMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom("ROOT", "__NAMESPACE", "Name", null);
+        for (String s : nsMap.get("Name")) {
+            if (s.equals(namespace)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Unsigned Integer value from WMI (as Long)
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Long containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Long selectUint32From(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Long) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Unsigned Integer values from WMI (as Longs)
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Longs with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Long>> selectUint32sFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Long>> longMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Entry<String, List<Object>> entry : result.entrySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Long> longList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : entry.getValue()) {
+                longList.add((Long) obj);
+            }
+            longMap.put(entry.getKey(), longList);
+        }
+        return longMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Float value from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Float containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Float selectFloatFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Float) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0f;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Float values from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Floats with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Float>> selectFloatsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Float>> floatMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Entry<String, List<Object>> entry : result.entrySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Float> floatList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : entry.getValue()) {
+                floatList.add((Float) obj);
+            }
+            floatMap.put(entry.getKey(), floatList);
+        }
+        return floatMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single String value from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A string containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static String selectStringFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (String) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple String values from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing strings with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<String>> selectStringsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<String>> strMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Entry<String, List<Object>> entry : result.entrySet()) {
+            ArrayList<String> strList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : entry.getValue()) {
+                strList.add((String) obj);
+            }
+            strMap.put(entry.getKey(), strList);
+        }
+        return strMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple individually typed values from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of types corresponding to the properties, or a single
+     *            element array
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Objects with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists. The type of the objects is identified by the
+     *         propertyTypes array. If only one propertyType is given, all
+     *         Objects will have that type. It is the responsibility of the
+     *         caller to cast the returned objects.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Object>> selectObjectsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        return queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties, wmiClass, whereClause,
+                propertyTypes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query WMI for values
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A single property or comma-delimited list of properties to
+     *            enumerate
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array corresponding to the properties, containing the type
+     *            of data being queried, to control how VARIANT is parsed
+     * @return A map, with the string value of each property as the key,
+     *         containing a list of Objects which can be cast appropriately per
+     *         valType. The order of objects in each list corresponds to the
+     *         other lists.
+     */
+    private static Map<String, List<Object>> queryWMI(String namespace, String properties, String wmiClass,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        // Set up empty map
+        Map<String, List<Object>> values = new HashMap<>();
+        String[] props = properties.split(",");
+        for (int i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {
+            if ("__PATH".equals(props[i])) {
+                // Methods will query __PATH
+                values.put(propertyTypes[i].name(), new ArrayList<>());
+            } else {
+                // Properties are named
+                values.put(props[i], new ArrayList<>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Initialize COM
+        if (!initCOM()) {
+            unInitCOM();
+            return values;
+        }
+
+        PointerByReference pSvc = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!connectServer(namespace, pSvc)) {
+            unInitCOM();
+            return values;
+        }
+        WbemServices svc = new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue());
+
+        PointerByReference pEnumerator = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!selectProperties(svc, pEnumerator, properties, wmiClass, whereClause)) {
+            svc.Release();
+            unInitCOM();
+            return values;
+        }
+        EnumWbemClassObject enumerator = new EnumWbemClassObject(pEnumerator.getValue());
+
+        enumerateProperties(values, enumerator, props, propertyTypes, svc);
+
+        // Cleanup
+        enumerator.Release();
+        svc.Release();
+        unInitCOM();
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Below methods ported from: Getting WMI Data from Local Computer
+     * https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa390423(v=VS.85).aspx
+     *
+     * Steps 1 - 7 correspond to the above link.
+     */
+    /**
+     * Initializes COM library and sets security to impersonate the local user
+     *
+     * @return true if COM successfully initialized
+     */
+    private static boolean initCOM() {
+        // Step 1: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Initialize COM. ------------------------------------------
+        HRESULT hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeEx(null, Ole32.COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            if (hres.intValue() == Ole32.RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE) {
+                // Com already initialized, ignore error
+                LOG.debug("COM already initialized.");
+                securityInitialized = true;
+                return true;
+            }
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize COM library. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            return false;
+        }
+        comInitialized = true;
+        if (securityInitialized) {
+            // Only run CoInitializeSecuirty once
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Step 2: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set general COM security levels --------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeSecurity(null, new NativeLong(-1), null, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_DEFAULT, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE, null);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres) && hres.intValue() != Ole32.RPC_E_TOO_LATE) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize security. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        securityInitialized = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Obtains a locator to the WMI server and connects to the specified
+     * namespace
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to connect to
+     * @param pSvc
+     *            A pointer to receive an indirect to the WMI service
+     * @return true if successful; pSvc will contain an indirect pointer to the
+     *         WMI service for future IWbemServices calls
+     */
+    private static boolean connectServer(String namespace, PointerByReference pSvc) {
+        // Step 3: ---------------------------------------------------
+        // Obtain the initial locator to WMI -------------------------
+        WbemLocator loc = WbemLocator.create();
+        if (loc == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Step 4: -----------------------------------------------------
+        // Connect to WMI through the IWbemLocator::ConnectServer method
+        // Connect to the namespace with the current user and obtain pointer
+        // pSvc to make IWbemServices calls.
+        HRESULT hres = loc.ConnectServer(new BSTR(namespace), null, null, null, null, null, null, pSvc);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not connect to namespace %s. Error code = 0x%08x", namespace,
+                    hres.intValue()));
+            loc.Release();
+            unInitCOM();
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG.debug("Connected to {} WMI namespace", namespace);
+        loc.Release();
+
+        // Step 5: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set security levels on the proxy -------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoSetProxyBlanket(pSvc.getValue(), Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT, Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHZ_NONE, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_CALL, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not set proxy blanket. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue()).Release();
+            unInitCOM();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Selects properties from WMI. Returns immediately, even while results are
+     * being retrieved; results may begun to be enumerated in the forward
+     * direction only.
+     *
+     * @param svc
+     *            A WbemServices object to make the calls
+     * @param pEnumerator
+     *            An enumerator to receive the results of the query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma separated list of properties to query
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WHERE clause to narrow the query
+     * @return True if successful. The enumerator will allow enumeration of
+     *         results of the query
+     */
+    private static boolean selectProperties(WbemServices svc, PointerByReference pEnumerator, String properties,
+            String wmiClass, String whereClause) {
+        // Step 6: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Use the IWbemServices pointer to make requests of WMI ----
+        String query = String.format("SELECT %s FROM %s %s", properties, wmiClass,
+                whereClause != null ? whereClause : "");
+        LOG.debug("Query: {}", query);
+        HRESULT hres = svc.ExecQuery(new BSTR("WQL"), new BSTR(query),
+                new NativeLong(
+                        EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_FORWARD_ONLY | EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_RETURN_IMMEDIATELY),
+                null, pEnumerator);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Query '%s' failed. Error code = 0x%08x", query, hres.intValue()));
+            svc.Release();
+            unInitCOM();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enumerate the results of a WMI query. This method is called while results
+     * are still being retrieved and may iterate in the forward direction only.
+     *
+     * @param values
+     *            A map to hold the results of the query using the property as
+     *            the key, and placing each enumerated result in a
+     *            (common-index) list for each property
+     * @param enumerator
+     *            The enumerator with the results
+     * @param properties
+     *            Comma-delimited list of properties to retrieve
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of property types matching the properties or a single
+     *            property type which will be used for all properties
+     * @param svc
+     *            The WbemServices object
+     */
+    private static void enumerateProperties(Map<String, List<Object>> values, EnumWbemClassObject enumerator,
+            String[] properties, ValueType[] propertyTypes, WbemServices svc) {
+        if (propertyTypes.length > 1 && properties.length != propertyTypes.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Property type array size must be 1 or equal to properties array size.");
+        }
+        // Step 7: -------------------------------------------------
+        // Get the data from the query in step 6 -------------------
+        PointerByReference pclsObj = new PointerByReference();
+        LongByReference uReturn = new LongByReference(0L);
+        while (enumerator.getPointer() != Pointer.NULL) {
+            HRESULT hres = enumerator.Next(new NativeLong(EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_INFINITE), new NativeLong(1),
+                    pclsObj, uReturn);
+            // Requested 1; if 0 objects returned, we're done
+            if (0L == uReturn.getValue() || COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+                // Enumerator will be released by calling method so no need to
+                // release it here.
+                return;
+            }
+            VARIANT.ByReference vtProp = new VARIANT.ByReference();
+
+            // Get the value of the properties
+            WbemClassObject clsObj = new WbemClassObject(pclsObj.getValue());
+            for (int p = 0; p < properties.length; p++) {
+                String property = properties[p];
+                hres = clsObj.Get(new BSTR(property), new NativeLong(0L), vtProp, null, null);
+
+                ValueType propertyType = propertyTypes.length > 1 ? propertyTypes[p] : propertyTypes[0];
+                switch (propertyType) {
+                case STRING:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? "unknown" : vtProp.stringValue());
+                    break;
+                // uint16 == VT_I4, a 32-bit number
+                case UINT16:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : vtProp.intValue());
+                    break;
+                // WMI Uint32s will return as longs
+                case UINT32:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : vtProp.longValue());
+                    break;
+                // WMI Longs will return as strings so we have the option of
+                // calling a string and parsing later, or calling UINT64 and
+                // letting this method do the parsing
+                case UINT64:
+                    values.get(property).add(
+                            vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : ParseUtil.parseLongOrDefault(vtProp.stringValue(), 0L));
+                    break;
+                case FLOAT:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0f : vtProp.floatValue());
+                    break;
+                case DATETIME:
+                    // Read a string in format 20160513072950.782000-420 and
+                    // parse to a long representing ms since eopch
+                    values.get(property)
+                            .add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : ParseUtil.cimDateTimeToMillis(vtProp.stringValue()));
+                    break;
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : vtProp.booleanValue());
+                    break;
+                case PROCESS_GETOWNER:
+                    // Win32_Process object GetOwner method
+                    String owner = FormatUtil.join("\\",
+                            execMethod(svc, vtProp.stringValue(), "GetOwner", "Domain", "User"));
+                    values.get(propertyType.name()).add("\\".equals(owner) ? "N/A" : owner);
+                    break;
+                case PROCESS_GETOWNERSID:
+                    // Win32_Process object GetOwnerSid method
+                    String[] ownerSid = execMethod(svc, vtProp.stringValue(), "GetOwnerSid", "Sid");
+                    values.get(propertyType.name()).add(ownerSid.length < 1 ? "" : ownerSid[0]);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // Should never get here! If you get this exception you've
+                    // added something to the enum without adding it here. Tsk.
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unimplemented enum type: " + propertyType.toString());
+                }
+                OleAuto.INSTANCE.VariantClear(vtProp);
+            }
+
+            clsObj.Release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * UnInitializes COM library if it was initialized by the {@link #initCOM()}
+     * method. Otherwise, does nothing.
+     */
+    private static void unInitCOM() {
+        if (comInitialized) {
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            comInitialized = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method for executing WMI methods without any input parameters
+     *
+     * @param svc
+     *            The WbemServices object
+     * @param clsObj
+     *            The full path to the class object to execute (result of WMI
+     *            "__PATH" query)
+     * @param method
+     *            The name of the method to execute
+     * @param properties
+     *            One or more properties returned as a result of the query
+     * @return An array of the properties returned from the method
+     */
+    private static String[] execMethod(WbemServices svc, String clsObj, String method, String... properties) {
+        List<String> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        PointerByReference ppOutParams = new PointerByReference();
+        HRESULT hres = svc.ExecMethod(new BSTR(clsObj), new BSTR(method), new NativeLong(0L), null, null, ppOutParams,
+                null);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            return new String[0];
+        }
+        WbemClassObject obj = new WbemClassObject(ppOutParams.getValue());
+        VARIANT.ByReference vtProp = new VARIANT.ByReference();
+        for (String prop : properties) {
+            hres = obj.Get(new BSTR(prop), new NativeLong(0L), vtProp, null, null);
+            if (!COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+                result.add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? "" : vtProp.stringValue());
+            }
+        }
+        obj.Release();
+        return result.toArray(new String[result.size()]);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `$T1_273` last assigned on line 516 could be null and is dereferenced at line 516.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(HashMap,EnumWbemClassObject,java.lang.String[],oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil$ValueType[],WbemServices)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(java.util.HashMap,oshi.jna.platform.windows.C.4217699cdaab858c17bd5e7977d6d9cc
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/util/platform/windows/WmiUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+WmiUtil.java|enumerateProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+765f92c4a0ada5a3f1876875d6c0a7c2
+
+### Hash:
+6a032dc665f70ac7ce7320d0cfd335a4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9669/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9669/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1dabf86a1895d6e8e89ab93c780a6b5485a718b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9669/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.util.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.NativeLong;
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.OleAuto;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Variant.VARIANT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WTypes.BSTR;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinNT.HRESULT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.COMUtils;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.LongByReference;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference;
+
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.Ole32;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.EnumWbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemLocator;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemServices;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to WMI queries
+ *
+ * @author widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class WmiUtil {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WmiUtil.class);
+
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = "ROOT\\CIMV2";
+
+    private static boolean securityInitialized = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Enum for WMI queries for proper parsing from the returned VARIANT
+     */
+    public enum ValueType {
+        STRING, UINT32, FLOAT, DATETIME, BOOLEAN
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For WMI queries requiring array input
+     */
+    private static final ValueType[] STRING_TYPE = { ValueType.STRING };
+    private static final ValueType[] UINT32_TYPE = { ValueType.UINT32 };
+    private static final ValueType[] FLOAT_TYPE = { ValueType.FLOAT };
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Unsigned Integer value from WMI (as Long)
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Long containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Long selectUint32From(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Long) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Unsigned Integer values from WMI (as Longs)
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Longs with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Long>> selectUint32sFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Long>> longMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Entry<String, List<Object>> entry : result.entrySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Long> longList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : entry.getValue()) {
+                longList.add((Long) obj);
+            }
+            longMap.put(entry.getKey(), longList);
+        }
+        return longMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Float value from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Float containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Float selectFloatFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Float) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0f;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Float values from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Floats with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Float>> selectFloatsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Float>> floatMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Entry<String, List<Object>> entry : result.entrySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Float> floatList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : entry.getValue()) {
+                floatList.add((Float) obj);
+            }
+            floatMap.put(entry.getKey(), floatList);
+        }
+        return floatMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single String value from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A string containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static String selectStringFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (String) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple String values from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing strings with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<String>> selectStringsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<String>> strMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Entry<String, List<Object>> entry : result.entrySet()) {
+            ArrayList<String> strList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : entry.getValue()) {
+                strList.add((String) obj);
+            }
+            strMap.put(entry.getKey(), strList);
+        }
+        return strMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple individually typed values from WMI
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of types corresponding to the properties, or a single
+     *            element array
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Objects with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists. The type of the objects is identified by the
+     *         propertyTypes array. If only one propertyType is given, all
+     *         Objects will have that type. It is the responsibility of the
+     *         caller to cast the returned objects.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Object>> selectObjectsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        return queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties, wmiClass, whereClause,
+                propertyTypes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query WMI for values
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A single property or comma-delimited list of properties to
+     *            enumerate
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array corresponding to the properties, containing the type
+     *            of data being queried, to control how VARIANT is parsed
+     * @return A map, with the string value of each property as the key,
+     *         containing a list of Objects which can be cast appropriately per
+     *         valType. The order of objects in each list corresponds to the
+     *         other lists.
+     */
+    private static Map<String, List<Object>> queryWMI(String namespace, String properties, String wmiClass,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        // Set up empty map
+        Map<String, List<Object>> values = new HashMap<>();
+        String[] props = properties.split(",");
+        for (String prop : props) {
+            values.put(prop, new ArrayList<Object>());
+        }
+
+        // Initialize COM
+        if (!initCOM()) {
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+
+        PointerByReference pSvc = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!connectServer(namespace, pSvc)) {
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+        WbemServices svc = new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue());
+
+        PointerByReference pEnumerator = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!selectProperties(svc, pEnumerator, properties, wmiClass, whereClause)) {
+            svc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+        EnumWbemClassObject enumerator = new EnumWbemClassObject(pEnumerator.getValue());
+
+        enumerateProperties(values, enumerator, props, propertyTypes);
+
+        // Cleanup
+        enumerator.Release();
+        svc.Release();
+        Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Below methods ported from: Getting WMI Data from Local Computer
+     * https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa390423(v=VS.85).aspx
+     *
+     * Steps 1 - 7 correspond to the above link.
+     */
+    /**
+     * Initializes COM library and sets security to impersonate the local user
+     *
+     * @return true if COM successfull initialized
+     */
+    private static boolean initCOM() {
+        // Step 1: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Initialize COM. ------------------------------------------
+        HRESULT hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeEx(null, Ole32.COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize COM library. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (securityInitialized) {
+            // Only run CoInitializeSecuirty once
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Step 2: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set general COM security levels --------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeSecurity(null, new NativeLong(-1), null, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_DEFAULT, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE, null);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres) && hres.intValue() != Ole32.RPC_E_TOO_LATE) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize security. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        securityInitialized = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Obtains a locator to the WMI server and connects to the specified
+     * namespace
+     *
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to connect to
+     * @param pSvc
+     *            A pointer to receive an indirect to the WMI service
+     * @return true if successful; pSvc will contain an indirect pointer to the
+     *         WMI service for future IWbemServices calls
+     */
+    private static boolean connectServer(String namespace, PointerByReference pSvc) {
+        // Step 3: ---------------------------------------------------
+        // Obtain the initial locator to WMI -------------------------
+        WbemLocator loc = WbemLocator.create();
+        if (loc == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Step 4: -----------------------------------------------------
+        // Connect to WMI through the IWbemLocator::ConnectServer method
+        // Connect to the namespace with the current user and obtain pointer
+        // pSvc to make IWbemServices calls.
+        HRESULT hres = loc.ConnectServer(new BSTR(namespace), null, null, null, null, null, null, pSvc);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not connect to namespace %s. Error code = 0x%08x", namespace,
+                    hres.intValue()));
+            loc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG.debug("Connected to {} WMI namespace", namespace);
+        loc.Release();
+
+        // Step 5: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set security levels on the proxy -------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoSetProxyBlanket(pSvc.getValue(), Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT, Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHZ_NONE, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_CALL, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not set proxy blanket. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue()).Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Selects properties from WMI. Returns immediately, even while results are
+     * being retrieved; results may begun to be enumerated in the forward
+     * direction only.
+     *
+     * @param svc
+     *            A WbemServices object to make the calls
+     * @param pEnumerator
+     *            An enumerator to receive the results of the query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma separated list of properties to query
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WHERE clause to narrow the query
+     * @return True if successful. The enumerator will allow enumeration of
+     *         results of the query
+     */
+    private static boolean selectProperties(WbemServices svc, PointerByReference pEnumerator, String properties,
+            String wmiClass, String whereClause) {
+        // Step 6: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Use the IWbemServices pointer to make requests of WMI ----
+        String query = String.format("SELECT %s FROM %s %s", properties, wmiClass,
+                whereClause != null ? whereClause : "");
+        LOG.debug("Query: {}", query);
+        HRESULT hres = svc.ExecQuery(new BSTR("WQL"), new BSTR(query),
+                new NativeLong(
+                        EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_FORWARD_ONLY | EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_RETURN_IMMEDIATELY),
+                null, pEnumerator);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Query '%s' failed. Error code = 0x%08x", query, hres.intValue()));
+            svc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enumerate the results of a WMI query. This method is called while results
+     * are still being retrieved and may iterate in the forward direction only.
+     *
+     * @param values
+     *            A map to hold the results of the query using the property as
+     *            the key, and placing each enumerated result in a
+     *            (common-index) list for each property
+     * @param enumerator
+     *            The enumerator with the results
+     * @param properties
+     *            Comma-delimited list of properties to retrieve
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of property types matching the properties or a single
+     *            property type which will be used for all properties
+     */
+    private static void enumerateProperties(Map<String, List<Object>> values, EnumWbemClassObject enumerator,
+            String[] properties, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        if (propertyTypes.length > 1 && properties.length != propertyTypes.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Property type array size must be 1 or equal to properties array size.");
+        }
+        // Step 7: -------------------------------------------------
+        // Get the data from the query in step 6 -------------------
+        PointerByReference pclsObj = new PointerByReference();
+        LongByReference uReturn = new LongByReference(0L);
+        while (enumerator.getPointer() != Pointer.NULL) {
+            HRESULT hres = enumerator.Next(new NativeLong(EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_INFINITE), new NativeLong(1),
+                    pclsObj, uReturn);
+            // Requested 1; if 0 objects returned, we're done
+            if (0L == uReturn.getValue() || COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+                // Enumerator will be released by calling method so no need to
+                // release it here.
+                return;
+            }
+            VARIANT.ByReference vtProp = new VARIANT.ByReference();
+
+            // Get the value of the properties
+            WbemClassObject clsObj = new WbemClassObject(pclsObj.getValue());
+            for (int p = 0; p < properties.length; p++) {
+                String property = properties[p];
+                hres = clsObj.Get(new BSTR(property), new NativeLong(0L), vtProp, null, null);
+
+                ValueType propertyType = propertyTypes.length > 1 ? propertyTypes[p] : propertyTypes[0];
+                switch (propertyType) {
+                // WMI Longs will return as strings
+                case STRING:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? "unknown" : vtProp.stringValue());
+                    break;
+                // WMI Uint32s will return as longs
+                case UINT32: // WinDef.LONG TODO improve in JNA 4.3
+                    values.get(property)
+                            .add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : vtProp._variant.__variant.lVal.longValue());
+                    break;
+                case FLOAT:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0f : vtProp.floatValue());
+                    break;
+                case DATETIME:
+                    // Read a string in format 20160513072950.782000-420 and
+                    // parse to a long representing ms since eopch
+                    values.get(property)
+                            .add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : ParseUtil.cimDateTimeToMillis(vtProp.stringValue()));
+                    break;
+                case BOOLEAN: // WinDef.BOOL TODO improve in JNA 4.3
+                    values.get(property)
+                            .add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : vtProp._variant.__variant.boolVal.booleanValue());
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // Should never get here! If you get this exception you've
+                    // added something to the enum without adding it here. Tsk.
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unimplemented enum type: " + propertyType.toString());
+                }
+                OleAuto.INSTANCE.VariantClear(vtProp.getPointer());
+            }
+            clsObj.Release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `$T1_257` last assigned on line 479 could be null and is dereferenced at line 479.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(HashMap,EnumWbemClassObject,java.lang.String[],oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil$ValueType[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(java.util.HashMap,oshi.jna.platform.windows.C.5f6d66bc2e64d1f4d951514562ae9e5b
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/util/platform/windows/WmiUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+WmiUtil.java|enumerateProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4c3ae65183971ca89aa1b1572cf1b3f5
+
+### Hash:
+99312c02916df1af992950b4fe8f64dd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9672/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9672/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..830ca18ac1c0056151a32e4d247283785ac49aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9672/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.util.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.NativeLong;
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.OleAuto;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Variant.VARIANT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WTypes.BSTR;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinNT.HRESULT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.COMUtils;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.LongByReference;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference;
+
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.Ole32;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.EnumWbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemLocator;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemServices;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to WMI queries
+ * 
+ * @author widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class WmiUtil {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WmiUtil.class);
+
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = "ROOT\\CIMV2";
+
+    private static boolean securityInitialized = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Enum for WMI queries for proper parsing from the returned VARIANT
+     */
+    public enum ValueType {
+        STRING, UINT32, FLOAT, DATETIME
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For WMI queries requiring array input
+     */
+    private static ValueType[] STRING_TYPE = { ValueType.STRING };
+    private static ValueType[] UINT32_TYPE = { ValueType.UINT32 };
+    private static ValueType[] FLOAT_TYPE = { ValueType.FLOAT };
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Unsigned Integer value from WMI (as Long)
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Long containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Long selectUint32From(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Long) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Unsigned Integer values from WMI (as Longs)
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Longs with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Long>> selectUint32sFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Long>> longMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (String key : result.keySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Long> longList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : result.get(key)) {
+                longList.add((Long) obj);
+            }
+            longMap.put(key, longList);
+        }
+        return longMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Float value from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Float containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Float selectFloatFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Float) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0f;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Float values from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Floats with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Float>> selectFloatsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Float>> floatMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (String key : result.keySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Float> floatList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : result.get(key)) {
+                floatList.add((Float) obj);
+            }
+            floatMap.put(key, floatList);
+        }
+        return floatMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single String value from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A string containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static String selectStringFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (String) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple String values from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing strings with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<String>> selectStringsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<String>> strMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (String key : result.keySet()) {
+            ArrayList<String> strList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : result.get(key)) {
+                strList.add((String) obj);
+            }
+            strMap.put(key, strList);
+        }
+        return strMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple individually typed values from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of types corresponding to the properties, or a single
+     *            element array
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Objects with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists. The type of the objects is identified by the
+     *         propertyTypes array. If only one propertyType is given, all
+     *         Objects will have that type. It is the responsibility of the
+     *         caller to cast the returned objects.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Object>> selectObjectsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, propertyTypes);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query WMI for values
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A single property or comma-delimited list of properties to
+     *            enumerate
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array corresponding to the properties, containing the type
+     *            of data being queried, to control how VARIANT is parsed
+     * @return A map, with the string value of each property as the key,
+     *         containing a list of Objects which can be cast appropriately per
+     *         valType. The order of objects in each list corresponds to the
+     *         other lists.
+     */
+    private static Map<String, List<Object>> queryWMI(String namespace, String properties, String wmiClass,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        // Set up empty map
+        Map<String, List<Object>> values = new HashMap<>();
+        String[] props = properties.split(",");
+        for (int i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {
+            values.put(props[i], new ArrayList<Object>());
+        }
+
+        // Initialize COM
+        if (!initCOM()) {
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+
+        PointerByReference pSvc = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!connectServer(namespace, pSvc)) {
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+        WbemServices svc = new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue());
+
+        PointerByReference pEnumerator = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!selectProperties(svc, pEnumerator, properties, wmiClass, whereClause)) {
+            svc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+        EnumWbemClassObject enumerator = new EnumWbemClassObject(pEnumerator.getValue());
+
+        enumerateProperties(values, enumerator, props, propertyTypes);
+
+        // Cleanup
+        enumerator.Release();
+        svc.Release();
+        Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Below methods ported from: Getting WMI Data from Local Computer
+     * https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa390423(v=VS.85).aspx
+     * 
+     * Steps 1 - 7 correspond to the above link.
+     */
+    /**
+     * Initializes COM library and sets security to impersonate the local user
+     * 
+     * @return true if COM successfull initialized
+     */
+    private static boolean initCOM() {
+        // Step 1: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Initialize COM. ------------------------------------------
+        HRESULT hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeEx(null, Ole32.COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize COM library. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (securityInitialized) {
+            // Only run CoInitializeSecuirty once
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Step 2: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set general COM security levels --------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeSecurity(null, new NativeLong(-1), null, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_DEFAULT, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE, null);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres) && hres.intValue() != Ole32.RPC_E_TOO_LATE) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize security. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        securityInitialized = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Obtains a locator to the WMI server and connects to the specified
+     * namespace
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to connect to
+     * @param pSvc
+     *            A pointer to receive an indirect to the WMI service
+     * @return true if successful; pSvc will contain an indirect pointer to the
+     *         WMI service for future IWbemServices calls
+     */
+    private static boolean connectServer(String namespace, PointerByReference pSvc) {
+        // Step 3: ---------------------------------------------------
+        // Obtain the initial locator to WMI -------------------------
+        WbemLocator loc = WbemLocator.create();
+        if (loc == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Step 4: -----------------------------------------------------
+        // Connect to WMI through the IWbemLocator::ConnectServer method
+        // Connect to the namespace with the current user and obtain pointer
+        // pSvc to make IWbemServices calls.
+        HRESULT hres = loc.ConnectServer(new BSTR(namespace), null, null, null, null, null, null, pSvc);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not connect to namespace %s. Error code = 0x%08x", namespace,
+                    hres.intValue()));
+            loc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG.debug("Connected to {} WMI namespace", namespace);
+        loc.Release();
+
+        // Step 5: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set security levels on the proxy -------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoSetProxyBlanket(pSvc.getValue(), Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT, Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHZ_NONE, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_CALL, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not set proxy blanket. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue()).Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Selects properties from WMI. Returns immediately, even while results are
+     * being retrieved; results may begun to be enumerated in the forward
+     * direction only.
+     * 
+     * @param svc
+     *            A WbemServices object to make the calls
+     * @param pEnumerator
+     *            An enumerator to receive the results of the query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma separated list of properties to query
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WHERE clause to narrow the query
+     * @return True if successful. The enumerator will allow enumeration of
+     *         results of the query
+     */
+    private static boolean selectProperties(WbemServices svc, PointerByReference pEnumerator, String properties,
+            String wmiClass, String whereClause) {
+        // Step 6: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Use the IWbemServices pointer to make requests of WMI ----
+        String query = String.format("SELECT %s FROM %s %s", properties, wmiClass,
+                whereClause != null ? whereClause : "");
+        LOG.debug("Query: {}", query);
+        HRESULT hres = svc.ExecQuery(new BSTR("WQL"), new BSTR(query),
+                new NativeLong(
+                        EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_FORWARD_ONLY | EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_RETURN_IMMEDIATELY),
+                null, pEnumerator);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Query '%s' failed. Error code = 0x%08x", query, hres.intValue()));
+            svc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enumerate the results of a WMI query. This method is called while results
+     * are still being retrieved and may iterate in the forward direction only.
+     * 
+     * @param values
+     *            A map to hold the results of the query using the property as
+     *            the key, and placing each enumerated result in a
+     *            (common-index) list for each property
+     * @param enumerator
+     *            The enumerator with the results
+     * @param properties
+     *            Comma-delimited list of properties to retrieve
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of property types matching the properties or a single
+     *            property type which will be used for all properties
+     */
+    private static void enumerateProperties(Map<String, List<Object>> values, EnumWbemClassObject enumerator,
+            String[] properties, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        if (propertyTypes.length > 1 && properties.length != propertyTypes.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Property type array size must be 1 or equal to properties array size.");
+        }
+        // Step 7: -------------------------------------------------
+        // Get the data from the query in step 6 -------------------
+        PointerByReference pclsObj = new PointerByReference();
+        LongByReference uReturn = new LongByReference(0L);
+        while (enumerator.getPointer() != Pointer.NULL) {
+            HRESULT hres = enumerator.Next(new NativeLong(EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_INFINITE), new NativeLong(1),
+                    pclsObj, uReturn);
+            // Requested 1; if 0 objects returned, we're done
+            if (0L == uReturn.getValue() || COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+                enumerator.Release();
+                return;
+            }
+            VARIANT.ByReference vtProp = new VARIANT.ByReference();
+
+            // Get the value of the properties
+            WbemClassObject clsObj = new WbemClassObject(pclsObj.getValue());
+            for (int p = 0; p < properties.length; p++) {
+                String property = properties[p];
+                hres = clsObj.Get(new BSTR(property), new NativeLong(0L), vtProp, null, null);
+
+                ValueType propertyType = propertyTypes.length > 1 ? propertyTypes[p] : propertyTypes[0];
+                switch (propertyType) {
+                // WMI Longs will return as strings
+                case STRING:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? "unknown" : vtProp.stringValue());
+                    break;
+                // WMI Uint32s will return as longs
+                case UINT32: // WinDef.LONG TODO improve in JNA 4.3
+                    values.get(property)
+                            .add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : vtProp._variant.__variant.lVal.longValue());
+                    break;
+                case FLOAT:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0f : vtProp.floatValue());
+                    break;
+                case DATETIME:
+                    // Read a string in format 20160513072950.782000-420 and
+                    // parse to a long representing ms since eopch
+                    values.get(property).add(ParseUtil.cimDateTimeToMillis(vtProp.stringValue()));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // Should never get here! If you get this exception you've
+                    // added something to the enum without adding it here. Tsk.
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unimplemented enum type: " + propertyType.toString());
+                }
+                OleAuto.INSTANCE.VariantClear(vtProp.getPointer());
+            }
+            clsObj.Release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `$T1_257` last assigned on line 478 could be null and is dereferenced at line 478.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(HashMap,EnumWbemClassObject,java.lang.String[],oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil$ValueType[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(java.util.HashMap,oshi.jna.platform.windows.C.5f6d66bc2e64d1f4d951514562ae9e5b
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/util/platform/windows/WmiUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+WmiUtil.java|enumerateProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4c3ae65183971ca89aa1b1572cf1b3f5
+
+### Hash:
+99312c02916df1af992950b4fe8f64dd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9675/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9675/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d953022af6d0773a423d074a9a4287902d4e1f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9675/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ * 
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2015 The Oshi Project Team
+ * 
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ * 
+ * Contributors:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * alessandro[at]perucchi[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.util;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * A class for executing on the command line and returning the result of
+ * execution.
+ * 
+ * @author alessandro[at]perucchi[dot]org
+ */
+public class ExecutingCommand {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExecutingCommand.class);
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a command on the native command line and returns the result.
+     * 
+     * @param cmdToRun
+     *            Command to run
+     * @return A list of Strings representing the result of the command
+     */
+    public static ArrayList<String> runNative(String cmdToRun) {
+        Process p = null;
+        try {
+            p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmdToRun);
+            p.waitFor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.trace("", e);
+            return null;
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.trace("", e);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
+        String line = "";
+        ArrayList<String> sa = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                sa.add(line);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.trace("", e);
+            return null;
+        }
+        return sa;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return first line of response for selected command.
+     * 
+     * @param cmd2launch
+     *            String command to be launched
+     * @return String or null
+     */
+    public static String getFirstAnswer(String cmd2launch) {
+        return getAnswerAt(cmd2launch, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return response on selected line index (0-based) after running selected
+     * command.
+     * 
+     * @param cmd2launch
+     *            String command to be launched
+     * @param answerIdx
+     *            int index of line in response of the command
+     * @return String whole line in response or null if invalid index or running
+     *         of command fails
+     */
+    public static String getAnswerAt(String cmd2launch, int answerIdx) {
+        List<String> sa = ExecutingCommand.runNative(cmd2launch);
+
+        if (sa != null && answerIdx >= 0 && answerIdx < sa.size()) {
+            return sa.get(answerIdx);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `p` by call to `exec(...)` at line 42 is not released after line 53.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ArrayList ExecutingCommand.runNative(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.ExecutingCommand.runNative(java.lang.String):java.util.ArrayList.b507e4ca6f09d011711a4ea8f149d42c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/util/ExecutingCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+ExecutingCommand.java|runNative|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3451cb93d845d85a147a6855623bf280
+
+### Hash:
+cc6556da7d4426a541049da8d057d75e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9688/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9688/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59d23c25775d67017caac068ddbf97a72265d3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9688/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import oshi.hardware.HWDiskStore;
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractDisks;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Windows hard disk implementation.
+ *
+ * @author enrico[dot]bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class WindowsDisks extends AbstractDisks {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    @Override
+    public HWDiskStore[] getDisks() {
+        List<HWDiskStore> result;
+        result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> vals = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_DiskDrive",
+                "Name,Manufacturer,Model,SerialNumber,Size", null);
+        for (int i = 0; i < vals.get("Name").size(); i++) {
+            HWDiskStore ds = new HWDiskStore();
+            ds.setName(vals.get("Name").get(i));
+            ds.setModel(String.format("%s %s", vals.get("Model").get(i), vals.get("Manufacturer").get(i)).trim());
+            // Most vendors store serial # as a hex string; convert
+            ds.setSerial(ParseUtil.hexStringToString(vals.get("SerialNumber").get(i)));
+            // If successful this line is the desired value
+            try {
+                ds.setSize(Long.parseLong(vals.get("Size").get(i)));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                // If we failed to parse, give up
+                // This is expected for an empty string on some drives
+                ds.setSize(0L);
+            }
+            result.add(ds);
+        }
+        return result.toArray(new HWDiskStore[result.size()]);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `vals.get("Name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 46.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+oshi.hardware.HWDiskStore[] WindowsDisks.getDisks()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.windows.WindowsDisks.getDisks():oshi.hardware.HWDiskStore[].af37c0f73cc467be6b79fcb297ced1ab
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/windows/WindowsDisks.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsDisks.java|getDisks|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ccf846dbf4c448ce9ebdc4cb034fb6c6
+
+### Hash:
+b7b5ebdae0ed1a2c2c14a43b274523fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9692/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9692/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..364e2db8d1a6ecf828762de6d5ab1c4c64071251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9692/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/oshi/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2018 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Kernel32; // NOSONAR
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Psapi;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Psapi.PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION;
+
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractGlobalMemory;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Memory obtained by GlobalMemoryStatusEx.
+ *
+ * @author dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ */
+public class WindowsGlobalMemory extends AbstractGlobalMemory {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WindowsGlobalMemory.class);
+
+    private transient PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION perfInfo = new PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION();
+
+    private long lastUpdate = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Update the performance information no more frequently than every 100ms
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void updateMeminfo() {
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (now - this.lastUpdate > 100) {
+            if (!Psapi.INSTANCE.GetPerformanceInfo(this.perfInfo, this.perfInfo.size())) {
+                LOG.error("Failed to get Performance Info. Error code: {}", Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetLastError());
+                return;
+            }
+            this.pageSize = this.perfInfo.PageSize.longValue();
+            this.memAvailable = this.pageSize * this.perfInfo.PhysicalAvailable.longValue();
+            this.memTotal = this.pageSize * this.perfInfo.PhysicalTotal.longValue();
+            this.swapTotal = this.pageSize
+                    * (this.perfInfo.CommitLimit.longValue() - this.perfInfo.PhysicalTotal.longValue());
+            this.lastUpdate = now;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected void updateSwap() {
+        updateMeminfo();
+        Map<String, List<Long>> usage = WmiUtil.selectUint32sFrom(null, "Win32_PerfRawData_PerfOS_PagingFile",
+                "PercentUsage,PercentUsage_Base", "WHERE Name=\"_Total\"");
+        if (!usage.get("PercentUsage").isEmpty()) {
+            this.swapUsed = this.swapTotal * usage.get("PercentUsage").get(0) / usage.get("PercentUsage_Base").get(0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `usage.get("PercentUsage_Base")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 78.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WindowsGlobalMemory.updateSwap()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.windows.WindowsGlobalMemory.updateSwap():void.a4e30b4c77a9c7bb34dce819e6f70722
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/windows/WindowsGlobalMemory.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsGlobalMemory.java|updateSwap|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2aa6f6daf0778eccf54a6bab9f067d08
+
+### Hash:
+2944d8badd19466e37bec0d01f00bacc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9695/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9695/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f58d474dc6590e39678f899b8455f9e0241a8545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9695/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 62
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2020 The OSHI Project Contributors: https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package oshi.util.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.EnumMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.PdhUtil; //NOSONAR
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.PdhUtil.PdhEnumObjectItems;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.PdhUtil.PdhException;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.Wbemcli;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.WbemcliUtil.WmiQuery;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.WbemcliUtil.WmiResult;
+
+import oshi.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import oshi.util.Util;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfDataUtil.PerfCounter;
+import oshi.util.tuples.Pair;
+
+/**
+ * Enables queries of Performance Counters using wild cards to filter instances
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public final class PerfCounterWildcardQuery {
+
+    private PerfCounterWildcardQuery() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query the a Performance Counter using PDH, with WMI backup on failure, for
+     * values corresponding to the property enum.
+     *
+     * @param <T>
+     *            The enum type of {@code propertyEnum}
+     * @param propertyEnum
+     *            An enum which implements
+     *            {@link oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterQuery.PdhCounterProperty}
+     *            and contains the WMI field (Enum value) and PDH Counter string
+     *            (instance and counter)
+     * @param perfObject
+     *            The PDH object for this counter; all counters on this object will
+     *            be refreshed at the same time
+     * @param perfWmiClass
+     *            The WMI PerfData_RawData_* class corresponding to the PDH object
+     * @return An pair containing a list of instances and an {@link EnumMap} of the
+     *         corresponding values indexed by {@code propertyEnum} on success, or
+     *         an empty list and empty map if both PDH and WMI queries failed.
+     */
+    public static <T extends Enum<T>> Pair<List<String>, Map<T, List<Long>>> queryInstancesAndValues(
+            Class<T> propertyEnum, String perfObject, String perfWmiClass) {
+        Pair<List<String>, Map<T, List<Long>>> instancesAndValuesMap = queryInstancesAndValuesFromPDH(propertyEnum,
+                perfObject);
+        if (instancesAndValuesMap.getA().isEmpty()) {
+            return queryInstancesAndValuesFromWMI(propertyEnum, perfWmiClass);
+        }
+        return instancesAndValuesMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query the a Performance Counter using PDH for values corresponding to the
+     * property enum.
+     *
+     * @param <T>
+     *            The enum type of {@code propertyEnum}
+     * @param propertyEnum
+     *            An enum which implements
+     *            {@link oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterQuery.PdhCounterProperty}
+     *            and contains the WMI field (Enum value) and PDH Counter string
+     *            (instance and counter)
+     * @param perfObject
+     *            The PDH object for this counter; all counters on this object will
+     *            be refreshed at the same time
+     * @return An pair containing a list of instances and an {@link EnumMap} of the
+     *         corresponding values indexed by {@code propertyEnum} on success, or
+     *         an empty list and empty map if the PDH query failed.
+     */
+    public static <T extends Enum<T>> Pair<List<String>, Map<T, List<Long>>> queryInstancesAndValuesFromPDH(
+            Class<T> propertyEnum, String perfObject) {
+        T[] props = propertyEnum.getEnumConstants();
+        if (props.length < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Enum " + propertyEnum.getName()
+                    + " must have at least two elements, an instance filter and a counter.");
+        }
+        String instanceFilter = ((PdhCounterWildcardProperty) propertyEnum.getEnumConstants()[0]).getCounter()
+                .toLowerCase();
+        String perfObjectLocalized = PerfCounterQuery.localize(perfObject);
+
+        // Get list of instances
+        final PdhEnumObjectItems objectItems;
+        try {
+            objectItems = PdhUtil.PdhEnumObjectItems(null, null, perfObjectLocalized, 100);
+        } catch (PdhException e) {
+            return new Pair<>(Collections.emptyList(), Collections.emptyMap());
+        }
+        List<String> instances = objectItems.getInstances();
+        // Filter out instances not matching filter
+        instances.removeIf(i -> !Util.wildcardMatch(i.toLowerCase(), instanceFilter));
+        EnumMap<T, List<Long>> valuesMap = new EnumMap<>(propertyEnum);
+        try (PerfCounterQueryHandler pdhQueryHandler = new PerfCounterQueryHandler()) {
+            // Set up the query and counter handles
+            EnumMap<T, List<PerfCounter>> counterListMap = new EnumMap<>(propertyEnum);
+            // Start at 1, first counter defines instance filter
+            for (int i = 1; i < props.length; i++) {
+                T prop = props[i];
+                List<PerfCounter> counterList = new ArrayList<>(instances.size());
+                for (String instance : instances) {
+                    PerfCounter counter = PerfDataUtil.createCounter(perfObject, instance,
+                            ((PdhCounterWildcardProperty) prop).getCounter());
+                    if (!pdhQueryHandler.addCounterToQuery(counter)) {
+                        return new Pair<>(Collections.emptyList(), Collections.emptyMap());
+                    }
+                    counterList.add(counter);
+                }
+                counterListMap.put(prop, counterList);
+            }
+            // And then query. Zero timestamp means update failed
+            if (0 < pdhQueryHandler.updateQuery()) {
+                // Start at 1, first counter defines instance filter
+                for (int i = 1; i < props.length; i++) {
+                    T prop = props[i];
+                    List<Long> values = new ArrayList<>();
+                    for (PerfCounter counter : counterListMap.get(prop)) {
+                        values.add(pdhQueryHandler.queryCounter(counter));
+                    }
+                    valuesMap.put(prop, values);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Pair<>(instances, valuesMap);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query the a Performance Counter using WMI for values corresponding to the
+     * property enum.
+     *
+     * @param <T>
+     *            The enum type of {@code propertyEnum}
+     * @param propertyEnum
+     *            An enum which implements
+     *            {@link oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterQuery.PdhCounterProperty}
+     *            and contains the WMI field (Enum value) and PDH Counter string
+     *            (instance and counter)
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI PerfData_RawData_* class corresponding to the PDH object
+     * @return An pair containing a list of instances and an {@link EnumMap} of the
+     *         corresponding values indexed by {@code propertyEnum} on success, or
+     *         an empty list and empty map if the WMI query failed.
+     */
+    public static <T extends Enum<T>> Pair<List<String>, Map<T, List<Long>>> queryInstancesAndValuesFromWMI(
+            Class<T> propertyEnum, String wmiClass) {
+        List<String> instances = new ArrayList<>();
+        EnumMap<T, List<Long>> valuesMap = new EnumMap<>(propertyEnum);
+        WmiQuery<T> query = new WmiQuery<>(wmiClass, propertyEnum);
+        WmiResult<T> result = WmiQueryHandler.createInstance().queryWMI(query);
+        if (result.getResultCount() > 0) {
+            for (T prop : propertyEnum.getEnumConstants()) {
+                // First element is instance name
+                if (prop.ordinal() == 0) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < result.getResultCount(); i++) {
+                        instances.add(WmiUtil.getString(result, prop, i));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    List<Long> values = new ArrayList<>();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < result.getResultCount(); i++) {
+                        switch (result.getCIMType(prop)) {
+                        case Wbemcli.CIM_UINT16:
+                            values.add(Long.valueOf(WmiUtil.getUint16(result, prop, i)));
+                            break;
+                        case Wbemcli.CIM_UINT32:
+                            values.add(WmiUtil.getUint32asLong(result, prop, i));
+                            break;
+                        case Wbemcli.CIM_UINT64:
+                            values.add(WmiUtil.getUint64(result, prop, i));
+                            break;
+                        case Wbemcli.CIM_DATETIME:
+                            values.add(WmiUtil.getDateTime(result, prop, i).toInstant().toEpochMilli());
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            throw new ClassCastException("Unimplemented CIM Type Mapping.");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    valuesMap.put(prop, values);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new Pair<>(instances, valuesMap);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Contract for Counter Property Enums
+     */
+    public interface PdhCounterWildcardProperty {
+        /**
+         * @return Returns the counter. The first element of the enum will return the
+         *         instance filter rather than a counter.
+         */
+        String getCounter();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterWildcardQuery$PdhCounterWildcardProperty. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Pair PerfCounterWildcardQuery.queryInstancesAndValues(Class,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.platform.windows.PerfCounterWildcardQuery.queryInstancesAndValues(java.lang.Class,java.lan.91b2159c67ca47ba46197b3ae9d579c7
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/util/platform/windows/PerfCounterWildcardQuery.java
+
+### Key:
+PerfCounterWildcardQuery.java|queryInstancesAndValues|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b41ee21aa8ed5ec8b0c254362eb3866b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9802/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9802/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff13d0a1d2118c1e43761483daff8a492a55ded7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9802/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** leshan
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Sierra Wireless and others.
+ * 
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * and Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which accompany this distribution.
+ * 
+ * The Eclipse Public License is available at
+ *    http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ * and the Eclipse Distribution License is available at
+ *    http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.html.
+ * 
+ * Contributors:
+ *     Sierra Wireless - initial API and implementation
+ *******************************************************************************/
+
+package org.eclipse.leshan.integration.tests;
+
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.eclipse.leshan.LwM2mId;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.SecurityMode;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.client.californium.LeshanClientBuilder;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.client.object.Device;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.client.object.Security;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.client.resource.LwM2mObjectEnabler;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.client.resource.ObjectsInitializer;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.bootstrap.BootstrapConfig;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.bootstrap.BootstrapConfig.ServerConfig;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.bootstrap.BootstrapConfig.ServerSecurity;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.bootstrap.BootstrapStore;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.californium.LeshanBootstrapServerBuilder;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.californium.impl.LeshanBootstrapServer;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.security.BootstrapSecurityStore;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.security.EditableSecurityStore;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.server.security.SecurityInfo;
+import org.eclipse.leshan.util.Hex;
+
+/**
+ * Helper for running a server and executing a client against it.
+ * 
+ */
+public class BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper extends IntegrationTestHelper {
+
+    public static final String GOOD_PSK_ID = "Good_Client_identity";
+    public static final byte[] GOOD_PSK_KEY = Hex.decodeHex("73656372657450534b".toCharArray());
+    public static final byte[] BAD_PSK_KEY = Hex.decodeHex("010101010101010101".toCharArray());
+
+    LeshanBootstrapServer bootstrapServer;
+
+    public void createBootstrapServer(BootstrapSecurityStore securityStore) {
+
+        BootstrapStore bsStore = new BootstrapStore() {
+            @Override
+            public BootstrapConfig getBootstrap(String endpoint) {
+
+                BootstrapConfig bsConfig = new BootstrapConfig();
+
+                // security for BS server
+                ServerSecurity bsSecurity = new ServerSecurity();
+                bsSecurity.serverId = 1111;
+                bsSecurity.bootstrapServer = true;
+                bsSecurity.uri = "coap://" + bootstrapServer.getNonSecureAddress().getHostString() + ":"
+                        + bootstrapServer.getNonSecureAddress().getPort();
+                bsSecurity.securityMode = SecurityMode.NO_SEC;
+                bsConfig.security.put(0, bsSecurity);
+
+                // security for DM server
+                ServerSecurity dmSecurity = new ServerSecurity();
+                dmSecurity.uri = "coap://" + server.getUnsecuredAddress().getHostString() + ":"
+                        + server.getUnsecuredAddress().getPort();
+                dmSecurity.serverId = 2222;
+                dmSecurity.securityMode = SecurityMode.NO_SEC;
+                bsConfig.security.put(1, dmSecurity);
+
+                // DM server
+                ServerConfig dmConfig = new ServerConfig();
+                dmConfig.shortId = 2222;
+                bsConfig.servers.put(0, dmConfig);
+
+                return bsConfig;
+            }
+        };
+
+        if (securityStore == null) {
+            securityStore = dummyBsSecurityStore();
+        }
+
+        LeshanBootstrapServerBuilder builder = new LeshanBootstrapServerBuilder();
+        builder.setConfigStore(bsStore);
+        builder.setSecurityStore(securityStore);
+        builder.setLocalAddress(new InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress(), 0));
+        builder.setLocalSecureAddress(new InetSocketAddress(InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress(), 0));
+
+        bootstrapServer = builder.build();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void createClient() {
+        // Create Security Object (with bootstrap server only)
+        String bsUrl = "coap://" + bootstrapServer.getNonSecureAddress().getHostString() + ":"
+                + bootstrapServer.getNonSecureAddress().getPort();
+        Security security = new Security(bsUrl, true, 3, new byte[0], new byte[0], new byte[0], 12345);
+
+        createClient(security);
+    }
+
+    public void createPSKClient(String pskIdentity, byte[] pskKey) {
+
+        // Create Security Object (with bootstrap server only)
+        String bsUrl = "coaps://" + bootstrapServer.getSecureAddress().getHostString() + ":"
+                + bootstrapServer.getSecureAddress().getPort();
+        byte[] pskId = pskIdentity.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        Security security = Security.pskBootstrap(bsUrl, pskId, pskKey);
+
+        createClient(security);
+    }
+
+    private void createClient(Security security) {
+        ObjectsInitializer initializer = new ObjectsInitializer();
+
+        // Initialize LWM2M Object Tree
+        initializer.setInstancesForObject(LwM2mId.SECURITY, security);
+        initializer.setInstancesForObject(LwM2mId.DEVICE,
+                new Device("Eclipse Leshan", IntegrationTestHelper.MODEL_NUMBER, "12345", "U"));
+        List<LwM2mObjectEnabler> objects = initializer.createMandatory();
+        objects.add(initializer.create(2));
+
+        // Create Leshan Client
+        LeshanClientBuilder builder = new LeshanClientBuilder(getCurrentEndpoint());
+        builder.setObjects(objects);
+        client = builder.build();
+    }
+
+    public BootstrapSecurityStore bsSecurityStore() {
+
+        return new BootstrapSecurityStore() {
+            @Override
+            public SecurityInfo getByIdentity(String identity) {
+                if (BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.GOOD_PSK_ID.equals(identity)) {
+                    return pskSecurityInfo();
+                } else {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public List<SecurityInfo> getAllByEndpoint(String endpoint) {
+                if (getCurrentEndpoint().equals(endpoint)) {
+                    SecurityInfo info = pskSecurityInfo();
+                    return Arrays.asList(info);
+                } else {
+                    return Arrays.asList();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    public SecurityInfo pskSecurityInfo() {
+        SecurityInfo info = SecurityInfo.newPreSharedKeyInfo(getCurrentEndpoint(),
+                BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.GOOD_PSK_ID, BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.GOOD_PSK_KEY);
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    private BootstrapSecurityStore dummyBsSecurityStore() {
+        return new BootstrapSecurityStore() {
+
+            @Override
+            public SecurityInfo getByIdentity(String identity) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public List<SecurityInfo> getAllByEndpoint(String endpoint) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void dispose() {
+        super.dispose();
+        ((EditableSecurityStore) server.getSecurityStore()).remove(getCurrentEndpoint());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.bootstrapServer.getSecureAddress()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 115.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.createPSKClient(String,byte[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.eclipse.leshan.integration.tests.BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.createPSKClient(java.lang.String.401629639a568c88793a53f15680d8e3
+
+### File:
+leshan-integration-tests/src/test/java/org/eclipse/leshan/integration/tests/BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.java
+
+### Key:
+BootstrapIntegrationTestHelper.java|createPSKClient|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+555eb4653f57a9c18c7378b53476017b
+
+### Hash:
+1a53a24eec1484fa881fcc6182e76807
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9811/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9811/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..422a626986d6d3ad15a627e47f67e258c68a8ee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9811/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CorfuDB
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ */
+package com.microsoft.corfu;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import javax.security.auth.login.Configuration;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
+import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
+import javax.xml.transform.TransformerConfigurationException;
+import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
+import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
+import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
+import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class CorfuConfiguration 
+{
+	Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CorfuConfiguration.class);
+
+    int globalepoch;
+    ArrayList<SegmentView> segmentlist = new ArrayList<SegmentView>();
+
+    /** Constructor from a general input-source
+     * @param is
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration(InputSource is) throws CorfuException {
+        Document doc = null;
+
+        try {
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            dbf.setNamespaceAware(true);
+
+            DocumentBuilder db = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
+
+            doc = db.parse(is);
+            DOMToConf(doc);
+        }
+        catch(Exception e)
+        {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            throw new CorfuException("Error parsing XML config file!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor from string
+     * @param inp
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration(InputStream inp) throws CorfuException {
+        this(new InputSource(inp));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor from string
+     * @param bootstrapconfiguration
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration(String bootstrapconfiguration) throws CorfuException {
+        this(new InputSource(new java.io.StringReader(bootstrapconfiguration)));
+    }
+
+    /** Constructor from file
+     * @param bootstraplocation
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration(File bootstraplocation) throws CorfuException, FileNotFoundException {
+        this(new InputSource(new FileReader(bootstraplocation)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * copy constructor
+     * @param cloned
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration(CorfuConfiguration cloned) {
+        globalepoch = cloned.globalepoch;
+        segmentlist = new ArrayList<SegmentView>();
+        for (SegmentView s : cloned.segmentlist) {
+            segmentlist.add(new SegmentView(s));
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * @return the global epoch of this configuration
+     * Individual segments of the configuration may have lower epochs than the global configuration, 
+     * if they never changed. (unused for now) 
+     */
+    public int getGlobalEpoch() { return globalepoch; }
+
+    public void changeEpoch(int ne) { globalepoch = ne; }
+
+    SegmentView getActiveSegmentView() { return segmentlist.get(segmentlist.size()-1); }
+
+	public int getNumSegments() { return segmentlist.size(); }
+	
+	/** obtain the count of distinct replica-sets
+	 * @return the number of replica-sets in the currently-active segment
+	 */
+	public int getNumGroups() { return getActiveSegmentView().groups.length; }
+	
+	/** Obtain an array of replicas
+	 * @param ind : is the index of the replica-set within in the currently-active segment
+	 * @return the array of Endpoint's of the requested replica-set
+	 */
+	public Endpoint[] getGroupByNumber(int ind) { return getActiveSegmentView().groups[ind].replicas; }
+	
+	/** Obtain the size of a replica-set
+	 * @param ind : is the index of the replica-set within in the currently-active segment
+	 * @return the number of Endpoint's in the requested replica-set
+	 */
+	public int getGroupsizeByNumber(int ind) { return getActiveSegmentView().groups[ind].numnodes; }
+	
+	/** Obtain the sequencer of the currently active segment
+	 * @return Endpoint of the sequencer
+	 */
+	public Endpoint getSequencer() { return getActiveSegmentView().tokenserver; }
+	
+	/** Obtain the grain size of the currently active segment 
+	 * (TODO shouldn't this permanent and not change with each segment??)
+	 * @return grain-size of current segment
+	 */
+	public int getGrain() { return getActiveSegmentView().grain; }
+	
+	/** Obtain the unit size of the currently active segment 
+	 * (TODO shouldn't this permanent and not change with each segment??)
+	 * @return disk-size of current segment
+	 */
+	public int getUnitsize() { return getActiveSegmentView().disksize; }
+	
+	/**
+	 * Obtain the capacity (in grain-size unit) of the current active segment
+	 * @return capacity (in grain-size units) of the current active segment
+	 */
+	public int getCapacity() { return getActiveSegmentView().disksize * getActiveSegmentView().numgroups; }
+
+
+    void DOMToConf(Document doc) throws Exception {
+
+        Node N = doc.getElementsByTagName("systemview").item(0);
+        int numsegments = Integer.parseInt(N.getAttributes().getNamedItem("NumConfigs").getNodeValue());
+
+        globalepoch = Integer.parseInt(N.getAttributes().getNamedItem("GlobalEpoch").getNodeValue());
+
+        // log is mapped onto
+        // - list of SegmentView's
+        //   -- each segment striped over a list of replicas GroupViews
+        //      -- each group has a list of ChildNodes
+        //
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < numsegments; i++) {
+            Node segmentN = doc.getElementsByTagName("CONFIGURATION").item(i);
+            int segmentindex = Integer.parseInt(segmentN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("index").getNodeValue());
+            int numgroups = Integer.parseInt(segmentN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("numgroups").getNodeValue());
+            int startoff = Integer.parseInt(segmentN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("startoffset").getNodeValue());
+            int grain = Integer.parseInt(segmentN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("grain").getNodeValue());
+            int disksize = Integer.parseInt(segmentN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("disksize").getNodeValue());
+            String tokenserveraddress = segmentN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("tokenserver").getNodeValue();
+            Endpoint tokenserver = new Endpoint(tokenserveraddress);
+
+            GroupView[] grouplist = new GroupView[numgroups];
+            log.info("globalepoch {}Segment {} with {} group(s) [{}..{}] grain={}",
+                    globalepoch,
+                    segmentindex, numgroups, startoff, startoff + disksize, grain);
+
+            for (int j = 0; j < segmentN.getChildNodes().getLength(); j++) {
+                long localstartoff = 0;
+                Node groupN = segmentN.getChildNodes().item(j);
+
+                if (!(groupN.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE && groupN.hasAttributes())) continue;
+                int gindex = Integer.parseInt(groupN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("index").getNodeValue());
+                int groupepoch = Integer.parseInt(groupN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("groupepoch").getNodeValue());
+                int numnodes = Integer.parseInt(groupN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("numnodes").getNodeValue());
+                int groupID = Integer.parseInt(groupN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("groupID").getNodeValue());
+
+                if (numnodes > 1) {
+                    log.error("replication not supported yet");
+                    System.exit(0);
+                }
+                log.info("group {} has {} units", gindex, numnodes);
+
+                Endpoint[] corfunodes = new Endpoint[numnodes];
+                for (int k = 0; k < groupN.getChildNodes().getLength(); k++) {
+                    Node nodeN = groupN.getChildNodes().item(k);
+                    if (!(nodeN.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE && nodeN.hasAttributes())) continue;
+                    String nodeaddress = nodeN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("nodeaddress").getNodeValue();
+                    int nindex = Integer.parseInt(nodeN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("index").getNodeValue());
+                    log.info("node[{}]: {}", nindex, nodeaddress);
+
+                    int curlocalstartoff = Integer.parseInt(nodeN.getAttributes().getNamedItem("startoffset").getNodeValue());
+                    if (j != 0 && curlocalstartoff != localstartoff)
+                        throw new Exception("Bad config format: replicas must have same startoff");
+                    else localstartoff = curlocalstartoff;
+                    corfunodes[nindex] = new Endpoint(nodeaddress);
+                }
+                grouplist[gindex] = new GroupView(localstartoff, corfunodes, groupepoch, numnodes, groupID);
+            }
+
+            segmentlist.add(new SegmentView(startoff, numgroups, disksize, grain, grouplist, tokenserver));
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * export the current configuration in XML format into a DOM
+     * @return a Document representation of the history of configuration-segments
+     *
+     * The XML result has the following template structure:
+     * <systemview LogID="0" SequenceNo="0" GlobalEpoch="0" NumConfigs="1">
+    <CONFIGURATION index="0" startoffset="0" tokenserver="localhost:9020" disksize="1000" grain="128" numgroups="2">
+    <GROUP index="0" groupID="1" groupepoch="0" numnodes="1">
+    <NODE index="0" nodeaddress="localhost:9040" startoffset="0" />
+    </GROUP>
+    <GROUP index="1" groupID="2" groupepoch="0" numnodes="1">
+    <NODE index="0" nodeaddress="localhost:9045" startoffset="0" />
+    </GROUP>
+    </CONFIGURATION>
+    </systemview>
+     */
+    public Document ConfToDOM() throws ParserConfigurationException {
+        DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+        dbf.setNamespaceAware(true);
+
+        Document doc = null;
+        doc = dbf.newDocumentBuilder().newDocument();
+        Element rootElement = doc.createElement("systemview");
+        rootElement.setAttribute("GlobalEpoch", Integer.toString(globalepoch));
+        rootElement.setAttribute("NumConfigs", Integer.toString(getNumSegments()));
+        doc.appendChild(rootElement);
+
+        int sind = 0;
+        for (SegmentView s: segmentlist) {
+            Element conf = doc.createElement("CONFIGURATION");
+            rootElement.appendChild(conf);
+
+            conf.setAttribute("index", Integer.toString(sind));
+            sind++;
+            conf.setAttribute("startoffset", Long.toString(s.startoff));
+            conf.setAttribute("tokenserver", s.tokenserver.toString());
+            conf.setAttribute("disksize", Integer.toString(s.disksize));
+            conf.setAttribute("grain", Integer.toString(s.grain));
+            conf.setAttribute("numgroups", Integer.toString(s.numgroups));
+
+            int gind = 0;
+            for (GroupView gv : s.groups) {
+                Element grp = doc.createElement("GROUP");
+                conf.appendChild(grp);
+                grp.setAttribute("index", Integer.toString(gind));
+                grp.setAttribute("groupID", Integer.toString(gv.groupid));
+                grp.setAttribute("groupepoch", Integer.toString(gv.localepoch));
+                grp.setAttribute("numnodes", Integer.toString(gv.numnodes));
+                gind++;
+
+                int nind = 0;
+                for (Endpoint nd : gv.replicas) {
+                    Element node = doc.createElement("NODE");
+                    grp.appendChild(node);
+                    node.setAttribute("index", Integer.toString(nind));
+                    node.setAttribute("nodeaddress", nd.toString());
+                    node.setAttribute("startoffset", Long.toString(gv.localstartoff)); // TODO do we need a per node startoffset?
+                    nind++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return doc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * export the current configuration in XML format into a String
+     * @return An String representation in XML format of the series of segements
+     * @throws TransformerException
+     * @throws ParserConfigurationException
+     */
+    public String ConfToXMLString() throws CorfuException {
+        String s = null;
+        try {
+            Document doc = ConfToDOM();
+            Transformer transformer = TransformerFactory.newInstance().newTransformer();
+            DOMSource src = new DOMSource(doc);
+            StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
+            transformer.transform(src, new StreamResult(writer));
+            s = writer.getBuffer().toString();
+        } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
+            throw new InternalCorfuException("failed to convert configuration to DOM");
+        } catch (TransformerConfigurationException e) {
+            throw new InternalCorfuException("failed to convert configuration to DOM");
+        } catch (TransformerException e) {
+            throw new InternalCorfuException("failed to convert configuration to DOM");
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a single logging unit from configuration.
+     * We create a new segment which succeeds the current sequence segment-history. The new segments starts at 'highOffset+1'
+     * and excludes the removed unit.
+     * @param highOffset the highest log-offset reached up to now
+     * @param hostname removed unit hostname
+     * @param port removed unit port #
+     * @return a proposed new configuration
+     * @throws TransformerException when an internal problem occurs in transforming to XML string
+     * @throws ParserConfigurationException when an internal problem occurs when parsing the configuration
+     * @throws BadParamCorfuException when the unit to be removed is either not found, or is a single replica
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration getRemoveUnitProposal(long highOffset, String hostname, int port)
+            throws CorfuException {
+        CorfuConfiguration newC = new CorfuConfiguration(this);
+        newC.changeEpoch(globalepoch+1);
+
+        boolean found = false;
+        for (SegmentView s : newC.segmentlist) {
+            for (GroupView g : s.groups) {
+                if (g.numnodes <= 1) {
+                    throw new BadParamCorfuException("cannot remove a unit from a single-replica group!");
+                }
+                int ind = 0;
+                for (Endpoint n : g.replicas) {
+                    log.debug("node {}: {}", ind, n.toString());
+                    if (n.getHostname().equals(hostname) && n.getPort() == port) {
+                        log.info("found unit to remove groupID={} node index={}", g.groupid, ind);
+                        g.removeUnit(ind);
+                        found = true;
+                    }
+                    ind++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found) throw new BadParamCorfuException(" unit to be removed is not found");
+        newC.getActiveSegmentView().setEndoff(highOffset);
+        log.info("concatenate new segment");
+        SegmentView newseg = new SegmentView(newC.getActiveSegmentView());
+        newseg.startoff = highOffset+1;
+        log.info("new segment starts at offset {}", newseg.startoff);
+        newC.segmentlist.add(newseg);
+        return newC;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove an entire replica-group from configuration.
+     * We create a new segment which succeeds the current sequence segment-history. The new segments starts at 'highOffset+1'
+     * and excludes the removed group.
+     * @param highOffset the highest log-offset reached up to now
+     * @param groupind the index of the removed group (between 0..numgroups-1).
+     *
+     * @return a proposed new configuration
+     * @throws TransformerException when an internal problem occurs in transforming to XML string
+     * @throws ParserConfigurationException when an internal problem occurs when parsing the configuration
+     * @throws BadParamCorfuException when the unit to be removed is either not found, or is a single replica
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration getRemoveGroupProposal(long highOffset, int groupind)
+            throws CorfuException {
+
+        CorfuConfiguration newC = new CorfuConfiguration(this);
+        newC.getActiveSegmentView().setEndoff(highOffset);
+        newC.changeEpoch(globalepoch+1);
+
+        SegmentView s = new SegmentView(newC.getActiveSegmentView());
+        if (s.numgroups < groupind) throw new BadParamCorfuException("replica-group to be removed is not found in current segment");
+        s.removeGroup(groupind);
+        s.startoff = highOffset+1;
+        newC.segmentlist.add(s);
+
+        return newC;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deploy a new replica-group at the end of configuration.
+     * We create a new segment which succeeds the current sequence segment-history. The new segments starts at 'highOffset+1'
+     * and includes the new group.
+     * @param highOffset the highest log-offset reached up to now
+     * @param newgroup the list of logging-unit endpoints of the new replica-group.
+     *
+     * @return a proposed new configuration
+     * @throws TransformerException when an internal problem occurs in transforming to XML string
+     * @throws ParserConfigurationException when an internal problem occurs when parsing the configuration
+     * @throws BadParamCorfuException when the unit to be removed is either not found, or is a single replica
+     */
+    public CorfuConfiguration getDeployGroupProposal(long highOffset, Endpoint[] newgroup)
+        throws CorfuException {
+        CorfuConfiguration newC = new CorfuConfiguration(this);
+        newC.getActiveSegmentView().setEndoff(highOffset);
+        newC.changeEpoch(globalepoch+1);
+
+        SegmentView s = new SegmentView(newC.getActiveSegmentView());
+        s.addGroup(newgroup, globalepoch+1);
+        s.startoff = highOffset+1;
+        newC.segmentlist.add(s);
+
+        return newC;
+    }
+
+
+	SegmentView getSegmentForOffset(long offset)
+	{
+        for (SegmentView s : segmentlist) {
+            if (s.endoff == -1 || offset < s.endoff) {
+                if (offset >= s.startoff) return s;
+                else return null;
+            }
+        }
+		return null;
+	}
+
+    /**
+     * This is a core part of configuration management: The mapping of an absolute log-offset to a tuple (logging-unit, physical-offset)
+     * @param offset an absolute log-position
+     * @return an EntryLocation object (@see EntryLocation). It contains
+     *  - a groupView object, which holds the replica-group of logging-units for the relevant offset
+     *  - a relative  offset within each logging-unit that stores this log entry
+     */
+	EntryLocation getLocationForOffset(long offset)
+	{
+		EntryLocation ret = new EntryLocation();
+	    SegmentView sv = this.getSegmentForOffset(offset);
+		long reloff = offset - sv.startoff;
+		
+		//select the group using a simple modulo mapping function
+		int gnum = (int)(reloff%sv.numgroups);	
+		ret.group = sv.groups[gnum];
+		ret.relativeOff = reloff/sv.numgroups + ret.group.localstartoff;
+
+        log.info("location({}): seg.startOff={} gnum={} group-startOff={} relativeOff={} ",
+                offset,
+                sv.startoff,
+                gnum,
+                ret.group.localstartoff, ret.relativeOff);
+
+		return ret;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Holds information on where a single log-entry is stores.
+ * @field relativeOff holds  the relative offset of the entry within each one of the units
+ */
+class EntryLocation
+{
+    /* @field group describes the replica-set of logging-units which stores the  log entry,*/
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    GroupView group;
+	long relativeOff;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A SegmentView represents the view for a segment of the global address space of the Corfu log. It consists of a list of GroupViews;
+ * entries are distributed across the GroupViews round-robin.
+ * @author maheshba
+ *
+ */
+class SegmentView
+{
+	long startoff;
+    long endoff;
+	int numgroups;
+	int disksize;
+	int grain;
+	GroupView[] groups;
+	Endpoint tokenserver;
+	public SegmentView(long startoff, int numgroups, int disksize, int grain,
+			GroupView[] groups, Endpoint tokenserver) {
+		super();
+		this.startoff = startoff;
+		this.numgroups = numgroups;
+		this.disksize = disksize;
+		this.grain = grain;
+		this.groups = groups;
+		this.tokenserver = tokenserver;
+        this.endoff = -1;
+	}
+    public long getEndoff() {
+        return endoff;
+    }
+
+    public void setEndoff(long endoff) {
+        this.endoff = endoff;
+    }
+
+    public SegmentView(SegmentView cloned) {
+        this(cloned.startoff,
+                cloned.numgroups,
+                cloned.disksize,
+                cloned.grain,
+                new GroupView[cloned.numgroups],
+                cloned.tokenserver);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numgroups; i++)
+            groups[i] = new GroupView(cloned.groups[i]);
+    }
+
+    void removeGroup(int groupind) {
+        GroupView[] tempg = new GroupView[groups.length-1];
+        if (groupind > 0)
+            System.arraycopy(groups, 0, tempg, 0, groupind);
+        if (groupind < groups.length-1)
+            System.arraycopy(groups, groupind+1, tempg, groupind, groups.length-1-groupind);
+        groups = tempg;
+        numgroups--;
+
+    }
+
+    void addGroup(Endpoint[] newgroup, int localepoch) {
+        GroupView[] tempg = new GroupView[groups.length+1];
+        System.arraycopy(groups, 0, tempg, 0, groups.length);
+        tempg[groups.length] = new GroupView(0 /* TODO */,
+                newgroup,
+                localepoch /* TODO*/,
+                newgroup.length,
+                groups.length);
+        groups = tempg;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * A GroupView represents a replica set of nodes and a local start offset within each replica (which is equal across all the replicas).
+ * For example, a GroupView of A,B,C with a localstartoff of 50 means that the first entry in this group resides at A:50, B:50 and C:50.
+ * @author maheshba
+ *
+ */
+class GroupView
+{	
+	long localstartoff;
+	Endpoint[] replicas;
+	int localepoch;
+	int numnodes;
+	int groupid;
+
+	public GroupView(long localstartoff2, Endpoint[] replicas, int localepoch,
+			int numnodes, int groupid) {
+		super();
+		this.localstartoff = localstartoff2;
+		this.replicas = replicas;
+		this.localepoch = localepoch;
+		this.numnodes = numnodes;
+		this.groupid = groupid;		
+	}
+
+    public GroupView(GroupView cloned) {
+        this(cloned.localstartoff, new Endpoint[cloned.numnodes], cloned.localepoch, cloned.numnodes, cloned.groupid);
+        System.arraycopy(cloned.replicas, 0, replicas, 0, cloned.replicas.length);
+    }
+
+    void removeUnit(int ind) {
+        Endpoint[] tempr = new Endpoint[replicas.length-1];
+        if (ind > 0) System.arraycopy(replicas, 0, tempr, 0, ind);
+        if (ind < replicas.length-1) System.arraycopy(replicas, ind+1, tempr, ind, replicas.length-1-ind);
+        replicas = tempr;
+        numnodes--;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `sv` last assigned on line 422 could be null and is dereferenced at line 423.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+EntryLocation CorfuConfiguration.getLocationForOffset(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.microsoft.corfu.CorfuConfiguration.getLocationForOffset(long):com.microsoft.corfu.EntryLocation.06a727fac77f2b36414bc9db404b3fc0
+
+### File:
+CORFULIB/src/main/java/com/microsoft/corfu/CorfuConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+CorfuConfiguration.java|getLocationForOffset|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6ac196da62544688de9c5748fb5ea952
+
+### Hash:
+fba356b5c408cfec8a5182536da5a993
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9818/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9818/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12381ff613bbd79773ac91f0863aaa02d1b1e3db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9818/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pippo
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package ro.pippo.core.route;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import ro.pippo.core.HttpConstants;
+import ro.pippo.core.PippoRuntimeException;
+import ro.pippo.core.util.StringUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/**
+ * Serves static resources.
+ *
+ * @author James Moger
+ */
+public abstract class UrlResourceHandler extends ResourceHandler {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UrlResourceHandler.class);
+
+    private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("-ver-[0-9]+\\.");
+
+    public UrlResourceHandler(String urlPath) {
+        super(urlPath);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void handleResource(String resourcePath, RouteContext routeContext) {
+        String unversionedResourcePath = removeVersion(resourcePath);
+        if (!unversionedResourcePath.equals(resourcePath)) {
+            log.trace("Remove version from resource path: '{}' => '{}'", resourcePath, unversionedResourcePath);
+            resourcePath = unversionedResourcePath;
+        }
+
+        URL url = getResourceUrl(resourcePath);
+        if (url == null) {
+            routeContext.getResponse().notFound().commit();
+        } else {
+            streamResource(url, routeContext);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public abstract URL getResourceUrl(String resourcePath);
+
+    /**
+     * Inject version fragment.
+     */
+    public String injectVersion(String resourcePath) {
+        URL resourceUrl = getResourceUrl(resourcePath);
+        try {
+            long lastModified = resourceUrl.openConnection().getLastModified();
+
+            // check for extension
+            int extensionAt = resourcePath.lastIndexOf('.');
+
+            StringBuilder versionedResourcePath = new StringBuilder();
+
+            if (extensionAt == -1) {
+                versionedResourcePath.append(resourcePath);
+                versionedResourcePath.append("-ver-").append(lastModified);
+            } else {
+                versionedResourcePath.append(resourcePath.substring(0, extensionAt));
+                versionedResourcePath.append("-ver-").append(lastModified);
+                versionedResourcePath.append(resourcePath.substring(extensionAt, resourcePath.length()));
+            }
+
+            log.trace("Inject version in resource path: '{}' => '{}'", resourcePath, versionedResourcePath);
+
+            return versionedResourcePath.toString();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new PippoRuntimeException("Failed to read lastModified property for {}", e, resourceUrl);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove version fragment.
+     */
+    public String removeVersion(String resourcePath) {
+        Matcher matcher = VERSION_PATTERN.matcher(resourcePath);
+        if (matcher.find()) {
+            int startIndex = matcher.start() - 1;
+            int endIndex = matcher.end() - 1;
+            String version = resourcePath.substring(startIndex + 1, endIndex);
+
+            return resourcePath.replace(version, "");
+        }
+
+        return resourcePath;
+    }
+
+    protected void streamResource(URL resourceUrl, RouteContext routeContext) {
+        try {
+            long lastModified = resourceUrl.openConnection().getLastModified();
+            routeContext.getApplication().getHttpCacheToolkit().addEtag(routeContext, lastModified);
+
+            if (routeContext.getResponse().getStatus() == HttpConstants.StatusCode.NOT_MODIFIED) {
+                // do not stream anything out, simply return 304
+                routeContext.getResponse().commit();
+            } else {
+                sendResource(resourceUrl, routeContext);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PippoRuntimeException("Failed to stream resource {}", e, resourceUrl);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void sendResource(URL resourceUrl, RouteContext routeContext) throws IOException {
+        String filename = resourceUrl.getFile();
+        String mimeType = routeContext.getApplication().getMimeTypes().getContentType(filename);
+        if (!StringUtils.isNullOrEmpty(mimeType)) {
+            // stream the resource
+            log.debug("Streaming as resource '{}'", resourceUrl);
+            routeContext.getResponse().contentType(mimeType);
+            routeContext.getResponse().ok().resource(resourceUrl.openStream());
+        } else {
+            // stream the file
+            log.debug("Streaming as file '{}'", resourceUrl);
+            routeContext.getResponse().ok().file(filename, resourceUrl.openStream());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.HttpURLConnection` acquired by call to `openConnection()` at line 68 is not released after line 68.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String UrlResourceHandler.injectVersion(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.pippo.core.route.UrlResourceHandler.injectVersion(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.09d7520a3cef8b6bb7dd544b0dd64c1a
+
+### File:
+pippo-core/src/main/java/ro/pippo/core/route/UrlResourceHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+UrlResourceHandler.java|injectVersion|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+e688a78516df31ba7ab53cea8d4998fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9820/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9820/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d6bac7f06fed113956258f8b7217c741f6ed5e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9820/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is provided to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+package com.basho.riak.pbc;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import com.basho.riak.client.raw.pbc.PoolSemaphore;
+import com.basho.riak.protobuf.RiakKvPB.RpbSetClientIdReq;
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;
+
+/**
+ * A bounded or boundless pool of {@link RiakConnection}s to be reused by {@link RiakClient}
+ * 
+ * The pool is designed to be threadsafe, and ideally to be used as a singleton.
+ * Due to backwards compatibility requirements it has not been implemented as a singleton.
+ * This is really a host connection pool. There is a minor optimization for reusing a connection
+ * by client Id, but more work needs doing here.
+ * 
+ * @author russell
+ * 
+ */
+public class RiakConnectionPool {
+
+    /**
+     * Specific behaviour for the pool methods, depending on the pools current
+     * state.
+     */
+    enum State {
+        CREATED {
+            @Override void releaseConnection(RiakConnection c, RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Pool not yet started");
+            }
+
+            @Override RiakConnection getConnection(byte[] clientId, RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Pool not yet started");
+            }
+
+            @Override void start(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                pool.doStart();
+            }
+
+            @Override void shutdown(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                pool.doShutdown();
+            }
+        },
+        RUNNING {
+            @Override void releaseConnection(RiakConnection c, RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                pool.doRelease(c);
+            }
+
+            @Override RiakConnection getConnection(byte[] clientId, RiakConnectionPool pool) throws IOException {
+                return pool.doGetConection(clientId); // use the internal get
+                                                      // connection method
+            }
+
+            @Override void start(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool already started");
+            }
+
+            @Override void shutdown(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                pool.doShutdown();
+            }
+        },
+        SHUTTING_DOWN {
+            @Override void releaseConnection(RiakConnection c, RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                pool.closeAndRemove(c);
+            }
+
+            @Override RiakConnection getConnection(byte[] clientId, RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool shutting down");
+            }
+
+            @Override void start(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool shutting down");
+            }
+
+            @Override void shutdown(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool shutting down");
+            }
+        },
+        SHUTDOWN {
+            @Override void releaseConnection(RiakConnection c, RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool shut down");
+            }
+
+            @Override RiakConnection getConnection(byte[] clientId, RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool shut down");
+            }
+
+            @Override void start(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool shut down");
+            }
+
+            @Override void shutdown(RiakConnectionPool pool) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("pool shut down");
+            }
+        };
+
+        abstract void releaseConnection(RiakConnection c, RiakConnectionPool pool);
+
+        abstract RiakConnection getConnection(byte[] clientId, RiakConnectionPool pool) throws IOException;
+
+        abstract void start(RiakConnectionPool pool);
+
+        abstract void shutdown(RiakConnectionPool pool);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constant to use for <code>maxSize</code> when creating an unbounded pool
+     */
+    public static final int LIMITLESS = 0;
+    private static final int CONNECTION_ACQUIRE_ATTEMPTS = 3;
+    private final InetAddress host;
+    private final int port;
+    private final Semaphore permits;
+    private final LinkedBlockingDeque<RiakConnection> available;
+    private final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<RiakConnection> inUse;
+    private final long connectionWaitTimeoutNanos;
+    private final int bufferSizeKb;
+    private final int initialSize;
+    private final long idleConnectionTTLNanos;
+    private final int requestTimeoutMillis;
+    private final ScheduledExecutorService idleReaper;
+    private final ScheduledExecutorService shutdownExecutor;
+    // what state the pool is in (see enum State)
+    private volatile State state;
+
+    /**
+     * Crate a new host connection pool. NOTE: before using you must call
+     * start()
+     * 
+     * @param initialSize
+     *            the number of connections to create at pool creation time
+     * @param maxSize
+     *            the maximum number of connections this pool will have at any
+     *            one time, 0 means limitless (i.e. creates a new connection if
+     *            none are available)
+     * @param host
+     *            the host this pool holds connections to
+     * @param port
+     *            the port on host that this pool holds connections to
+     * @param connectionWaitTimeoutMillis
+     *            the connection timeout
+     * @param bufferSizeKb
+     *            the size of the socket/stream read/write buffers (3 buffers,
+     *            each of this size)
+     * @param idleConnectionTTLMillis
+     *            How long for an idle connection to exist before it is reaped,
+     *            0 mean forever
+     * @param requestTimeoutMillis 
+     *            The SO_TIMEOUT flag on the socket; read/write timeout
+     *            0 means forever
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             If the initial connection creation throws an IOException
+     */
+    public RiakConnectionPool(int initialSize, int maxSize, InetAddress host, int port,
+            long connectionWaitTimeoutMillis, int bufferSizeKb, long idleConnectionTTLMillis,
+            int requestTimeoutMillis) throws IOException {
+        this(initialSize, getSemaphore(maxSize), host, port, connectionWaitTimeoutMillis, bufferSizeKb,
+             idleConnectionTTLMillis, requestTimeoutMillis);
+
+        if (initialSize > maxSize && (maxSize > 0)) {
+            state = State.SHUTTING_DOWN;
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Initial pool size is greater than maximum pools size");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Crate a new host connection pool. NOTE: before using you must call
+     * start()
+     * 
+     * @param initialSize
+     *            the number of connections to create at pool creation time
+     * @param clusterSemaphore
+     *            a {@link Semaphore} set with the number of permits for the
+     *            pool (and maybe cluster (see {@link PoolSemaphore}))
+     * @param host
+     *            the host this pool holds connections to
+     * @param port
+     *            the port on host that this pool holds connections to
+     * @param connectionWaitTimeoutMillis
+     *            the connection timeout
+     * @param bufferSizeKb
+     *            the size of the socket/stream read/write buffers (3 buffers,
+     *            each of this size)
+     * @param idleConnectionTTLMillis
+     *            How long for an idle connection to exist before it is reaped,
+     *            0 mean forever
+     * @param requestTimeoutMillis 
+     *            The SO_TIMEOUT flag on the socket; read/write timeout
+     *            0 means forever
+     * @throws IOException
+     *             If the initial connection creation throws an IOException
+     */
+    public RiakConnectionPool(int initialSize, Semaphore poolSemaphore, InetAddress host, int port,
+            long connectionWaitTimeoutMillis, int bufferSizeKb, long idleConnectionTTLMillis,
+            int requestTimeoutMillis) throws IOException {
+        this.permits = poolSemaphore;
+        this.available = new LinkedBlockingDeque<RiakConnection>();
+        this.inUse = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<RiakConnection>();
+        this.bufferSizeKb = bufferSizeKb;
+        this.host = host;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.connectionWaitTimeoutNanos = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.convert(connectionWaitTimeoutMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        this.requestTimeoutMillis = requestTimeoutMillis;
+        this.initialSize = initialSize;
+        this.idleConnectionTTLNanos = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.convert(idleConnectionTTLMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        this.idleReaper = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
+        this.shutdownExecutor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
+        this.state = State.CREATED;
+        warmUp();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the reaper thread
+     */
+    public synchronized void start() {
+        state.start(this);
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void doStart() {
+        if (idleConnectionTTLNanos > 0) {
+            idleReaper.scheduleWithFixedDelay(new Runnable() {
+                public void run() {
+                    // Note this will not throw a ConncurrentModificationException
+                    // and if hasNext() returns true you are guaranteed that
+                    // the next() will return a value (even if it has already
+                    // been removed from the Deque between those calls). 
+                    Iterator<RiakConnection> i = available.descendingIterator();
+                    while (i.hasNext()) {
+                        RiakConnection c = i.next();
+                        long connIdleStartNanos = c.getIdleStartTimeNanos();
+                        if (connIdleStartNanos + idleConnectionTTLNanos < System.nanoTime()) {
+                            if (c.getIdleStartTimeNanos() == connIdleStartNanos) {
+                                // still a small window, but better than locking
+                                // the whole pool
+                                boolean removed = available.remove(c);
+                                if (removed) {
+                                    c.close();
+                                    permits.release();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // Since we are descending and this is a LIFO, 
+                            // if the current connection hasn't been idle beyond 
+                            // the threshold, there's no reason to descend further
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        
+                    }
+                }
+            }, idleConnectionTTLNanos, idleConnectionTTLNanos, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
+        }
+
+        state = State.RUNNING;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the correct type of semaphore for the
+     * <code>maxSize</maxSize>, zero is limitless.
+     * 
+     * @param maxSize
+     *            the number of permits to create a semaphore for
+     * @return a {@link Semaphore} with <code>maxSize</code> permits, or a
+     *         {@link LimitlessSemaphore} if <code>maxSize</code> is zero or less.
+     */
+    public static Semaphore getSemaphore(int maxSize) {
+        if (maxSize <= LIMITLESS) {
+            return new LimitlessSemaphore();
+        }
+        return new Semaphore(maxSize, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If there are any initial connections to create, do it.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private void warmUp() throws IOException {
+        if (permits.tryAcquire(initialSize)) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < this.initialSize; i++) {
+                RiakConnection c = 
+                    new RiakConnection(this.host, this.port, 
+                                       this.bufferSizeKb, this, 
+                                       TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.convert(connectionWaitTimeoutNanos, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS), 
+                                       requestTimeoutMillis);
+                c.beginIdle();
+                available.add(c);
+            }
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unable to create initial connections");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a connection from the pool for the given client Id. If there is a
+     * connection with that client id in the pool, get that, if there is a
+     * connection in the pool but with the wrong Id, call setClientId on it and
+     * return it, if there is no available connection and the pool is under
+     * limit create a connection, set the id on it and return it.
+     * 
+     * @param clientId
+     *            the client id of the connection requested
+     * @return a RiakConnection with the clientId set
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws AcquireConnectionTimeoutException
+     *             if unable to acquire a permit to create a *new* connection
+     *             within the timeout configured. This means that the pool has
+     *             no available connections and there are no permits available to
+     *             create new connections. Repeated incidences of this exception
+     *             probably indicate that you have sized your pool too small.
+     */
+    public RiakConnection getConnection(byte[] clientId) throws IOException {
+       return state.getConnection(clientId, this);
+    }
+
+    private RiakConnection doGetConection(byte[] clientId) throws IOException {
+        RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+        if (clientId != null && !Arrays.equals(clientId, c.getClientId())) {
+            setClientIdOnConnection(c, clientId);
+        }
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calls the Riak PB API to set the client Id on a the given connection
+     * 
+     * If an exception is thrown the connection is released from the pool and
+     * the connection re thrown to the caller.
+     * 
+     * @param c
+     *            the connection to set the Id on
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private void setClientIdOnConnection(RiakConnection c, byte[] clientId) throws IOException {
+        RpbSetClientIdReq req = com.basho.riak.protobuf.RiakKvPB.RpbSetClientIdReq.newBuilder().setClientId(ByteString.copyFrom(clientId)).build();
+
+        try {
+            c.send(RiakMessageCodes.MSG_SetClientIdReq, req);
+            c.receive_code(RiakMessageCodes.MSG_SetClientIdResp);
+            c.setClientId(clientId);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // can't set the clientId? Can't use the connection. Kill it and
+            // throw an IOException
+            c.close();
+            releaseConnection(c);
+            throw e;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a RiakConnection from the pool, or create a new one if non in the
+     * pool and the limit is not reached. Waits for the configured
+     * <code>connectionWaitTimeoutMillis</code> to acquire a connection if non
+     * are available, throws IOException if timeout occurs. Will re-try if
+     * interrupted waiting for the connection.
+     * 
+     * @return a connection from the pool, or a new connection
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private RiakConnection getConnection() throws IOException {
+        RiakConnection c = available.poll();
+
+        if (c == null) {
+           c = createConnection(CONNECTION_ACQUIRE_ATTEMPTS);
+        }
+
+        inUse.offer(c);
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param attempts
+     * @return
+     */
+    private RiakConnection createConnection(int attempts) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            if (permits.tryAcquire(connectionWaitTimeoutNanos, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)) {
+                boolean releasePermit = true;
+                try {
+                    RiakConnection connection = new RiakConnection(host, port, bufferSizeKb, this, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.convert(connectionWaitTimeoutNanos, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS), requestTimeoutMillis);
+                    releasePermit = false;
+                    return connection;
+                } catch (SocketTimeoutException e) {
+                    throw new AcquireConnectionTimeoutException("timeout from socket connection " + e.getMessage(), e);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw e;
+                } finally {
+                    if (releasePermit) {
+                        permits.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new AcquireConnectionTimeoutException("timeout acquiring connection permit from pool");
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            
+            if (attempts > 0) {
+                return createConnection(attempts - 1);
+            } else {
+                throw new IOException("repeatedly interrupted whilst waiting to acquire connection");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a connection to the pool (unless the connection is closed (for some
+     * reason))
+     * 
+     * @param c
+     *            the connection to return.
+     */
+    public void releaseConnection(final RiakConnection c) {
+        state.releaseConnection(c, this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * internal release
+     * @param c
+     */
+    private void doRelease(RiakConnection c) {
+        if (c == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (inUse.remove(c)) {
+            if (!c.isClosed()) {
+                c.beginIdle();
+                available.offerFirst(c);
+            } else {
+                // don't put a closed connection in the pool, release a permit
+                permits.release();
+            }
+        } else {
+            // not our connection?
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("connection not managed by this pool");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * internal close and remove from the inUse queue. Does not return to the
+     * available pool, does not release a permit. Used for a pool that is
+     * shutting/shut down.
+     * 
+     * @param c
+     */
+    private void closeAndRemove(RiakConnection c) {
+        c.close();
+        inUse.remove(c);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close this pool and all its connections. The pool will throw
+     * {@link IllegalStateException} for calls to getConnection. While shutting
+     * down it will still accept calls to releaseConnection.
+     */
+    public synchronized void shutdown() {
+        state.shutdown(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shuts the pool down.
+     * 
+     * Close all connections in available.
+     * Stop the reaper thread.
+     * Start a thread that checks the inUse queue is empty.
+     */
+    private void doShutdown() {
+        state = State.SHUTTING_DOWN;
+
+        // drain the available pool
+        RiakConnection c = available.poll();
+        while( c != null) {
+            c.close();
+            c = available.poll();
+        }
+
+        shutdownExecutor.scheduleWithFixedDelay(new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                // when all connections are returned, and the available pool is empty
+                if(inUse.isEmpty() && available.isEmpty()) {
+                    state = State.SHUTDOWN;
+                    shutdownExecutor.shutdown();
+                    idleReaper.shutdown();
+                }
+            }
+        }, 0, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convenience method to check the state of the pool.
+     * 
+     * @return the name of the current {@link State} of the pool
+     */
+    public String getPoolState() {
+        return state.name();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.DataInputStream` acquired by call to `RiakConnection(...)` at line 305 is not released after line 308.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RiakConnectionPool.warmUp()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnectionPool.warmUp():void.7fb8f16d2c13f2332bf3bd9f44edb586
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/basho/riak/pbc/RiakConnectionPool.java
+
+### Key:
+RiakConnectionPool.java|warmUp|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f1597dd0423e86fa69707a623d0fef39
+
+### Hash:
+be973110c38556348b833f35d0a91434
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9827/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9827/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..948de0b5b4d1cb56d430065519040503f64d35f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9827/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is provided to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+package com.basho.riak.client.bucket;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+
+import com.basho.riak.client.RiakRetryFailedException;
+import com.basho.riak.client.builders.BucketPropertiesBuilder;
+import com.basho.riak.client.cap.Quora;
+import com.basho.riak.client.cap.Retrier;
+import com.basho.riak.client.http.util.Constants;
+import com.basho.riak.client.operations.RiakOperation;
+import com.basho.riak.client.query.functions.NamedErlangFunction;
+import com.basho.riak.client.query.functions.NamedFunction;
+import com.basho.riak.client.raw.RawClient;
+import com.basho.riak.client.raw.Transport;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link RiakOperation} for creating/updating a {@link Bucket}.
+ * 
+ * <p>
+ * This class is a fluid builder for creating a {@link RiakOperation} that sets
+ * bucket properties on a bucket in Riak. It delegates to a
+ * {@link BucketPropertiesBuilder} then uses its {@link RawClient} and
+ * {@link Retrier} to set the bucket properties in Riak.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * NOTE: all the parameters on the builder are optional. If omitted then the
+ * Riak defaults will be used. Also, very few of these properties are supported
+ * by both underlying APIs at present. They are here for completeness sake.
+ * Changes are underway to support all the properties. Check the docs for the
+ * individual parameters to see what is supported.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author russell
+ * 
+ */
+public class WriteBucket implements RiakOperation<Bucket> {
+
+    private final RawClient client;
+    private Retrier retrier;
+    private String name;
+    private final Collection<NamedFunction> existingPrecommitHooks;
+
+    private BucketPropertiesBuilder builder = new BucketPropertiesBuilder();
+
+    /**
+     * Create WriteBucket operation that delegates to the given {@link RawClient} via the give {@link Retrier}.
+     * @param client the {@link RawClient} to delegate to
+     * @param name the name of the bucket to create/update
+     * @param retrier the {@link Retrier} to use
+     */
+    public WriteBucket(final RawClient client, String name, final Retrier retrier) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.client = client;
+        this.retrier = retrier;
+        this.existingPrecommitHooks = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create WriteBucket operation that delegates to the given
+     * {@link RawClient} via the give {@link Retrier}.
+     * 
+     * @param client
+     *            the {@link RawClient} to delegate to
+     * @param bucket
+     *            the bucket to update
+     * @param retrier
+     *            the {@link Retrier} to use
+     */
+    public WriteBucket(final RawClient client, Bucket bucket, final Retrier retrier) {
+        this.name = bucket.getName();
+        this.client = client;
+        this.retrier = retrier;
+        this.existingPrecommitHooks = bucket.getPrecommitHooks();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates/updates a Bucket in Riak with the set of properties configured.
+     * @return the {@link Bucket}
+     */
+    public Bucket execute() throws RiakRetryFailedException {
+        final BucketProperties propsToStore = builder.build();
+
+        retrier.attempt(new Callable<Void>() {
+            public Void call() throws Exception {
+                client.updateBucket(name, propsToStore);
+                return null;
+            }
+        });
+
+        BucketProperties properties = retrier.attempt(new Callable<BucketProperties>() {
+            public BucketProperties call() throws Exception {
+                return client.fetchBucket(name);
+            }
+        });
+
+        return new DefaultBucket(name, properties, client, retrier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should the bucket have allow_mult set to true?
+     * @param allowSiblings
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket allowSiblings(boolean allowSiblings) {
+        builder.allowSiblings(allowSiblings);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is this bucket last_write_wins?
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport.
+     * @param lastWriteWins
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket lastWriteWins(boolean lastWriteWins) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_LAST_WRITE_WINS);
+        builder.lastWriteWins(lastWriteWins);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The n_val for this bucket
+     * @param nVal
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket nVal(int nVal) {
+        builder.nVal(nVal);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Which backend this bucket uses.
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param backend
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket backend(String backend) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_BACKEND);
+        builder.backend(backend);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A Collection of precommit hooks for this bucket
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param precommitHooks
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket precommitHooks(Collection<NamedFunction> precommitHooks) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_PRECOMMIT);
+        builder.precommitHooks(precommitHooks);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a precommit hook to the Collection of hooks to be written.
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param preCommitHook
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket addPrecommitHook(NamedFunction preCommitHook) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_PRECOMMIT);
+        builder.addPrecommitHook(preCommitHook);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a collection of postcommit hooks to the bucket to be written.
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param postCommitHooks
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket postcommitHooks(Collection<NamedErlangFunction> postCommitHooks) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_POSTCOMMIT);
+        builder.postcommitHooks(postCommitHooks);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a postcommit hook to the Collection of post commit hooks for the bucket to written.
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param postcommitHook
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket addPostcommitHook(NamedErlangFunction postcommitHook) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_POSTCOMMIT);
+        builder.addPostcommitHook(postcommitHook);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the chash_key_fun on the bucket to be written
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by the PB API and has no effect for that client.
+     * @param chashKeyFunction
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket chashKeyFunction(NamedErlangFunction chashKeyFunction) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_CHASHFUN);
+        builder.chashKeyFunction(chashKeyFunction);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the link_walk_fun used by Riak on the bucket to be written.
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by the PB API and has no effect for that client.
+     * @param linkWalkFunction
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket linkWalkFunction(NamedErlangFunction linkWalkFunction) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_LINKFUN);
+        builder.linkWalkFunction(linkWalkFunction);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the small vclock prune size
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param smallVClock
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket smallVClock(int smallVClock) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_SMALL_VCLOCK);
+        builder.smallVClock(smallVClock);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the big_vclock prune size
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param bigVClock
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket bigVClock(int bigVClock) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_BIG_VCLOCK);
+        builder.bigVClock(bigVClock);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the young_vclock prune age
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param youngVClock
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket youngVClock(long youngVClock) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_YOUNG_VCLOCK);
+        builder.youngVClock(youngVClock);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the old_vclock prune age
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param oldVClock
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket oldVClock(long oldVClock) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_OLD_VCLOCK);
+        builder.oldVClock(oldVClock);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default r Quorom for the bucket
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param r
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket r(Quora r) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_R);
+        builder.r(r);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default r quorom as an int
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param r
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket r(int r) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_R);
+        builder.r(r);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default w quorom
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param w
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket w(Quora w) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_W);
+        builder.w(w);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default w quorom as an int
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param w
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket w(int w) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_W);
+        builder.w(w);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default rw quorom
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param rw
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket rw(Quora rw) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_RW);
+        builder.rw(rw);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default rw quorom as an int
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param rw
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket rw(int rw) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_RW);
+        builder.rw(rw);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default dw quorom
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param dw
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket dw(Quora dw) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_DW);
+        builder.dw(dw);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default dw quorom as an int
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param dw
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket dw(int dw) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_DW);
+        builder.dw(dw);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default pr quorom
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param pr
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket pr(Quora pr) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_PR);
+        builder.pr(pr);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default pr quorom as an int
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param pr
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket pr(int pr) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_PR);
+        builder.pr(pr);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default pw quorom
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param pw
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket pw(Quora pw) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_PW);
+        builder.pw(pw);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default dw quorom as an int
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport 
+     * @param dw
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket pw(int pw) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_PW);
+        builder.pw(pw);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default basic_quorum value
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport 
+     * @param basicQuorum
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket basicQuorum(boolean basicQuorum) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_BASIC_QUORUM);
+        builder.basicQuorum(basicQuorum);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The default notfound_ok value
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @param notFoundOK
+     * @return
+     */
+    public WriteBucket notFoundOK(boolean notFoundOK) {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND_OK);
+        builder.notFoundOK(notFoundOK);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the retrier to use for this operation.
+     * If non-provided will use the client configured default.
+     *
+     * @param retrier a Retrier to use for the execute operation
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket withRetrier(final Retrier retrier) {
+        this.retrier = retrier;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * convenience for setting search=true **and** adding the search precommit
+     * hook (support for both pre-1.0 and 1.0 search)
+     * NOTE: at present this is not supported by PB API and 
+     * an {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that transport
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket enableForSearch() {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_SEARCH);
+        builder.addPrecommitHook(NamedErlangFunction.SEARCH_PRECOMMIT_HOOK).search(true);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * convenience for setting search=false **and** removing the search
+     * precommit hook (support for both pre-1.0 and 1.0 search) NOTE: at present
+     * this is not supported by PB API and an
+     * {@link UnsupportedPropertyException} will be thrown if called for that
+     * transport
+     * 
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public WriteBucket disableSearch() {
+        httpOnly(client.getTransport(), Constants.FL_SCHEMA_SEARCH);
+        if (existingPrecommitHooks != null) {
+            synchronized (existingPrecommitHooks) {
+                existingPrecommitHooks.remove(NamedErlangFunction.SEARCH_PRECOMMIT_HOOK);
+                for (NamedFunction f : existingPrecommitHooks) {
+                    builder.addPrecommitHook(f);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        builder.search(false);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void httpOnly(Transport transport, String propertyName) {
+        if(!Transport.HTTP.equals(transport)) {
+            throw new UnsupportedPropertyException(transport, propertyName);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.basho.riak.client.bucket.WriteBucket.addPrecommitHook` indirectly writes to field `this.com.basho.riak.client.bucket.WriteBucket.builder.com.basho.riak.client.builders.BucketPropertiesBuilder.precommitHooks` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+WriteBucket WriteBucket.addPrecommitHook(NamedFunction)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.client.bucket.WriteBucket.addPrecommitHook(com.basho.riak.client.query.functions.Name.04c671889fd1dc66e4726a7a1cab15ea
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/basho/riak/client/bucket/WriteBucket.java
+
+### Key:
+WriteBucket.java|addPrecommitHook|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+3858f12966b6255be23bcf03262d1731
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9829/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9829/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eaaa8f150cd0a322b484606c671c95ce34b7e3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9829/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * This file is part of riak-java-pb-client 
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 by Trifork
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ **/
+
+package com.basho.riak.pbc;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp;
+import com.google.protobuf.MessageLite;
+
+/**
+ * Wraps the {@link Socket} used to send/receive data to Riak's protocol buffers interface.
+ * 
+ * See <a href="http://wiki.basho.com/PBC-API.html">Basho Wiki</a> for more details.
+ */
+class RiakConnection {
+
+	static final int DEFAULT_RIAK_PB_PORT = 8087;
+
+	 private Socket sock;
+	 private DataOutputStream dout;
+	 private DataInputStream din;
+
+	public RiakConnection(InetAddress addr, int port, int bufferSizeKb) throws IOException {
+	    sock = new Socket(addr, port);
+
+	    sock.setSendBufferSize(1024 * bufferSizeKb);
+
+	    dout = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(sock
+                .getOutputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+        din = new DataInputStream(
+                new BufferedInputStream(sock.getInputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+    }
+
+	///////////////////////
+
+	void send(int code, MessageLite req) throws IOException {
+		int len = req.getSerializedSize();
+		dout.writeInt(len + 1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		req.writeTo(dout);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	void send(int code) throws IOException {
+		dout.writeInt(1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	byte[] receive(int code) throws IOException {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+
+		byte[] data = null;
+        if (len > 1) {
+            data = new byte[len - 1];
+            din.readFully(data);
+        }
+
+        if (get_code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+            RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(data);
+            throw new RiakError(err);
+        }
+
+		if (code != get_code) {
+            throw new IOException("bad message code. Expected: " + code + " actual: " + get_code);
+        }
+
+		return data;
+	}
+
+	void receive_code(int code) throws IOException, RiakError {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+		if (code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+			RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(din);
+			throw new RiakError(err);
+		}
+		if (len != 1 || code != get_code) {
+			throw new IOException("bad message code");
+		}
+	}
+
+	static Timer TIMER = new Timer("riak-client-timeout-thread", true);
+	TimerTask idle_timeout;
+	
+	public void beginIdle() {
+		idle_timeout = new TimerTask() {
+			
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+				RiakConnection.this.timer_fired(this);
+			}
+		};
+		
+		TIMER.schedule(idle_timeout, 1000);
+	}
+
+	synchronized void timer_fired(TimerTask fired_timer) {
+		if (idle_timeout != fired_timer) {
+			// if it is not our current timer, then ignore
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		close();
+	}
+
+	void close() {
+		if (isClosed())
+			return;
+		
+		try {
+			sock.close();
+			din = null;
+			dout = null;
+			sock = null;
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	synchronized boolean endIdleAndCheckValid() {
+		TimerTask tt = idle_timeout;
+		if (tt != null) { tt.cancel(); }
+		idle_timeout = null;
+		
+		if (isClosed()) {
+			return false;
+		} else {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public DataOutputStream getOutputStream() {
+		return dout;
+	}
+
+	public boolean isClosed() {
+		return sock == null || sock.isClosed();
+	}
+	
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.receive` reads without synchronization from `this.com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.din`. Potentially races with write in method `RiakConnection.timer_fired(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] RiakConnection.receive(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.receive(int):byte[].3261bfad84b72dacef9a9a40f855f851
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/basho/riak/pbc/RiakConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+RiakConnection.java|receive|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2d3d819e8718b07402db2db788c152c4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9833/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9833/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc0bc1260ef8a92aa8329738246a081724574026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9833/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.basho.riak.client.core;
+
+
+import com.basho.riak.client.api.commands.ChunkedResponseIterator;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TransferQueue;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito.mock;
+import static org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito.when;
+
+/**
+ * @author Alex Moore <amoore at basho dot com>
+ */
+public class ChunkedResponseIteratorTest
+{
+    /*
+      NB: Disable this test if you want to use code coverage tools.
+      The Thread interrupt it generates triggers a shutdown hook race bug in Java,
+      which then doesn't allow EMMA to cleanly shutdown.
+      https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8154017
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInterruptedExceptionDealtWith() throws InterruptedException
+    {
+        final boolean[] caught = {false};
+        final InterruptedException[] ie = {null};
+        int timeout = 1000;
+
+        Thread t = new Thread(() ->
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") TransferQueue<FakeResponse> fakeQueue =
+                        (TransferQueue<FakeResponse>) mock(TransferQueue.class);
+                when(fakeQueue.poll(timeout,
+                                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)).thenThrow(new InterruptedException(
+                        "foo"));
+
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") PBStreamingFutureOperation<FakeResponse, Void, Void>
+                        coreFuture = (PBStreamingFutureOperation<FakeResponse, Void, Void>) mock(
+                        PBStreamingFutureOperation.class);
+
+                when(coreFuture.getResultsQueue()).thenReturn(fakeQueue);
+
+                // ChunkedResponseIterator polls the response queue when created,
+                // so we'll use that to simulate a Thread interrupt.
+                new ChunkedResponseIterator<>(coreFuture,
+                                              timeout,
+                                              Long::new,
+                                              FakeResponse::iterator);
+            }
+            catch (RuntimeException ex)
+            {
+                caught[0] = true;
+                ie[0] = (InterruptedException) ex.getCause();
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+                // Mocking TransferQueue::poll(timeout) requires this CheckedException be dealt with
+                // If we actually catch one here we've failed at our jobs.
+                caught[0] = false;
+            }
+
+            assertTrue(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
+        });
+
+        t.start();
+        t.join();
+
+        assertTrue(caught[0]);
+        assertEquals("foo", ie[0].getMessage());
+    }
+
+    static abstract class FakeResponse implements Iterable<Integer> {}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `*ie[0]` last assigned on line 30 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChunkedResponseIteratorTest.testInterruptedExceptionDealtWith()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.client.core.ChunkedResponseIteratorTest.testInterruptedExceptionDealtWith():void.b7c55dc978389fb2e157c6ece7c671ae
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/basho/riak/client/core/ChunkedResponseIteratorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ChunkedResponseIteratorTest.java|testInterruptedExceptionDealtWith|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6df6d121b2cf1f79f44fde72eee35342
+
+### Hash:
+897ca388e69198a1a86a71ecbe2c2d6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9834/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9834/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c4c7ee049004d6aac72d3460807e29ba3220e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9834/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 Basho Technologies, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.basho.riak.client.api.commands.buckets.itest;
+
+import com.basho.riak.client.api.RiakClient;
+import com.basho.riak.client.api.commands.buckets.ListBuckets;
+import com.basho.riak.client.api.commands.kv.StoreValue;
+import com.basho.riak.client.core.RiakFuture;
+import com.basho.riak.client.core.operations.itest.ITestBase;
+import com.basho.riak.client.core.query.Location;
+import com.basho.riak.client.core.query.Namespace;
+import com.basho.riak.client.core.query.RiakObject;
+import com.basho.riak.client.core.util.BinaryValue;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
+
+/**
+ * @author empovit
+ * @author Alex Moore <amoore at basho dot com>
+ * @since 2.0.3
+ */
+public class ITestListBuckets extends ITestBase
+{
+    private static final RiakClient client = new RiakClient(cluster);
+    private static final String bucketName = "ITestListBuckets";
+    private static final Namespace defaultNamespace = new Namespace(bucketName);
+    private static final Namespace typedNamespace = new Namespace(bucketType.toString(), bucketName);
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setup() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        storeTestObject(defaultNamespace);
+        if (testBucketType)
+        {
+            storeTestObject(typedNamespace);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void cleanup() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        resetAndEmptyBucket(defaultNamespace);
+        if (testBucketType)
+        {
+            resetAndEmptyBucket(typedNamespace);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testListBucketsDefaultType() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        testListBuckets(defaultNamespace);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testListBucketsTestType() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        assumeTrue(testBucketType);
+        testListBuckets(typedNamespace);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testListBucketsStreamingTestType() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        assumeTrue(testBucketType);
+        testListBucketsStreaming(typedNamespace);
+    }
+
+    private void testListBuckets(Namespace namespace) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        ListBuckets listBucketsCommand = new ListBuckets.Builder(namespace.getBucketType()).build();
+
+        final ListBuckets.Response listResponse = client.execute(listBucketsCommand);
+
+        Iterator<Namespace> iterator = listResponse.iterator();
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        while (!found && iterator.hasNext())
+        {
+            found = iterator.next().getBucketName().toString().equals(bucketName);
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(found);
+    }
+
+    private void testListBucketsStreaming(Namespace namespace) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        ListBuckets listBucketsCommand = new ListBuckets.Builder(namespace.getBucketType()).build();
+
+        final RiakFuture<ListBuckets.StreamingResponse, BinaryValue> streamingFuture =
+                client.executeAsyncStreaming(listBucketsCommand, 500);
+
+        Iterator<Namespace> iterator = streamingFuture.get().iterator();
+        assumeTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        while (iterator.hasNext())
+        {
+            final Namespace next = iterator.next();
+            found = next.getBucketName().toString().equals(bucketName);
+        }
+
+        streamingFuture.await(); // Wait for command to finish, even if we've found our data
+        assumeTrue(streamingFuture.isDone());
+
+        assertFalse(streamingFuture.get().iterator().hasNext());
+        assertEquals(namespace.getBucketType(), streamingFuture.getQueryInfo());
+
+        assertTrue(found);
+    }
+
+    private static void storeTestObject(Namespace namespace) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException
+    {
+        // Empty buckets do not show up
+        final BinaryValue key = BinaryValue.unsafeCreate("temp_key".getBytes());
+
+        RiakObject value = new RiakObject().setValue(BinaryValue.create("{\"value\":\"value\"}"));
+
+        // Since bucket type in response is populated from the command's context,
+        // need a way to make sure the type is indeed as expected - use bucket type for bucket name
+        Location location = new Location(namespace, key);
+        StoreValue storeCommand = new StoreValue.Builder(value).withLocation(location).build();
+
+        client.execute(storeCommand);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `next.getBucketName().toString()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 124.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ITestListBuckets.testListBucketsStreaming(Namespace)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.client.api.commands.buckets.itest.ITestListBuckets.testListBucketsStreaming(com.basho.c46b9d52479e63c24f999d54c58bf639
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/basho/riak/client/api/commands/buckets/itest/ITestListBuckets.java
+
+### Key:
+ITestListBuckets.java|testListBucketsStreaming|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+e4d0f94a7ece8fa2885b62531488145c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9856/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9856/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..184a30f7c0e58281c9a965da3f8877ddd16fcc70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9856/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** android-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009, 2010 Jayway AB
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.jayway.maven.plugins.android;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+
+/**
+ * Represents an Android SDK.
+ * 
+ * @author hugo.josefson@jayway.com
+ * @author Manfred Moser <manfred@simpligility.com>
+ */
+public class AndroidSdk
+{
+
+    /**
+     * property file in each platform folder with details about platform.
+     */
+    private static final String SOURCE_PROPERTIES_FILENAME = "source.properties";
+    /**
+     * property name for platform version in sdk source.properties file.
+     */
+    private static final String PLATFORM_VERSION_PROPERTY = "Platform.Version";
+    /**
+     * property name for api level version in sdk source.properties file.
+     */
+    private static final String API_LEVEL_PROPERTY = "AndroidVersion.ApiLevel";
+    /**
+     * property name for the sdk tools revision in sdk/tools/lib source.properties
+     */
+    private static final String SDK_TOOLS_REVISION_PROPERTY = "Pkg.Revision";
+
+    /**
+     * folder name for the sdk sub folder that contains the different platform versions.
+     */
+    private static final String PLATFORMS_FOLDER_NAME = "platforms";
+
+    /**
+     * folder name for the sdk sub folder that contains the platform tools.
+     */
+    private static final String PLATFORM_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME = "platform-tools";
+
+    /**
+     * folder name for the sdk sub folder that contains the build tools.
+     */
+    private static final String BUILD_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME = "build-tools";
+
+    private static final String PARAMETER_MESSAGE = "Please provide a proper Android SDK directory path as "
+            + "configuration parameter <sdk><path>...</path></sdk> in the plugin <configuration/>. As an alternative,"
+            + " you may add the parameter to commandline: -Dandroid.sdk.path=... or set environment variable "
+            + AbstractAndroidMojo.ENV_ANDROID_HOME + ".";
+
+    private static final class Platform
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final String apiLevel;
+        final String path;
+
+        public Platform( String name, String apiLevel, String path )
+        {
+            super();
+            this.name = name;
+            this.apiLevel = apiLevel;
+            this.path = path;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final File sdkPath;
+    private final Platform platform;
+    private int sdkMajorVersion;
+
+    private Set< Platform > availablePlatforms;
+
+    public AndroidSdk( File sdkPath, String platformOrApiLevel )
+    {
+        this.sdkPath = sdkPath;
+        findAvailablePlatforms();
+        loadSDKToolsMajorVersion();
+
+        if ( platformOrApiLevel == null )
+        {
+            platform = null;
+            // letting this through to preserve compatibility for now
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            platform = findPlatformByNameOrApiLevel( platformOrApiLevel );
+            if ( platform == null )
+            {
+                throw new InvalidSdkException( "Invalid SDK: Platform/API level " + platformOrApiLevel
+                        + " not available. This command should give you all you need:\n" + sdkPath.getAbsolutePath()
+                        + File.separator + "tools" + File.separator + "android update sdk --no-ui --obsolete --force" );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Platform findPlatformByNameOrApiLevel( String platformOrApiLevel )
+    {
+        for ( Platform p : availablePlatforms )
+        {
+            if ( p.name.equals( platformOrApiLevel ) || p.apiLevel.equals( platformOrApiLevel ) )
+            {
+                return p;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The file system layout of the SDK. Should probably be removed since the 15 layout is very old and probably wont
+     * work completely. No urgency though..
+     */
+    public enum Layout
+    {
+        LAYOUT_1_5, LAYOUT_2_3
+    }
+
+    public Layout getLayout()
+    {
+
+        assertPathIsDirectory( sdkPath );
+
+        final File platformTools = new File( sdkPath, PLATFORM_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME );
+        if ( platformTools.exists() && platformTools.isDirectory() )
+        {
+            return Layout.LAYOUT_2_3;
+        }
+
+        final File platforms = new File( sdkPath, PLATFORMS_FOLDER_NAME );
+        if ( platforms.exists() && platforms.isDirectory() )
+        {
+            return Layout.LAYOUT_1_5;
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidSdkException( "Android SDK could not be identified from path \"" + sdkPath + "\". "
+                + PARAMETER_MESSAGE );
+    }
+
+    private void assertPathIsDirectory( final File path )
+    {
+        if ( path == null )
+        {
+            throw new InvalidSdkException( PARAMETER_MESSAGE );
+        }
+        if ( !path.isDirectory() )
+        {
+            throw new InvalidSdkException( "Path \"" + path + "\" is not a directory. " + PARAMETER_MESSAGE );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the complete path for a tool, based on this SDK.
+     * 
+     * @param tool
+     *            which tool, for example <code>adb</code> or <code>dx.jar</code>.
+     * @return the complete path as a <code>String</code>, including the tool's filename.
+     */
+    public String getPathForTool( String tool )
+    {
+
+        String[] possiblePaths =
+        { sdkPath + "/" + PLATFORM_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/" + tool,
+                sdkPath + "/" + PLATFORM_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/" + tool + ".exe",
+                sdkPath + "/" + PLATFORM_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/" + tool + ".bat",
+                sdkPath + "/" + PLATFORM_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/lib/" + tool, getPlatform() + "/tools/" + tool,
+                getPlatform() + "/tools/" + tool + ".exe", getPlatform() + "/tools/" + tool + ".bat",
+                getPlatform() + "/tools/lib/" + tool, sdkPath + "/tools/" + tool, sdkPath + "/tools/" + tool + ".exe",
+                sdkPath + "/tools/" + tool + ".bat", sdkPath + "/tools/lib/" + tool,
+                sdkPath + "/" + BUILD_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/17.0.0/" + tool, 
+                sdkPath + "/" + BUILD_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/17.0.0/" + tool + ".bat",
+                sdkPath + "/" + BUILD_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/17.0.0/" + tool + ".exe",
+                sdkPath + "/" + BUILD_TOOLS_FOLDER_NAME + "/17.0.0/lib/" + tool };
+
+        for ( String possiblePath : possiblePaths )
+        {
+            File file = new File( possiblePath );
+            if ( file.exists() && !file.isDirectory() )
+            {
+                return file.getAbsolutePath();
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidSdkException( "Could not find tool '" + tool + "'. " + PARAMETER_MESSAGE );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the android debug tool path (adb).
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getAdbPath()
+    {
+        return getPathForTool( "adb" );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the android zipalign path.
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getZipalignPath()
+    {
+        return getPathForTool( "zipalign" );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the android lint path.
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getLintPath()
+    {
+        return getPathForTool( "lint" );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the android monkey runner path.
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getMonkeyRunnerPath()
+    {
+        return getPathForTool( "monkeyrunner" );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the complete path for <code>framework.aidl</code>, based on this SDK.
+     * 
+     * @return the complete path as a <code>String</code>, including the filename.
+     */
+    public String getPathForFrameworkAidl()
+    {
+        final Layout layout = getLayout();
+        switch ( layout )
+        {
+            case LAYOUT_1_5: // intentional fall-through
+            case LAYOUT_2_3:
+                return getPlatform() + "/framework.aidl";
+            default:
+                throw new InvalidSdkException( "Unsupported layout \"" + layout + "\"! " + PARAMETER_MESSAGE );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the android.jar from this SDK.
+     * 
+     * @return a <code>File</code> pointing to the android.jar file.
+     * @throws org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException
+     *             if the file can not be resolved.
+     */
+    public File getAndroidJar() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        final Layout layout = getLayout();
+        switch ( layout )
+        {
+            case LAYOUT_1_5: // intentional fall-through
+            case LAYOUT_2_3:
+                return new File( getPlatform() + "/android.jar" );
+            default:
+                throw new MojoExecutionException( "Invalid Layout \"" + getLayout() + "\"! " + PARAMETER_MESSAGE );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the sdklib.jar from this SDK.
+     * 
+     * @return a <code>File</code> pointing to the sdklib.jar file.
+     * @throws org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException
+     *             if the file can not be resolved.
+     */
+    public File getSDKLibJar() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        // The file is sdkPath/tools/lib/sdklib.jar
+        File sdklib = new File( sdkPath + "/tools/lib/sdklib.jar" );
+        if ( sdklib.exists() )
+        {
+            return sdklib;
+        }
+        throw new MojoExecutionException( "Can't find the 'sdklib.jar' : " + sdklib.getAbsolutePath() );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves the path for this SDK.
+     * 
+     * @return a <code>File</code> pointing to the SDk Directory.
+     * @throws org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException
+     *             if the file can not be resolved.
+     */
+    public File getSdkPath() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        if ( sdkPath.exists() )
+        {
+            return sdkPath;
+        }
+        throw new MojoExecutionException( "Can't find the SDK directory : " + sdkPath.getAbsolutePath() );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method returns the previously specified version. However, if none have been specified it returns the
+     * "latest" version. This is actually broken as it performs a lexicographic sort rather than sorting the versions in
+     * proper order.
+     */
+    public File getPlatform()
+    {
+        assertPathIsDirectory( sdkPath );
+
+        final File platformsDirectory = new File( sdkPath, PLATFORMS_FOLDER_NAME );
+        assertPathIsDirectory( platformsDirectory );
+
+        final File platformDirectory;
+        if ( platform == null )
+        {
+            final File[] platformDirectories = platformsDirectory.listFiles();
+            Arrays.sort( platformDirectories );
+            platformDirectory = platformDirectories[ platformDirectories.length - 1 ];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            platformDirectory = new File( platform.path );
+        }
+        assertPathIsDirectory( platformDirectory );
+        return platformDirectory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the maps matching platform and api levels from the source properties files.
+     * 
+     * @throws InvalidSdkException
+     */
+    private void findAvailablePlatforms()
+    {
+        availablePlatforms = new HashSet< Platform >();
+
+        ArrayList< File > platformDirectories = getPlatformDirectories();
+        for ( File pDir : platformDirectories )
+        {
+            File propFile = new File( pDir, SOURCE_PROPERTIES_FILENAME );
+            Properties properties = new Properties();
+            try
+            {
+                properties.load( new FileInputStream( propFile ) );
+            }
+            catch ( IOException e )
+            {
+                throw new InvalidSdkException( "Error reading " + propFile.getAbsoluteFile() );
+            }
+            if ( properties.containsKey( PLATFORM_VERSION_PROPERTY ) && properties.containsKey( API_LEVEL_PROPERTY ) )
+            {
+                String platform = properties.getProperty( PLATFORM_VERSION_PROPERTY );
+                String apiLevel = properties.getProperty( API_LEVEL_PROPERTY );
+                availablePlatforms.add( new Platform( platform, apiLevel, pDir.getAbsolutePath() ) );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the SDK Tools version
+     */
+    private void loadSDKToolsMajorVersion()
+    {
+        File propFile = new File( sdkPath, "tools/" + SOURCE_PROPERTIES_FILENAME );
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        try
+        {
+            properties.load( new FileInputStream( propFile ) );
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e )
+        {
+            throw new InvalidSdkException( "Error reading " + propFile.getAbsoluteFile() );
+        }
+
+        if ( properties.containsKey( SDK_TOOLS_REVISION_PROPERTY ) )
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                String versionString = properties.getProperty( SDK_TOOLS_REVISION_PROPERTY );
+                String majorVersion;
+                if ( versionString.matches( ".*[\\.| ].*" ) )
+                {
+                    String[] versions = versionString.split( "[\\.| ]" );
+                    majorVersion = versions[ 0 ];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    majorVersion = versionString;
+                }
+                sdkMajorVersion = Integer.parseInt( majorVersion );
+            }
+            catch ( NumberFormatException e )
+            {
+                throw new InvalidSdkException( "Error - The property '" + SDK_TOOLS_REVISION_PROPERTY
+                        + "' in the SDK source.properties file  number is not an Integer: "
+                        + properties.getProperty( SDK_TOOLS_REVISION_PROPERTY ) );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the source properties files from all locally installed platforms.
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    private ArrayList< File > getPlatformDirectories()
+    {
+        ArrayList< File > sourcePropertyFiles = new ArrayList< File >();
+        final File platformsDirectory = new File( sdkPath, PLATFORMS_FOLDER_NAME );
+        assertPathIsDirectory( platformsDirectory );
+        final File[] platformDirectories = platformsDirectory.listFiles();
+        for ( File file : platformDirectories )
+        {
+            // only looking in android- folder so only works on reasonably new sdk revisions..
+            if ( file.isDirectory() && file.getName().startsWith( "android-" ) )
+            {
+                sourcePropertyFiles.add( file );
+            }
+        }
+        return sourcePropertyFiles;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the version of the SDK Tools.
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public int getSdkMajorVersion()
+    {
+        return sdkMajorVersion;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `platformDirectories` last assigned on line 335 could be null and is dereferenced at line 337.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+File AndroidSdk.getPlatform()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.AndroidSdk.getPlatform():java.io.File.dfaab8816c55a0ff5aace76f0f616d72
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/jayway/maven/plugins/android/AndroidSdk.java
+
+### Key:
+AndroidSdk.java|getPlatform|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a14aed4ce8f02221a0a40d649c5b6b7c
+
+### Hash:
+70eb2856ec3d339e57bb3c97c2fb002d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9858/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9858/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b8c3b425ba5f592d085998df5e3117fec00efee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9858/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jamm
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.github.jamm;
+
+import sun.misc.Unsafe;
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.lang.management.MemoryPoolMXBean;
+import java.lang.management.RuntimeMXBean;
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public abstract class MemoryLayoutSpecification
+{
+
+    static final Unsafe unsafe;
+    static
+    {
+        Unsafe tryGetUnsafe;
+        try {
+            Field field = sun.misc.Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
+            field.setAccessible(true);
+            tryGetUnsafe = (sun.misc.Unsafe) field.get(null);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            tryGetUnsafe = null;
+        }
+        unsafe = tryGetUnsafe;
+    }
+
+    public static final MemoryLayoutSpecification SPEC = getEffectiveMemoryLayoutSpecification();
+
+    public abstract int getArrayHeaderSize();
+
+    public abstract int getObjectHeaderSize();
+
+    public abstract int getObjectPadding();
+
+    public abstract int getReferenceSize();
+
+    public abstract int getSuperclassFieldPadding();
+
+    /* Indicates if UNSAFE object size determination is available */
+    public static boolean hasUnsafe() {
+        return unsafe != null;
+    }
+
+    /** @return sizeOfField(field.getType()) */
+    public static int sizeOf(Field field) {
+        return sizeOfField(field.getType());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The memory size of a field of a class of the provided type; for Objects this is the size of the reference only
+     */
+    public static int sizeOfField(Class<?> type) {
+        if (!type.isPrimitive())
+            return SPEC.getReferenceSize();
+        if (type == boolean.class || type == byte.class)
+            return 1;
+        else if (type == char.class || type == short.class)
+            return 2;
+        else if (type == float.class || type == int.class)
+            return 4;
+        else if (type == double.class || type == long.class)
+            return 8;
+        throw new IllegalStateException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return The size of the provided instance as defined by the detected MemoryLayoutSpecification. For an array this
+     * is dependent on the size of the array, but for an object this is fixed for all instances
+     */
+    public static long sizeOf(Object obj) {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        if (type.isArray())
+            return sizeOfArray(obj, type);
+        return sizeOfInstance(type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return this allocated heap size of the instance provided; for arrays this is equivalent to sizeOf(obj),
+     * which uses the memory layout specification, however for objects this method uses
+     */
+    public static long sizeOfWithUnsafe(Object obj) {
+        Class<?> type = obj.getClass();
+        if (type.isArray())
+            return sizeOfArray(obj, type);
+        return sizeOfInstanceWithUnsafe(type);
+    }
+
+    // this is very close to accurate, but occasionally yields a slightly incorrect answer (when long fields are used
+    // and cannot be 8-byte aligned, an extra 4-bytes is allocated.
+    // sizeOfInstanceWithUnsafe is safe against this miscounting
+    public static long sizeOfInstance(Class<?> type) {
+        long size = SPEC.getObjectHeaderSize() + sizeOfDeclaredFields(type);
+        while ((type = type.getSuperclass()) != Object.class && type != null)
+            size += roundTo(sizeOfDeclaredFields(type), SPEC.getSuperclassFieldPadding());
+        return roundTo(size, SPEC.getObjectPadding());
+    }
+
+    // attemps to use sun.misc.Unsafe to find the maximum object offset, this work around helps deal with long alignment
+    public static long sizeOfInstanceWithUnsafe(Class<?> type) {
+        while (type != null)
+        {
+            long size = 0;
+            for (Field f : declaredFieldsOf(type))
+                size = Math.max(size, unsafe.objectFieldOffset(f) + sizeOf(f));
+            if (size > 0)
+                return roundTo(size, SPEC.getObjectPadding());
+            type = type.getSuperclass();
+        }
+        return roundTo(SPEC.getObjectHeaderSize(), SPEC.getObjectPadding());
+    }
+
+    public static long sizeOfArray(Object instance, Class<?> type) {
+        return sizeOfArray(Array.getLength(instance), sizeOfField(type.getComponentType()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Memory an array
+     * @param length Number of elements in the array
+     * @param type the array class type
+     * @return In-memory size of the array
+     */
+    public static long sizeOfArray(int length, Class<?> type) {
+        return sizeOfArray(length, sizeOfField(type.getComponentType()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Memory an array will consume
+     * @param length Number of elements in the array
+     * @param elementSize In-memory size of each element's primitive stored
+     * @return In-memory size of the array
+     */
+    public static long sizeOfArray(int length, long elementSize) {
+        return roundTo(SPEC.getArrayHeaderSize() + length * elementSize, SPEC.getObjectPadding());
+    }
+
+    private static long sizeOfDeclaredFields(Class<?> type) {
+        long size = 0;
+        for (Field f : declaredFieldsOf(type))
+            size += sizeOf(f);
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    private static Iterable<Field> declaredFieldsOf(Class<?> type) {
+        List<Field> fields = new ArrayList<Field>();
+        for (Field f : type.getDeclaredFields())
+        {
+            if (!Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers()))
+                fields.add(f);
+        }
+        return fields;
+    }
+
+    private static long roundTo(long x, int multiple) {
+        return ((x + multiple - 1) / multiple) * multiple;
+    }
+
+    private static MemoryLayoutSpecification getEffectiveMemoryLayoutSpecification() {
+
+        final String dataModel = System.getProperty("sun.arch.data.model");
+        if ("32".equals(dataModel)) {
+            // Running with 32-bit data model
+            return new MemoryLayoutSpecification() {
+                public int getArrayHeaderSize() {
+                    return 12;
+                }
+
+                public int getObjectHeaderSize() {
+                    return 8;
+                }
+
+                public int getObjectPadding() {
+                    return 8;
+                }
+
+                public int getReferenceSize() {
+                    return 4;
+                }
+
+                public int getSuperclassFieldPadding() {
+                    return 4;
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        final String strVmVersion = System.getProperty("java.vm.version");
+        final int vmVersion = Integer.parseInt(strVmVersion.substring(0, strVmVersion.indexOf('.')));
+        final int alignment = getAlignment();
+        if (vmVersion >= 17) {
+
+            long maxMemory = 0;
+            for (MemoryPoolMXBean mp : ManagementFactory.getMemoryPoolMXBeans()) {
+                maxMemory += mp.getUsage().getMax();
+            }
+
+            if (maxMemory < 30L * 1024 * 1024 * 1024) {
+                // HotSpot 17.0 and above use compressed OOPs below 30GB of RAM
+                // total for all memory pools (yes, including code cache).
+                return new MemoryLayoutSpecification() {
+
+                    public int getArrayHeaderSize() {
+                        return 16;
+                    }
+
+                    public int getObjectHeaderSize() {
+                        return 12;
+                    }
+
+                    public int getObjectPadding() {
+                        return alignment;
+                    }
+
+                    public int getReferenceSize() {
+                        return 4;
+                    }
+
+                    public int getSuperclassFieldPadding() {
+                        return 4;
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Worst case we over count. */
+
+        // In other cases, it's a 64-bit uncompressed OOPs object model
+        return new MemoryLayoutSpecification() {
+
+            public int getArrayHeaderSize() {
+                return 24;
+            }
+
+            public int getObjectHeaderSize() {
+                return 16;
+            }
+
+            public int getObjectPadding() {
+                return alignment;
+            }
+
+            public int getReferenceSize() {
+                return 8;
+            }
+
+            public int getSuperclassFieldPadding() {
+                return 8;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    // check if we have a non-standard object alignment we need to round to
+    private static int getAlignment() {
+        RuntimeMXBean runtimeMxBean = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean();
+        for (String arg : runtimeMxBean.getInputArguments()) {
+            if (arg.startsWith("-XX:ObjectAlignmentInBytes=")) {
+                try {
+                    return Integer.parseInt(arg.substring("-XX:ObjectAlignmentInBytes=".length()));
+                } catch (Exception e){}
+            }
+        }
+        return 8;
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `strVmVersion` last assigned on line 189 could be null and is dereferenced at line 190.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+MemoryLayoutSpecification MemoryLayoutSpecification.getEffectiveMemoryLayoutSpecification()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.github.jamm.MemoryLayoutSpecification.getEffectiveMemoryLayoutSpecification():org.github.jamm.Me.9b8250c2b31ba4540c6886247b87c330
+
+### File:
+src/org/github/jamm/MemoryLayoutSpecification.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryLayoutSpecification.java|getEffectiveMemoryLayoutSpecification|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dff3d69ef5eaddd960b19d94e4bc5ca3
+
+### Hash:
+98e430023aacb3b4e1d80006ec094416
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9860/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9860/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e904b364b974b48ec47e8308d5c248e335b5219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9860/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fmj
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.duoqu.commons.fmj.runner;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+/**
+ * Created by tonydeng on 15/4/20.
+ */
+public class DefaultProcessCallbackHandler implements ProcessCallbackHandler{
+    private  static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultProcessCallbackHandler.class);
+
+    private String result;
+    public String handler(InputStream errorStream) throws IOException {
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(errorStream,BaseCommandOption.UTF8));
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        String line;
+        try {
+            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null){
+                sb.append(line).append("\n");
+//                if(log.isDebugEnabled())
+//                    log.debug(line);
+            }
+        }catch (IOException e){
+            log.error("read from process error : '{}'",e);
+            throw e;
+        }finally {
+            try {
+                errorStream.close();
+            }catch (IOException e){
+                log.error("close errorStream error: '{}'",e);
+            }
+        }
+        setResult(sb.toString());
+
+        return getResult();
+    }
+
+    public String getResult() {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public void setResult(String result) {
+        this.result = result;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 19 is not released after line 28.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 23
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String DefaultProcessCallbackHandler.handler(InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.duoqu.commons.fmj.runner.DefaultProcessCallbackHandler.handler(java.io.InputStream):java.lang.St.207fbb8faa64c0388a5eb20fd64ec313
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/duoqu/commons/fmj/runner/DefaultProcessCallbackHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultProcessCallbackHandler.java|handler|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+a42c75e22563ad0e696ae6653f617e01
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9867/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9867/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c587550ee236105d64f01e7743551fe3245b02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9867/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** QuickTheories
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 Henry Coles
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.quicktheories.coverage;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.jar.Attributes;
+import java.util.jar.JarOutputStream;
+import java.util.jar.Manifest;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+
+import sun.quicktheories.coverage.CodeCoverageStore;
+import sun.quicktheories.coverage.InvokeReceiver;
+
+
+public class Installer {
+
+  protected static final String      CAN_REDEFINE_CLASSES  = "Can-Redefine-Classes";
+  protected static final String      CAN_RETRANSFORM_CLASSES  = "Can-Retransform-Classes";
+  protected static final String      PREMAIN_CLASS         = "Premain-Class";
+  protected static final String      AGENT_CLASS         = "Agent-Class";  
+
+  protected static final String      CAN_SET_NATIVE_METHOD = "Can-Set-Native-Method-Prefix";
+  protected static final String      BOOT_CLASSPATH        = "Boot-Class-Path";
+
+  private static final String        AGENT_CLASS_NAME      = Agent.class
+      .getName();
+
+  private final ClassByteArraySource classByteSource;
+
+  public Installer(final ClassByteArraySource classByteSource) {
+    this.classByteSource = classByteSource;
+  }
+
+
+  public File createJar() {
+    try {
+
+      final File randomName = File.createTempFile(FileUtil.randomFilename(),
+          ".jar");
+      final FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(randomName);
+      createJarFromClassPathResources(fos, randomName.getAbsolutePath());
+      fos.close();
+      return randomName;
+
+    } catch (final IOException ex) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void createJarFromClassPathResources(final FileOutputStream fos,
+      final String location) throws IOException {
+    final Manifest m = new Manifest();
+
+    m.clear();
+    final Attributes global = m.getMainAttributes();
+    if (global.getValue(Attributes.Name.MANIFEST_VERSION) == null) {
+      global.put(Attributes.Name.MANIFEST_VERSION, "1.0");
+    }
+    final File mylocation = new File(location);
+    global.putValue(BOOT_CLASSPATH, getBootClassPath(mylocation));
+    global.putValue(PREMAIN_CLASS, AGENT_CLASS_NAME);
+    global.putValue(AGENT_CLASS, AGENT_CLASS_NAME);    
+    global.putValue(CAN_REDEFINE_CLASSES, "true");
+    global.putValue(CAN_RETRANSFORM_CLASSES, "true");
+    global.putValue(CAN_SET_NATIVE_METHOD, "true");
+
+    final JarOutputStream jos = new JarOutputStream(fos, m);
+    addClass(Agent.class, jos);
+    addClass(CodeCoverageStore.class, jos);
+    addClass(InvokeReceiver.class, jos);
+    jos.close();
+  }
+
+  private String getBootClassPath(final File mylocation) {
+    return mylocation.getAbsolutePath().replace('\\', '/');
+  }
+
+  private void addClass(final Class<?> clazz, final JarOutputStream jos)
+      throws IOException {
+    final String className = clazz.getName();
+    final ZipEntry ze = new ZipEntry(className.replace(".", "/") + ".class");
+    jos.putNextEntry(ze);
+    jos.write(classBytes(className));
+    jos.closeEntry();
+  }
+
+  private byte[] classBytes(final String className) {
+    final Optional<byte[]> bytes = this.classByteSource.getBytes(className);
+
+    if (bytes.isPresent()) {
+      return bytes.get();
+    }
+
+    throw new RuntimeException("Unable to load class content for " + className);
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.jar.JarOutputStream` acquired to `jos` by call to `JarOutputStream(...)` at line 82 is not released after line 87.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 83
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Installer.createJarFromClassPathResources(FileOutputStream,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.quicktheories.coverage.Installer.createJarFromClassPathResources(java.io.FileOutputStream,java.l.40b3086cf6faeeb63df31d83916ef8a5
+
+### File:
+coverage/src/main/java/org/quicktheories/coverage/Installer.java
+
+### Key:
+Installer.java|createJarFromClassPathResources|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+c8f373c2d0eabb0a1c66285103e63330
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9869/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9869/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7854b0ba35b64dc6cbd82838e6574874a5f924a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9869/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-apns
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2009, Mahmood Ali.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ *     in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *     distribution.
+ *   * Neither the name of Mahmood Ali. nor the names of its
+ *     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ *     this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+package com.notnoop.apns;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
+
+import com.notnoop.apns.internal.ApnsConnection;
+import com.notnoop.apns.internal.ApnsFeedbackConnection;
+import com.notnoop.apns.internal.ApnsServiceImpl;
+import com.notnoop.apns.internal.MinaAdaptor;
+import com.notnoop.apns.internal.QueuedApnsService;
+import static com.notnoop.apns.internal.Utilities.*;
+
+/**
+ * The class is used to create instances of {@link ApnsService}.
+ *
+ * Note that this class is not synchronized.  If multiple threads access a
+ * {@code ApnsServiceBuilder} instance concurrently, and at least on of the
+ * threads modifies one of the attributes structurally, it must be
+ * synchronized externally.
+ *
+ * Starting a new {@code ApnsService} is easy:
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ *   ApnsService = APNS.newService()
+ *    .withCert("/path/to/certificate.p12", "MyCertPassword")
+ *    .withSandboxDestination()
+ *    .build()
+ * </pre>
+ */
+public class ApnsServiceBuilder {
+    private static final String KEYSTORE_TYPE = "PKCS12";
+    private static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "sunx509";
+
+    private SSLContext sslContext;
+
+    private String gatewayHost;
+    private int gatewaPort = -1;
+
+    private String feedbackHost;
+    private int feedbackPort;
+
+    private boolean isQueued = false;
+    private boolean isNonBlocking = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new instance of {@code ApnsServiceBuilder}
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder() { }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the certificate used to connect to Apple APNS
+     * servers.  This relies on the path (absolute or relative to
+     * working path) to the keystore (*.p12) containing the
+     * certificate, along with the given password.
+     *
+     * The keystore needs to be of PKCS12 and the keystore
+     * needs to be encrypted using the SunX509 algorithm.  Both
+     * of these settings are the default.
+     *
+     * @param fileName  the path to the certificate
+     * @param password  the password of the keystore
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder withCert(String fileName, String password) {
+        try {
+            return withCert(new FileInputStream(fileName), password);
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the certificate used to connect to Apple APNS
+     * servers.  This relies on the stream of keystore (*.p12)
+     * containing the certificate, along with the given password.
+     *
+     * The keystore needs to be of PKCS12 and the keystore
+     * needs to be encrypted using the SunX509 algorithm.  Both
+     * of these settings are the default.
+     *
+     * @param stream    the keystore represented as input stream
+     * @param password  the password of the keystore
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder withCert(InputStream stream, String password) {
+        try {
+            return withSSLContext(
+                    newSSLContext(stream, password,
+                            KEYSTORE_TYPE, KEY_ALGORITHM));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the SSLContext that should be used to initiate the
+     * connection to Apple Server.
+     *
+     * Most clients would use {@link #withCert(InputStream, String)}
+     * or {@link #withCert(String, String)} instead.  But some
+     * clients may need to represent the Keystore in a different
+     * format than supported.
+     *
+     * @param sslContext    Context to be used to create secure connections
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder withSSLContext(SSLContext sslContext) {
+        this.sslContext = sslContext;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the gateway server for sending Apple iPhone
+     * notifications.
+     *
+     * Most clients should use {@link #withSandboxDestination()}
+     * or {@link #withProductionDestination()}.  Clients may use
+     * this method to connect to mocking tests and such.
+     *
+     * @param host  hostname the notification gateway of Apple
+     * @param port  port of the notification gateway of Apple
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder withGatewayDestination(String host, int port) {
+        this.gatewayHost = host;
+        this.gatewaPort = port;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify the Feedback for getting failed devices from
+     * Apple iPhone Push servers.
+     *
+     * Most clients should use {@link #withSandboxDestination()}
+     * or {@link #withProductionDestination()}.  Clients may use
+     * this method to connect to mocking tests and such.
+     *
+     * @param host  hostname of the feedback server of Apple
+     * @param port  port of the feedback server of Apple
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder withFeedbackDestination(String host, int port) {
+        this.feedbackHost = host;
+        this.feedbackPort = port;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify to use the Apple sandbox servers as iPhone gateway
+     * and feedback servers.
+     *
+     * This is desired when in testing and pushing notifications
+     * with a development provision.
+     *
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder withSandboxDestination() {
+        return withGatewayDestination(SANDBOX_GATEWAY_HOST, SANDBOX_GATEWAY_PORT)
+        .withFeedbackDestination(SANDBOX_FEEDBACK_HOST, SANDBOX_FEEDBACK_PORT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Specify to use the Apple Production servers as iPhone gateway
+     * and feedback servers.
+     *
+     * This is desired when sending notifications to devices with
+     * a production provision (whether through App Store or Ad hoc
+     * distribution).
+     *
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder withProductionDestination() {
+        return withGatewayDestination(PRODUCTION_GATEWAY_HOST, PRODUCTION_GATEWAY_PORT)
+        .withFeedbackDestination(PRODUCTION_FEEDBACK_HOST, PRODUCTION_FEEDBACK_PORT);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new thread with a processing queue to process
+     * notification requests.
+     *
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder asQueued() {
+        this.isQueued = true;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs non-blocking queues and sockets connections
+     * to send the iPhone notifications.
+     *
+     * @return  this
+     */
+    public ApnsServiceBuilder asNonBlocking() {
+        this.isNonBlocking = true;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a fully initialized instance of {@link ApnsService},
+     * according to the requested settings.
+     *
+     * @return  a new instance of ApnsService
+     */
+    public ApnsService build() {
+        checkInitialization();
+        ApnsService service;
+
+        SSLSocketFactory sslFactory = sslContext.getSocketFactory();
+        ApnsFeedbackConnection feedback = new ApnsFeedbackConnection(sslFactory, feedbackHost, feedbackPort);
+
+        if (isNonBlocking) {
+            service = new MinaAdaptor(sslContext, gatewayHost, gatewaPort, feedback);
+        } else {
+            ApnsConnection conn = new ApnsConnection(sslFactory, gatewayHost, gatewaPort);
+            service = new ApnsServiceImpl(conn, feedback);
+
+            if (isQueued) {
+                service = new QueuedApnsService(service);
+            }
+        }
+
+        service.start();
+
+        return service;
+    }
+
+    private void checkInitialization() {
+        if (sslContext == null)
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "SSL Certificates and attribute are not initialized\n"
+                    + "Use .withCert() methods.");
+        if (gatewayHost == null || gatewaPort == -1)
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "The Destination APNS server is not stated\n"
+                    + "Use .withDestination(), withSandboxDestination(), "
+                    + "or withProductionDestination().");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 100 is not released after line 100.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ApnsServiceBuilder ApnsServiceBuilder.withCert(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.notnoop.apns.ApnsServiceBuilder.withCert(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):com.notnoop.apns.Apn.d29f0ec59470b483a44fef5637a0c5a6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/notnoop/apns/ApnsServiceBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+ApnsServiceBuilder.java|withCert|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d2591a73b6207c781acf34cbfc11d4b9
+
+### Hash:
+7e57ae5b38eabf7f050f2d26fd1f634d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9893/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9893/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b6db0bd9a858b3db6a150fab97278077b8418c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9893/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zemberek-nlp
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package zemberek.embedding.fasttext;
+
+import zemberek.core.collections.IntVector;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class Model {
+
+    static class Node {
+        int parent;
+        int left;
+        int right;
+        long count; // TODO: this can be an int.
+        boolean binary;
+    }
+
+    static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
+
+        final float first;
+        final int second;
+
+        Pair(float first, int second) {
+            this.first = first;
+            this.second = second;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(Pair o) {
+            //TODO: check below
+            return Float.compare(this.first, o.first);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Matrix wi_;
+    private Matrix wo_;
+    private Args args_;
+    private Vector hidden_;
+    private Vector output_;
+    private Vector grad_;
+    private int hsz_;
+    private int isz_;
+    private int osz_;
+    private float loss_;
+    private long nexamples_;
+    private static float[] t_sigmoid;
+    private static float[] t_log;
+    // used for negative sampling:
+    private int[] negatives;
+    private int negpos;
+    // used for hierarchical softmax:
+    private List<IntVector> paths = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<IntVector> codes = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Node[] tree;
+
+    private static final int NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE = 10000000;
+
+    private static final int SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+    private static final int MAX_SIGMOID = 8;
+    private static final int LOG_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+
+    Random random;
+
+    static {
+        initLog();
+        initSigmoid();
+    }
+
+    Model(Matrix wi,
+          Matrix wo,
+          Args args,
+          int seed) {
+        hidden_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        output_ = new Vector(wo.m_);
+        grad_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        random = new Random(seed);
+        wi_ = wi;
+        wo_ = wo;
+        args_ = args;
+        isz_ = wi.m_;
+        osz_ = wo.m_;
+        hsz_ = args.dim;
+        negpos = 0;
+        loss_ = 0.0f;
+        nexamples_ = 1;
+    }
+
+    float binaryLogistic(int target, boolean label, float lr) {
+        float score = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden_, target));
+        float alpha = lr * (label ? 1f : 0f - score);
+        grad_.addRow(wo_, target, alpha);
+        synchronized (this) {
+            wo_.addRow(hidden_, target, alpha);
+        }
+        if (label) {
+            return -log(score);
+        } else {
+            return -log(1.0f - score);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float negativeSampling(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        for (int n = 0; n <= args_.neg; n++) {
+            if (n == 0) {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(target, true, lr);
+            } else {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(getNegative(target), false, lr);
+            }
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+
+    float hierarchicalSoftmax(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        IntVector binaryCode = codes.get(target);
+        IntVector pathToRoot = paths.get(target);
+        for (int i = 0; i < pathToRoot.size(); i++) {
+            loss += binaryLogistic(pathToRoot.get(i), binaryCode.get(i) == 1, lr);
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+    void computeOutputSoftmax(Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        output.mul(wo_, hidden);
+        float max = output.data_[0], z = 0.0f;
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            max = Math.max(output.data_[i], max);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] = (float) Math.exp(output.data_[i] - max);
+            z += output.data_[i];
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] /= z;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void computeOutputSoftmax() {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    float softmax(int target, float lr) {
+        grad_.zero();
+        computeOutputSoftmax();
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            float label = (i == target) ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+            float alpha = lr * (label - output_.data_[i]);
+            grad_.addRow(wo_, i, alpha);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                wo_.addRow(hidden_, i, alpha);
+            }
+        }
+        return -log(output_.data_[target]);
+    }
+
+    void computeHidden(int[] input, Vector hidden) {
+        assert (hidden.size() == hsz_);
+        hidden.zero();
+        for (int i : input) {
+            hidden.addRow(wi_, i);
+        }
+        hidden.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+    }
+
+
+    void predict(int[] input, int k,
+                 PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                 Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        assert (k > 0);
+        //heap.reserve(k + 1);
+        computeHidden(input, hidden);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            dfs(k, 2 * osz_ - 2, 0.0f, heap, hidden);
+        } else {
+            findKBest(k, heap, hidden, output);
+        }
+        // TODO: write below if necessary.
+        //std::sort_heap(heap.begin(), heap.end(), comparePairs);
+    }
+
+    void predict(int[] input, int k,
+                 PriorityQueue<Pair> heap) {
+        predict(input, k, heap, hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    void findKBest(int k, PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                   Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden, output);
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            if (heap.size() == k && log(output.data_[i]) < heap.peek().first) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            heap.add(new Pair(output.data_[i], i));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //todo: check here.
+    void dfs(int k, int node, float score,
+             PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+             Vector hidden) {
+        if (heap.size() == k && score < heap.peek().first) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (tree[node].left == -1 && tree[node].right == -1) {
+            heap.add(new Pair(score, node));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        float f = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden, node - osz_));
+        dfs(k, tree[node].left, score + log(1.0f - f), heap, hidden);
+        dfs(k, tree[node].right, score + log(f), heap, hidden);
+    }
+
+
+    void update(int[] input, int target, float lr) {
+        assert (target >= 0);
+        assert (target < osz_);
+        if (input.length == 0) return;
+        computeHidden(input, hidden_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            loss_ += negativeSampling(target, lr);
+        } else if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            loss_ += hierarchicalSoftmax(target, lr);
+        } else {
+            loss_ += softmax(target, lr);
+        }
+        nexamples_ += 1;
+
+        if (args_.model == Args.model_name.sup) {
+            grad_.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (int i : input) {
+                wi_.addRow(grad_, i, 1.0f);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setTargetCounts(long[] counts) {
+        assert (counts.length == osz_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            initTableNegatives(counts);
+        }
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            buildTree(counts);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    void initTableNegatives(long[] counts) {
+        IntVector vec = new IntVector(counts.length*10);
+        float z = 0.0f;
+        for (long count : counts) {
+            z += (float) Math.pow(count, 0.5);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < counts.length; i++) {
+            float c = (float) Math.pow(counts[i], 0.5);
+            for (int j = 0; j < c * NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE / z; j++) {
+                vec.add(i);
+            }
+        }
+        vec.shuffle(random);
+        negatives = vec.copyOf();
+    }
+
+    int getNegative(int target) {
+        int negative;
+        do {
+            negative = negatives[negpos];
+            negpos = (negpos + 1) % negatives.length;
+        } while (target == negative);
+        return negative;
+    }
+
+    void buildTree(long[] counts) {
+        tree = new Node[2 * osz_ - 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            tree[i].parent = -1;
+            tree[i].left = -1;
+            tree[i].right = -1;
+            tree[i].count = (long) 1e15;
+            tree[i].binary = false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            tree[i].count = counts[i];
+        }
+        int leaf = osz_ - 1;
+        int node = osz_;
+        for (int i = osz_; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            int[] mini = new int[2];
+            for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+                if (leaf >= 0 && tree[leaf].count < tree[node].count) {
+                    mini[j] = leaf--;
+                } else {
+                    mini[j] = node++;
+                }
+            }
+            tree[i].left = mini[0];
+            tree[i].right = mini[1];
+            tree[i].count = tree[mini[0]].count + tree[mini[1]].count;
+            tree[mini[0]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].binary = true;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            IntVector path = new IntVector();
+            IntVector code = new IntVector();
+            int j = i;
+            while (tree[j].parent != -1) {
+                path.add(tree[j].parent - osz_);
+                code.add(tree[j].binary ? 1 : 0);
+                j = tree[j].parent;
+            }
+            paths.add(path);
+            codes.add(code);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float getLoss() {
+        return loss_ / nexamples_;
+    }
+
+    static void initSigmoid() {
+        t_sigmoid = new float[SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = i * 2f * MAX_SIGMOID / SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE - MAX_SIGMOID;
+            t_sigmoid[i] = 1.0f / (1.0f + (float) Math.exp(-x));
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void initLog() {
+        t_log = new float[LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = (i + 1e-5f) / LOG_TABLE_SIZE;
+            t_log[i] = (float) Math.log(x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float log(float x) {
+        if (x > 1.0f) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        }
+        int i = (int) (x * LOG_TABLE_SIZE);
+        return t_log[i];
+    }
+
+    float sigmoid(float x) {
+        if (x < -MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        } else if (x > MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 1.0f;
+        } else {
+            int i = (int) ((x + MAX_SIGMOID) * SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE / MAX_SIGMOID / 2);
+            return t_sigmoid[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.binaryLogistic` indirectly writes to field `this.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.grad_.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Vector.data_.[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+float Model.binaryLogistic(int,boolean,float)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.binaryLogistic(int,boolean,float):float.692e211b4649cfe78f82841bc3e3c33c
+
+### File:
+experiment/src/main/java/zemberek/embedding/fasttext/Model.java
+
+### Key:
+Model.java|binaryLogistic|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9695e70d8e540cfba292315345909ef2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9894/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9894/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd154abe8afa02b2855aac950db11d0c65be4531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9894/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zemberek-nlp
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package zemberek.embedding.fasttext;
+
+import zemberek.core.collections.IntVector;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class Model {
+
+    static class Node {
+        int parent;
+        int left;
+        int right;
+        long count; // TODO: this can be an int.
+        boolean binary;
+    }
+
+    static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
+
+        final float first;
+        final int second;
+
+        Pair(float first, int second) {
+            this.first = first;
+            this.second = second;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(Pair o) {
+            // descending.
+            return Float.compare(o.first, first);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Matrix wi_;
+    private Matrix wo_;
+    private Args args_;
+    private Vector hidden_;
+    private Vector output_;
+    private Vector grad_;
+    private int hsz_;
+    private int isz_;
+    private int osz_;
+    private float loss_;
+    private long nexamples_;
+    private static float[] t_sigmoid;
+    private static float[] t_log;
+    // used for negative sampling:
+    private int[] negatives;
+    private int negpos;
+    // used for hierarchical softmax:
+    private List<IntVector> paths = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<IntVector> codes = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Node[] tree;
+
+    private static final int NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE = 10000000;
+
+    private static final int SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+    private static final int MAX_SIGMOID = 8;
+    private static final int LOG_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+
+    Random random;
+
+    static {
+        initLog();
+        initSigmoid();
+    }
+
+    Model(Matrix wi,
+          Matrix wo,
+          Args args,
+          int seed) {
+        hidden_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        output_ = new Vector(wo.m_);
+        grad_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        random = new Random(seed);
+        wi_ = wi;
+        wo_ = wo;
+        args_ = args;
+        isz_ = wi.m_;
+        osz_ = wo.m_;
+        hsz_ = args.dim;
+        negpos = 0;
+        loss_ = 0.0f;
+        nexamples_ = 1;
+    }
+
+    private float binaryLogistic(int target, boolean label, float lr) {
+        float score = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden_, target));
+        float alpha = lr * ((label ? 1f : 0f) - score);
+        grad_.addRow(wo_, target, alpha);
+        synchronized (this) {
+            wo_.addRow(hidden_, target, alpha);
+        }
+        if (label) {
+            return -log(score);
+        } else {
+            return -log(1.0f - score);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private float negativeSampling(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        for (int n = 0; n <= args_.neg; n++) {
+            if (n == 0) {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(target, true, lr);
+            } else {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(getNegative(target), false, lr);
+            }
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+
+    private float hierarchicalSoftmax(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        IntVector binaryCode = codes.get(target);
+        IntVector pathToRoot = paths.get(target);
+        for (int i = 0; i < pathToRoot.size(); i++) {
+            loss += binaryLogistic(pathToRoot.get(i), binaryCode.get(i) == 1, lr);
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+    private void computeOutputSoftmax(Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        output.mul(wo_, hidden);
+        float max = output.data_[0], z = 0.0f;
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            max = Math.max(output.data_[i], max);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] = (float) Math.exp(output.data_[i] - max);
+            z += output.data_[i];
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] /= z;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void computeOutputSoftmax() {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    private float softmax(int target, float lr) {
+        grad_.zero();
+        computeOutputSoftmax();
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            float label = (i == target) ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+            float alpha = lr * (label - output_.data_[i]);
+            grad_.addRow(wo_, i, alpha);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                wo_.addRow(hidden_, i, alpha);
+            }
+        }
+        return -log(output_.data_[target]);
+    }
+
+    private void computeHidden(int[] input, Vector hidden) {
+        assert (hidden.size() == hsz_);
+        hidden.zero();
+        for (int i : input) {
+            hidden.addRow(wi_, i);
+        }
+        hidden.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+    }
+
+
+    private static final Comparator<Pair> PAIR_COMPARATOR =
+            (l, r) -> l.first > r.first ? 1 : 0;
+
+    List<Pair> predict(int[] input,
+                 int k,
+                 Vector hidden,
+                 Vector output) {
+        assert (k > 0);
+        computeHidden(input, hidden);
+        PriorityQueue<Pair> heap = new PriorityQueue<>(k+1, PAIR_COMPARATOR);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            dfs(k, 2 * osz_ - 2, 0.0f, heap, hidden);
+        } else {
+            findKBest(k, heap, hidden, output);
+        }
+        List<Pair> result = new ArrayList<>(heap);
+        Collections.sort(result);
+        return  result;
+    }
+
+    List<Pair> predict(int[] input, int k) {
+        return predict(input, k, hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    private void findKBest(int k,
+                           PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                           Vector hidden,
+                           Vector output) {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden, output);
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            if (heap.size() == k && log(output.data_[i]) < heap.peek().first) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            heap.add(new Pair(output.data_[i], i));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //todo: check here.
+    private void dfs(int k,
+                     int node,
+                     float score,
+                     PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                     Vector hidden) {
+        if (heap.size() == k && score < heap.peek().first) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (tree[node].left == -1 && tree[node].right == -1) {
+            heap.add(new Pair(score, node));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        float f = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden, node - osz_));
+        dfs(k, tree[node].left, score + log(1.0f - f), heap, hidden);
+        dfs(k, tree[node].right, score + log(f), heap, hidden);
+    }
+
+
+    void update(int[] input, int target, float lr) {
+        assert (target >= 0);
+        assert (target < osz_);
+        if (input.length == 0) return;
+        computeHidden(input, hidden_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            loss_ += negativeSampling(target, lr);
+        } else if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            loss_ += hierarchicalSoftmax(target, lr);
+        } else {
+            loss_ += softmax(target, lr);
+        }
+        nexamples_ += 1;
+
+        if (args_.model == Args.model_name.sup) {
+            grad_.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (int i : input) {
+                wi_.addRow(grad_, i, 1.0f);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setTargetCounts(long[] counts) {
+        assert (counts.length == osz_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            initTableNegatives(counts);
+        }
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            buildTree(counts);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initTableNegatives(long[] counts) {
+        IntVector vec = new IntVector(counts.length*10);
+        float z = 0.0f;
+        for (long count : counts) {
+            z += (float) Math.pow(count, 0.5);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < counts.length; i++) {
+            float c = (float) Math.pow(counts[i], 0.5);
+            for (int j = 0; j < c * NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE / z; j++) {
+                vec.add(i);
+            }
+        }
+        vec.shuffle(random);
+        negatives = vec.copyOf();
+    }
+
+    private int getNegative(int target) {
+        int negative;
+        do {
+            negative = negatives[negpos];
+            negpos = (negpos + 1) % negatives.length;
+        } while (target == negative);
+        return negative;
+    }
+
+    private void buildTree(long[] counts) {
+        tree = new Node[2 * osz_ - 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            tree[i].parent = -1;
+            tree[i].left = -1;
+            tree[i].right = -1;
+            tree[i].count = (long) 1e15;
+            tree[i].binary = false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            tree[i].count = counts[i];
+        }
+        int leaf = osz_ - 1;
+        int node = osz_;
+        for (int i = osz_; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            int[] mini = new int[2];
+            for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+                if (leaf >= 0 && tree[leaf].count < tree[node].count) {
+                    mini[j] = leaf--;
+                } else {
+                    mini[j] = node++;
+                }
+            }
+            tree[i].left = mini[0];
+            tree[i].right = mini[1];
+            tree[i].count = tree[mini[0]].count + tree[mini[1]].count;
+            tree[mini[0]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].binary = true;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            IntVector path = new IntVector();
+            IntVector code = new IntVector();
+            int j = i;
+            while (tree[j].parent != -1) {
+                path.add(tree[j].parent - osz_);
+                code.add(tree[j].binary ? 1 : 0);
+                j = tree[j].parent;
+            }
+            paths.add(path);
+            codes.add(code);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float getLoss() {
+        return loss_ / nexamples_;
+    }
+
+    private static void initSigmoid() {
+        t_sigmoid = new float[SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = i * 2f * MAX_SIGMOID / SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE - MAX_SIGMOID;
+            t_sigmoid[i] = 1.0f / (1.0f + (float) Math.exp(-x));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void initLog() {
+        t_log = new float[LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = (i + 1e-5f) / LOG_TABLE_SIZE;
+            t_log[i] = (float) Math.log(x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private float log(float x) {
+        if (x > 1.0f) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        }
+        int i = (int) (x * LOG_TABLE_SIZE);
+        return t_log[i];
+    }
+
+    private float sigmoid(float x) {
+        if (x < -MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        } else if (x > MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 1.0f;
+        } else {
+            int i = (int) ((x + MAX_SIGMOID) * SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE / MAX_SIGMOID / 2);
+            return t_sigmoid[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.predict` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.wo_.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Matrix.data_.[_]`. Potentially races with write in method `Model.update(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List Model.predict(int[],int,Vector,Vector)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.predict(int[],int,zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Vector,zemberek.embe.daed85040bd1a222589ecb2cdae37283
+
+### File:
+experiment/src/main/java/zemberek/embedding/fasttext/Model.java
+
+### Key:
+Model.java|predict|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5236fa70dae380f28d0ba41c6efb4bc1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.